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WEST INDIAN-SOUTH AMERICAN AVOCADO TREE, 35 YEARS OLD, GROWING ON A CORAL BRECCIA REEF.

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Yo Mae Led
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRI
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY}-BULLETIN No. 61.~ ¢ >

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chicf of Bureau. |

yarOn ee eee

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA;

ITS PROPAGATION, CULTIVATION, AND MARKETING,
BY

P. H. ROLFS,

PATHOLOGIST, IN CHARGE OF SUBTROPICAL LABORATORY.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Nie

zs:

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1904.

5B

19
“A 35

no, 6/- 70

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Beverty T. GALtoway, Chief.
J. E. RockweE tu, Editor.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

G. B. Bracxerr, Pomologist.

Wiuuiam A. Taytor, Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations.
G. Harotp Powe i, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Storage Investigations.

H. P. Gou.p, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Investigations.
Sanrorp H. Futon, Assistant Pomologist in chores of Fruit Storage Investigat a
GEORGE C. ees Viticulturist.

ve
M - .

ed.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DepARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BurEAU OF PLantT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., April 7, 1904.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on ‘* The Avocado
in Florida; its Propagation, Cultivation, and Marketing,” and respect-
fully recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 61 of the series
of the Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Prof. P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist in
Charge of the Subtropical Laboratory at Miami, Fla., under the direc-
tion of Dr. A. F. Woods, Pathologist of this Bureau, but as the
subject is pomological rather than pathological, it was submitted to

.the Pomologist with a view to its publication from his office.

The accompanying illustrations are essential to an intelligent under-

standing of the text.
Respectfully, B. T. GaLLoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WItLson, |
Secretary of Agriculture.

i)

Pea Bs;

The avocado (Persea gratissima) is one of the most recent fruits
to receive intelligent and systematic treatment from American fruit
growers. Though long held in high regard by persons living in
southern Florida, the West Indies, and most portions of tropical
America, it has not until recently attracted the attention of northern
consumers, and is, in fact, at this time an interesting novelty rather
than a recognized staple of commerce. This is probably due to the
fact that it lacks those characteristics of texture and flavor which
are sought for in most dessert fruits, so that a taste for it must be
acquired by most persons. In recent years, however, its usefulness
asa salad fruit has gradually been recognized, so that a growing appre-
ciation of its value in this regard has led to an increasing demand for
it in our larger cities.

Until very recently the principal supply for these markets has come
from the West Indies, chiefly because of cheaper transportation from
those islands than from Florida. The recent extension of railroad
facilities to far southern Florida has made possible the safe shipment of
this fruit from that section to practically all parts of the country, and
interest in its commercial culture there has therefore largely increased.

As it provides a wholesome and nutritious food, which, judging
from present demand and prices, will afford a profitable crop in loca-
tions suitable to its production, its culture on a commercial scale
appears worthy of encouragement in Porto Rico, southern Florida,
Hawaii, and such locations in California as are practically free from
frost during the blossoming season.

The greatest need at present appears to be the propagation of pro-
ductive varieties of desirable size, form, and quality, ripening at an
opportune time—that is, late in autumn or early in winter, when the
demand in northern markets at high prices appears to be best. As the
bud propagation of this fruit in a commercial! way has but recently
commenced, it is believed that this publication, which deals largely
with that subject, will be of distinct value to those who desire to engage
in its production.

G. B. BRACKETT,
Pomologist.
Orrice OF THE PoMOLOGIST,
Washington, D. C., March 29, 1904.

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CONTENTS.

Page

SemRCAC TAA CUO SC CLG Us Cir as wnidncidksea ded siciece eb aceneussuvccccnces 9
EN ETOCS ER Se ae ee a 10
es 2 oe a, Sree ghee wins aeunicwccas sie cencecencane> 1]
SRR RePeME TIC RONEN OL MND oe igo os aie ew wie aia ce uc wid some een snene 13
The avocado for wind-breaks and shade trees..................------------- 15
eG OT) OFCOAING Sarge noo Sead cw win on v neocon nbsies bwascceereceens 15
Ne eo =. ae OS Sea alee rele Aun’ a eh ctpkewrew Woe wa d= wis wow a 16
ai.) RIES Cae DES e seen mow ek wemw teens weew 16
UME ULCANME EOL) TLUTHOR Yaar ete dee Gee <8 elon edie nn M sand ee kms ae 17
RTC Rea a 3 a's tad SE ales a's Wek aiwia bata e «ogee mt eud ban ae 17
(EN SE SUR ed le oh re NO ee 18
INT ED gi ek ah aie ed ora dln = wna ee ene ceen sea 19
Ee OEP re ee se os ew a ae win ead ein eos oes 19
en eS os Gm er ie ee See elke wo de cde 20
oe eg RE oe oh ol ol S.-i Sa ee re ee 20
Bearonity of budded tress uecers seein. leet. 21
frememtion: Or truit from-_scedling treess soos (0. 22S. e is ect lee 21
Beemmion Of Variations 2. seers te es SP. ee ae eee 22
DUNNE ite eo os. 2 ate ne soe die ene ee eck aS at bea aii 23
SeMCSMem (00) 0c" Je ae eee mes DE Pe rs 2 eee 23
Gradingwad fizing . ..... 2222S. ed Se AES aL SS ethyl sey ee 24
epee 10) 5 een SNe oe Bei eee ous ts ces. 25
ans Sanne ce OE a ee be ite cs TO Ee. 27
EG Cepea ens 3-0/2 eee) Sete le Pee OC ue et 27
POOL Hties See © Os Pea eta a ee a, eee e ie cae - 28
Beene. Of LG tremens eee eo hr Pe ae Se PS Ak ke 28
meena ATC VATICUCHMMEEIINE pees Se lac cs dodasecasce sles. k.... 28
Pac Mexican myemnnnne re ee et Bo lee elidel... 29
The West Indian-South American avocado..........----.--.----------- 30
me $0CR) AVOCHRO sae sesaneee were ese hos eck ee ek nbc n- ee. eee 31
Ran On tens MEAN, Sa os dee eee ee ee ae SO ee a eee eee 31
RE cee i eS tag II ties 8 oe 32
Pe IOeCNAO:.. 23 C2 yi Seba eee erate dk Pe Sone ee eee 32
ah gee IBGE. Oe ea nen Ses een che 6 a) Se 32
ES ad eter ae Pemrn OA 0 Ue eal“ ET iee Big 33
a ee es gs ap Mae Sha. 33
RS cars oe nod mi Ra Se ee EE ow icre Se he ee ew eee 33
NSEC Ee Caer oe aa 36

7

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Piare I. West Indian-South American avocado tree, thirty-five years old,
growing on a coral hreccls Teel. cece oon occas pececssucnes Frontispiece.
Il. Fig. 1.—Crown-worked West Indian-South American avocado tree,

Fia.

ILI.

eighteen months after insertion of bud. Fig. 2.--Top-worked
Mexican avocado tree, eighteen months after insertion of bud - --
West Indian-South American avocado tree in nursery, transplanted
from seed bed; 2 years old, 4 feet tall. ..............-.-secncnuns

IV. Fruiting branch of West Indian-South American avocado tree, one-

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temth natural diemoter-.......... -<oeseccversdccews oo ome
TEXT FIGURES.

Seedling avocado in December from seed planted in September .-..--
Shield bud cut out preparatory to insertion ........-....--------.---
Seedling avocado stock with shield bud inserted ...........-.-------
Shield bud wrapped with waxed cloth. ........-..casca-cces scene
Bud stick. ‘‘Live’’ buds in various stages of development («, a, ete. ).

Blind buds which should not be used (+, b, ete.)......--...--------
Longitudinal sections of round avocados, West Indian-—South American

varieties: A, seed filling the cavity; B, fruit from another tree of

better quality, but seed loose im the cavity ...........-----.---ee--
Longitudinal sections of oblong avocados, West Indian-South Ameri-
van varieties: A, small seed, loose in large cavity; B, large seed, loose
TRG DAVIE, ano ceive os da wan daw os = wen namin phon
Longitudinal sections of pear-shaped avocados, West Indian-South
American varieties: A, very large seed, loose in the cavity; B, large
Heed, 1008 if) THO CAVILY . .. 2.6... nce cen ncn dan ban pee eee
Longitudinal sections of bottle-necked avocados: A, West Indian-
South American variety, with very large cavity; B, Mexican variety,
With SQCH MINE CAVILY. . .. «6 a0 os 5 oie en nin cdc gn nee arate een

8

o

~*

36

36

36

16
18
18
18

18

24

25

26

———

B. P. I.—100. Pom. I.—24.

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA; TES PROPAGATION, CULTIVATION,
AND MARKETING.

INTRODUCTION.

The avocado (Persea gratissima Giirtn.) might almost be called a
new fruit, for, while it has long been used as a food by the American
aborigines, it has never been subjected to cultivation and careful
breeding. Its value as a food is rapidly becoming known, and it is
apparently only a question of time until it will be used extensively.
Its shipping qualities permit it to be sent to all the large consuming
centers of the United States, while its food value will make it a favorite
with all lovers of good salad fruits. These pages have been prepared
with a view to systematizing our knowledge of the avocado, and to
point out the directions for its improvement.

South Florida seems to be the only region in which the propagation
of the avocado has been undertaken in a systematic way and on an
extensive scale. Nurseries in that section have thousands of seedlings
growing and hundreds of budded trees to put on the market. In
addition to this, it seems to be the only region where budded trees
have fruited.

The Pollock avocado, grown in South Florida, was exhibited at the
meeting of the American Pomological Society in September, 1903.
The original tree bears fruit of large size, the largest having approxi-
mated 3 pounds in weight. The Trapp avocado, also grown in South
Florida, is noteworthy in that it matures late, holding some of its
fruit until January.

The essential work of selecting and breeding varieties that are espe-
cially adapted to certain sections and that are wanted by the most
desirable markets can now be pushed forward.

The fact that it can now be definitely stated that seedlings do not
come true to seed and that propagation by budding is possible marks
a distinct epoch in the progress of growing this fruit. Another dis-
tinct advance in the development of this salad fruit is that seedless
fruit has been grown by the writer.

The selling price of avocados varies considerably, the latest ripening
ones bringing much the best prices in American markets. Extremely

9

LO THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

late ones have brought as high as $3 a dozen when shipped in lots of
several crates ata time, This price gives the grower 86 to $8 net per
crate at the shipping station. The price for good fruit in sound condi-
tion has never fallen so low as to make it unprofitable to ship it to
markets that use it. In many large cities in the United States the
avocado can not be found at all, and as the dealers in Boston, New
York, Washington, and New Orleans have been able to handle all the
good fruit that has been sent to them, it is not probable that the
avocado will be introduced into other centers until these markets have
been fully supplied.
THE NAME AVOCADO.

This fruit has been called by various names—avocado, avocado pear,
avocate, aguacate, alligator pear, midshipman’s butter, etc. As early
as 1696 Hans Sloane“ speaks of the ‘avocado or allegator pear-tree” _
and catalogues about a dozen other names by which it is known in
literature. Previous to this date the avocado was known from ‘* Nica-
raguae and other portions of the American continent.”

Murray’s New English Dictionary prefers the name avocado and
gives the following reference:

Taylor Anahuac IX, 227 (1861). This is a well-known West Indian fruit which
we call an avocado or alligator pear, and which the French call ‘‘ avocat’’ and the
Spanish ‘‘aguacate.’’ All these names are the corruption of the Aztec name of the
fruit ‘‘ahuacatl.”’

Meissner?’ gives the following names as being used in various parts
of America:

In Peru, Palto and Aguacate; in Central America, Aguacate de Anis; in Mexico,
Aguacate; in Brazil, Avocate; in Antigua and British Guiana, Avocado Pear and
Alligator Pear; in French Guiana, Laurier Avocat.

The Florida State Horticultural Society® prefers the name avocado,
while the American Pomological Society “ gives preference to aguacate
and uses avocado as second choice. When the Catalogue of Fruits shall
be again revised, avocado will doubtless be given preference.

According to the Century Dictionary, avocado is a corruption from
the Mexican. The addition of the word pear, while describing the
shape of the fruit in some varieties, is otherwise inappropriate, since
the avocado belongs to the laurel family, while the pear belongs to the
rose family. How such a barbarism as ‘‘alligator pear” could have
been perpetrated upon this salad fruit it is difficult to imagine. The
name avocado is short, concise, and has the advantage of being largely
used by the American growers of this fruit.

«Catalogus Plantarum quae in Insula Jamaica Sponte Proveniunt, Pars Prima,
London, 1696, p. 185.

b Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. V, pt. 2, fase. 41, p. 159.

¢Transactions, 1902, p. 20.

@Proc., Am. Pom. Soc., 1901, Part IT, p. 59.

LITERATURE. 11

Mr. C. P. Taft“ says of the avocado in California:

The avocado, or alligator pear, is destined to receive more and more attention as it
becomes better known. It is fairly hardy, and a good grower and bearer. Importa-
tions from Mexico are frequent in the Los Angeles markets, where they sell for fancy
prices.

Mr. A. A. Boggs? says:

The avocado or alligator pear (Persea gratissima) is already growing rapidly in
favor in a few of the larger cities where people are beginning to learn its superior
excellence as a salad fruit, and it bids fair to become an important market crop. — It
has, however, been grown entirely from seed, and as it varies widely in size and
quality, there is urgent need of improvement in method of propagation. All efforts
to bud or graft have hitherto proved abortive. The Department of Agriculture made
an importation of seed of a Mexican variety about three years ago. Some trees from
these have already come into bearing, and proved a disappointment. The fruit is
entirely too small and the flavor certainly not superior to the ayerage of the old type.

Mr. Byron O. Clark? says of this fruit in Hawaii:

The avocado or alligator pear is the one fruit which captures the palate of the vis-
itor to the Tropics more firmly than any other, provided he acquires a liking for this
fruit. With the richness and consistency of butter, and a flavor of nuts, it is
undoubtedly one of the most popular fruits, if not the most popular with residents,
and acquires such popularity with persons who visit the islands that a good market
for shipment to the coast is open at any time the fruit can be had. Like almost all
other kinds of fruit here, the home market is not nearly supplied, and the prices are
so high that none but the wealthy can use them, except as a luxury.

LITERATURE.

Very little has been written about the propagation of the avocado.
It was introduced into Europe as early as the seventeenth century, but
has not yet been generally disseminated. Simmonds’s ‘‘ Tropical Agri-
culture” does not mention it at all. Woodrow’s ‘‘Gardening in
India,” published in 1899, does not refer to it.

Dr. F. Franceschi’ speaks of its having fruited in southern Califor-
nia. He also points out that the demand for it in the larger cities of
the United States.is greater than the supply.

In 1899 Capt. John J. Haden” exhibited fruit of the avocado in
Philadelphia.

The Botanical Register of 1829 published a colored plate of this fruit
(No. 1258), and referred to it as having been introduced from the con-
tinent [America], and as one of the rarest species cultivated in the
greenhouses.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine for May 1, 1851, published a colored
plate of an avocado presenting rather an unusual combination. The

4Proc., Am. Pom. Soc., 1901, p. 92.
> Proc., Am. Pom. Soc., 1901, p. 88.
¢Proc., Am. Pom. Soc., 1897, p. 100.
@Proc., Am. Pom. Soc., 1899, p. 88.

12 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

figures of the branches, including the leaves and inflorescence, are
undoubtedly the West Indian-South American form. The size of the
fruit is that of the West Indian-South American form, while the color
of the skin is exactly that of the Mexican avocado. ‘This publication

*

also suggests that ‘Sit is increased by cuttings, treated in the usual
manner.” So faras the writer’s experience goes, the cuttings are diffi-
cult to strike without bottom heat.

In the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture
for 1901, page 354, Mr. O. F. Cook refers to the avocado as one of the
important fruits of Porto Rico, and says:

The alligator pear, also called butter pear, aguacate, and avocate, is a tropical fruit
now relatively little known, but with every prospect of a gradually increasing
popularity. Itis a pear only in shape, and might better be compared to the olive,
because it serves as a salad ora relish rather than a fruit in the ordinary sense, and
frequently becomes a favorite, even with those who do not like it at first. The flesh
has a delicate buttery consistency, and is eaten with vinegar, salt, and other condi-
ments, or is used as an ingredient of other salad compounds. The promise of agri-
cultural and commercial importance for this fruit lies in the fact that it already has
a distinct, if limited, place in the markets of our larger cities at from 30 to 60 cents
apiece, prices which might be halved or quartered and still leave good profits for
both grower and dealer. Moreover, even at these large prices the supply of first-
class fruit seems to be unequal to the demand.

The alligator pear is perhaps the one fruit which Porto Rico is ready to send to
market in considerable quantity and of prime quality. The tree is easily propa-
gated from seed, is a vigorous grower, and a free bearer, and there is no apparent
reason why the alligator pear may not become almost as cheap and nearly as popu-
lar as the orange.

In the Report of the Florida State Horticultural Society for 1902,
Mr. Boge says:

Of equal promise and of greater present market importance is the avocado pear,
which is to-day the most costly fruit on the American market, and is making more
friends every season. The importance of budding and grafting as applied to this
fruit is greater than the securing of better varieties from abroad, for Florida now
produces the best in the world, but in eliminating the inferior sorts which form a
large proportion of seedling orchards and in regulating by selection the season of
fruitage. There are now trees in Dade County which ripen fruit as early as July 15
and others as late as January 15. The significance of this fact needs no comment.

Choice avocados retailed last season at from 35 cents to 75 cents each in the cities,
and the demand seems to outgrow the supply. It is urged that this society, in its
catalogue, should encourage the use of the name avocado, both on the score of cor-
rectness and of euphony, in place of the absurd misnomer ‘‘ alligator pear,’’? which
leads to many mistakes.

Mr. W. A. Marsh also makes reference to this fruit in the Report
of the Florida State Horticultural Society for 1896, as follows:

The alligator or avocado pear (Persea gratissima) is one of the most highly prized
of all tropical fruits. It belongs to the order of Lauracee. The fruit is sometimes
round, also pear-shaped, containing one large seed about the size and shape of a
hulled walnut. The fruit when mature varies in color from a bright green to a deep
rich brown, sometimes mottled with both colors. Its flesh is a vegetable marrow,

DISTRIBUTION AND TIME OF BLOOMING. 13

sometimes called midshipman’s butter, and held in various degrees of appreciation
by different persons. It is also used as a salad, being dressed with pepper, salt, and
vinegar, in which style it is relished by most people. The tree is of stately growth,
often reaching the height of 40 or 50 feet in Florida, It is an American fruit; it was
introduced into the gardens of Spain in 1601, and into the Sunda Isles about the
middle of the eighteenth century. At the beginning of the eighteenth century this
tree did not exist in the gardens of British India. In America its actual area in a
wild state is of uncommon extent. It has been found in the forests, on the banks of
rivers, and on the seashore from Mexico and the West Indies to the Amazon. At
the time of the discovery of America it was found both wild and cultivated in Mexico.
According to Hernandez it was cultivated by the people of Peru under the name of
“palto,’”? but there is no proof that it was wild in that country.

Mr. W. Harris refers to it in Bailey’s Cyclopedia of American Hor-
ticulture as follows:

The avocado or alligator pear is a native of the West Indies, Mexico to Peru, and
Brazil. It is very common in Jamaica, being found in eyery settlement or planta-
tion. The tree grows to a height of 25 to 30 feet. It has elliptical or elliptical-
oblong leaves, 4 to 7 inches long, glabrate and pale beneath. The fruits are large,
more or less pear-shaped, and covered with a green or deep purple skin and con-
taining a large quantity of a firm yellowish-green pulp, inclosing a single large seed.
This fruit is highly esteemed by all classes in the West Indies. The pulp is marrow-
like, and is eaten as a salad, usually with the addition of pepper, salt, and vinegar.
Europeans as a rule do not like the fruit at first, but once the taste is acquired they
become exceedingly, often excessively, fond of it. The pulp contains an abundance
of oil, which may be used for illuminating purposes; also for soap making. The seeds
yield a deep, indelible black stain, and are used for marking linen. Plants are
easily raised from seeds, and in good soil in warm situations they grow rapidly and
begin to fruit when about 5 years old. There are a good many varieties, differing
from each other in size, shape, and quality of fruit. These differences are not due
to careful cultivation and selection in all cases, however, but to natural variation and
accidental intercrossing.

DISTRIBUTION AND TIME OF BLOOMING.

Meissner “ gives the habitat of the avocado as ‘** the forest, especially
on the seacoast and following the rivers of tropical America, as well
as in Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Guiana, and the islands of the Antilles,
thence to subtropical localities where this agreeable fruit is cultivated.
It is found in Brazil, about Peru, and elsewhere; also about Yuri-
magnus, in Peru, and in English Guiana.”

Emile Rodigas’ thinks that the avocado is native to Brazil. He
figures a large green fruit without a seed cavity. It is interesting to
note that according to this author it was introduced in France in 1750.

An herbarium specimen in the New York Botanical Garden, col-
lected by Mr. H. H. Smith, in Colombia, is accompanied by a note
stating that the species has every appearance of being native to the
mountain forest at an altitude of from 1,500 to 2,500 feet. The time

»L’Lllustrations Horticole, XXXVI: 15 (1889).

14 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

of blooming is given as from December to April. ‘The specimen is in
full bloom and bears the date of December 7, 1808.

Dr. William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical Gardens,
who has made repeated excursions to Mexico in connection with the
study of agaves, informs the writer that the smaller avocado with the
bluish or blackish fruit (the Mexican avocado) is most commonly
found in the markets on the eastern side of the country, while the
larger forms occur on the western slope.

Specimens in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden and
in the United States National Museum indicate that the avocado has
been widely disseminated. Among those occurring in the herbarium
of the New York Botanical Garden are some collected at the following
places and on the dates given, which are of special interest: Colombia,
December 7, 1898; Nassau, N. P., March 12, 1903; Key Largo, Fla.,
March 26-29, 1898; island of Saint Croix, March 4, 1896; Porto Rico
March 8, 1899; Porotonga, Cook Islands, June, 1899; Monterey, Mexico,
January 10, 1828; San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 1879; Nicols Town,
Andros (Bahamas), March 24, 1890; St. Vincent, British West Indies,
April, 1890; Java, 1865; Jamaica, 1827. The following specimens
were found among those in the herbarium of the United States National
Museum: Martinique, 1871; Danish West Indies, March 4, 1896;
Santo Domingo, March, 1871; Colima, Mexico, March, 1841.

The foregoing fifteen localities from which specimens of this species
have been collected show how widely it has been distributed. The
fact that specimens were collected in Java as early as 1865 shows that
the plants had been imported a considerable time previous to that date.
While no specimens from the Hawaiian Islands were found in the
herbaria referred to, it is well known that the species occurs there in
large quantities. It is also said to occur in the Seychelles Islands and
in Madag: ascar, and it is doubtless found in all other tropical islands,
and to some extent on the seaboard of almost all tropical countries.

The herbarium specimens referred to give some interesting informa-
tion regarding the time of blooming. Those collected in Colombia
show a date of blooming of December and January, while a note upon
one of the herbarium sheets indicates that the time of blooming extends
from December to April. In Mexico the period of blooming seems to
be about the same as in Colombia. In the West Indies, except the
Bahamas, the earliest bloom may occur as early as February, but the
season of bloom closes in April. In the Bahamas and Florida the

flowers usually appear about the first of March, though sometimes

blooms occur as early as February, while the blooming period closes
in April.

The season near the equator appears to be lengthened into five
months. A shortening of the period of blooming seems to have

_—o

METHODS OF STARTING AN ORCHARD. 15

oceurred by crowding the entire period intothe las) two months when
the species is taken to the northern limit of its zone. Some allowance
must be made for variations that occur from year to year, but this does
not amount to more than two or three weeks in South Florida. The
commercial importance of haying this fruit come into the market as
late in the season as possible and in considerable quantity can not be
overestimated,

THE AVOCADO FOR WIND-BREAKS AND SHADE TREES.

Nearly every orchardist is confronted with the necessity of securing
good shade trees about his premises, and especially a screen for out-
buildings and for servants’ houses. In addition to shade the question
of wind-breaks is of great importance where high winds are almost
certain to occur every year. The vigorous-growing varieties of avoca-
dos meet these needs as satisfactorily as the purely ornamental trees,
and in addition may be expected to give a return of fruit. The fact
that the avocado can utilize almost any kind of organic fertilizer with-
out becoming diseased makes it much ‘more desirable for these pur-
poses than mangoes and citrous trees. The tall, sturdy growth makes
free pruning of the lower limbs possible, so as to permit the passage
of persons and animals under the trees, while the abundant growth of
leaves will still produce a dense shade.

METHODS OF STARTING AN ORCHARD.

The general method of securing an orchard of avocados in Florida is
to germinate seed in a quart or a two-quart tin can, and after the seed-
ling has attained the height of a foot or two the can with its contents
is transferred to the field where the tree is to grow. A still more
primitive way of starting an orchard is to plant the seed in the soil
where the tree is to stand. There is no great difficulty in starting an
orchard in either way, since the largest seeds (fig. 1) weigh several
ounces and have great vitality. If it does not happen to become in-
fected by some germs of decay the seed may lie in the soil for an entire
year awaiting a time favorable for germination. The unusual amount
of nourishment stored up in the seed enables the seedling to make
repeated starts after being dried off. It is capable of renewing its
roots several times, as well as its top.

This method of starting an orchard is quite certain and inexpensive.
When the trees are one or two years old they may be budded to any
desired variety. While this is better than to await the uncertain
results and certain disappointment of a seedling orchard, yet top-
working is expensive, and if budded trees of known variety can be
obtained from a good nursery they will be found cheaper in the end
and much more satisfactory.

16 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.
THE SEED BED.

Seed may be obtained in large quantities during the ripening season
from southern Florida, Cuba, and other places in the Antillean region,
At the -present time good seeds cost
from 14 to2 cents each. ‘These prices
seem somewhat high, but every seed
is nearly certain to make a seedling.

The seed bed should be made in
some moist locality, in soil free from
rocks and containing an abundance
of vegetable matter. ‘The rows may
be made such distances apart as will
suit convenience—from 1 to 4 feet.
Place the seeds from 4 to 6 inches
apart in a drill 3 or 4 inches deep;
firm the soil about the seed and cover
2 or 3 inches deep. Supply a heavy
cover of mulch.

As soon as the seedlings (see fig. 1)
uppear above ground, fertilizer may
be applied. The mulch should be
turned back, the fertilizer raked in or
cultivated in, and the mulch replaced.
If the seedlings are to be removed
to the nursery soon, fertilizing and
cultivating may be omitted. Removal
to the nursery may be deferred until
seasonable weather.

THE NURSERY.

} For starting a nursery the best

_é\and should be selected, especially.
is such as is fairly dry though never
} suffering from drought. Land that

Fic. 1.—Seedling avocado in December from IS subject to flooding should by all
seed planted in September (somewhat slow means be avoided. While the trees

in starting, but otherwise apparently nor- ..,. , a oe ive : .
mani): (@) Wiest choot to etart:(b) second f° able to liweitn standing water for

shoot starting from the axilof the incipient two or three weeks, they become sub-

leaf; (c) third shoot to Sart in case of se- ject to attack by rarious forms of
vere drought or otheradverse conditions, all

of these shoots may fail and some other bud -disease. When practicable, a gen-

grow into anew shoot; (d) scale-like leaf; (e) erous application of fertilizer should

one of the cotyledons, the other having been

removed, scar opposite e; (/) primary root. be made two or three weeks before :

(Reduced to one-third natural diameter. ) the trees are set out. It should be ¥ |
scattered down the row and raked in, in the usual way. The land should

be thoroughly grubbed and put into a first-class state of cultivation.

THE NURSERY. 17

Transplanting to the nursery should be done when the seedlings are
6 inches to a foot high. After this time the taproot (see fig. 1,7)
will have formed and the transplanting will disturb this and prevent
it from growing to the large size that it would attain if the seedling
were not removed.

For transplanting, rainy weather should be chosen; otherwise much
watering will be necessary or many trees will be lost. From the
nurseryman’s point of view the planting in a seed bed seems unneces-
sary, but seeds planted in a nursery produce trees with large taproots
and few fibrous roots; this is especially the case on land that is more
or less sandy. j

In the nursery the rows should be from 4 to 6 feet apart and the
trees set about a foot apart in the row. By thorough cultivation and
generous fertilizing an abundance of fibrous roots will be produced,
and if the nursery is located on moist land most of the trees will pro-
duce many branched roots and very few large roots.

CULTIVATION IN THE NURSERY.

After planting in the nursery, cultivation should be thorough and
frequent. The implements should not be permitted to go deeply into
the soil if it is sandy, but in mar] or heavy lands cultivation should be
as deep as is practicable.

BUDDING.

There have been many and varying reports regarding the possibility
of budding and grafting the avocado. A few years ago it was thought
impossible to bud it at all. More recently statements have been
made that 90 to 100 per cent of the buds had ‘* taken.” These reports
when investigated have been only partially verified, since a large per-
centage of the buds that take fail to develop. In the avocado there
seems to be no difficulty in making the buds take, but there is con
siderable difficulty in making them start. The buds placed in a vigor-
ous stock are frequently grown over, thus obliterating the bud. Or
again, the stock on being lopped to induce the bud to start often dies
back to below the bud. Experience indicates that budding at or near
the crown is preferable to top-working.

The difficulty is not with budding but with the want of experience
up to the present time. The nurserymen do not fully understand the
time and manner best suited for budding their stock. Some buds
respond promptly, while others are very dilatory about starting and
may finally fail.

Shield buds (fig. 2) inserted in the spring when the bark slips well
and before the first. flush, usually take well and make an excellent
growth. It is very important in the work of budding that the stock
and scion be in as perfect condition as possible. (See figs. 3 and 4.)

29619—No. 61—04——2

1S THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

Bud sticks (fig. 5) are cut from well-matured growth, especially such
as shows an abundance of active buds. (See fig. 5, a, a, a.) Wood
with many blind buds (see fig. 5, 4, 4, 4) should be avoided and care
taken not to use such buds in propagating. Some are likely to occur
on any stick.

Various methods of budding have been adopted and some forms of
grafting have been suggested. The common shield bud (lig. 2) seems
to be about as successful as any that have been tried, though the patch
bud is also used with a considerable degree of success.

Fic. 2.—Shield Fic. 3.—Seed- Fiac. 4.—Shield Fig. 5.—Bud stick; a, a, ete.,
bud cut out ling avocado bud wrapped ‘live’? budsin various stages
preparatory stock with with waxed of development; b, b, ete., |
to insertion. shield bud in- cloth. blind buds which should not

serted. be used.
GRAFTING.

Baltet“ recommends four different methods of papain (1) Inareh-
ing, (2) veneer grafting, (3) cleft grafting, and (4) veneer grafting near
the root. In inarching and cleft grafting the top of the stock is fig:
ured as having been cut away. In the other two methods the top of
the stock is left until the scion has started. Well-matured wood will
live for several weeks if kept in a sufficiently moist condition, and will
doubtless unite readily with the stock, but it is much more wasteful
of scion wood and a more tedious process than budding.

“T, Art de Greffer, 7th ed., Paris, 1902, p. 226

“Y

TRANSPLANTING. 19
TRANSPLANTING TO THE FIELD.

A great deal of the difficulty that has been experienced in trans-
planting the avocado is due to the fact that most of the trees have been

“*

grown in ‘‘fence corners,” or possibly they have been permitted to
grow under the tree where the seed fell, thus producing tall, slender
seedlings, with very few branches and long taproots, but not many
fibrous roots. A very different result is obtained from trees grown
in a nursery (see Pl. IID), where, as previously stated, an abundance
of fibrous roots and a good bushy top are produced. <A tree of this
kind transplants without any greater difficulty than is experienced
with other orchard trees.

One hundred budded trees to an acre are sufficient. If the grower
proposes to have a seedling orchard the trees should be set closer—
160 to 200 per acre. This should be done with a view to cutting out
the inferior ones when they come to fruiting. Of the large-growing

rarieties 80 trees to the acre will be found sufficient. If the variety
is tall and spindle shaped instead of bushy, a larger number may be
planted.

In the Antillean region trees grow during the entire year, so there is
no sensible gradation into winter or anything that corresponds to a
dormant season, strictly speaking. While fruit trees are usually in a
more or less quiescent state during January and February, this con-
dition is brought about by a diminution in rainfall rather than as the
result of a reduction in temperature.

The time to transplant avocados is determined, as in the case of the
nursery, by the presence of sufficient moisture, and a suitable moist
period will usually occur in Florida during June, July, or August.
As the expense of watering during a dry season is much greater than
the cost of the tree it is cheaper to set the tree out during a rainy
season.

A tree should not be transplanted until it has attained a height of
about 3 feet in the nursery (see PI. III).

In taking up these trees as many of the smaller roots should be
secured as possible. The roots should be kept moist and the tree well
watered when set out. The top should be cut back to some extent,
but enough foliage left to shade the stem. If the tree is not sufli-
ciently provided with leaves an artificial shade can be made by the use
of palmetto fans. |

TOP-WORKING TREES.

Bearing trees may be top-worked (see Pl. I], fig. 2), but it is neces-
sary to insert buds on vigorously-growing sprouts to succeed. If
there are no sprouts with bright green bark, they may be induced to
grow by cutting back the branches and thus stimulating some of the

A THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

latent buds, or by cutting the trees off near the ground and then wait-
ing for sprouts to start from the crown. Several of these sprouts are

then budded and the most vigorous of those that have taken are per-
mitted to grow (see Pl. Il, fig. 1).

CULTIVATION,

When the trees are set in the field a considerable quantity of mulch
should be placed about them; this prevents the soil from becoming
hot about the roots and from drying out.

In Florida it is better to plant some field crops, such as cowpeas or
velvet beans, or to sow beggar weed in a young orchard. During the
winter, crops of vegetables may be grown in the orchard with advan-
tave to the trees. The ‘‘middles” may be planted to pineapples,
since the pineapple fertilizer will produce a good growth of avocado;
but there is the disadvantage that these plants will dry out the soil
severely during a drought. During dry weather cultivation should
be frequent and thorough, but not deep; 3 inches of soil mulch is
sufficient to conserve capillary moisture. During the rainy season
cultivation may be suspended entirely and the middles planted to
some cover crop, as indicated above.

FERTILIZERS.

In selecting fertilizers a formula should be chosen in which the
ammonia is from an organic source, such as dried blood or cotton-
seed meal, in preference to sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda.
Sulphate of potash will be a safe form to employ as a source of
potash. It should be used in liberal quantities to insure good firm
leaves and wood, and also to prevent the dropping of the fruit.
Phosphoric acid, so far as experiments teach, may be supplied from
any source that is ordinarily used. If the trees be planted about
poultry yards, or fowls are allowed to roost in the trees, potash will
be all the fertilizer needed, but this should be used liberally to keep
the trees healthy and free from insect attacks. Such trees when not
fertilized with potash are usually attacked by insect pests, but as a
rule are exempt from Glceosporium.

When commercial fertilizers are to be applied, the ordinary ** fruit
and vine” fertilizer, with the ammonia from an organic source, may
be used. The quantity required will vary according to the concentra-
tion of the particular brand, the character of the soil in which the
trees are growing, and the age of the trees. Fifteen pounds per tree
per year of fertilizer prepared according to the following formula will
be found good for growing trees four or five years old: Ammonia, 5
per cent; potash, 6 per cent; phosphoric acid, 6 per cent.

f

.

oboty Tt Ac Sa ar ey rer er a oS eT aes RE ee A

a

SUPERIORITY OF BUDDED TREES. 21

As the trees grow older and begin to fruit heavily, increase the
percentage of potash and phosphoric acid. Apply the fertilizer in
two or three doses during the growing season. The time of applying
must be determined by the particular orchard under consideration;
ordinarily an application should not be made during December or Jan-
uary, as it would be likely to force an early spring growth or even
cause a vigorous winter growth, which should be avoided.

If the trees be put into a dormant or semidormant condition during
December and January, they will make a strong spring growth and
produce a heavy crop of bloom. If the bloom is retarded as long as
possible the blooming period will be shortened, and consequently the
fruit will mature more nearly at one time, thus doing away with the
necessity of making several pickings from the same tree.

Trees that have been neglected do not prove productive unless they
happen to be standing on some place where a large quantity of organic
matter has accumulated. Trees on abandoned homesteads located in
the piney woods soon become unproductive and require two or three
years’ nursing to bring them back to good growth and hearing. It
usually pays better to start in with good, fresh trees from the nursery
than to attempt to ‘* bring out” an abandoned orchard.

SUPERIORITY OF BUDDED TREES.

The earlier productiveness of orchards composed of budded and
grafted trees has been repeatedly demonstrated with most of the tree
fruits that are grown under cultivation. While occasional seedling
trees of most species bear at as early an age as the ordinary budded or
erafted tree of the same species, the trees in a seedling orchard
usually vary greatly in this particular, and on the average come into
bearing much later than budded or grafted orchards of varieties of
the same types of fruits grown under similar conditions. While many
factors are concerned in producing this result, the greatest advantage
of budding and grafting is that varieties of known precocity and
productiveness, as well as other desirable characteristics, can be per-
petuated with little variation, while the seedling orchard contains indi
viduals differing widely in some or all of these important particulars

Seedling avocados usually do not fruit until they are four or more
years old, and they are usually six years old before bearing a crop.
There are exceptions to this, but the number of seedlings that bear a
good crop before they are six years old will not amount to 10 per
cent.

VARIATION OF FRUIT FROM SEEDLING TREES.

The systematic work of propagating and cultivating avocados is just
beginning. The fruit being of American origin, it has come into cul-
tivation rather recently, and bas not had the benefit of centuries of

YY THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

selection and propagation, as is the case with many other orchard
fruits. Throughout Central America and the West Indies it grows in
a native state, and only half-hearted attempts are made to put it into
cultivation. So far as the writer is aware, no orchard of any consid-
erable size exists outside of Florida. In Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico,
and the Bahamas a few seedling trees are growing around nearly every
settler’s place. The owner plants the seed and takes his chances as to
the character and fruitfulness of the tree. Under these conditions a
considerable quantity of fruit is being grown and marketed, but the
product is of an exceedingly variable nature. The two following illus-
trations prove the truth of this statement.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIATIONS.

Mr. G. L. Maedonald, of Cocoanutgrove, Fla., related his expe-
rience to the writer. In preparing for his orchard Mr. Macdonald
selected the seed from a tree that bore fruit of exceptionally fine
quality and in large quantity. At the time the selection was made it
was generally believed that avocados came true to seed. The parent
tree produces pear-shaped avocados of large size, fine flavor, and
purple color, ripening late. The seedling orchard from this tree has
now come into bearing and produces fruit of variable size and shape;
eood, bad, and indifferent flavor; the color varying from green through
yellow to purple; and the fruits ripening at different times in the
season.

The following census, taken near Buenavista, Fla., in an orchard
of about an acre in extent, shows how little foundation there is for the
belief that the avocado trees are unusually fruitful and that the tree
comes ‘true to seed.” The impression that the tree is unusually
fruitful doubtless originated from the fact that occasional trees bear a
heavy crop (see Pl. II), causing the observer to overlook the dozens
of trees that have less than ten fruits each or possibly none atall. ‘The
unfruitfulness and the variability of the product is not more than
should be expected from an orchard of seedlings.

This orchard contains 160 trees, 110 of which are five or more years
of age and of a size to permit the smallest to bear 50 fruits, weigh-
ing from a pound to one and one-half pounds each. This number of
trees produced 1,161 fruits in 1903, a year during which the avocado
crop was unusually heavy. ‘This gave an average of approximately
10 fruits to the tree. Forty-seven trees bore no fruit at all; 41 trees
bore from 1 to 12 fruits; 22 bore a crop of more than 12 fruits, 9 of
these latter trees bearing 595 fruits, or slightly over half the crop.
The four most prolific trees bore 385 fruits—that is, one-twelfth of
the trees produced one-third of the fruit, or, stating the matter in
percentages, 43 per cent of the trees produced no fruit; 37 per cent

MARKETING, 93

produced 1 to 12 fruits each; 20 per cent produced over 12 fruits
each.

Considering only the prolific trees, we find that 8 per cent of the
trees produced 66 per cent and that 3 per cent produced 33 per cent
of the fruit.

The nine trees that produced at least a fair crop were of medium
size, while the largest and most vigorous trees in every instance bore
less than a fair crop.

The trees referred to above were from specially selected seed, so
that it may safely be assumed that they were up to the standard for
seedling orchards of the same type that have received fair attention
and are of the same age. Some of the trees that were without fruit
this year had a fair crop last year, indicating a tendency on the part
of the avocado to fruit in alternate years. The most fruitful trees are
only moderately vigorous and of a bushy growth.

Of the 63 trees that have fruited in the orchard mentioned there

are only 2 which combine good qualities in such a way as to be

of special merit. Some trees that bear fine fruits are not prolific;
others ripen their fruit at an inopportune time of the year, while still
others bear a fair crop at the right time but the fruit is inferior in
quality. (See figs. 6, 7, A; 8, and 9.)

If a census of all the seedling orchards were taken, it is not probable
that the general results would be very different, but this is just what
should be expected in propagating from seed a species that is so
variable as the avocado.

MARKETING.

PICKING.

The time of ripening of the avocado extends in Florida from the
middle of July to December. As now grown, the fruits of a tree do
not as a rule mature uniformly, so that in most cases two or more
pickings have to be made. The variation in this respect is so much
an individual characteristic that the peculiarities of each tree in the
case of a seedling orchard, and of each variety if budded, will have to
be ascertained by test. The fruit must be removed from the tree
while it is still very firm if it is to be shipped to a distant market.
For local consumption the crop may be permitted to remain on the
tree until a few fruits have fallen.

In picking, the avocado should be broken off so as to leave a portion
of the stem attached to the fruit. If a particular variety does not
break properly, an orange clipper or the ordinary pruning shears may
be used. If the stem be pulled out of the fruit, as occurs in ** drops,”
there is a strong probability that some of the fruit will be lost from
ripe rot in transit, or by softening in the hands of the dealer.

24 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

GRADING AND SIZING.

With the avocado, as with all other fancy fruits, it is necessary to
exercise care to have all the specimens ina crate of uniform shape and

A.
B.

Fic. 6.—Longitudinal sections of round avocados, West Indian-South American varieties (about one- )
half natural diameter): A, seed filling the cavity; B, fruit from another tree of better quality, but
seed loose in the cavity. ;

A.

Fig. 7.—Longitudinal sections of oblong ayoeados, West Indian-South American varieties (about one-
half natural diameter): A, small seed, loose in large cavity; B, large seed, loose in the cayity.

size. (See figs. 6, 7,8,and 9.) A few small ones ina crate of otherwise ;
large fruits will cause a greater loss to the seller than would have been i

A Ay i aii a eel aia i i a ee

PACKING. As

oceasioned by rejecting the small ones. Fruits that average more
than fifty to a tomato crate are not desirable for sending to distant
markets. While the demand has been so strong that almost any
avocado in sound condition would sell, too great emphasis can not be
placed upon the necessity for packing each crate with fruit of uniform
size, shape, and color.

While the market has no pronounced demand for any particular
form, those of a decided pear shape (see fig. 8), of even size, and of
which about three dozen can be packed in a tomato crate, bring the
highest price.

WIZ

A. B.

Fic. 8.—Longitudinal sections of pear-shaped avocados, West Indian-South American varieties
(about one-half natural diameter): A, very large seed, loose in the cavity; B, large seed, loose in the
cavity.

PACKING.

For shipping purposes the market at present demands a tomato
crate or an egeplant crate. In the course of a few years a standard
package of dimensions best adapted to this particular fruit will, no
doubt, be adopted. Neither the tomato crate nor the eggplant crate
is perfect from the growers’ point of view. The larger package brings
such a quantity of fruit into one compartment that some of the lower
ones are likely to be bruised in transit. If some of the avocados hap-
pen to become soft on the way, the appearance of the remainder will
be much injured and the selling value of the entire crate will be greatly
reduced. The tomato crate is much better in these respects, but it is
not entirely satisfactory, because only the round fruits pack well in it.

96 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

When the ideal crate shall be adopted it will probably be similar in
shape to the boxes used for California pears.

Before packing, the individual avocado should be wrapped in some
substantial and attractive paper. ‘This will add materially to the car-
rying quality and to the selling price of the fruit. Enough fruit
should be put into the crate so that it will be packed firmly, to pre-
vent any possibility of shaking on the way to market. It is not always

Ke

B.

A.

Fic. 9.—Longitudinal sections of bottle-necked avocados (about one-half natural diameter): A, West
Indian-South American variety, with very large cavity; B, Mexican variety, with seed filling
cavity.

*

possible to properly fill the crates now used, and it sometimes becomes
necessary to fill up the vagant space with excélsior. In large crates
and with well-matured fruit a considerable quantity of excelsior must
be used to make sure that the fruit will not be bruised. The produc-
tion of avocados in the United States is so limited and the demand
thus far is so much greater than the supply that comparatively little
care has been necessary to secure good prices, provided the fruit
reached the market in sound condition.

THE FRUIT. o%
THE FRUIT.

The avocado varies greatly as to size, shape, color, texture, and com-
position, while the trees also present distinct differences. In size, the
fruits vary from those no larger than a hen’s egg to specimens which
weigh 3 pounds. (See fig. 7, A, and fig. 9, B.) As to shape, there are
four recognized types, although all possible gradations occur. The so-
called round fruit (see fig. 6) is not strictly spherical, being flattened
at the distal end or at both ends. The oblong fruit (see fig. 7) may he
of various lengths, but the diameter is always greatest from the stem
to the distal end. The pear-shaped (see fig. 8) and bottle-necked

varieties (see fig. 9) are sufficiently described by their names.

The color of a ripe avocado yaries from a dark purple, like that of
a ripe eggplant, to scarlet, yellow, and grass-green. As a rule, the
fruit is not of one color over all of its surface; the purple or scarlet
fruits are usually. lighter and the green fruit tinged with yellow at
the distal end. All combinations of the sizes, colors, and shapes men-
tioned are found.

THE EDIBLE PORTION.

The edible portion of the fruit, called the meat, in desirable varie-
ties is a smooth, rich substance, with the texture of cream cheese.
Some inferior fruits are decidedly watery and oily in appearance, while
others are comparatively dry.

The following analyses were made by Charles D. Woods and L. D.
Merrill.¢ The pulp of three fruits was taken for an analysis.

Grams. Per cent.

CECT LL Tee eho ile BB a RE ea go Se Me eS ee 762.2 71.09
CSOT oo 2 eS 2 ee ei RR rae Se aa A 201. 4 19. 71
UN el RS Amy 255) ON Path 4d TEI S we wh gv Oe sok | 94.0 | 9. 20

StU ROS 2 a Re TS pS le eae ee een ee See ae Re. re |}: @1,021.6 | 100. 00

a Thirty-six ounces.

It was found that 1 pound of the edible portion contained the fol-
lowing weights of nutrients:

Pound.
MES aren Ss get AR etl ale ae ee thins. own co 0. 811
mr ete Pa ee ee ene te nee . O10
RE ae Met eats eee ee eee ede WEL Soe oe eee nee . 102
SS TS ES ee ee ay ee eee . 068
era ees ea. SATE LS OM Sree 2 nn . 009

_ The fuel value is estimated at 1,758 calories per pound of edible
portion. :

@Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 75, July, 1901, p. 111.

Ds THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

In color of meat the fruits of different varieties vary. Immediately
under the epidermis it is green, sometimes for only a fraction of an
inch; in other varieties if may be green three-quarters of the way
through the meat, the remainder being either whitish or yellowish,
or the green color may extend almost to the seed. Some of the
finest varieties have a cream-colored meat. In texture some avocados
have rather watery meat, with a number of strings running through
it, and are decidedly inferior to fruit with firm meat and no strings.

SEED AND SEED CAVITY.

The variations in the seed cavity are of importance from a commer-
cial standpoint. In some fruits the seed is lodged firmly in the meat;
in others it occupies only a fraction of the cavity (compare figs. 6, 7,
8, and 9), and variations occur anywhere between these extremes.
Obviously, the best shipping fruit is that with a seed cavity so small
that the seed can not be shaken about, since in handling the fruit in
transit the seed in a large cavity so bruises the meat as to cause rapid
deterioration. This point should be borne in mind in selecting varie-
ties for propagation.

In the shape and size of the seed marked variation occurs. The
shape does not necessarily conform to that of the fruit, while the size
may vary from one-half the bulk of the fruit down to one-tenth or
even less. (Compare figs. 6, 7,8,and 9.) One tree that bears seedless
fruit has been discovered in Florida. Since the formation of seeds is
the greatest tax on the energies of the plant, it is important for the
erower to produce fruits with as small seeds as possible; these the
buyer will also prefer, as to him the seed is of no value.

SHAPE OF THE TREE.

The manner of growth of avocado trees differs exceedingly. Some
trees grow with a slender shape, like the Lombardy poplar; others
spread out in the form of an American elm, while the greater number
take on the compact shape of a fruit-bearing tree, making an outline
somewhat similar to that of a haycock. .(Compare Pls. I, I, and ILL)
This last mentioned form is, of course, the most desirable of the dif-
erent shapes. It gives the tree a chance to withstand gales, and per-
mits the fruit to sway on slender branchés, thus keeping it from
being blown off during storms.

FORMS AND VARIETIES.

The species /’%rsea gratissima Giirtn., or what is popularly known as
avocado, is well defined from the other species of the genus, but
inside of the species as at present understood it is exceedingly vari-
able. Some attempt has been made to separate this species into vari-
eties, but so little has yet been done in the way of perpetuating

;
:
i”
.

ve

FORMS AND VARIETIES. YY

particular sorts by bud propagation that varieties in the pomological
sense have not yet found a place in literature. La Sagra” gives the
following classification, based upon the characters of the fruit:

The aguacate is, without doubt, one of the most valuable fruit trees of South
America. The fruit is in form of a large pear, without any depression at the head.

The skin is a yellowish green ora pale violet color, and smooth. The substance
of the fruit, when well matured, is nearly white and has a soft, oily consistency
and a slightly sweet taste, somewhat sugary. It is eaten in its natural state and also
seasoned in various manners, nearly always with a little salt. The animals devour
it eagerly.

The tree blossoms in April and the fruit matures in July and August. The varie:
ties which are cultivated in Cuba are—

1. The violet color, which is nearly round in shape.

2. The large green, round, with the inside yellowish and having the consistency
of bread.

3. The large yellow, similar to a large pear.

4. The long green.

The maturity of the fruit is known when the seed which it contains becomes
loosened from the substance of the fruit and rattles when it is shaken.?

In order to obtain good trees one must sow the seed in the place where it will
remain permanent, in holes of 3 feet in dimension in every direction, which are
filled with good soil.

These trees ordinarily bear fruit from the fifth year and live to about their
eightieth year. They are planted in form of beautiful groves and walks about the
dwellings of the inhabitants, and as their growth is very vigorous they soon take
strength from neighboring trees. Their flowers yield a very agreeable perfume.

Compare the description of plates, page 36, and figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9
with the above description.

Meissner’ recognizes several botanical varieties based upon the
shape and size of the leaves. Vulgaris has leaves ‘* 3-4 poll” by
“S15 poll;” Oblonga, ‘*4-9 poll” by ‘* 3-2 poll;” Macrophylla, ‘* 6-9
poll” by ** 33-44 poll.”

THE MEXICAN AVOCADO.

There is a small-fruited form of avocado which was introduced in
1893 from Mexico (see fig. 9, B) in the form of seeds by the Divi-
sion of Pomology of the Department of Agriculture, to which no ref-
erence is made in the literature examined, and no specimens of this
form were found in the herbaria visited. It is regarded in Mexico
us more frost resistant than the common form found in Florida and
the West Indies, but is not considered as valuable as the larger fruited
varieties where the latter may be grown successfully. Its fruit is
pear-shaped, or bottle-necked, about the size of a hen’s egg, usually
of a dull blackish or bluish color. The skin of the fruit is thin and
leathery. The seed is small, conical, usually about an inch in diameter.

“Translation from Historia Fisica de Cuba (1845), Vol. XI, p. 186.
» Correct for some varieties only.—P. H. R.
¢ Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. V, pt. 2, fase. 41, p. 159.

BU THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

The tree is a less vigorous grower, and the branches are inclined to be
slender. The leaves are borne on a slender petiole about half as long
as the blade, which is thin and elliptical in shape. ‘The flowers are
borne in an open panicle on long slender pedicels and the fruit ripens
earlier than the West Indian—South American form,

Another striking peculiarity of this form is that the first pair of
scale-like leaves produced have, while those of the West Indian—South
American form do not have, a distinct petiole and blade. (See fig. 1.)
This form has been grown successfully in California, where it is
becoming popular. Figure 9, B, is from a specimen kindly furnished
by Mr. W. Chappelow, Monrovia, Cal., from a tree grown from seed
of the first importation from Mexico by the Department of Agriculture.

THE WEST INDIAN—-SOUTH AMERICAN AVOCADO.

The fruit of the West Indian-South American avocado is large,
varying in weight from a quarter of a pound to 3 pounds. The shape
is as variable as the size, varying from oblate spheroidal to almost
banana shaped. (See figs. 6, 7,8, and fig. 9, A.) The color of the fruit
is purple, scarlet, yellow, and green. The rind is usually thick and
brittle. The seed is often very large, sometimes making up one-half
the weight of the fruit; the shape of the fruit variable—spheroidal to
conical. The tree is of vigorous growth, reaching a height of 20 to
30 feet, and sometimes is even taller; the branches are thick and brittle.
The leaves are borne on a short, thick petiole, less than one-fourth the
length of the blade, which is thick, elliptical, and from 4 to 10 inches
long. The lower surface of young leaves is covered with a pubescence.
Flowers in open panicle are borne ona short peduncle. The fruit is
borne on a thick pedicel, and ripens from the middle of July to Decem-
ber. A few trees retain their fruits until January, and even up to
March.

In the native habitats the species seem to run to distinct forms,
as is indicated from the botanical literature and botanical specimens
named by authorities on the subject. These forms do not come true
to seed when brought into cultivation, owing probably to the fact that
the trees are put under special new conditions, and that trees from a
large number of varieties are planted near to each other, making cross-
pollination almost certain. It is not surprising, therefore, that we
find large-fruited and small-fruited trees; yellow, green, scarlet, and
purple colored fruit; small, medium-sized, and large leaves; good,
bad, and indifferent qualities, all coming from selected fruits from a
single tree, as indicated from observations cited on a former page.
It is really only what should be expected when viewed from a plant
breeder’s standpoint.

‘f

FORMS AND VARIETIES, 31
THE IDEAL AVOCADO,

The tree should be of small or medium size. So long as the supply
is limited and the fruit brings faney prices, the cost of gathering from
the tall-growing trees is no serious obstacle, but much fruit is lost
from a tall tree as a result of high winds, which are common in the
Antillean region during the ripening season,

The fruit should weigh about a pound to a pound and a half. This
is large enough for persons with an ordinary liking for this fruit,
while those who are extraordinarily fond of it can call for two fruits.
Pear-shaped (see fig. 8) or oblong varieties (see fig. 7) should be pre-
ferred, as they can be packed readily and transported without much
danger of being bruised in transit. The seed should not be loose in
the cavity, as the shaking of it in transit pounds the meat into an
unsightly mush. The color of the fruit should be either yellow or
scarlet. The fruits that ripen green are considered by the novice as
having been picked when too immature, and those that ripen brown
or purple look as if they were in the first stages of decay. A very
late variety would undoubtedly be the most desirable, since it would
ripen at a time when all the West Indian and Mexican avocados were
gone, and most of the northern fruits were out of the market.

USES OF THE FRUIT.

According to Patrick Brown,” horses, cows, cats, dog's, as well as all
sorts of birds, feed on this fruit.

Much has been written regarding the manner of serving this salad
fruit, but only one or two essential additions have been made in the
last two hundred years. No matter how daintily it may be prepared
one can scarcely relish it more than when, tramping through the
forests, he happens upon a tree with a few fruits fully matured. The
traveler is likely to be seated at once, enjoy his fruit without salt,
sugar, or other condiments, and forever after he will remember the
deliciousness of that particular fruit, which if eaten with any or all
condiments at the most carefully appointed table would not have made_
as strong an impression on his memory.

An avocado should not be used until the meat cuts smoothly with a
teaspoon and is about the consistency of well-frozen ice cream. No
one should attempt to eat the fruit after it has softened; a rancid
avocado may well be compared to rancid butter.

The simplest way of using this fruit is as already stated. One

merely halves the fruit, removes the seed, and dips out the meat with

a teaspoon, or to the plain fruit a bit of salt may be added. Some
people use pepper in addition. The number of ways in which the

“Civil and, Natural History of Jamaica, London, 1789, p. 214.

bY THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

avocado may be served is as varied as the possible salad combinations,
One should not, however, deluge this rich fruit with oil nor overpower
with condiments its mild, nutty flavor. Salt, pepper, and vinegar are
often used; if to this enough sugar be added to take off the sharpness
of the vinegar, it will be an improvement. Lime juice or lemon juice
may be substituted for the vinegar with advantage. ‘The avocado is
sometimes served as a dessert with sugar and sherry.

Another distinct method of using this fruit is to remove the meat
from the skin, add the condiments desired, and then stir the whole
into the form of a salad and serve either alone or on lettuce leaves.
Some chefs cut the meat into small cubes of about a half or one-third
of an inch in size and serve it with condiments, as in minced salad.

The use of the avocado as an ingredient of lobster or other shellfish
salad is said to have become quite general in localities where the fruit
‘an be obtained, as it gives the salad a pleasing nutty after flavor not
otherwise secured.

Another use is in mixed pickles. For this purpose the fruit should
be selected before it has become soft, yet after it is no longer hard and
brittle. The fruit is pared, the seed taken out, and the meat cut into
pieces not over a half inch thick. ‘This is then prepared in the usual
manner for cucumber pickles, ete.

DISEASES.
LEAF DISEASE.

While the avocado has recently been introduced into cultivation, it
has some severe diseases, which, however, can be handled without
much difficulty if taken in time. One of the most prominent and
common diseases noticed is due to a Glwosporium, probably an unde-

scribed species. This almost invariably attacks the leaf at the tip,.

and gradually works back from this point into the blade. By the time
the leaf has become two-thirds or three-quarters diseased, it usually
falls off, and in this way the fungus may defoliate the entire tree.

Remedy.—Spraying with Bordeaux mixture” should be begun on
the first appearance of the trouble. If spraying is delayed until the
tree has been partially defoliated, success will be attained with much
greater difficulty.

¢ Bordeaux mixture may be prepared by dissolving 6 pounds of bluestone in 25
gallons of water. This may be done readily by placing the bluestone in a feed sack
and suspending it near the surface of the water. Slake 6 pounds of lime with just
enough water to cover it. When this has been thoroughly slaked, dilute with 25 gal-
lonsof water. Strain the slaked lime into the tank of the spraying machine through
coarse sacking, to remove all particles which might clog the spraying machine. Pour
the dissolved bluestone into the lime water, stirring vigorously for two or three min-
utes. Apply at once.

~ ae

SUMMARY. 33
FRUIT DISEASE.

Apparently the same fungus which causes the disease of the leaves
attacks the fruit in various stages of development. If the disease
becomes prevalent while the fruit is small, it will shed off until the
tree is quite fruitless. If the disease attacks the more mature fruit,
it is liable to remain on the tree until nearly ripe, but the fungus pro-
duces a brown spot, and finally the skin cracks.

Remedy.—The same remedy should be used as for the leaf fungus.

SUMMARY.

Avocados do not come true to seed.
Orchards of seedling trees can not be relied upon to produce good

crops.
Budding is practicable and it is the most desirable way of propa-
gating.

Crown-working is preferable to top-working.

Budded trees grown in a nursery should be used in planting an
orchard.

All the fruit shipped to market in a crate should be of the same
size, of the same shape, and of one color.

Preferences for color are as follows: Yellow, scarlet, green, brown.

Pear-shaped fruits and oblong shapes are preferred. Round are
less desirable than bottle-necked fruits. a

The varieties which ripen during December, or later, sell for the
highest prices.

The large percentage of fat contained in this fruit makes it especially
desirable, since it is much more agreeable to some people than the fat
obtained from an anima! source.

29619—No. 61—04——3

if. i sf ey

ALI

ioe ae

-_! ,
i
ve i

wn

35

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Puiate |. Frontispiece.—West Indian-South American avocado tree, about 35 years
old, growing on a coral breccia reef. Produces fruits of fine quality. Ripens
purple.

Piate II. Fig. 1.—Crown-worked avocado tree eighteen months after insertion of
bud. The bud was placed in a sprout that had started from a stump of a tree
the summer before. West Indian-South American variety. About 8 feet tall.
Fig. 2.—Top-worked tree eighteen months after insertion of bud, which was
placed ina green sprout. The tree was approximately of the same age and vigor
as the one shown in Plate IJ, figure 1. Mexican variety. About 12 feet tall.
Compare the general mode of growth, arrangement of leaves, etc., with the tree
shown in Plate II, figure 1.

Pate Ill. Nursery tree two years old, transplanted from seed bed, West Indian-
South American variety. A good, vigorous stock for budding. About 4 feet
tall.

Piare LY. Fruiting branch of West Indian-South American variety, showing the
manner in which the fruit is borne upon the branches. The photograph from
which this illustration was made was taken from the inside of the tree to bring
out the peculiar mode of attachment. This branch may be considered as carry-
ing a very heayy crop. Fruits about one-tenth natural diameter, ripening green.

36

O

PLATE II.

ROWN-WORKED WEST INDIAN-SOUTH AMERICAN
9 TREE, EIGHTEEN MONTHS AFTER INSERTION

Fic. 2.—Top-woRKED MEXICAN AVOCADO TREE, EIGHTEEN
MONTHS AFTER INSERTION OF BuoD.

ann «

— ae
ane"

y WEY

i

or
%

————

Bul. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Ill.

=~

_ a

ry)

—
- go @e
w
~

<

qs
a er, < pv =

a

Weer Innian-Qoiurw AMERICAN AvVOCANO TREE IN Nursery. 2 YEARS OLD, 4 FEET

PLATE IV.

of Agricu t

Bul. 61 Bureau of Plant Industry U.S Dept

FRUITING BRANCH OF WEST INDIAN-SOUTH AMERICAN AVOCADO TREE.

(ONE-TENTH NATURAL SIZE.)

Bul. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE lI,

Fic. 1.—TYPE OF EGYPTIAN BULL.

= Fig. 2.—ANOTHER TYPE OF EQYPTIAN BULL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.)
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—-BULLETIN No. 62.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau,

INOUE S

ON

EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

BY

GEORGE P. FOADEN, B. Sc.,

SECRETARY OF THE KHEDIVIAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Catro, Eayrr.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issuep Juty 9, 1904.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GAtLoway, Chief.
J. KE. Rockwe.u, ditor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PILYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFP.

AvBert F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. Soira, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology.
GerorGE T. Moorr, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology.
Herserr J. Wesser, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding.
Wavrer T. SwWINGLE, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History.
Newton B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory.

M. B. Warre, Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Diseases of Orchard Fruits.
Mark A. Carueron, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK,@ in Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory.

P. H. Rours, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

P. H. Dorserr, Pathologist.

Ropnry H. True,? Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Corneuius L. Suear, Pathologist.

~ WiuiraAm A, Orton, Pathologist.

W. M. Scorr, Pathologist.

JosepH S. CHAMBERLAIN, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Ivestigations.

hk. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.

Fiora W. Parrerson, Mycologist.

CuHarues P. Harriey, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

Karu F. KELLERMAN, Assistant in Physiology.

DEANE B. SWINGLE, Assistant in Pathology.

A. W. Epson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

Jesse B. Norron, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

JAMES B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Luoyp 8. Tenny, Assistant in Pathology.

GrEoRGE G. Hepacock, Assistant in Pathology.

PERLEY SPAuLpInG, Scientific Assistant.

P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant.

A. D. SHameEt, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Rap Rosrnson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.

FLORENCE HepGEs, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

Cuanrtes J. Brann, Scientific Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.
b Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments,

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., April 20, 1904.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit, herewith, and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin 62 of the series of this bureau, a paper entitled
‘‘Notes on Egyptian Agriculture,” prepared by Prof. George P.
Foaden, Secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Society, Cairo, Egypt.
The experiments which this Department is conducting in the intro-
duction of Egyptian cotton, berseem, and other Egyptian crops into
this country make it highly important to have a knowledge of the
methods employed in the cultivation of these crops in Egypt.
The six plates accompanying the paper are considered essential to
a full understanding: of the text.
Respectfully, b. T. GALLOWAY,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

a SS SE eee <a a, aa
Composition of Nilemud during flood... .-__.
Irrigation and fertilizers... -_-.._- - Se Oa ae
ES QO ey Sebo tee

EE fee adie O72 sa EA ICE So a Sw ae p -e gs aa
BSR ay Aa iM rhea a es ie ea ee es Ys Reid ESCA eaement ais Be ee ea
CS eS ag aA pe aanrpeael AS Baia eg
Distance between the cotton beds .--.-.-- .:.-<TlTI eae ---
Date of planting cotton ----.-..--------- (Porites asta Aas Sess ee
MeNVeRIE CORNET: at Genter ee a Se gh ett i 7. Me Ae ets ee 8"
EE ITCR MMR Or PSS eatin Cae hed e oc ince SAG ye dy Sth ele te eee
RIND COWMIE Destro ee es Senta, Stn Re So eee Meee eee
Ee tt Ce eee Le pee OTS oS A ta oo
municuet Gr COetO Prowl in Deypuen ee ee a PSL tlle te
RRs torte BO nn te eee eemereg ur se Serle eee

UST ESEE nee Sets wee OMe el etek aw ae ee te et
SMICMRI MIRE TES Lees ns CUT a! ee oes, Pais ae ee a Se eZ
eran Aa es... ee ee eo! Rt te KEAD £5 lap. SG De ngs
Cotton and cotton-seed exports ___._-__. .--.--.--- Se Se ea Spee es al oe
NT Eas i ee etine pa SAPe re tre Rie ie Se ae NBA ade MO an ee

SIE OCMPCDLIST COVED ele fo re ye RR ee ee a
meecorh, (aitalfa) 22-22 fk. PE Reet ou en Pe a ee
tte Bit pe Uae ED iA aS SS! ale RLS el pee ne las

NS 9 2 ter 0a tale kage et go Me Ba Se ah Re eee ere ak oe FL Ts ae

eR hee che ee On ee See ee ee A Tet i ee
ered Soreitwms 2 oo Se eek 6 A 2 ia a ea
Ne <2 eer ne © eee ee Pe ee te
ENG Ger git So. Sa ERRAND peste tical eae Ne ae ee oe
en WGN OF DORNATS. | cnn Ae he oe Se ek Epa See aes ney,
I re es tree ee Ree eee ee ee
ME ee 0) eee bes ee oe! ne
SN Soe Spy Sole Soy se ee
enema Ue ee ee et eee

Page.

ot ct ct cl
© OR) Ot a

o
oO

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page’
Puate I. Fig. 1.—Type of Egyptian bull. Fig. 2.—Another type of Egyp-
tien Dall... od 2. ek Se Gee ee Se Frontispiece.
Il. Fig. 1.—Type of mule used in Egypt. Fig. 2.—Another type of
mule used in Egypt 2232.2... let es 2 ee 16
Ill. Fig. 1.—A Meraise sheep, the best Egyptian breed. Fig. 2.—
Field of Mit Afifi cotton ....:....-- 3i.-.:-. 2. eee 16
IV. Fig. 1.—Field of cotton receiving its first watering in April. about
thirty-five days after planting. Fig. 2.—Field of cotton after
having been hoed after first watering -_..... ....-. -----.-.---- 20
V. Fig. 1.—Field of cotton on May 6. Fig. 2.—Field of cotton on
May. 20... 25 2 ee bio. ce eo eee atnod 24
VI. Fig. 1.—Field of Mit Afifi cotton before gathering. Fig. 2.—Egyp-
tian method of picking and carrying cotton —--- ______- RP qt eS a 40
TEXT FIGURES. :
Wr. ‘1, Ordinary native plow: = 2 2~ 5.2 2.2222 Set op 28 a i eee 18
2. Arrangement of ridges for irrigating cotton_.___.__-.._.----.----- 21
3. Arrangement of:a.crop of- flood vise. -~. 222 2.2... 2 2 ee ies 57
6
\

B. P. I.—101. V.P. P. 1.—116

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

INTRODUCTION.

Nature may be truly said to smile in the Valley of the Nile, and
ancient Eastern writers were never weary of sounding the praises of
Kgypt. From early times her antiquities have excited imagination
and curiosity, yet her system of agriculture is of still more ancient
date.

Though the total area of Egypt proper is about 400,000 square miles,
only some 12,000 square miles are cultivated and settled. Agricul-
turally, the country consists of the Nile Valley itself, a comparatively
narrow strip of land on each side of the river, together with that part
known as the Delta, of which Cairo may be taken as the apex. The
width of the Nile Valley is variable; in some districts the desert
impinges on the river bank itself, while in others the valley may
attain a width of 10 or 12 miles. Its length is about 550 miles, and
the number of acres under cultivation and in process of reclama-
tion is about 2,320,000. This, roughly speaking, is the region where
basin irrigation is practiced, while the Delta proper is under asystem
of perennial irrigation. The number of acres under cultivation and
in process of reclamation in the Delta is 3,430,000, thus making a total
of 5,750,000 acres for the whole country.

Basin irrigation, which has been typical of the country from earli-
est times, is now being gradually replaced by perennial irrigation, a
change which entirely alters the system of agriculture. It is needless
to say that at one time the whole of the country was under the basin
system, but about the year 1820 the Khedive, by excavating a num-
ber of deep perennial canals capable of discharging water during the
period of low water in the Nile, began that change which resulted in
a complete revolution of the irrigation system of lower Egypt. As
long, however, as the canals merely drew their water from the Nile
the supply naturally diminished as the summer advanced and the
Nile fell.

In the year 1842 the Nile Barrage, which is situated about 12 miles
downstream from.Cairo, was commenced. Here the Nile bifurcates.
Across the two branches two immense masonry bridges were built,
provided with sluice gates, by closing which the stream is dammed.
The level is thus raised to such an extent that 12 feet of water are held

7

S NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

up, over and above the natural level of the river, and the amount of
water discharged into the various distributing canals is enormously
increased. ‘The bed of the river below the Barrage is to all intents
and purposes dry, ‘This provision of water during the summer months
permitted the cultivation of cotton, which from this date gradually
increased. At the present time the whole of lower Egypt is under a
perennial system of irrigation, while upper Egypt, though largely
under basin irrigation, is in a transition stage.

The ancient system of basin irrigation, whereby the land received
annually a deposit of rich mud, will soon be, comparatively speaking,
a thing of the past. It is unnecessary here to enter into any details
regarding this ancient type of irrigation, but merely to state that
under this system the land is divided by means of banks into basins
(of which there are 212), whose areas range from as few as 500 to as
many as 75,000 acres. For convenience in the regulation of the flood
water, these basins are divided into various sections, 11 of which are
on the left bank of the river, while 13 are on the right. During flood
time, when these basins are filled, the water is charged with suspended
matter, which during its sojourn in the basin is to a great extent
deposited on the land. The filling of the basins generally begins
about mid-August and is completed in the southern basins by the end
of September. The escapes are opened and the water discharged into
the river by the middle of October. The more northerly basins are
filled and emptied later, the last basin north of the Delta Barrage not
becoming dry until the end of November.

When the time for emptying the basins has arrived, the escapes are
opened and the water discharged. In some years, when the flood is
low and the basins are not full, the upper series of basins are drawn
upon to complete the operation; the water passes, that is to say,
through the lower series and is then discharged. The water remains
in the basins for a period of about sixty days.

The water of the Nile at the time of flood contains from 150 to 200
parts per 100,000 of suspended matter. If 170 parts are assumed to
be an average, about 130 parts are actually deposited in the basins,
while the remaining 40 parts are returned to the river in the water of
discharge. These figures can only be regarded as approximations, the
amount of mud deposited on any given area depending to a certain
extent on the position of that area in the basin. Again, the water
entering all the basins is not equally rich in sediment. Further,
water is continually passing through the basins, even though they are
full, and consequently the actual quantity which passes through them
and deposits its mud is not equivalent to the capacity of the basin
itself. The nature of the sediment also varies, being more valuable,
relatively speaking, in a low flood, and more sandy and consequently
Jess valuable during a high flood. It is calculated that when the-
basins are full they contain on an average between 3 and 4 feet of
water and the deposit is equal to between 14,000 and 15,000 pounds of

COMPOSITION OF NILE MUD DURING FLOOD. 9 :

sediment per acre, or between 6 and 7 tons. The soil thus receives
annually this coating of mud, the chemical nature of which has given
rise to very divergent views on the part of chemists, chiefly owing, it
is believed, to the manner in which samples for analysis have been
taken. The analyses made by Doctor Mackenzie at the School of
Agriculture are considered the most reliable obtainable and are the
average of many determinations.

COMPOSITION OF NILE MUD DURING FLOOD.

The addition of 15,000 pounds per acre per annum of sediment con-
sisting of nitrogen, 0.12 per cent, phosphorie acid, 0.21 per cent, and
potash, 0.68 per cent, would give to the soil 18 pounds of nitrogen, 314
pounds of phosphorie acid, and 102 pounds of potash. These quan-
tities, when compared with the general composition of Egyptian soils
and with the results which have been obtained by actual manurial
experiments, are quite consistent. Egyptian clover, as is well known,
is very extensively grown in Egypt, and the deficiency of Nile mud
in nitrogen has, no doubt, to a very great extent been compensated
forinthis manner. Roughly speaking, cultivation in the basins means
one crop yearly, the flood providing sufficient water and manure for
the raising of this crop under a system of rotation. In the basins,
where the chief crops are cereals, beans, and clover, this is true as
regards the matter of manure supply, but when irrigation is practiced
by means of wells or from the Nile the need for manure at once
becomes pressing. In fact, this interdependence of manure and water
is always most prominently brought out in any irrigated country.

An examination of the manurial ingredients added to the soil dur-

‘ing the inundation of the basins will at once indicate that while suffi-

cient phosphoric acid and potash are added to grow an ordinary crop
of wheat or barley, this is not true as regards nitrogen, and were it
not for the alternation of clover and beans with the cereal crops the
growth of the latter without nitrogenous manures would be impossible.
The fact that it is found impossible to grow two wheat crops satisfac-
torily in succession is an indication that so far as nitrogen is concerned
the Nile mud does not supply a sufficient quantity. A bean crop,
which removes more phosphoric acid and more potash, but which
obtains its nitrogen largely from the air, is successfully alternated
with it.
IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS.

As the crops in the basins are generally grown without irrigation,
manures, as already mentioned, are but seldom used. ‘The wheat crop
under such circumstances will average some 30 or 35 bushels per acre,
and often grows to the height of a man’s shoulder. The bean crop is
a most important one in Upper Egypt, providing, as it does, the staple
food during the summer and flood months, not only for Upper Egypt,
but to a considerable extent also for Lower Egypt, while the export

Li) NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

trade assumes considerable proportions, Beans are extremely luxu-
riant, and they produce on an average 35 or 40 bushels per acre on
good land.

It is quite unnecessary to state that the cultivation of basin lands
is extremely primitive. The seed is merely broadcasted on the silt
left by the Nile, covered in by hand-hoeing or scraping, and left until
harvest time. The cost of sowing does not exceed 40 cents per acre,
Ilarvest is in the spring, and the land is then generally left bare for
the few months which elapse until the Nile again rises, when, in place
of fields of waving corn, we have, as it were, inland lakes of red silt-
laden water. Though the net return per acre from basin irrigated
lands is not as great as on perennially irrigated lands, yet they return
to the cultivator a large margin of profit, as the cost of cultivation
is reduced to an absolute minimum.

Upper Egypt is thickly populated, in some provinces amounting to
as many as two persons per acre. This has led to the cultivation of
some of the basin lands during the interval which elapses between
the removal of the ordinary winter crop and the arrival of the Nile
flood. Such crops have to be irrigated, and this is usually accom-
plished by means of primitive water wheels lifting the water as much
as 15 or 20 feet. This cultivation is generally carried on where a sup-
ply of manure is available, an application of which is imperative.
The soil is capable of raising only the ordinary winter crop without
manure, and the summer crop, which is generally millet, is heavily
fertilized. Seattered throughout the country and in use throughout
the whole of Egypt are large mounds, sites of antiquity, which are
drawn upon to supply manure to grow these summer crops. They
contain a nitrogen equivalent of about 2 or 3 per cent of nitrate of
soda. As would naturally be expected, however, the best supplies
are being exhausted, and many of the poorer ones which remain
searcely pay for transport. The summer crop, when grown in the
basins by irrigation, is therefore practically always manured, and
this, together with the watering, entails a considerable outlay on the
part of the cultivator, though a good margin of profit remains. In
some districts corn is grown on basin land which, lying high or being
protected by small embankments, does not become inundated until
later in the season, when the crop has become sufficiently advanced
to stand a certain amount of flooding. It may be mentioned that in
the southern provinees, where the basin land is poor, it is often found
more profitable to irrigate the winter crop of wheat and barley instead
of trusting to the moisture in the soil after the flood. In this ease
the crop is always manured.

Such, then, is an outline of the system of agriculture practiced in
the basins of Upper Egypt, and some idea of its primitive nature
ean thus be obtained. Nearly 1,750,000 acres of land are under this
system of irrigation, a system which will now, to a great extent,

ae

—_

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS. 11

disappear and give way to perennial irrigation, whereby two crops at
least will be annually raised.

Although basin irrigation is characteristic of Upper Egypt, yet there
is a belt of high land between the river and the basins protected from
flooding by the dike running along the river bank. This belt could
be inundated only in years of exceptionally high flood. The Nile
Valley slopes away from the river, not toward it, the river bed thus
extending, as it were, along a ridge and not along a depression. The
breadth of this high land varies greatly. In some places the basin
reaches practically up to the river bank, while in others the high
inclosed land possesses a width of a few miles, its area having been
increased by the construction of banks, which shut off the flood waters
from its farther side. This land, not being flooded, can be cultivated
either during summer or during flood, or both; in fact, in intensity of
eulture it is comparable to that of the Delta proper. The greatest
width of this inclosed and artificially irrigated land is found in the
provinees of Beni-Suef and Minieh, which are, with the exception of
Gizeh, nearest the apex of the Delta. It is on this land in these two
provinces and in the province of Fayum (which is an oasis) that the
bulk of the cotton known as ‘‘Ashmouni” is cultivated. These high
lands have, therefore, to be artificially irrigated, and cultivation can
be carried on the whole year round.

One great difference, as already pointed out, between the cultiva-
tion of these lands and the basin lands is the necessity for manure,
large quantities of which are employed. Barnyard manure is obtain-
able only in limited quantities, and recourse must be had to the
ancient mounds to which reference has already been made. In the
southern provinces, where millet is characteristic of this inclosed area
during the flood season, millions of tons of a nitrate-bearing clay are
found. To the agriculture of this tract and to that of Nubia this is
of vital importance; in fact, it is difficult to see how the land could
support its present population were it not for the existence of this
clay. The basin lands, as mentioned, are of poor quality and are

often irrigated, while the inclosed area is large; consequently large

quantities of manure are required. As soon as the winter crops are
removed, the whole population is occupied in the transport of this
nitrate-bearing clay. When the material is near it is transported by
the owner’s own camels and donkeys, but when far away it is brought
to the river banks and sold to cultivators who come in boats for it.
It is a common sight in summer to see the river bank lined with heaps
of this fertilizer, while hundreds of camels and donkeys may be seen
wending their way to and from the river.

As already mentioned, the fertilizer is a mixture of clay and nitrate
of soda, the percentage of the latter reaching in exceptional cases
to as much as 20 per cent and in others dwindling to as little as 2
or 3 per cent. The richest material is found on the surface, and,

12 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

generally speaking, it would be difficult by quarrying in bulk to obtain
material containing as much as 5 per cent of nitrate. Of one fact,
however, there Gan be no doubt, viz, that it forms a most valuable
manure for a large tract of land, permitting better crops to be grown
in the basins and the raising of a profitable crop of millet, which with-
out it would practically be an impossibility.

larther north, on this inclosed land, the whole of the sugar crop of
Egypt is grown, and, including the Fayum, the Ashmouni cotton
crop. Nearly 600,000 acres of land are thus perennially irrigated,
chiefly by means of a large canal (Ibrahimia) taking its water direct
from the Nile. A branch of this canal waters the Fayum, a deep
depression in the desert which lies outside the Nile Valley, and is
divided from the river by a range of low hills. Through a break in
these the Nile water is admitted. The Fayum is the only oasis in
Egypt in direct communication with the river, and is surrounded by
desert on all sides. The canal which conveys water to the Fayum
is split up on entering the province into a number of radiating canals,
like the fingers of an outspread hand.

The Ibrahimia Canal, completed in the year 1873, is the only peren-
nial canal in Upper Egypt which takes its water direct from the Nile.
It has a length of about 170 miles, and not only supplies summer
water to a large tract, but also water during flood to the basins. In
perennially irrigated tracts the seasons are divided, as in the Delta,
into summer, flood, and winter.

The chief summer crops are sugar cane, cotton, and summer sor-
ghum, which occupy along the Ibrahimia Canal tract about one-half the
area. About 40 per cent of the land is under flood crops, which are
chiefly flood sorghum, rice, and corn, while the winter crops (about
60 per cent) are clover, wheat, barley, beans, ete. The cultivation of
these crops will be dealt with in detail subsequently, the few remarks
which have been made being merely intended to convey an idea of
the general system of agriculture in vogue in Upper Egypt. The
completion of the new reservoirs will bring large tracts of land under
perennial irrigation, and from what has preceded it will be gathered
how, under such a system, a much more intensive system of agricul-
ture is practiced. These reservoirs allow a great increase in the area
planted to such crops as cotton and sugar cane, while Lower Egypt
will also receive its share of water tosupplement the summer supply,
which is taxed to its utmost to irrigate the gradually extending cotton
area. ; ,

In Lower Egypt, or the Delta, as already mentioned, perennial irri-
gation is practiced, by which is meant that the land is irrigated by
canals which supply water during the whole year. Under this system,
Egypt, favored with an excellent climate and a soil of great natural
fertility, may be reckoned upon to produce on an average as much
per acre as is possible in any quarter of the globe. When to these

-

_——_—

:
;
_.
7
}

SOILS. 13

conditionsa plentiful supply of cheap labor is added, there exists every-
thing necessary for the carrying on of an extensive and profitable sys-
tem of agriculture. The vast improvements which have been made
during recent years in the irrigation system of the country have been
the means of greatly increasing the amount of water available during
the summer months of low supply, and thus not only have made pos-
sible a considerable extension in the area of summer crops (chiefly
cotton), but will in the future provide a supply of water for carrying
on the reclamation (washing) of large tracts of land in the lower part
of the Delta.

Drainage, which is an all-important problem, has received at the
hands of the government its due share of attention, and enormous
sums of money have been expended in making a complete network of
drains throughout the country. Increased supplies of water neces-
sarily involve more complete drainage schemes, and to Egypt, with its
practically level soil lying but little above the level of the Mediterra-
nean Sea, it isa question of first importance. In fact, increased sup-
plies of irrigation water without better drainage and a more plentiful
supply of manure are of doubtful benefit.

It would be beyond the province of the writer and beyond the
object of the present bulletin to deal in any way with the irrigation
system of the Delta, and attention will be entirely confined to those
matters which are of purely agricultural interest.

SOILS.

Unfortunately, no soil survey of Egypt has ever been made, nor
has any series of extensive inquiries been made into the general
mechanical composition or chemical nature of the soils of the Delta.

It is needless to say that the soils are all alluvial in origin, and,
generally speaking, are of a clayey nature, differing only in the
density of the clay. <A heavy, dense black clay, extending to a depth
of 18 or 20 feet or more, is perhaps the typical soil. This soil is very
difficult to work, but is fertile, yielding good crops of cotton. It is
not easily injured by infiltration and saturation, on account of the
difficulty with which water penetrates it. It can be understood that
when canals are running with water practically throughout the whole
year, there is always danger of saturation and infiltration, especially
so when the water is at a higher level than the surrounding country.

It is feared that this class of soil often receives a greater quantity
of water than is necessary, as, on account of the difficulty of pereola-
tion, it becomes more or less stagnant and sours the land. There is
also insufficient care given to the question of cultivating the land
when in the right condition. It is often plowed when more or less
wet, the result being that it dries up into a brick-like condition, quite
unsuited for a seed bed.

14 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

A second class of soil is also clayey to the depth of a few feet, but
is underlaid by soil of a more or less light nature. This soil is more
free to work than that already mentioned. A third class of soil may
be described as a sandy loam, while in some districts there are soils
which may be described as almost pure sand.

As regards the chemical nature of the ordinary clay soil of the Nile
Valley, it would be rash to reproduce any figures which could be taken
as representing in any way their general composition. No systematic
attempt has been made to analyze representative samples of every
province, only the results of a few isolated analyses being available.
It may be stated, however, that the soil is more deficient in nitrogen
than in any other ingredient, and nitrogenous manures are found to
exercise a most marked effect upon growth.

The manures in Common use in the country, in addition to barn-
yard manure and pigeon manure, are what is known as ‘‘coufri,” or
the remains of ancient villages and ruins, and the nitrate-bearing
clay found in Upper Egypt, to which reference has already been made.
These latter two fertilizers are valuable chiefly on account of the sol-
uble nitrogen they contain. The soils are almost invariably rich in
potash, while in phosphoric acid they are neither poor nor exception-
ally rich. For some crops, such as cotton and sugar cane, the use of
phosphatic manures is attended with great benefit, while other crops
do not, as a rule, repay the cost of the fertilizer.

LABOR.

In Egypt there is a plentiful supply of cheap labor. The labor,
from a European point of view, would be described as inefficient, but
with the crude systems of cultivation in force it meets all require-
ments. Owing to its cheapness, a great deal of the labor which would
be performed in Europe and in the United States by one or other
of the various farm implements is in Egypt done by hand. Practi-
cally the only large implements used in the cultivation of the land
are the primitive native plows, kassabiehs, or scoops for leveling the
land, and planks of wood which, when drawn over the land, serve as
harrows. The fass, or hoe, is the essential hand tool, and is the
fellah’s stock in trade.

The land was formerly held by large proprietors, and though this is
true to-day a division into smaller farms is gradually taking place.
This subdivision of land is reducing the supply of labor available on
large farms, and at certain times of the year it is somewhat difficult
to find sufficient labor. The commercial developments of Egypt and
the numberless improvements which are being effected attract a con-
siderable amount of labor which would otherwise be employed in
agriculture, and a rise in the price of labor has taken place during
recent years which is likely to continue in the future. As, however,
labor is obtainable for 15 cents a day, it will be seen that there is no
cause for complaint—at least from a western standpoint,

VALUE OF LAND. 15

The fellah is an extremely clevercultivator and a hard worker. He
works sometimes for a daily wage, but in the majority of cases is
engaged under one of many bases of contract, receiving a certain
area of land for the whole year in lieu of a part of his wages, or it
may be a certain area for the growth of corn. In other cases he
receives a share of certain crops, ete.; in facet, it would be impossible
in a short treatise to deal with the almost innumerable arrangements
which are made between employers and employed.

VALUE OF LAND. »

Land has increased enormously in value during recent years and
to attempt to estimate the increase would be a difficult matter. The
best land in the Delta can not be purchased for less than $500 to $600
an acre, while there are many cases where as much as $800 have been
paid for land possessing no value, present or prospective, except from
an agricultural point of view. Good average land costs from $300 to
to $400 per acre, while it would be difficult to find any land under a
state of cultivation which could be purchased for less than %150 per
acre. Even at these prices land well cultivated will return 6 or 7 per
cent on the capital invested, the sheet-anchor of the cultivator being
his cotton crop.

ANIMAL LABOR.

Practically the whole of the animal labor on the farm is done by
bullocks, a race whose history is somewhat doubtful. The cattle of
Upper Egypt are somewhat smaller than those of Lower Egypt, of
which the accompanying illustrations (Pl. I, figs. 1 and 2) may be
taken as good types.

A certain number of mules and donkeys (see Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2)
for transport work are kept on the farm, and from eight to ten bul-
locks are considered necessary to work 100 acres, generally the smaller
number.

The value of these animals has very considerably increased during
recent years, and at the present time $100 would have to be paid for
a good average working bullock, while anything above the ordinary
costs up to $135. During the winter, spring, and early summer
months—say, from December to June—they are fed on clover, chiefly
grazed in the field, the animals being tethered. About three-fourths
of an acre are allowed for each animal. From June to early Decem-
ber they are fed on beans and chopped straw, about 12 or 13 pounds
of the former and 22 pounds of the latter being a common ration.

The fellahs are the cattle raisers of Egypt, and large cultivators
supply their needs by purchasing from them; in consequence, the
small cultivator, raising cattle as he does and keeping buffaloes for
the supply of milk for his family and for sale, has a much greater
quantity of manure in proportion at his disposal than has the large
proprietor,

L6 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

It may be mentioned incidentally that sheep in Egypt are of a very
poor standard, ‘here are several breeds or divisions of breeds known
by local names, but the accompanying illustration (PI. IIT, fig. 1) will
give an idea of the type of animal found in the country. The sheep
live on anything they can procure, and are allowed to run over the
clover after the cattle have been tethered on it. A fair sheep weighs
about LOO pounds live weight, though the better class fed by some
cultivators weigh more.

SEASONS.

Agriculturally three seasons are, as already mentioned, recognized
in Egypt, viz, winter, summer, and Nili. During the former, extend-
ing from November or December to March, wheat, barley, beans,
clover, ete., are sown in Lower Egypt, and also flax, lentils, onions,
vetches, etc., in Upper Egypt. The summer crops are cotton, sugar
cane (chiefly in Upper Egypt), rice, and summer sorghum (Upper
Egypt), while during the Nili season corn and rice, together with
flood sorghum in Upper Egypt, are the principal crops.

COTTON.

Of all crops cotton is preeminently the most important; it, in fact,
in great part constitutes the agricultural wealth of Egypt. Its cul-
tivation commenced about the year 1820, being simultaneous with
the introduction of perennial irrigation in the Delta of the Nile.
From this time the areas under cotton gradually increased, a great
stimulus having been given to its cultivation at the time of the civil
war in the United States and the consequent cotton famine through-
out the world. When more or less normal conditions were reestab-
lished Egypt did not, like many other countries, cease to show an
increase in its cotton area, but on the other hand continued to pro-
gress. Recent developments and improvements in the system of irri-
gation, as well as the expenditure of large sums of money on drain-
age, have given still greater facilities for cotton cultivation, until
there seems to be a growing tendency on the part of cultivators to
place too great a reliance on the ‘‘one crop,” such as existed formerly
and is still often found in many cotton districts of the United States.

The cotton area seems to increase annually, though in the absence
of a statistical bureau it is impossible to state what the area actually
is or what increase takes place yearly. It has been generally accepted
by the irrigation department that one-third of the land of the Delta
was occupied by cotton, though there can be no doubt whatever that
it is more correct now to assume that one-half of the land is planted
to this crop. The present area under cotton in Egypt amounts proba-
bly to between 1,500,000 and 1,750,000 acres, though the finance
department of the Egyptian Government gives as the area under cot-
ton in the year 1901-2, 1,275,676 acres, of which 1,169,106 acres were

ee Ln eee

Bul, 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE II.

Fic. 1.—TYPE OF MULE USED IN E@yprT.

FiG. 2.—ANOTHER TYPE OF MULE USED IN E@ypPT.

Bul. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

iby
fh ry,

y
Wy,
ha

7 dee

- a ., ‘
PS May 5
4s 1a rb

JRE °K,
fa, nhs y
f° “A py .

Fic. 2.—Fi€LD oF MIT AFIFI COTTON.

THE COTTON CROP. 17

in the Delta and 106,570 in Upper Egypt. In any case we may state
that 90 per cent of the total cotton of Egypt is grown in the Delta
proper, and for the purposes of this bulletin, when dealing with the
various branches of cotton culture, the writer’s observations will refer
to this region.

Theoretically a three-year rotation of crops is practiced, though
this is in a great majority of cases reduced to a two-year course.
Originally on good land the rotation was as follows:

Three-year rotation of crops formerly practiced in Kaqypt.
Yu : Jy}

Year. Winter. | Summer.

| Nili.
BEGG YORE! co vcaniccccce cus SRV OR) O60... ed nud gan | Sua. 2 eee ol CEL |
mocgna VORr ..2. 22.2.5... Beans or clover............-. ere seek tokess ss oe | Corn,

oo \ 2, re ape Fs |S Sse ae, SEA ee | Corn.

At present, however, it is more common to find the following system:

Two-year rotation of crops at present practiced in Egypt.

Year. Winter Summer. Nili.

Mr VORP 2. 6 oc kek CIOVOD: = .<sae eee ees POG 2 Bohs os . ea
MeECOnG VOOR. 2.5. 5.2-- BRANSOL WhCH us cen teee leer ee tock abe ee Corn or fallow.

On poor land clover is grown more frequently and rice is intro-
duced instead of corn, or the land may be fallowed. The cotton crop
then generally follows clover or maize or a fallow. If it follows
maize, the land is left fallow from the time of cutting the maize in
October or November until cotton planting in March; or again, in
some cases, the land may be fallowed from the time of the removal
of the cereal crop in June until the following spring. If the land is
to be fallowed after the cereal crop, a heavy flooding is given with
the red water of the Nile, and when sufficiently dry it is plowed and
left exposed to the action of the sun and other atmospheric agencies
until the winter months, when the preparation of the land for cotton
is continued. If it follows maize, the land is plowed as soon as pos-
sible after the crop is removed from the ground, while if after clover,
the land is generally left until about a fortnight before cotton plant-
ing begins, when the soil is broken up and hurriedly prepared.

Small cultivators who can not afford to leave their land fallow
occupy the land every moment, as it were. They scatter the clover
seeds among their standing maize before it is cut, and thus obtain
two crops of clover previous to cotton sowing. Owners of large
estates, however, adopt the fallow system—either a long fallow after
a cereal crop, a short fallow after a maize crop, or both. It would be
impossible for them to prepare a large area of land in time for cotton

29210—No. 62—04

2

LS NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

after berseem, while again they would be unable to dispose of such a
quantity of clover were it grown. ‘The small cultivator is, as already
mentioned, the raiser of cattle, and can always dispose of his clover
crop to advantage.

Large administrations in Egypt are now using steam plows, and by
means of them the land is thoroughly plowed for cotton during the
autumn months to a depth of 12 inches. With this exception, how-
ever, the cotton area of Egypt is prepared by means of the ordinary
native plow drawn by two bullocks. (See fig. 1.) As a general rule,
four plowings are given in preparation for cotton, each being at right
angles to the previous one.

The plow is somewhat comparable to the ‘‘ scooter” employed in the
United States for laying off the cotton rows. The beam, which is

SDEVICE FOR INCREASING OR DIMIN-
ISHING THE ANGLE.

ee
fag . — -
> ae et *
tae * 4,
yi
e* §. hes oO
“i « hers
“a. =
<a

Fig. 1.—Ordinary native plow.

made of wood, is about 10 feet long, while the part which projects
from it at an angle of about 25° is also made of wood, but shod with
iron, the weight of the whole being about 60 pounds or more. This
is the plow in almost universal use in Egypt, though on some areas
cultivated by Europeans a few modern plows, provided with mold-
boards which turn a furrow, are used. The nature of the plow does
not admit of the soil being inverted, but merely stirs it. The angle
between the draft pole and the sole of the plow can be increased or
diminished by adjustment.

It is laid down as an axiom by the best cotton growers that cotton
land should be plowed early and left exposed for some time. In a
practically rainless climate there is nothing to fear from the leaching
effects of rain, while it is universally accepted that cotton sown on
such land germinates better and grows more regularly. Growers are
fully alive to the necessity of deep and thorough cultivation, and some
careful farmers plow their land even more than four times. It must

_

PREPARING LAND FOR COTTON. 19

be confessed, on the other hand, that many are less enlightened; but
this often arises from the fact that when the cotton follows clover the
latter crop occupies the land until the last moment, so that the greatest
amount may be obtained from it. Whether this is good practice or
not will be dealt with subsequently.

The land, having been thoroughly plowed, is made into ridges
(Pl. IV.), and this is done by cheap labor, in a primitive, though
effective manner. The angle of the ordinary plow is filled with
dried leaves, sacking, or some other material, so that when drawn
through the soil it throws the earth to the right and left; this being
repeated during the return journey of the plow, a ridge is made.
When the land has been thrown into rough ridges at the required dis-
tance apart, they are shaped by men working with a fass (hoe), who at
the same time break down any large clods of soil. The land is then
ready for sowing. Each plow with a pair of bullocks will ridge in
this manner about 25 acres per day, while three men per day are
required for completing the ridges on an acre.

The cost of preparing the land for cotton may be estimated thus:
It is generally accepted that the labor of a man and a pair of bullocks
per day amounts to about $1, making allowance for depreciation in
the value of the bullocks, mortality, idle days, ete. The amount of
work that can be accomplished per day varies according to the condi-
tion of the land. If breaking up clover land less than half an acre
may be allowed, while subsequent plowings may result in nearly an
acre being accomplished per day on free-working soils, though less on
stiff clays. It is approximately correct, therefore, to say that on an
average each plowing will cost about $1.25, or the four plowings a
total of $5 or $6. The making of the ridges will cost about 40 or 50
cents for animal labor and about 50 cents for manual labor, or approxi-
mately $1, making thus a total of about $6 or $7 per acre.

The best cultivators are now, however, adopting an even more
intensive preparation of the land and follow the ordinary plowing by
another native plow working in the furrow left by the former and
thus acting as a subsoil stirrer. The cost of preparing the land in
this case is proportionately increased.

Such, then, is the general system adopted, but the depth of plowing
usually attained is not sufficient to give the best results. The native
plow, as a rule, does not stir to a greater depth than about 6 inches,
unless followed, as described above, by a second plow. For cotton,
with its deep taproot, this is not sufficient, and there is ample evi-
dence in Egypt of the benefits to be derived by a deeper stirring of
the soil. The deeper the stirring the better are the plants enabled to
resist periods of drought, provided the surface soil is kept continually
broken up, and the deeper can the roots descend in search of nourish-
ment. Inthe United States the bulk of the work of preparing the
soil for cotton seems to be put into the ridges or beds, as it were, and

20 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

but litthe or none into the general field. In Egypt it is quite the
reverse, and the ridges are not, generally speaking, as well made as
they should be. When cotton follows a fallow of greater or less dura-
tion, and the land is consequently plowed early, a suitable tilth can
be obtained, but when following clover, and a more or less hurried
preparation of the soil results, the tilth leaves a great deal to be
desired. In such case the cotton is sown in very lumpy ridges, and
germination is consequently often very uneven and irregular.

That the well-known Egyptian clover has been the mainstay of
Egyptian agriculture there can be no doubt, and without it the fer-
tility of the Delta could not have been kept up except at an enormous
expenditure for manure. Both in theory and in practice a crop of
clover is an excellent preparation for a cotton crop; but on rich land,
when the soil is plowed up just before cotton planting, the unfavor-
able seed bed obtained seems to more than counterbalance the effects
of the decomposing vegetable matter; hence a better crop of cotton
is obtained by leaving the land fallow. On the other hand, on poorer
land the effects of the clover growth are marked, and a bettér crop is
obtained after the clover than when following a fallow. The sprout-
ing of the cotton is, as a rule, more regular after a fallow, and the
greatest amount of replanting is necessary when following a clover
crop. If clover immediately precedes cotton it is necessary, in order
to obtain the best results, that the soil be broken up some time before
planting; the roots then have time to undergo a certain amount of
decay and the soil to become dry. ‘To sow cotton in a soil which is
plowed up more or less wet, as is the clover land in Egypt, is not con-
ducive to the preparation of a good seed bed and regular germination.
The soil should be quite dry when cotton is planted, though a watering
is given immediately afterwards.

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COTTON BEDS.

As Egyptian cotton is raised by means of irrigation, the beds have
to be arranged in such a manner as to facilitate watering. (Pl. 1V.)
The land is divided into sections by ridges running at right angles to
the ordinary beds, and the beds are thus not more than about 36 feet
long. In some cases where the land is very level they are made longer
than this, while small cultivators, whose land is as a rule very uneven,
make them of less length. The land is thus divided into sections and
from six to seven furrows are irrigated at a time. The arrangement
will be made perfectly clear by the accompanying diagram (fig. 2).

The distance at which the furrows are made, as well as the distance
allowed between the plants, is at the present time receiving consider-
able attention in Egypt. The writer, who recently visited the Ameri-
can cotton-growing districts, was particularly struck with the great
difference in this respect between the United States and Egypt. It is

Bul. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

Fi@. 1.—FIELD OF COTTON RECEIVING FIRST WATERING IN APRIL, ABOUT THIRTY-FIVE
DAYS AFTER PLANTING.

FiG. 2.—Fi—ELD OF COTTON SHOWN IN FiG. 1, HAVING BEEN HOED AFTER FIRST
WATERING.

‘DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COTTON BEDS. 21

very rare in Egypt to find even as great a distance as 35 inches
between the beds, while en average land, producing a bale of cotton
(500 pounds) or even a bale and a half, about 30 inches or even less
may be looked upon as an average. On land which produces less
than a bale of cotton, less than 30 inches are left between the rows.
This in comparison with the 4 feet in common use in America, together
with the fact that Egyptian cotton produces a larger growth, consti-
tutes a sufliciently striking difference in practice. Though there is
a tendency among the most enlightened Egyptian planters to increase
somewhat the distance between the beds, yet it is quite certain that
they will never reach the distances employed in America. There can
be no doubt that on certain areas of land in Egypt, where the plants
grow particularly large, ridges could with advantage be made 40

CANAL ©

ao R

SE SS eee 2.—Arrangement of ridges for irrigating cotton.

inches apart, but it is at least doubtful whether it would be profitable
to extend them farther. That, generally speaking, throughout Egypt
cotton is planted too closely there can be no doubt whatever.

The whole of the cultivation subsequent to planting is accom-
plished by hand labor in Egypt, and it may be that the employment
of animal labor in the United States necessitates a greater width
between the rows. Whatever the reason, it can be said with safety
that practically no cotton is grown in Egypt in beds as far apart as
40 inches, while from 30 to 32 inches may be given as an average on
good medium soils and less on poor lands.

As regards the distance between the plants in the row, it is rare to
find even on the best lands as much as 19 or 20 inches; the average
is about 15 or 16 inches. It must not be forgotten, also, that 2 plants

22 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

are always left standing together. On an average there are about
13,000 holes, as it were, per acre, each with 2 plants, making thus a
total of 26,000 plants, while there are often many more on poorer
lands. General experience seems to indicate that if too wide plant-
ing is adopted there is a reduction in yield, and it would be impossible
to find an Egyptian planter who on any class of soil whatever would
bed his land more than 34 or 35 inches, and extremely few at that.
It is again very rare to find plants as far apart as 19 or 20 inches in
the row. ‘The Egyptian cultivator is a believer in close planting, but
there is every reason to think that many have gone too far in this
direction.

Beds, then, are much closer than is common in the United States,
while on an average the plants are a little farther apart in the row,
eliminating the fact that in Egypt 2 plants are left together. The
excessive Shade and dampness induced by too close planting militates
against the production of the finest quality of fiber and encourages
at the same time various fungous and insect attacks. Yet it appears
to the writer that to adopt such wide distances between the beds as
are common in the United States would by loss of plants mean prob-
ably a diminished yield.

It is true that the complete control which the Egyptian cultivator
has of his water supply enables him to regulate to a certain extent
the development of his plants, but in only too many cases this advan-
tage is not employed to the greatest extent, as will be shown subse-
quently.

DATE OF PLANTING COTTON.

Planting commences as early as the second half of February, though
March is essentially the month of cotton planting. In the northern
part of the Delta it is delayed until April. There are in Egypt no
late killing frosts to contend with, but merely short periods of cold
and windy weather in early spring, which do considerable harm to the
very young cotton plant. There has been, during recent years, a dis-
tinct tendeney toward early planting, it being contended that during
a series of years the largest yields, as well as the best qualities, are
produced by early planters.

Early planted cotton grows more regularly and evenly and does not
tend to produce such coarse growth (weed) as that planted late. It
also branches better from the bottom. In view of the rainfall to
which the American cotton crop is subjected, it is interesting to notice
the ill effects of rain in the case of Egyptian cotton. Though it may
be said that the crop is grown without rainfall, yet during the very
early stages of growth, and especially in the case of early sown cot-
ton, a shower of rain occasionally falls which does considerable harm
to the newly sown cotton, especially if the plants have just appeared
above the surface of the ground. If they are well established the

Reha
-

SOWING AND WATERING COTTON. 23

damage is slight, but in the very young stage a shower generally
fan] b te) f =) PS
necessitates a considerabie amount of replanting.

SOWING COTTON.

The seed is not planted on the top of the bed, but two-thirds of the
distance up the slope of the bed—that is to say, two-thirds of the dis-
tance up from the bottom of the furrow to the top of the bed. The
quantity of seed used is about 1} bushels per acre. Iloles are made,
generally by boys, by means of a stick or a small wooden scoop, at
the required distance apart and at the height mentioned, and from
eight to ten seeds are deposited in each hole at a depth of 2 or 3 inches.
A watering is then given, the water entering between the beds as
already described (Pl. IV). In about ten or twelve days the seeds
germinate, though this may be a little more or less, depending on the
time of sowing and the weather prevailing.

It is soon seen that some seeds fail to germinate and blanks are evi-
dent. In some seasons this is much more than in others, but in any
case resowing is at once done. Seeds are soaked in water over night
and the next day sown in the blank places in a similar manner to the
general sowing. The soil has now become somewhat dry, and the
object of soaking the seed is to aid germination. If replanting is
general and forms a very large proportion of the total, it may be
necessary to water the land. In this case the seed is sown dry; the
young plants existing suffer, however.

WATERING COTTON.

As soon as tLe plants are fairly well established a hoeing is given
to destroy weeds and break up the surface. (PI. IV, fig. 2.) This is
practiced by all good cultivators, though neglected by others. Three
or four men are necessary to hoe an acre per day, stirring not only
the soil between the plants, but disturbing also the tops of the beds.
Occasionally a second hoeing is given before the first watering, which
takes place some thirty-five days after planting. This period isa
variable one, depending on the nature of the soil and the prevailing
weather conditions. Ona clay soil, well hoed, it may be longer, while
on a sandy soil it may be less. Before this watering is given the
erop should be thinned, the two strongest plants being left standing,
while the others are removed. This early thinning is advisable, and
to water the crop before thinning is not considered good practice, if it
can be avoided.

It is generally accepted that as long an interval as is consistent
with the health of the plant should elapse before the first watering is
given; otherwise the plant is not encouraged to root well, buf tends
to grow too rapidly. Too frequent waterings during the early grow-
ing period prevent the proper branching of the plants from the bot-
tom. They grow up rapidly, producing their forms at the top rather

24 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

than from the bottom, and are spindling. After the first watering,
which should be a light one, the water not reaching up to the plants,
but being allowed to ascend a little by capillarity to reach them, the
land is allowed to dry, and when sufficiently dried, another hoeing is
given. Some do not thin their cotton until after this hoeing. There
are cases (when the first watering is given at a short interval after
planting) where this may be advisable, but, generally speaking, it is
considered better practice, as already mentioned, to thin before the
first watering.

The second watering is given about twenty-five or thirty days after
the first, and when the land is sufficiently dry another hoeing (this
being generally the third) isgiven. At each hoeing the soil is removed
from the top on the opposite bed and drawn up to the plants. <As the
plants are planted on the side of the bed, the crest of the ridge is
above them. ‘This crest is gradually brought over by the hoe to the
opposite bed, so that after the third hoeing the plants will be praeti-
cally on the tops of the beds. (Pl. V.)

The third watering is given about twenty days after the second—
the end of May or beginning of June. This may be followed by
another hoeing, and generally speaking on good land the cotton, if
sown early, is now sufficiently far advanced to make any further
intercultural operations difficult.

Waterings are now given more frequently, if possible, and during
the months of June, July, and August the crop requires approximately
two waterings during each month, but especially in the two latter
months. During the summer months of low Nile supply, however,
there exist what are known in Egypt as rotations of canals—that is
to say, a restriction is placed by the irrigation department on the fre-
quency of watering; otherwise the quantity of water available would
not be sufficient for the whole of the cotton crop. The watering of
fallow land is also prohibited by governmental decree until the Nile
has again risen sufficiently high to place the safety of the cotton erop
beyond question, and in some years of low supply the cultivation of
summer rice has also been prohibited.

In the simplest form the rotation is as follows: A canal is divided
into three divisions, A, b, and C—A being the first seetion at the canal
head, b the middle section, while C is the section at the tail of the
canal. Each section was, for example, in the year 1901, allowed a
week’s supply when it had first claim on the water. If, however,
there was any excess passing section A during its week of supply,
when it entered section b the latter was allowed. to make use of it
during the last three days of A’s period, but it must be understood
that B had no claim or right to the water. .The same arrangement
holds good for sections B and C during B’s week, and for C and A
during C’s week. No difficulty ean be experienced by this arrange-
ment during A’s week and b’s week, but great caution has to be exer-
cised in giving section A permission to pump during C’s week, as A,

ae

Bul. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE V.

ee

Fic. 2.—Fi—ELD OF COTTON SHOWN ABOVE AND IN PLATE IV ON May 20.

i

WATERING COTTON. 25

being higher up the canal, has first pull on the water. When water
becomes searce, however, at the end of June, there is no surplus, and
no section will get. more than its seven days’ supply. In bad years
there may not be sufficient water to permit the whole of the cotton in
any section, even during the seven days of its supply, to be watered,
but any unirrigated areas are, if possible, watered during the follow-
ing section’s week.

Under such an arrangement as that deseribed the cotton obtains
a watering every twenty-one days. During the season of 1903 the
rotation was reduced to one of eighteen days, the completion of the
Assuan Dam permitting the quantity of water during low Nile to be
supplemented by the opening of the dam and the addition thus of a
certain quantity of water to the natural supply. From the middle of
June to the middle of July the difficulties in the distribution of water
are very great, and as the cotton is then in flower and the temperature
high the plants are greatly in need of water. It is seen, therefore,
that though cotton may be benefited by a watering every fifteen days
during the summer months of June and July, this is not possible
owing to the rotations in foree. During July, August, and September
the cotton crop requires no labor, with the exception of that involved
in watering, and in the southern part of the Delta cotton picking
begins in the first half of September, and in Upper Egypt earlier.

The actual number of waterings which the cotton crop should receive
from thé time of planting to the first picking is about nine or ten.
There can be no doubt that a great tendency exists toward the too
free use of water, and though rotations are not in favor with cultiva-
tors, yet, provided they are not severe, it is very questionable whether
it is not to their interest to have some kind of control in this way over
the water supply. Some crops do not show the ill effects of excessive
waterings to the extent that cotton does, but very heavy waterings
given to the latter cause considerable damage. It is not only that
there is a tendency to apply water too frequently, but too heavy appli-
cations are given, and it is extremely likely that a flooding does more
harm than lighter applications even at more frequent intervals.
When severe rotations were at first put in foree great alarm was felt
for the safety of the crop, but results showed that cotton was enabled
to resist longer periods of drought than had been previously imagined.
Land which had been well prepared and kept thoroughly hoed suf-
fered least, and early sown cotton less than that planted later.

It may be interesting to state the quantity of water required to
raise a cotton crop. Each watering is supposed to be equivalent to
about 350 tons of water per acre, and, as already mentioned, some nine
or ten applications of water are given up to the first picking, ora total
of from 3,150 to 3,500 tons of water. This is approximately equiva-
lent to arainfall of from 31 to 35 inehes. The ‘‘duty” of water in the
Delta is annually ealeulated by the irrigation department, the period
chosen being from the date when the rotations are applied to the date

26 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

of their removal—that is, when the Nile has risen sufficiently high to
warrant this step being taken.

This period extends approximately from May to the middle of July,
and as the result of observations it is accepted that each acre of cot-
ton consumes about 25 tons of water per day. It is assumed that in
the months of May, June, and July a cotton crop can be successfully
raised on this basis. The actual ‘‘duty” of course varies from year
to year, according to the state of the summer supply of the Nile. In
a year of good summer discharge the ‘‘duty” of water is always low,
while in a bad year when severe rotations are employed the **duty”
is high. In May and June a canal discharging 25 tons of water per
day for each acre of cotton to be irrigated is generally, therefore,
accepted as sufficient, though cultivators would use more were it
available.

MANURING COTTON,

The question of manures and manuring is assuming greater impor-
tance in Egypt than formerly. When the Delta was under a basin
system of irrigation and receiving annually the life-giving deposit of
the Nile, and when consequently the cultivation of a summer crop,
such as cotton, was impossible, there was not that need for manure
which exists to-day. The introduction of perennial irrigation and the
more intensive cultivation which follows in its train have, however,
brought about a great change, and the idea that the soils of the Nile
Valley are inexhaustible is a myth which is being rapidly dispelled.
True, in the basin lands of Upper Egypt the ancient conditions still
prevail, but this section is in a state of transition; and that system
which has been typical of the country for so many thousands of years
is now giving place to perennial irrigation and the consequent aboli-
tion of the one-crop system in favor of a more intensive culture.

The interdependence of water and manure has already been referred
to, and whenever land is artificially irrigated the need for manure at
once arises. The two questions of water and manure are really inti-
mately connected, and the supply of one should always be considered
with reference to that of the other. Where land is artificially irri-
gated in Upper Egypt the demand for manure, as already mentioned,
is very great, and even in the basins themselves, when watering by
means of wells is practiced, manure is employed.

In the Delta the supply of manure is considered especially in its
relation to the cotton and corn crops, but at present we shall confine
ourselves to the question of cotton. It is generally laid down that
from 8 to 10 working bullocks per 100 acres are required in Egypt,
and in addition there are mules for transport, as well as cows, buf-
faloes, ete., kept both for milk purposes and for breeding. If it
is assumed that about one-half of the area of each farm is under cot-
ton, so far as work animals themselves are concerned there are from

MANURING COTTON. 297

8 to 10, say, to every 50 acres of cotton, and in addition to this manure
has to be provided for other crops. It is seen, therefore, that in com-
parison with the conditions prevailing in the cotton-growing States of
America there is a much greater quantity of natural fertilizer at the
disposal of the cultivators, though, unfortunately, far from sufficient.
Earth is in universal use as litter, and the heaps of, manure which
one sees surrounding every village are evidence of the great value
which even small cultivators attach to the fertilizer question.

It is accepted as beyond question by every Egyptian cultivator that
cotton requires manuring, and in many cases the cotton area has been
governed by the amount of manure available. Manure and water, in
fact, tend to control the area under cotton. At one time if was
thought that maximum crops could be raised by ordinary stable
manure alone, but during the past five years a great change of opinion
has made itself felt. The introduction of chemical fertilizers has not
only resulted in increased returns, but has made possible the manuring
of a greater area. Instead of applying stable manure, as previously,
to a portion of the cotton area and leaving of necessity a part unma-
nured, it is now accepted that the best practice consists in spreading
the stable manure over the whole area and supplementing it by chem-
ical fertilizers.

The question of cotton manuring is not an easy one where not only
has the yield to be considered, but (and especially is this the case in
Egypt) also the quality. It is unnecessary to state that as a cotton-
growing country Egypt is noted for the quantity of its product, and
consequently, while endeavoring to obtain the greatest product pos-
sible from a given area, the question of quality is one which is ever
brought home to the cultivator.

It may be laid down as an axiom that the basis of cotton manuring
in Egypt must be organic manures. These must form, as it were, the
foundation on which to build up the system of manuring. Unfortu-
nately, in Egypt, as in India, organic matter is ata premium. The
absence of wood as fuel necessitates the poorer classes employing
every form of organic matter for this purpose, and were it not for
the growth of clover it is certain that the soils would speedily become
deficient in humus. It is true that by means of chemical manures
alone full crops of cotton may be obtained, but in this case if a cereal
crop follows the cotton the result is not so satisfactory as when the
cotton receives stable manure, while the cost of raising the cotton is
increased.

Stable manure is almost invariably spread broadcast over the land
before the last plowing is given in the preparation of the land. The
amount applied varies from 10 or 15 tons per acre to as much as 30
tons. It is not, however, possible on a farm of any extent to find a
sufficient quantity of manure to treat the whole cotton area as liber-
ally as 30 tons or even 20 tons per acre. In fact, it is rarely that

28 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

large growers can find sufficient manure to apply as much as 15 tons
per acre, especially so as a greater proportion of the land is now
under cotton. It may be assumed, however, that under the ordinary
circumstances of successful agriculture 15 tons per acre are employed,

The manure is certainly not covered as deeply as in America, the
use of the native plow after its distribution over the land resulting
in its being buried to a trifling depth only. The irrigation water
employed tends to wash the valuable ingredients of the manure down
into the soil; furthermore, in Egypt great importance is attached to
the feeding of the cotton plant during the early stages of growth, and
opinion would be rather opposed to burying the manure as deeply as
is practiced in the cotton States of America. It is again laid down
as a rule that the manure should be old; that is, should have been in
the heap for some time. ‘The use of fresh stable manure causes rank
growth, late maturity, and an inferior fiber.

Though great importance is attached to the use of stable manure,
the best results are not, as a rule, obtained when large quantities
are used without the application of chemical manures. The basis of
the mixture of chemical manures employed is superphosphate. About
400 pounds per acre of this substance are applied, the quality in com-
mon use being that which contains 16 to 18 per cent of soluble phos-
phoric acid. It is found that this substance exercises a most beneficial
effect on the crop. It checks the tendency to coarse growth, an@ thus
encourages ripening, while it greatly improves the quality of the fiber.
It is generally considered that the best results are obtained when this
manure is applied previous to the sowing of the crop. The use of
basic slag as a substitute for superphosphate has not been attended
with satisfactory results, the more soluble forms of phosphoric aeid
being preferred.

While phosphoric acid is the basis of the mixture of manure
employed, it is universally conceded that the application of soluble
nitrogenous manures during the early stages of growth is most bene-
ficial. It is found that the cotton plants require pushing when young,
and that though there may be theoretically quite sufficient nitrogen
in the stable manure applied, it does not act as early as is advisable; in
fact, when large quantities are applied it causes growth at too late a
period, and consequent harm. Some few years since, when the idea
gained ground that the question of the manuring of cotton merited
more attention than had been given to it in the past, some excellent
cultivators, by the addition of large quantities of organie manures
produced cotton of poorer quality than they had grown previously
with a less liberal application.

The question whether nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia is
the most suitable substance to employ as the basis of nitrogenous
manuring, or whether a mixture of the two is advisable, has been
made the subject of many experiments. There were those who

MANURING COTTON. 29

maintained that the former would be almost entirely washed away by
the irrigation water employed. The results which have been obtained
indicate that when barnyard manure is applied there is little need
for any nitrogenous fertilizers which do not supply nitrogen in the
very early stages of growth. When considerable quantities of sul-
phate of ammonia are applied, there is a tendency to cause excessive
growth late in the season, and on account of a failure to ripen there
is often a considerable diminution in the yield. On the other hand,
when nitrate of soda predominates, the plant receives a supply of
nitrogen just when it is wanted at the early stages, and this gives the
plant that good start which is so essential in cotton culture. That
there is a loss of a part of the nitrogen is probable, but the effects of
its application are always most pronounced and profitable. The ben-
efit derived from the part which is not lost is more than sufficient on
ordinary soils to pay for its cost.

It is generally considered that in addition to an application of 10
or 15 tons of stable manure it is profitable to employ as much as 150
or 200 pounds of soluble nitrogenous manure, and two-thirds nitrate
of soda and one-third sulphate of ammonia give excellent results.
Experiments have clearly proved that better results are obtained
when the amount of nitrate of soda predominates than when the
greater part consists of sulphate of ammonia, assuming that an
organic manure has been applied, which should always be the case
when possible.

The employment of cotton seed or cotton-seed meal is out of the
question in Egypt, the seed being considered too expensive. It is
more costly than in the United States, and practically the whole of it
is exported. The economy of the use of cotton seed and cotton-seed
meal as such- as sources of nitrogen for the cotton crop seems to the
writer to be very questionable. In passing through the body of an
animal comparatively little of the valuable fertilizing ingredients of
the meal are retained, but are found in the resulting manure. It
seems, therefore, more practical to employ stable manure or green
manures as the basis of manuring in Egypt and to supplement these
by the use of such substances as superphosphate, nitrate of soda, and
potash manures to supply the deficiency.

Soluble nitrogen gives size to the plant, and up to a certain point a
larger and more vigorous plant means an increased yield. It is often
argued that the production of large plants reduces the yield, and this
may be true to a certain extent; but this arises generally from the
plant being stimulated too late. Excessive growth is produced by
manures containing nitrogen which act too late in the season. ‘This
objection is not felt in the case of manures which supply their nitro-
gen early, but with those which continue to push the plant too late.

The employment of potash manures in Egypt has not, generally
speaking, been attended with satisfactory results except in the case

30 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRIOULTURE,

of light soils. ‘he alluvial soils of Egypt are as a rule very rich in
potash, and, though potash manures may have a beneficial effect on
the quality of the fiber, as far as yield is concerned they exercise
practically no effect. Sulphate of potash is the substance generally
employed.

As a general rule a mixture of 400 pounds of superphospate, 125
pounds of nitrate of soda, 50 pounds of sulphate of ammonia, and, pro-
vided it is thought necessary, about 80 or 90 pounds of sulphate of
potash, gives the best results. This mixture is employed in addition
to stable manure. Discretion must be exercised as to the quantity of
soluble nitrogenous manures to employ. On many soils which natur-
ally produce very strong growth the amounts given may be excessive,
but even with the relatively large growth of Egyptian plants there are
very few soils where nitrogenous manures may not be used with
advantage.

Stable manure contains on an average about 0.25 per cent nitrogen,
0.2 per cent phosphoric acid, and 1.25 per cent potash, so that each ton
contains about 55 pounds of nitrogen, nearly 5 pounds of phosphoric
acid, and about 28 pounds of potash. If it is assumed that over the
cotton area 10 or 15 tons on an average are applied per acre, it is
equivalent to at least 55 pounds of nitrogen, 50 pounds of phosphoric
acid, and 280 pounds of potash. <A great part of these ingredients
is derived from the soil itself, which was used as litter, and the avail-
ability of the various elements must be very low. It is generally
thought that in addition to this about 30 pounds of nitrogen and 60
pounds of phosphoric acid in available forms are necessary to produce
a good crop on land which grows from a bale to a bale and a quarter
of cotton per acre. Numerous experiments have shown that these
quantities can be applied with advantage to the great bulk of the
cotton area.

As already mentioned, the barnyard manure is applied broadcast
before the last plowing, and the phosphorie acid is also generally
applied before sowing. ‘The nitrate of soda and the sulphate of
ammonia, however, are mixed together and applied after the cotton has
received its first watering. The plants, generally speaking, are thinned
before this watering, and after the second hoeing has been given the
nitrogenous manure, mixed with a little earth, is applied at the base
of the plants, hoed in, and the second watering given. This occurs
in the month of April, and the effects of the manure are seen almost
immediately after the watering. Spells of fresh weather often some-
what retard growth during the early months, and the advantages
to be obtained by tiding the plant over this period and keeping it
steadily growing are very marked.

It may be of interest to give some of the results of experiments
which have been made in Egypt during the past three or four years
on the subject of cotton manuring. This question was first systemat-
ically investigated by the Khedivial Agricultural Society, and as the

MANURING COTTON. 31

results of experiments which have been conducted on their experi-
mental farms the matter has assumed great importance, since it is being
recognized to a greater extent year by year that by the employment
of suitable mixtures of manures profitable increases in yield, as well
as an improvement in quality, can be obtained. During the seasons
of 1901 and 1902 experiments conducted on somewhat poor land at
the society’s farm at Mit el Diba showed that when, in addition to
stable manure, a suitable mixture of commercial fertilizers consisting
of 400 pounds of superphosphate, 125 pounds of nitrate of soda, 50
pounds of sulphate of ammonia, and 80 pounds of sulphate of potash
was employed the yield of seed cotton was increased from 880 pounds
on unmanured land to 1,595 pounds. The yield obtained by the use
of stable manure alone was 1,135 pounds, or 460 pounds less than
when commercial fertilizers were employed in conjunction with it.
By the use of mineral manures alone, in addition to stable manure,
the yield obtained was 1,540 pounds of seed cotton, whereas an increase
of 260 pounds, or a total of 1,600 pounds of seed cotton, was obtained
when supplemented by nitrate of soda.

As already mentioned, the use of potash salts is attended with
practically no: increase in yield on the ordinary alluvial soil of the
Delta, though when the soils are light the case may be different.
This fact has been brought out in many experiments, though whether
the use of these salts exercises any effect on the length, strength, or
fineness of the staple is a matter for further determination.

The influence of the growth of Egyptian clover preceding cotton is
most marked on poor land. On the Khedivial Agricultural Society’s
farm, in the province of Gharbieh, an experiment was conducted dur-
ing the season of 1902 on land of similar quality. In one case, series
of fertilizer trials were conducted on land where the cotton crop had
been preceded by wheat and in the other case by clover. The results
obtained in pounds of seed cotton per acre are given below in a
tabulated form:

Effect of chemical fertilizers on cotton in Egypt.

: aera After After
Kind of fertilizer. wheat. | clover.

Pounds. | Pounds.

Rs ee ge ee ee oar ek cece Cates xpenebucnane 800 | 880
SIT TE OEE IMICA FUT OTING 2 ee Py EY ee SSP) Pe a ee So ee 1,032 1, 135
With superphosphate aad potash salts__..-- Sycameeet ¥ 1,005 | 1,340
With superphosphate, potash salts, and soluble nitrogenous manure ________- 1, 105 1,595

It will be seen that the greatest difference is brought out when a
mixture of fertilizers is employed and is least when the crop is grown
without manure. It may be stated conclusively, therefore, that the
use of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with stable manures exercises
avery beneficial effect and gives a profitable return. The proportion
of nitrogen employed is greater than seems to be the case usually in
the United States, and a dressing of soluble nitrogenous fertilizer can

3Y NOTES ON FGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

be applied in Egypt with advantage, even though barnyard manure is
employed, or when following a crop of clover, except on the very best
land. The extent of land which is not benefited is very limited, even
in Egypt. It may be that, theoretically speaking, sufficient total
nitrogen is found in either of the two (i. ¢., barnyard manure and
clover), but they push the plant a little too late in the season and do
not enable it to grow so rapidly in the younger stages as is the case
under the influence of a more quickly acting source of nitrogen.

Tho use of soluble nitrogenous manures must not be carried beyond
a certain point or there is a great tendency to late maturity. The
influence of phosphoric acid in hastening maturity is most marked,
and when employed in sufficient quantities in conjunction with sol-
uble nitrogenous manure it checks any tendency of the latter to pro-
long growth. The use of phosphoric acid without soluble nitrogen
gives an earlier crop, but a diminished yield in comparison with that
obtained by a combination of the two. Again, soluble nitrogen with-
out phosphoric acid gives also a diminished yield and a late crop.
A mixture of the two gives an increased yield and intermediate condi-
tions as regards ripening. This will be made clear from the following
table, obtained in an experiment where these manures were employed,
the figures referring to pounds of seed cotton per acre on poor land:

Effect of a mixture of phosphoric acid and soluble nitrogen on cotton in Egypt.

First Second | Third

Manuring, picking. | picking. | picking.

Total.

| Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.

Orrin ie) GL CE Oe Sera, os cc ny oe a's nnamg Wasim eed 835 420 400 :
Soluble nitrogen Pm NS RE i ee ee 2 ey eee 138 455 900 1,493
Phosphoric acid, together with soluble nitrogen. _.....-_-- 435 935 870 2,240

There can be no doubt that organic manures must form the founda-
tion of the Egyptian system of manuring, but it is rare, unfortu-
nately, that a sufficient supply can be obtained by the farmer, and
this is more especially the case in view of the tendency to put an
increased area under cotton. In Egypt there is no substitute for
barnyard manure in any quantity to fall back upon, though poudrette
and similar substances give excellent results when so employed.

As regards quality, samples of soil from experimental areas have
been repeatedly submitted to experts, and when a suitable mixture of
chemical fertilizers has been employed there has always been an
improvement in comparison with the employment of large quantities
of barnyard manure only.

SUMMARY.

Summarizing, the following statements may be made:

(1) The eotton erop is almost invariably manured and responds
freely to the application of manures.

(2) Barnyard manure or some manure of a similar nature should
form the basis of manuring in Egypt.

:
;

VARIETIES OF COTTON, 33

(3) Leguminous forage crops form an excellent preparation for a
good cotton crop, but to obtain the best results the soil should be
plowed up some time before cotton planting takes place.

(4) The fullest advantage of the use of these manures, as well as
of any chemical fertilizer that may be employed, can only be obtained
when the soil is well prepared, deeply cultivated, and the crop judi-
ciously watered during growth. Frequent hoeings also keep the crop
in a gradually progressive condition,

(5) In addition to the use of barnyard manure at the rate of 10 or
15 tons per aere, applications of chemical fertilizers are attended with
profit.

(6) Phosphoric acid at the rate of 400 pounds per acre applied in
the form of soluble phosphate gives excellent results. It tends to
check excessive growth, increases the yield, improves the staple, and
hastens maturity.

(7) Asubsequent dressing of soluble nitrogenous manure is attended
with excellent results. A good mixture in Egypt consists of about
125 pounds of nitrate of soda and about 50 pounds of sulphate of
ammonia. Wherelarger quantities of barnyard manure are employed
it may be advisable to omit the latter. The soluble nitrogenous
manure is best employed in two applications.

(8) Potash manures in Egypt have not given any increase in yield,
and their value is problematical. Their effect on the quality of the
fiber has not been accurately determined.

VARIETIES OF COTTON GROWN IN EGYPT.

The originof Egyptian varieties of cotton is lost in obseurity. Pre-
vious to the year 1820 an indigenous cotton existed in Egypt, but, as
already stated, its cultivation was practically unknown. In that year
a variety of ordinary white cotton was brought to Egypt by a Frenech-
man, M. Jumel, and even its origin is somewhat uncertain. It was,
however, probably brought from the upper Nile regions. In the
growth of this cotton the Khedive took a great interest, and he com-
pelled cultivators to grow it in several districts. At that time the
irrigation of Lower Egypt was greatly modified by the making of deep
‘anals capable of carrying the low summer water of the Nile, and the
cultivation of cotton began to assume greater importance. From the
year 1825 to 1839 it is said that Sea Island cotton was grown regu-
larly in Egypt; and though itis unknown now, old natives occasionally
speak of a variety whose name certainly appears to be a corruption of
the words ‘“‘sea island.” Again, it is stated by some that Peruvian
cotton was introduced and grown.

All that can be asserted with safety is that out of the varieties exist-
ing in the country ‘‘Ashmouni ” cotton was evolved, and of the varie-
ties at present cultivated in Egypt this is the oldest.

29210—No. 62—04——3

b4 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,
ASHMOUNIL.

Ashmouni cotton, although at first discovered in the Delta, where
its cultivation was at one time general, is now practically confined to
Upper Egypt, in the provinces of Beni-Suef, Fayum, and Minieh,
being watered by the Ibrahimia Canal, The area exceeds 100,000
acres, though, as already stated, the absence of a statistical department
renders any figures somewhat approximate.

The production in the year 1901-2 was 452,000 cantars, made up
as follows: Beni-Suef, 174,000 cantars; Minieh, 125,000 cantars;
Fayum, 130,000 cantars; total, 452,000 cantars.

The Egyptian bale is equivalent to about 750 pounds of cotton,
Expressed in American bales of 500 pounds, the production of Ash-
mouni cotton would be thus 86,400 bales. Assuming the acreage
given to be correct, the average yield is about 1,300 pounds of seed
cotton per acre.

This variety is now replaced in Lower Egypt by “Afifi.” Practically
the whole of the AsShmouni cotton is ginned at various establishments
in Upper Egypt, and the fiber is sent to Alexandria for sale and ship-
ment. A small proportion is ginned in Lower Egypt, chiefly at Kafr
Zayat. Ashmouni plants are smaller in habit of growth than Afifi
and ripen early, owing to the hotter climate of Upper Egypt. When
grown under the same climatic conditions Ashmouni does not ripen
appreciably earlier than <Afifi. The fiber of Ashmouni is brown,
though less so than Afifi, and is shorter, being about 1§ to 1} inches
in length. Instrength it is fair, but it is neither so lustrous nor so
fine as lower Egypt cottons. Though inferior to Afifi, if seems to do
better in Upper Egypt than the latter. Afifi not only gives a smaller
yield, but soon deteriorates. ‘There seems to be no reason, however,
why the latter should not be acclimatized there or a successful cross
obtained between the two varieties.

The yield of Ashmouni in ginning is uiisatisfactory, being until
quite recently only about 95 pounds of fiber per cantar, or about 30
per cent. During the past few years the output has reached 98 to 104
pounds, probably owing to mixture with Afifi. Its value is about $1

per cantar less than that of Afifi for classes up to ‘‘ good.” Ashmouni °

gives no fine or extra-fine qualities like Afifi. The seed differs from

other Egyptian varieties in being ‘‘ clean”—that is, possessing no.

adhering fiber. It is very much mixed at the present time, but for
the season of 1903 it seemed a little cleaner than usual. The seed is
sold early in the season for the same price as Lower Egypt varieties.

The general cultivation of this variety in Upper Egypt has not
received as much attention as the Lower Egypt cottons, and as a rule
it is not so well cultivated. The fiber is exported chiefly to the Con-
tinent of Europe and to Russia, though quantities are sent to England
and the United States.

\

20
Or

LOWER EGYPT COTTONS,
LOWER EGYPT COTTONS.
MIT AFIFT,

Undoubtedly the chief variety of cotton in Kgypt is Mit Afifi (Pls.
III, fig. 2, and VI, fig. 1), so called from a village in Galiubieh Proy-
ince, where it was first grown about 1883. Tt constitutes a very high
percentage of the total production of the country, and the price at
which its fiber is soll forms a basis for that of other varieties. The
plant is normal in size and not so large, generally speaking, as Janno-
viteh. It is average as regards the time at which it ripens. Ash-
mouni, grown in upper Egypt, comes into the market first. Abbasi is
probably a little earlier, and Jannovitch a little later than Afifi. As
regards sowing, quantity of seed used, watering, picking, etc., the par-
ticulars given in another part of this bulletin refer to this variety.
The fiber of Mit Afifi is brown in color, long, lustrous, generally very
strong, and fine to the touch. It attains an average length of 12% to
lsinches. There is a greatdemand for it; in fact, it leads the market.
The total production per acre is good, being on an average higher than
that of any other variety. It is true that in certain favored districts
Abbasi may rival and even surpass it in this respect, but no other
variety appears under all circumstances to yield 590 or GOO pounds
per acre of lint on good average soil. The bolls are pointed and
rather small, but the cotton is easily picked. Ginning is easy, and
from 105 to 109 pounds of fiber are obtained per cantar, i. e., from 33
to 55 per cent. Afifi cotton does not show great differences in quality
in late pickings as do the other Lower Egypt cottons; that is to say,
the difference between the first and second pickings is less marked
than with others.

The origin of Afifi cotton is very doubtful. Some years ago there
existed in Egypt a considerable number of varieties which were short
lived, such as Hamouli, Gallini, Hindi, ete. Pure white cotton also
existed, but its cultivation was abandoned after the appearance of
Afifi. A variety known as ‘‘Bahmia” was also somewhat extensively
grown for several years and gave good results on good quality land.
It was also replaced by Afifi. A variety known as ‘‘ Hariri” was first
cultivated in the Goddaba district (Garbieh province). This was finer
even than the variety known as ‘‘Jannoviteh” which is cultivated
at the present time. The output in ginning, however, was very poor
(60 to 70 pounds of fiber per 315 pounds of raw cotton), and its cultiva-
tion was abandoned because growers found it unprofitable. Gallini
was also first known in the Goddaba district when this region was
badly drained and the land consequently salty. Since that time,
however, the quality has greatly deteriorated, and as the output in
ginning was poor it also was replaced by Afifi. It was commonly
reported that this variety, which was itself said to be of Sea Island

56 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

origin, gave rise to our present Afifi. Kach cantar of Gallini cotton
(S15 pounds) gave only from 85 to as pounds of lint,

What is known as ‘‘Ilindi” cotton is really the old native variety
and is now unfortunately found in almost every quality of cotton to
a vreater or less extent. This, of course, causes deterioration in the
staple anc also reduces the output in ginning,

The silky nature of Egyptian cottons and the fact that they possess
a brown color probably indicate that they are really of Sea Island
origin, but there is no evidence to show whence their deeper colora-
tion than Sea Island arose unless it was by means of a cross with some
highly colored variety, such as Peruvian. It has often been suggested
in the United States that the peculiar soil conditions of Egypt, the
Nile mud, ete., may account for this; but there exists in Egypt a pure
White variety (Abbasi), which has now been grown for many years,
and there has been no tendency whatever toward the development of
any brown coloration, which seems to preclude this idea. Again,
previous to the appearance of Afifi, the common white cotton was
grown. ‘This possessed a short staple and when in quantity sold for
less than Ashmouni. It is doubtful also whether a cross with highly
colored Peruvian cotton would have resulted in such good quality as
Egyptian cottons possess.

The majority of the varieties are probably ‘‘ sports.” When anew
variety has appeared, its origin has always been kept a profound
secret owing to the very high prices asked at the commencement for
seed, and any inquiries made always led to widely differing replies.

The seeds of the different varieties of Lower Egypt cottons can not
readily be distinguished from each other. They are black, with small
tufts of green fiber at the ends. Their market values are the same.

ABBASI,

This is the only white cotton now grown in Egypt. It made its
appearance about 1891-92. At first it was grown only on large estates,
but it gradually increased in favor, though at the present time its cul-
tivation is diminishing. Afifi is the general cultivators’ cotton, as it
were; it is more suited to all conditions, requires less care in pieking,

and the market is always certain. All other varieties may be called

‘*special,” requiring more careful treatment, and the demand for
them is not so universal. Abbasi, owing to its color, requires more
care in picking. It is said to be more hardy than Afifi, resisting
periods of drought and adverse climatic Changes more successfully.
In the late summer and early autumn, fogs which do a great deal of
harm are experienced in Egypt, and it is said that Abbasi cotton
suffers less than any other variety, and is also less affected by cold
spells. It produces in certain districts a heavier crop than Afifi, and

is perhaps a little earlier. In general management and cultivation it —

resembles the latter.

JANNOVITCH COTTON. 37

The first picking of Abbasi is very superior and sells well; the later
gatherings deteriorate, and there is small demand for them, The fiber

of the first picking is as fine as Afifiand a little longer. As a general
rule the second pieking is much weaker than the first, and the lower
qualities sell for less in proportion than lower grade Afifi. Abbasi is

rather more difficult to gin, having a tendency to break the knives.
The fiber clings to the roller and often comes tothe knives again. Care
must be taken not to injure the long fiber; therefore the gins are run
at a slower speed. The longer stapled cottons, such as Abbasi, Gal-
lini, and Jannoviteh, require a little different regulation of the gins
in order to avoid damaging the staple. The output of seed per cantar
of Abbasi is about the sameas Afifi; there is more ‘‘scarto,” however.
The price of the best qualities ranges from $1 to $1.50 per cantar of
315 pounds more than Afifi.

Abbasi was first put on the market by a Greek planter near Birket-
el-Sab in the Garbieh provinee, and it is almost needless to state that
the name given to it is derived from that of the present IXthedive.
The best qualities are exported to England, and the poorer qualities
to all parts of the Continent—a little to Russia.

JANNOVITCH.

This variety, which has been cultivated for about seven years, is
the most silky and fine of all Egyptian cottons. It possesses good
length—13 to 12 inches—is very fine, and stronger than the best qual-
ities of Afifi. As arule its cultivation is in the hands of large growers,
the fellah confining himself chiefly to Afifi.

The plant is of somewhat coarser growth than the other Egyptian
varieties, and is a little later in coming to maturity. The best quali-
ties are grown in the northern part of the Delta, near the sea, and
where the land generally contains a certain amount of salt. The out-
put in ginning is inferior to both Afifi and Abbasi, the average being
about 97 to 100 pounds per cantar, but in some districts it gives 100
to 102 pounds of lint per cantar, or 315 pounds, of seed cotton. It is
chiefly exported to England, but also to America, the north of France,
and Switzerland; other countries take very little. The price is gener-
ally $2 to $2.50 per cantar above Afifi, and this in spite of the fact that
the yield in ginning is from 5 to 8 pounds of lint per cantar less.

It is suposed that this variety originated from a cross of good quality
Gallini (of which very little existed at the time in the district) and Afifi.
Gallini gave in ginning only from 80 to 88 pounds of fiber per cantar,
while Jannovitch when it was subsequently grown gave from ‘)7 to
100 pounds, and Afifi similarly yielded from 106 to 108 pounds. In
this respect, therefore, the new variety was intermediate between its
parents. At first the originator of this variety planted a few seeds
in a garden, but in February, 1898, about 8 or 10 ardebs of seed were
bought at $40 per ardeb (5.4 bushels), while subsequently as much as

3S NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

$100 per ardeb was paid for about 11 ardebs. The following year
seed was sold for from $20 to $30 per ardeb.,

lt may be mentioned that Sea Island cotton when grown in Egypt
produces good quality the first year. The staple is longer even than
that grown, on an average, in America, but is more irregular inp
length and not so strong. During the second and third years there
isa general deterioration. It ripens late and being in consequence
exposed to cold weather and fogs, both yield and quality suffer. The
yield in any case is inferior to native Egyptian varieties. The output
is only from 70 to 80 pounds of fiber per cantar, according to the
quality of the lands. The best qualities are grown on salty lands.
On rich soils the quality deteriorates.

SEED SELECTION.

The question of the selection of seed for sowing is oecupying con-
siderable attention in Egypt, as Afifi cotton, which is the mainstay
of the erop, is greatly deteriorating. Owing to the great similarity
not only of the plants of the different varieties grown in the country
but also of their seeds, the matter is a somewhat difficult one. At
the present time the question of seed is entirely in the hands of the
cotton merchants. When the best qualities of cotton of the first pick-
ing are being ginned, the factory owner places on one side the result-
ing seed for disposal to his clients the following season. This is
excellent as far as it goes, but where two or three varieties are being
dealt with in a factory, even though the proprietor may clean his gins,
his riddles, ete., after each ginning a certain admixture must take
place. The seedsman class is quite wanting in Egypt, and until
recently most of the cultivators were not sufficiently alive to the
question of good seed. At the present time, however, the Khedivial
Agricultural Society is paying special attention to this most important
subject, while individual cultivators appreciate more the necessity of
employing good and pure seed.

Small cultivators in the past obtained their seed to a great extent
through the village money lender, who supplied them with ordinary
commercial seed quite unsuited for sowing purposes. The Khedivial
Agricultural Society now distributes seed of first-picking cotton to
small growers at cost price. The value of the seed, plus a moderate
‘ate of interest, is collected by the Government agents when the ordi-
nary taxes are collected. The seed is not paid for until the resulting
cotton crop is picked. The benefits are two-fold—not only is the fel-
lah provided with better seed than he would obtain elsewhere, but he
is to acertain extent kept out of the hands of the usurer.

Afifi seed at present is mixed and contains Hindi seed. This, as
already stated, is the old white variety, and its presence greatly
detracts from the value of any sample. There are also a great many
seeds present in samples which, while differing in shape from good, —

PICKING AND MARKETING COTTON, 39

true Afifi seed are yet Afifi, but seem to be in av state of deteriora-
tion. ‘The question of the establishment of seed areas is now under
consideration.

PICKING COTTON.

The pieking of cotton commences in Upper Egypt, where Ashmouni
is grown, during the latter part of August, but in the Delta, generally
speaking, toward the middle of September. Cotton is usually picked
by small children, who are paid a sum of 15 or 20 cents per hundred
pounds of seed cotton (Pl. VI, fig. 2). The previous watering of the
crop is so arranged that the land is dry when picking commences to
avoid poaching of theland. The operation of picking is more difficult
than that of ordinary Upland cotton, though not as much so as that of
Sea Island. The average quantity picked per day is about 30 or 40
pounds. After the first gathering the land is watered, and during the
month of October a second picking takes place. These two pickings
give the best quality of fiber. They are never mixed with each other
nor with the third, orlast, picking. The latter is taken in November,
and as it is small in amount compared with the others a superior
sum is generally paid for picking it, generally 25 or 30 cents per hun-
dred pounds.

After picking, the cotton is generally placed in large stores and
subsequently put into sacks which hold about 420 pounds, or it may
be put directly into sacks.

MARKETING COTTON.

Cotton is almost invariably sold at the farm. There are distributed
throughout the country a number of large ginning establishments (as
well as a number of minor ones) owned by large exporting houses.
Agents are sent into the country to buy cotton, and the grower can
obtain many offers from competing houses. The cotton is sold as
seed cotton, weighed at the store in the presence of the buyer’s agent
and the seller, and is then taken charge of by the former for removal
to the nearest railway station or is delivered by the seller, according
to agreement. In the case of large lots of cotton the grower, pro-
vided with samples, sometimes visits the factories,“ and after a econ-
siderable amount of competition and bargaining disposes of his crop.

Cotton is quoted on the bourse at Alexandria per cantar of 100
pounds of lint for ‘‘ fully good fair” cotton. To this amount the value
of the seed is added and a certain sum per cantar (of 315 pounds of
seed cotton) is offered to cultivators, depending on the quality of the
cotton in question. Ginning is carried on, as already mentioned, at
various centers, and the resulting fiber and seed are forwarded to
Alexandria for shipment. The factories are generally situated so that

“Known as ginneries or gins in the United States.

40 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

transportation is easy both by rail and by water, ‘The season is from
September to May, and during its height the factories work night
and day.

The gin almost invariably used in Egypt is that known as Maecar-
thy’s patent self-feeding single action, It is particularly suited to
long-stapled cotton, and separates the seeds without crushing, while
the fiber is as a rule uninjured. ‘lhe 40-inch gin so commonly used
costs, When complete with roller, shafting, etc., about $150, The gin
alone costs 890, It is said to require only 14 indicated horsepower to
drive it, but in practice from 3 to 4 horsepower are allowed. The
quantity of cotton turned out per hour varies according to the speed
at which the gn runs. It is supposed to give a hundredweight of
clean cotton per hour, but from 90 to 100 pounds is considered a good
average. Running at 900 or 1,000 revolutions per minute, 100 pounds
of fiber per hour will be ginned, or, say from 900 to 1,100, pounds per
day of ten hours. The driving pulleys being now provided with bal-
ance Weights, the gin Gan run at an increased speed with but little
increase in vibration. The gin is not large, the floor space it occupies
being less than 17 square feet, while the net weight is less than 700
pounds. In Egyptian factories from 50 to 100 of such machines are
generally found.

Regarding the cost of working, it may be taken as a general average
that 30 cents will gin a cantar of cotton, i. ¢., 315 pounds of the seed
and fiber, giving approximately 100 pounds of clean cotton. Aecord-
ing to the reports of the State Domains the net cost of ginning is 264
cents per cantar, and thus an acre of good cotton yielding 6 cantars
would cost a little over $1.50 for ginning (actual cost).

The gins are generally arranged in two rows, with a trolley line
down the middle for the removal of the cotton. The latter is taken
to the press room, which is situated at the end of the ginning room,
Both hydraulic and steam presses are used. In the small factories,
the former only are found and the bales are steam pressed at Alex-
andria. In the large factories the good qualities are pressed twice.
After removal from the gins the fiber is spread out and sprinkled
with water by means of a fine syringe and then put into hydraulie
bales. After remaining a day the cotton is steam pressed, and the
three bands which are used in the former case are replaced by eleven
in the steam bale. The seed after removal from the gin is elevated
to riddles, which allow those possessing no adhering lint to pass
through, while the rest is carried on to the ‘‘searto” gin, which
removes short fiber.

One or two of such gins, each requiring 5 horsepower, are sufficient
for 100 ordinary gins and turn out about 4 bales of ‘ scarto” cotton
per day. The seed issubsequently put into bags containing an ardeb
(5.4 bushels), the weight being about 270 pounds, and is sent to Alex-

Bul. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.

;
|
i
;

Fic. 2.—E@YPTIAN METHOD OF PICKING AND CARRYING COTTON.

MARKETING COTTON. 41

andria for export. Sometimes cotton is ginned for clients at about
30 cents per cantar, the owner selling the resulting seed to the factory,
while the cotton is sent in hydraulic bales for his account to Alexan-
dria. If steam pressed, a charge of 15 cents per cantar (100 pounds)
of lint is made, plus the cost of bagging required for the bales. The
sacking used for bales in Egypt consists of old cotton sacks. ‘The
latter after being used two seasons for packing cotton are cut up for
this purpose.

The first, second, and third piekings of cotton are always ginned
separately. That of the third picking is generally put in hydraulic
bales only and forwarded as such to Alexandria.

During the past few years two cotton mills have been erected, one
at Alexandria and one at Cairo. The local consumption of cotton,
however, is not great. A certain amount is consumed in the villages
by being woven into coarse goods, but this is generally the very last
cotton gathered from the plants and is of very low quality. ‘The con-
sumption during the past season by local mills amounted to 27,000
cantars, or an equivalent of 5,400 American bales.

Practically the whole of the Egyptian cotton seed is exported. <A
certain amount is, however, consumed by soap and oil mills in the
country. This latter consumption amounts to 420,000 ardebs, or an
equivalent of 2,320,000 bushels. The seed is rich in oil, the average
content being about 25 per cent. The cotton cake resulting is
exported to England, and, as is well known, is ‘‘ undecorticated cotton
cake,” the seed not being decorticated.

The following table shows the production of seed cotton in Egypt
from the year 1864 to 1903, the season being from September 1 to
August 51:

Total crops of seed cotton (interior gross weight).

Season. Cantars. Season. Cantars. | Season. Cantars.
| 2ets0s 016: |) 1STi—t8..-. ~-8. ooo 2,593, 670 Tees 8 os | 4, 072, 500
oS ——r | Saw Osl || 16i6 aes See 1. ” 683, MEO ARON eet tosses. 4, 672,520
Co 1,127,805. || 1879-8022 2-5-5 3. 198, 800 Lip all 3 oe eS he 5,118, 150
DU 402 |\- 1880-81. SS Prt GTAUN) || Nene O4 2 el ee 4,933, 666
(io TS 156..|| Seebase ec 2,912,073 || 1894-95_ - 4,615,270
ie ts Sea ie iy 362. Bld || 162 6a a6 ee 2, 284,250 || 1895-96_.........-- 5, 275, 383
Uy La) a ae ie 970. SLC || loser oo ee 2, 694,000°|| 1896-97 _ =... .....- 5,879, 750
Crs Tad a 2 (44. 254 | SOBER i eS Se 6,543,128
Ly Sy ¢; el ee ee 2,298, 942 || 1885-86._-..-..-_-- 2,923,450 || 1898-99__...._.:.-- 5,589,314
7 2 eae “__| 2,598,351 || 1886-87_.........- 2°931.691 || 1899-1900... 6.510.050
Soreeee.-) =. _2..._| 2,106,600. || 1887-88. -..-...-... 2,937,000 || 1900-1901 _______--- 5, 427, 338
1875- i6 Soe oe / 2,928, 498 || 1888-89__...._..... grils at | OO |G kt) Ee 6, 371, 648
Jliv( 7 oe ee | 2-730, 208 .|| 1880-005... 5. oe 3, 183, 000 Tt (Ss ie As 5, 838, 090

It is impossible, owing to the absence of a statistical bureau,to state
the exact average yield of cotton per acre in Egypt, but it is probably
about 1,300 pounds of seed cotton. Very good land gives 2,500
pounds, and in exceptional cases more.

42 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

COTTON AND COTTON-SEED EXPORTS.

The statistics of cotton and cotton-seed exports furnished by the
customs administration are calculated from January 1 to December
31. In the year 1901 cotton constituted 75.2 per cent of the total
exports of Kgypt and in 1902 similarly 78.8 per cent.

Distribution of cotton and cotton seed for the years 1902 and 19023,

Countries to which exported 1M. 1808.

Exports from Alexandria to Bales, Bales,
OES a a oe eae Tae a en ge a aE 2 :,\. {See 19, 126 19, 422
[IS See ee eae bas oe. ere 322,514 | 351, 745
ROOTTINES, Se os ee eg en Es ; of Dee : ee! 9, 604 12,670
ON ee ee ee ae é ~ pug ) 31,781 24,910
SO aes eee ee eee A). Se _2.| 106, 565 $4,819
OI SS ee Ee ee oe ee ee ee a 78, 875 70, 608
UN EE ee aE ae Sie ee i ee ae MSL. 2 0 ae 2,445 &36
pW Pe ae See Oe er SE ce ee ee eee. Be : j 63, O68 60, 728
OOS 2 RO Ae pe ee Ske eS 2”. eee 11, 322 9, 498
Russia Bet Sa 121,348 55, 424
fe pe ee ee Pe ey! HS i. 2,249 75, 989
wl OR ES OS SS Le ee ee eee ont tp ee 227 (> 2. See

Greece, Turkey, and other countries ---_.....-.... .-.-..--cce-------- 3, 753 | 1
Bxported from Port Said and Suez... ......-.-.- ~~. cece een cee cw ecce 700 5, 445
863, 670 | 773, 892
eee a ORE See eee eee Se A ee eee we ee 6,526, 407 5, 860, 023

«Estimate.

COTTON SEED (IN ARDEBS OF 5.4 BUSHELS).

ATE ATE OY els IE Se amps, 8 © a BS rn a ne, Ae a ee, oe 3, 146, 660 2, 732, 366
2 TST ee Or ad es Lee a pe oe ee Shae ee eae 182, 925 137,018
By a Be En Se A eee ae ee Tn om Sciee et a 153, 585 104, 290

Lo ES Lee ee ee ae Solis Sas) 4 eae oe | 3,483,170 | 2,978,737
ga SE IES on So 5 es ee re Set an | 310,978 | 420, 000

SUGAR CANE.

Sugar cane is grown in Upper Egypt. The climate of the Delta
proper is unsuited to it and results in a low content of sugar. Cane
is characteristic of the tract watered by the Ibrahimia Canal already
referred to, but it is also grown farther south, being watered by pumps
direct from the river. The area varies from year to year, an increase
in the cotton area being practically equivalent to a diminution in that
devoted to sugar Gane. Generally speaking, during the past few years
there has been a tendency toward a diminution.

In the year 1902 the area under cane in Upper Egypt amounted to —
84,664 aeres, of which 58,755 were on the Ibrahimia Canal, while the
remainder was grown farther south. Cane oeecupies the land for
nearly a year, and requires water during the whole period, while for
the production of maximum crops the soil has to be in a high state of
fertility.

The Daira Sanieh Administration, whose lands have now been sold

4 .
SUGAR CANE, 43

to individual cultivators, owned until quite recently the greater part
of the sugar-growing lands and possessed several factories. ‘The land
under this administration was cultivated chiefly through tenants.

Considerable areas were leased to large cultivators who grew cane
under an agreement to sell the produce to the administration at a
fixed price (generally about 15 cents per hundred pounds of canes).
The leases for cane cultivation were for three years and bound the
tenant to one year’s fallow, during which it was plowed by the admin-
istration ata fixed rate. This was followed by cane for two years.
This again was followed by a three years’ lease for minor crop cultiva-
tion, after which cane was grown again. The growth of summer crops
was prohibited during the intermediate years, but corn was cultivated
during the flood season, this being heavily manured. The growth of
clover was practiced during the winter, and thus the land was brought
into condition for cane again. Small owner proprietors, however,
erop their land more intensively. They manure their cane heavily
(while this was prohibited on the Daira lands) and only take one cane
crop; that isto say, they do not take a rattoon crop. This is followed
by two or three years’ ordinary cropping with grain crops and clover,
when cane is grown again. Though a large yield per acre is obtained
in this way, yet by applying heavy quantities of manure the sugar
content is considerably reduced.

The factories of the Daira Sanieh have been sold to a private com-
pany, and the sugar industry of Egypt is now practically a monopoly
in the hands of a French company known as the Société Générale
des Sucreries et de la Raffinerie V@Egypte. This company owns the
majority of the factories and may be said to crush practically the
whole of the crop, except that employed for the manufacture of
molasses in small mills owned by natives and Syrians.

The rotation employed is either one of four or five years. In the
former case cane is grown for two years, followed the next year by «
flood and a winter crop, and this again during the fourth year by ¢
fallow in preparation for the next year’s cane crop. Sinee the intro-
duction of the growing of beets into Egypt a modification in the rota-
tion has been introduced in some places by growing a crop of beets
before the fallow, thus making the rotation a five years’ course.

Steam plows and cultivators, which do most effective work, are
employed by the company; but on ordinary plantations the native

_ plow is used, and four plowings and even more are given with this
- implement in preparation for the sowing of the crop. The land is
thrown into ridges or beds about 40 inches apart; but native culti-
ators allow a less distance than this, generally about 50 inches. The
ridges are made north and south and should have a depth of 15 inches
measured from the top of the ridge to the bottom of the furrow. The
soil at the bottom of the furrow should be well pulverized, and this

44 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

is accomplished by attaching a sort of rake to the ridging machine
where this is employed. Native cultivators make their ridges in the
manner described in the chapter on cotton, .

Planting takes place early in spring, in February, though experi-
ments which have been conducted recently seem to indicate an advan-
tage in sowing as early as October. Too little care is given to the
question of the choice of canes for planting instead of employing only
the best. Generally speaking, the whole of the cane is used, The
company to which reference has been made adopted the following
plan: If planting takes place before the factories are at work, the
whole of the cane is employed, while if the factories are crushing, the
top third only (which gives the best results) is kept for planting, the
remainder being sent to the factory. No greater quantity is cut and
stripped per day than is necessary for that day’s planting. The canes
are laid along the furrows, covered lightly with earth, and then
watered, the same day preferably.

The cultivation of this crop is Comparatively simple, and from
twelve to fifteen waterings are given. Several hoeings are necessary,
and these are performed with the hoe as described under cotton.

It is very doubtful whether Egypt can be regarded as a very suit-
able country for the production of sugar cane, for neither in yield nor
in richness in sugar ean it compare with many other countries. The
average yield of cane for the first year may be taken as about 26 tons,
though in some cases more than 30 tons are obtained. During the
second year the yield on an average does not exceed 50 per cent of
that obtained during the first.

The average sugar content does not exceed 14 per cent; indeed this
would be considered an extremely good result. During the season of
1902, 11,148,491 cantars (of 100 pounds each) of cane were crushed in
Upper Egypt, yielding 1,028,105 cantars of sugar of first quality,
equivalent to 9.2 per cent of No. 1 sugar.

Only one refinery exists in Egypt. <A great portion of the sugar
produced is consumed locally or exported to India and other coun-
tries without being refined.

The following tables show the quantities of cane crushed during
the past five years, together with the yield of No. 1 sugar:

Quantity of cane crushed and yield of sugar during the past five years.

[{Cantars of 100 pounds. }

—— — a —— sss 7

Season. ce iy No. 1 sugar produced. :
Per cent.
ne eee ee ew inwan eo unn < weo nwalapaeimee 13, 680, 944 1, 253, 525 9.2
pl DSO) | ted OS go See rr eee is 14,515, 565 1, 369, 953 94 -
i Gi ee eee 8 cee map an deee te eens 11,850, 455 1,161,471 .e. -
1901-1902-...-....- he So eee eee 12, 442, 452 1, 240,843 10:00
OPE se a rr ee re 11, 148,491 1,028, 105 9.2

ct atl

cae

lek lle all

SUGAR CANE. 45

The following table indicates the export trade in Egyptian pounds: “

Country to which exported. 10MM), 1M 1M,
EE OE eee 33, 049 | 82, 747 22 285
English possessions in the Mediterranean ~.........-.. a pi lanl 15 67 | 7
English possessions in the extreme East. .........-.-..------ 21,020 | 46, O42 | 34,611
SIG co sd c hwip ndne ce wnew ndues a ncen cand sepnwnlernn wen onan een mann eeltinn Se i 449
NE ee en re SSS ee Estee 462,454 410,081 | 257. 404
Ae UR SOS 9 SI oe Oe a, PL 4, 381 1,061 1,270
ee dd Lo dae chk acide acces con dude dbauenndahoses We ea out 1, 698 1,211 ong
ie RCE GET, 5 ESR SS a ea on Ss YDS ee 49, 766 11,5933 | 37,378
OGHSF COUNtTICS 2.2... cece ene ence ee eens cc cten ces waeens anon enneen| 13, 132 | 9,493 7,777

OT CO Fee es ee ee bc Ne bie Bee eS Su | -BY5, 509 DAR, 245 361,973

From these figures it will be seen that the United States is by far
the best customer for Egyptian sugar. Of the total production of
sugar, 635 per cent is refined, Of the unrefined sugar 55 per cent is
consumed locally and 13 per cent exported. Of the refined product
845 per cent is consumed locally and 15 per cent exported.

The crop is heavily manured by natives. Ordinary stable manure
is employed, and large quantities of the material known as ‘‘coufri,”
which has already been referred to, are used. Experiments which
have been made clearly indicate that an employment of superphos-
phate with soluble nitrogenous manures gives excellent results for
cane.

In an extensive series of experiments made by Mr. Tieman, details
of which are given in a recent work, entitled ‘‘The Sugar Cane in
Egypt,” the author recommends the employment of nitrate of soda in
preference to any other form of available nitrogen for sugar cane,
while as a phosphoric manure the use of basic slag is advocated.
The manuring of cane has not, however, received as much attention
as has been given to cotton.

Three varieties of cane are cultivated in Egypt: Red, yellow, and
striped. The last named seems to give a slightly heavier yield, though
in richness of sugar no difference is perceptible.

BEETS.

Though a very minor crop, it may be advisable to refer to beets in
close proximity to sugar cane. Some few years since a first attempt
was made to cultivate this crop, but up to the present it has not been
very successful. The land of Egypt, as is well known, is of good
quality, and, generally speaking, such crops as beets, which have a
wide range of cultivation, can not be grown in competition with Euro-
pean countries which possess a poorer soil.

Again, the rich soils of the Nile Valley do not give comparatively
heavy yields of roots, and 15 tons per acre may be considered a full

“An Egyptian pound equals about £1 0s. 6d., which is equivalent to about

$4.94.

46 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

average. Perhaps, however, the one fact which has militated against
the success of the crop has been the severe attacks to which it has
been subjected by worms. The most favorable time for the planting is
in Summer, and attacks by worms are at that time very common; in
fact, the beet erop has never escaped. Moreover, summer crops in
Egypt exhaust the land, and especially those which require much irri-
vation, In spite of the fact that the green leaves are turned under
after the removal of the crop, and that the land is in good condition
after the numerous hoeings, ete., received, a crop of cotton following
beets (in the Delta) always suffers and gives a poor yield. This has
been repeatedly brought out in experiments which have been made in
Lower Egypt.

All the beets grown at present in Egypt are grown by the sugar
company in the upper division of the country and amount to about
1,200 acres. The crop occupies the land about six months and ts
practically always manured with nitrate of soda, which greatly
increases the yield. The sugar content is high.

BERSEEM, OR EGYPTIAN CLOVER.

Berseem is the great leguminous forage crop of Egypt, and for lux-
uriance and rapidity of growth is probably unequaled and certainly
not surpassed by any crop in the world. What Egypt would have
been or would be without this crop is difficult to conjecture. It is cer-
tainly impossible to overestimate its importance. The growth of such
heavy crops of cotton, for example, with, comparatively speaking (and
especially so until recently), small quantities of manure, has only been
possible through the renovating influences of berseem. It has, in facet,
only been by the extensive growth of this crop that the maintenance
of the fertility of Egyptian soils has been possible. ‘To state the area
of land under berseem is extremely difficult, as it not only takes its
place in the ordinary rotation, but is also used as a catch crop, one
cutting, or it may be two, being taken before the sowing of cotton in
the spring. |

Berseem constitutes the sole food of working animals, cows and -
buffaloes; in fact all farm animals during the months of its growth,
that is to say, from a period extending from December to early in June.
During the rest of the year, as already mentioned, there is almost a
complete absence of green fodder and a dry ration, composed of chop-
ped straw, beans, barley, etc., has to be resorted to. The want of a
summer forage crop which will grow without repeated applications of
water is very much felt in the country. During the winter months no
other forage crop is grown; indeed, it is difficult to see how any crop
could compete with it in universal use in the country.

There are three recognized varieties grown in the country, viz, the
Muscowi, Fachl, and Saidi. The former is that grown on the peren-
nially irrigated lands of Lower Egypt, and the following remarks
apply to this variety.

7

BERSEEM, OR EGYPTIAN CLOVER. 47

Berseem is generally sown in the months of October and November,
following, as a rule, the corn or cotton crop, the date of sowing con-
sequently being dependent on the removal of these crops. As the
wenther is now daily becoming cooler, the carlier the berseem is sown
the shorter the period which elapses before the first cutting or grazing
is obtained, and the earlier this is obtained the better, as it diminishes
the period during which animals have to be fed on dry food. The
first grazing when early can be sold for a considerable sum, as much
as $15 per aere in favored districts. When sown after acorn ora
cotton crop, the seed is often sown among the standing crop eight or
ten days before the corn crop is removed. A heavy watering is given
and the seed is then broadcasted immediately. It may be sown in a
similar manner among the standing cotton plants. By these means
there is a gain of several days and the young clover will be estab-
lished before the grain or fiber crop is removed, It is becoming more
common now, however, to plow the land after the removal of the corn
or cotton crop. The cotton ridges or beds are split down the middle
with one passage of the plow, the land heavily watered, and the ber-
seem seed broadcasted immediately. The soil is not allowed to
become dry, but the seed is scattered over the surface while the water
is still on the land, when, owing to its weight, it at once sinks. The
amount of seed used varies from 70 to 80 pounds per acre. Germi-
nation takes place in two or three days, and if the weather is warm
the plants make rapid growth.

Three waterings are generally given previous to the first cutting or
grazing, which is obtained from fifty to seventy-five days after sowing,
depending toa great extent on the date of the latter. The number
and frequency of waterings depend on soil and climate to a certain
extent, but two waterings are given between the first two cuttings,
and generally two between the second and third and the third and
fourth—a total of eight or nine or even ten waterings. On anaverage
three good cuttings or grazings are obtained, while a fourth may or
may not be obtained, depending on the date of sowing. In any case
it is little in comparison with previous ones. The fourth cutting is
generally the one left for seed. Of the latter, 6 or 7 bushels are
obtained on good average land. The first and second crops will yield
about 8 tons of green fodder; subsequent ones, less. If sown late in
October, the first crop will be ready at the end of December, the
second early in March, the third from the middle to end of April,
and a light fourth crop, either for feeding or for seed, at the end of
May or early in June. Tay is frequently made from berseem, about

4 tons of the latter giving 1 ton.

Berseem is fed by tethering animals on the ground by the fore feet,
the pegs being moved on as they have eaten those plants within their
immediate reach. The luxuriance is sometimes so great that the long
lines of bullocks seem to be feeding against a solid wall of forage which
reaches almost up to their briskets. A few days are allowed to elapse

4 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

after grazing before the land is watered again, and the new crop then
makes rapid growth. The forage is very succulent, containing as
much as 85 or 86 per cent of water in the earlier grazings, and a little
care has to be exercised in feeding it to animals in the early morning
during the winter when dew is on it to prevent ‘‘tympanitis.” Ani-
mals in Egypt are never in as good condition as when fed on berseem,
and during this period no other food is allowed them, though the pres-
sure of work is very severe at cotton planting. lrom the moment of
planting, the crop requires no labor except that involved in watering.
No manure of any kind is ever applied.

The root system of berseem is not an extensive one, but it is most
abundantly supplied with nodules. In the latter connection and as
exemplifying its renovating effect on the soil it may be interesting to
quote the results of analyses made last year by Doctor Mackenzie,
director of the School of Agriculture. bBerseem was sown in October
on two adjacent areas, A and B. On B the crop was allowed to
remain for two grazings and then plowed up in March in preparation
for a cotton crop, while on area A the crop was allowed to remain
for its full period of growth until June, and four crops were taken.
Previous to the experiment the nitrogen content of each area was
determined and also after each crop was grazed. The results were
as follows:

- | Area A. | Area B.

Per cent, | Per cent.
0. 101

BETEPDEION (DOLOrS emmren et. ee ee i ee one naw el ana eet ane 0. 099
TEV OSOR BT Cor Tere Ore ee ee ee Sow once ea one . L110 . 116
Nitrogen: atter second orotate = Sc ee Sos aS e eeee 1B | 1

PETROS ELOY Pinte ON es Fe re oe an Soom lhe eet owes supper beus cuss aa. 105
Nitrogen after fourth crop :

On area B, after removing two crops, each containing LOO pounds
of nitrogen, the soil was enriched to the extent of practically 300
pounds of nitrogen, or, in other words, the percentage of nitrogen
was increased from 0.101 to 0.110 per cent.

When, however, as on area A, the crop is allowed to run the whole
course of its existence there is no increase in the total soil nitrogen
or it is sO minute as to show no difference in the percentage of soil
nitrogen present. During the latter stages of growth, therefore, it
is clear that the nitrogen contained in the nodules must be drawn
upon by the plant for its growth. By comparing the amount of nitro-
gen added to the soil by the growing of two cuttings of berseem, viz,
300 pounds, with that accepted as the increase in Europe by the
growth of an ordinary clover crop, viz, 60 or 70 pounds, it is seen how
valuable this forage crop is in this respect.

The role played by berseem in the reclamation of salt land in Egypt
is worthy of mention. The fact as to whether a stand of this crop

can be obtained or not is regarded as an indication of the ability of —

s

er

LUCERN AND CORN. 49

the soil to grow other crops. ‘There can be no doubt that it will grow
on soils so salt that the majority of ordinary crops would fail. Its
shallow-rooted habit and the fact that the frequent waterings which
it receives tend to keep the salt down no doubt account for this
rather than its power to withstand salt. As soon as sufficient salt
has been removed by washing, ii the process of reclamation, to enable
a crop of berseem to be sown, this is done, and is repeated until a
suecessful crop is obtained, when ordinary culture may be followed
with the exercise of that discretion necessary for the management of
such lands.

In addition to the variety of berseem known as ‘* Muscowi,” grown
in Lower Egypt, a kind known as ‘‘ Fachl” is largely grown on basin
lands. The seed is broadeasted on the mud as the water recedes,
and as this variety is grown without irrigation one main crop only is
obtained, which is usually a heavy one. It is less watery than the
ordinary Muscowi sort and is generally used in making hay.

The variety known as ‘‘Saidi” is less luxuriant than Fachl. It is
somewhat of a trailing nature, and is sometimes mixed with the latter
sort. It requires but little water, and is generally cut twice, though
sometimes a third time. It is grown chiefly on basin lands, and is
smaller in growth and less succulent than the Muscowi variety.

LUCERN (ALFALFA).

Lucern is not grown to any extent in Egypt, as during the winter
and spring months it can not compete with berseem in luxuriance. — It
yields very frequent grazings or cuttings during summer, but requires
frequent waterings in order to give the best results, and, as already
explained, there are too many demands on the supply of summer
water to permit this. During these months it becomes, unfortunately,
the home of myriads of worms, which are attracted by it and spread
to adjoining crops, often doing considerable damage. The scarcity
of summer water already mentioned is also a great impediment to its
cultivation. Again, land is usually too valuable to make it profitable
to leave it under a forage crop for three or four years. The limited
area grown is generally cultivated to supply a little green forage to
sick animals, or to a few milch cows or horses.

CORN.

The corn crop is of great importance, as it forms the staple food of
the lower classes. It is the characteristic Nili crop. The summer
season ends about the last of July, when this, the great flood crop, is
sown. As already mentioned, during the summer months a system
of rotation of canals is adopted to insure a sufficient supply of water
for the cotton crop, and during this period the watering of fallow
lands is severely prohibited. The cereal crops, wheat and barley, as

29210—No. 62—04——4

50 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

Well as beans, berseem, ete., are all off the land by June, and it is on
these lands that the corn crop is sown. ‘The latter, however, can not
of course be planted without water, and every cultivator awaits the
removal of the decree which has prohibited the flooding of such lands,

As soon after the first week in July as water can be obtained, the
irrigation of the land for corn sowing begins. If the Nili is a favor-
able and early one, this may be permitted as carly as July 10, while
if the reverse be true it is only toward the end of the month that this
is possible. The earlier the corn crop is sown the better, and there is
consequently a great rush for water, as not only has the corn area to
be watered, but cotton, rice, and sugar cane also require water, while
the land to be left fallow is also flooded. ‘The water for flood irriga-
tion is obtained from separate flood canals, in addition to the ordinary
perennial canals, and during this period is ‘‘flush.” The flood canals
run from the month of August to November.

It will be seen that for flood irrigation, the earlier the Nile rises the
better it is for the farmer. The earlier the corn is sown the better,
and an early removal of this crop enables the berseem, which often
follows it, to be sown in good time.

As already mentioned, it may be assumed that about 50 per cent of
the area of Lower Egypt is under summer crops (chiefly cotton), while
the flood crops occupy about 30 per cent. The area of land in Lower
Egypt under corn during the year 1902 was 1,128,254 acres, while in
Upper Egypt also a certain area is grown.

It is seen, therefore, that during flood the whole of the country
requires water and the demand is unlimited; thus, the more the canals
ean carry the better. The watering given in preparation for the corn
crop is a very heavy one, and if water is flush at this period may
amount :to as much as 600 tons per acre, but less if pumped. This,
the first watering of the land to be put under flood irrigation, is thus
a very heavy one, but as soon as the land is put under crop the sub-
sequent waterings are about the same as the ordinary summer water-
ings, viz, about 350 tons.

The land after being watered is allowed to remain some days until
it is sufficiently dry toadmit the plow. As the latter is drawn through
the soil by the usual pair of bullocks, its effect, as already explained,
being somewhat similar to the scooter or a one-tined scarifier, it is
followed by a boy who deposits seed behind it, which will be covered
by the plow on its return journey. Theland issubsequently harrowed
by drawing a plank of wood over it. No attempt is made to deposit
the seed in any regular manner in rows, such as is practiced in the
United States, and,as would be imagined, the plants are very thickly
crowded together. The number of plants found in an aere of corn
varies from 13,000 to as many as 20,000, or even more. This, it will
be seen, is strikingly different from American practice. The quantity
of seed sown per acre is about 1} bushels. The cultivation is simple, —
the crop being merely hoed three times during growth and watered

CORN, WHEAT, AND BARLEY. 51

six or seven times. The plants are thinned twice, once when very
small and once subsequently. Those removed are given to cattle.
The time the crop occupies the land varies according to the sort sown.
The so-called native varieties may be cut from seventy to ninety days
after sowing. ‘They are small in habit of growth and possess small
cobs. The large varieties (often known as Americani), which grow to
a greater height and produce large cobs, occupy the land from one
hundred and ten to one hundred and twenty days. Varieties which
take a long time to grow are not in favor because they make the sue-
ceeding berseem crop late, while, again, owing to their larger habit of
growth, they exhaust the soil more.

The corn crop is universally manured; in.fact, it is the heaviest
manured of all Egyptian crops. Both barnyard manure and coufri
are used, the latter to the greater extent. The former, as a rule,
does not give such good results for the corn crop itself, but exercises
an effect on wheat, cotton, ete., if following the corn. Coufri (which
contains soluble nitrogen) is quicker in its action, and heavy crops of
corn are grown by means of if.

Neither phosphoric acid nor potash is used for this crop, but top
dressings of nitrate of soda, as well as applications of sulphate of
ammonia, give excellent results. Nitrate of soda is. practically the
only chemical fertilizer employed in Egypt for this crop.

It may be said that only nitrogenous manures seem to exercise any
great effect on the corn crop in Egypt. It is true that no very exten-
Sive series of experiments have been made as regards phosphorie
acid, but up to the present no appreciable benefit has resulted.

After clover the crop does not require such large quantities of
manure as when following a cereal, but in any case it is always
manured and a sum of at least $5 or $6 an acre is expended. The
heavy watering which the land receives before sowing, and especially
the fact that water is given during summer when nitrification is
active, no doubt partly explains the pronounced effect of purely
nitrogenous manures of rapid action.

The average yield of corn on ordinary land is about 30 or 35 bushels;
on good land, well manured, 50 or 55 bushels are obtained, while on
poor soil 20 to 25 bushels an acre are produced. The price at which
it is sold is about 60 to 65 cents per bushel.

WHEAT AND BARLEY.

Wheat and barley are grown over the whole of Egypt, being sown
in the basins of Upper Egypt as well as on the perennially irrigated
lands of Lower Egypt. On the latter they are sown in the month of
November after cotton or, as is very frequently the case, after a crop
of corn which may have been grown during the Nili season and
heavily manured, or after a fallow. In Upper Egypt the grain crops
are sown earlier, after the water of the Nile recedes, by simply broad-
casting the seed on the mud. In the Delta also the cultivation is of

iY NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

the simplest description. The land is plowed, then harrowed by draw-
ing a plank of wood over it, the seed is broadcasted and covered by
means of the native plow and harrow, and the land is immediately
watered,

In other cases the land is watered some days before planting, and
when sufticiently dry for plowing the seed is sown and plowed in,
no water being given after planting. The use of implements, such as
European harrows, for covering the seed instead of the native plow is
very restricted. The quantity of seed employed is about 24 bushels
per acre. When the crop has attained a height of about 8 or 9 inches
(in January or early in February) it is watered, and no further water-
ing need be given, though it is more usual to irrigate the crop a see-
ond time, viz, when the plants are forming into ears (March or early
April). ‘This completes the cultivation of the crop.

Cereals are harvested in Upper Egypt in the month of April, and
in Lower Egypt in May and June. The crop is either pulled by hand,
in the case of barley, or cut’ by means of small sickles. About five
men are sufficient per acre, and this work is often done by contract
for about $1 per acre. Harvesting machinery is not employed, as
the small ridges made to facilitate watering prevent the suecessful
working of a reaper, the knives of which run into these small ridges
and are broken. :

Some years since thrashing machines were introduced into Egypt,
these being provided with revolving drums for crushing and bruising
the straw into what is known as ‘‘tibn.” ~The grain is delivered from
them similar to the ordinary thrasher, while the bruised straw is blown
out at the end of the machine. These are found on some large estates,
though the bulk of the grain is still separated by means of the prima-
tive ‘‘norag,” consisting of a number of circular disks on an axle,
which revolve as the whole is drawn by two bullocks.

The produce is arranged in a cirele and the tread of the bullocks
and the cutting and bruising action of the disks chop the straw and
knock out the grain. When this is completed the whole is thrown
into a heap for the subsequent separation of the grain from the tibn.
This is accomplished by throwing it into the air, when the grain,
being the heavier, falls directly to the ground, while the tibn is blown
by the wind to one side. It will at once be understood that this sys-
tem is most laborious. Barley is more easy to thrash than wheat, the
straw being more brittle. Hand siftings are necessary to clean the
grain, though grain-cleaning machines worked by hand are now find-
ing a use in the country.

As regards the employment of manures, barley is practically never
manured, though it is grown on poorer lands than wheat; in fact, it is
one of the earliest crops cultivated on newly reclaimed salty lands, as
it succeeds where wheat would fail.

WHEAT AND BARLEY. 53

Stable manure is sometimes used on wheat, though it is very ques-
tionable whether this is economical. It is now thought better to
reserve the whole of this manure for the cotton crop. Coufri is also
extensively used. During recent years the practice of top dressing
wheat with nitrate of soda has become common, and most striking
results are obtained. The yield both of grain and straw is increased,
and a net profit of fully $5 an aere is obtained by its use.

It may be interesting to note that Egypt is practically free from
“rust.” The native varieties grow so rapidly that they seem to out-
strip it. On the other hand, foreign varieties, when grown, are occa-
sionally entirely destroyed by it, as happened, for example, with
American seed introduced by the writer some years since.

The weight of wheat per bushel is about 60 pounds. The standard
measure is the ardeb of 5.4 bushels, which weighs about 525 pounds,
and is sold oman average for about $4.75 to $5. There are no well-
defined varieties grown, different names being given to the same
variety in different provinces.

As regards yield, on very good lands from 40 to 45 bushels of grain
and 1} tons of straw are obtained per acre. The average of the coun-
try, however, is about 20 to 22 bushels.

Egyptian wheats are poor, being very mixed and deficient in gluten.
It is quite exceptional to find a good sample, either white or red, and
for the making of bread by Europeans an admixture of foreign flour
is almost invariablyemployed. The wheats in Lower Egypt are almost
invariably called white, while in Upper Egypt a greater portion of
so-called red wheat is found. For making bread natives prefer the
wheat grown in the basin lands of Upper Egypt to that grown on irri-
gated land.

Egypt, instead of being an exporter of wheat, as is often thought,
actually imports a considerable quantity of flour from France and
Russia; though that from the former country is largely of Russian
origin, having been ground at Marseille. The following table shows
the importation of flour during the past three years, the bulk being
wheat flour, though a small portion is that of maize. The figures
refer to Egyptian pounds, equivalent to about %4.94 in American
money:

Country to which | > | Country to which c | 4anp
ac aoeted! 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | med fam § 1900. 1901. | 1902.
+) Hf : =
TS GE ae ee | 42.641 34,094 | 67,628 | Belgium -..._....._-- 323 | 307 1,403
English possessions / | France and Algeria_| 234,035 | 294,045 310,799
in the Mediterra- Cireote sae uk te 60 213 71
SS ae 58 SS eee 2 Teale aoe Ae on 9,506 | 4,668 5,659
English possessions I ee ae 104,700 | 112,863 119, 153
in the extreme er Beg) te. 2 811 1,017 5, 767
0 OS eee Baits. ae 91 | Other countries-___-_- 254 2, 257 776
ST RS 305 204 2, 842
United States _..____- 1,549 | 5,025 6,096 out, 1) Shi taller | 397,660 | 455,858 | 552, 897
Austria-Hungary....| 3,364 1,165 | 2,612 |

—————

h4 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

During the same period the import of wheat (as grain) was as
follows:

Egyptian

pounds,
L900 _ 72, 669
1901 _... 110,874
1902 -«~. Ota

The bulk of this grain is of Turkish and Russian origin.

Krom a European point of view, the barley is poor, being long and
thin. Attempts have been made to grow European barleys for malt-
ing purposes, and while a good quality can be produced the yield is
slight compared with that obtained from native varieties. Practi-
cally the whole of the crop is consumed by horses, mules, ete. A
superior Class of barley (Mariout barley) is grown in the desert in the
neighborhood of Alexandria and is dependent on rainfall. As this
latter is a very varying amount, the crop fluctuates greatly from year
to year. Even in the case of barley the imports exceed the exports
in value, as will be seen from the following table:

Year, | Imports. | Exports.
|
| Egyptian | Egyptian
pounds. pounds.
re SS! te hae “te Ce th - J eh Os) ie 70, 820 8, 000
1 ee MaRS SO Ss oa RRS RE oS Re A 2a ce aL 57,635 11, 200
0 Sel a he ee eee A Bia’ dorm Sin ogre ae dein ee ee ee ee 45, 939 33, G02

The barleys of Egypt are light and generally weigh less than 50
pounds per bushel. The yields obtained on favorable soils are heavy,
amounting to as much as 100 bushels per acre in exceptional cases.
The average is from 30 to 35 bushels, and the price at which it is sold
may be taken as $2.50 to $2.75 per ardeb of 5.4 bushels. The culti-
ration of barley is similar to that of wheat.

BEANS.

The bean crop of Egypt is a most important one, as it supplies the
staple food of working animals during a great part of the year, while
a considerable quantity is exported. It is grown in the basin lands,
as well as in Lower Egypt, though the bulk of the crop is raised in
Upper Egypt. According to the latest returns there were 471,530
acres of beans in the latter division of the country and 162,306 in
Lower Egypt during the year 1902, a total of 633,836 acres.

The cultivation of the crop is simple. On the basin lands seed is
sown after the emptying of the basins, and the crop is simply allowed
to remain until harvest in the spring.

The crop is luxuriant and yields on an average from 30 to 35 bushels
per acre on good land. From 3 to 4 bushels of seed are required per
acre in Upper Egypt. In Lower Egypt the crop is sown about the
same time as ordinary cereal crops, the grain being deposited in the —

BEANS. 55

furrow left by the ordinary native plow, a boy following the latter and
depositing the seeds by hand. ‘They are then covered on the return
journey of the plow, and the land is subsequently harrowed. The
quantity of seed employed is about 2} or 3 bushels per acre. The crop
may be sown ‘S wet” or “dry,” as explained in the chapter on wheat—
that is, whether a watering has been given previously or not. It is
sometimes raised without any water, though one irrigation is generally
given in spring.

The harvesting of the crop is similar to that of an ordinary cereal
and takes place in April. It may be thrashed by machine or by the
norag. The chopped straw is given to camels, goats, sheep, ete., and
it is also used for making brieks, etc. The crop is never manured,
and yields from 20 bushels on poor land to as much as 35 or 40
bushels on rich soils.

The value of beans as food for dairy and other cattle is well known
in Europe and there is a considerable exportation from Smyrna,
Egypt, ete., to Europe. The export from Egypt is not increasing,
there being a greater home consumption, as will be seen from the
following figures, showing total exports:

Year. Feu antity. Value.
Egyptian
Bushels. pounds.
EI VORAG@E asec. ae)! 8. ahs, dee ee. <2 SESS LC 5, 614, 669 669, 377
PERC OLRO GO! fen ee eee oe ee 4,244, 157 457, 264
DUNMMUUEIBTINESS We es on koi eke on os ee eee eo ts | 1, 886, 071 260, 508

OLA EC IEE oe fae al SS elle Le Se ee ars eb Boo, 1,346, 702 | 190, 526

As already mentioned, about 13 pounds of crushed beans are fed per
day to working bullocks during the season of scarcity of green forage
and a proportional amount to cows, ete. The animals, of course, do
not keep up their condition on this food (mixed with chopped straw)
as well as they do on green, succulent food, but the work they accom-
plish during the hot weather when on this diet is remarkable.

Beans form an article of diet of nearly all classes. They are pre-
pared in several ways. They may be soaked throughout the night in
water, which is kept at a high temperature, and eaten in the morning,
with liberal quantities of clarified butter, or they may be soaked in
eold water until they begin to burst previous to germination, and are
then boiled and eaten. Upper Egypt beans are preferred to those of
Lower Egypt for human consumption.

RICE.

Rice is grown in Egypt both asa summer and a Nili crop, and largely
so as ameans of reclaiming land. ‘Thus it is sown both in summer
and during flood, the difficulty in connection with the former being
the large quantities of water required at a time when the cotton area

56 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

makes such heavy demands on the available supply. For this reason
in seasons of a very low Nile the growth of summer rice has been pro-
hibited by governmental decree, As regards actual quality, summer
rice (Sultani) is superior to that grown during flood (Sabeini).

It is almost needless to state that this crop will grow on land heavily
impregnated with salt. The large amount of water required and the
shallow-rooted nature of the crop tend to make this possible. The
salt is washed down into the lower reaches of the soil, where the roots
do not penetrate.

Summer rice, of which several varieties are grown, is sown in May
and early June and occupies the land for varying periods, according
to the variety grown, some remaining in the ground for as long as
seven months. Sabeini, or flood rice, is sown as soon as the flood
arrives, generally early in August to the first week in September, and
occupies the land for about ninety days, according to the date of
planting. It is thus harvested about the same time as summer rice.
During flood, rice lands get flush irrigation and receive every ton of
water that the drains can carry. For summer rice it is generally
accepted that at least 40 cubic meters of water per acre per day must
be allowed, while during the flood season the land practically receives
as much water as the drains can carry off.

The first and most important essential in reclamation and rice eul-
tivation is to make the land perfectly level. Unless this is done dis-
appointment will result. The land is divided into squares equal in
size, and around these divisions small dikes are made to retain the
irrigation water. After leveling is completed sowing takes place.
The seed is soaked in water for about six days. It is then spread out
under sheds in the shade for two or three days to sprout. Water to

a depth of 345 or 4 inches is put on the land and the seed is sown:

broadeast. Three days after sowing the water is removed and the
land allowed to dry for twenty-four hours. During fifteen days this
operation is twice repeated. Subsequently the water is changed from
time to time. When about 7 or 8 inches high thinning is done and
seedlings of dineba (barnyard grass) and of weeds which would inter-
ferfere with the development of the plants are removed. When ripe
the erop is eut by hooks and placed in small bundles and is thrashed
either by machine or by the norag. For summer rice from 1 to 1%
bushels of seed are sown. For the flood crop more is employed.

Rice is grown in Lower Egypt on low-lying lands and those under-
going reclamation, chiefly in the three provinees of Gharbieh, Dakah-
lieh, and Behera. During the year 1902, 59,634 acres of summer rice
and 56,154 acres during flood were grown in Lower Egypt. In Upper
Egypt flood rice is grown in the Fayum, the area last year being
24,963 aeres. The accompanying diagram (fig. 3) will give an idea of
the arrangement of a crop of flood rice which is found successful in
the northern part of Gharbieh.

:

RICE. 57

The plan shows a plat of land 500 meters long by 300 meters in width,
ora little over 35 acres. The land is cut up into divisions (*‘ gattas”’),
each being 150 meters by 100 meters, or a little more than 5) acres.
The main drains are 27 inches deep and the smaller drains, similarly,
23 inches. The drainage, according to these data, requires 1,565 cubie
meters of earthwork per acre, which, at the rate paid in Kgypt, is
equal to an expenditure of $2.15. It is generally conceded that it is
preferable for a landowner to let land to tenants for the growth of
flood rice rather than to cultivate it himself. The small banks and
water channels are made by the tenant. The former are very neces-
sary, as they prevent the disturbing of the young plants during the
first fortnight of growth by the heavy winds which often prevail. The
small channels are also necessary; otherwise the plats marked ‘‘C” will

ORAIN
QRAIN
QRAIN
DRAIN
LRAIN

100 100 100 100 100 MAIN ORAIN

150

150

100 /00 140 100 MAIN DRAIN

QRAIN
ORAIN
QRAIN
QRAIN

S
*
S

Fia. 3.—Arrangement of a crop of flood rice.

not get fresh water and will be more backward than those marked ‘‘A.”
Fellaheen pay from $4 to $5 per acre as rent to grow a crop of flood
rice on fairly sweet land. If the land is salt, the tenant gets half the
crop for his labor and the owner the other half as rent. ‘The seed is
provided by the owner, half of which is returned at harvest.

As soon as the Nile water arrives, the little divisions are filled with
water, and the land is again leveled by drawing a plank over it. If
the land is not very salt, the seed may be sown after leveling; but if
salt, the water must be run off once or twice before sowing. More
seed than usual is required on salt lands. The critical period of the
crop is the first ten or fifteen days, and if the land has not been prop-
erly leveled the high patches die for want of water, or, on the other
hand, the low-lying patches are flooded out. On fairly sweet land

53 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

the water may not be run off for the first six or seven days, and it
may be necessary to water every day at the rate of 100 cubie meters
per acre under a good system of drainage. After eight or ten days
tenants will employ all the water they can get, but this is not neces-
sary and is done at the sacrifice of good drainage.

On salt land more water is necessary than if the soil is fairly sweet,
and at first it is necessary to irrigate and run off the water almost
daily, which means as much as 150 cubie meters per acre each twenty-
four hours. If sown later than the end of August, rice does not grow
so well, and any land remaining at that time may be sown with dineba.

To obtain the greatost benefit from the growing of rice it should be
followed by berseem. When the heads of the rice begin to curl up,
the berseem may be sown; and if rice is sown as late as September,
the sowing of the clover is greatly delayed. |

The success of the berseem after rice is an indication as to the
extent of the removal of salt; and if the clover grows well, it will not
be necessary to sow rice again. If otherwise, it may be necessary to
resort to rice again. This system of reclamation without summer
water is that adopted by a very capable rice grower, to whom the
author is indebted for the information.

As regards the yield of rice in Egypt, 40 to 60 bushels per acre may
be taken as an average of the summer crop on good land, while of
flood rice the product varies from 25 bushels on poor land to 50 or 60
bushels on more forward lands.

ONIONS.

Onions are grown to a considerable extent in Upper Egypt (not less
than 15,000 acres), largely on the islands which appear after the fall
of the Nile and on the banks of the river. They are also grown on
ordinary soils under perennial irrigation. Although two or three
varieties are recognized, that known as the Saidi forms the bulk of
the export trade. The crop grows to the greatest advantage on deep,
loamy soils, inclining to sandy, and possessing a considerable amount
of humus.

Seed is sown in a manured seed bed in September. About one-
ninth of a bushel of seed sown on 350 square yards of land provides
sufficient plants for | acre.

The land for onions should be well prepared by two or three plow-
ings, reduced to a friable condition, and made into ridges about 2
feet apart. The seedlings are pushed in the sides of the ridges (both
sides) by the fingers and are left about 6 inches apart.

On the islands and river banks the land is not plowed at all, but
the seedlings are sown on the flat, either singly in rows about 14
inches apart or in bunches in rows 20 inches apart. In this ease the
crop is not watered during growth.

The operation of transplanting is done in November and December

ONIONS. 59

on the islands and river banks, but later on ordinary lands even up
to January and February.

The crop requires careful cultivation to prevent the growth of
weeds, and a small hoe is employed to keep the land well stirred.
During the first month after transplanting, the crop must be hoed and
weeded, and this must be repeated during the second month.

Onions respond to liberal manuring. Barnyard manure is employed,
and on the alluvial deposits this is put under the plants at the time
of transplanting, but on other land it is applied from one to one and
one-half months after transplanting and as a rule before any water is
applied. Small quantities of coufri are sometimes used, though barn-
yard manure is in greatest favor.

On ordinary perennially irrigated lands six or seven waterings are
given during the growth of the crop. These should be light and not
sufficient in amount to soak the soil.

About five months after transplanting, the bulbs have attained full
size and the leaves become yellow. The crop is now ready to lift, and
no water should be applied for nearly a month before harvesting;
otherwise a second growth commences.

The bulbs are removed and exposed to the sun for two days, the
tops being then removed, and another day allowed for drying.

Early in April the onion crop arrives at Alexandria for export, the
first arrivals realizing the highest price. The product per acre
amounts to 5 or 6 tons, on an average, on good soil. Care has to be
taken in storing. If not thoroughly dried many of the onions will
sprout, and those which have been injured or bruised will decay.
The average price is from £2 to £3 per ton.

The following figures indicate the export trade:

|
Year’. Quantity.| Value.
Egyptian
Tons. pounds.

8g Ee iebet eTE od Sia soe SS ee oe 76, 568 229, 332
LS aa ne RY ee ee AE or 58 st) hte eee ae ee 76, 084 152, 873
UM a Ts A Ee Ys i ie et a so Le re 64,935 | 129, 926
nee See eee pees ee Oe | eee eee 49, 933 | 100, 697

The bulk of the crop is sent to England and the rest chiefly to
Austria.
MILLETS AND SORGHUMS.

Several varieties of millet possessing either white, yellow, or red
grain are grown in Upper Egypt. It is sown both as a summer and
as a flood crop, as has previously been mentioned when referring to
crops grown in the basins.

Summer sorghum in the basins is sown from about the middle of
March to the middle of April, or a little later, the crop being harvested
in August. The water for its growth is lifted by hand or animal labor,

OU NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE,

and it is irrigated on an average about every ten days. It is a very
prolitable crop, and the area grown in the basins is between 90,000 and
L00,000 acres, while it is also sown along the Ibrahimia Canal tract to
the extent of between 20,000 and 25,000 acres.

Flood sorghum is sown both in the perennially irrigated tract of
Upper Egypt and in the basins. Sowing begins early in August and
ends early in September, the crop being harvested in the latter part
of November or in December.

Millet is sown either by depositing a few seeds in holes about 14
inches apart, or the seed may be dropped behind the plow similar to
eorn. It delights in a rich soil and requires large quantities of
manure, both coufri and the nitrate-bearing clay being extensively
used. The crop is thinned during growth and when grown in holes
two plants are left standing together.

The production varies greatly and some very heavy: yields are
obtained. From good soils 50 to 60 bushels per acre may be taken.

Millet forms the staple food in Upper Egypt, taking to a great extent
the place of corn in Lower Egypt. In making bread fenugreek seeds
are often mixed with it.

MINOR CROPS.

In a short bulletin such as this it is quite impossible either to treat
in detail the most important crops or to deal with those of secondary
importance, Of the latter there are many grown in the country, such
as lentils, peanuts, chick-peas, lupins, fenugreek, ete. A mere note
concerning them will be given.

LENTILS.

Lentils are sown in basin lands as well as those perennially irrigated.
On the latter the seed is broadeasted at the rate of about 1? bushels
per acre. The crop is not manured and requires very little water.
From five to six months after sowing, the crop is pulled and thrashed,
the yield being about 20 to 25 bushels of seed. The plants are some-
what straggling in habit and grow about 2 feet in height. The seeds
possess a high nutritive value and are largely consumed locally. The
straw also possesses considerable value. During the year 1902 about
110,000 bushels of seed were exported, valued at approximately 17,000
Kgyptian pounds.

EARTH NUTS, OR PEANUTS.

Earth nuts, or peanuts, are grown on light sandy soils in Lower Egypt,
being sown in late spring and requiring considerable quantities of
water. Their cultivation is similar to that practiced in the United
States and calls for no special comment. They occupy the land for
about eight months and yield about 55 bushels per acre. They are
not generally manured. During the year 1902, peanuts to the value

MINOR CROPS. 61

of between 17,000 and 18,000 Egyptian pounds were exported, chiefly
to Turkey.
CHICK-PEAS.

Chick-peas are grown to a limited extent both in Upper and Lower
Egypt for local consumption. The seeds are eaten either green or
roasted, and are also employed in native confectionery. The crop is
sown in October and November and harvested from five to six months
later, yielding about 25 to 30 bushels of seed per acre. No manure is
applied and very little water. During the year 1902 the exports
amounted to 7,527 bushels, valued at 1,709 Egyptian pounds.

LUPINES.

Lupines are grown on sandy situations, and, generally speaking, in
places where it would be difficult to grow other crops successfully.
They are sown in October and November in holes about 15 or 16
inches apart, four or five seeds being dropped in, or the seed may be
deposited behind the plow. Lupines are grown either as a green
manure crop or for the sake of the seeds, of which about 20 bushels
are obtained per acre. The crop is harvested in April. It requires
no care, is not manured, receives but little water, and sometimes none
at all.

FENUGREEK.

Fenugreek is sown in October or November, the seed at the rate of
1? bushels per acre being broadcasted after a heavy watering. If
grown as a green crop it is cut about sixty or seventy days after sow-
ing and fed, in conjunction with berseem, to camels chiefly and also
to cattle. It is not fed alone, as it is too laxative. It is eaten green
by natives.

If for grain, the crop is cut about four and one-half to five months
after sowing. About 20 to 25 bushels of seed are obtained per acre.
The seed is mixed with corn and millet in bread making, and when
germinated it is also eaten by natives as a purgative. The seeds are
largely used in Europe for the preparation of condiments.

FLAX.

Flax is not so extensively grown as formerly. Seed is sown broad-
cast from the end of October to the end of November at the rate of
24 to 2? bushels per acre. The crop is grown both for fiber and seed.
The harvest isin March. The fiber obtained is inferior and calls for
no mention. The seed is crushed in native mills and the cake is
used for feeding.

PLATE |

A PERENNIAL RUST.

(AcipiumM TUBERCULATUM E.& K.ON CALLIRRHOE INVOLUCRATA GR)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN No. 63.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

MARK ALFRED CARLETON,

CEREALIST IN CHARGE OF CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

IssuED JuLy 12, 1904.

Mille oT)

WASHINGTON:
; GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. Gattoway, Chief.

J. EK. Rocxwe tu, ditor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
Apert F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. Siri, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology.
GeEorRGE T. Moore, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology.
Hersert J. Wesser, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding.
Warrer T. Swinaie, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History.
Newton B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory.

M. B. Warre, Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Diseases of Orchard Fruits.
Mark ALFRED CARLETON, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK,@ In Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory.

P. H. Rours, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. Townsenn, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

P. H. Dorserr, Pathologist.

Ropney H. True,? Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Corne.tius L. Swear, Pathologist.

Wituram A. Orton, Pathologist.

W. M. Scorr, Pathologist.

JosePpH 8. CHAMBERLAIN, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Investigations.

R. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.

Fiora W. Parrerson, Mycologist.

Cuarves P. Harr.ey, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding. “4
Karu F. Ke_uerMan, Assistant in Physiology.

Deane B. SwinGue, Assistant in Pathology.

A. W. Epson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

JessE B. Norton, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

James B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Luoyp 8. Tenny, Assistant in Pathology.

GrorGE G. Hepacock, Assistant in Pathology.

PERLEY SPAULDING, Scientific Assistant.

P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant.

A. D. SHAMEL, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Raven Rosrnson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.
FLorence Hepes, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

Cuarues J. Brann, Scientific Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.

« Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.
> Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments.

Pp

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DepartMeNtT oF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau oF Puant INpustry,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., April 20, 1904.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
technical paper entitled ‘‘ Investigations of Rusts,” by Mark Alfred
Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations, Vegetable
Pathological and Physiological Investigations, and recommend its
publication as Bulletin No. 63 of the series of this Bureau.

The two illustrations accompanying the manuscript are necessary
to a complete understanding of the subject-matter of this paper.
Respectfully,

B. T. Gatitoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSsoN,
Secretary of Agriculture.

HPP AG E.

The experiments and observations on rusts which are the basis of
the following notes were begun by Mr. Carleton several years ago,
and were continued at intervals until the spring of 1900, when the
pressure of other duties prevented further work of this kind up to
the present time. The results obtained in many instances are still
incomplete, but are of sufficient value to be recorded. Some of the
species studied are of much economic importance. The investigation
is a continuation of the work reported in Bulletin 16 of the Division
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, and is concerned chiefly with
the segregation of rust forms of economic importance on the common
grasses and the completion of the life history of certain species. The
work is to be carried on more extensively during 1904.

A. F. Woops,
Pathologist and Physiologist.
OFFICE oF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,
Washington, D. C., March 26, 1904.

bce allel

ial Ree

‘

CONTENTS.

Benne. to-O0r knowledge of lile histories... css. ee te be mee bs wees
Euphorbia rust (Uromyces euphorbie C. and P.) ---7-.....s..2-------e-
Baomower ruse (Pucca henanni Schiw, ye.4...- 2.6.22. o. 002 - e ose
Crown rust of oats (Puccinia rhamni [Pers.] Wettst.)....-.......-.-.--.

i MRTURCEMONE RHOTRMA G0 Sle. c's ee sis bald Sekwidiencix o ox, diaa wae
Black stem rust’of Agropyron and Elymus .................-.2-..--.2--
range leat rust-of Apropyron and Elymus)... ..2.--..-.-5.0.0.--------
eee Buen) Fine OF AQTSNE Cid VULGOMR es 2 of. ce hee 32k
BRUSE OL CLOTIS ( f UCCIRUA CRLOYUAIS. NOL) thoi, 2S oecc ee ee aeeis Joo Sd
Rusts of willow and cottonwood (Melampsora).............-....-------

eI 1a GHGMUITCHO... 02, sel ecu ee pak ode ot Doc ne leck sake ete
Uredo of Kentucky bluegrass rust (Puccinia poarwm Niels.) ..-----------
Deron £ woonne moncanensis TN oo 5 eet oa se eee cate see wees cua

EEE URS aes Go eel sr. ses. aos les aos Gases
EMITS (MOREA Nhe ok gin Se. sen ak aate oi woe ke ad eo o's be

Peron With iuepiocimer mete s)he beara les oo le eee cee seooe~---
Beeson cockloanr | Puccinia sonthii, Schws)o9b 2 oon as on oe fe oes eo --
Rust of velvet leaf (Puccinia heterospora B. and C.)....-.-....-.-----.---

RC MMME MEH ACS 5 ooo k es Lot. Get waged ow acy a) Ben week skew de oes = -
Denpasar CHG Es. AN) Wed. 2 ioe oe De. ie dee da Soe ee Pete. le
MME cr eC eaaminnt Faeniculiaceuim... 00 es see scs. fel ds28- 22k. sees ee

Description of plates

weer eee wee em eee eee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee

Page.

32

oy aL S TR AT LOMB:

i 3

Paar I. A perennial rust ........-.0-2s0-s0-ceseeeseeeeeeeeeeesees Front
II. Rusts of Euphorbia and grama grass. ..-....---..-2-2--2-2-2--+

8 y - é ; ws >

INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSPS.

ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE HISTORIES.

In many instances, without any experimental proof, it is inferred
that there is a connection between the different forms of rust occur-
ring on the same host plant simply because of their constant associa-
tion with each other. Sometimes it is afterwards demonstrated that
these inferences are wrong, though they are probably correct in a
majority of cases. Studies of the following species were made with
the view of obtaining a more accurate knowledge of their life history.

Kurenorsia Rusr ( Vromyces euphorbix C. AND P.).

Until the experiments herein described were performed it had not
been demonstrated that there is any connection between the ecidial
and other stages of this species, although experience naturally leads
one to think that there is. They are in very close association on the
same plant, the wcidium appearing first, quickly followed by the
uredospores. In the spring of 1893 Mr. J. B.S. Norton, now pro-
fessor of botany at the Maryland Agricultural College, while engaged
in experiments in the germination of weeds in the greenhouses of the
Agricultural Experiment Station at Manhattan, Kans., called the
writer’s attention to avery young rusted seedling of Auphorbia dentata.
In this instance, as is usually the case with the young plants of this
host, the pods were first badly affected by ecidia. This fact, taken
together with the common observation that the seed pods of this host
are usually affected by all stages of the rust, led at once to the thought
that it was a case of rust propagation through the medium of the germi-
nating seed of the host, something not before demonstrated for any
other species in the entire group of Uredinee, so far as the writer
knows, unless we except the single instance of the experiments of
Doctor Eriksson’ with Puccinia glumarum.’ The seed used by Mr.

@Vie latente et plasmatique de certaines Urédinées. Compt. Rend., 1897, pp.
475-477.

»bT. 8. Ralph, in Victorian Naturalist, Vol. VII, p. 18, describes an instance of a
rust attacking the seed of Senecio vulgaris, stating that ‘‘with the microscope we are
able to trace the fine yellow sporular matter into the covering of the seed, and into
the seed itself;’’ but apparently it was not determined by further investigation
whether or not the rust was able to reproduce itself through the germinating seed.

3]

10 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

Norton was examined and the pods were found to be badly affected.
Moreover, he stated that the seeds were planted without shelling. But
the writer did not know then, as he does now, that this fact would
probably make little difference, since the naked seeds are commonly
affected, often showing actual peridia.

To test the theory of rust propagation above mentioned, experiments
were instituted on April 22 for growing plants from rusted seed under
a bell jar. The seed used bore all stages of the rust. The experiments
were in five series: (1) Seeds shelled and disinfected by mercurie
chlorid; (2) seeds unshelled and disinfected; (3) seeds shelled, but not
disinfected; (4) seeds unshelled, not disinfected; (5) like series No. 4,
but rusted mainly with ewcidium. All were planted in pots in a
greenhouse and the pots were kept under bell jars. On May L the
plants began to come up. After about three months, when the plants
had grown to a height of 3 to 5 inches, no rust had appeared on series
land 2, and only one spot on one plant of series 3. The plants of
series + and 5 were much rusted, the wcidium appearing first, fol-
lowed shortly by uredosori.

On April 25, 1893, it was attempted to germinate teleutospores of
rust from the seeds used in these experiments, in water-drop cultures,
which resulted in failure. On June 28, 1893, a similar culture of the
fresh uredospores failed to germinate in two days.

In 1895 rusted seeds of Huphorbia dentata, sent from Kansas, were
planted in the greenhouse of the Department of Agriculture, at Wash-
ington, D. C. From these three plants grew, which were kept under
a bell jar. Soon one of these plants rusted badly, first with the weceid-
ium, then a slight amount of the uredospores, and later the teleuto-
spores. It should be remarked here that Euphorbia rust, so far as
reported, occurs only on 4. maculata in the vicinity of Washington,
D. C., and the writer has never yet been able to obtain rusted seeds in
that region.

On December 11, 1896, a third series of experiments was started at
Washington, D. C. On that date rusted seeds of Huphorbia dentata
from Kingman and Manhattan, Kans., were planted and kept under a
bell jaras before. Eleven plants resulted by December 26. On March
8, 1897, spermogonia appeared in considerable amount on the young
leaves of one plant, with a tendency to form a sort of hexenbesen.

On March 29 two more plants were rusted, one with spermogonia
only on the young leaves, and the other with ecidia on the fruit.
On April 10 still another plant showed spermogonia, making four in
all, out of the eleven, that became rusted. (See Pi. I, fig. 1.)

Asabove stated, the proof that the rust actually penetrates the hulled
seed is readily obtained, not only from microscopical demonstration,
but also from the fact that the actual peridia may often be seen with
the unaided eye in the seed. These experiments, however, further

SUNFLOWER RUST. 11

demonstrate the ability of the rust to propagate itself through the
medium of the germinating seed of the host, and also make it seem
probable that this is even the common method of reproduction in the
case of its occurrence on /uphorbia dentata.

It will be noted also that the results of these experiments make it
almost certain that the cidium and Uromyces appearing upon the
plants are one and the same species, since in every case all stages
resulted from planting the rusted seeds, the ecidium appearing first,
then the uredo, and then the teleutospores. If anything was lacking,
however, the proof has since been made complete by the experiments
of Dr. J. C. Arthur, as reported in the Botanical Gazette,” in which
the uredospores and teleutospores were obtained on HLuphorbia nutans
from a sowing of wcidiospores from other plants of the same host on
June 20, 1899.

As is well known, the Euphorbia rust is widely distributed over the
United States, occurring on numerous host species, but it is probably
most abundant on /. dentata and L/L. presli:. It is a significant fact,
bearing upon the ontogeny of the species, that it is also on these two
hosts, particularly on /. dentata, that the scidium is most common,
and that the rust attacks the seed so severely. The seed pods are also
affected considerably in the cases of /! lata and 4. marginata.

On June 12, 1897, wecidiospores of: this rust had germinated very
well in water-drop culture after three days, and on June 22, after a
two days’ culture in water of both the ecidium and uredo from
Euphorbia marginata, the latter germinated sparingly, but the former
not at all. In no instance could the teleutospores be germinated,
though germination was not attempted very often.

The writer has collected all three stages of this rust on Huphorbia
naculata, E. marginata, E. dentata, EB. preslii, E. glyptosperma, and
*. heterophylla. On FE. petaloidea and FE. serpyllifolia only the uredo
and teleuto stages were found, and on /. data and what was probably
te. geyert even the uredo was rarely seen.

SUNFLOWER Rust (Puccinia helianthi Scuw.).

Although Saccardo rightly regards this species of Schweinitz as
quite distinct, and includes with it the AXcidium often associated on the
same host, in many herbaria the authority of Winter and Burrill is
followed in making it a form of Puccinia tanaceti, while the A‘%cidium
is commonly referred to Zcidium compositarum, a convenient dump-
ing ground for numerous uncertain forms. The writer has always
considered this disposition of the species to be without any good
reason even on a purely morphological basis, and now the experiments

“Arthur, J. C.,°‘‘ Cultures of Uredinee in 1899,’’ Bot. Gaz., Vol. XXIX, No. 4,
pp. 270-271, April, 1900.

12 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

here recorded make it rather certain that Schweinitz and Saccardo are
correct. So far as this country is concerned, the writer is convinced
that /”. fwnaceté either belongs almost entirely to tanacetum or does
not exist at all. So far it has been utterly impossible, even in a green-
house, to make transfers of the uredo from one to another of the
numerous supposed hosts of that species, except among hosts of the
same genus.“ It is, at any rate, pretty certain that the forms occurring
on Vernonia, Helianthus, Actinella, and Aplopappus, which have been
referred to /?. fanaceté at various times, should be considered distinct.

The circumstances connected with the culture experiments with this
species were in themselves peculiar. Late in the autumn of 1897 at
Manhattan, Kans., it was desired to obtain fresh material of the uredo
for inoculating various hosts, but at that date very little else than the
teleuto stage could be found. Finally, on October 29 a small amount
was found on //elianthus petiolaris, mixed among a much larger quan-
tity of teleutospores, and from this material sowings were made on //,
petiolaris and H. annuus. On November 8 there resulted one rust spot
on the latter host and three on the former. The spots were of the
uredo stage, but the interesting feature accompanying this culture was
the appearance first of spermogonia in one of the spots. This fact
made it probable thata part of the infection resulted from the teleuto-
spores of the inoculating material, even at this unusual season for the
germination of these spores. On March 7, 1898, while stationed at
the University of Nebraska, inoculations of //. petiolaris were again
made with the teleutospores only from other plants of the same host,
from which numerous spermogonia appeared in eight days, followed
shortly by wcidia, which were fully developed by November 1. By
these results the connection of the different stages of the rust is pretty
well established. At the same time it is shown that the forms on
IT, petiolaris and //, annuus are identical. In all cultures made of
this rust both the uredospores and teleutospores have been found to
germinate easily and produce infections readily. Reverse cultures
with xcidiospores were not made.

These experiments were first reported at the 1900 meeting of the
Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology, at Baltimore. Since
that time Drs. J. C. Arthur’? and W. A. Kellerman’ have made a
number of such experiments, confirming these results, but also seem-
ing to indicate a distinction of host forms on different species of sun-

«Dr. M. Voronin at first also obtained negative results in similar experiments in
Russia in attempting transfers of the rust on to other hosts. (See Bot. Zeitung, vol.
30, pp. 694-698, Sept. 27, 1872.) Later he obtained infections of Puccinia tanaceti
from Tanacetum vulgare on sunflower, which, however, did not produce such vigorous
growth as ordinarily. (Bot. Zeitung, vol. 33, pp. 340,341, May 14, 1875.) |

» Botanical Gazette, vol. 35, p. 17, January, 1903; Journal of Mycology, vol. 10,
pp. 12-15, January, 1904.

¢ Journal of Mycology, vol. 9, pp. 230-232, December, 1903.

CROWN RUST OF OATS. 18

flower. Doctor Voronin, in his experiments above mentioned, also
found that rust of cultivated sunflower would not infect //e//anthus
tuberosus. In 1901 Ernst Jacky “ inoculated the following hosts with
teleutospores from /lelianthus annuus: IL. annuus, 11. cucumertfolius,
HT. californicus, HH. tuberosus, Il. manimiltiana, HH. multiflorus, H.
scaberimus, and FH. rigédus, with resulting infections of the three first-
named species, but no infection of any of the others.

The evidence from all these experiments just quoted and those of
the writer shows at least that the rusts of //elianthus annwus (includ-
ine cultivated varieties), //. petiolaris, and //. mollis are identical,
with the probability that a distinet form exists on /Z. tuberosus.

Sunflower rust has been collected by the writer on the following
species of Helianthus, including all stages on nearly every species:
IT. annuus (both wild and cultivated), //. rigidus, 1. petiolaris, 11.
tubcrosus, IT. hirsutus, 1. maximiliana, 1. grosse-serratus, IT. orgyalis,
HT. mollis, and [/. ciliaris. The eecidium occurs rarely in compari-
son with the occurrence of other stages, but is to be found on a num-
ber of hosts and occasionally in considerable abundance. This rarity
of its occurrence, together with the occurrence of spermogonia so
often with the uredo, may be accounted for by the fact that the uredo
is often produced by direct teleutosporic infection.

Crown Rust or Oats (Puccinia rhamni |Pers.| Werrrst.).

In a mere note ina previous bulletin of this Department? it is stated
that certain infections had just been made showing the connection of
the crown rust of oats on Phalaris caroliniana and Arrhenatherum
elatius with the xcidial form on Rhamnus lanceolata. No other dem-
onstration of such a connection of forms had been reported up to that
time. During the same season, however, Doctor Arthur obtained
infections with the ecidium of Rhamnus lanceolata on oats at Lafayette,
Ind.“ The experiments of the writer are here given in detail.

On August 23, 1897, the uredo stage of a rust, supposed to be /?vc-
cinia coronata, was found in great abundance on Phalaris curoliniana
at Stillwater, Okla. This host, with the rust, was transferred to a green-
house of the Agricultural College at Manhattan, Kans., and inocula-
tions were made on oats, wheat, and orchard grass on August 30, LSU,
resulting September 7 in a good infection of oats, a poor one of the
orchard grass, and no infection at all of wheat. Other inoculations
were made September 1 on wheat and rye, with no result. By October
8 the teleutospores had appeared on the original plants of Phalaris

“Centralb. Bakt. Parasit. u. Infekt., 2 Abt., Bd. 9, No. 21, pp. 802-804, December,
1902.

Cereal Rusts of the United States, Bul. No. 16, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path.,
U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, 1899.

-¢ Bul, Lab, Nat. Hist. State Univ. lowa, Vol. IV, pp. 398-400, December, 1898,

14 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.,

at Stillwater and were of the crown rust type. After this date the
experiments were continued at the State University laboratories at
Lincoln, Nebr., all host plants then in use being transferred to that
place. On November 16 the crown rust was found, in the uredo stage,
on Arrhenatherum elatius on the State University farm, and a rusted
plant was transferred to the greenhouse. On December 11 inoculations
with the rust were made on oats and rye, resulting in a good infection
of the former in twelve days, but with no result on the latter. Fur-
ther inoculations of oats with the Phalaris rust on February 16, 1898,
resulted again in a good infection in 9 days.

Nospecies of Rhamnus is native near Lincoln, Nebr., but hamnus
lanceolata is rather common at Weeping Water, about 20 miles east of —
Lincoln, where it is often badly rusted with Acidium. From that
place a large amount of the (cidium was obtained fresh on June 1,
1898. A water-drop culture of the material, made the next day, gave
au profuse germination of the spores in twenty-two hours. Inocula-
tions with the ecidiospores on oats and /’halaris caroliniana were
made June 1 and June 2, resulting ina successful infection of Phalaris
on June 14 and of oats on June 18. The oat inoculations were made
simply on detached portions of the plant preserved with their broken
ends in water in a damp chamber. As in all other instances, these
inoculations were made with the greatest of care to prevent accidental
infections. The whole series of experiments proves (1) the connection
of the ecidial form of Rhamnus with the crown rust of oats, and (2) the
identity of the latter with the forms on Phalaris caroliniana and
Arrhenatherum elatius, besides making it probable that orchard grass
may also support this species.

SEGREGATION OF HOST PLANTS.

The most important economic results of the study of rusts are likely
to be derived from the investigation of the relationship of the forms on
our common grasses. Such work has already been carried on to some
extent by the writer and partially reported in the bulletin entitled
**Cereal Rusts of the United States.” A more detailed account of
some of this work will be given here. Because bearing upon the same
question, it seems proper to mention also some experiments with the
rusts of Salix and Populus. Probably the greatest confusion exists
concerning the identity of the different forms on Agropyron and
Elymus, though there is much uncertainty also about those occurring
on Bromus and other genera.

The experiments here described were conducted at Stillwater, Okla..
Manhattan, Kans., Lincoln, Nebr., and Washington, D. C., the host
plants being sometimes transferred from one place to another. Of all
these rusts the one receiving most attention was the black stem rust
of Agropyron and Elymus.

.

on

BLACK STEM RUST OF AGROPYRON AND ELYMUS. 1

Buack Stem Rust or AGROPYRON AND ELYMus.

At least three and probably four different rusts occur on the species
of these two grass genera, and are often so closely associated that
their accurate identification is extremely difficult. Of the herbarium
specimens of these rusts throughout the country, probably not one in
fifty is identified with any certainty. The writer’s experiments with
these forms are still incomplete, but a few things at least have been
established. When these grasses are brought under cultivation the
changed conditions and proximity to other grasses and grains cause
them to become much more rusted than is ordinarily the case. In
the cultivated grass plats at -the experiment stations in Oklahoma,
<n and Nebraska the rusts were found in great abundance. It

vas therefore easy to carry on many culture experiments. ‘These
Be ier with the uredospores of black stem rust were sufficiently
numerous to make it desirable to arrange them in the following table:

Tasie 1.—Culture experiments with black stem rust of Agropyron and Elymus.
y ) ( ,

Period |

Date. Locality. eae ete aan Plant inoculated. rae raey Result.
. in days.
Jan. 9,1897..... Weamine ton: C..| 7 Wient:2.22-. ocae cee Elymus virginicus.... 10 | Success.
eek: Lene 0 ya Nee See | Bae CO. cee WiKEADet econ ste ee 10 Do.
Wes 22018972 = |. 2 RAG Siar st oars eee GOs eee Elymus virginicus.... 11 Do.
Bre So a ee On erat ee ok [ete eerc Git. 28a eeeee Agropyron richard- 11 Do.
soni.
| ft 3 fom 29 had Fee OG sere ase. | aeto ars DOR dase ae WVAMERU Se ot cteeraia teats 11 Do.
Poiate tae ae AG ere aoa olive ce GO. : eee eee Agropyron occidentale 11 | Failure.
Sept. 13, 1897 jdeyet es ater, Okla ...} Agr opyr ON CENETUM a WDC beso ecin dio oe 6 | Success. a
SRCEEE ae Ree CLO mee vaale rc oe fone OO sain wis ro cle a ere Agropyron tenerum .. 6 Do.
Oct.9,1897 —. =: he hatin. Kans .| Agropyron occidentale| Wheat.............-- 12 | Failure.
Pas Ge ale fs GO. Serato Wheat (originally |..... Os whet wep iol stots iol 8 | Success.
Agropyrontenerum).
DIO Shain Caer CE trot ee temealas 6 2 GOla,- ech cae OTROS ot cess Secon eae 8 | (6
8 eee See ee os OLS SS ean meee | Veer 709 ee eer fo | Agropyron tenerum 8 Failure. c
UG ligt Us BS) eS ORR ee eed Neos! Ovens: sete mie Wiest etecs eek es. 16 Success.
"Ras ear (O/0) 8 ee ek ener eaemeeee G0O'. 250. So 4 yee Bale y Men oat ae 16 Do.
1 EN PRN RECA ee TC he aes eae eee G03 eee OBIS 28. Se oes se sa a 16 (d)
Eye Ro ey oa |e i ko ha eee el Seg ee GOs oats ose IRV Obese Seer tece 16 Failure.
ES Soar aes Giese eee Agr opt yron occidentale | Wheat..............- 18 Do.
DOr See. Bees G0 on eter |S a OI? SS See IRVOGhoas. Sete abexcids 18 Do.
1 Te od eed A Rl ba Pa Osea ce ere ape et GOK ts jacoeeeee BRIO YE peri as aa sis xc 18 Do.
DOr tet. Eases CNC ips Ao Ee SEI a Be COs Soe Agropyron tenerum .. 18 Do.
Noy. 24, 1897 ...| Lincoln, Nebr .....|..... Co Co Rmeapemeg es eecgain ts Agropyron occidentale 15 | Success.
Jan. 5, AS lee ibe Magee pea mee Elymus canadensis | Wheat..............- 21 Do. e
- glaucifolius.
Ch See ee Pearse so) een aa ee ee ee Lee care OG Soc 2 seek cae BAT OY: 2S atin. Soccs 21 Do.
Jan. 21,1898 ....)....- fa bs pat Nera. 8 oe | Wheat (originally | Wheat..............- 10 | Do.
Elymus canadensis
glaucifolius).
UU tee eee OI: esr eS oate CO.2s:20 1 eee Li dica. hes ae 10 Do.
med: 11; 1898. .2-):2... GD Git & Re e Elymus canadensis | Wheat............... 14 Do.f
glaucifolius.
ORS Lay 8g RE Oe es eas ten aty ‘ee ee ATEOW Ss oie Wines osu ces 14 Do.
‘viel rae ae [ee GOls) Ses cee eee ers oe ee REVO) Soe ate wan desc 14 Failure.
LVS aes (ae GO ete ee Matar "3 Cae ye ee ee ae 14 Do.
2 Gee ee GOH cesses Ags Sr | Elymus canadensis 14 , Success.
glaucifolius.
aS | =e (06 fet, ST | oan OO eek cones Elymus virginicus. ... 14 Failure.
EES EE GO wisest sescgepestc,. Ghee: Set ie dos Elymus virginicus 14 Do.
muticus.
TS ee oe ee GO soy. Soe ee ez isk a UE SA Elymus intermedius. .| 14 Do.
OSES ee Re 22a Gs Sac bode. eae Fea Agropyron tenerum .. l4 Do.
_ Sa | 5 Ciee Seomce ede s|beies + BOs Pear beatee Agropyron occiden- 14 Do,
tale. i /

aPustules differ in color from the original.

61 pustule only.

eConditions very unfavorable, however.

d Apparently 1 pustule formed.

e Rust changes color and form of pustule,

f Rust changes color,

16 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

Tasie 1.—Culture experiments with black stem rust of Agropyron and Elymus—Continued,

Period |
Date. Locality. Origta nk noeniating Plant inoculation, peo Result.
jin days.
Feb. 11, 1898....| Lincoln, Nebr..... Elymus virginicus.... Elymus virginicus.... 13 : Success,
ea (ORE SE aE AE ee tas RE klymus virginicus 13 Do,
mulicus,
TOG Se ches akelecuaé A Ae See! Ae | Rare RE ey se Elymus canadensis 13 | Do,
glaucifolius.
AP he ey Sey yee ES pel ee BP Oe cus ce Se Pi Agropyron tenerum... 13 Do,
SERRE Se do Eee Pee Ok Fe hel SEE ° ER Ss eee Agropyron oecciden- 13 | Failure.
tale.
aes Sa Eee OO ae wc eas leans ne A ee Rve. ..<2esuackeeee el 13 Do.
DO uo cndileoons ee eres) SPE 0 Re Se Wheat . >. vewssdeeade 13 Do.
BOD: 2h SBOG.. w ta vee eG wesacwenes xs Wheat (originally | Elymus canadensis -..| 7 | Success, @
Elymus canadensis |
. glaucifolius). °
Feb. 25, 1898. ...|....- GO iuite phan eiss cud Oe te eer Hordeum jubatum. ... 11 Do,
Web. Sh alee sac loco SOO cca dedps wene Elymus canadensis | Wheat......-.--..... 9 Do, b
glaucifolius.
«a Pustules differ in color from the original. > Rust changes in appearance,

The results of these experiments, considered in connection with those
recorded in Bulletin No. 16, Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, appear to establish two
things, viz, (1) that the forms of black stem rust on wheat, barley,
Tlordeum jubatum, Agropyron tenerum, A. richardsoni, Eelymus cana-
densis, and FE. canadensis glaucifolius are identical, with the proba-
bility that those on Elymus virginicus, LE. virginicus muticus, and
Holeus lanatus® should be included; (2) that the black stem rust of
Agropyron occidentale? is physiologically distinct from any other.°

A very interesting phenomenon in these experiments was the change
in color and form of sorus of the rust produced by a transference to
another host. In some cases after a transfer the rust was scarcely recog-
nized. The change of color was sometimes from a bright yellow toa
deep brown or, orange, or the reverse. The uredo of Agropyron tene-
rum, for example, was often very yellow on the leaves, but changed to
brown when transferred to wheat. On the species of Elymus the rust
has a brown, waxy appearance, and the teleutospores long remain coy-
ered by the epidermis of the host. ‘

“On January 5, 1900, quite successful infections on wheat were made with the
uredospores of black stem rust of this host.

» Probably the most correct name of this host, which is known also as Agropyron
spicatum and A, glaucur (See Hitchcock, ‘‘ Note on Nomenclature,’’ Science, vol.
17, pp. 827-828, May 22, _ 403. )

«The form on this host was described asa distinct species, named Puccinia agropyri,
by Ellis and Everhart, in Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII, p. 131, March 10, 1892, a
fact not noticed by the writer until after most of these experiments were made.
This species includes Acidium clematidis D. C. according to Doctor Dietel, the proof
of relationship being the result of culture experiments. (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.,
No. 8, 1892.)

NS ia L

ORANGE LEAF RUST OF AGROPYRON AND ELYMUS, 17

RANGE LE st or AGRO ON AND ELYMUS.
ORANGE LEAF Rust oF AGROPYRON AND ELYMt

In the following table are summarized the results of inoculations
with the uredoform of this rust. They were carried on simultaneously
with those of the black stem rust, and the material was taken chiefly
from the same individual host plants.

Tasie Ll.—Cullure experiments with orange leaf rust of Agropyron and Elynie.

Period
Date. Locality. Sorgen Plant inoculated, yes es Result,
in days.
feet. Je00..2.| Washington, D.C. .| RY. ....caseet clades | Elymus americanus .. 16 | Failure.
Do Oe Rae GG Sone cewee ists ae oe GO. S.2 o eaenees PEN Os arcane weeEs clas 16 | Success.
Sy AGS es GOW Nene iee dS ee on GO 20s toes Elymus virginicus.... 12 | Failure.
1 PR Reine GGrG caw ouassstlesese G0 5.x Seerementiad 1 Cae Ae eg ee 12 | Success.
ke Ep Od es fog eR eee eee GO 2% tes snes cee Elymus virginicus.... 13) Failure.
CEN eae ga tt eels ate '» Co iam = Fe MNO. 2c: eee. 13 | Success.
WED ALG LOOT 00 cls aes s 6 10 a eae Wiuneat. 2 5.2 ct Jeeneaeets Agropyron richard- 18 | Failure.
soni
(it Re EES Bees AAS PRA oh ie (ES GOs. ioe) cad peo Wiheats ieee. 825 18 | Success.
Bed Within live a 0b | 8) pes Rt SA ae G0... 5-4 Deepens ihe oe ee 18 | Failure.
Men, 20,1807...) ...< oO Peat Se WRYy6!.23...35.2 coe Agropyron tenerum. . . 12 Do.
BIO aetecnln a “0.2 fe Paps Spe ae a ae C0" 2.4. ees eee eee Triticum villosum .... 12 Do.
EES |e ne ag map ark Oy ei Cae Elymus canadensis . . « 12 Do.
Li | eae at aphasia ae GOtia. 2252. coma GV Gi oce caaia sone eee ce 12 | Success.
Mar. 30, 1897 ie 5 COT aw are ote eed GLO) is i 5 intent tae Agr: opyron caninum. . 26 | Failure.
Pease, ccs 2 ee sie se a egal Sel tae Gis c. cuckoo eee L128 gate eae oy a 26 | Success.
Novy. 3, 1897 . -=-| Manhattan, Kans..]..... G0. 2.2 nse Wihteaticc sae. 3. aoe ta 9 | Failure.
RRs os,0 sce exes Ree ae eta | emcee QO: cucaseee eee BEOIBY cause. cts ese 9 | Do.
RS sc ere Soo Salis Sater GO ia eae eae|t ssid. QQ) esaone ce eee Agropyron tenerum... 9 Do.
RHGNCAR Tot valle. « Rete cust sacle = UO; cee LRA / coe Baty oeniee is aoe aad 9 | Success.
Jan. 5, 1898 . “Lincoln, NeEDEe soesloeaas ALO) te Si ce ee ee ON GO aes Aen bem mae 21 Do.
Re ae Rite eres les ke ae aa CU Se ee ee ae ee Elymus virginicus .... 21 | Failure.
Meer. 4.1698. | es < AOS eee. Elymus virginicussceaiew Neat soso cc ese os se 18 Do.
me Peete oe GOerroes eres. Elymus canadensis |..... WG octane Aah r ae cers 18 Do.
| glaucifolius.
PEMA O0G on. Se hee see ee WHIGKD tooo sae eee ste. (Seer cee Dae ein a Se 14 | Success.
OSE y= See Ca (UN 46g Saati te Sake eee AG's be... sat See Elymus canadensis . . . 14 | Failure.
Ut pe apes te gee RIND helene ree eee cree Oi ce ce: ceed Elymus canadensis 14 Do.
! glaucifolius.
WIS a ene = te Eee [MOa meets. Seaee |Ee cee Otro a ce ee see Agropyron tenerum..| 14 Do.

The chief conclusion to be derived from the results of these cultures
is that the orange leaf rust is very sharply limited in its host adap-
tation and differs widely in this respect from the black stem rust.
Similar results are given in Bulletin No. 16 of the Division of Vege-
table Physiology and Pathology, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
for cultures of the forms on wheat and rye. In fact, it is quite proba-
ble that almost every distinct host species bears a distinct form of the
rust. One of these forms on /lymus virginicus L. has recently been
found by Doctor Arthur to be connected with the A’cidium on /ipa-
tiens aurea Muhl. and is now to be known as Puccinia impatientis

(Schw.) Arth. 7
Buack Stem Rusr oF AGROSTIS ALBA VULGARIS.

Culture experiments with the uredoform of this rust and observa-
tions in the field indicate that it is distinct and does not occur on other

« Botanical Gazette, vol. 35, pp. 18-19, January, 1903.
27787—No. 63—04——2

LS INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

hosts. The results of the culture experiments are given in the follow-
ing table:

Tasie I11.—Culture « Cpe riments with black stem rust of Agrostis alba vulgaris,

a — —- ——

Period |
aoe as Origin of inoculating % , : of ineu-
Date. Lovality. ntostal Plant inoculated. ‘bation Result.
in days.
Dec. 23, 1897... Lincoln, Nebr ..... Agrostis alba vulgaris. Agrostis alba vulgaris. 8 | Success.
1 RES Sy ee (pe ee , Site SA ae Wheat... <<caeste ee 8 | Failure.
WS oe Se Ses * Ee ee Beept wp pee See ee Oaie «= ovcbccunbiecee 8 | Do.
Jan. 24, 1898.../..... RR Se Oe ae "ee WhHOGK. .65-2.aceaeee 12 | Do.
ee and be Ne Te ote “Ss ae Oail cose daceuoneleeds 12 Do.
Feb. 11, 1898. ..}..... So ae 2 Elymus canadensis Agrostis albavulgaris. 14 | Do.

glaucifolius,

The rust is evidently of the black stem rust group (/’uccinia graminis
of authors), but contains quite a number of abnormal teleutospores,
including mesospores. Many measurements of these spores average
27-54 by 16—23 4, mostly 40-46 by 16-184.

Rust or Cuuoris (Puccinia chloridis DYEt.).

The uredoform of this rust is sometimes very abundant on Chloris
verticillata in the Great Plains region, occurring In late summer and
autumn. The sori are deep brown in color. The uredospores germi-
nate very freely and easily. In a number of experiments made in
1898 it was found that the uredo on C. verticillata and C. elegans
would readily transfer from either host to the other, but not to other
grasses, in several cases which were attempted. In a wateh-glass cul-
ture, made March 18, 1898, of uredospores from C. elegans, produced
from artificial infection in a greenhouse, not only these spores germi-
nated freely, but a number of newly formed teleutospores at the same
time, an occurrence unusual except in the Lepto-uredinee. Among
‘thousands of cultures made by the writer only one other instance of
this kind has occurred. In the summer of 1895 at the Biological Lab-
oratory at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, both teleutospores and
uredospores taken from the same sorus of a rust on Luzula campestris
gave good germinations.’

Rusts or WILLOW anp Corronwoop (MELAMPSORA).

Both the uredospores and teleutosporés of the rusts of willow and
cottonwood germinate readily, the germ tubes of the latter containing
always brilliant endochrome. Healthy leaves of either cottonwood or
willow placed in a damp chamber have often been infected by the

« Arthur describes culture experiments made by his assistant, William Stuart, in
July, 1898, in which wheat plants were infected with uredospores from this host,
but the spores of the infection sori were larger than those of the original material.
(Bul. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 396-397, 1898.)

>The species was, without much doubt, Puccinia obscura Schroet.

WINTER RESISTANCE OF THE UREDO., 19

writer in nine to twelve days. The incubation period is much short-
ened by using germinating spores in the inoculations. In the month
of October, at Manhattan, Kans., an infection was produced in this
way in three days.

It was attempted by numerous inoculations with the uredoform,
chiefly ut Washington, D. C., to transfer the rust from willow to cot-
tonwood and the reverse, but always without success. An interesting
feature of these experiments was the discovery of the fact that the
cottonwood most common in Washington, known as South Carolina
poplar, could not be infected by the uredoform from the common
Western cottonwood, though these two poplars are classed by some as
being the same species. Moreover, the rust does not occur in nature
on the South Carolina poplar, but is very abundant on the Western
cottonwood, and even occurs in Washington on the few individual
trees of that type growing in the city.

WINTER RESISTANCE OF THE UREDO.

In another bulletin’ the writer has given in detail the observations
and culture experiments proving the successful wintering of the uredo
in the orange leaf rust of both wheat and rye. In this connection it
is easy to see a number of closely correlated facts, which may mutually
explain each other: (1) As shown under the preceding topic, the uredo
of black stem rust may infect a number of different hosts, and there-
fore has a manifoldly greater chance of propagation with the same
number of uredospores than if there were but one possible host; (2) as
also shown, the uredo of orange leaf rust is restricted in every case to
but one host, or at most to but one genus, and a much greater produc-
tion of uredospores is therefore necessary for the life of the species
in this stage; (3) as a corresponding matter of fact it is well known
that the uredo of the latter rust exists usually in very much larger
quantity than that of the former; (4) on the other hand, the teleuto-
sporic stage is the prevailing form of the stem rust, which fact makes
this rust usually the more damaging of the two, as the teleutospores
infest the stem chiefly, thus more directly interfering in plant nutri-
tion; (5) the stem rust is proved to be connected with the barberry
rust, thus giving it an additional chance for increased propagation,
and this through the medium of the teleuto stage instead of the uredo;
(6) finally, the uredo being the prevailing form of the leaf rust, and
no ecidial form being known in this country,? it would seem necessary
that this stage of that rust should be very hardy in order to endure
extremes of cold and drought and preserve the life of the species.
Previous investigations of the writer and others have amply proved
that this is the case. In the meantime it is found that in other species

«Cereal Rusts of the United States, Bul. 16, Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U.53.
Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 21-23, and 44, 45.
>Except in the case of the form on Elymus virginicus already mentioned,

20 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

there exists a similar hardiness of the uredo, of which cases the fol-
lowing will be discussed here:

Urepo or Kentucky Biurcrass Rust (/’uccinia poarum NYELS.).

The writer has known for some time that the uredo stage of the blue-
grass rust is able to pass the winter alive and in germinating condition
during any season as far north as Lincoln, Nebr., but additional evi-
dence has been obtained from time to time. At the same time it is sig-
nificant that there is no record that the teleutospores have ever been
found, except in one instance, at the above-named place. — In fact, few,
if any, uredoforms so hardy as this one exist in this country. On
February 1, 1893, this uredo was still alive in the vicinity of Man-
hattan, Kans. Every month of the year it exists alive and growing in
great abundance everywhere about Washington, D.C. On March 2,
1898, it was found fresh on green leaves of the host at Lincoln, Nebr.
On the same spot of ground it was still growing and spreading rapidly
on May 8 of the same year. Host plants were transplanted that day
into a greenhouse, where the rust continued to increase rapidly. As
would now be supposed, the rust is sharply limited to its one host,
Kentucky bluegrass. The results of the following cultures may be
given in evidence.

TaBLe 1V.—Culture experiments with the uredo of Kentucky bluegrass.

Period

noes So Origin of inoculat- | a of ineu- :
Date. Locality. ing material. Plant inoculated, hatlon Result.
in days.
Jan. 16, 1893....| Manhattan, Kans .| Poa pratensis ........ Wheat 2%. 32 18 Failure.
DO mccce sania ween GOs av acus sau shenane 10 2.02 cmnnaes sac | ORS oF toe sow ee 18 Do.
Dec. 21, 1896. . -.| Washington, D.C..| Rye (Uredo rubigo- | Poa pratensis ........| 16 Do.
vera). ‘
Jan 2) Te07 2-162 GO coco ee ce ees Wheat (Uredo gra- |..... 00s 26 ll Do.
minis).
1 0) epg ey < | ees sy pe RE ESAS, a? MO 2. ns See ees Poa nemoralis........ 11 Do.
Febs}: 1807... 2c 2a. 22k GO26c. cecetaats Rye (Uredo rubigo- | Poa pratensis ........ 13 Do.
vera).
|) 1 eps) aeiate DO ert a ole em boat 80... 5: oe | Poa nemoralis........- 13 Do.
Feh. 13,1897... 31... - WO 23 tsler eden Wheat ( Uredorubigo- | Poa pratensis ........ 18 Do.
vera).
Feb. 25, 1897. ...|....- CEE, aes Parte Poo pratensis... 2.5.62 GO ~ . un cceeenete 10 | Success.

UrEpDo OF PUCCINIA MONTANENSIS ELL.

This is, in some respects, one of the most interesting of grass rusts.
It is one of the ‘* covered rusts,” and is, indeed, so far covered that it
is often entirely overlooked by collectors. The uredosori are very
uniform in size and are exceedingly small, it being necessary often to —
examine them, or even find them, with a hand lens. They are ellip-
tical in shape and placed end to end in long, narrow, yellow strie
between the veins of the leaf. The teleuto stage is so far hidden as
to be detected only by a faintly darker color beneath the leaf epi-
dermis. The rust is the most nearly like P. glwmarum Eriks. and

EMERGENCY ADAPTATIONS. 21

Henn. vet found in this country. ‘The known hosts are /’/ymus cana-
densisand Le. virginicus, but it seems to occur on other hosts. Whether
the forms on different hosts can be transferred from one to another
is not yet fully determined.

The important fact now known, however, is that the uredoform is
able to preserve the species over the winter without the intervention
of other stages, though it is possible that extensive propagation is
aided by other stages. October 28, 1807, fresh uredosori were observed
on Elymus canadensis at Manhattan, Kans., and again in the same
locality on November 2. But as early in the spring as May 26, at
Lincoln Nebr., when there was yet but a small beginning of vegetation,
the uredo had burst the epidermis of the host in grass plats at the
University farm. Previous to this the living uredo had been observed
in these plats practically every month of the winter.

In other instances the uredospores of certain species are so very
abundant and the teleutospores so rare that there seems a probability
that such species are carried over from summer to summer largely
through the uredo stage alone, though there is no absolute proof of
such a course. Two instances are particularly interesting—those of
the uredos of Puccinia cryptandré Ell. and Barth., and Puccinia on
Panicum autumnale.¢ The uredospores of these species begin to be
conspicuously abundant about midsummer, but continue in consider-
able abundance until very late in autumn. The uredo of Pandeum
autumnale was found in germinating condition in Kansas up to Novem-
ber 3 in 1897. A water-drop culture of uredospores of this species
gave excellent germination in ten hours August 21, 1897, at Perkins,
Okla. The uredospores of Puccinia cryptandri were found in extreme
abundance in Oklahoma until October 11, 1897, but in all cases with-
out any accompanying teleutospores. Often the uredosori had a fresh
appearance on portions of leaves that were quite dead.

EMERGENCY ADAPTATIONS.

In connection with some culture experiments conducted at Lincoln,
Nebr., in the botanical laboratory of the State University, in February,
1898, a water-drop culture was made (February 3) of uredospores of
the above-mentioned Puccinia cryptandri which had been collected on
October 8, 1897, at Perkins, Okla., and kept to date as herbarium
specimens. A fair germination resulted in twenty-four hours. Spores
from the same collection were used on February 16 to inoculate seed-
lings of Sporobolus acroides,’ with the result of the appearance of two
rust spots by March 16. ‘These spots may really have appeared much
earlier and been overlooked, as they were very small and the host

“Perhaps a new species, needing further study.
bApparently this same species of rust had already been collected on Sporobolus
airoides in the same locality where the collection from S. cryplandri was made.

BY INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.,

itself is well known to have extremely narrow leaves. Moreover, the
»pores were not germinated when applied, and, being from dried speci-
mens, the incubation period would naturally be long. Seedlings of
S. cryptandri were not at the time available. On March 16 a second
water-drop culture was made from this dried material, resulting in the
germination of a few spores.

Teleutospores from herbarium specimens have often been germi-
nated, but the writer knows of no other instance of the germination
of dried uredospores, such spores being able also to infect a different
host. These observations and experiments indicate that we haye
here a second step in the perfection of the uredo stage as a means of
propagating the species. The first step, the attainment of suflicien
hardiness to continue alive in the green plant over winter, has just
been discussed. Even in this case the uredo, although quite active,
at least displaces the resting spore, and in a measure performs its part.
But as the perennial host becomes more like an annual and the plant
dies nearly or quite to the ground, as in this particular case of the
Sporobolus (which is quite different in this respect from the evergreen
Poa pratensis, for example), necessarily, in the absence of teleuto-
spores, the uredospore must be able to infect after a dormant period,
The uredospore therefore becomes now practically a resting spore,
but retains the appearance and manner of germination of the summer
spore. Such a modification in form or function of any stage of a
species to correspond with an unusual change of condition of climate
or of the host may be considered as an emergency adaptation.

It is easily understood how the change of conditions may be so
severe as to necessitate still further modification of structure as well
as function, simply as a means of protection. Such a development
seems to have been actually reached in the species next discussed,
which has resulted in the production of a distinct spore form, special-
ized from the uredo, leaving still, however, a true uredo stage for
summer propagation.

PUCCINIA VEXANS FARL.

There are probably no other species in all the Uredinez more inter-
esting than this one, and certainly none that has been more perplex-
ing. In this species there are three distinct spore forms aside from any
ecidium or spermogonium that may possibly exist—true uredo and
teleuto stages, and a peculiar one-celled form different from either of
these. (PI. II, figs. 2-9.) The species was at first made all the more
puzzling by the rarity of the true uredo stage, which was not known
to exist, or at least not reported, until 1890, when Dr. H. J. Webber,
in the Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska, reported its occurrence in
that State. In certain seasons and localities the teleuto stage also is
almost or entirely lacking.

—-—

PUCCINIA VEXANS FARL. 23

The species was first deseribed by Peck as a Uromyeces (1. brandeget
Pk.)“ on the basis of material collected by Mr. T. S. Brandege, in
which specimens contained only the third spore form. Because of the
discovery afterwards of two-celled spores associated with this third
spore form, even sometimes in the same sorus, Doctor Irarlow described
itas a Puecinia (7. verans Farl.) in the Proceedings of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XVIII, pp. 82-83. At that time
the true uredo stage had not been discovered.

This third spore form is far more prevalent than either of the others
asa rule, but is sometimes entirely absent, leaving only the teleuto
stage. It is distinct from either of the other forms in structure and
appearance, and yet resembles both in some respects. — It is larger than
either of them, is strongly papillate, and has a much thicker cell wall,
but on the other hand possesses the color and persistence of pedicels
of teleutospores and appears to have pores like the uredospores. (PI.
Il, fig. 5.) Doctor Farlow, in his description, says:

A species in which some of the sori contain only two-celled spores must certainly
be held to be a Puccinia, and the perplexing question arises, are the one-celled spores
a unilocular form of teleutospores similar to what is known in P. cesatii Schr., or are
they the uredospores of this species? I have not been able to find any other spores
which represent the uredo of the species; and never haying seen the unicellular
spores in germination, there is, so far as we yet know, no reason why they may not
be the uredospores. On the other hand, their general appearance and the density
of the cell wall would lead one to suppose that they were of a teleutosporic nature.
Further conjecture is unnecessary, because, as the species is not at all rare in some
localities, botanists who can examine the fungus on the spot ought to be able to
ascertain whether the one-celled bodies produce promycelia or not, or else to discover
the true uredo of the species.

A full description of all three forms is given by Arthur and Holway
in Descriptions of American Uredinexe accompanying Fasicle IV of
Uredinex Exsiccate et Icones.?

After numerous unsuccessful trials during several years, the writer
was finally able to germinate the third spore form, and, as suggested
by Doctor Farlow, has in this way been able to determine its nature.
In manner of germination it is exactly like the uredospore, the long
simple germ tubes being produced through equatorial pores (PI. I,
figs Tand &), but is like the teleutospore in germinating only after a
dormant period and exposure to extremes of weather. The uredo and
teleuto forms being already present and morphologically different
from this form, it must be considered distinct. Because of the dual
nature of this spore form, the writer has already proposed for it the
name amphispore in a paper read before the Baltimore meeting of the
Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology in L900, only an vbstract
of which was published.“ The term has since been adopted by Arthur.

a Bot. Gaz., 4: 127.
>Bul. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, Vol. V, pp. 829-3830.
eScience, Vol. XIII, p. 250.

v4 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

and Holway,“ and a second instance of the occurrence of this form is
described by them for Puccinia tripsuct Diet. and Holw. The entire
series of observations and experiments with this species made by the
writer will now be described.

The first cultures of amphispores were made January 15, 1894, at
Manhattan, Kans. Both a water culture and one of a sterilized decoc-
tion of manure were employed, with no result, the chief cause of fail-
ure being probably that the experiment was too early in the season,
Afterwards numerous other trials were made with no better success.
In the meantime true uredospores were found on September 25, 1896,
at Manhattan, Kans.

Finally a successful culture of the amphispores was made on March
8, L897, at Washington, D. C. The germination was excellent. An
abundance of rather long germ tubes, not promycelia, was produced
in forty-two hours, but only one to each spore. ‘These germ tubes,
unlike those of most uredospores, are quite colorless and clear. A few
teleutospores were present, none of which germinated. The culture
was an ordinary water drop, but was made in a new form of culture
cell, constructed to special order and similar to the Van Tieghem
cell, except that the glass ring is quite thin and drawn out into an
open tube on each of two opposite sides, with the opening plugged
with cotton wool, thus admitting sterilized air. This construction may
or may not have increased the chances for germination. The extreme
weather conditions at the time, to which the specimens were first
exposed, probably contributed most to the suecess of the culture.
They were fastened to the roof of a near-by shed, and after several
days of warm sunshine were thoroughly soaked with rain, which was
followed by snow and then a severe freeze, soon after which the cul-
ture was made. It is an interesting feature of the experiment that:
the specimens were received from Dr. David Griffiths, then at Aber-
deen, 5. Dak., and had been collected in September, 1896, and kept in
the herbarium until sent to Washington. It was unfortunate that
seedlings of the host were not available for making inoculations with
these perfectly viable spores. Such an experiment is yet to be made.

At Manhattan, Kans., in 1897, the uredo was present in considerable
abundance from June until late in October in grass plats on the
Experiment Station farm. On July 8 inoculations were made with
the uredospores of this species and with e/dium cephalanthi and
LE, wanthoxryli on seedlings of Bouteloua racemosa without result.
Further inocalations with uredospores on October 4 were successful,
rust spots appearing in twelve days (PI. I, fig. 9), followed in nine
more days with one sorus of amphispores. The uredosori are yel-
lowish-brown and rather inconspicuous. On December 31 uredo-
spores could not be found in the grass plats at Manhattan.

«Bul. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Univ. Iowa, Vol. V, p. 175.

—

SXPERIMENTS WITH LEPTO-UREDINE &. 25

At Lincoln, Nebr., a water-drop culture was made of Puceinda
veruns on March 15, 1898, resulting in a few germinations of the teleu-
tospores in three days. Long promycelia were produced, but no
sporidiola. None of the numerous amphispores present germinated.

On September 29, 1899, all three spore forms were again found in
the grass plats at Manhattan. Living host plants were transferred to
Washington, D. C., and seedlings were started for further experi-
ments, when other duties intervened and the work could not be
continued,

Certain facts concerning the relative abundance of the amphispores
and teleutospores in different seasons and localities seem to harmonize
quite well with the idea already expressed as to the function of the
former. If it is the work of the amphispore to carry the species
through unusually severe cold or drought, then this spore form should
be relatively more abundant in dry periods and relatively more com-
mon to the westward and northward in the Great Plains. These con-
ditions are just what exist. The amphispore prevails almost entirely
in the Dakotas and in western Kansas, western Nebraska, and eastern
Colorado, and appears to have been more common in eastern Kansas
during a dry period of several years than during a wet period. At
the same time westward toward the mountains there is less chance for
an .Ncidium to connect with the teleuto stage.

EXPERIMENTS WITH LEPTO-UREDINEZ.

It is generally supposed that teleutospores which are followed by
an wcidium germinate only after a considerable period of rest, usually
in early spring. As already mentioned under the discussion of sun-
flower rust, the writer germinated teleutospores of this species readily
in the autumn, and afterwards at different times during the winter.
This readiness of germination, apparently at almost any date, is an
indication in itself of an alliance to the lepto species. But, more than
this, the autumn inoculations with material in which no uredospores
could positively be detected nevertheless were, in some cases at least,
followed first by spermogonia and then by the uredo! Of course occa-
sional uredospores that may have been overlooked could have produced
those few spots in which the presence of spermogonia was not certain.
Here, then, is further evidence of the lepto tendency of the species.
In addition, it is well known that the ecidium is rare and appears to
have no fixed time of occurrence. Now, only the omission of the
uredo is needed to make the rust a real lepto species. As it is, its
position is more nearly that of a Hemi-puccinia than of an autcecious
species. Experiments of this kind, united with critical field observa-
tions, thus throw much light upon classification as to group position,
as well as enabling us to connect stages.

On the other hand, certain lepto species will be found to closely

-

26 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

approach other groups, and, indeed, after further experiment, may
have to be placed in some other group. The following species have
given interesting results in culture experiments.

Rusr or Cockiesur (Puceinia wanthit Scuw.).

Observations and culture experiments of the writer show that the
rust of cocklebur is probably limited to one host and is distinet from
the species on Ambrosia, and also justify the suspicion that it lies very
near the border of the Lepto-uredinex, and may belong to another
group.

On March 1, 1897, the first water-drop culture made gave an excel-
lent germination in forty-eight hours. Long promycelia were pro-
duced, but no sporidiola. On February 13, 1897, at Washington,
D. C., inoculations were made on seedlings of cocklebur and Ambrosia
trinda, resulting in an infection of the former in eighteen days, but
not of the latter. On March 12 a second experiment resulted in a
laree number of infections of cocklebur seedlings in fourteen days.
In all these cases spermogonia preceded the teleutospores in the
infected spots. On October 8 of the same year an ecidium was found
on cocklebur in considerable abundance, associated with the teleuto-
sori, at Perkins, Okla. An inoculation on cocklebur seedlings, made
at Lincoln, Nebr., on February 16, 1898, resulted in the production
of spermogonia in ten days. The inoculating material had been col-
lected in October, 1897. An wcidium on cocklebur was again found
in abundance at Las Cruces, N. Mex., on July 11, 1899. Attempts
should be made to infect the cocklebur with this wcidium. Doctor
Farlow says an ecidium on Xanthium in Massachusetts is frequently
followed by Puccinia wanthii.“

The ease with which artificial infections are made with this rust is
at first surprising. So long as there is warmth and moisture, germina-
tion occurs under almost any condition and at any time.

Rust or Vetiver Lear (Puccinia heterospora B. AND C.).

In the last-mentioned experiments the inoculating material was
taken each time from dead leaves. The same was true in one experi-
ment with the rust of velvet leaf, November 14, 1896, at Manhattan,
Kans., in which seedlings of the host were infected in twelve days.
For all these experiments the average time of incubation was about
twelve days. In December, 1896, the infected plants of the last
experiment were transferred from Manhattan to Washington, D. C.,
and material from these was used to inoculate new seedlings, which
resulted in an infection in nine days. It appears, therefore, that the

«Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. X VIII, p. 75.

PERENNIAL SPECIES. 27

incubation period is shorter if inoculating material is taken from liv-
ing plants, and during the summer it is probably about the same as
that of infections from uredospores.

Numerous experiments were also made with other lepto species,
including Puceinia grindeliev, Pk., P. variolans, Wark., 2. lygodesmix,
Kk. and K., and 7 sherard/ana, Korn, with results similar to those
above mentioned. The writer has already called attention to the
phenomenon of the formation of catenulate sporidiola in two of these
species, e' grindelizve and Pp’, wariolans.

PERENNIAL SPECIES.

The chance for the continued existence of a rust through winter
resistance of the uredo without the intervention of another stage has
been discussed. ‘Though such a condition can only exist on a peren-
nial host, or at least one that lives over winter, if must not be sup-
posed that the fungus itself is necessarily or even usually perennial.
As fast as the leaves of the host die the spores simply drop on to the
next lower and younger leaves and produce reinfection, the mycelium
not extending through the base of the infected leaf into the next
leaves. If, however, the mycelium is found within the rootstock and
after a dormant period during midwinter follows the new shvots
upward in early spring and again produces sori at the surface of the
plant, the rust is a true perennial. This condition appears to exist in
the following species.

ZAKCIDIUM TUBERCULATUM E. AND K.

It is now usually supposed that all ecidial forms will likely be found
to be connected with other stages, though there are probably more of
these forms whose connections are at present undetermined than there
are of Lepto-uredinee. If any A¢cidium is more likely than another
to be an independent species, certainly the probabilities are largely in
favor of this species,which occurs on Callirrhoe tnvolucrata,’ for there
is no need of another stage to perpetuate it, though another host
might give it a wider distribution.

The striking orange-yellow color, large and otherwise conspicuous
sori, and its complete attack of every portion of the host make this an
unusually unique and attractive species (PI. I, frontispiece). A note con-
cerning the hardiness of this species was published by the writer sev-
eral years ago.“ The words are here quoted: ‘*4e/dinm tuberculatum

@ Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVIII, pp. 455-456.

> Though not previously reported, this rust was found also on Callirrhoe alewoides
at Salina, Kans., in May, 1893.

«Bot. Gaz., Vol. X VIII, p. 453.

Ys INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

EK. and K.is still producing weidiospores on Cul/irrhoe involucrata out-
doors here at Manhattan at the time of this writing (October 15, 1893),
and Mr, Kk. Bartholomew, of Rooks County, Kans., tells me that he has
seen in December ecidiospores on specimens of this host growing close
by a large snowdrift. In the spring wcidiospores of this species begin
forming about the first day of April.” On December 20, 1893, after
the above was transmitted for publication, the rust was found still alive
although it had been under 4 inches of snow. In a water-drop cul-
ture of some of the material four spores germinated in twenty-four
hours. Since that time, at later dates in the winter the living rust has
been found, but close within the rootstock, with a faint color still,
but producing no spores. The peculiar manner of growth of the rust,
permeating the entire host and producing scattering sori all along
the stems to their bases, as well as on the leaves, and the difficulty of
germinating the spores harmonize also with the idea of a propagation
by perennial mycelium. Besides the above instance other cultures of
the spores were made as follows: At Manhattan, Kans., May 20, 1893,
spores from Callirrhoe alceoides, only a few germinations in forty-
eight hours; at Manhattan, June 9, 1893, spores from C. /nvolucrata
germinated sparingly in twenty-five hours; at Manhattan, January 30,
1894, spores from C. ¢nvolucrata growing in ereenhouse, fair germi- -
nation in sixty hours. ,

In the winter of 1896-97 infected plants of C. /nvolucrata were
obtained from Kansas and grown in a greenhouse at Washington,
D. C., and on March 17, 1897, inoculations of seedlings of the follow-
ing grasses with spores from these plants failed to produce infections:
Agrepyron vccidentale, A. richardsoni, Sitanion elymoides, Elymus
canadensis, and Bouteloua PUCCINOSA,

Rust or PEUCEDANUM FceNICULACEUM.

An .eidium occurs on this host in Kansas-and Nebraska which has
been reported as 22. anisotomes Reich., but the identity of which is
not yet determined satisfactorily to the writer. At certain places a
Puccinia follows the A¢cidium so closely that their connection is very
probable. Both forms are particularly abundant at Manhattan, Kans.
On April 25, 1893, at that place, it was determined by the study of
many cross sections of the host plant that the mycelium of the Aeid-
ium extends into the rootstock. It is one of the earliest rusts in the
spring to appear in that locality. These facts make it probable that
this rust is also perennial. On the other hand, it is possible that the
teleutospores of the Puccinia may produce a very early infection at
the base of the young shoots, resulting in the ecidium, although in
some localities no Puccinia has yet been found following the Avcidium.

«The species is probably Puccinia jonesii Pk., with the secidial stage present.

RUST OF PEUCEDANUM FQ NICULACEUM., 29

At Lincoln, Nebr., on March 24, 1898, teleutospores of this same Pue-
cinia germinated in a water-drop culture in twenty-four hours.
It should be noted that it is possible for a perennial rust to exist in
an annual host, the mycelium of the rust being carried over winter in
the seed of the host. Such an instance is practically certain in the
Euphorbia rust already discussed. Granting that Doctor Eriksson’s
experiments were accurate, there would be
cinia glumarum Kriks. and Henn. on wheat.

another example in Due-

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Puare I. Frontispiece. A perennial rust. ./eidium tuberculatum EK. and K,. on Cal-
lirrhoe involucrata Gr.

Puatre Il. Fig. 1.—Seedling of Luphorbia dentata grown constantly under bell jar
from rusted seed. Fig. 2.—Puccinia vevans Farl. on Bouteloua racemosa, both
uredosori and amphisori being shown. (Natural size.) Fig. 3.—The same ure-
dosori and amphisori shown in fig. 2 magnified 10 diameters. Fig. 4.—Uredo-
spores of Puccinia vecans X 600. Fig. 5.—Amphispores of Puccinia verans X 600.
Fig. 6.—Teleutospore of Puccinia verans X 600. Fig. 7.—Germinating uredo-
spore of Puccinia vexans < 300. Fig. 8.—Germinating amphispores of Puccinia
vevans * 300. Fig. 9.—Uredosori of Puccinia verans on young seedling leaf of
Bouteloua racemosa produced by artificial infection with uredospores from the
same host. (Natural size).

32

O

Bul. 63, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE

CY

".

Rusts OF EUPHORBIA AND GRAMA GRASS.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY — BULLETIN No, 64.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau,

A METHOD OF DESTROYING OR PREVENTING
THE GROWTH OF ALGA) AND CERTAIN
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN
WATER SUPPLIES,

GHORGE TaMooreE.,
PHYSIOLOGIST AND ALGOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF LABORATORY
oF PLant PHysIoLoey,.
AND
KAROGC EF. KELLERMAN,
ASSISTANT IN PHYSIOLOGY.

VEGETABLE, PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issurp May 7, 1904.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
‘y L904,

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. Gattoway, Chief.
J. E. Rocxwe.u, Editor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

ALBERT F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. Smira, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology.
GEORGE T. Moore, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology.
Hersert J Wesper, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding.
Watrer T. SwinGur, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History.
Newton B. Prerce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory.

M. B. Warre, Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Diseases of Orchard Fruits.
Mark A. Careton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK,® in Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory.

P. H. Rours, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. TownsEND, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

P. H. Dorserr, Pathologist.

Ropney H. True,? Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Cornetius L. SHear, Pathologist.

WiiiiaM A. Orton, Pathologist.

W. M. Scorr, Pathologist.

JosepH 8S. CHAMBERLAIN, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Ivestigations.

R E. B McKenney, Physiologist.

Fiora W. Parrerson, Mycologist.

CHARLES P Hart.ey, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

Karu F. KELLERMAN, Assistant in Physiology.

DEANE B. SwiInG_e, Assistant in Pathology.

A. W. Epson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

Jesse B. Norton, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

JAMEs B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Luoyp 8. Tenny, Assistant in Pathology.

GrorGE G Hepacock, Assistant in Pathology.

PERLEY SPAULDING, Scientific Assistant.

P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant.

A. D. SHame., Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Raven Rosinson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.

FLORENCE HeEpGEs, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

Cuar.es J. Brann, Scientific Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.
+ Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments.

i ae 2)

wp

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., April 30, 1904.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled *‘ A
Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algze and Certain
Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Supplies,” and to recommend that it be
published as Bulletin No. 64 of the series of this Bureau.

The paper was prepared by George T. Moore, in charge of Labora-
tory of Plant Physiology, and Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physi-
ology, in the Office of Vegetable Pathological and Physiological
Investigations, and was submitted by the Pathologist and Physiologist
with a view to publication. The subject discussed in this bulletin
will be of interest and value to all who have to deal with the problem ~
of preventing algal and other contamination of water supplies.

Respectfully,
B. T. GaLLoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

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The necessity of finding some cheap and practical method of prevent-
ing or remoying algal contamination of cress beds first led this Office
to undertake the investigations described in this bulletin. The success
of the first experiments in 1901 was so marked that it seemed wise to
extend the work, and authority was, therefore, granted by Congress
‘*to study and find methods for preventing the algal and other con-
taminations of water supplies.”

The progress of the investigation has been noted from time to time
in the annual reports of the Bureau. ‘Though the work is not yet com-
pleted, we have been urged to publish the results already obtained for
the consideration of boards of health and officers in charge of public
water supplies.

Doctor Moore and Mr. Kellerman have shown that it is entirely
practicable to cheaply and quickly destroy objectionable alge in small
lakes, ponds, storage reservoirs, and other similar bodies of water by
the use of extremely dilute solutions of copper sulphate or of metallic
copper. The fact that an extremely dilute solution (one to one
hundred thousand) will also destroy the most virulent typhoid and
cholera bacteria at ordinary temperatures in three hours is of great
importance and significance. Solutions of copper as dilute as this
are not considered injurious to man or other animals. The value of
copper, especially colloidal, in preventing or treating typhoid and
other related diseases should be carefully investigated by competent
pathologists.

We desire it distinctly understood that, so far as bacterial contami-
nation of water is concerned, the methods here proposed are not to
take the place of, but are simply to supplement the standard methods
of filtration; neither can too much stress be laid upon the importance
of the consumer boiling water to be used for drinking purposes when
taken from a contaminated source.

Upon application to the Department by proper authorities, infor-
mation and assistance will be furnished in determining the organisms
causing the trouble in cases of algal pollution, and the proper treat-
ment will be recommended. It is earnestly hoped that no test of the
method described here will be made without first consulting the

Department.
5

6 PREFACE.

As stated in the text of the bulletin-—

The treatment of water supplies for the destruction of pathogenic bacteria, or any
application of the copper sulphate method, which has to do with the pubhe health
is not contemplated or indeed possible by this Department. The requests of pri-
vate individuals or of unauthorized bodies for information or assistance can not be
granted. When State or local boards of health consider that the disinfection of a
water supply is desirable and wish information upon the subject, it will be supplied
as fully and freely as possible. All experiments of this kind, however, must be
conducted by boards of health, and the Department can serve only in the capacity
of an adviser.

We are under obligation to Dr. H. P. Wolcott and Mr. X. H. Good-
nough, of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, for faciiities in
securing material and a temporary laboratory in the Boston State
House; to the United States Bureau of Fisheries for fish used in
experiments; to Dr. J. .'. Kinyoun for typhoid cultures; to Dr. M. J.
Rosenau for Asiatic cholera cultures, and to the Bureau of Animal
Industry for cultures of typhoid and facilities for carrying on pre-
liminary experiments. ;

ALBERT F. Woops,
Pathologist and Physiologist.
OFFICE OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL

AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,
Washington, D. C., April 30, 1904.

CONTENTS.

NO fir cade eee ei aa) Alen es ain kn Sopa eniacmens< 2s
Microscopical examination of drinking water ............-.<.-..-----------
Wide distribution of trouble caused by algee in water supplies.......-.-------
Methods in use for preventing bad effects due to algee.....-....22.----------
te Or OLMCr MOUNOORe a cel wiw.s.o pst. sev esicectceestwele le 2issecs
Determination of a physiological method...............---.----------------
mamnon Conner sulphate... < .9o<0 6s Saas ein n 5 o> OF ;,. . ere ee Sos
PeGunn Suvi GODDOr BMIDMAIO. < cS... 5 < sac gl bie we ran no icine ae eee oe
Eg 8 ie i le eS i ee i

MIN Noth (Yas a Se act = he tn a oe a ae Se eS

EAmMparison Of Gifect of other disinfectants >:.-....2...-.--------.-.+.----<-
SEIS al a i eg ee Se 2 ae iff AAS Seen kale
oc VENER, SUES SE ad ego > ge oe a
Necessity of knowledge of organism and condition in reservoir... -- aa

_ Application of method for destruction of pathogenic bacteria not designed

to replace efficient means of filtration already in use...........-------
ER ee a SC py Pa oso Pees, ge 7 OU RTA ee ee
Conditions under which the Department of Agriculture can furnish infor-
mation and assistance in applying this method ...........---.--------

B, P. 1.—108, VY. P. P. I.—118.

A METHOD OF DESTROYING OR PREVENTING THE GROWTH OF
ALGA AND CERTAIN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN WATER
SUPPLIES.

INTRODUCTION.

The necessity and importance of maintaining by every possible
means the purity and wholesomeness of public water supplies have
caused those in authority to welcome a method which would in any
way serve as an additional safeguard against the pollution of reservoirs
or would prevent the bad effeets produced by the growth of algze and
similar organisms. Although scientific men have been investigating
the various problems involved for a considerable length of time, it is
feared that the public has not always been in sympathy with these
methods, and that, owing to the uncertainty of and disagreementamong
eminent authorities, the whole question of water analysis, both chem-
ical and bacteriological, has come somewhat into disrepute.

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER.

While the best known cases of water pollution are those due to the
presence of typhoid and other germs which have given rise to serious
epidemics, there are a vastly greater number of water supplies which
are rendered unfit for use, not because they are dangerous to public
health, but on account of the very offensive odor and taste produced
in them by plants other than bacteria. For this reason, in recent
years, the question of whether or not a water was fit to drink has been
submitted to the biologists as well as to the chemists and bacteriol-
ogists, a biological examination being generally understood to mean
the determination of the character and quantity of the microscopical
plants and animals the water may contain as distinct from the bacteria.

The history of this method of examining drinking water is really
confined to the last quarter of the nineteenth century, but only within
ten or fifteen years have we had any accurate knowledge of the effect
of these minute plants upon the water in which they live. It is prob-
able that Dr. Hassall, of London, was the first to publish any adequate
account of a thorough microscopical examination of any water supply,
and this work, which appeared in 1850, was practically the only thing

9

10 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES.

upon the subject for twenty-five years, when ** MacDonald’s Guide to
the Examination of Drinking Water” was published. In the mean-
time various Germans had carried on investigations relating to the
biology of water supplies, notably Professor Cohn, of Breslau, who,
in a paper entitled the ‘* Microscopical Analysis of Well Waters,”
anticipated much that has since been ascertained in regard to the effect
of environment upon the character and quantity of the organism found
in the water. About the time of the appearance of MacDonald’s
book, interest in the effect of algw in drinking water first began to be
aroused in this country, and papers by Farlow” and others called
attention to the fact that these plants were responsible for many of
the disagreeable odors and tastes in water reservoirs. By the year
1878 there was on record a list of over 60 cities and towns in the
United States which had had serious trouble because of the presence
of certain forms of vegetation in their reservoirs, but since then thou-
sands of water supplies throughout the country have been rendered
unfit for use by this cause alone. Early in the year 1891 the special
report upon the examination and purification of water by the Massa-
chusetts State Board of Health was published, this being the most com-
plete treatment of the subject which had appeared up to that time.
This report has been supplemented by further investigations and
experiments, and the work accomplished by this board in perfecting
methods for insuring a pure water supply has established the standard
both in this country and abroad for similar lines of investigation.

WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF TROUBLE CAUSED BY ALGZ IN WATER
SUPPLIES.

In order to demonstrate the very wide distribution of the trouble
caused by alge in water supplies throughout the United States, a
circular letter was sent to about five hundred of the leading engineers
and superintendents of water companies, asking for information in
regard to the deleterious effects produced by plants other than bacteria
in water supplies with which they were familiar. Many instructive
replies were received, indicating that those in authority were extremely
anxious to be provided with some efficient remedy for preventing the
bad odors and tastes in drinking water, and that they considered the

@Fartow. Reports on Peculiar Condition of the Water Supplied to the City of
Boston. Report of the Cochituate Water Board, 1876. |
Reports on Matters connected with the Boston Water Supply. Bulletin
of Bussey Inst., Jan., 1877. .
Remarks on Some Algze found in the Water Supplies of the City of Boston,

1877.
On Some Impurities of Drinking Water Caused by Vegetable Growths.
Supplement to Ist Ann. Rept. Mass. State Board of Health. Boston, 1880.

Science, IT, 333, 1883.

Relations of Certain Forms of Algee to Disagreeable Tastes and Odors.

-

Ce SS oe

=: ~*

WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF TROUBLE CAUSED BY ALG, KE

subject worthy of most careful investigation. Quotations from some
of the letters received are given, but, because there might be some
objection to the naming of towns, only the State in which the trouble
occurred is indicated. This is suflicient, however, to show that the
difficulty is not confined to any one part of the country, and that it is
the aly alone which are responsible for most of the bad odors and
tastes reported. |

CALIFORNIA:

Any efforts in the direction of preventing the growth of algee will be gratefully
acknowledged. So long as the growth is healthy it is a benefit, but as soon as
the alge break up then trouble begins.

CoLorapo:

We have a reservoir of water that has recently become affected through the
presence of micro-organisms of the algze type that impart to the water a dis-
agreeable fishy odor and render its use objectionable.

DELAWARE:
A fishy taste and odor.
ILLINOIS:

The water tasted and smelled like rotten wood.

Trouble serious enough to cause general complaint by consumers on account
of odor and taste.

People declared that the water was musty. The appearance of the growth is
yellowish-brown, and as nearly as I can describe it the smell is musty. I cer-
tainly think the subject worthy of the best thought and work the Government
can give it.

INDIANA: .

The growth increased to such an extent that we were compelled to cement the
bottom and 5 feet up the stdes. It was as dense as a field of clover in June.

Taste was said by the people to be woody or fishy, like rotten wood or decayed
fish. At one time the report got out that the body of a missing man had been
found in the reservoir.

Iowa:

After certain stages in the alga’s growth it seemed to die and become decom-

posed, thus impregnating the water, giving it a most unpleasant odor and taste.
KENTUCKY:

Fishy odor and taste, rather musty.

The odor was so strong that we had to discontinue sprinkling the streets and
lawns.

Urgency in this case is great, indeed almost imperative, since the condition of
the water during the past two or three summers has culminated in formal action
by the authorities.

MAINE:

Trouble to such an extent as to lead us to consider, without taking definite
action, whether or not the water should be filtered before being distributed.
Odor is reported as exceedingly disagreeable, so that many customers avoid the
use of it as far as possible and believe it injurious to health.

MASSACHUSETTS:

Trouble very serious; some years water is unfit to drink. Present year odor
and taste are not so strong as last year, when it was almost impossible to drink it.

The odor was so bad that it would be almost impossible to take itas far as the
mouth to taste it. Horses refused it at the street watering troughs and dogs fled
from it.

12 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES,

MINNESOTA:

Water at times a fishy odor or taste due to decomposed vegetable matter.

Experts claim it is entirely harmless.
New JERSEY:

Dark green gelatinous substance in water, causing a stench almost unbearable.

Have seen Uroglena so abundant that an odor could be plainly detected one-
third of a mile away.

New York:

Water had a very fishy taste and smell.

So very offensive as to alarm all water takers.

It caused such a prejudice that the supply was rejected, although the pollution
was of short duration.

Strong fishy odor and taste; also odor of ‘‘smartweed.’’ Popular complaint
was dead fish in water mains.

Odor and taste weré fishy, popularly“attributed to dead fish; but this is absurd,
as the odor is that of live fish.

Odor pondy and fishy; bad water; publicly condemned. Board of health
interfered, yet analysis showed that water was not unhealthful.

Very rank, water smelled bad, particularly when warmed. Tasted bad, but
not injurious to health. Looked better than tasted or smelled.

Water became unfit for use, musty or cucumber taste and smell, odor very
strong in hot water; water became slimy, making it exceedingly hard to filter.
Odor and taste at times decidedly fishy. A bright green powder seemed to
have been sprinkled on surface. :

I am much interested to know that you are taking up an investigation of algee
and organisms, and I very much hope you will favor me with all circulars and
information which you may issue relating to the same. I have not attempted
to fill out the circular on the back of your letter, but so many cases of trouble of
this kind have come to my attention that any listing of them would be very
difficult. .

I am devoutly thankful that science in this particular instance has got beyond
the pursuit of science for recreation’s sake and is doing good and endeavoring
again directly to be of much use to mankind. I believe your work is the first
done in line of either cure or prevention from alge conducted in a rational man-
ner, or so far as | know even attempted, and I have been connected with or well
informed on public water supplies and their management all my professional
life of some thirty-five years. The worst case I know of is at the ——— reservoir.
A special commission is at this moment charged with the duty of advising
whether or not property worth some two million dollars is to be abandoned on
account of annual trouble from alge.

On10:

Complaint from customers of a fishy taste in water like the slime from fresh-
water fish.

Water had a fishy taste, causing a general kick; consumers laid it to the fish
in the reservoir.

All water drawn from house bibbs had an objectionable and strong odor, the
popular idea being that it was due to dead fish.

The towns A— and B— both have vile water, A— all the year round, B— for
six or eight weeks in the hottest part of the summer. A—’s water has a vile
odor, offensively musty. All vegetables, cereals, coffee, and such edibles and
drinks made with the water are scarcely endurable to the visitor.

PENNSYLVANIA:
Water had a disagreeable tishy odor.
Water smelled and tasted as if dead fish were in it.

a ae

——_

———————eEeEeiOOwoiOo

METHODS FOR PREVENTING BAD EFFECTS DUE TO ALGA,. 13

PennsyLvania—Continued,

The growth affected the taste of the water on boiling, but was not regarded as
dangerous to health.

A very fishy taste and smell. I have been unable to locate, but had an idea it
came from vegetation.

The water during the autumn is so foul in taste and odor that it was necessary
to shut off the supply. The odor is similar to that of decayed fish.

The first season of using reservoir the water became so fishy that it was almost
unfit for use. Since that, owing to our care of reservoir, we have had no trouble
whatever. .

TEX As:

At this time of the year algze are fierce; some days we are on top and some
days the algse are on top. Costs us an average of $25 a month for cleaning out
algee from two reservoirs.

WISCONSIN:
Universal complaint, caused by the odor and taste due to alge.

METHODS IN USE FOR PREVENTING BAD EFFECTS DUE TO ALGZ.

In order to prevent the odors and tastes above described, engineers
and those in charge of water supplies have tried various remedies,
none of which has been perfectly satisfactory. Since few of the
algze can develop without sunlight, the most frequent recommenda-
tion has been to cover the reservoir, and this method has proved suc-
cessful in a few instances. However, the expense involved is so great
as to make the remedy prohibitive in most cases, and other methods
have had to be resorted to. One precaution which is now almost uni-
versally recommended as a means of preventing the growth of alge is
to remove all the organic matter possible from the reservoir and to keep
the source of supply as free as can be from dead and decaying animal
and vegetable matter. In one notable instance millions of dollars
have been spent in the removal of earth and the substitution of gravel
at the bottom of an immense new reservoir. It remains to be seen,
however, whether this will be sufficient to insure permanent freedom
from these troublesome plants. It is certain that attempts of this
kind will delay the appearance of algz in quantity, and, wherever it
is possible to do so, every effort should be made not only to clean up
the reservoir at the time of its construction, but to keep it as free as
possible from organic matter after it is filled. In addition to cleanli-
ness a direct pumping system with duplicate, in case of breakdown or
repairs, has often been recommended for use with ground water,
which usually produces a more luxuriant growth of alge and similar
organisms than surface water. Where it has been necessary to store
such water, it has been advisable to limit the capacity of the reservoir,
and frequently this storage is only intended to be used in case of fire.

_ Even so, the cleansing of the reservoir and the frequent flushing of

the water mains has been considered necessary. In storing surface
_ water subdividing the reservoir is occasionally resorted to, and means

l4 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES,

of obtaining frequent agitation are introduced wherever possible.
The pumping of air into water or aerating it by means of a spraying
apparatus is often of considerable value in removing foul gases which
may be in solution, but the effect of aeration upon the growth of algee
in a reservoir has been very much overestimated, in some cases the
quantity being actually increased by this means.

The filtration of water, both mechanically and by sand, which has
proved so effective for the removal of pathogenic bacteria, has been
recommended as a means of removing the odors and tastes caused by
alow, but the results obtained have not given promise of success.
Perhaps the most careful experiments to determine this point have
been conducted by those in charge of the Ludlow reservoir at Spring-
field, Mass. Here the annual trouble from alge for the past fifteen
years has been so great that every possible means has been used which
offered any relief from the effects produced by these plants. On page
4 of the ‘‘ Special Report on the Improvement of the Present Water
Supply and an Alternative New, Independent Supply,” made by the
board of water commissioners to the city council of the city of Spring-
field, Mass., April 14, 1902, the following statement is made:

We find, as the results of the experiments of filtration, made with the sanction of
your honorable body during the last fifteen months, that to purify the waters of this
source by filtration would be not only doubtful as to the degree of purification, but
so expensive in the cost of construction and perpetual maintenance thereafter as
to make it inexpedient to attempt improvement by such a method. Your board has
given constant and personal attention to the experimental work, and is convinced
that the excessive growths of obnoxious fresh-water organisms, notably the Ana-
baena, impart to the reservoir such rank and persistent tastes and odors as to make
uncertain entire removal by any method of filtration except that of the expensive
kind, applicable only to the filtering of extremely small quneiies of water, and
requiring constant attention and adjustment.

The State board of health, in a special report (p. 84) submitted at the
same time, say that the results of the experiments indicate, in the
opinion of the board, that by double filtration it will be possible to
purify the Ludlow reservoir; hence there seem to be differences of
opinion as to the value of this treatment for the removal of odors and
tastes, but on account of the expense involved there is not likely to be
any very extensive use of this method.

DESIRABILITY OF OTHER METHODS.

While each of the above-mentioned methods has been used with
some success, it is generally conceded by engineers that there is no
known remedy which is universally applicable. It is the practice
of some of the highest authorities to recommend that reservoirs fre-
quently polluted by alge be abandoned, and steps taken to provide an
entirely new system of supply. This is, of course, the last resort, as
in all such cases a large loss of money is involved. One fact is certain.

Lea |

DETERMINATION OF A PHYSIOLOGICAL METHOD. 1

If any known method of preventing the growth of algze was considered
truly effective, it would under all circumstances be recommended.
Because of the unsatisfactory results or the prohibitive expense of
the present methods recommended for ridding reservoirs of algee, it
seemed advisable that the problem be taken up from an entirely new
standpoint, one that would take into consideration the biological aspect
of the question and perhaps furnish a solution, through a study of the
physiology of the organisms under laboratory conditions. A series of
investigations were therefore undertaken to discover, if possible, some
substance which, because of its extreme toxic effect upon the algee
involved, would absolutely prevent their growth in water supplies.

DETERMINATION OF A PHYSIOLOGICAL METHOD.

In determining such a physiological method of dealing with reser-
voirs contaminated by alge, two conditions had to be considered: The
remedy should not only be readily available and cheap enough for
practical use in the largest reservoirs and by the poorest communities,
but under the conditions used it must also be absolutely harmless to
man; the maximum amount necessary to kill the algz being far below
the amount which could in any way affect the consumer of the water.
Of the large number of substances experimented with, few gave en-
couraging results. Free chlorine ata dilution of 1 to 10,000, and sul-
phur dioxide in saturated aqueous solution at 16° C., diluted 1 to 1,000
and to 10,000, will destroy many of the common forms of alge, but sul-
phur dioxide and chlorine are likewise very injurious to animal life.
Silver has a very high toxicity, and were not the expense prohibitive,
would undoubtedly warrant extended tests. Mercury and lead are,
of course, out of the question, and zine requires too high a concentra-
tion to be practically considered. The ordinary sodium, potassium,
and ammonium salts are innocuous,?.as are most of the acids. Loew?
finds that magnesium sulphate is toxic in pure solution at 0.4 per cent,
and that oxalates are slightly more toxic; of the acids, 0.0001 per cent
oxalic kills most of the cells of Spirogyra majuscula in five days.
Migula ¢ notes the effect of many of the organic acids, but the use of .
these substances in the amounts requisite for treating a contaminated
water supply is entirely impracticable.

EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE.

Reviewing the experiments carried on in the Laboratory of Plant
Physiology, as well as the results obtained by other investigators, it

«Cf. Richter, Flora, 75: 4.

» Loew, Flora, 75: 368.

¢Migula, Ueber den Einfluss stark verduenter Sauren auf Algenzellen, Breslau,
1888. (Original not consulted. )

28480—No. 64—04——2

16 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES,

seems that copper sulphate is the substance best adapted to the work
in question. This salt has a very high toxicity for algw, and experi-
ments with a number of the forms usually found in reservoirs, and
the source of much trouble, have shown that inconceivably small
amounts of copper are poisonous ina high degree, These experiments
demonstrated, however, that all algve and protozoa are not equally sen-
sitive. Among the latter /’ramecium is killed in three hours by a 1
to 1,000,000 solution, while Amuha, Diflugia, and Spirostomum die
within two hours. Crustacea are more resistant, some— Cyprvs and
Daphnia especially —requiring as much as | part copper sulphate to
10,000 of water to kill them. Mosquito larve die at a concentration
varying from 10,000 to 200,000,

Quoting the results of other experimenters, Devaux” found that
both phenogams and cryptogams were poisoned by solutions of copper
diluted to the ten-millionth part or less; Coupin? that 1 part copper
sulphate to 700,000,000 of water was sufficient to affect the growth of
seedlings when applied to their roots and that this is the most inju-
rious of the heavy metal salts tested by him; Deherain and De Moussy ¢
that the development of the roots of seedlings was arrested in distilled
water containing the slightest trace of copper, and they conclude from
this that higher plants during germination, as well as fungi and algze,
are extremely sensitive to copper; Bain’s experiments @ indicated that
1 part of metallic copper to 25,000,000 of water was fatal to apple seed-
lings in one day; on the other hand, according to Raulin,’ copper chlo-
ride does not injure Sterigmatocystis until a concentration of 1 to 240 is
reached, although silver nitrate is toxic at 1 to 1,600,000.

In dealing with algw, the toxic concentration varies greatly for dif-
ferent genera, even for different species in the same genus. Niigeli/
demonstrated the extreme sensitiveness of Spérogyra nitida and S.
dubia to the presence of copper coins in the water. Oscdllatoria,
Cladophora, CEdogonium, and the diatoms succumb in six hours
to a copper sulphate solution of 1 to 20,000, and in two days to 1 to
50,000, according to Bokorny.’ Galeotti’ finds that a concentration
between 1 to 6,300,000 and 1 to 12,600,000 is sufficient to kill Spero-
gyra nitida in two days, and that the so-called colloidal solutions at 1
to 6,300,000 are fatal in the same length of time; while in the experi-

« Devaux, Compt. Rend., 132: 717.
’Coupin, Compt. Rend., 132: 645.
¢ Deherain and De Moussy, Compt. Rend., 182: 523.
@ Bain, Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tenn., April, 1902.
é Raulin, Ann. des Sc. Nat. Bot., 5° Ser., II: 93.
f Nigeli, Ueber oligodynamische Erscheinungen in lebenden Zellen. Neue
Denkschr. d. schweizerischen Gesellsch. fiir die gesammten Naturwiss., 38: 51.
7 Bokorny, Arch. f. d. ges. Phys. d. Mensch. u. Thiere, 64: 262.
hk Galeotti, Biol. Centralbl., 21: 321.

\

EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE. if
ments of Israel and Klingman“ the presence of 60 sq. cm. of copper
foil in 300 ec. of water for twenty-four hours produced plasmal cut-
ting in SN. /ara after one and one-fourth hours, in S. crassa after fifteen
minutes, and in S. majuscuda after thirty minutes. The work of
Rumm? shows | to 10,000,000 solution still toxic to a few more sus-
ceptible cells of S. /ongata. According to Ono,’ weak solutions of the
salts of most of the metals encourage the growth of algve and fungi.
Mercury and copper, however, at 0.00005 per cent and 0.00001 per
cent, respectively, distinctly inhibit growth. This was the case with
Stigeocloniuim, Chroococcum, and Protococeus.

In the experiments conducted in this laboratory it has not been pos-
sible as yet to include all of the organisms known to pollute water
supplies. It is believed, however, that, pending the completion of
more extensive work, the data at hand will be of considerable benefit
to those who have to deal with contaminated reservoirs. The method
of procedure in studying this question was to determine roughly the
death points of the forms under consideration, using Van Tieghem cells.
Accurate solutions were then made, with distilled water, and 200 ce.
of each solution was pipetted into an Erlenmyer flask. The algw, if
filamentous forms, were rinsed; if free-swimming, they were concen-
trated by the Sedgwick-Rafter”’ method from 500 ce. to 5 ce. volume,
and this 5 ec. was added to the treated water. The inaccuracy due to
the addition of the 5 cc. of untreated water to the 200 cc. of treated
water was disregarded. Whenever possible, a test of these concen-
trations, determined experimentally, was made under natural conditions
by treating the pool from which the species under consideration was
taken. If this was impracticable, an additional series was carried
through in aquaria of 15 liters capacity, in which were kept goldfish,
frogs, minnows, crustacea, and rotifers. Since in no case was there
an appreciable difference in the effect of a concentration upon a par-
ticular organism under either natural or artificial conditions, no special
record is made of these gross experiments.

The different species tested may, for convenience, be grouped as (1)
those with death points at higher concentrations than 1 part copper
sulphate to 1,000,000 parts of water; (2) those with death points between
1 to 1,000,000 and 1 to 5,000,000; and (3) those with death points at
greater dilutions than 1 to 5,000,000.

“\srael and Klingman, Virchow’s Archiy., 147: 293.
’Rumm, Beitrage zur Wissenschaftliche Botanik, 1: 97.

Ono, Journ. of College of Sc., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 18: 141.

@ Whipple, The Microscopy of Drinking Water, New York, 1899, p. 15.

18 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect of various concentrations of copper sulphate upon different forms of alge.

[d=dead; vfia=very few alive; vid=very few dead; g=in good condition.)

Date. — _ ———— ——T
2,000 | 5,000 | 10,000 | 20,000 | 200,000" | 1,000,000
Ootober 10-2)... .<.ssecsencs: 4d g g | g g g
Ootoher St-O4.. «csc cccccsecs pod vid zg g g g
Cente BE-O on ccdenncudesses id vid g Bg. g g

GROUP i.
CHLAMYDOMONAS PIRIFORMIS Dill.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

RAPHIDIUM POLYMORPHUM Fres,

Date.

December 2-5

January 4-7

December 21-24

January 2-5

January 7-11

Date.

es

Date.

we tee tee ee eee

«0 i ae d

settee ee

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

25,000 | 50,000 | 75,000 | 100,000 | 500,000 | 1,000,000
a d id Yo g an
cunts d id i Yo g g
d via id vid g : g

DESMIDIUM SWARTZII Ag.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

50, 000 75, 000
|

d 3d vid g g
da | d id vid g g

STIGEOCLONIUM TENUE (Ag.) Rabenh.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

50,000 100,000 | 300,000 | 500,000 | 1,000,000 | 2,000,000
Aree 3d id 3d 3d vid g
3d 3d 3d id vid g
id id id id vid g

DRAPARNALDIA GLOMERATA (Vauch.) Ag.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

NAVICULA Sp.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

100,000 | 150, 000 200,000 _| 1,000, 000

1,000,000 | 2,000,000

Check,

mR mH

100,000 | 200,000 | 300,000 | 400,000 500, 000 1, 000, 000
d d id vid vid g
Sais RR d via id vid vid g

—

*

EFFEOT OF COPPER SULPHATE. 19

Effect of various concentrations of copper sulphate upon different forms of alga—Cont’ d.
GROUP 1—Continued.
SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA (Turp.) Breb.

Date. ee ——— =. : Check,
100,000 | 200,000 | 300,000 | 400, 000 | 500, 000 | 1, 000, 000
September 14-18 ............. d d via jd g£ g g
December 7-12 .............. d via via id V4 g g
NO th Ss) ee via via via id g g g
EUGLENA VIRIDIS Ehrb.
One part copper sulphate to water, parts— |
Date. eo ee Th Lt | Cece
100,000 | 200,000 | 300,000 | 400,000 450,000 500,000
SEO oS OR | ee eee eee SS
September 21-25............. d via via ad id g en
October 26-30...........2---- via via via ad id g | g
&

December 31-—January 2 ..... via via via id id g

SPIROGYRA STRICTA (E. Bot.) Wille.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—
Date. a See = 5 Check.
F 50,000 75,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000

December 26-30 ...........-- d via id g gs - | g g

GROUT? '2:
CONFERVA BOMBYCINUM Ag.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Date. Check.
50,000 | 100,000 | 360,000 | 500,000 | 1,000,000 | 2,000,000
J” dt eet d d d d d g ear
we ee ae 2 EE ee d d d via via g g
eropaner 19-145... esses 52 d d d via via g g
CLOSTERIUM MONILIFERUM (Bory ) Ehrb.
One part copper sulphate to water, parts—
Date. Ma Ll GOMER) Toc Pe | Cee.
25,000 100,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,
December 14-18 .............. d 12hrs d 24hrs d d | id g
SYNURA UVELLA Ehrb.
One part copper sulphate to water, parts—
Date. Check.
250,000 500,000 666,666 750,000 | 1,000,000 | 2,500,000
March 14 .................|45-25min d.16-S0minid 1545min'd 15-60min d28-60min| gatlhr | gatlhr
Mareh 18 . ..i.isuaeeenen d5-25min ceneaa's 15-45min'd 15-60min/d 28-60min| gatlhr | gatlhr

20 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Eifect of various concentrations of copper sulphate upon different forms of algua—A ‘ont’ d.
GROUP R—-Continued

ANABAENA CIRCINALIS Raben,

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—
Date. | Check,
50,000 100,000 500, O00 1,000,000 3,000,000 | 5,000,000

December 26-29. ............. d d d d id vid g
January 4-7 . Pe CREE ae 2 d d d d id vid

us

ANABAENA FLOS-AQU® Breb.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—
Date. — ——/| Check.
50,000 100,000 590,000 1,000,000 3,000,000 5,000,000

abe Peete 8 = Oe SG. di2hrs d24hrs d24hrs | d36hrs |

Ds ai aby 2." ee Eo es di2hrs | d24hrs d24hrs | d36hrs | d 72hrs

d 72hrs id g
1
a

GROUP 3.

UROGLENA AMERICANA Calk.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Date. —|; Cheer.

1,000,000 2,500,000 | 5,000,000 10,000,000 |

Maron 12. .1908=. =>... .. .o- eee | 43-5min d 16hrs vial6hrs | yta 16hrs | g

The foregoing tables clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of copper
sulphate as an agent for the destruction of algze, and as the cost
for an amount of this salt necessary to make the strongest solution
required will not exceed from 50 to 60 cents per million gallons, but
one condition remains to be satisfied—that it shall be absolutely harm-
less to man, domestic animals, and fish under the conditions used.

In general, animal life is less susceptible to injury by copper than is
plant life, though most of the higher plants, some of the fungi, and,
as the preceding tables show, certain alge will live in concentrations
of copper sulphate that would be fatal in a few hours to fish and frogs.
The critical concentration for game fish is higher than that for such
fish as carp and catfish. Black bass in good condition have endured
concentrations of 1 to 50,000 for many weeks with no apparent discom-
fort, while 1 to 100,000 was sufficient to kill German and mirror carp
in a few hours, and 1 to 500,000 killed the most susceptible in a few
days. Mud catfish are affected at practically the same concentration;
goldfish at slightly greater, while yellow perch are perhaps less sus-
ceptible than goldfish. This agrees with the results of Perry and
Adams,“ who state that minnows and goldfish live indefinitely im a 1
to 200,000 solution. |

«Perry & Adams, 4th Rept. River Polut. Conn., 2: 377-391.

at a

EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE. 21

The effects of copper upon the higher animals have been studied by
a large number of investigators, and the following results may be
appropriately cited:

Metallic copper and its oxides, mixed with sugar, albuminoids, and
fats, had no noticeable effect upon dogs; even 8 grams of fine powder
(4 vrams each of copper monoxide and dioxide) caused only a slight sick-
ness. Verdigris in small amounts produced none of the violent results
it is supposed to cause in man. Soluble salts of copper can be given in
quantities up to | gram daily, but more than this has a fatal effect.

Dogs that had eaten half a gram of copper acetate per day for 24
days suffered but slightly; one dog was unaffected by doses as high as
5 grams atatime.’? Similar results were obtained by Du Moulin,’ who
gave dogs and rabbits as much as .3 to 5 grams, causing sickness but
in no case death, and Hippolyte Kuborn” states that a dog can take 4
grams of copper sulphate with but slight effect.

Ellenberger and Hofmeister “ experimented with sheep, giving them
from 18 to 1824 grams of copper in quantities sometimes as large as
2 grams per day, with fatal results. Tschirsch/ deduced from this that
the nontoxicity of weak solutions of copper does not hold for rumi-
nants, but this seems hardly warranted. Two grams per day can
scarcely be considered a small amount, yet one sheep lived 53 days
and the other 128.

Ever since copper compounds have come into general use as fungi-
cides, the question as to their effect upon the human system has
received more or less attention.’ At times there have been vague
and misleading statements in the public press, calculated to alarm
those who are in the habit of using vegetables and fruits which have
been subjected to treatment with Bordeaux mixture. The popular
belief seems to be that copper is a poison, but it is found upon exami-
nation that the very best authorities are by no means agreed upon this
point. It is true that after the question had been discussed for seven
months before the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine, in 1885, it
was finally decided that copper compounds in foods were harmful, but it
should be remembered that in the whole discussion, where every effort
was made by one side to show that copper was an actual poison, not a

“ Bureq & Ducom, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 25: 546, 1877.

»Galippe, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 23: 298.

© Du Moulin, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 5: 189.

“ Hippolyte Kuborn, Congrés Internationale d’Hygiéne, 2: 216, 1878.

¢ Ellenberger and Hofmeister, Archiv fiir wissench. u. prakt. Thierheilkunde, 9:
325, 1883.

J Tschirsch, Das Kupfer vom Standpunkte der gerichtlichen Chemie, Toxicologie
und Hygiene, Stuttgart, 1893.

9 Spraying Fruits for Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases, with a Special Consider-
ation of the Subject in Its Relation to the Public Health. U. 8. Department of
Agriculture, Farmers’ bulletin No. 7, 1892. See also Bull. No. 6, Div. Veg. Path.,
U.S. Dept. Agric. °

YY METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG IN WATER SUPPLIES.

single instance was given of injury to health resulting from the daily
absorption of a small quantity of copper. On the other hand, many
instances were cited where foods containing copper in considerable
amounts were used without producing any harmful effect whatever.
It should be noted also that the law prohibiting the use of copper in
regreening fruits was repealed by the French authorities after the dis-
cussion before the Belgian Academy.

According to Thiemann-Gartner,“ chronic copper poisoning has
never been proved. The supposed copper colic was discussed by
Bureq? before the Congrés Internationale d’Hygiéne in 1878, and
declared by him to have no existence; he even went so far as to assert
an immunity against cholera for the workers in copper during various
epidemics at Paris, Toulon, Marseilles, and elsewhere, but this state-
ment he afterwards modified with reference to the epidemic of 1832.
The good health of copper workers is also noted by Houlés and
Pietra-Santa,° though they do not claim for them immunity from
typhoid and cholera. Gautier@ states that persons working in dye
factories, where the hands, faces, and even hair were colored green by
copper, were physically unaffected, which is true also of copper
turners, who remain apparently in the best of health although con-
stantly in an atmosphere highly charged with copper dust.

A considerable number of experiments have been made to determine
the effect of copper upon man when taken into the intestinal tract.
For fourteen months Galippe’ and his family used food cooked and
cooled in copper vessels, the amount of copper present in the food
being sufficient to be easily determined. Kobert’s experiments’ show
that a 60-kg. man can take 1 gram of copper per day with perfect safety.
From his own results Lehmann’ considers that copper to the amount
of 0.1 gram in vegetables may produce bad taste, nausea, possibly
colic and diarrhea, but nothing more serious. He has himself found
peas containing as much as 630 mg. of copper per kilogram not dis-
tasteful, and 200 mg. consumed at a single meal was without effect.
A very careful and thorough series of tests have shown that some
individuals, at least, can take copper even to the amount of 400 to
500 mg. daily for weeks without detriment to their health.

Tschirsch” finds that 0.01 to 0.02 of copper (0.039 to 0.078 of copper
sulphate) in dilute form have no effect; 0.05 to 0.2 causes only vomit-
ing and diarrhea.

«Thiemann-Gartner, Handbuch und Beurtheilung der Untersuchung der Wasser,
Braunschweig, 1895.

> Burceg, Congrés Internationale d’ Hygiéne, 1: 529, 1878.

¢ Houlés and Pietra-Santa, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 5th Ser., 9: 3083.

@ Gautier, Le Cuivre et le Plomb, Paris. 1883.

éGalippe, Compt. Rend., 84: 718.

J Kobert, Lehrbuch der Intoxicationen. (Original not consulted. )

¢ Lehmann, Minch. Med. Wochensch., 38: 603.

hk Tschirsch, 1. e¢.

EFFEOT OF COPPER SULPHATE. 23

The process of regreening legumes is described by Bouchardat and
Gautier,“ showing the amount of copper thus introduced into the
vegetables to be too small to produce any injurious effect. The maxi-
mum amount of this metal in regreened peas as given by Gautier? is
125 mg. per kilogram, in connection with which he notes that Chatin
and Personne have given it as 270 mg. According to Gautier, the
amount of copper ordinarily consumed in a full meal is 95 mg.

Lafar ° attributes the green color of Lodisan and Parmesan cheese
to the presence of copper, giving the maximum amount for Lodisan
cheese as 215 mg. per kilogram. Chocolate“ contains 0.005 to 0.125
gram per kilogram, cafe bourbon’ 8 mg. per kilogram, and beef 1 mg.
per kilogram. There is 0.01 gram of copper sulphate in 14 pounds of
bread,’ 0.1 gram of copper oxide has been found in 1 kilogram of pre-
serves, and similar amounts are normally present in a large number of
commodities used for food.

Medicinal uses of copper compounds are cited by Du Moulin.’ He
has prescribed 12 to 15 eg. for scrofulous children, for cases of oph-
thalmia, ete., and found no ill effects. Copper sulphate in doses of 40
to 50 cg. for four or five days has proved beneficial to children with
diphtheria.

Summarizing from a large number of experiments, Bernatzik” con-
cludes as follows: After entering the stomach only small quantities of
copper are absorbed by the blood, and toxic action occurs only when
the necessary amount can accumulate in the circulation. Silver,
copper, and zinc have almost the same medicinal properties, the dif-
ference being of degree rather than kind. They differ markedly from
other heavy metals, having no harmful effects upon the tissues, and
producing no fatal functional injuries; hence they are not poisons in
the same sense as are lead, mercury, arsenic, antimony, and phos-
phorus. Moreover, in the case of copper, after suspension of the
dose the injured functions return to the normal.

It is evident that there is still a considerable difference of opinion
among eminent authorities as to the exact amount of copper which
may be injurious, but as a very conservative limit we may accept 0.02
gram as the amount that may with safety be absorbed daily. Accord-
ing to Merck’s Index, the National Dispensatory, and the United
States Dispensatory, the dose of copper sulphate for tonic and astrin-

@ Bouchardat and Gautier, Congres Internationale d’ Hygiene, 5: 486.

> Gautier, 1. ¢.

¢ Lafar, Technical Mycology, 159.

4Duclaux, Bull. de la Soc. Chim. de Paris, 16: 35.

€Sargeau, Jour. de Pharm., 18: 219, 654; 16: 507.

J Tschirsch, 1. c.

9 Du Moulin, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 18: 189.

th Bernatzik, Encyclop. d. ges. Medicin., 11: 429; Encyclop. d. ges. Heilkunde,
11: 429.

24 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG2® IN WATER SUPPLIES.

vent purposes is one-fourth grain, or 0.016 gram; as an emetic, a dose
of tive grains, or 0.33 gram, Thus it is seen that even if the maximum
concentration of copper sulphate necessary to destroy alge in reser-
voirs were maintained indefinitely, the total absorption from daily use
would be very far below an amount that could produce the least
unpleasant effect. Taking a dilution of one to one million, which in
all cases would be sufticient to prevent the growth of a polluting algal
form, it would be necessary to drink something over twenty quarts of
water a day before an amount which is universally recognized as
harmless would be introduced into the system, while more than fifty
quarts would have to be consumed before there would be danger of
producing an unpleasant or undesirable effect. As will be seen from
the preceding tables the use of copper sulphate at this maximum
strength of one to one million would need to be resorted to only in
extreme cases, and for a very short length of time, for, the reservoir
once entirely free from the organisms, a very much weaker solution
would be suflicient should any further application be necessary.
Perhaps the strongest argument in favor of using a chemical treat-
ment of this kind is that even though enough copper should be added
to a reservoir to make a one-millionth solution, nothing like this
amount would appear in the water distributed. A very large percent-
age of the copper is combined with the algz and precipitated in other
ways, so that practically none would remain in solution after the first
few hours.“ Samples of water taken from a reservoir treated with
sufficient copper sulphate to make a solution of one to one million,
failed to show any reaction for copper after twenty-four hours,
although all the algw were killed. It is believed that the process used
of evaporating down the original quantity and testing by the delicate
potassium ferro-cyanide method would certainly have detected copper
had it been present in the proportion of one to fifty million. Other
tests were made by different chemists, but always with negative results.
In addition to the use of copper sulphate in reservoirs containing
water to be used for domestic purposes, there are possibilities of its
application in treating irrigation reservoirs, small pleasure lakes, fish
ponds, oyster beds, etc. Here it may often be desirable to exceed the
strength of solution that would represent the maximum required in a
municipal water supply. This would be done not only to kill all the
alow, but to destroy or drive away reptiles and other pests, leaving
the water perfectly clear and clean. The use of some such method
for the destruction of mosquito larvee also seems worthy of attention.
The mere removal of the great mass of algal growths in stagnant pools
undoubtedly reduces the number of larvee by destroying this source

« Adsorption, according to True and Ogilvie (Science, N. S., 19: 421), would materi-
ally reduce the quantity of copper in solution. See also Bull. No. 9, Veg. Phys. and
Path., U. S. Dept. Agric.

METHOD OF APPLYING THE COPPER SULPHATE. 95

of their food and depriving them of protection from fish and other
enemies. This is probably the explanation of the reported” decrease
in the number of mosquito larve after spraying a lily pond with
Bordeaux mixture, although it is possible that the strength of the
solution rsed may have been partly responsible for their death. — [t
is believe that it will not be impracticable to use the amounts of
copper s: -hate necessary to actually destroy such larvee. Certainly
this methoo if effective offers considerable advantages over any now in
use, and it should be thoroughly tested. Cooperative experiments
are now under way with the Bureau of Entomology to determine the
strength of solution necessary to kill larvee of different species and ages
under various conditions.

METHOD OF APPLYING THE COPPER SULPHATE.

The method of introducing the copper sulphate into a water supply is
extremely simple. Though any plan will suffice which distributes the
copper thoroughly, the one recommended and used by the Department
of Agriculture is as follows: Place the required number of pounds of
copper sulphate in a coarse bag—gunny-sack or some equally loose
mesh—and, attaching this to the stern of a rowboat near the surface
of the water, row slowly back and forth over the reservoir, on each
trip keeping the boat within 10 to 20 feet of the previous path. In
this manner about 100 pounds of copper sulphate can be distrib-
uted in one hour. By increasing the number of boats, and, in the
case of very deep reservoirs, hanging two or three bags to each
boat, the treatment of even a large reservoir may be accomplished in
from four to six hours. It is necessary, of course, to reduce as much
as possible the time required for applying the copper, so that for
immense supplies with a capacity of several billion gallons it would
probably be desirable to use a launch, carrying long projecting spars
to which could be attached bags each containing several hundred
pounds of copper sulphate.

In waters that have a comparatively high percentage of organic
acid it is sometimes advisable to add a sufficient amount of lime or
some alkali hydrate to precipitate the copper. The necessity for this
will never occur in a limestone region, as in this case there will always
be enough calcium hydrate or carbonate to cause the desired 7 recipita-
tion. The precipitation of copper does not mean the destruction of
its toxicity, for experiments conducted in this laboratory have con-
firmed Rumm’s’ results that the insoluble salts of copper, such as the
hydrate, carbonate, and phosphate, are toxic only if they are in con-
tact with the cell, but are highly toxic in that case. -In this connection
it should be mentioned that Hedrick” has described a method for con-

—_—_—_—_— — — - ee — es

“Hedrick, Gardening, 11: 295. > Rumm, |. e.

26 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES,

trolling the growth of algal scum in lily ponds by the use of Bordeaux
mixture which seems to have been temporarily effective. However,
the impracticability of using such a mixture is apparent for the
destruction of microscopic algve distributed through a reservoir or a
lake containing millions of gallons.

PRACTICAL TESTS OF THE METHOD.
WATER-CRESS BEDS.

The first practical test of the treatment of water for the purpose of
killing out extensive growths of algze was made in the fall of 1901 near
Ben, Va., in connection with the cultivation of water cress for market.
Water cress is grown there, as well as in other parts of the country,
in large quantities during the winter, it being a valuable crop at that
season of the year. ‘The cress is confined in beds made by construct-
ing dams across a small stream, which maintains a water level not too
high for the growth of the plants and yet permits flooding when there
is danger of a freeze. In the locality where the experiments were
carried on the water was obtained from a thermal spring with a tem-
perature the year around of about 70° F. Such a temperature was
particularly favorable to the development of Sp¢rogyra and similar fila-
mentous algv, so that when the cress was freshly cut they frequently
increased to such an extent as to completely smother out a large part
of the young and tender plants. The only known remedy under such
conditions was to rake out the water cress and algve and reset the entire
bed. This was an expensive method, however, besides being success-
ful only about half the time. Consequently, it was very desirable to
devise some means of preventing the growth of the alge without
injuring the water cress, and the treatment by means of copper sug-
gested itself. At first a strong solution of copper sulphate was used,
spraying it on the algal covered surface of the beds, but this only
destroyed the few filaments with which the copper came in contact,
the large mass of algee being practically unaffected. The method of
applying the copper by means of dissolving it directly in the beds was
next tried, and the success of the treatment was almost immediately
evident. In this case the amount of copper added was about equal to
a strength of 1 to 50,000,000 parts of water, but it is probable that by
the time it reached most of the Spdrogyra it was considerably
weakened, as it was impossible to prevent a slight current of fresh
water from passing through the beds at all times.

The success of the copper treatment for eradicating alge from cress
beds has been thoroughly demonstrated, and there is no reason why
growers should have trouble from this cause in the future. The strength
of the solution used for killing the algz is so very much weaker than
that which might affect the cress that there is no possible danger of

PRACTICAL TESTS OF THE METHOD. 27

injuring the latter if the solution is used by anyone capable of observ-
ing ordinary care. The question of how long a treatment is effective
must, of course, depend upon conditions, but it is believed that the
application of the proper amount of copper once or twice a year will
in most cases be suflicient to keep down any algal pest. The manager
of the Virginia Cress Company writes, under date of April 12, 1904:

The ‘“‘moss’’ has given me no trouble at all this winter. In fact I have for six
months only had to resort to the copper sulphate once. * * * AJl the conditions
were favorable last fall and early winter for a riot of ‘‘moss,’’ but it did not appear
at all until just a few days ago, and then yielded to treatment much more readily
than it did when I first began to use the copper.

WATER RESERVOIRS.

The successful elimination ef algee from the cress beds of the South,
under conditions which were particularly favorable to the growth of
these pests, made it desirable that experiments be inaugurated calcu-
lated to demonstrate the possibility of ridding water reservoirs of the
disagreeable odors and tastes caused by similar organisms. While it
was realized that the popular prejudice against any chemical treat-
ment of drinking water was strong, it was believed that the very weak
solution, together with the very rapid disappearance of the salt added,
would not render it a prohibitive method when applied under the
direction of the proper authorities. It was also found that consumers
of a water which possessed a disgusting odor and taste were not so
prejudiced against the use of even a chemical method of extermina-
tion, provided it could be proved that no bodily harm would result.

In the spring of 1903 there was brought to the notice of the Depart-
ment the supply of a water company in Kentucky, which promised to
furnish a most satisfactory test. Ever since the construction of their
reservoir it had given off an unpleasant odor. For the first two sea-
sons this was supposed to be due to decaying vegetation, but later
years demonstrated the well-known ‘‘pigpen” odor due to alge, and
this increased from year to year until it was almost unbearable.

In July, 1903, when the trial was begun, the microscopical examina-
tion demonstrated an average of—

SE ees ee Ree os 2 SS Sn per ce.. 7,400
I ie a GLE ee Ree eye 7 eg e ae. > =, 1,,100
IR ad Re eae TCE Kae xishc oS ale Peet die Set ae 4 « do.--:. 200

There were about 25,000,000 gallons of water in the reservoir at the
time of the experiment, and on account of the great number of blue-
green alge present it was decided to apply the copper at a strength of
1 to 4,000,000. About 50 pounds of copper sulphate was accordingly
placed in a coarse sack and this, attached to a boat, was dragged over
the surface of the reservoir, giving especial attention to the region
which seemed to contain the greatest number of Anabena filaments.

2s METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG IN WATER SUPPLIES.

The decrease in the number of organisms as the result of this treat-
ment during the next twenty-four hours was very decided. In two
days the surface was clear and the water had lost its blue-green color,
becoming brown, due to the dead organisms held in suspension.
There was a slight increase in odor during the first two days after
treatment, but this was followed by a gradual subsidence until it had
entirely disappeared, not to appear again that season. The following
list of counts made from surface examinations at one station illus-
trates what went on throughout the reservoir, and shows the almost
immediate effect of a 1 to 4,000,000 solution of copper sulphate upon
the number of filaments of Anabena flos-aque. The treatment was
made July 9.

Filaments per
cubie centimeter,

Joly Ger eee ease ns onc eon c Cea eee ee eee ee 3, 400
Faby 10 eae ole c oo ons inated eee ne ee 4
Dtghy Bd 5 Se ee ee Se. oe +s ee ae ae i ee ee 8
Bly Ot ee eee PEEP ey ee ee 0
Pr), a RR eS Os Ss ee mn meey Shad t SERA he 0
SOly. 20: . so eae, os 3 Sone on: 2 25 sae er 0

It remains to be seen what the condition will be during the coming
summer, but it is believed it can never be any worse than at the
time of treatment, and it is reasonable to suppose that there will be
considerably fewer organisms this year than last. Even though an
annual treatment of the reservoir prove necessary, involving a cost of
from $25 to $50, the already great improvement in the quality of the
water will certainly make it justifiable.

Other experiments of a similar character were carried on in different
parts of the country with reservoirs of a capacity of from 10,000,000
to 600,000,000 gallons. While the results were all favorable, it is
deemed best not to publish any detailed account until the effect of the
treatment can be followed through another season. The summer of
1903 was cold and wet, and in some cases the decrease in the number of
organisms may have been due to these factors. However, the several
instances of the yery sudden and rapid disappearance of forms which
were present in tremendous quantity, without any reappearance,
indicated that the treatment was most effective. Those in charge of
these water supplies reported that they were well satisfied with the
result.

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.

TYPHOID.

The value of copper sulphate as an agent for the destruction of
alex polluting reservoirs suggests its use in cases where the organism
is pathogenic. Since this salt is fatal to the algal growths, it seemed

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, 29

probable that it would also destroy bacteria, and that cholera germs
and typhoid germs might succumb to its action.

The sterilization of public water supplies by chemical means has so
far seemed an impossibility. Nearly every known substance has been
tested, but the high concentrations required to produce the desired
effect, the extreme toxicity of the agents, their cost, or the difficulty
of application, have eliminated all but copper sulphate as a possibility
for the present purpose. According to Semmer and Krajewski,¢
1 to 160 solution of this salt will inhibit action in infected blood, and
septic bacteria can be destroyed with a 10 per cent solution. Bolton?
says that 1 to 500 is toxic, but 1 to 1,000 permits the growth of cholera;
1 to 200 and 1 to 500, respectively, produce the same results with
typhoid, and some of the spore-bearing forms are unaffected at 2 per
cent. Green’ gives 25 per cent as the amount necessary to kill
typhoid in two to twenty-four hours, and finds cholera only slightly
less sensitive. Israel and Klingman,” however, find that almost
infinitesimal amounts of copper in colloidal solution are fatal to
typhoid, cholera, and Bacillus coli. There is considerable literature
upon the use of copper sulphate as a disinfectant for clothing, bed-
ding, cesspools, ete., but it is not necessary to review it at this place.
Sternberg’ found that its germicide power was decidedly superior to
the corresponding salt of iron and zinc, and demonstrated that it
destroyed micrococci from the pus of an acute abscess in the propor-
tion of 1 to 200. He says, **This agent (cupric sulphate), then, is a
valuable germicide and may be safely recommended for the disinfec-
tion of material not containing spores.”

The high percentage of copper sulphate given by most of these
authorities seems to preclude the idea of its practical use for the pur-
pose desired. It should be remembered, however, that these inyesti-
gators were working for a very different end, namely, to find concen-
trations destructive to bacteria in the presence of large quantities of
albuminoid and fatty matter. Experiments conducted under similar
circumstances have confirmed the above results, but the conditions
obtaining in public water supplies are widely different. Here the
amount of albuminoid matter is so small that the death point of the
typhoid or cholera organism is lowered tremendously and very dilute
solutions of copper are shown to be toxic. The tabulated results on
the succeeding pages demonstrate this fact.

“Semmer and Krajewski, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharmakol., 14: 139.

> Bolton, Rep. of Com. on Disinfectants, Am. Pub. Health Assn., 1888, p. 153.

¢Green, Zeit. fur Hyg., 13: 495.

@{srael and Klingman, Virchon’s Archiy., 147: 293.

eSternberg, Rep. Com. Disinfection, Am. Pub. Health Assn., 1888, p. 38. See also
Infection and Immunity, New York and London, 1903.

80 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi at different temperatures, 4

{Determination made in tubes of bouillon, + indicates growth after 48 hours’ incubation; — indi-
cates no growth.}

1 part cop-| 1 part cop-| 1 part cop-
per sul- per sul- per sul-

Duration of exposure to action of copper | Tempera- Check phate to phate to phate to
sulphate, ture, ; 100,000 200, 000 ,
parts of parts of parts of
water. water. water.
°¢, |
38 { _ + +
28 + + + +
D Oe . ws connexes avnecu en cueneeeiaeeee ss 23.5 + + + oo ,
re 4) + + + +
1 + + + +
38 + - + +
| 28 + - + +
4 DOUG «oo ov ccncuncse ecdees tees se 23.5 + (?) oa +b
| 14 + + + +
4 a + + +
38 + = _ +
28 + _ + +
G@ROUM Sew esa ds aasccruvoaseneeens Be aKiniwa 23.5 + - + +
". if + He + +
4 + + + +
38 + - = +
28 + _ + +
DOING sg xine <u cnn aiinies pn Rn eee ene ines 23. 5 oo - aa a
| 14 + = + +
4 + (2) 5 +

aExperiment conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with
a 3mm. loop of a 24-hour culture of B. typhi.
Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi cultures of various ages.@

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours’ incubation; — indi-
cates no growth. ]

tion of solution of 1 part ure 36 | Culture 24| Culture 18 | Culture12| Culture 6 | Culture 3

Duration of exposure to ac- Cult
hours hours hours hours hours hours

copper sulphate to 100,000

parts of water. old. old. old. old. old. old.
S hewiwe: | J. capeddon shes as + + + “= — =
CW Ree epee ee Oe ne (?) - — — i on
SNONTS oon eae aw esewees — = — = = <a

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5cc. of sterilized water, portions of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a culture of B. typhi of the proper age.

Effect of copper sulphate on Bacillus typhi at different temperatures.
[Determination made in Petri dishes.]

a of

One part One part One part f-

copper sul- | copper sul- | copper sul-
phate to phate to phate to ©

00,000 parts | 200,000 parts | 500,000 part» —
of water. of water. of water.

Duration of exposure to action of |Tempera-
copper sulphate. / ture. Check.

wh 3 Colonies. Colonies. Colonies.
OS NOUrSa <<. cosas eae nee 5 720 315 1, 440

DNOUTS, «| aac ence acetone ae ene 38 1, 260 0 312
Ribot!) 25 Se a aa 5 155 115 495

BROUES. Sncc00= he aces-ns ese ree beeen 38 | 37 0 9

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 ec. of sterilized water, portions of whic?
had been previously treated with the 3 oper amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with
a 3 mm. loop of an 18-hour culture of B. typhi.

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA,

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi at room temperature.¢

————$ _

{Determination made in Petri dishes, }

Duration of exposure + 2 oe

to action of copper) Check. |

sulphate. water.

Colonies.

SS er ae 1, 650 5,481
ce a ee Pe 1,836 | 918
ee 1, 566 | 1, 026
oly i 1, 485 864
oS ere | 999 243
MRRCIRA Sate op sna a0 | 1,134 180
EU Sd Se ee 1, 080 156
i 783 108
SUMNER 6 ots as a owed de 270 0
SOUR oc leeway 297 0

One part copper sulphate to—

500,000 parts |1,000,000 parts|5,000,000 parts
water.

100,000 parts 200,000 parts

water.

Colonies.

2, 376
2, 106
1, 242
1, 296
1, 620
1,161

783

972

fel

‘

4

Colonies.

2, 754
2,403
1, 323
2, 835
1, 485
1, 620
918

1, 998
405
42

water.

Colonies.

2, 646
1, 377
2, 673
2, 430
2,727
1,782
2,079
1, 836

324

243

31

water,

Colonies.

3, 645
1, 755
2, 808
3, 024
2, 106

156
1, 242
1, 458

459

405

aExperiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 ce. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate.
a 3mm. loop of an 18-hour culture of B. typhi.

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi at room temperature. 4

[Determination made in Petri dishes. ]

No. 2. One part} No. 3. One part

No. 4. One

art

copper sulphate
to 50,000 parts

water.

Colonies.

Bacillus ty-
phi.

Molds.

Saprophytie

bacteria,

All tubes inoculated with

No.5. One part

copper sul-
phate to
100,000 parts
water.

Colonies.

phi.

Bacillus ty-

Molds.

copper sul- copper sul-
No.1. Check. phate to phate to
200,000 parts | 100,000 parts
water. water.
Duration of expo- Colonies. Colonies. Colonies.
sure to action of |__ . ss
copper sulphate. |, ° a ° ns ©
S ba | > Ba | > ba
mos ays oe
2a | 4|e3| 22 | 4 |e8| 22 | |es
= Dae oy oe eg en) RS
S |S|88/8 |s|es/s |s/a8
—Q za ID -Q za lw —Q a 1a
pense 144| 4] 5] 108| 2| 7 Biot |. A
Ea age | 792 | 2 4 90} 1 Ail R198! Pd 5
14,634 | 2 vf 11 0 5 72 3 4
B HOUT os... 255...
16, 212 0 0 126 0 Z 6 0 0
954 0) 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
MOUTH): 2025... Su aa
HHS. |. 3 31 0 0 0 0 0 0
24,300 | 2 8 0 uf Z 0 0 i
OT a
19,400 | 0 0 2) ot Red | 5 0°) 0 0
20, 484 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
Po ile by: \ ee xs
19,674 | 0 0 0} 0 0 0; 0 3
= |
ec >. { 6,156 0 33 0 0 | 0 0 0 0
/{21, 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SS

Im
=I
coco ooo co KB CERN

aExperiment conducted in 12-liter aquaria.

28480—No. 64--04——_ 3

ooo oo oo oo oF ©&

coniOo WOW SCF OF O&O

oOo FM OF COON FE CO CSC SO

Saprophytie
bacteria.

ao © oo 6. co 6 & ©o oc oe a

2 No. 1 was untreated; copper sulphate was added to
Nos, 2, 3,4, and 5. Three cubic centimeters of a mixture of cultures of B. typhi were added to each
jar 18 hours before treating. All small nonliquifying colonies counted as typhoid.

32 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES,

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi at low temperature.4

[Determination made in Petri dishes. |

| One part

=

Duration of exposure to action of copper sulphate. Tempery, Check, | otbD O00
parts water.

° 6, Colonies. Colonies,
ean a hud: uae Peas Ca babwe od cc ssceccovsunducncean’ 5] 2,187) 1,944
OE SSE AMEE it D3 5S Sl hola so ae 5| 2,646 | 881
eI oe Pr ee ee ee Te ew waive cklsieus eoebent 5 1, 026 | 702
RR nee et tae oe veces eeaddanueany 5 351 Ys

eS 8 eee ee 2 senmloaien ¢ 5 37 | 0

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 ce. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3mm. loop of a culture of B. typhi of the proper age.

Eject of copper sulphate upon Bacillus coli cultures of various ages.

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours’ incubation; — indi-
cates no growth. |

/

Duration of exposure to La
action of solution of 1 part | Culture 36 Culture 24} Culture 18} Culture 12| Culture6 | Culture 3
copper sulphate to 100,000 | hours old. | hours old. | hours old. | hours old. | hours old. | hours old.

parts water.

a EEE oe eee + + + + + - @
bert oe 2S eta ed 4 5, ae — — i. _ _ rer.
Devnet es mo ieee - = ae = = =

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3mm. loop ofa culture of B. coli of the proper age.

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus coli at different temperatures.

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours’ incubation; — indi-
cates no growth. |

| One part copper sulphate to—
Duration of exposure to action of | Tempera- Check. “|=. en
copper sulphate. ture. * | 100,000 parts | 200,000 parts | 500,000 parts
water. water. water.
“¢
38 ss i TF +
28 + + oa ~
SONS eas eats ine aetna => 2 == 23.5 + + + +
14 + + + +
1 + + + +
38 + = = +
28 — os — oe
ANOUPH scope vacsncan a danceawandess chines 23.5 + + + +
14 ah + bg ss
4 + a 5 +
38 +t 3 3 +-
| 28 + + + +
GOUT 2. 5..annmanchinaeteasan ete we aicnic's 23.5 ao + + SS
| l4 te + + +
4 t as + bi

|
a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 ce. sterilized water, portions of which had

been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3-mm. loop of a 24-hour culture of B. coli.

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 33

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus coli at room temperature, @

{Determination made in Petri dishes. |

ae f | 1 part copper sulphate to—
uration of expo- | ee ie

sure to action of | Check, 00 parts | 2 | r09,000 parts |1,000,000 parts'5,000,000 parts
copper sulphate. 100,090 parts | 200,000 parts | 50), parts (1,000, parts 5,000, parts

of water, of water. of water, | of water. of water.

Colonies, Colonies, Colonies. Colonics. Colonics. Colonies.
a 3, 888 5, 697 | 4, 455 8, 987 | 5, 490 6, 426
NE %, 456 2,295 | 1, 755 2,700 3, 483 2, 160
0 eee 2, 592 2, 565 1, 755 2, 403 1,377 1, 873
Oo 2,079 1,971 8, 429 1, 890 | 8, 267 | 3, 942
ES eee 3, 969 2, 885 2, 295 3, 456 2,214 2,349
Oo Loe 2, 457 1,701 1, 242 3, 834 2,106 3, 078
OOS UN 1, 566 1, 404 2, 295 1, 431 2, 025 3, 240
4 hours....... eee 1, 823 | 675 1, 593 2, 403 | 1, 674 | 1, 836
IseS....-....-:-.:- 1,107 96 459 1,026| . 613 | 1,728
oo 297 5 43 366 513 | 891

aExperiment conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with
a3 mm. loop of an 18-hour culture of B. coli.

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus coli at low temperature.

[Determination made in Petri dishes. }

| 4 part cop-
Duration of exposure to action of copper sulphate. i | Check. OTe

| water.
owes a= Jao = ere BE) =

ao Colonies. Colonies.
ete eel ES i OA eee > 51 2,700 | 2, 673
oP ayo") I Se eae ne Oe | 5 3, 591 1, 620
COPIES C stat pl a eee ee rE Btn Se on ie oe 5 | 2,403 1,215
RES ES i se te SS Sv. win 0 bine aa ee Ie 5

f | 2,106 | 1, 431

aExperiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3mm. loop of a culture of B. coli of the proper age.

Effect of copper sulphate upon paracolon cultures of various ages. 4

[Determination made intubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours’ incubation; —indi-
cates no growth. ]

Duration of exposure to ac-
tion of solution of 1 part | Culture 36 | Culture 24} Culture 18| Culture 12| Culture 6 | Culture 3
copper sulphate to 100,000 | hours old. | hours old. | hours old. | hours old. hours old. | hours old.
parts of water. |

Ss ae Se eee a = ? be * es

EES eee eee — = = : ? 2
0 re = = ne fe. od

aExperiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 ec. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated witha
3mm. loop of a culture of paracolon of the proper age.
These tables show that Bacillus typhi is more sensitive to copper
sulphate than is co/7, that the para group are about equally sensitive,
and that temperature has a very important bearing on the toxicity of

34 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES.

the copper in solution. At room temperature, which is near the tem-
perature of a reservoir in summer, a dilution of 1 to 100,000 is fatal to
typhi in three to five hours; at 5° it requires twenty-four hours for
complete destruction.

The results obtained were checked in three ways:

(1) Five cubic centimeters of each of the solutions to be tested,
made up with filtered hydrant water and check tubes of the same
water, were sterilized in test tubes. ‘To each of these was transferred
one 3-mm. loop of a bouillon culture of the bacillus. After the proper
exposure, a 3-mm. loop of the inoculated water from each tube was
transferred to a sterile bouillon tube with a corresponding number.
These bouillon tubes were then incubated forty-six hours at 38°, the
time and concentration of the agent required to prevent growth being
noted.

(2) Instead of transferring to bouillon tubes from the inoculated
water, the transfer was made to gelatine tubes, and plates were poured
in 10-cem. Petri dishes, thus making it possible to estimate the reduc-
tion in the number of bacteria in concentrations not sufficient to pre-
vent growth.

(3) Five 12-liter aquaria, two of which contained a high percentage
of organic matter, also a large quantity of alge and other aquatic
plants, were insmainted. each with 3 cubic centimeters of cultures of
Bacillus typhi of different ages, and allowed to stand eighteen hours,
and two poured plates were made from each aquarium, the 3-mm. loop
being used in all cases. To these aquaria were then added al per
cent solution of copper sulphate in sufficient quantity to produce the
desired concentration. After the proper time had elapsed, another
series of plates was made, this being repeated every two hours for a
period of twelve hours.

The tests were made upon four distinct cultures of Bacdllus typha,
designated respectively Wasserman, Stokes, Say, and Longcope, and
except in the case of the aquaria series, upon Lacill/us coli and some
of the para forms. These organisms were obtained from the labora-
tory of H. K. Mulford & Co.

ASIATIC CHOLERA.

The method of procedure in determining the toxic concentration for
Microspiva comma (Spirillum cholere) was identical to that employed
in the case of Bacillus typhi. The tables on the next page show that
the toxic limits of these two pathogenic organisms are very similar and
that Microspira comma is slightly more sensitive to copper sulphate
than is Bacillus typhi. To destroy the cholera germ requires about
three hours in a 1 to 100,C00 solution at a temperature above 20°. A
longer exposure or a higher concentration is necessary to produce this
result at lower temperatures.

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 35

effect of copper sulphate upon Microspira comma at different temperatures, @

[Determination made in Petri dishes. }

/ One part copper sulphate to—

Duration of exposure to action of — | Tempera! Gp eex. a

copper sulphate. ture, 100,000 parts | 200,000 parts | 500,000 parts
water, water. water.
7 —- : | Ts
°¢. Colonies. | Colonies. Colonies. | Colonies.
| 5 1, 866 1,400 |. 566 3, 366
15 2, 500 533 1, 100 1, 000
ee a's wns anv on Owe wll i ae . os
26 8,500 | 3 100 733
|
30.5 4, 556 7 | 66 | 1, 433
| 5 1, 533 | 133 13 766
|
15 1, 033 21 72 95
aa ahs a wis a Wu dn wae oe bale tite olen
26.5 1, 033 | 0 6 1
30.5 1, 466 | 0 0 12
5 2, 000 | 32 i) 700
15 3, 033 9 20 84
RIS Se boca Balcldy babs eh oetcncel fe an 4)
26.5 3, 600 0 166 533
30.5 1, 066 0 0 90

aExperiments conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 ce. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated
with a 3 mm. loop of a 14-hour culture of M. comma.

Effect of copper sulphate upon Microspira comma at different temperatures.@

[Determinations made in buillon tubes. + indicates growth after 48 hours’ incubation; — indicates
no growth. ]

1 part of copper sulphate to—

Duration of exposure to action of | Tempera- 7 a a SS aa
‘ * | 100,000 parts 200,000 parts | 500,000 parts

copper sulphate. ture.
water. water. water.
°o ce
aly =F a ae ==
MUMRITES See Se as os tS A ee 24.4 + 4+ +} ~
30.5 ae = pe :
17 5 fs sf Te
_ OD esse 2 24.4 + _ + So
30.5 “Ff _ _ +
| 17 +. * + +
et eae | 24.4 + ae | + =
| ag Ree © 2. = =
\ |

aExperiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 ce. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3mm. loop of a 16-hour culture of M. comma.

It will be seen that the concentration of copper required is consid- —
erably greater than the maximum necessary for the destruction of
alow, and would, of course, be injurious to the aquatic animals nor-
mally present in a reservoir if it were allowed to act for any great
length of time. Experiments in this laboratory have demonstrated,
however, that the time necessary to remove Bacillus typhi is from
three to four hours in summer, twenty-four hours in the coldest
weather, and that under such conditions the solution does not injure fish
and frogs or the common aquatic plants such as HVodea, Myriophyllum,
and Lemna. To remove the copper at the desired time the method

36 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG IN WATER SUPPLIES.

suggested in the preceding section in the case of acid and soft waters
may be employed — that is, precipitate the copper by some soluble
hydroxide or carbonate, This somewhat complicates the treatment,
as it will be necessary to determine from the character of the water
the amount of copper necessary to produce a solution of 1 to 100,000,
as well as to estimate how much of the hydroxide or carbonate should
be added. ‘That such work be conducted under the constant and direct
supervision of competent authorities is even more important than when
treating for algal contamination.

COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF OTHER DISINFECTANTS.

A comparison of the effect of copper sulphate with certain other
substances commonly used as disinfectants is instructive, and gives
some idea of the great toxicity of this metal. Mercuric chloride (cor-
rosive sublimate) is slightly more fatal to typhoid and cholera than
copper sulphate acting at a lower temperature and in a shorter length
of time. Carbolie acid, one hundred times as strong as the dilution
found to be effective for copper sulphate, and acting eight times as
long, failed to kill. The same is true of formalin used between fifteen
and twenty times the strength of a 1 to 100,000 solution. Using one
thousand times the amount of citric acid that would be used of copper
sulphate produces death. Thymol is effective in six hours when used
in a solution of 1 to 5,000, and naphthalene is five times weaker.

COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS.

The preceding experiments have dealt with copper in solution as the
salt of some acid. The effect upon water of metallic copper surfaces,
producing the so-called colloidal solution of copper, deserves especial
mention. As Niigeli, Galeotti, and Israel and Klingman have abun-
dantly demonstrated, the slight amounts of copper thus brought into
solution are highly toxic to many forms of algee and bacteria.

The experiments carried on in this laboratory show that it is
undoubtedly possible to exterminate Uroglena and some forms of
Spirogyra by suspending in the water copper foil sufficient to give
an area of about 1 sq. em. to each 100 ec. of water. This would not
be a practicable method of treating a reservoir, but it suggests the
possibility of sheet copper being used as a preventive of pollution.
By suspending large sheets of this metal at the intake of a reservoir,
it is probable that conditions would be rendered sufficiently antago-
nistic to algal growth to maintain the sterility of a reservoir after
it had once been thoroughly cleansed of polluting forms. It would,
of course, be necessary to keep such copper sheets clean in order to
prevent a reduction of the toxic action due to the formation of an
insoluble or slimy coating on its surface. It is possible that some

COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS. 87

electrical method may be perfected for rapidly obtaining a strong
colloidal solution, which will furnish a more convenient means of
application than that of the crude salt.

In regard to the bacteria causing cholera and typhoid, the impor-
tance of the specific toxic effect of colloidal copper is probably much
greater than with algw. The following tables show the proportions
of the area of copper to the quantity of water and to the time and the
temperature necessary to produce the complete sterilization of water
containing these pathogenic germs:

Effect upon Bacillus typhi of exposure to colloidal solution of copper at room temperature.4

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon, +4 indicates growth after 48 hours’ inoculation; — indi-
cates no growth. }

|
15sq.mm. 100sq.mm. | 225sq.mm.

Duration of exposure to action of copper. | Check. | i piel pee as sc fg ee
water. | water. water.
10 hours. ..-.- Pgs lds wertow Saat a ey Uh Mee Macs OE Se Fiat + t +
DRMMRMEEIIEE OC Swlcieras Line 3 scnuw bd ota db ce ean eae mma. 2 + + t
NEE Nee Fei as, OG-a «nin nara onda elaine aver ete oe ae + + - _
IRATE TIER See SS wis vic cx Slo clear oe wie oe wee eee eee eet -t - --

aExperiment conducted in test tubes containing 10 ec. each of sterilized water. The copper foil
was sterilized and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3 mm. loop of a
24-hour culture of B. typhi. This experiment was duplicated with three separate strains of typhoid
with identical results,

Effect upon Bacillus typhi of exposure to colloidal solution of copper at room temperature.4

[Determination made in Petri dishes. ]

| 1lsq.cm. | 48q. cm.

Duration of exposure to action of copper. Check. epee ae oh iene
/ water. water.
Colonies. : Colonies. Colonies.

Ea Sle eye SE eS er ee ee 1, 650 | 2, 241 2,025
(yp la A eo Se 1, 836 | 1, 94 | 2,349
IMRINESPEER Ss ee re, Soe oo Sc wae 2 ee eee we 1, 566 | 1,620 1,188
0 nh Ti. Le aC ey el. 1, 485 1, 674 1,188
Ss ee SR ie ee a ee ee I eee 92 oY yin PS oe 999 | 675 1, 053
RTI aes) a en ort On oe ate dn care Dee ees 1,134 | 972 918
SNMREETS ee ee ee a Ret ay kn 2 Se Lt a ee ce 1, 080 1, 242 621
Ee ee eee ee ee ae 783 837 360
ree coe sere ese 2 BAe Le ea ot a's 270 | 216 0

|

ae | eg ae, 297 24 | 0
| |

«Experiment conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water. The copper foil
was sterilized, and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3 mm. loop ofa
24-hour culture of B. typhi.

7

35 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect upon Bacillus coli of eeposure to colloidal solution of copper at room lemperature.@

{Determination made in tubes of bouillon, + indicates growth after 48 hours’ inoculation; — indicates
" no growth. }

aoe Se
° we

15 sq. mom. 100 sq. mm. /225 sq. mm.

copper foil | copper foil copper foil

Duration of exposure to action of copper. | Check. | in'10 ce. of | in 10 ce. of | in 10 ce. of
water, Water. | water,
LO TOO occ os on cadens en, ee lee wec | t + + +
16 HOUR ans Sis Fe as. feed. | + + + _
0), Se rie on ee | + + + ~
60 hea ite ee i oh pe + a: =

a Experiment conductedin test tubes containing 10 cc. each of sterilized water. The copper foil was
petal Hy added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3mm. loop of a 24-hour
culture of B, coli,

Effect upon Bacillus coli of exposure to colloidal solution of copper at room temperature.@

[Determination made in Petri dishes. ]

lsq.cm. | 48q. em.
copper foil | copper foil
to 5 ce. of | to 5 ee. of
water. water, —

Duration of exposure to action of copper. Check.

Colonies. | Colonies, Colonies.

Pe RNONRR ES oe See en. Ss ae OO Se Soe Jnintwa emilee 3, 888 2, 241 3, 024
Ehovr..c.-s2.. SO ee OL 2 cla Wadieaiomvemeee's 3, 456 1, 971 2, 025
DAO a ses = ai Spe a ARIE 2 oe < a 2,592 1,512 2, 754
ern Se ee. i wa cet wa sasweee ean’ 2,079 1,188 1, 846
a Ae enn ae on a in a aie e ews nduwaloantewee eae 3, 969 1, 242 999
SOUP soe a ees cee oo ous a wid vy wan weld Sale ohaens 2, 457 1, 242 1, 593
SE PROVEN oo oan a iain wo chon cede akawccoreuannee 1, 566 1, 026 ya |
MES OUND ag oe a a an en nadvaasduaancnndsrkneeneee 1,323 1, 323 810
Si oe er ee 8 caw wastweteeeen esas 1, 107 702 69
ETRE es one ee cs cnc sn aces caweonsmenmens 297 348 0

a Experiment conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 ce. of sterilized water. The commer foil
was sterilized and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3-mm. loop of a
24-hour culture of B. coli.

Effect upon paracolon of exposure to collodial solution of copper at room temperature. @

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours’ inoculation; — indi-
cates no growth. |

115 sq. mm. 100 sq. mm.,/| 225sq. mm.
copper foil copper foil | copper foil

Duration of exposure to action of copper. Check. in 10 66. of | in 10 ea: of | in See
water. water. water.
Ey VOU ee eee eo ek bee +} + + +
OG ey Cee SE Ts 0 ae ee ee eo 2s + _
RG thy a a re roe ata nw a wd wee Seaueeae + + a =
yn) eC) 5: ee rn a ak, Ae tr ra El + ae — _
PUB 0). Bae eet he 8 a a er a = ~

a Experiment conducted in test tubes containing 10 ee. each of sterilized water. The copper foil was
sterilized and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3mm. loop of a 24-hour
geukars of Dae: This experiment was duplicated upon another form of paracolon with exactly

same results, :

COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS.

39

Effect upon paratyphoid of exposure to colloidal solution of copper ut room temperature. 4

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon,
cates no growth. }

Duration of exposure to action of copper. Check,

RO TOUTS Fe on was ace cinccscecccsnccsnccscccccsctecuvscdsens
RES eek ieee kino bane wt ay srwe5a 0h athe tee ake {-
tT ne sc wen cies 6.6 6 cide dae eae en ee }-

SEE Sarees hanes se aan te wo we sa a aden a eee eee {
}

aExperiment conducted in test tubes containing 19 ce. each of sterilized water.
was sterilized and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3 mm,

24-hour culture of paratyphoid.

+ indicates growth after 48 hours’ inoculation;

indi-

15 sq. mm, |100 sq. mm,/225 sq. mm,
copper toil | copper foil | copper toil

in 10 ce. of
water,

in 10 ce, of
water.

in 10 ee. of
water.

The aeppes foil

oop of a

Effect upon Microspira comma of colloidal solution of copper at various temperatures. @

[Determination made in Petri dish

Tempera-

es. |

Duration of exposure to action of copper. Give. Check.

OF Colonies.

5 1, 866

OS Se a 2 SG OM eRe epee oo 5 - 16 2,500
26.5 3, 500

30.5 4, 556

5 1, 533

pS) SS ale See ese ns eee Peta et SS ee ee 15 1, 033
26.5 1, 033

30.5 1, 466

5 2, 000

(SIRES Bo Sa le ES ss ee 15 3, 033
26.5 3, 600

30.5 1, 066

4 sq. cm.

2 sq. cm.

copper foil | copper foil

to 5 ec,
water.

Colonies.

833 |

733
4, 600
1, 666

52

633 |

200

to 5 ce.
water,

Colonies.
2, 500
2,433

333
533
29

a Experiments conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, portions of which

had been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate.

a3mm. loop of a 14-hour culture of MW. comma.

All tubes inoculated with

» It is evident that the amount of surface exposed in any ordinary

copper tank would far exceed the amount demanded for the above

results, and it is likewise certain that after standing from 6 to 8 hours
at room temperature in a clean copper vessel water becomes safe to
drink even though it may have contained cholera and typhoid germs.
It remains to be seen whether or not the application of these facts to
conditions in the Tropics, where cholera is abundant, will be of any

value.

It would seem that the construction of canteens and other

water vessels from copper might serve as an additional safeguard, if
not an actual preventive of this disease, and would prove of consider-
able value where distillation or efficient filtration apparatus is not at

hand.

40 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES.

CONCLUSIONS.

It is believed that the foregoing experiments demonstrate the possi-
bility of the use of copper sulphate for the destruction or prevention
of growths of alge in water supplies, and that when used under the
direction of a competent authority, it is the only practicable remedy
for this trouble capable of universal application which has ever been
proposed. It is, of course, probable that with the experience which
must come from a wider opportunity for testing this salt, many
improvements will be made in the practical application of the treat-
ment to large bodies of water. However, it is hoped that the results
already obtained, together with trials now under way, will make it
possible to begin using this method within a short time upon a large
scale throughout the country.

NECESSITY OF KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANISM AND CONDITION IN
RESERVOIR.

It can not be too strongly emphasized, however, that harmless as
the method undoubtedly is under proper control, it must always require
a certain amount of definite knowledge in regard to the condition of
the reservoir before any treatment can be made, even by those
thoroughly able to conduct such an experiment. This is regarded as
a fortunate requisite, since it will tend to prevent the irresportsible or
careless dosing of reservoirs by incompetents, who are occasionally in
charge of water supplies.

Before the amount of copper to be added can possibly be known, it
is absolutely necessary to ascertain the exact character of the organ-
ism causing the trouble. This will make a microscopical examination
of the first importance. Also, the sooner such an examination reveals
the presence of the polluting form, the more effective will be the treat-
ment. If examinations are made at short intervals during the entire
year, it is possible to detect the troublesome forms at their first appear-
anceand by prompt treatment to destroy the algvw before the consumer
is aware of any difficulty. The early detection of the algve will also
make a considerable difference in the expense of the treatment, as it
may require fifteen or twenty times as much copper to clean a reser-
voir after the bad odor and taste are evident than it would could the
application have been made before the organism began to rapidly
multiply. In all cases the use of copper as a preventive rather than
acure is advocated, and this can not be intelligently applied unless
the microscopical examinations are thorough and frequent at the time
of year the trouble is to be anticipated.

On account of the necessity of determining the nature of the organ-
ism and the time of its appearance as nearly as possible, it will become
as imperative for water companies to employ some one competent to

¢

CONCLUSIONS. 41

make these examinations as it now is to have a chemist or bacteriolo-
gist. In fact, in regions where the difficulty from alge is great, the
microscopical examination must take precedence of everything else as
ameans of keeping the water palatable and satisfactory to the consumer.

In addition to the character of the organisms and the earliest possi-
ble determination of their appearance, it has already been pointed out
that the chemical constitution, the temperature, and other special con-
ditions of the water are factors in determining the line of treatment.
No specific instructions are given in this bulletin for the amount of
copper sulphate which is to be used for each species of algee which is
known to affect water supplies, because it is impossible to make a defi-
nite statement without a knowledge of the conditions already men.
tioned. uch reservoir must be regarded as an indiidual case, re-
quiring special knowledge and a particular prescription. Itis believed
that the public water supplies of this country are worthy of such spe-
cial care, and it would be a matter of regret if the method proposed
here should ever be regarded as a universal panacea to be used by
everyone, regardless of the organism to be eradicated and the condi-
tion of the water.

APPLICATION OF METHOD FOR DESTRUCTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
NOT DESIGNED TO REPLACE EFFICIENT MEANS OF FILTRATION
ALREADY IN USE.

The use of copper sulphate in clearing polluted reservoirs of patho-
genic bacteria, such as typhoid and cholera, is regarded as incidental
to the main purpose of the investigation. There already exists a most
efficient means cf preventing the appearance of these organisms in
water supplies, and under no circumstances can it be considered that
the method as described is expected to replace or supersede slow sand
or any other efficient filtration. There are conditions, however, which
sometimes make it desirable to thoroughly sterilize a reservoir, and
under those circumstances the use of copper sulphate is believed to
offer a new and adequate way of dealing with the difficulty. Expe-
rience has demonstrated the impossibility of compelling consumers of
what may be an infected water to boil it, or observe other precautionary
measures, and the absence of proper filtration plants in a very great
number of cities and towns in this country makes it necessary that
some efficient method for destroying disease germs in water be employed
until the danger from pollution be past. Up to this time no satisfac-
tory and yet harmless method has been known that would become
effective in the course of a very few hours and the cost of which was
in the reach of every community. It is believed that the results of
the experiments upon typhoid and cholera germs described in this
bulletin indicate that it will be possible under competent direction to
employ copper sulphate with perfect safety in any municipal water

42 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGA IN WATER SUPPLIES.

reservoir which may have become infected with some nonspore-
forming disease germ. Its application to barnyard tanks and pools
as a preventive of hog cholera nay also prove to be of value. Since
the selective toxicity of this salt renders it fatal to pathogenic forms
peculiar to water, while the common saprophytic or beneficial bac-
teria are unaffected, the method is particularly well adapted for this
purpose.
MEDICINAL USE.

While it is not within the province of this bulletin to discuss or
recommend any line of medical treatment, reference should be made
to the fact that certain eminent practitioners, after reviewing the
results here published, are of the opinion that the use of copper in
‘ases of typhoid fever and related diseases should be more thoroughly
investigated than it has been heretofore. It was the testimony of sev-
eral that other intestinal troubles, more recently presumed to be due
to the presence of certain disease germs in drinking water and milk,
had responded most favorably to copper in one form or another.

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CAN
FURNISH INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE IN APPLYING THIS METHOD.

The problem of destroying or preventing the growth of alge by the
method devised in the laboratory of plant physiology in water reser-
voirs, lakes, ponds, water-cress beds, and wherever these plants have
become a pest, is one which distinctly comes within the province of
the Department of Agriculture. Definite instructions as to the treat-
ment to be followed will at all times be furnished to the proper author-
ities who may desire assistance, and in so far as the limited facilities
of the laboratory permit, determination will be made of the organisms
causing the trouble. It is earnestly hoped that no tests of the method
described here will be made without first consulting with the Depart-
ment. Those most intimately connected with this work are constantly
gaining information and experience, and this may prove of consider-
able value, besides a saving of expense, to those who have occasion to
exterminate algal pests.

The treatment of water supplies for the destruction of pathogenic
bacteria, or any application of the copper-sulphate method which has
to do with public health, is not contemplated or indeed possible by this
Department. The requests of private individuals or unauthorized
bodies for information or assistance can not be granted. When State
or local boards of health consider that the disinfection of.a water sup-
ply is desirable and wish information upon the subject it will be
supplied as fully and freely as possible. All experiments of this kind,
however, must be conducted by the board of health, and the Depart-
ment can serve only in the capacity of an adviser.

SUMMARY, 43

COST.

No definite estimate of the cost of the treatment of a reservoir can
be given, because of the special conditions governing each case. It is
evident, however, that the maximum cost of material for exterminating
alow can not exceed 50 to 60 cents per million gallons, and will often
be less than half this amount. The cost for the copper-sulphate
destruction of bacteria will be from $5 to $6 per million gallons, and
where lime or some soluble hydrate is used in addition the cost would
be inereased about one-third. The cost of labor necessary to intro-
duce these substances will be slight, since two men can usually treat
from 10,000,000 to 20,000,000 gallons in less than three hours.

SUMMARY.

The importance of maintaining all public water supplies at the
highest degree of purity and wholesomeness is too well recognized to
require any discussion.

The disagreeable odors and tastes so often present in drinking water
are due almost exclusively to algv, although the economic importance
of studying these plants has not been recognized until recent years.

These algal forms are widely distributed, and reservoirs in many
States have been rendered unfit for use by their presence.

The methods now known for preventing or removing the odors and
tastes caused by algz have proved unsatisfactory, either because of
prohibitive expense or failure to accomplish result.

It is therefore desirable that some new, cheap, harmless, and effective
method be devised for ridding reservoirs of these pests.

It has been found that copper sulphate in a dilution so great as to
be colorless, tasteless, and harmless to man, is sufficiently toxic to the
alove to destroy or prevent their appearance.

The mode of application makes this method applicable to reservoirs
of all kinds, pleasure ponds and lakes, fish ponds, oyster beds, water-
cress beds, etc. It is also probable that the method can be used for
the destruction of mosquito larve.

At ordinary temperatures 1 part of copper sulphate to 100,000 parts
of water destroys typhoid and cholera germs in from three to four
hours. The ease with which the sulphate can then be eliminated from
the water seems to offer a practical method of sterilizing large bodies
of water, when this becomes necessary.

The use of copper sulphate for the prevention of disease is regarded
as incidental and is not designed in any way to supplant efficient pre-
ventive measures now in use. It is believed, however, that up to this
time no such satisfactory means of thoroughly, rapidly, and cheaply
sterilizing a reservoir has been known. Since the selective toxicity of

44 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG IN WATER SUPPLIES.

copper sulphate renders it fatal to pathogenic forms peculiar to water,
while the saprophytic or beneficial bacteria are unaffected, the method
is particularly well adapted for this purpose.

Detinite knowledge in regard to what organisms are present, the
constitution of the water, its temperature, and other important facts
are necessary before it is possible to determine the proper amount of
copper sulphate to be added. A microscopical examination thus
becomes as important as a bacteriological or chemical analysis.

No rule for determining the amount of copper sulphate to be added
can be given. Each body of water must be treated in the light of its
special conditions.

The cost of material for exterminating alge will not exceed 50 to 60
cents per million gallons and will usually be less. The destruction of
pathogenic bacteria requires an expenditure of from $5 to $8 per
million gallons, not including the cost of labor.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO, 69,

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chicf of Bureau,

RECLAMATION

CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

BY

J. M. WESTGATE,
ASSISTANT IN SAND-BINDING Work.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

IssuED JUNE 30, 1904.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,

Beverty T. Gatroway, Chief.
J. E. Rocxwe tr, Editor.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF,

W.. J. Sprtuman, Agrostologist.

A. 8. Hrrencock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative E
C. V. Pirer, Systematic Agrostologist, in Charge of Herbarium.

C. R. Bau, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Work on pagEO: m
Davip Grirritus, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Range Investi
8. M. Tracy, Special Agent, in Charge of Gulf Coast Investigations.
P. L. Ricker, Assistant in Herbarium.

J. M. WesrGare, Assistant in Sand-Binding Work.
Byron Hunter, Assistant in Agrostology.

Marr. A. Crossy, Assistant in Furm Management.
R. A. Oakey, Assistant in Agrostology.

C. W. Waxsurton, Assistant in Farm Management.
AGNEs CuaseE, Agrostological Artist.

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DerarTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Puant INpustry,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., May 10, 1904.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on ** Reclamation

of Cape Cod Sand Dunes,” and respectfully recommend that it be
published as Bulletin No. 65 of the series of this Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Mr. J. M. Westgate, Assistant in Sand-
Binding Work, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, and has been
submitted by the Agrostologist with a view to publication.

The six plates accompanying the paper are necessary to properly
illustrate the text.

Respectfully,
B. T. Gatitoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

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PREFACE.

The extensive areas of sand dunes which surround Cape Cod Harbor
furnish the best example that this country affords of the extensive
utilization of beach grass for the binding of shifting sand which would
otherwise cause great damage by its encroachment on valuable prop-
erty. The harbor and city alike are endangered by the shifting dunes
which have been encroaching upon them since the original devastation
of the forests which formerly held the sands in check.

For a century and a half beach grass has been utilized for sand-
binding work upon the cape by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
and by the General Government for the purpose of protecting Cape
Cod Harbor, but it was not until 1893 that the State of Massachusetts
put in operation the present extensive system of reclamation, which
has proved so successful. The Province lands, upon which these
plantings have been made, are owned by the State, and the work
itself is under the immediate supervision of Mr. James A. Small.

Since these operations are proving so successful and the methods
developed there are applicable in a large measure to other similar
areas in this country, Mr. J. M. Westgate, Assistant in Sand-Binding
Work, was authorized to visit Cape Cod for the purpose of investigating
the details of the work now in progress, and to determine, as far as
possible, the causes which led to the devastation, and also the measures
which have at various times been taken looking to the reclamation of
the shifting dunes. The results of the investigation are presented in
this bulletin.

Acknowledgments are due the authorities having the reclamation
work in charge for the courtesy shown to Mr. Westgate in providing
every means to facilitate his investigations.

W. J. SPILLMAN,
Agrostologist.
Orrick Or THE AGROSTOLOGIST,
Washington, D. C., May 11, 1904.

or

; wr
4
CONTENTS
Page.
NN aac adie du dw kee EE os oa anc shan Wane Semudaatevnnseee 9
meomical relations Of the-Vemersue sso ba cee Sk Sie ceed Sect wee oe 10
mecnoca) [schord. .'.. eee MoE ies dele eho Ot Divas dene esac «weir 10
moe of deposition Of the Gene AAAS cos... 6 ek ain so hain enim ns ons ce secnas 12
Derolooment of the dune Faugeras 4c...) -- 6 2 25- . e ee eee tet wee eee ee- 13
Pemttite) FOCHAINATION -.. 2c omen eed Fa 6 slo od os os an awe cncewweceee 14
Areas receiving gradual accumulations of sand ........------------- 15
Areas not receiving gradual accumulations of sand.........--------- 16
Marenes and. hooiyi eres rans cloacae wiles Sb ee Sane se 17
Renee MeCOUNtA .. .. .... 7. eee ete a eS SSE - sso s Sash ese 18
Mevastation of the established dame areas =... 202-2... 22.2422 eee 18
Early conditions incident to the devastation.............--------------- 19
ERENCE 1EMISIAUION 2. lo eee ee aaaer eee s Soo oc ee oe ee eS 20
mcm eraroation of the. Cape sandsi. 2-22 eee! < Ss 2. te se 21
Pueiemoee er parid control.cot2 mene wees oe eee ee ee 21
eeomnmore be the State <.\.cs25 seseeeeweete wes oso > oes 2 Sa oSS s+. 40% 24
Prenimainery Operations: 3012. ee eee 5 oe i oes - ae 24
Attempts without beach grass ......-.-------- eye Sera ae oS Rapp ge 24
Titmestien Oo beach prass: 22. eee So So ke el elf 25
Relative merits of spring and fall planting..-.......-.------.---- 25
Belecine and transplanting the seteum. . - =<... .- 6-0 25-5 s. 22 26
tee TCA 2 2 5 oe eo ee es one 8 = ~ 27
Present. btatus of the various plantige@a: ....-.2-.-.-.-222--..--- 27
Mmectiveness. oF. brug layilip .. 2 gape. ooo. 2 ee Se ee 28
Efficiency of beach grass for sand binding ......-...--.--------- 28
Nec eeaily OF Gliimate forestation | . 2 ses cb Peat eb-- 2 ss -- 30
MBCcnaneous Operations on the sand :. <5 sages - snc <!- -j0i= = 0 2-2 + -- 31
RUPE R CIRTICUUST on A 2 eR a Se he a ac aioe we ee 32
Eee ere BIR APORR oe... | oleic Ss ene ae oa oe - - - o2
Beereeer GieatOne Or PANG) <9) Soe ee Se ee ee 30
Development of the protective beach ridge ........-.--..----------- o4
OES ETE ue ee ts oe eee =. ee 34
SU ISIPRMNNINNE See ee See bt a oc dnc ore Soe i aa -- eee 34
eg ENS eee) a a 3°
OM ST 0) OM ee eee: SS PE a a 35
Se lo EEE SG ea ie = 36
eS AS le ee SS eee a i 38

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Piare |. Map of sand areas inclosing Cape Cod Harbor ..........---- Frontispiece.

Il. Fig. 1.—Beach grass forming protective beach ridge. Fig. 2.—Beach
grass, showing method of vegetative propagation ............- ale 38

III. Fig. 1.—Set of beach grass suitable for transplanting. Fig. 2.—
Traneplanting beaeh grass... ....s..<.-s..s<dasee ue eee Se 38

IV. Fig. 1.—Sand dune burying forest. Fig. 2. Beach grass plantations,
GONOFET WIOM sock. . - . 5. 5 i ncn ccecncan seen ee ae 38

V. Fig. 1.—Bayberry bushes without grass protection. Fig. 2.—Bay-
berry bushes with. grass protection .............<.dsssseenesaeeeee 38

VI. Fig. 1.—Wind erosion of nonprotected sand. Fig. 2.—Protect-
ing a. road through the dunes. .... ..cscessdcceas a cenabee eee 38

8

B. P. I.—104. G. F. P. I.—104.

RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

INTRODUCTION.

The sand areas at the extremity of Cape Cod comprise approximately
6,000 acres, less than half of which is under the protection of forest
covering. ‘The city of Provincetown, with its extensive fishing and
shipping interests, is built along a narrow strip of reclaimed land lying
in the lee of the inner range of fixed dunes bordering the harbor.
The peculiar shape and position of the city bring it into immediate
peril should any destructive force be brought to bear upon the adja-
cent dune areas, or in case of the encroachment of the shifting dunes
farther back but in line with the winter winds, which are by far the
most efficient in sand movement. The harbor around a portion of
which the city is built is even more endangered, as it is surrounded by
the sand accumulations which have been washed around the head of the
Cape, and the entire border on three sides is threatened with the possi-
bilities of sand encroachment. Many houses now stand where a cen-
tury ago small boats found convenient anchorage. In fact, certain
areas have been filled in several hundred feet during the last half cen-
tury. The value of the harbor thus endangered can hardly be over-
estimated. It is the home port of a large fleet of fishing vessels, while
asa harbor of refuge its position, capacity, depth, excellent anchor-
age, and land-locked condition combine to render it one of the most
important on the Atlantic coast. As many as 1,000 vessels are said to
have been counted at one time in the harbor during the heavy gales
which occasionally occur along the coast. The entire portion originally
known as ‘* East Harbor” has been rendered worthless by the encroach-
ing sands, a fresh-water marsh marking its original site. Not only is
the harbor of great commercial value, but in event of war its position
is such as to render it of great strategic importance. During the civil
war a portion of the extreme end of the Cape was ceded to the Goy-
ernment. Batteries were established and war vessels were at times
stationed in the harbor.

The greater portion of the sand areas inclosing the harbor is owned
by the State and designated ‘‘ Province lands” (PI. I). This enables
the authorities to exercise a more effective surveillance than would be
possible were the areas under private ownership.

LO RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

The problem of controlling the drifting sands of the Cape has con-
cerned the municipal, State, and National authorities for two hundred
years, and the extensive planting of beach grass as a means of protec-
tion dates back for more than a century.

The physiographic and botanical phases of the subject presented
are based upon the writer’s personal observations and collections.
The bibliography indicates the source of the historical features. Many
of the details were derived from an examination of the statutes and
town records, together with what could be deduced from local testi-
mony and personal observation. ‘The details of the early work of dune
control were obtained from the records on file in the War Department,
all the work of harbor protection on the part of the General Govern-
ment having been under the supervision of that Department.

ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE VEGETATION.
EcoLoGaicaAL FACTORS.

The ecological factors which are of the most importance in the con-
sideration of the sand-dune areas are light and heat, wind, soil, and
moisture. The low specific heat of the sand causes it to respond very
quickly to any change of temperature in the surrounding medium,
The sand becomes excessively hot on the side of the dune exposed to
the direct rays of the sun and for the same reason the cooling process
at night is quite as marked. The extremes of temperature incident
to this condition are severe upon any form of vegetation and probably
constitute the chief reason for the absence of many species which
-might otherwise be present. ‘The oceanic location of the area tends to
produce an equable climate. The thermometer rarely registers tem-
peratures below 2° F. in winter or above 85° F. in summer, except
immediately upon the bare sand areas, where the conditions are much
less equable.

The wind is an important factor for several reasons. Its effect upon
transpiration, especially when augmented by the high temperatures
incident to the heated layers of air at the surface of the sand, is very
marked. The distortions of the trees so often noticeable along the
coast are not present, as the rejuvenescence of extensive forested
dunes has destroyed the woody vegetation to beyond the limits of the
injurious effect of the unbroken salt-laden winds. The bombardment
by the sand which the wind hurls against the vegetation is especially
severe. The presence of sand as large as wheat grains (one-eighth to
one-sixth inch in diameter) in great quantities on the dunes testifies
to the force of the winter gales which swept it there from the beach
below. The force of this bombardment may be realized when walking
across a dune area during a strong wind or by examining the effect
of the sand blast upon the windward side of the exposed vegetation.

ECOLOGICAL FACTORS, ll

The action of the wind in shifting the sand and thereby either uproot-
ing or burying the vegetation is one of the most obvious points to be
noted in a shifting dune area. The heavy winter winds, usually from
the northeast or northwest, are the most effective in shifting the sand
and in preventing the existence of vegetation. A much more meager
vegetative covering is present on the northern than on the southern
slopes of the partially established dunes.

The isolated location of the area is such as to subject it to the
unbroken force of the winds. The average hourly velocity of the wind
for Nantucket, where records are accessible, is 11.7 miles per hour,
Gale velocities of from 50 to 60 miles per hour are not infrequent,
while velocities as high as 72 miles per hour have been recorded,

The soil of the entire area is largely reassorted glacial sand, at least
95 per cent of which is light-colored quartz. The other constituents
are principally magnetite, limonite, feldspar, schist, and garnet. The
vigorous growth of the vegetation in the protected locations indicates
that the sand is not as deficient in food salts as is sometimes supposed.
The large size and angularity of the grains constitute the character-
istic features of the Cape sands. It is noticeable that on the bare
wind-swept slopes the dune sand has been swept away, leaving the
coarser grains, which remain and act as a protective blanket, thus
reducing the movement of the underlying sand by the wind.

The following table indicates the size of the two kinds of sand.
No. 1 was taken from the surface of the windward slope of one of the
dunes. No. 2 was taken from 8 inches beneath the surface of a typ-
ical dune and fairly represents the bulk of the Cape sands.

Per cent. | Per cent.
S-—I “s hs ee eee 64.6 00.0
pT Ma 00 00 bane ew oe a age 27.9 16.8
PMD BES, Ya 2 Sher a he Od 77.0
Tut pais 0) «0 Ae Ae 0.0 | ara
6/25-0.05 nm...) >... 0.0 | 1.0

The moisture relations of the dune vegetation are unique. Though
the upper layers of sand are usually hot and dry during the growing
period except when rain is actually falling, the moisture comes to
within a few inches of the surface, even during periods of protracted
drought. The effect of a heavy rain is not noticeably different from
that of a very light one, as in either case a few hours of sunshine suf-
fice to remove all visible traces of the precipitation, most of which per-
colates at once to the lower layers of sand. For this reason the number
of rainy days, which averages 96, is otf greater moment than the actual
annual precipitation of 43 inches, which is sufficient under proper soil
conditions to produce a luxuriant vegetation. The snows which

12 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

might afford considerable protection to the vegetation of the sand
stretches are blown off and lodged in the lee of the dunes or within
areas covered with vegetation. The humidity incident to the oceanic
location of the Cape acts in favor of the existing vegetation. The
average annual rainfall is 42.58 inches. The accompanying table
indicates the normal monthly precipitation as compiled from the nor-
mals for neighboring stations.

Inches. Inches,
PAMUATY . oc cnccncacccunaheeeeeeetEe OO | JULY..<. scenes eeedee Ge ann ane 2.89
February .... 32... sine 8,39 | August .....0.dscceuscedee ean 3. 62
Mareoh, « ..5 <6. ocisca nd cbdepteeenee< 008 | September .c5i¢5. 2. sae 2.91
April . 005 asscons on cue meee, © 41 | Octobers.. ccs oseee eek eee 4. 00
MOY &. . 20 wn oc awete see 8.62 | November ..5...0<<.<6.dsueueneee 4.38
JUNG . 20. wade cle cceeeeeebwaees. 2 14! Decomber..s Jcecsereesee eee 3.74

The factor of associated vegetation or the interrelations of individ-
uals and species is of little importance in areas of shifting sands. The
conditions do not admit of a closed formation, that is, where the veg-
etation completely covers the ground, and it is only when this does
finally obtain that the factor assumes an important rdle in the plant
society. |

Mopr or Deposition OF THE CAPE SANDS.

The arm of the Cape extending around Cape Cod Bay consists of
glacial deposits, with the exception of about 10 square miles which
is composed entirely of post-Glacial sand which has subsequently
washed around the head of the Cape from the south, inclosing the
harbor within a sickle-shaped sand hook.

The addition of sand to the extremity of the Cape apparently takes
place in the form of successive bars, which are built up off the north
shore and added to the Cape by deposition in the neck of the channels
lying to the east and south, forming successive ‘‘race runs” (Pl. I),
which are gradually filled in by tide and wind deposits. The sand
cast up by the waves on one of these new beaches is dried and blown
inland, forming a beach ridge or foredune and eventually a dune range,
which, protected by the succeeding deposits, ultimately becomes coy-
ered Se the forest and associated vegetation.

The above hypothesis is supported by the following observed facts:
(1) Four old dune ranges now forested but badly ‘distorted by the
long-continued action of the wind; (2) three dune ranges held only by
beach grass and lying north of the first-mentioned ranges, parallel with
them and also with the north shore of the Cape; (3) a race run (now
nearly filled in) with its flanking beach ridge fast becoming a conspic-
uous foredune (PI. I and Pl. L, fig. 1); (4) a bar in present process
of formation offshore and to northward of the present shore line but
parallel with it; (5) the seven dune ranges indicated constitute the

‘hl Sl A Pe TF *

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DUNE RANGE. 13

main body of the extremity of the Cape; (6) the presence of shingle
or coarse beach deposits underlying the dunes in places, and on the
same level with the present beach.

If this be the method of deposition it follows that the necessity for
sand fixation will never cease unless the sand supply for the shore
drift becomes exhausted. However, the process of sand accumula-
tion is so comparatively slow as to be of little importance when com-
pared with the more serious conditions incident to the extensive areas
of only partially reclaimed sand dunes.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DUNE RANGE.

It is probable that each of the seven dune ranges which constitute
the greater portion of the extremity of the Cape was developed in a
similar manner, from the successive beach ridges and ensuing fore-
dunes, by the accumulation of the sands blown up from the beaches.
The vegetation has been an important factor in their formation, and
although the intermediate stages between the foredune and the forested
dune range are fragmentary the general sequence of events is evident.

As soon as the sand deposited by the waves is blown up to beyond
the action of the tides the beach grass, associated with the typical
strand vegetation, spreads rapidly over the surface and retards the
movement of the resulting beach ridge. As the sand accumulations
continue, the ridge becomes a foredune. The beach grass pushes its
way up through the accumulating sand by the formation of new root-
stocks, thus keeping the ever-increasing area of sand comparatively
well covered, as the gradual addition of sand constitutes one of the
essential conditions for the ideal growth of the grass (PI. II, fig. 1).
The foredune continues to rise and other species of plants come in,
but ultimately a height is reached where the unbroken winds are of
suflicient force to prevent the vegetation from holding the sand. At
this stage the long foredune becomes a dune range and begins to move
inland, covering the preexistent vegetation in its path (Pl. IV, fig. 1).
The movement continues until the dune range is sufficiently removed
from the unbroken force of the ocean winds to permit the develop-
ment of a vegetative covering dense enough to prevent its movement.
The forested condition ultimately dominates.

The development of the succeeding beach ridge and foredune may
have been rapid enough to afford some protection to the preceding
dune range, and thus hasten its fixation by the vegetation which would
develop more rapidly under the protection afforded by the new fore-
dune.

This beach ridge is of two possible origins. It may be formed from
the normal sand accumulations cast up by the waves along the old
beach, after the dune range migrates inland, or it may develop from
the sand spit or bar which 1s added to the mainland as first indicated.

14 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

In either case it exerts the same protective influence on the inland
vegetation. It may or may not remain stationary long enough for the
forest in the lee to reach its farthest possible extension seaward before
its rejuvenescence causes it to begin its migration inland,

The movement inland on the part of the newly formed dune range
was probably never extensive, as there is little evidence of its having
encroached upon the preceding range. Hlowever, the contour of each
indicates that it was shifting to some extent before its fixation. It is
quite probable that the ranges were never entirely bare, as the new
accumulations of sand were not so rapid as to prevent the existence of
a partial vegetative covering upon the dune range.

The devastating activities within historic times have destroyed any
intermediate stages which may have existed between the foredune at
present in process of formation on the north shore and the forested
dune ranges which lie inland from the three dune ranges which have
been devastated by human agencies. It is probable that the forest was
never able to develop as far as the beach, owing to the exposure to the
severe north winds. However, old forest beds outcropping in places
among the unforested dunes demonstrate that the forest originally
extended much farther seaward than it does at the present time.

Of the seven dune ranges constituting the body of the extremity of
the Cape, only the inner four are at present forested. These are badly
distorted, but were probably formed as has just been indicated, as the
irregularities are not greater than could be reasonably postulated when
the action of the wind during the interval of time which has elapsed
since their formation is considered (Pl. 1). These ranges are covered
with a growth of pine and oak, with an occasional beech in the more
favored situations. The outer three ranges are covered with scatter-
ing growths of beach grass. The depressions between the ranges are
characterized by wild or partially reclaimed cranberry bogs and the
associated vegetation. It is probable that all these ranges, with the
possible exception of the outer one, were at one time forested, but
have been brought to their present unstable condition within historic
times.

NATURAL RECLAMATION.

The natural reclamation of sand areas may be observed in the study
of the series of dunes in the various stages of fixation or establishment
by the native vegetation. The forest which ultimately obtains is unable
to develop directly upon the bare sand areas. There are certain defi-
nite stages that must be passed through before the mesophytic condi-
tions incident to the forest are attained. The vegetation of each stage
requires more favorable conditions than did that of its predecessor
and at the same time is making the conditions possible for the exist-
ence of the vegetation which characterizes the succeeding stage. Even

|

AREAS RECEIVING ACCUMULATIONS OF SAND. 15

when the forest condition is reached the cycle is not complete, for the
presence of the ultimate climax forest species is possible only after the
continued existence of other species of trees has gradually rendered
the soil, moisture, and protection sufliciently favorable for the devel-
opment of the climax type. The ultimate forested condition is the
sume whether the original area be a salt marsh or a shifting dune, and
the sand areas under consideration show several types of reclamation
which differ in the initial stages.

AREAS RECEIVING GRADUAL ACCUMULATIONS OF SAND.

These areas are confined principally to the depositing beaches and
are of less relative importance at the present time than formerly.
The strand plants form a zone just above the action of the tides. The
sea rocket (Cakile edentula), beach pea (Lathyrus mauritius), and
cocklebur (Vunthium echinatum) may be mentioned as typical species.
These strand plants are effective in retarding the sand which is blown
inland from the beach. They also act as pioneers to the succeeding
vegetation which dominates when the original area has become built
up sufliciently far beyond the action of the tides to permit the devel-
opment of another strand or beach formation below the one just indi-
‘ated. Beach grass (Alimmophila arenaria) is the dominant species,
and extends itself to well within the limit of the wave action during
the winter storms (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2). This is associated with sea-
side golden-rod (Solidago sempervirens) and sand wormwood (Arte-
misia caudata).

The bayberry (M/yrica carolinensis), wild rose (Rosa lucida?), and
beach plum (2runus maritima) may be taken as typical of the shrub
vegetation which encroaches upon these areas from the wooded
stretches lying inland. These, by their presence, increase the humus
content of the soil and furnish the necessary protection for the devel-
opment of the seedlings of the pitch pine (2/nus 77gida) which soon
extend themselves over the partially reclaimed areas. Later the oaks
(Quercus rubra and (. velutina) become associated with the pine, and
in especially favored situations the beech (/agus americana) ultimately
dominates. The few areas which have reached this last stage present
a somewhat unusual condition. As the beech represents the extreme
mesophytic type of forest growth in the northeastern United States
and normally grows only in the presence of the most favorable
edaphic conditions of soil, moisture, and exposure, the development
of the beech formation upon the sand dune is of rare occurrence. The
great bulk of the present forest covering consists of the pine and oak,
although the white birch (Betula populifera), white oak (Quercus alba),
and red maple (Acer rubrui) are to be observed in the lower areas.

16 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

The undergrowth within the timbered area consists largely of
ink berry (//ex glabra) and huckleberry ( Gaylussacid resinosa). The
wintergreen or checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens) forms an exten-
sive substratum below the two species just mentioned, while the hog
cranberry or bearberry (Arctostaphylos wvd-urs:) forms extensive mats
where the undergrowth of shrubs is more open. The two grasses,
Agrostis hyemalis and Danthonia spicata, ave abundant, forming seat-
tered clumps throughout the open woodlands. Less important but
characteristic species of shrubs and vines occurring in the forests are
green brier (Smlav rotundifolia), bayberry (Myrica carolinensis),
service berry (Amelanchier botryapiwm), Virginia creeper (/urtheno-
cissus quinquefolia), dwarf blueberry (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum),
and coast arrowwood (Viburnum venosum). Several species of wild
rose are to be noted in the more open places in the forest and along
its borders. °

AREAS NOT RECEIVING GRADUAL ACCUMULATIONS OF SAND,

If, instead of receiving the gradual accumulations of sand, an area
is subjected to the eroding action of the wind or at least fails to
receive additions of sand, the early stages are quite different from
those which characterize the areas just mentioned. The reclamation

process at first is very slow, for the heavy winds frequently destroy _

the work of a whole season and the reduced vigor of the plants inci-
dent to the conditions renders the process of humus accumulation
extremely slow. The beach grass as before is the pioneer and contin-
ues to occupy the area for some time, although not showing a thrifty
growth. The poverty grass (//udsonia tomentosa) formation gradu-
ally develops and often nearly covers the ground with its procumbent
herbaceous stems. This condition continues for some time before
there is sufficient humus accumulation for the next members of the
cycle. At this stage the bearberry or hog cranberry (Arectostuphylos
wod-urs?) uppears and extends its mat-like evergreen growth over large
areas. This is associated with such species as /%lygonella articulata
and Corema conradii. These are followed by the bayberry and the
beach plum. The ensuing development is substantially that cited for
the areas receiving gradual accumulations of sand, as when the forma-
tion becomes closed in the two instances there is no further opportu-
nity for either the addition or removal of sand, and hence the initial
differences no longer obtain.

As indicated above, the succession of stages from the accumulating
beach to the forest was probably the one which characterized the
development of the vegetation upon the original sand areas of the
Cape. As the deposition of the sand was comparatively slow the vege-
tation was able to keep pace with the increments, thus preventing the

lS ie a

MARSHES AND BOGS. i

existence of any extensive sand wastes. Tho devastating influences
which have been brought to bear upon the forested dune areas within
historic times have resulted in the extensive areas of loosely bound
sands which, with the exception of the brows of the shifting dunes, are
for the most part subject to wind erosion, This renders the latter
system of natural reclamation most important at the present time, — It
may be doubted if this system of natural reclamation would be able to
reforest the extensive wastes of sand were it not for the artificial
reclamation processes which have recently been inaugurated,

MARSHES AND BOGS.

The accumulation of sand incident to the formation of the sand
hooks or spits has caused considerable areas of salt marshes to be
developed (PI. 1). The shifting sands have prevented the establish-
ment of any natural drainage system, and as a result there are exten-
sive areas of ponds and marshes between the dune ranges. These two
processes have been the cause of the existence of extensive marsh and
bog lands throughout the area. The sand hook which exists at the
extreme point of the Cape inclosing the harbor is bordered by an
extensive salf marsh. The typical marginal species is saltwort (Su/7-
cornia ambiqua). The characteristic grasses of the salt marsh are the
salt reed grass (Spartina polystachya) and the salt meadow grass
(Spartina patens). ‘These grasses constitute the bulk of the salt-marsh
hay cut for the local market. .

The salt marsh at the head of the old race run at the northwest
corner of the sand areas is being gradually filled in by tide and wind
deposits. The Salicornia-Juncus-Scirpus formation gives way to
extensive areas of cranberry (Oxycoceus macrocarpus).

Clapps Pond, one of the fresh-water ponds and marshes lying
between the dune ranges, presents over a considerable portion of its
surface a sphagnum bog society. Among the characteristic species
may be mentioned Sphagnum acutifolium (4), pitcher plant (Sarra-
cenia purpurea), Kalmia angustifolia, and NXolisma ligustrina. The
margins of the bog are shallow and are rapidly giving way to the
encroaching forest. Young pitch pines were noted as extending fora
considerable distance into the margin of the bog.

In the low, moist areas between the nonforested dune ranges the
cranberry is dominant, occupying large areas to the exclusion of other
species. These areas are surrounded by ascattered growth of Cyperus
graye and Carex silicea. The condition indicated is not permanent,
for if undisturbed the woody growth eventually dominates to the
exclusion of the above-named species and the forest condition ulti-
mately develops. The improvement and utilization of the cranberry
bogs often necessitate the remoyal of large numbers of bushes, which

30160—No, 65—04——2

Re. RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

are present as forerunners of the forest. ‘The order of the succession
of the woody plants is practically the same as that given for the other
classes of sand areas, except that the beach plum is not conspicuous,
It is these low areas that constitute the nuclei of the forests, as it is
here that they first develop and then gradually extend to the higher
areas. This fact, as will be mentioned under the development of cran-
berry bogs, constitutes the chief reason for the State’s objection to
the utilization of these areas for this purpose, as it retards the natural
development of the forested condition desired by those who have the
preservation of the harbor in mind.

While it is not probable that all of these low areas will ever become
entirely forested, yet it is evident that this is the stage to which the
low areas, as well as the dunes, are slowly trending. ‘The recent recla-
mation processes will hasten this condition as the encroachment of the
dunes has been checked.

EarRLy ACCOUNTS.

The early accounts of the New England coast, dating back to the
earliest French and English explorers, and possibly even to the
Norsemen, essentially agree in their descriptions of the general out-
lines and forested condition of the Cape. ‘The wooded area appears to
have been much more extensive at those dates than at present, although
there has always been, at least within historic times, more or less
shifting sand exposed to the action of the winds. Champlain in one
of his voyages described the Cape and named it Cape Blane on account
of the white color of its sand areas.

The old forest beds, now for the most part covered with sand, but
outcropping in places, demonstrate that the wooded areas, at least
three times, extended much farther toward the north side of the Cape
than they do at present. The tree stumps visible at low tide near
Wood End light-house substantiate the local tradition that the forest
extended well out on to the extreme point of the Cape a century and a
half ago. It is safe to say that at least three-fourths of the non-
forested sand areas of to-day were well covered with trees within
historic times. However, the devastation is not so marked as it was
three-quarters of a century ago, at which time extensive reclamation
processes were inaugurated.

DEVASTATION OF THE ESTABLISHED DUNE AREAS.

The principal causes of the rejuvenescence of the sand areas and the
incident encroachment upon the forest were the pasturing of stock
and the partial destruction of the forest covering. The early statutes
show many instances where these practices were forbidden under
heavy penalties. Much of the injury has been due to fires, as is

:

DEVASTATION OF DUNE AREAS. 19

evidenced by the charred stumps and charcoal beds which outcrop in
places among the devastated dune areas.

The forests close to the harbor were naturally assailed at an early
date by the inhabitants and shipmasters, who found the timber a con-
venient source of certain necessary supplies. The salt factories, which
originally constituted an important industry on the Cape, used wood
for fuel for evaporation purposes until the beginning of the last cen-
tury when the more economical method of sun evaporation was intro-
duced. This caused the destruction of large quantities of timber, as
did also the extensive production of pitch and turpentine, and the use
of the wood on the part of the inhabitants for fuel, fish flakes, ship
repairs, and other purposes.

The pasturing of cattle upon the scattered clumps of Agrostis hycimalis
and Danthonia spicata in the more open places in the forested area
and upon the beach grass on the outer dune ranges appears to have
been a very potent cause of much of the rejuvenescence.

The more recent devastating influences have been much less impor-
tant. It is still the custom to cut certain areas of beach grass for hay.
Until recently it was the practice to cure much of the marsh hay on
the adjacent beach ridge which has been artificially built up by the
Government as a harbor protection. This process resulted in the
killing out of much of the beach grass by smothering it in event of
rain, owing to the consequent nonremoyval of the marsh hay. The
removal of sods for reclamation work within the city limits has caused
some concern to the authorities, as has also the utilization of the low
areas for the production of cranberries, but, even in the aggregate,
these activities are relatively unimportant when compared with the
early devastation of the established dune areas.

Earty Conpirions INCIDENT TO THE DEVASTATION. -

The conditions incident to the devastation of the forested areas
appear to have been most severe about a century ago. Many of the
houses were constructed on piles to allow the sand to sweep under
rather than to accumulate and bury them. Large amounts of sand were
artificially removed to prevent the burial of the houses. The sand
blast was so severe at times as to completely etch the glass in the
windows in a comparatively short space of time. At that time the
road led along the beach at low tide and at high tide the travel was
through the heavy sands farther up on the beach. The streets were
of the same loose sand that everywhere abounded, and it is stated that
it was not until the last century that a plank walk was constructed
along one side of the principal street of the town.

The committee which was appointed in 1825 to investigate the con-
ditions at Provincetown reported that the trees and beach grass had

>
>

20 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

been cut down and destroyed on the seaward side of the Cape, allowing
the sand to become loosened and driven in great quantities toward the
harbor. ‘The report also states that

The space where a few years since existed some of the highest lands of the cape,
covered with trees and bushes, now presents an extensive waste of undulating sand.

The filling up and consequent destruction of that part of the harbor
known as East Harbor was the work of the drifting sands to the north-
ward, a fresh-water marsh now marking its original site. As an
instance of the effects of the rejuvenated sand areas it may be stated
that several once valuable farms situated alone Stouts Creek, near
Truro, have been covered with sand and to-day there is no trace of
even the creek to indicate the location of the original properties.

Restrictive LEGISLATION.

The devastated sand areas at the extremity of the Cape have been
the object of State and local concern since the earliest days of its set-
tlement. Accounts state that as early as 1703 local public measures
were taken to prohibit the destruction of timber on the ** Kast Harbor
lands.” In 1714 the devastation incident to the boxing and barking
of pine trees for the production of pitch and turpentine had become
so extensive upon the sand areas at the extremity of the Cape as to be
at that date prohibited by State statute.

It was originally the practice on the part of the inhabitants farther
south along the Cape to allow a considerable number of cattle to range
over the northern extremity. As the grass growing in the timbered
areas was limited, the stock was forced to subsist to some extent upon
the beach grass, which then as now covered considerable areas of the
Cape sands. An act was passed in 1740 prohibiting this practice and
providing for the impounding of the stock found at large upon the
lands. In 1745 the destruction of timber within half a mile of the
shore was prohibited under penalty. These acts, however, were not
as effective as their framers had hoped and were reenforced at intervals.

In 1825 the devastation had become so extensive that commissioners
were appointed by the State to investigate the conditions. Their sug-
gestions resulted in an act to prevent the unrestricted pasturage of
stock and the destruction of beach grass and woody growth either by
pulling or cutting. The enforcement of this measure, together with
the reclamation processes inaugurated at this time, materially reduced
the devastation which at this period was probably the worst in the
history of the Cape.

In 1838 Provincetown was required to elect annually a committee of
three persons: (1) To enforce the existing laws regulating the Province
lands; (2) to grant permits for the use of portions of these lands by

«Massachusetts House Doc. 339, p. 49,

RESTRICTIVE LEGISLATION, 21

various inhabitants of the town when such use was not detrimental to
the safety of the harbor or the town; (8) to enter any of the Province
lands, inclosed or uninclosed, for the purpose of setting out trees or
beach grass. The cost of the planting was to be defrayed by the occu-
pant of the lands if the necessity for planting resulted from his actions;
otherwise the town was authorized to provide for the expenses incident
to the planting operations. This was known as the ‘* beach grass com-
mittee,” and it continued in existence until 1893, when the reclamation
work by the State required the appointment of « superintendent on full
time.

In 1854 an act, reenforced in 1869, was passed, appointing an agent
to prosecute for the penalties prescribed for the destruction of the
vegetation. He was authorized to issue permits for pasturage and
the remoyal of sod and brush where the same would work no injury
to the harbor or other property. The beach grass committee was
continued with the indicated curtailment of its duties. This act became
practically noneffective. With the extensive population so close to
the public forests and only one person to defend them, it is not sur-
prising that the remoyal of timber and sod should have proceeded
almost without interruption. In 1891 the agent was paid for only five
days’ services and he issued but four permits. No attempt was made
to prosecute parties for the removal of sod without a permit. This
constitutes only another instance of the difficulty of enforcing a law in
the face of opposing public sentiment.

In 1893 the inhabitants of Provincetown were ceded the lands lying
within and adjacent to the city limits, the State retaining possession of
what to-day constitutes the Province lands (PI. I). A superintendent
of the Province lands was appointed to look after the interests of the
State and to take charge of the reclamation processes at that time
inaugurated.

ARTIFICIAL RECLAMATION OF THE CAPE SANDS.
EARLY Work OF SAND CONTROL.

Although at as early a date as the beginning of the eighteenth cen-
tury there was considerable local concern for the devastation of the
sand dune areas, there does not appear to have been much work, other
than legislative, actually performed until after the middle of the same
century. It was at this time, when the sea broke through to the cove
inlet in the arm of the Cape at East Harbor and threatened to destroy
the entire Cape Cod Harbor, that the extensive planting of beach
gvass was commenced, This grass, used in connection with brush
fences, repaired the break, and in the course of a few years caused
extensive accumulations of sand. It appears to have been the practice
upon the part of the inhabitants of Truro to devote a specified time

9» RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

each year to the planting of beach grass. The aggregate effect of this
regular and combined effort was quite marked, although it is always
difficult to estimate the results of measures more or less protective in
nature. In 1826, as a resultof the report of the commission appointed
by the State the preceding year to investigate the devastation of the
lands surrounding the harbor, the General Government inaugurated an
extensive and systematic attempt at the reclamation of the exposed
sand areas by the planting of beach grass.

The operations required appropriations extending over a period of
twenty-eight years and aggregating the sum of $36,350. Of this
amount it is reported that $29,889.06 was spent in planting 1,403
acres of the barren sand areas with beach grass. It was soon found
that it was best to first plant the areas lying farthest to the windward,
as these constituted the source of the sand and the spreading of the
grass by seed over the unplanted areas would be facilitated. The
actual planting operations were commenced in 1830, and the bulk of
the plantings was made between this date and 1839. The grass was
brought from Truro in boats and planted at intervals of from two to
three feet, depending upon the exposure to the winds. Most of the
grass was set with the aid of a shovel, two men working together,
although in the low places a pike provided with a crossbar 15 inches
from the point proved an excellent tool, as deeper planting was possi-
ble and but one man was necessary. ‘This method was found to be
impracticable in dry sand, as the small holes filled with sand before the
sets could be inserted. Mr. Asa 8S. Bowly was the superintendent
during the greater portion of the time. Spring planting was the rule,
and about two hundred acres were planted each season, requiring a
force of fifty laborers.

In 1852 the planting was resumed, this time for the purpose of
strengthening the narrow arm of the Cape separating East Harbor
from the ocean. At this time there was an abundance of grass within
the old plantations available for transplanting, although the grass on
certain areas had been buried, while in others it had been uprooted
by the wind. As a rule the grass on the higher elevations had suf-
fered the most and it was thought best to confine the plantings to the
lower areas. The spreading of the grass was facilitated by prohibit-
ing the pasturing of cattle upon the Province lands.

The General Government has spent to June 30, 1903, the sum of
$162,019.86 for the protection of the harbor. Aside from the amount
expended for grass planting, this has been used for dikes, bulkheads,
and groin fences to catch and hold the sand in place. It has always
been the practice to plant beach grass for the purpose of accumu-
lating sand along the dikes and bulkheads, thus increasing the protec-
tion afforded by them. |

The work of the State was principally confined to legislative acts
until the recent work was begun in 1893. It should be stated, however,

KARLY WORK OF SAND CONTROL. 93

that in 1868 the sum of $131,770.14 was expended in the construe-
tion of a dike across Kast Harbor for the purpose of protecting the
remaining portion of the harbor from the large quantities of sand
which were carried out by each ebb tide. This dike greatly facili-
tates the travel southward from Provincetown and is utilized by the
railway and State road. The city of Provincetown was authorized
to levy taxes to cover the expenses incurred by its beach-grass com-
mittee, but an examination of the general records failed to reveal
any considerable expenditures by the committee, which was nominally
continued until 1893. The regular annual work on the part of the
inhabitants of Truro in the planting of beach grass was probably a
potent factor in reducing the evil effects of the shifting sand. The
independent work on the part of private citizens was on a very small
scale. In one instance a number of cranberry growers combined
efforts for the purpose of planting beach grass to protect their bogs
from the encroaching sand.

There are not sufficient data at hand to render possible a just opinion
concerning the effectiveness of the early work of sand reclamation.
The devastation is much less than when reclamation processes were
commenced, but it is difficult to state to what extent the natural recla-
mation processes, unassisted save possibly by the restraining but
poorly enforced statutes, are to be credited with the change in the
conditions.

The grass plantations along the bulkheads, designed to accumulate
sand for the protection of the harbor from the sea, have, without
apparent exception, been successful. The plantings to restore the
breach caused by the sea breaking over into East Harbor resulted in
perhaps the greatest single success of any of the earlier operations.
The fact that two-thirds of the nonforested areas were covered with
beach grass by the end of the last century indicates that the early
plantings were probably more lasting in their effect than has been
supposed (PI. LV, fig. 2).

One criticism made is to the effect that the planting was too much
confined to the high hills, where it was without protection and asa
result the grass was uprooted and destroyed. The statement concern-
ing uprooting indicates that possibly the plantings were too thin,
as the plantations recently made on the same exposed places have as
yet shown little tendency to be blown out. Perhaps the most just
criticism that can be made of the plan of operation is that the woody
plants were not introduced within the grass plantations. The life of
-the beach grass on the areas not receiving regular accumulations of
sand seldom exceeds ten years, a period of time which, however, suf-
fices for the establishment of a self-protecting plantation of bushes
and tree seedlings which require but little subsequent attention to
render the reclamation permanent.

24 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.
Recent Work BY THE STATE.
PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS.

The artificial reclamation which had been prosecuted with more or
less vigor during the first half of the last century apparently received
but little attention until 1892, when the trustees of the public reserva-
tions were authorized to submit all available information concerning
the status of the sand encroachments and control, together with a com-
prehensive plan for the reclamation of the nontoreaea’ sand areas that
threatened the harbor. The committee made a careful personal exam-
ination of the land and presented, with their general report, a steno-
graphic transcript of the proceedings of a mass meeting of the rep-
resentative citizens of Provincetown and Truro, who presented such
information and suggestions as they were able to give concerning the
historic features of the sand areas and the most practical steps to be
taken for their reclamation. As a result of the trustees’ report the
Province lands were placed in charge of a permanently employes
superintendent, Mr. James A. Small.

The State at this time relinquished its right to the lands within and
immediately adjoining the city of Provincetown, leaving but 3,290
acres under State title. Of this area appr erie 2,000 acres were
nonforested.

Correspondence with various authorities revealed the fact that the
initial operations would have to be more or less experimental, owing
to the lack of data concerning the previous reclamation operations
upon similar areas. Even the available details of the extensive grass
plantations made upon the same areas in the early part of the century
were purely matters of local tradition.

There was expended during the ten years ending January 1, 1904,
the sum of $31,929.78 for the reclamation of these lands. The follow-
ing itemized statement has been furnished by the authorities:

Bonch cram mien 2 oc: . 5; 2. cake Ba ee eee $10, 950. 00
Introdnetion gr woody growth. . o.oo i cus sci ecpwndcus= sede 6, O11. 78
Construction and maintenance of roads........-.---------- 6, 250. 00
epg hit) eS (i ees CE ore Sacer ee 6, 000. 00
Incidental expenses, including survey......--.------------ 2, 718. 00

fis Os 2 2 eee rene ele ee 31, 929. 78

ATTEMPTS WITHOUT BEACH GRASS.

The three great dune ranges which lie between the timbered area
and the north shore of the Cape were entirely bare upon their north-
ern slopes, and were encroaching at the rate of 15 feet per year upon
the forest and toward the city and harbor from a quarter of a mile to
a mile distant (Pl. IV, fig. 1). The- less exposed areas were partially
covered with beach grass, while the lower places were dominated by

UTILIZATION OF BEACH GRASS, 25

native cranberry bogs, surrounded by the characteristic low-growing
vegetation. As the bare northern slopes of the dune ranges constituted
the source of the sand supply, the initial attempts involved the cover-
ing of these areas with vegetation.

Extensive plantings of shrubs and tree seedlings wére made upon
the outer range of dunes. The result was that the heavy winter gales
of the first season buried, uprooted, or killed by the sand blast so
great a portion of these plantings that some other method of proce-
dure was considered necessary. The next season the transplanting of
beach grass was commenced, as the experience of the preceding season
had demonstrated that some protection for the woody plants is necessary
until they have made suflicient growth to be self-protecting (Pl. V, figs.
land 2). The beach grass was selected for this purpose as it occurs
very abundantly in places immediately adjacent to the areas which
required planting and had been extensively utilized in the early recla-
mation attempts.

UTILIZATION OF BEACH GRASS.

Grass planting operations on each range commenced on the west
end and were extended eastward with more or less regularity. The
following table shows the salient points concerning the various plant-
ings, which aggregate 219 acres. The mortality percentages were
calculated from a number of counts in several representative areas
within each season’s planting. The mortality appears to have been
less among the fall plantings.

| Mortality of pl

=i } j plant-

ate Acreage planted. ings, per cent.

Spring. Fall. Spring. Fall.
TR DAES 1S gids care Bape Lee Pape ae eT SS 11 2 50 31
USS. ASS. YES os 28 ee Re Ae eS, ne eee eS ae 12 4 61 38
LO i ees be Pee Se ar 2 ee eS a eee ane Sepa 20 22 40 35
ee ee Se ee eee Wa hb nb ridecan bee beeen 3 17 22 11
ee eee tae feet eee Oe Ne tee She et et bk es ae ye, 6 2
Ne Pe, See ee es Oe Ba be Nk Re Be 4.5 15.5 i 2
Libs SR I a he Sr 2a See ee ee 5 ee ne es 4 21 3 3
EES ie we ee 2 ee ee ee ee ee ai ee a eke. 1 20 1 1
UU Ops SER Ue Ba ee ae Ak en a ee ae ee ee eS ae 2 25 0 0
MOMMA So Gre ws ano oa ean em aoc e tte mee eae oan Sek 70.5 TAB P Och aes to 28 tel eeee

RELATIVE MERITS OF SPRING AND FALL PLANTING.

The early plantings on the Province lands and the Cape generally
were asa rule made in the spring, although many parties practiced
fall planting. The plantings incident to the recent work of reclama-
tion have been made for the greater part in the autumn. It is the
consensus of opinion that better results follow fall planting for the

following reasons: (1) In the fall the growth of the season is finished

26 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

and plants are dormant for a considerable period of planting weather.
(2) The new rootstocks appear to be more firmly attached than they
are in the spring, and are consequently less liable to be broken off dur-
ing the transplanting process. (3) ‘The days are cooler and the inel-
dent evaporation less. (4) It is easier to distinguish prime planting
stock, and the rooted nodes lying within a few inches of the surface of
the sand may be readily removed by hand pulling; in the spring they
are apt to be either buried or exposed by the action of the shifting
sands. (5) There is an additional winter of effectual protection to be
gained by fall planting, as the dormant sets suffer no deterioration the
first winter.

The above table concerning the plantings of the different years and
seasons shows a marked difference in favor of fall planting. How-
ever, the difference between the two seasons is so slight as to be offset
by any practical reason why the spring season should be utilized for
planting, as for instance the greater ease in procuring the labor or the
necessity of finding nearly permanent employment, for the help in
order to keep it available when needed. In case the planting is exten-
sive it can rarely be completed in one season, and the planting period
is thus practically doubled if the spring as well as the fall season can
be utilized. |

SELECTING AND TRANSPLANTING THE SETS.

The plants selected for transplanting are vigorous and well rooted.
This means in practice 2-year-old stock, as the year-old plants are not
mature enough or sufliciently rooted to bear transplanting well, as do
the older plants.- If more than two years old the vitality is likely
to be low. Asa rule the 2-year-old plants may be readily pulled with
the hand and still retain suflicient rootage to enable them to grow
when transplanted (PL. ILI, fig. 1). It should be mentioned that the
hand pulling is not extensively practiced elsewhere in the country, it
being the custom to use a spade or shovel in procuring the planting
stock. The results indicate that it is largely a matter of opinion as to
which method is the better. The plants are piled in bunches and carted
to the place where the planting is in progress. Whenever they are to
be exposed to the air for any length of time they are heeled in with a
covering of moist sand over the roots.

When setting out the grass it is the custom for two men to work
together (Pl. ILI, fig. 2). The one with a shovel inserts it in the sand
as far as the foot can force it. A backward pull of the handle loosens
the sand at the bottom of the hole, while a forward thrust produces a
sufficient opening between the back of the shovel and the sand to allow
the insertion of the plant by the second man, who carries an armful
of the sets. The man with the shovel by one pressure of his foot packs
the sand around the newly set plant... The shovel is inserted a second

i Si

Cost OF PLANTING BEACH GRASS. 97

time at a distance of about 20 inches from the first, and all is ready for
the next set. The planting proceeds quite rapidly, as two men are
able to set 600 plants per hour.

COST OF PLANTING,

The cost of planting depends upon the thickness at which the grass
must be set. On the more exposed areas requiring thick setting five
men procuring sets, two teamsters, and eight planters, working nine
hours per day, are able to cover an acre in two days. With wages at
$2 per day the cost is approximately $65 per acre. This is with an abun-
dance of planting stock growing within a mile of the areas to be covered,
The thickness of the planting is responsible for the great expense of the
operation, but the exposure of the northern slopes to the severe win-
ter gales makes it probable that thinner plantings would prove ineffec-
tive, at least upon the most exposed areas. The expense is much less
on the more protected areas, where thinner planting suffices, and those
having the work in charge state that the 219 acres, covered with grass,
have been planted at an average cost of $50 per acre.

The plantings of the first two years were made in rows ranging from
12 to 18 inches apart with the plants 12 inches or less in the row, but
this method appears to be less desirable than the irregular setting
which has since been used, as under the latter method there are no
uninterrupted channels through which the wind might sweep. The
plants are set approximately 20 inches apart, but there is evidence,
however, that it is not necessary to set them so close as this, except
on the most exposed areas. The thinner plantings afford more root-
ing area for the sets, and this helps to maintain the vigor of the trans-
planted sets. The increase in cost of the thick over the thin planting
is not justified unless there is considerable advantage to be derived
from the former. It has been the custom to protect the plantings with
lateral brush hedges. The large branches are set vertically in the
ground at intervals of from 2 to 3 feet and the interstices filled with
smaller brush. These hedges catch great quantities of sand or in case
of wind erosion prevent the uprooting of the grass (PI. V1, fig. 1).

In some of the areas the small and isolated elevations have been
covered at a considerable expense with grass. This has been thought
to be an unnecessary procedure, as the wind reduces these elevations,
furnishing a gradual accumulation of sand over the plantings on the
associated level areas, which instead of proving a detriment to the
plantations increases the vigor and vegetative propagation.

PRESENT STATUS OF THE VARIOUS PLANTINGS.

The table giving the acreage and mortality shows the salient facts

5 > ra) J
concerning the plantings of the different dates and seasons. There isa
uniform deterioration from the time the plants are set until they have

Pe RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

disappeared, ‘This is shown more clearly in Plate V, figure 2, than in the
mortality table, for in the latter no account is taken of the great redue-
tion in size and vigor which the sets have undergone. In the planta-
tions of 1895 beach YTASs and poverty grass (Tludsonia tomentost) from
wind-scattered seed are slowly working in among the old sets. It is
possible that this natural reclamation process will continue until the
entire area is permanently covered with vegetation, although this
same site was covered with grass in 1830 and the force of the winds
prevented the natural vegetation from establishing itself among the
transplanted beach grass. In the plantations of 1899 there are to be
noted areas where the grass has retained its natural vigor, although
there is no apparent difference between these and the areas showing
a less vigorous growth,

EFFECTIVENESS OF BRUSH LAYING,

It has been the custom to cover certain areas with brush, usually
those at the top of the ranges and just above the grass plantations.
These areas were more or less subject to the eroding action of the
wind, and it was thought that brush would answer the purpose better
than beach grass. ‘The brush was at first laid on in squares, but this
proved less effective than the method of placing the brush uniformly
over the entire surface; hence the latter system has been adopted.
The beach grass comes in from naturally sown seed, and since the
sand is not accumulating the grass is more or less depauperate; yet it
is able to survive and by the time the brush decays has prepared the
way for the succeeding vegetation, which, in connection with the
erass, is able to hold the sand quite effectively. The laying of brush
has been practiced quite extensively for the protection of roadways
through the sand. ‘The total area covered has been about 15 acres, at
an approximate cost of 525 per acre. The addition of a small amount
of soil to the area covered with brush has been found to greatly hasten
the formation of the vegetative covering. ‘The application need not
be continuous nor at all thick. Brush cut with the leaves attached is
best, as the humus content of the sand is increased and a much better
protection afforded as long as the leaves remain.

EFFICIENCY OF BEACH GRASS FOR’ SAND BINDING.

Although many grasses have been tried at various times and places
in this and foreign countries, no other has proved so effective as the
beach grass. The long, tough, but flexible leaves of the beach grass
enable it to endure the action of the wind with little detriment. A
bunch of dead grass will withstand two seasons of wind action without
becoming entirely destroyed. ‘The statements sometimes made con-
cerning the sand-binding power of the roots of this grass must be taken
with some allowance. The principal place where the sand-binding

=

EFFICIENCY OF BEACH GRASS FOR SAND BINDING, 29

action of the rootstocks may be observed is where an area covered
with beach grass becomes rejuvenated, Tere, the places most thickly
overgrown with the grass are the last to be eroded by the wind. ‘The
grass stems and exposed rootstocks hanging loosely over the sides of
the eroded hillock protect it to a considerable extent and retard its
ultimate reduction, So far as observed the rootstocks seldom form a
thick mat-like mass sufliciently near the water’s edge to be of mate-
rial assistance in reducing the eroding action of the waves, except in
severe storms, when the wave action extends inland for a considerable
distance (PI. II, fig. 1). The chief value of the grass in this instance
is the accumulation of sand induced, which, by its presence, keeps the
destruction of the property adjoining the water reduced to a minimum.

‘Beach grass ordinarily requires a gradual accumulation of sand
over its crown to induce a normal vigorous growth. It is for this
reason that it is to be noted in great clumps protruding from the crest
of small dunes, where it has accumulated a considerable quantity of
sand each year, but at the same time not enough to cover it so deeply
that the new plants are unable to develop. This is due to the fact
that when the grass becomes partially buried the sand is no longer
held by the protruding grass leaves and it passes over, and the grass is
able to renew its growth the following year with increased vigor,
since the accumulated sand is permeated with the roots of the new root-
stock sent out by the half-buried clump. <A healthy growth of beach
grass can thrive where the burial by sand is not over a foot per year.

The areas which usually require planting are generally those from
which the sand is being removed by the wind rather than those which
are receiving the accumulations so essential to the vigor of the grass.
For this reason the most that can be expected of the grass is that this
sand removal shall be checked as long as the grass is able to survive
under the unfavorable conditions, which.allow of no accumulation of
sand over the plants. ‘The decrease in vigor of the sets from the time
they are set out is a matter of common knowledge to those who have
noted the plantations of beach grass under these conditions for a series
of years. (See mortality table, p. 25.) It appears that this necessity
for sand accumulation lies in the fact that it induces the development
of new rootstocks by the old plant and thus occupies an unused por-
tion of the sand which presents such a dearth of food salts that these
are soon depleted and the deterioration noted must ensue unless new
areas of sand are made tributary. Furthermore, there is no power of
downward growth on the part of the rootstocks, and as a set rarely
possesses more than two nodes the root system is very limited.
The new rootstocks developed in the accumulated layers of sand
constitute the only means of bringing new supplies of sand within
reach of the grass plants. The old rootstock becomes buried, but con-
tinues to support to some extent the new plants until sufliciently

50 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

established to be able to withstand the rather severe conditions inet-
dent to the dune areas. ‘This process continues and the grass is thus
continually rejuvenated,

Another reason for the deterioration noted above may be the fact
that a single set of grass is not of indefinite existence, and unless it is
induced to increase vegetatively it soon loses its vigor. ‘There are areas
in the United States where this deterioration subsequent to the trans-
planting is not manifested. At Grand Haven, Mich., at Coos Bay,
Oregon, and at Poplar Branch, N. C., the beach grass has continued
to increase in vigor since the plantations were established. This is
apparently due to the fact that the plantings were made sufliciently
far apart to allow most of the sand to drift through the plantations,
thus enabling each set to receive a small amount of sand. This
method, however, would be applicable only to limited areas on Cape
Cod, as it is the eroding surfaces which require protection. How-
ever, these instances indicate that it is possible in certain areas to
distribute the sand accumulation and often build up areas that are
eroding, and this method should be in mind whenever a plan of attack
on the dune areas is under consideration. The great reduction in the
cost per acre where this thin planting can be utilized is a decided point
in favor of its adoption wherever at all practicable. The cost of the
Coos Bay plantations has been only $8 per acre, 64 acres having been
planted in a single season with an appropriation of $500, In this
place the grass was set + feet apart, and rather favorable climatic and
edaphic conditions have been to some extent responsible for the success
of such thin planting. ;

Trials of other sand-binding grasses have demonstrated the superi-
ority of beach grass for sand-binding purposes under conditions which
characterize the dune areas of Cape Cod. In 1901 experiments were
made with the sand sedge (-Curea macrocephala) and seaside bluegrass
(Poa macrantha). These are very efficient sand binders upon the Pacific
coast, and were obtained through the Division of Agrostology from
Clatsop beach, near Fort Stevens, Oregon. Neither the seedlings nor
the sets of these species proved successful. The seeds germinated
well, but failed to survive the winter, as was also the case with the
transplanted sets.

NECESSITY OF ULTIMATE FORESTATION.

The marked deterioration of the beach-grass plantings shows the
need of introducing woody growth among the areas at as early a date
as possible (Pl. V, figs. 1 and 2). The various native or imported
woody plants should be set out among the grass soon after the grass
has been planted, as the first years of the protection afforded by the
grass are the best and are, in the aggregate, none too long to enable
the shrubs and young trees to make sufficient growth and rootage
to be self-protecting by the time the grass deteriorates so as to be

NECESSITY OF ULTIMATE FORESTATION. 51

practically valueless. It seems that it is necessary to start such a
shrub or bush as the bayberry. This is not injured by the unfayor-
able conditions, and seedlings of pines and oaks may with safety be
introduced among the bushes. Even the planting of the pine seeds
and acorns has with this protection been successful.

Several species of woody plants have been tried with varying suc-
cess. The following have been found to be unadapted to the con-
ditions: Seaside pine (J%nus maritima), tree of heaven (A//unthus
glandulosa), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), Kuropean birch (Letula
alba), tamarack (7amaria gallica), poplar (Populus alba), larch (Laria.
sp.), willow (Sa/éz sp.), and privet (Ligustrum vulgare). Too much
weight should not be given to the unsuccessful attempts with the
willow and poplar, as they have made a vigorous growth on the sand
within the city limits, and their behavior elsewhere, under almost
as adverse conditions, appears to at least justify a more extended trial.

The successful species are comparatively few in number. Of the
pines, pitch pine (/%us rigida), Austrian pine (2?. /ariczo), and Scotch
pine (/?. sy/vestris) are proved successes. The pitch pine is used most
extensively, as it grows naturally in the adjacent forests, and young
trees and cones can be obtained in almost unlimited quantities. The
black locust (2obénia pseudacacia) and the European or black alder
(Alnus glutinosa), though not occupying extensive areas, have proved
thoroughly adapted to the conditions, and it is the plan to increase
the plantings of these two species. The Scotch broom (Cytisus
scoparius) is weil adapted to the conditions with the one exception
of not being perfectly hardy, as many small areas have been killed
by one or two excessively cold winters, though much of the original
planting is still alive and vigorous. The plant does not spread readily
from seed, as the severe conditions prohibit its existence in the early
seedling stage, and furthermore, the seed being large and con-
spicuous is readily eaten by birds and small animals. The growth is
very dense, and even scattered bunches would prevent the sand
from shifting, but its semihardiness makes it decidedly inferior to
the bayberry, which is locally abundant, perfectly hardy, and easily
transplanted. The bayberry has formed the bulk of the pioneer
plantings of woody growth, and used in connection with the beach
grass appears to be the only necessary forerunner of the pines.

MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS ON THE SAND.

Besides the reclamation processes leading to the ultimate reforesta-
tion of the dunes, there are a number of other operations which have
ameliorated to some extent the adverse conditions incident to the
sand dunes. Among these may be mentioned the construction of
roads, formation of cranberry bogs, etc., the development of a sod in
pastures, cemeteries, and lawns, and the accumulation of sand to form
a beach ridge for harbor protection.

oY RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,
ROAD CONSTRUCTION,

The problem of road construction in sandy regions, and, as a rule,
districts with sparse population, is a very difficult one, and is fre-
quently not solved until the demand has long been imperative. The
road leading from Provincetown south originally followed the beach
at low tide, but at high water the travel was through the heavy
sand farther up on the beach. The State is at present constructing a
macadamized road extending from Provincetown southward, thus con-
necting it with the main part of the State. Before the road across the
sand areas was macadamized, liberal applications of clay had facili-
tated the travel for many years.

There are several roads across the Province lands, and where they
lead through the forested portion they are in good repair. On the
shifting sand areas none but the State road has received much atten-
tion, although most of the portions where there is danger of gully-
ing by the wind have received a protective covering of brush (PL. V1,
fio. 2).

The building of the State road across the Province lands was com-
menced in 1894 and completed in 1901. It extends from the city to
the Peaked Hill Life-Saving Station and provides an easy means of
access to the heart of the dune territory. The road was not con-
structed across the dunes area until the shifting sands had been
brought under control. The roadbed was first graded and then coy-
ered with a layer of brush, after which it received a covering of turf
sod obtained from the adjacent woods. It is still in good condition
and promises with some attention to be fairly permanent, as it is sub-
ject to but little heavy teaming. The cost of construction was about
35 cents per running foot.

When the railroad was constructed the cuts were covered with brush
and rubbish, which proved sufficient protection until a natural growth
of beach grass developed, and no difficulty has since been experienced
from gullying by the wind.

RECLAMATION OF SMALL AREAS.

Although the State holds the title to the Province lands and the
public in general has had free access to its natural products, there are
certain areas of the native cranberry bogs which have been staked off
and improved by private parties. This was a common practice and
many of the berry growers were assessed either on the land or its
product. There seems to have been no serious outcome from this pro-
cedure except that it generally involved the removal of considerable
brush and bushes, thus preventing the development of the forest in
the immediate area. This has been the cause of some conflict of.
opinion with the State authorities, as it is the idea of those that have

RECLAMATION OF SMALL AREAS. 33

the preservation of the harbor in mind that the lands can be controlled
with much less expense if the entire area be forested, and it may be
suid that the present State appropriations for the Cape are to this end.
Fires have’ been started from the careless burning of the brush
removed in the process of clearing the bogs. However, it appears
that even with State ownership of the land the present prices of
cranberries make them a source of little, if any, profit, as the soil is not
adapted to producing yields comparable with those farther south
along the Cape.

The pasturage of cattle upon the Province lands has long been pro-
hibited by statute, and the pastures in use have been reclaimed from
the bog lands near the city. Certain low places have been filled in,
and the redtop present forms a close turf and is apparently able to
withstand the usual amount of pasturing

The lee side of an established dune adjacent to the city has been
terraced for the purpose of growing strawberries. The necessary
substratum for the vines was obtained from the humus accumulation
on the side of the dune. As there are numerous similar areas in the
immediate vicinity, this indicates the possibilities if due care were
taken not to rejuvenate the dunes, and there appears to be little danger
of this on the lee slopes.

As with all old places, the cemetery is extensive and its uniformly
good appearance is worthy of note, especially when the adverse condi-
tions are considered. The soil rendering the bluegrass sod possible
was either hauled in wagons from further south along the Cape or
brought by boat from across the bay. A recent addition to the
cemetery was leveled off and the bare sand protected with brush and
sods, most of which came from the land leveled for the addition.
The above statements may also be made concerning the lawns about
the residences in the city, as the soil for these had to be imported from
the same sources.

COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF SAND.

The sand, being of varying size, angular, and light colored, is valu-
able for many purposes, but its exportation appears to have been dis-
continued. The sand constituting an entire dune was at one time
removed to Boston, the ships returning with loads of soil for use on
lawns and in the cemetery. A glass factory was once in operation
farther south on the Cape, but it, too, has been discontinued. The
sand is valuable for polishing and cutting marble and granite, as well
as for use in mortar, and in former years ‘‘ Cape Cod sand” was fre-
quently specified in important contracts for building in cities having
navigable water connection with Provincetown. Sand was used in
filling in the shallow water at the base of the forested dunes to form

30160—No, 65—04——3

34 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

huilding sites for the business houses and dwellings, as originally
there was yery little building space along the harbor, which was so
shallow near the edge as to make landing difficult.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTECTIVE BEACH RIDGE,

The extensive sand flats and marshes associated with the sand hook
forming one side of the harbor have always been subject to the
inroads of the sea, which threatened the harbor with great incursions
of sand. A protective beach ridge has been developed in all of the
weaker places on the sand hook. Groin fences, in connection with
beach grass, have induced extensive accumulations of sand, which are
very effective in protecting the harbor and the bulkheads from the
action of the sea during storms. This process of reclamation is in
operation at present, the object being to build up a protective beach
ridge along the salt marsh near the extreme end of the Cape south and
west of Provincetown.

THE PROVINCE LANDS.
STATE OWNERSHIP.

The Province lands, situated at the extremity of Cape Cod, have
had a peculiar history. When the provincial government ceased and
Massachusetts became a State, all of the unoccupied lands retained the
title of ** Province lands,” as all the land had previously been desig-
nated. It was not until 1893 that the State ceded to the inhabitants of
Provincetown even their building sites, although previous to that date
they had been privileged to give warranty deeds when making real
estate transfers. There exist excellent reasons for State ownership
of these sand areas which inclose the harbor, as it is only under such
ownership that the necessary attention can be given to render the
protection of the harbor efficient. The city and harbor are entirely
too important to allow the half-established sand areas which endanger
them to pass into the hands of private parties and to be subject to
possible shortsighted policies leading to immediate profit.

It seems equally desirable that the State should also own what are
known as the ‘‘ Lotted lands,” which constitute the sand areas lying
between the Province lands and the glacial deposits comprising the
original head of the Cape (see Pl. 1). The sand of this area is more
loosely bound and the shifting dunes are much nearer the harbor than
are the sand areas of the Province lands. The ‘* Lotted lands” are of
little economic value and title could be obtained for a nominal consid-
eration. At the present time timber and beach-grass hay are being
removed by private persons to supply the local demand for these prod-
ucts. In view of the importance of the property thus endangered
these practices need no comment.

a

ied Taney

THE PROVINCE LANDS. 35
VALUE OF THE LANDs.

Agriculturally and horticulturally the lands surrounding the harbor
have little value. No field crops are raised, and the redtop pastures
are very small, being for the most part reclaimed bogs with an agegre-
gate area of approximately 25 acres. The salt marshes yield about
200 tons of hay per year, and beach-grass hay to the amount of 15
tons is annually obtained from the sand areas lying just outside of
the Province lands. The cranberry bogs, while extensive, are not
regarded as especially pentane holdings even with the State owning
the lands.

The sylvicultural resources of the lands might possibly be turned
into account. The growth of the timber is slow, but the climatic con-
tions are favorable, and an intelligent system of forestation under
existing prices would materially assist in providing for the expenses
incident to the supervision of the lands.

It has been suggested that the lands might be improved and brought
into the market as building lots for summer cottages, or, this f: ailing of
realization, that a game preserve might be Siablished and a revenue
derived from shooting privileges. Neither of the projects appears to
have met with much favor. The chief value of the lands is as a har-
bor former, and all plans should conserve to this end.

The idea of converting the area into a marine park has many points
in its favor, and it may be stated that those in charge of the land have
this project in mind and are working to that end. The isolation, beauty
of natural scenery, and oceanic location, with its 5 miles of heavy surf
and an equal frontage on the bay, combine to render the locality prob-
ably without an equal on the Atlantic coast. The harbor must be
protected from the loose sands on the north side of the Cape, and the
forested condition necessary for a marine park is exactly what is
required by the proposed plans to render the area a permanent pro-
tection to the harbor, and the money spent in reclaiming the lands, if
applied along landscape-engineering lines, will ultimately produce an
ideal ocean park. The successful development of the Golden Gate
Park at San Francisco has demonstrated the possibilities of such sandy
tracts when properly reclaimed.

SUMMARY.

The sand areas inclosing Cape Cod Harbor were originally forested,
but have been extensively devastated within historic times. Restrict-
ive legislation dating back as far as 1714 has exerted a restraining
influence upon the devastating activities. In 1826 extensive reclamation
processes were inaugurated, but were unsuccessful owing to the failure
to introduce woody plants within the beach-grass plantations. The
State in 1893 formulated an extensive plan for the reclamation of these

36 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES,

areas. The initial plantings of woody plants were unsuccessful, owing
to their having been introduced into the shifting sand areas without
the protection of beach grass. Plantations of beach grass aggregating
219 acres have been made and large numbers of bayberry bushes,
young pines, etc., have been introduced among the grass, which persists
until the bushes and young trees have attained sufficient size to be self-
protecting. ‘The State has expended for reclamation purposes during
the ten years ending January 1, 1904, $31,929.78, of which $10,950
was for grass planting. The General Government has spent
$162,019.86 in its work of harbor protection, and the total amount
expended upon the harbor by the State and National Governments is
$325,719.78. This includes $131,770.14 expended by the State in 1868
for the construction of a dike across East Harbor.
~The sand areas are of vital importance to the harbor and their con-
trol necessitates reforestation, which is at present being accomplished,
the authorities having in mind the ultimate development of a marine
park.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Dwieut, T. Travels in New England and New York, 1796 and 1797 (1823).
Mass. Sen. Doc. No. 5 (1854).

(Being a report on Cape Cod and East harbors.)

Furnt, C. L. Grasses and forage plants (1858).
Tuoreau, H. D. Cape Cod (1864).
Mass. House Doc. No. 50.

(Being a report on the condition of Long Point and East Harbor.)

Mass. Sen. Doe. No. 5 (1872).

(Being a report on the construction of the East Harbor dike in 1868.)

Annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, U. 8S. Army, 1876, pp. 181-190; 1879, pp.
273-275; 1886, pp. 574-577; 1903, pp. 87, 783-784.
Mass. House Doc. No. 339 (1893).

(Being a report on the Province lands authorized under chapter 420 of the acts of 1892.)

Smauu, James A. Reports of the Superintendent of the Province lands. Annual
reports of the Harbor and Land Commissioners, 1893-1903.

Scripner, F. Lamson-. Grasses as sand and soil binders. Reprint from the Year-
book of the U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1894, pp. 421-436.

Sand-binding grasses. Reprint from the Yearbook of the U. 8. Dept. Agric.,
1898, pp. 405-420.

Cowes, H. C. Ecological relations of the vegetation on the Lake Michigan sand
dunes. Reprint from the Bot. Gaz., 27 :95 et seq.

Hou.icx, A. Geological and botanical notes: Cape Cod and Chippaquidick Island,
Massachusetts. Bul. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 2 : 381-407.

eat ae ee aah

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Piate |. (Frontispiece.) Map of the sand areas inclosing Cape Cod Harbor. The
30-foot contour lines indicate roughly the topography and general outlines of the
seven dune ranges which constitute the larger portion of the sand areas surround-
ing the harbor. The outer three nonforested dune ranges have been covered
with beach grass and are indicated in black.

Puare Il. Fig. 1.—Beach grass forming protective beach ridge. The grass is shown
to extend to within the limit of wave action during the winter storms. Its
peculiar habit of sending out rootstocks when buried enables it to keep the ever-
increasing sand deposits well covered. The gradual accumulations of sand inci-
dent to these depositing ridges form the ideal conditions for the thrifty growth
of this grass. The beach ridge indicated has increased 20 feet in height during
the past twenty years. The beach grass has been the chief factor in accumulat-
ing the sands necessary for the strengthening of this portion of the sand areas
protecting the harbor. Fig: 2.—Beach grass, showing method of vegetative
propagation. Beach grass is efficient in the natural reclamation processes owing
to the method of rapid vegetative propagation from rootstocks, which enables
scattered individuals to soon cover the drifting sands with a sufficient growth to
prevent the sand movement.

Puate III. Fig. 1.—Set of beach grass suitable for transplanting. The set shows two
nodes of the rootstock with attached rootlets. Two-year-old stock is most desir-
able for transplanting. The method of hand pulling is practiced throughout
these areas. Fig. 2.—Transplanting beach grass. The gently sloping sand areas
are covered with beach grass in the manner indicated. The brows of the hills
are covered immediately with bayberry transplanted from the adjoining timbered
areas. The steeper slopes are often reduced to an angle of 25 degrees or less
before the planting is begun.

Puare LY. Fig. 1.—Lee slope of a sand dune showing the manner in which the
advancing dune buries forests lying in its path. Fig. 2.—General view of the
grass plantations, looking south. Native growth in foreground. In the back-
ground the transplanted beach-grass area adjoins the sands not yet covered.
Bayberry bushes have been introduced upon the crests of the dunes. Before
these areas were covered with the grass, the dunes were encroaching upon the
forest and city shown in the distance.

Puate V. Fig. 1.—Bayberry bushes without grass protection. The presence of
bushes alone is not sufficient to prevent the shifting of the sand. The large size
of the sand grains is indicated in the foreground. Fig. 2.—Bayberry bushes with
grass protection. The deterioration of the grass is evident but its duration is
sufficient to enable the introduced woody growth to become self-protecting.
The grass was planted in 1898 and the bayberry a year subsequently.

Puate VI. Fig. 1.—Wind erosion of nonprotected sand. The brush line in the center
marks the eastward extension of the beach grass plantings of 1898. The amount
of sand erosion by the wind since the grass was introduced is clearly indicated
on the eroded sand areas at the left where it appears that at least 15 feet of sand
have been removed. Fig. 2.—Protecting a road through the dunes. The brush
lines, logs, and bushes form an efficient protection to the sides of the cut. The
roadbed consists of brush overlaid with turf sods obtained from the neighbor-
ing forest.

38
O :

Bul. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE II.

Fia. 1.—BEACH GRASS FORMING PROTECTIVE BEACH RIDGE.

FiG. 2.—BEACH GRASS, SHOWING METHOD OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION.

Bul. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

Fi@. 1.—SET OF BEACH GRASS SUITABLE FOR TRANSPLANTING.

FiG. 2.—TRANSPLANTING BEACH GRASS.

Bul. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

Fig. 1.—SAND DUNES BURYING FOREST.

Fic. 2.—BEACH GRASS PLANTATIONS—GENERAL VIEW.

»

‘ture PLATE V.

Bul. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S Dept

Bul. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE VI.

FIG. 1.—WIND EROSION OF NONPROTECTED SAND.

‘Ss -. SS
" 7 on,
. a
. Bee
mrss We —

> =: :
se Kaa a

Fig. 2.—PROTECTING A ROAD THROUGH THE DUNES.

=

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. |
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO, 66.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau,

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED

DURING THE PERIOD FROM SEPTEMBER, 1900,
TO DECEMBER, 1905.

INVENTORY No. 10; Nos. 5501—9896.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

IssurED FEBRUARY 8, 1905.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1905.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GALLOWAY,
Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau,

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Ausert F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge,
Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.
FREDERICK V. CoviLuE, Botanist in Charge.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS,
W. J. Spituman, Agrostologist in Charge.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

G. B. BracKxerr, Pomologist in Charge.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
A. J. Pinrers, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. Corserr, Horticulturist in Charge.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
E. M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

J. E. Rockwet.u, Editor.
James E. Jones, Chief Clerk.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
A. J. Prerers, Botanist in Charge.

W. W. Tracy, Sr., Special Agent.

S. A. Knapp, Special Agent.

Davin G. FarreniLp, Agricultural Explorer.
Joun KE. W. Tracy, Expert.

GEORGE W. OLIVER, Expert.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., May 5, 1904.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 66 of the series of this Bureau, the accom-
panying manuscript entitled ‘‘Seeds and Plants Imported During the
Period from September, 1900, to December, 1903.”

This manuscript has been submitted by the Botanist in Charge of
Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution with a view to publica-
tion.

Respectfully, B. T. GaLLoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

PR Eo GB:

The present inventory, No. LO of our series, covers a number of
introductions almost equal to the entire number included in the pre-
vious nine inventories. It is put forth as the first part of the record
of the permanent work of this office with these introductions, and
shows what seeds and plants have been introduced. The completion
of the record requires a report of the disposition made of these seeds
and the results obtained from the experimental work done in this coun-
try. Such records will appear from time to time as our different intro-
ductions are tested and either discarded or found to be valuable addi-
tions to the plants cultivated by American farmers and gardeners.

The introductory statement by Mr. Fairchild covers the general
information in regard to the sources from which these introductions
have been obtained, and I wish in addition to emphasize the fact that
the seeds and plants represented by this inventory have all been dis-
tributed, and that the inventory is in no sense intended as a check list
to enable persons to call for seeds and plants with which they would

like to experiment.
A. J. PIETERS,

Botanist in Charge.
OFFICE OF SEED AND PLANT
INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION,
Washington, D. C., May 4, 1904.

o—-

B, P. I.—105, 8. P. I. D.—3s9

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED DURING THE PERIOD FROM
SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT.

This inventory of seeds and plants which have been collected by
agricultural explorers, or received through other sources by this
Oflice, covers the period from September, 1900, to December, 1903. — It
includes 4,396 accession inventory numbers. Since the last inventory
was published in 1901 the explorers and special agents of this Office
have continued their extensive searches after new and promising
varieties of plants for introduction into this country. The notes fur-
nished regarding the different introductions vary greatly with regard
to their completeness and it is desired to point out clearly that this
inventory makes no pretenses to being an embodiment of all the infor-
mation we possess regarding the various seeds and plants listed. It
is merely a collection, largely for use in this Office and by members
of the State experiment stations, of the notes which accompanied the
various seeds and plants when they were sent in. Their value will in
many cases be more historical than explanatory. For some of the
most important numbers, separate detailed reports have been. issued
in the form of bulletins or are being prepared for publication.

It will be noticed that no attempt has been made to follow the latest
reforms in nomenclature, the Kew Index having been taken in most
cases as a convenient guide in the spelling of the different scientific
names.

The quantities of seeds or plants represented by these different num-
bers are, as a rule, small, and in the vast majority of cases it has been
necessary to distribute them as soon as possible after arrival to com-
petent experimenters throughout the country. It will therefore be,
in most cases, impossible to furnish seeds or plants described in this
inventory. If, however, special reasons can be shown by reputable
experimenters why further introductions of certain species or varieties
should be made, this Office will be glad to take the matter up, for it is

desirous of introducing any new variety which may be called to its

attention by plant breeders or others in a position to carry out con-
secutive and careful plant-introduction experiments.

~

s SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

Of the nearly 4,400 new introductions, a very large number repre-
sent work accomplished by the explorations of Mr. Barbour Lathrop,
of Chicago, with whom the writer had the pleasure of being associated
as Agricultural Explorer. Mr. Lathrop’s explorations, which have
required about four years of travel abroad, were carried out with the
one practical object of making a reconnoissance of the useful plant
possibilities of the world, and have successfully covered every continent
and touched every important archipelago. Owing to the very out-of-
the-way parts of the world visited by Mr. Lathrop, a large number of
the seeds and plants secured by him are so rare that they will be exceed-
ingly difficult to replace, and the Office considers itself extremely for-
tunate to have enlisted the cooperation of such a public-spirited man
as Mr. Lathrop, who has conducted these various explorations almost
entirely at his own expense, with no other idea than that of benefiting
the American public through this branch of the work of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. No stronger evidence is needed of the practical
value of plant-introduction work than that furnished by Mr. Lathrop’s
devotion to its study.

The collections of the several Department agricultural explorers
which are represented in this inventory have also been gathered from
a wide range of the earth’s surface. The explorations of Dr. S. A.
Knapp, the results of which are represented in the inventory, covered
his second voyage to the Orient in 1901-2, and comprised a trip to
Hawaii, Japan, China, Manila, the Straits Settlements, and British
India in search of information bearing on the rice question of the
South. Bavaria, Austria, Dalmatia, Greece, Egypt, Tunis, Algeria,
and Spain were explored by the writer for brewing barleys, hops,
fruits, and forage crops. Mr. C. 8. Scofield made a careful survey of
the leguminous fodder and green manure crops of Algeria and inci-
dentally a study of the wheat varieties of France. Mr. M. A. Carleton
made a second trip in 1900 through Austria and Roumania, into Rus-
sia and Central Asia, and returned through Turkey and Servia in
search of cereals and forage crops. Mr. E. R. Lake, a specialist on
American prunes, was sent in 1900 on a short trip to the prune-grow-
ing regions of France. Dr. J. N. Rose, of the U.S. National Museum, |
assisted us in 1901 in his botanizing trips in Mexico to secure a col-
lection of desert plants and varieties of other plants of economic
importance. Mr. Ernst A. Bessey was sent as agricultural explorer
on two expeditions in search of hardy alfalfas and more resistant
fruits for the Northwest. The first was through Russia to Turkestan
in 1902, and the second to the Caucasus in 1903. Mr. Thomas H.
Kearney and Mr. T. H. Means, the latter of the Bureau of Soils, were
sent as explorers to the arid regions of Algeria, Tunis, and Egypt in
search of better strains of Egyptian cotton and alkali-resistant grains
and fodder plants. Mr. P. H. Rolfs, in charge of the Subtropical

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. Qg

Laboratory at Miami, Fla., visited for this Office in 1903 several islands
in the West Indies in search of varieties of cassava and other suitable
agricultural plants for southern Florida. Mr. G. Onderdonk, of
Nursery, Tex., a specialist on stone fruits, made a trip to Mexico for
this Office in search of varieties of this class of fruits for the Southern
States.

In addition to the seeds and plants which these various exploring
trips have brought in, the Office is indebted to correspondents all over
the world for numerous interesting things which have been presented
to it and for which credit is given in each separate instance under the
various numbers.

It is desired to urge strongly in this introductory statement that the
numbers which accompany these seeds and plants when they are sent
out should be carefully preserved by those who receive them. By
means of these inventory numbers the seeds and plants can always be
identified. The machinery of the Office is so arranged that a perma-
nent record is kept on file of all seeds and plants sent out, and the
addresses of the experimenters to whom they are sent. This feature
is considered essential, and unless carefully carried out there will be
nothing on record to prevent reintroductions of plants which have
proved by extensive trials to be unworthy of a place in American
agriculture, and much annoyance and delay will be caused in the han-
dling of those things which are successful.

While it is one of the aims of plant introduction to encourage those
who can afford it to try new plants, such an object would not be gained
by any attempt to supply those who—misguided, perhaps, by exag-
gerated newspaper accounts—apply for seeds or plants which they are
not in a position to test successfully. Ali seeds are sent out with the
idea that those who receive them are willing to take the pains to reply
to queries from this Office regarding the success of their trial and to
supply on request reasonable quantities of seeds, scions, or plants pro-
duced from the imported material. A failure on the part of an experi-
menter to respond to repeated inquiries or his refusal to assist In giving
new introductions a wide distribution will affect unfavorably his stand-
ing in the list of capable experimenters which it is one of the objects
of this plant introduction work to create.

Davip G. FAIRCHILD,
Agricultural Explorer.
Wasuineton, D. C., April 18, 1904.

dad be

INVENTORY.

5501 to 5512.

rom Washington, D. C. Seeds from a number of crab-apple trees growing on
the grounds of the Department of Agriculture. These trees were imported
from Russia, by Prof. N. EK. Hansen, in 1898. The numbers in parentheses
are those under which the trees were received from Professor Hansen. They
are as follows:

5501. Pyrus PRUNIFOLIA EDULIS. (No. 4.)
5502. Pyrvus PRUNIFOLIA PURPUREA. (No. 5.)
5503. Pyrus prunirouia. (No. 6.)

Transparent.
5504. Pyrus PRUNIFOLIA. (No. 7.)

Transparent.
5505. Pyrvus PRUNIFOLIA MOSCOWIENSIS. (No. 8.)
5506. Pyrvus PRUNIFOLIA PURPUREA. (No. 9.)
5507.. Pyrus PRUNIFOLIA MACROCARPA. (Nos. 10 and 11.)
5508. Pyrus PRUNIFOLIA BACCATA. (No. 12.)
5509. PyRvs PRUNIFOLIA BACCATA. (Nou dd.)
5510. Pyrus prRuNrIFOLIA BACCATA. (No. 16.)
5511. Pyrus pruniro.iia. (No. 17.)
5512. Pyrus prunirouia. (No. 18.)

5513. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Tornea, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
435), September 27, 1900.

North Finnish Black. ‘‘This seed is from the north province of Finland, and being
grown at this high latitude should be early ripening. It is not, however, of first
quality because the recent crops have been very poor.”’ (Fairchild. )

5514. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Tornea, Finland. Presented by F. O. U. Nordberg, through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 435a, Aug. 6, 1900). Received September 27, 1900.

North Finnish Black. ‘One liter of black oats of the 1897 crop, which was so
highly prized here that I could only get this small quantity. It should ripen earlier
than No. 5513.’’ ( Fairchild. )

5515. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Michaux, Va. Received September 27, 1900.

Banat. Grown in Virginia from seed imported by this Department in 1899.
11

12 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5516. PaAssIFLORA EDULIS. Passion flower.

From New South Wales, Australia. Presented by Dr. N. A. Cobb. Received
September 27, 1900.

“This plant grows best in good soil at some distance from the coast, where there
is little frost and an annual rainfall of about 50 inches. The plants are usually trel-
lised about 6 feet apart, grow rapidly, and bear fruit the second year.’’ (Cobb,)
(See No. 1906, Inventory No, 5.)

5517. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
336, Jan., 1900), October 8, 1900.

Katjang- Koro.

5518. PHASEOLUS MUNGO. Gram.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 337, Jan., 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A small bean used in soups.’’ ( /airchild. )

5519. Donicuos sp. Ussi bean.

From Lombok, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 338, Jan., 1900), October 8, 1900.

Katjang Ussi.

5520. CUCURBITA sp. Squash.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 339 Jan. 15, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘*‘Native-grown squash, suited to a moist, warm climate. Said to be very sweet
oo) ( Hcroht ;
when cooked.”’ (Fairchild. )

5521. PHASEOLUS LUNATUS. Lima bean.

From Lombok, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 340, January 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘*A peculiar white and black striped lima bean.”’ Fairchild.
I I

5522. ARACHIS HYPOGAEA. Peanut.

From Matarum, Lombok, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 341, January 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A large rough-shelled, three-seeded peanut, having thin shells and a good flavor.”
( Fairchild.)

5523. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Surabaya, Java. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
342, January, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘Short-grained Java rice.” ( Fuirchild.) (Injured in transit. )

5524. CapsiCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
343, January 10, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A small variety of very hot red pepper generally used green in Macassar. Prob-
ably the same as that used in Java and other parts of the Dutch East Indies.”
( Fairchild. )

a ——————————— ss CUCU

i ee Gul

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 13

5525. CapsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
344, January 10, 1900), October 8, 1900,

“A long red pepper of the shape of the so-called Guinea pepper.’ (Mairehild. )

5526. CarsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Bali Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 345, January 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

A long red variety.

5527. SoLANUM sp.
From Bali, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 346, January 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.
“A white-fruited species which is used on the ijstafel or rice table of Muropeans.
Much like an eggplant, of which it may be only a variety.”? = ( /airchild. )

5528. Momorpica sp.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
347, January 11, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘A fruit called Paparé here. It is eaten raw. When mature it is very showy,
with bright-red endocarp. Said by Paillieux and Bois to grow well in France.’’
( Fairchild. )

5529. Cirrus LIMETTA. Lime.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
348, January 11, 1900), October 8, 1900.

“A very thin-skinned, juicy lime of inferior flavor.’’? (Fairchild. )

5530. CAPSICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
349, January 11, 1900), October 8, 1900.

A long red variety.

5531. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Banda, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 350, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

~ “ Sauerbier, a very large, thin-skinned, exceedingly juicy lemon of good flavor, sent
through the kindness of Mr. Sauerbier from his own garden. The fruit examined
was 3 inches in diameter, with smooth skin, not over one-quarter of an inch thick,
and large oil glands. The flesh is composed of large cells which are much elongated
in shape and therefore easily broken by pressure. The amount of juice is exception-
ally large. Nearly three-fourths of an ordinary glassful was squeezed by hand from
a single fruit. Juice of good flavor, somewhat aromatic, but the fruit was too ripe to
judge fairly. The tree is said to be small. This is the finest lemon seen by us on the
expedition, and its discovery was made by Mr. Lathrop.”’ (Fairchild. )

5532. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Banda, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 351, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

From the garden of Mr. Sauerbier. ‘‘Seeds from the remarkable lemon described
in No. 5531. Its seedlings may produce its like.’”’? ( Muirchild. )
5533. CrrRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Banda, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 352, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.
“Seeds from lemon said to have come from the same tree as No. 5531. The fruits

from which these seeds were taken were smaller, but still of unusual size and excel-
lence.”’— ( Fuirchild. )

14 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

5534. CANARIUM AMBOINENSE, Amboina almond.

From Amboina, Dutch Kast Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
ehild (No. 353, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900,

‘*This is possibly the stateliest avenue tree in the world and forms in the famous
garden of Buitenzorg, Java, the ‘Canarium Al/ée,’ which is noted as the most beauti-
ful avenue in existence. A valuable table oil is made from the kernels of the fruits
and these are highly prized by Europeans, being eaten like almonds. Lf introduced
into the Philippines they might be made to pay as a secondary crop.’’ ( Fairchild.)

5535. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 354, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘Fruit long, striped with red, purple, and white.’’ (Fairchild. )

5536. CapsiICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 355, February 14, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘“An excellent variety of egg-shaped red pepper.’’ (Fairchild.
; ot } pep}

5537. CAPSICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Singapore. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 356,
January 24, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A long, slender variety of red pepper.’’ (Fairchild. )

5538. CapsICcUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 357, January 11, 1900), October 8, 1900.

**A small red pepper.’’? (Fairchild. )

5539. Forest tree.
From Boela, Ceram Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 358, January 18, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘*Seeds from a single fruit of a beautiful orange-red color; borne by a small forest
tree with lanceolate dark-green leaves. Fruits borne in pairs, and are pulpy, jelly-
like, and almost transparent. One of the showiest fruits I have ever seen. do not
know whether or not it is edible.”’? (Fairchild. )

5540. Forest tree.

From Boela, Ceram Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 359, January 18, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘Fruit oblate spheroid, dark green, several-seeded with hard, smooth exocarp.

Flesh brown and spongy. Not known to be edible.’”’ (Fairchild. )

5541. Forest tree.

From Boela, Ceram Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 360, January 18, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘One-seeded, purple-fleshed fruit, from clearing in virgin forest. Said to be
poisonous.’’ (Fairchild. )

5542. VIcIA FABA. Broad bean.

From Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
361, January 11, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘“‘Sample of a variety of broad bean which is canned and sent from Holland to
India, where it is cooked in water and eaten asa great delicacy by Europeans. Most —
excellent eating.’? (Fuirchild. )

~y

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBE R, 1903. 15
5543. Shade tree.
From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop

and Fairchild (No, 862, January 20, 1900), October 8, 1900,

“A rapidly growing shade tree resembling Albizzia lebbek, but with long cylin-
drical pods of dark-brown color. Suitable for Florida, Porto Rico, or any tropical
region.”’ (Fairchild. )

5544. Momorpica sp.

From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 363, January 20, 1900), October 8, 1900.
‘‘A small-fruited species growing wild in the island. Said to be eaten raw by the
natives.’’ ( Mairchild. )

5545. SOLANUM MELONGENA. ' Eggplant.
From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop

and Fairchild (No. 364, January 20, 1900), October 8, 1900.

“A yellow-fruited species of Solanum, cooked and eaten by the natives. May
prove valuable for breeding purposes.’’ (Jairchild. )

5546. CAPsICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Gisser Island (a typical atoll near Ceram), Dutch East Indies. Received
through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 365, February 3, 1900), October 8,
1900.

‘‘A large oblong variety of red pepper.’”’ (Jairchild. )

5547. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Sekar, Dutch New Guinea. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 366, February 1, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘Seeds of a large and very sour variety of pomelo or shaddock presented by the
Radja of Sekar, a village on the coast of Dutch New Guinea. The shaddock is native
of the islands of the Malay Archipelago, being more particularly abundant in the
Friendly Isles and Fiji. Introduced into India from Java and into the West Indies
by Captain Shaddock, hence the name Shaddock. It is cultivated in most tropical
countries.’’ (Fairchild. )

5548.

From Wetter Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 367, January 23, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘Long purple fruit found on the shore of the island of Wetter. The pulp is soft
like that of'a plum. It is said not to be edible.”’ (Fairchild. )

5549. CONVOLVULUS sp. (‘)

From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 368, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘A large vigorous vine with curious seed pods.”’ (Fairchild. )

5550. CONVOLVULUS sp. (74)
From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 369, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

““Small-fruited vine which covers low trees and shrubs.”’ ( /wirchild. )

5551.

From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 370, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

“From vine not in flower, but of luxuriant growth, covering trees and shrubs,”’
( Fairchild.)
29861—No. 66—05

9
~

16 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5552. Cucursira sp. (4)

From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies, Received through Messrs, Lathrop
and Fairchild (No, 371, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘* A vigorous cucurbitaceous vine, covering trees and shrubs and bearing large
numbers of curious dry fruits resembling Lujfa.’’ ( Fairchild.)
5553. CAPSICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Gisser Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 372, February 4, 1900), October 8, 1900.

**A cherry-shaped red pepper.’ ( Fairchild.)

5554. CIrrrRus LIMETTA. Lime.

From Gisser Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 373, February 3, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘*‘Seeds from a lime of very peculiar shape. Long and slender, with a decided
beak at the lower end. Flavor inferior.’’ (Fairchild. )
5555. CapsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Gisser Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 374, February 3, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘*A small red pepper.”’

5556. CapsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 375, January 31, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘*4 small cherry-shaped red pepper.’’ (Fairchild. )

5557. CoONVOLVULUS sp. (/)

From Dobbo, Aru Islands, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 376, January 28, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘Seed from vine growing in the mangrove swamps near the town. Ornamental.’’
( Fairchild. )

5558. CONVOLVULUS sp. (7)

From Dobbo, Aru Islands, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 377, January 28, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘Seeds from a plant growing near mangrove swamps on sandy soil.’’ (Fairchild.
i g g

5559. CUCURBITA sp. Squash.

From Sekar, Dutch New Guinea. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 378, February 2, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘Seeds from a squash presented by the Radja of Sekar, a small village on the coast
of New Guinea.”’ ( Fairchild.)
5560. ZEA MAYS. ~ Maize.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 379, February 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A yariety of Indian corn which is of such superior quality that it is shipped from
the island of Amboina to many other points in the archipelago. A hard flinty variety,
and worthy of trial in Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

5561. ARACHIS HYPOGAFA. Peanut.

From the Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 380, February 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A very large peanut, one of the most delicious we have ever tasted, probably
from the island of Ternate.’’ (Fairchild. )

We eer eS,”

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 17

5562.

From Letti Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 881, January 25, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘Small fruits with lemon-yellow pulp, very sour. Brought on board and sold by
natives of Letti.’? (/airchild. )

5563. CHAVICA OFFICINARUM. Long pepper.
From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

$82, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘‘A sample of so-called Tjabeh aroij, used in the Dutch East Indies as a condiment.
It is very hot, and is much used by the natives in their curries. It is also used in
medicine.’”’ (Fairchild. )

5564. CIiccA NODIFLORA.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies, Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 383, February 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

**Seeds from fruit tree, the sap of which is used for poisoning arrows. The roots
are used as a medicine for asthma. Syphilis is treated with a decoction of the leaves,
and the sour fruits are used for making preserves. The seeds act as a purgative. The
tree grows about 25 feet high.’’ (Fairchild. )

5565. CAPsIcCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Fack Fack, Dutch New Guinea. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 384, February 1, 1900), October 8, 1900.

‘Very small red pepper found growing on a bush 4 feet high.”’ (Fairchild. )

5566. CALOPHYLLUM sp.

From Saparoea Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 385, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

“A giant tree growing in front of the Controlleur’s house at Saparoea. One of the
most beautiful shade trees I have ever seen.’ (Fairchild. )

5567. CucUMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.

From Macassar, Dutch East Indies. . Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild, October 8, 1900.

‘‘An excellent variety of uniform size and shape, especially suited for cultivation
in the Tropies.’’ (Fairchild. )
5568. STUARTIA PENTAGYNA.
From Gage, Tenn. Presented by Mr. J. H. H. Boyd, through Mr. Lyster H.
Dewey, of the Division of Botany. Received October 17, 1900.
5569. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Auscha, Bohemia. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, October 18, 1900.
Auscha Red.

5570. HuMmuLUS LUPULUS. Hop.
From Auscha, Bohemia. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, October 18, 1900.
Saaz.

5571. THEA VIRIDIS. Tea.
From Ceylon. Received October 30, 1900.
Highest class ‘‘Jat,’’ a wild indigenous tea.

1s SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

5572 to 5585. Leguminous forage plants.

From Algeria. Presented by Doctor Trabut, Government Botanist of Algeria,
through Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received November 2, 1900,

“This valuable collection comprises small amounts of the seed of a number of for-
age plants which are cultivated by Doctor Trabut at the Algerian experiment sta-
tion at Rouiba. Many of these were introduced into culture by Doctor Trabut, and
are now sent out of North Africa for the first time. Some of the plants occur in other
parts of the Mediterranean region, but in general the forms of these species found
growing in Algeria are more resistant to drought than those obtained elsewhere.
This has proved true of the common vetch from Tunis, the narrow-leaved lupine or
naturalized form of the Corsican lupine. All of these species are adapted for plant-
ing in autumn in the warmer regions of the South and Southwest. Unfortunately,
only a small amount of seed of these species could be obtained. It is hoped that
enough can be grown in this country to give a fair trial another year. There can be
no doubt that all of the native North African forage plants deserve a most careful
trial in the arid and semiarid regions on the Pacitic slope. All of these are winter
crops and should be sown in early autumn, since at that time there is sufficient moist-
ure in the soil to enable the seed to germinate. The climate of North Africa is
very mild in winter, and probably most of these species would be injured by severe
frosts. They could, however, be grown in spring in Washington State and Oregon,
where the winter would probably prove too severe to permit of their being sown in
autumn.’’ (Swingle.)

5572. Vicra CALCARATA. Vetch.

‘*This vetch is native to the Mediterranean region. The seed of this par-
ticular sort was obtained at Boghar in Algeria where the climate is very
dry. This is one of the species introduced into culture by Doctor Trabut.”’
(Swingle. )

55'73.. VIcIA HIRTA. Vetch.

‘*This plant, which is usually considered to be a hairy form of Vicia lutea,
occurs very commonly in Algeria and has been introduced into cultivation
by Doctor Trabut. It reaches a height of 16 to 18 inches at the experiment
station at Rouiba.”’ (Swingle. )

5574. VIcIA FULGENS. Scarlet vetch.

‘*An Algerian vetch with handsome red flowers. It is an annualand grows
with extraordinary vigor, reaching a height of 6 to 8 feet and yielding an
abundance of excellent forage. Doctor Trabut, who introduced the species into
culture, reports that at the experiment station at Rouiba, near Algiers, it yields
40 tons of green fodder to the acre. The great drawback of this most promis-
ing vetch is that the pods when ripe snap open, especially under the influence
of hot winds, and scatter the seed, rendering its collection very difficult and
the seed in consequence high priced. It is sown in autumn before the first
rains in Algeria, either alone or with winter oats. It occasionally produces
seed abundantly. It is to be hoped that some region may be found in the
United States which has a sufficiently humid atmosphere during the ripening
period of the pods to prevent their scattering the seeds. It might be possible
to breed varieties which would hold the seed better. This vetch is mostlikely
to succeed in the Southern States and on the Pacific slope.’’ (Swingle.) (See
Nos. 3825 and 4336, inventory No. 8.)

55'75. VIcIA SATIVA. Common vetch.

‘Doctor Trabut has been making comparative tests of all obtainable varieties
of the common vetch at the Algerian Experiment Station at Rouiba. The one
which proves best adapted to Algerian conditions is the present number, which
is from the dry regions of Tunis.’’ (Swingle. )

5576. VICIA BENGALENSIS. Bengal vetch.

‘This name is given by the Kew Index as a synonym of J. nissoliana. _ It
is one of the best of the numerous species of vetch grown at the Algerian
Experiment Station at Rouiba. It somewhat resembles the scarlet vetch,
attaining a considerable height.’’ (Swingle. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 19

5572 to 5585—Continued.
5577. Vicia FABA. Horse bean.

“This is a dwarf form of horse bean which Doctor Trabut reports as grow-
ing wild 25 miles south of Teniat. He considers it to be undoubtedly the wild
form of the cultivated broad beans and horse beans. It is utilized by the
Arabs, but is probably of little value compared with the improved form,
though it may resist drought better, since it comes from a dry region in Algeria.”’
(Swingle. )

5578. MELILOTUS MACROSTACHYS. Melilot.

‘*This species of melilot, native to Algeria, differs from most of the sweet
cloyers in Hadne no pronounced odor. In consequence of this it is readily
eaten by cattle. It has succeeded very well at the Experiment Station at
Rouiba, where it attains a height of from 3 to 6 feet.” (Swingle. )

5579. TRIGONELLA CORNICULATA. Small fenugreek.

“This species, which has the same strong odor as fenugreek, from which it
differs, however, in having very much smaller pods and seeds, grows very
vigorously at the Experiment Station at Rouiba, where it attains a height of
from 3 to 5 feet. It could not be used for feeding milch cows, as the strong
odor would make the milk unsalable. It is, however, used for fattening stock
and as a green manure. It is said to resist drought very well.’”’? (Swingle.)

5580. TRIGONELLA GLADIATA. Trigonella.

‘This plant also resembles fenugreek in odor. It has been cultivated with
some success at the Experiment Station at Rouiba.’? (Swing/e.)

5581. ScorRPIURUS VERMICULATA. Rabbit’s ear.

‘*This plant is a half-prostrate annual and grows wild all through northern
Algeria. It is said to furnish an excellent forage on good land and the Arabs
eat the seeds. The pods, which are bent more or less into a circle, are as large
as one’s finger and lie on the ground. They are eaten greedily by the sheep
and constitute one of their important foods on the plains of northern Algeria.”’
(Swingle. )

5582. ONONIS AVELLANA. Ononis.

‘“This is said by Doctor Trabut to be a good green manure for heavy soils.
It is found only in Algeria, where it occurs in few localities on clay hills.”
(Swingle. )

5583. LuPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS. Narrow-leafed lupine.

‘““This species is commonly grown by the Kabyles and Arabs, and is used
by them as a substitute for coffee. It is the earliest maturing species grown in
North Africa and is good for green manure. It is said to dislike an excess of
lime in the soil.’’ (Swingle. )

5584. LUPINUS TERMIS. Egyptian or Corsican lupine.

““This is considered by Doctor Trabut to be the best species for culture in
North Africa. It is sown at the rate of about 100 pounds to the acre, in
autumn, and it grows rapidly, and in February or March can be plowed under.
It much resembles the white lupine, but is said to be taller and have larger
seeds. It is a very promising species for culture in California.’? (Swingle. )

5585. Larnyrvus TINGITANUS. Tangier flat pea.

‘‘Thisspecies, which isanative of North Africa, isconsidered by Doctor Trabut
to be one of the best forage plants in Africa. It reaches a height of from 3 to4
feet and drives out all other plants. Sown in autumn it prevents the growth
of all weeds, and on the 16th of May gives a crop of 34 tons of dry hay to the
acre. It is sown at the rate of about 50 pounds of seed per acre and is some-
times sown with one-third the weight of winter oats. It is a beautiful plant,
very vigorous, and probably has a great future as a forage plant in the South
and Southwest. (Swingle. )

2() SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5586. NEOWASHINGTONIA sp. Fan palm.

From San Diego, Cal. Presented by Mr. T. 8. Brandegee; collected in Cajon de
Santa Maria, near Calamaguet, on the eastern shore of Lower California,

5587. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Spalt, Bavaria, Germany. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No,
461), November 19, 1900,

Spalt City. ‘‘ Cuttings or ‘ Fiichser’ of the finest Spalt hops grown in the restricted
area of Spalt, Bavaria. These Spalt hops are renowned throughout Germany as next
to the Saaz and Auscha, the best in the world. They are exported from here in con-
siderable quantities to America where they are used by the large brewers in the man-
ufacture of their finest beers. In planting these cuttings it should be remembered
that they have been taken in October and transported to America and may suffer in
vigor-by this unusual treatment. The cuttings are planted here four or five together
in one hill, being placed upright in the ground some 3 inches apart and covered
about 13 to 2 inches with soil. The hills are from 3 to 4 feet apart each way. The
soil, which is the most important item of any in hop culture, must be a sandy loam.
In Spalt it is a disintegrated red sandstone, similar to the soil in the Bohemian hop
region of Saaz. Only in the small region about the little village of Spalt do these
famous hops develop their fine aroma and valuable lupulin contents. Before plant-
ing, the soil should be carefully worked to a depth of 2} to 3 feet and the culture
should be scrupulously clean during the season. ‘This is not a heavy bearer, one
pound per pole being a maximum. Its value lies in its superior quality of aroma.
The best grade of hop from which these cuttings are taken brings this year on the
Spalt market over 15 cents per pound. Great care should be taken that no male hop
plants are grown near these Spalt hops, as their presence induces a heavy seed pro-
duction and an immediate lowering of the quality of the yield. Harvesting, sulphur-
ing, ete., as usual.’’ (Fairchild. )

5588. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Spalt, Bavaria, Germany. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
462, October 24, 1900), November 19, 1900.

Seed from the best Spalt hops, grown in the village of Massendorf. ‘‘This variety
of hop produces very few seeds indeed, and these may be of distinct value for breed-
ing purposes and for the selection of a more vigorous strain of superlative quality.”
( Fairchild. )

5589. CoCHLEARIA ARMORACIA. Horse-radish.

From Biersdorf, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 457,
October 19, 1900), November 12, 1900.

‘Cuttings of a variety of Bavarian horse-radish which ranks among the best in
Europe. It is much milder in flavor than the malin variety, and its method of culti-
vation is different.’’ (Fairchild.) (See S. P. I. Circular No. 21.)

5590. HorpdrEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Kitzing, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 458),
November 26, 1900.

Lower Frankish Kitzing brewing barley. ‘‘The most noted Bavarian variety, and
one of the best brewing barleys in the world. It is a heavy, thin-skinned sort
containing a large percentage of starch. It was grown ona heavy clay soil, and should,
according to the growers in Bavaria, be tried on a light but not too sandy soil. A change
of soil is considered essential.’? (Fairchild. )

5591. HorbrUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Kitzing, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 459, Octo-
ber 22, 1900), November 26, 1900.

‘‘This is the same as No. 5590, except that it was grown on light soil, and should,
therefore, be tried on heavy clay soils in America.’’ (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 21

5592. Horprum DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Wiirzburg, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 460,
October 22, 1900), November 26, 1900.

Lower Frankish brewing barley. Essentially the same as Nos. 5590 and 5591.
Suited to fairly light soils.

5593. HuMuULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Wolnzach, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 462, Octo-
ber 25, 1900), November 19, 1900.

Cuttings from the Wolnzach hops. ‘‘These are late-ripening hops of excellent
quality, but not so highly prized as those from Saaz or Spalt. Cuttings from 6-year-
old stocks, suited to a friable loam; yield from + to 4 pound per pole; probably not
so suse eptible to soil conditions as the Saaz.’’ (Fairchild. )

5594. HumMuLUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Wolnzach, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 463,
October 25, 1900), November 19, 1900.
Seeds from Wolnzach hops.

5595 to 5608.

From the Government Laboratory, Georgetown, Demerara, British (Guiana.
Received through the Division of Chemistry, October 19, 1900.

A collection of sugar-cane arrows with fertile seeds sent by Mr. J. B. Harrison.

5595. (J.B.H. 74.) 5602. (J.B. H. 5044.)
5596. (J.B. H. 116.) 5603. (J.B. H. 5201.)
5597. (J.B. H. 790.) 5604. (J.B. H. 5443.)
5598. (J. B. H. 1485.) 5605. (J.B. H. 5444.)
5599. (J.B. H. 1850.) 5606. (J.B. H. 5454.)
5600. (J.B. H. 2093.) 5607. (J.B. H. 5717.)
5601. (J.B. H. 5041.) oGO0G. (J.B. H. 5774.)
5609. MELINIS MINUTIFLORA. Molasses grass.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by the Brazilian minister, the Hon. Dr. J.
F. de Assis-Brasil, through the U. 8. Consul at Sao Paulo, September, 1900.

5610. VILLEBRUNEA INTEGRIFOLIA. Assam rhea.

From Calcutta, India. Presented by D. Prain, Superintendent of the Royal
Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Received November 16, 1900.

(See Agric. Ledg., Calcutta, 1898, No. 15, for description of this fiber plant.)

5611. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Wolnzach, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, November
19, 1900.

‘“A mixture of hop seeds from the dryizs room of Wolnzach.’’ (Fairchild. )

5612. PAssIFLORA EDULIS. Passion flower.
From Auckland, New Zealand. Presented by J. P. Carolin, through Mr.
George William Hill, Chief of the Division of Publications. Received

November 21, 1900.

5613. ATRIPLEX LEPTOCARPA. Saltbush.

From Berkeley, Cal. Presented by the California Experiment Station, through
Prof. Chas. H. Shinn. Received November 21, 1900.

99 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5614. ATRIPLEX HALIMOIDES. Saltbush.

From Berkeley, Cal. Presented by the California Experiment Station, through
Prof. Chas. H. Shinn. Received November 21, 1900,

5615. CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. Camphor.

From Berkeley, Cal. Presented by the California Experiment Station, through
Prof. Chas. H. Shinn. Received November 21, 1900.
5616. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Saonara, Italy. Reeeived through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, November 23,
1900, from Fratelli Sgaravatti.

Sultanina rosea.

5617 to 5621.
From Manila, P. I. Received July 1, 1900.

No descriptions furnished.

5617. ERYTHRINA CARNEA. Dap-dap.
5618. BIxa ORELLANA. j Achiote.
5619. SoLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.
5620. Corx LACHRYMA-JOBI. Job’s tears.

5621. INGA LANCEOLATA.

5622. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Tetschen, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, November
30, 1900.

‘‘Seed from wild hops growing on the grounds of the Experiment Station at
Tetschen-Liebwerd.’’ (Fairchild. )
5623. CLIANTHUS DAMPIERI.

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

‘*A beautiful garden flower and also good feed for stock. It will grow with 6 inches
of rain per annum, or one day good rain in the year. The seed requires scorching
or soaking in hot water.’’ (Cusack. )

5624. |

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

‘‘A leguminous shrub 6 feet high. Splendid feed for horses, cattle, and sheep. It
is smaller than 5623, erect instead of prostrate. A beautiful garden flower.’’ (Cusack. )

5625.

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

Mundle bundle. ‘A good perennial tussock grass. Grows where the annual aver-
age rainfall is 14 inches, and the thermometer sometimes shows temperatures up to
127° F. in theshade.’’ (Cusack. )

5626. Pela.

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

“A good annual. It grows on sandy soil very well with small rainfall.’’ (Cusack. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. ° 98

5627. Rupus NUTKANUS. Salmon berry.
From Blaine, Wash. Presented by Mr. C. E. Flint. Received November 6, 1900.

A large red raspberry growing on the Pacific Coast of North America. .

5628. ‘TriricuM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Portland, Oreg. Presented by Mr. R. C. Judson. Received December
4, 1900.

Yaroslaf winter wheat. Grown from No. 2792; imported from the Government of
St. Petersburg, Russia, in March, 1899, by Mr. M. A. Carleton. Considered objec-
tionable for Oregon because of bearded character.

5629. ‘TRIricUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Portland, Oreg. Presented by Mr. R. C. Judson. Received December
4, 1900.

Banatka winter wheat. Grown from No. 2956; imported by Mr. M. A. Carleton in
March, 1899.

5630. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Portland, Oreg. Presented by Mr. R. C. Judson. Received December 4,
1900.

Sandomir winter wheat. Grown from No. 2958, imported by Mr. M. A. Carleton
in March, 1899.

5631. HUMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Schwetzingen, Germany. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 456,
Noy. 6, 1900), December 5, 1900.

‘‘Cuttings of the Schwetzingen hop, one of the best early varieties, ripening the
middle of August. Not considered by Professor Braungart as so delicate as the ‘Saaz’
or ‘Spalt,’ and on this account may thrive better on American soils.’ ( /airchild. )

5632. CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA.
From Manila, P. I. Received July, 1900.

This genus of leguminosee contains some 40 species; inhabitants of the Tropics of
both hemispheres. Robust, erect trees, shrubs, or woody prickly climbers; leaves
large; flowers showy, yellow. In some parts of India it grows at an altitude of 2,500
feet. Oil from the seeds is useful in convulsions and palsy, debility after fever, and
other diseases. Is said to soften the skin and remove pimples. The seeds are used
instead of quinine, and also as an ointment. In disorders of the liver the leaves are
considered very efficacious. The nuts are used for making bracelets and necklaces.
-The seeds are used by children in place of marbles and in other games. The root is
also used for medical purposes.

5633. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Mettmenstetten, Switzerland. Presented by Hon. A. Lieberknecht, U. 5.
Consul at Zitirich.

5634. (iARCINIA MANGOSTANA. Mangosteen.

From Ceylon. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, December 7, 1900. Pre-
sented by Dr. Valentine Duke, of Newara, Eliya.

Fruits covered with a coating of paraffin to preserve the germinative power of
the seeds.

5635. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Kurman-Kemelchi, Central Crimea. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
December 12, 1900.

Crimean. ‘A hard red winter wheat, one of the best in the world. Adapted for
trial in Kansas, Oklahoma, northern Texas, Missouri, and southern portions of lowa
and Nebraska.”’ ( Carleton. )

Y4 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5636. ‘TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Altonau, near Melitopol, in northern Taurida. Received through Mr,
M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

‘Similar to No, 5635, but from a rather colder latitude and not ripening quite so
early. Adaptation like No. 5635.’’ (Carleton. )

5637. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Altonau, near Melitopol, in northern Taurida. Received through Mr.
M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Girka winter wheat. ‘A beardless variety, soft-grained, but very hardy. Adapta-
tion like No. 5635.”’ (Carleton. )

5638. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Constantinovskol, 40 miles east of Stavropol, in north Caucasus. Received
through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Ulta. ‘‘A hard, red-grained, bearded, winter variety, very resistant to cold and
drought. Adapted for trial as a winter wheat in lowa, Nebraska, and the southern
portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and South Dakota, and eastern Colorado. An
excellent variety for all of Kansas and northern portions of Missouri and Oklahoma.”’
( Carleton.)

5639. ‘TrRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Uralsk Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

Kubanka. ‘‘One of the best macaroni wheats known. Sowninthespring. Admir-
ably adapted for growing in the semiarid regions, between the one hundredth meri-
dian and the Rocky Mountains, and North Dakota to Texas, and also in New Mexico,
Arizona, Utah, eastern Oregon, and the Palouse country.’’ (Carleton. )

5640. ‘TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Padi, Saratov, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900. ;

Padi. ‘‘A beardless, soft, or semihard winter wheat. Adapted to all the north-
ern winter wheat States, from New York to Kansas and southward to the thirty-fifth
parallel.’’ (Carleton. )

5641. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Starobelsk, Kharkof, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
December 12, 1900.

Kharkof. ‘‘A bearded, hard, red, winter wheat, similar to No. 5635, but coming
from a region much farther north and therefore extremely hardy. Especially resist-
ant to piercing, dry, winter winds, where there is little snowfall. Admirably adapted
for trial as a winter wheat in Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, northern Nebraska,
Wisconsin, and perhaps southern North Dakota.’’ (Carleton. )

5642. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Yellow Gharnovka. ‘‘A macaroni wheat similar to No. 5643, but having yellow
grains. Sown in the spring. Adapted for trial in the most arid portions of the
United States.’? (Carleton. )

5643. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carletou., December 12, 1900.

Gharnovka. ‘‘The best macaroni wheat from the vicinity of Taganrog. Sown
in the spring. Adapted for trial in the most arid portions of the United States.”
( Carleton. )

so

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 25

5644. 9‘TrIricuM DURUM. Wheat.

From Ambrocieyka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Velvet Don. ‘‘An excellent macaroni wheat with black beards. Sown in the spring.
Adaptation same as for No. 5643.”? (Carleton. )

5645. 9‘TrRItTICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Black Don. ‘‘A black-chaf? macaroni wheat. Sown inthe spring. This wheat and
the two preceding numbers, however, might be sown in November or December with
good results in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. Adaptation
same as for No. 5648.’’ — ( Carleton.)

5646. ‘TrITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Taganrog, Don Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
December 12, 1900.

Gharnovka. ‘‘A spring wheat, but may be sown in late autumn south of the
35th parallel. This and No. 5643 are the best of the Taganrog macaroni wheats.
Adaptation same as for three preceding numbers.”’ (Carleton. )

5647. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.

From Uralsk Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

White Ural. ‘‘ The best sort for milling and extremely drought resistant. Adapted
to growing in all semiarid districts west of the Mississippi River.’’ (Carleton. )

5648. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.
From Uralsk Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

Yellow Ural. ‘‘A variety of excellent quality, yielding heavily, and very resistant
to drought. Adaptation same as No. 5647.”’ Capleton.)
5649 to 5686. PRUNUS DOMESTICA. Prune.

From France. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900. A collec-
tion of French grafted stock, as follows:

5649.

Coeur de beuf. From Salvetat, Carcassonne, France. (Lake No. 1.)
5650.

Chaproni. From Vallerand, Traverny, France. (Lake No. 2.)
5651.

Giant. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 3.)
5652.

Isjum Erik. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 4.)
5653.

Des Béjonniers. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 5.)
5654.

Quetsche sucré. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 6.)
5655.

Mirabelle de Metz. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 7.)

26 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5649 to 5686—Continued.

5656.

Sainte Catherine. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 8.)
5657.

Bleu de Belgique. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 9.)
5658.

Jaune @ Agen. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 10.)
5659.

The Czar. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 11.)
5660.

Grand Duc. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 12.)
5661.

Altesse. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 13.)
5662.

Big rose. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 14.)
5663.

(Juetsche de Letricourt. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 15.)

5664.
Belle de Louvrain. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 16.)

5665.
Surpasse monsieur. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 17.)

5666. (Number not occupied. )

5667.

Tardive musque. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 19.)
5668.

Mirabelle grosse. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 20.)
5669.

Mirabelle petite. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 21.)
5670.

Mirabelle précoce. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 22.)
5671.

Mirabelle tardive. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 23.)
5672.

De Norbet. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 24.)
5673.

Monsieur hdtif. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 25.)
5674.

Précoce de Tours. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 26.)
5675.

Prince Englebert (strain). From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake
No. 27.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 27

5649 to 5686—Continued.
5676.

Reine Claude @’ Owillins. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 28. )

5677.

Reine Claude @ Althau. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 29.)

5678.

De Montfort. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France.

5679.

(Lake No. 30.)

D’ Agen améliorée. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 31.)

5680.

Quetsche de Dorel. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 32.)

5681.

Reine des Mirabelles. From Baltet Fréres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 33. )

5682.

Reine Victoria. From Fleury-Meudon, near Paris, France. (Lake No. 34.)

5683.

Violet prune. From Fleury-Meudon, near Paris, France. (Lake No. 35.)

5684.

Sannois quetsche. From Sannois, France.

5685.

(Lake No. 36.)

Reine Claude violette (strain). From Sannois, France. (Lake No. 37.)

5686.

Gloire @ Epinay. From Epinay, France.

5687. PyRUS MALUS.

(Lake No. 38.)

Apple.

From France. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900.

Transparente de Croncels. (Lake No. 39.)

5688. PyRuUS MALUS.
From France. Received through Mr. E
Transparente de Zurich. (Lake No. 40.)

5689. VITIS VINIFERA.
From France. Received through Mr. E
Gamay. (Lake No. 41.)

5690 to 5744. PyRus spp.

From France. Received through Mr. E
tion of ornamental apples, as follows:

5690. SEROTINA.

5691. IJmvLENT ARGENTE.
5692. OBLONGA.

5693. Joun Downir.
5694. Pauw’s IMPERIAL.
5695. SprecraBiLis IMPERIAL.
5696. PuLCHELLA.

5697. SPECIOSA.

5698. SvuLFuUREA.

5699. ATROPURPUREA.
5700. NIvEA POLYPETALA.
5701. Fasriciata.

Apple.

. R. Lake, December 8, 1900.

Grape.

. R. Lake, December 8, 1900.

Apple.

. R. Lake, December 8, 1900. A collec-

5702.
5703.
5704.
5705.
5706.
5707.
5708.
5709.
5710.
6711.
5712.
5713.

FLAVA.

INTERMEDIA.
TURBINATA.
COERULESCENS.
HALLEANA.

VESPER ROSE.
MARENGO.

TENORII CARNEA PLENA.
AMPLA.

PRUNIFOLIA PENDULA.
MINNESOTA.

SPHAEROCARPA.

Ys SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5690 to 5744—Continued.

5714. GeNERAL GRANT. 5730. LOoNGIPOLia,

5715. Tarpiv bp’ HIVER, 5731. Maxima.

5716. Ruinaco. 5732. A FLEUR DOUBLE.
5717. PuLcwra. 5733. FAsTIGIATA BIFERA.
5718. Karpo. 5734. Wuirney.

5719. MaAGnNirica. 5735. A rrurr BLANC.
5720. NIGRA. 5736. (QUAKER BEAUTY.
5721. Eputis. 5737. Isric?

5722. ORANGE. 5738. SpecraBitis ImperRiau Re-
5723. Lapy ELain. _ VENI.

5724. TRANSLUCENS. 5739. NIKITA FLORIBUNDA.
5725. Monrreau Beaury. 5740. Van Wyck.

5726. LUTESCENS. 5741. Hysvop.

5727. MAGNIFICA. 5742. Tue Farry.

5728. FLAVESCENS. 5743. TorInaco.

5729. CrRe. 5744. YELLOW SIBERIAN.

5745. KEucAaLypTus GLOBULUS.
From San Francisco, Cal. Received through Trumbull and Beebe, July 14, 1900.

5746 to 5750. ‘TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Red clover.

From Hamburg, Germany. Received December 14, 1900. A collection of seeds
of various European strains, as follows:

5746. ENGLISH. 5749. MRussIAn.
5'74'7. HUNGARIAN. 5750. SILESIAN.
5748. ITALIAN.

5751. ANDROPOGON RUFUS. Jaragua.
From Matto Grosso Province, Brazil. Presented by the Brazilian minister, Hon.
J. F. de Assis-Brasil, December 1, 1900.
A native fodder grass called by the Portuguese ‘‘provisorio.’’ Described by Mr.
Assis-Brasil in his book on Brazilian agriculture. (See letter of October, 1899.)

5752. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS sp. Pendicuas.

From Celaya, Mexico. Presented by Prof. Felix Foéx. Received December
10, 1900.

‘“The brown berries of this plant are edible. When fresh they are not disagree-
able, having a fresh subacid flavor. When dried they are nearly tasteless, but are
used in great quantities medicinally. An infusion is used for catarrh and headaches.
The tree which produces them is very ornamental.’’ (/0é2. )

5753. CARICA HETEROPHYLLA. Jarrilla.
From Celaya, Mexico. Presented by Prof. Felix Foéx. Received December
10, 1900.

‘A curious fruit, being drunk as one would swallow a raw egg, and not eaten. The
name is Jarrilla or ‘little pitcher,’ because it is shaped like a pitcher and is always
full of water. The water contained in it is fresh and slightly acid, resembling lemon
juice. When the fruit is taken from the plant it acquires in a few days a bitter taste,
something like lemon peel, but without its aroma. The plant is a perennial, half
climber, and grows wild on the hills around Celaya.” (Foéx.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 29

5754. Triticum DURUM. Wheat. -

From Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Presented by Hon. Isaac A. Manning, U.S. con-
sular agent. Received December 17, 1900.

Nicaragua. Grown at an elevation of 2,200 feet.

5755. CucuMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Erfurt, Germany. Received December 13, 1900.

Coral Reef. This is a cantaloupe of very striking appearance, the rind being
studded with warty excrescences. The melon is bright yellow, with reddish mark-
ings, small seed cavity, and greenish yellow flesh. If planted in frames in winter it
ripens fruit in early summer.

5756. HorpdrvuM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Pilsen, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 466, Novem-
ber 7, 1900), February 9, 1901.

Mixed barley used for brewing the original Pilsen beer; said by the brewing mas-
ter of the great Pilsen ‘‘ Urquelle’’ Brewery to compare favorably with Hanna barley.

5757. HUMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 469,
November 14, 1900), December 18, 1900.

Seed from the drier in Polepp of the Semsch Red variety.

5758. HumMuLUs LUPULUS. Ezop.

From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 470),
December 18, 1900.

Red Semsch. ‘‘This variety originated in the immediate neighborhood of Polepp. It
was discovered in 1853 as asport among the so-called ‘Tschims’ hops, which were then
“ge herein Polepp, by Wenzel Semsch, a hop grower then only 20 years ofage. This

op is earlier than the Saaz variety and more productive. It is remarkably uniform
in time of blooming and ripening, and has been sent all over Bohemia and Alsatia,
and thousands of cuttings go every year to Saaz, where they are planted. The largest
proportion of Saaz hops comes from these cuttings. The exact locality of the garden
from which these cuttings were taken I can not positively affirm further than that it
is in the renowned Polepp or Polepp-Platte region, which is famous through its pro-
duction of a quality of hop which often in good years approaches very closely to that
of the best Saaz variety. The important facts are that it isan August-ripening hop
of very uniform maturity and possessed of a very fine aroma and ‘bitter’ (so fine
in fact that it is everywhere reported as being used for mixing with Saaz hops as a
substitute) , and a productiveness which stands to the Saaz hop as 5 to 3 in proportion;
180 poles will yield 110 pounds of hops, while it requires about 300 poles of the Saaz
to yield as much. The soil upon which these hops are grown is a dark friable loam
with a subsoil of gravel, in strong contrast with the soil of Saaz or Spalt, which is
so-called perm or disintegrated red sandstone. The whole Polepp region, which is the
largest single stretch of hop country in Bohemia, has this dark, rich, alluvial soil.
Formerly the whole valley bottom was a peat bog. Fine sand is often used to lighten
the soil. It is strewn along the rows and worked in. For further particulars regard-
ing the origin of this Semsch hop, see No. 5759.”’ (Fairchild. )

5759. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Werbitz, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 471),
December 18, 1900.

Semsch red. ‘‘Cuttings of the original specimen from the garden of the son of
Wenzel Semsch, to whose efforts the production and distribution of this remarkable
hop are due.”’ (Fuirchild. )

BU SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5760. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D, G. Fairchild (No. 475, Novem-
ber 19, 1900), December 18, 1900,

Saaz. One-year-old plants of the original Saaz hop. This variety has without
doubt the finest *‘ bitter’’ and best ‘‘aroma’’ of any known sort, but its small yield
makes it an unprofitable kind to raise. It requires often from 300 to 480 plants to pro-
duce 110 pounds of hops, while 180 poles of the Semsch red will produce the same
amount. These plants come from the city region of Saaz, where the soil is a brick-
red broken-down sandstone of the Lower Permian formation.

5761. CocHLEARIA ARMORACIA. Horse-radish.

From Malin (Kuttenberg), Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 479, November 22, 1900), December 18, 1900.

Malin. The finest flavored, sharpest horse-radish in the world, being cultivated in
a different way from that generally practiced in America. The marketable shoots
are only one season old instead of several. (See Circular No. 1, Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction. )

5762. CYDONIA VULGARIS. Quince.

From Carlovitz, Slavonia. Presented by Director Hess, of the Agricultural
School of Laun, Bohemia, through Mr. D. G.Fairchild (No. 473, November
15, 1900). Received December 18, 1900.

Cuttings from a tree that bore fruit weighing 14 ounces, of excellent shape, and of
a deeper yellow than most quinces seen in America. Said to be an indigenous Sla-
vonian variety.

5763. ARACHIS HYPOGAEA. Peanut.

From Washington, D. C. Seed of No. 4253, grown during the season of 1900 on
the Potomac Flats.

5764 to 5766. (GLYCINE HISPIDA. é Soy bean.
From Washington, D. C. Three varieties of soy beans from Japan, grown dur-
ing the season of 1900 on the Potomac Flats. .

5764. Common. (S. P. I., No. 4912.)
5765. Bestwuite. (S. P. I., No. 4913.)
5766. BestGREEN. (S. P. I, No. 4914.)

5767. PiIsTACIA VERA X P. TEREBINTHUS.

From San Francisco, Cal. Presented by Mr. G. P. Rixford, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received December, 1900.

‘“This number comprises the fruits of the terebinth tree ripened near San Fran-
cisco. Most of these fruits contain no seed, although they look very plump and have
a perfectly developed pit or stone. According to Mr. Rixford, the fruits which are
decayed or with dark-purple exteriors are the ones which most often contain seeds.
The majority of the fruits vary from wine color to pink and are more or less studded
over with white specks. The flesh is very thin, probably only about one thirty-second
of an inch,”? (Swingle.)

5768. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Tettnang, Bavaria. Received from Mr. J. A. Bueble, through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 464, November 4, 1900), December 26, 1900.

‘Sets of the earliest ripening hop variety in Europe, often maturing by the end of
July. They occupy a special place on the European hop market, being used by many
breweries for brewing their first summer beer.’’ (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 31

5769. Bera VULGARIS. Sugar beet.
From Paris, France. Received February, 1900,

Vilmorin’s French Very Rich.

5770. Brera VULGARIS. Sugar beet.
From Germany. Received February, 1900,

NStrandes K leinwanzleben.

5771. Bera VULGARIS. Sugar beet.
From Germany. Received February, 1900.

Hoernings K leinwanzleben.

5772. BETA VULGARIS. Sugar beet.
From Germany. Received February, 1900.

Dippes Kleinwanzleben Elite.

5773. BeTA VULGARIS. Sugar beet.
From Utah. Received February, 1900.

American-grown seed. From Lehi, Utah.

5774. CucuUMIS MELO. Winter muskmelon.
From Arizona. Received December 29, 1900.

Seed grown at Phoenix, Ariz., from No. 149, originally imported from New Bok-
hara, Turkestan, by Prof. N. E. Hansen, February, 1898.

5775. VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAFA. Foxberry.
From Finland. Presented by Dr. Gésta Grotenfeld. Received December 31,
1900.
5776. Oxycoccus PALUSTRIS. Small cranberry.
From Finland. Presented by Dr. Gésta Grotenfeld. Received December 31,
1900.
5777. QUEBRACHIA LORENTZII. Quebracho colorado.
From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-

uary 4, 1900.

‘““A magnificent slow-growing tree, with a wood like iron, containing much tannic
acid. Last year’s seeds from Salta Province.’”’ (Spegazzini. )

5778. MAcCHAERIUM TIPU. Tipu.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 4, 1900.

“Leguminosve; beautiful tree for gardens and forest, rapid grower, producing excel-
lent wood for building purposes.’’? (Spegazzini. )

5779. ELYMUS ANDINUS. Coiron flor.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
ary 4, 1901.

29861— No. 66—05——3

82 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5780. LiIrBocepDRUS CHILENSIS.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 8, 1901,

Cipres de Patagonia,

5781. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO BLANCO. Quebracho blanco.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 8, 1901.

‘‘A very rapidly growing tree, with medicinal properties.”’ (Spegazzini. )
578la. GOMPHOCARPUS sp. Buluba.
From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received
December, 1900.
5782. LATHYRUS MAGELLANICUS.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary, 1901.

Mixed seeds of this and Vicia macraei.

'

5783. PROSOPIS DENUDANS.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received
January 5, 1901.

Algarroba orozti?

5784. BERBERIS DULCIS.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received
January 5, 1901.

Calafata parra. From Chubut.

5785. PHYSALIS FRANCHETI (7%).

From Tokyo, Japan. Presented by Mr. T. Watase, of Tokyo Plant and Seed Co.
A variety with very large fine fruits.

5786. (GOMPHOCARPUS sp. Buluba.

From the Soudan, Africa. Presented by Doctor Trabut, Government Botanist of
Algeria, through Mr. Lyster H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist, U. 8. Department of
Agriculture.

“‘T have cultivated this species of gomphocarpus for several years under the name
‘Buluba.’ It attains a large growth, and yields a beautiful fiber closely resembling
silk.’’ (Trabut.)

5787. HUMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Bohemia, Austria-Hungary. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
483), January, 1901.

Semsch. ‘‘Cuttings of this noted hop, from the neighborhood of the most famous

locality of the Platte, where it is known to yield almost as fine hops as the best Saaz
variety and in much larger quantity. It is this variety which the growers of the
Saaz variety have imported in large quantities into Saaz to replace the old Bohemian
variety, which has so fallen off in yield that its culture no longer pays, unless a
fancy price can be secured. These hops possess an aroma that is really fine. Pro-
fessor Chodounsky, of the Experiment Station for Brewing Industries in Prague,
one of the best-known and most careful judges of hop varieties, says of this Semsch
hop:
«This red hop, which gives a much larger yield than the old Bohemian red
hop (Saaz variety), is to be reckoned among the very good hops. It has an oval
form, a well-shaped spindle, and an agreeable aroma. It is considered as an inter-
mediate type approaching the Rakonitz-Saaz hop, standing next to it as regards
worth. This is probably the best yielder of all the really fine European varieties.’

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 33

‘Ag these cuttings have been secured with great difficulty, and as it will be more
and more difficult to obtain others, they should be given especial attention. In order
to propagate them as rapidly as possible, the young shoots should be layered next
spring and cut into lengths when rooted. These cuttings have been taken from one
of the best hop gardens in the Platte region in Bohemia, but being cut during the
winter they are not as thrifty as if taken in the spring. The rule in Bohemia is to
place a single cutting in a hill, but if small and weak it might be better to put two
together.

“These hops produce the finest aroma when planted on yellow clay soils. The
vines are light yellow when grown in sandy or clayey soil, but darker when grown
where the soil has more humus, or is of a peaty or swampy character—what the
Germans call ‘moor Erde.’’’ — ( Fuirchild. )

5788 to 5792. Horprum pbIsTICHUM. Barley.

From Munich, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 467), Jan-
uary 16, 1901.

A collection of prize-winning barleys from the Barley and Hop Exposition, 1900.
Forwarded by Hon. James H. Worman, U. 8. Consul at Munich, as follows:

5788. (467b.) 5791. (467f.)
5789. (467d.) 5792. (467g.)
5790. (467e.)

5793. HorprUM DISTICHUM NUTANS. Barley.

From Kwassitz, Moravia, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
481), January 16, 1901.

Moravian or Hanna. ‘‘The noted Hanna brewing barley from the breeder or
selecter, Emanuel Ritter von Proskowetz, of Kwassitz. This is unquestionably one
of the best brewing barleys in the world and is noted for its qualities of early ripen-
ing, unusual heavy yields, and special mealiness, which latter, together with other
qualities of kernel, renders it one of the great favorites among German as well as
Austrian brewers. Notwithstanding a duty in Bavaria of 22 marks per German ton on
brewing barleys and an increased cost of transportation, the best Bavarian breweries
import this Hanna barley. In the Thirty-ninth Session of the Bavarian House of
Deputies (1899) the purchase of these Hanna barleys among other foreign sorts by the
famous Hofbrauhaus was made the reason of an attack upon the director of this State
institution and, although the claim was not sustained that the Hanna barley is supe-
rior to the best Bavarian, the inference which is drawn is that on the average it is
more satisfactory and economical from the brewer’s standpoint. The former director
of the Brauhaus Staubwasser claimed in his defense that the Hanna barley, especially
that grown in Hungary, was ready for malting earlier than Bavarian varieties, which
speaks for the earliness of the variety claimed by the producer. Von Proskowetz
claims for the variety a pedigree and says that it was selected as a single plant from
some barley which he knew to be of very old Moravian origin. Through careful
selection he has been able to bring its productivity up to 3,700 kilos per hectare and
shorten its period of growth by over a week. It is a light straw producer suited especially
to light or sandy loams. Owing to its early ripening quality it is especially valuable
in Hungary, where the hot season occurs the latter part of July, but after the Hanna
barley has'so far matured as to be little influenced by it. Sow in March, or earlier
if possible, providing soil is in proper condition. On ‘light soil drill in rows 5 inches
apart, on heavier soils 6 to7 inches. If it can be made to follow a beet root or potato
crop so much the better. Owing to its heavy yielding capacity, earliness, and high
grade as a brewing grain, this variety is driving out all other sorts in Austria and

every year large quantities of seed grain are imported into Hungary. So far as [ can
sina this is the first importation of this variety ever made into America.’’ ( Mair-
child. )

5794. HorDEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Leneschitz, Bohemia. Received from Prof. Frantisek Hess, of the Laun
Ag. School, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 472, November 15, 1900),
January 16, 1901.

An excellent brewing barley, probably not a pure stock. A part of the same lot
which took the first prize in the Austrian section of the Paris E xposition. From the
estate of Josef Pisoft.

54 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5795. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Adler bean.

From Sachsenfeld, Styria, Austria. Received through Mr. D, G, Fairchild (No,
484, December 21, 1900), January 16, 1901,

idler. A sample. ‘One of the finest varieties known in Austria. It is indige-
nous to Styria, where it is considered by connoisseurs an exceptionally fine table
bean. Ihave eaten it and found it unusually good, though the skin is somewhat
tough. It is, however, worth a trial by experiment stations.”’ (/airchild. )

5796. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM. Poppy.

From Sachsenfeld, Styria, Austria. Received through Mr, D. G. Fairchild (No.
485, December 20, 1900), January 16, 1901.

A large-podded variety of poppy, grown in Styria exclusively for the production
of oil. The pods are collected in autumn, dried, their tops cut off, and the seed
shaken out. The seed is then ground and an oil is pressed out of it. This oil is
extensively used in cooking and asa table oil. It is said not to grow rancid, and is
very highly esteemed by the Styrians. The pods are often 2 inches in diameter.”
( Fairchild. )

5797. CoOFrFEA ARABICA. Coffee.

From Macassar, Celebes. Presented by Mr. Karl Auer, U. 8. consular agent,
Macassar, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 485a, February 11,
1900), January 22, 1901.

Patjoe or Bonthain coffee. ‘‘A superior local variety from south Celebes, which
was formerly exported in large quantities to Europe.’’ (Fairchild. )

5798. bROMELIA sp. Timbiriche.
From Celaya, Mexico. Presented by Prof. Felix Foéx. Received January 22,
1901,

‘Like the Jarilla (No. 5753), it is a fruit to be drunk, not eaten. It is ground or
crushed in water. The Mexicans prefer this asa refreshing drink to lemonade made
from lemons. It is especially valuable for improving hard water, i. e., calcareous or
magnesian waters, because the acid in the fruit precipitates these salts. The fruit
does not grow in this vicinity, but in an arid region higher up. The plant is said
to resemble the Yueca, but | have not seen it. The fruits sell in the markets here
at 1 cent each, while other fruits have no value because of their abundance.”’ (Fvéz.)

5799. ‘TRITICUM POLONICUM. Polish wheat.
From France. Received January 23, 1901.

Polish or Astrakhan.

5800. TrRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.
Belotourka.
5801. LAVANDULA VERA. Lavender.

From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.

5802. LAVANDULA SPICA. Spike lavender.
From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.

5803. SESAMUM INDICUM. Sesame.
From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.
White seeded.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 35

5804. SesaAMUM INDICUM. Sesame.
From Paris, France. Received January 28, 1901.

Yellow seeded.

5805 to 5809. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.
From Medicine Lodge, Kans. Received February, 1901. Seed of the following
varieties:
5805. 5808.
Amber. Kansas orange.
5806. 5809.
Collier. Minnesota early amber.
5807.
Colman.
5810 to 5823. Pyrus MALUS. Apple.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Director Axel Pihl, of the Swedish
Horticultural Society, Rosendal, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairehild (Nos.
400-413, July 18, 1900). Received February 4, 19C1.

5810.

Astrachan sparreholms (Svensk Pomologi Applen, p. 73). ‘‘Originated in 1859.
Ripens late in September; not commonly cultivated even in Sweden; as good
as any ripening at this time; believed to be a hybrid between White Astra-
khan and Rosenhiiger.’’ (Fairchild. )

5811.

Bjorkvicks (Svensk Pomologi, p. 93). ‘‘A fall apple; well known; first
described in 1862; original tree in middle Sweden, at Bjorkvicks.’’ ( Fairchild.)
5812. :

Fageré (Svensk Pomologi, p. 91). ‘‘A new sort worthy of trial. Not well
known, even in Sweden.’’ (Fairchild. )

5813.

Froésdkers. ‘‘A fall apple, little known, even in Sweden. Director Pihl says
it is a good sort; has been introduced into Finland within the last ten years,
and is cultivated there with great success.’’ (Fairchild. )

5814.

Gimmersta. “Of unknown origin. Little known, even in Sweden. An
excellent early (September) table apple; very hardy; a first-rate market
apple.’’ (Fairchild. )

5815.

Hampus. ‘‘A summer apple of the very first quality; rather small; trees
hardy, but of slow growth; probably of Swedish origin; very commonly grown;
one of the best known and most extensively grown sorts.’’ ( Fuirchild.)

5816.

Oranie. ‘‘A well-known summer or early autumn sort, in color not very
attractive, but in flavor next to ‘‘Humus,’’ the best in Sweden; very heavy
and early bearer; hardy; largely cultivated in Sweden. Director Pill recom-
mends it heartily for trial.’’ (Fairchild. )

5817.

Svensk vinterpostof. ‘‘One of the oldest and commonest sorts; late autumn
and early winter variety of medium quality; most used as a table apple, but is
suitable for kitchen use; does not keep late into winter.’’ (/uirehid. )

36 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5810 to 5823—Continued.
5818.

Ringstads. ‘‘A showy red-cheeked table apple of excellent quality; a good
market sort; largely planted in Sweden and Finland; quite hardy. Highly
recommended by Director Pihl.’’ (Fairchild. )

5819.

Stenkyrke. ‘‘One of the very best Swedish sorts. Excellent keeper. A very
good table apple. Originated on the chalky soil of Gottland. It does well on
clay soil and is heartily recommended by Director Pihl.’”’ (Fairchild. )

5820.

Stiringe. ‘‘Late summer or early autumn variety. Ripens in September.
A table apple of very fine quality. Origin unknown. Ranks very high, though
it is not very commonly cultivated.”’ (Fairchild. )

5821.

Sifstaholms. ‘‘Ripensin September. A most popular sort and one Director
Pihl thinks would be very highly prized in America. A table sort made
known by the well-known Swedish pomologist, Olof Eneroth. Quite hardy.’’
( Fairchild. )

5822.

Akeré. ‘‘This variety is considered, at the present time, to be the best of
all the Swedish apples. The tree is one of the hardiest and of uncommonly
strong growth. Not liable to disease. A winter table apple of excellent
quality. Keeps until spring. A heavy bearer only at advanced age. Grows
well in any kind of soil. The original tree is standing at Akero, although
planted more than one hundred years ago. Much propagated in last twenty-
five years.”’ (Fairchild. )

5823.

Olands Kungs. ‘‘Closely related to Scharlakansparmin, but is not the same.
A small, very bright red table apple. Sold in very large quantities as a Christ-
mas-tree apple, for which it is especially suited, as it keeps well until Christmas.
Hardy and tolerably productive.”’ (Fairchild. )

5824. PRUNUS DOMESTICA. Plum.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Director Axel Pihl through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 414, July 18, 1900). Received February 4, 1901.

Allmiinna gul. ‘A very good cooking plum. Extremely hardy, but not a very
heavy bearer. Almost always propagated by root division. Grown as far north as
any plum.”’ (Fairchild. )

5825. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Lissa Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 499,
January 7, 1901), February 5, 1901.

‘Bud sticks of a variety with large sweet pods.’’ ( Fairchild.)

5826. LATHYRUS PLATYPHYLLUS.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock, director of the
botanic gardens, Frescati, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 441,
August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

‘‘ A species of Lathyrus named by Retzius L. platyphyllus. Its origin is uncertain.
In Professor Wittrock’s garden, at Frescati, are plants which have been growing for
twelve years. One of these is planted against a wall 12 feet or more high, and the
plant has spread over a large surface and overtops the wall by several feet. The

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 37

vigor of this plant is remarkable and the amount of fodder produced apparently
rreat. So far no experiments with the plant have been made in the field. As
it is a perennial and makes a comparatively little growth in the first three years,
such experiments as have been started do not as yet show results. A few seeds
only are obtainable here, as the plant seldom ripens its seeds in this latitude.
Director Wittrock thinks it is quite possible that this plant is a different variety
from that described by Retzius. So far as I am aware it is quite unknown as a
fodder plant outside of southern Sweden, where Professor Wittrock has sent seeds.
It deserves careful attention.’’ ( /airchild. )

5827. Bromus INERMIS. Smooth brome-grass.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 442, August 10, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

5828. CrpHALARIA TATARICA.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 443, August 10, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

“A new fodder plant of exceptionally vigorous growth. Professor Wittrock
thinks it is worthy of extensive trial.”’ (Fairchild. )

5829. HerpysARUM OBSCURUM.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 445, August 10, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

‘*A high Alpine fodder plant which occurs above the timber line and is especially
suited to mountain climates, although growing well in deep soil in the valleys or on
the plains. The root system is very long; grows readily from seed if latter has been
passed through a ‘ preparator’ or rubbed with sandpaper. Otherwise it will take
one to three years to germinate. Has been grown here twelve years on same spot.
Yield is good. Highly ornamental. Professor Wittrock says it is the best Alpine
fodder plant he knows.”’ (Fairchild. )

5830. CALAMAGROSTIS PHRAGMITOIDES.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 446, August 11,1900). Received February 5, 1901.

** An excellent fodder grass for moist localities. It very seldom seeds, but spreads
rapidly when once planted. Yields a heavy, nutritious fodder.’’ (Fairchild. )

5831. AMMOPHILA ARENARIA. Beach-egrass.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 447, August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

“An excellent fodder grass for moist localities in high latitudes. The plant has a
wandering habit. It dies out in one place after a few years, but spreads from a cen-
ter in all directions. It yields a large quantity of valuable fodder, according to Pro-
fessor Wittrock.”’ (Fairchild. )

5832. (GLYCERIA SPECTABLIS.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 448, August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

‘‘ A forage plant grown extensively in some parts of Sweden. Adapted to moist
places. Baron von Pijkull Volloesiiby, of Knifsta, Sweden, has large cultures of this
plant and can supply rhizomes in quantity for trial if desired.’’ ( Fairchild.)

5833. VERBASCUM SPECIOSUM.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 449, August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

‘‘An East European or West Asiatic biennial that has just been determined by
Professor Wittrock. It is quite new, and one of the most gorgeous yellow decora-

35 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

tive plants I have ever seen. The immense flower spikes, of which there are many
branches, remain covered with blossoms for more than a month. Caution should be
taken with it as, like others of the same genus, it may prove a weed. Professor
Wittrock says it is very easily rooted out and will probably never be a bad weed.’’
( Fairchild. )
5834. ‘TRIrFOLIUM PANNONICUM.
From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock. Received Febru-
ary 5, 1901.
5835. FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA.
From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Dr. V. Wittrock. Received Febru-
ary 3, 1901.
5836. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.
From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 470a), 1901.

Red Semsch. Same as No. 5758.

5837. CocHLEARIA ARMORACEA. Horse-radish.
From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, January, 1901.

5838. KLEUSINE CORACANA. Ragi millet.
From Rhodesia, South Africa. Presented by Dr. Wm. L. Thompson, of Oberlin,
Ohio.

Upoka or Ngoza. ‘*This is the most important food plant of the natives of Rhodesia
and its yield of seed is said to be something phenomenal.’’ ( Fairchild.)

5839. CUCUMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.

From Znaim, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 480), Jan-
uary 10, 1901.’

Znaim. ‘A variety largely grown for salting and pickling. Said by Mr. W. W.
Tracy, sr., to be a mixture of strains probably deriving its name merely from the
noted locality where cucumber growing is largely practiced.”’ (Fuirchild. )

5840. AcrTINIDIA.

From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill (No. 1), December,
1900.

‘Large fruited. Chinese name Yang Tao.’’ (Brill. )

5841. ASTRAGALUS CICER.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Dr. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 444, August 10, 1900). Received February 6, 1901.

‘*Considered by Doctor Wittrock to be a very important forage plant. It spreads
with great rapidity and should be watched as it may become a weed. Suited to both
sandy and clay soils. A true Steppe plant. Better for prairies than for cultivated
lands.’’ (Fairchild. )

5842. HorpdEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Binsbach, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Chevalier.

5843. HorDEUM VULGARE. Barley.

From Binsbach, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Webs.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 39

5844. HorprEUM VULGARE. Barley.

From Binsbach, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Franken.

5845. HorpruM DISsTICHUM. Barley.

From Thalham, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Bohemian.

5846. HorpdrUM DISTICHUM var. NUTANS. Barley.

From Binsbach, near Gonheim, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 478), February, 1901. ;

‘This barley was awarded the gold medal as the best of 680 exhibits of brewing
barley at the Bavarian Barley and Hop Exposition, held at Munich, September 29
to October 3, 1900.” ( Fairchild.)

5847 to 5899. Horprum DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Paris. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, February, 1901. Samples

of barley obtained at the exposition, as follows:

5847. 5859.

Kitzinger. (No. 479.)
5848. 5860.

Pilsen. (No. 108. )
5849. 5861.

Laniger. (No. 573.) Lower Bavarian. (No. 476.)
5850. 5862.

Kwassitzer. Hanna. (No. 149.)
5851. 5863.

Landgerste. (No. 442.) Melon. (No. 325.)
5852. 5864.

Scottish pearl. (No. 159.) Imperial. (No. 48.)
5853. 5865.

Chevalier. (No. 47.) Chevalier. (No. 64.)
5854. 5866.

Fiinfstettener. (No. 551.) Chevalier. (No. 198.)
5855. 5867.

Fiinfstettener. (No. 63.) Bohemian. (No. 135.)
5856. 5868.

Saal or Kaiser. (No. 167.) Bohemian. (No. 454.)
5857. 5869.

Frankish. (No. 608. ) Goldthorpe. (No. 1.)
5858. 5870.

Common two-rowed. (No. 238.)

Frankish. (No. 356. )

40 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5847 to 5899— Continued.

5871. " 6885.
Frankish. (No. 300.) (No. 3.)
5872. 5886.
Lower Bavarian. (No. 417.) sohemian. (A).
5873. 5887.
Mittelgerste Thitrengen. (No. 599.) Poppenheim.
5874. 5888.
Christensen’s Goldthorpe. (Probably not a pure variety. )
(No. 43.)
5889.
ali (No. 2.)
Juwel. (No. 324.)
5890.
5876. P
oppenheim.
Bavarian. (No. 567.)
5891.
587%. Hanna,
Hanna. (No. 79.)
5892.
5878. Kitzingen.

Laninger. (No. 670.)
5893. (Number not used.)

5879.
(No. 683. ) 5894.
Hanna.
5880.
; us 5895.
Frankish. (No. 220.)
Bohemian. .
5881.
5896.
Hanna. (No. 152.) d
Bohemian.
5882. 5897
Webbs. (No. 191.) I Schwarzenberg.
5883. j 5898.
Lower Bavarian. (No. 107.) ar Schwarzenberg.
5884. 5899.
Tauber. (No. 310.) ITT Schwarzenberg.
5900. CuCUMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.

From Auburn, N. Y. Received through Mr. G. W. Boynton, February 6, 1901.

Aksel dwarf, grown from No. 8, Inventory No. 1.

5901. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.

From Amite City, La. Received through Mr. W. O. Posey, February 6, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 1189, Inventory No. 2.

5902. CaApsicUM ANNUUM. Sweet pepper.
From Anna Maria Key, Fla. Received through Mr. W. C. Berg, February 9, 1901.

’

Seed grown from No. 3976, Inventory No. 8.

ei Nae me

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 41

5903. Horprum pisTicium. Barley.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 477, Noy.
20, 1900), February 9, 1901,

‘Bohemian brewing barley from the estates of Prince Schwarzenberg, at Jinovie,
near Saaz. From sandy loam, soil rich in lime. Much exported to Norway.
This is an excellent representative Bohemian barley, though probably not a pure
variety.’’ (Fairchild. )

5904. CuCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Elgin, Utah. Received through Mr. J. F. Brown, February 9, 1901.
Khiva. Seed grown from No. 114, Inventory No. 1.

5905. SECALE CEREALE. Rye.
From Tenmile, W. Va. Received through Mr. F. Spiker, February 12, 1901.

Winter Ivanof, grown from No, 1342, Inventory No. 2.

5906. CuCURBITA MAXIMA. Honey pumpkin.
From Eden, Nebr. Received through Mr. D. J. Wood, February 14, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 14, Inventory No. 1.

5907. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.
From Brookings, 8. Dak. Received through Prof. D. A. Saunders, February
15, 1901. :

Seed grown from No. 2798, Inventory No. 7.

5908. CUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Waterloo, Kans. Received through Mr. J. W. Riggs, February 14, 1901.
Maroussia Lessevitsky, grown from No. 27, Inventory No. 1.

5909 to 5918. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos.
486-495), February 20, 1901. A collection of grape cuttings of the following
varieties:

5909.

Boglich. ‘‘A dark-colored sweet table grape having a thick skin. The
bunches are said to grow to a very large size, sometimes weighing as much
as fourteen pounds. Suitable for limestone soils.’’ (No. 486.) (Fairchild. )

5910.

Marascina. ‘‘A small light-brown translucent grape, of unusual sweetness.
It is a shy bearer and subject to Peronospora. Originated near Sebenico on
mainland. A high-grade dessert wine, known as Marascina, is made from
this grape. This wine somewhat resembles Marsala, but is considered by
some as superior, and sells for a much higher price than any of the other
wines of this region.’’ (No. 487.) (Fuirchild.)

5911.

Stronzo di Gallo. ‘‘One of the three best grapes grown on this island. It
is a thin-skinned white grape of a peculiar long shape and contains but one
seed. It will keep until January. Suitable for poor limestone soils.’ (No, 488. )
( Fairchild.)

42 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5909 to 5918 — Continued.
5912.

Kurtelaska, ** A white wine grape, native of the island, producing medium-
sized crowded clusters. A wine known as ‘ Apollo,’ highly prized in Ger-
many and Austria, is made by extracting the juice from the fresh grapes and
fermenting it, separated from the skins. Suitable for limestone soils.’’ (No. 489. )
( Fairchild. )

5913.

Dernekusa. ‘‘The black grape from which the common wine of Lesina is
made. It is a thin-skinned grape of medium size, and is said to be a fair table
grape. Itis a heavy producer.’’ (No. 490.) (Fairchild. )

5914.

Ugava. ‘‘A white grape serving for the production of a bottled wine exported
from Lesina. Only afew plantations of this variety exist on the island because
the plants require a rich soil. The wine is sold for 1.20 to 1.30 florins a liter,
which is high, considering that ordinary wines bring from .25 to .50 florin a
liter.’ (No. 491.) (Fairchild. )

5915.

Banjoska. ‘‘A variety of wine grape brought to the island from a neighbor-
ing small island, called ‘San Clementi,’ according to accounts given me. It
makes a strong wine, which is imported especially into Hungary. Berries
small. Heavy bearer. Suitable for dry, strong, calcareous situations.’’ (No.
492.) ( Fairchild.)

5916.

Palarusa. ‘‘A white wine variety from which much of the Lesina wine is
produced. One hundred kilos of grapes yield, it is said, 90 kilos of wine. Not
particular as to soil.’? (No. 498.) (Fairchild. )

5917.

Puiska. ‘‘A thick-skinned, firm-fleshed white grape, originally from Apulia,
Italy, but grown here many years. Said to bea very heavy bearer.’’ (No. 494.)
( Fairchild. )

5918.

Trojka. ‘‘A very large table grape of excellent flavor. It isa heavy bearer
and keeps well. It is a native of Lesina and requires a rich soil.’’ (No. 495.)
( Fairchild. )

5919. Ficus CARIca. Fig.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
496, Jan. 7, 1901), February 20, 1901.

San Pietro. ‘‘The figs of the small island of Lesina, which lies off the Dalmatian
coast, are noted in Triest as the most delicate of any which come to that port, except
the high-priced Smyrna sorts. They have not the size or the flavor of the Smyrnas,
but, considering the fact that they do not require fertilization with the caprifig
insect, they are certainly worthy of atrial in the California fig plantations. This
variety is a very early one, ripening here in June. It is also reported to be excep-
tionally large.’”’ (Fairchild. )

5920. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 497,
January 7, 1901), February 20, 1901.

Zarniza. ‘‘ Cuttings of one of the ordinary figs grown on this island. Dark in
color, produces crops twice a year. It is sometimes dried and packed in small barrels
and exported.’’ ( Fuirchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 43

5921. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 498,
January 7, 1901), February 20, 1901,

Zamozujit/a. “A good fig with unusually tender skin, far superior to the dried
Italian or Greek figs. Many maintain that as far as tenderness of skin is concerned
it is really superior to the Smyrna figs. It is not fertilized by the caprifig inseet and
may prove a superior sort if once fertilized seed are produced. Worthy of trial.
This fig is shipped in large quantities to Triest.”’ ( Mairchild. )

5922. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 500,
January 8, 1900), February 20, 1901.

Giallo. ‘‘ Cuttings of one of the best peaches of Dalmatia, and, although a cling-
stone, is worth trying in any variety test. Suitable for stony hillsides of a calcareous
nature.”? (Fairchild. )

5923. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 501,
January 8, 1900), February 20, 1901.

Bianca. ‘‘Cuttings of a white-fleshed freestone peach of excellent quality, matur-
ing in August. Suitable for stony hillsides of a calcareous nature.”’ (Fairchild. )

5924. PyRus COMMUNIS. Pear.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 502,
January 8, 1901), February 20, 1901.

Nyoko. ‘‘ Cuttings of a variety of pear said to be of superior quality. Somewhat
similar to the Bartlett. Suitable for calcareous hillsides in warm climates like Ari-
zona and southern California.”’ ( Fairchild. )

5925. BRASSICA OLERACEA. Cabbage.

From Osage, Iowa. Received through Mr. George Phillips, February 12, 1901.
Earliest white, grown from No. 6. Inventory No. 1.

5926. BRASSICA OLERACEA. Cabbage.
From Osage, lowa. Received through Mr. George Phillips, February 13, 1901.
White Reval, grown from No. 4. Inventory No. 1.

5927. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Bean.
From Waynesville, N.C. Received through Dr. G. D. Green, February 13, 1901.
Flageolet, grown from No. 2069. Inventory No. 5.

5928. CICER ARIETINUM. Garbanzo.
From Tenino, Wash. Received through Mr. J. F. Cannon, February 25, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 2376. Inventory No. 5.
5929. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Bean.
From Judsonia, Ark. Received through Mr. Jacob C. Bauer, February 25, 1901.
Soissons, grown from No. 2068. Inventory No. 5.

5930. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.
From Scottsville, Ky. Received through Mr. Rupert Huntsman, February, 1901,
Colman, grown from No. 4308, Inventory No. 8,

44 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5931. PRUNUS DOMESTICA. Plum.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Presented by Doctor Wolfram through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 476, November 18, 1900). Received February 26, 1901.

Dolan. ‘Cuttings of a plum originated in the village of Dolan, near Saaz, and said
by Doctor Wolfram, one of the best Bohemian horticulturists, to be of superior
quality. The dried prunes made from this sort are said to be little, if any, inferior
to the famous Bosnian prunes. They are large and sweet, and have a flat stone that
separates very easily from the flesh.”” ( Fairchild. )

5932. SoRBUS EDULIS. Sorb apple.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Presented by Doctor Wolfram through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 474, November 18, 1900). Received February 26, 1901.

‘‘ Cuttings of a variety of Sorb apple discovered several years ago in the forests of
Moravia, and since distributed by the Austrian Government through its agricultural
schools. The fruit is small, about the size of Vaccinium vitis-idea, and, when
cooked, the ‘compot’ closely resembles that made from this cranberry.’’ ( Fairchild.)
5933. PyRUS MALUS. Apple.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Received through Doctor Wolfram, February 26, 1901.

Calville Madame Lesans. ‘‘Similar to Calville blanc, but more resistant to fungous
attacks.’’ ( Wolfram.)

5934. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.
From Berlin, Conn. Received through Mr Earl Cooley, February 26, 1901.
Orenburg, grown from No. 2801. Inventory No. 7.

5935. ASTRAGALUS SINICUS. Genge clover.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Suzuki and lida, March 2, 1901.
5936. LUPINUS PILOSUS CAERULEUS. Lupine.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February,
1901.
5937. LUPINUS PILOSUS ROSEUS. Lupine.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February,
1901.
5938. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8. de Mrozinski, March 6, 1901.
Sirty-day. Originated by Doctor Mrozinski.

5939. GossYyPIUM BARBADENSE. Egyptian cotton.
From Mansourah, Egypt. Received through Mr. Alfred Dale, March 6, 1901.

Jannovitch.

5940. OrRyZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Mansourah, Egypt. Received through Mr. Alfred Dale, March 6, 1901. :
Fino. ‘

5941. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.
From Mansourah, Egypt. Received through Mr. Alfred Dale, March 6, 1901.
Eyne-il- Bint.

es

SS. we

&

|

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 4!

5942. Lorus ULIGINOSUS.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 9,
L901,
5943. PINUS SYLVESTRIS. Scottish pine.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 9, 1901.

5944. PINUS SYLVESTRIS. Scottish pine.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 9, 1901.

Var. Rigensis.

5945. PICEA EXCELSA. Norway spruce.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 9, 1901.

5946 to 5957. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 9, 1901.
A collection of seed of different varieties, as follows:

5946. 5952.
Common flax. Improved Russian imported Pskoff.
5947. 5953.
True imported Riga, Winter.
5948. 5954.
French-grown Riga. Of Belgian origin.
5949. 5955.
White-flowering. Of Dutch origin.
5950. 5956.
Yellow-seeded. Nostrana of Lombardy.
5951. 5957.
Pskoff. Catanian or Sicilian.
5958. CICHORIUM INTYBUS. Chicory.

From Goérz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 515, January
24, 1901), March 11, 1901.

‘‘A white variety of this excellent winter salad plant, which is one of the specialties
of Gorz.”’? (Fairchild. )

5959. BRAsSICA OLERACEA. Cabbage.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 516, January
24, 1901), March 11, 1901.

“A variety of cabbage which is noted for its remarkable winter-keeping qualities.
Recommended by Director Bolley, of the Gérz Experiment Station, for trial in the
Southern States.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

5960. Brassica OLERACEA. Cabbage.

From Bocche di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
520, February 2, 1901), March 11, 1901.

“Seed of a perennial cabbage known as Capuzzo, which forms the principal food of
many hundreds of families in Dalmatia. Grown especially in the regions about Cat-
taro and Ragusa. It grows toa height of 5 feet and bears in this warm climate tender

46 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

leaves throughout the winter. These are picked off singly, or the whole, rather
irregular, small head is cut off. The stems sprout out again and furnish, in a few
months, a second crop of edible leaves. They require little culture and are allowed
to stand in the fields for three or four years. Other crops are cultivated between the
rows of Capuzzo. The method of planting is precisely similar to that for cabbages.
From the ease with which it is grown and its apparent favor among the common
people this plant is worthy a trial in the Southern States,’’ (Jwirchild. )

5961 to 5963. NICOTIANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by the director of the Corfu Agricultural Exper-
iment Station through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 523-525, February 9, 1901).
Received March 11, 1901.

‘* Seeds of the Turkish tobaccos from which the noted Egyptian cigarettes are made,
being exported from parts of Turkey where they are grown, into Egypt where they
are manufactured. Egyptian cigarettes are said to be made of blends of these three
and other tobaccos.”’ (2uirchild. )

5961.

Kavala, from the region in Turkey of this name. (No. 523.)

5962.
NXanthe, from the region in Turkey of this name. (No. 524.)

5963.
Trebizond, trom the region in Asia Minor of this name. (No. 525.)

5964. CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS. Cypress.
From Ragusa, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 526, Feb-
ruary 7, 1901), March 11, 1901.

‘‘The cypresses of Ragusa and vicinity are very beautiful, and seem to be a distinct
strain, much more symmetrical in shape than the common pyramidal kind grown in
America.’’ ( Fuirchild. )

5965. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.
From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 527, February

9, 1901), March 11, 1901.
‘‘Sample of a variety of broad bean originally from the island of Malta. It is a

very heavy bearer and is preferred by the planters of Corfu to the native varieties.”’
( Fairchild. )

5966. AVENA SATIVA. Oats.
From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8S. de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901.

Polish. ‘Very fruitful and resistant to all changes of temperature. In spite of
great drought, it gives comparatively good yields.’ (Mrozinski. )

5967. AVENA SATIVA. Oats.
From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8. de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901.

Polish. The same as No. 5966.

5968. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Red clover.

From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr, 8, de Mrozinski, March 8, —
1901, p

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 47

5969. ‘TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Red clover.
From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8. de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901.

Same as No. 5968.

5970. KocHIA SCOPARI

From Tokyo, Japan. Received through Mr. T. Watase, December 28, 1900.

5971. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Tettnang, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 482,
December 10, 1900), March 12, 1901.

Tettnang late. Seed.

5972. VIOLA ODORATA. Violet.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 513, January
23, 1901), March 12, 1901.

Czar. “‘A single violet from Antonio Ferrant’s houses that has been cultivated
here for many years. It has a decided perfume, but is inferior to the double varie-
-ties.”? (Fairchild. )

5973. VIOLA ODORATA. Violet.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 512, January
23, 1901), March 12, 1901.

Conte de Brazza. ‘‘A double white violet originated in Italy and brought to Aus-
tria by Count de Brazza. It is said to be one of the best white varieties known.’’
( Fairchild. )

5974. VIOLA ODORATA. Violet.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 511, January
23, 1901), March 12, 1901.

Parmensis. ‘‘An unusually large sweet-scented double violet, somewhat similar to
the Neapolitan. The favorite market sort of Gorz. A native of France, being found
wild about Grasse.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

5975. HorDEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Leschkau bei Podersam, Bohemia. Presented by Wilhelm Hoffer &
Son, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received February, 1901.

Goldfoil.

5976. Horpreum pISTICHUM. Barley.

From Kitzingen, Bavaria. Presented by Nathan Gerste & Son, through Mr.
D. G. Fairchild, February, 1901.

Kitzing. ‘‘Of the best quality.”’ ( Fairchild.)

5977. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA. California laurel.

From San Bernardino, Cal. Received through Mr.8. B. Parish, February, 1901.

5978. ACTINIDIA sp.

From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill (No. 2), December,
1900.

Yang tao. ‘‘ Bears a fruit resembling the gooseberry, about 1} inches long and |
inch in diameter. Skin dull purple and quite tough. Eaten raw or cooked and also
used for preserves. There are several species, to all of which the Chinese give the
name Yang tao.’’ (Brill. )

3 29861—No. 66—05 4

45 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5979. AOCTINIDIA sp.

From Ichang, China, Received through Mr. G. D. Brill (No. 3), December,
1900.

Yuny tao. ** Fruit larger and more pointed than No, 5978, The skin is a lighter
purple and thinner, and when eaten raw this has the better flavor.” ( Brill. )

5980. KUCOMMIA ULMOIDEs.

From Ichang, China. Presented by Mr, Kk. El. Wilson, of Kew Gardens, through
Mr. G. D. Brill (No. 4). Received December, 1900.

Ti Cheng. ‘A medium-sized tree growing wild around Ichany. It is said to be
cultivated in the mountains of Hupei. The bark is used as a medicine and the glu-
tinous seeds to adulterate silk, It is said that rubber can be extracted from the
seeds. No successful experiments have, however, been mace in the extraction of
this supposed rubber.’’ (Brill. )

5981. BrENTHAMIA FRAGIFERA. Strawberry tree.
From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. ‘+. D. Brill, December, 1900.

‘* Medium-sized tree, quite showy, fruit very palatable and used for food in some
parts of China.”’ (Brill. )

5982. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Bocce di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
517, February 1, 1901), March 13, 1901.

Cattaro Giant. ‘‘A very large lemon, said to have originated in Mesopotamia.
The trees are very vigorous and good bearers. The fruit sometimes weighs four or
five pounds, and has a flesh of excellent flavor and juiciness.’’ ( Fairchild.)

5983. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut,

From Bocce di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
578, February 2, 1901), March 13, 1901.

Giant of Cattaro. ‘A very large English walnut of fine flavor, which brings
double the price of ordinary walnuts on the Dalmatian market. Specimens, which
were said to be smaller than the average, measured 2$ inches long by 1 inches in
diameter. The shell is hard and irregular. The tree grows rapidly and isa free
bearer. Scions were taken from a tree on the farm of Francesco Navarin. Called to
my attention by Cristoforo Spalatin of Castelnuovo.”’ ( Fairchild.)

5984. OLEA EUROPAEA. Olive.
From Bocce di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
519, February 2, 1901), March 13, 1901.
(riant of Cattaro. ‘‘A very large seedling olive, specimens of which measured 1}
inches in length by 1 inch in diameter. From two trees growing near Castelnuovo.
Called to my attention by Cristoforo Spalatin.’’ (Fairchild. )

5985. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 521, Febru-
ary 7, 1901), March 13, 1901.

Sultanina. ‘‘A light-yellow, transparent, seedless raisin grape. Considered to be
one of the most valuable varieties, and that from which the ‘Sultanina’ seedless
raisins of Greece are made. These raisins must not be confused with the ‘Corinths,’
for they are twice as large, of a light golden color, semitransparent, and much more
valuable.”’ (Fairchild. )

5986. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 522, Febru-
ary 7, 1901), March 13, 1901.

A giant-fruited variety of lemon, probably the same as No. 5982.

oo° @ ©

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 49)

5987. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by the British consul, Mr. F. B. Wood, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 548, February 16, 1901). Received March 14, 1901,

“A very large pomegranate, sometimes at least 6 inches in diameter. The fruit is
red and attractive, and instead of being sweet as most sorts are, this is sour like a
lemon.”’ = ( airchild. )

5988. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by the British consul, Mr. F. B. Wood, through
mr. Di G. Fairchild (No. 549, Fe sbruary 16, 1901). Received March 14, 1901.

‘A large sweet-favored pomegranate of excellent quality.”’ (/airchild. )

5989. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Blood orange.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by the British consul, Mr. F. B. Wood, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 550, February 16, 1901). Received March 14, 1901.

Patras blood. “A small, nearly seedless blood orange, the pulp being the most
completely blood-red of any orange I have ever seen, the segment partitions espe-
cially so. Skin too thin for a good shipping variety, mottled dark and light, with
many large oil glands. It is very juicy, of excellent, almost vinous flavor.’’
( Fairchild. )

5990. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Blood orange.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 528, Febru-
ary 10, 1901), March 14, 1901.

“A blood variety, the pulp of which is beautifully mottled with light red and the
skin with a darker orange color.’’? (Fairchild. )

5991. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 529, Febru-
ary 10, 1901), March 14, 1901.

“A variety of lemon which bears quite seedless fruits from the flowers which
mature in October, and fruits full of seed from the spring flowers. The seedless
fruits are called ‘‘mules”’ or ‘‘ mulas,’’ and differ in shape from the ordinary, being
more globose and possessing a persistent pistil which often projects some distance
beyond the circumference of the fruit. Often over 10 and sometimes even 20 per
cent of the fruits on a tree are seedless, I am told. Iam inclined to attribute the
seedlessness to lack of fertilization.’’ (Fairchild. )

5992. CoRYLUS sp. Hazelnut.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 540, February 18, 1901). Received March 14, 1901.

‘‘A large thin-shelled, full-meated hazelnut, growing wild in Corfu. The trees
are vigorous and good bearers.’’ (Fairchild. )

5993. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 530, February
10, 1901), March 14, 1901.

Similar to No. 5991.

5994. PopuLus ALBA (‘) Poplar.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by the British consul, Mr. F. B. Wood, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 551, February 16, 1901). Received March 14, 1901.

“Cuttings from a poplar of remarkably rapid growth. The tree is 30 years ol 1 and
over 34 feet in diameter, while neighboring trees of about the same age are not more
than half that size. The tree is very beautiful, of spreading habit.”’ ( Puirchild.)

50 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5995. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann & Co. (No.1),
March 12, 1901.

SCavurso,

5996. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann & Co. ( No. 2),
March 12, 1901.

Tumilio.

5997. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann & Co, (No.3),
March 12, 1901.

Biancolilla.

5998. BoRONIA MEGASTIGMA.
From Melbourne, Australia. Presented by Carolin & Co. Received March, 1901.

‘‘Sow in spring in seed pans in light, loamy soil. Plant out in autumn from 2 to 4
feet apart. Use no manure, The plants come into bearing the second year, and live
six or seven years.’’ (Carolin. )

5999. TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Proskurow, Russia. Presented by Dr. 8. de Mrozinski. Received March
19, 1901.
Kubanka. A sample packet of this well-known variety of macaroni wheat.

6000 to 6110.

From Russia, Hungary, and Roumania. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
November, 1900.

A collection of seeds secured during the season from June to September, 1900.

6000. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Odessa, Russia. ‘‘A semihard red wheat; of good quality for milling,
but not commonly exported. Adapted for cultivation in the middle States of
the Plains.’’ ( Carleton.)

6001. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Odessa, Russia. U/ta. ‘‘A hard or semihard red spring wheat of excel-
lent quality for milling, forming a large part of the wheat that is exported from
the Kherson and Ekaterinoslav governments through Odessa.’’ (Carleton. )

6002. TrITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Odessa, Russia. (Ghirka. ‘‘This is the principal beardless variety of
red spring wheat grown in Russia, particularly in south Russia and the Volga
River region. It differs from the usual varieties of Russian spring wheat in
being beardless and not quite so hard grained. It forms a large part of the
wheat exported from Russia.’’ ( Carleton.)

6003. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Berdiansk. ‘‘A red, hard-grained, bearded winter
wheat with white chaff, very similar to Crimean. It is grown in the region
north of the Sea of Azov. It is an excellent variety for cultivation in the
middle prairie States.’’ (Carleton. )

6004. TriticuM VULGARE. “Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Belokoloska. ‘‘A red, hard-grained, beardless
spring wheat with white chaff, very similar to No. 6001. Grown in the vicin-
ity of the Sea of Azoy.’’, ( Carleton.)

a SCC

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 51
6000 to 6110—Continued.
6005. Triticum DURUM. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Arnautka. ‘A very good sample of this variety
of wheat commonly grown in the region just north of the Sea of Azoy.”
( Carleton.)

6006. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Konstantinovskoe. Russia. U/ta. See No. 5638.

6007. TriTicUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Tsaritsyn, Russia. Torgova. “A very hard-grained, hardy winter

wheat grown in the extreme northern portion of Stavropol government, well

adapted for trial in lowa, Nebraska, and Soath Dakota.’? (Carleton. )

6008. $=TRiticUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. Black Don or Chernokoloska, ‘‘A very good variety
of macaroni wheat, with black chaff, grown in the Don Territory near Poltava,
Russia.’’ (Carleton. )

6009. TriTICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. AKubanka. ‘‘A very good sample of this variety of
macaroni wheat commonly grown in south Russia.’’ ( Carleton.) See No. 5639.

6010. TrITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Berdiansk, Russia. Belokoloska. The same as No. 6004.

6011. Triticum puRUM. Wheat.

From Saratov, Russia. Egyptian. ‘‘A very hard-grained variety of macaroni
wheat somewhat similar to Kubanka, but having longer grains.’’ (Carleton. )

6012. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. Beloglino. ‘‘One of the hardiest red winter
wheats known. Grown near Beloglinskaya, in the northern portion of the
Stavropol Government, a region of great extremes of temperature and moisture.
The grain is very hard and makes an excellent quality of flour. It is admir-
ably adapted for trial in lowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota.”’ (Carleton. )

6013. TrITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. Beloglino. ‘‘Practically the same as No.

6012, but a poorer quality.’’ (Carleton. )

6014. Triticum DURUM. Wheat.

From Taganrog, Russia. Gharnovka. ‘‘A representative sample of the best
quality of this macaroni wheat, grown by the peasants in the region south of
Taganrog.’’ (Carleton.)

6015. Triticum VULGARE. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. Crimean. ‘‘A very hard red winter wheat,
similar to Nos. 5635 and 5636, but grown in the district about 20 miles north
of Taganrog, in the Don Territory.’’ (Carleton. )

6016. TrITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Kerch. ‘‘A hard red winter wheat, very similar
to Crimean, grown near the Sea of Azoy. It is very drought-resistant and well
adapted for the middle prairie States. It will probably ripen a little earlier
than the variety commonly called Turkey.’’ (Carleton. )

6017. TriticuM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Kurman-Kemelechi, Russia. Crimean. Same as No. 5635.

52 SEEDS AND PLAN'S IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6018. TriricuM DURUM. Wheat.
From Berdiansk, Russia. Arnautka. ‘‘A sample of this excellent macaroni

wheat, grown near Taganrog.’’ = ( Carleton.)

6019. Triticum puRUM. Wheat.
From Berdiansk, Russia. Arnautka, ‘The same variety as No, 6018, but

of better quality.’’ (Carleton. )

6020. Triticum DURUM. Wheat.
From Berdiansk, Russia. Arnautka, ‘Similar to Nos. 6018 and 6019, but

of better quality.’’ (Carleton. )

6021. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Stavropol, Russia. ‘‘A hard red winter wheat of excellent quality,

very similar to No. 5638.”’ (Carleton. )

6022. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.
From near Stavropol, Russia. ‘A large white oat haying heavy straw and

large, well-filled heads.”’ (Carleton. )

6023. HorpDEUM HEXASTICHUM. Barley.
From near Stayropol, Russia. Siv-rowed. ‘‘Apparently a standard variety

in this region.’’ (Carleton. )

6024. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.

From Chaplino, Russia. White. ‘‘One of the varieties of millet commonly
grown in the Don Territory, Russia.’’ (Carleton. )

6025. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.

From Sarepta, Russia. White. ‘‘A standard variety of millet grown in the
lower Volga region.”’ ( Carleton.)

6026. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.

From Sarepta, Russia. Grey. ‘‘This variety of millet succeeds quite well
in the lower Volga region, but is not so commonly grown as other kinds.”
(Carleton. )

6027. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.

From Sarepta, Russia. Yellow. ‘‘One of the standard sorts of millet grown
in the lower Volga region.’’ (Carleton. )

6028. ZEA MAYS. Corn.

From Bukharest, Roumania. Red Pignoletto. ‘‘A standard variety of Italian
Pignoletto corn commonly grown in Roumania. — Pignoletto is a term which per-
haps belongs more properly to a group of varieties than to a single variety.
It includes some of the best sorts grown in Italy and to a large extent in
Roumania.’’ (Carleton. ) ‘

6029. ZEA MAYS. Corn.

From near Taganrog, Russia. Czekler. ‘‘One of the best varieties of corn
grown in South Russia.’’ ( Carleton. )

6030. ZEA MAYS. Corn.

From near Taganrog, Russia. Bessarabian. ‘‘This is a standard variety of
corn, commonly grown in Bessarabia, where a large proportion of the entire
Russian corn crop is grown.’’ (Carleton. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 53

6000 to 6110—Continued.
6081. ZAwa Mays, Corn.

Krom near Taganrog, Russia. Chenkvantino, ‘‘A variety of corn grown
to a considerable extent in south Russia, Roumania, Hungary, and Italy.’
( Carleton. )

6032. Zea MAYs. Corn.
Krom near Taganrog, Russia. Asiatic. ‘‘A Trans-Caucasian variety of corn
£ 4 ,

considered to be one of the best for south Russia.’? (Carleton. )

6033. ZEA MAYs. ; Corn.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. Red Flint.

6034. Za Mays. Corn.
Krom Saratov, Russia. ‘A large-grained variety of sugar corn grown in the

lower Volga region.”’ — ( Carleton. )

6035. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
From Mezohegys, Hungary. ‘A standard variety of hemp grown in central

Hungary.’’ = (Carleton. )

6036. CAMELINA SATIVA. False flax.
From Bukharest, Roumania. ‘‘A plant grown to a considerable extent in

Russia and Roumania for the oil. It should be used only experimentally, as

it is likely to become a bad weed. ( Carleton.)

6037. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Berdiansk, Russia. ‘‘A rather small, round, red-fleshed melon of

very good flavor.’’ (Carleton. )

6038. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Berdiansk, Russia. ‘‘A red-fleshed melon of average size.’’ (Carleton. )

6039. CrITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Taganrog, Russia. ‘‘An excellent red-fleshed melon of medium size.’’

( Carleton. )

6040. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Taganrog, Russia. ‘‘An excellent melon of medium size, dark-green

skin, with red flesh and black seeds.’’ ( Carleton.)

6041. CrrrRuLLus VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. ‘‘A very rich melon with red flesh and black

seeds.’’ ( Carleton.)

6042. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Tikhoretskaya, Russia. ‘‘A medium or small round melon, very light
aga >] a > e =
green on the outside with darker green bands. Red flesh and very small
black seeds; flavor, excellent.’’ (Carleton. )

6048. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Stavropol, Russia. ‘‘A large red-fleshed melon with black seeds. It
is peculiarly colored on the outside, being light green with vertical bands of
dark green.’’ (Carleton. )

6044. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From the region about 40 miles east of Stavropol, Russia. ‘‘A melon of
medium size, dark green outside with light-brown seeds, adapted for cultiva-
tion in the semiarid districts.’? (Carleton. )

54 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110 Continued.
6045. CirRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Stavropol, Russia. ‘‘A melon of medium size, very light green on
the outside with darker vertical stripes, red flesh, and spotted brown seeds.
Adapted for cultivation in semiarid districts.’’ (Carleton. )

6046. CirRULLUS VULGARIS, Watermelon.

From Ekaterinodar, Russia. ‘‘A rather large melon, dark green on the out-
side, with red flesh and large brown seeds.’’ ( Carleton.)

6047. CrITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Guiloyaksaiskaya, near Ekaterinodar, Russia. ‘‘An excellent melon
of rather large size, dark green on the outside, with red flesh, brown seeds,
and good flavor.’’ (Carleton. )

6048. CrIrRULLUS VULGARIS. : Watermelon.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. ‘‘A rather largé melon, very light green or nearly
white on the outside, with light-green stripes, very small black seeds. This is
one of the most common watermelons grown on a commercial scale in the
Volga region.’’ (Carleton. )

6049. CrIrRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Saratov, Russia. Mixed watermelon seeds.

6050. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Uralsk, Russia. ‘‘A small round melon, greenish white on the outside,
red flesh, red seeds, and very rich flavor. Grown by the Kirghiz on the steppes.
Adapted for cultivation in very dry districts.’’ (Carleton. )

6051. CrrRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Uralsk, Russia. ‘‘A good melon of medium or small size, round, green-
ish white on the outside, with red flesh and small black seeds. Grown by the
Kirghiz on the steppes. Adapted for cultivation in very dry districts.”
( Carleton. )

es Se ee

ie ee ae

6052. CrrrRUuLLus VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Saratov, Russia. ‘‘An excellent melon of very large size, round, dark
green on the outside, with large reddish-brown seeds. Grown in an extremely
dry region, therefore adapted for cultivation in dry districts.’’ (Carleton. )

6053. CrrRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Novokhopersk, Russia. ‘‘A very fine rich-flavored melon of unusual
appearance. It has the form of a crooked-neck squash, dark green on the
outside, netted with lighter green, yellow flesh tinged with salmon-white seeds.
Adapted for cultivation in very dry regions.’’ (Carleton. )

6054. CirrUuLius VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Blagodat, Russia. ‘‘An excellent melon of average size, green outside,
with white flesh and spotted dark-brown seeds.’’ ( Carleton.)

6055. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. ‘‘An excellent melon of large size, dark green
on the outside, with red flesh and light-brown seeds.’’ ( Carleton.)

6056. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Dolinskaya, Russia. ‘‘A good melon of rather small size, peculiarly
colored on the outside, gourd-shaped, with light-brown black-bordered seeds.”
( Carleton. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 55

60V0 to 6110—Continued.

6057. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Russia. ‘A very large rich melon, green outside, with red flesh and
light-brown seeds.’’ (Carleton. )

6058. Cucumis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Odessa, Russia. Bread melon. ‘‘An Egyptian melon of medium size,
somewhat flattened vertically, prominently ribbed with a very rough surface,
remaining green on the outside for a long time, but tarning considerably yellow
when fully ripe; flesh yellow, sometimes slightly tinged with salmon, rather
firm. When fully ripe the flavor is excellent. It is sometimes called the
Pineapple (Ananas) melon.”’ — (Carleton. )

6059. CucuMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Sevastopol, Russia. ‘‘A melon of average size with greenish-yellow

flesh and white seeds.’’ (Carleton. )

6060. CucuUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Berdiansk, Russia. ‘‘One of the common varieties of muskmelon
grown in the region north of the Sea of Azoy.’”’ (Carleton. )

6061. CuCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Berdiansk, Russia. ‘‘A round, smooth melon of medium size and fine
flavor; flesh greenish yellow.’’ (Carleton. )

6062. CuCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Taganrog, Russia. ‘‘An excellent, smooth-skinned melon; flesh green-
ish yellow.”’ (Carleton. )

6063. CuCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. ‘‘An excellent round melon of medium size;
very smooth on the outside; flesh white with pink spots.’’ (Carleton. )

6064. CucUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Rostoyv-on-Don, Russia. Kochanka. ‘‘One of the most popular melons
grown in South Russia; rather small, round and smooth, yellowish white on
the outside, with green bands or splotches; flesh green except near the seed,
where it is salmon color; seeds rather large and almost white.’’ (Carleton. )

6065. CucuMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Ekaterinodar, Russia. ‘‘A rather large melon, yellowish green on the
outside and netted; green flesh, very juicy, and of fairly good flavor.’’
( Carleton. )

6066. CucuMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Ekaterinodar, Russia. The same variety as No. 6064. Grown in
North Caucasus.

6067. CucUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. Kalminka. ‘‘Name derived from the word Kal-
muck. Melon netted, nearly round, yellow, mottled with green when ripe.
Flesh green, very sweet, and good. Seeds light yellow.’ (Carleton. )

|

6068. CuUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

* From Kamishin, Russia. Kvrestyanka. ‘‘A rather large, long melon, yellow,
slightly netted. Flesh yellow, and fairly good. A popular sort in the north
Volga region.’’ (Carleton. )

56 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110—Continued.
6069. CuUCUMIS MELO, Muskmelon.

From Astrakhan, Russia. ‘‘A large, round melon of excellent flavor.
Seeds below medium size, brownish green in color, rather short and thick.”’
( Carleton.)

6070. CuUCUMIS MELO, Muskmelon.

From Saratoy, Russia. Aalminka. ‘‘A large, rather long melon of light
orange color, netted greenish white; flesh very juicy and sweet. Large seeds.
One of the best varieties in the Astrakhan government.’”’ (Carleton. )

6071. CucUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Uralsk, Russia. Bokhara. ‘‘A rather large melon, yellowish green
in color, and netted. Flesh green near the rind; salmon pink near the seeds,
with very rich flavor. One of the best sorts grown by the Kirghis farmers on
the east side of the Ural River.’’ (Carleton. )

6072. CucUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Uralsk, Russia. ‘‘A rather long melon, yellow, with dark-green

spots; flesh greenish white.’’ ( Carleton. )

6073. CucuUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Povorino, Russia. ‘‘A very large melon, yellow, roughly netted with
green. Flesh white, or slightly tinged with green, very firm. Flavor good. |
Seeds nearly white.’’ (Carleton. ) |

6074. CucuMIS MELO. Muskmelon. |
.
From Kharkof, Russia. Ananas. ‘‘Probably the same as No. 6058.” |
( Carleton. ) |
. 9

6075. CucuMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
|

From Taganrog, Russia, ‘‘A melon of medium size, nearly round, yellow,
surface considerably netted. Flesh green with very rich, sweet flavor near |
the rind.’ (Carleton. ) . |

6076. CucUMIS MELO. : Muskmelon.
From Taganrog, Russia. Ananas. ‘‘Similar to No. 6074.’’ (Carleton. ) |
6077. CucuUMIS MELO. Muskmelon. !
From Taganrog, Russia. ‘‘A small melon with smooth surface, netted ,

yellow and green. Flesh green.’’ (Carleton. )

6078. CucuMIS MELO. — Muskmelon.
From Blagodat, estate of Mr. Rutchenko, about 20 miles north of Tag-

anrog, Russia. Rostov. ‘An excellent melon of medium to large size,

elongated or fairly round, smooth, almost white on the outside. Flesh green,

very sweet, and juicy.”? (Carleton. )

6079. PIsTACIA VERA. . Pistache.
From Stavropol, Russia. ‘A variety said to come from Syria bearing

unusually large nuts.’? (Carleton. )

6080. CucuMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.
From Saratov, Bussia. Pavlovskii. ‘ One of the standard varieties of garden

cucumbers grown in the lower Volga region of Russia.’’ ( Carleton.)

6081. CucuMIs SATIVUS. Cucumber.

From Saratoy, Russia. Moscow. ‘‘A long, dark-green variety, grown in the
lower Volga region, Russia.’’ (Carleton. )

or
~I

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

1 .
6000 to 6110—Continued.

6082. CucUMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.
From Saratov, Russia. ‘One of the standard varieties of cucumber grown

in the lower Volga region.’’ (Carleton. )

6083. CucuMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.
From Saratov, Russia. Muron. ‘A rather early variety of cucumber, grown

in the lower Volga region.”’ (Carleton. )

6084. RapnHaNus sativus. Radish.
From Saratov, Russia. Moscow. <A rather long, early, white variety, grown

in the region near Moscow.’’ — ( Carleton. )

6085. Rapnanus sativus. Radish.
From Saratov, Russia. Delicesse. ‘‘An early variety of excellent flavor,

grown in the region near Moseow, Russia.’’ (Carleton. )

6086. RaAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
From Saratov, Russia. Hrfurt. ‘‘A long, white variety of winter radish,

grown near Moscow, Russia.’’ ( Carleton. )

6087. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
From Saratov, Russia. ‘‘A small, round radish of good quality. zrown near

Moscow, Russia.’’ (Carleton. )

6088. CvucCURBITA MAXIMA. Pumpkin.

From Saratov, Russia. ‘‘A good variety, grown near Mosce w, Russia.’’
( Carleton. )

6089. CucURBITA MAXIMA. Pumpkin.
From Saratoy, Russia. Hundred pound. ‘‘A large yellow pumpkin.’’

( Carleton. )

6090. LycopERsICUM ESCULENTUM. Tomato.

From Saratov, Russia. ‘‘A very large red tomato, grown inn,, th Caucasus,
“Russia.’’ (Carleton. )

6091. LycospERSICUM ESCULENTUM. Tomato.
From Saratov, Russia. Trophy. ‘‘A large-fruited, late tom.to, grown near

Tsaritsyn, Russia.’’ ( Carleton. )

6092. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Been.
From Jassy, Roumania. ‘‘A very large, white, kidney-shapsd bean, grown

in the northern part of Roumania.’’ ( Carleton.)

6093. HELIANTHUS ANNUUS. Sunflower.

From Taganrog, Russia. ‘‘A large, dark, gray-seeded variety, commonly
used for eating, grown in southern and central Russia.”’ (Carleton. )

6094. HELIANTHUS ANNUUS. Sunflower.

From the District Experimental Farm at Taganrog, Ruwsia. ‘‘A variety of
sunflower having small-sized, striped seeds which are used fr oil.’’ (Carleton. )

6095. HELIANTHUS ANNUUS. Sunflower.

From the field near Tikhoretskaya in Kuban Territory, North Caucasus,
Russia. ‘‘A variety of sunflower having large, rather long, black seeds, much
grown in North Caucasus, but not well known in other parts of Russia.’’
( Carleton. )

AS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6096. PrRuNus sp. Cherry.
From Budapest, Hungary. ‘‘A small black cherry commonly grown in

Hungary.’’ (Carleton. )

6097. PRUNUS sp. Cherry.
From Budapest, Hungary. ‘‘Seeds of an excellent variety of whi e cherry

grown in the vicinity of Budapest.’’ (Carleton. )

6098. PruNUuSs sp. . Cherry.
Krom near Budapest, Hungary. Spanish. ‘‘Seeds of « variety of cherry

commonly grown in this vicinity.’ (Carleton. )

6099. PruNus sp. Cherry.
From Budapest, Hungary. ‘‘Seeds of a large-fruited black cherry exten-

sively grown in this region.’’ (Carleton. )

6100. PRuNUws sp. Cherry.
From Budapest, Hungary. ‘‘ Seeds of a large pink cherry grown in this

vicinity.’’ (Carleton. )

6101. Rises RUBRUM. Red currant. |
From Budapest, Hungary. ‘‘ Seeds of a red currant of medium size grown

in this vieinity.’”’ (Carleton.

6102. Pyrus MALUs. Apple.

From markets of Sevastopol, Russia. Anis. ‘‘Seeds of one of the best and
commonest varieties grown in the Crimea. A very good fruit and quite popu-
lar.’’ (Carleton. ) 2

6103. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Sevastopol, Russia. ‘‘A variety very similar to Green Gage and grown
to a considerable extent in the Crimea.’’ (Carleton. )

6104. PRUNUus sp. Plum.

From Sevastopol, Russia. Ringolot. ‘‘Seeds of one of the best varieties
pol, Y AAS

grown extensively in the Crimea.’’ ( Carleton.)

6105. PRuNUSs sp. Plum.
From Sevastopol, Russia. Mirabelle. ‘‘A large plum of excellent flavor

grown to a considerable extent in the Crimea. This and No. 6104 seem to be

two of the best varieties in that region.’’ (Carleton. )

6106. PruNus gp. Plum.
From Sevastopol, Russia. ‘‘A green sort grown to a considerable extent

in the Crimea.’’ (Carleton. )

6107. PRUNUwSs sp. Cherry.
From Belbek, Russia. ‘‘ Seeds of a variety of sour cherry commonly grown

in the Crimea.’”’ (Carleton. )

6108. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. ‘A variety originally from the Crimea, with
very large fruit of a delicious flavor when fully ripe. Possibly the same as No.
6105.”’ (Carleton. )

6109. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. ‘‘A small Crimean variety. Fruit round,
purple, and very hairy. Flesh sweet near the rind, but sour next the seed.’’
( Carleton. )

— |

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 59

6000 to 6110—Continued.
6110. Pyrus comMMUNIs. Pear.

From Kharkof, Russia. Yellow Flesh. “A pear of medium size, yellow
and pink in color. Extremely juicy and having an excellent flavor. By far
the best pear in the Kharkof markets.’’ (Carleton. )

6111. Triticum VULGARE. Wheat.
From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8. de Mrozinski, March 19, 1901.

Podolia. An excellent variety, but not so resistant to drought as Nos. 5999 and
6112.

6112. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8. de Mrozinski, March 19, 1901.

Poltava. ‘‘An extremely drought-resistant variety.’’ (Mrozinski. )

6113. PyRus MALUS. Apple.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 539, February 13, 1901). Reeeived March 20, 1901.

Corfu. ‘Scions of a very large and delicious apple, probably a native of the island.
It should be tried in the Southern States, Porto Rico, and Hawaii.’’ (Fairchild. )

‘6114. Ficus caRIca. Fig.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 541, February 13, 1901.) Received March 20, 1901.

Fracatsani of Corfu. ‘‘Scions of the largest and finest flavored table fig grown on
the island of Corfu. Trees vigorous. Fruit light-colored and unusually large, thin-
skinned, and juicy.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6115. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 542, February 13, 1901). Received March 20, 1901.

Colla giant. ‘‘Scions from a tree bearing immense fruit, some specimens weighing
2} pounds. Probably the same as Nos. 5982 and 5986.’’ (Fairchild. )

6116. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 543, February 138, 1901). Received March 20, 1901.

“Scions of a variety of seedless orange. Possibly the Maltese variety.’’? ( Fair-
child. )

6117. CrrRUs LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. - Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 544, February
14, 1901), March 20, 1901.

“Scions of a thin-skinned, nearly seedless lemon having salmon-colored flesh.
The tree is very ornamental, the leaves being variegated.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6118. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Castelnuova, Dalmatia, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 545, February 14, 1901), March 20, 1901.

Marzamina. “Cuttings of a heavy-bearing excellent variety of wine grape, said to
have been grown in the Bocche di Cattaro since the time of the Roman occupation;
said to make one of the best of Dalmatian wines.’’ (Fairchild. )

60 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6119. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Castelnuova, Dalmatia, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairehild
(No. 546, February 14, 1901), March 20, 1901.

Vurzamina genuina, ‘Cuttings of an old variety of wine grape, probably a native
of the country. It is like No, 6118, only of superior flavor and not such a heavy
bearer.’’ ( Fairchild. )

6120. CYpONIA VULGARIS. Quince.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Collas, through Mr, D, G. Fair-
child (No, 547, February 13, 1901). Received March 20, 1901.

Corfu. ‘‘Cuttings of a very large pear-shaped quince. The trees are handsome,
vigorous, and coarse growing. The quality of the fruit is poor, but its size and color
may make it a desirable sort for breeders. The flesh is milder flavored than American
varieties, and can be eaten raw.’’ (Fairchild. )

6121. CrIrrRus LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Patras, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 552, February
17, 1901), March 15, 1901.

‘“A\ variety of lemon which has the reputation of being very nearly seedless.”’
( Fairchild. )
6122. PIsTacia VERA. Pistache.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rev. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 26, 1901.

Aintab. ‘Scions of what is here regarded as the best variety of the pistachio tree.
This tree does best on dry, rocky soil on mountains or hillsides.”? ( Fudler. )

6123. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rey. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received April 1, 1901.
Aintab. ‘‘Scions of what is here regarded as the best variety of the pistachio tree.
This tree does best on dry, rocky, deep soil on mountains or hillsides.’’ (Fuller. )

6124. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rey. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received April 1, 1901.

Hunisa. ‘ A large, dark wine-colored and very beautiful table grape, slightly oblong
in shape. Flesh firm and fruity; ripens late (November) and has remarkable powers
of keeping. Hung ina dry, cool place it will keep perfectly until April, only slightly
withering as it is kept, and the flavor rather improving with age. To my mind it is
the best all-round food grape I have ever seen.’’ (Fuller. )

6125 to 6130. OLEA EUROPAEA. Olive.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. George C. Roeding, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 6, 1901.

A collection of rooted olive cuttings as follows:

6125. 6128.
Manzanillo. Mission.

6126. : 6129.
Nevadillo. Sevillano.

6127. 6130.

Rubra. Pendulina.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 61

6131. CucUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Marseille, France. Received through Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United
States Consul-General, March 21, 1901.

Cavaillon. ‘These seeds should be planted under glass early in the spring and
subjected to the least possible change of temperature until the weather is settled and
the plants have become sufliciently advanced to warrant transplanting. This melon
is one of the most valued horticultural products of southern France. It might be
successfully cultivated in the latitude of Washington, and certainly in our Southern
States. The fruit, when ripe, is very much the color of our green watermelons; the
flesh is light green in color, highly perfumed and extremely palatable.’’? (Skinner. )

6132. CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS. Halberd bean.
From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rev. KE. Rothesay Miller, March 9,
1901.

Nuta-Mame. ‘‘ This, as a string bean eaten when young, is one of the finest I have
ever tasted. Itqgrows much like pole limas, 10 feet high, and the podsare of immense
size, often over a foot long and an inch and a half broad and half an inch thick.
The Japanese use them generally for pickling when young, and they are very fine
for this purpose, but as astring bean they are well worth introducing into the United
States. They are cultivated about like pole limas, but need a warm climate for ripen-
ing. Should do well south of the latitude of Pennsylvania.”’ (Miller. )

6133. CucurRBITA sp. Crepe squash.
From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rey. E. Rothesay Miller, March 9,

Chirimen Kabucha. ‘‘ This squash is rather large, of adark-green color, changing to
yellow, sometimes even toa light greenish-blue color. The appearance is like a
rough muskmelon, flattened considerably. I think it comes from Shinshu, one of
the central provinces of Japan, but grows well here. It is about the best of the Jap-
anese squashes, and is quite different from the varieties commonly grown in the
United States, and may be worth cultivation.”’ (Miller.)

6134. Brassica RAPA. Turnip.
From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rey. E. Rothesay Miller, March 9,
1901.
‘“‘A large white turnip, possibly worth cultivating for stock feeding.’’ (Miller. )
6135. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
From near Tokyo, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesay Miller, March
9, 1901.

Daikon. ‘‘ This is the immense radish used by the Japanese for pickling and eaten
by them three timesa day. The seeds I send are of an especially large and fine
variety which grows near Tokyo.’’ (Miller. )

6136. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
From Sakura Island, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesay Miller, March
9, 1901.

Sakura-gima Daikon. ‘‘ This is another variety of the ‘Daikon’ radish, grown
on Sakura Island, in the Bay of Kagoshima. It is not long, like No. 6135, but turnip
shaped, and grows to such an immense size that the natives say two of them make a
horse load.’’ (Miller. )

6137. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
From Sakura Island, Japan. Received through Rey. E. Rothesay Miller, March
9, 1901.

Sakura-gima Daikon. ‘‘The same as No. 6136, but can be planted about two weeks
later.”? (Miller. )

62 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6138. CORYLUS TUBULOSA. Hazelnut.

From Rovigno, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 509, Janu-
ary 19, 1901), March 23, 1901,

Pignatele. ‘* Plants of a small hazelnut, inferior in quality to No. 6139. May,
however, be worthy of trial in comparison with American varieties.’’ (Fairchild.)

6139. CORYLUS TUBULOSA. Hazelnut.

From Rovigno, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G, Fairchild (No. 508, Janu-
ary 19, 1901), March 23, 1901.

Noce lunghe. ‘Plants of the best variety of Rovigno hazelnut. This variety is
grown only in the Province of Istria and because of its scarcity is not much exported.
It is a variety not reproduced from seed; requires a calcareous dry soil, and is said
to be a heavy bearer. The size of the nuts will recommend them to American
growers. In quality of kernel | consider them inferior to those of Corylus pontica.
The plant forms a small tree, 12 to 15 feet high, with rather handsome trunk and
graceful branches; would be an ornament to any garden. This variety will stand a
temperature of -+-14° F. easily and probably much lower. I consider it a promising
addition to American nut-bearing trees, and it deserves a thorough distribution
through the South. Secured through the kindness of Emil Watzke, of Rovigno.”’
( Fairchild. )

6140. ViITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Sebenico, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 505, Janu-
ary 17, 1901), March 23, 1901.

Marascina. ‘‘Cuttings of the delicate variety of grape from which the famous
Marascina wine (not the liqueur) is made. The vines are not very hardy and are
subject to Peronospora. From the region where the sort originated and the only
place where the wine is still manufactured.’’ (Fairchild. )

6141. Pinus BRUTIA. | Pyrenean pine.

From Triest, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 506, Janu-
ary 18, 1901), March 23, 1901.

‘‘Pyrenean pine, a variety especially valuable for its rapid growth and ability
to endure drought. Indigenous to Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Crete, and parts of
Italy. This has been used with great success on the dry limestone soil of the Karst
formation. It makes a handsome showing in from two to three years; especially
recommended for planting in the warmer regions of the South on limestone soil.”
( Fairchild. )

6142. CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIAEFOLIUM. Pyrethrum.

From Milna, Braé Island, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
507, January 4, 1901), March 23, 1901.

‘‘Seed from a locality noted for its continued profitable production of the Dalma-
tian insect powder, notwithstanding American and Australian competition.”’ (Fair-
child.)

6143. (CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Triest, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 510, Janu-
ary 20, 1901), March 10, 1901.

Carob. (See No. 3112, Inventory No. 7.)

6144. LIATRIS ODORATISSIMA. — Vanilla plant.
From Biloxi, Miss. Received through Mr. 8. M. Tracy, February, 1901.

6145. CRAMBE MARITIMA. Sea kale.

From Centralia, Kans. Received through Mr. A. Oberndorf, jr., March 27,
1901.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 63

6146. CuUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Hungary. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N.C. Received March
28, 1901.
=o

Turkestan. “The Turkestan muskmelons were imported into Hungary by the
famous linguist, Wambery, nearly fifty years ago from Turkestan, Central Asia, and
the importation was a great success. The fruit is sometimes round, sometimes oblong,
and weighs sometimes even 7 kilograms. The rind has a special yellow color, is
sometimes netted; the flesh hasa greenish yellow color, is very sweet and juicy, and
so soft that it must be eaten with a spoon. It is far superior to any muskmelons of
this country.’’ ( Waltherr. )

6147. CuUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Hungary. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N.C. Received March
28, 1901.

Pineapple. ‘‘A variety having fruit of the shape of a pineapple, with the same
hali-yellow, half-green color as that of a half-ripe pineapple, and the rind is sprinkled
with small tuberous prominences from the size of a pea to the size of a hazelnut, so
that it resembles a pineapple at a distance. The flesh is hard, sweet, and has a deep
yellow color like an orange rind.’’ ( Waltherr. )

6148. CUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Hungary. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N.C. Received March
28, 1901.

‘*A hybrid of Turkestan No. 6146, and pineapple No. 6147; delicious to eat.’”’ ( Wal-
therr. )

6149 to 6159. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Hungary. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C. Received March
28, 1901.

A collection of Hungarian varieties as follows:

6149. j 6154.
6150. 6155.
‘*With white rind and red flesh; 6156.
very fine.’’ (Waltherv. ) “Very fine.” ( Waltherr.)
ome 6157.
6152. Marsowsky. “Finest kind in
‘Very fine.’’ ( Waltherr.) Hungary.’’ ( Walther’. )
6158. 6158.
‘Very fine.’’ ( Waltherr. ) 6159.
6160.

From Guadalupe, Mexico. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C.
Received March 28, 1901.

Cinco palomas. ‘‘ An ornamental plant, the flowers of which resemble five pigeons;
hence the Mexican name ‘Cinco palomas.’’’ ( Waltherr. )

6161. ‘Taxus BACCATA. Yew.
From Hungary. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N.C. Received March

28, 1901.
6162. Pyrus BACCATA. Siberian crab apple.

From the Khabaroysk forest. Presented by the Department of Agriculture, St.
Petersburg, Russia. Received April 20, 1901.

29861—No, 66—05 5

64 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6163. SPirOsTACHIS OCCIDENTALIS.
From Byron, Cal. Received through Prof. J. Burtt Davy, April 1, 1901.

6164. CANNABIS INDICA. Hemp.

From Calcutta, India. Received through Prof. D. Prain, superintendent of the
Sibpur Botanical Garden, April, 1901.

Hasheesh, the well-known opiate, is extracted from the resin of this plant.

6165 to 6168. BerTa VULGARIS. Chard.

From San Giovannia a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann & Co.,
April 1, 1901.

6165. 6167.
Chilean scarlet-ribbed. Chilean yellow-ribbed.
6166. 6168.
Silver-ribbed (yellowish white) . Silver-ribbed, curled.
6169. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.

From Acneta, Cal. Received March 25, 1901. Seed grown from No. 1237,
Inventory No. 2.
6170. CrrRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Forestburg, 8. Dak. Received through Mr. H.C. Warner, March 19, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 61, Inventory No. 1.

‘“This was the best in quality of 80 varieties in two different seasons. Medium
size, oblong, light and dark-green striped, sometimes all light. Flesh dark red,
sweet, very rich, early.”’ (Warner. )

6171. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Forestburg, 8. Dak. Received through Mr. H. C. Warner, March 19, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 105, Inventory No. 1.

‘‘Medium size, round, light and dark-green striped, flesh red, sweet; productive,
early.’’ ( Warner. )
6172. ZEA MAYS. Corn.
From Summerville, 8. C. Received through Mr. H. A. Jamison, March, 1901.
Egyptian. Seed grown from No. 3998, Inventory No. 8.
6173. IPoMORA BATATAS. Sweet potato.
From Manatee, Fla. Received through Mr. A. J. Pettigrew, March, 1901.

6174. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
425), April 3, 1901.

North Finnish Black. ‘* Dr. Gosta Grotenfelt, director of the Agricultural Institute
of Mustiala, has grown this Black oat from seed imported from Tornea, Paavola, and
Umea (this latter in Sweden). He finds the seed from Tornea and Umea very sim-
ilar, but the Paavola variety is somewhat browner, not black and gray in color like
the other two sorts. He has alsocompared the North Finnish Black with Canadian
oats, which he got through the seed-breeding institute of Svaléf, Sweden. The
comparison is as follows: Canada took one hundred and thirteen days to ripen,
while the North Finnish Black took only ninety-eight days. The latter is the average
for four years (1892-1895). In comparison with all sorts of foreign-grown varieties
the figures for the four years stand as 98.9: 111.8 days for ripening period. Dr. Groten-
felt says that the yield is small. For 1895, 42.4 kilos of dried straw and grain (air
dried) per are. The foreign sorts yielded in the same year 49.1 kilos per are. The

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 65

grain yield of the North Finnish Black variety was 12.6 kilos per are, while the for-
eign varieties yielded 16.4 kilos per are. These foreign sorts, it must be remarked,
were all varie ties which had been especially bred—some from Svalof and others from
the experiment station in Tystofte, in Denmark. During six years of cultivation at
Mustiala this North Finnish Black oat has lost none of its early-ripening qualities. In
good years the foreign-grown sorts here yield best, but in bad season they yield nothing
at all, while the North Finnish Black always yields about the same amount. This varie ty
deserves thorough trial in Alaska and the North Atlantic States, and should be used
for breeding purposes wherever an early ripening variety of oat is desfred. To get the
best results it should be sown as early as possible. These various varieties have been
analyzed in Mustiala, and it has been found that the North Finnish Black variety has
13.58 per cent of dry weight of protein, while the South Finnish Brown oat, for exam-
ple, only 10.7 per cent, and the South Finnish White 11.77 per cent, and forei ign oats
only 11.79 per cent protein. Although, because of the small yield of the North Fin-
nish Black variety, the actual protein quantity per are is smaller than that of the for-
eign sorts, the f fact that the former is rez ally richer in protein is an important point
for plant breeders. The figures are: North Finnish Black, 1.54 kilos per are; foreign,
including Canada variety, 1.73 per are. There have so far been very few expe ri-
ments here in Finland en gros. Those few have been, however, very satisfactory.”
(Fairchild.) (See No. 5513.)

6175. HorpdEUM TETRASTICHUM. Barley.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
426, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

Four-rowed Lapland. ‘‘This comes from Pillo, a town lying 30 kilometers north of
the Arctic Circle. It isa stunted variety, which ripens at least 10 to 14 days earlier
than South Finnish or European varieties, and although it does not produce large
quantities of grain, but small kernels and in small quantity, it deserves the especial
attention of plant growers in Alaska. Dr. G. Grotenfelt is at the present time busy
with its culture and hopes to maintain its earliness and, by crossing, increase its
productiveness. At the present time it is almost ripe here in the Doctor’s experi-
mental plats, while all other sorts (except No. 427, L. & F.) are quite green. Fora
very short-season locality and also for breeding purposes this may prove of consider-
able cio barley is grown. Secured through Dr. Grotenfelt’s kindness.”’
( Fairchild.

6176. BRaAssICA RAPA. Turnip.

From Mustiala, Finland. Recefved through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
428, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

White Tankard Purple Top. ‘‘A Scottish variety of fodder turnip which has been
grown here for fifty years. This variety, grownon Finnish soil, has proved superior to
that grown from seed imported from Scotland, and it is worthy a trial in Alaska. Its
growth in spring is particularly rapid, and it therefore escapes the attacks of insect
enemies better than other sorts. Will be sent by Director G. Grotenfelt in Novem-
ber.’’? (Fairchild. )

6177. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
430, August 1, 1900), April-3, 1901.

Finnish. ‘‘This buckwheat is for plantingin Alaska. It is believed to be an early
ripening variety. It is cultivated in east Finland on a large scale, but little in west
Finland. It is now in bloom in Doctor Grotenfelt’s experimental plats. Will be
sent by Doctor Grotenfelt in November.’’ (Fairchild. )

6178. BrassicA CAMPESTRIS. Turnip.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
429, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

Mustiala. ‘‘A variety of Swedish turnip which has been originated here in Mus-
tiala and grown for over fifteen years. It is the best sort that has been tested here
and is very regular in growth and altogether to be recommended for fodder purposes

in Alaska.’ (Fairchild. )

66 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6179. LRaAssica RAPA, Turnip.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No, 432, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

Finnish Svedje. ‘This is one of the few originations of the old Finnish people.
It is called Svedje because it is grown on soil that has been burned over, i. e., in
new clearings. The seed was sown by the peasants by taking into the mouth and
spitting out as a Chinaman sprinkles clothes. It is a small variety, said to be of
superior flavor, and is baked in the oven in butter after being pulled, a little boiling
water being added as the turnips become brown. It can be grown in the Aretic
Circle, and is a highly prized vegetable, worthy of especial attention.’’ (Fairchild. )

6180. .JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.
From Patras, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 553), April
4, 1901.

‘Cuttings from a single tree on the estate of Mr. 8. D. Stamo which bears nuts
that are unusually large and thin shelled.”’ (Fairchild. )

6181. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 554, February
21, 1901), April 4, 1901.

‘‘Cuttings from a single tree on the estate of Mr. Angalotti, at Bocali, which bore
nuts that are somewhat irregular in form, but of very large size, some specimens
measuring 6 inches in circumference, and so thin shelled that they can be crushed in
the hand; not as large nor as regular in shape, however, as No. 6182. The quality
is excellent and the tree reported to be a good bearer.’’ (Fairchild.)

6182. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 555, February
21, 1901), April 4, 1901.

‘Cuttings from a single tree growing through the roof of a small shop near the
house of one Sig. Machalitza, in the town of Zante. The nuts are regular in form
and of very unusual size, measuring 543 by 513 inches in both circumferences. Heavy,
and said to be well filled with an excellent flavored meat.’’ (Lairchild.)

6183. CyYDONIA SINENSIS. Chinese quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 556, February
21, 1901), April 4, 1901. |

‘Cuttings of the scented quinces called ‘‘musk,’’ “citron,’’ or ‘‘ Japanese’? quinces;
grown in this vicinity. The fruits are very large and woody and seldom used for
preserving. Their principal value is as ornamentals and as perfume fruits to store
away with linen to give it an agreeable odor.” (Fairchild. )

6184. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 557, February
21, 1901) April 4, 1901.

Queen. ‘‘The trees from which these cuttings were taken are the only bearing
trees of the kind on the island. The fruit is of a dark orange color, almost seedless,
and of very fine flavor. It is worth trying in California and Florida orchards.”
( Fairchild. )

6185. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 558, February
22, 1901) April 4, 1901.

‘Cuttings of a thick-skinned, nearly seedless, variety of lemon growing in the
monastery garden of Kalitero. Very juicy and extremely acid.’’ (Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 67

6186. CyYDboNIA SINENSIS. Chinese quince.
From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 559) April 4,
1901.

Cuttings from a seedling quince, possibly the same as No. 6188. See also No, 6362.

6187. CyYDONIA VULGARIS. Quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 560, February
22,1901) April 4, 1901,

Apple. “Cuttings of the favorite quince of Zante, used for preserves, marmalades,
and asa table fruit. When fully ripe they are eaten like apples, which they resemble
in shape.’ (/uairchild. )

6188. CyYDONIA SINENSIS. Chinese quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 561, February
21, 1901) April 4, 1901.

‘Cuttings of a small, scented quince grown for its sweet-scented fruit, which is not
edible.”? ( Mairchild. )
6189. PINUS PINFA. Stone pine.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Count 8. Lunzi through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 562, February 21, 1901). Received April 4, 1901.

“The edible seeds of this pine are so thin shelled that they can be easily broken
with the fingers, while the ordinary type has such hard-shelled seeds that they must
be broken open with a hammer. Should be tried in the dry parts of Florida and the
Southwest.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6190. CriTRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Geo. Sargint through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 563, February 22, 1901). Received April 4, 1901.

‘*A young plant grown from a bud of an old lemon tree that has always borne
seedless fruit.”’ (Fairchild. )
6191. ERIoBorryA JAPONICA. Loquat.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Geo. Sargint through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 564, February 22, 1901). Received April 4, 1901.

“Two young plants grown by Castagnias Aristides from cuttings of an old loquat
tree reported to bear only seedless fruits.’’ (Fairchild. )
6192. VIoLA ODORATA. Violet.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 565, February
22, 1901) April 4, 1901.

Parmensis. Plants of a very large double violet exported from Zante to all parts
of Greece. Lacking in perfume. Grown in the open air in Zante, not under glass.
6193. CYDONIA VULGARIS. Quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 4, 1901.
No data.
6194. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through L. Boehmer & Co., April 5, 1900.

6195. RuHus CORTARIA. European sumac.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., April 5, 1901.

68 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6196. SHQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS. Redwood.
From Berkeley, Cal. Received through Mr. Charles tl. Shinn, April 6, 1901,

6197. (CUCURBITA MOSCHATA. Cushaw.
From Oakgrove, Ind. Received through Mr. H. A. Allen, April 4, 1901.

6198. Brassica NAPUS. Rape.

From La Crosse, Wis. Received through John A. Salzer Seed Company, April,
L901,

Dwarf Victoria.

6199. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., April 8, 1901.

lrish-grown seed.

6200 to 6220. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.

From the Philippine Islands. Presented by Hon. J. Aranato, secretary of agri-
culture of the island of Negros. Received March 9, 1901.

A collection of native varieties of rice as follows:

6200.

Capao. An early variety, to be sown on irrigated land in May and harvested
in September.

6201.

Gui-os. An early variety, sown on irrigated land in May and harvested in
September.
6202.

Cabatingan. An early variety, sown on irrigated or dry land in May and
June and harvested in September and October. The grains of this variety,
after being boiled, cling together and are therefore adapted for use in the prep-
aration of "jellies.

6203.

Bunga-tagum. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early in June and
harvested early in October. The grain is very w vhite and highly esteemed for
food.

6204.
Morado.

6205.

Cachuri. An early, ‘“‘fragrant’’ variety, sown in April and harvested in
August. Cultivated on the mountain slopes. Its principal use is for the manu-
facture of ‘‘ Pilipig.”’

6206.

Mayuro. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early in June and har-
vested in October. The grain is very white and highly esteemed for food.

6207.

Bardo. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early in June and har- 4

vested at the end of October.
6208.

Cotsiam. An early rice, sown on irrigated land in April and May and har-

vested in August and September.

ee

|
|
|

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 69

6200 to 6220--¢ mE.
6209.

Caayad. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early i in June and gath-
ered in October. The grain is red and is valued as an article of food.

6210.

Cabunlog. A late variety sown on irrigated land at the end of June or early
in July and gathered in December or early in January.

6211.

Piracdt. An early variety, sown on dry land in May and gathered in Se rp
tember, The grains of this rice cling together after being boiled, and this sub-
stance is used in the preparation of dainties.

6212.

Lubang. An early variety, sown on either irrigated land or dry land in
May or June and harvested in September or October.

6213.

Lumantao. An early variety, sown on irrigated or dry land in May or June
and harvested in September or October.

6214.

Dagul-pilit. A late variety, sown on dry or irrigated lands in May and
harvested in November. The grains of this rice cling together after being
boiled and are used for making delicacies.

6215.

Caba. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early in June and harvested
the last of October.

6216.

Tapul-pilit. A late variety, sown on irrigated Jand late in June or early in
July and harvested in December and January.

6217.

Calanay-pilit. A late variety, sown on irrigated land late in June or the
first of July and harvested in December and January.

6218.

Tapil-pilit. An early variety, sown on dry land in May and harvested in
September. The grains of this are dark, and when boiled cling together and
serve for the making of delicacies.

6219.

Macau. A late variety, sown on irrigated lands late in June or early in July
and harvested in December and January.

6220.

Soladong. A late variety, sown on irrigated land the last of June and first
of July; harvested in December and January.

6221 to 6238.

From the Philippine Islands. Presented by Hon. J. Aranato, secretary of agri-
culture of the island of Negros. Received March 9, 1901.

A collection of seeds of economic plants grown by the natives, as follows:
6221. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.

Dana. An early-maturing grass, the seeds of which are used for making
jellies.

70

6221 to 6238—Continued.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6222. SesaMuUM INDICUM. Sesame.

Lunga. Sown in May and harvested in October, The oil of ‘*ojonjoli’”’
extracted from the seeds.

6223. Dorichos sinensis (7). Bean.
Balatong.

6224. PHASEOLUS MUNGO. Gram.
Mongo.

6225. Bean.

-Marayo. A black climbing bean, sown in May and harvested in October;

used for pottage.

6226. PHASEOLUS CALCARATUS. Bean.
Tajori. A yellow climbing bean, sown in May and harvested in October;

used for pottage.

6227. Pea.
Native name, Cadios. An undetermined variety of pea.

6228. Do.icHos SINENSIs. Bean.
Lestones. A climbing bean, sown in May and harvested in September; used

for pottage.

6229. NICOTIANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

6230. ZEA MAYS. \ Corn.
An early variety; sown in May and harvested in August and September.

6231. ZEA MAYS. Corn.
The first crop from American seed.

6232. ZEA MAYS. Corn.
The second crop from American seed.

6233. ZeEA MAYS. Corn.
An early purple variety; sown in May and harvested in August and September. —

6234. MuSA TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.
Abaca-Bisaya. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of |

this plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6235. MusA TEXTILIs. Manila hemp.
Abaca-Kinisol. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of

this plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6236. MuSA TEXTILIS. - Manila hemp.

Abaca-Moro. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of this’
plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6237. Musa TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.

Abaca-Lono. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of
plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6238. (Museum specimen. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 71

6239. MuSsA TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.

Museum specimen only.

6240. OLEA BUROPARA. Olive.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. George ©. Roeding, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 6, 1901.

Ohliza,.

6241 to 6243. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. George ©. Roeding, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 6, 1901.

6241. 6243.
Roeding’s No. 1 variety. Roeding’s No. 3 variety.
6242.

Roeding’s No. 2 variety.

6244. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. George C. Roeding, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 6, 1901.

Smyrna.

6245. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, through Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

6246. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

6247. CITRUS NOBILIS (7%). Orange.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

King, or King of Siam.

6248. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

Sanford Mediterranean.

.6249. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

Ruby blood.

6250. Cirrus DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

Aurantium.

72 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6251. OLKA EUROPABA. Olive.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. terns Government
Botanist, through Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received April 30, 1901.

Mascara, a variety from M, Jaubert’s place at Inkermann. Thought by Mr.
Swingle to be possibly the very large sort, the fruit of which sometimes weighs 17
grams. Doctor Trabut considers it the same as the variety Bréa of Tlemsen.

6252. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, through Mr. ©. 8. Scofield. Received May 22, 1901.

Sfav (female). ‘The sort grown about Stax, Tunis, where large quantities of
pistaches were formerly produced. It is said to be a good variety and was formerly
largely exported, but of late prices have declined and exports from Sfax cease
This variety was obtained last year from the same tree and was sent through the
University of California to Mr. G. P. Rixford, who succeeded in grafting it on the
terebinth tree on his place in Sonoma County.’’ (Swingle. )

6253. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, Sai: Mr. ©. 8. Scofield. Received May 22, 1901.

Sfac (male). ‘Scions from male tree growing in the botanical garden of the Ecoles
Superieures at Algiers.’ (Scofield.) See No. 6252.
6254. Frous CARICA. Caprifig.

From Maison Carrée, near Algiers, Algeria. Presented by M. Lepiney through
Mr. C. 8. Scofield. Received May 28, 1901.

6255 to 6258.
(Numbers not utilized. )

6259. XIMENIA AMERICANA. Hog plum.
From Miami, Fla. Presented by Mr. H.C. Henricksen. Received May 21, 1901.

6260 to 6271.

A collection of Danish vegetable seed.

6260. Bera VULGARIS. Beet.

Yellowstone. ‘‘ Yellow, bottle-shaped; is a half-breed beet of unusual yield-
ing ability in connection with great nutritive substance; requires an early
sowing, but does not make great “claims as to soil. It isa comparatively new
variety, which is in great demand.” ( Kolle Bros. )

6261. Berra VULGARIS. Beet.

McKinley. ‘‘ Pink, bottle-shaped. It combines yielding power with nutri-
tive substance, but wants a rich, warm soil. Under these conditions it is a
variety of high value.’’ (Kolle Bros. )

6262. Berra VULGARIS. Beet.

Adam. ‘‘ White, cylinder-shaped variety, which ranges between the com-
mon fodder beets and fodder sugar beets. Combines good yielding power
with a respectable nutritive substance. It requires a somewhat low-situated,
deep-molded soil, and, thus placed, it will scarcely be exceeded by any other
beet variety in regard to yielding power.’’ (Kolle Bros. )

6263. Berra VULGARIS. Beet.

Red Oberndorfer. ‘This is an improved old variety which, by strict selec-
tion in field and laboratory, has attained its standing among ‘bell-shaped
beets.’ It is particularly fit for a warm, light soil.’’ (Kolle Bros.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 73

6260 to 6271 — Continued.
6264. Bera vuicants. Beet.

Red Eekendorfer. ‘Like Red Oberndorfer, it is an old variety which by
treatment has reached perfection. — Its value lies in its great yielding power,
while its nutritive contents are rather low. In order to attain its full devel-
opment it should be sown in moldy, well-fertilized, moist soil.”’ ( Aolle Bros. )

.

6265. BRaAssiCa RAPA. Turnip.
Fiona.
6266. BRASSICA OLERACEA var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.

Danish Mammoth. Grown on the island of Fyen, Denmark.

6267. BRASSICA OLERACBA. var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.
Ketra Early Dwarf Erfurt. Grown on the farm of the royal palace,

Fredricksburg.

6268. BRAsSICA OLERACEA var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.
Danish Snowball.

6269. BRASSICA OLERACEA var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.

Extra Early Dwarf Erfurt. Grown on the island of Fyen, Denmark.

6270. BRASSICA OLERACEA Ud/’. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.

Extra Early Improved Erfurt. Grown on the island of Zealand, Denmark.

6271. BRASSICA OLERACEA var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.

Copenhagen Snowball. Grown at Copenhagen, Denmark.

6272. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Volo, Greece. Presented by Mr. Ar. Tsakonas, of Athens, through Mr. D.
G. Fairchild (No. 581, March 23, 1901). Received April 15, 1901.

Diminum. ‘‘A spring variety. The name means ‘two months.’ This is a semi-
hard sort, used in Greece to plant after the failure of the winter wheat is known.
It is not a two months’ wheat, as the name implies, but matures in about three
months, being planted the last of February and harvested the first of June. Itisa
light bearer and not very highly esteemed in Greece, except for the purpose
described.’’ (Fairchild. )

6273 to 6278.

From the Philippine Islands. Presented by Hon. J. Aranato, secretary of agri-
culture of the island of Negros. Received March 9, 1901. <A collection of
seeds as follows:

6273. ZrEA MAYS. Corn.
‘‘Early; sown in May, harvested in August and Septamper.”’ (Aranato. )
6274. THEOBROMA CACAO. Cacao.

6275.

Nanca. ‘‘A tree which matures at five or six years of age. The fruits,
called ‘Nanca,’ as well as the leaves, are used as greens when young, and
when mature the fruit is used as dessert.’’ ( Aranato. )

6276.

Dagmay. ‘A bulbous plant which is sown in May and harvested the
January following. It grows well in light, loose, rich soil and requires to be
kept well covered to produce any shoots. It is used in cooking to take the
place of the sweet potato or ordinary potato.’’ (Aranato. )

‘

74 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED. .

6273 to 6278 —Continued.
6277. Dioscorga sp.”

Tumis. ‘‘A twining tuberous plant, which is sown in May and harvested
the following January. It requires stakes about 7 feet high, grows best in
a loose, well-fertilized soil, and its roots should be frequently covered with

earth. It is used in cooking as a substitute for the potato and sweet potato.”

( Aranato. )

6278. CorrEA ARABICA.

6279. PHASEOLUS sp.

Coffee.

Bean.

From China. Received from Mr. J. Lawton Taylor, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 16,

L901.

Meru (?). ‘Very mealy or granular when boiled.’”’ (Taylor. )

6280 to 6299. VirTIS sp.

Grape.

*
rom Departmental Nursery of Maine and Loire, France. Received from Mr.
Louis Leroy, Angers, France, April 19, 1901.

A collection of phylloxera-resistant varieties for use as stocks.

6280. 6290.
Riparia < Rupestris 101. Pure Berlandieri.
6281. 6291.

Mourvedre < Rupestris 1202.
6282.

Bourrisquou < Rupestris 603.
6288.

Berlandieri * Riparia 157-11.

Monticola < Riparia 554.
6292.

Riparia * Rupestris 3309.
6293.

6284. Aramon Rupestris 2.
Chasselas < Berlandieri 41. 6294.
6285. Aramon < Rupestris Ganzin 1.
Colorado E.
6286 6296.
; ; Rupestris du Lot.
Colomband *< Rupestris 3103.
6287. | vee eee Marti
Bourrisquou X Rupestris 601. Mperes aqme
6288. 6298.
Solonis « Riparia 1616. Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin 1.
6289. 6299.

Riparia grand glabre.

6300 to 6306. VivlIs sp.

Riparia Gloire de Montpellier.

Grape.

From Caplat. A collection of grapes, No. 6300 being Japanese and the others
Chinese. Received through Mr. Louis Leroy, Angers, France, April 19, 1.1.

6300. 6304.
Precocge Caplat. Morandi.
6301. 6305.
Alenconnaise (new). :
Pagnacei.
6302.
Romaneti trilobées. 6306.
6308. Romaneti.

Tisserandi. inédite de Mandchurie.

ian SC

~I
|

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

6307 to 6339.

From the Tokyo Seed and Plant Company, Tokyo, Japan. Received April 20,
1901.

A collection of miscellaneous seeds, as follows:

63807. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
Sugaichi.
6308. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

Adzuma Nishiki.

6309. CANNABIS SATIVA, Hemp.
Shimonita.

6310. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
Hiroshima.

6311. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

Black Jurokusasage.

6312. (GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Black Flat.

6313. ViIcIA FABA. Broad bean.

Large Soramame.

6314. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

Yoshioka.

6315. VIcIA FABA. Broad bean.
Early Soramame.

6316. Pisum SATIVUM. Pea.

6317. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
Tochigi.

6318. PHASEOLUS MUNGO-RADIATUS. Gram.
Muroran.

6319. DoLicHos LABLAB. Hyacinth bean.
White.

6320. Do LicHos LABLAB. Hyacinth bean.
Purple.

6321. PHASEOLUS MUNGO-RADIATUS. Gram.
Yainari.

6322. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
Aidzu.

63823. CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS. Knife bean.

White Natamame.

76 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6307 to 6339 — Continued.
6324. CANAVALIA GLADIATA, Knife bean.

Pink Natamame.

6325. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
lwate.

6326. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Rokugatsu,

6327. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.
Kurakake.

6328. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.
Kintohi.

6329. AS?TRAGALUS SINICUS. Genge clover.

An early variety of this clover. (See No. 3725, Inventory No. 8. )

6330. As?PRAGALUS SINICUS. Genge clover.
A late variety of this clover. (See No. 3725, Inventory No. 8.)

6331. LespEDEZA BICOLOR. Bush clover.
Hagi.

6332. Pisum sativum (?). Red fodder pea.

6333. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Gosha.

6334. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

Black Round.

6335. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

Green Medium.

6336. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Bakaziro.

6337. BoEHMERIA NIVEA. Ramie.
No. 1.

6338. BorHMERIA NIVEA. Ramie. |
No. 2.

6339. BokHMERIA NIVEA. Ramie.
No. 8. :

6340. (QUERCUS ILEX. Holly oak.

From Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., Paris, France. Received April 22, 1901.

6341. CaAPpPaARIS iNERMIS. Caper.
From Vilmorin-/ ndrieux & Co., Paris, France. Received April 22, 1901.

A spineless form of ‘aper. aR

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 77

6342. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., Paris, France. Received April 22, 1901.

6343. (QUERCUS ILEX. Green truffle oak.
Obtained through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Oo, from Mr, A. Rousseau, Carpentras,
Vaucluse, France. Received April 22, 1901.
6344. (JUERCUS PUBESCENS. ‘White truffle oak.
Obtained through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co. from Mr. A. Rousseau, Carpentras,
Vaucluse, France. Received April 22, 1901.
6345. (UEBRACHIA LORENTZII. Quebracho colorado.

From Ronaldo Tidblom, director of agriculture and animal industry, Buenos
Ayres, Argentina. Received April 22, 1901.

From the semidesert territories of Chaco and Formosa.

6346. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO-BLANCO. Quebracho blanco.

Presented by Ronaldo Tidblom, director of agriculture and animal industry,
Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Received April 22, 1901.

From the semidesert territories of Chaco and Formosa. The name given by Sig.
Tidblom was A. quebracho Schlect., which does not appear in the Kew Index.
6347. VACCINIUM VITIS-IDABA. Mountain cranberry.

Presented by Prof. Theodor Erben, of the agricultural-botanical experiment sta-
tion of Tabor, Bohemia. Received April 25, 1901.

C348. RuBUS IDAEUS. Raspberry.
Obtained from France by Mr. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

‘This belongs to the R. idaeus group. The plant is a strong, upright grower,
everbearing in its habit. The fruit is large, red, and of excellent quality. It ripens
from July to December.’’ (Brackett. )

6349. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 569, March
3, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Female trees. Three-year-old trees budded the winter of 1900-1901 and the pre-
ceding winter.

‘“‘The pistache is a valuable nut tree, well suited for culture in regions having a hot,
dry climate. The nuts sell in this country from 40 cents to $1.25 a pound, wholesale.
They are already extensively used in America for flavoring confectionery and ice
creams, and it is confidently expected that they will be widely used as a table nut,
to be served like the almond, as soon as they become better known. In the eastern
Mediterranean countries, where the pistache is the best known and choicest nut, it is
much more used for eating from the hand than for flavoring. These nuts are among
the most delicious known, rather smaller than the almond, but more delicate in
flavor and a little oilier, somewhat resembling in texture and taste the pifion of the
Rocky Mountains. Unlike the pifon and almond, the pistache nut has a shell eas-
ily opened with the fingers, since it contains two thin valves, which split open and
become nearly separated as the fruit dries.

“The sorts having yellow kernels are most used in oriental countries as a nut to eat
from the hand, but the green sorts only are in demand for flavoring, since the public
has become accustomed to associating this color with pistaches used for this purpose.

The pistache is a small tree, 15 to 30 feet high, belonging to the same family as the
sumac ( Anacardiaceae). The male and female flowers are borne on different trees,
and this necessitates securing both kinds of trees for an orchard, or, what is preferable,
that scions of the male sort be grafted on the female trees that bear the fruit. One
male tree is said to suflice to pollinate from five to ten female trees. The best method

78 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

of propagation is to graft the pistache on the terebinth tree ( Pistacia terebinthus), a
near relative of the pistache, native of the Mediterranean countries where the pistache

is cultivated. It is preferable to grow the terebinth trees from seed in place in the
orchard, but they can be transplanted, if necessary. The present importation com-
prises three-year-old trees which were grafted in nursery rows and dug up earlyin
March.

‘The pistache will endure a temperature of from 10° to 20° F. Itis aboutas hardy
as the fig and olive, possibly rather hardier. Its crop is not so liable as that of the |
almond to injury by late frosts, because it flowers much later in spring, a matter of |
great importance in the Southwest, where the almond is often injured because of its
habit of blooming early. The pistache thrives best on a deep soil containing lime, |
but it succeeds also on other soils. A warm southern hillside is the best location. .
The tree is adapted especially for culture in regions having a dry summer season. It
requires about the same climate as the olive, and will doubtless succeed in parts of
California, Arizona, and possibly in some regions in Florida. Around the shores of |
the Mediterranean, where it is commonly cultivated, the tree is not irrigated. It
needs about as much water as the olive, and, like it, can succeed on hillsides too dry
to support most other fruit trees.

‘‘The trees comprised under this number are female trees, and should be planted 20
to 25 feet apart, with a male tree (No. 6350) in the center of the group of females.
The grafts should be cut back to two buds. The trees should be watered judicious]
this season until properly started, after which no special care is necéssary. Aloud
these trees are already older than is desirable for transplanting, it is hoped that by
care they can all be made to live, and that a small quantity of nuts will be produced
year after next. The trees will bear full crops when they are 7 years old. The

average yield is about 20 pounds.’’? (JW. 7. Swingle and D. G. Fairchild.)
6350. PIsTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 569, March
8, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Maletrees. ‘‘Three-year-old stocks budded 1899-1900 to male scions.’’ (Fairchild. )

6351. NEOWASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA. Fan palm.

Received March, 1901, through Prof. Charles H. Shinn, from Johnson & Musser
Seed Company, Los Angeles, Cal.

6352. ErRYTHEA EDULIS. Guadalupe palm.

Received March, 1901, through Prof. Charles H. Shinn, from Johnson & Musser
Seed Company, Los Angeles, Cal.

6353. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.
From Horst Brothers, Horstville, Cal. Received April 25, 1901.
A collection of American varieties.

6354. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Karpenisi, Greece. Presented by Mr. Xanthopoulo, of the Agricultural
Experiment Station of Patras, Greece, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 568,
March, 1901). Received April 27, 1901. ;

‘Plants of a very large, thin-shelled walnut which grows in the mountains of
Karpenisi, Southern Thessaly. I did not see specimens of this nut, but heard that
an unusually large one from one of these trees was sent to the Paris Exposition of
1898. It was so thin shelled that it was necessary to pack it in cotton. Mr. Xantho-
poulo, who secured the plants, says he took them from the original trees in Karpenisi
which bore the giant nuts sent to Paris.’”’ (Fairchild. )

6355. PIsTactA sp. Pistache.
From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Stocks originally budded with the pistache (No. 6349), of which the scions died 1
transit. To be used as stocks upon which to graft the true pistache.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 79

6356. ViTIS sp. Grape.

Received, through Mr. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist, U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, from Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, April 29, 1901.

6357. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From T. 8. Williams, Monetta, 8. C. Received April 29, 1901.

6358. PyRuUS BACCATA. Siberian crab apple.

From Troitzkosavsk, Altai Province, Siberia. Received, through A. Fischer von
Waldheim, director of Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Russia, April
30, 1901,

This was marked ‘‘Pyrus baccata genuina.’’

6359. BETA VULGARIS. Sugar beet.

Grown in Friedrichswerth, Germany, by Ed. Meyer. Presented by Beet Sugar
Gazette Co., Chicago, Ill., April 29, 1901.

Friedrichswerther Elite.

6360. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Poros Island, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 576),
April 27, 1901.

“One of the best varieties of Poros lemons, which are noted in Greece as the finest
coming to the Athens market. The scions are from trees that often bear nearly or
quite seedless fruits.”’ (Fairchild. )

6361. CITRUS sp.

From Canné, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 580, March
14, 1901), April 27, 1901.

“Grafting wood of a remarkable citrous fruit, which resembles in shape a large,
somewhat pear-shaped lemon. It is Australian gold in color, with a soft, rather thin
skin and a flesh as dark colored as some oranges and of a remarkably agreeable, very
mild acid, slightly bitter taste. In resembles in flavor a pomelo, only it is somewhat
milder. Altogether a most refreshing fruit and deserving the serious attention of all
pomelo and other citrus growers. It is possibly a cross or result of several crosses,
including the orange, bergamot, and lemon. There area few weak spines, the leaf
has a winged petiole, and the fruitis borne on long, swinging fruit stalks. The name
lemon pomelo is suggested because it is shaped like a lemon and tastes something
like a pomelo. There is no popular name herein Crete. It is probable, in fact, that
there are not more than a half dozen trees in existence on the island.”’ (Fairchild. )

6362. CyYDONIA SINENSIS. Chinese quince.
From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
Seeds of No. 6183.

6363. CUCUMIS MELO. Melon.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 567, Febru-
ary 22, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Zante winter. ‘‘ This is said to be the best of the winter melons of Zante, having

a delicious sweet flavor and keeping until the opening of spring. It is cultivated

like any ordinary melon, plucked before frost in autumn, and allowed to ripen in a

cool place free from frost. In Zante the fruits are hung up to ripen in small fiber

slings on the wall. A specimen was tasted by the writer on the 22d of February,

and although it was somewhat lacking in sweetness proved a most palatable fruit.

_ Good melon connoisseurs say that these winter melons from Zante are often deli-
- ciously sweet, even when kept until spring.’ (Fairchild. )

29861—No. 66—05 6

SU SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6364. CUCUMIS MELO. Winter melon.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr, D. G. Fairchild (No, 566, February
22, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Cephalonia. ‘‘A winter canteloupe, which is grown to perfection on the island of
Cephalonia, one of the lonian group. The melons are cultivated in the usual way and
in autumn plucked and strung up in a primitive basket of rough twisted grass. Here
they are left to ripen and from midwinter until April the inhabitants of both Cepha-
lonia and Zante serve them on their tables. These winter melons have a thin rind,
which is loosely attached to the flesh and can be peeled off like the skin of an orange,
leaving the most beautiful ice-cream-like, greenish flesh behind. I know of no more
beautiful table fruit than a half melon peeled and served in this way. It looks like
a mound of pistache ice cream and would captivate any fruit lover.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6365. CrrRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.
From Andros Island, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27,
1901.
Seed from fruits which are nearly seedless.
6366. VITIS VINIFERA. Corinth.

From region of Nemeo, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April
27, 1901.

Corinth. ‘‘Among the clusters of ordinary dried Corinths, which are usually seed-
less, there are generally small branches bearing larger berries. These berries have
often one or more seedsin them. These seeds were taken from such berries. It may
be possible, by the use of such seeds, to produce new seedless varieties.”’ ( Fairchild.)
6367. HorDEUM DISTICHUM ERECTUM. Barley.

From Patras, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

6368. MepicaGo sp.

From mountains of Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
537), April 27, 1901.

‘‘One of the numerous leguminous fodder plants which grow rankly on the island
and form a large part of the excellent Corfu hay. Procured through the assistance
of Mr. Antonio Collas.’? ( Fuirchild.)

6369. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Trieste, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Riete Originario. ‘‘A noted winter variety, said to be resistant and a good yielder.
Grown in the vicinity of Gérz and Trieste, Austria.”’ (Fairchild.)

6370. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Cologna. ‘‘A winter variety.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6371. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Sample only.

6372. ‘TRITICUM POLONICUM/ Wheat.
From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
‘‘Sample only; probably of Russian origin.”’ (Fairchild. )

6373. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
Sample only, labeled Jucente (?).

———k———— tC

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 81

6374. ViITIS VINIFERA. Corinth.
From Patras, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild from Cremidi
Brothers, of Patras, Greece. Received April 27, 1901.

Corinth. ‘‘Large berries containing seeds. These large berries are produced, I am
told, occasionally by certain branches of the plant which otherwise bear only seed-
less fruit. They have often many seeds in them. New varieties of the Corinth grape
are likely to originate as seedlings from this generally seedless variety.’ ( Muirchild. )
6375. NIGELLA AROMATICA. Fennel flower.

Grown on the Potomae Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 2129.
6376. Hrpsiscus ESCULENTUS. Okra.
Grown on the Potomae Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 3636.
6377. DoLicHos LABLAB. Lablab bean.
Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 2083.
6378. PHASEOLUS MUNGO. Gram.
Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 3868.
6379. (GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 3870.
6380. MerpicaGo TURBINATA. Bur clover.
Grown on the Potomae Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 4187.
6381. Ocimum BASILICUM. Sweet basil.
Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 2008. ,
6382. CapsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 3905.

A sweet pepper.

6383. CapsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.
From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
“‘A market variety in Athens.”’ (Fairchild. )

6384 to 6424.

From Pyeng Yang, Korea. A collection of seeds of economic plants which are
cultivated in Korea. Presented by Rey. W. M. Baird. Received May 3, 1901.

6384. ORYZA SATIVA. Black rice.
**Plant in May.’’ ( Baird.)
6385. FAGoPpYRUM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.

6386. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Black.

ob) SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6384 to 6424— Continued.
6387. CALLISTEPHUS HORTENSIS.
Red.

6388. CALLISTEPHUS HORTENSIS.
White.

6389. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA.
63890. ALLIUM CEPA.
6391. PHASEOLUS sp.

6392. CALLISTEPHUS HORTENSIS.
Red.

6393. PERILLA sp.?

‘‘\ fine oil for the table is extracted from the seeds.

( Baird. )

6394. Brassica JUNCEA.
‘Plant in April.’’ (Baird. )

6395. CucuMIS SATIVA.
‘*Plant in April or May.”’ ( Baird.)

6896. (GLYCINE HISPIDA.
White.

6897. GLYCINE HISPIDA.

6398. RAPHANUS SATIVUS.

Large. ‘Plant in August.’’ ( Baird.)

6399. HorDEUM VULGARE.
Late.

6400. GossYyPIUM BARBADENSE.
‘Plant in May.”’ (Baird. )

6401. ZEA MAYS.

Late. ‘‘Plantin April or May.”’ ( Baird.)

6402. CuCURBITA PEPO.

April.

6408. HoRrDEUM VULGARE.
‘*A\ hull-less variety.’’ ( Baird.)

6404. ZoysIA PUNGENS.

Used in Korea for lawns.

6405. ZoysIA PUNGENS.
Used in Korea for lawns.

6406. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM.

China aster.

China aster.

Millet.
Onion.
Bean.

China aster.

Sow in April or May.”’

Chinese mustard.

Cucumber.

Soy bean.

Soy bean.
Radish.

Barley.

Cotton.

Corn.

Pumpkin.

Barley.

Korean lawn grass.

Korean lawn grass.

Sorghum.

‘¢4 kind of grain similar in appearance to broom corn or sugar cane. The
seeds are eaten. The canes are very straight and quite useful. Planted in

May.”’ ( Baird.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 83

6384 to 6424— Continued.
6407. Corx sp. Job’s tears.
6408. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Broom-corn millet.
6409. PANICUM CRUS-GALLI. Barnyard grass.
6410. CHAPTOCHLOA ITALICA. Foxtail millet.
6411. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

‘Kind of grain similar in appearance to broom corn and sugar cane. The
grain is eaten by Koreans. The canes are straight and valuable.”’ (Baird. )

6412. LAGENARIA VULGARIS. Gourd.

6413. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

6414. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
‘Plant in May.’’ ( Baird.)

6415. PHASEOLUS sp. Bean.
Black.

6416. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
Black.

6417. PHASEOLUS MUNGO-RADIATUS (?). Gram.

6418. PHASEOLUS MUNGO-RADIATUS (?). Gram.

6419. CHRYSANTHEMUM CARINATUM.

‘‘Very good greens for dressing with salad oil are prepared from this.”’
( Baird.) «
6420. SrESAMUM INDICUM. Sesame.

‘‘An oil is extracted from the seeds which is useful for oiling furniture,
ete.’’ (Baird. )

6421. ImMPATIENS BALSAMINA. Balsam.
6422. CELOSIA CRISTATA. Cockscomb.
6423. ZINNIA ELEGANS. Zinnia.
6424. TAaGeEreEs sp. Marigold.

6425 to 6428.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(Nos. 419, 420, 422, 423) from Lindahls Frohandel, May 6, 1901.

A collection of vegetable seeds as follows:

6425. CucuMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.

Stockholm’s Torg. ‘‘The most popular cucumber in Sweden, suitable for
planting in Alaska. It is a white, very hardy variety, though said to be
inferior to green sorts.’’ (Fairchild. )

6426. Cucumis MELO. Muskmelon.

|
'

Stockholm’s Torg. ‘‘The best Swedish market variety of cantaloupe. It is
here cultivated under glass, and the melons are sold for 2 to 4 kroner, or 50
cents to $1 apiece.’’? ( Fuirchild. ) .

s4 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6425 to 6428 Continued.
6427. BRAssICA OLERACBA. Cabbage.

Stockholm’s Torg. ‘A native variety of Swedish cabbage, said to be a very
early maturing sort. For planting in Alaska.’’ ( Fairchild. )

6428. Pisum sATIvumM. Pea.

Stensiirter dikta. ‘‘An early ripening Swedish pea, suitable for Alaska and
other northern localities.’’ ( Fuirchild. )

6429. VITIS VINIFERA. Corinth.

From Panariti, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 575, March
6, 1901), May 9, 1901.

‘‘The variety of grape producing the currants or corinths of commerce. These cut-
tings were purchased in the village of Panariti, which lies among the mountains
back of Xyloneastron. This village is noted for producing some of the finest corinths
in Greece, It is the custom in Greece to plant very long cuttings in the rocky soil,
digging down even into the bed rock, upon which the base of the cutting is allowed
to rest. In Greece the vines are planted about 5 feet apart each way, and are trained
wholly without a wire or other trellis. The claim is made that the fruit is so deli-
cate, being, as is well known, an essentially seedless grape, that it requires the dense
shade made by the foliage of the low sprawling canes which spring from the low-cut,
upright, main trunk of the plant. As the clusters mature, these sprawling canes are
lifted from the ground and supported on short stakes to prevent the grapes from
actually lying on the ground. After the petals have dropped from the flowers, i.e., —
when the fruit is well ‘set,’ the vines are ringed or girdled. This girdling is done
on the main trunk of the vine, a thin quarter-inch-wide ring of bark being removed. __
This ringing is said to be essential to the production of a large berry. It is the belief
that the berries from vines not ringed are richer in sugar, not so filled with juices, |
and keep better than those from ringed vines. The climate and soil in which the —
corinth will thrive are various. Necessary requisites are a long summer with good _
insolation and a not too high temperature, 95° F. being looked on as a very high |
temperature in the regions where these plants are cultivated. It is a popular belief
that the corinth degenerates rapidly on being introduced into foreign countries, and
that it even becomes a seed-bearing grape. I can not find that this belief is supported
by sufficient evidence. Samples of corinths grown in Australia show that at least the |
plant does not produce seed there and does produce a utilizable product, which, how-
ever, is inferior in size and flavor to good Greece-grown specimens. The small size
may be caused by a neglect “o ring or a failure to perform this important process at
the proper time, 1. e., just after the fruit sets. This variety is exceedingly subject to
the downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola), and the fields of Greece were ravaged by a
frightful epidemic of this disease last year. The immediate locality from which
these cuttings came was spared.”’ ( Fairchild.)

—_ = ~s2 ee

6430. PHASEOLUS VIRIDISSIMUS. Gram.
From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 571), May
9, 1901.

‘‘One of the smallest and most delicate beans in the world. The beans are not
much larger than grains of rice and of a deep green color. They are said to be most
delicious when cooked alone or with rice in the national Greek dish called Pilaff.
Their culture in Greece is a restricted one and the beans are considered a great deli-
cacy. This is a variety which should receive a thorough distribution, as it is one
worthy of trial throughout the south. Iam indebted to Prof. Th. de Heldreich, of
Athens University, for calling my attention to this species of which he has made a
special study. Probably a variety of the gram of India (Phaseolus mungo).”
( Fairchild. )

6431. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 572, March
7, 1901), May 19, 1901.

“This legume is highly prized by the Greeks; who use it as we do the ordinary
bean. (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 85

6432. BRASSICA OLERACEA var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 573, March
7, 1901), May 5, 1901,

“An early variety of cauliflower which ripens in December in Greece. Its heads
attain most unusual proportions and are of quite unusual flavor. It is sown here in
August or September.’’ (/airchild.) (See No. 6434.)

6433. LENS ESCULENTA Var. MICROSPERMA. Lentil.

From Athens, Greece. Received from Dr. Th. de Heldreich through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 570, March 8, 1901), May 9, 1901.

“‘A small-seeded, very delicate lentil which was first described by Dr. Th. de
Heldreich, the noted explorer of the Grecian flora. (See Revue des Sciences Naturelles
Appliquées 87 Anné No. 15.5 Aotit 1890. Note sur une variété nouvelle ou peu Connue
de Lentille.) The variety is cultivated on the islands of Cephalonia and Leucade, two
of the Ionian group, and differs essentially from the ordinary Lens esculenta Mch..,
having smaller elipsoid, even almost spherical, seeds which possess a marginal border
very inconspicuous and obtuse. The color is pale yellow and they vary in diameter
from three to five millimeters. Their ordinary lentil is lens shaped, circular, and has
a sharply defined margin. This microsperma is said to be more tender than the ordi-
nary sorts and much more easily cooked, and the flavor is reported to be superior,
lacking that pronounced characteristic taste which makes lentils objectionable to
some people. Deserves a thorough trial as a vegetable for soups and purées. A cal-
careous soil is essential to its cultivation. Stalks make a good fodder.’’ (Fwirchild. )

6434. BRASSICA OLERACEA var. BOTRYTIS. Cauliflower.

From Athens, Greece. Presented by Dr. Th. de Heldreich, of Athens Univer-
sity, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 574, March 7, 1901). Received May 9,
1901,

‘““A late variety of Grecian cauliflower which is planted in December and matures
in March. Is a monster headed white variety of excellent flavor.’’? (See No. 6432. )
( Fairchild. )

6435. VICIA ERVILIA.

From Canné, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 594, March 16,
1901), May 17, 1901.

Orobus. ‘‘A forage plant very largely cultivated in the island of Crete. It is sown
like any ordinary vetch, and the seeds are fed to the oxen and cattle. Cav. G. M.
Fumis, inspector of agriculture at Canné, can secure this in quantity should it prove
of sufficient interest.’’ (Fairchild. )

6436. LATHYRUS OCHRUS. .
From Canné, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, May 17, 1901.
Vicos. ‘‘A forage plant cultivated on the island of Crete.’’? (Fairchild. )

6437. ViIcIA sp. :
From Canné, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, May 17, 1901.
Yares or Gesu. ‘‘A forage plant cultivated on the island of Crete.”’ ( Fwirchild.)

6438. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 582,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Hayani. ‘‘This is the earliest sort grown in the Delta region of the Nile and one of
the best-known kinds there. It isa red table date, becoming black when ripe; 2 to
23 inches long; cylindrical. It ripens in September or October. Not used as a dry-
ing date. It sells in the season for 2 piasters Turkish (10 cents) per oke (3 pounds).
Matures its fruit all at once.’? (Fairchild.)

SO SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6439. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G, Fairchild (No. 583,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Zaglul. ‘‘A variety from the Nile Delta region. Fruits of this sort are very large,
often 3 inches long. They are eaten by the Arabs when red in color and still unripe.
They are table dates, but are not prized as highly by Europeans as by the Arabs, who
pay ahigh price for them. It is a variety which hangs on late in the season.”
( Fairchild. )

6440. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 584,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Bint Aisha. ‘‘The best variety of table date in lower Egypt, at least it is so con-
sidered by many Europeans. It is not a keeping date, being so sweet and sticky that
when ripe it must be eaten with a fork. A short, black, small (14 inches long) date,
ripening in December. Skin separates very easily from the flesh. Sells for 10 to 15
cents for three pounds. Stem of mature palm very slender.’’ (Fairchild. )

6441. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 585,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Samani. ‘A variety of Delta date; large, yellow, 2 to 2} inches long, with a thick
skin; ripening in November. It is used in making preserves, which are manufac-
tured especially well by a Mr. Tambaco, of Alexandria, who puts them in tin cans
for export after they have been stewed in sugar. They must be peeled before can-
ning, as the skin is tough. Thought of very highly by many Europeans as a sweet
characteristic preserve. Is also canned with little sugar, as Americans can plums.’’
( Fairchild. )

6442. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 586,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901. .

Dakar Majahel. ‘‘A male variety which is used in the Delta for fertilizing purposes.
All the varieties, of which there are at least eight in the region of Ramley alone, are
fertilized with the pollen of this Dakar Majahel. It is claimed to be the only sort
that can be used on all these eight varieties.” ( Fairchild.)

6443. ALBIZZIA LEBBEK Lebbek.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 611, April 18,
1901), May 17, 1901.

‘A much used shade tree about Cairo. Owing to the inroads of a borer, however,
this species is being gradually replaced in Egypt by other forms such as Ficus nitida.”’
( Fairchild. )

6444. KIGELIA PINNATA (?). Sausage tree.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 612, April 18,
1901), May 17, 1901.

‘*This sausage tree is not only a very curious species, bearing its flowers and fruit
on long pendant pedicels, but it is a foliage and landscape tree of great merit, worthy
of introduction into the parks of southern Florida. Its foliage is exceedingly hard
and harsh and very brittle and its heavy sausage-shaped fruits are so heavy as to be
dangerous when they fall from the tree. In the Ezbekieh Gardens in Cairo a beau-
tiful specimen of this tree is to be seen.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

6445. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Charkia, Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 606),
May 17, 1901. ;

Amri (fruit bought on the market). ‘‘ This sort is known as the best drying date
in Egypt. It is in its prime in November but keeps until May or June. A large,

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 87

red date with a dry, though not unpleasant taste. Some of the specimens are two
inches long. Skin rather tough and in most respects inferior to Algerian varieties.
These seeds are from trees probably pollinated by some other variety, so they may
not yield true Amri seedlings.’’ (Jairchild. )

6446. ELeETTARIA CARDAMOMUM. Cardamom.
From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received from J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901,

Malabar. ‘In planting cardamons, nursery beds should be prepared about 3 feet
wide and 6 feet long; if the soil is poor, cow-dung manure or vegetable mold should
be mixed with it (half soil and half manure). Sow the seed, covering it lightly with
soil, give the young plants shade, and water them regularly once every evening.
Seeds will germinate in from six to eight weeks or possibly not for twelve weeks.
When the seedlings are 4 to 6 inches high they should be removed to another bed
and planted about 6 to 8 inches apart. When they attain 1 to 2 feet high they are
ready to plant in the field about 6 to 12 feet apart, according to the nature of the
soil, and should be planted in rainy weather. In planting, the bulb of the plant
only should be covered and not the stem; in poor soils, holes are necessary about |
foot deep and 14 feet wide which are filled with surface soil, mixed with cow-dung
manure or vegetable mold. Care should be taken to keep the nursery thoroughly
free from weeds.’’ ( William.)

6447. KERYTHROXYLON COCA. Coca.
From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

Huanuco. ‘‘ This plant is a native of tropical South America; it thrives from the
sea level up to 5,000 feet and over. The large leaved Huanuco variety is especially
suited to elevations from 2,000 feet and upward.’”’ ( William. )

6448. CROTON TIGLIUM. Croton oil tree.
From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

‘‘This tree grows even in the poorest soil or abandoned coffee plantations from the
sea level up to 3,000 feet and over. Once a week a coolie shakes the tree and picks
up from the ground what pods have fallen off, then drops the pods in the sun, shells
them, and gives another drving, which is all that is required. A net profit of about
1 shilling a tree per annum has been realized from full-grown trees.’’ ( William. )

-

6449. SANTALUM ALBUM. Sandalwood.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

“This tree yields the sandalwood of commerce. The same tree produces both the
white and yellow sandalwood, the last being the inner part of the tree and very hard
and fragrant, especially near the roots. The tree grows from sea level up to 5,000
feet on red and stony soils, and among rocks where the soil is good. The principal
item of forest revenue in Mysore is sandalwood. The export to Europe and other
countries is yearly increasing.’’ ( Welliam.)

6450. ALEURITES TRILOBA. Candle nut.
From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

‘Oil from the large seeds of this tree is much used for lamps under the name of
‘Kekuna’ oil; also in painting as adrying oil. In the manufacture of soap it replaces
cocoanut oil at Othahiti. The cultivation is easy, the culture being possible from the
sea level up to 2,000 feet altitude.’’ ( William.)

6451. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA. Honey Jack.
From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

‘The fruits of this tree, including the seeds, are used as food in various ways, and
are highly esteemed by the natives. ‘lhe fruits weigh as much as 100 pounds. The

Ss SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

timber is largely used for all kinds of furniture and building purposes. It is also
largely exported to Europe. A full-grown old tree is worth £5and upward, This is
one of the best shade trees for coffee, cocoa, and cardamons, and from the sea level up
to 2,000 feet its fallen leaves enrich the soil. The demand for jackwood timber is
yearly increasing, as well as the price. Leaves are excellent fodder for cattle, goats,
and sheep.”’ ( William. )

6452. SAPINDUS TRIFOLIATUS.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
L901,

6453 to 6460. ErRioporrya JAPONICA. Loquat.

From Mustapha Supérieur, near Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Rev. Ewyn
Arkwright, from Villa Thémely, through W. T. Swingle. Scions obtained in
June, 1900. Grafted trees shipped April 13, 1901; received May 18, 1901.

‘“This valuable collection of loquats comprises most of the large sorts which have
originated in Algeria, where much attention has been paid recently to this valuable
fruit. Single fruits of some of these varieties weighed 59 grams, or something over
two ounces. There are differences in the time of ripening as well as in the size and
flavor of these varieties.’’ (Swingle. )

6453. 6457.
Don Carlos. Olivier.
6454. 6458.
Baronne Hall. Scala.
6455. 6459.
St. Michel, long. St. Michel, round.
6456. 6460.
Marcadal. Narbonne.
6461 to 6468. Ficus Carica. - Fig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

‘This collection embraces the principal varieties of figs which are grown at Damascus,
and was secured by the French consul there on February 14, 1895. They were sent
to Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist, Algeria, who planted them at Rouiba in
March, 1895. The original notes which accompanied the varieties and which, pre-
ewan prepared by the French consul are given under each of the numbers.”
( Swingle.

6461.

Kaab el Ghazal. Fruit medium size, white, yellow outside, of the color of
honey inside, splitting open when ripe.
6462.

Sultani. Fruitlarge, yellow outside, red inside, splitting open at maturity.
An early variety.
6463.

Mamari (labeled Mennoni, probably erroneously). Fruit medium size, yel-
low outside, red inside, splitting open when ripe. A late variety.

6464.

Malaki blanc. Fruit large, yellow, white outside, red inside; does not split
open when ripe.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 9)

6461 to 6468— Continued.
6465.
Sultanie. Grows on dry lands. Fruit medium size, yellow outside, white
inside, splitting open when ripe.
6466.
Malaki (labeled Masaki, probably erroneously). Fruit large, yellow outside,
honey colored inside, splitting open when ripe.
6467.
Baalie. Fruit « iall, green outside, red inside; does not split open when
ripe.
6468.

Hamari. This variety is not included in the descriptive list of varieties fur-
nished by the French consul to Dr. Trabut.

6469 to 6471. Ficus Carica. Fig
From Kabylia, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

6469.

Abakour amellal (early white). “A fig from Kabylia, a good fig-growing
region, said to produce two crops a year, brebas and figs.’? (Swingle and
Scofield. )

6470.

Aberkan (black). ‘‘A fig from Kabylia, a good fig-growing region, said to
produce two crops a year, brebas and figs.’’ (Swingle and Scofield. )
6471.

Yousef blanche.. ‘‘A fig from Kabylia found by General Yousef at time of
conquest, 1830-45.”’ (Swingle and Scofield.)

6472. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Figuier de Smyrne. ‘‘An unnamed Smyrna fig obtained by Doctor Trabut through
the French consul some years ago. (Swingle and Scofield. )

6473. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Governmert Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

“A wild caprifig having short flat fruits.’’ (Scofield. )

6474. FICUS CARICA. Caprifig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

‘*A wild caprifig having long fruits.’’ (Scofield. )

6475. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Algiers, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. 8. Scofield, May 17, 1901.

Hamma. ‘‘A very valuable variety growing by a stone quarry above the Jardin

d’ Essai du Hamma, near Algiers. Bears large quantities of winter-generation capri-

figs (mamme). It is probably from this tree that the Blastophaga was introduced
into California in 1899. It bears abundant profichi also.’”’ (Swing/e. )

4) SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6476. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Algiers, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. 8. Scofield, May 17, 1901.

‘‘Growing at the stone quarry above Jardin d’ Essai du Hamma, near Algiers.
Did not hold winter fruits well.’’ (Scofield. )

6477. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle, May 15, 1900. Grown
one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Laudi(?). ‘Cuttings from tree in a garden in old Biskra.’’ (Swingle.)

6478. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Chetma oasis, near Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle,
May 14, 1900. Grown one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Bsikri. ‘‘Cuttings from a tree in a garden.’’ (Swingle. )

6479. Frous CARICA. Caprifig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle, May 15, 1900. Grown
one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Bsikri. ‘‘Cuttings from a tree in garden in Old Biskra.’’? (Swingle.)

6480. Ficus CARICA. Pig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle, May 15, 1900. Grown
one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Choer. ‘*Cuttings from a fig tree growing in the road running south along the west
side of Biskra oasis. Probably of no great value.’’ (Swingle. )
6481. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Hamma. The same as No. 6475.

6482. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Wild fig, with entire leaves from stone quarry above the Jardin d’Essai du
Hamma, near Algiers.

6483. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

‘‘\ variety of caprifig from M. Eymes de Cheffi.”’ (Swingle and Scofield.)

6484. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. §. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Sultani. The same as No. 6462.

6485. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Yousouf blanche. The same as No. 6471.

————————

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 9]

6486. Ficus Carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Hamari. The same as No. 6468.

6487. Ficus Carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Belamie.

6488. Ficus CaRIca. Caprifig.

From Chetma oasis, near Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle,
May 14, 1900. Grown one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Booung. ‘‘A late sort considered of fourth quality. Cuttings from a tree in a
garden.’” (Swingle.)

6489. Ficus Carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 190i.

Figue del Archipel (Archipelago fig).

6490. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Algiers, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received May 17,
1901.

Bourlier. ‘* A variety much prized by the Kabyle fig growers who come 15 miles
or more to Reghaia to M. Bourlier’s farm to get the fruits to use in caprifying figs.”
(Swingle. )

6491. Ficus Carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Malaki noir (labeled Masaki noir, probably erroneously). Fruit large, violet-col-
ored without, red within, not splitting open at maturity. A late variety.

6492. IRIS UNGUICULARIS. Iris.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Rev. Ewyn Arkwright, through Mr. C. 8S.
Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.
Tris stylosa (white sport). ‘* A very handsome white sport of this curious iris (also
called Iris stylosa), which bears its fruit capsules at or just below the surface of the
und. The flowers have a tube 8 to 12 inches long which serves to support them
at the level of the ends of the leaves differing widely from the ordinary species where
the tubes are short and the flowers attached to two stems.’’ (Swingle. )

6493. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Abakour amclab(?) or Abacour amelale.

6494. Ficus sAKOUT. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T, Swingle and C, 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901,

+ SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6495. Ficus carioa. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. 'T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901,

Abakour aberkan (early black).

6496. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Yousouf. ‘‘A fig from Kabylia, found by General Yousef at the time of the French
conquest, 1830-1845.’’ (Swingle and Scofield. )

6497. I 1cuUS CARICA. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Mamari or Mennoni. ‘‘ An early fig from Damascus obtained by Doctor Trabut

through the French consul some yearsago.’’ (See No. 6463.) (Swingle and Scofield. )

6498. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Kaab el ghazal. See No. 6461.

6499. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Aberkan or aberkane. ‘‘A fig from Kabylia, a good fig-growing region, said to pro-
duce two crops a year, brebas and figs.’? (Swingle and Scofield. )
6500. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Sultanie. ‘‘A white grape bearing large bunches of fruit suitable for table use or
for making a kind of port or Madeira wine.’’ (Scofield. )
6501. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. 8. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Smyrna seedless raisin.

6502 and 6503.

(Numbers not utilized. )

6504. ACTINIDIA sp.
From Kuling, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 7), May 17, 1901.

“Will grow at an elevation of 3,500 feet and over.”’ (Brill. )

6505. VITIS ROMANETI. Wild grape.
From Kuling, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 8), May 17, 1901.
“Thorny grape, which bears large clusters of good-sized, black berries.”’ (Brill. )

6506.

(Number not utilized. )

|

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 93

6507 to 6646.
From China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill, May 17, 1901.

A collection of seeds and plants made during an extended trip through China in
1900. The notes regarding the various numbers are copied from letters written dur-
ing this period, no separate descriptive list of the various introductions having been
furnished. Doctor Brill’s numbers are given.

6507. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From Ichang. ‘‘Small and medium, russet colored around the half near the
stem. Rest ofskin covered with russet dots. Skin coarse, flesh firm.’’ (No. 10. )

(Brill. )
6508. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From Ichang. ‘‘Medium sized, drum-shaped, skin yellow and dotted.’’ (No.
11.) (Brill. )

6509. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From Ichang. (No. 12.)

6510. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From Ichang. (No. 13.)

6511. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 14.)

6512. Pyrvs sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 15.)

6513. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 16.) ‘‘Fruit medium small, skin white
to greenish, fruit flattened-round. Flesh dry, quality poor.’”’ (Brill. )

6514. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 17.) ‘‘A flat pear, reddish in color.’’

( Brill. )

6515. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 18.) ‘‘ Fruit medium small, skin white
to greenish, fruit flattened-round. Flesh dry, quality poor.’’ (Brill. )

6516. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 19.) ‘‘Ripens in September; a longer
and larger pear than the Kieffer; of similar shape, but smoother; color, rich
golden yellow; quality, good; free from woody tissue; very handsome; often
weighs 14 pounds.”’ (Brill. )

6517. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 20.) ‘‘Large, but of poor quality; skin
brown-russet color, with corky dots the size of sesame seeds; good baked.”’
( Brill. )

6518. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 21.) ‘‘Very large; cavity at stem deep;
coarse flesh.’’ (Brill. )

6519. Pyrvs sp. Pear.

From the vicinity o chang. (No. 22.)

O4

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6507 to 6646 —Continued.

6520. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 23.) ‘‘Ripens very early; small-medi-

um; flat; color yellow-green; slightly acid.’”’ ( Brill.)

6521. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 24.) ‘‘Size large; larger around at stem

end than blossom end; very sweet and good; texture fine. Chinese say it is

‘cooling.’’’ (Brill. )

6522. Drospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 25.) ‘Small fruited.’”’ (Brill. )

6523. Diospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 26.) ‘Large fruited.’’ (Brill. )

6524. Dtospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.
From Wuchang. (No. 27.) ‘‘Small, rather pointed, red; flesh firm and of

good quality, not astringent.’’ ( Brill.)

6525. Diospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.
From Wuchang. (No. 28.) ‘‘Large, red persimmon, rather pointed. Simi-

lar to No. 6524, only three times the size.”’ (Brill. )

6526. Diospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.
From Wuchang. (No. 29.) ‘‘Small, yellow; not as good as the red.’’.

( Brill. )

6527. Diospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.
From Wuchang. (No. 30.) ‘‘Large, flat, ridged, yellow, slightly astrin-

gent; has a crease around its greatest diameter as though a string had been

tied around it before it was fully ripe.’? (Brill. )

6528. Pyrvus sp. Apple.

From Wuchang. (No. 31.) ‘‘ Each tree has buds of three varieties. A soft
mealy apple, resembling a Hyslop crab. Of good size and firm flesh. A vari-
ety cultivated for flowers.”’ (Brill. )

6529. PRUNUS CERASUS. Cherry.

From Wuchang. (No. 32.) ‘‘Tree small. Fruit rather small, pointed, yel-
lowish-red. Ripens at end of April. Never allowed to attain full size before
being picked.’’ (Brill. )

6530. CastraNEA sp. Chestnut.

From Hankow. (No. 33.) ‘‘Propagated by root cuctings. Large nuts.
Tree bears very young, at from 5 to 7 feet.’”’ (Brill. )

6531. PRUNUs sp.

From Ichang. (No. 34.) ‘‘Came to me asa peach. Chinese name is for
cherry.” (Brill. )

6532. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 35.) ‘‘Same as No. 6507.”’ (Brill. )

6533. CaAsTANEA sp. Chestnut.

From Ichang. (No. 36.) ‘‘ Root cuttings of a tree bearing large nuts.
Bears early and the tree does not grow large.’’ (Brill. )

6534. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Ichang. (No. 37.) ‘' Large and late.’’ ( Brill.)

—

~~
_—
ou

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

6507 to 6646—Continued.
6535.
(Number not utilized. )

6536. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 39.) ‘‘ Pointed, reddish-yellow,

sweet; flesh clings to the stone.’’? (Brill. )
6537. PRUNUS sp. Plum.
From Ichang. (No. 40.)

6538. PRUNUS sp. Plum.
From Ichang. (No. 41.)

6539. PRUNUs sp. Plum.
From Ichang. (No. 42.)

6540. PRvuNUs sp. Plum.
From Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 48.)

6541. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 44.) ‘‘Flat, freestone, ripens in
May.”’ (Brill. )

6542. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From near Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 45.) ‘‘ White, fine fleshed, flat,
freestone, ripening the middle of May.’’ (Brill. )

65438. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From Sai Tseo. (No. 46.) ‘‘ Long, rather pointed, red-fleshed, freestone.’’

( Brill. )

6544. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From Sai Tseo. (No. 47.) ‘‘ Medium size, flat, freestone, ripening in May.’’

( Brill.)

6545. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Sai Tseo. (No. 48.) ‘‘ Flat, freestone, quality very good. Ripens in
June.”’ (Brill. )
6546. PrRUNUS sp. Plum.
From Sai Tseo. (No. 49.) ‘‘ Large, round, with deep suture down one
side. Flesh, red. Ripens in August.’’ (Brill.)
6547. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From Ichang. (No. 50.) ‘‘ White peach.” (Brill. )

6548. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From the mountains above Ichang. (No. 50a.)

6549. ZizypHuUS JUJUBA. Chinese date.

From Ichang. (No. 50a.) ‘‘ Much used for preserves by drying in sugar
or sirup. Also eaten fresh.’’ (Brill. )

6550. VIcIA FABA. Broad bean.

From Hankow. (No. 51.) ‘‘ Large flat bean, afew in a pod. Used for
food green and dry. Planted in October or December.’’ (Brill. )

29861—No, 66—05——7

96 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646— Continued.
6551. Pisum sativum, Pea.
From the valley of Hankow. (No. 52.) ‘‘Much resembles the Canadian
field pea. Tender ends of shoots, pods, and the peas, green and dry, are used
for food.’”’ (Brill. )
6552. Pisum SATIVUM. Pea.

From the mountains near Hankow. (No. 53.)

6553. Vicia sp. (?) Pea.

From Ichang. (No. 54.) ‘‘ Grown 1,000 to 3,000 feet above river. Taller
than the others. Much used as food by boat ‘trackers.’’’ ( Brill. )

6554. Vicia sp. (?)

From Chiu Niu, near Hankow. (No. 55.) ‘‘ Used as a green manure for
rice fields. Sown in October to November and plowed under in April. Larger
than No. 6555.”’ (Brill. )

6555. Vicia CRACCA. Vetch.

From Wusuel. (No. 56.) ‘‘ Used especially as a green manure for rice
fields. Sown in September to November. Often among the late rice, beans,
or buckwheat.”’ (Brill. )

6556. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

(No. 57.) ‘‘ Much used for bean curd and oil all over central China. Prob-
ably as many of these are grown as all the other varieties together.”’ ( Brill.)
6557. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Hankow. (No. 58.) ‘‘ Is ground with water into a paste and pressed
into long strings, which are dried and boiled in water.’”’ (Brill)

6558. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

From Hankow. (No. 59.) ‘‘ Used for bean curd and oil. Considered better
than No. 6556.’’ (Brill. )

6559. GLYCINE HISPIDA. | Soy bean.

From beyond Chiu Niu. (No. 60.) ‘‘ Planted between the rows of rice and
ripening late in the fall, after the rice is harvested. Used the same as No.
6556, only quality poorer. Will grow on very wet land.’”’ (Brill. )

6560. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

From beyond Chiu Niu. (No. 61.) ‘‘ Planted and used the same as No.
6559. Planted in July or August.”’ (Brill. )

6561. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

From Hankow. (No. 62.) ‘‘A black bean, used for same purposes as
Nos. 6559 and 6560, but of better quality. Not planted with other crops.’
( Brill. )

6562. PHASEOLUS MUNGO-RADIATUS. Gram.

(No. 63.) ‘‘ Planted on the banks of rice fields and in odd corners. Will
grow in hard-baked soils. Used in the same way as No. 6557.”’ ( Brill.)

6563. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.
(No. 64.) ‘‘Grows to a height of four feet or more. Used for food.”

( Brill. )

6564. PHASEOLUS MUNGO. Gram.

From Iechang. (No. 65.) ‘‘Grows on the mountains between the Indian
corn. Largely takes the place of rice; is also cooked with vegetables before
fully dry.”’ ( Brill.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 97

6507 to 6646— Continued.
6565. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Bean.
From Ichang. (No. 66.) ‘‘A climber. Used as asnap bean.’’ (Brill. )

6566. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Hankow. (No. 67.) ‘‘These peas are often ground to a paste with
water and fried in a hot kettle, forming a huge pancake.’’ (Brill. )

6567. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Hankow. (No. 68.) ‘‘ Long-podded bush bean. Used almost entirely
green as a snap bean. It is planted early in the spring in cold frames after
being soaked in water, then transplanted.’’ (Briil. )

6568. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Hankow. (No. 69.) “Same as No. 6567, except a climber, trained
on a trellis.”’ (Brill. )

6569. DoLicHos LABLAB. Bean.

(No. 70.) ‘‘A great trailer. Usually planted above banks or fences. A pro-
fuse bearer of flat pods, which later are used green as snap beans. Late
variety.’”? (Brill. )

6570. CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS. Jack bean.

(No. 71.) ‘‘A great climber; strong grower. Often planted around the
houses for shade. Pods over 1 foot long, containing about nine large beans.
Pods are cut up and eaten green, and also salted. Beans are very good, but
expensive.”’ (Brill. )

6571. ASTRAGALUS SINICUS. Genge clover.

(No.72.) ‘A cloverlike plant, sown from September to December. Plowed
under in April as a green manure for rice. Grows to a height of 13 to 24 feet.
Has many tubercles on the roots and will grow in very wet land. Reseeds itself
on the overflowed lands.”’ ( Brill.)

6572. GYMNOCLADUS CHINENSIS. Soap tree.

(No. 73.) “Large tree. The pods are pounded to a paste and used asa
soap. They have the smell of rancid butter. Seeds are used as a dye.’’
(Brill. )

6573. ZEA MAYS. Corn.

From the mountains above Ichang. (No. 74.) ‘‘Has been grown there
for 200 years or more. Originally from America. Resists drought well. Much
used.as food.’’ ( Brill.)

6574. Zpa MAYS. Corn.
From the mountains above Ichang. (No. 75.) (Same as No. 6573, except

in color. )

6575. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Hankow. (No. 76.) ‘‘A glutinous rice, very much like No. 6577. It
is planted a little earlier and will ripen in two weeks less time.’’ (Brill. )

6576. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 77.) ‘‘A glutinous rice sown in May and harvested in November.

Very productive.”’ (Brill. )

6577. ORyzA SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 78.) ‘‘A glutinous rice with red or brown hulls, which are quite

easily separated from the kernels. Rather late in ripening.’’ (Brill. )

YS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED

6507 to 6646 Continued.

6578. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 79.) ‘‘A glutinous rice, ripening a little earlier than No, 6584. The

hull is very thin and gives a large proportion of hulled rice. Hulls very long.

Mostly used for making candy.’’ (Brill. )

6579. Oryza SATIVA, Rice.
(No. 80.) ‘‘A hard rice that does not swell a great deal in cooking. Sown

in May, transplanted in June, harvested in September. Hulls thin, giving a

large per cent of clean rice.’’ (Brill. )

6580. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 81.) ‘A hard rice with long awns and brown, thick chaff.’? ( Brill.)

6581. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 82.) ‘‘A round, short-grained, glutinous rice, with small, compact

heads. Ripens a week earlier than No. 6578, or about the middle of July.”

( Brill. )

6582. OryZA SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 83.) ‘‘Straw large and coarse. Hull quite thick. Best rice of this

section.”’ (Brill. ) 4

6583. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.
(No. 84.) ‘‘A hard rice; straw short and small, but tough; hulls thin;

yields well.’’? (Brill. )

6584. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.

(No. 85.) ‘‘Grows 33 to 4 feet high. The seed is sown in March and it is
ripe in July. Field is then flooded after harvest and suckers start out which
produce a smaller crop in September. Yields heavy crop of good rice. More
of this is sown than of any other variety around Hankow.”’ (Brill. )

6585. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.

From Ichang. (No. 86.) ‘‘A brown-hulled rice.”’ (Brill. )

6586. ORyZA SATIVA. Rice.
From Ichang. (No. 87.) ‘‘It is said to ripen three months from sowing

the seed.’’ ( Brill.)

6587. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
From Ichang. (No. 88.)

6588. Oryza SATIVA. ' Rice.
From Shasi. (No. 89.) ‘‘A glutinous rice sown on the overflowed lands.

The plants are said to stand an excess of water and to keep their heads above

it better than any other variety.”’ (Brill. )

6589. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.
From Sai Tseo. (No. 90.) ‘‘ Much used by the people as porridge in place

of rice in the north of the province.’’ (Brill.

6590. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.
From Sai Tseo. (No. 91.) ‘‘Used in same way as No. 6589.”’ (Brill.)

6591. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.

From Ichang. (No. 92.) ‘‘Grown in the mountains and much used as a
substitute for rice.”’ (Brill. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, 10 DECEMBER, 1903. 99

6507 to 6646——Continued.

6592. CHARTOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.
From Ichang. (No. 93.) ‘‘ Has the same use as No, 6591, but is said to be

of a different variety.’’ (Brill. )

6598. CHARTOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.
From Ichang. (No. 94.) ‘Said to be more glutinous than Nos. 6591 and

6592."’ ( Brill.)

6594. CHARBTOCHLOA ITALICA. Millet.

From the plains above Hankow. (No. 95.)

6595. SersaAmum INDICUM. Sesame.
From Hankow. (No. 96.) ‘‘ Black variety, much used for oil; seeds also
used in candy and cake; oil is considered the best of all for cooking.’’ (Brill. )
6596. SrsaAmMuM INDICUM. Sesame.
(No. 97.) ‘‘ White variety, used the same as No. 6595, but grown in much
larger quantities. The oil is considered better than any other vegetable oil
for cooking. Exported to France and Germany in large quantities.’ ( Brill. )
6597. HorDdEUM VULGARE. Barley.
From Chiu Niu, near Hankow. (No. 98.) ‘‘ Boiled with rice or boiled and
eaten in place of rice.’’ (Brill. )
6598. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From near Hankow. (No. 99.) ‘‘Fish-headed wheat, with small, compact
heads.’”’ (Brill. )
6599. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From near Hankow. (No. 100.) ‘‘Long-headed wheat.’’ ( Brill.)

6600. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

(No. 101.) ‘‘Variety most sown on the plains after the summer overflow
of the river.”’ (Brill. )

6601. HorpDEUM VULGARE. Barley.
From below Hankow. (No. 102.) ‘‘Largely used here for feeding horses.”’

(Brill. )

6602. FaGopyrRuM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.

(No. 108.) ‘‘Sown in August or September. Said to be different from No.
6603. Called sweet buckwheat.”’ (Brill. )

6603. FAGopyRUM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.
(No. 104.) ‘‘Sown early in the springand called bitter buckwheat.’’ (Briil. )

6604. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

From Hankow. (No.105.) ‘‘Grows toa height of 12 feetor more. Planted
on land too dry for rice. Used for distilling, and refuse is used for pigs and
cattle. In some places used for human food.’’ (Brill. )

6605. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.

From Hankow. (No. 106.) ‘‘Sown from September to November. Grows
all winter.’’? ( Brill.)

100 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646—Continued.
6606. ABUTILON AVICENNABR, Chinese hemp.

From Hankow. (No. 107.) ‘‘Much used for the manufacture of rope and
coarse bagging. The plant is cut, tied in small bundles, and packed in mud
or water for about five days. The bark is then stripped off by hand and
washed, and it is then ready for market.’’ (Brill. )

6607. BRASSICA JUNCEA. Chinese mustard.

From Wuchang. (No. 108.) ‘‘This seed is planted in August or September.
Young plants are then transplanted to rows about 1 to 3 feet apart. The best
is grown about Wuchang. Flower stalks are cut all winter continuously.
They are eaten much like asparagus. Color, purple, but said to change to
green after a season or two if the seed is planted in any other place.’’ (Brill. )

6608. HoveENIA DULCIS. , Raisin tree.

From Hupeh Province. (No. 109.) ‘‘Large, handsome tree. The thick-
ened, sweet seed stems are sold on the street, and the Chinese eat them after
feasts of wine, saying they prevent the wine from making them drunk,’’
(Brill. )

6609. PreRoCARYA STENOPTERA. Wing nut.

From Hankow. (No. 100a.) ‘‘Large, quick-growing, soft-wooded tree,
growing along streams. Planted on the Hankow Bend.” ( Brill.)

6610. Brassica PE-TSAI. Chinese cabbage. ,

From Hsiang Yang. (No. 102a.) ‘‘ Best cabbage of central China. Shipped
down the river Han to Hankow in large quantities. Its suecessful growth
appears limited to certain localities. Seeds sown late in April, then trans-
planted. A month before maturity a rice straw is often tied around the head
to make it more compact.’’ (Brill. )

6611. Brassica PE-TSAI. Chinese cabbage.
From Hsiang Yang. (No. 108a.) ‘‘Same as No. 6610, only a larger variety.”’

( Brill. )

6612. RapwHanus SATIVUs. Radish.

From Sui Chow. (No. 104a.) ‘‘Round, globe shaped, smooth, fine red
color. Called a turnip by the Chinese and cooked in the same way.’’ ( Brill.)

6613. BRassica JUNCEA. Chinese mustard. —
From Sui Chow. (No. 105a.) ‘‘Top and root are salted much the same as |
sauerkraut and sold in all large towns.”’ (Brill. ) |

6614. Brassica JUNCEA. Chinese mustard.
(No. 106a.) ‘‘ Produces very large leaves which are wilted in the sun and

then pickled with salt. May be valuable as a food for sheep.”’ ( Brill.)

6615. Daucus carora. Carrot.
(No. 107a.) ‘‘Medium long, yellow. Sown in autumn and generally dug

all winter.’’ ( Brill.) ;

6616. SpminaciIA OLERACEA. Spinach.
(No. 108a.) ‘‘Much used all winter.’’? (Briil.) |

6617. CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM. Edible chrysanthemum. ©
(No. 109a.) ‘‘A plant much used, cooked with other vegetables.’”’ ( Brill.)

6618. Lacruca sativa. Lettuce.

(No. 110.) ‘‘Stalk becomes much thickened and succulent, and is cook
as a vegetable. Leaves used only by very poor people. Foreign varieties
used around the ports.’ (Brill. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 101

6507 to 6646—Continued.
6619. ARTEMISIA sp.
(No. 111.) ‘‘Used as greens, cooked.’’ (Brill. )

6620. Cucurbira PEPO. Squash.
(No. 112.) ‘‘Long, green skinned, smooth. Flesh very white. Often

weighs 65 pounds or more. Shipped to Hankow in large quantities.”’? (Brill. )

6621. Cucursira prEpo. Squash.

(No. 118.) ‘‘Thick, fine skinned, dark yellow, very irregular in shape.
Flesh thick, firm, and yellow.’’ (Brill. )

6622. BRaAssica JUNCEA. Chinese mustard.
(No. 114.) ‘‘A large mustard that might have value for sheep food.”

( Brill. )

6623. INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA. Indigo.

(No. 115.)

6624. PoLYGONUM sp.
(No. 116.). ‘‘ Very dark color.”’ (Briil.)

6625. SAPIUuM SEBIFERUM. Tallow tree.

From Hankow. (No. 117.) ‘‘Seeds used for wax. Coating around the
seed much harder than that init. Tree has hard white wood, even grained.
Used for carving, incense, ete. Much of the tallow is exported from Hankow.”’
( Brill.)

6626. AVENA sp. Wild oat.

(No. 118.) ‘‘Grows wild or mixed with barley. Has longawns.’’ (Brill. )

6627. Rusussp. - Raspberry.

From Yang Tse Gorges, above Kuei Fu. (No. 119.) ‘‘Strong grower, pro-
lific bearer. Fruit red, of good size and good flavor.’’ ( Brill.)

6628. RuvBus sp. Raspberry.
From near Kuling, near Kukiang. (No. 120.) ‘‘Said to be good as to size

and quality.’’ (Brill. )

6629. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
(No. 121.) ‘‘Stones of several varieties.’’ (Briil.)

6630. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
(No. 122.) ‘‘Stones of several varieties.’’ (Brill.)

6631. PruNus CERAsus (7). Cherry.
(No. 123.)
6632. Canna sp. Canna.

From Wau Hsien. (No. 124.) ‘‘Growing wild.” ( Brill.)

6633. THEA VIRIDIS. Tea.
From Yang To Seng. (No. 125.) ‘‘Seed from one of the best tea districts

of China.’’ (Brill. )

6634. CasTANEA sp. Chestnut.
(No. 126.) ‘‘Seed mixed, large and medium.’’ ( Brill.)

10% SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646—Continued.
6635. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From mountains near Ichang. (No, 127.) ‘‘ Flowers late, fruit ripens in
September. Freestone. Fruit small and quite hairy.’’ ( Brill.)
6636. CurrrRus AURANTIUM. Orange.

(No, 128.) ‘Three varieties of orange seed.’’ ( Brill.)

6637. BorHMERIA NIVEA. Ramie.
From near Wuchang. (No, 129.)

6638. BorHMERIA NIVEA. Ramie.
From Hunan. (No. 130.) ‘‘These roots are from some brought from the
best plantations of Hunan for the Viceroy Chang Chi Teng. Hunan is sup-
posed to produce some of the best fiber of China.’’ (Brill. )
6639. [Unidentified plant. ]
From Loo Ho Ko, on Han River. (No. 131.) ‘‘Is cooked much as white
potatoes are. Grown from pieces of the root.’’ (Brill. )
6640. Cirrus AURANTIUM. Orange.
From Ichang. (No. 132.)

6641. Cirrus LIMONUM. ; Lemon.
From Ichang. (No. 133.) ‘‘ Very juicy, fragrant, full of seeds, large, round,

thick-skinned. Used by Chinese as a medicine.”’ (Brill. )

6642. CITRUS NOBILIS. Mandarin orange.
From Wuchang. (No. 134.) ‘‘Medium size, loose-skinned orange, slightly

sour.’’ (Brill. )

6643. CITRUS MEDICA. Citron.
From Wuchang. (No. 135.) ‘‘Tight-skinned, round orange.’’ (Brill. )

6644. Cirrus NOBILIs. Mandarin orange.
From Wuchang. (No. 136.) ‘‘ Large, loose-skinned.’’ (Brill. ) -

6645. Cirrus DECUMANA. Pomelo.
From Ichang. (No. 1387.) ‘‘Small, white-fleshed.”’

6646. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Ichang. (No. 138.) ‘‘Small, red-fleshed. Considered the best.’
( Brill. )

6647. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 533, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

‘‘A striking variety of orange which is extremely light in color, and according to
Mr. Colla is called in Corfu ‘Arancio con pello bianco.’ May be of value for breeders.”’
( Fairchild. )

6648. [Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Corfu, Greece, Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 536, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

‘‘A variety of fig ripening its fruits in February when no leaves are on the tree.
The fig is small, but very sweet, and it is very much relished by Europeans in Corfu.
It is not a drying fig. Known in Corfu as ‘Fico di Febbraio.’’’ (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 103

6649. OLA BUROPARA. Olive.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 535, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

‘A variety of olive which is said to ripen its fruit in July instead of in October
and at the same time to be a heavier siekdies than the ordinary sorts grown in Corfu.
Called ‘ Olivo di Estate,’ and I am assured by Mr. Colla, of Corfu, that this variety is
known only in a small part of the island of Corfu.”’ — (/airchild. )

6650. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 531, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

‘A very large variety of walnut grown at Paleocastritza, near the town of Corfu.

The nut is of quite unusual proportions and the shell is said to be of only medium

thickness. The thin skin of the kernel is also said to be less bitter than that of ordi-
nary varieties.’’ (Fairchild. )

6651. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 532, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

“A variety of walnut having a shell so thin that it splits open of itself as the
exocarp or outer covering dries, exposing the kernel within. An interesting house
nut, but probably of little commercial value. May, however, be excellent for breed-
ing purposes.’’ (Fairchild. )

6652. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.
From Corfu, Greece. Received May 21, 1901.
(No data. )

6653. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

From Kafr-el-Zayat, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 607,
April 18, 1901), May 21, 1901.

‘‘The native Egyptian flax which, according to Mr. Bonaparte’s experiments near
Cairo, is much inferior to the Belgian imported variety. I can not say positively
‘that this Egyptian variety used by Bonaparte was identical with this seed sent. The
stems are long, not blanched near the ground, but of quite miniature and slender size
compared with that from Belgian seed. For breeders only.’ (Fairchild. )

6654. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 608, April 18,
1901), May 21, 1901.

Lemon beledi. ‘‘A native Egyptian lemon which is not grafted, but grown from
seed. It comes true to seed, or reasonably so at any rate. It is a thin-skinned,
very juicy variety and is keenly appreciated in Egypt, although a good Syrian variety
is common there. This is valued for its great juiciness and wonderfully prolific
character.’’ (Fairchild. )

‘

6655. GossyPIuM sp. Cotton.
From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, May 21, 1901.

‘*Samples of a variety said to be growing wild in the Sudan, and also a sample from
the Province of Tokar, in the Sudan, grown from seed sent up there from Lower Egypt
last year to show the quality of Sudan-grown cotton.”’ ( Fuirchild. )

6656. Pyrus MALUS. Apple.
Received through Hunter & Sons, Gosford, New South Wales, May 22, 1901.
Irish Peach.

104 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

6657. PAULOWNIA sp.
From China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 101), May 17, 1901.

6658. HlorDEUM VULGARE. Barley.

From the Han River, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No, 1024), May
17, 1901.

‘From up the Han River, where it is used for food in place of rice.’’ (Brill. )

6659. ACTINIDIA sp.
From China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill, May 17, 1901.

6660. (CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA.

From Japan. Received through Tokyo Seed and Plant Company, Yokohama,
May 22, 1901.

6661. LALBERGIA SISSOO.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 601, April 18,
1901), May 24, 1901.

‘‘A rapidly growing, hard-wooded tree which is easily propagated by root cuttings.
It is a pretty ornamental for warm regions, with delicate foliage of light green, and
it is looked upon by the gardener near Cairo, Mr. Stamm, as one of the most promis-
ing avenue trees in Egypt. Personally I find that its shade-giving properties are too
scanty to recommend it for this purpose. It will do well as a park or garden tree,
however. It requires plenty of water and warmth.’ (Fairchild. )

6662. KHAMNUS CALIFORNICA. Cascara sagrada.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

The plant from which the drug cascara of commerce is secured.

6663. MAURANDIA BARCLAIANA.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6664. Mantra SATIVA.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6665. KLAEAGNUS LONGIPES. Goumi.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6666. ACACIA RETINODES (7%).
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

In Kew Index synonymous with 4. neriifolia.

6667. KuUPHORBIA LATHYRIS.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6668. STERCULIA DIVERSIFOLIA.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

G669. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6670. VICIA GIGANTEA. Vetch.
Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 105

6671. CANNABIS INDICA. Hemp.

From Royal Botannical Garden, Sibpur, Calcutta, India. Received May 31,
1901.

6672. Larix LEPTOLEPIS. Japanese larch.

From Japan. Received through Vilmorin Andrieux & Co., Paris, France,
June 38, 1901.

6673 to 6678. (oOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 600-605,
April 18, 1901), June 10, 1901.

“A collection of cottons which have been selected by Christian Stamm, of Cairo,
from fields of the Egyptian cotton and from his own experimental plats.
6673.
Mit Afifi. Selected cream color. First year of selection.

6674.

Very large growing variety, 2 to 2.50 meters high, bearing very large cap-
sules. Grown in Stamm’s garden in Cairo.
6675.

Jannovitch. Cream colored, selected from Stamm’s own garden.

6676.

The descendant of a cross between a variety sent year before last to Mr. H. J.
Webber and a variety called by Stamm “‘ Berla.’”?’ Shows tendency toward
cream color.

6677.

Berla. Second generation. Selected from fields as the yellowest sort
among many thousands. The yield of this sort was very high, even double
that of many others grown in Stamm’s garden.

6678.
‘*Wild cotton from Omdurman in the Sudan.’’ (Fairchild. )
6679. (GossYPIUM BARBADENSE. . Cotton.
From Shibin-el-Kanater, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, June
10, 1901.

Mit Afifi. Ordinary variety.

6680. TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Minieh, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 634, May 5,
1901), June 10, 1901.

Mishriki. ‘‘ A very fine variety of this wheat which was exhibited last season at the
Khedivial Agricultural Society’s show in Cairo, and which Mr. George P. Foaden, the
secretary of the society, remarked as the finest he has ever seen in Egypt. Secured
through Mr. Foaden’s kindness from the grower in the province of Minieh, which
lies between the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth degrees of latitude. The wheat is
grown on irrigated land, and from all I can ascertain is remarkably pure, considering
how mixed almost all Egyptian wheats are. This wheat will probably not with-
stand the cold winters of the pl-‘ns at all, but will very likely prove of great value
in Texas. Itisa hard wheat, whose qualities for macaroni making are quite unknown.
Its yielding capacity, I believe, will prove satisfactory, although its resistance to rust,
1 surmise, may not equal that of other Egyptian sorts, for I notice the heads sent
as samples are more or less rusted. Should be planted on soil receiving irrigation
and tried as a winter wheat in the Southwest on good, rich, stiff soil.’’ (/airchild. )
(See No. 7016. )

106 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6681 to 6693.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Presented by the firm of B. Nathan & Co., through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received June 10, 1901. A collection of seeds of culti-
vated plants gathered in the Sudan by one of the firm.

6681. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Kusabee, Arabic name.

6682. PaNIcUM MILIACEUM (?), Broom-corn millet.
**Coming from the River Dukhu.’’ (Fairchild. )

6683. SeESAMUM INDICUM. Sesame.
6684. GossyPIUM sp. Cotton.

A mixed lot of seed of different races and even species.

6685. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.
“Very good quality.’’ (Fairchild. )

6686. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Aish Abou Girdeh, Arabic name.

6687. CICER ARIETINUM. . Chick-pea.

Hummos, Arabic name.

6688. Lupinus sp. Lupine.

Tirmoos, Arabic name.

6689. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Hajiree, Arabic name.

6690. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Hamaisee, Arabic name.

6691. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Feterite, Arabic name.

6692. Panicum MILIACEUM (?). Broom-corn millet.
Dukhu, Arabic name.

6693. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Safra, Arabic name.

6694 to 6711.

From Pekin, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill, June 12, 1901. A col-
lection of seeds of cultivated plants, as follows:

6694. CucuUMIS SATIVUS. Cucumber.

‘This forcing cucumber is grown with heat during the winter. Many speci-
mens were from 1 foot to 18 inches long, very crisp, and of good quality. Each
had a small weight attached to it after it was an inch and a half long to keep
it straight.’’ (Brill. )

6695. CucursiTa sp. Squash.
6696. SoLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

‘* Large, purple, of very fine quality.’’ (Brill.)

6697. CuCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.
‘*Said to be of very good quality.’’ ( Brill.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 107
6694 to 6711 Continued.
6698. CucuRBITA sp. Squash.
‘Flesh very white, much used by Chinese, cooked with meat or alone.’’
( Brill. )
6699. RAPnaNus SATIVUS. Radish.

‘Large, red, flat variety, resembling a turnip. Kept through the winter
and much eaten raw, as well as cooked.’’ (Brill. )

6700. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.

6701. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
‘*A winter variety.’’ (Brill. )

6702. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.

‘*\ forcing variety, grown under mats or under benches in cucumber houses.
It is sold in bunches when small. Globe shaped. It is also grown very thickly
and the young radishes are pulled when about to send out the third leaf. For
use in salads.”? (Brill. )

6703. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.

‘‘Small, long, red variety.’’ ( Brill.)

6704. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
‘‘Long, white variety.”’ ( Brill.)

6705. BRASSICA OLERACEA. Cabbage.

‘“A very long-headed cabbage, 3 to 5 inches in diameter. The quality is
said by foreigners to be excellent. Some say it has a very delicate flavor and
can be eaten without causing indigestion by people who can not eat the ‘for-
eign’ cabbage.”’ (Brill. )

6706. Daucus CAROTA. Carrot.

6707. APIUM GRAVEOLENS. Celery.
‘“Not very good in comparison with foreign varieties, but better than that of

central China.’’ (Brill. )

6708. CucuRBITA sp. Gourd.
‘* Hard shells used for drinking cups, ete.” (Brill. )

6709. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Broom-corn millet.
‘“Much used in the place of rice by the people around Pekin. Cooked as

porridge.’ (Brill. )

6710. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.
““This is much grown for human food around Pekin and is considered much

superior to the other varieties.”’ ( Brill.)

6711. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Broom-corn millet.
‘*This variety is said to withstand drought well.’? (Brill. )

6712. Correa ARABICA. Coffee.

From Macassar, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. Presented by Mr. K. Auer, U. 8.
Consular Agent at Macassar, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. (No.
385.) Received June 12, 1901.

7 Patjoe or Bonthain. A superior variety of coffee grown in southern Celebes,

108 SEEDS

6713 to 6730. PyYRUS MALUS.

From Gosford, New South Wales.

1901.

A eellection of varieties, as follows:

6713.
Fall Beauty.

6714.
Winter Majetin.
6715.

Autumn Tart.

6716.
Lord Wolseley.

6717.
Ruby Pearmain.
6718.

Golden Queen.

6719.
Northern Spy.

6720.

Menagerie.

6721.
Striped Beaufin.

6731 to 6753. PyRUS MALUS.
Received through Mr. C. A. Nobelius, June 19, 1901.
A collection of varieties, as follows:

From Emerald, Victoria.

6731.

Sharp’s Early.
6732.

Cole’s Rymer.

6733.

William Anderson.

6734.
Kooroochiang.
6735.
John Sharp.

6736.
Cliff’?'s Seedling.

6737.
Santa Clara King.

AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

Apple.

Received through Hunter & Sons, June 19,

6722.

Yarra Bank.

6723.

Chatastee.

6724.
Magg’s Seedling.

6725.

Early Richmond.
6726.

Tetofsky.
6727.

Primate.
6728.

New England Pigeon.
6729.

Stubbard Codlin.

6730.
Trish Peach.

Apple.

6738.
Granny Smith.

6739.
Sharp’s Late Red.

6740.
Ruby Gem.

6741.
Northern Spy.

6742.
‘Statesman.

67438.
Winter Majetin.

6744.
Early Richmond.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 109

6731 to 6753— Continued.

6745. 6750.

Sharp’s Nonesuch, Lord Wolseley.
6746. 6751.

Ruby Pearmain. The Queen.
6747. 6752.

Fall Beauty. Shroeder’ s.
6748. 6753.

Trish Peach. Taupaki,

6749.
Maggq’s Seedling.

6754 to 6772. Pyrus MALUS.

From Camden, New South Wales.

Apple.

Received from Ferguson & Son, June 19, 1901.

A collection of varieties, all grafted on Northern Spy stocks, as follows:

6754. 6764.

Striped Beaufin. Yarra Bank.
6755. 6765.

Golden Queen. Northern Spy.
6756. 6766.

New England Pigeon. Autumn Tart.
6757. 6767.

Chatastee. Winter Majetin.
6758. 6768.

American Golden Pippin. Irish Peach.
6759. 6769.

Menagerie. Magg’s Seedling.
6760. 6770.

Stubbart Codlin. Tetofsky.
6761. 6771.

Ruby Pearmain. Early Richmond.
6762. 6772.

Primate. Fall Beauty.
6763.

Lord Wolseley.

6773 to 6823. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Kabylia, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. 8. Scofield, June 19, 1901.
‘This collection, secured by Mr. Scofield in the spring of 1901, consists of cuttings
of all the caprifig trees he observed in the vicinity of Tizi Ouzou and Fort National
in the mountainous part of Kabylia to the east of the town of Algiers. No data could
be secured in regard to most of the numbers and some may prove to be duplicates.
All of the 50 numbers are caprifigs, with the exception of 6819, which is an ordinary

110 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

edible fig. This collection, as well as those enumerated before in this inventory,
was secured in the hope of getting an assortment of caprifigs having as wide a range
of climatic and soil requirements as possible, in the hope of finding varieties suited to
harbor the blastophaga in all parts of California and the Southwest where fig culture
is feasible. These varieties are on trial in the Department gardens, and will be
distributed when their qualities have been determined.’’ (Swingle. ) .
6773.
‘‘OCuttings from tree No. 18, growing along road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6774.
‘‘Cuttings from tree No. 11, growing along road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6775.

‘‘Outtings from a large tree (No. 33) in the rich bottom lands about a mile or
two beyond Tizi Ouzou on the way from Fort National.’’ (Scofield. )

6776.
‘‘Cuttings from tree No. 12 along the road from Fort National to Tizi

Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )

/

Gv77.

‘‘Cuttings from a large and very fine orchard above Mr. Bankhardt’s mill,
4 or 5 miles out of Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort National.’’ (Scofield. )
6778.

‘**Cuttingsfrom a large and very fine orchard just above Mr. Bankhardt’s mill,
4or 5 miles out from Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort National.’’ (Scofield. )
6779.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 22 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’
(Scofield. )

6780.

‘* Cuttings from tree No. 23 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”
(Scofield. )

6781.

‘‘Cuttings from a tree in large and very fine orchard above the mill belong-
ing to Mr. Bankhardt, 4 or 5 miles out from Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort
National.’’ (Scofield. )
6782.

‘‘Cuttings from tree No. 10 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’
(Scofield. )

6783.

‘“Cuttings from tree No. 14 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.
(Possibly Ghazarh, early. Cuttings from tree in immediate vicinity of Tizi —
Ouzou. Label lost.)’’ (Scofield. ) |
6784. |

‘“‘ Cuttings from tree No. 21 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’
( Scofield. )

6785.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 6 on the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou,”’
( Scofield.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 111

6773 to 6823—Continued.

6786.

“Outtings from a large and very fine orchard just above Mr. Bankhardt’s mill,
4 or 5 miles out from Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort National.’ (Scofield. )

_ 6787.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 24 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’
(Scofield. )
6788.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 13 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou,
near Fort National.’’ (Scofield. )

6789.

Dhaalou, No. 1. ‘‘Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in the imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6790.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 15 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’

(Scofield. )
6791.

‘‘Cuttings from very fine large tree growing in rich bottom lands a mile
or so beyond Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6792.

“Cuttings from tree No. 7 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.’’
( Scofield. )

6793.

Ghazar, No. 1, an early variety. ‘‘Cuttings from tree in immediate vicinity .
of Tizi Ouzou. (Possibly another kind, No. 14, from tree alon* road from
Fort National to Tizi Ouzou. Label missing.)’’ (Scofield. )

6794.

‘‘Cuttings from tree near Fort National, on the other side (from Tizi
Ouzou). Tree still carried the winter fruit in considerable numbers.’’ — (Sco-

field. )
6795.

“Cuttings from tree in orchard in rich bottom lands a mile or two beyond
Tizi Ouzou (from Fort National), tree of medium size.’’ (Scofield.)
6796.

““Cuttings from a tree, No. 25, along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.”’ (Scofield. )
6797.

“Cuttings from tree No. 4 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.’”’ (Scofield. )
6798.

“Cuttings from tree No. 19 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6799.

** Cuttings from tree No. 17 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’

(Scofield. )

29861—No. 66—05 8

112 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6773 to 6823 Continued.
6800.
‘*Outtings from tree No. 16 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.’’
( Scofield. )
6801.
Ghazar, No. 3. ‘* Cuttings obtained from large tree, south side of the valley,
in immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou, rather late.’’ (Scofield. )
6802.

‘‘Cuttings from tree No. 8 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )

6803.

Texcout, No. 1. ‘‘Karly variety. Cuttings from tree on north side of val-
ley in the immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6804.

‘‘Outtings from tree on other side of Fort National from Tizi Ouzou.
Worthy of mention, as they still carried the winter fruit in considerable num-
bers—both old and new fruits.’’ (Scofield. )

6805.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 20 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’
( Scofield. )
6806.

‘Cuttings from tree on south side of valley in the immediate vicinity of
Tizi Ouzou. Name unknown; season medium, intermediate.’’ (Scofield. )

6807.

Dhaalou, No. 2. ‘‘Cuttings from tree in immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou,
from north side of valley.’’ (Scofield. )
6808.

‘*Outtings from a very fine, large tree in orchard in the rich bottom lands a
mile or two beyond Tizi Ouzou from Fort National.’’ (Scofield. )

6809.
Marza-Ko. ‘‘ Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in the immediate
vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.”’ (Scofield. )
6810.
Dhaalou, No. 3. ‘Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in the imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6811. -7
Ahzaim (2). Late. ‘‘Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6812. |
‘‘Cuttings from tree No. 9 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6813.

Ahzaim, No.1. Late. ‘‘Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in imme-_
diate yicinity of Tizi Ouzou.”’ (Scofield. ) oy

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 113

6773 to 6823—Continued.
6814.

“Cuttings from tree No. 1, near Fort National, on road to Tizi Ouzou.’’
(Scofield. )

6815.

Texkourt (short form), Late. ‘‘Cuttings from tree on south side of valley
in the immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )
6816.

“Cuttings from tree in a large and very fine orchard just above a flour and
oil mill belonging to Mr. Bankhardt. It is 4 or 5 miles out of Tizi Ouzou, on
the road to Fort National.’’ —(Scofield.)

6817.

‘Cuttings from a small, scraggy, but heavily fruited tree in orchard in the
rich bottom lands a mile or two beyond Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )

6818.

‘Cuttings from medium-sized trees in orchard in the rich bottom lands a
mile or two beyond Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield.)

6819.

Bakor (not a caprifig). ‘‘ Excellent tree. Cuttings from tree south of Tizi
Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )

6820.

Tetouzel, No. 1. Early. (Spelled Teefouzel or Trefouzel.) ‘‘Cuttings from
tree on south side of valley in the immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou.”’ (Scofield. )

6821.

‘Cuttings from tree No. 5 on the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.”’
(Scofield. )

6822.

‘‘Cuttings from tree south of Tizi Ouzou.’’ (Scofield. )

6823.

Ain Hjedjla. ‘‘Season medium. Cuttings from tree north of Tizi Ouzou.”’
(Scofield. )

6824. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.
From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, June 29,
1901.

‘Very fine pistache nut from a Greek nurseryman in Smyrna.’’ ( Roeding.)

6825. ‘TRIFOLIUM SPUMOSUM.

From Mustapha Superieur, near Algiers, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. §.
Scofield, May 25, 1901.

“Seed from a plant found in the grounds of the former consulate of Denmark.
They are from an especially fine plant and can not be easily replaced.’’ (Scofield. )

6826. VERONIA ELEPHANTUM (/)

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 609), May 24,
1901.

*“‘A very pretty shade tree, suitable for planting in southern Florida or southern
California. It grows and fruits well in the gardens in Cairo and is considered a desir-
able ornamental tree for parks.”’ (Iwirchild.)

Ll4 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6827. ZEA MAYs. Corn.
From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G, Fairchild (No, 624), July 1,
1901,

Secured for Mr. Fairchild by George P. Foaden, esq., secretary of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society of Cairo,

Morelli, *“‘It is a low-growing sort and does not exhaust the soil as the tall-grow-
ing American kinds do. As much as 80 bushels per acre are harvested in Egypt. It
has been tested in comparison with the following American sorts and yielded heavier
and twenty days earlier: Morelli, the Egyptian sort, yielded 1244 ardebs per feddan;
Tender and True, an American variety, yielded 115{; Hickory King, also American,
10; and Imperial Leaming only 9 ardebs. (These are Egyptian units, given only for
comparison.) It is a white variety, preferred to most others in Egypt because of its
extreme earliness and great productivity. Itgrows scarcely half as high as the Amer-
ican sorts. Here in Egypt the maize is broadcasted very thickly, much as we plant
fodder maize. The hill system is little known. Perhaps this and the irrigation sys-
tem used in the comparative test may account for the comparatively high yield of the
Egyptian. This variety should be tried in irrigated regions, such as those of southern
California, and a quantity should be reserved for experiments in the Colorado Desert.”’
( Fairchild. )

6828. (QUEBRACHIA LORENTZII. Quebracho colorado.

From Tucuman, Argentina. Presented by Mr. Joel Blamey, Huasan, Andal-
gala Catamarca, Argentina. Received July 5, 1901.

‘‘Large handsome trees, 40 to 50 feet high, found in the heavy river bottom forests
of Argentina and Paraguay, not yet introduced into this country. The wood is of a
red color, very hard, contains from 25 to 28 per cent of tannin, and is impervious to
weather conditions. Logs exposed for a hundred years are stillsound. It is used in
Argentina for beams in house and bridge building, railroad ties, all kinds of posts,
and fortannin. There were imported into the United States in 1901 60,000 tons of
extract, worth nearly $300,000. Klipstein & Co., New York, state that 240,000 tons
of wood are also imported annually.” ( Harrison.)

6829. Ebony tree.
From Tucuman, Argentina. Received through Mr. Joel Blamey, Huasan,
Andalgala Catamarea, Argentina, July 5, 1901.
6830. Viraris.
From Tucuman, Argentina. Received through Mr. Joel Blamey, Huasan,
Andalgala Catamarea, Argentina, July 5, 1901. ; |
6831. OLEA EUROPAEA. Olive.

From Tunis, nurseries of M. G. Castet. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Govern-
ment Botanist of Algeria, through Mr. C. 8. Scofield. Received July 2, 1901.
Chetoni or Octonbri. This is described by N. Minangoin as an oil olive ‘‘ very com-
mon in northern Tunis at Tunis, Soliman, Tebourba, Bizerte, and Grombalia, where
it enters to at least the extent of two-thirds into the composition of the olive orchards.”
( Bulletin de la Direction de V Agriculture et du Commerce, Regence de Tunis 6 No. 8,
January, 1901, p. 35, pl. 6, fig. 11.)

6832. Ficus CARICA. _ Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.
‘Very large caprifig from 8. G. Magnisalis, Aidin.’’ (Roeding. )

' 6833. QUERCUS AEGILOPS. Valonia oak.

From Nazli, Province of Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George
C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.

This species of evergreen oak is the one furnishing the ‘‘ Valonia’’ of commerce,
one of the best tanning materials known. The acorn cups are the parts containing
the tannin.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 115

6834. OLA BEUROPARA. Olive.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through George C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.

Karly Aidin olive grown in the Meander Valley for oil. There must be 5,000,000
rees in this valley.

6835. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, June 5, 1901.

“Very largest and finest caprifig from 8. G, Magnisalis, Aidin.’? — ( Roeding. )

6836. I icus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.

“One of the largest caprifigs from $8. G. Magnisalis, Aidin.’’ (Roeding.)

6837. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.

‘Another variety of black caprifig from 8. G. Magnisalis, Aidin.”’ ( Roeding.)

6838. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

‘*Very fine caprifig from garden of S. G. Magnisalis, Aidin.’’ (Roeding. )

6839. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

‘Black caprifig from garden of 8. G. Magnisalis, Aidin.’’ ( Roeding. )

6840. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

*‘Loose sample to show method of budding, inclosed with Nos. 6838 and 6839.”
( Roeding. )

6841. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

‘“A small freestone apricot, having a very sweet kernel, with a flavor like an
almond.’’ ( Roeding. )

6842. MEIBOMIA ILLINOENSIS. Beggar weed.

From Manhattan, Kans. Presented by Mr. J. M. Westgate. Received July
8, 1901.

A leguminous plant, possibly of some value for forage or green manure, which
rows on the prairie lands of central Kansas. Seed ripens in summer and autumn.
his sample was collected in the autumn of 1900. >

6843. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.
From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 8,
1901.

Schekerdekses. ‘‘Seedless pomegranate.’’ (Roeding. )

116 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6844. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr, George C. Roeding, July &,
1901,
‘‘A very large apricot, growing in the garden of Doctor Lane, American consul,
Smyrna. Kernel sweet.’’ ( Roeding. )

6845. PRUNUS ARMENIAOA. Apricot.
From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July §,
1901.

‘‘A large freestone apricot, having sweet kernels like an almond ”’ ( Roeding. )

6846. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Orleansville, Algeria. Presented by M. Yahia ben Kassem. Received
May, 1901.

Deglet Noor.

6847. PopuLus sp. Poplar.

From Kephisia, near Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding,
July 17, 1901.

‘‘\ poplar resembling the silver leaf in foliage, but with smaller leaves. Tree
very vigorous and of spreading habit. Superior to any poplar I have ever seen. |
saw one tree 6 feet in diameter, whose estimated height was 125 feet, and which had
a spread of branches of 80 feet.’’ ( Roeding.)

6848. Morus sp. Mulberry.

From Royal Grounds, Kephisia, near Athens, Greece. Received through Mr.
George C. Roeding, July 17, 1901.

‘A variety of mulberry with large, dark-green, rough leaves, no gloss, and haying
very fine fruit.’’ (Roeding. )

6849. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 17, 1901.

‘‘ Buds of a very fine pistache nut from the garden of the agricultural experiment
station at Athens.’’ (Roeding. )

6850. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Kephisia, near Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding,
July 17, 1901.

‘*\ late fruitine variety of caprifig.’’ (Roeding.
5 S } $

6851 to 6912.
From Oneco, Fla. Received through the firm of Reasoner Brothers, July 5, 1901.

A collection of ornamental and economic plants (nomenclature is in the main that
of the nurserymen):

6851. ABERIA CAFFRA. Kei apple.
6852. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE. Cashew.
6853. ANONA MURICATA. Sour sop.
6854. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIA. Jack fruit.

6855. CoccoLOBA UVIFERA. Shore grape.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO

6851 to 6912 —Continued.

6856.

CUPANIA SAPIDA,

DECEMBER, 1903. 117

Akee.

‘The fruits are said to be delicious when eaten in omelettes.’? (Fairchild. )

6857.
6858.
6859.
6860.

Ficus GLOMERATA.
MALPIGHIA GLABRA,
MELICOCCA BIJUGA,

PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA.

Cluster fig.
Barbados cherry.
Spanish lime.

Emblic myrobalan.

‘This is not the true myrobalan of commerce, although its fruits are used for

tanning purposes, according to Talbot.’’
of the Bombay Presidency, 2d ed., p. 300. )

6861.
6862.
6863.
6864.
6865.
6866.
6867.
6868.
6869.
6870.
6871.
6872.
6873.

6874.
6875.
6876.
6877.
6878.
6879.
6880.
6881.
6882.
6883.
6884.
6885.

SPONDIAS DULCIS.
TERMINALIA CATAPPA.
RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA.
AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM.
CEDRELA ODORATA.
CEDRELA TOONA.
CINNAMOMUM CASSIA.
CRESCENTIA CUJETE.
GFARCINIA MORELLA.
GUAIACUM OFFICINALE.
LAWSONIA ALBA.
MARANTA ARUNDINACEA.

DITTELASMA RARAK.

SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM.
ZINGIBER OFFICINALE.
CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS.
ABRUS PRECATORIUS.
ARDISIA POLYCEPHALA.
BAPHIA RACEMOSA.
BAUHINIA ACUMINATA.,
BAUHINIA GALPINI.
BRUNFELSIA MACROPHYLLA.
BUTEA FRONDOSA.
POINCIANA REGIA.

CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA.

( Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Climbers

Otaheite apple.
Tropical almond.
Downy myrtle.
Cardamom.
Jamaica cedar.
Toon tree.

Chinese cinnamon.
Calabash tree.
Gamboge.
Lignum-vite.
Henna.

Bermuda arrowroot.
Indian soap berry.
Marking nut tree.
Ginger.

Funeral cypress.

Crab’s eye vine.

Mountain ebony.

Bastard teak.
Royal poinciana.

Dwarf poinciana.

118 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6851 to 6912 Continued.
6886. CABSALPINIA SAPPAN. Sappan.

“The pods and hard wood of this plant yield the valuable red dye used in
coloring silk. A native of the Asiatic tropics.’’ ( Talbot.)

6887. DILLENIA INDICA, Gunstock tree.

‘‘Native of India. Ripe fruit eaten in curries. Wood durable, used for
gunstocks.’’ ( Tulbot. )

6888. DrRaAcakENA DRACO. Dragon’s blood.

Native of the Canary Islands, where, until recently, a noted tree of great age
and size was standing. A valuable and curious ornamental for parks.

6889. Ficus HISPIDA.
6890. HIBISCUS TILIACEUS.

‘Fiber used in India for the manufacture of elephant timber-dragging
ropes.’’ (Talbot. )

6891. JAcCQUINIA ARMILLARIS. 6903. (CHAMAEROPS FARINOSA.

6892. MABA NATALENSIS. (Not in Kew Index. )

6904. RHAPIDOPHYLLUM HYs-

; HEVETIA NEREIFOLIA.
6893. THEVETIA NER a

Trumpet flower.

- -
6905. OCOS AUSTRALIS.
6894. ATALANTIA TRIMERA. (

: =
r ‘ . (OCOS IN .
6895. TuRRAEA FLORIBUNDA (7?) 6906. Cocos ALPHONSE!

6896. TuTSIA AMBOSENSIS. 6907. Cocos BONNETI.
(Not in Kew Index. ) 6908. ELAEIS GUINEENSIS.
Oil palm.
6897. ToppDALIA LANCEOLATA.
6909. BacrrRis GASIPAES.
6898. AcCROCOMIA SCLEROCARPA,.
6910. Bacrris UTILIs.
6899. ATTALEA COHUNE.
6911. LicvaALA GRANDIS.
6900. CaRyOTA URENS.

6912. LiIcuALA RUMPHII.
6901. CHAMAEROPS HUMILIS.

6902. CHAMAEROPS HUMILIS Var.
SPINOSA.

6913 to 6932.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, assistant curator, U. S. National
Museum, July 9 and 10, 1901.

A collection of Mexican ornamentals and economic plants, many of which have
not been specifically identified; made in 1901 by Dr. J. N. Rose. No further data
than Doctor Rose’s numbers and the generic names were at hand when this inventory
was prepared.

6913. Oxauissp. (No. 207.) 6918. Oxauissp. (No. 212.)
6914. Oxauissp. (No. 208) 6919. HyMENOCALLIS HARRISON-

IANA. (No. 222.)
6920. (No. 213.) ‘*Pepo.”

6915. Oxauissp. (No. 209.)
6916. Oxa.uissp. (No. 210.)
6917. Oxauissp. (No. 211.)

——

.
oe a, ee i

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 119

6913 to 6932— Continued.

6921.
6922.

6923.

6924.

6925.

6926.

(No, 201.)

CISSUS Sp.

ECHEVERIA PLATYPHYLLA,
Rose, n. sp. (No. 202.)

ECHEVERIA MACULATA,
Rose, n. sp. (No. 217.)

FOUQUIBRIA SPLENDENS.
(No. 205. )

ZEPHYRANTHES sp.
(No. 206.)

ZEPHYRANTHES Sp.
(No. 214. )

6933 to 6958.

From Malta.

6927.
6928.

6929.
6930.
6931.

6932.

AMPELOPsISsp. (No, 215).

TRADESCANTIA CRASSIFO-
LIA. (No. 216.)

Sepum sp. (No. 218.)
SoLANuMsp. (No. 219.)

ERYTHRINA sp. (No. 220. )

TILLANDSIA sp. (No. 221.)

Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, July 9 and 10, 1901.

A collection of figs, loquats, pomegranates, and citrous fruits secured during a

short stay in Maltain May, 1901.

6933.

A large white variety.

6934.

FICUS CARICA.

Ficus CARICA.

(No. 685.)

6935.

PUNICA GRANATUM.

(No. 679.)

6936.

PUNICA GRANATUM.

(No. 677.)

6937.

St. Catherine.

6938.

PuNICA GRANATUM.
(No. 673.)

ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.

(No. 681.)

6939.

ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA,

(No. 684. )

6940.

St. Joseph.

PUNICA GRANATUM.
(No. 674.)

6941. Ficus CARICA.
Xehba. (No. 685c.)

6942. Ficus CARICA.
Barnisotte. (No. 685f.)

6948. ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.
(No. 680.)

6944. PUNICA GRANATUM.

Santa Rosa.

6945.

(No. 675.)

ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA,

(No. 682.)

(No. 685e. )

In most cases scions only were sent.

Fig.

Fig.

Pomegranate.

Pomegranate.

Pomegranate.

Loquat.

Loquat.

Pomegranate.

Fig.

Fig.

Loquat.

Pomegranate.

Loquat.

L?0 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6933 to 6958 — Continued.
6946. Ficus Carica. Fig.
Black Parsot or Barnisotte. (No, 685d. )

6947. Cirrus AURANTIUM. Orange.

‘‘The round blood orange of the island of Malta. This variety has nearly
always a blood-colored flesh and is one of the best strains of oranges on the
island. Probably originated here or was brought here at a very early date.
It is quite distinct from No. 6948 and not esteemed so highly.”’ (/airehild.)

6948. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

‘‘An oval blood orange, said by Dr. Giovanni Borg, a specialist in citrous
matters in Malta, to be the finest flavored orange on the island. Personally |
find it superior to No. 6947 and unparalleled for its remarkably vinous flavor.”
( Fairchild. )

6949. ERIoBorRYA JAPONICA. Loquat.

‘‘Seeds of some very large loquats from Bosketto Gardens, Malta, collected
May 22, 1901.”’ (Fairchild. )

6950. CrirrRUS AURANTIUM. : Orange.

Maltese oval seedless. ‘‘ Cuttings taken from trees in the governor’s palace
grounds in Malta. This is the best known seedless Malta orange. My expe-
rience is that it sometimes has a few seeds or rudiments of seeds in it. By
many it is thought to be the best orange in Malta.’’ (Pairchild. )

6951. CurrrRus LIMETTA. Lime. |

‘‘A variety of lime growing in the gardens of San Antonio near Valetta.
The origin of this variety is unknown by Doctor Borg, the citrus specialist.
The fruits are almost without exception quite seedless and attain a very con-
siderable size for limes, being often 3 inches long by 2} inches in smaller
diameter. Doctor Borg says that owing to the peculiar flavor (a typical lime
flavor) this is not appreciated in Malta, people preferring forms with seeds.
It isa very juicy sort, with thinnish rind, and of a good color. Possibly this
is the same as that sent in by Mr. Swingle (No. 3412) from Algiers. The
trees are very vigorous here, even strikingly so. They commonly bear only
one crop of fruit, but occasionally two crops are produced. A single fruit
yielded one-fourth of an ordinary drinking glass full of juice of good flavor.
Secured through the kindness of Dr. Giovanni Borg, of San Antonio Gardens,
at the governor’s palace.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6952. Ficus CARICA. Fig.
Tin Baitri or St. Johns. ‘‘ Precocious fig, two cropper.’’ ( Fairchild.) (No.

685h. )

6953. Ficus CARICA. Fig.
Tina baida. (No. 685b.)

6954. Cirrus AURANTIUM. Orange.

LIumi-laring. ‘‘A remarkable variety of orange otherwise known as the
Sweet orange or China orange. It is always sweet even when quite green and
immature. Doctor Bonavia, well known as a specialist on the oranges of India,
speaks of this variety in a recent article in the Journal of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, April, 1901 (Vol. XXV, pt. 3, p. 308). He remarks: ‘I am
informed that in Malta there exists a unique orange of the same (Portugal
orange) group, but which is never sour from beginning to end, but sweet and
juicy. * * * Ihave never met with an orange of this description in India.
It would be worth while getting hold of it for the purpose of multiplying it
and bringing it into commerce. Such a unique orange, I believe, has never
appeared on the English market.’ In Malta this orange is not very highly
esteemed, and personally I find it not nearly so agreeable as the sour varieties,
but nevertheless it is far superior to an immature sour orange. It is as sweet
as sugar and water, and is declared to be just as sweet when half grown as
when mature. It may have a decided value commercially, and will find many

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 12]

6933 to 6958-—Continued.

who will appreciate it. If it proves to be early ripening enough it might be
sent to market much in advance of the sour sorts, when it would surprise all
buyers by its sweet flavor at a time when all other varieties were too sour to
be appreciated. It is medium in size, globular in shape, skin good and of fair
thickness, flesh fine color and juicy, and color medium dark orange.’’ — ( /uir-
child, )

6955. Erionorrya JAPONICA, Loquat.

(No. 688. )

6956. Ficus Carica. Fig.
(No. 685g. )

6957. Ficus CARICA‘ Caprifig.
Duccar. (No. 686. )

6958. ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA. Loquat.
Seeds of large fruits.

6959. ‘TRITICUM sp. Wheat.

From Shibin-el-Kanatir, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
653, May 11, 1901), July 11, 1901.

**A collection of selected typical races of Egyptian wheat, gathered from the fields
about a small village between Zagazig and Cairo. These are the best, and they show
how mixed the races of Egyptian wheat are, but at the same time how remarkably
free from rust. The wheat was mostly dead ripe when gathered May 7, while
American sorts grown at Cairo were several weeks behind. All grown by perennial

irrigation.’’ ( Fairchild.)

6960. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Chios, Turkey. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 590, March 23, 1901). Received July 17, 1901.

Paffa. ‘‘A variety of almost seedless lemon, grown in the island of Chios.’’
( Fairchild. )

6961 to 6977.
From Rouiba, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S. Scofield.

A collection of the root tubercles of a number of leguminous forage plants collected
by Mr. C. S. Scofield in May, 1901, at Dr. L. Trabut’s experimental gardens.

6961. VIcIA FABA. 6970. Lorus TETRAGONOLOBUS.
Horse bean. Square pea.
6962. VIcIA LUTEA. 6971. Lupinus ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

Blue lupine.
6963. TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAE-

CUM. 6972. LupINUS TERMIS.
6964. ASTRAGALUS BOETICUS. 6973. LATHYRUS TINGITANUS.
6965. MeELILOTUS INFESTA. 6974. LaAaTHYRUS CLYMENUM.
6966. ONoBRYCHIS VICIAEFOLIA. 6975. Lorus EDULIS.
Sainfoin.

6976. LorusS ORNITHOPODIOIDES,
6967. ANTHYLLIS TETRAPHYLLA.
; 6977. ONONIS ALOPECUROIDES.
6968. ANTHYLLIS TETRAPHYLLA.

6969. ScorRPIuRUS SULCATA.

122 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6978 to 6995.

(Numbers not utilized. )

6996. ‘l'RITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Farm, Stillwater, Okla. Re-
ceived July 26, 1901,

Weissenburg. Box containing a few heads of wheat grown from No, 5499 during
season 1900-1901.
6997. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Farm, Stillwater, Okla.
Received July 26, 1901.

Weissenburg. Bag of wheat grown from No. 5499 during season 1900-1901.

6998. MeEpICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.
From Gizeh, near Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, July 1,
1901.

‘*A small package of dried plants of alfalfa with roots showing very few nodules.
These plants were grown from Argentine seed sent to Cairo by the Office of Seed and
Plant Introduction and Distribution, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, and planted
in the spring of 1901.”? ( Fairchild. )

6999. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.
From Gizeh, near Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, July 1,
1901.

Package of dried plants and roots for root tubercle germ. (See No. 6961.)

7000. ‘T'RIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM. Berseem.

From Gizeh, near Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, from
the agricultural society. Collected about May 1, 1901.

‘Roots of berseem dried in the shade. These roots came from a field which had
just been grazed over by cattle.’’? (See No. 6961.) (Fairchild. )

7001. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.
From Fayum, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 617), July 1,
1901.

Wahi. ‘‘Twenty kilos of dried fruit of a variety of date which is said to have been
brought from Siwah, a small village in the oasis of Bahriyeh. It is to my taste the
sweetest drying date in Egypt—at least it is much sweeter than the Amri or any other
I have tasted. It hasa very peculiar mealy flesh of golden to greenish yellow. The
skin is very thin and smooth and of a golden brownshade. Seed short, rather large,
and clinging to the meat rather firmly. The flesh is somewhat granulated with the
sugar. I can not be certain that this variety did really come from Siwah, but it cer-
tainly is a sort not commonly seen at this season in Cairo, and is superior in flavor to
that which is considered the best in Egypt. The word Wahi signifies merely oasis,
according to Mr. H. A. Rankin, of Fayum.”’ ( Fairchild.)

7002. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.
From Fayum, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 618), July
1, 1901.

‘Dried dates of the common variety of the Province of Fayum. They are of fair
quality as a drying date, but are not equal to the ‘ Wahi’ or ‘Amri’ dates, the former
of which was for sale on the same market in Fayoum. It is probable that seedlings
from these seeds will be mixed, although in northern Egypt only one variety of male
plant is grown.”’ (Fairchild. ) ;

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 1238

7003 to 7010.

From Mexico. <A collection of plants received through Dr. J. N. Rose, July 15,
L901.

Doctor Rose’s numbers are appended, no further data being on hand regarding the
plants,

7003. MAMMILLARIA sp, 7007. MANFREDA sp. (No. 229),
(No. 204).
7008. HyMENOCALLIS sp.
7004. MAMMILLARIA sp. (No. 230).
(No. 225).
7009. OXALIS PRINGLEL sp.

7005. rynaium sp. (No. 227). (No. 233).
7006. Cissus sp. (No. 228). 7010. Oxauis sp. (No. 234).
7011. Kicus sycomorus. Sycamore fig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 719, June
14, 1901), July 17, 1901.

‘This is the sacred fig of the Egyptians. The fruit is produced in very large num-
bers on the main branches and trunk of the tree, being borne in clusters. The tree
is used in Egypt extensively as an avenue tree, and forms one of the characteristic
landscape trees of Egypt. Along the canals it grows luxuriantly and attains large
dimensions. The trunk is often 2 feet or more in diameter, and the spread of the
branches makes it an excellent shade tree. The objection is made by old residents,
and, I feel, quite justly, that it isa ‘dirty’ tree, i. e., drops continually débris of green
fruit and fruit stalks which have to be cleaned up. As a fruit, it is not highly
esteemed by any but Arabs, who will eat almost anything. It is dry and mealy, and
personally I do not care for it. The Arabs in Biskra, and also in Egypt, have a prac-
tice of cutting off the tips of the immature figs in order to make them ripen. Mr.
Columbo, of Biskra, asserts that three days after this cutting is done the cut figs
become twice as large as the uncut ones and develop a not unpleasant taste. It is
quite possible that in Texas and Louisiana this fig might be keenly appreciated by
children and even by adults.”’ (Fairchild. )

7012. QUEBRACHIA LORENTZII. Quebracho colorado.

From Terr. Nac. de Misiones, Argentina. Presented by Mr. W. G. Davis, of Cor-
doba. Received July 17, 1901.

‘These trees are found in the central northern sections of the Republic. In the
provinces of Catamarca and Rioj and San Luis the rainfall rarely exceeds 300 mm. a
year. Over a large extent of the quebracho forests in Santiago del Estero the aver-
age rainfall does not exceed 200 mm.’’ ( Davis.) (See No. 6828. )

7013. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO-BLANCO. Quebracho blanco.

From Terr. Nac. de Misiones, Argentina. Presented by Mr. W. G. Davis, of Cor-
doba. Received July 17, 1901.

See No. 6828.

7014. ConA ACUMINATA. Kola nut.

From Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. Received through the director, Dr.
William Faweett, July 18, 1901.

7015. CucCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Bassousa, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 633, May
1, 1901), July 1, 1901.
Shaman. ‘A variety of cantaloupe said to be small, oblong, often egg-shaped, and
of a peculiarly delicate flavor. Very highly spoken of by Englishmen in Egypt.
Bassousa is the most noted melon-growing center of Egypt.’’ (Fairchild. )

124 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7016. ‘TrRiricuM pURUM. Wheat.
From Alexandria, Egypt. Received from George P. Foaden, esq., secretary of
the Khedivial Agricultural Society at Gizeh, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild,
October 10, 1901,
Mishriki. A ved durum wheat, of which samples have already been sent in for
inspection. (See No. 6680. )

7017. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 622, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.
‘The Syrian variety of chick-pea grown in Egypt and considered equal to the
native sort. It has better seeds, however, being plumper and better formed.’’
( Fairchild.)

7018. (GoOsSSYPTUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.
From Fayum, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 613), July
1, 1901.

Ashmuni. ‘‘Unginned cotton of this variety collected where it is exclusively
grown, i. e., in the oasis of Fayum. I am informed that this variety is the only
one which will succeed well in this province. The Afifi, Jannovitch, and Abbasi have
all been tried, although, I suspect, not thoroughly. This variety may be better suited
to upland cultivation than the Jannovitch or Afif, and may be more resistant to the
wilt disease.’’ (Fuirchild.) (See No. 7025 for ginned seed. )

7019. (GoOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 648, May 11,
1901), July 1, 1901.

_ Mit Afifi. Secured by George P. Foaden, esq., of the Khediyial Agricultural Society,
Jairo.

7020. ViIcIA FABA. Horse bean.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 632, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

‘These are the varieties which took the prizes at the Agricultural Fair in Cairo
last year. They are introduced for comparative trial with the other sorts.’? (Fair-
child.)

7021. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 626, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Hommos Beledi. ‘‘The native variety of chick-pea. This variety is grown usually
for food. The green peas are eaten raw, while the ripe peas are cooked. In Egypt
this chick-pea is planted in October or November at the rate of from 30 to 40 pounds of
seed per acre, depending upon whether it is sown in drills or broadcasted. On irri-
gable land it is watered when sown, again when in flower, and the third time when the
seeds are being formed. This plant will probably prove of value as a winter soiling
crop in the Southwestern States. In parts of the country subject to frost it should be
sown in May or June. In parts of Egypt the plants are dried and fed to cattle.
Care must be taken, however, in using it for this purpose, as it is known sometimes
to be injurious to horses and even to cattle. The seeds, however, make an excellent
food for domestic animals.’’ ( Fairchild. )

7022. LuUPprINUS TERMIS. Egyptian lupine.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 628, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

‘« 4 variety of lupine planted by the Egyptians on the dry sandy edges of the irri-
gation basins of Upper Egypt. The seeds are sown broadcast after the irrigation

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 125

water has subsided, and no more attention is given to their culture until the lupines
are harvested. It is considered a valuable crop for increasing the nitrogen in the
soil and the beans are eaten by the natives after being boiled in salt water. Should
be tried as a soiling crop in arid regions where a single irrigation is possible.”’
( Fairchild. )

7023. (oOsSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.
From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 593), July
1, 1901.

Jannovitch. ‘This variety is said to be losing in popularity in Egypt. Its yield
is lighter, at least 10 percent, and its staple, although longer than that of Mit Afifi, is
said to be falling off in length. It is open to the serious objection that the bolls
open and allow the cotton to fall tothe ground early, thus making its cleaning ex pen-
sive, since the natives pick it up from the ground where it has lain and become filled
with dirt.’’ (Fairchild. )

7024. VICIA FABA. Horse bean.
From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 621), July 1,
1901.

Saida. ‘This important fodder crop of Egypt, which forms an article of export
amounting in 1898 to over one and one-half million dollars’ worth, and which seems
entirely unknown in America, is worthy of the most serious attention. For the
Colorado Desert region and southern Texas, Louisiana, and California, the broad
bean may be of great importance. This variety comes from Upper Egypt, where the
bean is grown most extensively. It is a winter crop in Egypt and must be fitted in to
American conditions. It is killed by too cold or too hot weather.”’ (Fuairchild.)

7025. (ossyPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

From Fayoum, Egypt. Received through Mr..D. G. Fairchild (No. 614, April
21, 1901), July 1, 1901.

Ashmuni. ‘‘From the ginning mill of Theodore Bakoum, Fayum. This is prob-
ably of a mixed character. See No. 7018 for sample of staple. For trial against the
root disease and on uplands. It is all grown here by irrigation and is claimed to be
the only sort which pays in the Fayum oasis.’’ (Fairchild. )

7026. (GoOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 649, May 11,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Jannovitch. ‘‘Seed from plants which have been grown on land containing from
1 to 13 per cent of salt. It is presumed that this seed will be adapted to experi-
ments with similar soils in America and possibly will prove more resistant to the
wilt disease than the Jannovitch seed taken from plants growing in soil with less salt
in it or without any. Secured by Mr. Foaden from the lower Delta region. In
quality the fiber is said to equal that coming from plants grown on the less saline
soils.”’ (Fairchild. )

7027. (i4OSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 631, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

7028. ERVUM LENS. Lentil.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 627, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Saidi. ‘‘The upper Nile lentil, which is cultivated in Egypt, is an important food
crop. Lentils amounting in value to over $90,000 were exported in 1898 to England,
France, and Turkey. It is remarkable that America should so long neglect the cul-
ture of this most excellent food plant. For some years a very well-known invalid
food, called ‘ Revelenta Arabica,’ has been manufactured in England which consists

L126 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

exclusively of a flour of the Egyptian lentil. Purées of lentil and lentil soup are deli-
cacies of the European menus quite absent, generally, from American tables, Asa
forage crop as well, these lentils should receive serious study. This isa typical Egyp-
tian variety. It brings nearly $2 per hectoliter, according to custom-house returns
of exports. The yield varies from 20 to 25 bushels per acre and upward. Sown at
rate of 1 bushel per acre broadcasted. Grown in irrigation basins. Requires little
water.”’ ( Fairchild. )

7029. ‘TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM. Fenugreek.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 623, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

‘* Egyptian fenugreek or Helba, as itis called by the Arabs. This plant yields an
important condiment and its root system is so remarkably provided with tubercles
that it is worthy serious attentionas a green manure crop. The seedsare also of value
for feeding purposes, and a large amount of fodder is produced, which, if cut before
seeds ripen, isof excellent quality. Thecondition powders and condiment foods which
are sold in England extensively and fed to ailing horses and cattle are mixtures of
the fenugreek with other meals or grains. It is sometimes planted with berseem
here to give a slight purgative effect to the green fodder given so commonly in Egpyt
to horses and cattle.”? (Fuirchild. )

7030. GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

»

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 647, May 11,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Ashmouni. ‘‘Secured through the kindness of Mr. George P. Foaden. This should
prove valuable for experiments in the hot dry uplands. Itis the variety grown
especially in the upper Nile region.’’ ( Fairchild.)

7031. ‘TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 620, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Muscowi. ‘‘This variety, as noted in No. 4254, is the common variety of the Delta
region. It is the variety from which the largest number of cuttings can be made and
the one likely to prove of greatest use in America.’’ (Fairchild. ) ;

7032. H1pBiscus CANNABINUS. Ambari hemp or Teale.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 625, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

‘This fiber plant, which is used here as a wind-break for the cotton fields, may
be worth investigating, as I am assured by Mr. George P. Foaden, of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society, that the prices offered for itin the London markets are very
high. This Teale may be quite a different variety from the ordinary Ambari hemp
and better suited to culture in irrigated regions of America. Mr. Foaden intends
trying several acres of it as a culture next year. It is planted at the same time as the
cotton in a thickly sown row around the cotton field, forming a sort of hedge. This
practice is a very old one in Egypt. Some samples of this Egyptian Teale were sent
to London and a quotation of £20 per ton was secured by Mr. Foaden.”’ ( Fairchild.)
(See Dodge’s ‘‘ Fiber Plants,’’ pp. 192-193. )

7033. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 629, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Mezzafannager White. ‘‘A variety of Indian wheat which has recently been intro-
duced into Egypt and has met with unusual success, being a much heavier yielder
than the native. Though small in grain and thin husked, it yielded near Cairo about
12 bushels per acre more than any native sorts. Samples sent to England were pro-
nounced ‘the finest of their kind’ by experts. The yield of straw was unusually
large in some preliminary tests made on the grounds of the Khedivial Agricultural
Society. On the Domain’s lands last year there were about 1,500 acres of this Indian
wheat planted and over 5,000 acres of native wheat. The Indian averaged nearly 12
bushels an acre more than the native. Less seed is required than of ordinary varie-

*
=

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 127

ties, as the plant stools unusually well. Starts into growth more rapidly than native
sorts. A winter wheat for warm climates. For information regarding this Indian
wheat apply to George P. Foaden, esq., secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural
Society of Cairo, through whose kindness this sample has been secured.’”’ — ( /airchild. )

7034. ALLIUM CEPA. Onion.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 630, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901,

‘A native variety of onion which is grown in immense quantities on the islands
and elsewhere on the upper Nile. These are for export mostly and in 1898 over
$909,000 worth were exported. Train loads are shan the wharves in Alexan-
dria in Mareh and April, from which point they are shipped all over Europe
and even to New York, $5,365 worth going to this latter port during the quarter
ending March 31, 1901. This onion forms one of the army rations now, I am told,
and these Egyptian onions are of good, even superior a a A Texas onion spe-
cialist who tested these Egyptian onions two years ago declared them to be the finest
pickle onion he had ever seen. Deserves a wide distribution wherever irrigation
prevails, as it is an onion for irrigated lands.’’ (Fairchild. )

7035. ViIcIA FABA. Horse bean.
From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 650), July 1,
1901.

Beheri. ‘‘A variety of horse bean which is grown in the province of Beheri in
lower Eygpt. It is a distinct variety from the Saida and should be tested in com-
parison with it. Especially valuable for experiments in irrigated regions of Califor-
nia, Arizona, and Texas. Secured through Mr. George P. Foaden, of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society.” (Fairchild. )

7036. (GoOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. Cotton.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 592),
July 1, 1901.

Mit Afifi. ‘‘This variety is now more commonly grown than any other, and the
Jannovitch variety, so popular two years ago, is said to be a lighter yielder and, by
some, to be rapidly deteriorating. The Mit Afifi is not a white but a cream-colored
cotton, and is prized especially for the manufacture of cream-colored underwear,
hosiery, etc. It is also mixed with silk and is especially suited for this purpose.”’
( Fairchild. )

7037. HrbpySARUM CORONARIUM. Sulla.

From Malta. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 689), July 23, 1901.
_ Malta. ‘Sulla from the island of Malta. This isa late maturing sort, useful when
rains are abundant. It is a heavier yielder than that from Gozzo, and hence pre-
ferred by Maltese in places where there is plenty of moisture.”? (Fuirchild. )
7038 to 7045. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.
From Bombay, India.

A collection of grafted mango plants, arranged for by Mr. John B. Beach, of West
Palmbeach, Fla., through Latham & Co., Bombay. Received July 24, 1901.

7038. 7042.
Bath. Mazagon.
7039. 7043.
Fernandez. Roos.
7040. 7044.
Goa Alfonso. Alfonso, or Alfoos.
7041. 7045.
Kala Alfoos. Cowasjee Patel,

29861—No. 66-—05——9

12s SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7046. (VYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS. Kentucky coffee tree.
From Botanic Gardens, Washington, D.C. Received through Mr, G,W., Oliver,
July 25, 1901.
7047 to 7057.
From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Dr, J. N. Rose, July 26, 1901.
A collection of economic and ornamental plants and seeds made in Mexico in the
summer of 1901. Doctor Rose’s numbers are retained for identification.
7047. ERYTHRINA sp.
(No. 5301.)

7048. Viris sp. Grape.

‘‘\ grape the stems of which die down to the ground every year. Fruit very
large.’’ (Rose.) (No. 5349. )

7049. Rosa sp. Rose.
(No. 5368. )
7050. OXALIs sp.
‘* Has beautiful red foliage.’’ (Rose.) (No. 5389.)
7051. Hypris sp.
‘*Flowers red.’’ (Rose.) (No. 5412.)
7052. TRIFOLIUM sp.
‘* A showy clover with large heads.’’ (Rose.) (No. 5486.)

7053. CARDIOSPERMUM sp.
‘*A vine.’”’ (Rose.) (No. 6490.)
7054. ALBiIzzia sp.
‘*A beautiful leguminous tree cultivated in Mexico at an altitude of 7,000
feet. Flowers in spikes 2 or 3 inches long.’’ (Rose.) (No. 5281.)
7055. Zapote borracho,
‘*A cultivated fruit.’’ (Rose.) (No. 252.)

7056. PassIFLORA sp.
‘Edible fruit sold in markets.’’ (Rose.) (No. 254.)

7057. CULPHEA sp.
(No. 5353.)

7058. CocHLEARIA ARMORACIA. Horse-radish.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Received through Lindahl’s seed firm, July 27,
1901. (L. & F. No. 421.)

Enkoping. A variety of horse-radish grown at Enkdping, near Stockholm. It is as
noted a sort in Sweden as the Maliner Kren is in Austria, and is cultivated in a
similar way.

7059. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 742), July
29, 1901.

“*A male variety of carob. In this region all trees of carobs are grafted or budded
with this male sort. A large branch or, oftener, a secondary trunk is trained up into
the center of the tree to furnish the pollen for the female flowers. This practice,

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 129

which I have not observed in Greece or Algiers in the same degree of perfection,
accounts no doubt for the heavy yields obtained here. This may be what is called
La Borrera.”? (Fairchild. )

7060. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 744), July
29, 1901.

Vera. ‘‘This is the sweetest carob I have ever tasted.’’ ~ (/uirchild. )

7061. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 740), July
29, 1901.

Mollar. ‘‘ A soft-shelled variety of almond grown in Alicante for table use. Espe-
cially relished when still green. The consumption of these green almonds in Mediter-
ranean countries is very great. They are eaten with salt. This variety is not an
exporting one, but may prove an addition to the orchards of California.’? ( Mairchild. )

7062. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 741), July
29, 1901.

Planeta. ‘‘The great exporting almond of this part of Spain. It is the variety
best known and most extensively cultivated, not because it is altogether the best,
according to local taste, but because of its shipping and good marketing qualities. It
is wedge-shaped in form, with hard shell and a flat, heart-shaped kernel with medium
thin skin. The Jordan almond, which fetches higher prices, I am told, is not grown
here in Alicante. It has a thinner skin and finer flavor. The Planeta is, however,
one of the first-class hard-shelled almonds.”’ ( Fairchild.)

7063. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 748), July
29, 1901.

Negra. ‘*The commonest variety of carob grown around Alicante. It is a variety
used for horse food almost entirely, and its yields are very large and regular. Every
year a tree 20 years old will yield from 50 cents’ worth to a dollar’s worth of fruit.
The culture is suited to waste places in dry soil. Trees here 200 years old yield
yearly up to $3 worth apiece. This variety has little sugar in it and the seeds are
surrounded by parchment. Not for table purposes.’’ (Fuirchild.)

7064 to 7070.
; From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, July 29, 1901.

A collection of economic and ornamental plants made in Mexico in 1901. The
numbers given by Doctor Rose are retained for identification.

7064. CorTyLEDON sp. 7066. SeEpvumM sp.
(No. 260. ) (No. 263.)
7065. MAmILLARIA sp. 7067. SEDUM sp.
(No. 261.) (No. 264.)
7068. Rubus sp. Raspberry.

‘A fine raspberry and worthy of cultivation. Obtained a root and one ripe
fruit. It grows at an elevation of 10,400 feet.’’ (Rose.) (No. 265.)
7069. CoMMELINA sp.

‘“A very beautiful greenhouse plant. It grows in Alpine meadows at 10,000
feet elevation.”’ (Rose.) (No. 266.)
7070. SoLANvM sp.

(No. 267.)

L830

7071.

From Batna (Constantin), Algeria.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM.

(No, 720), July 31, 1901.

Fenugreek.

Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild

‘Sample of fenugreek seed arranged for by Mr. C. 5. Scofield, coming from the
mountains of the Aurés east of the town of Batna, on the high Algerian pales

Used, as in Tunis, by the Jewesses to induce an excessive fleshiness, whic
This may prove a different variety and should be reserved
Sent through the kindness of Mr. John Wild, of Batna.”’

fashion among them.
for breeding purposes.

( Fairchild. )

7072 to 7100.

From Mexico.

A collection of economic and ornamental plants made in Mexico in 1901.
Rose’s numbers are retained for identification.

7072.

(No.

7073.
(No.

7074.

(No,

7075.
(No.

7076.

(No.

7077.

(No.

7078.
(No.

7079.

(No.

7080.

(No.

7081.

(No.

7082.
| (No.

Palm.

253. )
SOLANUM sp.
257. )
SEDUM sp.
248. )
BEGONIA sp.
238. )
SEDUM sp.
239. )
BEGONIA GRACILIS.

243. )

SEDUM Sp.

237.)

DAHLIA sp.
242. )

SEDUM sp.
235. )

CoTyLEDON sp.
245. )

CoTYLEDON sp.
236.)

Potato.

7083.
(No.

7084.
(No.

1is the

Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, July 31, 1901.

Doctor
SEDUM 8p.
247. )

CoTyLEDON sp.

255. )

CEREUS sp.

. 228.)

CEREUS sp.

, 224.)

AGAVE sp.

. 246.)

TILLANDSIA BENTHAMIANA.

, 241.)

Cactus.

_ 226.)

Cactus.

). 203.)

SENECIO sp.

, 256. )

SENECIO sp.

_ 258.)

TILLANDSIA sp.

. 232.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 13]

7072 to 7100—Continued.
7094.
(No. 231.)

7095.

(No. 251.)
7096.

(No. 250.)

7097. NOLINA sp.
(No. 240. )

7098. CoTYLEDON sp.
(No. 244.)

Orchid.

Cactus.

Cactus.

7099. TiGRipiA sp.
(No. 269.)

7100. DasyLirion sp.
(No. 262.)

7101 to 7108. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.
From Bangalore, India. Received through A. Lehmann, Ph. D., July 31, 1901.

A collection of grafted mangoes.

7101. 7105.
Peterpasand. Rajabury or Rajpury.
7102. 7106.
Mullgoa (Mulgoba). Raspbury.
TAO.
te aad Gada Mar.
Badami.
7108.
7104. Sandersha or Sandershaw (Soon-
Amini. dershaw).

7109 to 7116.

From Avalon, Santa Catalina Islands, California. Received through Mrs. Blanche
Trask, July, 1900.

A collection of seeds of native plants, as follows:

7109. HosaAcKIA VENUSTA. 7114. PHACELIA LYONI.
7110. HoSACKIA TRASKIAR. 7115. LyoNoTHAMNUS FLORIBUN-
DUS.
7111. Ruavus ovata.
7116. ERIoGONUM GIGANTEUM.
7112. GALIUM CATALINENSE.
7118. SeENECIO HYONI.

7117. DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA.

From Berkeley, Cal. Received through Miss Alice F. Crane, January, 1901.

7118 to 7129.
From Berkeley, Cal. Received through Miss Alice F. Crane, January, 1901.

| A collection of seeds of native Trifoliums, as follows:

7118. TRrRIFOLIUM GRACILENTUM. 7119. TriFoL_iuM BIFIDUM.

182 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7118 to 7129— Continued.

7120. ‘T'RIPOLIUM CILIATUM, 7125. TRIFOLIUM TRIDENTATUM,

7121. TRIFOLIUM MACRAEI. 7126. TRIFOLIUM MICROCEPH-
ALUM.

ry. 2
; OLIUM INVOLUCRATUM. .

7122. ‘TRIFOLIUM INVOLUCRATUM 7127. ‘TRIPOLIUM MICRODON,

7123. TRIPOLIUM PAUCIFLORUM. 7128. TriroLium FUCATUM.

7124. TRIPOLIUM PAUCIFLORUM. 7129. ‘TRIFOLIUM FUCATUM, Var.
FLAVULUM.

ie
7130. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

From Raleigh, N. C. Received through Prof. W. F. Massey, March 18, 1901.

7131. PaAssiFLORa sp.

From Melbourne, Australia. Received from Carolin & Co. through Mr. G. W.
Hill, Chief of the Division of Publications, U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

7132. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 744),
August 3, 1901.

Vera. ‘This is a poor yielder, but its fruits are so full of sugar that drops of sirup
run out when the pods are broken. It is too dear for horse food and is eaten by the
people asa delicacy. Its flesh is very crisp and lacks the harshness of other varieties.
Its seeds are of a lighter color and the pods thicker. As a shade tree it is a finer
looking variety, with larger leaves, than No. 7063.’’ ( Fairchild.) (See also Nos.
7060 and 7461.)

7133. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 745), August
3, 1901.

Castillet. ‘‘ A superlative sort of hard-shelled almond which was found in a garden
at Mucha Miel, near Alicante. I have not been able to learn that this sort is known
on the markets, although the owner assured me it brought a higher price than the
Planeta. Itis a larger, fuller shaped almond.”’ (Fairchild. )

7134. . AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 746), August
3, 1901.

Planeta. ‘‘Taken from an orchard at Mucha Miel, near Alicante. The names of
these varieties are often mixed, and this may be slightly different from No. 7062.’’
( Fairchild. )

7135. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 748), August
3, 1901.

Fabrica. ‘‘A smaller and inferior sort to the Planeta, but said to be a good bearer.
It is ten to fifteen days later than the Planeta, ripening about the middle or last of
August.’’? (Fairchild. )

7136. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 749), August
3, 1901.

Patriarca. ‘‘One of the largest fruited varieties of apricot in eastern Spain. Said
to be of excellent quality. The apricots of Spain probably were introduced from

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 133

Frarice originally, but have undergone changes in size and character, suiting them
to the drought and heat of this more southern region. This Patriarca is the best
large variety about Alicante, and is said to be a local sort.”? ( /airchild. )

7137. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 755a), Au-
gust 3, 1901.

Pastaneta. ‘‘A variety differing in form very materially from the other Spanish
varieties. It has a truncated apex and is more or less rectangular. This variety is
not planted largely about Alicante, but is the prevailing sort grown at Murcia, I am
told. It fetches as high or even a higher price than the Planeta.’’? (airchild.)

7138. ‘TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Red clover.
From New York. Received through J. M. Thorburn & Co., August 5, 1901.

7139. CrICcHORIUM ENDIVIA. Endive.
From Cassel, Germany. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, August 5,
1901

Self-closing, yellow Cassel summer endive.

7140. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 750), August
9, 1901.

Ull blanc. ‘‘A medium sized apricot famed as the finest small fruited variety in the
neighborhood of Alicante. I did not have a chance to taste it, and can not vouch
for its superiority.’’ (Fairchild. )

7141 to 7145. Morvs sp. Mulberry.
From Murcia, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 757), August
10, 1901.

A collection of cuttings from the gardens of the Sericultural Institute of Murcia,
Spain. The nomenclature is that furnished by the head gardener.

7141. 7144.

Esteril. Glemosa.
7142. . 7145.

Arantiana. Colson or Lotson, of Italy.
7143.

Common, of Italy.

7146 to 7340.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, seedsmen, August
10, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows (the nomenclature is in the main that of the
seedsmen ):

7146. S?rRELITZIA AUGUSTA. 7150. CuprREssUsS FUNEBRIS.
7147. AGERATUM CONYZOIDES (?) 7151. ADENANTHERA PAVONINA.
Prinzessin Victoria Luise. 7152. ANONA MACROCARPA (?)
7148. AQUILEGIA CHRYSANTHA 7158. Bera CHILENSIS.

FLORE PLENO. Golden yellow.

7149. AGERATUM CONYZOIDEs (?) 7154. Musa MANNII (?)

SEEDS AND PLANTS

7146 to 7340—Continued.

7155. IMPATIENS SULTANI SPLEN-
DENS.

7156. PHLOX DRUMMONDII.
Brilliant.

7157. PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND-
IFLORA VIOLACBA.,

7158. CROTON SEBIFERUM.
7159. ANONA SUAVISSIMA (?)

7160. CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA
FLORE ALBA.

7161. ILLICIUM FLORIDANUM.

7162. BrGONIA. SEMPERFLORENS
HYBRIDA FLORE PLENO.

71638. ANTIRRHINIUM MAJUS
GRANDIFLORUM J.UTEUM.

7164. PAPAVER ORIENTALE HY-
BRIDUM.

7165. AQUILEGIA CAERULEA
FLORE LUTEO.

7166. CINCHONA OFFICINALIS.
7167. ACANTHUS MOLLIS.

7168. IMPATIENS SULTANI NACRE
ROSE.

7169. STRELITZIA REGINAE.
7170. ANONA RENIFORMIS (?)
7171. CoRDYLINE AUSTRALIS.

7172. PHORMIUM TENAX VARIE-
GATA.

7173. ANONA CHERIMOLIA.
7174. ANONA SQUAMOSA.

7175. ToRENIA FOURNIERI (EDEN-
TULA) COMPACTA ALBA,

7176. EucALyprus ROBUSTA.

7177. PHLOX DRUMMONDI CINNA-
BARINA.

7178. ToRENIA FOURNIERIGRAND-
IFLORA.

7179. Bera BRASILIENSIS CABR-
MOISIN-CARMOISI (?)

7180. ToRENIA FOURNIERI (ED-
ENTULA) COMPACTA COE-
LESTINA,

IMPORTED,

7181. BETA § CHILENSIS' CAR-
MOISIN-CHAMOISI,

7182. ADANSONIA DIGITATA,
7183. AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS.
7184. LyYCHNIS COELI-ROSA.

7185. PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND-
IFLORA ROSBA.

7186. PaPpAVER BRACTEATUM.

7187. ToRENIA FOURNIERI ( EDEN-
TULA) GRANDIPLORA
COELESTINA.

7188. RHEUM PALMATUM TANGU-
TICUM.

7189. PHORMIUM TENAX VEIT-
CHIL.

7190. JarropHa GLAUCA (?)
7191. Ficus MACROPHYLLA.

7192. (QUASSIA AMARA.

7198. CINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.
7194. LINDELOFIA SPECTABILIS.

7195. CHRYSANTHEMUM MAXI-
MUM.

7196. CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA
COERULEA.

7197. ToRENIA FOURNIERI SPEC-
IOSA.
The Bride.

7198. CARICA PAPAYA PYRIFOR-
MIS.

7199. Bera BRASILIENSIS (?).
White.

7200. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS
NANUM ALBUM.

7201. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS SUL-

PHUREUM RUBRO-VEN-
OSUM.

7202. /Blank. Omitted unin-
tentionally. )

7203. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUSNIGRO
PURPUREUM.

7204. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS I¥-
SIGNE.

7205. CuLirorRIA TERNATEBA.

_—

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 135

7146 to 7340—Continued.

7206. CAESALPINIA SAPPAN,
7207. GAILLARDIA AMBLYODON.

7208. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS
GRANDIFLORUM ALBUM,

7209. CARICA PAPAYA ATROVIO-
LACEA ELEGANTISSIMA,

7210. SrrRyCHNOS NUX-VOMICA.

7211. PRIMULA OBCONICA KER-
MESINA.

7212. PITHECOLOBIUM PRUIN-
OSUM.

7213. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS.

Romeo.

7214. RHEUM PALMATUM TYPI-
CUM.

7215. ACANTHUS NIGER.

7216. GAILLARDIA PULCHELLA
LORENZIANA.

7217. ToRENIA FOURNIERI.

7218. PHLOX DRUMMONDII ALBA
OCULATA SUPERBA.

7219. GAILLARDIA PULCHELLA.
7220. PAPAVER ORIENTALE.

7221. PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND-
IFLORA.

7222. Ficus ELASTICA.
7223. CEDRELA ODORATA.
7224. CINCHONA LEDGERIANA.

7225. AQUILEGIA CAERULEA
FLORE ALBA.

7226. EvucaLyprus GLOBULUS.
7227. BERBERIS DARWINII.
7228. IMPATIENS sp.

7229. CINCHONA CALISAYA.

7230. AQUILEGIA CALIFORNICA
HYBRIDA.

7231. BrGONIA SEMPERFLORENS
VULCAN-VULCAIN.

7232. PHORMIUM TENAX IMPOR-
TIRT GR. IMPORTEES.

Sappan.

7233. PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND-
IFLORA ALBA.

7234. PHORMIUM TENAX COLEN-
sor ARG. var.

7235. ToRENIA FOURNIERI ( EDEN-
TULA) SPECIOSA.

Violetta.

7236. ToRENIA FOURNIERI (ED-
ENTULA ) SPECIOSA.

7237. STERCULIA ACERIFOLIA.
7238. CEDRELA TOONA,

7239. KucCALYPTUS CITRIODORA.
7240. Musa SUMATRANA.

7241. ToRENIA FOURNIERI (ED-
ENTULA ) COMPACTA.

7242. AQUILEGIA CAERULEA.
7243. JATROPHA MANIHOT.
7244. CHRYSANTHEMUM sp.
7245. CINCHONA HYBRIDA.
7246. JATROPHA CURCAS.
7247. CARICA CANDAMARCENSIS.
7248. CENTAUREA AMERICANA.

7249. (GAILLARDIA PICTA MARGI-
NATA ALBA.

7250. PAPAVER ORIENTALE SEMI-
PLENUM.

7251. PAPAVER ORIENTALE PAR-
KINANSII.

7252. PAPAVER ORIENTALE.
Prince of Orange.

72583. PAPAVER BRACTAETUM
NANUM SPLENDENS.

7254. STERCULIA ACERIFOLIA.

7255. PIrHECOLOBIUM UNGUIS-
CATI.

7256. CEDRELA SINENSIS.
7257. JATROPHA MULTIFIDA.

7258. AQUILEGIA CHRYSANTHA.

136

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7146 to 7340— Continued.

7259.
7260.
7261.
7262.
7263.
7264.

7265.

7266.

7267.
7268.
7269.

7270.
7271.
7272.
72738.
7274.

7275.
7276.
7277.
7278.
7279.
7280.

7281.
7282.

7283.
7284.
7285.
7286.
7287.

7288.

Musa MARTINI (7?)
MusA ROSACEA,
MUSA SUPERBA.
MusA ROSACEA,
PHORMIUM TENAX.

IMPATIENS SULTANI HY-
BRIDA NANA,

PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND-
IFLORA HYBRIDA.

C'ABSALPINIA
RIMA.

PULCHER-

CAESALPINIA CORIARIA.
STERCULIA DIVERSIFOLIA.

ACANTHUS

(?)

LAURUS CANARIENSIS.

CANDELABRUM

PTEROCARYA CAUCASICA.
BoMBAX OCHROMA (?)
CHAMAEROPS ARBOREA (?)

CHAMAEROPS CANARIENSIS

(?)
RAPHIS COCHINCHINENSIS.
CHAMAEROPS ELEGANS (?)
TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSUS.
CHAMAEROPS FARINOSA.
CHAMAEROPS HUMILIS.

CHAMAEROPS HUMILIS AR-
GENTEA.

CHAMAEROPS MACROCARPA.

CHAMAEROPS
MIS (?)

OLIV AEFOR-

CHAMAEROPS ROBUSTA (?)
CHAMAEROPS TOVENTOSA.
PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA.
JUBAEA SPECTABILIS.

KENTIA ALEXANDRIA (?)

HyPHAENE BENGUELENSIS.

7289.
7290.
7291.
7292.
7293.
7294.

7295.
7296.
7297.
7298.
7299.
7300.

7301.

7302.

7303.
7304.
7305.
7306.

7307.

7308.

7309.

7310.

7311.

7312.

ELAESIS GUINEENSIS.
RAPHIA PEDUNCULATA.
PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS,
ACROCOMIA SCLEROCARPA,
LIVISTONA JENKINSIANA,.

ANACARDIUM
TALE.

OCCIDEN-

MUSA ENSETE.

PHOENIX RECLINATA.
ERYTHEA EDULIS.
THRINAX BARBADENSIS.
LIVISTONA AUSTRALIS.

CHAMAEDOREA CORALLINA

(?)

CHAMAEDOREA
AUGUSTI.

ERNESTI

CHAMAEDOREA GEONOMAE-
FORMIS.

CHAMAEDOREA GRACILIS.

LIVISTONA ALTISSIMA.

LIVISTONA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

STERCULIA PLATANIFOLIA.

CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA
FLORE ALBO PLENO.

CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA
GRANDIFLORA ALBA...

CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA
GRANDIFLORA ALBA GI-
GANTEA.

CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA
CAERULEO PLENO.

BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS

ATROPURPUREA COM-
PACTA.
BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS

FLORE PLENO.

Bijo des Jardin.

7313.

BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS
GRANDIFLORA ATROPUR-
PUREA.

——— an

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 137

7146 to 7340 — Continued.

7314. PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND- 7327. BoccoNIA FRUTESCENS,
IFLORA FIMBRIATA,
7328. CARICA PAPAYA,
7315. PRIMULA OBCONICA GRAND-

IFLORA VIOLACEA. 7329. ACANTHUS MOLLIS,

7316. AQUILEGIA — PLABRELLATA 7330. BerrBeris WALLICHIANA.
NANA ALBA.

7331. CorYPHA ELATA.
7317. AQUILEGIA GRANDULOSA.

7332. LIVISTONA AUSTRALIS MAC-

» AQUILEGI: ‘LODGENSIS.
7318 QUILEGIA HAYLODGENSI eer en aa

7319. AQUILEGIA SKINNERI. eas. cas eieoPAanve.
7320. AQUILEGIA sTUARTI (7) 7334. CERATONIA SILIQUA.
7321. tla a 7335. PIsTactA VERA. _

; Pistache.
one ee eo 7336. PIsTACIA LENTISCUS.

Mastic.

7328. THRINAX ALTISSIMA. 7337. PINANGA DECORA (°)
7324. ACANTHUS MOLLIS. 7338. THRINAX ARGENTEA.
7325. CAESALPINIA SEPIARIA. 7339. Cocos ROMANZOFFIANA.
(826. PYRETHEUM (ROSEUM | HY- 7340. PANDANUS AQUATICUS.

BRIDUM (?)

7341. Lupinus HIRSUTUS. Blue lupine.

From Vomero, near Naples, Italy. Received through Mr. C. Sprenger, August
13, 1901.

Used as an ornamental plant, also valued for fodder and as a green manure.

7342 to 7365..
From London, England. Received through Mr. William Bull, August 14, 1901.

A collection of plants, as follows (the nomenclature is in the main that given by
Mr. Bull):

7342. JASMINUM NITIDUM. 7350. CoprIAEUM VARIEGATUM.

7343. LicuALA MUELLERI. Croton sceptre.

1 _ , * ~ . .

7344. (CAMOENSIA MAXIMA. 7351. CopiAEUM VARIEGATUM.
; Croton elysian.
7345. CEROPEGIA WOODI.

7352. CopIAEUM VARIEGATUM.
7346. CopIAEUM VARIEGATUM. ;

ee Croton elvira.
Croton broomfieldii.
7358. CopiIAEUM VARIEGATUM.

7347. CopiIAEUM VARIEGATUM. Croton euterpe.

Croton excurrens.
7354. CopiAEUM VARIEGATUM.

7348. CopIAEUM VARIEGATUM. Croton hermon.

Croton insignis. :

5 7355. Ficus RADICANS VARIE-
GATA.

7349. CoDIAEUM VARIEGATUM.

Croton memphis. 7356. Ficus INDICA.

138

7342 to 7365— Continued.
7357.

7358.
7359.
7360.
7361.
7362.
7363.
7364.

7365.

7366. ANANAS SATIVUS.
From West Palmbeach, Fla.

SEEDS

CINCHONA OFFICINALIS,
CALODENDRUM CAPENSIS.
Hipiscus ELATUS.
PsYCHOTRIA (?) IPECACUANHA.
KICKSIA APRICANA,
SALVADORA PERSICA.
EPIPREMNUM MIRABILE.
ANTIARIS TOXICARIA.

STANGERIA PARADOXA.

13, 1901.
Ripley Queen.

7367 to 7396.

From Mexico.

1901.

PLANTS IMPORTED,

Peruvian bark.

Cape chestnut.

Ipecacuanha.

Lagos rubber.

Mustard tree of Scripture.
Tonga.

Upas tree.

Pineapple.

Received from Mr. George C. Matthams, August

Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (Nos. 270-299), August 15,

A collection of Mexican plants and bulbs, as follows (Doctor Rose’s numbers are
retained for identification) :

7367.

(No

7368.
(No.

7369.
(No.

7370.
(No.

7371.
(No.
7372.
(No.

7373.
(No.

7374.
(No.

TILLANDSIA sp.

270.)

CoTyLEDON sp.

271.)

CoTYLEDON sp.

272.)

COTYLEDON sp.

273.)

AGAVE sp.
274.)

AGAVE sp.
275. )

CoTyLEDON sp.

276.)

CoTyLEDON sp.
277.)

7375. (No. 278.) Cactus.
Flat-spined.

7376. (No. 279.) Cactus.
Long-spined.

7377. (No. 280.) Cactus.
Round.

7378. (No. 281.) Cactus.

Four-spined.

7379. OPUNTIA sp.
(No. 282.)
7380. MAMILLARIA sp.

(No. 283.)
Oblong.

7381. MAMILLARIA sp.
(No. 284. )

Round.
7382. (No. 285.) Cactus.
Tall.

i i ee i i

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 189

7367 to 7396 —Continued.

7383. Cissussp. (No. 286.) 7390. CoryLepon sp. (No. 293.)
7384. TiLLANpsiA sp. (No. 287.) 7391. Nouinasp. (No. 294.)
7385. Titvanpsiasp. (No. 288.) 7392. Yuccasp. (No. 295.)
7386. TiLLaAnpsiasp. (No. 289.) hate cates sp. (No.

206.

7387. Hecntia sp. (No. 290.)

7394. CoryLevon sp. (No. 297.)
7388. FouquieriAsp. (No. 291.)
7389. (No. 292.)

7395. SoLanum sp. (No. 298.) Potato.
Hali-wild potatoes from Mount Orizaba.

7396. SoLtanum sp. (No. 299.) Potato.
A small wild potato from near City of Mexico.

7397. CUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Savannah, Ga. Received through Mr. D. G. Purse, president of the
Savannah Board of Trade, August 17, 1901.

Seeds from a 32-pound muskmelon.

7398. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 765), August
19, 1901.

Jordan. ‘‘ Bud sticks of the famous Jordan almond of commerce, which is imported
into America in large quantities every year. These bud sticks were taken before the
almonds were harvested in almost all cases, and from trees still bearing the Jordan
almonds. They were difficult to obtain, and it is hoped can be grafted this autumn.
This variety is without question the finest almond of its class in the world. It is
exported from Spain, largely as shelled kernels, to England ana the United States,
and is used extensively in these places for the manufacture of confectionery. Its
typical long, plump shape distinguishes it from any other sort grown in Spain. It
has a very thin, delicate skin and fine, white, highly flavored flesh. There are
orchards of considerable size in Spain of this variety, but as a rule the trees are scat-
tered irregularly over the hillsides among the Sierras back of Malaga. A famous
locality for them is at Alora, a half hour’s railroad ride from Malaga. No special
care is given the trees and many of the orchards are quite old. The soil on which
they are grown is a light gravel, not fitted for any other culture. In summer it gets
exceedingly dry, but the trees seem to withstand the drought very well.’’ (Fairchild. )

7399 and 7400. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.
From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 766), August
19, 1901.

Castillana. ‘‘One of the best varieties of carob, or St. John’s bread, in Spain, and
probably one of the best in the world. It is eaten by the natives in the same way
that the variety Vera is in the region of Alicante. It has a very thick, medium-sized
pod, which is very sweet. Produces abundantly and is not grafted with the male
variety, as in Alicante.’’ (airchild.) See No. 71382.

7401. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 771), August
20, 1901.

‘Jordan. ‘‘ Bud sticks from the garden of Cristobal Paloma, of Malaga. These are
probably like the former buds of this same variety, but are forwarded to make sure
of getting the best strains.’’? ( Fuirchild. )

140 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7402 to 7413.
From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, August 20, 1901,

A collection of native plants, bulbs, and seeds, as follows (the numbers given by
Doctor Rose are retained for identification):

7402. ZernyrantrHes sp. (No, 268.)
7408. CoryLepon sp. (No. 300.)
‘*Large red flowers.’’ ( Rose. )
7404. ArGemonesp. (No. 301.)
‘*Large white flowers.’’ ( Rose. )
7405. ZepHyraANntues sp. (No. 302.)
7406. Cucursira sp. (No. 5287.)
7407. Rusussp. (No. 5380. )
‘‘A beautiful flowering shrub.’’ (Rose.)
7408. PrrHecoLosium sp. (No. 5840.)
‘A shrub.’’ (Rose. )
7409. Cucursira sp. (No. 5899 ?.)
7410. Soranumsp. (No. 5944.)
‘*Large purple flowers.’’ ( Rose.)
7411. SpHarravcea sp. (No. 5945.)
‘‘A large, beautiful flowering shrub much used in Mexican parks.’’ (Rose. )
7412. Oxauissp. (No. 5956.)

7413. [Undetermined.] (No. 303.)

‘Forty-nine bulbs of a beautiful white flowering water lily. The flowers
stand up above the water.’’ ( Rose.)

7414 to 7421.
From Naples, Italy. Received from Dammann & Co., August z0, 1901.
A collection of seeds as follows (the nomenclature is in large part Dammann’s):

7414. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE, 7419. GAZANIA HYBRIDA.

7415. INGA DULCIS. Nora.

7420. GAZANIA HYBRIDA.

7416. TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSUS. é
Diana.

7417. Ficus ELASTICA 7421. GAZANIA HYBRIDA.

7418. Ficus MACROPHYLLA. Blondine.

7422. TRITICUM sp. Wheat.

From Girgeh Province, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 655),
August 20, 1901.

‘‘Selected Egyptian wheat secured through the kindness of Sir William Willcocks,
from typical ‘basin’ irrigated lands of the upper Nile. This is especially for trial in the
Colorado Desert experiments. It isa winter wheat in Egypt, but matures by the
first (or middle at latest) of May. Probably will be more or less mixed and contain
both hard and soft varieties.’? (/uirchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 141

7423. CoRYLUS AVELLANA.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 752), August
30, 1901.

“Sample seeds of what are called here on the market ‘Avellinas.’ They are
grown near Valencia, I am told, and are one of the common sorts of hazelnuts. It
is a fairly thin-shelled nut but its skin is flakey and too heavy to make it of first
quality.’’ (Fairchild. )

7424. CyYPprERUS ESCULENTUS. Chufas.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D.G. Fairchild (No. 753), August
30, 1901.

‘*Sample of the ‘Chufa’ of Spain, for planting in Louisiana and other places in
the South. The culture is said to be simple and lucrative in Spain. When soaked
in water the rootstocks swell up and are then very sweet and palatable. They are
sold as we sell peanuts on the streets. Children are very fond of them, and they are
used very extensively in the manufacture, in Madrid, of a delicious ice called ‘/Tor-
chata di Chufas.’’’ (Fairchild. )

7425. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Cordova, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 764), August
30, 1901.

Negro. ‘‘A black-bearded durum wheat grown largely about Cordova. It is called
Negro simply, but I believe is the Barba Negro, from which the Pelissier wheat is
said to have originated. None of these wheats are much exported, and it is impos-
sible to determine here their macaroni-making properties.”’ (Fairchild. )

7426. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 755), August
30, 1901.

Mahonesas. ‘‘A variety of broad bean, preferred for boiling purposes by Alican-
tians. Comes from Mahon in the Balearic Islands.’’ ( Fairchild.)

7427. HorpdkUM TETRASTICHUM. Barley.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 761). Sam-
ple received August 21, 1901; 88 kilos received January 14, 1902.

Albacete. ‘‘ The barley of this dry plateau region of southeastern Spain is used for
brewing purposes. Although its quality for this purpose can not compare with the
best Hanna barley, it is a good variety and worthy of trial by breeders in the south-
west.”? (Fairchild. )

/

7428. ‘TrRITIcUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 758), Jan-
uary 14, 1902.

‘This is the ordinary durum wheat of this Jry plateau. It is not, Iam told by a
dealer in Murcia, as ‘strong’ a variety as the Russian so-called Taganrog, and hence
is not exported, but from what I saw of it I judge it will prove resistant to rust in a
fairly high degree. No distinctive name was discoverable. It is the only hard
variety.’? (Fairchild. )

7429. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D.G. Fairchild (No. 759), Jan-
uary 14, 1902.

Candial. ‘‘A soft variety of wheat grown on this dry plateau in southeastern Spain.
This variety is very highly esteemed as a bread-making sort for home use. It may
prove valuable for our dry southern plains, for it is grown without irrigation. It is
quite distinct from the variety known by the name of Candeal in South America,
being a soft wheat, while the South American kind is a hard wheat.’ ( Fairehild. )

142 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7430. %‘TRrricuM bURUM (4) Wheat.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D.G, Fairchild (No, 760), Jan-
uary 14, 1902,

Gejar. ‘A semihard wheat, which is said to be the best for the manufacture of
macaroni of any in Spain. It is not so ‘strong’ as the Taganrog, | am told, but has
a very fine gluten, which makes it sought after by Spanish macaroni makers. It is
grown on the high plateau of southeastern Spain without irrigation, and is suited for
trial in the southwest.”? (Fairchild. )

7431 to 7438. Morus sp. Mulberry.

From Murcia, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 757, f, g, h, 1, j,
k,1,m,n), August 21, 1901.

Various species of mulberry for silkworm feeding. All dead except:
7431. Alba nervosa, (757 f.)
7436. Fertil de Italia. (757 1.)
(See Nos. 7141 to 7145.)

7439. AGAVE UNIVITATTA. Lechuguilla.

From Tamaulipas, Mexico. Received through Mr. L. H. Dewey, August 31,
1901. Presented by Mr. H. Riehl.

A Tampico fiber plant.

7440. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From the island of Chios, Turkey. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received August 23, 1901.

‘Scions of a variety of pomegranate which has seeds that are very tender coated.
Probably a similar variety to that commonly cultivated on the coast of Spain and
considered the best market variety there.’’ (Fairchild. )

7441 to 7445.

From Nice, France. Presented by Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
August 23, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows:
7441. TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSUS.
7442. PHOENIX RECLINATA.

7443. PHOENIX.
Hybrid pollinated with P. reclinata.

7444. PHOENIX PUMILA.
Pollinated with P. reclinata.

7445. PsIDIUM CATTLEYANUM.

7446.
From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 304), August 24, 1901.

7447.
From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 305), August 24, 1901,

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

7448. CapsicUM ANNUUM.

143

Red pepper.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 754), August

21, 1901.

‘A very fine variety of red pepper grown at Aspra, not far from Elche, near
Alicante. It forms a showy object in the market place and is grown extensively.’’

( Fairchild. )

7449. PIMPINELLA ANISUM.

Anise.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.

“The anise seed of southeastern Spain is noted.
40,000 ‘vielas’ in a single year. Used in

anisette.’’ (Fairchild. )

7450. AVENA SATIVA.

One firm here has exported

Amsterdam for the manufacture of

Oat.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.

“Sample of oats from market.’’ (Fairchild. )

7451. HorDEUM VULGARE.

Barley.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.

‘‘Sample of barley from market.’’ (/airchild. )

7452 to 7458. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS.

Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.

Almond fruits as follows:

7452.

Mollar. From same tree as No.

7061.
7453.

Planeta. From same tree as No.

7134.
7454.

Castillet. From same tree as No.

7133.

7459. TRITICUM DURUM.

7455.

Fabrica. From same tree as No.
1130.

7456.

Planeta. From a grower.
7457.

Planeta. From a grower.
7458.

Pastaneta. From a grower.

Wheat.

From near Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24,

‘*Sample of wheat from threshing floor.”’

7460. CERATONIA SILIQUA.

( Fairchild. )

Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 743), August

24, 1901.

Negra. Seed pods from same tree as cuttings.

7461. CERATONIA SILIQUA.

(No. 7063.)

Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, (No. 744) August

24, 1901.

Vera. ‘‘Seed pods. This is said to be one of the sweetest varieties known. It is
lanted for table use especially and is too valuable for horse food. The yield is

irregular and small compared with other sorts.’’

29861—No. 66—05——10

( Fairchild. )

144 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7462. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.
From Cordova, Spain. Received through Mr. D, G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901,
7463. TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 763), August

24, 1901.

Berberisco. ‘‘A variety of wheat which was introduced into Spain many years ago
from Barbary, and which has won for itself the reputation of being a larger yielder
and having better grain than the durum wheat Blanco, No, 7464. It would be inter-
esting to try this in comparison with Algerian wheats, which are said to have origi-
nated (part of them at least) from imported Spanish sorts.”’ ( /airechild. )

7464. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Cordova, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 762), August
24, 1901.

Blanco. ‘“‘A native variety of hard wheat grown about Cordova which has the
reputation of being of a fair quality and, although not so productive as the so-called
Berberiseo, it is more resistant to drought. I believe it will also prove resistant to
rust in a fair degree.’’ (Fuirchild.)

7465. TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Uralsk, Russia. Received through Mr. A. A. Vannohin, August 29, 1901.

Kubanka. (See No. 5639, Inventory No. 10.)

7466. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Padui, Russia. Received through Mr. M. Narishkin, August 29, 1901.
Padwi. (See No. 5640, Inventory No. 10.)

7467. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Kharkof, Russia. Received through Dr. A. Boenicke, August 29, 1901.
Kharkof. (See No. 5641, Inventory No. 10.)

7468. (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA. Mangosteen.
From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., August
29, 1901.

7469 to 7490.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (Nos. 306 to 327), August 30,
1901.

A collection of Mexican plants and bulbs as follows (Doctor Rose’s numbers are
given for purposes of identification):

7469. Orchid.
(No. 306. ) ;

7470. Orchid.
(No. 307.)

74°71. Orchid.
(No. 308.)

7472. Orchid.
(No. 309.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 145

7469 to 7490 Continued.
7473. Orchid.
(No. 310.)

7474. Orchid.
(No. 311.)

7475. Orchid.
(No. 312.)

7476. Orchid.
(No. 313. )

7477. Orchid.
(No. 314. )

7478. Orchid.
(No. 815.)

7479. CoTYLEDON sp. 7484. TILLANDSIA sp.
(No. 316.) (No. 321.)

7480. Arum sp. (?). 7485. ZeEPHYRANTHES sp.
(No. 317.) ey GINO 322.)

7481. TILLANDSsIA sp. 7486. TILLANDSIA sp.
(No. 318.) ‘ (No. 323.)

7482. TILLANDSIA sp. 7487. CoTYLEDON sp. -
(No. 319.) (No. 324.)

7483. TILLANDSIA sp. 7488. AGAVE Sp.
(No. 320.) (No. 325. )

7489. SoLaNvm sp. Potato.
(No. 326.)

7490.
(No. 327.)

7491 to 7495.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (Nos. 6259 and 328 to 331),
August 31, 1901.

A collection of Mexican plants and bulbs, as follows:

7491. 7494.
(No. 6259. ) (No. 330.)
7492. 7495.
| (No. 328.) (No. 331.)
. 7493.
(No. 329.)

7496. Cissus.
From Eagle Pass, Tex. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, September 5, 1901.

146 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7497.
From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 259), September 5, 1901.
7498. VICIA PABA. Broad bean.
From Vomero-Naples, Italy. Received through Mr. C. Sprenger, September 5,
1901.

St. Pantaleone. ‘‘A new variety of bean having very long pods.’’ (Sprenger. )

7499. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE. , Cashew.
From Kingston, Jamaica. Received through Mr. W. Harris, assistant superin-

tendent of the Hope Gardens, September 5, 1901.

7500. MeEbICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Oued Rirh oasis, northern Sahara Desert. Received through Mr. W. T.
Swingle from French and Arab foremen of the European date plantations.
Received May, 1901.

‘‘An early sort, resisting drought and alkali much better than the ordinary alfalia.”’
(Swingle. )
7501. SPpoONDIAS sp. Ciruela.

From Iguala, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles, Cal.,
September 10, 1901.

Dried fruit.

7502. ZEA MAYS. Corn.

From Tampico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., September 10, 1901.

Large White Mexican.

7503. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Bean.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Large Purple.
7504. PHASEOLUS VULGARIS. Bean.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Ballo Gordo. A yellow bean.
7505. CASIMIROA EDULIS. White sapota.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., September 10, 1901.

Zapote Blanco.
7506. (Unidentified seeds. )

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Pepita para mole verde. ‘‘Sold in roasted condition on streets of Mexico.’’ (Stearns. )

7507. OPpuNTIA sp.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Tuna Colorado. ‘‘Fruit is the size of a duck’s egg, and has very red flesh.” |
( Stearns. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 147

7508. Cucursita sp. Pumpkin.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Spargel Kurbis.

7509. Crreus sp. (4) Pitahaya.

From Tampica and Guadalajara, Mexico. Received through Mr, Elmer Stearns,
Los Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

“Fruit pink, large, sweet, and fine eating.’? (See Cont. U. S. Herb., Vol. V,
No. 4, pp. 220-221. )
7510. CARICA PAPAYA. Papaw.

From Tampico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
‘al., September 901.
Cal., September 10, 1901

“Fruit very large.’’ (Stearns. )

7511. CucuMIS SATIVUS (%). Cucumber.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

‘Fruit of fine flavor, round, the size of a large apple. Bears large crop.’’
( Stearns. )

7512 to 7515. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. 8S. Mrozinski, September 9,
1901.
Samples of wheat as follows:
7512.

Sandomirka. ‘‘A beardless wheat grown in Podolia. It is very resistant to
frost, heat, and drought. This wheat was first grown in the vicinity of Sando-
mir, in Poland.’’ (Mrozinski. )

7513.

Plock. ‘‘A variety of wheat introduced into Podolia from Plock, Poland.
It is especially noted for its resistance to the effect of rain storms.’’ —( Mrozinski.)

7514.

Triumph of Podolia. ‘‘An improved local species, very productive and
resistant to all climatic changes.” (Mrozinski. )

7515.

Banat. ‘‘Selected from the original Hungarian Banat. It is noted for not
degenerating as easily as the original.’’ ( Mrozinski. )

7516 and 7517. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 769), Septem-
ber 138, 1901.

Jordan. ‘‘ Bought in the shell from a grower in the Sierra, at a’small village called
Almogia, one hour’s mule ride from the well-known road of Antiquera. This isa
collection as it came from the trees, small and large together, and is for purposes of
seed selection. It is highly probable that new varieties (seedlings) can be secured
from these seeds, and they should be distributed to breeders of Prunus. Almost all
the trees about Malaga, where this particular variety is grown and from which place
almonds are shipped in large quantities to America, are budded trees. The stock is the
bitter almond, seeds of which (No. 7517) are included in the same box with the
Jordans. I am told, however, that seedling plants are employed and that they bear
fruit reasonably true to type. The soil on which these trees are grown is very rocky

148 SEEDS AND PLAN'S IMPORTED.

and light and at this season is quite dry and dusty. Hillsides and high-lying valleys
are the favorite spots for their cultivation, and the secret of their culture seems to lie
in the freedom from spring frosts. They flower in January and February, and even
about Malaga a crop is often lost by a frost at flowering time. These frosts being
quite local, one often hears in one valley of a total loss of the crop in a neighboring
one. These seeds may prove very valuable in originating later-blooming sorts of
good quality and in discovering valleys suited to their culture. The seed should be
caretally inspected and all specimens with gum adhering discarded. I recommend,
further, that the remaining be washed with copper sulphate or some other disinfect-
ant and well rinsed with fresh water. The disease called Giummosis is a troublesome
one and exists in all the orchards I have visited. It is important that this disease,
if it really is one, be not introduced into California. I am unaware if it is already
there and has been studied. I have seen trees that appeared to be dying of the dis-
ease. Nuts attacked by it are worthless. These seeds should be stratified and
planted without cracking in rich garden earth. Budding is done here only in April.”
( Fairchild. )

7518. RoMNEYA COULTERI. Matilija poppy.
From Los Angeles, Cal. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, September 20,
1901.
7519. CrreEus sp. (/) Pitahaya.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., September 20, 1901.

‘‘Fruit three to four inches long and two inches in diameter. Skin reddish pink.
Pulp white and jellylike, with the seeds distributed through it. Sweet and fine
eating.’”’? (Stearns. )

7520 to 7534.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., September

21, 1901.
A collection of agricultural seeds, as follows:
7520. TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM. Fenugreek.
7521. LATHYRUS CICER. Vetch.
Gesse jarosse.
7522. ERvUM MONANTHOSs. Lentil.

One-flowered lentil.

7523. ErRvuM LENS HIEMALE. Lentil.
Red winter lentil.

7524. Lupinus ALBus. Lupine.
White lupine.

7525. Lupinus LUTEUs. Lupine.
Yellow lupine.

7526. ONOBRYCHIS ONOBRYCHIS. Sainfoin.

7527. ONOBRYCHIS ONOBRYCHIS. é Sainfoin.

Sainfoin & deux coupes.
7528. HeEpyYsSARUM CORONARIUM, Sulla.
Spanish Sulla.

7529. TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM. Crimson clover.

Early variety.

ia

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER

7520 to 7534—Continued.
7530. TRIrOLIUM INCARNATUM.

Very late variety, with white flowers.

7531. SecCALE CEREALE.

Giant winter.
7532. ViIcIA NARBONNENSIS.
7533. VICIA VILLOSA.
7534. Larnyrus ocrreus.

7535. Lupinus ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

, 1903, 149

Crimson clover.

Rye.

Narbonne vetch.
Hairy vetch.
Vetch.

Blue lupine.

From Eustis, Fla. Sent by Mr. F. W. Savage through Mr. W. T. Swingle.

Received September 23, 1901.

A North African variety. Grown from No. 5583.

7536 to 7556.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin Andrieux & Co., September

23, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows:

7536. ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN (?) 7546.

7537. Morus ALBA. Hat-var. 7547.
Moretti.

7548.

7538. ScHINUS MOLLE.

7549.

7539. ScHINUS TEREBINTHIFO-
LIUS. 7550.
7540. Ficus ELASTICA. 7551.
7541. CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA. 7552.
7542. HuvRA CREPITANS. 7553.
7543. SwiIETENIA MAHAGONI. 7554.
7544. CoLUIFERA BALSAMINUM., le al
7556.

7545. ARENGA SACCHARIFERA.

7557 to 7574.

CyYCAS NORMANBYANA.
LICUALA GRANDIS.
LIVISTONA JENKINSIANA,
CINCHONA CALISAYA.
CINCHONA LEDGERIANA.
CINCHONA CALISAYA.
CINCHONA SUCCI-RUBRA.
LESPEDEZA SIEBOLDI.
ILEX INTEGRA.

ABRUS PRECATORIUS.

LEUCADENDRON ARGEN-
TEUM.

From St. Albans, England. Received through Sander & Co., September 24,

1901.
A collection of plants as follows:

7557. RicuHarDIA sp. 7559.

Calla leucoxantha. 7560.

7558. LEEA SAMBUCINA.

7561. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.

Ivanhoe.

PANAX AUREUM.

PASSIFLORA PRUINOSA.

Carnation.

150 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7557 to 7574—Continued.

7562. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.
J. Coles.
7563. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.

Lily Measures.

7564. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.
Mrs. F. Sander.

7565. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.
Monica.
7566. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.

Mrs. Joicey.

7567. RICHARDIA sp.
7571. CyRrrosTACHYS RENDA.
Calla Elliottiana Rossii.
7568. ACANTHOPHOENIX CRI- 7572. HerEROSPATHE ELATA,
NITA.
7573. PryCHORAPHIS AUGUSTA.
7569. BENTINCKIA NICOBARICA.

- . KENTIA SANDERIANA.
7570. Cocos CORONATA. 7574

7575 and 7576. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

Grown by Oscar C. Snow, Mesilla Park, N. Mex., under contract. Distributed
from the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. Reported ready for
delivery September, 1901.

7575. Gharnovka, grown from No. 5643.
7576. Kubanka, grown from No. 5639.

7577. PHYSALIS PERUVIANA. Cape gooseberry.

From Lima, Peru. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles, Cal.,
September 26, 1901.

svaranjilla. ‘‘Plant 2 to 3 feet tall, branching, leaves large. Fruits abundant.
The local name means Little Orange.’’ (Stearns. )

7578. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From province of Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and
C. 8. Scofield (No. 721), September 26, 1901.

Marouani. ‘‘ This wheat is cultivated extensively on the elevated rolling lands in
the western part of the province, and is one of the best of the types of durum wheats
cultivated by the Arabs. The quantity obtained is from the estate of M. J.
Labouresse, at Tessala, near Sidi-bel-Abbés. It has been carefully selected by Mr.
Labouresse from year to year until a fairly pure and very vigorous stock has been
obtained. The variety is very hardy, resistant to rust, and succeeds fairly well under
rather droughty conditions. The grain is especially adapted for the manufacture of
semolina. In the province of Oran the wheat is sown in November and ripens in
June, but it might succeed as a spring wheat in the spring-wheat region of the
northern United States.’? (Fairchild and Scofield. )

7579. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Sidi-bel-Abbés, province of Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs.
D. G. Fairehild and C. 8. Scofield (No. 722), September 26, 1901.

Medeah. ‘‘This is one of the best-known macaroni wheat varieties of western
Algeria. When grown on the high rolling lands in the vicinity of the city of Medeah
it produces a grain with very valuable macaroni-making qualities. It was recently
introduced into the vicinity of Sidi-bel-Abbés, where it gives promise of being a very
valuable sort, ripening ten to fifteen days earlier than the Marouani and similar

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 151

sorts grown in that vicinity. It is ordinarily sown here in November and ripens
early in June, but it is worth trying as a spring wheat in the northern United States.
The sample obtained is from the farm of M. J. Labouresse, of Tessala, near Sidi-bel-
Abbés, which latter is one of the noted wheat growing districts of Algeria, possessing
alight rich soil.’? (Fairchild and Scofield.)

7580. ‘lRItTICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Batna, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild
and ©. 8. Scofield (No. 729), September 26, 1901.

Adjini. ‘* This wheat is from stock grown by the Arabs on the rolling lands of
the Aurés Mountains, east of Batna, where the summer temperature often reaches
100° F. and where it frequently drops to zero in winter. It is a variety highly
spoken of by the macaroni manufacturers of Marseille, and, although rapidly dete-
riorating in quality, when cultivated there, has given very good yields when grown
without irrigation on lower lands of the high plateau of the province of Constantine.
The soil on these lands is excessively rich in sulphate of magnesia and is of a hard
and gravelly nature. Although a winter wheat in Batna, being sown in December
or January and harvested early in July, it will be worth a trial in the spring-wheat
region. The seed obtained is from Arab growers, whose methods of culture are very
primitive, and the Department is’ indebted to Mr. G. Ryf, manager of the Geneva
Society of Setif, for its purchase from them.”’ ( Fuirchild and Scofield. )

7581. TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. 8. Scofield (No. 730), September 26, 1901.

Kahla. ‘‘This wheat will be found to differ from the Kahla, No. 7794, of the
high plateau region, as it comes from plants grown by irrigation on the somewhat
salty sands of the northern Sahara Desert. It is one of the few sorts of wheats that
maintain their good quality when grown year after year in slightly alkaline soils.
It is highly valued by the Arabs for its rich content of elastic gluten. It is grown
on land that probably has at least 5 per cent of salt in it and the irrigation water
itself with which the plants are irrigated is slightly salty, not so salty, however, as
to be quite undrinkable. The wheat is planted in El-Outaya in December or January,
but it might be worth trying as a spring wheat in the North. This seed is from the
farm of Mr. Charles des Places at El-Outaya. Asa macaroni wheat its rank is not
known, but its ability to grow in alkaline soil makes it especially valuable for any
experiments in the irrigated salt lands of America. We were told that a change of
seed was especially beneficial on these salt lands. Quantities of wheat are brought
down from the neighboring mountains to plant on these salt lands. This change
of seed forbids the formation of any salt-resistant race, but does not change the
interest in these wheats for other salt lands.’? (airchild and Scofield. )

7582. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. 8. Scofield (No. 731), September 26, 1901.

Fretes. ‘‘This variety, sometimes called Freitiss, is one of the few soft wheats grown
in Algeria. It is particularly noted for its early maturity and is often extensively
planted in the Sahara Desert in seasons when the winter rains occur so late that the
durum varieties usually grown would not have time to mature. When planted in
November, as it is in Algeria, at the same time with durum varieties, it issaid to ripen
two months in advance of them. The seed obtained was grown on the rather salty
desert sands in the vicinity of El-Outaya, north of Biskra, and watered with some-
what alkaline but still drinkable irrigation water. The variety is said to have origi-
nated from a shipment of Russian wheat which was made into Algeria at the time of
a famine many years ago. Its early maturing qualities attracted attention, and it has
been cultivated in small quantities by the Arabs ever since. The seed obtained is
from the farm of Mr. Charles B. des Places.”” (Fairchild and Scofield. )

7583. HorpdrEUM TETRASTICHUM. Barley.

From El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. 8. Scofield (No. 732), September 26, 1901.

Beldi. ‘‘This and the following variety (No. 7584) are sorts planted on the saline
soils of the edge of the Sahara Desert. They are grown by irrigation, but the irriga-

152 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

tion water itself issaline. In quality they are neither of them of superior excellence
and are little used, if any, for beer-making purposes. The yield is small when com-
pared with that of barley grown on good soils, but it nevertheless seems to pay the
French colonists to grow it in these regions where very few plants of any kind sue-
ceed. The Arabs feed their horses largely on barley and even eat it themselves, Mr.
des Places says, however, that on these saline soils where this barley is grown he
finds a change of seed beneficial, even necessary, and he imports every year or two
hisseed barley and seed wheat from the mountains, because it so rapidly degenerates,
These barleys are introduced for a trial on the salt lands of the Southwest. The
names given are Arab ones for slightly different strains. Secured of Mr, Charles B.
des Places.”’ ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7584. HorbdrUM TETRASTICHUM. Barley.

From El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. 8. Seofield (No. 733), September 26, 1901.

Telli. *‘A barley for salt lands under irrigation. See No, 7583 for description.’
( Fuirchild and Scofield. )

7585. ‘TrRITICUM TURGIDUM. Wheat.

From Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and C, 8. Seo-
field (No. 734), September 26, 1901.

Black Poulard. ‘This is one of the so-called Poulard wheats, a class which is
commonly grown in France on stiff or heavy soils unfavorable to the culture of less
vigorous sorts. The quality of the grain is considered inferior to that of either T.
durum or T. vulgare. It is particularly valuable on account of its vigorous growth
and hardiness. It is usually grown as an autumn wheat, but is worthy of trial on
any land too heavy or too coarse to produce ordinary wheats to good advantage. The
seed was secured from M. Vermeil, professor of agriculture at Oran, who has it grow-
ing in his experimental plats under the Arabic name of ‘Kahla,’ a name which,
however, is applied in other parts of Algeria to a quite different variety of wheat.
(See Nos. 7581 and 7794.) This is not a macaroni wheat, but may be used for flour
making.’’ (Fairchild and Scofield.)

7586. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Setif, province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. 8. Scofield (No. 735a), November 11, 1901.

‘* 4 wild variety which has been introduced into culture by Mr. G. Ryf, of Setif,
who is conducting experiments, the results of which are published by the ‘‘Comice
Agricole,’’ of Setit, of which Mr. Ryf is a prominent member. This variety has been
remarkable in its variation since its introduction to cultivation, and the seed should
prove an excellent foundation stock from which to select varieties for special soils
and conditions. In general it has been found very resistant to drought and well
adapted to soils rich in phosphates. Mr. Ryf has an interesting method of cultivat-
ing it. He plants the seed in rows 39 inches apart and cultivates between the rows
the first season. The following season the crops of hay are cut as rapidly as the
come on, and the plants spread out, forming broad bands or rows. The season fol-
lowing, the space between the rows and all but a narrow band 8 inches wide of
the alfalfa is plowed under and well tilled. After this cultivation a crop of wheat
is sown between the rows of alfalfa, and when this is matured and removed a light
cultivation is given, and the following year the rows of alfalfa are allowed to spread
out and crops of hay are taken off. In this way wheat and alfalfa are alternated
from year to year. Mr. Ryf finds that by following this method the perennial legu-
minous forage crops give much better results than annual ones. This he attributes
largely to the extra amount of cultivation that this method permits. In fact he finds
that for his conditions an extra cultivation of the soil gives better results in the fol-
lowing crop than the planting of an annual leguminous crop, with which cultivation
a OO tae This is seed from a procumbent form of the plant.’? (Fairchild and

cofield.

7587. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Setif, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs.’ D. G. Fairchild
and C. 8. Scofield (No. 735a), November 11, 1901.

A wild variety, with erect form. (See No. 7586.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 1538

7588. MepIcAGoO MEDIA. Sand lucern.

From Setif, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild
and ©. 8. Scofield (No. 735a+-), November 11, 1901.

Luzerne rustique.

7589. BAutiInta sp. White bauhinia.

From Mount Silinda, Melsetter district, Rhodesia, South Africa. Received
through Dr. Wm. L. Thompson, October 1, L901.

“Is quite rare. The flowers are large and beautiful and very abundant, but very
delicate. The plant seems quite sensitive to frost and many plants have been injured
by it this year.’’ (Thompson. )

7590. BauniIntia sp. Red bauhinia.

From Mount Silinda, Melsetter district, Rhodesia, South Africa. Received
through Dr. Wm. L. Thompson, October 1, 1901.

“The red variety is very widely and generally distributed over this region.’’
(Thompson. ) .

7591 to 7630.

From London, England. Received through James H. Veitch & Sons, October
3, 1901.

A collection of ornamental plants as follows (nomenclature is that of the seedsmen ) :

7591. BraGonia sp. : Begonia.
Winter Cheer.

7592. BEGONIA gp. | Begonia.
Adonis.

7598. BrGoNIA CARMINATA. ' _‘ Begonia.

7594. BEGONIA sp. Begonia.
Ensign.

7595. BErGONIA EUDOXA. Begonia.

7596. BErGONIA INCOMPARABILIS. Begonia.

7597. BEGONIA sp. Begonia.
John Heal.

7598. BrGonia sp. Begonia.
Mrs. Heal.

7599. BrGonta sp. Begonia.
Venus.

7600. BrGONIA sp. Begonia.
Winter Perfection.

7601. CopraArUM VARIEGATUM. Croton.
Mrs. McLeod.

7602. CopmiAEUM VARIEGATUM. Croton.

Aigburth Gem.

7608. CoDIAEUM VARIEGATUM. Croton.
Mrs. Iceton.

154 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7591 to 7630—Continued. |
7604. CopiARUM VARIEGATUM, Croton. |
Princess of Wales, |
7605. DRacakNa sp. 7613. MEDINILLA BORNENSIS.
) . 28S ' / .
Duchess of York. 7614. MeEDINILLA MAGNIPICA.
, JRACAENA SDP,
7606. DRacazna sp 7615. MussakNDA GRANDIFLORA, |
Esckhantei.

7616. RoupaLa POHLII.
7607. DRACAENA 8p.
The Sirdar.

7617. VRIESIA FENESTRALIS.
7618. TILLANDSIA LINDENIANA.
7608. DracakNa sp.

Exquisite 7619. (GUZMANIA MUSAICA.

7620. URcCEOLINA PENDULA.
7609. DRACAENA §p.

Donsetti. 7621. ZINGIBER OFFICINALE.

7622. RICHARDIA ELLIO :
7610. AMASONIA CALYCINA. TTTSEA

7628. RIcHARDIA PENTLANDI.
7611. MARANTA MAJOR.

7624. HeEpYCHIUM GARDNERI-
7612. ALLAMANDA BLANCHETII. ANUM.
7625. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS, Carnation.
Blush White.
7626. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.
Lady Grimstone.

7627. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.
Lord Rosebery.

7628. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.
Trumpeter.
7629. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation.

George Maquat.

7680. SEMELE ANDROGYNA.

7631 to 7636. PH@ENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.
From Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 597) from Mr. Em. C.
Zervudachi, Alexandria, October 2, 1901.

7631.

Amri. ‘One of the best varieties, of large size; color, garnet verging on
black.”’ (Zervudachi. )
7632.

Oga of Bedrichen. ‘‘Of medium size; color, garnet verging on black.”
( Zervudachi. )

7633.

Nagl-el-Basha. ‘‘One of the best varieties, of large size; color, yellowish.”’
(Zervudachi. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 155

7631 to 7636-——Continued.
7634.

Sultani or Soubaa-el-Sitti. ‘‘One of the best varieties, of medium size; color,
yellowish.’ (Zervudachi. )

7635.

Birket-el-Haggi. ‘‘Of medium size; color, garnet verging on black.”’
( Zervudachi. )

7636.

Am-hat. ‘‘Of small size and yellowish color.’’ — (Zervudachi. )

7637. LATHYRUS TINGITANUS. Tangier scarlet pea.
From Algeria. Received throngh Mr. D. G. Fairchild, September 26, 1901.
7638. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.
From Rouiba, Algerta. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, September 26,

1901.

7639. LATHYRUS SATIVUS.
From Rouiba, Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, September 26,
1901.
7640 to 7645.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 697 to 702),
October 4, 1901.

Samples of miscellaneous seeds presented by the School of Agriculture of Tunis.

7640. HorbdEUM VULGARE. Naked barley.

Chair-en Nebbi. ‘‘Originated in Tunis, but grown in the trial gardens of
the college for three years.’”’ (No. 697.) (Fairchild. )

7641. HoRDEUM VULGARE. Naked barley.

‘“‘From Turkestan. Grown three years in Agricultural College garden,
Tunis.’’ (No. 698.) (Fairchild. )

7642. TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM. Fenugreek.

‘“The grain is eaten by the Jewish women of Tunis in large quantities in
order to increase their avoirdupois, it being the fashion to weigh as much as

200 pounds or more. Primarily, however, a forage and soiling crop.’’ (No.
699.) (Fairchild. )

7643. ANDROPOGON HALAPENSIS.

Sorgho d’Alep. ‘‘This is an important grain crop of north Africa. It
hybridizes easily with broom corn and causes the latter to deteriorate.’’
(No. 700.) (Fairchild. )

7644. CarTHAMNUS TINCTORIUS. Safflower.
‘*Grown as an oil plant.’”’ (No. 701.) (Fairchild. )
7645. (GUIZOTIA ABYSSINICA.
‘“An oil-producing plant used like sesame. It is grown similarly.’”’ (No.
702.) ( Fairchild.)
7646. PENNISETUM SPICATUM. Pearl millet.
From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 696) , October 4,

Millet de Chandelles. ‘‘Probably grown extensively in the south of the province
of Tunis, about Gabez. Arabs use it for food, Europeans for forage. May be useful
for breeding. From School of Agriculture, Tunis.’’ (Fairchild. )

L56 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7647. (GoOssyPlUM sp. Cotton.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr, D, G. Fairchild (No. 695), Septem-
ber 26, L901.

Coton bruine de Mallaganza, ‘‘Single boll of a brown cotton from the collection
of cottons at the School of Agriculture of Tunis. Its origin is quite unknown,”’
( Mairchild. )

7648. LInUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

From Oran, Tunis. Received through Mr. D, G, Fairchild (No, 717), Septem-
ber 26, 1901.

‘‘Said to resist drought very well.’’ ( Fairchild.)

7649. \IuINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 716), Septem-
ber 26, 1901.

‘*Also said to be drought resistant.’’ (Fuirehild. )

7650 to 7653. =‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Tunis, Tunis. Presented by the School of Agriculture of Tunis through |
Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 703 to 706). Received September 26, 1901.

Samples of wheat from the collection in the School of Agriculture of Tunis.
They bear the following native names, for whose spelling Mr. R. Gagey, instructor at
the college, is responsible:

7650. 7652.
Sba er Roumi (Sboa-el-Reumia). Médeah. (No, 704.)
(No. 706.)
7658.
7651.

Abd-el-Kader. (No. 703.)
Azizi. (No. 705.)

7654. CApsicUM ANNUUM. Red pepper. |
From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 718), Septem-
ber 26, 1901. |

‘‘A large, very fine, long red pepper from market of Tunis.’’ (Fuirchild.)

7655. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 707, May 27,
1901), September 26, 1901.

‘The native chick-pea of Tunis for comparative tests as to nodule-producing prop-
erties and resistance to drought. From the School of Agriculture in Tunis.” ”
( Fairchild.)

7656. Lorus TETRAGONOLOBUS. Square pea.
From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 715, May 27, -
1901), September 26, 1901. :

“A new forage and seed legume being tried at the Tunis Agricultural College. Its
root nodules are remarkable ‘for their size and number, and its seed-bearing ones
is extraordinary.”’ ( Fairchild.)

7657. ‘TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 642, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.
Saida. ‘This variety stands somewhat intermediate in character between Muscowi

and Fachl. Its long-root system enables it to withstand dry weather very well, and —
it is considered in Bey pt asa variety of dry-land Berseem. It yields two cuttings

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 157

only, and is therefore sown in ‘such regions as can be irrigated two or three times.
It should be sown in autumn, on land with a limited power of irrigation, and will
yield, on an average, about 6 tons of green fodder per acre at the first cutting and
4or5 at the second. It makes better hay than the Muscow/, but can not be consid-
ered of as great importance as that variety. The root system of this variety is longer
than in either of the others.”’ ( /uirchild.)

7658. ‘TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 645, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Fachl. ‘‘This variety differs materially from the Muscowi (No. 7659), being used on
land which is irrigated by the basin system, that is, by being overflowed tor forty
days in the autumn. The seed is broadcasted at the rate of a bushel an acre on the
mud, and no later irrigations are found necessary, as the plant gives only one cutting.
This, however, yields 9 tons of green fodder per acre and makes a better hay than
the MVuscowi. In order to secure the seed of this variety it is the practice to sow the
same broadcast with wheat or barley, and the seed is separated from the grain by
thrashing, it being much smaller and lighter. This variety will be limited in its use
to regions where only one irrigation can be given during the winter, or possibly may
prove valuable as a spring forage crop.’’ (Iairchild.)

7659. ‘TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 644), October
10, 1901. Secured through the kindness of the secretary of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society of Egypt, Mr. George P. Foaden.

Muscowi. ‘‘The great fodder and soiling crop of Egypt. An annual, leguminous,
green fodder crop, considered indispensable by the Egyptians as a half-year rotation
with cotton. Its fodder-producing value, effect upon the soil in storing up nitrogen,
and cleansing effect are considered exceptional. It will be best suited to irrigated
lands in warm climates, but might also be tested as a spring fodder crop in the
northwestern coast States. In Egypt the seed is sown generally in October, after
the soil has been thoroughly irrigated to prepare a moist bed for the seed. It is
sown broadcast at the rate of not less than 40 pounds per acre. Even as high as 50
to 60 pounds are sown. ‘This is due in part to the prevalence of weevils in the seed,
which sometimes destroy the germinating power of a large percentage. The seed
should be harrowed into the soil lightly, and when started the young plants should
be given plenty of water. In Egypt the plants grow so rapidly that if sown toward
the end of October a first cutting can be made after forty-five or fifty days, but if
sown later, after the cooler weather has set in, it takes a much longer time for the
plants to develop. Depending upon the amount of water and the temperature, the
plants yield from four to five cuttings, yielding for the first and second cuttings about
8 tons of green forage per cutting and for the third and fourth cuttings somewhat
less. In order to secure seed for next year’s planting the plants should be left to
stand after the fourth cutting, when they will go to seed. In Egypt the seed pro-
duction is larger and heavier than in the case of clover. After each cutting a suffi-
ciently long period should elapse before the plants are irrigated again, to allow the
cut surfaces of the stems to dry out; otherwise the water will rot the plants. This
fodder plant deserves a thorough test in the Colorado Desert region, beet-sugar regions
of the Southwest, and as a soiling crop in the orchards of California.’’ (Fairchild. )

7660. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 638, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Bohi. ‘‘A soft wheat which is grown popularly about Cairo, and is considered one
of the best soft wheats of Egypt. This sample comes from the grounds of the Khe-
divial Agricultural Society and was remarkably free from Puccinia, although the
American wheat varieties, Henderson’s Pedigreed and Gold Corn, growing adjacent,
were very badly rusted. This Bohi isan early ripening sort, at least one month earlier
than above-mentioned American wheats. It is improbable that this variety will
withstand a very low temperature, and it ought to do best in irrigated regions of the
Sonthwest. Itis planted about the 20th of November in Egypt and is cut the first
week in May, although, from an American standpoint, it would be ripe by the last
week in April. All wheat is left until dead ripe before cutting in Egypt. The tem-
perature during the winter seldom goes below 40° F.”? ( Fairchild.)

L158 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7661. SeSAMUM INDICUM. Sesame.
From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 635, May 9,

1901), October 10, 1901,

White. ‘*This forms an important, profitable crop on the basin irrigated lands.
It should be tried as late as the beginning of July after floods of Colorado River have
subsided and might mature by the end of October. The seed should be broadcasted
on the mud at a rate of about a bushel per acre. If possible, two subsequent water-
ings should be made, one when a few inches high and another later. If mud is not
fresh it would be best to plow the land and harrow in the seed. (See No. 3972,
Inventory No. 8, for description of oil making.) Lord Cromer, in his last report,
mentions that sesame is exported from Egypt to Europe. It is largely used for mak-
ing the Turkish sweetmeat Chacla(?). Profits in Egypt are estimated at about $40 an
acre. For use in the Colorado River experiments. Secured through the kindness of
Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Society.”’ ( Fairchild.)

7662. SESAMUM INDICUM. Sesame.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 636, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Brown. ‘‘I can not find that this has any advantage over the white, or vice Versa,
but it may prove better adapted to growth in the Colorado River flood plain. Secured
through the kindness of Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the Khedivial Agricul-
tural Society.’’ (Fairchild.)

7663 to 7677.
From Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, October 11, 1901.
A collection of economic plants secured in September, 1901, as follows:

7663. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Aidin. Designated ‘F.’’

7664. Ficus CARIca. Caprifig.
From Aidin. ‘‘D.’’ ‘‘A very large caprifig (same as No. 6832), from the

garden of 8. G. Magnisalis.’’ (Roeding.)

7665. Ficus Carica. Caprifig.

From Aidin. “E.’’ ‘One of the largest caprifigs from the garden of 8. G.
Magnisalis. (Same as No. 6836.)’’ (Roeding.

7666. Ficus CARIca. Caprifig.
From Aidin. ‘‘J.’’ ‘‘A variety from the garden of 8. G. Magnisalis, near the

ruined mosque. This is not the variety especially mentioned by Mr. W. T.

Swingle.’’ (Roeding.)

7667. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.
From Aidin. ‘‘G.’’ Very largest and finest caprifig from the garden of 8. G.

Magnisalis. Same as No. 6835.’’ (Roeding. )

7668. PIsTACIA VERA. Pistache.
From Smyrna. ‘‘From the Greek nurseryman near Smyrna.”’ ( Roeding. )

7669. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From Smyrna. ‘‘ Wild pear growing near Smyrna, a good stock, valuable
for clay ground.’’ (Roeding.)

7670. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Smyrna. ‘A yellow cling, yellow to the pit, ripening in August,
From Pounar Bashi.’’ (Roeding. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 159

7663 to 7677— Continued.

7671. Vitis VINIFERA. Grape.
From Smyrna. ‘‘A superior variety of Malaga called Rezaki. Probably

Datte de Beyrouth.”’ ( Roeding. )

7672. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Smyrna. ‘‘From Pounar Bashi near Smyrna. An apricot with a

sweet kernel like an almond.”’ — ( Roeding. )

7673. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS. Terebinth.
From Smyrna. Karabanour. ‘Buds from male pistachio terebinth.’’

( Roeding.)

7674. PuUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.
Frcm Smyrna. Tcherkerdeksis. ‘‘The seedless pomegranate from Pounar

Bash.’ ( Roeding. )

7675. OLA EUROPARA. Olive.
From Smyrna. ‘Pickling and oil olive from Greek nurseryman near

Smyrna.’’ (Roeding. )

7676. PuNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Smyrna. Feysinar. ‘‘ Pomegranate from Pounar Bashi.’’ (Roeding. )

7677. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Smyrna. Kadinar. ‘Pomegranate from Pounar Bashi.”’ ( Roeding. )

7678. CoFFEA ARABICA. Coffee.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
386a, February 11, 1900), October 15, 1901. Sent by Hon. K. Auer, United
States consul.

Menado. ‘‘The bean of this famous coffee is very large. It is one of the highest
priced coffees on the market. Sells dry in Amsterdam at 70 to 80 cents Dutch per
one-half kilo. Best ‘Java Brown’ brings no more.”’ ( airchild. )

7679. VIcIA HIRTA.

From Tessala, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. 8. Scofield, April, 1901. Received
October 21, 1901.

‘Dried roots and tubercles from barley field at Tessala.’’ (Scofield. )

7680. LATHYRUS SATIVUS.

From Oran, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. S. Scofield, April, 1901. Received
October 21, 1901.

“Dried roots and tubercles of the ‘Pois Carré’ from salt-inipregnated field near
Oran. Much cultivated.’”’ (Scofield. )
7681. Lupinus LUTEUS. Yellow lupine.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. 8. Scofield, April 10, 1901, through
Dr. L. Trabut. Received October 21, 1901.

“Dried roots and tubercles. Tubercle growth considered by Doctor Trabut as
pathological and characteristic of Lupinus luteus.’’? (Scofield. )

7682. ‘TRIFOLIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

From Kabylia, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. 8. Scofield, April, 1901. Received
October 21, 1901.

“Roots and tubercles.’’ (Scofield. )
29861—No. 66—05 11

160 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7683. ‘TRIFOLIUM PANORMITANUM.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C.8. Scofield, April 10,1901, Received
October 21, 1901,

‘*Roots and tubercles.’’ (Scofield. )
7684. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Malaga, ey Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 768, July 31,
1901), October 21, 1901.

‘*Supposed to be aber plants of the famous Jordan almond. Upon arrival they
proved to be only ungrafted seedlings, and not at all as per the contract made with
the Spanish gardener.’’ ( Fairchild.)

7685. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Volo, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 581, March
23, 1901), September 28, 1901.

Diminum. ‘‘A variety of spring wheat called Diminum, meaning ‘two months.’
This is a semihard wheat used in Greece to plant after the failure of the winter
wheat. It isnot a two-month wheat, as its name implies, but matures in about
three months, being planted the last ot February and harvested the first of June.
It is a light bearer, not very highly esteemed in Greece except for a catch crop, as it
were, when winter wheat has failed. Sent by kindness of Mr. Ar. Tsakonas, of
Athens, who can secure a large quantity in June, if desired.”’ (Fairchild. )

7686. NICOTIANA TABACUM. Tobacco.
From Godwinsville, Ga. Received through Mr. H. J. Webber, October 28, 1901.

Asmyr. A Turkish cigarette tobacco. About 6 ounces of seed obtained by Mr.
Webber through Mr. Robert Viewig, who imported the original seed from Turkey |
and grew itat Godwinsville, Ga. A crop was grown in 1899, from which the present
seed was taken. Production usually very light, but product of superior quality.

7687. VITIS sp. Grape.
From southern Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 5349), October
28, 1901.

‘*A new grape, collected in southern Mexico this past season. It is avery remark-
able species in that it dies down to the ground each year, apparently arising from the
big deep-set tuber or tuberous root. It produces an immense growth of vines, the
internodes often being 1} to 2 feet long. The fruit is borne in large clusters, some-
times nearly a foot long, individual grapes being about the size of the fox grape.”
( Rose. ) |

7688. HEERIA JALAPA.

From southern Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 6081), October
28, 1901.

‘‘A very beautiful little trailing plant, well suited for baskets or for a carpet plant.
It belongs to a genus of plants much cultivated.’’ (Rose. )

7689 to 7765.

From Algeria. Secured by Mr. C. 8. Scofield, April to June, 1901. Received
at the Department in October, 1901. Turned over to the Office of Seed and
Plant Introduction and Distribution, March 6, 1903.

‘“The following collection of leguminous plants was obtained by Mr. C. 8. Scofield,
in many cases through the kindness of Dr. L. Trabut, government botanist of Algeria.
This collection represents the results of many years ‘careful study by Doctor Trabut,
who, with Doctor Battangier, published a flora of Algeria, in which some of these species
were described for the first time. Doctor Trabut familiarized himself with the indig-
enous flora of Algeria by many expeditions to all parts of the colony, and some of the

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 161

most promising species for culture were found to be very rare in a wild state, having
been almost exterminated by herbivorous animals. The collection here enumerated
was obtained for study and not for distribution. It is of the very greatest value and
the various species are now being cultivated in a preliminary way by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture to get information as to their adaptability to American condi-
tions. As the life histories of the various species are worked out so that reasonable
prognosis can be made as to the value of the plant for forage or for hay or green
manure and some information can be given as to the regions where it is most likely
to succeed, and where seed can be grown at a reasonable cost, then this species will
be introduced into practical culture. It is likely that many plants of the greatest
value for the future development of American agriculture, especially in the dry
regions of the West, are included in this collection, which is the cream of what has
been brought together by twenty years’ study in North Africa, one of the richest
regions of the world for leguminous plants suitable for field culture.’’ (Swingle. )

7689. Lupinus TERMIS. White lupine.

“This plant is one of the prominent lupines which has a place in general
culture. It has a vigorous, upright growth.’’ (Scofield. )

7690. Lupinus ANGUSTIFOLIUS.
**Specimen found near Fort National, where the soils are evidently of mar-
ble or limestone origin.’’ ( Scofield.)

7691. ONONIS AVELLANA.

‘This plant is too coarse for use as a forage plant; it may have a place as a
soil fixer or for green manuring.’’ (Scofield. )

7692. MEeELILOTUS MACROSTACHYS.

“Specimen obtained from trial plats at the botanical station at Rouiba.
This is one of the most promising plants of this genus. It is the only one not
objectionable for forage purposes on account of its odor. It has a vigorous
growth, often reaching 3} feet in height, and has a large leafy surface.”
(Scofield. )

7698. MELILOTUS SPECIOSA.

“Specimen from botanical garden at Rouiba. Several varieties of this
species are under cultivation. It is a fairly good forage plant, being erect and
producing an abundance of foliage.’’ (Scofield. )

7694. MELILOTUS SULCATA.

“Specimen from the garden of the school of medicine of Algiers. This plant
is one of the least valuable of this genus. It has rather harsh stems and does
not have an abundant leaf growth. It seeds very freely.’’ (Scofield. )

7695. MeEbDICAGO ARBOREA.

7696. CyTISUS PROLIFERUS.

‘Specimen from botanical station at Rouiba. This plant has been intro-
duced into Algeria from the Canary Islands. It is a shrub, often 12 to 14
feet high; very leafy and producing a large number of seed pods. The new
shoots are often trimmed from the tree and used in the dryer countries.’’
(Scofield. )

7697. CyTISUS LINIFOLIUS.

7698. ScorPruRUS VERMICULATA.

“Specimen from botanical station at Rouiba, where it is both wild and

cultivated. Plant has creeping habit, rather vigorous, but seldom more than

, 7 or 8 inches high; fruits very freely. There are large numbers of nodules.

The plant is principally for sheep pasturing and for enriching the soil in
nitrogen.’’ (Scofield. )

1GY SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7689 to 7765—Continued.
7699. TRIPOLIUM PANORMITANUM.

‘Specimen found growing wild near botanical station at Rouiba. This plant
closely resembles 7. alevandrinum in general appearance and habit of growth.
The lower tooth of the calyx is very much longer than the other four teeth,
making identification simple. This plant is little or not at all cultivated as yet
in Algeria, but was found to have gained possession of some wild hay fields
near Tizi Ouzou. It is very vigorous and upright in habit of growth, often
over 2 feet in height.’’ (Scofield. )

7700. Lorus TETRAGONOLOBUS. Square pea.

‘*Specimen found growing wild near botanical station at Rouiba. Plant
has a reclining or creeping habit, seldom growing more than 10 or 12 inches
in height; it is very vigorous, leaves of a very bright green color, flowers
brilliant, rosy red. It fruits freely and bears large numbers of root nodules;
has been introduced into America in an experimental way through the
Department of Agriculture. It deserves further attention.’’ (Scofield. )

7701. VicIA HIRTA.

‘Specimen obtained from botanical station at Rouiba, where the plant
grows wild. It has been tried in culture there, but has not done well enough .
to hold a place in competition with other species of the same genus. The
stem is upright, but rather weak, sometimes reaching 2 feet in height.’
(Scofield. )

7702. VICIA FABA.

77038. VIcIA FULGENS.

‘‘From small plat growing at botanical station at Rouiba. This species is
one of the very important ones introduced by Dr. Trabut into culture in
Algeria. It seeds very freely and produces a large amount of foliage.”’
( Scofield. )

4 .

7704. VicIA NARBONNENSIS.

‘Specimen from botanical station at Rouiba, where it is both wild and
cultivated. This plant is erect, very succulent, and robust. It is often sown
with winter oats to be cut for green forage. It seeds freely and matures early
in May. A close relative of this plant, possibly a variety of the species, is often
confused with it, the other variety being entirely glabrous, while the type is
decidedly hispid.’’ (Scofield. ) a

7705. ViIcIA BENGALENSIS.

(This seed was never turned over to the Office of Seed and Plant Introdue-
tion and Distribution, as it was all used in experiments by the Office of Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations.) (See No. 5576.)

7706. ViIcIA CALCARATA.

“Specimen found near botanical station at Rouiba, probably not from
cultivated plats. This plant is commonly found along the Algerian coast,
growing in hay fields and waste places. So far as known it is not at all
cultivated.’’ (Scofield. )

7707. VICIA SATIVA. 7709. ViIcIA SATIVA.
Vicia sativa de Toulouse. Vicia sativa de Tunis.

7708. VICIA SATIVA.

Blanche.

7710. HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM.

“Specimen found growing in the garden of the School of Medicine of
Algiers. Source of seed not known. Plant very robust; stems rather weak.”’ —
( Scofield. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 1638

7689 to 7765—Continued.

7711. HebysARUM PALLIDUM.

“Specimen obtained from near Oran by Mr. D G. Fairchild. It was nearly
matured. The plant is mentioned by Battandier as being perennial, having
large, ornamental flowers which are white and streaked with purple; the stem
fleshy, decumbent; the leaves somewhat pubescent, not as long as the flower
clusters; the leaflets 10 to 20 mm. by 5 to 10; flowersin oblong flower clusters;
the pod:spiny, 4 to 7 articulations with vertical spines at the ends; common
in salty and gypsum soils.’? (Scofield. )

7712. HepysARUM MAURITANICUM.

‘Specimen from garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers; seed probably
brought by Doctor Trabut from somewhere in the province of Oran. The
plant is somewhat less vigorous than //. coronarium; stems reclining; plant
often more than 2 feet in height.’’ (Scofield. )

7713. TRIGONELLA FOENUM—GRAECUM. Fenugreek.

‘“Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This
plant has an upright habit of growth, reaching 18 to 20 inches in height; has a
very important place in general culture as a soil enricher and a green forage
crop. It is often planted in the autumn between rows of grapevine and turned
under the following spring, when the cultivation of the grapes begins. When
used as a green forage crop, or when the seed is used, the fat producing effect
is very noticeable. The plant has a very strong odor when dried, and animals
fed on the dry grain or green forage are strongly affected by the odor. Eggs
from hens fed on—this plant are uneatable. Meat of animals having access to
it can not be used as human food; as a horse food it is of considerable impor-
tance. The Jewish women eat a meal prepared from the grain of this plant
and become enormously fat. It is already used to some extent in Virginia,
and yery widely cultivated throughout Persia and India. About 1,000 tons of
this seed are sold annually by one dealer, Schempft & Co., in the Liverpool
Stock Exchange. This seed forms an essential quality of nearly all prepared
stock foods. The root bears a large number of nodules.’’ (Scofield. )

7714. TRIGONELLA CORNICULATA.
7715. FEsTuca FANARA.
7716i VIcrIA LUTEA.

e274. VICIA SICULA.

“Specimen found growing wild near the botanical station at Algiers. So
far as known, the plant is not cultivated, but is found very commonly along
the Algerian coast. The stems are rather small. It is of no present value asa
forage plant.’’? (Scofield. )

7718. VIcIA EGYPTIANA.
(Not in Kew Index. )

7719. ASTRAGALUS BOETICUS.

‘‘Specimen found growing wild in the garden of the School of Medicine of
Algiers. So far as known, this plant has not been introduced into culture.
The stem is upright, though inclined to be weak, 20 to 24 inches high; rather
straggling in habit of growth; plant deserves attention for improvement.”
(Scofield. )

7720. ANTHYLLIS TETRAPHYLLA.
‘Specimen found in the woods above Mustapha. This plant is said to be

adapted for use in arid regions. It has a creeping habit of growth, fruits very
freely, and produces a large number of root nodules.’’ (Scofield. )

7721. ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA.

“Specimen found in the woods above Mustapha. This plant is not common
in Algeria. It has a decidedly different habit of growth from that of A. tetra-
phylla. It grows very commonly along the bluffs above Hussien Dey.’’ (Sco-
Jield. )

164 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7689 to 7765 — Continued.
7722. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

‘* Seeds of an improved variety from Blidah.’’ (Seofield.)

7723. BRAsSICA OLERACBA, Cabbage.
‘* A few seeds of a wild cabbage from Routba.’’ — (Seofield. )

7724. AREGILOPS OVATA. 7725. HeEpDYSARUM PALLIDUM.
From Bouli Bree (?) From Oran.

7726. HiprocREPiIsS MULTISILIQUOSA.

‘Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. So far as
known, this plant is not of great importance as a forage plant. It rarely
reaches 20 inches in height, and has a straggling habit of growth. The stem
is hard and produces few leaves.’’ (Scofield. )

7727. HYMENOCARPUS CIRCINATA.

“This plant is described by Battandier as being velvety pubescent; stems
about 1 foot in height, erect or blanched; lower leaves entire, obtuse, attenu-
ated at the petiole, 4 to 6 cm. by 2; leaf pinnately divided with an odd leaf at
the end; flowers 2 to 4 in a peduncle, umbel exceeding the leaf; pod velvety,
flattened, orbiculate, sometimes spiny at the back, sometimes not, 15 mm. in
diameter. This plant is extremely rare and difficult to find, but Doctor Trabut
is of the opinion that it is of very great value as a forage plant, although it is
not yet evident that he has experimental proof to support the belief. Secured
by Mr. Fairchild from wild plants growing not far from Oran through assistance
ot Prof. M. Doumergue, of Oran.’’ (Scofield. )

7728. LATHYRUS TINGITANUS.

“This grows from year to year in the garden of the School of Medicine
of Algiers, producing a large number of flowers which are nearly or quite all
fertile.’? (Scofield. )

7729. \LATHYRUS NUMIDICUS.

‘Specimen found growing in the garden of the School of Medicine of
Algiers. The original seed was found by Doctor Trabut on the rocks near El
Kantara. The plant has a creeping habit of growth; matures very early and
produces a large number of well filled pods; grain rather small, round, dark
gray.’’ (Scofield. )

7730. Lorus ORNITHOPODIOIDES.

‘‘Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This
plant is common in waste places near Algiers; has not very robust stems; some
reclining; grows in rather poor soil; may reach a height of 15 inches. The
roots bear numerous peculiarly globose nodules. The plant bears seed very
freely.’’ (Scofield. )

7731. \Lorus EDULIS.

‘‘Specimen from garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This plant
has a creeping habit of growth, and produces many pods which are fleshy,
with comparatively small seeds, and the pods when green are sweet to the
taste. Doctor Trabut thinks that this plant can be improved to be used as a
vegetable.’’ (Scofield. )

7732. MLuprmNus LUTEUS.

7733. LuprINnus sp.
‘¢ A violet lupine of Spanish origin.’’ (Scofield. )

7734. MeEDICAGO DENTICULATA var. APICULATA.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 165

7689 to 7765—Continued.
7735. Mepicaco ECHINUS.
“Specimen found near Oued Smaar, Algeria. This plant is one of the
important annual medicagos. It has an inclining or creeping habit of growth;

is very vigorous, and produces a large number of fruits.’’ (Scofield. )

7736. Mepicaco HELIX var. RIGIDULA.
7737. MepicaGo DENTICULATA.

7738. Mepicaco ORBICULARIS.

7739. MepicaGo TRUNCATULA.

7740. MepicaGco TURBINATA.

‘Specimen found in woods above Mustapha. This plant has an inclining,
or sometimes upright, habit of growth. It 1s an annual, and deserves a trial.’’
(Scofield. )

7741. MepicaGo TRUNCATULA.
7742. MepbIcaGo CILIARIS.
77438. MeEpDICAGO SECUNDIFLORA.

‘‘Obtained on Ain el Hadjar Plateau.’’ (Scofield. )

“7744. MEeELILOTUS MACROCARPA.

‘*Specimen found near Hotel Continental, Mustapha. It is not particularly
common. The plant is mentioned by Battandier as being upright, profusely
branched, with bright green leaflets, very large, obovate, glaucous under-
neath; flowers about 6 mm. long, pale yellow, in loose bunches, exceeding the
leaves. The fruit is almost as large as asmall pea, ovoid, obtuse, or spherical;
seeds, one or two, large, tuberculate. I[t is said that Arabs sometimes use
these fruits as a spice, since they have the odor of the melilot in a very high
degree.’’ (Scofield. )

7745. ONONIS sp.

7746. ONOBRYCHIS sp.

7747. ONONIS AVELLANA.

7748. ErRtoporrya JAPONICA. Loquat.
(Seed never turned over to the office of Seed and Plant Introduction and

Distribution. )

7749. (GENISTA SPHAEROCARPA.
7750. ScorpPruRUS VERMICULATA.
7751. ScoRPIURUS SULCATA.

‘Specimen found near Hotel Continental, Mustapha. This plant seems to
be at present of very little value. Like S. vermiculata it never attains any con-
siderable height, and is, if anything, less vigorous than S. vermiculata. It
thrives, however, in very poor soil, and is a harmless weed.’’ (Scofield. )

7752. TRIGONELLA GLADIATA.

‘‘Nearly related to T. foenum-graecum.”’ (Scofield. )

7753. TrIFOLIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

‘Specimen from grounds of Danish consulate, Mustapha. This plant is
closely allied to 7. incarnatum. It does not thrive well in Algeria, seldom
reaching more than 1 foot in height, and producing few, if any, branches.
Some very vigorous specimens were seen near Oran and west of there, where

it is more common than near Algiers. It isan annual, maturing early in May.”’
(Scofield. )

166 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7689 to 7765—Continued.,
7754. TRIPOLIUM. LAPPACEUM.,

‘Specimen from the grounds of the Danish consulate, Mustapha. This
plant is one of the less vigorous of the genus. It has a somewhat reclining habit
of growth; stems seldom more than 12 to 15 inches long, rather soft and deli-
cate. This plant is common in waste places in the vicinity of Algiers.’
( Neofield. )

7755. TrRIPOLIUM GLOMERATUM.

‘Specimen found near Oued Smaar, Algeria, This plant has a creeping,
or at least an inclining habit of growth; is found on roadsides or in waste
places; is as yet of no particular importance as a forage plant.’’ (Scofield. )

7756. TrRIFOLIUM PALLIDUM.

‘*Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This
plant is common in the fields and waste places along the coast near Algiers;
it resembles 7. pratense somewhat in habit of growth, though it inclines to be
smaller and less vigorous.’’ (Scofield. )

7757. TrRIFOLIUM PANORMITANUM.
7758. -‘TrIrOLIUM REPENS.

‘“Specimen from nursery of Mr. Labatut, of Tizi Ouzou. It grows to a
height of 8 to 10 inches from its creeping stem; produces seed freely; leaves
and stems bright green; very succulent.’’ (Scofield. )

7759. TriroLiuM SPUMOSUM.

‘Specimen found growing wild near botanical station at Rouiba. The plant is
an annual, vigorous and succulent, with rather weak stems, sometimes reaching
a height of 20 to 24 inches under favorable conditions, i. e., in soils of lime-
stone origin; the root nodule development is very pronounced. So far as
known this plant is not yet cultivated, but it has the appearance of being of
great value should it be introduced and somewhat improved by selection. It
seeds very freely, producing grains somewhat larger than T. pratense.’
( Scofield. )

. 7760. TRIFOLIUM STELLATUM.

‘*Specimen from near botanical station at Rouiba. This plant is very com-
mon along the roadsides and in the waste places of Algiers. It is not of great
importance as a forage plant. It seldom reaches a height of more than ten
inches, and the stem branches very little.’’ (Scofield. )

7761. TRIFOLIUM TOMENTOSUM.

7762. VICIA SATIVA.
‘Large seeded variety.’’ (Scofield. )

7762a. VICIA SATIVA.
‘* A small seeded variety.’’ (Scofield. ) '

7763. VICIA SATIVA.

‘*Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. There
are very many varieties of this species growing wild in Algiers.’’ (Scofield. )
7764. VIcIA HIRTA.

From Tessala, Algeria.

7765. VICIA SATIVA, Var. MACROCARPA.

‘*Specimen found in grounds of Danish consulate, Mustapha Superieure.
This is doubtless the variety known as ‘Macrocarpa,’ but very little is defi-
nitely known about the varieties of Vicia sativa. They grow in very large
numbers, and attempts to classify them have up to the present time been
fruitless.’’ (Scofield. )

“=

a

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 167

7766 to 7768.

(Numbers not utilized. )

7769. KF RAGARIA spp. Strawberry.
From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, Oetober 30, 1901.

Seeds of cultivated varieties for plant-breeding purposes.

7770. SABAL EATONIA.
From Miami, Fla. Received through Mr. H. C. Henricksen, October 26, 1901.
Collected by Mr. P. H. Rolfs.
7771. ‘TuRINAX FLORIDANA.

From Miami, Fla. Received through Mr. H. C. Henricksen, October 26, 1901.

7772. SERENOA SERRULATA.
From Miami, Fla. Received through Mr. H. C. Henricksen, October 26, 1901.

7773. INODES PALMETTO.
From Miami, Fla. Received through Mr. H. C. Henricksen, October 26, 1901.

7774. CoccoTHRINAX GARBERI.
From Miami, Fla. Received through Mr. H. C. Henricksen, October 26, 1901.

7775. COFFEA ARABICA. Coffee.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
386a, February 11, 1900), October 30, 1901. Sent by K. Auer, United States
Consular Agent.

Menado. (See No. 7678.)

7776. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Oran, Algeria. Beceived through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and ©. 8.
Scofield (No. 738, June 14, 1901), October 30, 1901.

“Grafting wood of several varieties of pomegranates of Algerian origin from t!.
Orphelinat de Misserghin, near Oran.’’ | ( Fairchild. )

7777. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Oran, province of Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. 8. Seofield (No. 737, June 14, 1901), October 30, 1901.

‘*Large fruited variety of carob, introduced into Algeria from Spain. Said to be
moncecious, not requiring the presence of male trees to make it fruitful. Pods are
large, thick, and of reported superior excellence.’’ ( Fairchild.)

7778 to 7780. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Alicante, Spain. Received October 30, 1901.

cero.
Marcona. Nuts of this Spanish variety of almond.

7779.
Pastaneta, Nuts of this Spanish variety of almond.

7780.

Costereta. Nuts of this Spanish variety of almond.

LGS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7781. CAapsiCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.
From: Los Angeles, Cal. Received October 26, 1901, from Mr. Elmer Stearns.

‘* From seed in mixed spices from Japan.’’ (Stearns. )

7782. CaprsiCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.
From Los Angeles, Cal. Received October 26, 1901, through Mi. Elmer Stearns.

‘Originally from Juarez, Mexico. Forms a bush nearly 4 feet high, with pep-
pers erect instead of hanging.’’ (Stearns. )

7783. CAPSICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Los Angeles, Cal. Received October 26, 1901, through Mr. Elmer Stearns,
‘Originally from Juarez, Mexico.”’ (Stearns. )

7784. HerbDYSARUM CORONARIUM. Sulla.

From Malta. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 688, May 22, 1901), July
23, 1901.

Gozzo. ‘*An early ripening variety of sulla from the little island of Gozzo, near
Malta. This is said to be superior to the kind grown on Malta in seasons when
spring rains are scanty, as it matures properly, while the Malta variety fails to ripen
well. In seasons of abundant spring rainfall it is not economical, because it matures
too soon. The seed in the seed pod is used in Malta, and it was not possible to get
cleaned or decorticated seed. According to the literature, sulla should be planted in
deep soil. This variety forms the principal fodder and soiling crop of an island
where soil is not much over 6 to 8 inches deep on a bed of calcareous rock. It is
sown here in July and August on the wheat or barley stubble and allowed to
‘scorch’ in the burning sun “until the September or October rains begin to mature
it, astheysay. (The use of a seed scratcher might make quick germination possible
and probably largely increase the stand.) It is cut here only when in full bloom,
for, if left to stand, the leaves fall. The yield per acre is unusual. Some growers
report 40 to 90 tons of green fodder, but no definite information on this point was
obtained. It is the great green cover crop of Malta, and a rotation of wheat or oats
and sulla is very common here. E rvery where the fields are filled with big stacks of
the bundles of this plant. In some countries the seed is immersed for five minutes
in hot water to hasten germination. The fleshy roots are often dug by peasants
and fed to the hogs or horses. They are full of starch and sugar. The root tubercles
are rather small and delicate, but very numerous. Attempts to cultivate the specific
germ of these tubercles are being made from dried roots sent to Dr. George T. Moore
from Malta.”’ (Fairchild. )

7785. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Vesoul-Benian, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and
C. S. Seofield (No. 723, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Pelissier. ‘‘This wheat, which is one of the best varieties of macaroni wheats
grown in Algeria, is said to have been originated by selection from native Algerian
durum wheats by a Mr. Pelissier, at Pont ‘de l’Isser, a small town in western Oran.
From there it was introduced into the western part of the province of Algiers.
Mr. Paul Chalvin, of Vesoul-Benian, received a small quantity of seed from Doctor
Trabut, botanist of the Government of Algeria, and by a rough en masse selection
he has kept it almost pure. The variety under the name Pélissier is better known
in the province of Algiers than in that of Oran, where it is said to have originated;
in fact, we found no one growing it, even in Mr. Pelissier’s neighborhood. Mr.
Chalvin, from whom this seed was bought, sells his whole crop for seed purposes,
and has ‘practiced for four years a selection of the best ears. These are collected by
his Arab foreman and thrashed by hand. About 200 kilos of this selected grain are
sown, and the process is repeated every year. Last year this selection was not done.
This wheat sent is about four generations from such selection. Mr. Chalvin believes
the field from which it was taken will produce about 45 bushels per acre. At the
Paris Exposition Mr. Chalvin took a gold medal on a sheaf of this wheat. Owing to
its hardiness, vigorous growth, and large yield, this wheat is gradually replacing all
other sorts in the vicinity of Vesoul- Benian, and at Doctor Trabut’s botanical
experiment station at Rouiba, Algiers, it has ranked among the best in yielding

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 169

capacity and resistance to rust. The climate of Vesoul-Benian (altitude 700 meters )
is awarm one, + 25° and -}-23° F. being the usual minimums in winter. The snows,
sometimes a foot or more deep, are of very short duration. The mean yield of this
variety was about 16 to 22 bushels per acre on stiff clay soil without hardpan. — It is
on this stiff soil that the variety seems to do best. The resistance to drought shown
by this sort is evidenced by the fact that it has proved a success in the Che ‘lif V alley,
where as early as the beginning of June the thermometer rises to 107° F., and
droughts of long duration are said to occur in the spring. In Algeria the wheat is
planted in November and harvested in June, but it is worth while testing it in
America as a spring wheat in the northern States. The only noticeable weeds in the
fields from which this seed was bought were wild anise, a wild oat (Avena sterilis),
and a large flowered carrot, none being of a serious character except the wild anise,
which ripens about the same time with the wheat. It is, however, a light seeded
plant, and its seeds are easily blown out by the fanning mill.” ( Mairchild and
Scofield. )

7786. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Kharkof, Russia. Received November 9, 1901, through Dr. A. Boenicke,
J
president of the Kharkof Agricultural Society.

Kharkof. (Same as No. 7467.)

7787. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Received through Hon. W. R. Martin, acting
United States consular agent, November 9, 1901.

Beloglina. A variety of hard winter wheat from Byelaya Glinskaya station, Don
Territory. (See Nos. 6012 and 6013. )

7788. HerpySARUM CORONARIUM ALBIDUM. Sulla.

From Setif, Province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. 8. Scofield (No. 735¢), November 11, 1901.

‘This variety, which differs from the type of the species by having white flowers,
‘is found by Mr. Ryf (see No. 7586) to be much longer lived and in general preferable
to the ordinary H. coronarium of the region. The seeds, however, are very slow in
germinating and should be put through some sort of a seed-scratching device before
planting.”? (Fairchild and Scofield. )

7789. HEDYSARUM NAUDINIANUM.

From Setif, Province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 735b), November 11, 1901.

‘This isa very hardy, narrow leaved, bushy variety, indigenous to the vicinity of
Setif. It has been recently introduced into cultivation by ‘Mr. Ryf (see No. 7586),
who is trying it under the same cultural methods that he uses with his new strain of
alfalfa. His experiments are not yet completed, but he has reasons to hope that this
species will prove of value, especially for dry and rather poor soils.” (Fairchild and
Scofield. )

7790. HeErbpYSARUM CORONARIUM. Sulla.

From Setif, Province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield, November 11, 1901.

Red Flowered. ‘‘This is the ordinary type which is widely grown as a forage or
soiling crop in Algeria. It is perennial and yields abundant crops under fay orable
conditions. It is widely used in all countries bordering on the western Mediterra-
nean. Asa hay crop, its greatest weakness is that its leaves fall easily when they
become dry.”’ (Fairchild and Scofield. )

7791. MEeLILoTUS sp. Melilot.

From China. Received from Dr. C. Sprenger, Vomero, near Naples, Italy,
November 1, 1901.

17 ‘EEDS AN vs |
(U0 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7792. ‘lrRiIricUM DURUM. Wheat.

Krom Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G,
Fairchild and C. 8. Scofield (No, 724, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901,

Mahmoudi. ** This is quite similar toa well-known Algerian variety called ‘ Nab-el-
bel.’ It is one of the most highly valued wheats for the macaroni trade which Setif
furnishes. The latter loc ality is probably the largest primary market for macaroni
wheats in Algeria. The seed Obtained is from that grown by the Arabs in the vicinity
of Setif and the purity of type can not be guaranteed. This quantity is secured
through the kindness of Mr. G. Ryf, manager for the Société Genevoise de Sétif. In
the country of its origin, this wheat is sown in November or December and ripens
late in June or early in July. It may be worth while trying it, however, in the
spring-wheat regions of America, where it would be classed as one of the so-called |

‘goose’ wheats.’’ (Fairchild and Scofield. ) .
7793. ‘RITICUM DURUM. Wheat. |

From Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. 8. Scofield (No. 725, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Mohamed ben Bachir. ‘‘This variety of wheat is one of the prominent sorts grown
by both Arabs and French farmers on the high plateau of the Province of Constan-
tine. It is one of the sorts highly prized by manufacturers of macaroni, although its
name has not won for itself a reputation in the trade. It is one of the several valu-
able sorts commonly cultivated in this justly celebrated wheat region. The saying
is that this wheat was originally brought from Mecca by the pilgrim whose name it
bears. In botanical characters it is much like the Pelissier variety (No. 7785), and |
it is possible that the Pelissier was obtained from this stock. This seed was purchased
of Mr. G. Ryt, of Setif, manager of the Geneva Company, and one of the best
cultivators in the country.” ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7794. ‘lRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. 8. Scofield (No. 726, June 20, 1901), Nov ember 6, 1901.

Kahla. ‘‘This isone of the wheats commonly grown by Arabs throughout Algeria.
As the name Acahla signifies, this is a black-chaffed sort. It is generally considered
to be one of the best of the Algerian wheats for adaptability to a wide variety of
adverse conditions. When such are favorable it produces grain of excellent quality
for macaroni manufacture. Under certain favorable climatic conditions the chaff
loses color somewhat, but under native culture on the gravelly hills of Algeria or in
the semiarid plains the purple-black of the chaff is a striking feature. This seed is
furnished the Department by Mr. G. Ryf, manager of the Geneva Society of Setif.
Commonly planted in November or December and harvested in June or July.”
( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7795. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Setif, Constantine Province, / Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C, 8. Scofield (No. 727, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Richi. ‘‘This variety is one of the best known from the Setif region, which latter
is perhaps the most important wheat- -growing center of Algeria. It is very highly
prized for its good qualities as a macaroni- making wheat. The seed introduced was
grown by Arabs in the vicinity of Setif, and it may be mixed, but a little careful
selection to prominent type should give a good stock of pure seed. This wheat is a
vigorous grower, often succeeding fairly well on even very poor soil. As to quality
for macaroni making, it ranks very high. Itis usually sown in December or Janu-
ary and harvested in June or July, but might be worthy of trial in the spring-wheat
region of the United States. Seed was obtained through Mr. G. Ryf, of Setif. The
region of Setif ison the high Algerian plateau, 3,500 feet t above sea level. The winters
there are more severe than in many parts of Algeria, the temperature frequently
dropping to zero and snow being not infrequent.”’ (Fairchild and Scofield. )

7796. HorDEUM TETRASTICHUM. Barley.

From Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. 8. Seofield (No. 728, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Tetcherit. ‘‘The barleys of Algeria are nearly all four-rowed or six-rowed varieties
and have, as do most barleys grown in hot climates, thick glumes. A cross sec

:

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. a @ i

tion shows them to be remarkably mealy, and we were told they are exported into
Antwerp and Dunkirk, France, for beer-making purposes. The Belgian beer is not
noted for its fine quality, and from the appearance of the grain I do not believe it
will prove as coed a brewing barley as many American sorts. The fact, however,
that it is grown in such a warm climate and has nevertheless a certain renommé as
a brewing barley, entitles it toa preliminary trial. The types will be found more
or less mixed, as no process of selection has been practiced. Resistance to drought
will be found one of its primary characteristics. Purchased of Mr. G. Ryf, manager
of the Geneva Company of Setif. This latter place is on the high plateau, 3,500 feet
above the sea, where the thermometer falls to about zero and where snows of con-
siderable depth sometimes occur. This variety will be found to have much of the
‘wild’ character objectionable to barley breeders, but may show qualities of hardi-
ness in spring droughts which will be of value. It should be tested in the South-
west and in California.’’ (Fairchild and Scofield. )

7797. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

From El Outaya, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. 8. Scofield, November 14,
1901. Obtained June 16, 1901.

Beshna. ‘‘White sorghum. Sample from El Outayain the edge of the Sahara
Desert, where it is used as a summer growing soiling crop. Seed probably came
from Kabylie, where this crop is very generally grown. The seed is sometimes used
as human food.’’ (Scofield. )

7798. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.
From Paris, France. Received through Mr. C. 8. Scofield. November 13, 1901.

Deglet noor, probably. Seeds of dates bought in Paris.

7799 to 7847.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, nurserymen,
November 4, 1901. The nomenclature is, in the main, that of the seedsmen.

A collection of plants as follows:

7799. CALADIUM ADAMANTINUM. 7810. CALADIUM.

Ouro Fi
7800. CALADIUM ALBANENSE. Juro Fino.

7811. CALADIUM.

Rio de Janeiro.

7801. CALADIUM ASSUNGUY.

7802. CALADIUM BILANTRA.

7812.’ CALADIUM VENOSUM.
7803. CALADIUM CACAPAVA.

7813. RiIcHARDIA ELLIOTTIANA.
7804. CaALADIvUM.

Comte de Germiny. 7814. RicHARDIA NELSONI.
7805. CaLapium. 7815. RicHARDIA PENTLANDI.

Duchesse de Mortemarte. 7816. EprieREMNUM MIRABILE.
7806. CaLapium. 7817. PHYLLOSTACHYS AURBA.

This Rose.

7807. CALADIUM.
I,’ Insolite.

7818. BAMBUSA AUREO-STRIATA.
7819. ARUNDINARIA JAPONICA.

7820. PHYLLOSTACHYS MITIS.
7808. CaALADIUM.

) — "_" .
ee 7821. BAMBUSA DISTICHA.

EE Sos 7822. 4 HYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA.

Mary Freeman, 7823. ARUNDINARIA SIMONI,

172 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7799 to 7847 —Continued.

7824. PAYLLOSTACHYS VIOLA- 7838. Heparica TRILOBA fl. CAR-
SCENS. RULEA pl.
7825. DesronrTaAINEA SPINOSA. 7839. (Number not utilized.)
7826. SpPpARRMANNIA AFRICANA. 7840. Heparica TRILOBA fl. RU-
BRA pl.
7827. SPARRMANNIA AFRICANA
flo. pl. 7841. LeucANTHEMUM ULIGINO-
SUM.

7828. HoLBAELLIA LATIFOLIA.
7842. VIOLA ODORATA.

7829. TesTruDINARIA ELPHAN- as. aha
Princess Beatrix.

TIPES.
7843. VIOLA ODORATA.

Reine des Violettes.

7830. CasCARILLA MUZONENSIS(?)

7831. CEDRELA ODORATA.

7844. VIOLA ODORATA, ROSSICA.
7832. DorsreNIA CONTRAJERVA.

7845. VIOLA ODORATA.

7833. DRACAENA DRACO. EN tye te *
Victoria Regina.

7834. MALPIGHIA URENS. :
; 7846. VIOLA ODORATA.

7835. MyrisricA Horsrikupil. Belle de Chdatenay.
7836. NHELLEBORUS HYBRIDUS. "BA" “Viet, oncom
7837. HELLEBORUS NIGER. Mad. Millet.
7848 to 7859. LiLium. Lily.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received from Suzuki & lida, American agents of
The Yokohama Nursery Company, November 6, 1901.

A collection of lilies as follows:

7848. LiLiumM AURATUM RUBRA 7854. LiLiuM LONGIFLORUM VA-
VITTATUM. RIEGATUM.
7849. Linitum AURATUM PLATY- 7855. LILIUM SPECIOSUM.

PHYLLUM.
7856. LiILiuM JAPONICUM.

7850. LILIUM AURATUM WITTEI. 7857. LizuM ELEGANS.
7851. Littum MACULATUM. Alice Wilson.
7858. LiLIuM ELEGANS’ SEMI
7852. LiLiuM BROWNI. PLENO.
7853. LiLiuM MAXIMOWICZIL. 7859. LitiuM RUBELLUM. |

7860 to 7901.

From near Berlin, Germany. Received from Mr. L. Spath, November 14, 1901.

~

A collection of plants as follows (nomenclature of Mr. Spath retained):

7860. AcTINIDIA ARGUTA. 7863. AMYGDALUS PERSICA DIAN-
THIFLORA pl.

861. AMYGDALUS DAVIDIANA.
z oe ‘ 7864. AymGpavus persica fl. pl.

7862. AMYGDALUS DAVIDIANA 7865. AmyapaALus PERsIca fol.
fl. ALBA pl. pur.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 173

7860 to 7901 — Continued.

7866. AMYGDALUS PERSICA, 7884. CLEMATIS sp.

Kaiser Friedrich 111. Jackmani,
7867. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. 7885. CLeMATIS sp.

Klara Mayer. Jackmani alba,
7868. AMYGDALUS PERSICA PY- 7886. CLEMATIS sp.

AMIDALIS. '
ee La Gaule.

869. BerBERIS ILICIFOLIA. '

? 7887. CLEMATIS sp. LANUGINOSA,

Marie Defosse.
7870: BreRBERIS STENOPHYLLA. fe

88. ‘LEMATIS Sp.
7871. BreRBERIS THUNBERGII 78 CLEM! I
MINOR. Mrs. Geo. Jackman.

7872. BuXuUSs HANDSWORTHIENSIS. 7889. CLEMATIS sp.

Prince of Wales.
78783. CERATOSTIGMA PLUMBAGI-

NOIDES.
. 7890. CLEMATIS sp.
awsoniana.
7874. CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONI- Lawsomana
CUM.
7891. CLEMATIS sp.
7875. CLEMATIS sp. Star of India.

André Leroy.
7892. CLEMATIS sp.

7876. CLEMATIS sp. Elsa Spath.
Barillet Deschamps. ?
7893. CLEMATIS sp. RUBELLA.
7877. CLEMATIS sp.
Belisaire. 7894. CLEMATIS sp.

Madam Granger.
7878. CLEMATIS sp.

Belle of Woking. 7895.

CLEMATIS sp.

Princess Mary.

7879. CLEMATIS sp.

Blue Gem. :
7896. CLEMATIS sp. VELUTINA

PURPUREA.
7880. CLEMATIS sp.

Claude de Lorraine. 7897.

LONICERA CAPRIFOLIUM.

7881. CLEMATIS sp.
Duchess of Edinburgh.

7898. LoNICERA HUMILIS.

: 7899. PARROTIA PERSICA.
7882. CLEMATIS sp.

Edith Jackmann. 7900. PruNuUS PANICULATA fl.

ros. pl.
7883. CLEMATIS sp.

Fairy Queen. 7901. Rises SANGUINEUM.

174 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7902 to 7907. ‘THEA VikIDIs. Tea.

””

From ‘‘ Pinehurst,’’ near Summerville, 8. C. Received through Dr. Charles U.
Shepard, special agent in charge of tea culture investigations, United States
Department of Agriculture, November 18, 1901.

American grown tea seed as follows:

7902. 7905.
Japanese. Very hardy. Kangra, Hardy, fragrant, and
dwarti.
7903.
Amoy. A very hardy Chinese 7006.
variety. Assam Hybrid. Good and relia-
ble.
7904.
Darjeeling. Tender, but very
fine.
7907.

Chinese Dragon’s Pool. Very good, but probably the plants are short lived.

7908. BETA VULGARIS. Beet.

From Eisleben, Saxony. Presented by Mr. Franz Jodl, of Prague, Bavaria.
Received November 14, 1901.

Verbesserte Kleinwanzleben. This seed was grown by W. Ramdohr, on the Wim-
melburg domain, Saxony.

7909 to 7941a. CHRYSANTHEMUM spp.

From Paris, France. Received from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November 20,
1901.

A collection of 34 varieties of large-flowering chrysanthemums, planted in the
Department greenhouses.

7909. 7918.
lean. Perfection Rose.
7910. 7919.
Aleyone. ites
7911. tics
ars Princesse Galitzine.
ae 7921.
Mrs. A. Barrest.
Antares.
7922.
7913. Miss Ida Barwood.
Bellatria.
7923.
7914. Mrs. Ch. Birch.
Fatinte.
7924.
7915. Alice F. Carey.
Henry.
7925.
7916. Miss Lucy Chesseman.
Megrez.
7926.
7917.

a Col. Baden-Powell,
eS,

—

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 175

7909 to 7941la— Continued.
7927.
M. Hugh Crawford.

7928.

Madeline Davis.
7929.

Lady Janet Clarke.

7930.

Lord Cromer.

7931.
Major Mathew.

79382.
Meredith.

7933.

Mermaid.

7934.
Florence Molyneux.

7942 to 7945.

|

7935.

James Molyneux.

7936.

Onion.

7937.
Ralph Hatton.

7938.
Silver Queen.

7939.

Souvenir de Marchioness of Salis-
bury.

7940.
J. R. Upton.

7941.
Von Andre.

7941a.
Henry Weeks.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November

22, 1901.

Seeds of leguminous plants as follows (nomenclature of seed firm retained):

7942. VIcIA FABA EQUINA.

Féverole @ hiver.

7948. VICIA FABA EQUINA.

Féverole de Loraine.

7944. AVENA SATIVA.
Belgian Winter.

7945. MepicaGco MEDIA.

Luzerne rustique.

7946. ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.
Received through Dr. C. Sprenger, November 27,

From Vomero, Naples, Italy.
1901.

Horse bean.

Horse bean.

Oat.

Sand lucern.

Loquat.

A seedless or one-seeded variety originated by Doctor Sprenger.

7947 and 7948.

(Numbers not utilized.)

7949. PISTACIA VERA.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia.

1901.
29861—No. 66—05——12

Pistache.

Received through Rey. A. Fuller, November 15,

176 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7950. PIsTACIA VERA X PALAESTINA. Butun.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia. Received through Rey. A, Fuller, November 15,
1901,

7951. PISTACIA MUTICA. Menengech.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, November 15,
1901.

7952. MEDICAGO GETULA.

From Mustapha, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botan-
ist, November 22, 1901.

7953. JUGLANS CINEREA. Butternut.
From Biltmore, N. C. Received through Dr. C. A. Schenck, November 25,
1901.
7954. .JUGLANS NIGRA. Black walnut.
From Biltmore, N. C. Received through Dr. C. A. Schenck, November 25,
1901.
7955 and 7956. ABERIA CAFFRA. Kei apple.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. Peter MacOwan, botanist
and horticulturist, department of agriculture of Cape Colony. Received
November 26, 1901.

7955. Seeds gathered in June, 1901.
7956. Seeds gathered October 30, 1901.
7957 to 7961.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November
30, 1901.

A collection of asparagus seed as follows:

7957. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS. 7960. ASPARAGUS VERTICILLATUS.
Violette de Hollande. Grimpante.
7958. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS. 7961. ASPARAGUS SPRENGERI.

Blanche d@’ Allemagne.

7959. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS.
Tardive @ Argenteuil.

7962 to 7968.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (Nos. 345 to 351), U. S. National
Museum, November 26, 1901.

A collection of Mexican seeds and plants as follows:

7962.

‘*Unknown variety of shrubby plant. Elevation nearly 6,000 feet. Flowers
yellow and fine. Plant given for identification.’”’ (Rose.) (No. 345.)
7963. CHRYSANTHEMUM §p.

‘‘Flowers white and very floriferous. Worthy of introduction.’ (Rose.)
(No. 346.)
7964. Cosmos sp.

‘Includes three or four varieties of Cosmos and seeds of two new plants, one
of the latter tuberous rooted and valuable.’’ (Rose.) (No. 347.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 177

7962 to 7968—Continued.

7965.
‘*New tuberous-rooted plant.’’ (Rose.) (No. 348.)

7966. DaAtiLia sILVESTRE.
‘*Red and yellow; single. I also send tubers.’”’ (Rose.) (No. 349.)

7967. Da tia sp.

** Red.’’ (Rose.) (No. 350.)
7968. Dania sp.

‘Yellow.’’ (Rose.) (No. 361.)

7969 and 7970. HorDEUM VULGARE. Barley.
From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, Fresno,
Cal., from Mr. B. J. Agadjanian, of Smyrna, November 15, 1901.

7969. White. 7970. Black.

7971. CRESCENTIA ALATA.

From Jalisco, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles, Cai.,
November 15, 1901.

7972. CUCUMIS MELO. Winter muskmelon.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Count N. Salamo Luzi through Mr, D. G.
Fairchild. Received September 25, 1901.

Green. See No. 63638.

7973. LESPEDEZA BICOLOR. Bush clover.

From Japan. July, 1901. Presented by John D. Jones, esq., Augusta, Ga.,
through Dr. B. T. Galloway.

Said to be a fine fodder plant.

7974. CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS. Knife bean.
From Japan. Received through Dr. B. T. Galloway, July, 1901.

7975 to 7984.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, December 6,
1901.

A collection of seeds obtained for experimental work on rust diseases, being con-
ducted by Mr. John L. Sheldon, of the University of Nebraska:

7975. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS. 7979. DIANTHUS ALPINUS.
Schneekopf.
PI 7980. DIANTHUS ARENARIUS (?}

6. ASPARAGUS OFFICIN : ;

797 alana Sa cases 7981. DIANTHUS ARMERIA (?)

Ruhm von Braumschweig.
7982. DIANTHUS CHINENSIS.

7977. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS.
Erfurt Giant 7983. DIANTHUS CHINENSIS.

F JIANTHUS CHINENSIS.
"978. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS. 7984. DiantH

Burgunder Riesen.

178 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7985 to 7989. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G, Fairchild (Nos, 740-765),

December 7, 1901.

A collection of young almond trees budded on Myrobolan stocks by M. Georges
Boucher, Paris, France, with buds secured in Spain by Mr. Fairchild, as follows:

7985.

Mollar. (Fairchild. No. 740, July 19, 1901.)
7986.

Planeta. (Fairchild. No. 741, July 19, 1901.)
7987.

Castillet. (Fairchild. No. 745, July 20, 1901.)
7988.

Pastaneta. (Fairchild. No. 755a, July 19, 1901.)

7989.
Jordan. (Fairchild. No. 765, July 30, 1901.)

7990 and 7991. Huicoria PECAN. Pecan.
From Morgan City, La. Received through Mr. B. M. Young, December 7, 1901.
7990.
Frotscher. ‘‘ Very large, soft shelled.’’ ( Young.)
7991.

Stuart. ‘‘ Very large, soft shellec.’’ ( Young.)

7992. HorDEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Munich, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 467,
November 10, 1900), January, 1901.

‘A variety of barley grown by Mich. Hartmann, of Mainstockheim, Bavaria, which
took a prize at the Munich Barley and Hop Exposition, 1900.” (Fairchild. ) (See
Nos. 5788-5792. )

7993 to 8071. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Thomery, France. Received through Etienne Salomon & Sons, Decem-
ber 11, 1901.

A collection of grafted grapevines, as follows:
7993. ApDMIRAL DE CouURTILLER On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3309.
7994. AGosTENGA on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
7995. Bricane on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
7996. BLack ALICANTE on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
7997. BLANC D’AMBRE On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
7998. CHASSELAS DORE on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
7999. CHASSELAS CIOTAT On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8000. CHASSELAS BOUCHES DU RHONE On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3309.
8001. CHASSELAS BESSON on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.

8002. CHASSELAS NEGROPONT on RIPARIA GLOIRE.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.
7993 to 8071 Continued.
80038. CHASSELAS DUHAMEL On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8004. CHASSELAS MUSQUE VRAI On RuPESTRIS DU LOT.
8005. CHASSELAS NAPOLEON on RipaRIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.

8006. CHASSELAS ROSE ROYAL On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.

179

8007. CHASSELAS TOKAY DES JARDINS On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.

8008. CHASSELAS viBeRT On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306,
8009. CHASSELAS VIBERT On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8010. CrnsAuLr on RIPARIA GLOIRE.

8011. CLArRerre GROS GRAINS On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8012. CLAIRETTE MAZEL On RIPARIA GLOIRE.

8013. CLAIRETTE MAZEL On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
’

8014. CLAIRETTE MUSQUE TALABOT ON ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1,

8015. CoRNICHON BLANC on RIPARIA GLOIRE.

8016. CorNIcHON yvioLetT on RIPARIA GLOTRE.

8017. CoRNICHON VIOLET on ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8018. Fosrer’s WHITE SEEDLING on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
8019. FRANKENTHAL HATIF On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 101-114.
8020. Gen. DE LA MArmMoraA on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8021. GoLDEN CHAMPION On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8022. GRaADISKA on RIPARIA GLOIRE.

8023. JOANNENC CHARNU On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8024. Lr COMMANDEUR on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306

8025. MADELEINE BLANCHE On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.

8026. MADELEINE BLANCHE DE JACQUES On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G.

8027. MADELEINE ROYALE On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8028. MADELEINE ROSE On RIPARIA GLOIRE.

8029. MaLaGa BLANC on RUPESTRIS DU LOT.

8030. MaAmeELon on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.

8031. Mesiier HATIF on ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8032. MorILLon BICOLOR on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8033. Muscar ALBARIANS on RUPESTRIS DU LOT.
8034. Muscat BIFERE On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8035. Muscar BIFERE On RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.

8036. Muscat pe HampurGcuH on RvupeEstRiIs DU LOT.

No. 2:

L380 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7993 to 8071— Continued.
8037. Muscat ROUGE DE MADERE on Riparia RuUPEsTRIS, 3306,
80388. Perire st. JEAN On RIPARIA GLOIRE.
8039. PIs DE CHEVRE DES ALPES on Riparia RUPESTRIS, 3306,
8040. PRECOcE DE KIENTZIEIM On RIPARIA GLOIRE,
8041. Rosaki on RIPaRia RUPESTRIS, 3306,
8042. Raisin Borssevor on Riparta RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8043. RovussaANNE on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8044. Saint AnTonio on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
8045. Sarine JAUNE on Riparia RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8046. SERVAN BLANC on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8047. SiciieN on Riparia, G. No. 1.
8048. Souventr pu Conaress on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8049. Sucre pE MARSEILLE on RiPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306,
8050. Suvranren Rose on RipaRiA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8051. Teneron Vauctuse on Ruresrris pu Lor.
8052. Tokay ANGEVIN on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
80538. TrenrtHam Buack on RipaRiA RUPESTRIS, 3306.
8054. CHASSELAS VIBERT On ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.
8055. BurGrAvE DE Honcrie on Rupssrris pu Lor.
8056. Pis pe CHEvRE Norrk on Rupesrris pu Lor.
8057. VerRpELHO DE MApERE on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
8058. SuLrantna On Rupssrris pu Lor.
8059. Leani ZoLto on Rupesrris pu Lor.
8060. Presipent CarpDENAUX on Rupgstris Du Lor.
8061. SauviGNon BLANC on Rupgstris DU Lor.
8062. ‘TsIEN TSIEN on MourvepRE Rupesrris, 202.
8063. ULLIADE BLANCHE on RupgstRis Du Lor.
8064. CHAssELAS BULHERY on RIPARIA GLOIRE.
8065. Precoce DE KIeNTZHEIM On RIPARIA GLOIRE.
8066. Serset No. 1, AMERICAN HYBRID.

8067. Serpet No. 2, AMERICAN HYBRID.
8068. Bovurrisquou 3907, AMERICAN HYBRID.

8069. ARamoNn RUPEsTRIS G. No. 1, AMERICAN Lot.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 181

7993 to 8071 — Continued.

8070. OLnivier De Serres on ARAMON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1,

8071. Ontverre DE CADENeET on RIPARIA RUPESTRIS, 3306.

(By “American Lot’’ isunderstood in France the stock on which the European

Lot is grafted. )

8072 to 8121. PArONIA MOUTAN.

From Yokohama, Japan.
November 23, 1901.

A collection of grafted plants as follows:

8072.

Yoyo-no-homare.
8073.

Yaso-okino.
8074.

Kamadafuji.

8075.

Kumoi-dsuru.
8076.

Gioku-sho-kaku.
8077.

Aduma-saki.
8078.

Nishiki-gawa.
8079.

(Number not utilized. )

8080.

Kumoma-no-tsuki.
8081.

Fuji-araskt.
8082.

Adzuma-nishiki.
8088.

Ginfukurin.
8084.

Michi-shiba.

8085.
Renkaku.

8086.

Kagurajima.

Tree peony.

Received through the Yokohama Nursery Company,

8087.

Kumo-no-nishiki,
8088.

Anyoyi.
8089.

Twato- Kagami.
8090.

Yuki-arashi.
8091.

Kokirin.
8092.

*Akasho-jishi.

8093.

Hakubanrya.

8094.
Hakugan.

8095.
Hinode-dsuru.

8096.

Tokiwadsu.

8097.

Asahi-minato.

8098.

Ruriban.

8099.

Kame-asobi.
8100.
Saishoji.

8101.
Konron-koku.

182

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8072 to 8121—Continued.

8102.
Akashi-gata,

8103.

Bunbudo,
8104.

Nishikishima,
8105.

Adzumakagami.
8106.

Fuji-no-mine.
8107.

Hana-tachabana.

8108.
Shishi-gashiri.
8109.

Shi-un-ryu.

8110.

Gabisan.

8111.
Shoki-kaguru.

8122 to 8188.

From Yokohama, Japan.

8112.

Gioku-senshin.

8113.

Seirin.

8114.

O0-sakadasuki.

8115.
Fukashigi.
8116.
Kausenden.
8117.
Daikagura.
8118.

Muhensati.

8119.
Saigyo sakura.

8120.
Momo-zono.

8121.
Ivo-no-seki.

Received through Suzuki & lida, American agents of

The Yokohama Nursery Company, New York, December 13, 1901.

A collection of plants as follows (the nomenclature in the main is that of the
nursery company ):

8122. MICHELIA COMPRESSA.

8123. CLERODENDRON sQUAMA-
TUM.

8124. DerurziA SIEBOLDIANA.

8125. Sryrax JAPONICA.

8126. SryRax OBASSIA.

8127. LicusTRUM CILIATUM.

8128. PrirrosPpORUM TOBIRA.

8129. QveERcus ACUTA.

8130. QUERCUS CUSPIDATA.

8131. QUERCUS DENTATA.

8132. QUERCUS DENTATA AUREA.

8133. QuERCUS GLANDULIFERA.

8134. QUERCUS GLAUCA.

8135. QuERCUS LACERA (?)

8136. QUERCUS LAEVIGATA (?)

8137. QUERCUS PHILLYREOIDES.

8138. QUERCUS PINNATIFIDA.

8139. QUERCUS SERRATA.

8140. GINKGO BILOBA VARIE-
GATA.

8141. CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA,
var. KAMUKURA-HIBA.

8142. CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA,

var. HorTaRuU-HIBA.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 183

8122 to 8188— Continued.

8143. CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA,
var. EMBI-HIBA.

8144. CHAMAERCYPARIS OBTUSA,
var. KANA-AMI.

8145. DaAPHNr GENKWA.
8146. EnGgreworrHiA GARDNERI.
8147. KADSURA JAPONICA.

8148. KapsuRA JAPONICA, spot-
ted.

8149. Kapsura JAponica, white
variegated.

8150. ACER TANABATA.

Various cultural varieties.
8151. AcER SANGUINEUM.
8152. AcER ATROPURPUREUM.
8153. AcrER OSHIU-BENI.

8154. AcER JAPONICUM.
8155. AcERSANGUINEUM, Seigen.

8156. AcER ROSEUM.
815'7. ACER VERSICOLOR.
8158. ACER OSAKA-ZUKI.

8159. ACER ATRO-DISSECTUM VA-
RIEGATUM.

8160. AcER ATROPURPUREUM DIS-
SECTUM.

8161. ACER RETICULATUM.
8162. AcER OKUSHIMO.

8163. AcER ATRO-DISSECTUM
(green).

8164. ACER URIME.

8189 to 8192.

8165.
8166.
8167.
8168.

8169.

8170.

8171.

8172.
8173.
8174.
8175.
8176.
8177.
8178.

8179.
8180.
8181.

8182.
8183.
8184.

8185.
8186.
8187.

8188.

ACER KINUKASAYAMA.
ACER AOBA.

ACER HATCUYUKI KAIDO,
ACER AUREUM,

ACER SCOLOPENDRIFOLIUM
RUBRUM.

ACER SCOLOPENDRIFOLIUM
(green ).

ACER ATROPURPUREUM VA-
RIEGATUM.

ACER AKIKAZE-NISHIKI.
ACER ROSA-MARGINATIA.
ACER CARPINIFOLIUM.
ACER TRIFIDUM.

ACER RUFINERVE.

ACZR TSUMAGAKI.
ACER TSURU-NISHIKI,
ACER MUSATORIYAMA.

ACER PICTUM ALBUM.

ACER JAPONICUM FILICI-
FOLIUM.

ACER NISHIKIGASANE.
ACER PICTUM AUREUM.

ACER MURAKUMO.
ACER KOMONUISHIKI.
ACER JAPONICUM.
ACER JAPONICUM.

ACER JAPONICUM.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Suzuki & lida, American agents
of the Yokohama Nursery Co., New York City, December 17, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows:

8189. HAMAMELIS JAPONICA.

8190. STERCULIA PLATANIFO-
LIA.

8191.
8192.

XANTHOXYLON PIPERITUM.

PoODOCARPUS MACROPHYL-

LA.

184 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8193 to 8199.

From Lucknow, India. Received through the Government Horticultural Gar-
den, December 16, 1901,

A collection of plants as follows:

8193. BomBAX MALABARICUM. 8197. STIGMAPHYLLON PERIPLO-
CAEFOLIUM,
8194. CLAUSENA EXCAVATA.
8198. RoNDELETIA CHINENSIS.
8195. DILLENIA SPECIOSA.
8199. Ruscus HYPOPHYLLUM.
8196. Ficus INpDICcA.

8200 to 8203. HicorIA PECAN. Pecan.

From Ocean Springs, Miss. Received through The Stuart Pecan Company,
December 21, 1901.

8200. 8202.

Russell. Jewett.
8201. 8208.

Stuart. Van Deman.

8204. PISTACIA VERA X PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS.

From San Francisco, Cal. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle from Mr. G,. P.
Rixford, secretary of the California Academy of Sciences, December 23, 1901.

8205 and 8206.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., December
27, 1901
2/, 19OL.

8205. CINCHONA OFFICINALIS.

8206. AGATHIS AUSTRALIS.

8207. CoFFEA ARABICA. Coffee.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild from
Hon. Karl Auer, United States Consul, December 28, 1901.

Timor.

8208. .JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Alfred L. Crow, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child, January 6, 1902.

Large Zante.

8209. CYDONIA SINENSIS. Chinese quince.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Alfred L. Crow, through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild. Received January 6, 1902.

Scented quince.

8210. CITRUS NOBILIS X CITRUS BIGARADIA. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 7, 1902. (A second packet January 14, 1902. )

Clementine. A hybrid of Citrus nobilis and Citrus bigaradia sinensis salicifolia, var.
granito.
‘‘Fruit very fine and beautiful. I recommend it.”’ (Zrabut.) —

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 185

8211. Correa ARABICA. Coffee.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild,
from Hon. Karl Auer, United States Consul, January 7, 1902.

Chemnitz (?).

8212 and 8213. ‘Triticum pURUM. Wheat.

From Uralsk, Russia. Purchased from the Ural Millers’ Association. Received
January 9, 1902.

8212. 8213.
Kubanka. Crop of 1900. Kubanka. Crop of 1901.
8214. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA. Mesquite.

From Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Received through Mr. Jared G. Smith,
director of the agricultural experiment station, January 10, 1902.

8215. POLYGONUM TATARICUM. India wheat.

From the Himalaya Mountains. Received through Dr. C. Sprenger, Vomero,
near Naples, Italy, January 15, 1902.

‘‘A large growing specimen.’’ (Sprenger. )

8216 to 8218. CYPERUS ESCULENTUS. Chufa.

From Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 772, Aug. 9, 1901),
January 14, 1902. Secured through kindness of Hon. R. M. Bartleman, United
States Consul at Valencia.

“Chufa cultivation in southeastern Spain is one of its most profitable industries;
the underground tubers are used to make the Horchata de chufas, a favorite ice, sold
very extensively in all the large cities in Spain.’’ (Fairchild. )

8216. 8218.
From Alboraya. From Algemese.
8217.

From Balasuar.

8219. CUCUMIS MELO.. Winter muskmelon.

From Valencia, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 772, August
9, 1902), January 14, 1902.

8220 and 8221. TrRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From northern China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill, January 17, 1902.
8220. 8221.
Red. White.
8222 to 8225. AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS. Mushroom.

From Paris, France. Received through Dr. B. M. Duggar, January 18, 1902.
Mushroom spawn from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., as follows:

8222. 8224.
Triple: Virgin spawn, white Ordinaire. Virgin spawn, brown
variety. variety.
8223. 8225.
Double. Virgin spawn, brown Crop spawn, brown variety.

variety.

LS6- SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8226 to 8228. ‘THEA VIRIDIS. Tea.
from Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., January
18, 1902.

Tea seed, as follows:

8226.

‘‘Assam hybrid tea seed of highest class Jat, light leaf variety from Inyery
Estate, Dickoya, Ceylon, elevation 4,500 feet.’’ ( William. )
8227.

‘Highest class Jat Assam Hybrid tea seed from Abbotsford Estate, Dim-
bulla, Ceylon, elevation 5,500 feet.’’ (William. )

8228.
‘‘Pure Manipuri indigenous tea seed, of highest class Jat, from Pen-y-len
Estate, Dolosbage, Ceylon, over 4,000 feet elevation.’’ ( William. )
8229. BETA VULGARIS. Sugar beet.

From Wimmelburg, near Eisleben, Germany. Presented by .Frantisek Jodl,
Prague, Bohemia, January 18, 1902.

Kleinwanzleben improved.

8230 to 8232. TrRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. Received from the estate of A. Michalkovy, Jan-
uary 21, 1902.

Macaroni wheats as follows:

8230. 8232.
Yellow Gharnovka. Black Don. (Chernokoloska. )
8231.
Velvet Don. (Chernouska.) :
8233 to 8236. ERronorTryA JAPONICA. Loquat.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild

and ©. §. Scofield (Nos. 690 to 693), January 22, 1902.
8233.

Marcadal. ‘‘A nearly seedless variety from the Rev. Mr. Arkwright’s gar-
den.’”’ (Fairchild. )
8234.

Olivier. ‘From the Rey. Mr. Arkwright’s garden. Fruits weigh over 52%
grams apiece.’’ (Fairchild. )
8235.

St. Michele. ‘‘From the Rev. Mr. Arkwright’s garden. Said to weigh as
much as 75 grams.’’ (Fairchild. )
8236.

Meffre’s No. 2. ‘‘Said by its originator, M. Henri Meffre, of El Merdj, to
exceed in size any of the foregoing and to be of excellent quality.”” (Fairchild. )
No. 693.

8237. MINA TRILOBATA.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received from Meffre & Salom Sons, January
22, 1902.

-

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 187
8238. Berra VULGARIS. Sugar beet.

From Athensleben bei Léderburg, Germany. Received through H. Bennecke
& Son, January 28, 1902.

Kleinwanzlebener Nachzucht.. This seed was presented to Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief
of Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture.

8239. SOLANUM DREGEI. Natal thorn.
From Los Angeles, Cal. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, January 24, 1902.

Grown from seed of No. 1987, Inventory No. 5.

8240. SPONDIAS LUTEA. Ciruela amarillo.

From Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., January 24, 1902.

8241 to 8298.

From Nice, France. Received through Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky, January
7 1902
al, = ae

A collection of seeds as follows: The determination of these species is that of Mr.
Robertson-Proschowsky.

8241. AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS. 8254. CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA.
8242. AGAVE LOPHANTHA, 8255. CrANOTHUS AzUREUS Desf.
Schiede? (myBRIDUs Hort. )

ive © Tersailles.
8248. ALBIZZIA LOPHANTHA. Gloire de Versailles

Y -
5 LERODENDRON HASTATUM.
8244. ARBUTUS UNEDO. 8256. C si tei ee

ee As Raters kik ECMCNA: 825'7. CoRDYLINE AUSTRALIS.
Cordyline indivisa of the trade.

8246. ARTEMISIA ARGENTEA.

8258. DoLicHos LABLAB.
8247. ARAUJIASERICIFERA Brot.?

8259. EREMOCARPUS SCABER.
8248. ASPARAGUS SPRENGERI.
8260. ELAEAGNUS PUNGENS Var.

8249. BIGNONIA TWEEDIANA. SIMONI.
8250. CARDIOSPERMUM HALICA- 8261. NIcoTIANA GLAUCA,
CABUM. |
8262. OLEARIA HAASTI.
ee; CAMICK QUBBOROLA. 8263. PAssIFLORA PRUINOSA.
8252. CAssIA CORYMBOSA. 8264. PerrRIMEDIUM DISCOLOR (?)
8253. CassIA OCCIDENTALIS (?) 8265. PHOENIX RECLINATA.

8266. PHOENIX PUMILA * PHOENIX RECLINATA.

‘Fruits of rather good taste when fresh. In moist climates, like Florida,
other species than Phoenix dactylifera might in time, through selection and
hybridization, produce good varieties.’? (Proschowsky. )

8267. PHORMIUM TENAX. 8270. PoLYGONUM LANIGERUM.
8268. PLECTRANTHUSSTRIATUS(?) 8271. PoRANA RACEMOSA (7)
Roxb.

8269. PopACHAENIUM PANICULA-
TUM. 8272. PROSOPIS GLANDULOSA (?)

LSS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8241 to 8298—Continued.

8273. RIcHARDIA AFRICANA Kth. 8286. THALIA DEALBATA,
8274. RIcHARDIA 4 LBO-MACU- 8287. ViITEX INCISA.
LATA,

8288. Wicanpia sp. (hybrid?)
8275. Ricinus CoMMUNIS, var. 1.

8289. KuPHORBIA sp.
8276. Ricinus COMMUNIS, var. 2.

8290. Ficus MACROPHYLLA.
8277. Ruscus HYPOGLOSSUM.

8291. GoOMPHOCARPUS TEXTILIS.
8278. ScHINUS MOLLE.

8292. GLOBULARIA SALICINA
8279. SENECIO LONGIFOLIUS. Lam.

8280. SoLANUM gp. 8293. HeEpDYCHIUM GARDNERI-
ANUM Rose.
8281. SoLANUM LACINIATUM Alt.

(S.REcCLINATUM!’ Herit). 8294. JACARANDA OVALIFOLIA.
8282. SoLANUM MARGINATUM. 8295. IocHROMA TABULOSA
Benth.

8283. SoLANUM PSEUDOCAPSICUM.

8296. LigusTRUM JAPONICUM.
8284. SoLANUM WARSZEWICZII.
8297. MrSEMBRYANTHEMUM ACI-
8285. SoLLYA HETEROPHYLLA. NACIFORME.

8298. MEeESPILUS GERMANICA. Medlar.

8299. MEDICAGO ELEGANS.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 27, 1902.

8300 to 8306. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
From Kobe, Japan. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, January 27, 1902.

Seed rice as follows, Japanese names being given:

8300. 8304.
Shinriki. From Hyogo district. Miyako. From Yamaguchi dis-
trict.
8301. ak
Shiratama. From Fukuoka dis- 8305.
Het From Chiugoku district.
8302.
Komachi. From Kumamoto dis- Fret: ; as.
trict. From Chikuzen district.
8303.
Omase. From Kumamoto dis-
trict.
8307. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Aintab, Asia Minor. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, January 28, 1902.
Wild Persian walnuts.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 189

8308 to 8310. CUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Lisbon, Portugal. Received through Sefior Abel Fontoina da Costa, Jan-
uary 30, 1902.

8308. 8310.
Amarello. Palha (Valentien).
8309.
Alpiaca.
8311. KAYA SENEGALENSIS. African mahogany.
From Mount Silinda, Melsetter district, Rhodesia, South Africa. Received

through Dr. Wm. L. Thompson, January 31, 1902.

Ubaba. This is one of the finest timber trees of South Africa, growing to a large
size, sometimes 6 feet or more in diameter. Resists the attacks of insects and is very
durable. Generally grows near streams, but is also found in other places. Called by
the natives ‘‘ Ubaba,’’ from the bitter bark.

8312. SIMMONDSIA CALIFORNICA. Jojoba.
From Las Flores, Lower California, Mexico. Received through Mr. F. Plunk,
jr., January 30, 1902.
8313 to 8329.
From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, February 1, 1902.

A collection of seeds as follows:

83138. CaARYOTA MITIS. 8322. EuTERPE EDULIS.

8314. Cocos YATAY. 8323. OREODOXA REGIA.

8315. CHRYSALIDOCARPUS LUTES- 8324. CHAMAEDOREA SARTORI.
CENS.

8325. OREODOXA OLERACEA.
8316. PyReETHRUM ROSEUM.

8326. ACANTHOPHOENIX CRINITA.
8317. LeEUCADENDRON ARGEN-

TEUM. 832'7. KENTIOPSIS MACROCARPA.
8318. CINNAMOMUM sp. 8328. BErGONIA REX & DIADEMA.
8319. PAPAVER BRACTEATUM. 8329. KentTiA MACARTHURI.

(Horticultural variety. )
8320. PHORMIUM TENAX.

8321. Cocos DATIL.

8330. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From near North Gate, Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 774, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

‘*A variety of peach growing in a Chinese orchard at Ngau lan Kong. The habit
of this tree resembles that of an apricot, and, although I saw none of the fruit, 1
believe it is quite a distinct type from the ordinary Eagle Beak peach, which is the
common variety about Canton. I was not able to get a name for this variety.”’
( Fairchild. )

8331 to 8334. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

Eagle Beak peach from Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 775, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

‘From orchard trees growing near the Great North Gate of Canton, at Ngau lan
Kong, of the Ying tsui to or Eagle Beak peach. This variety resembles the Honey

190 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

closely, except that the pointed tip of the fruit is more curved, according to Dr, J.
M. Swan, of the Canton Hospital. I saw no specimen myself. According to Doctor
Swan’s gardener this variety blooms in March and April, while other sorts here
bloom in February. The peach is said to be very sweet, even inclined to be a bit
mawkish in flavor, The fruit is brought to the market some time early in July. The
market for peaches in Canton is a short one, being in all not over five weeks—the last
three weeks of June and the first two weeks of July. The Peen to type of peach is
unknown here in Canton, so far as I can ascertain. It certainly must be a rare form
here if it occurs at all. These cuttings were taken from small commercial orchards,
and, it being winter, I am obliged to take the identification through an interpreter
that they are the Eagle Beak. To insure getting all the varieties in the orchard, I
got several lots from the different parts of the orchard. These I have marked 775, a,
b, ¢, respectively. The numbers 8331, 8332, 8333, and 8334 correspond with these
numbers. This peach is not larger than the Honey, but may prove later blooming
and be valuable on this account.’’ (Fairchild. )

8335. Morus MULTICAULIS. Chinese mulberry.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
776), February 3, 1902.

‘*A variety of mulberry cultivated for its leaf, used in feeding silkworms. The
method of culture is to plant the cuttings deep in the ground, leaving two buds above
the soil. The plant is never allowed to make a tree, but is cut down every year to the
ground. The plants are only 6 to 8 inches apart, in rows 1} feet from one another.”’
( Fairchild. )

8336. Poputus sp. (7) Poplar.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 777,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

‘“A\ low growing poplar with small leaves of a peculiar, truncated shape, which
color up in December here in southern China a beautiful wine red. The splashes of
color which this poplar gives to the landscape are very beautiful and the species is
worth growing as an ornamental for this purpose alone.”’ ( Fairchild.)

8337. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach. |

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 778,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Ying tsuit?o. ‘* Eagle Beak peach from a garden at Fati, opposite the island of
Shameen. Probably much the same as Nos. 8331 to 8334, but as all these peaches
seem to be grown from seed and are not grafted it may be slightly different.”
( Fairchild.)

8338. PRUNUS sp. Red plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (N 0. 779,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Hung Mui. ‘The flower and fruit are both said to be red and the latter to be an
inch or more in diameter. It flowers somewhat later than the Tsing Mui, which is
beginning to bloom now. This is from Yat Chun garden, at Fati, near Canton.
These Chinese plums are said to be good canners, but likely to have a bitter taste on
standing. They are not highly prized by the Europeans, who say they are hard and
have a tendency to be astringent. The trees I saw at Fati were not remarkable,
except for the great vigor of some young shoots springing from the old trunk which
had been cut down. I can not vouch positively for the name of the variety as I
worked through an interpreter.’’ (Fairchild. )

8339. PRUNUS sp. ~ Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 780,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Nam Wa Li. ‘A variety of plum called the Southern Glorious plum, according to
Dr. J. M. Swan’s translation. It isa red plum, about three-fourths of an inch in

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 191

diameter, quite round, skin not tough, seed small. The sauce made from this variety
turns bitter if left to stand for even an hour, If the tree is given good culture it
produces fruits 14 inches in diameter. It flowers in March. The tree I saw was
quite vigorous and not grafted.’’ (J/airchild. )

8340. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Canton, China, Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
781, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Pak Wat tim Po, “A slightly sweet, white stone variety of rather small size, pre-
ferred by some to the Ying tsui (0, which, it is said, has too sweet a flavor. It has
no beak like the latter, but is a typical south Chinese shape, according to Dr. J. M.
Swan, of the Canton Hospital, who very kindly described this variety.’? (Fairchild. )

8341. Drospyros KAKI. Persimmon.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
782, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Hung tsi. ‘A soft persimmon, of dark-red color, which is preferred by many
Europeans to the hard type that is only edible after soaking in water for an hour.
This is grown at Fati, near Canton.’’ ( Mairchild. )

8342. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
783, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Pak Mui. “A white plum, according to the interpreter. The tree is a fairly vigor-
ous grower and abundant producer of flowers. It is not cultivated extensively here,
so far as I can find out, and I have been unable to get a description of the variety.’’
( Fairchild. )

8343. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
784, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Ying tsui Vo, or the Eagle Beak peach, from Fati, near Canton. ‘‘ These are from
different trees than Nos. 8331 to 8334, and may prove to have superior qualities. All
that I have seen are seedling trees. Few peaches seem to be grafted.”’ (Fairchild. )

8344. PSIDIUM GUAJAVA. Guava.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop ana Fairchild (No.
785, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

‘A reputed large-fruited (2 inches or so in diameter) yellow guava of good quality.
The guavas about Canton are grown in the same fields with the rice. A single patch
is often planted to a mixture of peach and guava trees, and both are grown on low
ridges about 6 to 8 feet apart each way. No name was obtained.”’ (Fairchild. )

8345. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
786, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Tsing mui. ‘‘A white-flowered, green-fruited plum. The fruit reaches 1 inch in
diameter and is round in shape. This was just beginning to flower on December
20, much earlier than the Hung Mui or Nam wali (li is pronounced as if spelled
‘lay’ in this word).’’ (Fairchild. )

8346. Ficus sp. Milk tree.

From Canton, China. Presented by Dr. J. M. Swan, of the Canton Hospital,
through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 802, December 20, 1901), Feb-
ruary 3, 1902.

Nau Nai Shu. ‘‘A large entire-leaved species of Ficus, which bears, even when
quite young, large quantities of figs, at least an inch in diameter and quite sweet.
Used as a shade tree in Canton. This was taken from Doctor Swan’s yard at the
Canton Hospital.’’ ( Fwirchild. )

29861—No. 66—05——13

192 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8347. Crrrus LimerTa (4) Lime.

From Canton, China, Sent by Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No, 803, Decem-
ber 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

‘Orange-fruited lime. Scions taken from some fruit in the market of Canton of a
variety of lime about 2 inches in diameter. In color this lime is as dark orange as
a blood orange from Malta, and its flesh is not light, as the lime is gene rally, but a
deep orange. It seems like a very sour orange Tt is used e very where here in place
of lemon or other kinds of lime. Idid not see the trees growing, so can not describe

them.’’ ( Fairchild.) (These scions were not received. )

8348. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIs. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 767, July 31,
1901), February 4, 1902.

Jordan. ** Bud sticks sent by Francisco Borgos Himenez, of Alhaurin, a village near
Cartama, one and one-half hour’s ride from Malaga.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

8349. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.
From Aintab, Syria. Received through Rey. A. Fuller,
8350 to 8352. VIOLA ODORATA. Violet.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February
4, 1902.

A collection of violet seed for experimental work, as follows:

8350. 8352.
Perpetual. The Czar.
8351.

Perpetual, white.
8353. ViIoLA CORNUTA. Violet.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February
4, 1902.

slie,
8354. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rey. E. Rothesay Miller, February
4, 1902.

A variety of cowpea having pods 3 feet long. Cooked and eaten like string beans.
8355 to 8357. DoLicHos LABLAB. Bean.

From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rey. EK. Rothesay Miller, February
4, 1902.

Edible podded beans as follows:

8355. 8357.
Green pods. Purple pods.
8356.

Purplish pods.

8358. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
791, December 21, 1901), February 5, "1902.

‘A green variety of broad bean found on the market of Canton. This is used for
human food, and is grown extensively in Central China, and I have seen large gar-
dens of broad beans near Shanghai.”’ ( Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 193

8359. ORnyZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
788, December 21, 1901), February 5, 1902.

Si Mu. ‘Rice from Ching Shieng district, Canton province, 20 miles from Canton.
It is a low-growing variety. This rice is imported to America for Chinese use, and
is very highly prized by the Chinese because of its fine quality and especially because
of its fine aroma. The price per katty is 6 cents, while ordinary rice costs about 4.
Coolies often smuggle this rice out of the country, because there is an export duty on
rice in Canton and this kind is the finest known to the Cantonese.’?— (Lairchild. )

8360. Oryza SATIVA. Rice.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
790, December 21, 1901), February 5, 1902.

No Mai. ‘‘Old man’s rice, a variety used for flour and pastry making. It is said
to be very tough and nutritious and satisfying. Not generally employed for boiling
purposes. It is a very expensive rice, bringing 8 cents a katty. Not classed with
the ordinary boiling rices.”’ ( Fairchild. )

8361. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
789, December 21, 1901), February 5, 1902.

Wong Chim. ‘A variety of rice grown in Ching Sien or Ching Shien. I am told
this is, next to No. 8359, the finest rice in Canton, but is not exported. It brings
only 5 cents a katty when the other brings 6 cents. Vermicelli is said to be made
of it.” ( Muirchild.)

8362. CASTANEA sp. Chestnut.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, Feb-
ruary 6, 1902.

8363. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
800, December 20, 1901), February 5, 1902.

“Dried apricots from the Canton market. There seem to be no apricots grown
about Canton, at least none of the Europeans | have talked with have seen any, and
these are probably imported from north China.’’ ( Fairchild. )

8364. CANARIUM ALBUM. Chinese olive.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
798, December 20, 1901), February 5, 1902.

Pak Lam. ‘‘Thisisa fruit soldin China by the thousands of tons, both in the dried
state and pickled, and stained a light-yellow color. The plant is grown in orchards
up the river from Canton and forms a very important article of commerce. Scarcely
a fruit stall of any size is withoutit. The methods of preparation seem to be numerous.
Worthy of preliminary plantings in Florida and southern California.’? ( /airchild. )

8365. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop ana Fairchild (No.
799, December 20, 1901), February 5, 1902.

‘‘ Dried plums from the market in Canton. The origin of the trees is quite uncer-
tain, but the fruit probably came from somewhere up the West or North rivers.
The dealer said they came from Foo Chow, but no reliance is to be put on this state-
ment.’’ (Fairchild. )

8366. ELEOCHARIS TUBEROSA. Water chestnut.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
801, December 20, 1901), February 5, 1902.

_** An especially fine variety of the water chestnut, which is imported in large quan-

tities into Canton from Kwai Lam, up the river. It is larger and better than the

104 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

ordinary sort and should be given a trial in California, where the Chinese already
vrow the ordinary variety, (See Bulletin No. 68 of the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions.) There are numerous uses to which this swamp plant is put. Worthy of con-
sideration as a plant for cultivation in the swamps of the South.’’ ( Fairchild. )

8367. CITRUS NOBILIS X CITRUS BIGARADIA. Orange.
From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 5, 1902.

Clementine.

. 8368. Cirrus NOBILIS X CITRUS DECUMANA. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 5, 1902.

8369 to 8385.
From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, February 5, 1902.
A collection of seeds, as follows:

8369. VioLA MUNBYANA (?). 8377. VIOLA ODORATA ROSSICA.

8370. VIOLA ODORATA BARREN- 8378. VIOLA ODORATA SEMPER-
STEINI. FLORENS.

8371. VIoLA ODORATA BARREN- 8379. VIOLA ODORATA SEMPER-

STEINI, fl. ALBO. FLORENS fl. ALBO.
8372. VIOLA ODORATA. 8380. VIOLA ODORATA SEMPER-

(! FLORENS.
zr.

Hamburger treib.
8373. ViIoLA ODORATA.
Cane 8381. VIOLA ODORATA.
zar fl. albo.
Victoria Reginae.
8374. VIOLA ODORATA.
% > r >
Kaiserin Augusta. 8382. CAMPANULA MEDIUM.

8375. VIoLA ODORATA. 8383. CopoNoPSIS VIRIDIFLO-
RA (?)
Laucheana.

: 8384. DIANTHUS BARBATUS.
8376. VIOLA ODORATA.

Reine des Violettes. 8385. DeELPHINIUM ZALIL.

8386. ‘THEA VIRIDIS. Tea.
From Tokyo, Japan. Received through The Tokyo Plant and Seed Company,
February 10, 1902.

Formosa.

8387 to 8409.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through L. Boehmer & Co., February 3,
1902.
A collection of plants and bulbs, as follows:

8387. LILIUM LONGIFLORUM. 8392. PAEONIA MOUTAN.

8388. IRIS LAEVIGATA. 83893. CASTANEA CRENATA.

Re a oe Japanese mammoth chestnut.

8390. Iris TECTORUM. 8394. DAPHNE ODORA.

Blue.

8391. Iris TECTORUM.
White.

Pink.

8395. DAPHNE ODORA.
White.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 195

8387 to 8409—Continued.

8396. HypRANGEA HORTENSIS var. AIGAKU.
8397. HypRANGEA HORTENSIS var. AJISAIL.
8398. HyprRANGEA HORTENSIS var. BENJAKU.
_ 8399. HypRANGEA HORTENSIS.

8400. MAGNOLIA PARVIFLORA ERECTA,
8401. MAGNOLIA PARVIFLORA PENDULA.
8402. MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA EXONIENSIS.
84038. Cornus KOUSA.

8404. CINNAMOMUM LOUREIRII.

8405. RAPHIOLEPIS JAPONICA,

8406. Ruvs succeDANEA.

8407. RHUS VERNICIFERA.

8408. ZELKOVA ACUMINATA,

8409. STAUNTONIA HEXAPHYLLA.

8410. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Elgin, Utah. Received through Mr. John F. Brown, February 12, 1902.

Winter. A round, white melon, which will keep in perfect condition for several
months after maturing. Flesh crimson, very sweet and tender. Seeds small and
black. Rind quite tough when fully ripe. The average weight of these melons is
about 20 pounds, although specimens weighing 40 pounds have been grown.

8411 to 8413. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Colombo, Ceylon. Presented by Dr. C. Drieberg, of the Agricultural
School, Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(Nos. 805 to 807), January 13, 1902. Received February 15, 1902.

Scions of three varieties of mangoes, as follows:

8411.

Jaffna. ‘A long-fruited, medium-sized green mango. The seed is fairly
large; flesh golden yellow. It is edible even before fully ripe. A vigorous
grower and good bearer. This is the best market mango in Ceylon, and is the
one generally planted about the villages. The name would imply its origin
in the northern province of Ceylon, but Doctor Willis, of Peradeniya Gardens,
says the variety is scarcely known in that province.”’ (Mairchild.) (No. 805. )

8412.

Rupee. ‘‘The largest fruited variety of mango grown in Ceylon. It is called
the Rupee, or two-shilling mango, because of the price paid for a single fruit.
Its origin is unknown. It is very large, sometimes 5 inches long, nearly globu-
lar, light green in color when ripe. A shy bearer. Skin tender and easily
bruised, rendering it a poor shipper. Flesh a golden yellow. Seed small in
proportion to the size of the fruit. A rare variety even in Ceylon. The fruits
are considered a great delicacy and much sought after by those who know it.
Flesh free from stringiness and flavor delicious, but only when properly and
perfectly ripened. The tree is not very robust, and Doctor Drieberg does not
recommend the variety for general planting.”’ ( Pairchild.) (No. 806.)

1Y6 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8411 to 8413—Continued.
84138.

Thurston. ‘‘These scions are from a single tree (there is only one on the
island of Ceylon) growing directly in front of Doctor Drieberg’s bungalow, at
the agricultural school at Colombo (Cinnamon Gardens). This tree was
planted by a Mr. Thurston, and for convenience I have given it his name. It
is not a variety known elsewhere on the island. The tree is between 30
and 40 years old and is a very heavy bearer. The fruit is of medium size,
short, and somewhat globular. The stone is of medium size and the skin is
dark green even when ripe. It ripens well off the tree. It is a vigorous
grower, has a sweet flavor, and, according to Doctor Drieberg, is acid when not
fully ripe. The flesh is greenish in color near the skin and slightly fibrous,’’
( Fairchild.) (No. 807.)

8414. CITRUS NOBILIS X CITRUS DECUMANA. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, February 15, 1902.

Seeds.

8415. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, February 15, 1902.

Merki: A small packet of seeds of a variety of sweet orange.

8416. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.

From Candia, Crete. Presented by H. B. M. consul, Walter E. Lanson, of Can-
dia, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 579), February 17, 1902.

‘*Cuttings of the best variety of carob, or St. John’s bread, for grafting on seedling
trees. 1am informed that the Candian variety of carob is one of the best in the
market, bringing the highest prices. It is a tree which is being more extensively
planted every year on the island of Crete, and its pods already form one of the prin-
cipal exports, both of Crete and Cyprus. It is exported to England, France, and
Italy, where it is used for cattle food and fora surrogate to mix with chocolate.
According to the inspector of agriculture of Crete, Cavre. G. M. Fumis, this Candian
variety has more sugar in it than the other sorts grown in Crete.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

8417. CARICA PAPAYA. Papaw.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Received through Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent
in charge of the agricultural experiment station, February 17, 1902.

Seed grown from No. 5112, Inventory No. 8.

8418. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.
From Monetta, 8. C. Received through Mr. T. S. Williams, December 5, 1901.

Tron. This variety of cowpea is noted for its remarkable resistance to wilt disease
and root-knot.

8419 to 8421. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Bombay, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
810 to 812, January 21, 1902), February 24, 1902.

Scions of three varieties of mangoes, as follows:

8419.

Douglas Benneti’s Alphonse. ‘‘The Bombay mangoes are noted all over the
Orient, and they are generally classed as a single sort, but in reality there
are numerous varieties. The Alphonse, or, in Hindustani, Alfoos, is considered
by connoisseurs as the very finest. These scions are taken from a tree on the
estate of Mr, Cooper, near Groregon Station, one hour’s ride from Bombay, and

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 197

8419 to 8421 — Continued.

represent an especially fine strain of the Alphonse mango, which was called to
our attention by Mr. Douglas Bennett, superintendent of markets in Bombay,
who desires that it be given hisname. He says that all he knows of its origin is
that over one hundred and thirty years ago it was discovered by a Parsee mer-
chant, and that grafts were put down at Gwalia Tank Road, below Combali
Hill, in Bombay, but that now very few of these are to be seen. The supply
of this mango is so limited that fancy prices are paid for it, and few Kburopeans
even have ever tasted the fruit. In size it is 3 by 4 by 2 inches and in color a
golden yellow when ripe. The flesh is quite without stringiness, stone small,
and flavor, according to Mr. Bennett, the best in the world. It is a large-
leaved variety and forms a good-sized tree, but is of secraggly growth.’ ( /ir-
child.) (No. 810.) (See No. 8727.)

8420.

Bottle. ‘‘A good market sort, of Bombay. Green in color, ripening to red-
dish yellow. Flesh is yellowish in color and is not stringy. The fruit is long
and slender, hence the name ‘ Bottle.’ The stone is small. The fruit ripens, as
do most of the Bombay mangoes, from April to May.”’ ( Mairchild.) (No. 811.)

8421.

Pirie. ‘‘A green, pointed-shaped variety from the Cooper estate at Goregon.

Said by the owner, an inspector in the Bombay markets, to be, next to the
y , an ins} a kets, to be, 7

Alphonse, the best of the Bombay mangoes. The seed is larger than that of the
’ . "hs 2 . . . .

Alphonse and the flavor is excellent. Has the undesirable quality of being a

sit sees : cepa ; Li a aon z 5
poor keeper, losing its flavor quickly after fully ripe.”? (airchild.) (No. 812.)

8422 to 8424. (GLYCINE HISPIDA. _ Soy bean.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.
8422. 8424.
Ita Name. Early. Ita Name. Late.
8423.
lta Name. Medium.
8425. JUGLANS CORDIFORMIS. Walnut.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.
8426. JUGLANS SIEBOLDIANA. Walnut.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.
8427. PHYLLOSTACHYS MITIS. Bamboo.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.
Moso chiku.
8428. PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI. Bamboo.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.
Madake.
8429. JUNCUS EFFUSUS. . Rush.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.

198 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8430 to 8433. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Valetta, Malta, Presented by Baron Testaferrata Abela, through Mr, D, G.
Fairchild. Received February 25, 1902.

Cuttings as follows:

8430. 8432.
(riuseppe. Prima quality : Mrances.
8431. 8433.
Due Colon, di S. Caterina. S. Rose.
8434. ELEUSINE CORACANA. Ragi millet or Kurakkan.

From Colombo, Ceylon. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
809, January 15, 1902), February 25, 1902.

\ species of millet which is planted all over Ceylon by the Singalese. Itisa
most important food crop for the natives, although given little attention by Euro-
peans. Watt’s Dictionary of Indian Products, 1890, Vol. II], p. 237,’gives a long
account of the use of this species in India, where it forms one of the great staples.
Ferguson describes it as the most prolific of cultivated grasses. One variety, 2.
stricta Roxb., gives an increase of 120 fold, another 500 fold, and a single seed has
been calculated to produce no less than 8,100 seeds in a single year. These seeds
are very small, however. The food made from this species is coarse, though nourish-
ing. When boiled the flour forms a sticky paste, which must be eaten with greasy
gravy to be palatable. There are two varieties in this sample, mixed together, this
being the way the field was sown. The two sorts are called Hanasu Kurakkan, or
Black Kurakkan, and Kiri (White or Milk) Kurakkan. The seed is broadcasted and
raked in or trampled in with the feet in May, in Ceylon, and the crop ripens in three
months. It seems, however, to be sometimes planted at other times of the year.
These varieties are suited only to irrigated lands and for trial in tropical regions with
an abundance of rain. This species is a native of Ceylon, but varieties of “the same
species are cultivated under the native names of Marua Kaivarti or Kelvaragu in con-
tinental India. This whole question of the Indian millets, many of which withstand
severe dry weather, Watt says, is worthy of especial attention, and all the best var-
ieties should be secured. Doctor Drieberg, superintendent of School Gardens, Cinna-
mon Gardens, Colombo, should be applied to fora larger quantity of this seed, which
at this season is difficult to secure in good condition. Asa chicken food this is reputed
to be unsurpassed, fattening poultry with great rapidity. This is grown in a region
which has 75 to 100 inches of rainfall a year.”’— ( Fairchild. )

8435. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.
From Poona, India. Received eee Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 815,
January 26, 1902), February 2: 1902.

‘*A variety of pomelo which is said to be practically seedless, though not of first
quality. It may prove useful for crossing purposes. — It is medium large and has a
thick skin. The flesh is too dry.’ ( Fuirch id.)

8436. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 816,
January 27, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Bhokri. ‘‘A sweet, white sort, with rather tough skin, but very productive. This
is one of the best varieties for general cultivation about Poona, which has a high alti-
tude, tropical climate, temperature as high as 120°, and with 30 inches of rainfall.
It is said to have originated i in the north of India. ‘It bears two crops a year, only
the second one, however, being sweet.’’ (Fairchild. )

8437. JASMINUM SAMBAC. Arabian jasmine.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 817,
January 25, 1902), February 25, 1902.

‘“‘A variety of jessamine much cultivated by the natives of India and used by them
in their worship under the name of Mogaree. It is a vigorous growing shrub and

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 199

bears an abundance of very large, double, white flowers, which are highly perfumed.
Some of these flowers are said to be as large asa camelia blossom. The plant requires
rich soil and is very sensitive to cold. It is strictly a tropical plant, although doing
well in gardens in Cairo. The cuttings should be treated in the usual way, i. e.,
rooted in moist sand, and the plants can be set out in a rich border, This is the
largest variety of the jessamine I know, and if not already introduced into Hawaii,
southern California, or Florida, deserves to be generally propagated and distributed.
From the Empress Gardens, in Poona, India.’’?— ( /irchild. )

8438. PoOINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA. Poinsettia.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 818,
January 25, 1902), February 25, 1902.

“A double poinsettia of rare beauty. Instead of the usual whorl of bright red
leaves characteristic of the ordinary poinsettia this sort has from three to five such
whorls. These are at their best when the green leaves have fallen and the light gray
stems are quite bare. As a decorative plant for giving a splash of the brightest red
to a landseape this plant is unequalled.”’ (Fairchild. )

8439. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 819,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Kowla., ‘‘ Described by Woodrow in his ‘Gardening in India,’ page 193, as an
indifferent dessert fruit, but considered by the natives of India as well worth atten-
tion and, in fact, recommended as a good sort. A distinct variety, and hence worthy
of a collection.”? (Jirchild. )

8440. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 820,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Alphonse or Aphoos. ‘‘From a tree in the Empress Gardens at Poona. It may
prove a different strain from Nos. 8419 and 8727. This is the best Bombay mango
and is remarkable for its good shipping qualities. It can be picked when still green,
laid or shipped in straw with plenty of air, and kept for six weeks. Even after ripe,
fruits can be kept for a week or more. A much better shipper than the Mulgoba and
more productive.”’ (Fairchild. )

8441. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 821,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Ladoo. ‘‘This is a popular orange in India and is of the mandarin class, although
not so fine looking in appearance. The oil glands are finer and the color is a duller
orange, sometimes russet. It deserves a place in every collection of oranges as a dis-
tinct type. Woodrow, in his ‘Gardening in India,’ page 209, figures this variety and
recommends it for planting. It is a loose-skinned sort but the skin is more nearly
filled by the flesh than the ordinary mandarin and in texture it is unusually crisp and
of good flavor. Very little fiber is one of its characteristics. In size it is about the
average of the mardarin type. Secured by the superintendent of the Impress Gar-
dens in Poona.’”’ (Fairchild. )

8442. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 822,

January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Borsha. ‘‘See Woodrow, Gardening in India, page 248. Fruit weighs on an average
10 ounces. Ripens by the first of July. Flesh isasdry as that of Mulgoba or Alphonse
and can be cut like cheese. It is three to four weeks later in ripening than the
Alphonse and is considered almost its equal in quality. One large tree of this variety
is said to have often yielded over $150 worth of fruit in a single crop. It should be
planted in alluvial soil and given plenty of bone ash. The banks of a river or irriga-
tion canal are especially well suited to mango culture. This variety is distinguished
from the Mulgoba by its young shoots, which are distinctly reddish in color. Mangoes
are sometimes shipped from Bombay to London, which is eighteen days’ or more of
sea travel.”? (/urchild.)

YOO SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8443. CITRUS asp.

From Poona, lndia, Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 825.
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902, J

Jamburee or Jambooree, **X variety of Citrus which is used in India extensively
for stocks on which the orange is grafted. Considerable discussion regarding its
influence on the scions of sweet oranges will be found in Woodrow’s ‘Gardening in
India,’ pages 214 and 215. In one place Woodrow calls this a lime, in another a
citron.’’ = ( Fairchild. )

8444. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.
From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No, 824,

January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Pukria, **Deseribed at some length by Woodrow, page 247, in his Gardening in
India, and considered by some as one of the three best mangoes in the Bombay
presidency; at any rate it isa sort in big demand for planting. It ripens three or
four weeks later than the A/phouse—i. e., from the end of May to the end of June.
Secured through the kindness of Mr. Kannetkar, superintendent of Empress Gar-
dens in Poona. ( Fairchild. )

8445. ‘THYSANOLAENA AGROSTIS.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No, 825,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

|
‘Two pieces of rhizome of an ornamental cane from the Himalayas. It flowers ~
profusely and remains in flower for four months. The inflorescences are steel-gray
und great masses of them are produced. The plant grows to a height of 8 to 10 feet and

forms large clumps like pampas grass or like some species of Arundo. It is altogether .
the handsomest cane for borders that I have everseen. It deserves a wide distribution |
in Hawaii and southern California. As seeds were not procurable the experiment of
sending two rhizomes in a perforated tin case by sample post has been attempted. |
If successful more can be had of the superintendent of the Empress Gardens in |
Poona. Seed may be had of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens. The plant requires good .
rich soil and plenty of moisture. In the Poona Gardens it is grown on irrigated land |
because there are only about 25 inches of yearly rainfall. The cuttings should be

given such treatment as would be given the ordinary ornamental canes.’’ (Fairchild. ) .

8446. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange. |

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 826, |
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902. |

Cintra or Suntura. ‘*Woodrow (Gardening in India, p. 210), says this is the finest
orange in India. It weighs from 7 to 10 ounces. One sort has loose skin, the other
tightly fits the pulp. It has very few seeds, and is often quite seedless. The flesh
is unusually crisp and has almost no fiber, but is somewhat lacking in sweetness.
The oil glands are very small and close together in the skin. The color is not so
bright as that of the mandarin of Japan. This variety is of especial interest only
because of its reported seedlessness and the fiberless nature of the flesh, which is quite
remarkable. [I am assured this is the tight-skinned variety, which is superior to the .
loose-skinned one. The type is distinctly a mandarin one. Through the kindness
of Superintendent Kannetkar of the Empress Gardens, Poona.’’ (Fairchild. )

8447. CrrTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From the Agricultural Experiment Station, Pomona, Cal. Received February
20, 1902.

Khama or Tsamma. This melon is very valuable for stock feeding in dry countries,
as it thrives with very little water. (Grown from No. 4322. )

8448 to 8453. Pyrus MALUS. Apple.

From Misserghin, near Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. 8. Scofield, from the Nursery of the Orphelinat de l’ Annoncia-
tion, February 26, 1902.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, Y()]

8448 to 8453— Continued.

Apple trees and seions as follows:

8448. 8451.
Algerienne. Nain Paradis,
8449. 8452.
ly Ive. Precoce de Thins.
8450. 8453.
De Chataiqnier. “ Nain de Mahon.
8454 and 8455. CyDONIA VULGARIS. Quince

From Misserghin, near Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and ©. §. Scofield from the Nursery of the Orphelinat de I’ Annon-
ciation, February 26, 1902.

Quince scions as follows:
8454. 8455.
De Laghouat. De Mahon.

8456 to 8460.

From San Giovanni « Teduecio, Italy. Received through Dammann «& Co.,
March 3, 1902.

8456. VIOLA CORNUTA. 8459. VIoLA CORNUTA.

slue Perfection.
8457. VIOLA CORNUTA ALBA. 4 ponies
8458. VIOLA CORNUTA 8460. VIOLA ODORATA SEMPER-

' * en FLORENS.

Admiracion.

8461. LATHYRUs sp.

From the Vomero, Naples, Italy. Received through Dr. C. Sprenger, March 5,
1902.

““A native of Mexico.’’? (Sprenger. )

8462. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
827, February 2, 1902), March 10, 1902.

Sufetha. ‘‘An indigenous white grape, grown successfully at Kurrachee. It is one
of the three best in cultivation here, where there is only 7 inches of rainfall and the
temperature in summer goes to 110° F. from March to the end of June, and the soil is
noticeably alkaline. Berry large and round; bunches 43 pounds in weight; long,
crowded, heavy cropper; flavor good; skin thick and leathery. It is said to bea good
keeper and shipper, being shipped from Kurrachee to Bombay and Lahore. These
cuttings are from the Kurrachee Public Gardens.’’ (Fairchild. )

8463. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
829, February 2, 1902), March 10, 1902.

Goolabie. ‘‘An indigenous variety of grape which thrives better than such forms
as the Black Hamburg, and, according to our informant, Mr. Lester, superintendent
of the public gardens of Kurrachee, it is considered superior in flavor to the Black
Hamburg. This is the favorite grape for Kurrachee conditions, which resemble those
of Tulare (California) and Arizona, being a desert where only 7 inches of rain
falls and where, for the summer months, a temperature of 110° is of daily occurrence.
The soil is decidedly alkaline, in fact too much so for ordinary European grapes.
The variety is said to be a purple, small-berried kind, a very heavy cropper, fruit-

POY SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

ing the end of April. The bunches weigh 14 to 2 pounds. The berry has a very
thin skin and two or three seeds, The name means ‘rose flavored’ and the flavor
is that of rose petals. It was introduced into Poona, India, but did not sueceed
there.”’ ( Fairchild.)

8464. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
828, February 2, 1902), March 10, 1902.

Kandhari. *‘A long-berried, thin-skinned, white grape with very large bunches,

3 to 4 pounds in weight. It is a vigorous grower, but light bearer. An indigenous

sort, of fine flavor, suited to an arid climate, and alkaline soil in a very warm climate.”’
( Fairchild. )

8465 to 8475. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Monetta, 8. C. Received through Mr. T. 8. Williams, November 5, 1901.

Seeds from hand-pollinated melons, grown from seeds imported by the Office of
Seed and Plant Introduction:

8465. From No. 16.

Melon of average size with dark-green stripes. Flesh orange-colored and
of very fine flavor. Vine small and not vigorous. This is an excellent melon
for home use.

8466. From No. 35.

A small green melon with white spots. The flesh is deep red and very fine.
The vine is small, but strong.

8467. From No. 68, which is evidently mixed seed,

A large, pale-green melon with broad, dark stripes. The flesh is orange-
colored and of very fine flavor. The vine is very vigorous.
8468. From No. 68.

A medium-sized, pale-green melon with broad, dark-green stripes. The
flesh is orange colored and of good flavor. The vine is very vigorous.
8469. From No. 46.

A large, light-gray melon. ‘The flesh is deep red and of fine flavor. The
vine is very vigorous.
8470. From No. 95.

A rather large, gray melon, with green stripes. The flesh is pink and of
very fine flavor. The vine is vigorous.
8471. From No. 2847.

A fairly good, green melon of average size. The flesh is pale red and of good
flavor. The vine is strong.
8472. From No. 2847.

A medium-sized, mottled-green melon. The flesh is red and of good flavor.
The vine is strong.

8473. From No. 2848.

A large, white melon. The flesh is deep red, of fine texture and very fine
flavor.

8474. From No. 2849.

A medium-sized, dark-green melon, with small white stripes. The flesh is
deep red, of fine texture and delicious flavor.

8475. From No. 6151.

A very large, dark-green, striped melon. The flesh is pink, of rather coarse
texture, but fine flavor.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 203

8476. PISTACIA MUTICA. Menengech.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rey. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. 'T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

8477 and 8478. PIsTAciA VERA. Pistache.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rey. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

8477. 8478.
Large red, Large green.
8479 to 8482. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rey. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

8479.

Selected mixed fresh pistache nuts from the market.
8480.

Aleppo red. Very large and fine.
8481.

A large, unnamed, green variety.

8482.

Koz. Known as the ‘‘Walnut’’ pistache.

8483. PISTACIA VERA X (74) Butum.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rev. A, Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

Fresh, selected ‘‘ Butum’’ nuts.

8484. PISTACIA MUTICA. Menengech.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rev. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

Selected fresh seeds.

8485. PISTACIA MUTICA. Menengech.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rev. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

Ordinary seeds from the market.

8486 to 8501.
From Washington, D. C. Received March 10, 1902.

A collection of seeds grown on the Potomac Flats by Mr. W. R. Beattie from seeds
furnished by the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction.

8486. PHASEOLUS MUNGO. Grown from No. 6321.
8487. PHASEOLUS MUNGO. Grown from No. 6417.
8488. PHAsEoLUS MuNGO. Grown from No. 63138.
8489. GLycINE HISsPIDA. Grown from No. 6314.
8490. (GLYCINE HISPIDA. Grown from No. 6333.

8491. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Grown from No. 6334.

~O4 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8486 to 8501— Continued.
8492. GLYCINE HisrIDA, Grown from No, 6386,
8493. GLYCINE HIsPIDA. Grown trom No, 6506,
8494. GLYCINE HispIpA. Grown from No, 6556,
8495. GLYCINE HispIDA. Grown from No, 6397,
8496. GLycine miserpa. Grown from No. 6416,
8497. GLYCINE HIsPIDA. Grown from No, 6312,
8498. ViGNa caTrsANG. Grown from No, 6511,
8499. ViGNAa CATJANG. Grown from No. 6527,
8500. ViGNA CATJANG. Grown from No, 63528,

8501. ViGNA CATJANG. Grown from No, 6413.

8502. MAGNOLIA KOBUS. Magnolia.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through L. Boehmer & Co,, March 13, 1902.

8503. PAKONIA MOUTAN. Tree peony.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through L. Boehmer & Co., March 13, 1902.

8504. ZAMIA FLORIDANA. Coontie.

From Miami, Fla. Received through Prof. P. H. Rolfs, in charge of the Sub-
tropical Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture.

8505. ‘THA VIRIDIS. Tea.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Presented by Messrs. J. P. William & Bros.
Received March 17, 1902.

Formosa,

8506 and 8507. FIcUS CARICA. Fig.

From the island of Chios, Turkey. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received March 19, 1902.

Fig cuttings as follows:
8506.
Figue de Chios. ‘‘Very fine when tresh.’’ (Pantelides.)
8507.

Figue de Syria. Lombardica. ‘‘A very fine, large variety, blackish on the
outside and bright red inside.’’ ( Pantelides. )

8508 to 8515. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
From Japan. Received through Dr. $. A. Knapp, March 19, 1902.

Seed rice as follows:

8508. 8512.
Fusakichi. From Bizen district. From Iyo district. (M)
(1) 8513.
8509. From Higo district. (N)
Mansaku bozu. From Fukuoka
district. (J) 8514.
8510. From Bizen district. (O)
From Ise district. (K) 8515.
8511. From Banshu (?) district. (P)

From Buzen district. (L)

iy

_

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 205

8516. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.
From Danville, Ky. Received through Mr. George Cogar, March 20, 1902.

8517 to 8520. PIsTacia VERA. Pistache.
From Marseille, France. Received through Mr. Claude Montel, March 21, 1902.
8517. Ciralted female pistache 8519. Female pistache scions.
trees.

8520. Male pistache scions.
8518. Grafted male — pistache
trees.
8521. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS. Terebinth.
From Marseille, France. Received through Mr. Claude Montel, March 21, 1902.

Terebinth stocks for grafting.

8522 and 8523. ‘Triticum puURUM. Wheat.

From Brookings, 8. Dak. Seed grown in 1901 under contract by Prof. J. HH.
Shepard, of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

8522.

Kubanka. Grown from No. 5639.
8523.
Velvet Don. Grown from No, 5644.
8524 to 8529.
From Paris, France. Received from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 27, 1902.

8524. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

Original Riga.

8525. CANNABIS SATIVA, Hemp.
Russian.

8526. THYMUS VULGARIS, Thyme.

8527. THYMUS SERPYLLUM. Creeping thyme.

8528. LAVANDULA VERA. Lavender.

8529. LAVANDULA SPICA. Spike lavender.

8530 to 8537.

Received from J. M. Thorburn & Co., of New York City, March 29, 1902. A
collection of foreign-grown seeds of medicinal plants, for use in experimental
work under the direction of Dr. R. H. True, of the Department of Agriculture.

8530. ATROPA BELLADONNA. Belladonna.
8531. ARNICA MONTANA. Mountain tobacco, or mountain snuff.
8532. DiGiTaLis PURPUREA. Foxglove.
8533. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, Licorice.
8534. DarcurRA STRAMONIUM. Thorn apple.
8535. HyoscyAmMUs NIGER. Henbane.
8536. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM. Poppy.
8537. ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Aconite.

206 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8538. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Bozeman, Mont. Presented by the Director of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Received April 1, 1902.

Swedish Select. Grown from No. 2788.

8539 to 8542.

From Poona, India. Received through Dr. $8. A. Knapp, April 1, 1902.

8539. PHASEOLUS ACONITIFOLIUS.

Math. ‘This legume is grown in the Deccan and the Gujarat as a ‘ kharif,’
or rain crop, sown only in the rainy season. It does well on light, stony,
upland soil, with an average annual rainfall of 30 inches. The usual method
is to sow a mixture of 8 pounds of Bajri (Pennisetum typhoideum) and 14
pounds of Math per acre in July, the crop being harvested in November or
December.’’ (Anapp. )

8540. PHASEOLUS MUNGO.

Mug. ‘‘This plant is largely grown as a ‘kharil,’ or rain crop, and also as
a ‘rabi’ (cold-weather crop) in many parts of India. As a ‘kharif’ crop
it is mixed with sorghum (Jowari), while as a ‘rabi’ crop it is sown after
rice has been harvested. It does best in a deep, black soil, with an average
rainfall of from 30 to 35 inches. It ripens in three months after sowing.”’
( Knapp. )
8541. PHASEOLUS RADIATUS.

Udid. ‘This bean is largely cultivated in India as a subordinate crop with
sorghum (Jowari), the usual amount sown being 6 pounds of Jowari and 3
pounds of Udid. It does best if sown in June in deep, black soil, with a
rainfall of from 30 to 35 inches, being harvested in September. Udid is also
grown in some sections as a second crop after rice.’’ (Anapp.)

8542. DoLicHos UNIFLORUS.

Kulthi. ‘‘This plant is largely grown on light soils of a strong or sandy
nature, and thrives with a moderate rainfall. It is usually sown with bul-
rush millet (Pennisetum typhoideum), the rate per acre being 8 pounds of millet
to 2 pounds of Kulthi.”” (Knapp. )

8543 to 8547.
From Nagpur, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, April 1, 1902.
8543. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

Dhan. A quick-ripening variety.

8544. TriITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

Haura Gahoo.

8545. DoLicHos LABLAB. Lablab bean.

Tal, Val, or Popat.

8546. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

A late variety used for forage.

8547. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM, Sorghum.
Used for forage.

8548 to 8552.
From Lahore, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, April 1, 1902.
A collection of wheats as follows:
8548. TrITICUM VULGARE.
Pure red wheat, grown without irrigation on land near the river. (No. 1.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 207

8548 to 8552—Continued.
8549. $TriTicUM VULGARE.
Pure white wheat, grown on slightly salty land irrigated with canal water.
(No. 2.)
8550. Triticum DURUM.

Round red wheat, grown on slightly salty land irrigated with canal water.
(No. 3.)

8551. TritricuM DURUM.

Round white wheat, grown on strong black soil irrigated with canal water.
(No. 4.)

8552. TriticuM DURUM.
Wadanak. Grown on light, slightly sandy soil irrigated with well water.

8553 to 8562.

From Christiania, Norway. Presented by Prof. C. Doxrud, of the Christiania
School of Technology, for testing in ¢ 1 seeds from other coun-
School of Technology, testing omparison witl ds fr th
tries. Received April 2, 1902.

8553. PHLEUM PRATENSE. Timothy.
8554. DacryLis GLOMERATA. Orchard grass.
8555. TrIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Red clover.
8556. TrrroLiuM HYBRIDUM. Alsike clover.
8557. Pisum SATIVUM. Pea.
Early.
8558. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.
8559. HorpDEUM HEXASTICHUM. Barley.
8560. HorbdeEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.
8561. TriticUM VULGARE. Wheat.

Red spring.

8562. Pisum SATIVUM. Pea.
Sueding.
8563 and 8564. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchiltl ( No.
830, February 1, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Cupcap, Chupchap, or Cupcup. ‘‘ This is a variety of the Karak pokhta, or cooked
dates, and is considered one of the best of its class. These cooked dates are prepared
in the following way: The fruits are picked before fully ripe, while still full, plump,
and slightly astringent. They are boiled for an hour in fresh water, to which one
handful of salt per gallon of water is added. After boiling they are spread out in
the sun todry. These boiled dates are sold in large quantities in India. They form
an indispensable part of every marriage feast. Higher prices are paid for them in
India, I am informed, than for the dates shipped to America. This sort is, when
properly prepared, quite sweet, in fact, tastes quite as if candied. The slight flavor
of tannin may be due to careless preparation. It is a fairly early date, coming into
fruit about Maskat in July. It is also a good date to eat fresh. It keeps almost
indefinitely. There are several qualities of this variety. That marked a came from
Kurrachee, while ) was secured in Maskat.’’ (Fairchild. )

29861—No. 66—05——14

208 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8565. CAPSICUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs, Lathrop and Fairchild (no
number), April 4, 1902.

Bird’ s biil.

8566. CapsicCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
828, February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

‘The common red pepper in use in Kurrachee. It is mild in comparison with the
Maskat variety. It is dark wine-red in color, and long and conical in shape. Bought
ina Maskat market.’’ (Fairchild. )

8567. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (no
number), April 4, 1902.

‘‘Bagist or Dairi dates, a second-class variety eaten by the common people.”
( Fairchild. )

8568. CaAPpsiCUM ANNUUM. Chili pepper.

From Maskat, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 837,
February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

‘‘\ very hot orange or light-red variety of red pepper, reputed to be one of the
hottest peppers on the Persian Gulf. Bought in a Maskat bazaar.”’ (Fairchild. )

8569. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Maskat, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
831, February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Burni. ‘Dried dates of one of the Karak pokhta or cooking class. This date is
also said to be a first-class drying or pressed date, but with poor keeping qualities.
It is so delicate that it can not be sent successfully to America, but it is considered
superior in flavor to the Furd date, which is the variety commonly shipped to
America. It is the earliest date known at Maskat, and one of the very finest flavored
sorts. It ripens in Maskat in June, but this region of Maskat has a temperature in
summer of 110° and even 117° F. in the shade, so that the sort might ripen later if
transplanted to a region with a cooler summer temperature. The dates sent are of
the boiled sort only, the dried kind being quite unobtainable.”’ (Fairchild. )

8570. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
834, Feb. 2, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Jahadi. ‘‘Dried dates of one of the second quality sorts shipped into India from
the Persian Gulf. This variety is probably shipped to America.’’ (Fuairchild.)

8571. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Maskat, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
833, February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Khanezi. ‘‘ Dried dates of a first-class Persian Gulf sort sent largely to America.
This is considered inferior to the Furd, but still ranks as a very good sort.”’ (Fair-
child. )

8572. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm. —

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
832, February 5, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Fard. ‘Dried dates of the variety most commonly shipped from the Persian
Gulf to America. This is not considered the finest of the dates, but is one of the
best shippers. It is a dark, medium-sized sort, of good quality. It is grown about
Maskat and the southern part of the Persian Gulf. It is a medium early date, later
than Burni.”’ (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 209

8573. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Bahrein, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
835, February 10, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Khalasa. ‘‘ Dried dates of one of the finest varieties in the Persian Gulf. These
dates are so delicate that they are not shipped to America, although they may be
kept several months, as is evidenced by the present samples. They are reported to
ae ad by the sea voyage. The date has very little fiber, being a sticky sort with a
decidedly caramel-like texture. The flavor is superior to that of the best Murd date
and the skin is soft and delicate. The stone is small, but not unusually so. It is
considered the best date on the Persian Gulf by Mr. J. C. Gaskin, British consul,
who has been a dealer in one of the largest date firms at Bassorah, and by Mr. 8. M.
Zwemer, who has traveled all over Arabia. Personally I prefer the Pangh Ghur
date and the Deglet Noor, but the Ahalasa approaches these closely for sweetness
and delicacy. It is sticky, however, and might not be well suited to such style of
packing as is in vogue with the French packers in Algiers. Secured through the
kindness of Messrs. Gaskin and Zwemer, of Bahrein.’? (airchild.) (See No. 8753. )

8574. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.
From Bunder Abbas, Persia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 839, February 11, 1902), April 4, 1902.

‘*Bought in the market of Bunder Abbas. They were said to have been brought
down some nineteen days by caravan from the town of Kerman, in the interior.
They were fresh in December or November. The trees were probably grafted,
although no definite information on this point could be obtained. Kerman is said
to have a temperate climate.”? (airchild.)

8575. LAGENARIA sp. Gourd.

From Jask, Persia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 840,
February 11, 1902), April 4, 1902.

‘‘A white, edible gourd growing to a large size, 14 feet long by 8 inches in diam-
eter. It forms a pretty trellis plant in Jask, where the temperature rises to 110° F.
and no rain falls. It is grown by irrigation. It may prove of value in the Colorado
desert region. It is prepared by boiling in salt water like any of the squash family.
The leaves are large and the flowers are white with long tubes to the corolla.”
( Fairchild. )

8576. VITIS CANDICANS. Mustang grape.

From Tiger Mill, Texas. Presented by Mr. H. T. Fuchs to Hon. A. 8. Burleson
and by him to this Department. Received April 7, 1902.

Seeds of the finest wild grapes of Texas, according to Mr. Fuchs’ letter.

8577. CARICA PAPAYA. Papaw.

From Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou avenue, Los
Angeles, Cal. Received March 29, 1902.

‘‘These seeds were from a fruit 6 inches long by 33 inches in diameter, grown in
the hot country southwest of Guadalajara.’’ (Stearns. )

8578. OPUNTIA sp. Prickly pear.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou
avenue, Los Angeles, Cal. Received March 29, 1902.

Tuna colorado. ‘‘These seeds were from a fruit 2 inches by 14 inches in diame-
ter.’’ (Stearns. )
8579. OPUNTIA sp. Prickly pear.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou
avenue, Los Angeles, Cal. Received March 29, 1902,
Tuna amarilla,

210 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8580. CEREUS sp. Pitahaya.

From Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou avenue, Los
Angeles, Cal. Received March 29, 1902.

‘‘ These seeds were from a fruit weighing | pound, grown in the foothills 75 miles
west of Tampico, Mexico.’’ (Stearns. )

8581 to 8583. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.
From Aintab, Syria. Received through Rey. A. Fuller, April 15, 1902,
Grape cuttings as follows:
8581.

Aintab Summer (Nabodada). ‘‘A large, oblong, white grape. The flesh is
rather coarse, but it is much prized for table use.’’ (/*uller. )

8582.

Aintab Autumn (Kabbajuk). ‘‘A medium-sized, round, white grape, much
prized for table use. It ripens in July and August.’’ ( Fuller:)

8583.

Aintab Winter (Hunisa). ‘‘A large, wine-colored, oblong grape. It ripens
in October and November and keeps until March.”’ ( Fuller.)

8584 to 8589.
From Chin-kiang, China. Received through Dr. 8S. A. Knapp from Rey. Dr.

S. P. Barchet, Shanghai, China, April 15, 1902.

8584. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
‘“A very prolific, nearly white variety, used for making oil and also for food.

It is sometimes ground into flour and used for making cakes.’’ (Knapp. )

8585. PHASEOLUS sp. Bean.
‘‘Used for food and for making starch. It grows well on sandy soil.”

(Knapp. )

8586. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.
‘“A very oily variety, used chiefly for fattening purposes. Planted in July

or August.’? (Anapp. )

8587. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.
“A large, rank-growing variety that will stand frost. It is planted in

November.’’ (Knapp. )

8588. Pisum sp. Pea.
‘““\ rank-growing variety used for food. It is planted in November.’’

(Knapp. )

8589. TrITICUM VULGARE. Wheat. .

‘*\ hardy, rust-proof variety. Sown in October or November. (Anapp.
y; h Pp

8590 to 8592.

From Shanghai, China. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp from Rey. Dr.
S. P. Barchet, April 15, 1902.

8590. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
‘An early variety. It is sown late in May or early in June.’”’ (Knapp.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 211

8590 to 8592 —Continued.
8591. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

‘‘A late variety. It is sown late in June or early in July.”? (Anapp. )

8592. VICIA FABRA. Broad bean.

‘*Quite similar to No. 8587, but not so large.’’ (Anapp. )

8593 and 8594. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
From Kiang-si Province, China. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp from Rey.
Dr. D. W. Nichols, Nan-chang, China, April 15, 1902.
8593.
Wan Ku (late rice). ‘A beautiful white grain, quite flaky when cooked.”’
(Nichols. )
8594.
Tsoa Ku (early rice). ‘‘A crop of this and the preceding variety can be
grown on the same ground the same year.”’ (Nichols. )
8595. THEA VIRIDIS. Tea.

From Calcutta, India. Received from the Pashok Tea Company ( Limited), Kil-
burn & Co., agents, April 15, 1902.

Pashok Darjeeling.

8596. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.
From Sheridan, Mont. Presented by Mr. 8. M. Wilson, April 15, 1902.

These beans are said by Mr. Wilson to come from northern Sweden, and to endure
a degree of cold that kills other tender vegetation.

8597 and 8598.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, seedsmen, April
19, 1902.

8597. CARYOTA URENS. Wine or toddy palm.
8598. RAVENALA MADAGASCARFENSIS. Travelers’ tree.
8599. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
883, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Achmar or Red. ‘‘This variety bears fruit of a very large size. I have seen a speci-
men over 2 pounds in weight. The skin is thin, but there are many thick walls
dividing the segments. The seeds are large, each with a deep, very juicy, wine-red
arillus. Remarkable for its size and red color.”’? ( Fairchild.)

8600. ZiIzYPHUS JUJUBA. Jujube.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
887, March &, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Nebuk or Nabug ajam. ‘‘A Persian variety, called the red jujube. A variety larger
than the Bagdad, but not of as good flavor. These jujube trees, as they are grown in
Mesopotamia, are the most picturesque, in fact the only conspicuous shade trees in
the region, and are worthy of trial along irrigation canals. They bear enormous crops
of small fruits, about the size of cherries, which are greedily sought after by the
children. The fruits taste much like baked apples. There is a variety in which the
seed, instead of being hard, like a date stone, is thin shelled, and one can eat it
easily.’? (Fuairchild.) (See No. 8702.)

212 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8601. CITRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
889, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.
Hameth. ‘‘A Bagdad variety which is of most excellent quality and characterized
by a dark orange ‘blush’ at the stem end, making it a peculiar and any fruit.
i

The skin is very thin, and the fruit very juicy and of medium size. The shape of
those I saw was almost that of an egg.’’ ( Fairchild.)
8602. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
890, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Portugal Asfar. ‘‘A common Bagdad orange which is in all respects, except the
presence of seeds, a remarkably fine orange. It does well in the alluvial adobe soil
of Bagdad, and even where there is some alkali in the soil. These scions came
from the garden of Abdul Kader Kederry, at Bagdad.”’ ( Fairehild.)

8603. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
891, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Aboul serra. ‘‘A navel orange, with seeds, of especially fine aroma, I am told,
which is cultivated by Sheik Abdul Kader Kederry, and is worth testing as a
new variety. The orangesof Bagdad are in general excellent, and this one, although
I was unable to test it, may be no exception.’’ (Fairchild. )

8604. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
892, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Narinji. ‘*A variety of orange with a ‘button’ at the flower end; from a tree in
the garden of Sheik Abdul Kader Kederry. It has an excellent flavor and has few
seeds. This is one of the common varieties of Bagdad, and is an excellent orange.”
( Fairchild. )

8605. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
893, March 9, 1902), April 21, 1902.

(L. & F. No. 893 is Citrus aurantium, but the tube so marked contained grape cut-
tings without data. )

8606. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
894, March 9, 1902), April 21, 1902.

‘* A species of pomelo or shaddock, of which the skin is used for making preserves.
I did not have an opportunity to taste the fruit, but presume it is of second quality.”
( Fairchild. )
8607 to 8642. CITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Monetta, 8. C. Received November 5, 1901.

A collection of seeds of hand-pollinated watermelons grown by Mr. T. 8. Williams
from seed furnished by the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction.

8607. Grown from No. 18. 8611. Grown from No. 39.
8608. Grown from No. 25. 8612. Grown from No. 48.
8609. Grown from No. 26. 8613. Grown from No. 55.

8610. Grown from No. 33. 8614. Grown from No. $4.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 213

8607 to 8642 — Continued.

8615. Grown from No. S4. 8629. Grown from No, 2845.
8616. Grown from No. 85. 8630. Grown from No. 106.

8617. Grown from No. 86. 8631. Grown from No, 2846.
8618. Grown from No. 8&6. 8632. Grown from No. 2850.
8619. Grown from No. 87. 8633. Grown from No. 3680.
8620. Grown from No. 88. 8634. Grown from No. 3680.
8621. Grown from No. 98? 8635. Grown from No. 4899.
8622. Grown from No. 98? 8636. Grown from No. 6149.
8623. Grown from No. 102. 8637. Grown from No. 6170.
8624. Grown from No. 104. 8688. Grown from No. 6038.
8625. Grown from No. 2739. 8639. Grown from No. 6039.
8626. Grown from No. 2740. 8640. Grown from No. 6046.
8627. Grown from No. 2848. 8641. Grown from No. 6052.
8628. Grown from No. 2844. 8642. Grown from No. 6056.

8643. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
847, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Mellasi. ‘‘A large ‘seedless’ pomegranate with light-colored flesh. This is said
to be the best variety in Arabia and to be quite free from seeds; i. e., the coats of the
seeds are probably so delicate that they offer no resistance to the teeth when eating
the fruit. Secured through the kindness of Mr. Raphael Sayegh, of Bassorah.’’
( Fairchild. )

8644. PyRUS. MALUS. Apple.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
848, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Persian. ‘‘This apple will grow well in a region where dates are produced and
where for three months the thermometer keeps about the 100° F. mark. It is not of
the best quality, but is quite edible, and should be tested in the desert regions of the
Colorado River and in the dry regions of Texas. Itrequiresirrigation.’’? (Fairchild. )

8645. CYDONIA VULGARIS (?)

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
849, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Bahamro. ‘‘ A stock which is used in Arabia, especially in Mesopotamia, on which
to graft apples, pears, and quinces. It is reported to be an excellent stock in this
very hot region of the Tigris Valley, where the thermometer stands for three months
near the 100° F. mark and where it often rises to 117° F. It is cultivated here on
adobe soil under irrigation.’’ (Fairchild. )

8646. PUNICA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
850, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Nejidi. ‘‘A red-fleshed variety of pomegranate which is considered second only

to the seedless or Mellasi variety. The fruit is large and has a very thin skin.”
( Fairchild. )

214 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8647. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.
From Bassorah, Arabia. Presented by Hadji Abdulla Negem through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 854, February 25, 1902). Received April 22, 1902,

Abiat. ‘*A white grape which is medium in time of ripening and of reputed excel-
lent quality. It is trained from trunk to trunk of the date palms at Abu Kasib.
Soil an adobe with abundant moisture in it.’”’ (Fairchild. )

8648. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
855, February 25, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Asuad Suamee. ‘‘A black, early grape, with very large berries and rather tough
skin, which is cultivated among the date groves at Abu Kassib. The quality of
this sort is reported to be exceptionally good. The practice of grape growing under
the palms is rapidly spreading in Mesopotamia. It is worthy of trial in Arizona and
southern California.’’ (Fairchild. )

8649. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Presented by Hadji Abdulla Negem through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 856, February 25, 1902). Received April 22, 1902.

Bengi. ‘‘A late, black grape of superior quality, according to the report of Euro-
peans in the region. It is said to be the best variety here in Bassorah and to be really
‘as fine as the hothouse-grown Black Hamburgh.’ Grown under the date palms at
Abu Kassib.’”’ (Fairchild. )

8650. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild from
Mustiala Landtbruks och Mejeri-Institut, April 25, 1902.

North Finnish Black.

8651. FAarTsIA JAPONICA.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., April 26, 1902.

8652. ‘TRITICUM DICOCCUM. Emmer.

From Dunseith, N. Dak. Received through Mr. Arthur Hagendorf, April 29,
1902.

8653. ANONA CHERIMOLIA. Custard apple.

From Chile. Presented by Dr. A. W. Thornton, of Ferndale, Wash. Received
April 28, 1902.

Cherimoya. Seeds of a choice variety.

8654 to 8679a.

From Ootacamund, India. Presented by R. L. Proudlock, esq., Curator of the
Government Botanic Gardens. Received April 30, 1902.

8654. ACROCARPUS FRAXINIFO- 8660. CEDRELA TOONA.
LIUS.
8661. CLEMATIS WIGHTIANA.
8655. CUPRESSUS TORULOSA.
8662. DaLBERGIA LATIFOLIA.
8656. LASIOSIPHON ERIOCEPHA-

LUS. 8668. ExacuM BICOLOR.
8657. MELIOSMA ARNOTTIANA. 8664. ILEX WIGHTIANA.
8658. Rosa GIGANTEA. 8665. PHOTINIA LINDLEYANA.

8659. ACER OBLONGUM. 8666. PrEeROCARPUS MARSUPIUM.

a |

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 21

8654 to 8679 — Continued.

8667. RiHopomMyRrrus TOMENTOSA. 8674. PHOENIX RUPICOLA.
8668. UrcroLa BSCULENTA, 8675. AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS.
8669. CrLTIS SEROTINA, 8676. CassiA GRANDIS.
8670. Mickorropis OVALIFOLIA. 8677. PrDICULARIS ZEYLANICA.
8671. TuRPINIA POMIFERA. 8678. PINUS LONGIFOLIA.
8672. Everrarta CARDAMOMUM. 8679. SaNrALUM ALBUM,
8673. MICHELIA NILAGIRICA. 8679a. LITSsEA ZEYLANICA.
8680. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Colombo, Ceylon. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
948, April 6, 1902), May 5, 1902.

Jaffna. ‘‘For a description of this variety see No. 8411. I have tasted this mango
but find it, although not stringy, far inferior to the A/phonse Bombay mango. It lacks
the fine aroma and dark orange colored flesh.’? (airchild. )

8681 and 8682.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 5,

1902.
8681. Correa LIBERICA. Coffee.
8682. CoFFEA HYBRIDA. Coffee.
8683. LuUFFA AEGYPTIACA. Sponge gourd.
From Springfield, Mo. Presented by Mr. Joe P. Wilson. Received May 10,
1902.

Grown from No. 3982, Inventory No. 8.

8684 and 8685.
From Poona, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, May 10, 1902.

8684. Triticum DURUM. Wheat.
Kala Kushal.
8685. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Hasar. Grown in Sampayam, Belyaum district.

8686 to 8692.
From Surat, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, May 10, 1902.

8686. DoLicHos LABLAB. Bean.
Kadva Val or Kadva. Wal.

8687. VIGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.
Chowali, Chola, or Choli.

8688. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
Kamoda. From Ahmedabad, Geyarat.

8689. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
Sunkhavel. From Surat, Geyarat.

8690. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

Ambamore. From Surat, Geyarat.

216 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8686 to 8692—Continued.

8691. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.
Sholapuri.
8692. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.
Perio.
8693. ‘THEA VIRIDIS. Tea.
From Colombo, Ceylon. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,

947, April 6, 1902), May 14 and May 29, 1902, ;
Assam. ‘‘Sent by Mr. Hadden, of Kotiyagala, Ceylon, through Director John C.
Willis, of the Peradeniya Gardens.”’ (Fairchild. )
8694 to 8697.

From Santiago, Chile. Presented by Sefior Federico Albert, chief of the Sec-
tion of Zoological and Botanical Investigations. Received May 14, 1902.

8694. ARISTOTELIA MACQUI. Maqui.

8695. KAGENECKIA sp.

8696. TREVOA QUINQUENERVIA. Tralhuen.

8697. TREVOA TRINERVIA. Trevu.
8698. HreIscus SABDARIFFA. Roselle.

From Punjab, India. Presented by Abdulla Khan, clerk in the office of director
of land records, through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, agricultural explorer. Received
May 14, 1902.

Patma. Common red.

8699. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Hongkong, China. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, agricultural
explorer, May 16, 1902.

Simi.

8700. PrRITCHARDIA GAUDICHAUDII. Fan palm.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Jared G. Smith, director of the
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Received May 22, 1902.
%

8701. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Saigon, Cochin China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 949, April 16, 1902), May 22, 1902.

Cambodiana or Xodi Véi. ‘‘This is a delicious mango, of medium size, furnished
with a short beak, yellow when ripe, with a faint but agreeable aroma. The flesh
varies slightly from light to deep orange in color. Has an excellent, fine, delicate
flavor and is never stringy. It is not as rich as the Alphonse, of Bombay, either in
aroma or flavor, but nevertheless worthy of rank among the best mangoes I have
ever eaten. Doctor Haffner, of the botanic gardens of Saigon, informs me that this
sort is never grafted, but is a variety which reproduces itself from seed. This being
the case, I deem it probable that out of the lot of over a hundred seeds which we are
sending some remarkable ones ought to be secured. I believe there is a slight varia-
tion among the seedlings, although it isa surprisingly constant variety.’”’ (Fairchild. )

8702. ZizyPHUS JUJUBA. Jujube.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
851, February 26, 1902), May.22, 1902.

Nabug. ‘‘The seed in this fruit, instead of being covered with a very hard shell,
is like paper, giving the variety the name of being seedless. The tree is the most

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. ay

satisfactory shade tree in this hot region, having a spreading top with somewhat
drooping branches covered with small, dark-green leaves. The plant is a most pro-
lific bearer. The fruits when ripe are like Haws in mealiness, and they are keenly
relished by the Arabs. They are about one-half to three-fourths inch in diameter.
This ipcalied seedless sort is, paradoxically enough, propagated by seed, and is said
to come true to them. It is a tree well suited to the banks of irrigation canals in the
hottest regions which we have.” — ( /irchild.)

8703. ZizYPHUS JUJUBA. Jujube.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, May
29 1902
od ae 9 ‘ ae

“Seeds of the common jujube largely grown throughout this arid country.” ( /uir-

child. )
8704. (QUERCUS CORNEA. Oak.

From Hongkong, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
950, April 29, 1902), May 22, 1902.

** Edible acorns from a species of oak which grows in southern China, even on the
island of Hongkong. The acorns have a hard, horny shell and a sweet flesh of very
agreeable flavor. The acorns are sent in very large quantities to Hongkong from
Canton. They are eaten by the Chinese with great pleasure, and are often roasted.
They would be acceptable, I believe, to Americans, and the tree ought to do well in
the Southern States. If the tree, which is a pretty one, proves a success, large quan-
tities can be had through the botanic gardens at Hongkong, but only at this season
of the year.”? (Fairchild. )

8705. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Hongkong, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
951, April 19, 1902), May 22, 1902.

‘*‘A beautiful little plum, said to be grown in Canton. It was purchased on the
Hongkong market. It is of a beautiful, transparent, wine red color, with a delicate
skin which is covered with the finest, most delicate pubescence imaginable, resem-
bling a bloom which can not be rubbed off. When ripe the fruit has a delicate, agree-
able aroma, which is that of a half-ripe Japanese quince. In taste the plum is not
very good, but decidedly refreshing. It is sour with a slightly bitter taste. The
flesh is yellow in color and inclined to be solid and stringy. The stone is a cling,
being covered with many long fibers. In shape it is pointed with a distinct keel.
The skin is very delicate but in flavor is intensely bitter. It separates from the flesh
with difficulty.”’ (Fairchild. )

8706. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Kabylia, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received May 26, 1902.

Bandja, <A late, sweet orange, which reproduces itself from seed.

8707. PISTACIA MUTICA. Menengech.

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Presented by Mr. George C. Roeding, of Fresno,
Cal. Received May 26, 1902.

8708. PRITCHARDIA MARTII. Fan paim.

From Olaa, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent in charge
of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station at Honolulu.

From an altitude of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet.

8709. KucOMMIA ULMOIDES.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., May 29,
1902.
Tu Chung. Rooted cuttings of this Chinese plant. It is used medicinally. It is
claimed that the leaves contain a large amount of gutta-percha.

215 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8710 to 8726. Pyrus MALUs.

From New South Wales, Australia.

Apple.

Presented by Messrs. Hunter & Sons, of

‘The Penang,’’ near Gosford, through Hon. D.C, McLachlan, undersecretary,
department of mines and agriculture, Sydney, to replace trees and cuttings

received in bad condition in June, 1901.

Sons’ numbers are given.
Apple trees as follows:
8710.
Allsops early. (No, 237.)
8711.

American Golden Pippin. (No.

256. )

8712.

Carrington, Small’s. (No. 238.)
8713.

Early Richmond. (No. 83.)
8714.

George Neilson. (No. 157.)

Apple scions as follows:

8720.

Autumn Tart.
8721.

Chestattee. (No. 221.)
8722.

Fall Beauty. (No. 80.)
8723.

Jupp’s Carrington. (No. 210.)

8727. MANGIFERA INDICA.

Received May 29, 1902. Hunter &
8715.

Lady Hopetown. (No, 234.)
8716.

Menagerie. (No, 220.)
8717.

Perfection, Shepherd’s. (No. 4.)
8718.

bo

Sharp’s Early. (No. 23%

:)
8719. (Label missing. )

8724.

Lord Wolseley. (No. 50.)
8725.

Ruby Pearmain. (No. 228.)
8726.

Yarra Bank. (No. 252.)

Mango.

From Bombay, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

814, January 28, 1902), June 5, 1902.

Douglas Bennett’s Alphonse. ‘*‘ Named in honor of the superintendent of markets in
Bombay, who has called our attention to this superlative strain and who has very
kindly donated to the American Government the trees which he guarantees to be of
this special variety. This sort should be compared with No. 8419, which latternum-
ber is composed of scions from the tree of which these are believed to be grafts.”
( Fairchild. )

8728. (GOsSYPIUM BRASILIENSE (7?) Kidney cotton.

From Ciego de Avila, Cuba. Presented by Mr. Felix M. Catala. Received
June 5, 1902.

Wild Cuban kidney cotton.

8729 to 8734. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mangoes.

From Bombay, India. Received through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (No. 944,
March 30, 1902), June 7, 1902.

A collection of trees donated to the Department by Mr. J. N. Tata, of Bombay,
who has a very large collection of the best mangoes from all over India. These are

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 219

those he considers the finest of his whole collection, which is one of the largest in
the world. These include, doubtless, some of the most valuable sorts of mangoes of
all India.

8729. 8732.
Nowshirwani. Totafari.
8730. 8733.
Paheri. Hafu or Alphonse.
8731. 8734.
Ameeri. Jamshedi.
8735. CURCUMA LONGA. Turmeric.

From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, June 7, 1902.

8736. ZINGIBER OFFICINALE. Ginger.
From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, June 7, 1902.

8737. TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. 8S. A. Knapp, June 7, 1902.
Hansoli. Grown at Surat, in Gujarat.

8738 to 8745. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
866 to 873, March 10, 1902), June 7, 1902.

8738.

Kustawi. ‘‘ Considered one of the two best dates in the region of Bagdad. It
is a variety which, though acknowledged to be far superior to the sorts which
are sent to America, is not exported because of its poor shipping quality. If
this date succeeds in America it can, without doubt, be easily shipped by rail,
as I have eaten here in Bagdad good specimens over five months old. Itisa
sticky sort, as packed by the Arabs, although I believe its skin is thick enough
to allow of its being packed as the Deglet Noor of Algiers is packed. The
fruit is not over 1} inches long, as judged by dry specimens, and has a seed
about seven-eighths inch in length by five-sixteenths inch in diameter. The
flesh is not very thick, but exceedingly sweet and, like the other good dates
of this region, of a decidedly gummy consistency. It is placed by the Arabs
second in rank to the Maktum, which is richer in sugar and somewhat fleshier.
I have only tasted the Maktum once, but I believe it superior in flavor to the
Kustawi, owing to the fact that the region of Bagdad is much drier than that
of Bassorah. This date is probably better suited to conditions prevailing in Cal-
ifornia and Arizona than the sorts grown in Bassorah. It is considered, how-
ever, one of the most delicate dates to cultivate, requiring much more care than
such sorts as the Zehedy, Ascherasi, and Bedraihe. Not being a date for export
the price is low, as is the case with the Berhi of Bassorah. It sells for about
$2.60 to $3 per 210 pounds, while the Bedraihe brings about $4 to $4.40. This
variety begins to ripen about the Ist of August in this exceedingly hot climate.
It should be planted with the growing bud 2 inches above the soil. The best
ground will be an adobe, like the silt of the Colorado River, or such as occurs
in certain places on the experimental farm at Phoenix. This sort is said to
be a good bearer, but I do not know just how heavy the yields are. There is
very little fiber to the date, and it is altogether an exceptionally fine sort.”
( Fairchild.) (No. 866.)

8739.

Ascherasi. ‘‘One of the highest-priced dates on the market in Bagdad. It
is, as I have seen it, always a more or less dry surt, never pressed into a con-
glomerate mass in the way the other sorts are. It is the sort preferred by

220

SEEDS AND PLANTS [MPORTED.,

8738 to 8745 —Continued.

Bagdadians to eat with walnuts, and is preferred by many to any other kind.
Personally, | found ita very eatable date, and it has the very great advantage of
not soiling the hands. The flesh is, however, even when fresh, hard enough
to allowshipping. In fact the dates are even sent, when fresh, from Mundeli
to Bagdad in skins. Generally, however, the fruit is allowed to dry on the tree
until it becomes hard. It is not exported from Bagdad, but consumed in Meso-
potamia. The price sold dry is about $3.20 to $3.60 per 100 kilos on the Bag-
dad market. It is suited toa region with less water than that of Bassorah. It
matures about the middle of September to the lst of October in Bagdad.”’
( Fairchild.) (No. 867.)

8740.

Bedraihe. ‘‘This ripens in September and the first of October, and is allowed
to dry on the trees. As sold here in the markets it is a yellow date, about 1} to

; inches long and three-fourths inch to l-inch in diameter. The base of the
date is quite dry, as I have seen it, but the tip is transparent or semitrans-
parent and quite sweet, although at this season of too gummy a consistency to
be agreeable. In Bagdad this date is generally sold dry, and brings $4 to
$4.20 for 210 pounds, 1. e., it is the most expensive according to weight, but
the other sorts, having a great deal of water in their composition, contain
proportionately less food. Many Bagdadians prefer this sort, when fresh and
softer, to all other kinds. There isan immense consumption of this variety
in Bagdad. I believe this date would be a success in America because it is so
different from other sorts, and for the reason that it is a remarkably good
keeper, and when not too old is really very good eating. It is far superior to
the dry dates of Egypt, and not to be confused with dry dates in general, for
it has scarcely any disagreeable fibers about the seed. It deserves attention
in American plantations.’’ (Fuirchild.) (No. 868.)

8741.

Maktum. ‘‘Considered by the Arab sheik, Abdul Kader Kederry, of Bag-
dad, to be the finest date, except one, in the world, the Mirhage from Mandele,
which it resembles, being superior. It is a date not often seen on the Bagdad
market, and I was unable to get any of good quality to taste. A very fine
date, which was said to be of the Maktum sort, which I tasted, was a richer
date than the AKustawi, although of the same general type. The probabilities
are that this is a delicate sort which produces only a small quantity of fruit.
The date I tasted came from Kasimain, but the tree is cultivated up the river
from Bagdad. These trees were donated to the Department by Sheik Abdul
Kader Kederry, of Bagdad.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 869.)

8742.

Burni. ‘For a description of this date see No. 8569. I believe it properly
belongs to Maskat. It being winter I am not able to verify the identification
of these varieties, but must buy the plants of Arabs or others who know the
sorts.” ( Fairchild.) (No. 870.)

8743.

Zehedi. ‘*This is probably the commonest date about Bagdad. It is the
quickest to develop and the heaviest yielder of all the dates about Bagdad, accord-
ing to Mr. Raphael Casparkan, of Bagdad, who very kindly donated a lot of
twenty-four palms to the Department, including part of these. Itis a cheap
date here, selling for only $1.40 to $2 per 210 pounds. The date is small, not
over 13 inches long by three-fourths inch in diameter. It is not entirely like
Egyptian dates, but is so dry that the individuals do not stick together. They
have very little fiber, the stone is small, and the flesh quite sweet even when
dry. When fresh this sort is packed in skins and exported to Egypt and Sin-
gapore, under the name of Kursi. It is often sold on the bunch when fresh
and called Zehedi Gus, in which shape it is very highly thought of. I tasted
the so-called Kursi and found it decidedly inferior in flavor and amount of
flesh to the Kustawi. The variety is, however, I am assured, the most resistant

of any, so far as water is concerned, being quite drought resistant, and although the

=r

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 221

8738 to 8745—Continued.

product isa cheap one, the heavy yields make it a very profitable sort. It
ripens about September or October. It sells in Bagdad (dry), | am told, for
$1.40 to $2 per 210 pounds.’’ = (Mairehild.) (No. 871.)

8744.

Barban. ‘This date is reported to ripen in July and yield only fairly good
fruits. It is the earliest ripening of the Bagdad dates, | am told, and deserves
a place in the gardens for this reason. This variety is red before ripening but
turns black when mature. It is not a very sweet sort, and not very highly
thought of by the Bagdadians. It is rarely cultivated except outside of Bag-
dad. Its early ripening qualities are what make it worthy of trial in Amer-
ica. Itis probable that this sort will not ripen so early in America because
the amount of heat is probably considerably less.’’ (J/’airchild.) (No. 872.)

8745.

Sukeri. ‘‘A very large variety of date, said by Mr. Raphael Casparkan to
be 2 inches or more in length, and when fresh, to be of good quality. Mr.
Casparkan donated these to the Government, and the determinations are his,
for [ could not distinguish the different varieties which he selected. Worthy
of trial in Arizona on account of its large size.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 873.)

8746 to 8752. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
895 to 901, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

8746.

Berhi. ‘‘A variety of date which, though never shipped to the American
market, is said by every one in this region to be unquestionably the best date
in this part of the Persian Gulf, inferior only to the Khalasa date of Hassa. It
ripens, as do most all these Shat-el-Arab dates, in the month of September,
and it is therefore likely to prove very valuable because of its superior quality
and its early ripening character. It ripens in September in Bassorah, where
the temperature goes to 117° F.in the shade. Itis asticky date, but neverthe-
less a variety with a very fine flavor, and grows well on adobe alluvial deposits.
It is watered by canal irrigation as often during the year as the tide rises, viz,
twice a day. I have tasted this Berhi, and it is superior to the Halawi, the
principal export sort, and also to the Taberzal. The seed is very small.’’
(Fairchild.) (No. 895.)

8747.

FH?’ weis or Hevezi. ‘‘One of the best dates of the Persian Gulf. <A delicate,
light-colored date of medium size, with medium-sized stone. It ripens in
Bassorah in September. It is very little known, even at Bassorah. Grown, as
are all of the dates on the Shat-el-Arab River, in stiff clay, almost adobe soil,
in raised areas surrounded by canals, which are flooded twice a day by water
from the river as it is backed up by the tides, the variety is a sticky sort, but
deserves the serious attention of experimenters with date palms, on account of
its superior flavor and excellent color. The summer temperature of Bassorah
rises to 117° and sometimes to 120° F.in the shade. In winter it drops to below
50°. The soil where the date is grown is distinctly saline. This date has not
been shipped to American markets, but would be a good selling date, and for
this reason it is well worth planting in southern California (Colorado Desert)
and Arizona.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 896.)

8748.

Sayer or Ustaamran. ‘‘A variety of date darker in color than the Halawy,
but of fair flavor. A standard sort in New York. It is said to do best ona
light sandy soil, and to require less water than No. 8747. Sayer is a word also
used to indicate a mixed lot of dates, but these trees are of a distinct long
fruited dark sort. The trees are taller than those of the variety //alawi, and
not so uniformly straight. This sort is most likely to succeed on sandy soils,
or, at least, to do better on sandy than on ordinary adobe soil. It is inferior
in quality to Halawi and K hadrawi, but, nevertheless, a good market date. It
is grown here very extensively.’’ (Fuairchild.) (No. 897.)

222 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8746 to 8752—Continued.
8749.

Gunnami. A male variety. ‘‘Considered by Hadji Abdulla Negem as the
best pollen-producing male in this region. It holds its pollen best, and the
latter is found to be ‘stronger’ than that of any other sort. One male tree
suftices for 100 female trees.’’ (uirchild.) (No. 898.)

8750.

Halawi. ‘‘One of the standard sorts grown on the Shat-el-Arab River, of
Arabia, and it is one of the principal dates shipped to the American market.
There must be millions of trees of this variety along the river. A fairly light-
colored date, short and thick, with a good-sized stone, and very little fiber
about the seed. Grown under the same conditions as No. 8747, and ripens in
September.”’ ( Fairchild.) (No. 899.)

8751.

Khadrawi. ‘‘A darker colored, longer date than the Halawi, and inferior to
it. It is one of the standard sorts for shipment to America, but is not a deli-
cate skinned variety; therefore an excellent packing date. It is asticky date,
and ripens in September or the first of October.’’? ( Fairchild.) (No. 900.)

8752.

Unnamed variety. ‘‘Sent without label from Abu Kassib, by Hadji Abdulla
Negem, with Nos. 8746 to 8752, for all of which I am indebted to the kind
assistance of Mr. H. P. Chalk, agent of Hills Bro. & Co., of New York.”
( Fairchild.) (No. 901.)

8753. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Hassa, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
905, March 17, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Khalasa or Khalasi. ‘‘This date is known all over the Persian Gulf as one of the
three best dates. It certainly has few equals, and its only rivals are the Maktum,
Taberzal, and Berhi, and probably also, though I have not tasted it, the Mirhage.
Palgrave, author of ‘Travels in Eastern Arabia,’ 1863, says the literal translation of
the name Khalasi is ‘quintessence,’ and that it ‘is easily first of its kind.’ The
country in which it is grown is, according to Zwemer, a sandy ‘one, with under-
ground springs or water courses, water being reached only a few feet below the sur-
face of the soil. This country of Hassa or El Hassa lies 60 miles or so inland from
Bahrein Island, and these palms were brought by camels from that region. The cli-
mate in winter is hot in daytime, but cold at night, and in summer it is excessively
hot. This variety matures its fruit, I presume, sometime in August or September,
though I can not state this positively. It is a variety worthy the serious considera-
tion of our date growers, as it will probably be better suited to our conditions than
the Bassorah dates, which will require more water to bring them to full development.
We are indebted to H. B. M. Vice-Consul J. C. Gaskin, of Bahrein, for securing these
sets and for many other favors, and also to Mr. H. M. Zwemer for information about
Hassa dates.’’ (Fairchild. )

8754 to 8761. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Maskat, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
906 to 913, March 21, 1903), June 7, 1903.

8754.

Fard. ‘‘A long, large-sized, late date, of dark color but good flavor. About
1,000 tons of this date are exported from Maskat to America every year, it
being the principal export date of the region of Maskat. These young palms
were brought from Semail, 50 miles in the interior, where there are extensive
plantations of this and other sorts. There are estimated by Vice-Consul Mac-
kirdy, who very kindly secured these for the Department, to be half a million
date trees in the Semail Valley. This date ripens in August and sells for $40_
Mexican per 1,800 pounds. It is the best flavored soft packing date in the
oe) It is adapted to the hottest regions in America.’’ ( Fairchild.) (No.
906.

— oS

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 223

8754 to 8761—Continued.
8755.

Burni. ‘This is a light-colored date about the same size as the /ard, but
thinner, also from Semail. It ripens in Maskat in July. It was formerly
shipped to America, but was found to be a poorer keeper than the /’rd, and
now it is no longer demanded. Because of its scarcity it sells for $50 Mexican
per 1,800 pounds.”’ (/%irchild.) (No. 907.)

8756.

Nagal. ‘An early variety from Semail, 50 miles in the interior, ripening in
June. It isa light-colored date about 1} inches long and three-fourths inch
in diameter. It is not as sweet as the ard, but is highly prized because it is
the earliest date in the region. It is consumed locally and only in a fresh con-
dition. High prices are paid for it by the Arabs. It is a soft sort, resembling
the Fard.”? (Fairchild.) (No. 908. )

8757.

Mubsali. ‘From Semail, 50 miles inland from Maskat. This date is a long,
large variety, which is picked before being ripe, boiled for an hour in salt
water, and then spread out in the sun todry. (See Nos. 8563 and 8564. )
These dates, which are as hard as stick candy, and almost as sweet, are sold
in India, where there is a big demand for them, and where higher prices are
paid than for the ordinary Furd variety. They sell for $80 Mexican per
1,800 pounds. This belongs to the Karak pokhta class of dates, which are
served in India at every wedding and festival. They are sometimes eaten
fresh. It is the best paying date in Maskat. Suitable for dry, hot regions.
It ripens in July.’”? (airchild.) (No. 909.)

8758.

Khanezi. ‘‘ From Semail, 50 miles inland from Maskat. An almost round,
soft, very sweet sort, only consumed locally. It is a rare variety, ripening in
July. It is eaten in the fresh state and considered one of the best of this
kind in Maskat.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 910.)

8759.

Khassab. ‘‘From Semail, 50 miles inland from Maskat. <A red variety
when ripe, somewhat shorter in shape than the Fard. It ripens in August.
It is a soft variety, therefore not a shipping date. It is reported to be the
heaviest yielder of any, as much as 450 pounds being borne by a single tree.
It is not as sweet as the Fard, but is still of good quality.” ( Fairchild.)
(No. 911.)

8760.

Hlellali. ‘‘ From Semail, a date region 50 miles back of the town of Maskat.
It is as round fruited as a walnut, light colored and soft. It is not a packing
date but is used fresh. The bunches are exceedingly large. A rare sort even
in Maskat.’’ ( Fairchild.) (No. 912.)

8761.

‘‘Fachl or Fahel, meaning male date, from the valley of Semail, 50 miles in
the interior behind Maskat. This is the variety used in this great valley,
where half a million trees are grown, as the pollinator. It might be called
simply Semail Fahel, to distinguish it from the Egyptian Fahel or male sent in
1900.”’ ( Fairchild.) (No. 913.)

8762 to 8785. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date palm.

From Kej, Baluchistan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild ( Nos.
914 to 937, March 23, 1902), June 7, 1902.

A collection of date palms secured through the kindness of Lieutenants Grant and
Maxwell, of the First Baluchistan Light Infantry, from Kej, a region six days by

29861—No. 66--05——15

YV4 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

camel from Guadur, near the Pangh Ghur region. The soil is an adobe but mixed
with small rocks, It is watered from artificial wells. The palms are as follows:

8762.

Vozati. One of the finest flavored dates in the world. It is sent in earthen
jars, packed in the sirup of inferior sorts, to Kurrachee and Bombay. It is said
cs ripen in July. It is a large, round sort with small stone, golden brown
flesh, and delicate skin. (No. 914.)

8763. 8775.
Gush. A male variety. (No. Chupshook, (No, 927.)
915. )
8776.
8764.

Korroo. (No. 928. )
Apdandon. (No. 916.)

erie 8777.
; Rogani. (No. 929.)
Soont Gora. (No, 917.)
aitab 8778.
r Churpan. (No. 930.)
Hashna. (No, 918.)
8779.

8767.

Kharba. (No. 931.)
Gonzelli, (No. 919.)

Aes 8780.
, Dundari. (No. 932.)
Jalghi. (No. 920.)
8781.

8769.

: Subzoo. (No. 933.)
Bagum Jurghi. (No, 921.)

8782.

BLY, Gond Gorbug. (No. 934.)

Shukkeri. (No, 922.)
8783.

8771.
Lad Washelont. (No. 935. )

Koroch. (No. 923.)
8784.

8772. Kalara. (No. 936. )

Hallani. (No. 924. )
8785.

8773.
Flurshut. (No. 987.)

Shapego. (No, 925.)

8774.
Dishtari. (No. 926.)

8786 to 8793. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From the vicinity of the Persian Gulf. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild, June 7, 1902. Samples of dried dates as follows:

8786.
Bedraihe. From Bagdad market. (No. 868.) (See No. 8740.)
8787.

A variety sold in the Kurrachee market in two-gallon earthen jars. It is said
to come from the interior of Baluchistan. Its name is not known.

8788.
Kadrawi. (No. 900.) (See No. 8751.)

TE

SEPTEMBER, 1900, LO DECEMBER, 1903. 225

8786 to 8793 —Continued.
8789.

Kustawi. From Bagdad market. (No, 866.) (See No. 8738.) A very fine
date, though somewhat stringy.

8790.

Berhi. Dates as packed in paper cartons for European market. (No, 895. )
(See No. 8746. )

8791.

Halawi. Dates as packed in paper cartons for export to all parts of the
world. (No. 899.) (See No. 8750. )

8792.

Busser. From Bassorah, Arabia. An interior variety.

8793.
Zehedi. ‘‘ From Bagdad market.’’? (J/tairchild.) (No. 871.) (See No. 8743.)

8794. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
885, March 10, 1903), June 7, 1902.

Taberzal. ‘‘Sample of dried dates. This is a rare date even at Bagdad, and I did
not find it on the markets. Agha Mohammed, British consular agent at Kasimain,
very kindly donated these to the Department. It is a small date 1} to 1% inches
long by about seven-eighths inch in diameter. When dry it is of an amber color.
The skin is a lighter shade than the flesh, is loose, rather papery in texture, and can
be removed with the fingers from the dried flesh. The flesh is never dry in the
sense of being hard, but has the consistency of a chocolate caramel and is sweet and
of characteristic date flavor. The seed is of medium size and fits loosely in the dry
flesh. There is scarcely any fiber about the seed. The stem has a trifle too large
disk (involucre), but is easily removed with the fingers. When fresh it is consid-
ered one of the most delicate dates in Bagdad, though not so fine or so large as the
Berhi (No. 8746), which it resembles. I have not seen the Berhi, but take this as
the opinion of a date shipper. These dates, if not pressed into skins or cases, are
dry enough to be handled with the fingers. This is a point of great importance.
The Deglet Noor of Algiers would probably be quite as unappetizing if pressed into
baskets or boxes. I secured these samples too late to make it possible to secure
plants, but they can be had through Vice-Consul Hiirner, of Bagdad, from Agha
Mohammed, who donated these.”’ (Fuirchild. )

8795. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.
From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, June
7, 1902.

Ascherasi. Samples of dates. (See No. 8739, L. & F. No. 867.)

8796 and 8797. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Kandahar, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild,
June 7, 1902.

Samples of raisins bought in the Kurrachee market.

8796.
Seedless. Very sweet and thoroughly candied.

8797.
A large, light-colored raisin with seeds,

26 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8798. (GiOssyPIUM sp. Cotton.
From Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, June 7, 1902.
‘Probably from the garden of Abdul Kader Kederry, on the Tigris River.’

( kKuirchild. )
8799. CapsiCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs, Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
852, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

‘*A lance-shaped variety of red pepper from the market of Bassorah. The fruits are
not over | inch to 14 inches long.”’ ( Fuirchild. )
8800. PiIsTaciA VERA X (4) Butum.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
874, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

‘‘A small packet of seeds from the market of Bagdad. These may be hardier
than the European butum.’’ ( Fuirchild. )

8801. PIsTAciA MUTICA. Menengech.
From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchila (No.

874, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

‘Sample of seed from Bagdad market. These may prove hardier stocks than the
European sorts.’? (Fairchild. )

8802. (Undetermined. ) Sissi.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
875, March 11, 1902), June 7, 1902.

‘Seeds brought from the mountains of Persia beyond Mosul. They are edible
and are eaten by the Arabs as the Chinese eat melon seeds. The flesh is sweet, but
there is little of it. The plant which produces these fruits is said to be a shrub and
likely to withstand desert conditions.’’ (Fairchild. )

8803. AMARANTHUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS (4) Chagoggee.

From Wonsau, Korea. Presented by Mr. C. F. 8. Billbrough, of Wonsau,
through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 773), June 10, 1902.

‘‘Used in Korea as an ornamental, having masses of bright red foliage. The
plant is an annual, 6 feet high. It is used by the natives for food, being boiled like
cabbage. It is, further, much relished by stock. It should be grown for identifica-
tion and may prove a new thing as an ornamental or may be of use as a fodder plant.”’
( Fairchild. )

8804. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Niuchwang, China. Presented by Hon. Henry B. Miller, United States
consul, through the Department of State. Received June 10, 1902.

Kien Tzu. ‘‘ Dry land rice, sown the last of April or the first of May and har-
vested early in September. It grows best on low land or on rich yellow soil. It
must not be flooded, but requires rain at the time the grain is forming. It will not
grow on high, dry clay land.”’ (Miller. )

8805. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Broom-corn millet.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
853, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Dukkhn. ‘A kind of millet which is sown on the mud after flooding the soil
with irrigation water and left to mature its crop without further watering. — It is said
to produce and ripen its heads in forty days, so that two crops are generally grown
each year on the same soil. This is sent for trial in the Colorado Desert region and
western Texas.” (Lirchild. )

ae

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 997

8806. Merpicaca sativa. Alfalfa.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
904, March 15, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Djet. *‘‘ This is treated like any alfalfa (see No, 8823), This is given a separate
number as it comes from 500 miles south of the locality whence No. 8823 was sent.
Secured through the assistance of Mr. Raphael Sayegh, of Bassorah.”’ ( /airchild. )

8807. CICER ARIETINUM. Chick-pea.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
903, March 15, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Hummus. “‘Sold everywhere on the markets of Mesopotamia. — It is suited to very
hot regions with little water. Sent for trials in California and Arizona.’’ — ( /wirchild.

8808. TriTicUM DURUM. ; Wheat.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
902, March 16, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Karun. ‘‘A hard wheat which is grown on the river Karun in Persia. It is
reported to be the best wheat coming to the Bassorah market and is grown ina region
where scant rains fall and which is exposed to excessive hot weather. Suited for
our dry, hot Southwest.” ( Fairchild.)

8809. HorbdrUM TETRASTICHUM. Barley.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
886, March 10, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Black. ‘‘The native barley of the Tigris Valley above Bagdad. It should be
suited to culture in our dry Southwest, as it is a short season variety and depends on
the scanty rains in January and February for its moisture. I understand that this
barley is sometimes exported to Europe.”’— ( Fairchild. )

8810. LATHYRUS CICER. Pea.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
880, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Hortuman. ‘‘A species of the pea family, which in the market is called Hortuman,
but, according to the dictionaries, Hortuiman means oat, and this is evidently one of
the Leguminose. It is cultivated by planting in hills or drills, and grows, according
to the very unsatisfactory information which I could pick up, to a height of about 2
feet. The grains are produced ina pod and they form the valuable product of the plant.
The straw is, however, also said to be fed to cattle, but has not any great value. The
grain is exceedingly hard and requires grinding before it can be used. It is then
cooked with rice or boiled and eaten alone. It is grown without much water, but
generally on irrigated lands. It is suitable for trial in the extremely hot regions of
the Colorado Desert. Its use as a soiling crop is quite unknown, but it may be of
considerable value, nevertheless, for people here are evidently quite ignorant of soil-
ing crops. Bought in the bazar at Bagdad, where it is not at this season a very
common grain.’’? (Fairchild. )

8811. TRITICUM DURUM. W heat.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
879, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Hurma. ‘A large-grained, hard wheat which is called Hurma, meaning widow,
because of the large size of the grains. This sample comes from the wheat-growing
region of Mosul and is cultivated without irrigation. It deserves a trial in our arid-
region experiments.’’ (Fairchild. )

8812. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
878, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Kermansha. ‘‘The finest looking soft wheat to be found on the Bagdad market.
It comes from Kermansha, in Persia, where it is grown without irrigation. It brings

228 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

a lower price than the Aurdisten and Karoon wheats, because it is soft and has not
the ‘strength’ of the latter, which is necessary in the making of the Arabic ‘Hubus’
or pancake-like bread. It is worth a trial in dry regions.”’ ( Fairchild.)

8813. TrimcumM pURUM. Wheat.

Krom Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
877, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Kurd. ‘A wheat grown in Kurdistan and brought down to the Bagdad market.
lt is used for bread making and brings good prices, being, in fact, one of the highest
priced wheats in the Bagdad market. Bread from this wheat is made in thin sheets
like German pancakes and has a decided mixture of the macaroni wheat flour in it.
This wheat is harder than No. 8812. The Aurd wheats and the Karun or Karoon
wheats are considered the best sorts sold in Bagdad and I understand they are grown
without irrigation, depending only upon the scanty rains. They should be tested to
show their resistance to rust and drought.’ ( Fairchild. )

8814. PHASEOLUS VIRIDISSIMUS. Bean.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
864, March 3, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Maash. This is grown in Mesopotamia and used as food. It is employed with rice
and even boiled and eaten alone. It is planted in drills or hills, like ordinary string
beans, and grows to a height of 2 feet or more. This resembles, I am informed, the
Merjemek of Turkey. I think this is the same species as No. 6430 sent in 1901 as
Phaseolus viridissimus, secured in Athens, Greece. This bean should be tested in the
irrigated lands of the Southwest, and as a vegetable throughout the Southern States
of America.’’ (Fairchild. )

8815. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
863, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Edra. ‘‘A kind of sorghum like the Dura of the Egyptians. This is a white
variety grown in this hot region where the temperature often goes to 117° F. and
during the summer ranges between 85° and 99° F. day and night. No other irriga-
tion than that of the rains is received by the plants, and yet it is said that it can be
relied upon generally to give a fair crop. It is worth trying on the scorching deserts
of California. The grain makes excellent second-class food.”’ ( Fairchild.)

8816 to 8819. ‘TrRiTICUM. Wheat.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
857 to 861, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

‘“A collection of wheats from the ue Tigris, and Karun river valleys,
which are the three great wheat growing regions of Mesopotamia. These wheats
are not generally grown by irrigation but depend upon the rains for their water, and
as the climate is a dry and excessively hot one and the soil an adobe, inclined to be
alkaline, these wheats deserve trial in similar excessively hot regions in America.
Their rust-resisting qualities I know nothing about. With the exception of the
Karun variety they are not especially fine wheats, but from their very long culture
here in Mesopotamia they should be tried in the Colorado Desert region and on any
stiff soil which is subject to droughts. Larger quantities may be had by correspond-
ing with Mr. H. P. Chalk, of Bassorah, referring to the varieties by name. These are
exposed two months to a summer shade temperature of 117° to 120° F. and stand it
well. The wheats are as follows.”? (Fuairchild.)

8816. TrRiTICUM DURUM.
Buetha. A hard wheat from Arag, on the Euphrates River. (No. 858.)

8817. TrRITICUM VULGARE.
Bagdad. A soft variety from Bagdad. (No. 859.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 994)

8816 to 8819 Continued.
8818. $Trrricum puRUM.

Koola. A hard wheat from Kurdistan; exact origin in doubt. (No, 860. )

8819. ‘Triricum purumM.

Humera, A hard sort of dark color, from Arag, on the Kuphrates River.

8820. Triricum puruM. Wheat.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
876, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Hurma. ‘‘A hard wheat grown at Desphuli, in Persia, near the Karun River.
This sample was bought on the market in Bagdad. It is grown in a region noted
for its extreme summer heat and scanty rains and should be suited to arid-land
conditions. Exact data were unobtainable.”’ ( /airchild.)

8821. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Broom-corn millet.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs, Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
943, March 27, 1902), June 7, 1902.

San China. ‘‘Grown on the Sewage Farm at Kurrachee. It is an excellent forage
crop, and should be tried, though not new to America, in the Colorado Desert region.
The grain is fed to cattle and working bullocks. It is coarse, but is said to be a profit-
able crop. The yields are large. It is possibly a different strain from the ordinary.”

( Fairchild.)

8822. ZEA MAYS. Maize.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
884, March 11, 1902), June 7, 1902.

“A Mesopotamian maize, given me by Agha Mohammed, of Kasimain. It is the
variety commonly grown in the region: and is sent as illustrating the low condition
of agriculture in this wonderful region.’’ ( Mairchild. )

8823. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Presented by Agha Mohammed, the Nawab at Kasimain
and consular agent at that place for His British Majesty. Received through
Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 881, March 10, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Djetor El-djet. ‘A larger quantity of seed can be secured through arrangement with
the American vice-consul at Bagdad, Mr. Rudolph Hiner. Although the Nawab
admits this to be the best plant for horses he has ever grown, he says that he is the
first in the region of Bagdad to grow it, and this, notwithstanding the fact that at
Kerbella, only a day’s journey away, large areas have been planted to it from ancient
times. In the especially hot summers the fields are irrigated three times a month;
in the cooler summers only twice. From 9 to 10 cuttings are taken each year, and
the fields are manured with stable manure after each cutting. The life, i. e. , profitable
life, of a field of this djet is seven years. This variety should be admirably suited to
our irrigated lands in California and Arizona, and deserves a trial in comparison with
the Turkestan alfalfa. It should also be tested as to alkali resistance.”’ (/airchild. )

8824. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
940, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Kandehar. ‘A peculiar dried plum sold on the market in Kurrachee and said to
have come down from Kandahar. I have never eaten this plum stewed, so do not
know of what quality it is. Sent for breeding purposes.’’ ( Fuirchild. )

™30 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8825. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
938, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

‘Dried apricots which were bought on the market in Kurrachee as coming from
Kandahar. These apricots, when stewed and served as they are in India, have
«a really very delicious flavor. There is a bit of disagreeable fiber about the stone,
but altogether they struck me as a novelty worthy of attention. Should they prove
valuable, cuttings may be obtained by correspondence.’’ ( Pairchild. )

8826. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, June 7, 1902.
No data furnished.

8827. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
865, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Aluche. ‘‘A variety sold on the markets of Bassorah as coming from Persia. <A
. . ¥ . , y . . 5
sour variety, which may be useful to breeders.”’? — (/airehild. )
r; .
8828. ZIzYPHUS JUJUBA. Jujube.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, June
7, 1902.

Samples of a variety similar to No, 8702.

8829 to 8847. Ficus CARICA. Fig.
From Italy. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle (Nos. 101 to 119), June 13,
1902.

‘The following collection of caprifig cuttings was obtained during the spring of 1902
at Naples, the classieground for the study of caprifigs and caprification. Considerable
attention was given to the study of the botanical characters of the caprifig trees, and
detailed descriptions were drawn up of seven of the principal varieties of caprifigs
occurring in this region. It was found possible to draw up a key for the determina-
tion of the different varieties of caprifig, based on these characters, which key is given
below. It applies only to those of the caprifigs which were carefully studied, but it
will doubtless prove useful to investigators who wish to study the caprifigs of Naples.
This collection, like that included under numbers 6473 to 6491 and 6773 to 6823, has
been introduced to this country in the hope of securing an assortment of caprifigs
adapted to all the climatie and soil conditions occurring in California, where all of
these caprifigs will be tested as soon as possible. A few varieties of figs are also
included in this collection.”? — (Siwingle. )

KEY TO SEVEN PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF NEAPOLITAN CAPRIFIGS.

Leaves nearly entire or but slightly lobed, small, short, covered with a golden pubescence; middle
lobe obtuse and rounded. Petioles short and very stout, also pubescent. Veins reddish on drying.
Profichi ovate with few male flowers; flower pedicels green. No. 8838.

Leaves decidedly lobed, or, if not, nearly smooth.

Leaves velvety pubescent, petioles short and very stout, also pubescent. Leaves many (5-7) lobed.
Middle lobe with obtuse and rounded apex. Veins green on drying. Lamina yellow dotted.
Profichi small oval with many male flowers. No. 8844.

Leaves not velvety, hairy; profichi ovate.

Petioles very long (reaching beyond sinuses when refiexed). Sinuses very deep and narrow. Mid-
dle lobe with rounded apex. Leaf long and narrow with U-shaped base. Veins reddish on drying.
No. 8829.

Petioles short or medium in length (not reaching to sinuses if reflexed).

Profichi depressed at apex. Flower cavity broader than long. Leaves with deep and narrow sinuses;
medium sized, regular in outline; 3-lobed, middle lobe with acute straight-sided apex.
Lamina decurrent on petiole. Veins drying reddish; flower pedicels purplish. No.

gi dowey open, usually shallow. Profichi not depressed at apex. Flower cavity longer than

ro

Middle lobe rounded and obtuse. Leaf and petiole moderately hairy. Sinuses shallow and open.
Veins drying reddish. Lamina not decurrent. No. 8882.

Middle lobe with acute, straight-sided apex.

Leaveslarge, irregularly 3-5 lobed. Sinus shallow, Mgrs very open. Lamina decurrent. Veins
drying reddish. Flower pedicels purplish. No. 8845

Leaves medium sized. Lamina not decurrent. Veins green on drying. Petioles and palmate

. veins very glabrous. Flower pedicels green. No. 8837.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 931

8829 to 8847 —Continued.

8829.

From Naples. ‘‘A medium-sized tree in a garden on Posilipo hill on Strada
Nuova di Posilipo, evidently a cultivated sort. It bore a fair number of
mamme; full of Carieuhand on April 19, and still had a few mame attached
on May 14. The profichi are abundant. Apparently a valuable late sort. Its
botanical characters are as follows: Petioles very long, when reflexed reaching
beyond base of sinuses. Leaves small, long, and narrow, smoothish, 5-lobed,
with deep and narrow sinuses, sometimes closed above. Middle lobe much
mertended, with a blunt rounded apex; lateral lobes unusually narrow. Base
U-shaped, with decurrent lamina. Veins drying reddish. Petioles very long
and slender; slightly hairy. Profichi ovate, medium sized, 45 x 40 mm. Very
unlike other sorts in leaf characters. Resembles most No. 8834, but has very
much longer petioles, while No. 8834 has acute, straight-sided apex and pro-
fichi depressed at tip. No. 8832 has similar U-shaped base, but differs greatly
in having shallow sinuses, shorter petioles, and abruptly attached lamina.”’
(Swingle.) (No. 101.)

8830.

From Naples. ‘‘A large tree in the Botanic Garden, covered with projichi,
but destitute of mamme. The profichi were far advanced and had abundant
male flowers; but one that had been injured was soft, and this may indicate
that this variety has the drawback of producing profichi which soften as they
ripen. A valuable early sort.’? (Siwingle.) (No. 102.)

8831.

From Naples. ‘‘A medium-sized tree, evidently of a cultivated sort, in a
garden on Posilipo hill, near Villanova. Bore both mamme and _ profichi.”’
(Swingle.) (No. 103.) )

8832.

From Naples. ‘‘A medium-sized tree, of a cultivated sort, in a garden on
Posilipo hill. It had afew mamme still attached and many profichi. Its botan-
ical characters are as follows: Leaf U-shaped with shallow open sinuses and
rounded apex. Leaf medium sized, slightly hairy, 3-lobed, with shallow and
rather open sinuses. Base U-shaped, with abruptly joined lamina. Apex of
middle segment rounded. Veins slightly reddish on drying. Petiole medium
length and not very slender; somewhat hairy. Profichi ovate, 58 x 37, with
abundant male flowers. Near to No. 8837, but has a rounded instead of an
acute apex and more hairy petioles. See under 8829. Differs from No. 8854
with U-shaped leaves in haying open shallow sinuses and rounded apex.”’
(Swingle.) (No. 104.)

8833.

From Naples. ‘‘A small seedling tree, growing from a wall retaining a road-
way on Posilipo hill. Floral envelopes long and nearly hiding the flowers,
which were still immature on May 9, 1902. Probably a seedling fig, but pos-
sibly a very large caprifig.’? (Swingle.) (No. 105.)

8834.

From Resina, near Naples. ‘‘A large tree in Villa Amelia, bearing a few
mamme and abundant profichi. Evidently a cultivated sort. The tree had
been caprified with mamme, in spite of the presence of a fair number of mane
attached to the branches. Its botanical characters are as follows: Profichi
depressed at apex. Leaves small, rounded, regular in outline, 3-lobed, slightly
hairy, with deep, narrow sinuses, often closed. Middle lobe with acute,
straight-sided apex. Base U-shaped, with decurrent lamina. Veins drying
reddish. Petiole medium or short, slender, slightly hairy. Profichi ovate,
depressed at apex, 52 x 36. Some of the flower pedicels purplish. Differs
from No, 8845 in smaller leaves, regular in outline, and narrower sinus, and
from No. 8837 in having reddish veins on drying and a decurrent lamina. See
also under No, 8829, which has longer petioles and rounded tip.” (Siwing/e. )
(No, 106, )

252 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8829 to 8847 Continued.
8835.

From Resina, near Naples. ‘‘A medium-sized tree in Villa Amelia, prob-
ably the same as No, 8834.”" (Swingle.) — (No, 107.)

8836.

Krom San Giovanni a Teduccio, near Naples. ‘‘A large tree, which had
been cut back for grafting; growing in the garden of Dammann & Co. Owing
to the presence of only young trees, there were no mamme, but a few profichi
with very long pedicels were seen.’’? (Swingle.) (No, 108.)

8837.

From Naples. ‘‘A medium-sized tree, evidently of a cultivated sort, grow-
ing in a garden on Posilipo hill. Hada few mamme and abundant, very large
profichi, with numerous male flowers. A promising sort. Its botanical char- _
acters are as follows: Petioles almost glabrous. Leaves medium sized, slightly
hairy, 3-lobed, with rather deep and narrow sinuses. Middle lobe narrow
below and bulging above, with very acute, straight-sided apex, bulging moder-
ately. Base cordate; lamina not decurrent, broad space between margin and
first palmate vein. Veins drying green. Petioles glabrous, or nearly so;
slender. Profichi very large ovate, 71 x 42, with very many male flowers.
Flower pedicels green. Principal palmate vein glabrous. Skin marked with
small reddish brown specks. Resembles No. 8834, but has not decurrent
lamina and has flower pedicels and veins of dried leaves green, besides peti-
oles which are less hairy. Very like No. 8845, q. v., and No, 8832.”’ (Swingle. )
(No. 109.)

8838.

From Naples. ‘‘A small tree growing ina garden. No mamme were seen,
but there were numerous medium-sized profichi, which had only a few male
flowers. Leaves nearly entire, with golden pubescence. Its botanical char-
acters are as follows: Leaves nearly entire, small, short, pubescent, with golden
hairs, as are the short, thick petioles; sinuses present, shallow and open, not
extending one-third way to middle. Middle lobe blunt deltoid, nearly straight-
sided, over 90 mm. long. Veins reddish on drying. Base cordate; lamina
abruptly attached to petiole. Ultimate veinlets very fine and visible by trans-
mitted light. Profichi ovate, 53 x 30 mm., with few male flowers. Skin with
large, nearly white spots. Resembles No. 8844 in pubescence, which is, how-
ever, /ess marked, and in having short, stout petioles. No. 8844 differs in
having lobed leaves and oval small profichi, and yellow spots on dried leaves.
Slightly resembles the slightly lobed No. 8832, but has much shallower sinuses,
and No. 8832 has rounded middle lobe and longer slender petiole and smoother
leaf.’? (Swingle.) (No. 110.)

8839.
From Naples. ‘‘A large tree in a garden on the hill between Arenella and
Capodimonte. May be a caprifig.’’ (Swingle.) (No. 111.)
8840.
From Naples. ‘‘A cultivated sort, growing near No. 8831, in garden on
Posilipo hill, near Villanova.’’ (Swingle. )
8841. |
From Naples. ‘‘A cultivated sort, growing in garden near No. 8831, on |
Posilipo hill, near Villanova.”’ (Swingle.) (No. 1138.)
8842.

From Vico Equense, near Castellamare. ‘‘A medium-sized tree, growing
inacliff by the road between Vico Equense and Sejano. It may be a caprifig.”’
(Swingle.) (No, 114.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 933

8829 to 8847 — Continued.

8843.

From Naples. ‘‘ A good-sized tree, evidently of a cultivated sort, on Posilipo
hill. Probably a brebas tree, i. e., a sort which matures the spring genera-
tion corresponding to the profie oO seheration of acaprifig.’”’ (Swingle.) (No.
115.)

8844.

From Miseno, near Pozzuoli. ‘‘ Profico bianco, white caprifig. A small tree
in the gardenon thetopof Mount Miseno. It had afew mamme and some profichi
which showed a large number of male flowers. Evidently a cultivated sort of
value. Its botanical characters are as follows: Leaves velvety hairy, petioles
thick and short; also velvety pubescent. Leaves medium sized, short and
thick, decidedly 3-7-lobed. Sinuses rather open, usually less than one-half way
to middle. Leaves (some at least) show numerous small yellowish dots on the
upper surface. Apical lobe bluntly deltoid with nearly straight sides. Base
strongly cordate. Lamina abruptly attached to midrib. Veins usually drying
green. Lateral lobes bulge so sinus line cuts them. Profichi very small (pos-
sibly young?) 38 x 33 oval, with many male flowers. Skin marked with large,
nearly white dots.’’ (Swingle. ) (No. 116.)

8845.

From Naples. ‘‘A large tree of a cultivated sort, growing in a garden on
Posilipo hill. It had numerous profichi containing many male flowers. A
promising caprifig. Its botanical characters are as follows: Leaves large, irreg-
ular in outline, with very open sinuses. Leaf large, irregular in outline, somewhat
hairy; 3-5-lobed sinuses, rather shallow and very open. Lateral lobes very
coarsely dentate. Middle lobe thick and bulging but slightly, with an acute
straight-sided apex. Base U-shaped or slightly cordate. Lamina decurrent.
Veins reddish on drying; palmate veins hairy. Petioles only slightly hairy,
rather long and not very slender. Profichi very large, ovate, 62 x 40, with a
good number of male flowers; pedicels of flowers purplish at base. Much
resembles No. 8837, but differs in having large leaf, more decurrent lamina,
and more hairy petioles and veins, and flower pedicels purplish at base.
Most resembles No. 8834; differs in large irregular leaf, with more open sinuses
and profichi not depress ssed at apex.’’? (Swingle. ) (No. 117.)

8846.

From Naples. ‘‘A large cultivated fig in a garden on Posilipo hill, bearing
a few brebas.’’ (Swingle.) (No. 118.)

8847.

From Lago Averno, near Pozzuoli. ‘‘A large tree near the road from Arco
Filice to Pozzuoli. It was covered with brebas figs. A promising sort of
early fig.’ (Swingle.) (No. 119.)

8848 to 8886.

From Nice, France. Presented by A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received June
13, 1902.

A collection of seeds as follows:

8848. AGERATUM MEXICANUM.
8849. AMORPHA FRUTICOSA.
8850. ANTHOLYZA AETHIOPICA,
8851. ARAUJIA SERICIFERA.
8852. ARISTOLOCHIA ELEGANS.

8853. BErRBERIS NEPALENSIS.

234 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

8848 to 8886—-Continued.
8854. CARICA QUERCIFOLIA.

8855. CassiA CORYMBOSA.

8856. CERATONIA SILIQUA.

“Sweet fruited.”’ ( Proschowsky. )
8857. CErRCIS SILIQUASTRUM,

8858. CoRDYLINE BANKSII.

””

‘*This may be some hybrid ( Proschowsky. )

8859. Evuparorium sp.

‘It has abundant white flowers in midwinter.’’ ( Proschowsky. )

8860. EvuPATORIUM ATRORUBENS.

“An evergreen bush with very beautiful foliage and flowers: in midwinter.”’
(Proschowsky. )

8861. EuraroriuM ATROVIOLACEUM.
8862. Farsia JAPONICA.

8863. FREYLINIA CESTROIDES.
8864. FRANSERIA ARTEMISIOIDES.
8865. GLAUCIUM FLAVUM.

8866. HeEpDERA HELIX var. AURANTIA .
8867. Hupiscus sp.

8868. IPoMORA FICIFOLIA.

8869. IRIS LAEVIGATA.

8870. MAyTENUS BOARIA.

8871. MELALEUCA VIRIDIFLORA.

8872. OLEA EUROPAEA.

Nice. ‘‘Famous for oil. The fruit is very good for preserving in salt solu-
tion. The tree is of a very graceful weeping habit.’’ ( Proschowsky. )

8873. OLEARIA HAASTII.

8874. OREOPANAX PLATANIFOLIUM.

‘‘A very ornamental evergreen.’’ (Proschowsky. )
8875. OXALIS CORNICULATA Var. ATROPURPUREA.

8876. SALVIA GESNERAEFLORA.

‘‘A very showy winter-blooming shrub. It produces very few seeds.’’
( Proschowsky. )

8877. SENECIO DELTOIDES. 8880. SoLANUM PYRACANTHUM.
8878. SENECIO PETASITES. 8881. SoLANUM SODOMAEUM.

8879. SENECIO GRANDIFOLIUS.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 285

8848 to 8886—Continued.
8882. SoLLyYA HETEROPHYLLA.

‘A twining evergreen shrub with very beautiful blue flowers.’’ — (Pros-
chowsky. )

8883. SopHora JAPONICA.
8884. STERCULIA PLATANIFOLIA.

8885. TACSONIA MOLLISSIMA.

“A very beautiful climbing plant, with large rose-colored flowers and
abundant fruits of a pleasant, refreshing flavor.’’ — (Proschowsky. )

8886. TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMUM.

8887 to 8889.

From Erfurt, Germany. Purchased from Haage & Schmidt. Received June 21,

1902.
Palm seeds as follows:
8887. RHOPALOSTYLIS SAPIDA. 8889. Howka FORSTERIANA.

8888. HowekA BELMOREANA.

8890. ERIoBoTrYA JAPONICA. Loquat.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
954, June 2, 1902), June 23, 1902.

Tanaka. ‘‘The largest fruited loquat in Japan. This variety originated as a seed-
ling in the yard of Mr. Ioshio Tanaka, at 72 Kinskecho, Tokyo. Mr. Tanaka is a
noted Japanese authority on economic botany, and as originator of this remarkably
large loquat, his own name has appropriately been given to it. <A single fruit has
weighed more than 97 grams, while the largest reported in Algiers, Malta, or Spain,
so far as I am aware, was only 85, and the largest I have seen was only 56 grams.
This is certainly a larger sort than any of these noted African or Spanish varieties.
The scions were taken from the original seedling tree in Professor Tanaka’s yard in
Tokyo, and it is to be hoped can be used for budding. The fruit in formalin, which
Professor Tanaka showed me, was egg-shaped, and the largest loquat I have ever seen.
Quality is said to be very good. Professor Tanaka delivered an address on this
loquat in 1897, at Nagasaki, in which he said the range of weight is between 40 and
80 grams only. The weight of 97 grams was exceptional.’’ ( Fairchild.)

8891. PANICUM CRUS-GALLI. Japanese millet.
From Niuchwang, China. Presented by Hon. Henry B. Miller, United States
Consul, through the State Department. Received June 23, 1902.
8892. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.
From Moscow, Russia. Received through E. Immer & Son, June 27, 1902.
Romanoff Spring.
8893. NICOTIANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

From Sumatra. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 955),
July 7, 1902.

Deli. “‘ From one of the best plantations in Deli, Kast Sumatra. Secured by Mr.
Barbour Lathrop personally. See special letter of explanation to Dr. Galloway,
June 10, 1902.’’ (Fairchild. )

8894. CITRUS BIGARADIA (/) Bitter orange.

From Shidzuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairehild (No
956, June 16, 1902), July 8, 1902.

Natsu dai-dai, “‘A flat, broad, summer variety of the Japanese bitter orange,
which is a remarkable citrous fruit and deserves the study of citrus growers. It is

2SO SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

only of fair quality, but ripens at a time when our pomelos are over, and when the
craving for a sour breakfast fruit is perhaps strongest, i. e., in Mayand June. These
scions came from a noted old citrus grower near Shidzuoka, and are a gift to the
United States Government. For fuller notes on this fruit see No. 8903. Tanaka
vives in his ‘ Useful Plants of Japan’ Citrus bigaradia as the species name for Dai-dai,
but does not identify the Natsu dai-dai.’’ (Fairchild. )

8895. CrrrkUs BIGARADIA (7). Bitter orange.

From Shidzuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
957, June 16, 1902), July 8, 1902.

Natsu dai-dai. ‘“‘A globular formed, slightly different variety of summer bitter
orange from No. 8894. Donated by a famous old citrus grower near Shidzuoka,
where the government is going to start an experiment station for citrous and other
fruits. Fora fuller description on this fruit see Nos. 8894 and 8903.”’ ( Fairchild.)

8896. CITRUS JAPONICA. Kumquat.

From Shidzuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
958), July 8, 1902.

Nimpo. ‘‘Scions of one of the best varieties of kumquat in Japan; with large, round
fruits. These kumquats, which are small oranges, eaten skin and all, are much more
common in China and Japan than in America, and are worthy of being much better
known on our markets. Donated by a veteran citrus grower in Shidzuoka.”’
( Fairchild. )

8897 to 8899. ‘TrRiITICcUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Bombay, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
945, April 2, 1902), July 14, 1902.

Three varieties of hard wheat from Ralli Brothers, in Bombay, suited for macaroni
making. One sack of each forwarded by Latham & Co., of Bombay.

8897.

Khata. ‘‘This variety has been tested in Nag Pur, where it proved the
most rust resistant of any kind experimented with. Nag Pur is one of the
hottest regions in India, and any wheat which endures the heat of that region
will be likely to do well in our desert regions of Arizona and California. This
Khata is said by Ralli Brothers to be the best of all Indian hard wheats, and
whenever they can buy it cheap enough and ship it to Genoa it brings as good
a price as the hard Russian wheats. This deserves the serious attention of the
hard-wheat experimenters, and may prove superior to the Algerian, Russian,
or Spanish varieties for our conditions.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 945a.)

8898.

Khandwa. ‘This is not so good from the standpoint of such big firms as
Ralli Brothers, and it does not have the reputation of being as rust resistant as
the Khata.”’ (Fairchild.) (No. 945b.)

8899.

Pila gheen. ‘*This is not so good from the standpoint of such big firms as
Ralli Brothers, and it does not have the reputation of being as rust resistant as
the Khata.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 945c.)

8900. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

From Anjo, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 963,
June 29, 1902), July 24, 1902.

‘Twenty-six numbered seeds of a giant soy bean presented to the Department by
Mr. K. Obata, director of the Tokai branch agricultural experiment station at Anjo,
Japan, on condition that should any of the seeds prove to have inherited the charac-
teristics of its female parent he is to have returned to him a fair quantity of the beans
which it produces. All the beans have been numbered, and it is desired especially _
that a record of each be kept for information. This most exceptional sport from —

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 937

which these beans are — measured 124 feet in length and had a stem 1 inch in
diameter at the base, ielded about one-fifth of a gallon of beans, while ordinary
plants, I am assured by 5 Obata, give from 50 to 60 seeds only, Its root system is
well developed, but whether unusual it is impossible to say, as it was dug before Mr.
Obata saw it. The history of this most remarkable sport is as follows: Mr. J. Miya-
zaki, a descendant of a Samurai and now a second-hand clothier in the village of
Okasaki, found in his small back yard a soy bean which neither he nor his wife had
anted purposely, but over which they quarreled, the wife wishing to pull it up
vecause it grew to such unusual proportions and spread over the whole yard. Mr.
Miyazaki, however, found in this abnormal plant something to interest him, ar
when the local district fair was held in Mukada in October he dug up the lant and
exhibited it there, but he unfortunately and thoughtlessly ate up most of the beans.
Mr. Obata, of the experiment station at Anjo, saw the plant at the fair, visited Mr.
Miyazaki’s place, and rescued the remaining handful of seed. He got samples of the
boil where the plant grew and has sown about 20 seeds in this soil at the experiment
station. I have seen and photographed this remarkable sport and think it worthy
of the most careful attention.”’ (/irchild. )

8901 and 890la. PyrRUs COMMUNIS. Pear.

From Chios Island, Turkey in Asia. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received July 29, 1902.

8901. 8901la.
Chamogea, Kurania kirakia.
8902. CITRUS NOBILIS. Mandarin orange.

From Fukui, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 959,
June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

Unshu. ‘* A large-fruited, thick, loose-skinned mandarin orange, which is gen-
erally quite seedless but sometimes has one or two seeds. In quality it is not quite
so sweet as the common but smaller Kishu Mikan, which is the common mandarin
orange of Japan. This seedless variety is known all over Japan, but these scions
come from the coldest region in which oranges are grown in Japan, where the tem-
perature sometimes goes down to —10° C.—1i. e., 14° above zero F.—and where for
fiity days or so a foot of snow lies on the ground. In this region, which is a very
restricted one, called Sano, near Fukui, ice forms on the rice fields to the thickness
of a quarter of aninch. However, the trees are covered by large bamboo mats during
December, January, and F ebruary, and even with this covering the minimum of last
year, 14° above zero, did them material injury. This sort has gradually driven the
ordinary seed-bearing mandarin out of the market and is now, since ten years or more
ago, the most popular mandarin in Japan.”’ (Fairchild. )

8903. Cirrus DECUMANA (7) | Pomelo. (?)

From Fukui, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
960, June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

Natsu daidai. ‘‘Large summer orange. This fruit deserves the attention of all
pomelo growers, as it is a variety to be had on the Japanese market as late as the
end of June. I saw it as early as the close of April, so that the season is two months
at least. It is notas fine and juicy as our best pomelo, butis neverthelessat this season
eaten with relish by everyone, both European and Japanese. _ It is served with sugar,
as pomelos are served in America, and would pass among all but connoisseurs as a
tolerably good pomelo. Further “than this, it ranks as one of the hardiest citrous
fruits in Japan. These scions came from a tree that was exposed last winter, with a
bamboo mat shelter, to a temperature of +-14° F., and although it lost some of its
leaves it was not killed by the low temperature. A foot of snow covered the ground
about this plant for several weeks during the months of January and February.’

( Fairchild.) (See No. 8894.)

8904. CITRUS NOBILIS. Mandarin orange.

From Fukui, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 961,
June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

Koji. **A small-fruited variety with seeds. It is noted for its hardiness, being
cultivated in a region where the thermometer drops to +-14° F. and where the plants

VSS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

are surrounded by snow as late as February. It is not an especially fine variety, but
is worthy of trial in the variety gardens. See Nos, 8902 and 8903 for further deserip-
tions of climate where it is grown.’’ ( Fuirchild. )

8905. CITRUS NOBILIS, Mandarin orange.

From Fukui, Japan. Received through Messrs: Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
962, June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

Koji. ‘This is similar to No. 8904, but is said to bear larger, finer fruits. It was
not the season for any of these fruits, so | can not say as to their excellence except
from reports.’’ ( Fairchild. )

8906 to 8909.

From Nice, France. Presented by Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
July 31, 1902.

Seeds as follows:
8906. ARISTOTELIA MACQUI.
8907. ‘TACSONIA MOLLISSIMA.
“A variety with flowers of a darker color than the type.’’ (Proschowsky.)
8908. ‘TACSONIA MOLLISSIMA,

8909. OLEA EUROPAEA.

Nice. (See No. 8872.)

8910. CROTALARIA JUNCEA. Sunn hemp.
From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, July 26, 1902.
8911 and 8912. Oryza saTIVa. Rice.

From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, July 26, 1902.

8913. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Miss Lelia Roberts,
July 20, 1902.
8914. CERATONIA SILIQUA. Carob.
From Marseille, France. Received through Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United
States Consul-General, August 9, 1902.
8915. VOANDZEIA SUBTERRANEA. Woandsu (African goober).
From Dar-es-Salam, German East Africa. Presented by Mr. D. Holtz. Received
August 22, 1902.
8916 to 8975.

From Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Presented by Sefor Carlos Thays, director of
parks, through Mr. Frank W. Bicknell. Received August 20, 1902.

8916. OpuNTIA DECUMANA. 8922. PsipIuM GUAJAVA.
8917. Sambucus AUSTRALIS. 8923. ENTEROLOBIUM sp.
8918. Cocos YATAY. 8924. DesmMoDIUM UNCINATUM.
8919. SoLANuM PocorTe. 8925. TrERMINALIA TRIFLORA (?).
8920. CECROPIA PALMATA. 8926. SESBANIA SANCTIPAULEN-

8921. MAyYTENUS BOARIA, 8927. QUILLAJA SAPONARIA,

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1905,

8916 to 8975~— Continued.

8928.
8929.
8930.
8931.
8932.
8933.
8934.
8935.
8936.
8937.

8938.
8939.
8940.
8941.
8942.
8943.
8944.
8945.
8946.
8947.
8948.
8949.
8950.
8951.
8952.

XANTHOXYLON sp.
PIPTADENIA CEBIL.
LIPPIA TURBINATA,
PARKINSONIA ACULEATA,
TIPUANA SPECIOSA,
Cocos AUSTRALIS.
GFLEDITSIA AMORPHOIDES,
CAESALPINIA GILLIESII,
BIXA ORELLANA,

EUGENIA sp.
Anacahuita.

EUGENIA MATO.
LITHRAEA AROEIRINHA,
ENTEROLOBIUM TIMBOUVA,
DALBERGIA NIGRA.
SAPINDUS TRIFOLIATUS.
SCHINUS MOLLE.
PsIDIUM CATTLEIANUM.
MIMOSA SENSITIVA ARBO-
REA.
TRICUSPIDARIA

ENS.
CESTRUM PSEUDO-QUINA.

DEPEND-

ACACIA FARNESIANA.,
CoLLIGUA JABRASILIENSIS.
TECOMA STANS.

LuCUMA NERIIFOLIA.

LIPPIA LYCIOIDES.

8976. GARCINIA MANGOSTANA.

From Saigon, Cochin China.

8953.
8954.
8955.
8956.
8957.
8958.

8959.
8960.
8961.
8962.
8963.
8964.
8965.
8966.

8967.
8968.

8969.

8970.

8971.

8972.

8973.

8974.

8975.

239

ILEX PARAGUAYENSIS,
S0CCONIA FRUTESCENS.
LANTANA CAMARA,
(FRABOWSKIA GLAUCA,
KUGENIA PUNGENS.

HETEROPTERIS UMBEL-
LATA,

CESTRUM PARQUI.
CARICA QUERCIFOLILA.
OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA.
CLEMATIS HILARII.
EUGENIA MICHELII.
COPERNICIA CERIFERA.
HIBISCUS ARGENTINUS.

PsIDIUM GUAJAVA Var.
PYRIFERUM.

CHORISIA CRISPIFLORA,

MoRRENIA ODORATA.
EUGENIA EDULIS.
SCUTIA BUXIFOLIA.
BAUHINIA CANDICANS.
CELTIS TALA.

CITHAREXYLUM BARBI-
NERVE.

ACACIA MONILIFORMIS.

JACARANDA CHELONIA.

Mangosteen.

Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild

from Mr. M. E. Haffner, director of agriculture of Cochin China, September

3, 1902.

8977 to 9013.

From Aburi, Gold Coast, Africa.

dens.
8977.

8978.

ABRUS PRECATORIUS.

ACHRAS SAPOTA.

29861—No. 66—05——16

8979.
8980.

Presented by the curator of the Botanic Gar-
Received September 5, 1902.

ADENANTHERA PAVONINA,

ANONA MURICATA,

240 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8977 to 9013—Continued.

8981. ANONA SQUAMOSA, 8999. MiIcHELIA CHAMPACA,
8982. ARACHIS HYPOGABA, 9000. PALISOTA BARTERI.
8988. ARTOCARPUS INTECRI 9001. PERSEA GRATISSIMA.
FOLIA,
8984. BAUHINIA PICTA. 9002. PIMENTA ACRIS.
8985. BuryrROsPERMUM PARKII. 9008. PITHECOLOBIUM SAMAN.
8986. CAJANUS INDICUS. 9004. PoOINCIANA REGIA.
‘ od es r ’ TED
8987. CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA, 9005. RaAPHIA VINIFERA.

8988. CaAssIA ALATA. :
9006. SIpEROXYLON DULCIFICUM,

8989. CHRYSOPHYLLUM CAINITO.
9007. SrATHODEA CAMPANU-

8990. Correa LIBERICA. LATA.

8991. CRESCENTIA CUJETE. 9008. SponDIAS DULCIS.

8992. ELAEIS GUINEENSIS. 9009. SPpoNDIAS LUTEA.

8993. FuUNTUMIA ELASTICA. 9010. THEOBROMA CACAO.

8994. GARCINIA HANBURYI. Cacao.

8995. HoNCKENYA FICIFOLIA. 9011. THEVETIA NEREIFOLIA.

8996. HuRA CREPITANS. Trumpet flower.

8997. LABRAMIA BOJERI. 9012. THUNBERGIA ERECTA.

8998. LerUCAENA GLAUCA. 90138. VoANDZEIA SUBrERRANEA.
9014. PyrRus MALUS. Apple.

From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, special agent of
the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, September 9, 1902.

Peron.

9015 and 9016. [FRUNUS ARMENTIACA. Apricot.

From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, special agent,
September 9, 1902.

9015. 9016.
Perry. From a large tree at Chepultepec
farm.
9017 to 9019. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Bangkok, Siam. Secured by Dr. G. B. McFarland, and imported by Rey.
G. R. Callender, at the request of Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received
September 11, 1902.

‘(A seedless variety, or possibly three different varieties of pomelo, from the garden
of Prince Mom Chow Rachawongse, of the lineage of the former Second King. The
seedless pomelos, sold on the Hongkong market, which are supposed to be produced
by trees of this variety, are the best pomelos in the Orient. The ‘‘seedless Bangkok”’
was the sort requested by us. The circumstances connected with the introduction of
these pomelo plants, many months after Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild visited Siam,
were such that it is not possible to say definitely whether one single variety of the
‘“Bangkok seedless’’ was represented by the three plants brought in, or whether the
Prince sent one plant each of three kinds.’”’ (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 241

9020. (CUCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Valencia, Spain. Presented by Hon. R. M. Bartleman, United States
Consul. Received September 20, 1902.

Bronze. One of the finest Spanish varieties.

/
9021. ‘TRIGONELLA FORNUM-GRAECUM. Fenugreek.
From New York. Received through J. M. Thorburn & Co., September 29, 1902.

iis seed was grown in southern Germany.
Tl l was g in southern Germany

9022. (UCUMIS MELO. Muskmelon.

From Valencia, Spain. Presented by Hon. R. M. Bartleman, United States
Consul. Received October 2, 1902.

Bronze. (These seeds may be of the same variety as No. 9020, but as they are
much lighter in color they have been given a separate number. )

9023. PSsIpIUM GUAJAVA. Guava.

From Merritt, Fla. Presented by Mr. L. H. Gurney. Received October 6, 1902.

9024. ANONA SQUAMOSA. Custard apple.

From Mussoorie, united provinces of Agra and Oudh, India. Presented by Rey.
H. Marston Andrews. Received October 6, 1902.

Sharifa or custard apple seed, grown in Dehra Dun, on the south side of a wall.
The trees grow to a height of from 15 to 25 feet.

9025. OrRNOTHERA SINUATA.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Presented by Mr. Luther Burbank, through Mr. D. G,
Fairchild. Received September 30, 1902.

‘Mr. Burbank thinks this a valuable ornamental.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9026. ‘TRIFOLIUM RESUPINATUM. Strawberry clover.

From North Australia. Presented by Mr. Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, Cal.,
through Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received September 30, 1902.

‘*Found in culture at Mr. Burbank’s experimental gardens.’’ (Fairchild. )

9027. PYRETHRUM TCHIHATCHEWII.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Presented by Mr. Luther Burbank, through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild. Received September 30, 1902.

‘Said to be from Asia Minor. Should be sown in pots and transplanted. Formsa
pretty mat of foliage likea lawn, and could be used for lawn purposes.’’ (/Wirchild. )

9028. Musa TEXTILIs. Manila hemp.

From Manila, P. I. Presented by Mr. John W. Gilmore, of the Insular Bureau
of Agriculture, through Mr. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Received October 10, 1902.

9029. PRUNUS CERASUS. pager

From Vladimir, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 101, July 22,
1902), October 9, 1902.

Vladimir. ‘‘Sun-dried cherries from the garden of Feodor Gontcheroff. These
cherries, which will not be picked until about July 31, are from a garden typical as
to the method of cultivation (or rather lack of cultivation). The trees are propa-
gated by shoots from the roots regardless of any order. The trees are never pruned
nor is the ground eyer cultivated. The young shoots are allowed to grow up w ith
the older trees. The result is a dense thicket or jungle, almost impenetrable, of tree:

942 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

from 8 to 12 feet high, In spite of this lack of care the trees bear rather freely. The
cherries are usually fully ripe by the 20th of July, but this year being cold only
part were ripe. The cherries are black, about five-eighths to three-fourths inch in
diameter, with blood-red flesh and juice. They are sweet and juicy, but still retain
a pleasant, acid flavor. The general idea that this variety is propagated, as a rule,
from seeds is erroneous, that method being used only rarely. However, the variety
is said to come fairly true to seed.’’ ( Bessey.)

9030. PRUNUS CERASUS. Cherry.
From Dobrovka, near Vladimir, Russia. Received through Mr. KE. A. Bessey
(No. 1038, July 22, 1902), October 9, 1902.

‘*From the garden of Vladimir cherries of Makar Kulikoff and Gregori Rezanoff.
This tree differs from the others in being exceedingly prolific, the cherries nearly
hiding the leaves. The tree is much more vigorous and less inclined to branch at
the ground. The leaves are larger and darker green and more coarsely dentate.
The leaves are shiny above while those of the neighboring Vladimir cherry trees are
dull. The cherries are borne in clusters, those of the Vladimir being usually single
or in pairs. They ripen ten days later than the Vladimir, i. e., normally about
July 31, and are nearly black when ripe. The flesh is only slightly colored. The
cherries are juicy and said to be sweeter than those of the true Vladimir variety.
No trees were obtainable. Seeds (in the sun-dried cherries) were obtained in the
hope that something valuable may be obtained. This is believed to be a seedling of
the true Vladimir.”’ ( Bessey. )

9031 to 9039.

A miscellaneous collection of exotic plants growing in the Department grounds
and greenhouses, which were turned over to the Office of Seed and Plant Introduc-
tion for distribution, October, 1902. The origin of most of them is unknown.

9031. JACARANDA CHELONIA.

From Argentina. Seed received May, 1901.
9082. TrcroNA GRANDIS. Teak.

9083. GRABOWSKIA GLAUCA.

From Argentina. May be a good hedge plant.
9034. SopHoRA JAPONICA. Pagoda tree.

9035. Rubus sp.

From Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 194), assistant curator,
U.S. National Museum. ‘‘The leaves have a metallic luster, making it a fine
ornamental.’’ ( Rose.)

9036. STERCULIA PLATANIFOLIA,
9037. NuyTSIA FLORIBUNDA.
9038. ALBIZZIA LEBBEK.

9039. INDIGOFERA ANIL.
From Porto Rico. Received October, 1901.

9040. CITRUS AUSTRALICA.

From Botanic Garden, Pisa, Italy. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle (No.
120), October 16, 1902.

‘‘A small tree, 12 feet high, with abundant foliage; trunk 4 feet high, 6 inches in
diameter at base. Tree grows alongside C. trifoliata and, like it, seems to stand the
cold at Pisa, which sometimes reaches 10° F. in winter and kills pistaches. Fruit is
like a lime in Australia, and the species may prove very useful in breeding a hardy
lime or lemon, or for a stock.’’? (Swingle. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 243

9041. PHYLLOSTACHYS CASTILLONIS. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
983, July 28, 1902), November, 1902.

Kimmei-chiku. ‘Plants of the ‘golden’ or ‘striped’ bamboo of Japan. This spe-
cies has the most decorative culms of any of the Japanese bamboos, being of a golden
yellow color striped with green. When young these stems are brilliant in their fresh-
ness and a clump of them is a most beautiful sight. This bamboo is said to have been

- introduced into Japan from Korea. It is by no means a common sort, even in Japan.

Owing to the fact that the green stripes fade after the culms are cut, its decorative
value is confined to the living stems, especially those one year old. The plant grows
toa height of 15 to 16 feet, even occasionally to 39 feet, and the culms attain 10 inches
in circumference. If planted in a sheltered place on rich soil which is kept well
mulched it will produce in a few years a handsome clump of the golden stems. The
leaves are slightly variegated. It is exceedingly variable in the variegations, both of
leaf and stem, the green stripes sometimes being scarcely visible. Sprouts appear in
June in Japan and are said to be edible, though I have never heard of this variety
being grown for food. It is essentially an ornamental plant.’”? ( /airchild. )

9042. PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
984, July 28, 1902), November, 1902.

Kuro-chiku, Kurodaké, or Gomadaké. ‘‘Plants of the Japanese black bamboo.
This species is characterized by its dark brown to purple-black culms, which make
it one of the handsomest species in Japan. It does not grow much over 20 feet in
height, even under the best conditions of soil and climate. The shoots do not turn
black until the second year, the first season being green with dark, freckle-like spots.
The black bamboo formed at one time a considerable source of revenue to Japan,
being largely exported to Europe and America, but of recent years the demand for
it has fallen off. The growers say it is because the exporters have shipped immature
culms. Itisstill extensively used for walking sticks, umbrella handles, ete. It grows
largest on rich alluvial soil, needs plenty of phosphoric acid and potash, and the ground
should be heavily mulched so that it will not dry out.’”’ (Fuirchild. )

9043. PHYLLOSTACHYS HENONIS, var. MADARADAKE. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
985, July 28, 1902), November, 1902.

Madaradake or Ummon-chiku. ‘‘Plants of the mottled bamboo from Hakone,
province of Omi, arranged for through the assistance of Professor Hirase, a well-known
Japanese botanist. This variety is characterized by having distinct blotches (possi-
bly of fungus origin) on its culms. These blotches are of a dark-brown color, some-
times with concentric rings of a darkerhue. The mottled culms are especially prized
for fancy furniture making, as the mottling is permanent. The plant resembles
Phyllostachys henonis in growth, and under tavorable conditions attains a height of
over 15 feet. The blotches on this bamboo do not make their appearance until the
third or fourth year, and are more pronounced in the shady parts of the grove. If
exposed to bright sunshine it is said the blotches fail toappear. This variety should
be given especial attention, not planted in very small clumps, and grown on rich,
well-drained soil in locations well sheltered from the wind. It is probably not so
hardy as some other sorts and until well established should be protected with a
heavy mulch of straw in the winter. The soil should not be allowed to dry out, but
should be kept moist by an inch of good mulch during the summer as well.”’
(Fairchild. )

9044. PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 986, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Yadake. ‘‘The arrow bamboo, from whose culms the Japanese archers of feudal
times had their shafts prepared. The culms are especially suited to this purpose,
for they are straight, extremely hard, and of about the proper diameter. The arrows
of present-day archers in Japan are also made of this bamboo. The sort was first
introduced into England in 1894, Mitford says, and is consequently a comparatively
new kind. In Japan it is not so common as many other types, being seen rarely in

Y44 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

cultivated ground. It is pronounced hardy in England by Mitford, and a valuable
acquisition. In habit it is cespitose, and its clumps are tall and closely set with the
culms. Its broad leaves give it a very decorative appearance, individual leaves being
as much as 11 inches long by 1} inches broad. It is sometimes used as a hedge
plant in Japan, and its wood finds uses in the manufacture of tea sieves, baskets, ete.
In general appearance it is quite unlike the ordinary bamboos, most of the leaves
being borne only on the upper portion of the culms.”’ ( Fairchild. )

9045. PHYLLOSTACHYS MITIS. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 987, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Moso-chiku or Mouso-chiku. ‘‘ Plants of the edible bamboo of Japan. This vari-
ety, which Japanese historians say was introduced into Japan from China a century
and a half ago, is not the species best suited for timber purposes, although the largest
in size of any of the hardy sorts in Japan. Its culms are sold, it is true, and used in
the manufacture of dippers, pots, vases, water troughs, etc., but the wood is
softer and more brittle than that of the Madake, No. 9046. Asa vegetable it is cul-
tivated in small forests near the principal cities, and is given great care. Its young,
tender shoots, like giant asparagus shoots, form one of the favorite spring vegetables
of all classes in Japan. European and American residents in Japan are, many of
them, fond of this vegetable, some even being passionately so. Its cultivation for
the purpose of shoot production, therefore, is alone worthy the consideration of
truck growers in the extreme South. A market can probably be created for the
shoots as soon as a large enough supply can be insured to make the effort worth
while. On the other hand, the value of the culms for use in fence making, basket
making, and the production of a host of farm and garden conveniences, makes it
worth a place in the back yard of every farmer in those regions suited to its growth.
It is one of the hardy sorts, and so far as beauty is concerned it is, according to Mit-
ford, ‘the noblest of all the bamboos generally cultivated in England.’ The severe
winter of 1895 in England cut the culms down to the ground, but during that season
the thermometer dropped below zero Fahrenheit. Even after this severe freeze the
roots remained alive. It is not to be expected that this form will attain so large
dimensions in the colder, drier climate of America, but the size of the culms of bam-
boos depends so much upon the richness of the soil and the methods of culture that,
with proper nourishment, there is no reason why large-sized culms, over 2 inches in
diameter, should not be produced in America. I have measured a shoot in Japan
which was 1 foot 7} inches in circumference, and there are records of culms nearly
3 feet in circumference. These large culms were over 40 feet in height. A forest of
these large bamboos forms one of the most beautiful sights in the world. In plant-
ing for its edible shoots about 120 plants are set out to the acre, but if for forest pur-
poses at least 200 plants should be used. The balls of earth and roots should be
more carefully set than those of deciduous trees, as the rhizomes, if injured, stop
growing, and the spreading of the plant is checked. The fibrous roots are very
brittle after planting and a heavy mulch of straw and loose earth should be kept
on the field, so that the surface soil will not dry out. A sheltered situation is
essential to the growth of this species, and rich, alluvial soil is what it likes best.
Standing water beneath the soil kills it, and much gravel prevents its rapidly spread-
ing. <A sufficient number should be planted in a clump to enable the young plants,
after a few years, to effectually shade the ground, otherwise, no tall, straight culms
will be produced. Judicious thinning out of the small shoots, while still young,
tends to make the plant produce larger culms.’’ (Fairchild. )

9046. PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOT. . Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchil
(No. 988, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Madake. ‘‘This is the great timber-producing bamboo of Japan. It is grown in
large plantations or forests near the large cities of Japan, and its culture is said to be
among the most profitable of any plant culture in the country. There are extensive
wild forests south of Kobe, but the finest culms come from the cultivated forests;
these culms are more regular in size and of better shape. The wood of this species
is said to be superior in elasticity and durability to either that of the Moso, No. 9045,
or Hachiku, No. 9047. Its extensive uses are too numerous to mention, for they
would form a list as long as that of an enumeration of the uses of the white pine in
America. The cultivation of this bamboo is not a difficult one, and forests of it
should be started in all regions having a suitable climate. The species is one of the

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 245

hardiest of the large-sized kinds in Japan and thrives in England, proving hardier
than Moso, No. 9045. It never attains the same dimensions as this species, but often,
however, grows to a height of 30 to 40 feet, and culms having a diameter of 24 to 3
inches are not unusual. Even 4-inch culms are described by the books. The size
of these culms depends largely upon the method of culture and how carefully the
forests are chinned out and manured. About 800 plants should be set to an acre, in
such a way that their spreading rhizomes will not interfere with each other at the
start. The soil should be worked over to a depth of 18 inches several months before
ylanting, and if of a heavy clay, should be lightened by working in straw and litter
rom the barnyard. After planting, the ground should be heavily muleched to prevent
the top soil from drying out, and every means should be taken to insure that the
ground is soon shaded by the growing shoots. The soil about the bases of the culms
should be kept in semiobscurity. This object is only obtained by moderately thick
planting and judicious thinning. Small clumps are not so likely to produce large
stems as quickly as large patches, for the reason that the soil is more exposed to
the drying effect of the sun. Only rich, alluvial, well-drained soil is likely to prove
suitable for a bamboo forest of this species. The thickness of the pipes of this sort
of bamboo is greater than that of any of the other common kinds, and this charac-
teristic makes the culms more rigid and more serviceable for many purposes. It is
of great importance that a young forest of bamboos be protected from the wind, for
the young, tender shoots are easily injured. Wind-breaks of conifers are used in
Japan even where the winds are anything but severe. A sheltered valley, or the
base of a mountain slope, is sometimes chosen as offering such a sheltered situation.
In setting young plants out great care should be taken not to injure the buds on the
rhizomes or to break off the fibrous roots by packing down the soil too roughly about
them. This species is likely to prove the most valuable of any of the Japanese hardy
bamboos.’? = (Zairchild. )

9047. PHYLLOSTACHYS HENONIS. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 989, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Hachiku. ‘‘The second most important timber bamboo of Japan. Its method of
culture is exactly similar to that of the Madake, No. 9046, and often it is cultivated
side by side with this species. The brittleness of its joints, I am told, prevents its
being used for many purposes, such as barrel hoops, for which the Madake is better
adapted. On the other hand, the fine bamboo ribs of Japanese paper lanterns are
generally made from this species. The height of this species is little inferior to that
of the Madake, but it may be easily distinguished from it by the absence of dark
spots on the sheath in young shoots. The sheaths are a solid light-straw color. The
pseudophyll has a wavy outline. As an ornamental, this species is singled out by
Mitford as the most beautiful of all the Japanese bamboos. In hardiness in Japan
it ranks about the same as Phyllostachys quilioi. Mitford says it is one of the hardiest
species in England, retaining its green color through the winter, the leaves not being
injured by the cold. It should be given good soil and protection for the first few
winters, or until thoroughly established.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9048. PHYLLOSTACHYS MARLIACEA. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 990, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Shibo-chiku or Shiwa-chiku. ‘‘Plants of the wrinkled bamboo, perfectly hardy in
England, characterized by having the base of the culm fluted or covered with longi-
tudinal grooves and ridges. The stems of this species are especially prized for use in
the woodwork of the special tea-ceremony rooms of old Japanese houses. An uncom-
mon form in England and very decorative. Hard to get in quantity, even in Japan.
ee i) be given the same treatment as that given to Phyllostachys quilioi.”’ (Fair-
child,

9049. LamBuUSA QUADRANGULARIS. Bamboo.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 991, August, 1902), November, 1902.
Shiho-chiku or Shikaku-daké. ‘‘ Plants of the square bamboo. This is not consid-
ered as hardy as the previously mentioned species, Phyllostachys quilioi, and it will be
advisable to give it especial care upon arrival. The plants shui be potted and kept

246 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

in a cool house over winter; not planted out at once. The culms of this species are
square only when large. The small culms are round like any other kind, It pro-
duces its young shoots in Japan as early as February or March, I am told, and this
feature may make it difficult to acclimate. Mitford says its rootstock is very vigor-
ous, and, from clumps which | have seen near Yokohama, I judge it to be capable of
producing small forests of culms 20 to 30 feet high. It is a beautiful form and its
stems are much used for all classes of ornamental woodwork. It is not, however,
very largely cultivated in Japan.’’ ( Puirchild. )

9050. ARUNDINARIA SIMONI. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 992, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Narihiradaké. ‘‘One of the hardiest and tallest of the Japanese bamboos, perfectly
hardy in England, where it is very commonly grown. It is mainly an ornamental
and should be planted in small clumps. Its peculiar attraction lies in the large, per-
sistent, or semipersistent sheaths, which do not fall off until the shoots are mature.
[t spreads rapidly, but for several years the young shoots are likely to be small. In
Kew, Mitford says, this species has grown toa height of 18 feet, and I have seen
specimens in Japan 20 feet high. It is a very showy form and one which is worthy
a place in any collection of bamboos. It is not a forest type, and should be planted
in clumps of three or four plants. So far as I know, little use is made of this species
in Japan. It should be planted in sheltered locations, in fertile, mellow soil, and
given especial care for the first two or three winters.’’ (Fairchild. )

9051. PHYLLOSTACHYS RUSCIFOLIA. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 994, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Bungozasa. ‘‘A small species of bamboo, not over 2 feet high. The plants sent
are designed for trial along the banks of irrigation canals in California and else-
where. The species is said to be an excellent sand binder and capable of forming a
thick mat of pretty green foliage and an indestructible mass of interwoven roots and
rhizomes. Plant 6 feet apart each way on the slopes of the canal bank and give
attention until well established. This may prove of considerable value for making
the banks of canals permanent. It will probably withstand considerable drought,
and it forms a very pretty mat of foliage on slopes or under the shade of conifers in
parks. It is not an uncommon species in England, and is also slightly known in
America.’’ (Fairchild. )

9052. PHYLLOSTACHYS AUREA. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild.
(No. 995, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Hotei-chiku or Horai-chiku. ‘‘The so-called ‘golden’ bamboo; a misnomer, as the
culms are no more deep yellow in color than those of other sorts. It is distinguished
by the short internodes at the base of the culm. It is an ornamental and the species
most used for canes and fishing rods. It should be planted in clumps of not less
than 15 plants for ornamental effect or for propagation. It is hardier than Phyllos-
tachys mitis and probably one of the hardiest species in Japan. The sprouts are said
to be of a better flavor than those of the real edible species, though this fact is not
commonly known. In England this species grows toa height of 14 feet 6 inches,
Mitford says. It is a much smaller species than P. mitis, P. quilioi, or P. henonis,
but worthy of a place in every bamboo collection.”? (Fairchild.)

9053. BAMBUSA VEITCHII. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 997, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Kuma-zasa. ‘‘A bamboo eminently suited for planting under conifers on lawns to
form a dense mass of foliage. The edges of the leaves in this species die in winter and
turn light yellow, giving them a striking landscape effect. Worth trying on embank-
ments of canals in California. Not less than 50 plants should be planted in a place,
say, 2 feet apart each way. For the slopes of embankments or roadways it produces
remarkably pretty effects. It is used here in Japan very extensively for this pur-

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 247

pose, and is also said to be a very good sand binder, but will probably not stand
drought or salt water, It Saar very rapidly, but if it threatens to become trouble-
some by spreading, a ditch 2 feet wide by 2 feet deep, kept open by occasional
redigging, will prevent its getting beyond control. A species whose value is in its
decorative and sand-binding character. It is said to be quite hardy in England.”
(Fairchild. )

9054. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 998, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Shakutan. ‘A broad-leaved species of bamboo which resembles in habit Bambusa
veitehii, only the stems are much taller and the leaves are larger. It is suited for
ylanting on embankments and under trees on a lawn to form a decorative mass of
foliage. It is said to come from the Hokkaido and to be very hardy. It should be
planted in lots of ten or more. In the Hokkaido the culms are used for pipe stems
and a host of other objects where a small, hard, flinty pipe is desired. I can not
find that this is commonly known in Europe under this name, though it comes near
Mitford’s description of Bambusa palmata, which he says is a striking ornamental
species and evidently hardy; at least he says nothing tothe contrary. It grows toa
height of 5 feet.”’ ( Fairchild. )

9055. BAMBUSA VULGARIS. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 999, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Taisau-chiku (?). ‘A tender variety of bamboo for Florida. This species comes
from the hottest part of Japan and is the only species of the shipment not hardy.
Its wood is said to be useful, though inferior to that of the hardy species. This may
prove a different variety from those already in Florida under this specific name.
Should be planted in lots of at least five.’’ (airchild. )

9056. BAMBUSA ALPHONSE KARRI. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1000, August 9, 1902), November, 1902.

Suwochiku, or Suochiku. ‘‘A species of striped bamboo which is considered by Mit-
ford as tender in England. It is an exceedingly pretty species and worthy of trial
in clumps in Florida and southern California, where it should grow to a height of
10 feet. When young the culms appear in autumn of a purplish color, traversed
nes green stripes. This should be distributed in lots of at least 10 plants.’? (Fair-
child. )

9057. ARUNDINARIA HINDSII. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1001, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Kanzan-chiki. ‘‘A species of bamboo which is commonly grown in clumps near
the houses of the peasants in Japan. It forms a very pretty clump from 12 to 17
feet high and, although Mitford says his specimens were cut down to the ground by
a severe winter, they grew up again, showing the species is not really tender. Should
be tried in Florida, Arizona, or southern California. So far as I know, no use is
made of this species except that of broom making.”’ ( Fuirchild.)

9058. ARUNDINARIA HINDSII var. GRAMINEA. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1010, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Taimin-chiku. ‘*A very decorative, narrow-leaved species of bamboo which is
used in Japan for hedges and ornamental clumps. It grows 10 to 12 feet high and
forms a dense thicket of slender stems. The foliage is narrow and grasslike and
resembles, though it is narrower, that of Arundinaria hindsii, No. 9057. It is a very
common form and is used for making baskets used in pressing oil from various seeds.
It is probably less hardy than other forms like Phyllostachys quilivi.”’ (Fairchild. )

245 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9059. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM. Potato.
From Callao, Peru. Secured by Mr. Joseph C. Cree, United States vice-consul,
October, 1902,
Papas amarillas. One-half bushel of native yellow potatoes.

9060. Myrica PAYA.

From Fayal, Azores Islands. Presented by Hon. Moyses Benarus, United States
consular agent.

This shrub or small tree grows on the sandy shores of these and other subtropical
islands.

9061 to 9082.

From Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Presented by Sefor Carlos D. Girola, chief of
the division of agriculture. Received September 15, 1902.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9061. CAREX DARWINII. 9072. ARISTOTELIA MACQUI.

9062. CAREX DECIDUA. 9073. CHORISIA INSIGNIS.

9063. CAREX HAEMATORRHYNCA. 9074. Cocos AUSTRALIS.

9064. CAREX MACLOVIANA. 9075. Cocos YATAY.

9065. CAREX PSEUDOCYPERUS. 9076. ENTEROLOBIUM TIMBOUVA.

9066. JACARANDA CUSPIDIFOLIA. 9077. ENTEROLOBIUM TIMBOUVA,

9067. LrBoceDRUS CHILENSIS. 9078. FEIJOA SELLOWIANA.

9068. ScHINUS DENTATUS. 9079. LARREA NITIDA.

9069. ScHINUS DEPENDENS var. 9080: -MaAcnanniseneeee
PATAGONICA.,

9070. ScHINUS MONTANA. 9081. PROSOPIS DENUDANS.

9071. Txrcoma sp. 9082. PrIPraADENIA MACROCARPA.

9083 to 9122.

From Nice, France. Presented by Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
October 24, 1902.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9083. ACACIA ARMATA. 9098. CORONILLA ATLANTICA.
9084. ACACIA CYANOPHYLLA. 9094. CUPHEA IGNEA.
9085. ACACIA FARNESIANA. 9005. Corns sueneee

9086. ALBIZZIA MOLUCCANA.

9096. CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS.
9087. ALBIZZIA ODORATISSIMA.

9097. CYPERUS PAPYRUS.
9088. ANCHUSA ITALICA.

9098. DroTIs CANDIDISSIMA.
9089. ASYSTASIA BELLA.

. ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.
9090. CEANOTHUS AZUREUS. 9099
‘From large fruits of very good

9091. CoBAEA SCANDENS. quality.’’ (Proschowsky. )

9092. COMMELINA COELESTIS. 9100. ‘RYNGIUM AGAVEFOLIUM.

———_ -——s

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 249

9083 to 9122 Continued.
9101. EuparToRIUuM ATRORUBENS. 9112. NorocHarre HAMOSA.

“Very remarkable leaves and 9113

" OPUNTIA GYMNOCARP
flowers.’’ — ( Proschowsky. ) rsa GYMNOCAREA

“A very large and ornamental
9102. GeENISTA MONOSPERMA, gee ees fruit.’’
TOSCILOWS wy.
“A very ornamental bush.’’

» al ' on
(Proschowsky. ) 9114. Osyris ALBA.
9103. Iris GERMANICA, 9115. PELARGONIUM ZONALE.
Varieties. Varieties.
9104. [kis SIBERICA. 9116. PHoRMIUM TENAX.
Varieties. ‘Foliage variegated, very beau-

tiful.”’ ( Proschowsky. )
9105. KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES var.

NOBILIS. 9117. PHYGELIUS CAPENSIS.
9106. LANTANA RADULA. 9118. PoDACHAENIUM PANICULA-
TUM.
9107. LersPeprezA BICOLOR. ‘‘Veryornamental.”’ (Proschow-
sky.)

9108. LinaRria SAXATILIS (?).
9119. RIvINA HUMILIs.

9109. MALva SYLVESTRIS.
9120. SoLANUM ERYTHROCARP-

UM.
9110. MAarRIscus NATALENSIS.

9121. SoLanvm gp.
9111. MELALEUCA LEUCADEND-
RON. 9122. STERCULIA ACERIFOLIA.

9123 and 9124.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November
3, 1902.

9123. OLEA LAURIFOLIA. 9124. OLEA VERRUCOSA.

9125. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Kharkof, in the Starobelsk district, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A.
Bessey (No. 108, July 25, 1902), November 4, 1902.

Kharkof. ‘‘Red, bearded, hard winter wheat from the Starobelsk district of the
government of Kharkof. This is similar to the Aharkof wheat obtained last year,
but from a region where the winters are much drier.’’ (Bessey. )

9126. BALSAMORHIZA SAGITTATA.

From Bridges Peak, Mont. Received through Mr. V. K. Chesnut, of this
Department, November 5, 1902.

9127 and 9128.

From Santiago, Chile. Presented by Sefior Federico Albert, chief of the section
of zoological and botanical investigations, department of industries and public
works. Received November 12, 1902.

9127. LirHRAEA AROERINHIIA.

9128. PERSEA LINGUR.

Y50 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9129. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Padi, Saratov government, Russia. Received through Mr, E. A, Bessey
(No. 109, July 25, 1902), November 15, 1902.

Winter wheat. ‘A softish, light-colored wheat, with smooth heads. Said to have
been originally grown from the Hungarian Banat, but is somewhat darker colored
and harder.’’ (Bessey. )

9130. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Naples, Italy. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
1076). Sample received by mail November 28, 1902; 300 kilos received Decem-
ber 10, 1902.

Saragolla. ‘‘ Wheat grown in the province of Apulia, along the Adriatic coast of
southern Italy. This wheat is esteemed by the producers of the famous Gragnano
macaroni as the best in the world for the production of a delicate, fine-flavored
product. It has not the strength of the Taganrog varieties, which, owing to the
small quantity of native wheat securable, are imported into Italy for semola-making
purposes. It has, however, a better flavor, | am told, and the yield of semola from
it is greater per weight of grain than from any of the imported hard wheats. It,
therefore, sells from 1.25 to 1.75 lire per quintal (100 kilos) higher than imported
wheats, which have to pay an import duty as well. Macaroni made from this variety
of wheat will not keep as long as that made from Taganrog sorts and is more liable
to the attacks of insects, but for quick consumption (three to six months) it is con-
sidered superior, and the gourmets of Naples order their macaroni made of the Sara-
golla wheat. The climate of the region about Foggia, where the best of this variety
is said to be grown, is one of the driest in Italy—only 18 inches of rainfall in the
year—and the soil is said to be stiff but impregnated with lime—i. e., calcareous.
This variety deserves the attention of American macaroni-wheat growers. As it
comes from a region where the winters are mild, it will probably not prove hardy as
a winter wheat north of the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude. The summer tempera-
ture of Apulia is high, but not commonly over 100° F. The heavy rains occur in
autumn, spring, and winter.”’ (Fuirchild. )

9131. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Dzhizak, a town about 100 miles northwest of Samarcand, on the railroad.
Obtained through the Samarcand representatives of Mr. H. W. Durrschmidt
by Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 118, August 30, 1902). Received December 1, 1902.

Chul bidai (or bugdai), meaning steppe wheat. ‘‘This grain is grown on the Steppes
without irrigation. The grains are hard, but it is not 7. durum (according to Mr, Sehil-
ron). This variety yields two harvests a year, for it can be sown as either a winter or
spring wheat. If the former, the harvest comes in July; if the latter, the harvest comes
in September. If sown in the spring, it is sown just as soon as the snow melts. The
spring-sown is the most certain to yield a good crop, for the fall-sown must depend
upon the rather uncertain snows. This seed, however, is from the fall-sown seed,
being obtained in July. It is selected from over 1,000 poods offered for sale and is
remarkably clean and free from foreign seeds for this region.’ ( Bessey.)

9132. CITRUS NOBILIS X CITRUS BIGARADIA. Tangerine.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received December 3, 1902.

Clementine.

9133. HorDEUM DISTICHUM NUTANS. Barley.

From Fort Atkinson, Wis. Received through Ex-Governor W. D. Hoard, Decem-
ber 5, 1902.

Hanna. Grown from No. 5793.

9134. MUSA TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.

From Manila, P. I. Presented by Mr. W. S. Lyon, of the Insular Bureau of
Agriculture, to Mr. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Received December 15, 1902.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 251

9135 to 9146. OpunrTIA sp. Tuna.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer (Nos. | to 12), December
19, 1902.

A collection of seeds as follows:

9135.

Amarillos. ‘‘One of the finest of the Mansa forms of tuna and well suited
to the use of travelers, being large and containing sufficient water to quench
the thirst. Outside it is amber-yellow in color; inside it is decidedly amber
or with orange patches. Very productive fruit of this form will be found in
the market up to December. The flesh is firm, with the flavor of boiled car-
rots with a large admixture of sugar.’? (Palmer.) (No. 1.)

9136.

Cardona. ‘* Nine pears of this variety sold in the San Luis Potosi market for
leent. It isa small, rich, sweet fruit. The flesh is blotched with maroon
and red. The commonest and most useful of all the tunas, yielding a fair
supply in December. This fruit is much used in making a summer drink
known as ‘colonche,’ which is largely in use. Queso de tuna, tuna cheese,
isa round cake made from Tuna cardo. The fruit is divested of its jacket and
then rubbed through an earthenware strainer and the resulting mass is cooked
six hours, then worked (like candy) until all the heat is expelled, and then
put into round frames to harden. This is a commercial article all over Mexico.
The tuna Cardona contains sugar enough to preserve it.’’ (Palmer.) (No. 2.)

9137.

Durasnillo Blanco (little white peach tuna). ‘‘Sold in the market of San Luis
Potosi, 25 for 1 cent. This tuna is eaten entire, not having its rind removed.
The seeds are compacted in a wad to resemble a peach stone. It is but a second
class fruit. Inside it resembles a white freestone peach, firm, acid-sweet, with
water-colored pulp. Its rind is canary-colored outside. I think this tuna
would make a good pickle.’”’ (Palmer.) (No. 3.)

9138.

Durasnillo Colorado, or little red peach tuna. ‘‘Sold 25 for 1 cent in the
market of San Luis Potosi. The fruit is eaten entire. Fine acid-sweet, much
relished by some. Has the flavor of some late freestone peaches. It is rose-
colored on the outside and a rose-pink inside (with a fleecy white spot near the
base and also at the apex of the fruit). The seeds are compacted inside in a
mass to resemble a peach stone. I think this would make a good pickle.’’
(Palmer.) (No. 4.)

9139.

Cuejas. ‘‘Sold 30 for 1 cent in the market at San Luis Potosi. A remark-
ably juicy fruit, with a delightful acid taste, which might make it suitable for
wine and a fine jelly. The fruit is first dark mauve, then rich maroon, a color
fine for wine and jelly. It is considered but a second-class fruit; nevertheless
all that come to the market are consumed.’’ (Palmer.) (No. 5.)

9140.

Cameosa. ‘‘A Mansa form, sold in the market of San Luis Potosi 9 for 1
cent. A fine rich fruit with a watermelon flavor, and very juicy, making it
fine for a breakfast fruit. Inside it has white patches intermixed with its
mealy, tempting pulp, which is rich reddish crimson in color. The exterior
isa pink crimson. This much prized fruit is abundant until the end of Octo-
ber.’? (Palmer.) (No. 6.)

9141.

Mansa Colorado. ‘Sold in the market of San Luis Potosi 4 for 1 cent. Old
fruit isa dark mauve on the outside and bright maroon inside. A juicy, agree-
able fruit which might make a good wine. At the base is a white patch, and
at the apex under the skin is a circle of rose color. Many consider this equal
in quality to any tuna. Disappears from market at the end of October.”
(Palmer.) (No. 7.)

252 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9135 to 9146 — Continued.
9142.

Blanca mansa. ‘Sold in the market of San Luis Potosi in piles of 7 for I
cent. The fruit is greenish-white outside and a lighter white (with an icy
look) inside. Anagreeable juicy flavor renders it fine for early meals. It has
rather a thin skin, and is one of the choicest tunas. Out of season at end of
October.”’ (Palmer.) (No. 8.)

91438.

Toconostle. ‘Fruit resembling a peach, with seed compacted in the center
to represent the stone. The outside is a soft green when the fruit is young
and of a salmon color when it is older. The flesh is solid and has ‘an acid
taste. Marmalade is made of it by removing the rind and seed core, boiling
in water to remove the sourness, and cooking in sugar in the usual manner for
marmalade. The fruit is also eaten chopped up and fried. Good pickles are
said to be made of it. It is also cut into pieces and put into soups or boiled
with vegetables and meats, and can be preserved in the ordinary way. It is
also candied to represent white Smyrna figs, being first boiled in water (after
the seeds have been removed from the apex) and then in sugar the usual
way for candied fruit.”’ (Palmer.) (No. 9.)

9144.

Chavana. ‘Sold 10 for 1 cent in the market of San Luis Potosi. The fruit
is a dark-mauve color outside and lighter colored inside. The rind is rather
thick. The fleshy parts represent lines of white circles, which contain the
seeds, and between which are lines of light mauve pulp. The core is decid-
edly white. The flesh has a rich, sweet, juicy taste like no other tuna; may
be nearest to a rich, juicy apple. This is a wild variety. Can be used for
preserves and marmalade. It seems to be next to Cardona in the amount of
sugar it contains.’’ (Palmer.) (No. 10.)

9145.

Castilla Colorado. ‘‘In the market of San Luis Potosi 10 of these large, mag-
nificent fruits can be bought for 1 cent. Purple-mauve on the outside, rich
crimson inside, but the two ends of the fruit are inclined to be carmine at first,
but in the fully mature fruit of a rich claret hue. The juice might pass for
claret wine. One of the largest, showiest, and richest flavored, and perhaps
equal in flavor to the richest pear. It is one of the rarest tunas, and is soon
out of the market.’’ (Palmer.) (No. 11.)

9146.

Blanca Castalina. ‘‘Four sold in the market of San Luis Potosi for 1 cent.
Yellow-white on the outside, but of an icy whiteness inside. Flesh solid, not
as moist as some of the Munsas, and with a very agreeable watermelon taste.
It is large, and has a rather thin skin. There seems to be considerable sugar
in the fruit. Abundant in the market until the end of October, when it begins
to disappear.’”’ (Palmer.) (No. 12.)

9147 to 9160. PHASEOLUS sp. Bean.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer, Decem-
ber 19, 1902.

A collection of selected ‘‘ frijoles’’ as follows:

9147.

Amarillo. ‘‘A third-class bean, said to be of good flavor. For trial in New
Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.’’ ( Palmer.)

9148.

Ballo. ‘‘A first-class bean, the-leader in quality, and greatly admired, par-
ticularly by the rich. It is a good producer, fair sized, and light in color,
which ans quality should warrant its trial in the United States. It should
be tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.’ (Palmer. )

a

_—

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 253

9147 to 9160—Continued.
9149.

Berendo. ‘A second-class bean; not without merit, however, as it has a
large number of purchasers. When the beans are old they are much darker
than when new. Plant just before a rain. For trial in New Mexico, Arizona,
and southern California.’’ (Palmer. )

9150.

Blanco bolador. ‘‘A third-class bean, but may improve with cultivation.
Only two lots were seen on the markets. It is generally eaten when no better
bean can be had. After being boiled it is sometimes fried in lard. It resem-
bles our lima bean. It should be tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern
Jalifornia.’”’ (Palmer. )

9151.

Borado. ‘ Rated as a second-class bean, though it is good when fried. It
has many purchasers. The variations shown in the piles in the market prove
that it crosses freely. For trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cali-
fornia.’’ (Palmer. ) ;

9152.

Blanco. ‘‘A third-class bean which does not seem to be a favorite. It
closely resembles the white bean of the United States, and I refused to eat it
if any colored beans were on hand. Grows with a small amount of water.
For trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.’’ ( Palmer.)

9158.

Ballo almo halla ( Cacaguate, peanut bean). ‘‘ This bean resembles the kernel
of a peanut. It is a first-class bean, relished by many for its flavor, and as it
is of a light color may be a good one to cultivate. Try in New Mexico, Ari-
zona, and southern California.’’ (Palmer. )

9154.

Color de Rosa. ‘‘A second-class bean, and yet there are many who prefer it.
It seems to cross freely, judging from the ‘ half castes’ in the piles of beans on
the market. Should be tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cali-
fornia.’’? ( Palmer.)

9155.

Garbansillo. ‘‘<A first-class bean preferred by many, as it has a rich flavor.
It is white, and on that account might claim recognition by those who like no
other color, however high the quality. It grows freely on the table-lands of
Mexico, and therefore might grow upon our plains and surpass our white bean
in quality and productiveness. Should succeed in Utah.’’ (Palmer. )

9156.

Grullito. ‘‘ A first-class bean in every respect, and has only the Ballo asa
rival according to most people. It is said to yield bountifully. It should be
tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.’’ (Palmer. )

9157.

Gruyo. ‘A second-class bean which seems to be a good producer. For
trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.’’ (Pa/mer.)

9158.

Guevo de Vieja. ‘‘A second-class bean, not abundant in the market. For
trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.’’ (Palmer.)

9159.

Negro. ‘‘Rated asathird-class bean. Itis grown only in the tropies, where
no other bean thrives well. There it is appreciated. This sample came from
Veracruz and was the purest in the market, either as regards adulteration or
crossing. Asa personal choice for permanent food, I should select this bean,
as it has a satisfying quality to it. For trial in southern part of Florida.”’
( Palmer. )

254 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9147 to 9160—Continued.
9160.

Siguino. ‘‘A second-class bean, used a great deal. For trial in New Mexico,
Arizona, and southern California.’’ ( Palmer.)

9161. PYRUS LONGIPES.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Bota-
nist. Received December 23, 1902.

9162. EpGEWORTHIA GARDNERI. Paper plant.

From Shizuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1008, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Mitsumata, ‘‘The paper plant, from which some of the finest Japanese paper is
made. This fine paper is imported in large and increasing quantities into America,
where it is used for legal paper, stocks and bonds, deeds, diplomas, ete. This plant
requires especial attention, and a bulletin on its culture has appeared—B. P. I. Bulle-
tin No. 42. In Japan the seeds are kept in bags of palm sheath fiber in a shallow
hole in the floor of a house or shed, which is covered with boards to keep it dark.
In planting in the spring, sow in rows in rich garden soil, and when several inches
high transplant to nursery rows, and cultivate until large enough to plant out in per-
manent locations. It may, however, be planted out when only 8 to 9 inches high.
The plant is semihardy, but is often given protection, even in Japan. A frost of 6
or more degrees will not kill it, as it is a deciduous plant. It seems to adapt itself
to a variety of soils, and I believe it can be grown in arid regions by irrigation; at
least it is worthy of trial in them. The paper pulp yielded by the bark is four times
as valuable as ordinary wood pulp in Japan, and makes a quality of paper which for
many uses is immeasurably superior to our wood pulp or even rag papers. This
whole question of producing a bast paper in America is one worthy the serious con-
sideration of our cultivators in the South. In Japan the cultivation of this species is
increasing rapidly, 1 am told, and the consumption by foreigners of these fine Mitsu-
mata papers is larger every year. The attempt to find out where the plant will grow
should be made by the distribution of small potted plants rather than of seeds, and
one of the main objects of this first importation of seeds is to discover how far north
the plant will prove hardy. The bush grows about 6 feet high, is decorative, and is
sometimes planted for its pretty vellow flowers.”’ ( Fairchild.)

9163. EpGEWORTHIA GARDNERI. Paper plant.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1011, August, 1902), January 6, 1903, and February 28, 1903.

(See No. 9162 for description. )

9164. Myrica NAGI.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1009, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘Tama momo. ‘‘ Plants of the best variety of this fruit species. (See No. 9314.) The
best kind, i. e., that producing the largest fruit, has serrated leaves, I am informed.
Entire leaved forms produce smaller, scarcely edible fruits. This is a very slow-
growing tree, which will not produce fruit for six or seven years. Possibly a few
fruits will be produced in four years from these trees.’’ (Fairchild. )

9165. WICKSTROEMIA CANESCENS. _ Paper plant.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1012, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Gampi. ‘‘A species of tree from which the noted Gampi paper is made. This
plant has never been cultivated in Japan, but grows wild in the mountains of the
provinces of Yamato, Ise, Mino, ete. The demand for the bark is so great that the
plant is being killed out. The paper made from its bark is the toughest, finest, silkiest
paper in the world, and is used for the manufacture of letter press-copying books, ete.
In America many of these Japanese letter books are in use, and the export of this Gampi

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 255

paper is an important one for Japan. The plant will probably do best in the moun-
tains of the South, and the young plants should be distributed to such persons as can
give them a trial by setting them out, a few in a place, to ascertain how hardy the
species is. The plant is easily propagated by root cuttings, and this method should
be used to secure a small forest of it. The species runs readily by means of shoots
from the root, and trees 2 inches in diameter were not unusual before the big demand
set up for this delicate Gampi paper. Now it is difficult, it is said, to find trees of
more than a few feet in height. If this species can be brought into forest cultivation
it will add to the market a paper pulp of the greatest value.”? (/uirchild.)

9166. ARALIA CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1013, August, 1902), February 28, 19038.

Kan Udo. ‘Seed of a new salad plant called Udo. This is described in B. P. I.
Bulletin No. 42. It is a delicate, new salad which should find a most acceptable
place on the tables of well-to-do Americans, for it comes into season in October
eo N wae It is as crisp as celery, and has a refreshing flavor quite its own.’’

airchild.

9167. ARALIA CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1014, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Kan Udo. ‘Roots of the same variety of Udo as No. 9166. For description see
B. P. I. Bulletin No. 42. This variety should be given a different treatment from
that given to No. 9168, Moyashi Udo.”’ (Fairchild. )

9168. ARALIA CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1016, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Moyashi Udo. ‘‘ Young roots of the forcing Udo, a new salad plant of great promise.
These roots should be kept packed in straw, where they will not dry out nor mold,
in a cool storage place until next spring, when they should be planted out in rows
2 by 3 feet apart, and cultivated all summer as potatoes are cultivated. In the
autumn, after the leaves die, the old roots are dug and packed closely together in the
bottom of a trench 2 feet deep, and covered with leaf-mold and rich loam to force
them into growth. The blanched shoots, 2-3 feet long and as big as a man’s thumb,
are as tender as celery, and make a delicious salad if shaved and served with a French
dressing. This forcing variety is likely to be useful throughout the South. See
B. P. I. Bulletin No. 42.’’ (Fairchild.)

9169. ARALIA CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1016a, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Moyashi Udo. ‘‘Old roots, which should be planted out next spring in rows 2 by 3
feet apart, cultivated all the season, and next winter forced by burying in a trench,
as has been described for No. 9168. These old roots will produce good-sized shoots
the first winter’s forcing, while young roots will produce only a few small ones.’’
( Fairchild. )

9170 to 9199. PRUNUS PSEUDO-CERASUS var. HORTENSIS.
Flowering cherries.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1017, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘A collection of the different varieties of flowering cherries from a noted grower in
Tokyo—Mr. Takagi. There are hundreds of slightly different sorts of this flowering
cherry, which is, as is well known, the favorite flower of the Japanese. It is incon-
ceivable that Europeans and Americans have not followed the example of this race
of flower lovers and planted long avenues or whole hillsides with this superbly
beautiful plant. As an avenue tree in summer, the cherry would not be a success
except when mingled with some other sort, but its beauty during the spring months

29861—No. 66—05——17

Y56 SEEDS

AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

warrants its being planted in big masses in our large parks instead of as single, isolated
trees. The beauty of the cherry trees of Japan lies in the fact that there are miles

of them or acres of them in bloom at once.

Great care should be taken to keep the

names of the varieties straight, to enable other plants to be ordered if desired dee
These flowering cherries can be grafted on our wild cherry or on any good cherry
stock. Single, double, and weeping sorts are included in this shipment. A list

follows.’ (Fairchild. )

9170.

Nara Sakura.

9185.

Horinshi.

9171. 9186.

Oshiogun. Amayadori.
9172. 9187.

Chioshiu hisakura, Yedosakura,
9173. 9188.

Oyama fugin. Ouchisakura,
9174. 9189.

Yokih. Shiogama.
9175. 9190.

Kuramayana, Higurashi.
9176. 9191.

Tto Kukuri. Bauriko.
9177. 9192.

Surugadai niot. Rui arashi.
9178. 9193.

Ogasa yama. Tamamari.
9179. 9194.

Gozanoma, Ukon.
9180. 9195.

Ichio. Kangosan.
9181. 9196.

Daijen. Murasaki sakura,
9182. 9197.

Botun sakura Gayeakehono.
9183. 9198.

Ochiochin. Shirofugin.
9184. 9199.

Omanogawa. Sikigan.

9200. PRUNUS MUME. Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1018, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Rinshiu. ‘‘The favorite variety used for stocks by the Japanese nurserymen. This
is worthy of trial as a vigorous, resistant stock upon which to bud both European and
American varieties of plum. It should be tried by nurserymen interested in the

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 257

question of the influence of the stock on the scion. The fruit of the Japanese apri-
cot is used principally for pickling han pes The trees are unusually vigorous grow-
ers, heavy bearers, and are considered the best commercial plum trees of the Ume
class in the nursery region of Ikeda, Japan.’? — (/uirehild. )

9201. PRUNUS TOMENTOSA. Japanese cherry.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1015, August, 1902), February 28, 1905.

‘A decorative cherry with fruits the size of a large pea and sessile, or nearly so,
on the long, slender branches. The fruits are edible, but not of good quality. For
breeders and as an ornamental species. The fruits have a considerable amount of
pulp on them and are much more delicate than those of the American choke cherry.”’

( Fairchild. )

9202 to 9210. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1019, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘Fruiting plums of the Hatankyo class. Great confusion exists in the nomencla-
ture of these Japanese plums. The /atankyo class is often confused with the Botankyo.
The early ripening sorts are sometimes called Hatankyo; the late ripening kinds
Botankyo. They are the largest of the true plums of Japan, and have a smooth skin
like the European species. Said to be shy bearers and not as profitable for commer-
cial purposes as the Swmomo class of small-sized, thin-skinned, soft-fleshed fruit.
These Hatankyos or Hatankios are. somewhat like the Burbank and Wickson in type.
They are hard fleshed, and make the best stewed plums I have ever eaten. A list
of the varieties foliows.’’ (Jairchild.) (See also Nos. 9222 and 9223.)

9202. 9207.
Okutsno. Ohatankyo.
9203. 9208.
Furugiya. Ringotane.
9204. 9209.
Nakatesumomo. Hakubotan.
9205. 9210.
Hachioji. Benibotan.
9206.
Suikamomo.
9211 to 9216. PRUNUS MUME. Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1020, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

*‘One-year-old plants of the Ume class of Japanese plums. These are quite differ-
ent from European and American plum varieties, haying a short but distinct pubes-
cence. The fruit is exceedingly sour and is not designed for table use, except in the
form of pickles. These pickles are the sourest things I have ever tasted, and are
consumed in large quantities in Japan, being pickled with the leaves of a labiate,
Perilla arguta, which give the plums a reddish color and aromatic taste. They are
not much relished by Europeans, because of their intensely sour flavor. This class
of plums is well known in America among breeders, but a collection of the different
varieties will doubtless be acceptable for purposes of comparison. It is more like
the apricot plum than anything else.’”’ (Firchild. )

9217 to 9220. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Japanese peach.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1021, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

“A collection of one-year-old plants of Japanese peach varieties. There are a num-

ber of distinct varieties of these Japanese peaches, and some are fairly sweet and

95S SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

many are unusually juicy. It is not possible for me to say how recently these sorts
may have been introduced into Japan from China. A list of the varieties follows.’’
( Fairchild. )

9217. 9219.
Hanhei. Kintoki.
9218. 9220.
Nasehi maru. Mizumito,
9221. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Nectarine.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild

(No. 1022, August, 1902), January 6, 1905,

Chosen or Korean nectarine. ‘‘A freestone variety, with smooth, almost greasy
skin, which is sold everywhere in the markets in July in Japan. It is a juicy,
white-fleshed sort, bitter near the stone, but with a decided and agreeable peach
flavor.’? (Fairchild. )

9222 and 9223. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1019, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

(These two varieties were incorrectly labeled ‘‘ L. & F., No. 1017,” and packed with
that lot.) (See Nos. 9202 to 9210.)

9222. 9223.
Kowase. Yome momo.
9224. ARALIA CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1016, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Moyashi udo. A new salad plant of great promise. (See No. 9168.)

9225. VICIA GEMELLA.

From Yokohama, Japan. Secured by Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (not num-
bered) through the Yokohama Nursery Company. Received February 28, 1903.

9226. LAGENARIA sp. Gourd.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by the Yokohama Nursery Company.
Packed with seeds secured by Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received Feb-
ruary 28, 1903.

Kanpio gourd.

9227. PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA. Kudzu.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1023, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Kudzu. ‘This broad-leaved, perennial, leguminous climber is well known in
America, being often seen in private gardens where it is used as an arbor plant or to
produce tropical effects by allowing it to grow over the tops of bushes or low-growing
trees. For this purpose alone it is a valuable plant. In Japan the fleshy roots are
used for starch making and the foliage is cut and fed to cattle for fodder. Whole
hillsides are sometimes covered with this plant in Japan, where it grows wild, and
in these regions its foliage is utilized for fodder purposes and a fine quality of starch
is made from its roots. It should be tested as a fodder-producing plant in waste
places. The seed should be sown in a seed bed and the young plants set out in rich
soil. Iam told it does not withstand much drought.’ (Fairchild. )

i | i

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 259

9228. PUEFRARIA TIUNBERGIANA. Kudzu.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1024, August, 1902), January 6, 1905.

“Kudzu roots for trial as a fodder plant. These roots should be planted in asingle
plat about 5 feet apart each way and the vines allowed to grow over the ground in all
directions. It is possible that by repeatedly cutting the shoots back before they are
too tough a continuous supply of fodder may be secured. The plant is a leguminous
one and may be of service for breeders.’? — ( Mairchild. )

9229. MerDICAGO DENTICULATA.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1025, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Uma goyashi. “A biennial wild-fodder Medicago with yellow flowers, which grows
2 feet in height. Its stems are said to be highly relished by horses, which eat them
greedily in the spring. So far as I have observed the plant is not cultivated.’’

( Fairchild. )

9230. LerESPEDEZA BUERGERI.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1026, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

No Hagi. ‘‘The species of Z/agi in Japan are especially prized for ornamental
purposes and their summer and autumn flowers are used extensively for decoration.
This species, the No Hagi, is said to be a good fodder plant, but how it is used I have

, the No Hagi, is s g plant, it is u
been unable to discover. It isa low, bushy, hardy perennial.’’? ( Mairchild.
’ J?

9231. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Shanghai, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
953, May 10, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘A variety of walnut bought on the market in Shanghai. This variety is said to
be eaten all the year round by the Chinese. I could not find from which province
itcame.”’ (Fairchild. )

9232. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Hongkong, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild,
January 6, 1903.

These few nuts are from a lot secured by Mr. H. Suzuki, of the Yokohama
Nursery Company, Yokohama, Japan, and may be slightly different from No. 9231.
9233. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. 968),
January 6, 1903.

Hatankyo. ‘‘A special sort of this common yariety of plum. This fruit has a
decided red blush upon it and is not of that translucent yellow which is said to
characterize the sort in other parts of Japan. In flavor it leaves a good deal to be
desired.”’ (Fairchild. )

9234. THERMOPSIS FABACEA.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1030), from the Yokohama Nursery Company. Received February 28, 1903.

Sendai Hagi. ‘‘Seed of this yellow flowered variety, 1 foot high, perennial, said
to be very showy.”’ (Fairchild. )
9235. PRUNUS TRIFLORA / Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 969),
January 6, 1903.

Guanji. ‘‘A small fruited sort, 1 inch in diameter, bought in the orchard. Though
differing little from No, 9236, it seems well to keep them apart. This is a vinous

260 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

flavored variety, flattened in shape, with thin, sour skin, rich flavored flesh, and
altogether the most delicate plum | have eaten in Japan, though not to be compared
with a good variety of Prunus domestica. It is said to be the best paying plum in
Ikeda, the plum-growing center of Japan.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9236. PRUNUS TRIFLORA / Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
970, July 5, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Guanji. ‘‘Seeds bought on the market. ‘This is essentially the same as No. 9235,
though the fruit is somewhat larger and not quite so sweet. It is evidently one of
the principal market plums, for one sees it everywhere, whether under this or some
other name.’”’ (Fairchild. )

9237. VICIA HIRSUTA

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1033, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Suzumeno yendo, ‘‘A leguminous plant worthy of investigation as a possible fod-
der plant or for breeding experiments, as it is said to be occasionally used in Japan
for fodder. I was unable to see this species growing.’”’ (Fairchild. )

9238. DESMODIUM PODOCARPUM var. JAPONICUM.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1034, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Nusubito Hagi. ‘‘A species of Leguminosie of possible use in breeding experiments
with leguminous fodder plants. I did not see the plant growing.’’ (Fairchild. )

9239 to 9243. PyRus SINENSIS. Japanese pear.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1035, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘*This collection will include, according to contract, some sorts which keep until
July and even longer, and some very large-fruited kinds, which originated in the
north of Japan. I have eaten many varieties of pear in Japan and, while none are
as good as our pears, they are, nevertheless, refreshing fruits. I believe they should
be advertised as a fruit for poor people, since the trees are heavy bearers and the
fruit will keep well. In Japan nearly all the trees seen were trained upon over-
head trellises, and it seems to be the popular idea that they will not bear well unless
so trained. The selection of these varieties has been left to Mr. H. Suzuki, of the
Yokohama Nursery Company, whose friend at Kawasaki is a specialist in Japan
pears. A list follows.”? (Fairchild. )

9239. 9242.
Waseaka. Tai haka.

9240. 9243.
Ofurugawa. Chiojuro.

9241. (Label missing. )

9244 to 9247. ERioBorTryA JAPONICA. Loquat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through “Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1036, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Japanese loquats, called Biwas in Japan, as follows:

9244. 9246.
Tanaka. (See No. 8890.) Variegated.
9245. 9247.

Long fruit. Maruni.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 261

9248 to 9267. N&rLUMBIUM SPECIOSUM. Lotus.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
1089, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

“A eollection of pot lotuses for cultivation under water in large shallow pots of 2
feet in diameter and a foot deep. These plants are from a noted lotus grower in
Tokyo, who claims to have hundreds of varieties and whose lotus show in late August
is said to be unusually fine. The rhizomes of these pot lotuses are kept in a cool
place over winter and in spring set out in 6 to 8 inches of rich mud at the bottom of
the pots, which are kept filled to within an inch of the brim with water. The second

ear these rhizomes should bloom and produce a beautiful show of flowers. Judg-
ing from water-color sketches, which I saw in the Tokyo Botanic Gardens, the
variety of form and color among these lotuses must be something quite unusual. Al]
shades of pink, yellow, and green, and wes variegated forms were represented.
The pots should never be allowed to dry out, but the mud must be kept continually
covered with water. The varieties are as follows.’? (airchild.)

9248. 9258.

Inazuma. Tenjiku len.
9249. 9259.

Shiro Shakuyaku. Hakubotan.
9250. 9260.

Beni botan. Usuyo.
9251. 9261.

Sakuralen. Shokan.
9252. 9262.

Kayo. Giosan.
9253. 9263.

Tokalen. Nankin kuchibin.
9254. 9264.

Kinshi. Ashimaru.
9255. 9265.

Nishikilen. Myiyo.
9256. 9266.

Mangitsu. Beni Tinshi.
9257. 9267.

Itten kobai. Tamausagi.

9268. CITRUS BIGARADIA ?
From Yokohama, Japan.

Bitter orange.
Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild

(No. 1040, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Natsu Mikan or Natsu Shiro. ‘‘An especially fine variety of the bitter orange.
This is a remarkable fruit and worthy the serious attention of citrus growers. It is
not of such fine flavor as our pomelo, but still is sufficiently palatable to serve the
same purpose, and it matures at a different time of the year. This fruit is common
on the market from April until the middle of August in Japan and, although in August
it is a poor fruit, it still serves very well as a morning appetizer. This is the com-
monest, often the only citrous fruit to be seen on the Japanese markets in July, and
I judge the number of tons consumed every year is very large. The tree is said
to be a vigorous-growing one and a good bearer. This variety is also one of the
hardiest citrus sorts in Japan, withstanding a temperature of + 12° F. on the west

262 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

coast of the main island. An important point in the culture of this variety is to
leave the fruit hanging as long a time as possible on the trees, not picking it green
and allowing it to ripen.”’ (Fairchild. )

9269. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
1041, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Asa hikan. ‘‘l understand this is a summer-ripening pomelo.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9270. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 971,
July 5, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Obeni. “‘A flattened variety, looking much like a large Guanji (see No. 9236), though
lacking its flavor. The skin and flesh are intensely sour even when nearly ripe.
Never sweet enough to be good eating. These fruits were bought on the market.”
( Fuirchild. )

9271. CITRUS NOBILIS. Mandarin orange.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1043, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Unshu or Unshiu Mikan. ‘‘This is the best Japanese mandarin orange. It is said
to be quite seedless and very juicy. I do not believe it is the equal of our best man-
darin oranges, but its seedless character makes it valuable. It is grown extensively
all over middle Japan, especially in the Province of Kii. It is already known in
America.”’ (Fairchild. )

9272. CITRUS DECUMANA. Pomelo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1044, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Aya buntan. “‘A red-fleshed variety of pomelo which is eaten with great relish by
the Japanese. It is doubtless inferior in flavor to our best pomelos, but its red flesh
is a character of value.’? (Fairchild. )

9273. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
972, July 5, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Obeni. ‘‘These fruits came direct from orchard trees which are noted for produc-
ing especially fine fruits. They were certainly much larger and finer than those
bought on the market, and | believe this is a different strain from No. 9270.”
( Fairchild. )

9274 and 9275. CITRUS JAPONICA. Kumquat.

Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos. 1046 and 1047, August,
1902), January 6, 1903.

Nagami-kinkan. ‘‘Two varieties of these kumquats were ordered, but the Yoko-
hama Nursery Company sent only the one sort marked Nagami-kinkan, which is said
to be an elliptical or obovate fruited kind.”’ (Fairchild. )

9276. Myrica FAYA.
From Madeira. Presented by Mr. J. B. Blandy, of Funchal. Received Febru- —

ary 21, 1903.
9277. CELTIS SINENSIS.

From Yokohama, Japan, Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1049, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

‘‘One of the prettiest shade trees in Japan, suitable for avenues or private gardens,
parks, etc. It resembles C. australis which is socommonly used in Algiers and south-
ern Spain, but does not attain the large size of this species, so far as I have observed.
It should be tried in the Southwest as a shade tree.’’ (Fuirchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 2638

9278. CORYLUS ROSTRATA. Hazelnut.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairehild
(No. 1050, August, 1902), February 28, 1903,

Hashibami. ‘Seeds of this wild species of hazelnut which may prove valuable for
breeding purposes. The nut is not highly prized in Japan, and is nowhere given the
attention that the hazelnut gets along the Black Sea or in Istria.’ ( /airehild. )

9279. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
973), January 6, 1903.

Obeni. ‘‘Seed, originally from Ikeda, that was bought on the market in Kobe.
It is very much like No. 9270. It is evidently one of the favorite market plums of
this region. It resembles the American wild-goose plum. The trees are reported
to be regular and heavy bearers.’’ ( Fuirchild.’’ )

9280. JUGLANS CORDIFORMIS. Walnut.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1052, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Himegurumi. ‘‘A long, pointed walnut which is a narrower and slenderer type
than that called in Japan Otafuku. Probably both seed variations of the same
species.”’ (Fairchild. )

9281. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
974, July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Sumomo of Awaji Island. ‘‘A delicate variety, like our wild-goose plums in qual-
ity. A thin-skinned, juicy, sour-fleshed, bright-red, translucent variety, with small
stone, and a slightly bitter taste near the stone.’? (Fuirchild. )

9282. PERILLA OCYMOIDES.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1054, August, 1902), February 28, 1902.

“Seed of a labiate which is grown extensively in Japan for oil-producing purposes.
The oil expressed from the seed is considered the best known for the manutacture of
the remarkable oil and leather papers of Japan. It takes the place of linseed, which,
I am informed, is not so good for this purpose. The plant can be grown very easily
by irrigation or without it in regions where soil is cheap, and there is a possibility
that it could be produced cheaply enough to make it a profitable article of export.
It should be tried in the irrigated regions of the Southwest. I am informed that
Australia imports the oil and the seed also from Japan. In Japan the seed is sown
in a nursery bed in the middle of June, and the young plants are transplanted about
the Ist of July into rows 2 to 3 feet apart and set 6 inches apart inthe row. The ordi-
nary methods of cultivation to keep down the weeds are all that are necessary. It is
not grown here on irrigated land. The seed ripens in November. In America it
could probably be planted earlier and harvested earlier. According to the owner of
an oil mill in Yamada, 100 plants of Perilla yield 1 sho=0.39 gallon of seed, 17 per
cent of which by volume isoil. The price of this oil in Japan, as quoted by the oil mill
owner, is 45 yen per koku (1 koku=39.7 gallons; 1 yen= 50 cents). The seeds are
likely to fall out of the dry calyx if left until overripe, and I am told the yield is
therefore best in wet seasons. The crop isa variable one, and the price therefore
quite variable. Land is so valuable in Japan that this crop does not rank as a good

aying one, but if grown on cheap land, in Washington State, for example, it might
e produced so cheaply as to pay very well. It is worth a trial at least in the wet
regions of Washington.”’ ( Fairchild.)

9283. RicINUS COMMUNIS. Castor oil bean.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1055, August, 1902), January 7, 1903.

‘For breeding purposes. By request.’’ ( Fairchild.)

264 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9284. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Japanese nectarine.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No, 975,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Zumbai momo. ‘The only yariety of nectarines said to be seen on the Kobe mar-

ket.”? ( Fairchild. )

9285. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Japanese peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No, 976,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Taruya. ‘‘A typical honey peach, an old va.iety on the Kobe market. Least
valuable and least abundant here.’’ (Fairchild. )

9286. ‘TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMEROIDES.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1058, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

‘‘Seed of a wild perennial vine of the cucurbit family, which has large, dark-green
leaves of unusually beautiful velvet texture. I have never seen such beautiful foli-
age except on some tropical aroids. This vine I have only seen growing in the
shade or semishade of Cryptomeria trees, but I am assured it will grow well in the
bright sunlight. If this is true it promises to be an interesting addition to our arbor
plants, and deserves to be given the widest possible distribution. Its flowers are said
to be very pretty, while its fruit, about the size of a duck’s egg, is showy and useful,
in Japan at least, where it takes the place of soap. The roots are used for starch
production. The seed should be planted in the same way that cucumber seeds are
planted. The roots will probably prove hardy all over the United States, but during
the first winter some of them should be dug up and kept in a cold house.”
( Fairchild. )

9287. ‘TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMEROIDES.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1059, August, 1902), February 28, 1902.

‘Roots of No. 9286 for immediate trial. They should be planted out next spring
after being kept like dahlia roots through the winter.’’ (Fairchild. )

9288. TRICHOSANTHES JAPONICA.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1060, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

‘“ Seed of a species of cucurbit, related to Nos. 9286 and 9287, but with broader,
larger leaves, which have not such a velvety texture. It is said to have fruit twice
the size of the latter. These fruits are eaten after preserving in soy or salt. Starch
is made from the roots. For trial as an arbor plant.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9289. SoLANum sp. (‘) “Kiswaheli” tomato.

From Tanga, German East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1085, January 18, 1903), March 3, 1903.

Ngogwe or Njanja. ‘“‘A native tomato grown by the Kiswahelis of the Tanga
region. The fruit is 1} inches in diameter, egg-shaped, brilliant light red, thick
skinned, and with rough protuberances at its apex. The flesh is scanty and with
little flavor, placentze tough, and with many seeds. The negroes say it is a peren-
nial plant, grown everywhere, about 4 feet high.” ( Fairchild.)

9290. TAMARIX CHINENSIS.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1062, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘“A species of Tamarix which has finer and more delicate foliage than 7. gallica.
It should be tried in Florida and California along the seashore drives in comparison
with the ordinary species.’ (Fairchild. )

ea ——

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 265

9291. XANTHOXYLON PIPERITUM. Japanese pepper.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1063, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

‘A small shrub, the leaves of which are very agreeably aromatic and are used most
effectively by Japanese housewives and by Europeans in Japan as a garniture. — It
would form a very acceptable variation from the conventional parsley. The small
round fruits, flower ct and leaves are boiled with meat dishes to give them a
flavor, and the fruits are always served after eels as a digestive.’? (J’airchild. )

9292. ‘TROCHODENDRON ARALIOIDES. Birdlime tree.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through The Yokohama Nursery Company,
February 28, 1903.

(This seed was apparently substituted by the Nursery Company for L. and F. No.
1064, Ilex integra.) (See 9293. )

9293. TROCHODENDRON ARALIOIDES. Birdlime tree.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1065, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘*A species of tree the bark of which is macerated and made into birdlime in
Japan. This tree produces the best birdlime in the country, it is said, and there is
an export of the article to Europe.” ( Mairchild. )

9294. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1066, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Sando Soba. From Nagano. ‘‘This Nagano buckwheat is famous in Japan, where
all sorts of cakes, macaroni, and tarts are made from its flour. The question of the
uses of buckwheat in Japan would form a very interesting and profitable study, for
there are a hundred ways, I imagine, in which the buckwheat is employed, whereas
we know of only a few.”’ (Fairchild. )

9295. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM. Buckwheat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1067, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘*A species of Fayopyrum which is said to be inferior to F. esculentum, but is culti-
vated and may be of interest for breeding purposes.’’ (Fairchild. )

9296. JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS var. PROCUMBENS.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1068, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘*A beatitiful procumbent juniper which is used most effectively as a substitute for
lawns on sloping embankments. It covers them with a mass of luxuriant foliage
which is strikingly effective. In the Tokyo Botanic Gardens there is a very attract-
ive lawn made in this way. The plants should be set about 3 feet apart each way
and allowed to run freely in all directions until they completely cover the ground
with a thick mat 12 to 18 inches deep. It will probably prove hardy about Wash-
ington.”’ ( Fairchild.)

9297 and 9298. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1069, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

9297.

Naga nasu. ‘‘Considered the best variety in Japan, where eggplants are
very largely eaten. They are even used for candying purposes. A candied
eggplant is very delicate indeed, tasting something like a fig.’’ ( Fuirchild. }
9298.

Maru nasu. “A round, black variety of eggplant, sold everywhere in the
markets of Japan.’’ ( Fairchild.)

YO SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9299. ZoyYSIA PUNGENS. Japanese lawn grass.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs, Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1071, August, 1902), January 6, 1905,

Birodoshiba, ‘‘A very tine-leaved lawn grass which forms a most beautiful velyet-
ike turf. The plant is said to have originated in southern Japan, to be sensitive to
rost, but to be one of the prettiest lawn grasses in the country. It should be tested
‘n California and Florida, where good lawn grasses are desired.’’ ( Fairchild. )

i

9300. ZOYSIA PUNGENS. Japanese lawn grass.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1072, August, 1902), January 6, 1905.

‘‘A coarser leaved species of lawn grass than No. 9299, but otherwise of similar
habit. These potted plants should be split up into a large number of small pieces
and set out as is usually done with lawn grasses not grown from seed. It is said to
be hardier than No, 9299.’ ( Fairchild. )

9301. ALLIUM FISTULOSUM. Forcing onion.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1073, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘*The seed is sown in spring and the young onions are dug in July and inclined in
long deep trenches, where they are gradually covered with earth almost to their tops.
This covering of earth bleaches them and makes a length of about 14 inches of leaf
edible. Sometimes the seed is sown in autumn and the transplanting to trenches
done in the spring.”’ (Fairchild. )

9302. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 977,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Samomo. ‘‘This is the earliest ripening peach on the Kobe market. It is not
very sweet but is of attractive color. It is an old sort in Kobe.”’ (Fairchild. )

9303. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Limache, Peru. Presented by Mr. Adolfo Eastman Cox. Received
October 20, 1903. ;

Seed of the native Peruvian alfalfa. Secured in Peru by Beéche, Duval & Co.,
and shipped through their house in New York.

‘‘This variety has the following advantages over the Chilean: The stems are hollow
and more succulent; the growth commences earlier in spring and continues later
in the autumn, materially increasing the yield per acre, and it grows-taller. On the
other hand care has to be taken in feeding stock on it as it is apt to produce hoyen
(heaves).’’? (Cox. )

9304. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 978,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Tinsin Suimitsuto. ‘‘One of the favorite sorts on the Kobe market, although too
light in color to be very attractive. It is of large size and has been, it is said,
recently introduced into southern Japan. According to nurserymen in Saitama Pre-
fecture this can not be what they call the Tinsin Suimitsuto for that has red flesh, even
before wholly ripe.’’ (Fairchild. )

9305. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 979,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Suimitsuto. ‘One of the earliest sorts and one of the sweetest of the peaches in
the Kobe market. It differs in shape from the Honey type, being more like the Per-
sian. It comes from the province of Sanuki, Japan.’’ ( Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 267

9306. PRUNUS TRIFLORA. Plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 980,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903,

Botankyo. ‘A light-colored variety of Hatankyo. A large-fruited plum, with
very juicy flesh and thin skin.”’ (/%rehild.) (See Nos, 9202-9210. )

9307. VICIA FABA. Broad bean.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1081, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Otafuku. ‘Said to be remarkable for its size and good quality. The young beans
of this variety are said to be especially delicious.”? — ( /airchild. )
9308 to 9312. VIcIA FABA. Broad bean.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1082, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

‘* Five sorts of the Japanese broad bean or Sora mame, as follows:

9308. 9311.

Chiu otafuku. Yatanbusa.
9309. 9312.

Tsun mame. Tsunashimam ame.
9310.

Kotsubu.

“The broad bean plays an important rdle in Japan, being grown extensively in
ground which is later used for paddy rice. It is particularly abundant on the coast
of the Japan Sea and in the colder parts of Japan. Almost exclusively used for
human food.”’ (Fairchild. )

9313. PRUNUS TRIFLORA Plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 981,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Hatankyo. ‘‘ This is like the variety Satswma in America and may be the same,
though I am not familiar enough with the American type tosay. The flesh is a blood
or claret red color, very juicy, and not very sweet.’’ (Fuairchild.) (See No. 9202.)

9314. MyrRIca NAGI.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 982,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Yama momo. ‘This fruit is said to be cultivated in the province of Kii. The
beautiful fruits look something like raspberries, but resemble most in shape small
fruits of Arbutus wnedo, the strawberry tree of Italy. Their flesh is deep wine red,
mildly acid, and refreshing. A very decorative fruit for fruit dishes, but not of
great value for other purposes. Mr. Tanaka says it grows wild in the warm regions
of Japan and forms a tree 20 feet high. The bark furnishes a tanning material.’
( Fairchild. )

9315. PANICUM TRYPHERON. Guinea grass.

From Sabana Grande, Porto Rico. Presented by Mr. Frank D. Gardner, special
agent in charge of the Porto Rico Experiment Station. Received January 10,
February 3, and February 9, 1903.

One of the best fodder grasses of the Tropics.

9316. Myrica FAYA.

From St. Michael, Azores. Presented by Mr. F, 8, Chaves. Received January
12, 1903.

268 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9317. OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA,. Prickly pear.

From Taormina, Sicily. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1079, November 24, 1902), January 17, 1903.

‘A prickly pear which bears fruit containing comparatively few seeds. The vari-
ety is a white-fleshed one of medium size. The thallus is very spiny indeed, and
the fruit is covered with small spines. This sort is considered more delicious than
the ordinary kinds, and having but few seeds is in this respect entitled to the con-
sideration of growers. A comparatively small number of plants of this variety are
grown about Taormina, because the fruit is not a good market one, neither is it a
very heavy cropper, but as the starting point for a seedless-fruited cactus it should
appeal to any breeder of this very important and much neglected group of useful
plants.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9318. ALLIUM CEPA. Onion.

From Valencia, Spain. Received through Hon. R. M. Bartleman, United States
Consul, January 26, 1903.

‘*This large, mild-flavored onion is a native of Denia and the whole Valencia
region. Attempts to grow these onions in other parts of Europe have not been suc-
cessful, as they generally lose their mild flavor after the first season. The size of the
onion is regulated by the farmers to suit the taste of the foreign buyers. Those
shipped to the United States are the largest grown, and those intended for British
markets the smallest. The seed is planted in beds from the middle of January until
the first week in February, and transplanted when sufficiently developed. When
large onions are desired, the plants are placed about 10 inches apart and plied with
fertilizers and large quantities of water. When smaller ones are desired the plants
are placed close together.’’ ( Bartleman. )

C. C. Morse & Co., of Santa Clara, Cal., state that this onion is without doubt the
progenitor of Maule’s ‘‘ Prize Taker.”’
9319. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, of Nur-
sery, Tex., special agent of this Department, October, 1902.
9320. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, of Nur-
sery, Tex., special agent of this Department, October, 1902.
9321. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, of Nursery, Tex.,
special agent of this Department, October, 1902.

9322. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.
From Tuggurt, Algeria. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, December
8, 1902.

An alkali-resistant variety. Crop of 1902.

9323. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.
From Tuggurt, Algeria. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, December
8, 1902.

An alkali-resistant variety. Crop of 1901.

9324. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.
From Relizane, Algeria. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, December
8, 1902.

Marouani. An alkali-resistant variety.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 269

9325. PISTACIA ATLANTICA. Afsie or Betoom.

From Duperré, Algeria. Received through Mr. W. T, Swingle (No. 122) from
Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist of Algeria. Collected by Mr, Frank Joly.
Received January 10, 1903.

‘A large tree, reaching 40 to 50 feet in height and 44 feet in diameter. The leaves

roduce a gall ‘Afs-el-betoom,’ which is an article of considerable commercial
importance in Tripoli and Tunis. It is the only tree of any size growing in the
northern Sahara, where it occupies the ‘dayas’ or depressions in the plateaus. Of
much promise as a drought and alkali resistant stock for the pistache. A deciduous
tree, not so resistant to cold as the Chicudia.’’ —(Swingle. )

9326 to 9341. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Lake Charles, La. Received through Dr. 8S. A. Knapp, January 19, 1903.

9326.

Shinriki. Grown from No. 8300. From Hyogo district, Japan. Doctor
Knapp considers this the best early Japan rice.
9327.

Shiratama. Grown from No, 83801. From Fukuoka district, Japan. <A very
good early variety.
9328.

Komachi. Grown from No. 8302. From Kumamoto district, Japan. This
is a medium late variety of no great value.

9329.

Omase. Grown from No. 8303. From Kumamoto district, Japan. One of
the best medium varieties.

9330.

Miyako. Grown from No. 8304. From Yamaguchi district, Japan. A
medium early variety that may be of value.

9331.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8305. From Chiugoku district,
Japan. This is not so early as No. 9326, but has many good qualities.

9332.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8306. From Chikuzen district, Japan.
One of the best medium varieties. Practically the same as Kiushu.

9333.

Fusakichi. Grown from No. 8508. From Bizen district, Japan. A medium
early variety of remarkable quality. The seeds are exceptionally large, and
on suitable land, with plenty of water, this will probably be one of the very
best varieties.

9334.

Mansaku bozu. Grown from No. 8509. From Fukuoka district, Japan.
This is one of the best medium varieties.

9335.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8310. From Ise district, Japan. This
is a medium variety and may become valuable.

9336.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No, 8511. From Buzen district, Japan,
This is a medium variety and may prove valuable,

270 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9326 to 9341—Continued.

9337.

An unnamed variety, Grown from No, 8512. From Ilyo district, Japan.
This is a medium late variety of extra vigor and fairly good yield.
9338.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No, 8513. From Higo district, Japan.
This is one of the best late varieties.
9339.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8514. From Bizen district, Japan.
This is a late variety that may prove valuable.
9340.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No, 8515. From Banshu district, Japan.
This is the best late variety.
9341.

Honduras rice. One of the standard varieties, grown for comparison.

9342. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.

From Kin-hua, China. Secured by Dr. 8. P. Barchet, of the United States con-
sulate, Shanghai, China, at the request of Dr. 8. A. Knapp. Received Janu-
ary 22, 1903.

A late variety sown in May.

9343. ORYZA SATIVA. © Rice.

From Ki-ni, Kin-hua, China. Secured by Dr. 8S. P. Barchet, of the United
States consulate, Shanghai, China, at the request of Dr. 8. A. Knapp. Received
January 22, 1903.

Glutinous rice. Sown in May.

9344. GLYCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

From Chiu-hua, China. Secured by Dr. 8. P. Barchet, of the United States con-
sulate, Shanghai, China, at the request of Dr. 8. A. Knapp. Received January
22, 1903.

Chiu-hua. ‘‘In ease of future reference to the bean, if you call this the Chiu-hua
bean I shall know what is meant, in the absence of a botanical name, as I have not
seen this bean anywhere else. It is sown broadcast in paddy fields before the rice is
harvested. The moist ground favors the sprouting, and the standing grain shields
the sprouting plant from the sun. By the time the rice is harvested the beans have
taken firm roots and require no further care. Horses and cattle are very fond of them
green or in the ripe state. The bean also makes a good food for man. This bean I
think well worth a trial in the Southern States.’’ (Barchet.)

9345. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received January 26, 1903.

Cuttings of the wild almond of the mountains of Algeria, said to be excellent for
stock.

9346. PRUNUS DOMESTICA. Plum.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received January 26, 1903.

Reine Claude Rouge. Cuttings of this plum. Marked by Doctor Trabut ‘‘Glorion
Vincent,”’

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 271

9347. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.
From Rotterdam, Holland. Received through F. Dutilh & Co., January 29,
1908.

Dutch Riga-Child, Extra picked. From crop of 1902.

9348 to 9351. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 740, 741,
745, 755a, July 19 and 20, 1901), January 30, 1903.

A collection of young almond trees budded on myrobalan stocks by Mr. Georges
Boucher, Paris, France, with buds secured by Mr. Fairchild in Spain.

9348. 9350.

Mollar. (No. 740.) Castille. (No. 745.)
9349. 9351.

Planeta. (No. 741.) Pastaneta. (No. 755a.)

(See Nos. 7985 to 7989 and 9458 to 9462. )

9352. OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA. Prickly pear.

From Malta. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1082,
December 27, 1902), January 31, 1903.

‘Fruits from the plants of this variety contain less than 12 seeds, according to Dr.
Giovanni Borg, of Malta, who kindly presents them to the Department. These seeds
are very small and not at all objectionable. The fruit inside and out is yellowish
orange in color, of good flavor, Doctor Borg says, and of the size of a goose egg. The
thallus is nearly spineless. Jt is a rare plant evenin Malta. These fruits came from
plants growing in a garden in Siggiewi.’’ (Fairchild. )

9353. OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA. Prickly pear.

From Malta. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1083,
December 27, 1902), January 31, 1903.

‘*This variety resembles No. 9352 closely, but the fruits are much smaller, being
only the size of a hen’s egg. Seedless or at least with very few seeds. The thallus
is nearly spineless. The minute bristles on the fruit, according to Dr. Giovanni
Borg, can be removed by washing the fruits in a basin of water with a whisk broom.
The water loosens up the small cushions of bristles and they are easily brushed away
into the water. This variety is not as promising as No. 9352, but is worthy a place
in the breeder’s collection. The fact of its seedlessness and spinelessness makes it a
valuable variety of Opuntia for any economic studies on the subject. From Professor
Pisani’s villa at Maurisi, near Zeitun, Malta.’”’ (Fairchild. )

9354. FIcUS CARICA. Fig.

From Malta. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1084,
December 28, 1902), January 31, 1903.

St. Anthony. ‘‘ Dr. Giovanni Borg, director of the botanic garden, says this is one of
the most delicious figs he has ever eaten. It ripens one crop of figs in June and a
second in September or October. The regular late crop is red in color. No caprifi-
cation is deemed necessary for this sort, which Doctor Borg thinks could be used for
drying purposes. It is an uncommon variety.’’ (Fairchild. )

9355. ARACHIS HYPOGABA. Peanut.

From Tanegashima, Japan. Presented by Mr. H. E. Amoore. Received Feb-
ruary 2, 1903.

29861—No. 66—05——18

972 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9356 and 9357. ZA MAYs. Corn.

From Forestburg, 8. Dak. Presented by Mr. H. C, Warner, Grown from 8.
P. I, No. 13, which was found to be a mixture of types.

9356. 9357.
Malakoff sugar corn. White type. Amber type.
9358. TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From the estate of Mr. Bezougloy, near Byeloglinskaya, Don Territory, Russia.
Obtained by Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 110, August 4, 1902), through the Theo-
dore N. Solodoy Milling Company, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Received Feb-
ruary 3, 1903.

Beloglino. ‘A hard, red, winter wheat from the crop of 1902. This has just been
harvested and thrashed at this date and is of very good quality, far exceeding that
of last year.’’ (Bessey. )

‘

9359. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Erivan, Caucasia. Obtained by Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 256, October 7,
1902), through Mr. N. P. Taratinoff, of Tiflis. Received February 3, 1903.

‘Alfalfa from Erivan Province, the hottest and driest province in summer and
coldest in winter (reaching —22° F.). It should prove valuable in cold regions.”’
( Bessey. )

9360 to 9402.

From Tiflis, Russian Caucasus. Presented by Mr. A. Rolloff, director of the
botanic garden, through Mr. E. A. Bessey. Received February 3, 1902.
9360. Pyrus COMMUNIS. Pear.

Sini. (No. 209.)

9361. Pyrus comMUNIS. Pear.
Nana-armud, (No, 210.)

9362. PRUNUS DOMESTICA. Plum.
Vazirali. (No, 211.)

9363. PRUNUS DOMESTICA,. Plum.
Tehantchuri. (No, 212.)

9364. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Agdzhanabad. (No. 213.)

9365. PRuUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Achverdi. (No. 214.)

9366. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Badam-arik. (No. 215.)

9367. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Novrast. (No. 216.)

9368. PRUNUS ARMENIACA,. Apricot.
Tabarzei. (No. 217.)

9369. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Bairam-ali. From Turkestan. (No. 218.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 273

9360 to 9402 Continued.
9370. PRUNUS ARMENIACA, Apricot.
Red Yusup-Khan. From Turkestan. (No, 219.)

9371. PrRUNUS ARMENIACA, Apricot.
White Yusup-Khan. From Turkestan, (No, 220, )

9372. AMYGDALUS PERSICA, Peach.
Zafrani. (No, 221.)

9373. AMYGDALUS PERSIC\. Peach.
Nazli. (No. 222.)

9374. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Novrast-huli. (No. 223.)

9375. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Salami. (No. 224.)

9376. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Narindzhi. (No. 225.)

9377. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Sachravi. (No. 226.)

9378. AMYGDALUS PERSICA, Peach.
Arabuli. (No. 227.)

9379. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Tibatvica. (No. 228.)

9380. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Gandzhuri. (No. 229.)

9381. Ficus CARICA. Fig.
Tschapla. (No. 230.)

9382. KELABAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA.
Matna-pshat. (No. 231.)

9388. ELAEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA,
Unab-pshat. (No. 232.)

9384. Morwus ALBA.
Gandzha. (No. 233.)

9385. PuNICA GRANATUM.
Krizi-kabuck. (No. 234.)

9386. PuUNICA GRANATUM.
Shirin-nar. (No. 235.)

9387. Mixture of seeds of Pyrus sauiciroLtiaA and P. ELAEAGRIFOLIA. (Nos.
203 and 204. )

9388. Pyrus COMMUNIS. Pear.

Wild pear. (No. 202.)

274 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

9360 to 9402—Continued.
9389. AMYGDALUS PERSICA, Peach.
Wild peach,

9390. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Wild apricot. (No, 205.)

Seeds of cultivated varieties of peaches as follows:

9391. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
Narindschi. (No. 206.)

9392. 9395.
Guli. (No. 2OS. ) Npitak,

9398. 9396.
Zafrani. (No, 207.) Lodz.

9394.

Novrast.

Seeds of cultivated sorts of apricots, as follows:

9397. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
Schalogi.

9398. 9401.
Agdschanabad. Crevondi,

9399. 9402.
( ‘hosrof-schack. Cregdschanubad.,

9400.

Badam-arik.

9403. STRYPHNODENDRON BARBATIMAO.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Dr. Alberto Lofgren, director of the
Botanic Garden. Received February 2, 1903.

,

‘The bark of this tree contains considerable tannin.’’ (Lofgren. )

9404 and 9405. PHASEOLUS sp. Bean.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Dr. H. M. Lane. Received February
4, 1905.

9404. Brown bean.

Feijdo mulato,

9405. Black bean.

Feijdo preto,

9406. ARACHIS HYPOGAEFA. Peanut.
From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Dr. H. M. Lane. Received February
4, 1903. |

Ordinary variety.

‘

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, L908. 2

(a5

9407 to 9418. (iL YCINE HISPIDA. Soy bean.

A collection of soy beans grown by Mr. W. R. Beattie on the experimental
grounds on the Potomac Flats, from introduced seed.

9407.
Grown in 1902 from S. P. 1. No. 4912.
9408.

Grown in 1902 from 8S. P. I. No. 4915.

9409.
Grown in 1902 from 8. P. I. No. 4914.

9410.
Grown in 1901 and 1902 from 8. P. I. No. 6312.

9411.
Grrown in 1901 and 1902 from 8S. P. LL. No. 6333.

9412.
Grown in 1901 and 1902 from 8S. P. I. No. 6334.

94138.
(zrown in 1901 and 1902 from 8.

fn
_
ae
—

. No. 6336.

9414.
(zrown in 1901 and 1902 from 8S. P. I. No. 6386.

9415.
Grown in 1901 and 1902 from 8. P. I. No. 6396.

9416.
Grown in 1901 and 1902 from 8S. P. I. No. 6397.

9417.
Grown in 1901 and 1902 from S. P. I. No. 6414.

9418.
Grown in 1901 and 1902 from 8S. P. I. No. 6416.

9419. PHASEOLUS MUNGO-RADIATUS (4). Gram.
Grown on Potomac Flats in 1902 by Mr. W. R. Beattie from 8. P. I. No. 6417.

9420. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Pomona, N.C. Presented by Mr. J. Van Lindley. Received February 6,
1903.

Natural peach seed from the seedling peach orchards, for growing as stocks in
comparison with Mexican seed.

9421. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.
From Perwez, Belgium. Received through Emile Mathy, February &, 1903.
Fivst choice.

276 SEEDS AND PLANTS [MPORTED,

9422. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.
From Moscow, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey, from Immer «&
Sons (No. 104, July 22, 1902), February 10, 1903.

Swedish Select. ‘This excellent variety has proven exceptionally good for the dry
Steppe region. This is aselection made in Sweden of the Ligowo oat and bred up by
[mmer & Sons. It originally came from Ladoga, near St. Petersburg. This year’s
crop.”’ ( Bessey. )

9423 to 9425. PANICUM MILIACEUM. Proso.

From Moscow, Russia. Received through Mr. EK. A. Bessey, from Immer &
Sons. (Nos. 105 to 107, July 22, 1902.)

9423.

Red Orenburg. Crop of 1902. Received February 10, 1903. (No. 105.)
9424.

Red Vorénezh. Crop of 1902. Received May 22, 1903. (No. 106.)
9425.

Black Vorénezh. Crop of 1902. Received May 22, 1903. (No. 107.)

9426. PISTACIA LENTISCUS. Mastic.

From the rocky cliffs along the seashore, between Leghorn and Castiglioncello,
Italy. Collected by Mr. W. T. Swingle (No. 123, January 14, 1903).
Received February 17, 1905.

‘‘The lentisk or mastic tree is found chiefly in the immediate vicinity of the sea
in the Mediterranean region wherever the winters are not too severe (it 1s decidedly
less hardy than the terebinth). Its northern limit is about the January isotherm of
42.8° to 46.4° F. It isa small evergreen tree (other species of Pistacia are decidu-
ous) or more often a shrub, branching profusely from the ground. When growing
in tree form it sometimes reaches a height of 20 to 25 feet, and a diameter of 8 inches
to one foot. Jt prefers silicious soils and avoids those decidedly calcareous in nature,
being just the opposite of the terebinth, so the two are very rarely seen growing
together in a wild state. The leaves are rich in tannin (11.5 per cent), and are col-
lected and sold in Tunis as a substitute for sumac for tanning. The seeds are much
liked by pigs, goats, and wild boars in Tunis, and are an important source of food
in dry years when the fruit is apt to be unusually abundant, while other forage is
scarce. In Chios a grafted variety yields mastic, a soft resin much prized in the
Orient for chewing gum and for flavoring liquors. This is a pro ‘sing stock on
which to graft the pistache, especially on silicious or slightly acid soils near the sea.
It is said not to be so long lived as the terebinth, and the pistache, when grafted on
the lentisk, is said to live only forty years, whereas it lives one or two centuries on
the terebinth. It is probably a dwarf stock and pistaches grafted on it should be
set out at smaller distances apart than on other stocks. On sandy soil with moder-
ate bottom heat, there should be no difficulty in starting the cuttings.”’ (Svwingle. )

9427 to 9436.

From Nice, France. Presented by Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
January 12, 1903.

A eollection of seeds as follows:

9427. ARISTOLOCHIA ELEGANS. 9433. PRALOMIS FRUTICOSA.
9428. CESTRUM ELEGANS. 9434. SUTHERLANDIA FRUTE-
SCENS.

9429. CISTUS ALBIDUS.

94385. PirrospoRUM UNDULATUM.
9430. CLEOME ARBOREA (?)

9486. TAcCSONIA MANICATA.
9481. DoLicHos LABLAB.

94382. EcHINOCACTUS SCHUMAN-
NIANUS.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 277

9437. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received February 16, 1903.

Seeds of the Condja(?) orange. Fruit very large and sweet, four hundred
grams or more, resembling the Jaffna. One or two seeds of each fruit. It repro-
duces true to seed,

9438 to 9444. PHASEOLUS sp. Bean.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer, February 21, 1908. A
collection of different varieties of beans, as follows:

9438.

Garbansillo. From Saltillo. ‘‘ First-class bean and seems a little different
from the one at San Luis Potosi of the same name (No. 9155). When the
bean from San Luis Potosi is brought to Saltillo for sale it is objected to
because it is said to take more fuel for cooking, and fuel is an object. This is
probably due to the fact that the water at San Luis Potosi is hard, while that
at Saltillo is soft. This bean is very prolifie in this section of the table-lands
and is the choice of all who can afford to purchase it. Bought from Jesus
Santos Grande, Saltillo, Mexico.’’ (Palmer. )

9439.

Vayo-gordo. From Saltillo. ‘‘A first-class bean and a great favorite with
the rich. It is said to be very productive in this section, and as it is not very
dark in color it might claim recognition in the United States.’ (Palmer. )
9440.

Frijol para la sopa. From San Luis Potosi. ‘‘ Not of very good quality, ge
much used for soups. Apparently a poor quality of Blanco bolador.’’ (P. almer.
9441.

Canelo Gordo. From Saltillo. ‘‘A first-class bean which can be had in large
quantities at the markets.’’ (Palmer. )

9442.

Canelo Chico. From Saltillo. ‘‘A first-class hean; plentiful in the markets.
It is used extensively.’’? (Palmer. )
9443.

Guadalupano. From Saltillo. ‘‘A bean not much seen on the markets,
somewhat resembling the Borrado. It is a second-class bean.’’ (Palmer. )
9444.

Bolador de Color. From Saltillo. ‘‘A third-class bean, and only eaten Ww hen
others can not be obtained, and then only after boiling and frying in lard.’
( Palmer. )

9445. SOLANUM sp. Pepper.
From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer, February
21, 1903.

Chili guipin. ‘‘Sold in the markets of San Luis Potosi and commonly eaten by
the well-to-do. A very hot pepper. Eaten before and with soups.’? (Palmer. )

9446. PISTACIA LENTISCUS. Mastic.
From rocky cliff near seashore, opposite Castello Sonnino, between | “eho and
Castiglioncella, Italy. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle (No. 124), Feb-

ruary 20, 1903.

27S SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9447. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE. Cashew.

From Beira, East Africa. Presentel by Mr. Arthur W. H. Glenny, United
States consular agent at Beira, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No,
1092, January 28, 1903), March, 1903.

‘Seed of the West Indian cashew, which came from trees growing in Rhodesia
that seem unusually hardy and grow at an altitude of several thousand feet, where
occasional frosts are said to occur, Worthy of trial in Florida and Porto Rico,’’
( Fairchild. )

9448. PHYSALIS sp.
From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer, February 21, 1903.

‘‘A large, dark plum-colored variety, used in soups and stews. Also fried with
beefsteak and sometimes used in dressings for fowls. Fruits secured in November,
1902, were sound February 6, 1908, when the seeds were removed.’ (Palmer. )

9449. ZEA MAYS. Corn.

From Ravenna, Ohio. Presented by the Ford Seed Company. Received Feb-
ruary 24, 1905.

Malakhoff sugar. Grown from 8. P. I. No. 13.

9450. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Askhabad, Trans-Caspian Territory, Turkestan. Received through Mr.
). A. Bessey (No. 1138, August 23, 1902), from Sadik-Bek Agabekov, acting
governor of the district of Askhabad. February 28, 1903.

‘The sort of alfalfa grown by the natives ( Tekins) from time immemorial. Appar-
ently well adapted to a very hot climate of low humidity and mild winters. This
variety will probably not be suited for northern climates, but will thrive, when irri-
gated, in the very hottest, driest regions, as Askhabad is almost the hottest point in
Turkestan.’’ ( Bessey. )

9451. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Sairam, near Chimkent, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey,
from Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 150, September 29, 1902),
February 28, 1903.

“The alfalfa of this region (and also around Karabulik, 24 miles northwest of
Sairam) is considered to be about the best in Turkestan. It is grown in considerable
quantities throughout the whole region. This is probably the coldest region in Tur-
kestan where alfalfa is grown in such large quantities. This ought to be good for cool
regions.’’ ( Bessey. )

9452. MEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Karabulik, 25 miles north of Chimkent, Russia. Received through Mr.
EK. A. Bessey, from Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 151, September
29, 1902), February 28, 1903.

‘“The same methods of culture as in Sairam, only in slightly larger fields. As in
Sairam, itis grown with theaid ofirrigaticn. Sent for trial in cool regions.”’ ( Bessey. )

9453. MEeEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey, from Mr. H. W.
Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 152, September 29, 1902), February 28, 1903.

‘‘ Bokhara is a region containing much alkali land; the soil has a white crust when
dry. Large fields of various crops are destroyed by alkali. This seed is not especially
resistant to cold. It is sent for trial in alkali regions.’’ (Bessey. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 97%)

9454. MEeEDICAGO SATIVA. Alfalfa.

From Khiva, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey, from Mr. H. W.
Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 153a, November 6, 1902, numbered in sack
153), February 28, 1903.

“ Khiva is one of the driest regions in Turkestan, the average rainfall being less
than 3 inches a year. It is correspondingly hot in summer, but rather cold in
winter; much colder than Bokhara, Askhabad, or Karshi. Alfalfa is grown only by
irrigation. It is fertilized abundantly, at least with fresh soil if not with animal

manure.’’ (Bessey. )

9455. MeEDICAGO SATIVA. Ajifalfa.

From Karshi, Turkestan. Received through Mr. i. A. Bessey, from Mr. H. W.
Durrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 154a, November 6, 1902, numbered in sacks
154), February 28, 1903.

“Karshi lies about 80 miles southwest of Samarcand and about as far southeast of
Bokhara. It is in the edge of the mountains and much cooler than Bokhara.”’
( Bessey. )

9456. (JUERCUS SUBER. Cork oak.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., Mareh 5, 1903.

9457. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

From Riga, Russia. Received through the United States consul, from A. Sell-
mar, March 6, 1903.

Best Riga.

9458 to 9462. AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. Almond.
Received through Mr. J. W. Kerr, Denton, Md. Grown by Mr. Kerr from buds
furnished by this Department. Received March 7, 1903.

9458.
Castillet. Grown from 8. P. I. No. 7133.

9459.
Fabrica. Grown from 8. P. I. No. 7135.

9460.
Jordan. Grown from 8. P. I. Nos. 7398 and 7401, mixed.

9461.
Mollar. Grown from 8. P. I. No. 7061.

9462.
Planeta. -Grown from 8. P. I. No. 7062.
See Nos. 7985 to 7989 and 9348 to 9351. Budded on peach stocks.

9463 and 9464. PRUNUS ARMENTACA. Apricot.

Received through Mr. J. W. Kerr, Denton, Md. Grown by Mr. Kerr from buds
furnished by this Department. Received March 7, 1903.

9463.
Patriarca. (Grown from 8. P. I. 7136.

9464.
Grown from 8S. P. I. No. 6844.

YS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9465. Rosa sp. Rose.

From Cannes, France. Received through Mr. J. B. Cognet, United States con-
sular agent, March 9, 1903.

The true perfume rose.

9466. ANONA CHERIMOLIA.

Plants grown in Department greenhouse from seed presented by Capt. J. J.
Haden, Cocoanut Grove, Fla., April 16, 1902. Plants numbered March 11,
L9OS,

9467. ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA. Loquat.

Seedling plants grown in Department greenhouse from seeds of large loquat tree
in orange house. Plants numbered March 11, 1903.

9468. ERIODENDRON ANFRACTUOSUM. Kapok.

From Marseille, France. Presented by the United States Consulate. Received
February 14, 1903. Turned over to the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction
by Mr. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist.

9469 and 9470. Pyrus MALUS. Apple.

From Naples, Italy. Presented by Prof. L. Savastano through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (Nos. 1077 and 1078). Received March 14, 1903.

9469.

Annurco. ‘‘The leading market apple of the region about Naples. It isa
showy red apple, with yellow streaks, and has an unusually high flavor for a-
variety grown so far south. It should be tested in the Southern States.
Obtained through the kindness of Professor Savastano, of the agricultural
school at Portici.”’ (Fairchild. )

9470.

Limoncelli. ‘‘A lemon-yellow fruited variety; one of the best market vari-
eties of southern Italy. It has a hard, crisp, slightly tough flesh, subacid and
highly flavored. It is not as good as No. 9469, but I believe is a better keeper.
Obtained through the kindness of Professor Savastano, of the agricultural
school at Portici.”’ (Fairchild. )

9471. PyRUS MALUS. Apple.

From Portici (Naples), Italy. Presented by Prof. L. Savastano through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild. Received March 14, 1903.

Melo gelato. ‘‘ Grows well in the warm region about Naples. In cold countries
the yield is poor. It does best in calcareous soil.’’ (Fairchild. )

9472. Palm.

From Black River, Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean through Dr. H. J.
Webber of this Department. Received March 16, 1903.

Two ounces of seed of a small, pinnate-leaved palm 6 feet high. Foliage dark
green. Fine for conservatories.

9473. ATTALEA COHUNE (7) Palm.

From Black River, Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean through Dr. H. J.
Webber of this Department. Received March 16, 1903.

Coquito. A large pinnate-leaved palm.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 281

9474. PIsTacia MUTICA (4)
From Smyrna, Turkey in Asia. Purchased from Mr. B. J. Agadjanian, at the
request of Mr. W. T. Swingle (No. 121). Received March 21, 1903.

“The celebrated turpentine tree of Chios, from which a kind of turpentine is
extracted by making incisions in the bark. It grows to a large size, reaching a diam-
eter of 5 feet 24 inches and a height of 40 to 60 feet. The seeds yield an oil used for
culinary purposes and in making toilet soaps. This tree is of great promise for use
as a stock on which to graft the pistache, especially for semiarid regions in the South-
west, where this tree would be able to grow without irrigation. Worthy of trial as a
shade and timber tree in warm dry regions. It is deciduous.’’ — (Siwing/c. )

9475. CapsiCUM ANNUUM. Red pepper.

From Pasadena, Cal. Presented by Capt. C. W. Livermore. Received March
21, 1903.

- Paprica.

9476. MyRIcaA FAYA.

From St. Michaels, Azores Islands. Presented by Hon. George H. Pickerell,
United States consul. Received March 21, 1903.

9477. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Catania, Italy. Presented by Hon. Alexander Heingartner, United States
consul, at the request of Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received March 16, 1903.

Sicilian. ‘‘ From grafted pistache trees at Bronte, on the slopes of Mount Etna.
The only sort likely to sueceed in America for commercial purposes. Not large, with
a bright-green kernel.’’ (Swing/e. )

9478 and 9479. %TrRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Brookings, 8. Dak. Received through Mr. James H. Shepard, March 14,
1903. Grown from seed originally imported from Russia.

9478. 9479.
Kubanka. Velvet Don.
9480. CITRUS NOBILIS X CITRUS BIGARADIA. Tangerine.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Reeeived March 19, 1903.

Clementine.

9481. CucuRBITA sp. Squash.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received March 21, 1903.

Courge bedouine.

9482. TRICHILIA DREGE.

From Delagoa Bay, Portuguese East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 1094, February 1, 1903), March 13 and 21, 1903.

Freda. ‘A handsome shade tree which is being used for avenue planting and
which deserves trial as a shade tree in tropical gardens and also in Florida. It grows
in almost pure sand, but requires water. Its seeds may be objectionable when they
fall, as they are abundant and covered with a red arillus.”’ ( Fairchild. |

he SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

9483.

From Johannesburg, Transvaal. Reeeived through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No, 1108, February 18, 1905), Mareh 24, 1905,

‘An undetermined species of the suntlower family which, according to Mr, R. W,
Odlam, superintendent of the Municipal Garden at Johannesburg, bears very pretty
pale-yellow flowers and is worthy of being brought into cultivation. These seeds
were collected by him on the high veld for the purpose of planting in his garden.
They should be sown immediately upon arrival.”’ — (Lairchild, )

9484. (GERBERA JAMESONI. Barberton or Transvaal daisy.

From Johannesburg, Transvaal. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No, 1106, February 18, 1903), March 24, 1903,

‘‘This showy perennial is half hardy and can be grown in the open in California
and the Southwest but will probably succeed as a potted plant, if set out in the
summer time, even as far north as Chicago. Its flowers, which are daisy-like in
shape and very large, are of a beautiful scarlet color. They are not borne in great
abundance but are nevertheless very showy. The foliage, resembling slightly that
of the dandelion in shape, is a deep, dark green, and the flower scapes, which rise
out of a dense mass of it, are long and slender. The flower is a brilliant, attractive
thing and well worthy of attention. The seeds are very short lived and should be
planted at once in rich, sandy potting soil. Should germinate in ten to twelve days.
The plants require plenty of water and sunshine.’’ (Fairchild. )

9485. ANANAS SATIVUS. Pineapple.

From Durban, Natal. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1109, February 19, 1903), March 30, 1903.

Natal. ‘‘Sets taken from the tops of two most delicious pineapples of the common
cultivated variety of Natal. More sets would be sent were it not for a disease which
is prevalent among the Natal pines and which we fear to introduce into America.
This disease is said to be fungous in character and to be caused by a species of Mucor
which gets into the fruit through places attacked by a red mite. These two plants
should be watched closely and the sets carefully examined before planting, for
although they came from perfectly sound fruit they may harbor this Mucor. The
Natal pineapple is a small sort of most unusual uniformity of flavor and texture and
surpasses in sweetness, crispness, and freedom from fiber or seeds any other pine-
apple which we have ever eaten. Its small, convenient size and tenderness of flesh
suit it better than any variety we have ever seen for general table use, and its excellent
shipping qualities must recommend it to American growers. It has scarcely any
core, and trom the standpoint of the consumer it is a great pineapple. It is said to
thrive with very little attention in Natal.” (Mairehild.)

9486. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Beira, Portuguese East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1091, January. 28, 1903), April 2, 1903.

Lathrop. ‘The single fruit from which one of these two seeds came, and from
which the following description is made, was the only one obtainable during our
short stop in Beira. It was 15,°, inches in largest circumference and of a peculiar,
characteristic shape; being in outline (seen from the stem end) very broadly ellipti-
cal (14 inches in circumference at base) while, seen in profile, it was heart shaped
with a decided oblique tendency. It resembled in shape a Sour Sop and was nearly
as large as a medium-sized specimen of this species of Anona. The skin was, when
ripe, a light golden yellow and of a peculiar texture, not common to other varieties
of mangoes that I have seen. It was not quite smooth but suggested the roughness
of a pomelo skin. It was about one-eighth inch thick and quite tough, and on the
inside it was lined with a number of long, strong fibers which did not penetrate into
the flesh but adhered closely to the skin. The flesh, from this skin quite down to
the short fibers attached to the seed, was entirely devoid of stringiness of any kind
and had the texture of a firm custard and was of a deep golden color. In aroma it
lacked very little of being as pronounced and agreeable as that of the best Alphonse
variety of Bombay and its flesh had the indescribably rich flavor which character-
izes the best varieties of this tropical fruit. The seed was small (3} by 2} by 14) in

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 283

wroportion to the size of the fruit and the fibers attached to it are mostly about one-
fourth inch long. A small bundle of fibers at one edge is 1 inch in length. This is
one of the great mangoes of the world and would command fancy prices in America
at any time of the year. It is fitting to name this after Mr. Barbour Lathrop, who
first called it to the attention of the American public and who first introduced it into
Florida. See No. 9669.’ (Jairchild.)

9487. RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Radish.
From Erfurt, Germany. Received through I. C. Heinemann, April 4, 1903.

Erfurt Crimson Giant. Heinemann’s tender forcing radish.

9488. CITRUS HYBRIDA.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, (rovernment
Botanist. Received April 11, 1903.

‘Seed of a hybrid said to be of very good quality. Fruit nearly round, clear,
yellow, sweet, and very juicy. Late.’ ( Trabut.)
9489. CITRUS AURANTIUM X CITRUS BERGAMIA.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received April 11, 1903.

Seeds of a hybrid called by Doctor Trabut Limorange. A hybrid of the orange and
mellarose. Said to be very good. Skin white. See No. 9554 for bud wood of same.

9490. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.

From Baku, Trans-Caspian Province, Russia. Received through Mr. EK. A.
Bessey (October 9, 1902), April 13, 1903.

‘The price of these nuts at retail in the market is 60 kopecks per pound; whole-
sale, 40 kopecks per pound.’’ (Bessey. )

9491. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.
From Tunis. Received through Mr. Walter T. Swingle (No. 125), February
21, 1903.

9492 to 9500.

From Japan. Presented by T. Tamura, of the agricultural experiment station
at Okitsumachi, Shizuoka, Japan, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild.
Received April 16, 1903.

A collection of bud wood of Japanese fruits, as follows:

9492. Pyrvs COMMUNIS. Pear.

9493. CITRUS JAPONICA. Kumquat.
Marukinkan.

9494. Cirrus JAPONICA, Kumquat.
Nagakinkan.

9495. Cirrus NoBILIs. Mandarin orange.
Aisomikan.

9496. CITRUS NOBILIS. Mandarin orange.

Kawahata Mikan.
9497. Cirrus sp.

Oshima Kunenbo or Seedless Kunenbo. ‘Grown on the island of Oshima,
province of Osumi, prefecture Kagoshima. Fruit medium, flattened, but
much larger than the common Kunenbo and very coarse. Rind thick, deep,
brilliant reddish-orange color. Very fragrant. Pulp sweet, juicy, and deli-
cious. Very good for table use and of good keeping quality.’’ (Zamura.)

Ys4 SEEDS AND PLANTS [LMPORTED,

9492 to 9500 — Continued.

9498. CirkUs AURANTIUM, Orange.

7. Tamura’s summer orange. Originated by T. Tamura in the district of
Shingai, province of Gosa, prefecture Kochi. ‘* Fruit conical, weighing from 14
to 2 pounds. Skin pale white and somewhat rough. Color bright yellow in
the first year, changing to dull yellow the second. Fruit remains on the tree
during July and August the second season. Pulp very sweet and juicy, melt-
ing and rich in fragrance, and is very palatable, although small in quantity.
Contains 20 to 25 large seeds.’? ( Tamura.)

9499. Cirrus NOBILIs. Mandarin orange.

Tamura Unshiu, or seedless mandarin orange, originated by T. Tamura, in the
district of Shingai, province of Tosa. ‘‘ Fruit roundish, oblate, rind thin, some-
what rough, of a bright reddish color. Pulp sweet, subacid, juicy, and seed-
less. This orange will not keep as well as the true sweet orange, but is one of
the best for table use. The quality is very fine.’? (Tamura. )

9500. CrrrRus DECUMANA. Pomelo.

Kawaguch’s Buntan, or seedless pomelo. Produced only in the district of
Higashimorokata, in the province of Hiuga, Prefecture Miyazaki. ‘ Fruit
medium to large, very oblate, rind thin, smooth, and pale yellow. Pulp
sweet, subacid, juicy, of a dull-purplish or light-reddish color, and seedless.
Quality good. Excellent for table use and a good keeper.’”’ ( Tamura.)
(No. 967, July 5, 1902. )

9501 to 9503. MrsemBpryANTHEMUM sp.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (Nos. 1140 to 1142, March 11, 1903), April 17, 1903.
A collection of plants presented by Mr. Eustace Pillans, of Rosebank, near Cape
Town. The species were undetermined by Mr. Pillans.

9501.

+e

_ “A strikingly ornamental variety with vivid orange flowers. From Mr,
Eustace Pillan’s garden at Rosebank.’ (Fairchild. )

9502.
“A variety with striking magenta-colored flowers. A very strong grower.

Especially adapted for borders. Flowers in the early South African spring.”
( Fairchild. )

9503.
‘A tricolored sort, orange, maroon, and red. Said to be very rare. It hasa
most striking dewlike sheen on plant and flowers. Is a strong grower.’’
( Fairchild. )
9504 to 9553. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Saharanpur, united provinces of Agra and Oudh, India. Received through
Mr. W. Gollan, director of the Saharanpur Botanie Garden, April 17, 1903.

A collection of small grafted mango plants as follows, one plant of each variety:

9504. 9507.
Arbuthnot. Bombay, green. (Dead on ar-
rival. )
sabe 9508.
Bhabaurea.

Bombay, yellow.

9506. . 9509.
Brindabani, (Dead on arrival. ) Gapalbhog. (Dead on arrival.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

9510.
Khapariah.

9511.

Langra.

9512.
Malda.

9513.

9504 to 9553—Continued.

Salibunda. (Dead on arrival. )

9514.
Stalkart.

9515.
Strawberry.
9516.
Sufaida.
9517.
Alfonso.
9518.
Bhurdas.

9519.
Bulbulchasm.

9520.

Caleultia ainin.

rival. )

9521.
Chickna.

9522.

Davy’s Favorite.

9523.

Faizan.
9524.

Fajri, long.
9525.

Fajri, round,
9526.

Faqiumala,
9527.

Gola.
9528.

Hatijhul.

(Dead on ar-

9529.

Kachmahua,
9530.

Kakaria,
9531.

Kala.

9532.

Krishnabhog.
9533.

Khajya.
9534.

Samar Chisht.

9535.

Salamar.

9536.
Kistapal.

9537.

Lamba Bhadra.

9538.
Langra Hardoi.

9539.
Langra, large.
9540.

Maelhias.

9541.

Maradahadi amin.

9542.
Nijibabadi.
95438.
Nayale.
9544.
Nucha.
9545.
Pyasee.

9546.

255

Ramani. (Dead on arrival. )

9547.

Sanduria.

YS6 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9504 to 9553—Continued.

9548. 9551.
Sharbati, brown, Sunahra,

9549. 9552.
Sharbati, hlack. Surkha.

9550. 9553.
Singapur. Tamancha.

9554. CITRUS AURANTIUM X CITRUS BERGAMIA.
From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. ‘Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received April 18, 1903,

Scions of a white orange, a hybrid of the mellarose and orange, said by Dr. Trabut
to be of excellent quality. A description of this is published in the ‘‘ Revue Hort.,”’
of Paris; exact reference not given.

9555 to 9558. BouUGAINVILLEA spp.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (Nos. 1144 to 1147, March 11, 1903), April 20, 1903.

‘Four different varieties of this superb creeper have been collected by Mr. Ardern
and planted on his place called the ‘ Hill,’ at Claremont. These differ in their habit
of flowering, color of bracts, and vigor, and although probably not new to America,
the set is sent for comparison with sorts already known in the gardens of California.”
( Fairchild. )

9555. BouGAINVILLEA LATERESIA (7).

Has brick-red bracts and is a vigorous grower. No. L144.

9556. BouGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS.

Has very dark purple bracts. A wonderfully vigorous grower, said to excel
the others in its masses of bloom, which are borne for a short period only.
No. 1145.

9557. BouGAINVILLEA GLABRA.

Has very pale, purple bracts, mucn more so than the two other purple
varieties.

9558. BovuGAINVILLEA SANDERIANA.

‘A purple-flowered kind, remarkable for its free-flowering habit. It remains
in flower much of the year, and although it is not so beautiful as B. spectabilis
when the latter is in flower, it is preferable because of its constant blooming
habit.’? ( Fairchild. )

9559. OLEA VERRUCOSA (7). Wild olive.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1148, March 11, 1903), April 20, 1903.

“The native wild olive of South Africa. These cuttings were taken from a tree
growing in Mr. Ardern’s garden at Claremont. It may be useful for breeding or as
a stock in California.’’? (Fairchild. )

9560 to 9568. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Khodjent, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey,
from Mr. Valneff, April 20, 1903.

A collection of grape cuttings, as follows:

9560. 9561.
Khusaine. - Sheker-Angur.

— Ss OP

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 287

9560 to 9568—Continued.

9562.
Kadu-Khusaine. 9566.

95683 Tagoli.
Darai. 9567.

9564 Khusaine Surkh.
Chelaki. 9568.

9565 Bobaki.

Shuvargani,

9569. GARCINIA sp. (4).

From Delagoa Bay, Kast Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1191, February, 1903), March 21, 1903.

‘Seed of a large shade tree growing everywhere about and in the town of Delagoa
Bay. Thetree is a pretty shade tree, vigorous grower, and an enormousfruit producer.
I have seldom seen any wild fruit tree which was so loaded down as the trees of this
species are with their small egg-shaped green fruits. I was not able to determine the
species of this tree, but according to the surmise of Mr. J. Medley Wood, of the
Botanic Gardens of Durban, it is a Garcinia, and for that reason, as well as for its
value as a shade tree, this is worth introducing into the tropical and subtropical
gardens of America. It may be possible to cross this with the mangosteen, although
the difference between the species seems very great. From the sour pulp of the fruit
the Kaffirs prepare a variety of fermented liquor which they keenly relish. They
also eat the fruit pulp fresh.’? ( Fairchild.)

9570. SOLANUM MURICATUM. Pepino.
From Las Palmas, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1166, April 6, 1903), April 24, 1903.

_ Pera Melone. ‘‘A seedless fruit plant which is grown on the terraces of Grand
Canary and the other islands of the group and on Madeira as well. The fruit
tastes like a canteloupe, is the shape of an egg, and when ripe is yellow, striped with
splashes of purple. The texture of the yellow flesh resembles that of a ripe pear.
The hotel visitors are very fond of this fruit, and it brings a good price in the markets
of the island. Here the plants are grown by irrigation and bear in nine months after
being planted as cuttings. Artificial fertilizers are used in their culture and the soil
isavoleanicone. The fruit may be picked before it is ripe and ripened off the bush.
Small shipments have been made to London, which arrived in good condition.
This was introduced into California several years ago by Dr. Gustay Eisen and is now
grown there.’’ (Fairchild. )

9571. AVENA sp. Mapstone oats.

From Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1104), April 14, 1903.

‘‘A variety of oat which has been a very prolific yielder in numerous trials at
Mapstone farm in Natal.’”’? (Fairchild. )
9572 to 9574.

From Brookings, 8. Dak. Presented by Prof. N. E. Hansen, horticulturist of the
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Received April 17, 1903,

9572. CrITRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.
Grown from §S. P. I. No. 23. Named South Dakota by Professor Hansen.
9573. ZEA MAYs. Corn.

Malakoff sugar corn. Grown trom seed imported by Professor Hansen from
Moscow, Russia, in 1902.

9574. Davcts CaRora. Carrot.
Kuldja carrot. Grown from 8. P. I. No. 1254.
29861—No. 66—05——19

’

YSs SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9575. MUSA SAPIENTUM.

From Las Palmas, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1168, April 12, 1903), April 27 and May 6, 1903.

Datile. ‘Young buds from the base of some banana plants in Mr, Nelson’s garden
in Las Palmas, which the gardener says came from Cuba several years ago. The
fruit of this ‘date’ banana is very small, not over an inch or so long, it is said, but of
unusual sweetness, though inclined to be dry. This may be of use for breeding
purposes. The plants are small in size and do not seem very vigorous.”’ ( Fair¢hild. )

9576. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronoy, the representative of Mr. H. W. Dirrschmidt (No. 114, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Kishmish. ‘‘A white (i. e., very light green) seedless grape, considered to be the
best of the sorts grown near Bokhara. The berry is rather small, with a slight
amount of bloom, short elliptical in outline, about one-half inch long and three-
eighths inch wide, very thin skinned, ‘vith a moderately firm, juicy flesh and sweet
taste, modified by the presence of sufficient acid to prevent its being insipid. The
bunch is large, firm, and compact, and weighs one-half a pound to a pound. I fear
that if once attacked by Anthracnose, Plusmopara, or Black Rot, the berries are so
closely packed that the whole bunch would be destroyed, as without great care in
spraying it would be impossible to properly reach the inner berries of the bunch.
This variety was also seen in Ashkabad, where it is said to be of Persian origin. It
s rather rare here.”’ (Bessey. )

9577. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronoy, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 115, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Khusaini (Khoos-eenee). ‘A light-green grape, considered to be one of the best,
but inferior in quality to Kishmish, No. 9576, and Ok Uzitim, No. 9578. One of the
most abundant varieties on the market. Very productive. Berries light green, with-
out bloom, often tinged with a very faint red color on the sunny side, elongated
elliptical in outline, an inch to 1} inches long by one-half to five-eighths inch in short
diameter. Usually truncated at the base and shortly rounded at the apex. Often
slightly larger near the base. Seeds usually only two, situated about one-third of
the distance from the base to apex (rarely central). Skin thin and tender; flesh
juicy and tender, but firm. Sweet and slightly acid—too little acid for some people’s
taste. Bunches large (three-fourths to 1 pound or more), loose, rather long; would
be easy to spray.’’ (Bessey. )

9578. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronoy, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 116, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Ok Uzitim (meaning White grape). ‘‘A white (i. e., light green) grape, very abun-
dant on the markets of Old Bokhara. Considered by some to be of better quality
than KhuSaini, No. 9577, but I consider it inferior. Berries light green, with bloom,
round, five-eighths to three-fourths inch in diameter, with usually three rather small
seeds. Skin thin but tough, and with a slightly astringent taste, which makes it
necessary to avoid chewing the skin much. Flesh firm but tender and juicy, sweet
but with slight acid flavor, and superior in this respect to that of Ahusaini, if care is
taken not to chew the skin. Bunches large (1 to 1} pounds), very compact, with a
pronounced shoulder. Apparently would be difficult to spray properly, but not so
difficult as Kishmish, No. 9576.’’ ( Bessey. )

9579. VITIS VINIFERA. Grape.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronoy, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 117, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1908.

Shuborgényi. ‘‘An almost black grape with a faint bloom. Quite rare in the mar-
kets. Considered inferior to Kishmish, No. 9576, and Ok Uziiim, No. 9578. Berries

ne

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 289

elliptical, small to medium, usually one-half to five-eighths inch long by three-eighths
inch thick, sometimes larger. Flesh actually almost colorless, but appearing dark
on cutting open, because of the dark skin and colored layer immediately below it.
Skin rather tender; only very slightly, or not at all, astringent. Flesh quite firm,
juicy, and sweet. Seeds none or, if present, so tender that they are not noticeable
on chewing, having no hard coat. Bunches rather small, not over one-half pound,
with a pronounced shoulder, rather loose, and easy to spray. Except that it stains
the fingers and mouth, I consider this variety superior to Ok Uzitim, No. 9578, and
Kishmish, No. 9576.”’ — ( Bessey. )

9580. SALSOLA ARBUSCULA.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. KE. A. Bessey
from Mr. V. Paletzky, forester, of Chardjui (No. 194, October 3, 1902),
May I, 1903.

“This plant is one of the best sand binders in this region. It forms a large shrub,
or even smnall tree, 15 to 20 feet high. It grows without irrigation in sand in a very
hot region where no rain falls from April to November. In the winter it endures
severe cold. This plant can be propagated either by seed (sown from January to
March) or cuttings (also planted in early spring). In either case a stand of about
40 per cent is obtained. If grown along with Aristida pennata var. Karelini, No. 9582,
it seeds itself in the tufts of the latter, and soon is able to take care of its own dis-
semination.’’ (Bessey. )

9581. HaALoxYLON AMMODENDRON.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. KE. A. Bessey
from Mr. V. Paletzky, forester, of Chardjui (No. 195, October 3, 1902),
May 1, 1903.

‘*This plant often becomes a tree 20 to even 30 feet high, with a trunk 15 to 18
inches in diameter near the base. It requires a clay subsoil which holds some
moisture. It is very hard to establish, but when once started is valuable as a sand
binder. It will not endure salt.’”’ ( Bessey. )

9582. ARISTIDA PENNATA var. KARELINI.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. KE. A. Bessey
from Mr. V. Paletzky, forester, of Chardjui (No. 196, October 3, 1902),
May 1, 1903.

“This grass, itself valuable as a sand binder, is especially valuable from the fact
that its tufts act as shelters in which the seeds of Salsola arbuscula (No. 9580) and Cal/i-
gonum sp. (Nos. 9583 to 9594) lodge and grow. Nearly every bunch of this grass will
be found to have growing in it a young plant of Salsola or Calligonum. The seeds are
sown in holes in the sand and covered with sand by the workman’s foot, or are
mixed at the rate of 1 pound to 200 or 300 pounds of sand and sown broadcast; the
former method is, however, preferable. It is sown in the hollows between the sand
dunes, and requires only one seeding, as the following year it reseeds itself.”’
( Bessey. )

9583 to 9594. CALLIGONUM sp.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. EF. A. Bessey
from Mr. V. Paletzky, forester, of Chardjui (No. 197, October 5, 1902),
May 1, 1903.

9583. CALLIGONUM ARBORESCENS and C. CAPUT-MEDUSAE.

‘‘A mixture of these two species. These two are the best of the Calligo-
nums for sand-binding purposes. They form small trees. They are superior
to Salsola arbuscula in that when planted from seeds or from cuttings 90 per
cent grow, inferior in that they do not reseed themselves very well.”
( Bessey.) (No. 197, October 3, 1902.)

Additional species sent by Mr. Paletzky.

9584. CALLIGONUM ACANTHOPTERUM, Borsez. var. SETOSA,

YOU) SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9583 to 9594— Continued.

9584a. CALLIGONUM ACANTHOPTERUM, Borsez, var. SETOSA,

9584b. CALLIGONUM ACANTHOPTERUM, Borsez, var. SETOSA.

(These three packages were kept separate because of a slight variation in
the appearance of the seeds. )

9585. CALLIGONUM ARBORESCENS, Sp. NOV,

9586. CALLIGONUM ARBORESCENS * C, ACANTHOPTERUM.
9587. CALLIGONUM CALLIPHYSA.

9588. CALLIGONUM CAPUT-MEDUSAE.

9588a. CALLIGONUM CAPUT-MEDUSAE Var. RUBICUNDA.,

9589. CALLIGONUM COMOSUM.
9590. CALLIGONUM DENSUM.

9591. CALLIGONUM ERIOPODUM.
9592. CALLIGONUM MICROCARPUM.
9593. CALLIGONUM PALLASII.

9594. CALLIGONUM ROTULA.

9595. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Las Palmas, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1171, April 14, 1903), May 1, 1903.

Telde. ‘‘Considered the finest variety in Grand Canary and superior to those
grown in the central part of the island. These latter, it may be remarked, are con-
sidered by Mr. Lathrop and myself some of the finest flavored oranges which we
have ever eaten, being characterized by a freedom from fiber, a crisp texture of
flesh, and an indescribably vinous flavor. The variety is medium in size, thin
skinned and seeded. The color of the flesh varies, but in the best specimens is a
shade of dark orange. The juiciness is phenomenal, and though the fruit varies
greatly in flavorand color it is uniformly good and sweet. Any collection should be
glad to get this variety. Its origin is unknown as far as | can discover. The name
is that of the village where the fruit is grown, some 8 miles from Las Palmas.”
( Fairchild.)

9596. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Las Palmas, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and

Fairchild (No. 1172, April 14, 1903), May 1, 1903.

Canary seedless. ‘Scions from two trees which are growing on the estate of Don
Juan Rodriguez, in the famous orange region along the Barranco de la Higuera de
Canaria. These trees are reputed to produce only fruit that is absolutely seedless,
and though they are very old trees they have never, so far as we could learn, pro-
duced fruits with more than the rudiments of seeds in them. No fruits were on the
trees when these cuttings were taken, so the statement as to their seedlessness is that
of the renter of the place, Sig. Rivero. If this orange is seedless, as claimed, and of
a quality equal to the other varieties of the same locality, as is affirmed by the culti-
vator, the sort is well worth thorough investigation and comparison with the navel
orange now grown in California. It is, I believe, a smaller sort, and may prove
superior in flavor. The excellence of these oranges from this region, which is the
most noted in the islands, is attested by Mr. Lathrop, who thinks them equal to the
best.”? ( Fairchild. )

Se

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO) DECEMBER, 1903. 991

9597. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Orange.

From Las Palmas, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1172a, April 14, 1903), May 1, 19038.

Canary seedless. ‘Scions of a variety of seedless orange likely to prove the same
as No. 9596, but taken from a much younger tree than the latter that grew a short
distance away from the two old trees mentioned under No, 9596. We have taken
the liberty of naming this and the previous variety the Canary seedless.” ( Iirchild. )

9598. PLOCAMA PENDULA.

From Las Palmas, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1178, April 14, 1908), May 1, 19038.

“A species of low-growing shrub which occurs wild on the slopes of the arid hill-
side near the road from Las Palmas to Telde. It has a most beautiful weeping
habit, giving the plants the appearance of tiny weeping willows. It is not over 2) to
3 feet high. This would be very beautiful as a cover for dry hillsides overlooking
the sea. It has already been brought into greenhouse culture. I believe it will
withstand severe drought.”? ( Mairchild.)

9599. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From the Philippine Islands. Received through Prof. W. 8. Lyon, in charge of
seed and plant introduction, Insular Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, May 4, 1903.

‘One seed of mango No.2. The fruit from which this seed was taken weighed 16
ounces. When still wet and fresh the seed weighed only 1 ounce, making more than
93 per cent of the flesh available, exclusive of a very thin and light rind.’ (Lyon. )

9600. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Marseille, France. Received through Champagne Bros., Ltd, May 4,
1903, 264 pounds dried Deglet Noor dates, purchased at the request of Mr.
W. T. Swingle. (No. 130.)

“Dry Deglet Noor dates from the Sahara suitable for planting. Planting is best
done aiter the ground gets warm in April or May on alkali-free soil with abundant
irrigation. This superb variety can be propagated with certainty only by means of
offshoots, but as these are now very difficult to obtain, it is desirable to grow seed-
lings in the hope of securing some that will prove equal to the parent sort in quality.
About half the seedlings are generally males and one in ten can be counted on to
yield good dates. It is not unreasonable to expect that some of the seedlings may
be as good as the Deglet Noor, and ripen earlier, which will permit of their culture
in the Salt River Valley, Arizona.” (Swingle. )

9601. [ris sp.

From Monte, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1174, April 17, 1903), May 4, 1903.

*‘A very beautiful white iris of unusual size (5 inches in diameter), which is fra-
t. This grows wild in certain barrancos of Grand Canary, and Mr. Alaricus Del-
mard, of Monte, called it to our attention. He sent plants to English florists who
declared it was new, but the plants failed to live. Its great size and the purity of its
white color and its delicate perfume, like that of a lily, make it a desirable introduc-
tion, although specifically it may not be new to America.’ ( Fairchild. )

9602. HerprrA HELIX var. CANARIENSIS. Ivy.

From Monte, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1175, April 17, 1903), May 4, 1903.

- “An exceedingly vigorous, very large-leaved variety of ivy, which grows wild in the
Canary Islands. The leaves are sometimes 6 to 8 inches across. It may not retain
this character of large leaves, but it is worthy of trial or for breeding purposes.”’
(Fairchild. )

yoy SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

9603. WDkACUNCULUS CANARIENSIS.

From Monte, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Reeeived through Messrs,
Lathrop and Fairchild (No, 1176, April 17, 1903), May 4, 1905.

“A giant aroid with spathes sometimes 14 to 16 inches long. Yellowish or green-
ish in color, Leaves deeply lobed and ornamental. Grows 6 to & feet in height in
moist places in the mountains of Grand Canary. Might prove useful for breeders of
the calla lily because of its large size. This was called to our attention by Mr. A.
Delmard, of Monte.”’ § ( Pairehild.)

9604. PoRTULACARIA AFRA. Spek-boom.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No, 1130, March 8, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Spek-boom. ‘* This bush, which grows sometimes 12 to 15 feet high, forms one of
the most valuable fodder elements of the northeastern Karroo, in Cape Colony. It
is a succulent-leaved species, greedily eaten by horned stock, and well worth thorough
trial in the frostless, dry lands of our southwestern States. The cuttings should be
placed in the hands of the gardeners of a few interested ranch owners and at the
experiment stations in the States where the plant is likely to prove of value, with the
understanding that they are to be grown and multiplied and small patches of mother
plants started from which cuttings can be taken. The cuttings and young plants
must be protected from gophers, rats, mice, or prairie dogs until several years old.
At least the mother plantations should be so protected. This is not a desert plant,
but simply a species which has the power to withstand a long, dry season, and
because of the avidity with which live stock eat its leaves and stems it is worth
acclimatizing in the frostless regions of America. It thrives best on rocky slopes
and needs protection from the wind by wind-breaks. These cuttings were made
from a tree growing in the grounds of the South African Museum, in Cape Town,
which tree was planted many years ago by Professor MacOwan. They are a gift to
the American ranchman from this veteran Cape botanist who has done so much to
call attention to the good qualities of the Spek-boom. The climate of the region in
which the tree lives is illustrated by these figures: Absolute maximum temperature
for ten years (1881-1890), 108° F., absolute minimum, 21° F. Rainfall average for
ten years, 18.76 inches per annum, occurring in the warm season.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9605. PoORTULACARIA AFRA.

- From Oatlands, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1155, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Spek-boom. ‘*These cuttings came from the typical Karroo, where the plant is
highly prized for fodder purposes. It may prove slightly different from those taken
from a tree in Cape Town, No. 9604. These cuttings were collected by Mr. Nash, of
the Cape department of agriculture, and secured through Mr. Davison, chief sheep
inspector of the department.’’ ( Fairchild.) (For description see No. 9604. )

9606. ANANAS SATIVUS. Pineapple.

From Lower Albany, Trapps Valley, South Africa. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1154, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Natal. ‘‘This isevidently the same variety of pineapple as No. 9485. Fresh pine-
apples from this region which we tested were not as fine flavored as those we ate in
Natal, but the fact that they had been picked green should be taken into considera-
tion. Should it grow as well in Florida as it does here it would prove a great suc-
cess. Secured through the kindness of Mr. Eustace Pillans, agricultural assistant of
Cape department of agriculture, from C. J. Ansley, Trapps Valley, Cape Colony.”
( Fairchild. )

9607. VITIS RUPESTRIS Var. METALLICA. Grape.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by the Cape department of agri-
culture through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1137, March 10, 1903).
Received May 6, 1908.

‘“‘A resistant American stock of South African origin, which has proved itself most
admirably suited to the conditions at the Cape, and especially adapted to ‘any loose

a ee |

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 298

svil, loam, gravel, or sand, and also in dry, open heavy soils; it can, besides, stand a
fair amount of moisture in loose soils. It forms an excellent graft-bearer for all
varieties of European vines, except //unepool, and possibly also other members of the
Muscat family.’ (ef. J. P. de Waal, in the Agricultural Journal, Cape of Good Hope,
December 19, 1901, p. 838.) This variety, I am informed by Mr. Iustace Pillans, is
the best of all the resistant stocks yet tried at the Cape, as its ease of grafting, great
vigor, suitability to different kinds of soil, and grafting affinity for all but varieties
of the Muscat type, make it a general stock of great value. Eyen those who do not
claim that it exceeds in vigor any other sort, admit that it is the easiest grafted of
any of the American stocks. The stock originated at Groot Constantia Wine Farm
in a lot of seedlings from seed sown in 1886. It is uncertain whether the seed came
direct from America or from France. This is entirely distinct, according to Mr. J.
Bioletti (formerly of Berkeley University, California, now at Elsenburg Agricultural
School), from the Metallica of French vineyardists. Its name applies to the luster of
its foliage. The seedling was picked out in 1894, and by quick propagation in 1901
yielded 687,000 cuttings, and in 1902, 864,000 cuttings were distributed. It has been
tested side by side with many French stocks, such as Aramon rupestris, Riparia
Gloire de Montpellier, ete., and takes its place as their equal in all points and
their superior as regards ease of propagation and suitability to the varieties of soil
mentioned. Mr. Pillans goes so far as to predict that it will drive all other stocks
out of South Africa, except for Muscat sorts. He claims for it a remarkable yield-
giving power, extreme vigor, and resistance to the phylloxera. Mr. Bioletti admits
its excellent qualities and practical growers are enthusiastic over it. This is well
worth the serious consideration of Californian vine growers. The originators of this
remarkable seedling are Messrs. J. P. de Waal and Eustace Pillans, of the Cape of
Good Hope department of agriculture, and its trial in California should be made at
once. We are indebted to Mr. Pillans for the plants sent.’? (Fairchild. )

9608. CHLORIS VIRGATA. Rhodes grass.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1131, March 8, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘**A species of pasture grass that, although scattered widely through the Tropics of
both hemispheres (according to the books), has probably not before been brought’
into culture. Mr. Cecil Rhodes had the seed of this plant collected several years ago
and sown in large patches on his place near Cape Town, called ‘Groote Schur.’ The
vrass has done well there, forming heavy sods of a good herbage, and the manager of
Mr. Rhodes’s farm has had the seed collected and distributed among the planters of
the colony, by whom it is called ‘Rhodes grass.’ From what I saw of these patches
on the slopes of a hillside, I do not believe this is a drought resistant form; at least it
is not able to withstand very severe dry weather. It has the typical finger-like
inflorescence of the genus and its strong, tough, creeping stems lie flat on the ground.
When given sufficient moisture the grass is said to produce a mass of forage over 2
feet high, but what it would do if subjected to severe drought-has yet to be found out.
I saw a single patch which had been sown with the seed and had failed to take, and
it was evident that the drought-resisting powers of the plant are quite limited. How-
ever, a grass which has attracted the attention of so keen a cultivator as Mr. Rhodes
and is meeting with favorable comment from many practical men here at the Cape
deserves a thorough trial in America. As the species is a perennial it need only be
tested in frostless or nearly frostless regions. Its fodder value will be much inferior
to alfalfa, but it will thrive on soil with little lime in it. This seed was given Mr.
Lathrop for distribution in America by the steward of Mr. Rhodes’s estate, and in
case it succeeds, the Chartered South African Company, at Cape Town, should be
notified of the success it attains.’’? (Fairchild. )

9609. TRITICUM JUNCEUM.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1136, March 9, 1903), May 6, 1903.

*“*A grass which is a native of North Africa and Europe, and is used as a sand binder
here in Cape Colony. Mr. Hutchins, conservator of forests of the colony, to whom
we are indebted for the seed, has found this species especially serviceable in experi-
ments near the seashore. Von Miller remarks that it is one of the best grasses to
keep rolling sand ridges together. Probably this has already been tried in America,
but this South African seed may be of a different strain.’’ ( Fuirchild. )

YO4 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9610. \MusA SAPIENTUM. Banana.

From Las Palmas, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1169, April 12, 1903), May 6, 1905,

Manzana or Silver. ‘‘ Young shoots from the base of a few plants of the Si/ver banana
of Madeira, which variety is thought by the residents of this island to be a very
superior sort and to have originated in Madeira. The fruits which we tasted were
good, but not remarkable. They had an acid flavor, were juicy, had light-colored
flesh, and though very refreshing as a change from the ordinary type of banana, were
not especially to be recommended.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9611. SrryYCHNOS sPINosa (‘) Kafir orange.

From Mozambique, East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1108, February 8, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘*Seed (poisonous) of the Kafir orange, a native fruit of Portuguese East Africa.
The tree is grown in Delagoa Bay only occasionally, and the Kafirs crack open the
calabash-like fruit and eat the brown, plum-like flesh which surrounds the many flat
angular seeds. These seeds are said to be very poisonows, but the flesh is quite refreshing.
That of the specimen which we tasted was like a brandied peach into which cloves
had been stuck. The spicy aroma of the fruit is perceptible before the hard shell has
been broken open and forms one of its best characteristics. The fruits are cannon
ball shaped and very heavy, and the green shell is so hard that it has to be broken
with a heavy blow. It is in many ways a remarkable fruit, and although the data
regarding it are meager it is well worth a place in Porto Rico, Florida, and Hawaiian
gardens.”’ (Fairchild. )

9612. CARISSA ARDUINA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1110, February 26, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘‘A beautiful, thorny, evergreen shrub, suited to frostless regions. It would be
suited for hedge making and as an ornamental, for its white flowers and oblong,
bright red fruits show off strikingly against its dark-green foliage. Like Carissa
grandiflora, its fruits, resembling a large barberry fruit, are good to eat, having a
sweet, fresh, but somewhat characterless taste. Standing alone this species pro-
duces a prettier shaped shrub than C. grandiflora and is well worth the attention of
gardeners in California and Florida. These seeds are from fruit gathered in the
municipal gardens in Cape Town. Breeders should be encouraged to try crossing
these two species. There are other representatives of the genus in South Africa
which might be used in breeding experiments. C. acuminata, A. D. C., is listed for
Natal by J. Medley Wood in his ‘Indigenous Plants of Natal; von Mueller lists
C. brownii, F. V. M., from East Australia, and °C. carandas L., from India to China.
All these species have edible fruits.’? (Fairchild. )

9613. MEDICAGO ARBOREA. Tree lucern.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1111, March 3, 1903), May 6, 1908.

‘Seed of the Tree lucern, which is said to occur in southern Europe, especially in
Greece. It is, according to von Mueller in his ‘Extra Tropical Plants,’ page 300, the
‘Cytisus’ of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The plant forms a shrub 7 to 8 feet
high with thick, woody stems 3 inches in diameter, which sprawl more or less over
the ground. These seeds are from a single specimen in the Municipal Gardens at
Cape Town, and Professor MacOwan informs me that the plant has not attracted
much attention here as a fodder plant, though it grows well. For plant breeders
only who are at work on the genus Medicago.’’ (Fairchild. )

9614. SOLANUM sp.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1112, March 3, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘Seed of a tree Solanum, of decided ornamental value, which is growing in the
Municipal Gardens at Cape Town and which has never been specifically determined.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903, 995

Its origin also is not known, according to Professor MacOwan. It should be sent for
trial to the frostless regions of America and distributed among the superintendents
of parks and public ¢ gardens and private ornamental plant growers. Its upright stem,
spiny, broad leaves, and horizontal branches make it effective.’ — (/irehild. )

9615. PoORTULACARIA AFRA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Preseoted by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1113. Received Mareh
3, 1903), May 6, 19038.

Spek-boom. ‘‘Seed of this interesting fodder plant. (See Nos. 9604, 9605.)”’
( Fairchild. )

9616. HaArpreHyLLuM CAFFRUM. Kafir plum.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1114, Mareh 5, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

“One of the prettiest evergreen shade trees to be seen in the gardens of Cape Town.
Prof. P. MacOwan has planted a row of these trees in a very windy situation near the
parliament buildings in Cape Town and they are admirably suited to such a trying
situation, where they are whipped by continuous winds which blow from various
directions. Professor Sim remarks that its timber resembles mahogany and is used
for wagon making, being called eschenhout by the Dutch. The red, showy drupes
are suitable for preserves, but in the Cape they are apparently not popular though
they have a pleasant acid taste, but little pulp. The branches are sometimes planted
as fence poles and these large “outtings’ take root and form trees. [Sim.] Professor
MacOwan recommends this heartily as a shade tree for windy situations, where its
beautiful dark green foliage forms a dense shade. The tree will thrive in the frost-
less belt of California and Florida and is sure to be appreciated by owners of parks as
an avenue plant. The seeds should be sown in a seed bed and plants transplanted
to situations desired. It is not a desert plant, but will stand some drought. This
tree is worthy a prominent place in the gardens and parks of California and Florida.”’
( Fairchild. )

9617. SoLANUM ACULEASTRUM. Natal thorn.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1115, March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

*‘An ornamental species with very large fruits, grows 6 feet high if grown singly or
4 to 43 feet if in a hedge, for which latter purpose it is used by the farmers.
Very acutely hook-thorned, rather disposed to use up too much space if left alone.
The fruit is the size of a mandarin orange. It will not bear more than a short and
slight frost. To be sent to Texas, Arizona, and California gardens.’’ ( Fairchild. )

9618. PASPALUM DIGITARIA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1128, March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

“Seed of a grass, which, according to Prof. P. MacOwan, is promising for moist
bottom land. It will not endure cold weather, but is suited to subtropical condi-
tions.”? (Fairchild. )

9619. PENTZIA VIRGATA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1129, March 9, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

‘‘Old seed of the fodder bush called the Goed Karroo. This is the best plant in
the Karroo for sheep pasturage, for it furnishes good fodder, binds the sand, prevent-
ing gullying, and withstands drought. ( /wirchild. )

YOG SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9620. KuUCcLEA RACEMOSA,

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prot. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1132, Mareh 9, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

“A shrub with dense, dark-green foliage, of distinctly ornamental appearance,
which is especially suited for plantings near the sea that are exposed to salt spray,
with the purpose of lifting the wind from the surface of the soil and checking the
shifting of the sands. In experiments of fixing sand dunes this plant may prove of
decided value, not so much through the action of its roots as by the formation of a
cover for the sand, which will lift the wind above its surface. Strongly recommended
by Professor MacOwan in his recommendations to the Cape government on the
rebushing of an overstocked island off the coast called Robbin Island. This seed
should be planted in a seed bed and the young plants set out when of sufficient size
to bear transplanting well.”’ ( Fairchild.)

9621. MYororRUM INSULARE.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1138, March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

‘‘An extra tropical Australian tree called in South Africa Australian blueberry, and
used there as a hedge plant or as an ornamental tree. It is proof against sea breezes,
can be propagated by cuttings, grows rapidly, and will thrive down to high-tide
mark. It is one of the few trees which will grow in wet saline soil. The wood is
close grained and good for cabinet making. ( Fairchild.)

9622. COTYLEDON TERETIFOLIA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government |
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1134, March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

‘* Seeds of a Cotyledon from Grahamstown, Great Kirch River. This is a hothouse
plant.”? (Fairchild. )

9623. CEPHALANDRA QUINQUILOBA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1135, March 8, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘“A cucurbitaceous plant of ornamental value, running over the ground and bearing
pretty yellow flowers and red fruits. It should be tried in southern California as an
arbor plant mixed with other more dense shade-giving species. Probably a tender
species.’’ ( Fairchild.)

9624. EUCALYPTUS FICIFOLIA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1157, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘*Seed from some trees. growing on Cecil Rhodes’s place, Groote Schur. I have
never seen in any landscape more gorgeous dashes of color than those produced by
these trees when in bloom. The colors vary from salmon or pale pink to deep scarlet.
This tree is probably known in California, perhaps under another specific name.’’
( Fairchild. )

9625. PirrospORUM PENDULUM.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1158, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

‘Seed of a remarkably grotesque tree growing in the municipal gardens at Cape
Town. It has long slender branches which hang like those of a weeping willow.
Its trunks are weird and irregular in form and give to the tree a most singular appear-
ance. This is worthy of trial in such parks as the Golden Gate Park, of San Fran-
cisco.’’ (Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 997

9626. CUCURBITA MELANOSPERMA, Squash.

From San Antonio, Malta. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and lairehild
(No. 1159, December 27, 1902), May 6, 19038.

“Dr, Giovanni Borg, director of the gardens at San Antonio, called our attention to
this squash as the best one for soups and as a vegetable which he had ever tested on
the island. The plant also grows luxuriantly in Madeira, where it is highly prized
as a vegetable. Doctor Grabham, of Funchal, remarked that it formed one of the
principal foods of the native poor people. It should be given a good test by seeds-
men.’’ (Fairchild. )

9627. LUPINUS ALBUS (4).

From Tripoli or Tunis. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1160, December 1902), May 6, 1903.

‘‘A few peculiar lupines picked up either in Tunis or Tripoli. They may be of
interest to those experimenting with this plant as a green manure crop.’ ( /irchild.)
9628 to 9631. Ornamentals.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (Nos. 1162 to 1165, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Seed of several ornamentals presented by Mr. H. J. Chalvin, superintendent.of the
municipal gardens at Cape Town, as follows:

9628. CoTYLEDON sp. 9630. GASTERIA CROUCHERI.
Various species. Mixed seed. (No. 1164. )
(No. 1162. )
9631. MorakAa PAVONIA.
9629. ASPARAGUS PLUMOSUS. . -
( No. 1165.)

(No. 1163. )

9632 and 9633.
From Port Elizabeth district, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild, May 6, 1903.
9632. EvPHORBIA CORONATA.
A few seeds.

96383. LEUCADENDRON ARGENTEUM. Silver tree.

‘*Planted in a pot closely and allowed to grow up thickly, the silver tree
is said to form a very pretty pot plant. Difficult to transplant.’? (Fuirchild.)

9634. ANANAS SATIVUS. Pineapple.

From Trapps Valley, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1156, March 16, 1903), May 15, 1903.

Natal. ‘‘These are probably in no way different from No. 9606, and were intended
to be shipped with them, but arrived too late. Secured through the kindness of Prof.
C. P. Lounsbury, entomologist of the Cape department of agriculture, from a planta-
tion near Trapps Valley.

9635 to 9660. (ossYyPIUM BARBADENSE. Egyptian cotton.
From Egypt. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, May 16, 1905.
9635.

Extra Fine Mit Afifi. Purchased from Robin Carver, Kafr-el-Zayat.

9636.
Ashmuni. Purchased from Carver Brothers & Co., Beni-Suef.

POS SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9635 to 9660—Continued.

9637 to 9660.

Purchased from Choremi Benachi & Co., Alexandria.

9637.

Mit Afifi. First picking, from Behera Province,
9638.

Mit Afifi. Second picking, from Behera Province. ,
9639.

Mit Afifi. From Charkieh Province.
9640.

Mit Afifi. From Dakahlieh Province.
9641.

Mit Afifi. From Kalioubieh Province.
9642.

Mit Afifi. First picking, from Kalinobieh Province.
9643.

Mit Afifi. First picking, from Gharbieh Province.
9644.

Mit Afifi. Second picking, from Gharbieh Province.
9645.

Mit Afifi. First picking, from Menufieh Province.
9646.

Jannovitch. First picking, from Behera Province.
9647.

Jannoviteh. From Charkieh Province.
9648.

Jannovitch. From Dakahlieh Province.
9649.

Jannovitch. First picking, from Gharbieh Province.
9650.

Jannovitch. Second picking, from Gharbieh Province.
9651.

Abbasi. First picking, from Behera Province.

9652.

Abbasi. Third picking, from Behera Province.

96538.

Abbasi. From Charkieh Province.

9654.

Abbasi. From Dakahlieh Province

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 299

9635 to 9660 —Continued.
9637 to 9660—Continued.
9655.

Abbasi. Third picking, from Kalioubieh Province.

9656.

Abbasi. Second picking, from Kalioubieh Province.

9657.

Abbasi. First picking, from Gharbieh Province,

9658.

Abbasi, Second picking, from Gharbieh Province.

9659.
Abbasi. First picking, from Menufieh Province.

9660.
Abbasi. Second picking, from Menufieh Province.

9661 and 9662. Ornamentals.

From Funchal, Madeira. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
1177 and 1178, April 21, 1903), May 18, 1903.

9661. SrREPTOSOLON JAMESONII.

‘“This is one of the showiest flowering shrubs I have ever seen. It isa
native of South Africa and there and in Madeira the bushes are covered with
dense masses of yellow and orange colored blooms. Already known in Cali-
fornia.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 1177.)

9662. BIGNONIA CHAMBERLAYNII.

‘*A beautiful lemon yellow flowering species, which grows to perfection here
on walls and trellises. It iscovered with masses of big trumpet-shaped flowers.”’
( Fairchild.) (No. 1178.)

9663. PERESKIA ACULEATA.

From Funchal, Madeira. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1183, April, 1903), May 18, 1903.

‘“*Outtings of this member of the cactus family, which is used for a stock on which
to graft cacti. As a stock it is well known, but as an ornamental climber probably
less well known. In Funchal a single plant, 3 years old, had covered the front
fence of a private house with a wealth of beautiful foliage. It was loaded with one-
seeded fruits, which, though edible, had little taste. Already known in California.’’
( Fairchild. )

9664. CANARINA CANARIENSIS (4).

From Funchal, Madeira. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1185, April, 1903), May 16, 1903.

‘‘Seed of a pretty creeper, native of the Canaries and deriving its generic name
from the islands. It has luxuriant light-green foliage and bears bell-shaped orange-
red flowers which are quite showy. It requires much moisture and grows naturally
in shaded valleys of the Canaries. These seed came from the villa of Mr. Reid, some
distance above the town of Funchal, in Madeira. Should thrive in Florida and pos-
sibly in southern California. Sometimes grown as a hothouse plant.’’ ( Fuirehild. )

9665. CANNABIS SATIVA. Hemp.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through The Yokohama Nursery Company,
21-35 Nakamura, Yokohama, Japan, May 20, 1903.

Aizu,

S00 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9666 and 9667.

From Surat Government farm, India. Received May 11, 1903.
9666.
Unnamed seed,
9667. ORYZA SATIVA. Rice.
9668. HELIANTHUS ANNUUS. Sunflower.
From Moscow, Russia. Received through Mr, EK. A. Bessey from E, Immer &

Son, May 22, 1903.
W hite-seeded variety, grown for oil making.

9669. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Beira, Portuguese Kast Africa. Received through Messrs, Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1089, January 28, 1903), May 25, 1903.

Lathrop. ‘During a trip down this East African coast seven years ago, Mr.
Lathrop found at Beira a few mangoes of such extraordinarily fine quality that he
» has often spoken of them as a possibly valuable present to the mango growers of
America. We reached Beira at the end of the season for this mango and could
only secure one fruit of it to test and one seed of another fruit. The fruit eaten,
which was given us by the American consul, Mr. Glenny, was of exquisite flavor and as
free from fiber as a firm custard. The seed of this fruit and the other seed of the
same variety are labeled No. 1091, L. & F., 8. P. I. No. 9486. The following scanty
information was obtainable about this mango: On the island of Chiloane, some
60 miles south of Beira, a monastery was established by the Portuguese several cen-
turies ago. This monastery has been abandoned for many years, a century or more,
we are told. Long after that time some fishermen found mango trees growing in the
abandoned garden of the once monastery and brought the fruit to Beira. Since then
small lots of this fruit are brought from Chiloane by any fishing boat passing during
the mango season. The repute of this mango has spread along the African coast as
being far superior to any other variety grown there. So far as we could learn no
effort has been made to introduce the plant to the mainland, except in the instance
of a single young tree in Beira grown from a seed. The sample we ate was delicious
in flavor, delicate in texture, and of large size. This variety was named after Mr.
Barbour Lathrop, its discoverer and first introducer into America.’’ (Fairchild. )

9670 to 9699. MANTHOT sp. Cassava.

From Robert Thomson, Half Way Tree, Jamaica. Purchased on the recommenda-
tion of Prof. P. H. Rolfs. Received May 7, 1903.

9670. 9677.

Pacho No. 1. Hleleda No, 4.
9671. 9678.

Pacho No. 2. Heleda No. 5.
9672. 9679.

Pacho No. 38. Heleda No. 6.

9673. 9680.

~~
-

Pacho No, 4. Heleda No. 7.
9674. 9681.

Heleda No. 1. Rio (Pie?) de Paloma.
9675. 9682.

Heleda No. 2. Negrita No. 1.
9676. 9683.

Heleda No. 3. Negrita No, 2.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 301

9670 to 9699—Continued.

9684. . 9692.

Negrita No. . Chingele.
9685. 9693.

Negrita No. 4. Manteca,
9686. 9694.

Blancita. Lingua de Venada.,
9687. 9695.

Cajon anarila, Solita amarilla,
9688. 9696.

Notoseves. Mantera.
9689. 9697.

Cabasa dura. Cantabriera,
9690. 9698.

Pie de perdig. Solita blanca.
9691. * 9699.

Cenaguera. Bitter.

9700 to 9732.

From Jamaica. Received through Prof. P. H. Rolfs, May 7, 1903.

A collection of scions as follows:

9700. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Tangerine.

**A tangerine seedling, secured at Porus, Jamaica. An extra large variety,
nearly as large and equally as good flavored as the King, ripening earlier, and
of a much finer color.”’ (Rolfs.)

9701. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Tangerine.

‘“A tangerine very similar to No. 9700, but ripening somewhat later.”’
( Rolfs. )

9702. CITRUS AURANTIUM. Navel tangerine.

‘Similar to No. 9700 in size, color, and general make-up of the fruit, but
being seedless and producing a small accessory orange, as in the case of the
Washington navel; otherwise being of the distinct tangerine type.’’ (Rol//s. )

9703. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

Alfoos. ‘‘ This mango was introduced from India to Jamaica about fifteen
years ago, and is considered to be one of the finest of the East Indian varieties.’’
( Rolfs. )

9704. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

Bombay. ‘‘The tree from which the scions were abained Was ripening
fruit in winter. The fruit weighed about three-fourths of a pound. Very
luscious and producing very little fiber. Altogether a superior mango.”’
( Rolfs. )

Cuttings as follows:

9705. HupiIscus SINENSIS.

ee beautiful ornamental of unusual appearance, producing a rose-colored
flower.”’ (Rolfs.)

s02 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

9700 to 9732— Continued.
9706. Hipiscus SINENSIS.
“Another beautiful Hibiscus with ve ry dark center and yellow outer portions
of the petal.’’ ( Rolfs. )
9707. BoUuGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS var. LATERITIA (7).

‘‘One of the most showy decorative plants for the lawn. The orange-colored
bracts produce a very pleasing contrast with the dark-green background.”
( Rolfs. )

9708. THUNBERGIA GRANDIFLORA.

‘‘A\ large flowering vine, very useful for arbor and house decoration.”

( Rolfs. )
9709. THUNBERGIA HARRISSII.
‘‘A beautiful arbor plant.’’ ( Rol/s. )

9710. THUNBERGIA LAURIFOLIA.

‘‘A beautiful plant for covering arbors and sides of houses.’’ ( Rod/s. )

9711. RuppreE.ia GRATA.

‘‘An ornamental, producing very striking and pleasing effects on an arbor.’’
( Rolfs. )
9712. PoINSEITIA sp.

‘“‘An especially fine extra double race of this variety.’’ (Rolfs. )

9713. PAssIFLORA QUADRANGULARIS.

“The granadilla of the Tropics, bearing large fruit the size of an ostrich egg,
the inner pulp of which has a very pleasant subacid flavor.”’ ( Rolfs. )

9714. PETREA VOLUBILIs.
“An arbor ornamental of extra good qualities, making a dense shade and
producing a profusion of flowers.’’ (Rolfs. )

9715. BEAUMONTIA GRANDIFLORA.

‘‘A vine of large proportions, producing an immense white bloom, the tips of
the corolla being pink. A valuable climbing plant for out-of-doors.’’ (Rolfs.)

Seeds as follows:
9716. Correa ARABICA.
‘*A variety of this species growing in a higher altitude and producing fruit
of an extraordinarily good quality.’’ (Rolfs. )
9717. CuiroRia sp.

“A peculiarly crested ag. of this plant which makes an excellent plant for
covering a lattice.’’ (Rol/s. )

9718. LUFFA AEGYPTICA.

‘A dishcloth gourd, the inner parts of which produce a fibrous material use-
ful for various culinary purposes.’’ (Rolfs. ) j
9719. CANANGA opoRATA (?). Tlang-Ilang.

‘Seed produced from tree growing in Jamaica.’’ (Rolfs.)

9720. HRA CREPITANS. Sand box.

‘Useful for shade and ornamental purposes.’’ (Rolf. )

9721. AcROCOMIA sp.

‘This species produces nuts that are used like hickory nuts and are most
excellent.”’ (ols. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 303

9700 to 9732-—Continued.
9722. ORBODOXA OLERACEA. Mountain palm of Jamaica.

“A very handsome ornamental plant.’’ — ( Ro//s. )
9723. SaBAL sp. Cuban sabal.
“A very sturdy, big-trunked tree.’”’ (/tol/s.)
9724. LIvVISTONA HOOGENDORPI.
““An ornamental palm.’’ — (Rolfs. )
9725. SABAL ADANSONI.
‘“A dwarf palmetto.’’ ( Rolfs. )
9726. PANDANUS VANDERMESCHIL,
9727. ARECA ALICA#.
9728. Cocos BOTRYOPHORA.

9729. LiIvISTONA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

9730. PANDANUS UTILIS.

9731. RoysToNIA REGIA.

‘Is supposed to be distinct from the Porto Rico and Florida royal palm,
making a tree of much grander stature.’’ (Rolfs. )

9732. ANANAS SATIVUS. Pineapple.
‘Seedling pineapple plants.’’ ( Ro/fs.)

9733. SECHIUM EDULE. : Chayote.
From San Juan, P. R. Presented by Miss Jennie H. Ericson. Received June
1, 1908.

9734 to 9749. MeEDICAGO spp.

From Madrid, Spain. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1189, a to p, May, 1903), June 1, 1903.

“‘The Botanic Gardens of Madrid have represented in their collection a large num-
ber of grasses and fodder plants, and the head gardener, Mr. Luis Aterido, has kindly
furnished us with a collection of seeds of sixteen species of Medicagos, some of which
may prove of value for breeding purposes. They are as follows:

9734. MerDICAGO LUPULINA. 9742. MepICcAGO TUBERCULATA.
9735. MEeEDICAGO RIGIDULA. 9743. MeEDICAGO MUREX.
9736. MerpICcAGO GERARDI. 9744. MepbicaGco PRAECOX.
9737. MeEDICAGO LACINIATA. 9745. MEeEDICAGO SUFFRUTICOSA.
9738. MeEDICAGO INTERTEXTA, 9746. MepICAGO RADIATA.
9739. MepICAGO DISCIFORMIS. 9747. MEeEDICAGO CILIARIS.
9740. MepicaGo ORBICULARIS. 9748. Mepicaco FALCATA.
9741. MeEDICAGO TENOREANA. 9749. MEeEDICAGO SCUTELLATA.

** Among these, several are indigenous to Spain and all of them havea greater or less
value as fodder plants. They are mostly annuals, however, and are therefore limited
in value for direct use.” ( Fairchild.)

29861—No. 66—05—— 20)

804 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9750 to 9774. ‘lRIFOLIUM spp.
From Madrid, Spain. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairehild (No.
1190, May, 1903), June 1, 1905.
‘Small packets of seeds from the Botanic Gardens of Madrid (see Nos. 9734 to
9749). These are for the use of anyone who is especially interested in breeding Tri-
foliums.’’ (Kairchild.) They are as follows:

9750. TRIFOLIUM ANGUSTIFO- 9763. TRIFOLIUM OCHROLEUCUM.
LIUM.

9764. TRIFOLIUM PANORMITA-
9751. TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE. NUM.
9752. TRIFOLIUM BONANII. 9765. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE.
9753. TRIFOLIUM CHERLERI. 9766. TRIFOLIUM REPENS.
9754. TRIFOLIUM DIFFUSUM. 9767. TRIFOLIUM RESUPINATUM.
9755. TRIFOLIUM FRAGIFERUM. 9768. TRIFOLIUM RUBENS.
9756. TRIFOLIUM GLOMERATUM. 9769. TRIFOLIUM SPUMOSUM.
9757. TRIFOLIUM HISPIDUM. 9770. ‘TRIFOLIUM STRIATUM.
9758. TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM. 9771. TRIFOLIUM STRICTUM.
9759. TrIFOLIUM LAPPACEUM. 9772. TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRA-

NEUM.

9760. TRIFOLIUM MARITIMUM.
9773. TRIFOLIUM TOMENTOSUM.

9761. TRIFOLIUM MEDIUM.
9774. TRIFOLIUM VESICULOSUM.

9762. TRIFOLIUM MONTANUM.

9775.

From Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean, Black River. Received June
1, 1903.

‘‘One large seed of Oracco; a fine fruit, like the Maumee sapota.’’ (Dean. )

9776. Palm.
From Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean, Black River. Received June
1, 1903.

‘*Seeds of the Coyol palm. A large variety, growing to a height of 40 feet. Pro-
duces wine and vinegar. Seeds good for cattle and hogs.’’ (Dean. )

S777.
From Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean, Black River. Received June
1, 1908. ;

‘‘A climber, with flowers like the Allamanda; yellow, with red center. Fine plant.
Name unknown.” (Dean. )

9778 to 9789.

From Khojend, Russian Central Asia. Presented by Mr. E. M. Valneff, of
Khojend, through Mr. E. A. Bessey. Received June 17, 1903.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9778. PISTACIA VERA. Pistache.
From Hissar, Bokhara. Crop of 1902.

9779. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

Djougara.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 805

9778 to 9789 —Continued.

9780.

SESAMUM INDICUM,

Seed of mixed colors.

9781.

TRITICUM VULGARE.

Winter wheat.

9782.

TRITICUM VULGARE,

Spring wheat.

9783.

HorRDEUM VULGARE,

Spring barley.

9784.
9785.
9786.
9787.
9788.

9789.

CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA,
PANICUM MILIACEUM,
PHASEOLUS MUNGO.
CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS.

MEDICAGO SATIVA.

LINUM USITATISSIMUM.

Grown for oil making.

9790 to 9800.

From Tashkent, Russian Central Asia.
seedsman, of Tashkent, through Mr. E. A. Bessey.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9790.

TRITICUM VULGARE.

Alabjurag winter wheat.

9791.

TRITICUM VULGARE.

Tantagbay or Yantagbay.

9792. TRITICUM VULGARE.
Kisilbugday.

9793. TRITICUM VULGARE.
Tschulbugday.

9794. TRITICUM VULGARE.
Aulieata.

9795. ZEA MAYS.
Kukurusa.

9796. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM.

Dshugara Balchd.

9797.

SESAMUM INDICUM.

Mixed brown and white.

9798.

PANICUM MILIACEUM,

Grown in winter on irrigated land.

Grown in winter on unirrigated land.

Sesame.

Wheat.

Wheat.

Barley.

Millet.

Broom-corn millet.
Mung bean.
Safflower.

Alfalfa.

Flax.

Presented by Mr. H. W. Durrschmidt,
Received June 17, 1903.

Wheat.

Wheat.

Wheat.

Wheat.

Wheat.

Corn.

Sorghum.

Sesame.

Broom-corn millet.

BOG SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9790 to 9800 Continued.

9799. CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA. Miltet.
Kunuak.

9800. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS. Safflower.

9801. ERtoOBOrTRYA JAPONICA. Loquat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by the Yokohama Nursery Company at
the request of Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, Received June 5, 1998.

Formosa, Seed of the Formosan loquat.

9802. NEPHELIUM LITCHI. Leitchee.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
792, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hak Ip, black leaved. ‘‘ This is one of the best varieties grown about Canton, China.
[t is said to be a large-fruited sort, of excellent flavor, but with medium-sized stone.
The dried leitchees of the market here are mostly of this form. The plant is not
reproduced from seed but is grafted or inarched.’’ (Fairchild. )

9803. NEPHELIUM LITCHI. Leitchee.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
793, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

No Mai, ‘‘tender rice”’ leitchee. ‘‘This is a small-seeded, very superior sort, one
of the favorites on the Canton market where four or five different varieties are
known and where the sale of this fruit is a very important one. Dr. J. M. Swan, of
the Canton Hospital, pronounces this one of the two or three best varieties known
to him.”’ (Fairchild. )

9804. Diospyros KAKI. Japanese persimmon.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
794, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hung tsz, large red persimmon. ‘‘This is a soft variety of medium to large size,
round to oblate spheroid, dark in color, and reported to be very sweet in flavor. It
is imported as being probably a Chinese variety and worthy of trial in comparison
with the Japanese sorts.’”? ( Fwirchild. )

9805. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
795, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hung Wat tim. ‘‘A variety of the ‘Honey’ type, reported to be good for preserves
and not so sweet as the Ying tsui or Eagle Beak variety. It is medium early. Worthy
of trial as coming from the south China region, though probably not of superior
excellence.” ( Fairchild.)

9806. PRUNUS sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
796, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hung Mui. ‘‘A large red plum, fairly sweet, but of the hard-fleshed type. Like
the other Chinese plums about Canton it is said to have a somewhat bitter taste when
cooked and allowed to stand for an hour or so. Europeans in Canton do not prize
these Chinese plums very highly. This variety blooms in February or March.”
( Fairchild. )

9807. [BaAMBuSsA sp. Bamboo.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
797, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Kam Chuk, golden bamboo. ‘‘The most beautiful of all the bamboos about Can-
ton, a golden-stemmed sort, with stripes of green. It is rather rare on the island of
Hongkong, I am told by Mr. Ford, and it is not very common about Canton. It is
worthy of trial in Florida and southern California.”’ ( Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 307

9808. MANGIFERA INDICA. Mango.

From Mussorie, India. Presented by Rey. H. Marston Andrews, principal of
Woodstock College. Received August 8, 19038.

Malda, Said to be of very large size and spicy flavor.

9809. VITIS RUPESTRIS var. METALLICA. Grape.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by the Cape Colony department of
agriculture, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1137, March 10, 1903).
Received August 10, 1903.

‘Plants of a South African originated variety of resistant American stock, which
has proved itself most admirably suited to the conditions at the Cape and especially
adapted to ‘any loose soil, loam, gravel, or sand, and also in dry, open, heavy soils. It
can, besides, stand a fair amountof moisture in loose soils. It forms an excellent graft
bearer for all varieties of Huropean vines except //anepool and possibly also the mem-
bers of the Muscat family.’ (Cf. J. P. de Waal, in the Ag. Jour. Cape of Good Hope,
December 19, 1901, p. 838.) This variety, Mr. Pillans says, is the best of all the resist-
ant stocks yet tried at the Cape, as its ease of grafting, great vigor, suitability to differ-
ent kinds of soil, and grafting affinity for all but varieties of the Muscat type make it
a general stock of great value. Even those who do not claim that it exceeds in vigor
any other sort, admit that i 7s the easiest grafted of any of the American stocks. The
stock originated at Great Constantia Wine Farm, ina lot of seedlings from seed sown
in 1886. Jt is uncertain whether the seed came direct from America or from France.
This is entirely distinct, according to F. J. Bioletti (formerly of the experiment sta-
tion at Berkeley, Cal., now at the Elsenburg Agricultural School), from the metallica
of French pe ariists Its name applies to the luster of its foliage. The seedling
was picked out in 1894, and by quick propagation in 1901 yielded 687,000 cuttings.
In 1902, 864,000 cuttings were distributed. It has been tested side by side with
many French stocks, such as Aramon rupestris, Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, and
takes its place as their equals in all points and their superior as regards ease of prop-
agation and suitability to the varieties of soils mentioned. Mr. Pillans goes so faras
to predict that it will drive all other sorts out except for Muscat sorts. He claims
for it a remarkable yield-giving power, extreme vigor, and resistance to the phyllox-
era. Mr. Bioletti admits its excellent qualities, and practical growers are enthusiastic
about it. This is well worth the serious consideration of California vine growers.
The originators of this remarkable seedling are Messrs. J. P. de Waal and Eustace
Pillans, of the Cape of Good Hope department of agriculture, and its trial in Cali-
fornia should be made at once. We are indebted to Mr. Pillans for the plants sent.
See No. 9607, the identical variety.”’ ( Fairchild.)

9810 to 9814. ViTIS sp. Grape.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by the Cape Colony department of
agriculture, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1149 to 1151, and
1153, March, 1903). Received August 10, 1903.

9810. VITIS VINIFERA.

Red Hanepoot. ‘‘ A variety of table grape that is believed to have originated
in South Africa and which, according to Mr. Bioletti, formerly vine expert of
the California Experiment Station, at Berkeley, is not known in America.
The variety belongs to the Muscat type and may be described as a Muscat
with the red color of the Flaming Tokay. It is one of the most popular of the
South African varieties and is exported to England. It is an excellent shipper
and a showy table sort. Sent by Mr. Eustace Pillans, from the Government
vineyard at Constantia.”’ (Mairchild.) (No. 1149.)

9811. VITIS VINIFERA.

Hermitage. ‘‘This is the grape from which the Cape claret is made. It is
said by experts to rank high as a claret maker and not to have been tested in
California. Mr. Bioletti, formerly of the California Experiment Station at
Berkeley, Cal., remarks (in the Cape Journal of Agriculture, Vol. XX, No.
12, p. 696), that the Cape Hermitage is distinct from the sort grown in the
Hermitage vineyards of France and is not so good as the Shiraz or Sirah grape,
which is well known to Californians.” (Fuirchild.) (No. 1150.)

S308 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9810 to 9814 Continued.
9812. Viris RUPESTRIs.

Le Roux. ‘A variety of American phylloxera-resistant stock which, accord-
ing to de Waal (in the Cape Agricultural Journal, Vol. XLX, No, 13, p. 839),
originated from a seedling, selected by Mr. J. G. Le Roux, of Klein, Draken-
stein, Paarl. It requires a loose loam, gravel, or sand, and also grows in dry,
open, heavy soils as well. Jt is especially suitable as a stock for the Hanepoot
and very likely also for the other Muscat varieties, and is a good general grafting
stock. Mr. Bioletti, formerly of the California Experiment Station at Berke-
ley, Cal., thinks this sort will be keenly appreciated in California for a stock
for Muscat varieties.”’ ( Fairchild.) (No. 1151.)

9813. VITIS RUPESTRIS.

Pillans. ‘‘A variety of resistant American stock which has been selected by
Mr. Eustace Pillans, agricultural assistant in charge of the Government wine
farm at Constantia. Mr. Pillans thinks this will prove an excellent stock for
the Muscat varieties of grape and, although it has not yet been thorough]
tested, he predicts its general use for this class of vines. The Honepootaaa
is of the Muscat type, does well on it. These cuttings are sent by Mr, Pillans
himself.’’ (Fairchild.) (No. 1153.)

9814. VirTIS VINIFERA.

White Hanepoot. ‘ Probably descended from the Wate Muscat.” ( Fair-
child. ) .

9815. AMYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.

From Constantia, South Africa. Presented by the Cape Colony department of
agriculture through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1152, March 16, 1903).
Received August 10, 1903.

Constantia. ‘‘A variety of peach which originated at Constantia. It is said by Mr.
Eustace Pillans to be an excellent shipping variety, of good quality and one of the
best sorts grown in Cape Colony. It deserves a trial in the collections of California
and Georgia, but may not prove hardy enough for Maryland, Delaware, or Michigan.
Sent by the Cape department of agriculture.’’ (Fairchild. )

9816. MepicaGo SATIVA. Alfalfa.
From Willard, Utah. Received through Mr. P. A. Nebeker, June 9, 1908.

Turkestan alfalfa seed grown by Mr. Nebeker under agreement with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture from imported seed (S. P. I. No, 991), furnished him in 1900.

9817. TRIFOLIUM PANNONICUM.
From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, July 17, 1908.
Seed from the 1902 crop.

9818 to 9823.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., July 31,
1903.

Seeds of trees for arid regions, as follows:

9818. CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA. 9821. ALBIZZIA LUCIDA.
9819. DALBERGIA SISSOO. 9822. ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.

9820. ALBIZZIA PROCERA. 9828. EUvcALYPTUS GLOBULUS.

) SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 809

, 9824 to 9826.

From Santiago, Chile. Presented by Federico Albert, of the ministry of industry
and public works. Received July 9, 1903,

Seeds as follows:

9824. ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, 9826. BELLOTA MIERSII,

9825. JUBAKA SPECTABILIS.

9827. PINUS PINEA. Umbrella pine.
From Rome, Italy. Presented by Hon. Hector de Castro, United States Consul-
General. Received August 7, 1903.

9828 to 9830.

From Monte, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Presented by Mr. Alaricus Del-
mard, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received August 14, 1903.

Seeds as follows:
9828. CANARINA CAMPANULA Var. CANARIENSIS.
9829. PAPAVER sp.

9830. PINUS CANARIENSIS.

9831 to 9850.

From Mexico. Secured by Mr. G. Onderdonk, special agent of this Department,
and sent to G. L. Taber, Glen St. Mary, Fla., for propagation.

9831 to 9846. PRUNUS ARMENIACA. Apricot.
9831. Onderdonk’s No. 1, Taber’s No. 1.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 4 inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9832. Onderdonk’s No. 2, Taber’s No. 2.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 43 inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.
9833. Onderdonk’s No. 3, Taber’s No. 3.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 43 inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9834. Onderdonk’s No. 4, Taber’s No. 4.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Cling-
stone; 3} inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9835. Onderdonk’s No. 5, Taber’s No. 5.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 43 inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9836. Onderdonk’s No. 6, Taber’s No. 6.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Fruit
not yet grown. Season, August 1.

9837. Onderdonk’s No. 7, Taber’s No. 7.

From garden of Carlos Ortero, San Angel, Distrito Federal. Fruits not
fully grown; 5 inches in circumference; fine; season, June. Twelve buds
inserted, all dead July 15, 1903. Mr. Onderdonk states that the trees
do not make a vigorous growth, literally bearing themselves to death.
He promised to furnish Mr. Ortero a tree if any lived, as he was per-
mitted to take all the bud wood there was on the tree. Wood altogether
too young when taken. Freestone; yellow; blush.

310 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9831 to 9850—Continued.
9831 to 9846—Continued.

9838. Onderdonk’s No. 8, Taber’s No. 8.

From garden of Martin Velasco, San Angel, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 44 inches in circumference; cream yellow; blush; season, June 1.
9839. Onderdonk’s No. 9, Taber’s No. 9.

From garden of Hilario Abilo, Contreras, Distrito Federal. Freestone;
6} ine hes in circumference; cream colored; blush; sweet; season, May 25
to June 1.
9840. Onderdonk’s No. 10, Taber’s No, ‘‘A.”’

From J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. Variety, Perry. Unripe
fruit six inches in circumference; cream colored; blush.
9841. Onderdonk’s No. 11, Taber’s No. ‘‘B.”’

From Santa Anita gardens, near Saltillo. Fruit 44 inches in cireum-
ference; yellow; blush; sweet; season, May.
9842. Onderdonk’s No. 12 (or 13), Taber’s No. ‘‘C.”’

From Santa Anita gardens, near Saltillo. Fruit 53 inches in cireum-
ference when not fully grown; yellow; blush; season, June 5.
9843. Onderdonk’s No. 13 (or 12), Taber’s No. ‘‘ D.’’

From J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. Unripe, 44 inches in diame-
ter; highly recommended by Mr. Silliman; season, July. Mr. Taber
writes that the packages containing these last two numbers were both
marked 12, so that it is not possible to tell which should be 12 and
which 13.

9844. Onderdonk’s No. 15, Taber’s No. 15.

Probably from garden of J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. A very fine
apricot, 5h inches in circumference; yellow; blush; season, May 25;
named Nellie for owner’s daughter.

9845. Onderdonk’s No. 16, Taber’s No. 16.
Probably from garden of J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. A very
fine apricot; 53 inches in circumference; yellow; blush; season, June
1; named Dorah for owner’s daughter.
9846. Onderdonk’s No. 17, Taber’s No. 17.
From garden of Henrique Maas, Saltillo, Coahuila. Said to be a very
fine large variety. Season about July 5.
9847. PRUNUS CERASUS. Cherry.
Onderdonk’s No. 14, Taber’s No. 14. Mr. Onderdonk writes that this is the
Capulin cherry but does not state where the buds were secured.
9848 to 9850. AmyYGDALUS PERSICA. Peach.
9848. Onderdonk’s No. 11, Taber’s No. 11.
From garden of Carlos Ortero, San Angel, Distrito Federal. A large,
yellow, blush, clingstone.
9849. Onderdonk’s No. 12, Taber’s No. 12.
From garden of Carlos Ortero, San Angel, Distrito Federal. A yellow,
blush, freestone.
9850. Onderdonk’s No. 13, Taber’s No. 13.

From garden of Martin Velasco, San Angel, Distrito Federal. A large,
white, blush, clingstone.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 311

9851. PRUNUS CERASUS (‘). Cherry.

From Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, June 29, 1903, by Mr. W. A.
Taylor, pomologist in charge of field investigations.

Capulin.

9852. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Kafir corn.

From Durban, Natal. Presented by Mr. Claude Fuller, Government Entomolo-
gist, through Messrs. Lathrop arid Fairchild (No. 11983a, August 5, 1903).
Received August 31, 1903.

Mahele or Mapele. ‘‘This variety has proved more resistant than any other to a
species of aphis which injures all the common sorts.’”’ (Fairchild. )

9853 and 9854. %‘TrITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Poona Farm, Kirki, India. Sent by the superintendent through Latham
& Co., Bombay, India, addressed to Dr. 8. A. Knapp. Received July 23, 1903.

9853. 9854.
Piola Karte. From Shuedrager(?). Shet Gahu. From Poona.
9855 and 9856. ANDROPOGON sORGHUM. Sorghum.

From Poona Farm, Kirki, India. Sent by the superintendent through Latham
& Co., Bombay, India, addressed to Dr.S. A. Knapp. Received July 13, 1903.
9855. 9856.

Gidgep Jowar. Dagdi Jowar.

9857. CaAsTILLA sp. nov.

From Costa Rica. Presented by Mr. Guy N. Collins, of the Department of Agri-
culture, June 16, 1903.

Seed of a new species of great promise as a rubber producer.

9858. ‘THEOBROMA sp. nov. Cacao.

From Costa Rica. Presented by Mr. Guy N. Collins, of the Department of Agri-
culture, June 16, 1903.

Seeds of a new species.

;
9859. CASSIA AURICULATA. Avaram.

From Manamadura, South India. Presented by Rev. Edward P. Holton, through
Miss Nina G. Holton, of this Department. Received September 5, 1903.

Grown and used extensively in South India; the bark for tanning, the leaves, twigs,
and seed pods as a fertilizer for salt lands, wet cultivation. Habit, low and brushy
like a blueberry bush on rocky, sandy, dry, waste lands.

9860. CYPERUS NUTANS. Matting rush.
From Japan. Received through Mr. R. H. Sawyer, Kennebunk, Me., July 23,
1903.

Cultivated in the rice fields of Japan. Straw dried and used in the manufacture
of the coarser, cheaper grades of Japanese matting.

9861. CYPERUS TEGETIFORMIS. Matting rush.

From China. Received through Mr. R. H. Sawyer, Kennebunk, Me., July 23,
1903.

Native in salt marshes along the coast of China. Three-cornered rush split, dried,
and used in manufacture of Chinese floor matting.

312 SFEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9862. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM. Sorghum.

From the Sudan, Africa. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist, 7
Rue des Fontaines, Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received September 14, 1903.

A few seeds of a strain originated in the Sudan. Recommended by Doctor Tra-
but as of extraordinary size and quality.

9863. PyRUS MALUS. Apple.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Mr. Axel Pihl, secretary of the Swed-
ish Pomological Society, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received
September 22, 1903.

Salems. ‘‘A newly-discovered variety, promising because of its hardiness and abil-
ity to live on poor soils.’’? ( Fuirchild. )

9864. TRIFOLIUM PANNONICUM.
From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt September 26,

1903,
9865. SECALE CEREALE. Rye.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Received through Mr. J. E. W. Tracy, of this
Department, August 17, 1903.

Wasa. Three small samples, from different seed houses. As the bags containing
two of the samples were broken and the seed mixed, it was decided to give but one
number to the three samples. (1 sample from Sellberg & Co., Stockholm; 1 sample
from Ohmans, Soner & Co., Stockholm; 1 sample from another seed house. )

9866. KUPHORBIA PULCHERRIMA var. PLENISSIMA. Poinsettia.

From Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. Presented by Prof. William Faweett,
director, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received October 8, 1903.

‘‘In 1898 Mr. Barbour Lathrop noticed a single plant of this variety growing in
the Hope Botanic Gardens, of Kingston, Jamaica. Although he had seen the double
variety of this plant in many places in the Tropics and in greenhouses, nowhere had
he observed a plant with such unusually full whorls of colored bracts. The plant in
its full glory was a perfect blaze of color, forming one of the handsomest decorative
shrubs for landscape purposes that we have ever seen. The writer is inclined to
believe that this is a strain from the ordinary double poinsettia, and that it can be
propagated from cuttings. Its special beauty may possibly have been, however, pro-
duced by specially favorable soil conditions in Jamaica. If the former presumption
is true, this will probably prove a very valuable strain for park use in those regions
of the South where it will grow, and it may even prove superior to the ordinary
type for greenhouse culture. It is worthy of a serious trial, both out of doors and
under glass. Under notes L. and F., No. 56, in 1898, the Department’s attention was
called to this variety.”’ (Fairchild. )

9867. PRUNUS LAURO-CERASUS. Cherry laurel.

From Trebizond, Turkey. Presented by Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee. Received
October 9, 1903.

Kara yemish. Five plants brought by Mrs. Parmelee from Trebizond to Dunkirk,
N. Y. Given to the Department through Mr. W. A. Taylor, pomologist in charge
of field investigations.

9868. OcIMUM VIRIDE.

From Kew, England. Presented by the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew. Received October 9, 1903.

Obtained at the request of Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of this Department,
for experiments on the effect of this plant upon mosquitoes.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 313

9869. GARCINIA MANGOSTANA. Mangosteen.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., October
19, 1903.

‘One thousand seeds of this most delicious of tropical fruits, which, it is believed,
will prove of great commercial value to the fruit-growing interests of Porto Rico.”’

( Fairchild. )

9870. PERSEA INDICA.

From Madeira. Presented by Mr. J. B. Blandy, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild.
Received October 15, 1903.

‘This tree is a native of the Canary Islands, and is hardier than the alligator pear.
It is introduced for the purpose of testing it as a stock upon which to graft Persea
gratissima. According to the statement of one of the principal growers in Florida,
such a stock is especially desired, because the trunk of the young alligator pear is its
weakest part.” (Fairchild. )

9871. ‘TRITICUM VULGARE. Wheat.

From Erivan, Caucasus, Asiatic Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey
(No. 300, August 24, 1903), October 21, 1903.

‘*Red wheat from the mountains near Erivan. It is grown without irrigation and
is sown in March. It should be tried in dry mountain regions.’’ (Bessey. )

9872. ‘TRITICUM DURUM. Wheat.

From Erivan, Caucasus, Asiatic Russia Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey
(No. 301, August 24, 1903), October 21, 1903.

Galgalos. ‘‘A variety of macaroni wheat which is said to be very good. It is
prized for flour. It brings 30 kopecks a pood more than No. 9871. It is also grown
without irrigation in the mountains. It is mostly grown as a winter wheat, being
sown in October. It is also sown early in March.” (Bessey. )

9873. JUNCUS EFFUSUS. Matting rush.

From Kobe, Japan. Presented by Dr. A. G. Boyer, of the United States con-
sulate at Kobe. Received October 25, 1903.

Seed of the round Japanese matting rush. This seed was picked from the plants
which are growing for next year’s crop of matting grass, i. e., from roots that are 2
years old. The seed ripens in July.

9874 to 9876. ‘TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Secured through the courtesy of Mr. George P. Foaden, of
the Khedivial Agricultural Society. Received November 7, 1903.

9874. 9876.
Muscowi. Saida.
9875.
Fachil.
9877. HorDEUM VULGARE. Barley.

From Cairo, Egypt. Secured through the courtesy of Mr. George P. Foaden, of
the Khedivial Agricultural Society. Received November 7, 1903.

Mariut.
9878. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November
9, 1903.

Belgian winter.

314 | SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9879. (ARCINIA COCHINCHINENSIS.

|

From Saigon, Cochin China. Presented by M. E. Haffner, director of agri-
culture of Cochin China, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received
November 11, 1903.

“A species of Garcinia which is closely related to the mangosteen, and upon which
it is hoped this delicious fruit tree can be grafted. This species is said to be much
less limited in its range of soil and climatic conditions, and it may prove a valuable
stock for the mangosteen.’’ (Fairchild. )

9880. GARCINIA FERREBA.

From Saigon, Cochin China. Presented by M. E. Haffner, director of agricul-
ture of Cochin China. Received November 11, 1903.

“A species of Garcinia introduced for the same purpose as No, 9879, as a stock for
the mangosteen.’’ ( Fairchild. )

9881. (CiARCINIA MANGOSTANA. Mangosteen.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., Novem-
ber 11, 1903. Shipped from Ceylon August 31, 1908. A wardian case full of
plants of this delicious tropical fruit.

9882. AMYGDALUS PERSICA var. NECTARINA. Nectarine.

_ From Marplan, Turkestan. Presented by Prof. Ralph Pumpelly. Received
November 11, 1903.

Five seeds of a variety of nectarine which Professor Pumpelly describes as a very
delicious, large sort, which was abundant in that portion of Turkestan. Professor
Pumpelly’s first impression was that this was a smooth-skinned peach, thinking that
the nectarine would not be likely to occur in that portion of Turkestan.

9883. CLERODENDRON FOETIDUM.
From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, of the Cape
department of agriculture. Received November 9, 1903.
A hardy, ornamental bush 5 to 6 feet in height, said to be hardy in the Middle
and Southern States and not new to this country.

9884 to 9886.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm. Received
November 16, 1903.

Seeds of native Mexican plants as follows:

9884. Dania sp. Wild dahlia.

Dwart, leaves very thickly covered with fine prickly hairs, flowers on stem
24 to 48 inches tall, have a diameter of 14 to 2 inches, petals blood red, with
very high glaze, center yellow.

9885. Tuberose (?)

Chicalam. Small bulb, one or two slender, round leaves 12 to 36 inches long.
Flowers exquisite, colored like a fuchsia, in clusters on slender, round stem 12
to 40 inches high. Blooms July, August, and September. (Doctor Rose says
this is probably a tuberose. )

9886.

Bulb with leathery leaves splotched with brown. Flowers green, not val-
uable, August. Leaves sometimes 12 inches long by 4 inches broad. May be
useful for foliage. Doctor Rose says probably Amole (Chlorogalum pomeridia-
num or Agave americanum).

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. B15

9887. SCALE CEREALE. Rye.

From North Watergap, Pa. Received through Mr. M. L. Michael, November
14, 1903.

Winter Ivanof. Grown in 1903 from 8, P. 1. No. 1842,

9888. TRICHOLAENA ROSBA.
From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent in
charge of the Hawaiian agricultural experiment station. Received November
23, 1903.
9889 and 9890. PHASEOLUS VIRIDISSIMUS. Bean.
Grown from 8. P. I. No. 6480, in 1903.

9889. Received through Mrs. Hattie L. Asseltine, Fruithurst, Ala., Novem-
ber 28, 1903.

9890. Received through Mr. John J. Dean, Moneta, Cal., December 4, 1902.
The California grown seed is noticeably larger than that grown in Alabama.

9891. EUTREMA WASABI. Japanese horse-radish.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by Mr. H. Suzuki, of the Yokohama
Nursery Company, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received Decem-
ber 7, 1903. -

‘Described in B. P. I. Bulletin No. 42. The Japanese horse-radish, which is eaten
with raw fish as commonly in Japan as ordinary horse-radish is eaten in America
with raw oysters.’’ (Fairchild. )

9892. ATRIPLEX LEPTOCARPA. Saltbush.
From Sydney, Australia. Received through Anderson & Co., December 5, 1903.

9893. DESMODIUM TRIFLORA.

From Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Sent by Mr. G. N. Collins, of the Department of
Agriculture, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received December 14, 1903.

This plant is used as a soil covering on the coffee plantations in Porto Rico.

9894 to 9896.

From Tanegashima, Japan. Presented by Mr. R. Chester, through Mr. R. B.
Handy, of this Department. Received December 12, 1903.

Native Japanese seeds, as follows:

9894. Red jessamine.
One-half ounce of seed that looks like four-o’ clocks.

9895. Lily.
Very decorative.

9896.

A few seeds, without name or other data.

INDEX OF COMMON

Abaca. (See Hemp, manila. )
Aberia caffra, 6851, 7955, 7956.
Abrus precatorius, 6877, 7555, 8977.
Abutilon avicennae, 6606.
Acacia armata, 9083.
cibaria, 5385.
cyanophylla, 9084.
farnesiana, 8948, 9085.
moniliformis, 8974.
retinioides, 6666.
Acanthophoenix crinita, 7568, 8326.
Acanthus candelabrum, 7269.
mollis, 7167, 7324, 7329.
niger, 7215.
Acer japonicum, 8150 to 8188.
oblongum, 8659.

Achiote, 5658.
Achras sapota, 8978.
Aconite, 8537.
Aconitum napellus, 8537. -
Acrocarpus fraxinifolia, 8654.
Acrocomia sp., 9721.

sclerocarpa, 6898, 7292.

Actinidia sp., 5840, 5978, 5979, 6504, 6659.
arguta, 7860.
Adansonia digitata, 7182.
Adenanthera pavonina, 7151, 8979.
Aegilops ovata, 7724.
Afsie, 9325.
Agapanthus umbellatus, 8241, 8675.
Agaricus campestris, 8222 to 8225.
Agathis australis, 8206.
Agave sp., 7087, 7371, 7372, 7488, 8242.
univitatta, 7439.
Ageratum conyzoides, 7147, 7149.
mexicanum, 8848.
Akee, 6856.
Albizzia sp., 7054.
julibrissin, 7536, 9822.
lebbek, 6443, 9038.
lophantha, 8243.
lucida, 9821.
moluccana, 9086.
odoratissima, 9087.
procera, 9820.
Aleurites triloba, 6450.

Alfalfa, 6998, 7500, 7586 to 7588, 8806, 8823,

9303, 9322, 9323, 9359, 9450 to

9455, 9788, 9816.
Turkestan, 9451 to 9455, 9788, 9816.
Algaroba, see Carob, and Mesquite.
Allamanda blanchetii, 7612.

|

AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Allium cepa, 6390, 7034, 9318.
Jistulosum, 9301.
Almond, 7061, 7062, 7133 to 7135, 7137,
7398, 7401, 7452 to 7458, 7516,
7517, 7684, 7778 to 7780, 7985 to
7989, 8348, 9345, 9348 to 9351,
9458 to 9462.
amboina, 5534.
tropical, 6862.
Amaranthus caudatus, 7183.
hypochondriacus, 8803.
Amasonia calycina, 7610.
Ammophila arenaria, 5831.
Amomum cardamomum, 6864.
Amorpha fruticosa, 8849.
Ampelopsis sp., 6827.
Amygdalus communis, 7061, 7062, 7133 to
7135, 7137, 7398, 7401, 7452
to 7458, 7516, 7517, 7684,
7778 to 7780, 7985 to 7989,
8348, 9345, 9348 to 9351,
9458 to 9462.
davidiana, 7861, 7862.
persica, 5922, 5923, 6109, 6541
to 6545, 6547, 6548, 6629,
6635, 7670, 7863 to 7868,
8330 to 8334, 8337, 8340,
83438, 9217 to 9220, 9221, 9284,
9285, 9302, 9304, 9305, 9320,
9321, 9372 to 9380, 9389, 9391
to 9396, 9420, 9805, 9815,
9848 to 9850, 9882.

Anacardium occidentale, 6852, 7294, 7414,
7499, 9447.
Ananas sativus, 7366, 9485, 9606, 9634,
9732.
Anchusa italica, 9088.
Andropogon halepensis, 7643.
rufus, 5751.
sorghum, 8505 to 5809, 5930,
6406, 6411, 6604, 6681,
6685, 6686, 6689 to 6691,
6693, 6710, 7797, 8546,
8547, 8685, 8691, 8692,
8815, 9779, 9796, $852,
9855, 9856, 9862.
Anise, 7449.
Anona cherimolia, 7173, 8653, 9466.

macrocarpa (Hort. ), 7152.
muricata, 6853, 8980.
reniformis (Hort. ), 7170.
squamosa, 7174, 8981, 9024.
suavissima (Hort. ), 7159.
317

31s SEEDS
Antholyza aethiopica, 8850.
Anthyllis tetraphylla, 6967, 6968, 7720.
vulneraria, 7721.
Antiaris tovicaria, 7364,
Antirrhinum majus, 7163, 7200, 7201, 7203
7204, 7208, 7213.
Apium graveolens, 6707.

Apple,

’

5823,
6656, 6713 to 6772, 8448 to 8453,
8644, 8710 to 8726, 9014, 9469
to 9471, 9863.
crab, 5501 to 5512, 6162, 6358.
custard, 8653, 9024.
Kei, 6851, 7955, 7956.
Otaheite, 6861.
sorb, 5982.
thorn, 8534.
Apricot, 6534, 6630, 6841, 6844, 6845, 7136,
7140, 7672, 8363, 8825, 8913,

9015, 9016, 9319, 9364 to 9371, |

9390, 9397 to 9402, 9463, 9464,
9831 to 9846.
Japanese, 9200, 9211 to 9216.
Aquilegia caerulea, 7165, 7225, 7242.
californica, 7230.
chrysantha, 7148, 7258.
flabellata, 7316.
glandulosa, 7317.
haylodgensis, 7318.
skinneri, 7319.
stuart, 7320.
vervaeneana, 7321.
Arachis hypogaea, 5522, 5561, 5763, 8982,
9355, 9406.
Aralia cordata, 9166 to 9169, 9224.
Araucaria imbricata, 9824.
Araujia sericifera, 8247, 8851.
Arbutus unedo, 8244.
Arctostaphylos sp., 5752.
Ardisia polycephala, 6878.
Areca alicae, 9727.
Arenga saccharifera, 7545.
Argemone sp., 7404.
Aristida pennata var. Karelini, 9582.
Aristolochia elegans, 8245, 8852, 9427.
Aristotelia macqui, 8694, 8906, 9072.
Arnica montana, 8531.
Arrowroot, Bermuda, 6872.
Artemisia sp., 6619.
argentea, 8246.
Artocarpus integrifolia, 6451, 6854, 8983.
Arum sp., 7480.
Arundinaria hindsii, 9057, 9058.
japonica, 7819.
simoni, 7823, 9050.
Asparagus officinalis, 7957 to 7959, 7975 to
977.
plumosus, 9629.
sprengeri, 7961, 8248.
verticilatus, 7960.
Aspidosperma quebracho, 5781, 6346, 7013.
Assam rhea, 5610.
Aster, China, 6387, 6388, 6392.
Astragalus boeticus, 6964, 7719.
cicer, 5841,

AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

Astragalus onobrychis, — see
onobrychis.

sinicus, 5935, 6329, 6330, 6571.

Onobrychis

| Asystasia bella, 9089.

5687, 5688, 5690 to 5744, 5810 to |
5933, 6102, 6113, 6528, | Altalea cohune, 6899, 9473 (7).

Atalantia trimera, 6894.

Atriplex halimoides, 5614.
leplocarpa, 5613, 9892.

Atropa belladonna, 8530.

Avaram, 9859.
Avena sp., 6626, 9571.
sativa, 5513, 5514, 5938, 5966, 5967,
6022, 6174, 7450, 7944, 8538, 8558,
8650, 9422, 9878.

Bactris gasipaés, 6909.
utilis, 6910.
Balatong, 6223.

| Balsam, 6421.

Balsamorhiza sagittata, 9126.

Bamboo, 8717 to 7824, 8427, 8428, 9041 to
9058, 8907.

Bambusa sp., 9807.

alphonse karri, 9056.
aureo-striata, 7818.
disticha, 7821.
quadrangularis, 9049.
veitchii, 9053.
vulgaris, 9055.

Banana, 9485, 9575, 9610.

Baphia racemosa, 6879.

Barley, 5590 to 5592, 5756, 5788 to 5794,
5842 to 5899, 5903, 5975, 5976, 6023,
6175, 63867, 6399, 6403, 6597, 6601, 6658,
7427, 7451, 7583, 7584, 7640, 7641, 7796,
7969, 7970, 7992, 8559, 8560, 8809, 9133,
9783, 9877.

Barnyard grass, 6409, 8891.

Basil, sweet, 6381.

Bast, 7359.

Bauhinia sp., 7589, 7590.

acuminata, 6880.
candicans, 8971.
galpinii, 6881.
picta, 8984.
Beach-grass, 5831.

Bean, 5517, 5519, 5927, 5929, 6092, 6132,

6223, 6225, 6226, 6228, 6279, 6319,
6320, 6323, 6324, 6377, 6391, 6415,
6430, 6560, 6565, 6569, 6570, 7503,
7504, 7974, 8355 to 8357, 8545,
8585, 8686, 8814, 9147 to 9160,
9404, 9405, 9431, 9488 to 9444,
9889, 9890.

Adler, 5795.

broad, 5542, 5965, 6313, 6315, 6550,
6669, 7426, 7462, 7498, 8358, 8587,
8592, 8596, 9307 to 9312.

castor, 8275, 8276, 9283.

horse, 5577, 6961, 7020, 7024, 7035,
7942, 7943.

hyacinth, 6319, 6320.

lima, 5521.

mung, 5518, 6224, 6318, 6321, 6378,
6417, 6418, 6562, 6564, 8486 to
8488, 9419, 9786.

perennial, 6565,

INDEX OF

Bean, soy, 5764 to 5766, 6312, 6314, 6826,
6333 to 6336, 6379, 6386, 6396,
6397, 6414, 6416, 6556, 6558 to
6561, 8422 to 8424, 8489 to 8497,
8584, 8586, 8900, 9344, 9407, 9418.
Beaumontia grandiflora, 9715.
Beet, 6260 to 6264.
sugar, 5769
8229, 8238.
Beggar weed, 6842.
Begonia, sp., 7075, 7591 to 7600.
gracilis, 7077.
rex X Begonia diadema, 8328.
semperflorens, 7162, 7231, 7311 to
7313.
Belladonna, 8530.
Bellota miersii, 9826.
Benthamia fragifera, 5981.
Bentinckia nicobarica, 7569.
Berberis darwini, 7227.
duleis, 5784.
ilicifolia, 7869.
nepalensis, 8853.
stenophylla, 7870.
thunbergui, 7871.
wallichiana, 7330.
Berseem. (See Clover, Egyptian. )
Beta brasiliensis, 7179, 7199.
chilensis, 7153, 7181.
vulgaris, 5769 to 5773, 6165 to 6168,
6260 to 6264, 6359, 7908, 8229, 8238.
Betoom, 9325.
Bignonia chamberlaynii, 9662.
tweediana, 8249.
Birdlime, 9292, 9293.
Bixa orellana, 5618, 8936,
Blighia sapida, 6856.
Bocconia frutescens, 7327, 8954.
Boehmeria nivea, 6337, 6338.
Bombax malabaricum, 8193.
ochroma, 7272.
Boronia megastigma, 5998.
Bougainvillea sp., 9555 to 9558.
spectabilis, 9556, 9707.
Brachychiton.
Brassica campestris, 6178.
juncea, 6394, 6607, 6613, 6614,
6622.
napus, 6198.
oleracea, 5925, 5926, 5959, 5960,
6427, 6705, 7723.
botrytis, 6266 to 6271,
6432, 6434.
pe-tsai, 6610, 6611.
rapa, 6134, 6176, 6179, 6265.
Broccoli, see Cauliflower.
Brome-grass, smooth, 5827.
Bromelia sp., 5798.
Bromus inermis, 5827.
Brunfelsia macrophylla, 6882.
Buckthorn, California, 6662.
Buckw heat, 5934, 6177, 6385, 6602, 6603,
9294, 9295,
Buluba, 5781a, 5786.
Butea frondosa, 6883.
Butternut, 7953.
Butum, 7950, 8483, 8800.

29861—No. 66—05——21

to 5773, 6359, 7908,

COMMON AND

|

— Cabbage,

SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 819

Butyrospermum parkii, 8985.

| Busus handsworthiensis, 7872.

5925, 5926,
6705 », 7 72: 3.
Chinese, 6610, 6611.
Stockholm Torg, 6427.
Cacao, 6274, 9858, 9010.
Cactus, 7089, 7090, 7095,
7378, 7382.
Caesalpinia bonducella, 5632,
coriaria, 7267.
gilliesti, 8935
pulcherrima, 6885, 7266.
sappan, 6886, 7206.
sepraria, 7325.
Cajanus indicus, 8986.
Calabash tree, 6868.
Caladium sp., 7799 to 7812.
Calamagrostis phragmitoides,

5959, 5960, 6427,

7096,

TAL.

5830.

| Calla, 7557, 7567.

Calligonum sp., 9583 to 9594.
Callistephus hortensis, 6387, 6388, 6392.
Calodendrum capensis, 7358.
Calophyllum sp., 5566.
ea s gigantea, 8987.
Camelina sativa, 6036.
Camoersia maxima, 7344.
Campanula medium, 8382.
persicifolia, 7160, 7196, 7307 to
7310.

_ Camphor, 5615.

Cananga odorata, 9719.
Canarina campanula, var. canariensis, 9828.
canariensis (?), 9664.
Canarium album, 8364.
amboinense, 5534.
Canavalia ensiformis, 6132, 6323,
7974.
gladiata, 6324.

Candle nut, 6450.

Canna sp., 6652.

Cannabis indica, 6164, 6671.

sativa, 6035, 6194, 6309, 6310,
6317, 6322, 6325, 8516, 8525,
9665.

Cantaloupe, 7015.

Canterbury bells, 8382.

Caper, spineless, 6341.

Capparis inermis, 6341.

Caprifig, 6241 to 6243, 6254, 6473 to 6479,
6481 to 6491, 6773 to 6818, 6820 to 6823
6832, 6835 to 6840, 6850, 6957, 7663 to
7667, 8829 to 8832, 8834 to 8838, 8840,
8841, 8844, 8845.

Capsicum annuum, 5524 to 5426,
5536 to 5538, 5546, 5553, 5555,
5565, 5902, 6382, 6383, 7448, 7654, 7781
to 7783, 8565, 8566, 8568, 8799, 9475.

Cardamom, 6446, 6864.

Cardiospermum sp., 7053.

halicacabum, 8250.

Carex darwinii, 9061.

decidua, 9062.
haematorrhynca, 9065.
macloviana, 9064.

pseudo-cyperus, 9069.

6570,

320 SEEDS
Carica candamarcensis, 7247,
papaya, 7198, 7209, 7328, 7510,
8417, 8577.

quere ifolia, 8251, S854, S960.
heterophylla, 5753.

Carissa arduima, 9612.

Carnation, 7561 to 7566, 7625 to 7629.

Carob, 5825, 61438, 6: 42, 7059, 7060, 7063,
7132, 7399, 7400, 7460, 7461, 7722, 7777,
8416, 8856, 8914.

Carrot, 6615, 6706, 9574.

Carthamus tinctorius, 7644,

Caryota mitis, 8313.

urens, 6900,

Cascara sagrada, 6662.

Cascarilla muzonensis, 7830.

Cashew, 6852, 7294, 7414, 7499, 9447.

Casimiroa edulis, 7505.

Cassava, 9670 to 9699.

Cassia alata, 8988.

auriculata, 9859.
corymbosa, 8252, 8855.
grandis, 8676.
occidentalis, 8253.
Castanea sp., 6530, 6533, 6634, 8362.
crenata, 8393.

Castilla sp. nov., 9857.

Casuarina equisetifolia, 8254, 9818.

Cauliflower, 6266 to 6271, 6432, 6454.

Ceanothus azureus, 8255, 9090.

Cecropia palmata, 8920.

Cedar, bastard, 6866.

Jamaica, 6865.
Japanese, 6660.
Cedrela odorata, 6865, 7223, 7831.
sinensis, 7256.
toona, 6866, 7238, 8660.

Celery, 6707.

Celosia cristata, 6422.

Celtis serotina, ‘8669.

sinensis, 9277.
tala, 8972.

Centaurea americana, 7248.

Cephalandra quinqueloba, 9623.

Cephalaria tatarica, 5828.

Ceratonia siliqua, 5825, 6143, 6342,
7060, thi iis. 7334, 7399, 7400,
7461, KK E 8416, 8856, 8914,

Ceratoctic Me i 7873.

Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 7874.

Cercis siliquastrum, 8857.

Cereus sp., 7085, 7086, 7509, 7519, 8580.

Ceropegia woodii, 7345.

Cestrum elegans, 9428.

parqui, 8959.
pseudo-quina, 8947.

Chaetochloa italica, 5907, 6221, 6389, 6410,
6589 to 6594, 9784, 9799.

Chagoggee, 8803.

Chamaecyparis obtusa, 8141 to 8144.

Chamaedorea corallina, 7300.

ernesti-augusti, 7301.

geonomaeformis, 7302.

gracilis, 7303.

sartorvi, 8324.
Chamaerops arborea (?), 7273.

canariensis (?), 7274.

9787, YS80O.

8597.

7059,
7460,

AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

(hamaerops elegans (?), 7276.
Sarinosa (?), 6903, 7278.
humilis, 6901, 6902,
7280, 7416.
macrocarpa, 7281.
olivaeformis (?), 7282.
robusta (?), 7283.
tomentosa, 7284.
Chard, 6165 to 6168.
Chavica officnarum, 5563.
Chayote, 9733.
Cherimoya, 8655, 9466.
Cherry, 6096 to 6100, 6107, 6529, 6631, 9029,
9030, 9170 to 9199, 9847, 9851.
Barbados, 6858.
Japanese, 9201.
flowering, 7900, 9170 to 9199.
Cherry laurel, 9867.

7279,

~ Chestnut, 6530, 6533, 6634, 8362.

_ China grass.

Cape, 7358.
Japanese, 8393.
water, 8366.

| Chicalam, 9885.

Chick-pea, 5928, 6687,
7462, 7638, 7655, 8807.
Chicory, 5958.
Chili guipin, 9445.
(See Ramie. )
Chloris virgata, 9608.
Cho-cho. (See Sechium edule.)
Chorisia crispiflora, 8967.
insignis, 9073.
Chowali, 8687.

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, 8315.
Chrysanthemum Sp., 7244, 7909 to 794la,
7963.

carinatum, 6419.
cinerariaefolium, 6142.
coronarium, 6617.
edible, 6419, 6617.
maximum, 7195.

Chrysophyllum cainito, 8989.

Chufa, 7424, 8216 to 8218.

Cicca nodiflora, 5564.

Cicer arietinum, 5928, 6687, 6999, 7017,

7021, 7462, 7638, 7655, 8807.

6999, 7017, 7021,

_ Cichorium endivia, 7139.

intybus, 5958.
Cinchona calisaya, 7229, 7549, 7551.
hybrida, 7245.
ledgeriana, 7224, 7550.
officinalis, 7166, 7357, 8205.
succirubra, 71938, 7552.
Cinco palomas, 6160.

| Cinnamomum sp., 8318.

camphora, 5615.
cassia, 6867.
lowreirti, 8404.
Cinnamon, Chinese, 6867.
Ciruela, 7501, 8240.
Cissus sp., 6921, 7006, 7383, 7496.
Cistus albidus, 9429.
Citharexylum barbinerve, 8973.
Citron, 6648.
Citrullus vul; garis, 6037 to 6057, 6149 to 6159,
6170, 6171, 8410, 8447, 8465 to 8475, 8607
to 8642, 9572.

INDEX OF

Citrus sp., 8448, 9497, 9700 to 9702.
aurantium, 5989, 5990, 6116, 6184,
6245, 6248, 6249, 6636,
6640, 6647, 6947, 6948,
6950, 6954, 8415, 8439,
8441, 8446, 8602 to
8604, 8706, 9437, 9498,
9595 to 9597, 9700 to
9702.
x bergamia, 9489, 9554.
australica, 9040.
bigaradia(?) 8894, 8895, 9268,
decumana, 5547, 6246, 6250, 6645,
6646, 8435, 8606, 8903, 9017 to
9019, 9269, 9272, 9500.
hybrida, 8210, 9488.
japonica, 8896, 9274, 9275,
9494

limetta, 5529, 5554, 6951, 8347.
limonum, 5531 to 553838, 5982, 5986,
5991, 5998, 6115, 6117, 6121, 6185,
6190, 6360, 6361, 6365, 6641, 6654,
6960, 84438, 8601.
medica, 6643.
nobilis, 6247, 6642, 6644, 8902, 8904,
8905, 9271, 9495,
9499.
x C. bigaradia, 8210, 8367,
9132, 9480.
x C. decumana, 8368, 8414.

Clausena excavata, 8194.
Clematis sp., 7875 to 7896.
hilarii, 8962.
jackmani, 7884.
rubella, 7893.
wightiana, 8661.
Cleome arborea, 9430.
Clerodendron foetidum, 9883.
hastatum, 8256.
squamatum, 8123.

Clianthus dampieri, 5623.
Clitoria sp., 9717.
ternatea, 7205.
Clover, alsike, 8556.
bur, 6380.
bush, 6331, 7973.
crimson, 7529, 7530.
Egyptian, 7000, 7031, 7657 to 7659,
9874 to 9876.
genge, 5935, 6329, 6330, 6571.
red, 5746 to 5750, 5968, 5969, 7138,
8555.
strawberry, 9026.

Cobaea scandens, 9091.

Coca, 6447.

Coccoloba uvifera, 6855.

Coccothrinax garberi, 7774.

op gee armoracia, 5589, 5761, 5837,
58.

Cockscomb, 6422.

Cocos alphonsei, 6906.
australis, 6905, 8933, 9074.
bonneti, 6907.
botryophora, 9728.
coronata, 7570.
datil, 8321.

COMMON AND

9493, |

9496,

SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 321

Cocos romanzoffiana, 7339.
yatay, 8314, 8918, 9075.
Codiaeum variegatum, 7346 to 7354, 7601 to
7604.
Codonopsis viridiflora, 8383.
Coffea arabica, 5797, 6278, 6712, 7678, 7775,
8207, 8211, 9716.
hybrida, 8682.
liberica, 8681, 8990.

Coffee, 5797, 6278, 6712, 7678, 7775, $207,
8211, 8681, 8682, 8990, 9716.
tree, Kentucky, 7046.

Coiron flor, 5779.
Coix sp., 6407.

lachryma-jobi, 5620.
Cola acuminata, 7014.
Colliguaja brasiliensis, 8949.
Commelina sp., 7069.

coelestis, 9092.

Convolvulus sp., 5549, 5550, 5557, 5558.
Coontie, 8504.
Copernicia cerifera, 8964.
Cordyline australis, 7171, 8257.
banksvi, 8858.

Corinth, 6366, 6374, 6429.
Corn, 5560, 6028 to 6034, 6172, 6230 to
6233, 6273, 6401, 6573, 6574, 6827,
7502, 8822, 9356, 9357, 9449, 9573,
9795.
Kafir, 9852.

Cornus kousa, 8403.
Coronilla atlantica, 9093.
Corylus sp., 5992.
avellana, 7423.
rostrata, 9278.
tubulosa, 6138, 6139.

Corypha elata, 7331.

Cosmos sp., 7964.

Cotton, 6400, 6655, 6684, 7647, 8728, 8798.

Egyptian, 5939, 6673 to 6679, 7018,
7019, 7023, 7025 to 7027, 7030,
7036, 9635 to 9660.
Cotyledon sp., 7064, 7081, 7082, 7084, 7098,
7368 to 7370, 7373, 7374, 7390,
7394, 7403, 7479, 7487, 9628.
teretifolia, 9622.

Cowpea, 6311, 6327, 6328, 6413, 6431,
6563, 6566 to 6568, 8354, 8418, 8498 to
8501, 8687.

Crab’s eyes, 6877.

Crambe maritima, 6145.

Cranberry, 6347.

Crescentia alata, 7971.

cujete, 6868, 8991.

Crotalaria juncea, 8910.

Croton. (See Codiaeum variegatum. )

Croton sebiferum, 7158.

tiglium, 6448.

Cryptomeria japonica, 6660.

Cucumber, 5567, 5839, 5900, 6080 to 6083,
6395, 6425, 6694, 7511.

Cucumis sp., 7511.

SEEDS AND

Cucumis melo, 5755, 5774, 5904, 5908, GOSS
to 6078, 6131, 6146 to 6145,

6363, 6364, 6426, 6697, 7015,
7397, 7972, 8219, 8308 to 8310,

9020, 9022.
metuliferus, 5179. /
sativus, 5567, 5839, 5900, GOO to
6083, 6395, 6425, 6694, 7511.
Cucurbita sp., 5520, 5552, 5559, 6133, 6695,
6698, 6708, 7406, 7409, 7508,
9481.
maxima, 5906, 6088, 6O8Y.
melanosperma, 9626.
moschata, 6197.
pepo, 6402, 6620, 6621.
Cupania sapida, 6856. |
Cuphea, sp., 7057.
ignea, 9094.
selenoides, 9095.
Cupressus funebris, 6876, 7150.
sempervirens, 5964, 9096.
torulosa, 8655.
Curcuma longa, 8935.
Currant, red, 6101.
Cushaw, 6197.
Cycas normanbyana, 7546.
Cydonia sp., 8645.
sinensis, 6183, 6186,
8209.
vulgaris, 5762, 6120,
8454, 8455.
Cyperus esculentus, 7424, 8216 to 8218.
nutans, 9860.
papyrus, 9097.
tegetiformis, 9861,
Cypress, 5964, 9096.
funeral, 6876.
Cyrtostachys renda, 7571.
Cytisus linifolium, 7697.
proliferus, 7696,

6188, 6362,

6187, 6193,

Dactylis glomerata, 8554.
Dagmay, 6276.
Dahlia sp., 7079, 7967, 7968, 9384.
silvestre, 7966.
Daisy, Transvaal or Barberton, 9484.
Dalbergia latifolia, 8662.
nigra, 8941.
sissoo, 6661, 9819.
Dana, 6221.
Danthonia californica, 7117.
Dap-dap, 5617.
Daphne genkwa, 8145.
odora, 8394, 8395.
Dasylirion sp., 7100.

Date, 6438 to 6442, 6445, 6846, 7001, 7002,

7631 to 7636, 7798, 8563, 8564,
8567, 8569 to 8573, 8738 to 8795,

| Eriodendron anfractuosum, 9468.

9600.
Chinese. (See Jujube. )

Datura stramonium, 8534.
Daucus carota, 6615, 6706, 9574.
Delphinium zalil, 8385.
Desfontainea spinosa, 7825.
Desmodium illinoense, 6842.
podocarpum, 9238.

| Eriogonum giganteum, 7116.
| Ervum lens, 7028

PLANTS IMPORTED,

Desmodium triflorum, 9893.
uncinatum, 8924.
Deutzia sieboldiana, 8124.
Dianthus alpinus, 7979.
arenarius, T7980.
armeria, 7981.
barbatus, 8384.
caryophyllus, 7561 to 7566, 7625
to 7629.
chinensis, 7982 to 7984.
Digitalis purpurea, 8532.
Dillenia indica, 6887.
speciosa, 8195,
Dioscorea sp., 6277.
Diospyros kaki, 6522 to 6527, 8341, 9804.

| Diotis candidissima, 9098.

Dittelasma rarak, 6873.
Dolichos sp., 5519.
lablab, 6319, 6320, 6377, 6569,
8258, 8355 to 8357, 8545, 8686,
9431.
melanophthalmus, 6431.
sinensis, 6223, 6228.
uniflorus, 8542.

| Dorstenia contrajerva, 7832.
| Dracaena sp., 7605 to 7609.

draco, 6888, 7833.
Dracunculus canariensis, 9603.
Dragon’s blood, 6888, 7833.
Dye plant, 6879.

Ebony, mountain, 6880.
Ebony tree, 6829.
Eccremocarpus scaber, 8259.
Echeveria maculata, 6923.
platyphylla, 6922.
Kehinocactus schumannianus, 9482.
Edgeworthia gardneri, 8146, 9162, 9163.
Eggplant, 5535, 5545, 5619, 6696, 7130,
9297, 9298.
Elaeagnus angustifolia, 9382, 9383.
longipes, 6665.
pungens, 8260.
Elaeis guineensis, 6908, 7289, 8992.
Eleocharis tuberosa, 8366.
Elettaria cardamomum, 6446, 8672.
Eleusine coracana, 5838, 8434.
Elymus andinus, 5779.
Emmer, 8652.
Endive, 7139.
Enterolobium sp., 8923.
timbouva, 8940, 9076, 9077. |
Epipremnum mirabile, 7363, 7816. |
Eriobotrya japonica, 6191, 6453 to 6460,
6938, 6939, 6943, 6945, 6949, 6955, 6958,
7748, 7946, 8233, to '8236, 8890, 9099,
9244 to 9247, 9467, 9801.

hiemale, 7523.
microsperma, 6433.
monanthos, 7522.
Eryngium sp., 7005.
agavefolium, 9100.
Erythea edulis, 6852, 7297.
Erythrina sp., 6931, 7047.

INDEX OF COMMON

Prythrina carnea, 5617.
Erythroxylon coca, 6447.
Esparsette, see Sainfoin.
Rucalyptus citriodora, 7239.
Jicifolia, 9624.
globulus, 5745, 7226, 9825,
robusta, 7176.
Euclea racemosa, 9620.
Bucommia ulmoides, 5980, 8709.
Bugenia sp., 8937.
edulis, 8969.
mato, 8938.
michelii, 89638.
pungens, 8957.
Eupatorium sp., 8859.
atrorubens, 8860, 9101.
atroviolaceum, 8861.
Euphorbia sp., 8289.
coronata, 9632.
lathyris, 6667.
pulcherrima, 9866.
Buterpe edulis, 8322.
Kutrema wasabi, 9891.
Exacum bicolor, 8663.

Fagopyrum esculentum, 5934, 6177, 6385,
6602, 6603, 9294, 9295.
Fatsia japonica, 8651, 8862.
Feijoa sellowiana, 9078.
Fennel flower, 6375.
Fenugreek, 6963, 7029, 7071, 7520, 7642,
7713, 9021.
small, 5579.

Festuca arundinacea, 5835.

fanara, 7715.
Ficus sp., 8346.

carica, 5919 to 5921, 6114, 6241 to

6244, 6254, 6357, 6461 to 6491,
6493 to 6499, 6648, 6773 to 6823,
6832, 6835 to 6840, 6850, 6933,
6934, 6941, 6942, 6946, 6952, 6953,
6956, 6957, 7663 to 7667, 8506,
8507, 8829 to 8847, 9354, 9381.

elastica, 7222, 7417, 7540.

glomeratus, 6857.

hispida, 6889.

indica, 7356, 8196.

macrophylla, 7191, 7418, 8290.

radicans, 7355.

sakoni, 6494.

sycomorus, TOLL.

AND

SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 323

Iragraria sp., 7769.
Franseria arlemisioides, 8864.
Freda, 9482.

Kreylinia cestroides, 8863.
Frijole, 9147 to 9160.
Funtumia elastica, 8993.

Gaillardia amblyodon, 7207.
pulchella, 7216, 7219, 7249.
Galium catalinense, 7112.
Gamboge tree, 6869.
‘““Gampi’’ paper plant, 8165,
Garbanzo, see Chick-pea.
Garcinia sp. (2), 9569.
cochinchinensis, 9879.
Serrea, 9880.
hanburyi, 8994.
mangostana, 5634,
9869, 9881.
morella, 6869.
Gasteria croucheri, 9630.
Gazania hybrida, 7419 to 7421.
Genista monosperma, 9102.
sphaerocarpa, 7749.
Gerbera jamesonii, 9484.
Ginger, 6875, 7621, 8736.
Ginkgo biloba, 8140.
Glaucium flavum, 8865.
Gleditsia amorphoides, 8934.
tlobularia salicina, 8292.
Glyceria spectabilis, 5832.

7468, 8976,

| Glycine hispida, 5764 to 5766, 6312, 6314,

6326, 6333 to 6336, 6379, 6386, 6396,
6397, 6414, 6416, 6556, 6558 to 6561,
8422 to 8424, 8489 to 8497, 8584, 8586,
8900, 9344, 9407 to 9418.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, 8533.
Gomphocarpus sp., 5781a, 5786.
textilis, 8291.
Gossypium sp., 6655, 6684, 7647, 8728, 8798.
barbadense, 5939, 6400, 6673 to
6679, 9018, 7019, 7023, 7025
to 7027, 7030, 7036, 9635 to
9660.
brasiliense (?), 8728.
Goumi, 6665.
Gourd; 5528, 5544, 6412, 6708, 8575, 9226.
sponge, 8683.

| Grabowskia glauca, 8956, 9033.

Fig (see also Caprifig), 5919 to 5921, 6114, |

6244, 6357, 6461 to 6491, 6493 to 6499,
6648, 6819, 6933, 6934, 6941, 6942,

6946, 6952, 6953, 6956, 8346, 8506,

8507, 8829 to 8847, 9354, 9381.
cluster, 6857.
Sycamore, 7011.
Filbert, 7423.
Flax, 5946 to 5957, 6199, 6653, 7648, 7649,
8525, 9347, 9421, 9457, 9789.
false, 6036.
white-flowered, 5949.
Fouquieria sp., 7388.
splendens, 6924.
Foxberry, 5775.
Foxglove, 8532.

Gram, green, sce Bean, mung.
Grape, 5616, 5689, 5909 to 5918, 5985, 6118,
6119, 6124, 6140, 6280 to 6306,
6356, 6366, 6374, 6429, 6500,
6501, 7048, 7671, 7687, 7993 to
8071, 8436, 8462 to 8464, 8581 to
8583, 8605, 8647 to 8649, 8796,
8797, 9560 to 9568, 9576 to 9579,
9607, 9809 to 9814.
mustang, 8576.
shore, 6855.
wild, 6505.
Grape fruit. (See Pomelo. )
Green gram. (See Bean, mung. )
Guaiacum officinale, 6870.
Guava, 8344, 9023.
Guinea grass, 9315.
Guizotia abyssinica, 7645.

B24 SEEDS AND

—_

Guzmania musaica, 7619,
Gymnocladus canadensis, 7046.
chinensis, 6572.

Haloxylon ammodendron, 9581.

Hamamelis japonica, 8189.

Harpephyllum caffrum, 9616,

Hazelnut, 5992, 6138, 6139, 9278.

Hechtia sp., 7387.

Hedera helix, 8866, 9602.

Hedychium gardnerianum, 7624, 8293.

Hedysarum coronarium, 7037, 7528, 7710,

7784, 7788, 7790.
mauritanicum, 7712.
naudinianum, 7789.
obscurum, 5829.
pallidum, 7711, 7725.

Heeria sp., 7688.

Helianthus annwus, 6093 to 6095, 9668.

Helleborus hybridus, 7836.

niger, 7837.
Hemp, 6035, 6164, 6194, 6309, 6310, 6317,

6322, 6325, 6606, 6671, 8516,
8525, 9665.

ambari, 7032.

manila, 6234 to 6237, 6239, 9028,
9134.

sunn, 8910.

Henbane, 8535.

Henna, 6871.

Hepatica triloba, 7838, 7840.

Heteropteris umbellata, 8958.

Heterospathe elata, 7572.

Hibiscus sp., 8867.

argentinus, 8965.
cannabinus, 7032.
elatus, 7359.
esculentus, 6376.
sabdariffa, 8698.
sinensis, 9705, 9706.
tiliaceus, 6890.

Ficoria pecan, 7990, 7991, 8200 to 8203.

Hippocrepis multisiliquosa, 7726.

Holboellia latifolia, 7828.

Honckenya ficifolia, 8995.

Honey Jack, 6451.

Hop, 5569, 5570, 5587, 5588, 55938, 5594,
5611, 5622, 5631, 5757 to 5760, 5768,
5787, 5836, 5971, 6353.

Hordeum distichum, 5590 to 5592, 5756,

5788 to 5792, 5794,
5842, 5845, 5847 to
5899, 5903, 5975,
5976, 7992, 8560.
erectum, 6367.
nutans,
9133.
hexastichum, 6023, 8559.
tetrastichum, 6175, 7427,
7584, 7796, 8809.
vulgare, 5843, 5844, 6399,
6597, 6601, 6658, 7451, 7640,
7641, 7969, 7970, 9783, 9877.

Horse-radish, 5589, 5761, 5837, 7058.

Japanese, 9891.

Hosackia traskiae, 7110.

venusta, 7109.

7583,

6403,

5793, 5846, |

PLANTS IMPORTED.

Hovenia dulcis, 6608.
Howea belmoreana, 8888.
forsteriana, 8889.

Humulus lupulus, 5569, 5570, 5587, 5588,
5503, 5594, 5611, 5622, 5631, 5757 to
5760, 5768, 5787, 5836, 5971, 6353.

Hura crepitans, 7542, 8996, 9720.

Hydrangea hortensis, 8396 to 8399.

Hydriastele mendlandiana, 7322.

Hymenocallis sp., 7008.

harrisiana, 6919.

Hymenocarpus circinata, 7727.

Hyoscyamus niger, 8535.

Hyphaene benguelensis, 7288.

Hyptis sp., 7051.

Iqna lanceolata, 5621.

Ilang-ilang, 9719.

Ilex integra, 7554.
paraguayensis, 8953.
wightiana, 8664.

Iilicium floridanum, 7161.

Impatiens sp., 7228.

balsamina, 6421.
sultani, 7155, 7168, 7264.

India wheat, 8215.

Indigo, 6623.

Indigofera anil, 9039.

tinctoria, 6623.

Inga dulcis, 7415.

Inodes palmetto, 7773.

lochroma tabulosa, 8295.

Ipecacuanha, 7360.

Ipomoea batatas, 6173.

Jicifolia, 8868.

Tris sp., 9601.
germanica, 9103.
japonica, 8389.
laevigata, 8388, 8869. ‘
sibirica, 9104.
tectorum, 8390, 8391.
unguicularis, 6492.

Ivy, 9602.

Jacaranda chelonia, 8975, 9031.
cuspidifolia, 9066.
ovalifolia, 8294.
Jack fruit, 6854.

| Jacquinia armillaris, 6891.

'

|
|

Japanese horse-radish, 9891.
Jaraqua, 5751.
Jarilla, 5753.

| Jasmine, Arabian, 8437.
— Jasminum nitidum, 7342.

sambac, 8437.

Jatropha curcas, 7246.

glauca, 7190.

manihot, 7243.

multifida, 7257.
Jessamine, red, 9894.
Job’s tears, 5620, 6407.
Johnson grass, 7643. ¥

| Jojoba, 8312.

Jubaea spectabilis, 7286, 9825.

Juglans cinerea, 7953.
cordiformis, 8425, 9280.
nigra, 7954.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 825

Juglans regia, 5633, 5983, 6180 to 6182, | Lentil, one-flowered, 7522.

6354, 6650 to 6652, 8208, 8307, winter, 7523.
9231, 9232. — Lespedeza bicolor, 6331, 7973, 9107.
sieboldiana, 8426. buergeri, 9230.
Jujube, 6549, 8600, 8702, 8703, 8828. | sieboldi, 7553.
Juncus effusus, 8429, 9873. — Lettuce, 6618.
Juniperus chinensis, 9296. Leucadendron argenteum, 7556, 8317, 9633,
Leucaena glauca, 8998.
adsura japonica, 8147 to 8149. Leucanthemum uliginosum, 7841.
Kafir orange, 9611. Liatris odoratissima, 6144.
plum, 9616. Libocedrus chilensis, 6870, 9067.
Kageneckia sp., 8695. Licorice, 8533.
Kale, sea, 6145. Licuala grandis, 6911, 7547.
Kapok, 9468. muelleri, 7348.
Kentia alexandria, 7287. rumphii, 6912.
macarthuri: (Hort.), 8329. Lignum-vitee, 6870.
sanderiana, 7574. Ligustrum ciliatum, 8127.
Kentiopsis macrocarpa, 8327. japonicum, 8296.
Khaya senegalensis, 8311. Lilium auratum, 7848 to 7850.
Kicksia africana, 7361. browni, 7852.
Kigelia pinnata, 6444. elegans, 7857, 7858.
Kniphofia aloides, 9105. joponicum, 7856.
| Kochia scoparia, 5970. longiflorwm, 7854, 8387.
Kola, 7014. maculatum, 7851.
| Korean lawn grass, 6404, 6405. maximowiczii, 7853.
Kudzu, 9227, 9228. rubellum, 7859.
Kulthi, 8542. speciosum, 7855.
Kumquat, 8896, 9274, 9275, 9493, 9494. Lily, 7848 to 7859, 9895.
Kunenbo, 9497. water, 7413.
Lime, 5529, 5554, 6951, 8347.
Labramia bojeri, 8997. Spanish, 6859.
Lacolaco, 6238. Linaria saxatilis, 9108.
Lac tree, 6883. Lindelofia spectabilis, 7194.
Lactuca sativa, 6618. Linum usitatissimum, 5946 to 5957, 6199,
, Lagenaria sp., 8575, 9226. 6653, 7648, 7649, 8524, 9347, 9421, 9457,
! vulgaris, 6412. 9789.
Lantana camara, 8955. Lippia lycioides, 8952.
radula, 9106. turbinata, 8930.
Larch, Japanese, 6672. Lithraea aroeirinha, 8939.
Larix leptolepis, 6672. molle, 9127.
Larrea nitida, 9079. Litsea zeylanica, 8679a.
Lasiosiphon eriocephalus, 8656. Lavistona altissima, 7304.
octhyrus sp., 8461. : australis, 7299, 7332.
cicer, 7521, 8810. hoogendorpii, 9724.
clymenus, 6974. jenkinsiana, 7293, 7548.
magellanicus, 5782. rotundifolia, 7305, 9729.
numidicus, 7729. Lonicera caprifolium, 7897.
ochrus, 6436, 7534. humilis, 7898.
platyphyllus, 5826. Loquat, 6191, 6453 to 6460, 6938, 6959,
sativus, 7639, 7680. 6943, 6945, 6949, 6955, 6958, 7748, 7946,
tingitanus, 5585, 6973, 7637, 7728. 8233 to 8236, 8890, 9099, 9244 to 9247,
Laurel, California, 5977. 9467, 9801.
Laurus canariensis, 7270. Loseosiphon eriocephalus, 8656.
Lavender, 5801, 8528. Lotus, 9248 to 9267.
spike, 5802, 8529. Lotus edulis, 6975, 7731.
Lavandula spica, 5802, 8529. ornithopodioides, 6976, 7730.
vera, 5801, 8528. tetragonolobus, 6970, 7656, 7700.
Lawsonia alba, 6871. uliginosus, 5942.
Lebbek, 6448, 9038. Lucern, sand, 7945.
Lechuguilla, 7439. tree, 9613.
Leea sambucina, 7558. Lucuma neriifolia, 8951.
Leitchee, 9802, 9803. Luffa aegyptiaca, 8683, 9718.

Lemon, 5531 to 5533, 5982, 5986, 5991, | Lunga, 6222.
5993, 6115, 6117, 6121, 6185, 6190. 6360, | Lupine, 5936, 5937, 6688.

6361, 6365, 6641, 6654, 6960, 8443, 8601. blue, 5583, 6971, 7341, 7535.
Lens esculenta. (See Ervum lens.) Egyptian or Corsican, 5584, 7022.
Lentil, 6433, 7028. narrow-leaved, 5583.

SEEDS

Lupine, white, 7524, 7689.
yellow, 7525, 7681.
Lupinus, sp., 6688, 7733,
albus, 7524, 9627.
cnguatifolius, 5583, 6971,
7690,
hirsutus, 7341.
luteus, 7525, 7681, 7732.
pulosus caeruleus, 5936.
roseus, 5937.
termis, 5584, 6972, 7022, 7689.
Lychnis coeli-rosa, 7184.
Lycopersicum esculentum, 6090, 6091,
Lyonothamnus floribundus, 7115.

Maba natalensis, 6892.
Machaerium fertile, 9080.
tipu (Benth.).
speciosa. )
Madia sativa, 6664.
Magnolia grandiflora, 8402.
kobus, 8502.
parviflora, 8400, 8401.
Mahogany, 7543.
African, 8311.
Maize. (See Corn. )
Malpighia glabra, 6858.
urens, 7834.
Malva sylvestris, 9109.
Mammillaria sp., 7003, 7004, 7065, 7380,
7381.
Mandarin. (See Orange, Mandarin. )
Manfreda sp., 7007, 7087.
Mangifera indica, 7038 to 7045, 7101 to 7108,

(See Tipuana

8411 to 8413, 8419 to 8421, 8440, 8442, |

AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

Medicago lupulina, 973A,
media, 7588, 7945.
murex, 9743.
orbicularis, 7738, 9740.
praecox, 9744.
radiata, 9746,
rigidula, 9735,
sativa, 6998, 7500, 7586 to 7588,
8806, 8823, 9303, 9322,
9323, 9359, 9450, 9788,
YS16.
var. turkestanica, 9451 to
: to 9455, 9877, 9816.
scutellata, 9749.
secundiflora, 7743.
suffruticosa, 9745.
tenoreana, 9741.
truncatula, 7739, 7741.
tuberculata, 9742.
turbinata, 6380, 7740.
Medinilla bornensis, 7613.
magnifica, 7614.

' Medlar, 8298.

Melaleuca leucadendron, 9111.
viridiflora, 8871.
Melicocca bijuga, 6859.
Melilot, 5578, 7791.
Melilotus sp., 7791.
infesta, 6965.
macrostachys, 5578, 7692, 7744.
speciosa, 7693.
sulcata, 7694. -

| Melinis minutiflora, 5609.
| Meliosma arnottiana, 8657.

8444, 8680, 8701, 8727, 8729 to 8734, 9486, |
9504 to 9553, 9599, 9669, 9703, 9704, 9808.
Mango, 7038 to 7045, 7101 to 7108, 8411 to—

8413, 8419 to 8421, 8440, 8442, 8444, 8680,
8701, 8727, 8729 to 8734, 9486, 9504 to
9553, 9599, 9669, 9703, 9704, 9808.
Mangosteen, 5634, 7468, 8976, 9869, 9881.
Manihot sp., 9670 to 9699.
Maple, Japanese, 8150 to 8188.
Maqui, 8694.
Maranta arundinacea, 6872.
major, 7611.
Mariscus natalensis, 9110.
Marking nut tree, 6874.
Mastic, 7336, 9426, 9446.
Math, 8539.
Maurandia barclaiana, 6663.
Maytenus boaria, 8870, 8921.
Medicago sp., 6368.
arborea, 7695, 9613.
ciliaris, 7742, 9747.
denticulata, 7734, 7737, 9229.
disciformis, 9739.
echinus, 7735.
elegans, 8299.
falcata, 9748.
gerardi, 9736.
getula, 7952.
helix, 7736.
interteata, 9738.
laciniata, 9737.

Menengech, 7951, 8476, 8484, 8485, 8707,
8801.
Mesembryanthemum sp., 9501 to 9503.
acinaciforme, 8297.
Mespilus germanica, 8298.
Mesquite, 8214.
Michelia champaca, 8999.
compressa, 8122.
nilagirica, 8673.

| Microtropis ovalifolia, 8670.

Milk tree, 8346.
Millet, 5907, 6221, 6389, 6410, 6589 to 6594,
9784, 9798, 9799.
African, 5838, 8434.
Barbados, 6604.
broom-corn, 5647, 5648, 6024 to
6027, 6408, 6682, 6692, 6709, 6711,
8805, 8821, 9423 to 9425, 9785,
9798.
Japanese. (See
galli.)
pearl, 7646.
Ragi, 5838.

Panicum — crus-

| Mimosa sensitiva, 8945.
| Mina trilobata, 8237.
| Mitsumata paper plant, 9162, 9163.

Molasses grass, 5609.

Momordica sp., 5528, 5544.

Moraea pavonia, 9631.

Morrenia odorata, 8968.

Morus sp., 6848, 7141 t>7145, 7431 to 7438.
alba, 7537, 9384.
multicaulis, 8335.

INDEX OF COMMON

Mountain tobacco, 8531.
Mug, 8540.
Mulberry, 6848, 7141 to 7145, 7431 to 7438,
O384.
Chinese, 8835.
Mundle bundle, 5625.
Musa ensete, 7295.
mannii, 7154.
martini, 7259.
rosacea, 7260, 7262.
sapientum, 9575, 9610.
sumatrana, 7240.
superba, 7261,
lextilis, 6234 to 6237, 6239, 9028, 9134.
Mushroom, 8222 to 8225.

Muskmelon, 5755, 5774, 5904, 5908, 6058 to |
. Oracco, 9775.

6078, 6131, 6146 to 6148, 6363, 6364, 6426,
6697, 7015, 7397, 7972, 8219, 8308 to 8310,
9020, 9022.
Mussaenda grandiflora, 7615.
Mustard, Chinese, 6394, 6607, 6613, 6614,
6622.
tree of Scripture, 7362.
Myoporum insulare, 9621,
Myrica faya, 9060, 9276, 9316, 9476.
nagi, 9164, 9314.
Myristica horsfieldii, 7835.
Myrobalan emblic, 6860.
Myrtle, downy, 6863.

Nanca, 6275.
Natal thorn, 8239, 9617.
Nectarine, 9221, 9284, 9882.
Nelumbium speciosum, 9248 to 9267.
Neowashingtonia sp., 5586.
filamentosa, 6351.
Nephelium litchi, 9802, 9803.
Nicotiana glauca, 8261.
tabacum, 5961 to 5963, 6229, 7686,
8893.
Nigella aromatica, 6375.
Nolina sp., 7097, 7391.
Notochaena hamosa, 9112.
Nuytsia floribunda, 9037.

Oak, 8704.
cork, 9456.
holly, 6340, 6348, 6844.
Valonia, 6833.
Oat, 5513, 5514, 5938, 5966, 5967, 6022,
6174, 6626, 7450, 7944, 8538, 8558,
8650, 9422, 9571, 9878.
Mapstone, 9571.
wild, 6626.
Ocimum basilicum, 6381.
viride, 9868. :
Oenothera sp., 9025.
Oil plant, 7644 to 7646.
Okra, 6376.
Olea europaea, 5984, 6125 to 6130, 6240,
6251, 6649, 6831, 6834, 7675, 8872,
8909.
laurifolia, 9123.
verrucosa, 9124, 9559.
Oleander, yellow, 6893.
Olearia haastii, 8262, 8873.

AND

SOCTENTIFIO NAMES. 327

Olive, 5984, 6125 to 6130, 6240, 6251, 6649,
6831, 6834, 7675, 8872, 8909, 9124,
9559.
Chinese, 8364.
Onion, 6390, 7034, 9301, 9318.
Onobrychis sp., 7746.
onobrychis, 7526, 7527.
viciacfolia, 6966,
Ononis sp., 7745.
alopecuroides, 6977.
avellana, 5582, 7691, 7747.
Opuntia sp., 7379, 7507, 8578, 8579, 9135 to
9146.
decumana, 8916.
ficus-indica, 8961, 9317, 9352, 93553.
gymnocarpa, 9115.

Orange, 5989, 5990, 6116, 6184, 6245, 6247
to 6249, 6636, 6640, 6642, 6644,
6647, 6950, 6954, 8210, 8367,
8368, 8414, 8415, 8439, 8441,
8446, 8602 to 8604, 8706, 8896,
8902, 8904, 8905, 9132, 9271,
9274, 9275, 9437, 9480, 9488,
9493 to 9499, 9595 to 9597.
hitter, 8894, 8895, 9268.
kumquat, 8896, 9274, 9275, 9493,
9494.
Mandarin, 6247, 6642, 6644, 8902,
8904, 8905, 9271, 9495, 9496,
9499.
Orchard grass, 8554.
Orchid, 7094, 7469 to 7478.
Oreodoxa oleracea, 8325, 9722.
regia, 8328.
Oreopanax platanifolium, 8874.
Orobus, 6435.
Oryza sativa, 5528, 5940, 5941, 6200 to 6220,
6307, 6308, 6384, 6575 to 6588, 8300 to
, 8359 to 8361, 8508 to 8515, 8543,

8590, 8591, 8593, 8594, 8688 to 8690,
8699, 8804, 8911, 8912, 9326 to 9343,
9667.

Osyris alba, 9114.

Oxalis sp., 6913 to 6918, 7010, 7050, 7412.
corniculata, 8875.
pringlei, 7009.

Oxycoccus palustris, 5776.

Paeonia moutan, 8072 to 8121, 8392, 8503.
Pagoda tree, 9034.
Palisota barteri, 9000.
Palm, 5586, 6351, 6908, 7072, 8700,
9472, 9473, 9776.
date. (See Date. )
Panax aureum, 7559.
Pandanus aquaticus, 7340.
utilis, 9730.
vandermechii, 9726.
Panicum crus-galli, 6409, 8891.
miliaceum, 5647, 5648, 6024 to
6027, 6408, 6682, 6692, 6709,
6711, 8805, 8821, 9423 to 9425,
9785, 9798.
trypheron, 9315.
Papas amarillas, 9059.
Papaver sp., 9829.

8708,

eu

28 SEEDS
Papaver bracteatum, 7186, 7253, 8319.
orientale, 7164, 7220, 7250 to 7252.
somniferum, 5796, 8536.
Papaw, 7510, 8417, 8577.
Paper plant, 9162, 9163, 9165.
Paprica, 9475.
Paraguay tea, 8935.
Parkinsonia aculeata, 8931.
Parrotia persica, 7899.
Paspalum digitaria, 9618.
Passiflora Sp., 7056, 7131.
edulis, 5516, 5612.
pruinosa, 7560, 8263.
quadrangularis, 9713.
Passion flower, 5516, 5612, 7056, 7131.
Paulownia sp., 6657.
Pea, 6227, 6316, 6332, 6428, 6551 to 6554,
8557, 8562, 8588, 8810.
flat Tangier, 5585.
square, 6970, 7656, 7700.
Peach, 5922, 5923, 6109, 6541 to 6545, 6547,
6548, 6629, 6635, 7670, 8330 to
8334, 8337, 8340, 8343, 9217 to
9220, 9285, 9302, 9304, 9305, 9320,
9321, 9372 to 9380, 9389, 9391 to
9396, 9420, 9805, 9815, 9848 to
9850.
ornamental, 7863 to 7868.
Peanut, 5522, 5561, 5763, 8982, 9355, 9406.
Pear, 5924, 6110, 6507 to 6521, 6532, 7669,
8901, 8901a, 9360, 9361, 9388, 9492.
Japanese, 9239 to 9243.
melon, 9570.
prickly, 9317, 9352, 9353.
Pecan, 7990, 7991, 8200 to 8203.
Pedicularis zeylanica, 8677.
Pela, 5626. :
Pelargonium zonale, 9115.
Pendicuas, 5752.
Pennisetum spicatum, 7646.
Pentzia virgata, 9619.
Peony, tree, 8072 to 8121, 8392, 8503.
Pepino, 9570.
Pepo, 6920.

Pepper, 5524 to 5526, 5530, 5536 to 5538, |

5546, 5553, 5555, 5556, 5565, 5902, 6382,
6383, 7448, 7654, 7781 to 7783, 8565,
8566, 8568, 8799, 9445, 9475.
Pereskia aculeata, 9663.
Perilla sp., 6393.
ocymoides, 9282.
Perimedium discolor, 8264.
Persea gratissima, 9001.
indica, 9870.
lingue, 9128.
Persimmon, Japanese, 6522 to 6527, 8341,
9804.
Peruvian bark, 7357.
Petrea volubilis, 9714.
Pe-tsai. (See Cabbage, Chinese. )
Phacelia lyoni, 7114.
Phaseolus sp., 5517, 6279, 6391, 6415, 6560,
8585, 9147 to 9160, 9404, 9405,
9438 to 9444.
aconitifolius, 8539.
calcaratus, 6226.
lunatus, 5521.

Pistache, 6079, 6122, 6123, 6252, 6253, 6349,

AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

Phaseolus mungo, 5518, 6224, 6378, 6564,
8486 to 8488, 8540, 9786.
mungo-radiatus, 6318,
6417, 6418, 6562, 9419.
radiatus, 8541.
viridissimus, 6430, 8814, 9889,
YS.
vulgaris, 5795, 5927, 5929, 6092,
6565, 7503, 7504.
Phlewm pratense, 8553.
Phlomis fruticosa, 9433.
Phlox drummondii, 7156, 7177, 7218.
Phoenix dactylifera, 6438 to 6442, 6445,
6846, 7001, 7002, 7285, 7631 to
7636, 7798, 8563, 8564, 8567,
8569 to 8573, 8738 to 8795, 9600.
hybrid X reclinata, 7443.
pumila * reclinata, 7444, 8266.
reclinata, 7296, 7442, 8265.
rupicola, 8674,

Phormium tenax, 7172, 7189, 7232, 7234,
7263, 8267, 8320, 9116.
Photinia lindleyana, 8665.
Phygelius capensis, 9117.
Phyllanthus emblica, 6860.
Phyllostachys aurea, 7817, 9052.
bambusoides, 9044.
castillonis, 9041.
henonis, 9043, 9047.
marliacea, 9048.
mitis, 7820, 8427, 9045.
nigra, 7822, 9042.
quilioi, 8428, 9046.
ruscifolia, 9051.
violascens, 7824.
Physalis sp., 9448.
Ffrancheti, 5785.
peruviana, 7577.
Picea excelsa, 5945.
Pimenta acris, 9002.
Pimpinella anisum, 7449.
Pinanga decora, 7337.
Pine, Pyrenean, 6141.
Scottish, 5943, 5944.
stone, 6189.
umbrella, 9827.
Pineapple, 7366, 9485, 9606, 9634, 9732.

Pinus brutia, 6141.
canariensis, 9830.
longifolia, 8678. ]
pinea, 6189, 9827. )
sylvestris, 5943, 5944.

Piptadenia cebil, 8929.

macrocarpa, 9082.

6321,

6360, 6355, 6824, 6849, 7335, 7668, 7949,

8349, 8477 to 8482, 8517 to 8520, 8574,

9477, 9490, 9491, 9778.

Pistacia sp., 6355.
atlantica, 9325.
lentiscus, 7336, 9426, 9446.
mutica, 7951, 8476, 8484, 8485,
8707, 8801, 9474 (?).

terebinthus, 7291, 7673, 8521.

INDEX OF COMMON

Pistacia vera, 6079, 6122, 6128, 6252, 6253,
6349, 6350, 6824, 6849,
7335, 7668, 7949, 8349,
8477 to 8482, 8517 to 8520,
8574, 9477, 9490, 9491,
9778.
(?) (Butum), 8483, 8800.
< palaestina, 7950.
x lerebinthus, 5767, 8204.
Pisum sp., 6553, 6554, 8588.
sativum, 6316, 63832, 6428, 6551,
6552, 8557, 8562.
Pitahaya, 7509, 7519, 8580.
Pithecolobium sp., 7408.
pruinosum, 7212.
saman, 9003.
unguis-cati, 7255.
Pittosporum pendulum, 9625.
tobira, 8128.
undulatum, 9435.
Plectranthus striatus, 8268.
Plocama pendula, 9598.
Plum, 5824, 5931, 6103 to 6106, 6108, 6536 to

6540, 6546, 8338, 8339, 8342, 8345, |

8365, 8705, 8824, 8826, 8827, 9222,
9223, 9279, 9281, 9346, 9362, 9363,
9806.

hog, 6259.

Japanese, 9202 to 9210, 9233, 9235,
9236, 9270, 9273, 9306, 9313.

Podachaenium paniculatum, 8269, 9118.

Podocarpus macrophylla, 8192.

Poinciana, dwarf, 6885.

Poinciana regia, 6884, 9004.

Poinsettia, 8438, 9712, 9866.

Poinsettia sp., 9712.

pulcherrima, 8438.

Polygonum sp., 6624.

lanigerum, 8270.
tataricum, 8215.

Pomegranate, 5987, 5988, 6843, 6935 to
6937, 6940, 6944, 7440, 7674, 7676, 7677,
7776, 8430 to 8433, 8599, 8643, 8646, 9385,
9386.

Pomelo, 5547, 6246, 6250, 6645, 6646, 8435,
8606, 8895, 8903, 9017 to 9019, 9268,
9269, 9272, 9500.

Popat, 8545.

Poplar, 5994, 6847, 8356.

Poppy, 5796, 8536, 9829.

Matilija, 7518.

Populus sp., 6847, 8336.

alba, 5994.

Porana racemosa, 8271.

Portulacaria afra, 9604, 9605, 9615.

Potato, 7073, 7395, 7396, 7489, 9059.

sweet, 6173.

Primula obconica 7157, 7185, 7211, 7221, |

7233, 7265, 7314, 7315.
Prince’s feather, 8803.
Pritchardia gaudichaudii, 8700.
marti, 8708.

Proso. (See Panicum miliaceum. )

Prosopis denudans, 5783, 9081.
glandulosa, 8272.
juliflora, 8214.

Prune, 5649 to 5686.

AND

SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 329

Prunus sp., 6096 to 6100, 6103 to 6108,
6531, 6536 to 6540, 6546, 8338,
8339, 8342, 8345, 8365, 8705,
8824, 8826, 8827, 9806.
armeniaca, 6534, 6630, 6841, 6844,
6845, 7136, 7140, 7672, 8363,
8825, 8913, 9015, 9016, 9319,
9364 to 9371, 9390, 9397 to
9402, 9463, 9464, 9831 to 9846.
cerasus, 6529, 6631, 9029, 9030,
9847, 9851.
triflora Huds., 9233, 9235, 9236,
9270, 9273.
domestica, 5649 to 5686, 5824,
5931, 9346, 9362, 9363.
laurocerasus, 9867.
mume, 9200, 9211 to 9216.
Pseudo - Cerasus var. hortensis,
7900, 9170 to 9199.
tomentosa, 9201,
triflora,-9202 to 9210, 9222, 9223,
9279, 9281, 9306, 9313.
Psidium cattleianum, 7445, 8944.
guajava, 8344, 8922, 8966, 9023.
Psychotria ipecacuanha, 7360.
Pterocarpus marsupium, 8666.

| Pterocarya caucasica, 7271.

stenoptera, 6609.
Ptychoraphis augusta, 7573.
Pueraria thunbergiana, 9227, 9228.
Pumpkin, 5906, 6088, 6089, 6402, 7505.
Punica granatum, 5987, 5988, 6843, 6935
to 6937, 6940, 6944, 7440, 7674, 7676,
7677, 7776, 84380 to 8433, 8599, 8643,
8646, 9385, 9386.
Pyrethrum, 6142.
roseum, 7244, 7326, 8316.
tchihatchewii, 9027.
Pyrus sp., 6507 to 6521, 6528, 6532, 7669.
baccata, 6162, 6358.
communis, 5924, 6110, 8901, 8901a,
9360, 9361, 9388, 9492.
elaeagrifolia, 9387.
longipes, 9161.
malus, 5687, 5688, 5690 to 5744,
5810 to 5823, 5933, 6102, 6113,
6656, 6713 to 6772, 8448 to 8453,
8644, 8710 to 8726, 9014, 9469
to 9471, 9863.
prunifolia, 5501 to 5512.
salicifolia, 9387.
sinensis, 9239 to 9243.

Quassia amara, 7192.
Quebrachia lorentzii, 5777, 6345, 6828, 7012.

- Quebracho blanco, 5781, 6346, 7013.

colorado, 5777, 6345, 6828, 7012.
Quercus acula, 8129.
aegilops, 6833.
cornea, 8704.
cuspidata, 8130.
dentata, 8131, 8182.
glandulifera, 8133.
glauca, 8134.
ilex, 6340, 6345.
lacera, 8135.
laevigata, 8136.

330 SEEDS
Quercus phillyraeoides, 8137.
prnnatifida, 8138,
pubescens, 6344.
serrata, 8139,
suber, 9456.
Quillaja saponaria, 8927.
Quince, 5762, 6120, 6187, 6193, 8454, 8455,
8645.
Chinese,
$209.

6183, 6186, 6188, 6362,

Rabbit’s ear, 5581.

Radish, 5901, 6084 to 6087, 6135 to 6137, |

6169,
9487.
Raisin tree, 6608.
Ramie, 6337, 6338.
Rape, 6198.
Raphanus sativus, 5901, 6084 to 6087, 6135

6398, 6605, 6612, 6699 to 6704,

to 6137, 6169, 6398, 6605, 6612, 6699 to |
| Sand box, 9720.
| Santalum album, 6449, 8679.

6704, 9487.
Raphia pedunculata, 7290.
vinifera, 9005.

Raphiolepis japonica, 8405.

Raspberry, 6348, 6627, 6628, 7068.

Ravenala madagascariensis, 8598.

Recina de Nato, 6238.

Red dye, 6886.

Redwood, 6196.

Rhamnus californica, 6662.

Rhapidophyllum hystrix, 6904.

Rhapis cochinchinensis, 7275.

Rheum palmatum, 7188, 7214.

Rhodes grass, 9608.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, 6863, 8667.

Rhopalostylis sapida, 8887.

Rhus coriaria, 6195.

Rhus ovata, 7111.

succedanea, 8406.

vernicifera, 8407.
Ribes rubrum, 6101.

sanguineum, 7901.

Rice, 5523, 5940, 5941, 6200 to 6220, 6307,
6308, 6384, 6575 to 6588, 8300 to 8306,
8359 to 8361, 8508 to 8515, 8543, 8590,

8591, 8593, 8594, 8688 to 8690, 8699,
8804, 8911, 8912, '9326 to 9343, 9667.
Richardia sp., 7557, 7567, 7622, 7623, 7814.
africana, 8273.
albo-maculata, 8274.
elliottiana, 7622, 7813.
nelsoni, 7814.
pentlandi, 7623, 7815.

Ricinus communis, 8275, 8276, 9283.

Rivina humilis, 9119.

Romneya coulteri, 7518.

Rondeletia chinensis, 8198.

Rosa sp., 7049, 9465.

gigantea, 8658.

Rose, 7059, 9465.

Roselle, 8698.

Roupala pohlii, 7616.

Roystonea regia, 9731.

Rubber, Lagos, 7361.

Rubus sp., 6627, 6628, 7068, 7407, 9035.

idaeus, 6348.

Rubus nutkanus, 5627.

AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

| Ruppelia grata, 9711.

Ruscus hypoglossum, 8277.

| Ruscus hypophyllum, 8199.

Rush, 8429, 9860, 9861, 9873.

Rye, 5905, 7531, 9865, 9887.

Sabal sp., 9723.
adansoni, 9725.
eatonia, 7770.

— Saccharum officinarum, 5595 to 5608,

Safllower, 7644, 9787, 9800.

| Sainfoin, 6966, 7526, 7527.

St. John’s bread. (See Carob. )
Salmon berry, 5627.

Salsola arbuscula, 9580.
Saltbush, 5613, 5614, 9892.
Salvadora persica, 7362.

Salvia gesneraeflora, 8876.
Sambucus australis, 8917.
Sandalwood, 6449.

Sapindus trifoliatus, 6452, 8942.

| Sapium sebiferum, 6625, 7158.

Sapota, white, 7505.
Sappan, 6886, 7206.
Sausage tree, 6444.
Schinus dentata, 9068.
dependens, 9069.
molle, 7538, 8278, 8943.
montana, 9070.
terebinthifolius, 7539.
Scorpiurus sulcata, 6969, 7751.
vermiculata, 5581, 7698, 7750.
Scutia buxifolia, 8970.
Secale cereale, 5905, 7531, 9865, 9887.
Sechium edule, 9733.
Sedum sp., 6929, 7066, 7067, 7074, 7076,
7078, 7080, 7083.
Semecarpus anacardium, 6874.
Semele androgyna, 7630.

| Senecio sp., 7091, 7092.

deltoides, 8877.
grandifolius, 8879.
hyoni, 7118.
longifolius, 8279.
petasites, 8878.
Sequoia sempervirens, 6196.
Serenoa serrulata, 77 72.
Sesame, 5803, 5804, 6222, 6420, 6595, 6596,
6683, 7661, 7662, 9780, 9797.
Sesamum indicum, 5803, 5804, 6222, 6420,
6595, 6596, 6683, 7661, 7662, 9780, 9797.
Sesbania sanctipaulensis, 8926.
Sideroxylon dulcificum, 9006.
Simmondsia californica, 8312.
Siris. (See Lebbek. )

| Sissi, 8802.

Soap berry, Indian, 6873.
Soap tree, 6572.
Solanum sp., 5527, 6930, 7070, 7073, 7395,
7396, 7410, 7489, "8280, 9121,
9289, 9445, 9614.
aculeastrum, 9617.
dregei, 8239.
erythrocarpum, 9120.
laciniatum, 8281.

__———— ——— = a

INDEX OF

Solanum marginatum, 8282.
melongena, 5535, 5545, 5619, 6696,
7130, 9297, 9298.
muricatum, 9570.
pocote, 8919.
pseudococapsicum, 8283.
pyracanthum, 8880.
sodomaeum, 8881.
tuberosum, 9059.
warszewiczii, 8284.

Sollya heterophylla, 8285, 8882.

Sophora japonica, 8883, 9034.

Sorbus edulis, 5932.

Sorghum, 5805 to 5809, 5930, 6406, 6411,
6604, 6681, 6685, 6686, 6689 to 6691,
6693, 6710, 7797, 8546, 8547, 8685,
8691, 8692,. 8815, 9779, 9796, 9855,
9856, 9862.

Sorghum halepense, see Andropogon hale-

pensis.
vulgare, see Andropogon sorghum,

Sour sop, 6853.

Spargel kurbis, 7508.

Sparrmania africana, 7826, 7827.

Spathodea campanulata, 9007.

Spek-boom, 8604, 9605, 9615.

Sphaeralcea sp., 7411.

Spinach, 6616.

Spinacia oleracea, 6616.

Spirostachis occidentalis, 6163.

Spondias sp., 7501.

dulcis, 6861, 9008.
lutea, 8240, 9009.
Spruce, Norway, 5945.

COMMON AND

Squash, 5520, 5559, 6133, 6620, 6621, 6695, |

6698, 9481, 9626.

Stangeria paradoxa, 7365.

Stauntonia hexaphylla, 8409.

Sterculia acerifolia, 7237, 7254, 9122.
acuminata, see Cola acuminata.
diversifolia, 6668, 7268.
platanifolia,

9036.
Stigmaphyllon periplocaefolium, 8197.
Strawberry, 7769.

tree, 5981.

Strelitzia augusta, 7146.
reginae, 7169.

Streptosolom jamesonii, 9661.

Strychnos nux-vomica, 7210.
spinosa (?), 9611.

Stryphnodendron barbatimam, 9403.

Stuartia pentagyna, 5568.

Styrax japonica, 8125.

obassia, 8126.

a cane, 5595 to 5608.

Sulla, 7037, 7528, 7710, 7784, 7788, 7790.

Sumac, 6195.

Sunflower, 6093 to 6095, 9668.

Sutherlandia frutescens, 9434.

Swietenia mahogani, 7548.

Sycamore, 7011.

Tacsonia manicata, 9436.
mollissima, 8885, 8907, 8908.

“a ae sp., 6424.
Tal, 8545.

7306, 8190, 8884, |

SOLENTIFIC NAMES. 331
Tallow tree, 6625, 7158.
Tamaria chinensis, 9290.
Tamil avaria, 9859.
Tamis, 6277.
Tangerine, 9132, 9480, 9700 to 9702.
Taxus baccata, 6161,
Tea, 5571, 6633, 7902 to 7907, 8226 to 8228,
8386, 8505, 8595, 8693.
Teak, 9032.
bastard, 6883.
Tecoma sp., 9071.
stans, 8950.
Tectona grandis, 9032.
Terebinth, 5767, 7673, 8521.
Terminalia catappa, 6862.
triflora, 8925.
Testudinaria elephantipes, 7829.
Thalia dealbata, 8286.
Thea viridis, 5571, 6633, 7902 to 7907, 8226
to 8228, 8386, 8505, 8595, 8693.
Theobroma sp. nov., 9858.
cacao, 6274, 9010.
Thermopsis fabacea, 9234.
Thevetia nereifolia, 6893, 9011.
Thrinax altissima, 7323.
argentea, 7338.
barbadensis, 7298.
floridana, 7771.
Thunbergia erecta, 9012.
grandiflora, 9708.
harrissii, 9709.
| laurifolia, 9710.
Thyme, 8526.
creeping, 8527.
Thymus serpyllum, 8527.
vulgaris, 8526.

| Thysanolaena agrostis, 8445,

|

|

_ Ti cheng, 5980.

Tigridia sp., 7099.

| Tillandsia sp., 6932, 7093, 7367, 7384 to

7386, 7481 to 7484, 7486.
benthamiana, 7088.
lindeniana, 7618.

Timbirichi, 5798.
Timothy, 8553.
Tipu, 5778.
Tipuana speciosa, 5778, 8932.
Tobacco, 5961 to 5963, 6229, 7686, 8893.
Toddalia lanceolata, 6897.
Toluifera balsaminum, 7544.
Tomato, 6090, 6091.
‘*Kiswaheli,’’ 9289.
Tonga, 7363.
Toon tree, 6866.
Torenia fournieri, 7175, 7178, 7180, 7187,
7197, 7217, 7235, 7236, 7241.
Trachycarpus excelsus, 7277, 7416, 7441,
Tradescantia crassifolia, 6928.
Tralhuen, 8696.

| Trevoa quinquenervia, 8696.

trinervia, 8697.
Trevu, 8697.
Trichilia dregei, 9482.

_ Tricholaena rosea, 9888.

Trichosanthes cucumeroides, 9286, 9287.
japonica, 9288.
Tricuspidaria dependens, 8946.

8382 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Trifolium sp., 7052. Triticum vulgare, 5515, 5628 to 5630, 5635 to

alevandrinum, 7000, 7031, 7657 5638, 5640, 5641, 5995 to 5997,
to 7659, 9874 to 9876, 6000 to 6004, 6006, 6007, 6010,
angustifolium, 7682, 7753, 9750, | 6012, 6013, 6015 to 6017, 6021,
arvense, 9751. 6111, 6112, 6272, 6369, 6370
bifidum, 7119. | 6373, 6598 to 6600, 6996, 6997,
bonanii, 9752. 7033, 7429, 7466, 7467, 7512 to
cherleri, 9753. 7515, 7582, 7660, 7685, 7786,
ciliatum, 7120. 7787, 8220, 8221, 8548, 8549,
diffusum, 9754. 8561, 8589, 8812, 8817, 8892,
fragiferum, 9755. 9125, 9129, 9131, 9358, 9781,
fucatum, 7128, 7129. 9782, 9790 to 9794, 9871.
ae FOr r OUR

hoop bern Eben 9t06, Trochodendron aralioides, 9292, 9293.
hispidum, 9757. Trumpet flower, 6893, 9011.
hybridum, 8556. Puberose, 9885.
incarnatum, 7529, 7530, 9758. Tu Chung, 5980, 8709.
involucratum, 7122. ones bah 5 8579, 9135 to 9146.
lappaceum, 7754, 9759. urmeric, 8735.
pose all Turnip, 6134, 6176, 6178, 6179, 6265.
maritimum, 9760. Turpinia pomifera, 8671.
medium, 9761. Turraea floribunda, 6895.
microcephalum, 7126. Tutsia ambosensis, 6896.
microdon, 7127.
montanum, 9762. t ‘
ochroleucum, 9763. eae ecm

pallidum, 7756.
pannonicum, 5834, 9817, 9864.
panormitanum, 7683, 7699, 7757,

Udo, 9166 to 9169, 9224.
Ulex europaeus, 7333.
Umbellularia californica, 5977.

9764. ; :
pauciflorum, 7123, 7124. a bebe iS 8668
pratense, 5746 to 5750, 5968, i COONS COC ee
5969, 7138, 8555, 9765. Trceolina pendula, 7620.
repens, 7758, 9766.
resupinatum, 9026, 9767. Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 5775, 6347.
rvubens, 9768. a Val, 8545.
spumosum, 6825, 7759, 9769. Verbascum speciosum, 5833.
— Bhs Veronia elephantum, 6826.
pelle 9771. Vetch, 5572, 5573, 5575, 6555, 6670, 7521,
pet Bybel so 7534.
subterraneum, 9772.
tomentosum, 7761, 9773. bea 4 6.

tridentatum, 7125. ox
vesiculosum, 9774. habgpek he ; hairy
Triglochin maritimum, 8886. scarlet, 5574. :
Trigonella corniculata, 5579, 7714. ps ae eee
foenum-graecum, 6963, 7029, Vieta i sepa syire 7705
7071, 7520, 7642, 7713, 9021. hs onion Per x SS
gladiata, 5580, 7752. calcarata, 5572, 7706.
: ; : 1 cracca, 6559.

Triticum (mixed), 6959, 7422. egyptiana, 7718.
dicoccum, 8652. ervilia, 6435.
durum, 5639, 5642 to 5646, 5754, faba, 5542, 5577, 5965, 6313, 6315,
5800, 5999, 6005, 6008, 6009, 6550, 6669, 6961, 7020, 7024, 7035, )
6011, 6014, 6018 to 6020, 6272, 7426, 7462, 7498, 7702, 8358, 8587,
6371, 6680, 7016, 7425, 7428, 8592, 8596, 9307 to 9312.
7430, 7459, 7463 to 7465, 7575, equina, 7942, 7943.

7576, 7578 to 7581, 7650 to 7653,
7785, 7792 to 7795, 8212, 8213,

8230 to 8232, 8522, 8523, 8544,

8550 to 8552, 8684, 8737, 8808,
8811, 8813, 8816, 8818 to 8820,
8897 to 8899, 9130, 9324, 9478,
9479, 9853, 9854, 9872.

junceum, 9609.

polonicum, 5799, 6372.

turgidum, 75865.

gemella, 9225.

gigentea, 6670.

hirsuta, 9237.

hirta, 5573, 7679, 7701, 7764.
lutea, 6962, 7716.
narbonnensis, 7532, 7704.

fulgens, 5574, 7703. |

sativa, 5575 7707, 7708, 7709, 7762,

7762a, 7763, 7765.
var. macrocarpa, 7765.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCLENTIFIC NAMES. 333

Vicia sicula, 7717.
villosa, 7533.

Vicos, 6436,

Vigna catjang, 6311, 6327, 6828, 6413, 6431,
6557, 6568, 6566, to 6568, 8354, 8418,
8498 to 8501, 8687.

Villebrunea integrifolia, 5610.

Viola cornuta, 8353, 8456 to 8459.

munbyana, 8369.

odorata, 5972 to 5974, 6192, 7842 to»

7847, 8350 to 8352, 8370 to 8381,
8460.
Violet, 5972 to 5974, 6192, 7842 to 7847
‘8350 to 8353, 8369 to 8381, 8456 to 8460.
Viraris, 6830.
Vitex incisa, 8287.
Vitis sp., 6280 to 6306, 6356, 7048, 7687.
candicans, 8576.
romaneti, 6505.
rupestris, 9812, 9813.
var. metallica, 9607, 9809.
vinifera, 5616, 5689, 5909 to 5918,
5985, 6118, 6119, 6124, 6140, 6366,
6374, 6429, 6500, 6501, 7671, 7993
to 8071, 8436, 8462 to 8464, 8581
to 8583, 8605, 8647 to 8649, 8796,
8797, 9560 to 9568, 9576 to 9579,
9810, 9811, 9814.

Voandzeia subterranea, 8915, 9013.
Vriesia fenestralis, 7617.

Wal, 8686.
Walnut, 5633, 5983, 6180 to 6182, 6354,
6650 to 6652, 8208, 8307, 8425,
8426, 9231, 9232, 9280.
black, 7954.
Watermelon, 6037 to 6057, 6149 to 6159,
6170, 6171, 8410, 8447, 8465 to 8475,
8607 to 8642, 9572.

Wheat, 5515, 5628 to 5630, 5635 to 5646,
5754, 5799, 5800, 5995 to 5997, 5999 to
6021, 6111, 6112, 6272, 6369 to 6373,
6598 to 6600, 6680, 6959, 6996, 6997,
7016, 7033, 7422, 7425, 7428 to 7430,
7459, 7463 to 7467, 7512 to 7515, 7575,
7576, 7578 to 7582, 7585, 7650 to 7653,
7660, 7685, 7785 to 7787, 7792 to 7795,
8212, 8213, 8220, 8221, 8230 to 8232,
8522, 8523, 8544, 8548 to 8552, 8561,
8589, 8684, 8737, 8808, 8811 to 8813, 8816
to 8820, 8892, 8897 to 8899, 9125, 9129,
9130, 9131, 9324, 9358, 9478, 9479, 9781,
9782, 9790 to 9794, 9853, 9854, 9871,
9872.

Wigandia sp., 8288.

Wikstroemia canescens, 9165.

Wing nut, 6609.

Woandsu, 8915, 9013.

Xanthoxylon sp., 8928.
piperitum, 8191, 9291.
Ximenia americana, 6259.

Yang tao, 5840, 5978, 5979.
Yew, 6161.
Yucca sp., 7392.

Zamia floridana, 8504.

Zapote borracho, 7055.

Zea mays, 5560, 6028 to 6034, 6172, 6230
to 6233, 6273, 6401, 6573, 6574, 6827,
7502, 8822, 9356, 9357, 9449, 9573, 9795.

Zelkova acuminata, 8408.

Zephyranthes sp., 6925, 6926, 7393, 7402,
7405, 7485.

Zingiber officinale, 6875, 7621, 8736.

Zinnia elegans, 6423.

Zizyphus jujuba, 6549, 8600, 8702, 8703,
8828.

Zoysia pungens, 6404, 6405, 9299, 9300.

PLATE |.

HONVY VWNOZIYY NYSHLNOS AVOIdAL V ‘vSOV7]]

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 67.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau, \

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN) ARIZONA.

BY

DAVID GRIFFITHS,
ASSISTANT IN CHARGE OF RANGE INVESTIGATIONS.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

IssuED OcToBER 6, 1904.

RUM cli Aan
: OS
=

ANUEACTUN
ra

fp ase
Diane

SSS

=

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
L904,

|

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GAaLLoway, Chief.

J. KE. Rockwe.u, Editor.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF,

W. J. SprueMan, .lyrostologist.

A. S. Hrrencock, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Alfalfa and Clover Investigations. —
C. V. Pirer, Systematic Agrostologist in Charge of Herbarium. 4
Davip GrirritHs, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Range Investigations.
C. R. Ban, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Work on Arlington Farm.
S. M. Tracy, Special Agent in Charge of Gulf Coast Investigations.
D. A. Bropir, -Lssistant -lLgrostologist in Charye of Cooperative Work.
P. L. Ricker, Assistant in Herbarinun,
J. M. Wesrcare, Assistant in Sand-Binding Work.
Byron Hunrer, Assistant in Charge of Pacific Coast Investigations.
R. A. Oakey, Assistant in Domestication of Wild Grasses.
_C. W. Warsurton, Assistant in Fodder Plant and Millet Investigations.
M. A. Crossy, ‘ssistant in Southern Forage Plant Investigations.
J. 8. Corron, Assistant in Range Investigations.
Lesuz F. Pauw, Assistant in Investigations at Arlington Farm.
Harouip T. Nrevsen, Assistant in Alfalfa and Clover Investigations.
AGNES CHASE, Agrostological Artist.
2

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., Suly 1, 1904.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a paper

* on Range Investigations in Arizona, which embodies a report upon

investigations conducted in cooperation with the experiment station of
the University of Arizona.

The paper is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of improve-
ment of range lands, and | respectfully recommend that it be issued as
Bulletin No. 67 of the regular Bureau series.

Respectfully,
B. T. GaLLoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

vo

PREPAC E,

The main features of the range problem have been reduced to two:
The carrying capacity of the range, and the best methods of managing
the range so as to secure the largest amount of feed from it without
permanent injury to the food plants that furnish the covering of the
soil. The principles of management may be reduced to the following:
A proper control of the amount of stock upon a given range and the
time of the year at which they are allowed upon the various subdivisions
of it; the protection of such native plants as are of value, and, par-
ticularly. the saving of seeds of such plants and scattering them upon
the range; lastly, the introduction upon the range of such new forage
plants as experience has shown can be thus introduced.

A knowledge of the carrying capacity of the ranges is of the utmost
importance, for it must form the basis of any intelligent legislation
relating to the range question. This knowledge determines the rental
and sale value of range lands and should also determine the size of the
minimum lease or homestead for range purposes in case laws are passed
providing for such disposal of the public ranges.

The present report includes a general study of range problems in
southern Arizona, but is devoted more particularly to the investiga-
tions conducted in cooperation between the United States Department
of Agriculture and the Arizona Experiment Station on two tracts of
land situated on the Santa Rita Forest Reserve in the Territory of -
Arizona. The work upon one of these tracts, consisting of a fenced
area of 58 square miles, has been conducted under the immediate super-
vision of Dr. David Griffiths, of this Office. The work upon the other
area, which is also fenced and consists of some 240 acres of land, has
been conducted under the supervision of Prof. R. H. Forbes, Director
of the Arizona Experiment Station, by Prof. J. J. Thornbur of that
station, since August, 1901. Previous to that time Doctor Griffiths
was a member of the station staff at Tucson, and conducted the work
on the small tractalso. Once each year the Department has furnished
the Arizona Experiment Station with a report of the work done by
its officers upon the large tract, while the officers of the station have
furnished to the Department a similar report of the work on the small

tract. Particular attention is called to the study of the amount of
5

6 PREFACE.

vegetation produced upon the large tract since it was fenced nearly
two years ago. It will be noted that deductions concerning the car-
rying capacity of this range made from this study agree in a most
satisfactory manner with actual practice. It is proposed in the near
future to determine by actual trial the amount of stock this fenced
area will carry without deteriorating.

Acknowledgments are due to Mr. Howell Jones, of the Santa Fe
railway system, for much assistance in prosecuting the investigations
reported in this bulletin.

W. J. Spruuman, Agrostologist.

OFFICE OF GRASS AND ForAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS,

Washington, D. C., June 29, 1904.

C Otel eiNi Ss:

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Miscenancous winter and spring annuals... .....2--- 2... 2 eee cece ee
Miscellaneous browse plants ..-....-..- ae i nn 3 eae as
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ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.

Laosa, a typical southern Arizona ranch ...... <evebns Saereee Frontispiece.

Contrast between dry and wet seasons in foothills range: Fig. 1.—
Live oak belt, upper foothills, eastern slope of Huachuca Moun-
tains, before the rainy season began. Fig. 2.—Upper foothills,
northern slope, Santa Rita Mountains, at the close of the rainy
ih aio ois sw ve ws own oe cna we eth ey ae ee ee

The large inclosure: Fig. 1.—Pyramid Hill; horses digging for water
in the sands of an arroyo. Fig. 2.—Looking south from the top
of Pyramid Hill, showing general character of fenced area ......-

Saltbushes: Fig. 1.—Atrip/ex lentiformis, the largest of our native
saltbushes, Tempe, Ariz. Fig. 2.—Atriplex elegans; large inclo-
sure, northern foothills, Santa Rita Mountains

Fig. 1.—Hay meadow, Salt River Valley. Fig. 2.—Erosion along
Pantano wash, east of Santa Rita Mountains .............-.....-.

Alfilerilla range: Fig. 1.—Alfilerilla and Indian wheat near Dudley-
ville. Fig. 2.—Alfilerilla and Indian wheat near Oracle ......---

Two phases of the range question: Fig. 1.—Goats and the oak brush
upon which they live. Fig. 2.—The remains of thirteen head of
cattle in a space of 30 feet along a small arroyo near Arivaca ....-

Haying scenes in southern Arizona: Fig. 1.—Mexicans at Sopori
stacking ‘‘celite’’ (Amaranthus palmeri). Fig. 2.—A Mexican
packing hay from the mountains ..-.........--..--s+ess.sneeee

Native pasture lands in southern Arizona: Fig. 1.—Galleta ( Hilaria
mutica) ina swale south of Vail Station. Fig. 2.—A round-up in
the northern foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains ........---.---

Fig. 1.—An ocotilla forest about 4 miles northeast of the large inclo-
sure. Fig. 2.—The work of prairie dogs upon the northern slope
of the White Mountains . . 2. . con ccc c dens cece epee ae

TEXT FIGURE.

Diagram of the large inclosure in the northern foothills of the Santa

Rita Mountains -.-.

62

62

62

62

17

B. P. I.—117. G. F. P. 1.—106.

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

INTRODUCTION.

The discussions of the following pages are based upon experimental
work and observations made in the Territory of Arizona between the
months of August, 1900, and November, 1903, in cooperation with the
Arizona Experiment Station. The experimental work thus far has
been conducted upon the small inclosure near Tucson, a discussion of
which was the main feature of Bulletin 4 of this series. Such data
regarding this work as were not included in that publication are dis-
cussed here. The opportunities of the writer for observation of the
conditions obtaining throughout the main grazing areas have been very
good, especially during a residence of an academic year at Tucson in
1900-1901 and during the spring, summer, and autumn of 1903.

Besides visiting the region within 60 miles of Tucson at all seasons
of the year, the following list of trips over the different portions of
the range country is appended for the purpose of fixing more definitely
the time at which these observations were made, as well as to make
the data accompanying the rather large collections of forage and other
plants secured upon these several journeys and afterwards deposited
in various herbaria more complete:

October 6 to 19, 1900. Tucson to Wilcox via Benson, and return via Pearce and
Tombstone.

December 6 to 23, 1900. Maricopa to Tempe, and return to Picacho via Mesa and
Florence.

March 17 to 22, 1903. Tucson to Laosa via Sopori and Arivaca, and return via
Babuquivari Mountains and Robles.

March 24 to 30, 1908. Tucson to Dudleyville via Willow Spring Mountains, and
return via San Pedro and across the Rincon Mountains to Tanque Verde.

April 7 to 15, 1908. Tucson to Nogales, and return to Phoenix via Arivaca, Coyote,
Santa Rosa, and Casagrande.

May 15 to 18, 1903. Williams to Bright Angel and return.

June 29 to July 8, 1908. Huachuca Mountains to Cannanea, Sonora, Mexico.

July 16 to 17, 1903. Prescott to Mayer.

July 18 to 19, 1908. Ash Fork and Williams.

July 20 to 23, 1903. Flagstaff and south to Mogollon Mountains.

July 25 to 26, 1903. Winslow and Holbrook.

August 8 to 17, 1903. Adamana to Fort Apache via Long H ranch and St. Johns,

returning via Showlow.
)

it) RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

September 12 to 22, 1905. Adamana to Chin Lee, and return via Navajo.

September 24 to 25, 1903. Prescott to Mayer.

October 6 to Ll, 1903. ‘Tucson to Patagonia via Greaterville and Cottonwood, and
return via Sopori, Arivaca, Babuquivari Mountains, and Robles.

This rather formal list takes no cognizance of the work done between
trains and on short stops at various places along the lines of railroad,
especially on the main line of the Santa Fe system, the Santa Fe, Pres-
cott and Phoenix, and the Santa Fe, Prescott and Eastern railways,
between Needles and Gallup and between Phoenix and Ash Fork.

Arizona has a total area of 72,332,800 acres, of which only 254,521
acres are improved; but there are reserved 19,724,717 acres, accord-
ing to Governor Brodie’s report to the Secretary of the Interior in
L902. A part of this reserve land is available for grazing purposes
under certain restrictions, grazing being allowed upon all the forest
reserves excepting the Grand Canyon, and of course the Indians raise
a great deal of stock upon their reservations. ‘Taking everything into
consideration, there are probably upward of 65,000,000 acres available
for stock raising.

According to the Twelfth Census (1900), there were in the Territory
1,033,634 units of stock, sheep and goats being calculated at the rate
of 6 to 1 bovine animal in relation to pasture consumption. Unfor-
tunately no distinction was made in these Census reports between
range and farm stock, so that it is impossible to determine from the
lists the number of stock supported on native pastures. All that can
be said is that there was in the Territory in 1900 one animal unit to
approximately every 65 acres of land available for stock purposes.
This includes farm animals as well as range stock. It is interesting
to compare these figures with those given by Mr. C. W. Gordon in
the statistics of the Tenth Census. Here Mr. Gordon, who made an
elaborate report upon the conditions, as well as the number of animals,
estimated that in L880 there were 229,062 units of stock, occupying
43,750 square miles of range lands, or 1 unit to 122.24 acres.

THE SMALL INCLOSURE.

A full description of the small inclosure was given in Bulletin No, 4
of this series, after the first planting was made in the winter of 1901.
It will not be necessary, therefore, to enter into the details of the
work on this area any further than to discuss briefly the results which
have been secured by the experiments which were suggested at that
time, and which have been carried on since with such modifications and
changes as further light and experience have shown to be necessary.

As stated in Bulletin No. +, some sixty species of forage plants
were sown, the work being begun on the LOth and finished on the 23d
of January, 1901. These plants were given various forms of treat-
ment, the seed of some being covered by a disk harrow and of others

THE SMALL INCLOSURE. 1]

by a smoothing harrow; in some cases the ground was harrowed or
disked before planting, and in others the seed was sown on the uncul-
tivated mesa. Besides the seed sown, Lipp/a repens, recommended as
a soil binder for arid situations, was planted on one of the embank-
ments. This plant is still living and has covered the spaces between
the hills in a few places; but it can hardly be considered promising
for situations which do not receive more rainfall than these mesas.
Plantings of this species subsequently made have failed entirely.

The vast majority of the plantings of grasses made the first year
were a failure from the start; that is, the seed did not germinate at
all. There were some good rains following closely upon the comple-
tion of the seeding, furnishing ideal conditions for the germination of
such grasses and other forage plants as are adapted to the prevailing
conditions at that season. The following are the mean temperatures
for the early months of 1901 at the university, 5 miles distant: Janu-
ary, 51° F.; February, 52° F.; March, 55.6° F.; April, 61.7° F.

As will be seen from an examination of the lists published in Bul-
letin No. 4 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, some of the seed planted
was from the Northwestern States, but the greater part of it was
native seed gathered the previous autumn. <A considerable quantity
which might be considered native was nevertheless from a very differ-
ent situation from that in which it was planted upon the mesas sur-
rounding Tucson. As examples may be mentioned the seed secured
in Sulphur Spring Valley, Arizona, and in Silver City, N. Mex., all of
which grew at high elevations. A comparison of the northern and
southern seed during the two following months was very interesting
indeed. It was the seed from the northwest which gave promise of
success during February and early March. Several species from the
north germinated remarkably well, while the vast majority of the
native species did nothing, as was to be expected, for they make their
growth during the hot, moist weather from July to September. To
this general rule, however, there were some marked exceptions.
Bouteloua oligostachya, for instance, germinated well and there was a
good stand of it on plots 43 and 69 in March. Upon these plots native
seed was sown, but it was secured from an altitude of about 5,000 feet.
Seed of this species received from the north did not germinate, pos-
sibly owing to its being old or poorly matured. Many of the native
species which did nothing upon the range germinated in the grass
garden a few days later in the season, as discussed in the text and
tables given below. Rescue grass (Bromus uniolo/des) purchased
from seedsmen and of unknown origin germinated well enough to
make a good stand had it been able to combat the drought of spring
and early summer. It would have succeeded much better, no doubt.
if it had been planted in early autumn.

The following tabular statement in connection with Bulletin No. 4

LY RANGE INVESTIGATIONS LS ARIZONA,

will serve to emphasize the fact that it was the northern-grown seed
which germinated to best advantage upon the range plots during the
cool weather of spring:

Record of germination upon range plots, spring of 1901.

Date of |

Number

Name of plant. of plot.a Origin of the seed, germina- Condition,
tion.

Agropyron spicatum ......... 6 | Walla Walla, Wash......... Feb. ¥Y | Good stand,
Agropyron occidentale. ma Ge |... . «OO +c aes one se uxceions eee do... Thin stand,
Atriplex canescens.......-.-.. 92} Tueson, APIZ...< sas come Mar. 4 | Good stand,
Atriplex halimoides.......... i9'| Californin: ...i..-cseeenasaee |Mar,. 8 | Very thin stand.
Atriplex semibaccata ........ i). AO. 2 sch een eee | Feb. 9 | Good stand,
Bouteloua oligostachya -...-. 423 and 69 | Cochise, Ariz .....<.-5.<s:-- Mar. 8 Do.
Elymus canadensis.........-.. 6) | Silver City, N. Mex >... do ...| Thin stand.
Elymus ambiguus ” .......... 63 | Walla Walla, Wash .....-.. Feb. 21 | Very thin stand.
Elymus condensatus .......-. 64 | Washington .......-........ Mar. 8 | Thin stand.
Elymus virginicus submuti- | 65 | Walla Walla, Wash .........].... do...| Very thin stand.

cus. | | |
Agropyron tenerum....-...... 66 |....- GO... <csieegis eee eee eee do ...| Thin stand.
Agropyron spicatum .........| BT. G0 ..6. ccatneeenehoee Feb. 9 | Good stand.
Bromus polyanthus panicula- 74 | Silver City, N. Mex > oo... Mar. 8 Do.

tus. |
Phleum asperum........-...-. 75 | Walla Walla, Wash ........ 2 OO oe Do.

«For information as to the location of the plots and methods of culture, see Bul, No, 4, Bureau of
Plant Industry, 1901.

Shortly after completing the seeding on the range plots, a small
grass garden was established on the university campus in rather a pro-
tected place behind the main building. This was designed for purely
scientific study, but it served nevertheless as a very instructive check
upon the species planted on the range. The planting was done here
on the 13th and 14th of February and the plots were irrigated by
well water when they needed it. The saltbushes were planted in a
plot by themselves at some distance from the building, and conse-
quently in a more exposed place.

The following tabular statement lists all the plants sown upon the
range which germinated under irrigation and did not do so under the
natural mesa conditions. The two tables, therefore, include all species,
the seed of which was of known origin, planted on the mesa, which
germinated in the spring; but the last table does not give a complete
record of the grass-garden germinations, for there were many things
planted in the grass garden that were not at hand in sufficient quan-
tity to be sown upon the mesa:

THE SMALL INCLOSURE. 13

Record of germination upon irrigated grass garden, spring of 1901.

Date of |

Name. of plete germina. | Source of seed, Condition,
| DOD 51,

Sporobolus cryptandrus...... | 6 | Nov. 15 | Tueson, Ariz ................ Thin stand,
Sporobolus wrightii .......... | 7| Mar. 4/4..... alas kpein tx alias waa aon ep Good stand,
GHIOrIS GlGRANS.....5.00...-0. 11 | Mar. 22 |..... Osos sateen ce sobs Cae fee Very thin stand,
Muhlenbergia SYGOGIUIS. ok an ess 18 | Mar. 4 COCHISE ANS civzecde oe vvicle ss Thin stand.
Hilaria cenchroides .......... 17 | Mar. 22 | WOW MGRICO it wate cas ceo Very thin stand,
Poa fendleriana ...... eeaetent 31 Mar. 15 Silver’ City, N; Mex....)......- Good stand,
Phaseolus retusus ............ 88 Mar. 22 | New Mexico..............-. Do.
Andropogon saccharoides.... OO Maree Or COUMISG, ATIZ 5.0 cuits nob cleese as Thin stana,
Bouteloua rothrockii?........ BO pre cee ey Hee ee OSG wis £5 vieurtivle swe Re biewe Very thin stand.
Atriplex lentiformis.......... 62: Deere te) Lemme; ATIF. 05 secur dene sine Thin stand,
Atriplex polycarpa ........... 005.) ele la crea COs nine a Steele ustaae Pabee sy Do.

aThese are numbers of plots in the grass garden and have no_ reference to previously published

numbers.
b This was incorrectly called B. polystachya in Bul. No. 4 of the Bureauof Plant Industry in referring
to plots 26,31,and 70. Throughout that publication these two species were not segregated.

By the middle of May there was nothing which had been planted
upon the range plots alive, except a little Lippia repens, which had
been placed upon one of the embankments thrown up across an old
roadway, and a few scattered plants of shad scale (Atriplex canescens)
on area F. Everything else had succumbed to the drought which
invariably prevails in this region from March to June.

During the rainy season of the following August several plants
which were sown in the winter germinated and made some growth.
The most conspicuous of these was Metcalfe’s bean (7haseolus retusus),
which germinated and grew beautifully through August, but died out
completely by the middle of September. Andropogon saccharoides and
Chloris eleguns made a very small growth, but nothing commensurate
with the quantity of seed sown and the labor involved.

During the autumn of 1903 there was nothing to show for the plant-
ings of 1901 except a few stray plants of Andropogon saccharoides in
the southeastern corner of the field, a similar growth of shad scale on
portions of area F, anda small strip of Lippia repens on one of the
embankments. None of these, however, gave promise of success.

In June, 1901, the writer discontinued his connection with the Ari-
zona Experiment Station to accept his present position in the United
States Department of Agriculture. The work upon the small tract
was placed under the immediate supervision of Prof. J. J. Thornbur,
of that station. During the summer of 1902 cooperative arrange-
ments were entered into by the Department of Agriculture and the
Arizona station whereby the investigations on the small tract were to
be continued and those upon the large tract, discussed later, were to
be instituted. Since that time Professor Thornbur has had charge of
the work upon the small tract and the writer that upon the large tract.

14 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

The following paragravhs relating to the work upon the small tract
are based upon data obtained from reports furnished this office by
Professor ‘Thornbur.

Since the winter of 1900-1901 considerable work has been performed
on this area in an attempt to conserve storm waters by the erection of
embankments and by the introduction of forage plants which will
thrive under the advantages afforded by the dams. It is believed that
the perennial plants which have been sown thus far can not be suecess-
fully established upon these mesas without careful attention to the soil
and conservation of the waters, both of which entail considerable
expense. ;

The dams built were thrown up across the water courses as in the
winter of 1901, but their forms have been slightly changed because it
was found that the diversion of the water did not suflice to spread it
out very much nor to check its flow sufficiently to allow it to penetrate
the ground as much as necessary. ‘This is especially true with refer-
ence to the summer rains. The precipitation during the winter months,
although causing considerable run-off, is much more gentle and pene-
trates the ground more readily.

The work done thus far seems to indicate that the most efficient dam
for a gently sloping mesa is one which is so constructed that it will spill
around the ends when the water has reached a height of not more than 12
inches. This requirement demands that the dam be constructed nearly
on contour lines,“ except at the ends, which are turned so as to retain
water up to the desired depth and spread it over as much ground as
possible. Besides the two dams mentioned in Bulletin No. 4, seven
additional ones were built in January, 1902. ‘These vary in length
from 270 to 600 feet and in height from 12 to 24 inches, and are built
at an average cost of a little more than $13.

In January, 1902, some seeding was done, but only in favored places,
mostly above the embankments. Fewer species were planted than the
previous year, and only two made any growth at all. Egyptian clover
(Trifolium alewandrinum) and Panicum texanum were sown in the
same dam, the first in the lower situation. The Egyptian clover ger-
minated beautifully early in August, but all died in a very short time.
Panicum tecanhum produced only a few plants, which made no seed.

Besides the above, seeds of the following species were planted:
Hilaria mutica, Bouteloua rothrockii, Atriplex coronata, A. elegans,
A. nuttallii, A. canescens, A. bracteosa, A. polycarpa, A. nummularia,
A. halimoides, A. leptocarpa, A. semibaccata, A. eremicola, Rhagodia
‘nermis, and PR. linifolia. No seedlings of any of these species were
observed.

During the last week in June, 1903, a third seeding was done. As

in the second operation, the seed was sown in the vicinity of the dams
pe

«This form of dam was first suggested by Prof. S. M. Woodward.

THE SMALL INCLOSURE. 15

and the ground was prepared to receive it. In some cases, however,
seed was sown below the dams, as well as above them. The following
species were planted: Panicum eran, Andropogon saccharoides,
Bouteloua curtipendula, B. rothrockii, B. oligostachya, B. hirsuta,
B. aristidoides, Hriochloa punctata, Sporobolus wrightii, SN. stricta,
S. cryptandrus, Phaseolus retusus, Astragalus nuttallianus, Chietochloa
composita, Puppophorum apertum, Chloris elegans, Llyimnus glabrifolius,
Lpicampes rigens, wd Leptochloa dubia.

In all cases the seed was sown very thick. Had all grown, the
plants would have been entirely too numerous upon the ground. — In
many cases four times as much seed was sown as would produce a
good stand if it all grew. Experience has shown that a good deal of
the native seed is of very low germinating quality, and must often be
sown excessively thick in order to even approximate a stand.

Many of the seeds of plants sown this time made considerable growth,
but only in two or three cases was there anything like a stand secured.
Andropogon saccharoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. oligostachya, B.
hirsuta, and Leptochloa dubia all made thin stands. Bouteloua roth-
rockii made a scattering growth in one situation and quite a fair stand
in another, but nowhere was there a better stand where it was sown
than on favorable situations upon the uncultivated and undisturbed
mesa in the immediate vicinity. The best stands and the best growth
were secured with Panicum texanum and Chloris elegans. The former
was especially good in places, but very uneven on account of having
been sown partially in the depressions in the dams where the surface
soil had been removed for the construction of the embankments and
partially upon ordinary weathered soil. The lower depressions doubt-
less held water a little too iong after the summer rains for the best
development of the grass. In one of the dams there was considerably
less than one-half acre which would cut at the rate of 1 ton of dry
feed per acre. There was about a quarter of an acre of Ch/or/s elegans
in one of the dams which would yield at the rate of one-fourth ton of
dry feed per acre. Panicum texanum has yielded by far the most
promising results of anything tried thus far. It is an annual, how-
ever, and can not be used except in some such way as the common cul-
tivated millets. There is little doubt that this grass is capable of con-
siderable application in forage-plant culture in this region. If the
seed could be secured at reasonable prices it might be sown upon
barley fields for the production of summer and fall grazing and possi-
bly for a small crop of hay in October. It matured this year in about
ninety days after being sown.

The behavior of some of the native grasses was very interesting
this year, especially when considered from the standpoint of seed
habits. Usually perennial grasses do not mature much seed the
year they are planted. The case is very different with species from
this region. Some of them, although distinctly perennial in habit,

4416—No. 67—04——2

16 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

mature seed in abundance in three months after being sown. This
Was especially the case with Andropogon succharoides, Bouteloua
hirsuta, and 2B. oligostachya, and less conspicuously true of 2B,
curtipendula, Bouteloua rothrockii and Leptochloa dubia produced
mature heads from practically every plant which grew. Louteloua
rothrockié produced fine, large bunches, with an abundance of mature
seed. It should be noted that the latter is but a short-lived perennial
at best. It is therefore not so surprising that it should produce an
abundance of seed the first season. 77/chloris fasciculata often pro-
duces two crops of seed—one in May and the other in September—in
neglected spots and fence corners in the Salt River Valley.

THE LARGE INCLOSURE.

During the spring of 1903 arrangements were made for enlarging |
the work begun upon the mesas near Tucson in 1900. Permission
having been granted by the Department of the Interior, an irrecular
tract of land upon the Santa Rita Forest Reserve, containing 49.2 square
miles, or 31,488 acres, in the four townships Nos. 18 and 19, in ranges
14 and 15 east, Gila and Salt River meridian, was inclosed by a four-
wire fence, completed early in June (fig. 1). Practically all stock was
excluded from the tract by the 10th of June. This area differs very
materially from the desert mesas upon which the small inclosure is
situated, as will be seen from the descriptions given below. Much of
it is situated within the altitude where perennial grasses are produced,
and it is therefore capable of sustaining much more stock tnan the
small inclosure upon the mesa. |

TOPOGRAPHY.

The portion of the Santa Rita Forest Reserve which, after a prelimi-
nary survey, it was decided to fence is located in the northern foot-
hills of the Santa Rita Mountains. It has a general northwesterly
slope toward the Santa Cruz River (PI. IL, fig. 2). All of the region
is well drained and there is consequently no accumulation of alkali at
any point. Considerable quantities of water flow over portions of the
area at certain seasons of the year. The presence of Atriplex canescens
in the northwestern portion does not necessarily indicate that there are
accumulations of soluble salts in the soil at this point.

The field, as a whole, contains typical foothill pasture lands of the
region at this altitude. Along the eastern side there are rocky, steep
bluffs rising 500 to 800 feet above the general level of the area. To
the west and south of this point there are gently sloping areas free
from brush. On the west half of the north side there occurs a con-
siderable area of ‘* washed country,” while the east half of this side is
a typical arid, creosote-bush area where no grass of any consequence
ever grows. None of the higher mountain areas has been included on

THE LARGE INCLOSURE., 17

account of the difficulty and expense of fencing. | Neither are any
bottom lands included, for none of the typical river bottoms lies within
the reserve. The bluffs spoken of above, however, answer very well
for the mountain area, for they have upon them some of the more
valuable mountain grasses; but they possess the disadvantage of not

ARROYOS - — - —
SLOPES <_<"
SCALE —S89,4"

Fig. 1.—Diagram of the large inclosure in the northern foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains.

getting the rainfall of the higher mountains. It is to be regretted
that no bottom land could have been fenced; but after all, in some
respects, this wouid not be very much of an advantage, because the
vacant river bottom lands in this vicinity are not, as a rule, productive,
and do not figure at all conspicuously in the range feed supply.

1s RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

The entire tract is more or less cut up by arroyos. These are
usually steep, rugged, and rocky close to the mountains, but become
wider and more shallow northward. The water which they carry
during flood time is consequently spread over larger areas on the north
side of the field. The surface water which goes down to the north
side, however, is small in quantity and of short duration, but the sands
of the arroyos carry an underground supply of water for several days
after a rain. ‘This supply of moisture to the shrubby vegetation is
very considerable along these temporary water courses, but the areas
between them receive only such moisture as happens to fall at those
points. During the violent summer showers much of this runs off.

As stated above, the southern portion of the area is a comparatively
open region, being cut by frequent arroyos, as indicated on fig. 1
between points Land G. The largest of these is the one which runs
close to Proctor. At this point it is from 150 to 200 feet deep and 800
feet wide from bank to bank. Here the bottom of the arroyo is on
solid rock, which accounts for the appearance of water at the surface.
In general, however, it, like the others, is of coarse sand and like them
widens out to the northward, its banks becoming lower and less rocky.
Between the points L and B on fig. 1 on the fence line there are a
number of small steep arroyos, and the same condition exists on the
southern half of the west line, but the latter are less pronounced than
the former. All of the arroyos are more rocky close to the mountains,
and gradually spread out to the northwest, making the whole area a
sloping plain, cut at frequent intervals by usually shallow washes to
the northward and by deeper arroyos and canyons to the south.
Besides the above water courses there are numerous gullies cut by the
flood waters. ‘These usually occur as laterals to the main arroyos, and
extend into the broad gentle slopes which exist between the main water
courses. The condition is a diflicult one to portray, for the cuts are
made by the flood waters, whose action is explained only when con-
sidered in connection with a surveyor’s level and with the chemical and
physical conditions of the soil. One can drive with a light rig over the
entire tield by picking his way slowly, but in many places he is obliged
to travel considerable distances in order to get around the arroyos.
This is especially true of the southern half of the field.

= SOIL.

But little discussion of the subject of soil can or need be entered
into. In general it may be said that the soil is of a light-brown color
and composed of very fine particles intermixed with a large amount of
coarse sand and gravel. On the south side it is much looser in texture,
has more gravel in its composition, and packs less firmly upon drying
than on the north side. On this account the sloping areas between
the arroyos are not so badly washed, which condition, together with a

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 19

more abundant supply of moisture, accounts for the more luxuriant
vegetation and evenly distributed grassy covering. On the whole the
soil does not differ from that which obtains throughout the entire
region in similar situations. The area is well drained, but the soil
softens very much more upon being moistened than would be expected.
It is true, however, that it is very seldom that the moisture penetrates
to great depths. In October, 1902, it was with great difficulty that
l-inch stakes of redwood or Oregon pine could be driven into the
eround to a depth of 6 inches with an ax, yet, when the heavy rains of
November came, these fell down of their own weight and could, be
driven into the ground their entire length by the pressure of the hand.

When the fence was built a peculiar condition of soil was observed
along the middle of the northern fence line. The post-hole work was
purposely done at a time when the ground was wet, and consequently,
easily dug over the greater portion of the tract. In the above locality,
however, to our astonishment, a heavy rainfall had not penetrated
move than 2 or 3 inches, although the soil received the drainage of the
entire Box Canyon region. On the greater part of the fence line,
however, the winter and spring 1 rains had penetrated to a depth of 2
feet or more. This area is known here as ‘‘ washed country,” which
simply signifies that the upper strata of sandy loam has been removed,
leaving the very closely packed, nonabsorbent, subsoil exposed,

Underlying portions of the ground is a deposit of caliche, a calcare-
ous hardpan, of variable thickness. All the arroyos, canyons, and
washes are covered with a clean, coarse sand, while the steeper areas
are.coarse gravel and rocks. The soil particles are only slightly
washed, as would be expected. Prof. W. P. Blake” considers the
‘aliche to be derived from long-continued evaporations of subterranean
waters raised by capillary action.

The soil of the general area is derived for the most part from the
disintegration of the granitic rocks of the Santa Rita Mountain
upheaval.

BRUSH AND TIMBER.

The greater part of the area is covered with a scattering growth of
yarious shrubs and small trees. The northern and western portions
contain much more shrubbery than the southern and eastern parts. A
line drawn from corner L to corner I, figure 1, represents approxi-
mately the dividing line between the heavier and lighter brush. Upon
the southern half there are large stretches which have practically no
brush at all. Along the washes and arroyos, however, there are
invariably found numerous shrubs, some of which attain to the dignity
of trees, although very scraggy. A close examination of the broad,

Prtisactions eeioaan Enatitate ae Marake ee tcers. "Richman: meeting, Feb-
ruary, 1901.

20 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

gentle, grassy slopes between the arroyos in this vicinity reveals a
very scattering growth of mesquite (/’rosop/s velutina), which is in
the form of twigs 2 to 3 feet high, with an occasional larger shrub
in some of the more favorable localities. Without more critical data
regarding the previous history of the region than it is possible to
secure at the present time, one can not tell whether this growth indi-
cates that this shrub is spreading or not. The present condition
rather suggests this possibility. It would not be at all surprising, for
there appears to be abundant evidence that such is the case under the
influence of stock grazing in portions of Texas, where a closely related
mesquite grows in abundance.

By far the most important shrub is the mesquite, which, like the
majority of the other shrubs, is especially at home from the line LI,
figure 1, northward and along the arroyos in the southern half of the
inclosure. In many localities in the southern half cat-claw (Acaecéa
gregg’/) is nearly as abundant as the mesquite at the present time.
This, however, is better protected than the mesquite, and the wood
choppers have generally avoided it on this account. The other smaller
species of acacia (cl. constr/cta) is less abundant, but is also confined
to the arroyos. The blue palo verde (Parkinsonia torreyana), which
rivals the mesquite in size, grows in similar localities. The desert
willow (Chilopsis linearis), cottonwood (Populus fremonti7), hackberry
(Celtis reticulata), soapberry (Sapindus marginatus), and walnut
(Juglans californica) grow sparingly in some of the upper canyons.
A large part of the northwestern portion of the field is badly infested
with /socoma coronopifolia. The line LI, figure 1, passes through a
very conspicuous growth of large bunches of Z/2/phus lycioides, which
is of as little value as the creosote bush (Cowllea tridentata), which
occupies some of the southeastern portion of the field. The greater
part of the latter was avoided, however, in the final fencing, a very
large area being found immediately north of the eastern portion of
the inclosure. The upper edges of it are included in the northeastern
portion of the field and in places along the northern portion of the
McCleary road to Tucson. The line LI also represents the most pro-
fuse growth of the Cactacex, the main species of which are prickly
pear (Opuntia engelmann?), cholla (Opuntia fulgida), and Opuntia
spinosior. ‘These, together with the sewarah (Cereus giganteus), are
the most conspicuous of the cacti within the inclosure. The biznaga
(LAchinocactus wislizen?) occurs in seattering individuals over the
entire tract.

Of the other cacti little need be said. Opuntia arbuscula grows
seatteringly on the northern portion, while Cereus fendleriana and
C. greggt are occasionally found in the same region. On the rocky
banks and higher bluffs are numerous other inconspicuous species,
such as Mammillaria graham, M. arizonica, Cereus rigidissimus, and

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 21

(. caespitosus. Upon the higher elevations there are scattered plants
of Yueca baceata, Agave applanata, and A. schotti7, while Yucea radi-
osa is seattered along the northeastern fence line in rather limited
numbers. Wolina microcarpa and Dasylirion wheeler’ ave conspicu-
ous, especially on the northern slopes of the hills, while thickets of
ocotilla (Jouguicra splendens) ave frequent on the southern slopes.
Seattered at rather frequent intervals all over the brushy area are to
be found clumps of Brigham’s tea (/phedra trifurca). Besides these
there are a great many other usually smaller shrubs scattered over
various portions of the inclosure, some .of them of considerable eco-
nomic importance. They will be discussed under another head.

The area contains typical foothills, and does not differ materially
from similar regions in the foothills of the Huachuca, Santa Catalina,
and Babuquivari mountains in this same general region. As a rule,
there are large, gently sloping, grassy areas comparatively free from
brush between the brushy mesas and the sparsely timbered mountains,
not only in southern Arizona, but in New Mexico as well.

FORAGE PLANTS.

This inclosed area contains three typical and natural subdivisions of
the grazing lands of this portion of the Southwest, and the cattleman
would look upon it as an average grazing proposition, not the best,
nor yet by far the poorest. The first subdivision may be described as
an arid desert mesa; the second, adjoining the first, may very properly
be designated as open, gently sloping foothills, comparatively free
from rocks; and the third, as rough, rocky bluffs and arroyo banks.

The arid mesa portion of the inclosure occupies approximately half
of the field, and we may.accept a line drawn from corner L to corner
I, figure 1, as the division between this region and the open foothills.
This division line would in all probability be more accurate if it were
described as extending from L to a point about 1$ miles north of I on
the west fence line. It will be seen that the upper edge of the heavy
brush (Aeavy is used in a purely relative sense) corresponds roughly
with the lower edge of the grassy area. North of this line there is
but little grass, the main forage plants being various desert herbs and
shrubs to be described later. In a favorable season there are areas
of considerable magnitude of six weeks’ grass (Louteloua aristidoides)
along the arroyos and on the higher levels of the west side, as far
north as section 9, township 18, range 14; and there is usually more
or less Zriodia pulchella and six weeks’ grass upon the rocky ridges
in the northwest part of the pasture. These two grasses, however,
are of little forage value here. They never, so far as experience since
1890 teaches, occur here except scatteringly. At times there are tufts
of such perennial grasses as Leptochloa dubia, Chwtochloa composita,

-

22 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

Andropogon saccharoides, and Bouteloua rothrockii, together with the
annual Louteloud polystauchya.

By far the greater part of the feed here is produced by the winter
and spring annuals and the browse plants. The first of these are
mainly Indian wheat (//antago fastigiata), Pectocarya linearis, Sophia
pinnati, S, incisa, Thelypodium lausiophyllum, Monolepis nuttalliana,
Phacelia arizonicd, Killisia chrysanthem ifolia, Spheerostigma chamen-
erioides, and several species of Gilia and Linanthus. There are also
extensive areas of Afriplea elegans, often growing to the exclusion of
all else and producing from 200 to 500 or more pounds of dry herbage
peracre. This plant, although an annual, usually germinates in the
spring and matures in autumn, passing through the dry season in the
vegetative state.

The list of shrubby plants which occur here and which are of more
or less forage value is quite large. The majority of them have been
mentioned under another heading. The mesquite is by far the most
important. Cat-claw (Acacia greggi/), A. constricta, Parkinsonia
torreyana, wd Ephedra trifurca are also abundant. LBaccharis brachy-
phylla, B. bigelowi?, and Anisacanthus thurbert, while common in the
shrubby mesa region, are much more abundant along the arroyos in
the southern half of the field. During late spring the annual ground-
sel (Senecio longilobus), is a very conspicuous plant upon portions of
the lower areas, and purslane (/ortulaca retusa), forms a loose cover
in many places in the fall. The former is probably of no forage value,
while the latter furnishes good feed. In places in autumn two other
species of purslane (7”. ste///formis and 2. pilosa) are of some value on
the east side of the field.

It is to the open foothills that the greatest interest attaches, for it is
here that the perennial grasses become numerous enough to be reckoned
with in the range ration. ‘The six weeks’ grama (Louteloua aristi-
doides) is by far the most abundant grass over the greater portion of
this area, being especially abundant in the Z/z¢phus lycioides areas in
the neighborhood of the line LI, fig. 1. In the same locality are also
to be found large quantities of Aristida americana and its variety
humboldtiana, the latter being usually found surrounding ant hills.
Bouteloua rothrockii makes a tall, thin stand on the better portions of
the gently sloping stretches between the arroyos, where in favorable
years it makes a very conspicuous growth, but can not be said ever to
take possession, for mixed with it are invariably found much six weeks’
grama and Ar/stida americana. Growing in similar situations, and in
some seasons covering large areas, are to be found Louteloua bro-
moides, B. eriopoda, and B. havardii, which, however, are the main
grasses on the majority of the rocky banks and bluffs along the arroyos.
In the latter situations are also to be found Andropogon contortus,
either in solid patches or scattering bunches, and Andropogon saccha-

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 23

voides at slightly lower levels. Confined mainly to the loose sands in
the vicinity of the washes, but also at times extending over portions
of the rocky hillsides, is a seattering growth of Bouteloud vestiita, while
Muklenbergia porterd, the black grama of this region, is invariably
limited to the protection of cat-claw and other spiny or thorny shrubs,
The rough grama (outeloud A7drsuta) is usually found upon all of the
rocky banks, but it is at home in the higher bluffs and mountains
beyond the inclosure. The same may be said of the side-oat grama
(Bouteloua curtipendula). Growing under the protection of bushes
along the arroyos in this section is always to be found more or less
tanicum lachnanthum.

In the spring these open, grassy foothills are a veritable flower
garden of magnificent proportions, so conspicuous in the neighborhood
of section 24, township 18, range 15, as to be plainly visible from
Tucson, a distance of from twenty-five to thirty miles away. The
poppies (Zschscholtzia mexicana) in this place develop a little later
than upon the mesa near Tucson or in the foothills of the Tucson
Mountains. This is explained by the difference in altitude and expos-
ure, and at times may be influenced by variation in rainfall as well,
although the rainfall of the winter is more evenly distributed than that
of the summer season. Other plants which are abundant enough to
influence the vernal landscape by their floral colors are Linanthus
aurea, Phacelia arizonica, P. crenulata, Orthocarpus purpurascens
palmert, Baileya multiradiata, Lupinus leptophyllus, Eriophyllum
lanosum, and Bueria gracilis. None of these are altogether without
forage value, although the poppies and one or two of the other species
mentioned are not eaten when there are other plants of greater palata-
bility. The other vernal vegetation consists of such small plants as
*“patota” (Pectocarya linearis), Plagiobothrys arizonicus, Hremocarya
micrantha, Lotus humistratus, L. humilis, Astragalus nuttall77, Indian
wheat (/antago fustigiata and P. ignota), all of which are of forage
value. To these should also be added covena (DBrodixa capitata) and
the mustards (Lesquerella gordonii, Sophia pinnata, S. ineisa, and
Thelypedium lasiophyllum). |

The spring grasses on the open foothills amount to little in the
average season. The perennials mentioned above, especially the
gramas, make a slight growth of root leaves in a favorable season, and
Aristida americana sometimes develops to the point of seed produc-
tion. Festuca octoflora is common throughout the area, but it is never
abundant enough to make any feed. oa bigelovii often furnishes
quite a little grazing around the bases of bushes and in other protected
areas in the arroyos, where Chetochloa grisebachii is of some value in
the fall. In autumn there is usually considerable feed produced by
lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium fremontit).

An enumeration of the main forage plants upon the rougher portion _

24 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

of the inclosure has necessarily been made in the previous paragraphs.
All of the perennial species mentioned aboye grow here in scattering
clumps. Besides those mentioned, of which the gramas (Louteloua
hromoid sy BL. eriopoda, LB. curtipe ndula, and /. hirsuta), Andropogon
succharoides and A, contortus are the most important, J/uhlenbergia
vuseyuand, Tlilaria cenchroides, Aristida divergens, A. schiedeana, lra-
grostis Luge Ws, Chetochloa composita, Trachypogon montufure, Lep-
tochloa dubia, Epicampes rigens, together with a little ///laria mutica
in a few places, are of importance. /’%anicum lachnanthum usually
erows under the protection of shrubs, as stated above, but it some-
times covers considerable areas of open land, as shown in PI. II, fig. 2.
In 1902 and 1908, Pappophorum apertum made a very conspicuous
growth upon the top of Pyramid Hill, where it and V/cotiana trigono-
phylla were the only conspicuous plants. |

The blue grama ( Bouteloua oligostachya), although of great impor-
tance on the opposite side of the mountains, does not occur here, at
least not in sufficient quantities to be of any consequence. The same
is true of Chloris elegans.

A part of the forage upon the inclosure is produced by the Eriogo-
nums, which are not distantly related botanically te the docks, one of
which, the canaigre (uwmer hymenosepalus), is very common along
all of the arroyos. The most important species is Ay7ogonum micro-
thecum, Which grows to best advantage on some of the rougher foot-
hills of the regions south and west of Proctor. It makes its best
development here upon the higher lands beyond the fence line. Many
of the annual species are also grazed by stock, and £4. thurberi, EZ. tri-
chopodium, FE. cernuum, £. abertianum, and L. divaricatum are abun-
dant enough to influence the general aspect of portions of the field at
certain seasons of the year. Besides the above species, 4. polycladon,
E. thomasti, L. pharnaceoides, and £. watsoni (4) are common in some
localities. Erdogonum trichopodium is so abundant at times in the
region between the bushy and open foothills and farther north as to
give its characteristic yellow color to large areas of ground.

AMOUNT OF FEED PRODUCED.

It seems highly desirable to secure as zecurate an estimate as pos-
sible of the amount of herbaceous feed produced upon this inclosure
at the present time. ‘This is desirable not only for an estimate of the
amount of stock that can be carried upon these lands, but also as a
basis for comparison as to the value of protection and systematic graz-
ing when observations shall have been made and data secured upon
such points. In view of this fact an attempt was made to secure at the
most opportune times during the two vegetative seasons as accurate
an estimate as possible of the amount of growth which occurred upon
the inclosure during the seasons of 1903. The estimate was secured

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. OF

by measuring the yield of all vegetation excepting the shrubs upon
representative areas carefully selected from the different divisions of
the tract. The positions of the plots measured are indicated by letters
upon the diagram (fig. 1). A to Q represent those areas measured
between the Ist and 20th of April, and A’ to K’ between the 29th of
September and 2d of October, 1903.

It will be noticed that but few perennials, aside from the grasses
included in the fall reckoning, are listed. It was the intention to esti-
mate only the grasses and other annual plants, but it was decided after
the work was begun to include a few perennial species other than the
grasses. It might appear better to have made quantitative measure-
ments upon those plants of forage value only; but it is exceedingly
difficult to decide which species are and which are not forage plants.
It often happens that nearly all plants that grow are eaten. What is
grazed depends largely upon what is available for stock to eat within
walking distance of water. It was deemed better, therefore, to meas-
ure the entire growth exclusive of the shrubbery, and to estimate the
nonforage plants by deducting from the totals thus obtained such a per-
centage as seems justifiable, based upon personal observations as well
as the testimony of stockmen.

In these measurements a unit area 3 feet by 7 feet was adopted, and
in the majority of cases the areas were measured by a frame of the
dimensions stated constructed for this purpose. In a few cases che
areas were measured with a tapeline. All plants within the frame
were pulled up, counted, cleaned, the roots cut off at the surface of
the ground, and the plants thoroughly dried and subsequently weighed.
In some instances where the number of plants was very large and the
distribution uniform, one-half of the plot only was used for the esti-
mate, although the tables given below are based upon areas of 3 feet
by 7 feet for the sake of uniformity in tabulation. In four instances
plants were discarded—that is, no records of them are made in these
tables. They were so small and of such insignificant weight that they
would amount to only about 1 pound per acre. The annotations in
the last column of the tables mention these.

While making the measurements in the spring it was found that in
some of the plots there was a number of very small seedlings which
it was decided not to include at that time on account of the fact that
they would necessarily have to be included in the autumnal measure-
ments. This avoided counting the same plants twice. It was decided
to include Atriplex elegans in both spring and autumnal measure-
ments, because of the better growth made by it than by the others,
and on account of the great loss which the plant would sustain during
the long dry season from April to the first of July. This loss, it is
thought, will in a large measure correct the error incurred by the
double estimate of this plant. The measurements were made when it

26 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

was believed the maximum yield for the season would be secured. It
was impossible, of course, to select a time when the maximum for each
account of the difference in the date of
maturity and the difference in the resistance to the drought of late
spring.

plant could be obtained on

Tabular statement of plot measurements,

[Each plot contains 21 square feet, ]

Num- | Height ‘ ae :
Name of plant. berof| of ‘ nd itiog of Weight. Condition of plot.
| plants, plants. I bi
PLOT A. Taches. Grains,
Eschscholtzia mexicana .. 4 5 | In DIOOM. ..<.e; 26
Atriplex elegans .........-. 9 3} Very young ....- 76
Gilla floedogA. .2. e556 es5e| 9 {| Under bloom... 20
Lotus humilis ......<.;..:- 1 2.1 In drut: 2
Pectocarya linearis........ 10 et eee Cee 104 ;
: é - . A broad, nearly level area
cs 2 ¥ : “p AT l-~ . > - U .
Bphenosieres hameeneri t : | In: bloom —..... - from Which some surface
s. soil has been removed by
Lepidium montanum ..... 5 7 lena eh GO. se eee 80 erosion. Sparsely covered
Filago californica ......... . 1 Bo ge Que Gc cgeuees 3 with shrubbery.
Triodia pulchella........-- 1 Be. ee- 00 522 2
Phacelia arizonica ....-..--. 5 4) In froite 28
Lotus humistratus........- 4 2 | In: bloom .233.6 21
Caucalis microcarpa....--- 9 9 ee @O'. cc eae 6
. PuLor ‘B.
beet: ae = nf sie ~ A broad, shallow depression,
Monolepis nuttalliana .... 7 ot] Tn fruit. 2. ces 1,631 from which nearly all brush
Atriplex elegans ......... 5 5 | Very young ...- O4 has been cut and the sur- |
Onagra trichocalyx ......- 1 1) In bloom ==. 10 | yace soil removed by ero-
PLor C.
Filago californica ........- 2 13/3Im' bloom: .23.2-. 1
Lotus humistratus......-.- 1 1 1 oe ee GO. . 5a 2 x ;
RA tee ea * : nastony ridge in an area
Sebe sehen a hameeneri 1 Delis «me 0 . Ss.ceue ae { cut with steep, shallow ra-
oides. vines.
Gilia floceOsa si seis cesses 1 3 | Under bloom... 2
Eriogonum abertianum... 4 3 | In bloom =... 10
PLor D. On the sonthern exposure of
“te ‘f - ee ; a stony knoll containing an
Aristida americana .....-. 24 6 | Under bloom ... 297 unusually good growth of
Lupinus leptophyllus ..... 3 | 5 | Early bloom....! 56 apa apt she ae
2 FF there are 223 seedling Erio- -
» )
Lotus humistratus......... 20 2 | In bloom ....... 63 a! a gracilis less than 1
{ine high,
Piotr E. ,
Lotus humistratus......-.- 188} Sto 4 | In fruit. .....<-. 555 |(A gently poping, Hg Aon
Pectocarya linearis........ 256 Pee dO .. jeng-aes 611 heavier Tnestalia brush.
Astragalus nuttallii ....... We Sto 4} In dloom-2 52.55 a aga ap Bee : a
r Ww -
Plantago ignota ........--- 26 4 | Early bloom.... 53 lings of Gertneria tenifo-
Gilia floccoga ........--..-- 8 yee C3 Cs eae ee es 11 ee and poe pane of Bou-
: eloua rothrockii beginnin
Plagiobothrys sp .....-.---- Mies to 4.| In: truit..2--:-2 469 to grow. e .
PLOT.
Plantago ignota ......=<<-- 595 | 1lto 4 |. Early bloom.... 245 : weal
: 2 Very similar to E. o brus
1 9, :
Lotus humistratus.......-- 189 1 | Fali bloom ..... 126 || excepting an occasional
Plagiobothrys arizonicus.. 35 6 | Late bloom..... 147 meant oan. 2 to 3 —_
Ty : ‘ ; : in height. ere is consid-
Pectocarya linearis. .....-- Sm, i.to 3 | In frvit...:. 2. 318 erable old grass of Boute-
Orthocarpus purpurascens 87 Bb.) am bloomens.. = 93 loua rothrockii, B. aristi-
palmeri. doides, and Aristida ameri-
Gilia floccosa.........----- 38 | 2to 33} Early bloom.... 56 cana from. last Seasan.

THE

LARGE

INCLOSURE.

Tabular statement of plot measurements—Continued,

Name of plant,

PLor G,

Plagiobothrys sp
Lupinus concinnus........
Calandrinia menziesii. ....
Plagiobothrys arizonicus..
Lotus humistratus.........
Baeria gracilis..........:..
Linanthus aureus .........
Plantago ignota
Festuca octoflora..........
Filago californica .........
Phacelia arizonica ........
Eremocarya micrantha. ...

eee eee wwe

PiLor H.

Eriogonum thurberi.......
Eremocarya micrantha....
Lupinus leptophyllus. .....

Prior I;

Lotus humistratus.........
Plantago ignota
Erodium texanum ........
Eriophyllum lanosum.....
Phacelia crenulata

PLorT: J.

Eschsecholtzia mexicana...
Plantago ignota ...........
Lotus humistratus.........
Eremocarya micrantha. ...
Erodium cicutarium
Eriophyllum lanosum.....
Stylocline micropodes. ....
Pectocarya linearis........

Prior K.. «

Pectocarya linearis.........
Lotus humistratus.. wer 3,
Lotus humilis

Lepidium lasiocarpum ....
Eriophyllum lanosum.....

PLoT L.

DOs BUMS .. ss secu
Linanthus bigelovii
Linanthus aureus

Num-
ber of

plants,

85

6

49

Height
of
plants,

Inches.

4
Ltos

1}
8 to 12
Ltol}
8to4d
8 tod
2 to 4
li tod
1to3

2
1 to 14

1 t0;2
1 to 2
4to8

1 tod
1to3

3
1 to 2
2to6

2to3
5

Condition of

plants. Weight. |
Grains.
UT SU ress 55%. 101
“arly bloom... 999 |
tre Bk ng vy pg 700
agnbn GO astaee t's 116
LOL wows cle 0 56
Full bloom ..... 53
Male Fa Wee a ms 2
Under bloom . 35
Lees OO kate oes 14
In DlOOM:.«05's<5. 14 |
Early bloom.... 15 |
Ta EUG ee svetes ec 21

a Prostrate.

Similar to

In bloom ....... | 77
Vee Giant? bet 8 |.
aaa Ovseh ee 102
Ln: fruit. ca ee ee 66 |
Early bloom....| 57 |
IGobagbinne enc et oe 78 |
Full bloom ..... | 9°
In bloom 2. 23 |
Dhol iqbulp as eyeor 259
TO ERUWGs os see ss
Early bloom.... 70 |
Full bloom ..... 101 |
we SS GOR ae 14 |
Early fruit. ..... 6
| Full bloom..... 4 |
In: bloonts.sses. | ve |
ea Eruiit: soe 5 |
Intruitesea. eee 878
Ini blooms -<: = 10
Tir Uibe sete ees | 36
eee dae ee 6
WES do ...2 427-2, 18
Inybioom>*: 2... 105
InP bloom) se --2ee 180 |
eee 0 pee oe vt Ge 6
Sette Owes se cee { |
Under bloom ... 3 |
In bloom 6

Condition of plot.

) | Differing but little from Plot

F. Besides the plants
listed there are 12 small
seedlings of Lriocarpum
gracilis to be included in
the autumnal reckoning,

In the bottom of Box Can-

yon, upon a coarse, sandy
alluvium, which has not
been disturbed for several
years.

Upon a stony, southern ex-
posure borde ring Box Can-
yon. Besides the plants
listed there are 30 plants of
perennial grasses just be-
ginning todevelop. Opun-
tia engelmanni is very con-
spicuous here,

Broad, open, gently sloping

foothill region which pro-
duced a large crop of Bou-
teloua aristidoides last year.

On a rocky hillside among

steep, stony, bare arroyos.
Zizyphus lycioides is con-
spicuous here. Bouteloua
aristidoides was the chief
crop last fall.

K, but farther
from arroyo. Besides the
list, there is one plant
each of Plagiobothrys ari-
zonicus, Baeria gracilis,
Filago californica, and Ere-
mocarya micrantha. All
would weigh less than 2
grains.

23 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

Tabular statement of plot measurements—Continued,

Num-
Name of plant. ber of
plants.
PLor M.
Thelypodium lasiophyt- 7
lum.
Cryptanthe intermedia. ...| 5
Pectocarya linearis. ....... 6
Caucalis microcarpa. ....-- 6
Spherostigma chammen- 4
erioides.
Ellisia chrysanthemifolia.| 1
Sophia pinnata...........- 12
PLoT N.
Lotus humistratus......... 490
Plagiobothrys sp .......---. 2
Plagiobothrys arizonicus. . 9
Linanthus aureus ......... 8
Pectocarya linearis........ s
Eremocarya micrantha.... 32 |
Plantago ignota ........-.-.- 374 |
PLoT O.
Mentzelia albicaulis....... 1
:
Phacelia crenulata ........ 2
:
Lupinus leptophyllus. ...-. 1
Gilia inconspicua.......-... | 6
Gilia floccosa ..........:,--. ) 3 |
Eschscholtzia mexicana. . . 1
Plantago ignota ........... 1
Eremocarya micrantha. ... 2
Lupinus concinnus......-- 2
Pectocarya linearis........ 1
Prior P.
Plagiobothrys arizonicus. . 56
Lupinus concinnus......-. 4 |
Malacothrix fendleri...... 1
Gilis, HOGGOSR 2c coos eee 2
Linanthus aureus .-...-...- | 2
Gilia inconspicua? ........! 11 |
Phacelia arizonica .....-.-- / 1 |
Astragalus nuttallii ....... 1
Eremocarya micrantha... 11
PIOT:@:
Ellisiachrysanthemifolia..} 4,612
PLOF A’;
Atriplex elegans .....-.-.-. 10
PLor B’.
Atriplex elegans .......---| 72
Portulaca retusa......-.-.- 106
Bouteloua aristidoides .... 2
PLOT C’.
Atriplex elegans .......- a 82

Condition of

eure teal 10

1, 614
jog |(Surface soil partially re-
4 moved by erosion.
a
vce 4,479 | Surface soil largely removed

| =.
Weight, Condition of plot,

Grains. |

79

3, |About one-third of plot situ.

ated under a Zizyphus
20 bush, where the vegetation
< is much more abundant
z than in the remainder of
18 the area, but it represents
an average for this kind of
situation,

1, 0533 | Gently sloping open foothills,
/ 4 Exschscholtzia mexicana very
/ abundant a short distance

ole ea 22 away, but com pape i

ae » || few plants within 20
“'; of the plot. Besides the
8 | plants listed there are 31
5p seedlings of Gertneria tenu-
: ifolia and 10 bunches of
283 perennial grasses.

g2 which has not been dis-
oe turbed for about two years.
27 The plants in situations
like this habitually grow
much larger than in other

places. They are, however,

much fewer in number, — j

»

=-

| 26

101
8

4
27 | a sandy, gravelly wash

8 uneroded lands just above
1 the washes and below the
= rocky bluffs on either side.
It is between areas of this
nature and the sandy wash-
es that trees and shrubs
grow in this part of the in-

1,905
N6 Typical representation of the
closure.

1,008 Typical development in the
protection of bushes.

968 | Uneroded. In other respects
not different from Plot A.

by flood waters,

_ ail

THE LARGE LNCLOSURE.,

29

Tabutar statement of plot measurements—Continued,

Num-
Name of plant, ber of
oat
PLor D’,
Bouteloua rothrockii...... 82
Allionia incarnata ........ 1
Bouteloua havardii........ 1
Machaeranthera sp......-. 22
Aristida americana........ 2, 604
Eriocarpum gracilis ....... 10
Geertneria tenuifolia ...... 5
PLOT HY’.
Bouteloua bromoides. ....- 130
Aristida americana........ 15
Bouteloua havardii........ 26
Eriocarpum gracilis ....... 18
PLOT ih’.
Bouteloua aristidoides ....| 1,148
Tribulus grandiflorus ..... 30
Amaranthus palmeri...... 4
Prior G’:
Bouteloua bromoides.....- 158
Aristida americana........ 903
Aristida americana bro- 3
moides.
Eriocarpum gracilis....... 6
Eriogonum polycladon.... 15
Pior HH’.
Bouteloua bromoides. ..--.- 4
Bouteloua eriopoda ....--- 20
Bouteloua havardii ....... 16
Eriocarpum gracilis. ...... 72 |
Bouteloua hirsuta......... 5
i eels Ohad ba
a
Panicum arizonicum ...... 1
Bouteloua aristidoides .... 88
Eriocarpum gracilis. ...... 2
Bouteloua rothrockii...... 1
Eriogonum polycladon.... 1
PLOT. d/;
Bouteloua artistidoides ...) 7,854
Aristida americana........ 168
Bouteloua eriopoda ....... 1
Eriocarpum gracilis. ....-.. 42
PLor K’.
Machaeranthera sp........ 3
Bahia absinthifolia........ 1

Height

of

plants,

Tnches.

ISto 24
1to. 2
12
8to: 7
lto 9
it
16

5to

5to 9
8to 5

6 to

a >

6 to 10
2to4

112 to 18 |

3.to 5
7 to 24

6 to 7
8 to 12

| 6 to 10

3
8 to 12

3
1i tod

‘10 to12

18
24

f

| Late bloom.....

Condition of
plants,

Mature
In fruit

Mature
Late fruit... .....
IO LIM Wewaeros whe

Mature
Overmature ....
Mature

ee ee eee

Mature
Overmature ....
Mature

Late bloom
Full bloom

Overmature ....
Mature

Overmature ..

Overmature ....

Early bloom....

Weight.

Grains.

1, 560

31

106

204

504

36

136

2, 305
128
22

1, 326
84

82

60
450

173

|

|
|

|

|
|
fs

On

On

Condition of plot,

In the upper end of a small

stony arroyo,

On the bank of a small stony

arroyo,

a sandy alluvial bank
about 8&8 feet above the
shifting sands,

On the broad upper end of

a shallow wash west of

Proctor.

Onaroce ky western exposure.

Calliandra eriophylla very
abundant, there being 15
small plants upon the plot.

a sandy wash. The soil
has been undisturbed for
about one year.

A distinctly six weeks’ grass

(Boutcloua aristidoides)

area,

(Upon a gravelly knoll where

1, 467 |

it requiresan exceptionally
favorable year to produce
any feed.

50 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

The following table giving totals computed from the preceding
tables is more convenient of reference and shows in connection with
tigure 1 the relative productivity of different portions of the field:

Totals compiled from Previous tables.

npotal | Weight Computed

28 of plants|f plants) Average) Fy

' on 21 - B
square 1° ore plants. Spon se
feet, sey Cre.

Grains. | Grains. | Pounds,
Teer ete te OAs Re el a $52 BS Teee ae 62 370 5.97 109
ER EE a Se se a | 63| 1,81] 28.81 | 537
ee ek ed 9 | 51 5. 66 15
PE eS EER ec = et oly i rir eta oo 47 | 116 8.85 123
ES eh ele fae hs ke ean 411 | 1,710 4.16 507
| ap Ok Pele ec | cece eC 390 | 985 2.53 291
ro ee yee OE a Te Ee eee 442 2,126 | 4.81 629
AES eee OE eer 139 | 137} 1.35 55
ih eee ety oh. ee Te ee <6 33 175 482 2.75 143
eS ee ae ea ee polar 303 749 2.47 221
eee Ee ee 2. ne 347 1,053 | 3.03 312
PES WE een es A) ee eee 251 "199 | 79 58
penne lea pi TESS: Sc Dy 9 nr rr 41 1; 6.12 74
Rae Re ae LAV GS 5 5 I See oat 297| 1,378| 4.64 408
Deh ee on ee ge oS a 2 eee 20 300) 15.00 88
weeps pet PMS AE Se rr ne ae 42| 2,455 | 58.45 727
eg eae ee ee oS. neon Seg pecen eae 172 1, 008 | 5. 86 298
Ve Reo pee eS ee ree 10 968 96. 80 286
NE SO RS ool | re | 91 1, 741 19. 13 515
tea eR RE a Og a eee ee 82 4,479 54. 62 1, 327
DS ee ulate ee 188 2,577} 18.71 763
| SA ME bap OS Set 8 A Spates 102 5,155 | 50.54 1,529
Pe ee ee eS. Sway. van ncunvensabauet 142} 2,695] 18.98 798
(MON atts win ge ee ons ok Laine ule | 146 1,902 | 13,08 562
2 Rd OR ej Me | * re | 81 | 504 | 6.22 149
Bea te ES 0s 5 nye ven wnn cnc sbntes | 49 234] 4.78 69
H [atte ah ra eee © Sos os" 5 pln rrr re 385 2,300} 5.97 1, 150
eo a ee ee ee. oe a 4 1, 640 | 410. 00 486

The last column of this table is of special interest. It shows a wide
variation in the quantity of vegetation which is produced even in
areas situated near each other. It must be borne in mind that the
most productive plots represent comparatively small areas. The
tables also show a greater average of summer growth, the average for
the spring being 270 pounds per acre and for the summer season 799
pounds, or an average for the entire year of 1,069 pounds per acre.

In interpreting these figures it must be remembered that they rep-
resent very closely the total herbaceous growth and that some of the
plants listed are not eaten by stock when there is more palatable feed
to be had, while others are eaten only in part. In estimating the
amount of stock feed, therefore, it is necessary to make a liberal
deduction from the above figures. The method of making the estimate

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 31

must also be taken into account. Every plant upon the plots was
pulled up and the roots cut off at the surface of the ground. The
weights given, therefore, include all of the plant which grows above
ground, It is needless to say that it would be impracticable, indeed im-
possible, to take the vegetation off the ground as closely as this by
grazing. Furthermore, the method practiced in obtaining these esti-
mates removes all vegetation, leaving no seed for annual species and
no cover for the roots of the perennials. Another very important
factor to be considered is the fact that so many of the annuals which
make good feed while green are of practically no value when once
they are dried. As an example of this may be mentioned /%ctocarya
linearis andthe majority of the other borages. Even if it were pos-
sible to utilize the entire development of vegetation except what
should remain for seed, it would have to be done to a very large
extent, especially in the case of the spring annuals, before they rip-
ened. Attention is called especially to the fact that it would be
impossible for cattle to secure the same amount of feed that is indi-
‘ated in the above totals. The above apparent large yields must be
considered in connection with what is actually secured from pastures
under proper grazing methods in more productive parts of the coun-
try. Where blue-grass pastures are properly grazed, and upon closely
cut lawns, there is not less than 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of material left
upon the ground continually, and a timothy meadow from which 2
tons of hay per acre has been removed has not less than this number
of pounds remaining in the stubble. It will be seen from these meas-
urements, therefore, that the entire herbaceous development upon this
tract is not over two-thirds of what remains upon the ground, ungrazed
and uncut, in good pastures and meadows.

To carry the computations and comparisons still farther, we can say
that as a general rule one-third of the hay and pasture plants are left
in the stubble. From the yields obtained here for the plants which
are not eaten by stock, or only eaten in part, 50 per cent should prob-
ably be deducted. Deducting therefore 50 per cent for plants not
eaten, and an additional 333 per cent for the quantity which should be
left upon the ground for the protection of the roots mainly, in the
case of perennials and for reseeding in the case of annuals, we have
left in round numbers an average of 350 pounds per acre as the total
herbaceous production available for stock feed. . From this 350 pounds
per acre another large deduction must be made for plants which are
of forage value for only a short time during the season and therefore
are capable of only partial consumption. The borages have been men-
tioned in this connection, and a score of others might be enumerated.
Even Indian wheat is of little value after it has dried up, for the seed
falls to the ground very soon after maturity, and the remainder of the
plant is not eaten in the dry condition. In the same category belong

4416—No. 67—04

9
v

3Y RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

the annual grasses Louteloua aristidoides and Aristida americana,
which without doubt produce as many pounds of growth upon the
inclosure as all other grasses combined. It is very doubtful if these
are eaten except under enforced conditions after the seed begins to
ripen. Their period of usefulness as stock feed is therefore very
short. Fifty per cent more should be deducted from the total avail-
able for stock feed for plants of this kind which are of little or no
value when dry and therefore are not capable of complete consump-
tion. The two species of lotus enumerated in the record of plot
measurements and Pectocarya are from their habits of growth not
erazed to any extent, by cattle especially, until they begin to fruit,
on account of their lying flat on the ground until this time. Their
period of usefulness is therefore very short. When this deduction is
made, and it is believed that all of these deductions are conservative,
we have left 176 pounds of dry feed per acre to be utilized under
necessarily wasteful pasture practices, where green feed is present for
about five months, and the season of grass production in July to Sep-
tember is often closely followed by a few light showers of rain, which
ereatly decrease the value of the cured forage. This remainder of 176
pounds is increased somewhat by the browse plants, which have not
entered into our calculation.

If we consider 18 pounds per day of well-cured hay sufficient for the
maintenance of a mature idle animal without adding anything to its
weight, it will require 37 acres to support such an animal one year.
This calculation considers the native feed equivalent to well-cured hay
and allows nothing for increase in weight. Neither does it allow any-
thing for labor performed by the animal in gathering its food and walk-
ing a distance of 5 to LO miles for water. When additional allowances
are made for these factors, the number of acres required to pasture one
animal is very materially increased and approaches very closely the
50-acre estimate given upon a previous page.

CARRYING CAPACITY.

Before any rational adjustment for the proper control of public
grazing lands to meet the evident pressing demands for a change in
this direction can be made, much should be definitely known regard-
ing the amount of stock that these lands will carry profitably year
after year. This must form the basis of all equitable allotments. To
secure such information is a most difficult task in a region where the
seasons, the altitude, the slope, and the rainfall are so variable. It
can be determined very easily in the Great Plains region, where con-
ditions are uniform and reasonably constant, and indeed it is very
definitely known there; but here the case is very different. There is
in the Territory comparatively little native pasture land under fence,
and that which is fenced is usually the better land, representing a

CARRYING OAPACITY. 83

much higher carrying capacity than the average. [ven in cases where
the land is fenced the areas are irregular, and therefore of uncertain
acreage, with no record of the amount of grazing secured from them.
The estimates below are given, therefore, reservedly, but with a
feeling that they are approximately accurate for the specific areas
mentioned.

Mr. W. B. McCleary has 200 acres fenced at the base of Mount
Wrightson, at an altitude of approximately 4,000 feet. The condi-
tions are approximately the same as those in the southernmost part of
the area recently inclosed by the Department, except that a portion
of Mr. McCleary’s holding is occupied by a large wash heavily covered
with brush and trees. When first fenced, it was necessary to feed
some hay to the four head of stock which are carried on the land, but
at the present time the area furnishes suflicient feed for this number.
Mesquite beans and browse furnish no small part of the feed, and in
general the area represents about an average carrying capacity for the
foothill-mountain areas. It furnishes rather more browse and mes-
quite beans but less grass than some of the neighboring localities.
In the estimate of this pasture, if the data which it furnishes be cor-
rect, the carrying capacity for the best pasture lands in the foothill-
mountain areas of this region is about 1 head to 50 acres. This is
probably not far from the proportion which should govern grazing
upon these lands. It should be stated that this estimate is based upon
the better lands, which are proportionally smaller in area than desert
mesas and unproductive lands at lower altitudes.

Much effort was made to get an estimate of the carrying capacity of
the land in the northern part of the Territory, where the task is even
more difficult than it is farther south. The figures given for this
region are purely estimates based upon the judgment of ranchers
who operate in the region. A great many ranchers were consulted
and their opinions secured, but the two or three quoted below seem to
be based upon the most definite data.

Some information received from Mr. George L. Brooks, manager
for a cattle company, shows the extent to which the country has
been overgrazed in past years. The lands of this company are
located from Aztec west to Angel and south to the limit of the old
Atlantic and Pacific grant. This strip of country contains a little
more than 1,500,000 acres. Mr. Brooks, who necessarily made a very
vareful study of the matter, estimates that there were upon this area for
a number of years an equivalent of upward of 44,000 bovine animals,
or about 1 steer to 34 acres. The loss of cattle through starvation
was tremendous for several winters, and the country became so badly
damaged as to compel the company to go out of the cattle business.
Their losses from theft, no doubt, were considerable, but the land
could not maintain stock at the above ratio. At the present time

34 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

there is very little grazing on this territory.except by sheep during
the winter season.

A rancher near Ashfork, who pastures 1,000 head of cattle, this
number of stock now having the entire run of land composing nearly
eight townships, thinks that they could be carried with perfect safety
on four townships. This gives 92 acres to 1 head, which seems to be
a liberal allowance, and the lands would probably carry stock at the
ratio of 1 bovine animal to 100 acres indefinitely.

The higher lands in the San Francisco Mountains of course produce
much more abundantly than the bench lands at lower altitudes or in
the valleys of the Colorado and the Little Colorado. Practically no
erazing is done here, however, except in the summer season, and an
estimate of the carrying capacity must, therefore, be made on an
entirely different basis. The better lands here would probably sup-
port 1 sheep to 5 acres during the grazing season from May to Novem-
ber. This, according to the usual method of calculation, would mean
1 steer to 30 acres for the same season.

Twice during the past season the goat ranch of Mr. Joe Mayer, at
Mayer, Yavapai County, Ariz. (Pl. VII, fig. 1), was visited. Mr.
Mayer has run goats for a number of years on the same territory, and
his estimate of the carrying capacity of this ranch is probably as aceu-
rate as can be obtained at the present time. During the course of a
conversation in July Mr. Mayer stated that, as nearly as he could
judge, he is using between 3 and 4 acres of land for each animal. The
estimate obtained from one of the herders of the area grazed during
the season gives a somewhat higher allowance for each animal. It
should be borne in mind that this estimate can not be reduced to terms
of bovine animals very safely, because goats thrive upon vegetation
which is not eaten by cattle or, if eaten, upon.which they can subsist
but a short time. The ranch is located in the mountains where scrub
live oak abounds, upon which the animals live exclusively for a large
part of the year.

WATER FOR STOCK.

One of the most perplexing problems of the ranchmen throughout
the Territory is that of the proper distribution of water for stock pur-
poses, and every contrivance known is employed to secure this most
important adjunct of the stock business. Besides the natural supplies
of springs and streams, wells and surface tanks are commonly used.
Many regions are so remote from available water supplies that they
are not grazed except during the cooler or more moist portions
of the year, when stock can endure long periods without water,
or when there is temporary water in the rivers, arroyos, and natu-
ral tanks. Water is so difficult to secure in many places that the
lands can not be grazed even during this season. This condition is

WATER FOR STOCK. 35

especially true of the higher mesas remote from both mountain ranges
and river valleys where neither short streams nor small springs of the
mountain valleys nor the underground water supply are available.

Central Pima County, embracing Avra, Altar, Santa Rosa, and
Babuquivari valleys, is especially noted for its deep wells furnished
with steam pumps. The ranches in this region are very sparse, and
consequently these always furnish water for the pasturing of very
large areas. Some of these wells are upward of 800 feet in depth.
The fuel used for pumping is almost entirely mesquite from the imme-
diate vicinity. The supply of water at these depths appears to be
inexhaustible.

The ranches situated higher in the foothills and mountains depend
upon springs and shallow wells operated by windmills. The supply
of water from these shallow wells, however, often varies greatly from
season to season, the difference pbinatiiés heing as high as 30 feet
between the ley el of the water in moist and dry seasons. Upon the
‘river bottoms the natural flow of the rivers is supplemented by wells
during the dry season. ‘These are oper: ated by steam, horse, or wind
power. On account of the absence of streams and the creat diffic ‘ulty
of obtaining well water, a large part of the northern portion of the
Territory is obliged to resort to surface tanks built of earth as the only

available means of supplying water to stock. Upon the higher areas
i the San Francisco and contiguous mountain ranges water is abundant
enough in the average season for all purposes, but upon the lower
plateaus the case is very different. Here the prospective rancher is
often deterred from entering the stock business on account of the great
expense involved in securing water. Under a system of more stable
tenure the expense might not be prohibitive, for it is estimated that
tanks which hold water for one year can be built for about $500. The
clay soils so common here are admirably adapted to the construction
of tanks of this kind, for they hold water almost perfectly when once
thoroughly tramped and compacted. In some places natural tanks are
found which need only to be filled by having water conducted into
them by ditches or embankments.

Another consideration which renders water relatively expensive is
the low carrying capacity of the land, which decreases the number of
stock which can be profitably watered in one place, making the returns
for outlays much smaller than they would be under more productive
conditions of soil and rainfall. Every rancher who develops water
here in any form of course owns the land upon which the water is
situated, but even this ownership counts for but little under the pres-
ent uncertain tenure of the surrounding areas. In short, water devel-
opment being expensive e and the carrying capacity of the land low at
best, a large acreage is necessary to furnish a livelihood.

So far as éattle. especially are concerned, Arizona is essentially a

86 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

breeding ground for animals which are fattened elsewhere. It would
seem, however, that this would not be the case long, for the present
irrigation projects, when developed, will greatly increase the feeding
facilities of the Salt and other river valleys, so that many more cattle
can be matured. At present, and for a long time past, practically no
cattle leave the Territory in condition for the markets. This, how-
ever, is true at the present time of nearly all the native pasture
regions in the United States.

Throughout the Territory, excepting in the vicinity of the irrigated
regions of the Salt and Gila valleys, no hay or other feed is furnished
stock. They live upon the native vegetation, consisting of grass,
weeds, or browse, depending upon the locality or the season of the
year. The main concern of the rancher is with branding, preventing
theft, and furnishing water. It will not be long, however, under the
present management of the live stock sanitary board, before thieving,
which has obtained so commonly and has been the means of ruining a
great many stockmen, will be a thing of the past. The scarcity of
water, coupled with the small carrying capacity of the ranges, compels
‘attle to travel long distances. These distances would be considered
prohibitive upon the native pasture lands of the Great Plains; but the
development of water at intervals of 2 or 3 miles, such as is advocated
and practiced there, could not be thought of here on account of the
great expense and proportionally small returns.

The readiness with which stock of all kinds adapt themselves to the
enforced conditions of shortage of water is remarkable. It is not,
however, without great loss at certain seasons, and it is those who
make the best provision for watering who are the most successful in
the business. The influence of a good supply of wholesome water is
very noticeable during the dry season from April to July. Abun-
dant opportunity was had during the past year for observation on this
point, inasmuch as the greater part of the dry season was spent in the
southern portion of the Territory. It was evident that cattle having
plenty of water and living upon mesquite and cat-claw browse were
able to live through this period in better condition than those upon
better pastures but with inconvenient water supply.

It is not to be supposed that cattle go to water even once a day when
feeding grounds are so remote. Indeed, the habits of cattle have
been so often observed by so many people that it is well known that
they very often, even during the hottest weather of summer, go to
water regularly only every second or sometimes every third day, if
the distance is very great between water and feed. Mr. Truax, fore-
man of a cattle company of Apache County, relates some of his expe-
riences in this matter. A few days before arrival at his ranch, on the
9th of August, he followed a bunch of cattle which watered at the
corral at daylight in the morning. About the middle of the afternoon

WATER FOR STOCK. 87

they were 8 miles from the ranch. He further states that his cattle
often go 10 or 15 miles away from water. It hardly seems probable,
however, that cattle can accustom themselves to living over twenty-
four hours without suffering in the extreme heat of summer, although
they thrive for a much longer period, as shown-by the following
signed statement, which was recently furnished at my request:

Heiveria, Ariz., July 13, 1903.
In the month of July, 1900, in building a fence for a pasture, we inclosed a 3-year-
old steer. The fence was completed on the 5th of July, and the steer to our knowl-
edge was in our pasture thirteen days without water. We will state further that
there was no grass in the pasture, but there was plenty of mesquite and cat-claw

browse.
W. B. McCleary.

J. MARTIN.

Mr. Truax relates a still more remarkable instance than this one, in
which he states that his men accidentally inclosed a cow and calf in a
dry pasture in the month of July, where they remained for a period
of fifteen days before being discovered. The calf at the end of the
period was in apparently good condition, but the cow could not have
lived much longer. ‘These extreme cases are quoted to show that it is
not at all impossible for stock to live regularly even under this sub-
tropical heat with but two or three waterings per week, although the
practice can not be upheld where there is any possibility of supplying
water at shorter intervals and more convenient distances.

In many countries where sheep are extensively raised they are
almost never watered, but in dry regions water must be supplied,
although at rather less frequent intervals than is the case with cattle.
Upon the high plateau of the Ash Fork and Seligman regions herders
informed the writer during the past season that they do not water
more often than once every eighty hours in the hottest weather. They
remain three nights away from water with both sheep and pack burros.
In this way they are able to graze an area around the water supply
with a radius of about 6 miles, or about 72,000 acres. Even with this
remarkable utility of water there are large areas where grazing can
not be done except during the rainy season or in winter when there
is snow upon the higher elevations. During a large part of the winter,
when grazing is done upon alfilerilla and Indian wheat, sheep live with-
out water for months. Little or no water is needed even in summer
when feed is green. .

Goats need water more often than sheep, and it is usually claimed
that they can not get along without water once every twenty-four
hours. They are much better travelers than sheep, however, and on
this account fully as large an area can be grazed from one watering
place as with sheep. Mr. J. F. Burns reports that his 500 Angoras
traveled 14 miles each day for about two weeks one year with no appar-

*

3S RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

ent inconvenience. ‘This means that nearly 150,000 acres could be
grazed from one watering place. This amount of travel, however, is
excessive, and without doubt could not be profitably continued. Mr.
Mayer’s herders report that their flocks do not travel over 5 miles per
day, but they think that there would be no evil effect from driving
them farther than this. Considering the necessity of watering more
often, it is probable that no greater area can be grazed with goats
than with sheep.

Horses have no difficulty in traveling 20 miles to water, it is claimed.
Some portions of Arizona are overrun with cayuses of little value, a
large number of which are unbranded and badly inbred. They are
claimed, of course, and, being upon public range, can not be gotten
rid of. Horses and burros have a decided advantage over cattle, not
only from the fact fhat they are better travelers, but because they are
able to dig for water in the sands of the arroyos. It isa novel sight
to the uninitiated to see a horse or burro up to its knees in the loose
sand pawing for water. During the summer rains the water level is
high in the arroyo sand for some time after a shower, although there
may be no running or standing water for miles around. Horses and
burros very commonly supply themselves with water during the sum-
mer season in this way, and are, therefore, able to graze upon lands
that cattle or even sheep can not reach. Plate U1, figure 1, shows
horses digging for water in a small arroyo at the western base of
Pyramid Hill, within the present inclosed area on the Santa Rita For-
est Reserve.

By far the greater number of sheep and goats are summered in the
ereat highland region of the San Francisco, Mogollon, and White
mountains, and wintered upon the deserts of the Salt, Colorado, and
Little Colorado river valleys. This statement should be modified by
the assertion that the Navajo and Moqui sheep are not included. The
rainfall is so variable, however, that there is no regularity in the
migrations. The exact locality where a man winters depends entirely
upon the distribution of the rainfall of the late autumn of that par-
ticular season.

THE SEASONS.

There are in southern Arizona two distinct seasons of feed produc-
tion; in other words, two seasons of plant growth. They are totally
different in the class of plants which they produce; indeed, one can
almost recognize three seasons of growth if he takes into consideration
those plants which grow well during the hot weather of May and June
upon the moisture which they have stored up during the winter.

The first season draws to a close with the advent of the April
drought, which continues to the first of July. The second begins
with the summer rains of July and terminates early in October. The

THE SEASONS. 39

spring season is largely dependent upon fall rains to start the vegeta-
tion, which grows very slowly during the winter and matures in the
spring. Of course not all of the spring plants germinate in the
autumn, but there is a large class of very conspicuous and important
things which do germinate as early as the latter part of September,
make a good growth before the cold weather sets in, grow very slowly
during the cold weather, and mature in the spring. This cycle is
entirely dependent, however, upon the distribution of moisture. If
the months of September and October are dry no germination takes
place until moisture comes in late winter. If this continues long
enough in the spring a crop matures; but if not, as is usually the case,
these plants dry up and there is no more feed: produced until the sum-
mer rains come again.

From April to June, although it is very dry, there is a considerable
development of plants which have some special provision for retaining
or securing a supply of eee The development of these is usually
not perceptible until the season of drought. Indeed, it is after the
dry hot season begins dies ie begin their growth. Attention should
be called here to the fact that it is only those plants which have means
of supplying themselves with water that grow during the dry season.
Those plants protected by varnish, or by having power to discard their
leaves, etc., use these contrivances to enable them to live, not grow,
during the dry season. The case is very different with the majority
of the cacti, which store vast quantities of water in their tissues.
They grow without apparent hindrance through the dry season of
early summer. They are of value as food for stock, and would be
closely grazed were it not for their offensive spines. The native
gourds, devil’s claw, the native night-blooming cereus (Cereus greggq?/),
one of the ground plums (/P/ysalis sp.), birthwort (Ar/stolochia
brevipes), and numerous others that might be enumerated, have storage
reservoirs in the form of enlarged roots. These plants, however, are
of little forage value. The mesquite, on the contrary, is able to thrive
through a long period of drought with no appreciable storage of

rater, but it is a very deep-rooted plant, and growing to best advan-
tage along river courses and arroyos it gets water from the deeper
strata there much longer than the shallow-rooted plants, and is there-
fore able to grow well into the summer dry season, if not fully through
it into the moist summer season without being checked. During the
past year this tree was in full bloom about the middle of May upon
the northwestern part of the large inclosure, and it was almost com-
pletely defoliated by a lepidopterous larva by the last of the month.
On the 26th of June it was again in full bloom and had nearly recov-
ered from the effects of the defoliation. During the period from
April to June there had been 2.9 inches of rain at McCleary’s camp,
and but 0.42 inch at Tucson. The rainfall in the mountains at

40 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

MeCleary’s did not reach the area in question, and as nearly as can be
judged the rainfall here at this period was little if any greater than at
Tueson. ‘The effect upon the deep sands of the washes, however, was
considerable, no doubt, and the deep roots of the shrubs were able to
profit by it.

The winter season is characterized by an abundant (relative) growth
of short-lived annuals. Some of these, as before stated, start their
erowth in October, or even September, at the close of the summer
rainy season. Among these may be mentioned /’%ectocarya linearis,
alfilerilla, Indian wheat, and a large number of boraginaceous plants
which furnish a great deal of feed. Between this time and the Ist of
February (it is not definitely known at what time, and, indeed, the
time varies owing to the variation in precipitation) there appear a host
of other short-lived plants, a large number of which are ef some for-
age value. These are ephemeral, especially in their effect upon the
landscape and in their forage utility, although they are really in the
vegetative state a considerable period. ‘The time of maturity of these
winter and spring annuals in the same season is very variable, there
being from two to three weeks’ difference between the mesas about
Tucson and the northern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains or the east-
ern slope of the Babuquivaris. ‘This vernal development is mostly con-
fined to altitudes below 4,000 feet in southern Arizona, the regions
above this having really but one prominent vegetative season. The
cause of this is mainly the lower temperatures of the higher altitudes,
there being too low a temperature for the growth of the annuals at a
time when the winter and early spring moisture is present. By the
time the temperature is high enough for plant growth the moist con-
ditions have disappeared, and there is practically no growth of vege-
tation, except during the summer rainy season. A very large part of
the best pasture lands of this section, therefore, has but one season of
plant growth.

The summer season is characterized by the production of grasses of a
ereat variety of species. Upon the lowlands the greatest development
is upon the flooded areas, which were much more abundant formerly than
they are now, owing to the excessive erosion which has taken place dur-
ing recent years. Upon the mesas there is but little development of per-
ennial erassesas a usual thing, unless these mesas be high. In favorable
places and in favorable seasons there are a few perennials which make
considerable feed. Upon the mesa swales galleta (////aria mutica) is an
important grass, while upon the less favorable situations species of
grama grass sometimes make a thin growth. It ison the foothills and
mountains that the grasses make their best and most pronounced
growth. Here the rainfall is more abundant during the summer season
than upon the lower areas, although there may not be such a difference
in the winter rainy season, and the growth of grasses is proportionately

larger.

high, but always scattering.

THE

SEASONS,

41

Nearly all grasses are in bunches and often grow 2 or 3 feet

It is only in favorable depressions, where

the land gets an increased quantity of moisture that there is a sufficient

amount of development to produce a complete ground cover.

The

summer season of growth depends not only on the amount of rainfall,
but upon its distribution during the period from July to September.

The following table of

‘ainfall, prepared from Weather Bureau

observations at Tuscon during the years 1902 and 1903, illustrates very
nicely the difference between what are considered years of plenty and
years of famine in the range business in this region:

Table showing difference in amount and distribution of precipitation in a good and in a

Month,

Year.

January...

February .-.

WUSISE . ..

September.

October....

November.

December.

1903
1902
1903
1902
1903

1S 024 | Rane ae

poor season,

[Precipitation expressed in inches, |

see wl eee lee

es ee

a | 9.51 30
-—see te ewe vee eo
ere Oe loses.
Pale. « 0.01
eng 1.
het. fia Wee
ae ated
ies) a3 OL
fy 98e eS:
eae a ee
BOS1 P20 Ns. 2.
Ketek 17
Mi!" aed a
ee eee 21
Cl ae eee

|
vo RO be tae 0.08 (0.25
|
Ae |oveee]eeeeefeneee|eeeee] eee.
ered elk [yeaa 20s Peseta
Lf (cae ok ee ae ae
ora! Hy eit caro pe
Pree oes h eee ieee Berk
Se en oe 6201.04 levd.
|

T. | T. |0-01 | .08 | .11 0.67
53 | |

Lal eee pomodoro ne
es eee eset | el 16
-——ee © eee we Spree Leet (day -“**#*
oe ae Pee ery eee YE
fae 0.50| .91| .42| T.

cOL. hae fee |e a es:

42 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

Tuble showing difference in amount and distribution of precipitation in a good and in a
poor season—t ‘ontinued,

| : ue

Month Year,| 17, | 18. 16 | 2. |} 23. | 2. | 2a. 24, | 25, | 26. | 27. | 28. | 29. | 30, | Sl, =

| | os
January ...| 1902 |.....|..--- aap eee) 2 Bee ee 0.10 lo. 604-8 ite 0.20 0.14 | hath 0.58
1008 1c; wadloaces SS Bee Aaa ee | oencloaneelceethousechecnediy cee: iaauaanaman Wee
February ..| 1902 |ocane|enees edie Ra Sd SARE BAS | teks tT. Noodwalee woalebescliedan | cane | Ape i
14:5 GPS SS ae Red Sees De Pee ee) be = aS kT. lecwaclee dante aocalvantnieaae 1.11
March ..... 1908 | cscs lS 8 eee eee eee eee Vay 8 Ol Ease PS TT. lewcuclhoawee beekiereee | 44
161 Ses BAe ae il ee Bee 08 11.42) .3B 1. Te bacccleckstieeeeeee ‘1, 63

April ...... 2008 bos cvalyaarehescechsene- a BS ei EER es Faery ae | séotulestet T.
rn a el ed eed ee eee Bee Se lo vwcabcecsateccndlewcccleceaetennas ian

May ....... To ee a) I MS Wel CO) ek ME T
1908 |....-Je..e- Cen RR DR erg Pee! se 1c ane} 690
Sule: 3. c. 1002 160 3cleact A642 eee . Ae eee Pe b le vvcchunkelwecontabcae 0.09 | .08 | .07 |..... .19
toon | cttea ee \ Sh Re ee Loses esnits [pd(es'slesian taeda ae aia loca 22
Tole =<; ka 1902 |....- J-sae | eS ee 0. 05 0.21 |0.01 | aes Aree | ye BOE wee Ae Mees Dea | waar 42
1908 ;..... Pees ae. 0.04; .01 |....- Ky Cee $53) SON |-cesth- gees See be 1,52
August ..../ 1902 0.05 |..... ae a T, 1:55 | eee eee) Fes, es. bs eet
2008 | cadelvemadle neers <e.- Caaee taser tio'awdllaws'sis ae eee eee T 26]. ..<1) sasepeeee
September.| 1902 |...../0.09 | .01 | .09|.....|.....]..... Rss Ae ee eee ee ee
| 1908 | <clsnens | A ee ees Sis ee a 0.96 | .01 |...-21c<- ae 1.17
CHOI nar. <a ee ee i alve td ealae <eclewesicl weeds eeos cree Cees ees co 1.0 |..-3e eee
| $808 Those be ee ee a SES eke sce or < | tn w niall» miei 'all » weweall See Me
November .| 1902 |.....|...-].---- T 46 | 00 | Boe ee ee oe 1.34
ey De oe Bee. |. | ccccleccoaleeeucle cee ccc cain aieasamIntmn—In
December | 1908s Te oo ion 2) 122 ae ee ARBRE eee | a's'w niall o aye cll alee lec oie pctall Reeth al Pe ates et eee ). 82 [2.15
| 1903 | ae | it oe Py 8 ee Oe ee 28

Several important points should be noted in connection with this
table of rainfall. Although arranged by calendar years, it should not
be studied according to this division, although this might be done in
other regions.. The total rainfall of these two years was practically
the same, but the good rains of October and November, 1902, with the
rainfall of March and April, 1903, were the means of producing good
feed during the early part of the latter year, while the rainfall of the
latter half of the year 1902, although above normal, produced very
poor summer feed on account of its improper distribution. It fell
mainly between the 29th of October and the 14th of December, too
late for the proper development of the grasses, which thriye here only
under intense heat and considerable moisture. The precipitation dur,
ing July, August, and September, 1903, was good and well distributed,
but the fall during the last three months of the year was too light to
augur very auspiciously for the winter of 1904, although the good
rainfall of September was sufficient to start the annuals beautifully.
It should be stated that these conditions do not bear much generaliza-
tion, they apply locally where the observations on precipitation were
made very well, but they may not apply at all in localities somewhat
removed. For instance, the feed upon the inclosure in the Santa Rita
Mountains was much better in the summer of 1902 than in the same

THE SEASONS. 43

season of 1903. This, of course, was due to a difference in conditions,
which is shown by the following table, in which it will be seen that
the rainfall of July was just twice as great at McCleary’s camp as at
Tucson, slightly less in August, but still a good amount, and decidedly
more in September:

Comparison of monthly totals of precipitation at Tucson and McCleary’ s camp. @

Tucson, McCleary’s camp.
Month, —_
| 1902. 1903.. |Average.| 1902, | 1903. | Average.
| Inches. Inches. Inches. | Inches, Inches, Inches.
Rai Pe ) eee 0.00 0.24 0.67} 0.10 0.38
PU a SE oo Oh eve neo} ie ete cow ne vis vc 00 | aut . 55 | 00 | 1.48 .74
ES es, oe | 44 1.63 1.02 . 85 | 1.59 1.29
ar ae th cee inet h dle < Lith | 00 . 00 . 00 | Be | 00 05
Me cess ite kh aes apitein as vp . 00 .20 .10 | 15 99 57
8 CUS Es Se i el | 19 22 £20 .50| 1.10 | 80
SE Re ae ee | 12 1.52 99 90 3.04 1.97
PINAR Rae we SW aoe ia ls Sic ercicieeir ic ow imwie's 1.31 2.67 1. 96 | 3. 07 2.45 | 2.76
2 aad Sa Sees Sree HES Be 70} 345| 199]. 272
oe Dk CS ee ee | 1.64 | 00 82 15 | 00 | 07
USAR ASS SiS oe a ee 1.34 00 ay 2.72 | 00 | 1.36
BOISE Uw, cies Coke edad wince sees 2.15 . 28 ayia 1.05 | .12 .58
GMI HOU cect = cotee ch eens cn oS 8. 60 8.88 8.74 | 13. 62 12. 86 13. 24

«Observations at Tucson from U. 8. Weather Bureau records, and at McCleary’s
camp by Mr. W. B. McCleary.

The unproductive condition of the present public lands is often
attributed to drought during recent years. It is a very common thing
to hear ranchers speak of the prolonged droughts during the last few
years, and attribute to these the shortage in feed and the consequent
decrease in the cattle industry. The majority of ranchers, however,
agree that the carrying capacity of the lands is necessarily small and
always has been, but that they were led-to believe in the early history
of the cattle business and at a time when the old vegetation upon
the ground was an accumulation of long standing that the carrying
capacity was much greater than it really is. This old vegetation
having been eaten off and tramped out by more stock than ever should
have been placed upon the land, coupled with the evil effects of
erosion, described elsewhere, account for the present conditions.

The following table shows that the precipitation during the past five
years has been somewhat less than during the previous four years,
and that the average for the past five years has been but 0.95 inch
less than the average for the past fourteen years. ‘This table, pre-
pared from Weather Bureau observations at Tucson, shows the total of
precipitation by months and years for the past fourteen years.

44 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

Monthly totals of precipitation at Tucson, Ariz., for Jourteen years,

;
Year Jan. | Feb. Mar.) Apr. | May. June. July.| Aug. Sept. Oct, | Nov. Dee. | Total.

Tn. Tn. In. | In Tn. In In. In. In. In. Tn. Tn. | In.

J ee SP 2 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.75 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 0.52) 8,30
i a ie Se .12 | 2.08 17 . 00 Es) 22 70 | 2,26 65 00 . 00 23 | 6.61
ROR. So So deen oe 1.52 | 2.63 98 | .18 17 10 | 1.00 | 2.14 37 27 7. 25 9.61
Spang Sy 27) .82/116] T.| .75) .00| 2.7815.40| 1.02] .00| .43| .49] 18.12
1906... oh eee “ea ye eo ee 05 Tt ive 60 | 1 01 12 oa .00 | 1.88 | 7.29
). ee eee ae Soe . 56 _ . 00 “3 09 . 02 11 | 4.48 . 75 .68 | 4.30 O8 | 11.07
he: oY aoe 3) .o8| .27]-.12| TT. .19| 3.45] 1.25/1.13/3.31| .80| .76] 11.89
1 | SR Ee co OERE 8 1.79 OS 13 . 00 00 00 | 1.98 | 3.42 | 2.71 . 4 00 | 11 10. 96
if: | Cae 2a os 1.10 I { 1.0 00 1) | 3.22 | 3.94 .10 . 00 85 | 1.63 12, 72
1690.2 ee | .78 9 | 4.37 62 I 1.37.11; SE ae . 03 67 56 T 8. 38
1606 22-5 5 SS eee 16 19 $11.12 ! 17 65 | 95| .85 41 | 2.45 Er. 7.79
1. eee 1.15 | 1.38 -64) . 04 41 .00 | 2. 57 | 1.99 .28 | 1.18 . 08 . 00 9, 72
190-2 Se . 53 T. -44 1ié ih .19 42 | 1.31 .o8 | 1.64) 1.34 | 2.15 5. 60
Yn 00} 1.11 1.63} .00| .20| .22/ 1.52] 2.67/1.17| .00! .08| .28| 880

Means: «5. 22s. 9.15 |10.62 | 8.75 | 3.72 | 2.60 | 3.41 |22.75 | 2.39 a Oo ieee i! 78 | . 60 | 9. 60

|

EROSION.

The entire absence of a sod, a soil very slowly permeable when once
thoroughly dried, steep grades, violent windstorms, and _ torrential
rainfalls of short duration are the elements which are calculated to
produce erosion in its most violent forms. Coupled with these natural
conditions, excessive stocking, with scarcity of water, compelling cat-
tle to travel long distances to feeding grounds over surfaces easily
pulverized, enhances very much the erosive action of the natural
elements. There always were deep gorges, cuts, arroyos, and washes
in the foothills, mesas, and other sections having steep grades; but the
cutting of the river channels into deep gorges which effectually drain
the bottoms instead of allowing the water to spread over the broad,
fertile lands is a distinctly modern condition, directly traceable to the
effect of the white man’s operations. (Pl. V, fig. 2.)

One of the most serious questions which confronts the rancher to-day
is how to prevent this gullying. While the loss of the land itself is
not, the loss of the water is a serious matter. The flood waters
which once spread over the river bottoms with practically no channel
are now sunken from a few feet to 20 feet below the surface, and are
carried off, together with all the rich sediment which they contain.

Several ranchers whom the writer has met have been obliged, within
recent years, to devise means to mitigate this evil. It is often impos-
sible or impracticable to do anything in those cases where the cutting
has progressed very far, but on the other hand it is not at all impos-
sible nor impracticable to prevent further depredation by attacking
the matter at the most advantageous point. The difficulty with work
of this kind is its expense compared with the productivity of the land
when no water is present for irrigation,

EROSION. 45

Two general processes are in vogue for counteracting the effect of
the sinking of the water channels. The first consists in planting some
soil-binding grass in such situations for the purpose of preventing
further difficulty. This is usually a remedial measure which does not
get at the root of the matter and is capable of but limited application
after the destruction is well under way. It can be applied in this
region in situations which receive flood waters from higher localities.
The soils where it is attempted must already be reasonably stable in
order to allow the grass to get a foothold. Mr, Harry L. Heffner,
manager of the Empire Cattle Company, has experimented a great
deal in this matter. The plan which he has adopted has been to estab-
lish plantations of Johnson grass upon the lands near the ends of the
deep, narrow gorges and washes which approach the Pantano Wash,
between the Santa Rita and Whetstone mountains. In these situations
considerable areas of comparatively level lands are flooded one to three
times during the year. Were three irrigations certain each year, the
establishment of Johnson grass on such areas would be a comparatively
easy matter. Indeed, two thorough floodings, together with the light
showers that normally occur, would insure the establishment of this
grass. It has been found that the most successful method of establish-
ing a wash-resistant covering of this grass in such situations is by
planting cuttings. Sections of the underground stems, from 8 to 12
inches in length, are inserted in the ground in rows across the wash,
about 3 feet apart. In planting, a spade or bar is used to prepare the
opening in the soil, and simply the pressure of the foot completes the
operation when the cutting has been inserted. This operation is not so
slow and tedious as would seem. The cuttings are easily dug or plowed
up from fields which are in reasonably good tilth, and the planting is
accomplished very expeditiously. Bermuda grass has also been tried
in the more moist situations, but with very indifferent success thus
far. This grass requires more moisture than it is possible to secure
for it here, except where irrigation is practiced.

The second method in vogue to check and repair the damage done
by flood waters is by the erection of embankments across the cuts, the
object in all cases being to turn the water from its course on to higher
lands and compel it to spread out over them instead of following the
regular channel. Brush, stone, and earth are used in the formation
of these embankments, which must be strong enough to withstand a
great pressure until the course of the waters is once turned. When
once the flow has been checked the filling up and leveling off of the
gullies for some distance aboye the dams is quickly accomplished by
the waters, which contain large volumes of sediment. The filling up
process below the dam is a slow one, but the turning of the water
from its course prevents further erosive action. Several small works
of this nature have been observed in the valleys of the Little Colorado

46 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

and White rivers and some are under contemplation by Messrs. Vail
& Waketield in the Altar Valley near the Mexican border,

THE PRAIRIE DOG.

This little animal, which has caused such devastation throughout the
plains region since its enemies have been killed by the rancher and
his herdsmen, is without doubt migrating into new territory. The
destruction wrought by it is more pronounced east and north of the
divide of the San Francisco and White mountains than anywhere else
in Arizona. Large areas have been completely overrun in the vicinity
of Flagstaff. In August a trip was taken through a very badly infested
area between Adamana and the White Mountains. Pl. X, fig. 2, shows
an infested area on the northern slope of the White Mountains, which
represents in some respects the greatest injury that has been observed
in any region in the Territory. It is seldom that one can secure a
photographic representation of the work of the prairie dog, but here
the lime pebbles—or rather the lime-covered malpais rocks and peb-
bles—thrown out of the burrows furnish a sufficient contrast to the
black malpais rocks and bare ground to give a fairly good representa-
tion of the extent of the operations carried on by these animals. There
were no perennial grasses in the infested area, and but little vegeta-
tion of any kind. No area which has been visited within the Territory
is so badly overrun by these animals as that in the vicinity of the old
Twenty-four Ranch and southward to the base of these mountains.

RANGE FEED.

There is without doubt no part of the country where the character
of the native feed is so variable as it is in the Southwest; and this in
spite of the fact that the aggregate yield per acre is very low, and
that two crops are produced each year upon a large part of the range
country. We have a carrying capacity here varying from one
animal to 40 or 50 acres to one animal to 100 acres, as compared with
one to 15 acres in portions of the Great Plains. At the same time,
the grasses, which are practically the only forage plants in the latter
region, are much less numerous there than in the Southwest—much
less numerous in point of species. Some of the most important groups
of forage plants are discussed below.

THE GRASSES.

While it may be stated in general that of the forage production of
the Territory as a whole the grasses form the most important part,
yet the grass production is confined to the summer season of rain, and
consequently there is a large part of the year during which all stock
is obliged to subsist on other things. The grasses furnish good feed

from July to the 1st of January, but after that date, if the normal

RANGE FEED. 47

winter precipitation occurs, what is left of them is quite well bleached
out. The value of grass for winter feeding always depends upon its
being dry cured. When the winter rains come, therefore, stock begin
to shun the old grass in proportion as the succulent annual stuff
develops. During this cold winter and spring moist season there are,
however, a few grasses which are of some importance in the forage
ration upon the range. The most important of these are Bromus car-
inatus, Pou longipedunculata, P. fendleriana, P. bigelovii, and Festuca
octoflora. Occasionally, however, the winter rains are prolonged into
the warm spring season sufficiently to allow the perennial grasses, of
which the gramas upon the open foothills are the most important, to
vet astart. In such a season there is some good feed produced by
these in the spring, but this condition is an exceptional one, and we
may say that as a general rule the perennial grasses which furnish
the feed of midsummer to winter season do not grow at all in the
spring. There is abundant evidence, however, that they would fur-
nish two crops if the moisture and temperature conditions were
favorable.

Phe most important of the grasses belong to the group known
popularly as gramas (Louteloua spp.), some of which are perennial
and some annual. The perennials grow in the higher altitudes, and
are mainly Bouteloua oligostachya, B. curtipendula, B. bromoides, B.
rothrockii, B. hirsuta, B. eriopoda, and LB. havardii, with consider-
able areas of B. trifida upon some stony, bare, high foothills. These
furnish the best and most important range feed. Bouteloua rothrockii
extends to lower altitudes than the others, and at times is strictly ¢
mesa plant, furnishing upon favorable places and in favorable seasons
a thin stand of large bunches. It is in the open foothills, however,
that this species reaches its best development. Here, together with
other species of lesser importance, it often makes sufficient growth for
hay. The open foothills of the Whetstone, Huachuca, Santa Rita, and
Babuquiyari mountains, the Sulphur Spring Valley, and the high
mesas between the Santa Catalina and Willow Spring mountains fur-
nish extensive areas of this grass in favorable seasons. It is interesting
to compare this distribution with similar situations in the Mesilla Val-
ley of New Mexico, where Professor Wooton states that Boufeloua
eriopoda, which is never an exclusive crop in southern Arizona, Is
often cut for bay. All of these species occur in the southern part of
Arizona, but it is the blue grama (Bouteloua oligostachya) that is of the
greatest importance in the northern part. Here it is by far the most
important grass upon the high plateau surrounding the San Francisco
and contiguous divides. Many of the juniper ridges so characteristic
here have practically no other grass, and even this makes only a thin,
short growth very different from its habit in the southern part of the
Territory, where it assumes a more erect and robust character. The

4416—No, 67—04——-4

45 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

northeastern part of Arizona, especially from Navajo to Chin Lee,
and southward to the Longe H Ranch and St. Johns does not differ
materially in the higher elevations from the lower juniper areas of
the plateau region. The three annual species of grama ( Bouteloua
aristidoides, B. polystachya, and £&. prostrata) furnish feed of a poorer
quality and shorter duration than the perennial ones. The first two
species are found most abundantly from the lower areas to the higher
foothills in the southern part of the Territory, Bouteloua polystachya
furnishing much the better feed of the two, but the quantity is smaller.
The third or prostrate grama is an important forage plant all through
the pine region in the general highland of the White, Mogollon,
and San Francisco mountains. At times it also reaches favorable
situations along the Little Colorado. ;

The main grass in the lower areas in the valley of the Little Colo-
rado is Sporobolus airoides. ‘This valley has much in‘common, so far
as its vegetation is concerned, with the valley of the Rio Grande
farther east. Sporobolus atroides and salt grass (Distichlis spicata)
furnish the greatest amount of feed here, but they never yield so
abundantly as they do in the Rio Grande Valley. The former is known
here as saccaton, but is very different from Sporobolus wrightiz, which
makes such a magnificent growth on some of the river bottoms in the
southern part of the Territory.

Galleta (///laréa mutica) is an important grass throughout Arizona,
although not by any means so palatable as the gramas. It nearly
always occupies swales or depressions in the mesas, and for its best
development gets one or more irrigations by flood water during the
year. In the past season there were small areas upon the mesas south
and east of Tucson that would cut one-fourth of a ton of hay to the
acre of this grass. In the northern portion of the Territory, especi-
ally near Ashfork, upon the Navajo Reservation, and along the main
line of the Santa Fe from the plateau region east, except in the lower
areas along the Little Colorado, this must be considered one of the
most important grasses. It is often grazed to the ground continu-
ously. Curly mesquite (//?/ariu cenchrotdes), a closely related species,
is of great importance upon the high, open foothills, and //‘/arza rigida
is characteristic on some of the deserts along the Gila and Salt rivers.

The great highland region of the San Francisco and White moun-
tains furnish as good summer feed as any in the Territory, and where
properly pastured the parks and open places are quite productive.
Here a fescue (Festuca ar/zonica) is probably the most abundant
erass, although sheep men sometimes claim that it is inferior in
quality to Sporobolus interruptus, which also grows to the exclusion
of all other vegetation over quite extensive areas upon thinly wooded
plateaus. Indeed, Festuca arézonica and Muhlenbergia gracilis, which
occupy large areas, are not considered such good sheep feed as Spo-

RANGE FEED. 49

robolus interruptus. However, they are all grazed, and thousands of
sheep live on practically nothing else for a large part of the summer.
Sheep fescue (/estvca vevne var.) is common in portions of the moun-
tains, but it is not so abundant nor so valuable as the other species.
Strange as it may seem, the bluestem of the great plains region
(Agropyron occidentale) produces a very important part of the range
feed here. In open depressions there are often pure stands of it,
which, during the past season, would cut as high as one-half ton to
the acre. Ar/stida purpurea is another grass which, though not con-
sidered the best of feed, is very abundant in places, and furnishes
fairly good grazing when young. Among other grasses of importance
here should be mentioned Kvwleria cristata, Sporobolus depauperatis,
S. pringle:, Schedonnardus teranus, Agrostis hyemalis, Sitanion long?-
Folin, S. molle, Blepharoneuron tricholepis, and /picampes ligulata.
As would be expected the grass flora here is varied, but the species
mentioned, together with the blue grama, are the most important
from the stockman’s standpoint.

Upon the bottom lands in the southern part of the Territory sacca-
ton (Sporobolus wrightiz) is without doubt the most important, and
it was much more abundant formerly than now. Its place is taken
on the saltier bottoms in the Salt, Gila, Little Colorado, and Sulphur
Spring valleys by Sporobol us avro.des.

The bluejoint grasses are of special importance in the southern part
of Arizona, and furnish a great deal of the summer feed in the foot-
hills and mountains. They are usually grazed to the ground. The
most important species are Andropogon saccharoides, A. contortus, and
A. hirtiflorus feéensis. The first of these often makes a good crop on
usually limited highland depressions. The other two are common on
rocky hillsides.

There are a number of annuals aside from those noted above which
are of much value and often make comparatively large vields on lim-
ited areas. Without doubt the most important of these is C//or/s e/e-
gans, Which in favorable seasons will sometimes cut a ton of hay to the
acre in situations which receive an overflow. It is also an important
constituent of the foothills range feed in some localities. It was
especially abundant in the Sulphur Spring Valley in 1900, and upon
the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains in 1902 and 1903.
Eviochloa punctata is also an important annual, with about the same
habits as the former species, and in the same connection should be
mentioned “ragrostis neo-mericana. The triple-awn grass (Ar/st/da
americana) is abundant in similar situations to the six weeks’ @rama.
While the awns render this of little value after maturity, it neverthe-
less furnishes some grazing early in the rainy season upon the lower
foothills throughout the southern part of the Territory.

KO RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

Of the perennial species not previously mentioned there is a large
number which, although not of great importance in themselves, in the
agevregate furnish considerable feed. Pappophorum wrightii OCCUrs
in places in the open foothills and is of a great deal of importance, and
the closely related species 72. vayénatum is generally found in depres-
sions where water accumulates. In the protection of bushes almost
exclusively at the present time is to be found the so-called black grama
of this region (Muhlenbergia porter’), which is said to have been very
plentiful at one time upon open ground. ‘This is a very interesting
species, inasmuch as it is one of the few grasses of the region which
has perennial culms. Confined as it is to the protection of shrubbery,
it, together with a large amount of other vegetation, is left unmolested
during the fall, while the grasses on the open ground are grazed off.
During the winter, however, this, as well as Panicum lachnanthum
and other grasses which tend to seek this protection, are grazed off
clean, even when they forma tangled mass with cat-claw, mesquite,
and cacti. It is very interesting to note that the grasses are not
injured by this form of grazing nearly so much as in the open spaces.
These protected areas under shrubbery, concerning which considerable
has been said during recent years, are often grazed as closely as any
other, but the grazing comes after the maturity of the grasses. Vege-
tation growing in these protected areas has several advantages. The
ground is not trampled by stock, and is kept in better condition by the
vophers, which almost invariably burrow here. The leaves and twigs
of the bushes and joints of the cacti also furnish some protection to
them. Upon the sandy bottom Chetochloa composita and Sporobolus
strictus furnish some feed, while 7richloris fasciculata makes a thin
growth.on moist areas and heavier soil. It is the mountain areas that
furnish the greatest quantity of valuable feed in southern Arizona.
The most important grasses are the perennial gramas, bluejoints,
Leptochlou dubia, Lycurus phleoides, and several species of JMihlen-
bergia. All of these are well mixed and produce a very tall growth,
ranging from one-half foot to 3 feet high, but the stand is always very
thin, except in the most favorable situations where water and sedi-
ment ure deposited in the more gently sloping ravines where the
steep mountains break off into open foothills.

Upon the sand hills in the valley of the Little Colorado there are
several characteristic grasses, of which sand grass (Calamovilfa long?-
folia), drop-seed, (Sporobolus giganteus), and Muhlenbergia pungens
are the most important.

PIGWEED FAMILY.
A large quantity of feed is produced by the different plants which

belong to the large natural group of pigweeds. While much of it is
browse, there is nevertheless some herbaceous feed furnished by the

RANGE FEED. 51

common pigweeds, several of which are closely related to the lamb’s
quarters.

Without doubt the saltbushes furnish the largest amount of feed in
this natural order and are abundantly distributed in many situations,
some upon alkaline soil and some upon land with but little or no salt
content. In the southern-part of Arizona shad scale (Afriplear canes
cens), A. polycarpa, A. lentiformis, and A. linearis ave the most
abundant of the shrubby species. These are all known to the Mexi-
cans as Chamiso. ‘The first is not so prominently a salt-loving plant as
the others, although it often occurs upon somewhat alkaline soils. In
the Tucson region all but the third of these occur abundantly and are
invariably grazed.“ Shad scale occurs in the valleys throughout the
Territory, but the other three mentioned above are of most importance
in the alkaline valleys north and west of the Tucson region. They are
especially abundant in the valleys of the Gila and Salt rivers and their
tributaries. Atr/pler lentiformis is the most rapidly growing species
of this genus with which the writer is familiar. Its remarkable devel-
opment is well illustrated by observations made in the vicinity of
Tempe in 1900, where plants which had sprung up on newly subdued
land after the removal of the first crop of wheat were 54 feet high by
the Ist of December. This growth had been made between the month
of June and that date.’ Near Tempe and Phoenix it does not appear to
be grazed very much, but upon the ranges along the Gila River it is
not uncommon to see canes one-fourth of an inch in diameter grazed
off. Having about the same range as the above are two annual spe-
cies, Atriplex elegans, growing almost exclusively upon nonalkaline
soil, and the salt-loving species, A. bracteosa. Both of these are
grazed when feed is scarce. During the past season they were quite
closely cropped along the Santa Cruz River south of Tucson. Afr7-
plex elegans isa very interesting species in many ways on account of its
habit of maturing seed at the close of the -winter rainy season and
again in midsummer. It therefore, although an annual, lives through
the hot dry weather of early summer in the vegetative condition. . It
should be noted that there are some slight differences between the
spring and summer forms, and the collections of the writer, although
extensive, ‘fail to show one of the common autumnal fruit forms at all
in the spring.

The valley of the Little Colorado is especially noted for its abun-
dance of saltbushes, some of which do not grow elsewhere in the
Territory, so far as known. The saltbush flora of this region resem-
bles that of the valley of the Rio Grande in many respects. Here that.
most valuable species, the spiny saltbush (Afriplex confertifolia), so

4See Bul. 25, Division of Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1891,
Pl. XXVI.
bSee Pl. IV, fig. 1.

52 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

ubundant in the Great Basin, is perfectly adapted; and A/r/plee greggii
covers very extensive areas on many of the saline bottoms with an almost
pure growth, especially from Corn Creek southeastward through the
Holbrook, Adamana, and St. Johns regions. Upon the Navajo and
Moqui Reservation, and indeed throughout the valley of the Little
Colorado, shad scale fills a very important place upon both mesas and
bottom lands. In the petrified forest areas there occurs a shrubby
species of Atriplex (No. 5085), which appears to be undescribed. This
is said to be grazed during the winter. In this same region Atriplex
powell/, an annual species, covers many areas of washed lands, while
Atriplex expanse is abundant in some localities.

Next in importance to the saltbushes should be mentioned the white
sage (Hurotia lanata), which occupies very extensive areas upon the
highlands in the northern part of the Territory. It is especially
important, as a winter feed only, in the great highland region north
and east of the main divide of the San Francisco and contiguous moun-
tains. It is common in places in the higher situations in the southern
part of the Territory also, but never abundant enough to be seriously
considered in the range ration. It is common in the Sulphur Spring
Valley and has been collected upon the Santa Rita Forest Reserve.
Greasewood (Surcobatus vermiculatus) makes much winter feed in all
the alkaline bottoms of the Gila, Salt, and Little Colorado valleys.
Red sage (Aoch/a americana) is abundant enough to furnish some
winter feed in the valley of the Little Colorado.

The common lamb’s-quarters of the East is represented in Arizona
by several species, which are of economic importance. In southern
Arizona they are of more importance in the upper foothills than else-
where, but in the northern higher altitudes they occupy the areas under
the junipers upon the mesas and ridges, and sometimes cover large
depressions with an almost pure growth. They furnish good summer
feed, for sheep and goats especially. The species which grow here are
Chenopodium leptophyllum, C. incanum, C. fremontii, and C. olidum ¢
(No. 5841). A small annual, J/onolep?s nuttalliana, belonging to this
natural group makes a carpet in shallow depressions in the southern
part of the Territory during the spring season. ‘This is one of the
plants to which the Mexicans apply the name patota. It is considered
good feed for cattle.

THE CLOVERS.

There are but few situations in Arizona where the clovers are of
much importance, but there are suggestions that they may become
more abundant as time goes on. Inthe northern mountains 777folium
involucrutumand 7. longipes cover small areas in moist situations. In
the canyon bottoms of the southern mountains, which are devoid of
meadows in the ordinary acceptance, there grows a species which,

RANGE FEED. 58

although limited in quantity, makes dense mats over small areas. It
is to two small annual species, 7rifolium gracilentum and T. triden-
tatum, that the greatest interest attaches, for there are indications that
these are introduced species which are just beginning to assert them-
selves in the southern part of Arizona. In March, 1903, there was
good feed produced by these species in several localities in the Willow
Spring Mountains. Being associated here with alfilerila and in the
direct path of the early sheep migrations from California, it is quite
probable that these have been introduced in wool from California and
western Great Basin points, where they occur in considerable profusion.
It is interesting to note that the maturity of these two species occurs
about two months earlier in these mountains than in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains east of Fresno, Cal. There is a bare possibility that a
systematic effort to distribute these to other mountain ranges, either
by securing the seed from the situations where it is produced most
abundantly or by systematic herding in the season when the clovers
are ripening, may result in establishing them, thereby increasing the
feed in the foothills and lower mountains. It is quite certain that
they will be of value only in the foothills, below the limit of winter

annuals.
ALFILERILLA.“

Upon the areas where the alfilerilla is thoroughly established there
is no other plant, unless it be Indian wheat, which can compare with
it in the quantity of feed which it produces upon the desert mesas for
winter and spring grazing. There appears to be no doubt that it was
introduced into Arizona by sheep from California points. It is now
well distributed as far south as the northern slope of the Santa Cata-
lina Mountains and up the San Pedro Valley as far as Benson. It has
not spread very much east of the San Pedro River. From here it
extends northward and westward through the desert areas and high
into the plateau regions on the north and west sides of the Prescott
highlands; thence westward into California. There are scattering
plants of it all over the Territory, but it is in the region indicated that
it is of importance. _ It even occurs commonly upon the San Francisco
Mountains at an altitude of 7,000 feet, but it is never abundant enough
to be of any importance. It is much more abundant in the vicinity of
Prescott (5,320 feet), but does not produce as much feed as upon the
west side of the Prescott highlands, where it extends up to Iron
Springs (6,032 feet). In this region it is well established all the way
from Wickenburg (2,067 feet) to Iron Springs, in the edge of the pines.
It appears to be perfectly at home in the scrub-oak area below the
pines, where it remained green during the season of 1903 as late as
the last of May.

See Plate VI.

h4 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

According to the opinions of stockmen, it is spreading slowly, and
is said to have been first observed near Willow Springs. There isa
popular belief that it will thrive only on granitic soils. But this does
not account for its peculiar distribution in the Tucson region. Here,
as stated above, it makes a good crop in an average year on the north-
ern slope of the Santa Catalina Mountains; but while distributed in
scattering individuals all over the Santa Cruz Valley, it is never
abundant enough to be of any consequence. There are a few small
areas upon the northern slope of the Santa Ritas, where it is as thick
upon the ground as it is upon the northern slope of the Santa
Catalinas, but these areas are very limited, and therefore do not figure
conspicuously in the total feed production. There is a good stand of
it upon the east side of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and it is well dis-
tributed over the San Pedro Valley as far west as the top of the Rin-
con Mountains on the Tanque Verde road, but it does not extend in
any quantity into the Santa Cruz Valley.

Some systematic attempts have been made to spread the plant.
Messrs. Maish & Driscol some years ago sent a force of men to the
Canyon del Oro district to gather large quantities of it, to be scattered
on their Canoa property. They raked up the plant when the seed was
ripening and scattered it upon their land. They have not been able
to observe any material benefit. Mr. C. H. Bayless believes that it
can be scattered most successfully by systematic herding of sheep at
the time that the plant is maturing its seed. His plan is to herd
sheep first upon land well seeded, and then upon contiguous unseeded
areas. It is thought by those who have observed it that it is gradu-
ally spreading southward, and that it will eventually be as abundant
in the valley south of Tucson as it isin the Oracle and Willow Springs
region now. There certainly appears to be no good reason for hold-
ing a contrary view.

MISCELLANEOUS WINTER AND SPRING ANNUALS.

Under the designation ‘‘ Indian wheat” the rancher recognizes a
group of important forage plants belonging to the botanical genus
Plantago. There are two important species, both of which make their
first appearance in the autumn and mature in the spring. /7/antago
fastigiata occurs mainly upon the mesas and lower areas, and Pantago
ignota upon the foothills. The mesas in the Tucson and Phoenix
region are especially noted for the magnificent growths of Plantage
fastigiata, which, together with alfilerilla in the latter locality, feeds
the largest number of sheep in the Territory during the winter and
spring seasons. Next in importance to Indian wheat should be noted
patota (Pectocarya linearis, P. setosa, and P. pencillata), the first
being much the most abundant, and indeed the only one that need be
considered froma forage standpoint. These plants furnish feed up to

RANGE FEED. AA

the time of ripening, but are of no value after that date, because of
their extreme harshness. Belonging to the same family as the latter
isa very large group of borages, which are of importance as sheep
feed. The most abundant of these are Plagiohothrys arizonicus,
P. tenellus, Amsinkia tesselata, Cryptanthe cylloplerda, ('. intermedia.
C. angustifolia, and Lremocarya micrantha, The water-leaf family
is represented by a large number of very conspicuous plants which
are of more or less forage value for a short time. ‘The most numerous
of these belong to the genus Phacelia (7Aacelia arizonica, P. crenulata,
P. tanacetifolia, and P. ramosa), which will seem rather peculiar for-
age plants to many, but they, as well as AV//sta chrysantheanifol/a,
must be listed here as of some forage value, although not grazed
except when feed is scarce. Of somewhat more value than the
above are numerous plants related to the cultivated phlox, of which
the most important are Linanthus bigelowii, L. aurea, and Cilia
inconspicua (4). Mexican poppy ( Lschscholtzia mexicana) is reported by
many to be of some value. Mr. Ed. Vail and others assert that their
vaqueros report that stock live largely upon this poppy. Indian wheat,
and jojoba (Stmondsia californica), during winter and spring on the
west side of the Babuquivari Mountains. The observations of the
writer do not entirely confirm these views, but it should be stated that
wherever observed other feed has been abundant enough, so that it
has not been necessary for stock to graze poppies. Malvastrum exile
makes a large amount of feed on many of the river bottoms. During
the past season it was abundant and extensively
San Pedro, Gila, and Santa Rosa valleys.

The native mustards, Sophia ineisa, S. pinnata, Lesquerella gor-
donii, Thelypodium lasiophyllum and pepperwort (Lepidium lasio-
carpum) form a small but important and interesting group of forage
plants in the southern part of Arizona. With the exception of Les-
querella gordonii they are not grazed much while green, but after they
are ripe the pods and oily seeds are greatly relished, by range horses
especially. Horses have never been observed in better condition upon
the range than they were upon the mesas south of Tucson in May,
1903. An abundant opportunity was had to observe what they were
feeding upon. They appeared to be subsisting entirely upon seeds of
these cruciferous plants, which grew mainly in the protection of
shrubs, where they are scarcely molested until they are ripe. During
the early part of the dry season, however, they were cleaned up about
as completely as the grasses in similar situations in autumn.

Quite a number of leguminous annuals are of importance in the
southern part of the Territory. Upon the mesas and foothills two
species of lotus (Lotus humistratus and L. humilis) and vetch (Astraga-
lusnuttalli7) are the most important. A glance at the tables (pp. 26-29)
will show the relative importance of these to the other vernal forage

rrazed in the lower

a)

Ath RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

plants upon the northern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains. The
lupines are very conspicuous upon the higher mesas and foothills, and
are often grazed a little, but they are not relished like the species of
lotus. ‘Two species are very COMMON, Lupinus leptophyllus often
gives its characteristic purple to large areas in steep ravines and hill-
sides, while Z. CONCLRNUS is fully as abuadant in places.

Miscellaneous species such as Buersa gracilis and Baileya multira-
diate are abundant enough to impart their characteristic golden color
to the landscape at times. Calyptridiun monandrumn and Spheros-
tigme chamenerioides both contribute to the forage ration. The two
first mentioned in this paragraph are composites, and are grazed by
horses, especially when they are in bloom. Very little aside from the
heads is eaten. Cheenuctis stevivides, another composite annual, is
much more abundant in many places than these, but it is seldom eaten.
In the spring of 1903 cattle in the vicinity of Santa Rosa, where the
country was white with it, were grazing upon it a little. Mr. Charles
Howard, of Ashfork, reports that his flocks subsist for weeks upon
Gymnolomia annua, Which is a particularly conspicuous thing upon
these highlands.

MISCELLANEOUS BROWSE PLANTS.

Besides the saltbushes and their relatives, the majority of which are
browse plants, a large number of other shrubs furnish feed for stock.
These plants are especially valuable during the two seasons of short
feed. The value of the mesquite is proverbial, on account of the large
quantity of beans which it furnishes for winter and fall feed; but it is
also grazed during the summer dry season. The cat-claw (Acacia
gregg?/) and Acacia constricta are second in importance only to the
mesquite as browse plants, but their fruit is of practically no value to
stock. The twigs of the blue palo verde (Parkinsonia torreyana) and
bigota (/?. aceu/eata) also make winter feed of considerable importance.
Jojoba (S/mondsia californica), abundant in the foothills and lower
mountain areas, appears to be the most important browse plant in these
situations. The central foreground of Plate VI, figure 1, shows how
this shrub, which is normally 4+ or more feet high, was grazed during
the past season near Dudleyville. Mr. Ed. Vail reports this one of the
most important browse plants in the valleys west of ‘the Babuquivari
Mountains. Zr/ogonum iméicrothecum and Calliandra eriophylla are
also of much importance in the higher foothills and lower mountains.
There are large areas on the east and southeast of the Huachuca Moun-
tains, where the first has practically taken possession. It appears to
spread with excessive grazing in this locality, and it is therefore very
fortunate that it is of some forage value. These shrubs are especially
characteristic of the southern regions.

The scrub live oaks of the entire Territory of Arizona form a class

HAY CROPS. 57

by themselves, and deserve more attention as forage plants than is
usually accorded them. White oak (Quercus arizonicus) is probably
the most important species in the southern part of Arizona, where it
has even been known to be cut and fed to cattle. The black oak
(Quercus emory?) is said not to be touched by cattle, a statement which
it has not been possible to verify. Quercus turbinella furnishes more
feed in places in the Prescott and Bradshaw mountains than all other
forage plants combined, goats and even sheep having little else to eat
at some seasons.

Brigham’s tea (Liphedra trifured, ie. NEVAUAENSISs and vid LOTT CYAN)
is very commonly grazed. The first species is confined to southern
Arizona mesas and foothills, while the other two are most common in
the central and northern portions of the Territory. The three-leaved
sumacs (2/us trilobata and 2. emorys) ave commonly browsed. Upon
the highlands of the central portion of the Territory Comanda mericana
and Fulugia paradowa are grazed wherever found. Upon the mesas
and foothills in the Tucson region there are two species of composite
shrubs, Bacchar/s brachyphylla and B. bigelovii, which are invariably
grazed,

Upon all the sandy ridges in the valley of the Little Colorado there
is more or less sage (Artemisia filifolia), which is said to make valu-
able winter feed.

HAY CROPS.

No more than a very brief mention of the cultivated forage crops is
necessary here. Alfalfa is of course the staple wherever water for
irrigation is obtainable, and there is no region where more profitable
returns are obtained than in the river valleys of the Territory. It
is a common practice to cut a crop of barley with the first crop of hay
each year upon poorly established meadows; but strange as it may
seem, the bearded variety is usually sown, although the objectionable
feature of this could be very easily dispensed with by sowing the
beardless form instead. It is a common practice where alfalfa mead-
ows are pastured to cut the first crop, for two purposes. One is to
get rid of the weeds and the other is to give the plants a chance to
recuperate from the close pasturage by this season of growth.

Barley and wheat are very largely grown for hay as winter crops,
and are frequently sown for pasturage also. The Mexican population
cut a large amount of this winter grain crop, bind it up in small
sheaves 6 to 10 inches in diameter, and sell it in the green state in the
cities and mining camps, where there is a small market for this class
of roughage. ‘These sheaves seli at the rate of about 20 for 25 cents.
Sorghum is commonly grown in the summer rainy season, supple-
mented by light irrigations, upon the lands which produce the winter
crop of barley.

5S RANGE INVESTIGATLONS IN ARIZONA,

Mention has been made in previous pages of the use of Bouteloud
rothrockv: as a hay plant, but with it are always cut a large variety
of other species, a specific mention of which is not necessary, Some-
times saccaton (Sporobolus wmrightit) is cut, along with such other
species as grow upon the lowlands. Upon the east side of the Santa
Rita Mountains blue grama (outeloud oligostachya) and bluejoint
(.Lndropogon saccharoid s) together with Chloris ele Jans, often make
u small crop of hay. In many situations Johnson grass makes an
important addition to the native hay plants upon overflowed areas.

The Mexican population makes use of a number of weedy plants, the
most important of which is Amaranthus palmerd. In the vicinity of
Tumacacori and Sopori during the past season there were large quan-
tities of this plant put up for winter use. The crop was invariably
obtained upon land from which a crop of barley had been removed in
the late spring or early summer. ‘The barley crop in this region is
often the only one grown. ‘The lands therefore lie idle from May
to October, when they are plowed again for the fall seeding. During
the summer they furnish some weedy pasturage, and from favorable
situations a large volunteer crop of this weed is obtained. Plate VIII,
figure 1, shows Mexicans stacking a large volunteer crop of this plant
about the Ist of October. The yield was not far from 3 tons per
acre in the field which was being harvested. These men report it to
he good hay for horses, but rather poor for cattle.

WEEDS.

In a region of such small production it is not to be expected that
weeds have a very detrimental influence upon native pasture lands.
The weeds, as a general rule, furnish feed when other things fail.
The use that is made of alfilerilla is a striking example of this.

In a few instances, however, absolutely worthless weeds flourish
upon the most productive of the range lands. The alluvial bottoms
which were once covered with either annual or perennial grasses have
suffered great injury during recent years on account of the establish-
ment of the cockle bur (Yunthiwin canadense). Hundreds of acres of
the very best and most productive lands in the higher valleys of south-
ern Arizona have been absolutely taken possession of by this plant
during recent years. It is hoped that Johnson grass will be the
means of reclaiming these areas. It is the only plant known which
can compete successfully with this weed.

Along the main line of the Santa Fe Railway, for a distance of 20 or
more miles on each side of the road, the Russian thistle is well
established. In the valley of the Little Colorado it appears to be
quite at home upon the dry mesa land, and will doubtless become
more conspicuous as time goes on. While it will cause trouble upon
the cultivated areas, it is not thought that it will ever injure the range

PLANTS INJURIOUS TO STOCK, 5

lands; indeed, it may be a decided benefit. So far as known, it does
not occur in the southern part of Arizona at all.

Cleome serrata has become very conspicuous upon the poorly
grassed areas of overflowed depressions throughout the northern high-
lands. By some this plant is said to be relished by sheep, but evidences
of this have not been seen. It is especially abundant in the vicinity of
Flagstaff and upon the northern slope of the White Mountains.

In the southern portion of Arizona there are two perennial weeds
related to the golden rods which it is claimed are spreading rapidly.
These are lsocoma coronopifolia and Chutlerrezia microcephala. They
are very abundant in portions of the Santa Cruz and Altar valleys.

Upon the cultivated meadows the squirrel-tail grass is very trouble-
some and unsightly in irrigated districts. In pastures, however, it is
of little or no detriment, for it is usually prevented from becoming
conspicuous by the close grazing which is usually practiced upon the
alfalfa pastures. It is interesting to note that in the Salt and Gila
valleys Hordeum murinum is the prevalent species, while //, jubatum,
which has such a bad record in the Plains region, has not been
observed. In the valley of the Little Colorado, however, this species
is nearly if not quite absent, while /ordewin jubatum is very common
and even troublesome in the cultivated fields.

PLANTS INJURIOUS TO STOCK.

There are times during years of short feed when the creosote bush
(Covillea tridentata) causes a good deal of injury to sheep. No stock
of any kind eat this shrub ordinarily, but when feed is scarce sheep
are sometimes forced to feed upon it. According to a recent report
from Mr. E. S. Gosney, of Flagstaff, the animals, after feeding upon
this shrub for a time, run about in an unsteady fashion, and are very
likely to run into any obstacle which happens to be in their way.
They are said to very often run toward the herder, or even his dogs,
as though seeking protection. Mr. W. H. Campbell, also of Flag-
staff, who has had a good deal of experience upon the deserts north of
Phoenix, states that the greatest mortality occurs among pregnant
ewes.

Upon the San Francisco and contiguous highlands there occurs a
great deal of loco (Aragallus lambert//), and in some cases in the same
region areas are said to have been abandoned as sheep grazing grounds
on account of the preponderance of sAsclepiodora decumbens.

Mechanical injury is sometimes done by six weeks’ grass (Louteloud
aristidoides) and triple-awned grass (Aristida americana). When
matured the seeds of these two species are very annoying, to say the
least, to both men and animals. The sharp-pointed seeds work into
both the fleece and the feet of sheep, but are more especially injurious
to the latter, They accumulate between the hoofs of the animals to

Ov RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

such an extent as to disable them. ‘The areas of these grasses are
avoided during the time of their ripening until the seed has fallen off
and partially disappeared into the soil.

SUMMARY.

The carrying capacity of the lands in Arizona varies from the rate
of one bovine animal to 50 acres to one to LOO acres.

Johnson grass appears to be the best adapted for preventing erosion,
and will thrive in favorable situations which receive two or more
irrigations by flood waters during the year. Bermuda grass does not
appear to be promising without irrigation.

The valley of the Little Colorado, so far as much of its vegetation is
concerned, resembles the valley of the Rio Grande, but the yield of
feed is very much smaller.

From the stockman’s point of view, the seasons upon the lower
southern areas are four in number, each differing from the others in
the character of the feed which is available. The two seasons of feed
production alternate with two seasons of short feed.

(1) Middle of February to middle of April or first of May, charac-
terized by a growth of annual weedy plants, which furnish feed for a
short time.

(2) First of May to middle of July or first of August, having little
growth except of shrubby plants, upon which stock largely subsist.

(3) Middle of July to first of December, which is the season of the
best feed, being characterized by growth of perennial grasses and
many other forage plants.

(4) First of December to middle of February, which is the hardest
season of the year upon all stock.

The growth of winter and spring annuals occurs mainly below an
altitude of 4,000 feet. The best pasture lands are located principally
above an altitude of 3,000 feet.

In southern Arizona a large part of the feed upon the lower unoc-
cupied lands is furnished by shrubby plants. The remainder of the
feed upon these areas, as well as upon the mesas below 3,000 or 3,500
feet, is furnished by annual weedy plants in the spring, together with
annual and a few perennial grasses in the summer, and in the higher
foothills and mountains by perennial grasses.

Goat raising is on the increase, and it is believed that this industry
will continue to develop.

The total annual precipitation can not serve as an index of the char-
acter of the feed upon the range, its distribution during the hot sum-
mer season being of paramount importance.

It is common for cattle to travel 10 miles from water to feeding
grounds, and sheep are often herded 6 miles away, making a total

SUMMARY. 6]

travel between waterings of 20 miles for cattle and 12 miles for sheep.
Horses travel a much greater distance,

The prairie dog is doing a large amount of damage in the north and
northeastern portions of the Territory.

Beardless barley should be more extensively substituted for the
bearded form for supplementing the first cutting of alfalfa.

The Russian thistle, while widely distributed in the northern part
of Arizona, has not yet appeared in the southern part to any extent
at least.

There appears to be abundant evidence that the creosote bush is
injurious to sheep, which are sometimes forced to eat it on account of
a scarcity of feed.

The average total available feed which it is practicable to utilize
upon the large inclosure is believed to be between 150 and 200 pounds
of air-dry substance per acre.

Alfilerilla, one of the most important forage plants of the Territory,
which was probably introduced from California in the wool of sheep,
is spreading. It is believed that two species of clover were intro-
duced in the same way.

Experimental work carried on thus far in attempting to introduce
perennial forage plants upon the mesas has given very little encour-
agement. Panicum texanum, an annual, has given the best results of
anything thus far introduced, and it is believed that more success will
be secured with annuals than with perennials. They are not as good
feed, but short-lived plants with good seed habits now furnish the
main feed upon the mesas. =

The following tabulation showing the relative weight of desert
annuals and certain of their reproductive portions will be of interest
in this connection:

Weight

Num- |i a7; Weight
Plant. ber of Fruit or of seed | of plant Condition of plants.
plants.| S€€4- | or fruit, | less.seed
: se nortruit |
Grains. | Grains.
. . | Call } } .
Péetocarya linearis: :...-..25....- 2 | Seed.... 153 20 | Fully mature.
ee ta) Pods 19 12 | Half of pods mature.
Monolepis nuttalliana ........... 1 | Seed... 19 10 | 10 per cent of seed not ma-
ture.

This table shows, so far as this amount of data can show, that the
seed production of these three characteristic desert annuals is large
when compared with the total weight of the plants. Lotus humilis
produced, in the condition indicated, 7 grains of clean seed. Two
plants of Bouteoua aristidoides, weighing 48 grains, produced 27
grains of spikelets. It is believed that there is a suggestion here
regarding the nature of the plants which will be most successful upon

by RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

these arid mesa lands. Alfilerilla is already widely introduced. It has
good seed habits and special provision for burying its seed. Of course
perennial forage plants would furnish better feed than the-annuals,
but there is little hope of establishing them without greater expense
than the economic benefit seems to warrant. It may be possible to
establish some of the hardier perennial species upon the foothills.
This, however, is a matter for experimental work to determine.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PLate Ll. ( Frontispiece.) Laosa, a typical southern Arizona ranch.

Pare Il. Contrast between dry and wet seasons in foothills range. Fig. 1.—Live-
oak belt, upper foothills, eastern slope of Huachuca Mountains, July 1, 19038,
before the rainy season began. Last year’s crop of grass has all been eaten off. °
Fig. 2.—Upper foothills, northern slope, Santa Rita Mountains, just below the
oak belt, showing Panicum lachnunthum, grama, and mesquite at the close of the
rainy season,

Piate III. The large inclosure. Fig. 1.—Pyramid Hill, section 18, township 18,
range 15. Horses digging for water in the sands of an arroyo. September,
1902. Fig. 2.—Looking south from the top of Pyramid Hill, showing the gen-
eral character of the fenced area. October, 1902.

Pate IV. Saltbushes. Fig. 1.—-\triplex lentiformis, the largest of our native salt-
bushes. Tempe, Ariz.; November, 1902. Fig. 2.— Atriplex elegans in large inclos-
ure, northern foothills, Santa Rita Mountains, September, 1903.

PLate V. Fig. 1.—Hay meadow, Salt River Valley. First crop of alfalfa with win-
ter barley, which greatly increases the yield. Phoenix, April, 1903. Fig. 2.—
Erosion along Pantano Wash, east of Santa Rita Mountains, October, 1902.

Pate VI. Alfilerilla range. Fig. 1.—Alfilerillaand Indian wheat near Dudleyville.
In the central foreground are shown closely grazed bushes of ‘‘ jojoba ’’ (Simond-
sia californica). Fig. 2.—Alfilerilla and Indian wheat near Oracle. Opuntia
engelmanni, Yueca radiosa, and mesquite are the conspicuous plants.

Pirate VII. Two phases of the range question. Fig. 1.—Goats and the oak brush
upon which they live. Mayer, September, 1903. Fig. 2.—The remains of
thirteen head of cattle in a space of 30 feet along a small arroyo near Arivaca,
as the result of too great distance between feed and water. April, 1903.

Piate VIII. Haying scenes in southern Arizona. Fig. 1.—Mexicans at Sopori
stacking ‘“‘celite’”’ (Amaranthus palmeri), which makes a large volunteer crop
after the winter crop of grain hay has been removed. October, 1903. Fig. 2.—
A Mexican packing hay from the mountains. Santa Rita Mountains, July, 1903.

Piare IX. Native pasture lands in southern Arizona. Fig. 1.—Galleta (ilaria
mutica) ina swale south of Vail Station. September, 1902. Old grass, there
being practically no growth this year. Fig. 2.—A round-up in the northern foot-_
hills of the Santa Rita Mountains, April, 1903, when the large area was being
inclosed.

PLare X. Fig. 1.—An ocotilla forest about 4 miles northeast of the large inclosure.
September, 1902. Practically no feed is produced here. Fig. 2.—Ihe work of
prairie dogs upon the northern slope of the White Mountains. Large areas of
grass are destroyed by these animals, July, 1903.

O ee

Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE II.

Fic. 1.—LIVE-OAK BELT, UPPER FOOTHILLS, EASTERN SLOPE OF HUACHUCA MoOuN-
TAINS, FIRST OF JULY, 1903, BEFORE THE RAINY SEASON BEGAN; LAST YEAR’S
CROP OF GRASS ALL EATEN OFF.

Fia. 2.—UPPER FOOTHILLS, NORTHERN SLOPE, SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS, JUST BELOW
THE OAK BELT, SHOWING PANICUM MACHNANTHUM, GRAMA, AND MESQUITE AT THE
CLOSE OF THE RAINY SEASON.

CONTRAST BETWEEN DRY AND WET SEASONS IN FOOTHILLS RANGE,

Bul, 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE HI.

Fic. 1.—PYRAMID HILL, Sec. 18, T. 18, R. 15. Horses DIGGING FOR WATER IN THE
SANDS OF AN ARROYO, SEPTEMBER, 1902.

FiG. 2.—LOOKING SOUTH FROM THE TOP OF PYRAMID HILL, SHOWING GENERAL CHAR-
ACTER OF FENCED AREA, OCTOBER, 1902.

THE LARGE INCLOSURE.

Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

Fic. 1.—ATRIPLEX LENTIFORMIS, THE LARGEST OF OUR NATIVE SALTBUSHES, TEMPE,
ArRIz., NOVEMBER, 1902.

Fia. 2.—ATRIPLEX ELEGANS. LARGE INCLOSURE, NORTHERN FOOTHILLS, SANTA RITA
MOUNTAINS, SEPTEMBER, 1903.

SALT BUSHES.

Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE V.

Fia. 1.—HAy MEADow, SALT RIVER VALLEY. FIRST CROP OF ALFALFA WITH WINTER
BARLEY, WHICH GREATLY INCREASES THE YIELD. PHOENIX, APRIL, 1903.

Fia. 2.—EROSION ALONG PANTANO WASH, EAST OF SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS,
OcTOBER, 1902.

Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.

Fic. 1.—ALFILERILLA AND INDIAN WHEAT NEAR DUDLEYVILLE. IN THE CENTRAL FORE-
GROUND IS SHOWN CLOSELY GRAZED BUSHES OF * JOJOBA”? (SIMONDSIA CALIFORNICA).

FiG. 2.—ALFILERILLA AND INDIAN WHEAT NEAR ORACLE. OPUNTIA ENGELMANNI, YUCCA
RADIOSA, AND MESQUITE (PROSOPIS VELUTINA) ARE THE CONSPICUOUS PLANTS.

ALFILERILLA RANGE.

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Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

Fig. 1.—GOATS AND THE OAK BRUSH UPON WHICH THEY LIVE, MAYER, ARIZ.,
SEPTEMBER, 1903.

FiG. 2.—THE REMAINS OF 13 HEAD OF CATTLE IN A SPACE OF 30 FEET ALONG A
SMALL ARROYO NEAR ARIVACA, THE RESULT OF TOO GREAT DISTANCE BETWEEN
FEED AND WaTER. APRIL, 1903.

TWO PHASES OF THE RANGE QUESTION.

Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1.—MEXICANS AT SOPORI STACKING ‘“‘CELITE”? (AMARANTHUS PALMERI), WHICH
MAKES A LARGE VOLUNTEER CrRoP AFTER THE WINTER CROP OF GRAIN HAY HAS
BEEN REMOVED. OcTOBER, 1903.

Fic. 2.—A MEXICAN PACKING HAY FROM THE MOUNTAINS, SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS,
JULY, 1903.

HAYING SCENES IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA.

Bul, 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept of Agriculture. SLATE. 1.

Fic. 1.—GALLETA (HILARIA MUTICA) IN A SWALE SOUTH OF VAIL STATION, SEPTEMBER,
1902. OLD GRASS, THERE BEING PRACTICALLY NO GROWTH.

Fig. 2.—A ROUND-UP IN THE NORTHERN FOOTHILLS OF THE SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS,
APRIL, 1903, WHEN THE LARGE AREA WAS BEING INCLOSED.

NATIVE PASTURE LANDS IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA.

Bul. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, PLATE X.

Fic. 1.—AN OCOTILLA FOREST ABOUT 4 MILES NORTHEAST OF THE LARGE INCLOSURE,
SEPTEMBER, 1902. PRACTICALLY NO FEED PRODUCED HERE.

Fic. 2.—THE WORK OF PRAIRIE DoGS UPON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF THE WHITE
MOUNTAINS, JULY, 1903. LARGE AREAS OF GRASS LANDS ARE DESTROYED BY
THIS ANIMAL.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 68,

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MGROSTIN,

BY

A. 8. HITCHCOCK,

SySTEMATIC AGROSTOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF HERBARIUM.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

IssuED APRIL 29, 1905.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1905.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,

B. T. GALLOWAY,
Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau,

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
ALBert F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge.
Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief.
BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS,
FrepDeRICK V. CovitLe, Botanist in Charge.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

W. J. SprtuMAN, Agrostologist in Charge.
POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

G. B. Bracketr, Pomologist in Charge.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION,
A, J. Pirerers, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.

L. C. Corserr, Horticulturist in Charge.
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.

E. M. ByrNEs, Superintendent.

J. BE. Rockwett, Hditor.
JAMES E. Jones, Chief Clerk.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
W. J. SprruMan, Agrostologist.

A. S. Hireucock, Systematic Agrostologist in Charge of Herbarium.

C. V. Pirer, Agrostologist in Charge of Introduction of Grasses and Forage
Plants.

Davip GrirFirTHs, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Range Investigations.

C. R. Bay, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Work on Arlington Farm.

S. M. Tracy, Special Agent in Charge of Gulf Coast Investigations,

D. A. Broprg, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of Cooperative Work.

I’. L. Rreker, Assistant in Herbarium.

J. M. WesTGATE, Assistant in Sand-Binding Work.

Byron Hunter, Assistant in Charge of Pacific Coast Investigations,

R. A. Oakey, Assistant in Domestication of Wild Grasses.

C. W. WareuRTON, Assistant in Fodder Plant and Millet Investigations.

M. A. Crosspy, Assistant in Southern Forage Plant Investigations.

J. S. Corron, Assistant in Range Investigations.

Lesuie F. Paul, Assistant in Investigations at Arlington Farm.

Haroip T. NIELSEN, Assistant in Alfalfa and Clover Investigations.

AGNES CuaspF, Agrostological Artist.

2

So

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. Department or AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Pirant Inpustry,
Orrice OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., December 15, 1904.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on * North
American Species of Agrostis,” and to recommend that it be pub-
lished as Bulletin No. 68 of the series of this Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, Assistant Agros-
tologist, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, and has been sub-
mitted by the Agrostologist with a view to publication.

The thirty-seven plates and two text figures accompanyin
paper are necessary to a proper understanding of the text.

- Respectfully,

@ the

B. T. GaLtoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Winson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

PREG oC.

For several vears the specimens of grasses in the National Herba-
rium have been accumulating at a rapid rate. In order to classify our
knowledge of this mass of material, bring it up to date, and make it
available for other workers along these lines, it has been thought desir-
able to issue from time to time monographs treating of the larger
genera. In conformity with this plan the following monograph
of the genus Agrostis has been prepared by Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, of
this office. While pursuing his investigations along economic lines,
which have taken him into all parts of the United States, Mr. Hitch-
cock has taken field notes which have aided him in solving the taxo-
nomic problems. Realizing the necessity of consulting the type
specimens, many of which are in foreign herbaria, advantage was
taken of his presence in Europe while investigating certain economic
problems to visit the larger herbaria and take notes upon these orig-
inal specimens, and thus be the better able to solve the nomenclatorial |
problems.

The genus Agrostis comprises about 100 species, distributed over
both hemispheres, but mostly in temperate regions. Many of them
are forage grasses, and a few are cultivated for this purpose. The
most important of these is redtop (A. alba) or fiorin, as it is called
in England. In some parts of this country it is called herd’s grass.
This is a valuable grass for wet meadows or pastures and also does
well when mixed with other grasses upon drier soil. Certain forms
or subspecies of this are used as lawn grasses. A. alba vulgaris,
being small and fine, is especially useful for this purpose. One form
of this, known as creeping bent, has decumbent rooting stems, which
aid it in forming a thick, firm sod. Creeping bent is especially
useful in the vicinity of Washington and similar localities where
the conditions are not suited to either Kentucky bluegrass or Ber-
muda grass, being too far south for the former and too far north
for the latter. Another species (A. canina) is used for lawns under
the name of Rhode Island bent. Much of the seed sold under this
name is A. alba vulgaris. The awned form of the last is difficult to
distinguish from A. canina except by the presence of the palet.

”

al te

6. PREFACE. -) > oo

Acknowledgment is made to the directors of the various he bar
in this country and Europe for numerous courtesies extended to Mr.
Hitchcock, who, in some cases; was allowed to take for deposit in the
National Herbarium portions of the type specimens. *

W. J. Seuuman,

Agrostologist.
Orrice or Grass AND Forace PLant [yvesrications,
Washington, D. C., November 8, 1904. om

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CONTENTS——

*? f

_ Specimens Matee Ness louet eA OOS ee rr, ae aee

Senna the Poitign.. 72.4. NC Peper as! 22.22 2ce ce.

Reng se) NO ge Be AE SO, a ae
ERI Fe a eee
scription of species ---.-.-.--------.----- a eae eee -

Species excluded ____..-_..... eae. © 2 eee ee eee
Notes Pee ee ee ec 0 -
o Index to eeees Gud nyMOn yim poe ree 2. es 5 le

PLATE I,

Il.
Ill.

XII.
XIII.
XIV.

XV.
XVI.

av Ti.
XVIII.
XIX.

XX.
XXI.

XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.

XXV.
XXVI.

XXVIT.
XXVIII.

hLLU Steed LON S.

PLATES.

Fig. 1.—Agrostis thurberiana Hitche. Fig. 2.—Agrostis aqui-
Paps ATM. 02S ole eee a ee
Agrostis alba L_. Se tL Se es Eran an |

Fig. 1.— Agrostis alba vulgari is (With.) Thurb.- Fig. 2.—Agrostis
arog aristata. Gray... nek eee eee S

. Agrostis alba maritima (Lam.)) Meyer --.----.-----..-:-
. Fig. 1.—Agrostis depressa Vasey. (Type.) Fig. ‘ 2: Agrostis

SeOPOWn ert, As. 5. 2s 1 ea Pt Lk tS. 2 ae
Agrostis depressa Vasey. Oregon 2 £2 i ee ee oe

. Fig. 1.—Agrostis inflita Seribn. Fig. 2.—Agrostis densiflora

MOUS oooh oa 50a PS So

. Fig. 1.—Agrostis humilis Vasey. Fig. 2.—Agrostis exiqua Thurb.
. Fig. 1.—Agrostis elliottiana Schult. Fig. 2.—Agrostis canina L-
. Fig. 1.—Agrostis hallii californica Vasey. Fig. 2.—Agrostis

MURCLDS NRO pe 5 a ck ee eed

. Agrostis davyt Scribn. and spikelets of Agr ostis oce dentalis

rin, Cn eriiit 2-5 e ene ee
Agrostis pringlet Scribn - ue Ren oo, a. SE eee ee oe ee
Fig. 1.—Agrosiis pallensTrin. Fig. 2.—Agrostis attenuata Vasey -
Fig. 1.—Agrostis foliosa Vasey. Fig. 2.—Agrostis oregonensis
A oe ee 8S oS rs re Oe
Agrostis pallens. Polioed (Vasey ) Hitche. Pineda form.) 2.25
Fig. 1.—Agrostis pallens foliosa (Vasey) Hitche. (Slender form. )
Bae, 2.2— Agrostis scoulert. trtietee as 2). eee
UeenORL is teOCNStS V Acie y a= ere. eo oe be
agrosiis brevicuinies Witenes ee
Fig. 1.—Agrostis microphylla major Vasey. Fig. 2.—Agrostis
Wiser omnanid, ued ~ 2 eee eee Se ese
agroais ampli TAWCHC 2 ee eee Sag Si Re
Fig. 1.—Agrostis exarata Trin. (Alaska. " Fig. 2.—<Agrostis
MEDOPL OIG LIM esa eee ee teas
et tS GTONU6S 2A eee 8 ne
Agrostis exarata Trin. (A California form.)-____---------- ‘
Fig 1.—Agrostis rosse Vasey. Fig. 2.—Agrostis varians Trin.
Agrostis howellit Seribn _--__- - 2:42 .24'35 9A
Fig. 1.—Agrostis hiemalis (Walt. ) B. S. PL aren form. )
Fig. 2.—Agrostis hiemalis. (Mountainform.)-.-.-_------.-.-.
Types referred to Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S. P ----..------
Fig. 1.—Agrostis geminata Trin. Fig. 2.—Agrostis geminata
‘Dri. “CAlwnicss Tor pees pes ees... - still. eee

Page.

68
68
68
68
68
68

68

68

68

10 ILLUSTRATIONS, i

Piare XXIX. Fig. 1.—Agrostis idahoensis Nash. Fig. 2.—Agrostis tenuis
VOGOS. 5 Sur asenco als <0. cicwwcudep el case ee eee 68
ZXX. Agrostis eehiedeana Trin -... 2.5 -< ic ccclcweselencene eee
XXXI. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm ....-.... -.-.--_..---
XXXII. Agrostis perennans estivalis Vasey __.-.....-..------------
XXXII. Agrostis perennans elata (Pursh) Hitche.___._.__--_- --- . iS
XXXIV. Fig. 1.—Agrostis borealis Hartm. (White Mountains.) Fig. a
2.—Agrostis borealis Hartm. (Labrador.).........-..... 68
XXXV. Fig. 1.—Agrostis mertensii Trin. Fig. 2.—Agrostis borealis

Hartm. (Gweden.) ... .. .-.. canned ucucuesentc eek oe «6 s :
XXXVI. Fig. 1.—Agrostis aenea Trin. Fig. 2.—Agrostis aenea Trin, — Wee
Fig. 3.—Agrostis longiligula Hitehe ............----.-- . 2

AXXVIT. Mexican mpecies of Agrostis... -.2..5 Ce DO aot
TEXT FIGURES.

7 if “—_*
‘i = 4 7

- Ge.

Fie, 1, Agrostis rossi. Bere. os. oo se ssSectptods .

mt ttre --
4 7

2. Agrostis paludosa Seribn-... .--- -< sess san paces sou eOte pean ss

Me - °
ex | i ~~ oa! ;
ne Ae .

B. P. I.—128. G. F. P. I.—107.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIIS.

INTRODUCTION.

The present paper is an attempt to classify our knowlege concern-
ing one of our most perplexing genera of grasses. It deals chiefly
with those species found north of Mexico, but includes a few notes on
the Mexican species. The preparatory study naturally divided itself
into two rather distinct lines—the classification of the species, or
taxonomy, and the history of the species, or nomenclature. Each line
presents difficulties, a few of which are discussed below.

TAXONOMY.

The division into species is largely subjective, and different people
arrive at different results with the same material. There is a large
amount of material in the National Herbarium, and in addition I
have had the privilege of examining that in all the larger herbaria in
this country and in Europe. The National Herbarium is by far the
richest in this respect, disregarding for the moment the historical
aspect. It is true that specimens representing the extremes of certain
groups seem distinct, but an examination of a large suite of specimens
often shows that the extremes are connected by numerous intermedi-
ate specimens. Some of these perplexing questions I have been able
to answer by field observations. Some of my conclusions based on
herbarium specimens may be modified by further study in the field.

On account of the simple structure of the spikelet there are few
salient characters upon which to base classification. It is easy to set
off the subgenus Podagrostis by the prolongation of the rachilla.
The primary divisions of Euagrostis, based upon the presence or ab-
sence of a 2-nerved palet, seem also to be definite. I have used vege-
tative characters sparingly, as there is evidently great variation in the
same species. The presence or absence of a creeping rootstock to sepa-
rate the pallens group and the exarata group is satisfactory, but
unfortunately much herbarium material does not show the complete
base of the plant.

Considerable weight has been given by some authors to the awn as
a character. After a careful examination of much material I believe

11

12 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

it can not be relied on in such large PTOUps as A, alba, A, hiemalis,
and A. pallens foliosa. In some other cases it is usually a good char-
acter and can be depended upon in connection with other characters.
I think the insertion of the awn is of more importance than its length.
Likewise the palet varies considerably in the same species or even in
the same plant. In some cases I have been forced to fall back on
such unsatisfactory characters as the shape of the panicle or the
length and arrangement of its branches. Even with the classification
as finally presented there are a few intermediate specimens, but such
are relatively rare. In any attempt to separate the large groups,
such as sl. alba or A. hiemalis, into smaller and definite species I was
invariably confronted by such a large number of intermediates that I
was convinced that no such separation could be made.

This leads me to speak of a point which I have attempted to empha-
size. ‘There are two classes of synonyms—those based upon the same
type (typonyms) and those based upon different types but neverthe-
less considered by the author to be the same species. Authors do not
often indicate this difference in their monographs. In bringing to-
gether the synonyms I have indicated briefly the basis upon which I
have made the union. I hope this will aid others who differ from me
in their ideas upon the limitations of the species, and who may wish to
readjust the forms, to do so without finding it necessary again to con-
sult the original sources.

NOMENCLATURE.

I have intended to follow the recommendations of the recent Code
of Botanical Nomenclature, prepared by the nomenclature commission
appointed by the Botanical Club of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science (1904). One of the important canons is
that so far as possible species should be based upon definite specimens.
Much confusion has arisen from the fact that some authors have
described what they supposed were new species without becoming
acquainted with the species already published. There is some excuse
for this, for the descriptions may have been published in inaccessible —
works and the older types are deposited for the most part in the Euro-
pean herbaria, which few of those describmg grasses have taken the
trouble to visit.

During my study of the genus Agrostis I have fortunately had the
opportunity of visiting all the large European herbaria and have been
able to examine nearly all the type specimens of our North American
species. The specimens of this genus were examined in the follow-
ing herbaria:

London.—The herbarium at the British Museum, in the natural his-
tory section at South Kensington, in charge of Mr. James Britten.
Walter’s herbarium is deposited here. The plants are mostly fragmen-
tary and are mounted in a large folio volume. There are a few

_—s

NOMENCLATURE. 13

grasses, but mostly without names, and I found no types of Agrostis
(Vornucopiw Walt.). Other collections of importance to American
botanists are those of Sloane and Gronovius. The largest collection
of plants in the world is the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at
Kew. One other important collection is the Linnean herbarium at
the rooms of the Linnean Society.

Paris.—The most important herbarium is that at the Museum of
Natural History in the Jardin des Plantes. In this herbarium are
to be found the types of Lamarck. The very important Michaux
herbarium is kept separate. ‘There are two other large herbaria at
Paris, ‘those of Cosson and Drake, but there are few types from
America.

Geneva.—There are four large herbaria here—that of De Candolle.
at his residence; the Barbey herbarium, in one of the suburbs: the
herbarium of the university, in charge of Professor Chodat, and the
herbarium of the botanical garden, in charge of Mr. Briquet.

Vienna.—tHere are the herbaria at the Hofmuseum, in charge of
Doctor Zahlbruckner, and at the Botanical Garden, in charge of
Doctor Wettstein.

St. Polten.—This town is about one hour’s ride west of Vienna.
Here is the important herbarium of Doctor Hackel,¢ the eminent
agrostologist.

Prague—TVhe herbarium at the Botanical Garden, where are depos-
ited the types of Presl, is in charge of Doctor Beck.

Berlin.—The herbarium of the Botanical Garden is in charge of
Doctor Engler. ‘The Willdenow plants are kept separate.

Copenhagen.—The herbarium at the Botanical Garden is in charge
of Doctor Warming. This collection is especially rich in arctic
material.

St. Petersburg—rThere are two large herbaria here—one at the
Botanical Garden and one at the rooms of the Academy of Sciences.

_ At the latter is deposited the Trinius herbarium, which is kept sepa-

rate. The plants of the Trinius collection are unmounted and are
kept in large species covers. The director, Doctor Litwinow, very
kindly allowed me to take portions of the specimens for deposit in
the National Herbarium when the material was sufficiently abundant.

In examining the types I took photographs and in some cases
was allowed to take a few spikelets; but in this genus the spikelets
are likely to be of less importance than the photographs showing
habit and the notes concerning critical characters.

The types in America are more easily accessible. A large number
are in the National Herbarium, including those of Vasey and of
Seribner. The herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

4 Poctor Hackel has since removed to Graz.

L4 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

Sciences contains the types of Muhlenberg and the types or duplicate
types of Nuttall. The types of Elhott are at the College of Charleston,
! have not seen these, but they were examined and reported upon by
Mr. Elmer D. Merrill (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of
Agrostology, Circular No, 29, 1901). A few types of Agrostis are in
the Torrey herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden and in the
Gray herbarium at Cambridge.

In discussing the types under each species I have indicated where
the type specimen is to be found, and in the few cases where I have
not seen this the fact is so stated.

As previously stated, I have followed the rules as published in the
recent Code of Botanical Nomenclature. In applying these to the
selection of type specimens I have given my reasons in each case, By
adhering to these rules I have been able to present the historical data
in a more satisfactory manner than by assuming the idea of a species
as indicated by evolutionary development. It not infrequently hap-
pens that this idea gradually changes because authors do not have a
definite type in mind. The result is often similar to that reached by
a child in using a copy book, where he each time looks at the last line
written instead of at the original. Again, there has been confusion
because an author has wished to separate a composite group into what
he thinks are species. He retains the old name for one portion and
eives new names to the other portions. If he has not consulted the
type he may have applied the original name to the wrong division, as
the original description may not have mentioned the characters which
he uses in making the separation.

PLATES.

So far as possible the drawings were made from type specimens.
The artist has faithfully reproduced all the technical details of the
spikelets as shown in the particular specimen at hand. But it has
not been practicable to show the variation in the characters in differ-
ent specimens, although it is largely upon these variations that I have
based my judgment of specific differences.

SPECIMENS LISTED.

In general the specimens listed are confined to those deposited in
the National Herbarium. Ina few cases, where the species is rare, or
on account of some peculiarity. specimens from other herbaria are
mentioned. It was not thought advisable to give a complete list of
specimens, but only enough to illustrate the distribution. In the case
of species of limited distribution a proportionately larger number, or
perhaps all, are given.

HISTORY OF THE GENUS. 15
HISTORY OF THE GENUS.

— The genus was established by Linneeus in the first edition of the
Genera Plantarum (p. 19, No. 54, 1737), though the name was men-
tioned without description a little earlier (Syst. Nat., ed. 1, 1735).
The description—* Cal. gluma uniflora, bivalvis, acuminata. Cor.
bivalvis, acuminata, vix longitudine calycis, altera majore aris-
tata ”“—is retained through all the editions of this work, except that
in the sixth edition “ aristata ” is omitted, apparently inadvertently.
It is based on “ Scheuch., 3: 11.9.” This citation, which follows the
name in the first edition, is dropped in the fifth edition (No. 74,
1754).

Scheuchzer’s Plate ITI, figure 11, cited by Linneus, includes three
figures, 1, B,and C. The first two, 4 and B&B, refer to the description
given on page 146, and are two figures of the same plant, A being a
cluster of four spikelets, and B a single flower. The plant here
described is Stipa calamagrostis Wahl. Plate III, figure 11, C,
referred to on page 148 of the publication mentioned, is J/ilinm
lendigerum Lh. (Gastridium australe Beauv.). The second citation
given by Linneus from Scheuchzer, Plate ILI, figure 9, includes
five figures, A, B, C, D, and E. The first two, A and B, accom-
pany the description on page 139, “Arista articulata et recurva
prodeunte ex alterutrius glume dorso, prope ejusdem basin.” There
are two forms described under this according to Trinius (Clavis Ag-
rostographiz) ; the first, of which the diagnosis is “* Gramen parvum,
paniculatum, alpinum, panicula spadicea, aristatum,” is Agrostis
alpina Seop., and the second, ** Gramen paniculatum, capillaceo folio,
locustis parvis spadiceo-fuscis, aristatis,” 1s A. rupestris All. Figure
B, which represents a single flower, shows a palet, which neither of
the above-mentioned species possesses, but too much weight must not
be attached to this discrepancy, as in many cases the presence of a
palet seems to have been assumed. The third figure, C, is, according
to Trinius, A. canina, while D and F refer to A. vineale With.

Linnezus seems to have included these various forms in one genus
because they all had small one-flowered spikelets with a projecting
awn. The statement “cor. bivalvis” applies only to the first-cited
plants, Stipa calamagrostis and Gastridium, yet the other figures
show a palet, and Linneus probably examined the plates rather than
the plants.

Although Linneus’s idea of the genus changes in the Species
Plantarum, the text of Agrostis in the later editions of the Genera
remains the same, although the fifth and sixth are published after
1753.

15097—No, 68—05 M 2

16 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROFTIS,

In the Species Plantarum (1: 61, 1753), Linnwus describes the fol-

lowing species :

Aristate.
1. A. spica-venti=Apera spica-venti Beauv.
2 4A. miliacea=Oryzopsis miliacea Richt.
3. A. arundinacea=Deyeuria sylvatica Kunth.
4. A. rubra. [Not identifiable. See note under A. borealis. ]
5. A. canina.
6. A. paradoxa=Oryzopsis paradora Nutt.
Mutice.
7. A. stolonifera.
&. A. capillaris.
9. A. alba.
10. A. minima=Mibora verna Beauy.
11. A. virginica=Sporobolus virginicus Kunth.
2. A. indica=NSporobolus indicus R. Br.

In the tenth edition of the Systema (2: 872, 1759) the following
are added :

A. A. sepium. “A. petalo exteriore arista terminali recta stricta longitudine
ipsius floris, panicula patula.” This species was not taken up in later works
and its identity is uncertain. No locality or references are given.

B. A. interrupta=Apera interrupta Beauv.

C. A. calamagrostis=Stipa calamagrostis Wahl.

D. A. cruciata=Chloris cruciata Sw.

E. A. radiata=Chloris radiata Sw.

A. paradowa is transferred to Milium.

In the second edition of the Species (1: 91, 1762) no change is
made except to omit A. sepéwm and (in the Appendix, 2: 1665, 1763)
to add A. sylvatica (= A. alba L. teratological form).

Six more species are added in the Mantissa Plantarum (1: 30, —
1767):

A. bromoides=Ntipa aristella L.

A. australis=Gastridium australe Beauv.

A. serotina=Diplachne serotina Link. ‘Transferred from Festuca Sp. II,
although the spikelets are described as 4-flowered.

A. matrella=Zoysia pungens Willd.

A. pumila=A. alba L.

A. mericana=Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin.

All the species mentioned appear in the twelfth edition of the Sys- .
tema Nature (1767) except A. sepiwm and A. matrella. |

Historically it is rather difficult to establish the type of the genus.
Of the twenty-four species described by Linnzus only seven would be
referred to the genus Agrostis as now limited. The first figure cited
in the original description of the genus refers to Stipa calamagrostis,
which was not included in those described in the first edition of the
Species Plantarum, but was added later. In the Species Plantarum

HISTORY OF THE GENUS. 17

there is nothing to indicate what Linneus considers the type of his
genus.

Later writers have segregated various species, and the name
Agrostis has been applied to what was left.

Adanson (PI. Fam., 1763) changes the name. His Agrostis based
upon Scheuch. 57 is Saccharum, while he gives a new name, Vilfa, to
Linneus’s Agrostis, founded on Bauhin’s *Gramen caninum supinum
minus,” which is A. stolonifera L. (i. e., A. alba L.) according to
Trinius. Adanson also takes out Linneeus’s first species of Agrostis
as the type of Apera; the tenth species, as type of Mibora.

Walter (Fl. Carol., 1788) deseribes three new species under the
genus Cornucopie, the chief generic character being the absence of
the palet, “cor. l-valvis.” These are C. hiemalis, C. perennans, and
C. altissima. He retains the name Agrostis for A. indica and A.
virginica.

Michaux (Fl. Bor. Am., 1803) gives the name Trichodium to Wal-
ter’s genus Cornucopix and describes the first two species under the
new names 7’. laxviflorum and 7’. decumbens. Tre omits the third.
He retains Agrostis (“ cal. 2-valvis, gluma major”), describing:
indica L.—=Sporobolus indica R. Br.

. juncea=NSporobolus junceus Kunth.

. dispar=A, alba L.

. aspera=NSporobolus asper Wunth.

. lateriflora=Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin.
A. racemosa=M. racemosa B. 8. P.

‘ ‘ »
.

The seventh edition of the Genera Plantarum, by Reichard, 1778,
has “ Cal. gluma uniflora, bivalvis acuminata, corolla paulo minor,”
which is followed in the eighth edition (Schreber, 1789) and ninth
edition (Haenke, 1791). In the tenth edition (Sprengel, 1830) we
find the characters changed to agree more nearly with the modern
Agrostis: “ Cal. bivalvis, acutiusculus, muticus, corollam equans vel
superans. Cor. bivalvis, callo sxepe insidens aut basi pilis brevibus
suffulta ; valva altera seepe obsoleta aut nulla, altera arista vel mutica.”

Jussieu (Gen. Pl., 1789) retains the old description, ‘ Calix [cor-
olla of Linnzeus] 2-valvis gluma major.”

Without taking up each authority we may glance at a few of the
handbooks to note the tendency to change into what might be called
the modern idea of the genus.

Gmelin (Syst. Veg.,1: 168, 1796) describes forty-one species under
the limitation * Cal. 2-valvis, 1-florus, corolla paulo minor.”

Willdenow (Spec. Pl.,1: 361, 1797) describes forty-six species.
The genus characters are as given by Gmelin; that is, that the empty
glumes are two, and a little shorter than the single flowering glume,
which applies better to Sporobolus.

LS NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS5,

Persoon (Syn. PL, 1805) agrees with his predecessors, but says
‘cor, 2-valvis,” omitting the statement that the “ calyx” is shorter
than the “ corolla.”

Willdenow (Enum. PIL, 1809) keeps Agrostis and Trichodium
separate. Agrostis is described as “ Cor, 2-valvis, calyce plerumque
minor, valvula major aristata seu mutica.”

Brown (Prod., 1810) separates the species having the flowering
glume awnless and longer than the empty glumes under a new name,
Sporobolus, describing three species, one of which is Agrostis indica
L.., but he includes A. virginica L. in Agrostis. The distinction is
not clear and Brown states that the genus Agrostis is artificial.

Beauvois (Agrost., 1812) describes Agraulus with “ Glumee palea
longiores. Palea apici emarginata, infra medium aristata” to
include “Agrostis canina L. and A. alpina 1..,” ete.; Trichodium with
one palet, which is awnless; Vilfa, following Adanson in applying
the name to species with two palets shorter than the glumes. His
genus Agrostis is founded on A. rubra L., of which he gives a plate,
showing a small palet with four teeth. This is the chief difference
between Agrostis and Agraulus. Beauvois intends to include in
Agrostis species with two palets and an awn. He recognizes Sporo-
bolus R. Br., Muhlenbergia Schreb., and Apera Adans.

Pursh (Flora, 1814) describes fifteen American species, including
species now referred to Sporobolus and Muhlenbergia, but under the
generic diagnosis “ Cal. 2-valvis; valvis acutis corolla brevioribus.
Cor. 2-valvis.” Although the genus is described as having the calyx
shorter than the corolla, certain species (e. g., A. stricta and A. vul-
garis) ave described as having the corolla (fiower) shorter than the
calyx. The same is true of Muhlenberg (Gram., 1817) and of Elhott
(Sketch, 1816).

Koeler (Gram., 1802) gives a consistent description of the genus,
inasmuch as he states that the corolla may be smaller, equal to, or
larger than the calyx, and that the awn when present may be terminal,
dorsal or attached near the base. Nuttall (Gen., 1818) also makes
the generic description agree with the species included.

Roemer and Schultes (Syst. Veg., 1817) describe ninety-seven spe-
cies of Agrostis, but they unite several groups or sections under the
generic characters: Corolla larger or smaller than the calyx, stipitate
at base with one or two fascicles of hairs, larger valve awned or awn-
less. The sections are Vilfa (of Beauvois, which is our Agrostis, 62
species), Achnatherum (including A. calamagrostis, A. sobolifere
Muhl., ete., 5 species), Agrostis (which includes A. toducensis and A.
virescens H. B. K., 8 species), Sporobolus (including S. indica; but
some of our species are included under section Vilfa), Apera, and
Cinna. Besides these there are described sixteen species of Tricho-

HISTORY OF THE GENUS. 19

dium, which includes the species with 1-valved corolla, either awned
(Agraulus Beauv.) or awnless (‘Trichodium).

Sprengel (Syst. Veg., 1825) deseribes eighty-five species. He
arranges them thus:

*Corolle mutice: valva calycis inferior minor: Vilfa Adans. Ineludes
A. alba and its allies, Sporobolus indica, ete.

** Valva corolle altera minutissima vel obsoleta, Trichodium Mx.

7 Corolle aristatie. A. canina, ete.
77 Corolle muties. A. lara Sehreb. (A. hiemalis Walt.) and its allies.

*** Valve corollinze subsequales, altera aristata.

y Sine rudamento alterius floris. Calycis corolla plerumque breviores.
77 Cum rudimento cylindrico alterius corollse. <Apera Beauy.

Kunth (Enum. Pl., 1833) describes ninety species of Agrostis. In
this work the genus is limited about as at present, so far as his
“Species genuine” are concerned. He ineludes under “Species
anomale ” Apera spica-venti and A. interrupta, and under “ Species
dubizv ” a number of diverse forms. Sporobolus, Cinna, Muhlen-
bergia, etc., are kept separate.

Trinius (Fund., 1820) lays the foundation for the modern concep-
tion of the genera of grasses. Agrostis is characterized as having
the calyx longer than the corolla, the latter 2-valved, the lower valve
awned or awnless, the upper often small or obsolete. He recognizes
three divisions:

(a) Upper valve distinct. Agrostis, A. vulgaris, ete.

(b) Upper valve minute or obsolete, awnless. Trichodium, A. elegans, ete.

(c) As above, but awned. Agraulus, A. canina, ete.

Muhlenbergia, Cinna, and Vilfa are recognized, the last being the
same as Sporobolus R. Br. Vilfa Adans. is based on A. stolonifera L.,
but Trinius uses this name for Sporobolus R. Br. F

A perusal of the history of the genus Agrostis, as accepted by
modern authors since Trinius, shows that the name has not been ap-
pled in accordance with any rule.

If the name goes with the first plate cited when the genus was estab-
hshed in 1737, it should be apphed to what is now Stipa calamagros-
tis, which would become the type.

If we start with the first edition of the Species Plantarum and take
the first species described, A pera spica-venti Beauy. becomes the type.

If we take the first of the species described in the Species Planta-
rum which has not been removed as the type of a monotypic genus,
Oryzopsis miliacea Richt. becomes the type of Agrostis.

If we take the first identifiable species of Linneus which has not
been segregated under some other genus, A. canina becomes the type.

If we accept the genus as indicated in the Species Plantarum and
follow its subdivision we find that Adanson split up the genus, apply-
ing the name Vilfa to our Agrostis and Agrostis to Saccharum; then
Agrostis would disappear, as Saccharum is a good genus.

%0 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

Walter appears to be the first author who separates the species with
no palet, wrongly referring them to Cornucopie. Michaux gives a
new name, Trichodium, to this group, retaining the name Agrostis
for the species with a palet. This segregation would make A, sto-
lonifera the first Linnean species to fall in Agrostis.

It would seem best to accept the evolution that has actually taken
place and follow Trinius and others in applying the name, as has been
done by all modern authors, including Bentham and Hooker (Gen.
Pl., 1883) and Engler and Prantl (Pflanzenfamilien). '

Following the provisions of canon 15, section 7, of the recent Code
of Botanical Nomenclature (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 31: 249), I have
selected as the type species of the genus Agrostis, A. alba L.

GENERIC DESCRIPTIO

Spikelets small, 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, arranged in open or
contracted panicles; empty glumes 2, equal or somewhat unequal,
persistent (or sometimes with age deciduous from the pedicel) , usually
acute, Sometimes acuminate or awn-pointed, carinate, usually scab-
rous on the keel and sometimes on the back; flower articulated above
the empty glumes, the rachilla not produced except in section Poda-
grostis; flowering glume shorter than the empty glumes or some-
times nearly as long, thinner in texture than these, awnless, or
dorsally awned below the apex, often provided with a minute tuft of
hairs at base; palet two-keeled, smaller than the flowering glume,
‘arely of the same length, often a minute nerveless scale, or obsolete ;
stamens usually 3; styles distinct, stigmas plumose. Annual or
perennial grasses, with culms glabrous, low or tall, erect, geniculate
or creeping at base, cespitose or provided with running rootstocks;
leaf blades flat or involute, usually scabrous; sheaths usually striate,
often scabrous; panicle terminal, rarely also from axillary branches,
open and diffuse, with capillary branches, or more or less contracted,
or even spikelike.

Sporobolus differs in having the flowering glume and palet of a
firmer texure and longer than the empty glumes.

Muhlenbergia differs in having the flowering glume as long or
longer than the empty glumes and the awn when present terminal.

Calamagrostis differs in having a conspicuous tuft of hairs at base
of flowering glume, and in having larger spikelets and stouter culms.
The difference between these two genera is, however, quite artificial.
In Agrostis hallii the hairs at the base of the flower are as long as in
Calamagrostis, but the culms are not so stout.

Cinna differs in its 1-nerved palet and single stamen.

Apera differs in having the rachilla produced, the palet as long as
flowering glume, the latter »wned just below the apex.

KEY TO SPECIES. 91

Agrostis, section Podagrostis, connects those two genera, differing
only in the absence of the awn and somewhat in habit.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Rachilla prolonged behind the palet.
Spikelets 8 mm. long, usually purple. ... eee RS eRe cee ae lL. equivalvis.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, usually pale. Sang og 8 Ae fon wee 2. thurberiana,
Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet.
Palet evident, 2-nerved.
Palet as much as one-half the length of the flowering glume.
Panicle contracted or open, but not diffuse.
Panicle contracted and lobed or verticillate; empty glumes equal, 2 mm.
long, scabrous on keel and back; flowering glume one-half as long.
3. stolonifera,
Panicle more open; empty glumes scabrous on keel, but smooth on back;
flowering glume longer than in the preceding.
Plants erect or decumbent, but not provided with extensive stolons.

Plants of wide range; usually over 30 cm. in height ---~----- 4. alba.

Pignis of alpine region; @watts.....'..-....----.--...... 5. humilis.

Plants provided with extensive creeping stolons, the leaves on these
being short and spreading. Western __.....--.-------- 6. depressa.
Peartone Gite: DIRNG LOW... eee se ee 7. rosei.
Palet about one-fourth the length of the flowering glume; panicle con-
METS Sele es 2 See o- 8. glomerata.

Palet wanting, or a small nerveless scale.
Flowering glume provided with a very slender awn about 5 mm. long. Deli-
cate annuals.
mar eremienG. CANLOTiih.. poueeeweeeee 9. exigua.
Awn flexuous. Southeastern States _..._....._...-.-_---- 10. elliottiana.
- Flowering glume awnless, or short-awned. Perennials.
Plants spreading by rhizomes.

Tuft of hairs at base of flowering glume 1-2 mm. long--__. ___- 11. hallit.
Pte Of Daits Tainute Or. WANMNEi esse... ..------- -.-- 12. pallens.

Plants tufted but not producing rhizomes.
Panicle narrow, usually a part of the lower branches spikelet bearing
from the base.
Panicle strict. branches very short and appressed. A low cespitose
Diatic. CAMLOInIn - —. 0 ee ee ek 13. breviculmis.
Panicle narrow but not strict. Some of the lower branches 2 cm. or
more long. Group of A. exarata. Western.
Flowering glume with an exserted awn.
Outer glumes awn-pointed; panicle narrow and rather compact.
14. microphylla.
Outer glumes acute but not awn-pointed; panicle more open and
cio gil INS Vr Raa RY Meo oT er 15. ampla.
Flowering glume awnless, or the awn included.
Panicle 5-30 cm. long; a taller plant of low altitudes__ 16. exarata.
Panicle short, 3-6 cm. long; a dwarf plant of high altitudes.
17. rosse,

ye be NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet.
Palet wanting, or a small nerveless scale.
Flowering glume awnless, or short-awned. Perennials.
Plants tufted but not producing rhizomes.
Panicle open, sometimes diffusely spreading; usually no short branches
in lower whorls of branches.
Awn of flowering glume attached near the base _--_--~-_.- 18. howellii.
Awn, if present, attached at or above the middle of the glume.

Panicle very diffuse, with very scabrous capillary primary branches,
these branching above the middle; spikelets clustered toward the
ends of the smaller branches. In arctic and Alpine forms these
characters are less plainly shown. In the subspecies geminata the

branches are shorter and divaricate -- ~~ --.-- eee
Panicle open but not conspicuously diffuse; branches more or less
capillary.

Flowering glume awnless. Occasional specimens are awned.

Plant delicate, 10-30 cm. high, growing at high altitudes; spike-
lote araenteeont 1.5 mm =~. oo eee ee 20. idahoensis.
Plants tall and often stout, mostly over 50 cm. high. In some

forms of A. perennans the culms are lax and decumbent.
Panicle pyramidal, dark purple. Oregon and Washington.
21. oregonensis.
Panicle elongated, oblong; lower branches several in distinct
verticils, ascending. Pacific slope --__------- 22. schiedeana.
Panicle pyramidal to elongated oblong, pale; branches more
flexuous or drooping, not usually stiffly ascending. Eastern

Pe acne mag aes baie eee eee 23. perennans.
Flowering glume awned. Awnless individuals occur.
Spikelets 2mm.long. Introduced----_-.-...-.-.----- 24. canina.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long.
Awn straight, included or slightly exserted _.._ 25. melaleuca.

Awn exserted, geniculate.
Branches of panicle nearly smooth; ligule 2-3 mm. long.
26. borealis.
Branches of panicle very scabrous; ligule usually 5-8 mm.
8 in ie i ene 27. longiligula.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Section 1. Podagrostis Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 436. 1853. Flowering
glume equaling the empty glumes; palet nearly as long as the flowering glume ;
rachilla prolonged behind the palet, naked or minutely pubescent.

This section differs from Agrostis proper in having the rachilla prolonged, but
agrees in habit. It differs from Calamagrostis in the absence of the callus hairs
and in habit.

1. A. equivalvis (Trin.) Trin.

A. canina equivalvis Trin., in Bong. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 1:
171. 1832.¢ Veg. Siteha. This is generally credited to Bongard, but in the
preface to this article Bongard states that the grasses were worked up by
Trinius, and the latter cites himself as authority for this variety in his
Agrostidea. For the original description see A. aenea ‘Trin. under A. melaleuca

« According to Mr. M. L. Fernald, who has seen the original signature cover of
this publication at Kew, the date is given thereon as August, 1852.—P. L.
RICKER.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 23
"

Trinius suspects this variety to be a good species and points out the differ-
ences between this and canina.

The type specimen was collected at Sitka, Alaska, by Mertens in 1829, and
deposited in the herbarium of the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. A
part of the type specimen is in the National Herbarium. (VI. I, fig. 2, A.)

In the original description no type is indicated, but the deser iption i is included
in an article upon plants from Sitka, and the statement is made in the introdue-
tion that the plants were collected by Doctor Mertens. When the variety is
raised to specific rank the author gives two localities—Sitka and Unalaska, The
specimen in the National Herbarium is a single culm 30 em. high, with a short
decumbent base; culm leaves 2; panicle 4 em. long, with the lower branch 2.5
em. long, the branches bearing 2—3 spikelets near the ace

A. aquivalvis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. . 6: 362 (Agrostidea
II: 116). 1841. “ Siteha, Unalasehka, inter muscos exit 1 Age

Deyeuria aequivalvis Vasey, Contr. U. S. Natl Herb. 3: 77, 1892. This bi-
nomial is generally credited to Bentham (Journ. Linn. Soc. 19: 91. 1881),
but Bentham does not actually make this combination. He says, under the
genus Deyeuxia: “In Achieta Fourn., two Mexican species, the awn appears to
be deficient, but all the other char acters are those of the typical Deyeuxire with
a hairy rachilla to which I would also refer the Agrostis aquivalvis Trin., form-
ing Grisebach’s section Podagrostis.”

Culms tufted, slender, smooth, 30-60 em. high. Blades narrow and uprigtit.
1 mm. wide, somewhat scabrous, those of the stem only 1 or 2 and appressed,
usually 4-6 cm. long; ligule semicircular, 2 mim. long. vanicle open, 5-15 em.
long; branches slender, somewhat scabrous. Spikelets about ®8 mm. long,
usually purplish; empty glumes equal, sharp pointed, minutely scabrous below
tip of keel; flowering glume obtuse, about as long as empty glumes; palet
nearly as long as glume; rudiment minutely pubescent, one-fifth to one-half the
length of the flower. (PI. I, fig. 2.)

DISTRIBUTION: Alaska to Labrador and the mount: 1ins of Oregon.

ALASKA: Sitka, Mertens (type); Wright 1579; Piper 4620; Unalaska, Kel-
logg 119; Helm Bay, Filett 2015; Yes Bay, Howell 1712, Gorman 92; Latouche,
Piper 4621. VANcouvrer ISLAND: Rosendahl and Brand 121. OrrGon: Paulina
Lake, Crook County, Leiberg 58S (this agrees with the others, but the spikelets
are only 2.5 mm. long). LABrapor: Allen 224 (in part).

2. A. thurberiana, sp. nov.

Culms tufted, slender, 20-40 em. high, somewhat decumbent at base. Basal
leaves rather numerous, the blades lax, light green, slightly scabrous, about 10
em. long and 2 mm. wide; culm leaves 2 or 3, the uppermost about the middle of
the culm, the blade only about 5 cm. long; ligule semicircular, 6 mm. long.
Panicle narsow and lax, more or less drooping, 5-8 cm. long; branches few,
slightly scabrous, 2-4 in each whorl, flower-bearing from about the middle.
Spikelets green or pale, rarely purple, 2 mm. long; empty glumes equal, acute
but scarcely pointed; flowering glume nearly as long as the empty glumes,
obtuse, faintly 5-nerved; palet about 1.8 mm. long; rudiment usually. about
4 mm. long, minutely hairy; callus very minutely hairy.

The above description is based upon the type specimen. In other specimens
the width of the leaves may be 2—4 mm. and the panicle may be as much as
15 cm. long; the palet varies from 4 to ? the length of the flowering glume.

A. thurberiana differs from A. equivalvis Trin. in the wider, more numerous,
and more lax leaves, smaller spikelets, shorter palet and pedicel, and the usu-
ally narrower and less spreading panicle.

The species was first mentioned as a nomen nudum in a list of grasses by
Doctor Bolander: “ Agrostis Hillebrandii (Thurb.), Sierras (Doctor Hille-
brand). Little known as yet.’—Bolander, Trans. Calif. State Agric. Soc. for
1864 and 1865 (1866). The name also appears in the Index Kewensis as a

24 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

synonym of A. equivalvis Trin. As the name was first mentioned as a nomen
nudum and hiter as a synonym it seems advisable to publish the species under a
different name,

The type specimen of A. thurberiana was collected by W. N. Suksdorf (No,
1021) in wet places on mountains, Skamania County, Wash., August 28, 1890.
(Pl. I, fig. 1.)

DisTRIBUTION: British Columbia and Montana to California and Utah.

BrivisH CoLuMBIA: Chilliwack Valley, J/acoun 26042, 26048; Asulkan Glacier,
Selkirk Mountains, Macoun 8. WASHINGTON: Mount Adams, Suksdorf 24, 194;
Nason Creek, Sandberg and Leiberg 676. Orraon: Mount Hood, Hall 618; Eagle
Creek, Cusick 1069, MONTANA: Gallatin River, Tweedy 1019. WyYomIne:
Teton Forest Reserve, Tiweedy 30. UrTauH: Alta, Wasatch Mountains, Jones
1275; Salt Lake City, Jones 1008, CaLirorNia: Pine Creek, Davy; Lake Chi-
quita, Congdon 16; (without locality) Bolander 6102; Lassen County, Baker and
Nutting; Fresno County, Hall and Chandler 604; Blue Canyon, Greene in 1895.

Section 2. Euagrostis. Rachilla not prolonged.
*Palet evident, 2-nerved,

+Palet as much as one-half the length of the flowering glume. Species group of
A. alba.

3. A. stolonifera L.

A. stolonifera L., Sp. Pl. 62. 1758. It is best to consider as the type of this
species the specimen in the Linnean herbarium, although the name has been
applied erroneously to a stoloniferous form of A. alba L. The Linnzean speci-
men is marked by Linnzeus A. slolonifera, but is what has been called A. verti-
cillata Vill. by later authors. For detailed notes upon this and reasons for con-
sidering the Linnzean specimen as the type, see Botanical Gazette 38: 139, 1904.
In this article I stated that the Linnean specimen was from “ Attica.” Mr.
Theo. Holm has called my attention to a statement by Hartmann (K. VY. Ak.
Hand., 1849), who examined this specimen and says that the characters which
I interpreted as Atica are A tica, the meaning of which he is unable to guess.

A. verticillata Vill, Prosp. 16. 1779. “Agrostis panicula subsecunda sub-
spicata, verticillis in penicilluin confertioribus. Flores virides, numerosissimi ;
corolla minim.” Mr. C. de Candolle has kindly sent me the transcript of the
description. Ido not know where the ie of this is located.

A. decumbens Muhl., in Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga., 1: 1386. 1816.4 “Grows
around Charleston; rare, perhaps ee I should have referred it to A.
dispar Michx., but its size and almost equal valves of the corolla forbade.”
Mr. BE. D. Merrill has examined the type specimen in Elliott’s herbarium, and
states that it is A. verticillata Vill. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Cire. 29: 10,
1901). A. decumbens Muhl., as described in his Catalogue, is probably a form of
A. alba.

A. leptos Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1; 169, 1854. I have not seen this, but it
doubtless must be referred to A. stolonifera L. ‘“ Louisiana” is given as the
type locality.

A. aquatica Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862: 90. 1865, There
appears to be no type of this in existence. There is none at the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, and Doctor Gray, in his review of Buckley’s
plants, states that no specimen of this was communicated to him (1. ¢, 332).
'The description applies to A. stolonifera L. “On small floating islands in the
mill pond or large spring at San Saba, the capital of San Saba County ” (Texas).

In addition to the synonyms given above there are several in the literature of
European plants, such as A. stolonifera dulcis Pers.,. Syn. 1:75, 1805; Vilfa
dulcis Beauy., Agrost. 16, 1812; A. dulcis Sibthorp in Pers., 1. ¢, and Kunth
Enum. 1: 218, 1833: A. alba verticillata Pers., 1. ¢.

@ Date should be December, 1816, instead of 1817, fide Barnhart in Bul. Torr.
Bot. Club, 28: 687, 1901.—P. L. RICKER.

,

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 25

Culms usually decumbent at base, 20-80 em. high, sometimes with long ereep-
ing and rooting stolons. Leaves numerous, light or glaucous green; blades lance-
olate, rather short and narrowed from below the middle to the acute apex,
usually 3-4 mm. wide and 5-10 em. long. Panicle contracted, lobed or verticil-
late, especially at base, 3-10 cm. long, light green or rarely purplish; branches
flower-bearing from base. Empty glumes equal, obtuse, or barely acute, scabrous
on back and keel, 2 mm. long: flowering glume half as long, awnless, truncate
and toothed at apex; palet nearly as long as its glume. (VI. V, fig. 2.)

DistrRIBUTION: California to Texas, Mexico, and the warmer parts of South
America: also in the warmer regions of the Old World, from France to India.

It grows in moist places, especially along irrigating ditches. In the United
States this appears like an introduced species either from the Old World or
from farther south. We have specimens from Portland, Oreg. (Leckenby 10),
Walla Walla, Wash. (Leckenby 32, probably cultivated), and the species oc-
‘asionally occurs in the Southeastern States. The following specimens will
illustrate the range in the Southwestern States and Mexico where the species is
common. .

CALIFORNIA: San Bernardino Mountains, Parish 3284; Monterey, Davy 7516.
ARIZONA: Grand Canyon, Leiberg 5947; Tucson, Toumey T71. New Mexico:
Wright 1984; Roswell, Farle 560; Rio Arriba County, Heller 3762. UTan:
Rockville, Jones 5224. Texas: Lindheimer 558; Austin, Hall 764. Mexico:
Valley of Mexico, Pringle 9596; Guadalajara, Paliner 230; Mexico, Bourgeau
224; Oaxaca, Nelson 1305.

We have specimens also from Guatemala (J. D. Smith 2702) and Bolivia
(Rusby 40), and the species is probably common in Central America and the
warmer parts of South America.

4, A. alba L.

A. alba L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Placed under the section Mutier. “Agrostis
panicula laxa, calycibus muticis sequalibus. Roy. Lugdb.59. Habitat in Eu-
rope nemoribus.” There are five sheets in the Linnzean herbarium marked
A. alba, but I have considered as the type the plant thus labeled in the handwrit-
ing of Linneus. It has a long ligule and a rather large and compact panicle.

A. dispar Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1:52. 1803. ‘In Carolina inferiore.” ‘The
type is in Michaux’s herbarium deposited in the Museum of Natural History at
Paris. It is the ordinary form of A. alba. This has often been referred to
A. altissima.

Vilfa dispar Beauy., Agrost. 16. 1812. Transfers A. dispar Michx.

A. vulgaris alba Vasey, Descr. Cat. 47. 1885.

The synonymy given in European literature is very extensive. I have
included here only the names by which the species has been commonly known
in this country.

Culms erect or with a decumbent or rooting base, 20-150 em. high, arising
from a tufted clump of roots and sending out rootstocks or stolon-like stems,
which arise into culms. Leaf blades numerous, in some forms stiff and upright,
in others lax and partially twisted, scabrous, and sometimes glaucous, varying
in width according to the size and vigor of the plant; ligule varying from long
and acute (5 mm.) to short and obtuse. Panicle upright, 5-80 em. long, witb
numerous, usually loose and spreading (not diffuse) but sometimes contracted,
branches, at least the lower in whorls. Spikelets 2-3 nim. long, pale or purple;
empty glumes equal, acute, somewhat scabrous on the upper part of keel, but
not conspicuously so; flowering glume a little shorter than the empty glumes,
sometimes only % as long, obtuse, rarely awned on the back; palet 4—3 as long
as the flowering glume. (PI. IT.)

DISTRIBUTION: Native across the northern part of the continent and southward

26 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

in the mountains. Extensively cultivated as a meadow grass under the name
of redtop, and a more stoloniferous form as a lawn grass under the name of
creeping bent. It has escaped from cultivation and is well established through-
out the United States, though rare in the extreme South, ‘The stoloniferous form
used for lawns has been generally known as var. stolonifera, but it is not
A. stolonifera L. which is A. verticillata Vill.

A. alba vulgaris (With.) Thurb.

A. vulgaris With., Bot. Arr. Br. PL, Ed. III, 182. 1796. This form was first
distinguished by Smith (Icones PL, 5+, 1789), but no name was given, Wither-
ing calls attention to this and supplies a name, The latter at the end of his
description states: “A. capillaris Wuds. and Bot. Arr., Ed. Il. Very common,
but chiefly grows on poor dry and sandy land.” There is no type of A. vulgaris
in existence.

A. alba vulgaris Thurb., in Gray Man., Ed. VI, 647. 1890. “ Nat. from Europe
and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.” Reduces A. vulgaris to a variety of
A. alba and gives a description.

A. alba minor Vasey, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb., 3: 78. 1892. No type is
indicated nor is there a specimen in the National Herbarium which is thus
marked by Doctor Vasey. There is, however, a specimen which is labeled
“Agrostis vulgaris, a low form, Washington. Waste ground. Dr. Geo. Vasey.”
This corresponds exactly to the description and may be considered the type.

This subspecies can be separated only arbitrarily from the species, as there are
sG many intermediate forms. Characteristic specimens as found in the United
States differ from A. alba as follows: The culms are upright, rather slender,
20-40 em. high, and often tufted, the rhizomes at base short or none; leaf
blades short, ascending, 5-10 em. long and 1-2 mm. wide; ligule short, 1-2 mm.
long, and obtuse; panicle loose, 5-10 cm. long, the branches few, spreading, giv-
ing it a divaricate appearance. (PI. III, fig. 1.) The descriptions of the
European plant state that the panicle remains spreading after flowering, while
in A. alba the panicle contracts. I have not observed, this to be a diagnostic
character. The form here described is common in New England and less so
farther south, and seems fairly distinct through this region. But in the West-
ern States, especially in the mountain region, the forms intergrade, causing
great perplexity.

It is difficult to determine with the data at hand where these forms may be
native in this country. The species is widely cultivated and readily escapes.
It appears to be native in the northern portion of our range and in the Rocky
Mountains, but the forms which give most evidence of being native are those
which would be referred to A. alba vulgaris. The form found evidently intro-
duced through a large part of the United States is the large plant which I have
referred to A. alba. This has taller stems, wider leaf blades which may droop,
larger, more dense panicles, the branches often spikelet-bearing nearly to the
base, ligules larger, and the stolon-like rhizomes often long and stout.

The following specimens represent fairly well the smaller form, A. alba vul-
garis:

LABRADOR: Waghorne 34. NEWFOUNDLAND: Waghorne 3, 4, 6, 17, 23, 31, 38,
Robinson and Schrenk, August 16, 1894. New Brunswick: St. Andrews, Fo1w-
ler, July 24, 1900, July 30, 1901. Onrarto: Ottawa, Macoun 12999. MAINE:
East Auburn, Merrill 20; Van Buren, Fernald 179, 179a; Orono, Fernald 532.
New Hampsurre: Mount Washington, Hitchcock, July, 1902. VERMONT: Bur-
lington, Herb. Univ. 40. MAssacHusetts: Provincetown, Hitchcock, July, 1902.
CoNnNectTICUT: Greens Farms, Pollard 111. PENNSYLVANIA: Somerset County,
Saunders 4. District or CoLtumBriA: Hitchcock, September 20, 1903. MicH-
IGAN: Kewanee County, Farwell 571. A specimen collected at Sitka, Alaska,
by Evans (266) has a palet and is referred to this species.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. oF

A teratological form of this is common in New England.¢ The floral parts
are abnormally elongated. ‘The most important synonymy of this is as follows:

A. sylvatica L., Sp. Pl., Ed. II, 2: 1665. 1763. “ Habitat in Anglix sylvis
humosis.”’

A. alba sylvatica Scribn., Mem, Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 40. 1894. Reduces A,
sylvatica L. to variety.

A. polymorpha vivipara Trin., Unit, 200. 1824. Trinius gives an extended
Classification of the varieties of A. polymorpha Wuds. |A. alba L.|] and includes
this form (A. sylvatica L.) under “* nonstrosa.”

A. alba aristata Gray.

A. stricta Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 3866. 1797. (Not of several other authors.)
“A. panicula elongata, stricta, corollis calyce minoribus: arista e basi petali,
tortila, flore longiore.” “ Habitat in America boreali.” The type of this is in
the Willdenow herbarium at the Botanical Garden in Berlin.

A. stricta Muhl., Gram. 65. 1817. From the description this appears to be
the same as the above. There is no specimen in Muhlenberg’s herbarium at
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

A. alba aristata Gray, Man., Ed. I, 578. 1848. Gives short description and
cites A. stricta as a synonym.

A. neogaa Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 17. 1854 “Hrbr. Despreaux. Terra
nova.” From the description this appears to be the awned form of A. alba.

*anicle spreading; flowering glume with an exserted dorsal awn from near
the base. Culm slender and rather delicate; resembling 1. canina, from which
it differs in having a palet about half as long as the glume.

This is scarcely more than a form of A. alba vulgaris, as the awn is often
present only on a part of the spikelets of a panicle. However, the awned forms
seem always to be comparatively small and delicate. (PI. III, fig. 2.)

DISTRIBUTION : Northeastern United States.

MAINE: Greenville, Fernald 266; Southport, Fernald 533; Fort Preble, Gayle
786. RHODE ISLAND: Providence, Olney. CONNECTICUT: New Haven, Allen in
1878. NEW JERSEY: Wildwood, Pollard, July 4, 1897. DerLAWARE: Faulkland,
Commons; Centerville, Commons 351. WeEsST VIRGINIA: Wyoming County, Jor-
ris 1197; Morgantown, Millspaugh 244. DistTricr oF CoLtumBia: Hitchcock,
September 20, 1903. VirGINtIA: Portsmouth, Noyes 4.

A. aristata Sincl. is mentioned in Steud. Nom., Ed. IT, 1: 39, 1840, as a syn-
onym of A. alba, but without description; hence is not technically published,
and does not interfere with the use of A. alba aristata Gray.

A specimen from meadows, Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
(Macoun 40, June 16, 1887), resembles many of the mountain forms of A. alba,
approaching variety vulgaris, but the flowering glume is awned. “he culms
are taller than usual for variety aristata (being about 60 em. high). This is
mentioned in Macoun’s Catalogue of Canadian Plants 2: 198, 1888, and §: 392,
1890, under other names, but both are nomina nuda.

A. alba maritima (Lam.) Meyer.

A. maritina Lam., Encycl. 1:61. 1783. ‘Cette plante crdit dans les lieux
sabloneux et maritimes des environs de Narbonne, et m’a été communiquée par
M. l’abbé Pourret (vy. s.).” I have not examined the type of this, but it is prob-
ably in the herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.

A. alba maritina Meyer, Chloris Hanoy. 656, 1836, fide Aschers. & Graebn.
Synops., 2: 176, 1899.

This plant has been described in European floras under several names. The
New England plant was referred to A. coarctata Ebrh. (Hoffm. Deutsch. F1L.,

“An examination of one of these specimens (White Mountains, Hitchcock,
July, 1903) shows that this condition is due to the presence of nematodes (a
species of Tylenchus) in the aborted ovaries.—ERNst A. BESSEY.

he NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

Ind. Il, 1: 387, 1800) in Britton & Brown, LIL Fl. and in Britton, Man. This
was reduced to a variety, A. alba coarctata Scribn., in Rand & Redfield, FL
Mt. Des., 177, 1804.

Culbus in large tufts, often decumbent and rooting at the base. Leaves short,
ascending, and rather thick. Panicle contracted, sometimes almost spikelike.
(Pl. TV.)

DISTRIBUTION: Delaware and northward, mostly near the coast in brackish
marshes or on sand dunes,

NEWFOUNDLAND: Waghorne 1, 2, 6, 14, 17, 22, 54. Nova Scoria: Canso
Fowler, August 8, 1901. New Brunswick: Bass River, Fowler, July 16, 1875.
MAINE: Cape Elizabeth, Scribner, July 26, 1895; Gayle, October 17, 1896;
Edgartown, Burgess, July 17, 1898. MASSACHUSETTS: Revere, Churchill in
IS98S, Young in 1892, Sears in 1883; Nantucket, Hitchcock, July, 1902. Con-
NEcticuT: Storrs, Hitchcock, July, 1902; Groton, Graves, 248; Southington, Bis-
sell in 1895. PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, ballast, Heritage 10. New Yorxk:
Amagansett, L. LL, Peck 2. New Jersey: Wildwood, Pollard, July 4, 1897.
DELAWARE: Slaughter Beach, 95; Greenbank, 96; Faulkland, July 9, 1879—all by
Commons,

5. A. humilis Vasey.

A. humilis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot Club, 10: 21. 1883. ‘“ Has the appearance
of A. varians, but that species has no palet. Found by W. N. Suksdorf on
Mount Paddo, Washington Territory, and by Mr. Howell on Mount Adams.”
The type collected by Suksdorf on Mount Paddo (now called Mount Adams)
is in the National Herbarium. (V1. VIII, fig. 1.)

Culms slender, tufted, from a perennial root, erect, 10-40 em. high. Leaves
mostly basal, the blades 2-10 cm. long, 2 mm. or less wide, flat and thin, or in
dwarf spécimens conduplicate or filiform. Panicles 2-S em. long; in the taller
specimens rather open and loosely flowered, in dwarf plants narrow and almost
spikelike. Spikelets usually purple, 15-2 mm. long; empty glumes equal, rather
broad, and abruptly pointed, smooth or slightly scabrous on upper part of keel;
flowering glume nearly as long as empty glumes, awnless; palet usually about
two-thirds as long as flowering glume, or rarely shorter.

The dwarf forms can scarcely be distinguished from A. rosse except by
the presence of a palet. The larger forms appear to pass into A. alba vulgaris,
but the spikelets are somewhat smaller.

DISTRIBUTION: British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado at high altitudes.

British CoLuMBIA: Selkirk Mountains, Canby 4; Chilliwack valley, Macoun
26033. WASHINGTON: Mount Rainier, Piper 1975, 1977, Allen C3; Olympic
Mountains, Hlmer 1951; Mount Adams, Suksdorf 25, 602, Howell 85; Skamania
County, Suksdorf 1079; Okanogan County, Hlmer GTT. OREGON: Eagle Creel:
Mountains, Cusick 1066, 1070. IbpAHO: Bitter Root Forest Reserve, Leiberg
2948, 2969; Mill Creek, Henderson 3927. Wyominea: Yellowstone Park, Rose
700, Tweedy 603; Teton Mountains, Tiveedy 24, 26, Merrill and Wilcox 335,
S44; Carbon County, Nelson 4014; Albany County, Nelson 1814, 5202; Dome
Lake, Nelson 2415; Bighorn County, Nelson 415, Williams 2952. CoLoRApo:
Buffalo Pass, Shear and Bessey 1447, 1452, 1460, 1461, 1478, 1479, 1486; Silver
Plume, Rydberg 2456; Rocky Mountains, Hall and Harbour 6738; Denver, Eust-
wood; Marshall Pass, Clements 213. I have also referred to this species Prin-
gle’s No. 4251, collected in the State of Mexico, at an altitude of 12,000 feet.

6. A. depressa Vasey.

A. depressa Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 13: 54. 1886.
The following is the original description: “Culms decumbent and geniculate
at the base, becoming erect, 6 to 10 inches high, slender, leafy below; leaves

a! oi

5

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 99

short and narrow, plain, 1 to 2 inches long, one-half line wide, acute; ligule con-
spicuous, about one line long, obtuse and ciliate at apex; sheaths smooth, stri-
ate, the lower ones loose; panicle narrow, 1 to 2 inches long, or in age broader
and more spreading; the branches short, variable in number, 2 to 5 at the lower
jeints and unequal; pedicels scabrous, about as long us the spikelets, empty
glumes nearly equal, about 1 line long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, roughish on
the keel above; flowering glume one-third shorter, narrowly oblong, obtuse or
minutely dentate at the apex; palet narrow, half as long as its glume. Collected
in Clear Creek Canyon, Colo., by H. N. Patterson, 1885.” (VI. V, fig. 1.)

This rests upon a single collection, the type specimen being in the National
Herbarium. What I take to be the same species occurs on the Pacific coast and
was named A. erarata stolonifera Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 13: 54, 1886 (fol-
lowing A. depressa). “ Bottom lands of the Columbia River, collected by Mr.
W. N. Suksdorf.” The type of this is also deposited in the National Herbarium.
The original description is appended: “Agrostis erarata var. stolonifera VV. Ces-
pitose; culms 8 to 12 inches high from a decumbent base, with numerous short
leaves, which are seldom more than an inch long, narrow,acuminate; the radical
leaves also short and abundant; ligule membranaceous, Conspicuous, obtuse ;
panicle 14 to 2 inches long, purplish, narrow ; branches very short and clustered,
mostly flowering to the base, some of the lowest longer and naked below ; spike-
lets about 1 line long, sometimes two-flowered ; empty glumes nearly equal, acute,
hispid on the keel; flowering glumes one-third shorter, oblong-ovate, toothed at
the apex, sometimes with a short awn, palet small, equaling the ovary; long,
leafy stolons, sometimes a foot long, are often emitted from the base, the joints
1 to 2 inches apart. Bottom lands of the Columbia River, collected by Mr.
W. N. Suksdorf. Perhaps a good species.”

This species is characterized by its tufted geniculate culms; short, narrow
upright culm leaves, which are very scabrous on both surfaces; the conspicuous
ligule 2-3 mm. long; and the narrow spikelike panicles. The flowering glume
bears a minute prickle on the back below the tip which represents the excurrent
een. (Fi.- V1.)

DISTRIBUTION: Colorado, Washington to California,

WASHINGTON: Klikitat County, Suksdorf 40, 140. OrrGon: Astoria, Leck-
enby; Gearhart, Hitchcock; Fort Stevens, Hitchcock. CALIFORNIA: Mendo-
cino County, Davy and Blasdale 6124. CoLorapo: Patterson A6.

Suksdorf’s plants have numerous 2-flowered spikelets seemingly staminate,
each with palet {—-4 the length of the flowering glume, and his 140 has some of
the spikelets awned.

A. depressa is connected with A. alba through A. alba maritima.

I have observed A. depressa growing on the sand dunes near the coast at
Gearhart and Fort Stevens, Oreg. The tufts send out stoloniferous stems which
creep over the sand for several feet. The sheaths on these runners are somewhat
inflated and the blades are only 1-2 cm. long. The runners often end in an
ascending flower culm. When the plant grows in sand, rhizomes are formed.
The type specimens do not show these stoions, but in other particulars they
are similar. This species is quite common along the coast of Oregon, but
apparently is quite rare in the interior, as shown by the single collection from
Colorado.

It is unfortunate that a species well known in one locality should have as its
type a specimen from a widely separated locality and a specimen also which
does not show the characteristic habit of the more western form. It is to be
hoped that intermediate collections of the species may be made which will throw
light upon this question of range.

380 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.
7. A. rosei Scribn. & Merrill.

A, rosei Scribn. & Merrill, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Bul. 24; 21. 1901,
The following is a copy of the original description:

“A slender, erect perennial, 4 to 5 dm. high, with short, flat leaves and very
open, Capillary panicles, 1 to 1.5 dm. long. Culms glabrous, somewhat genicu-
late at the lower nodes; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth, striate;
ligule hyaline, obtuse, 2 mm. long; leaf blades linear, acuminate, 5 to 8S em.
long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides and on the margins. *anicle
very open, pale or purplish, the
branches capillary, the lower
ones verticillate, the upper ones
opposite, spreading, dichoto-
mously or verticillately branch-
ing, somewhat scabrous, the
lower ones 5 to 6 em. long;
pedicels elongated, flexuous.
Spikelets about 2 mm. long;
empty glumes ovate-lanceolate,
acute, subequal, thin, slightly
scabrous on the keel above;
flowering glume slightly shorter
than the empty glumes, obtuse,
often with 2 or 3 blunt teeth at
the apex ; awn attached near the
base, equaling or slightly ex-
ceeding the glume, finely sea-
brous, straight or slightly bent
near the middle. Palea very
thin, hyaline, lanceolate, obtuse,
nearly three-fourths as long as
the flowering glume. Grain
lanceolate, about 1.5 mm. long.”

Type specimen collected on
Sierra Madre Mountains, State
of Zacatecas, Mexico, J. N. Rose
23738, August 18, 1897.

In addition to the type we
have one specimen: NEw MEx-
Ico: Cloverdale, J/earns 462,
July 15, 1892.

y¥7Palet about one-fourth the
length of the flowering glume.
Panicle contracted.

8. A. glomerata (Presl) Kunth.

Vilfa glomerata Presl, Rel.
; Haenk 1: 239. 1830. “Hab.
Fia. 1.—Agrostis rosei Scribn. & Merrill; a,aspikelet; jin montanis Peruvize huanoc-

b, the awned flowering glume and palea;c, the censibus.’”’ The type specimen

grain. is in the Presl herbarium at

Prague. It is a single plant
with a narrow panicle, somewhat interrupted below, short palet and awnless
flowering glume. Presl describes the palet as being as long as the flowering
glume (‘ Paleve sequilonge’”’) and places it in the genus Vilfa, but the type
specimen has the palet only about one-fifth as long as the flowering glume.

A. glomerata Kunth, Enum. 1: 219. 1833. ‘“ Peruvia.” Transfers Vilfa
glomerata Presl, and gives description.

Agrostis californica Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI. 6?: 359. 1841.
(Agrostidea I]: 113.) Trinius cites Vilfa glomerata Presl as a synonym, but
gives as the locality “ California. In montanis Peruviz huanoccensibus.” The
type specimen is in the herbarium of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 31

A few spikelets from the type are deposited in the National Herbarium. ‘Trin-
ius describes the flowering glume and palet as being equal (* Valvulze sequales,
glabree”), but in the type specimen the palet is one-fourth the flowering glume.
The type specimen has scabrous, somewhat inflated sheaths, panicle 4 inches
long, dense and interrupted, and no awn to the flowering glume.

A densiflora Vasey, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.3: 72. 1892. “ Santa Cruz, Cal.
(Dr. C. L. Anderson).” The type specimen is in the National Herbarium. (PI.
VII. fig. 2.)

A. densiflora arenaria Vasey, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892. “ Seashore
Mendocino County (C.G. Pringle, in 1882). The type specimen is in the National
Herbarium. It is more decumbent and spreading at base and the panicles
are somewhat narrower but other specimens connect this with A. densiflora
Vasey.

A. arenaria Seribn. is mentioned as a synonym under A. densiflora arenaria
Vasey (1. ¢.), and consequently has the same type.

A. inflata Seribn., in Beal, Grasses 2: 325. 1896. “ British Columbia (Van-
couver Island), Macoun 258 in 1893." Type specimen in the herbarium of Prof.
W. J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan (No. 258).

Macoun’s No. 259 is in the National Herbarium and is probably the plant to
which Scribner gave the name. Mr. Macoun writes that No. 258 was collected
June 9, 1893, and No. 259 about August 7 of the same year. They were not col-
lected at quite the same locality, but he considers them evidently the same
species and growing under the same conditions. It is to be noted that No. 258
has the empty glumes awned, while in No. 259 they are only slender-acuminate.
fee Vill. fg. 1.)

This differs from A. densiflora Vasey in being dwarf (less than 10 em. high)
and in having the flowering glume provided with a bent, exserted awn.

Culms erect or ascending, usually 20-30 em. high, stout, more or less scabrous
below the panicle. Leaves with conspicuously striate, often inflated, sheaths,
rather thick, striate, scabrous, blades abruptly pointed or boat-shaped at apex,
2-8 mm. wide, 5-7 cm. long. Panicles close and spikelike, 2-7 em. long, 5-15 mm.
thick, in the larger forms more or less lobed. Spikelets about 3 mm. long; empty
glumes equal, scabrous on keel and somewhat on back, sharp-pointed, but usually
not awned; flowering zlune 2 mm. long, awnless or with a straight or bent awn
from the middle of the back; callus hairs short; palet about .5 mm. long,
2-nerved.

DISTRIBUTION: British Columbia to Peru, along the seacoast. VANCOUVER
ISLAND: Macoun 259. OREGON: Cape Foulweather, Lake in 1890. CALIFORNIA:
Mendocino County, Davy and Blasdale 6025, 6167, 6135, Pringle in 1882, Congdon
in 1902; Point Reyes, Davy 6755, 6792, 6793; Santa Cruz, Anderson; (without
locality) Kellogg and Hartford, Bigelow in 1853-54; Bolander 6466 in part.

This is evidently the A. mucronata of Thurber in Botany of California 2: 272.
1880. The description applies, and there is a specimen in Mr. Nash’s herbar-
ium *“ Mendocino Co., California, Seacoast, Bolander 6466.” (See note on A.
nana under A. breviculmis.) This specimen is small and resembles the type of
A. inflata Scribn.

The root of A. glomerata is described by Vasey, Beal, and others as annual
znd by Trinius as perennial. I am unable to determine certainly from the spec-
imens whether or not the species is perennial. There is no indication of more
than one year’s growth, but the base of the stem seems too robust for an annual.
The awn is variable. Although the type is awnless most of our specimens have
uwns of varying length and in the same specimen the awn may be present or
ubsent.

A. mucronata Pres] has been cited by some authérs as a synonym of this. I
examined this plant at Prague and do not think it occurs in the United States.
It differs from A. glomerata in having the finer leaves mostly basal, the panicle
contracted but loose and fine in appearance, and the empty glumes awn-pointed.

15097—No. 68—05 M——3

$Y NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,
** Palet wanting or a small nerveless scale.

+ Flowering glume provided with a very slender awn about 5 mm, long.
Delicate annuals.

9. A. exigua Thurb.

Ss lod’

A. exigua Thurb., in Brewer and Watson, Bot, Calif. 2: 275. 1880,

“Annual; culm (including panicle) 1 to 4 inches high, erect, flattened, very
slightly scabrous toward the nodes, sometimes branching from near the base;
leaves from an inch to 2 lines long or less, those upon the branches sometimes
with the blade reduced to a mere point, mostly conyvolute, roughened on both
sides and margins, especially near the apex; ligule about a line long, acute;
sheaths very loose, strongly striate and minutely scabrous; panicle half the
length of the plant, included and at first narrow, at length open; lower rays
about 5, the others in pairs, the longer about an inch in length, bearing 1-5
flowers above the middle, scabrous; spikelets three-fourths of a line long, the
pedicels much enlarged just below; glumes not pointed, the lower slightly
longer, aculeolate on the keel and with minute scattered hairs all over, especially
at the apex, generally tinged with purple; floret of but 1 palet, equaling the
glumes, the callus very minute, with a few hairs; palet 5-nerved, scabrous
with few minute hairs, very acute at apex, the midnerve prolonged into a
roughish awn 4 lines longer than itself, inserted about one-fifth below the tip
of the palet, which is split down to that point forming 2 setae; upper palet
not manifest or a mere scale; stamens (1)?

“Foothills of the Sierras, Bolander. The specimens accompanied a much
reduced form of A. exarata, from which it is abundantly distinct, as it also is
from A. canina.” (PI. VIII, fig. 2.)

At the Gray herbarium I have examined Bolander’s specimen, a portion of
which is deposited in the National Herbarium, and am unable to identify it
with any other species of the United States. It is unusual to have a species
so rare as is indicated by a single collection in a region so well known as
California, and I suspect that the species is either introduced or occurs farther
to the south in Mexico or Central America, the species of which region are not
sufficiently well known.

Mr. Thurber at first referred this to A. elliottiana, which it resembles in
habit. But it differs from that species in having the flowering glumes as long
as the empty glumes, the lobes extending into two awned teeth, and in the stouter
straight awn. The empty glumes are only slightly acute, 1.5 mm. long, equal,
slightly scabrous on back. Awn scabrous, straight, 5-6 mm. long.

10. A. elliottiana Schult.

A. arachnoides Ell, Sk. 1: 134. 1816. “From specimens collected near
Orangeburg, by Mr. I. S. Bennett.” Not A. arachnoidea Poir., Suppl. 1: 249,
1810. The type of A. arachnoides Ell. is in Elliott’s herbarium, and has been
examined by Mr. E. D. Merrill (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Cire. 29: 10.
901).
ey paren Schult., Mant. 2: 372. 1824. Name changed from the preceding.

Annual. Culms slender and delicate, 10—40 em. high. Blades small, slender,
and soft. Panicle diffuse, branches slender and spreading, scabrous, spikelet-
bearing toward the extremity. Empty glumes equal, acute, scabrous on keel,
1.5 mm. long; flowering glume about 1 mm. long, very thin and delicate,
short-hairy at base, with a very delicate sinuous awn about 5 mm. long,
attached on the back below the apex (sometimes unawned); palet none. (PI.
IX, fig. 1.)

DISTRIBUTION : South Carolina to Missouri and Texas.

SoutH CAROLINA: Orangeburg, Hitchcock. GroraiA: Stone Mountain, Small
765, Curtiss 6771; Rome, Chapman. ALABAMA: Tuskegee, Carver 56; Mobile,
Mohr. TENNESSEE: Kingston Springs, Gattinger 3391 (Curtiss N. A. Plants).

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 33

ILLINOIS: Johnson County, Vvelyn Ridgway. Missourt: Chadwick, Bush 48;
Jagle Rock, Bush 258; Jefferson County, Myggert 161. ARKANSAS: Benton
County, Plank 0. Miussisstppr: Biloxi, Tracy 4554. Louristana: (without local-
ity) Bush 38; Carpenter. Texas: Houston, Hall 762, 768; Gillespie County,
Jermy 6220; Galveston, Plank 94; Columbia, Bush 120; Dallas, Reverchon
1089; Gregory, Heller 1565.

Tt Flowering glume awnrless or provided with a short awn. Perennials.
tPlants spreading by rhizomes.
=Flowering glume provided at base with a tuft of hairs, 1-2 mim. long.

1. A. hallii Vasey.

A. hallii Vasey, Contr. U. S. Natl Herb. 3: 74. 1892. The original description
is as follows: “ Culms erect, stout, 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, not stoloniferous ;
lower leaves narrow, inclined to be involute, the upper ones flat, 5 to 6 inches
long, 1 to 2 lines wide, scabrous; ligules 2 to 8 lines long, acute; panicle 6 to 9
inches long, the rays erect, spreading, the lower in clusters of 5 to many, un-
equal, the longer ones 2 to 8 inches, branching above the middle; spikelets 14
lines long, somewhat appressed and crowded; empty glumes acute, 14 to 2 lines
long, scabrous on the keel; the floral glume nearly as long, with 2 tufts of
hairs at the base; palet wanting. Oregon, Washington, and California.”

The type specimen was collected in Oregon by E. Hall in 1871 and is marked
“A. Hallii” in Doctor Vasey’s handwriting. It is deposited in the National
Herbarium. (PI. X, fig. 2.)

The description quoted above is evidently based upon several specimens and
probably includes more than one species. The description states that the plants
are not stoloniferous, but the type specimen does not show the base of the pli int.
The composite nature of the description is also indicated by the latitude given
in the measurements and in the range.

A. davyi Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Cire. 30:3. 1901. “In brush
on hillsides near Point Arena, Mendocino County, Cal. No. 6062 Davy and
Blasdale.” The type specimen is deposited in the National Herbarium. Mr.
Davy has added a note that this was. collected near mouth of Albion River.
(Pl. XI.)

A. occidentalis Seribn. & Mear ili: Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 29: 466. 1902. “Type
specimen collected by C. L. Shear, No. 1644, in a moist glade, McMinnsville,
Yamhill County, Oreg., July 20, 1899.” Type specimen deposited in the National
Herbarium. (Pl. XI A.)

The ligules in the type specimen of A. hallii are in a rather unsatisfactory
condition and are only three in number, but are proportionately shorter than in
most of the specimens referred to here. In this respect Henderson 7 and Hall
619, both from Oregon, agree with the type.

Culms about 1 m. high, leafy. Blades 3-5 mm. wide, 10-15 cm. long; ligule
usually conspicuous, often nearly 1 em. long. Panicles 10-12 cm. long, narrow
or somewhat spreading. Spikelets pale, the lower glume acuminate, about 4
mm. long, the upper a little shorter; flowering glume 38 mm. long, with a tuft of
hairs at base about 1.5 mm. long; no awn or palet.

DISTRIBUTION: Oregon and California, from Santa Cruz northward.

OREGON: Yamhill County, Howell 67; Yoquina Bay, Lake 8; (without locality)
Hall 619; Henderson 7. CALIFORNIA: Del Norte County, Davy and Blasdale
5918; Humboldt County, Davy and Blasdale 54938, 5723, 5875, 6175; Mendocino
County, Davy and Blasdale 6051, 6054, 6062, 6122; Heller 5848; Sonoma County,
Bioletti 110; Mount Tamalpais, Congdon; Alameda County, Davy 4252, Blank-

inship 4, Michener and Bioletti 128; Santa Cruz, Anderson in 1886.

A. hallii pringlei (Scribn.) comb. nov.

A, pringlei Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Bul. 7: 156. 1897. “ Plains,
Mendocino County, Cal. (Pringle), and northward to Oregon (7). Type speci-
men deposited in the National Herbarium. (PI. XII.)

o4 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

Differs from A, hallii in narrower and more compact panicles, narrower and
more involute leaves, and the whole foliage more stramineous in appearance,

CALIFORNIA: Mendocino County, Pringle in 1882, Congdon in 1901, Davy and
Blasdale GOSO, GOT5.

The type specimen was first named in the herbarium A. repens Seribn., and
this name is mentioned as a synonym under A. scouleri Vasey (Contr. U. 8.
Natl. Herb., 3:73. 1892).

= = Tufts of hairs at base of flowering glume minute or wanting.

12. A. pallens Trin.

A. pallens Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 67: 328. 1841. (Agros-
tidea I]: 82.) “Amer-borealis? (Hooker).” The type specimen is in the her-
barium of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. It is marked “ T. 245,” as
are other specimeus received from Hlooker. In the National Herbarium are a
few spikelets from the type specimen and also a photograph of the plant, which
is a single erect culm with a few narrow root leaves, one culm leaf and a con-
tracted panicle.

A. exarata littoralis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 13:55. 1886. “ Found by
Mr. T. J. Howell on the sandy seashore in Oregon.” Type specimen in the
National Herbarium, labeled ‘“* No. G4, Seashore, Tillamook Bay, Oregon. T. J.
Howell, July 14, 1882.”

Culms rather stiffly upright from creeping rhizomes, 20-40 cm. high, glabrous.
Blades erect, 1-3 mm. wide, 5-10 cm. long. VPanicles contracted, nice spike-
like, 5-10 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, empty glumes
equal, slightly scabrous on keel, but smooth on back; flowering glumes a little
shorter, awnless; palet minute. (VPI. XITI, fig. 1.)

DISTRIBUTION: Washington to California, near the seashore.

WASHINGTON: Westport, Henderson 2116. Orecon: Tillamook Bay, Howell
64; Seaside County, Shear and Scribner 1701, 1723, Hitcheock in 1901. CALt-
FORNIA: (without locality) Bolander 18, 5064, Lemmon in 1875; Del Norte
County, Davy and Blasdale in 1899; Point Reyes, Davy 6682, 6839.

A. pallens foliosa (Vasey) comb. nov.

A. foliosa Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 13: 55. April, 1886. “ Culms 13 feet
high, erect, smooth; culm leaves 4 or 5, erect, somewhat rigid, 4 to 6 inches
long, 14 to 2 lines wide, long pointed; ligule about 2 lines long, lacerate at apex 3
panicle 4 to 5 inches long, open and loose, the lower branches mostly in fives,
unequal, the lower 1 inch long or more, somewhat spreading, capillary, rather
few-flowered, mostly naked below; spikelets little more than 1 line long,
lanceolate, abruptly acute; flowering glume nearly as long as the outer ones,
5-nerved, obtuse and shortly 4 or 5 toothed at apex; palet wanting. Col-
lected in Oregon by T. J. Howell. The panicle much like a short branched A.
alba.”

This name appeared first as a nomen nudum (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 10: 65,
1883) in Professor Seribner’s “ List of Grasses from Washington Territory,”
thus, “Agrostis foliosa Vasey ined. equals Nos. 1 and 47 of Howell’s Oregon
coll.”

Doctor Vasey published a second description in the Botanical Gazette for
December, 1886, page 337. “ Collected in Oregon by 'Thomas Howell and by
Dr. H. N. Bolander.”

I have taken, as the type of this, one of the specimens collected in Oregon by
T. J. Howell in 1881, labeled A. foliosa in Doctor Vasey’s Beem and desig:
nated as “ No. 1.” This specimen is unawned. (PI. XIV, fig. 1.)

There is an A. foliosa Hortul. in Kunth., Enum., 1; 207, 1833, but it has no
standing, as it is mentioned only as a synonym under Cinna filiformis.

The Washington and Oregon specimens have mostly a rather loose panicle.
Southward into California the panicle tends to be narrower and the branches
more appressed.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 35

A. diegoensis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 13: 55. 1886. “ Culms erect, stout,

2 to 8 feet or more high, smooth, leaves 4 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide,
erect, those of the culm with long sheaths (the upper ones 8 or 2 inches long) :
ligule about 2 lines long, acute; panicle 6 to 8 inches long, lanceolate, the joints
rather distant (the lower 14 to 2 inches); branches numerous, unequal, erect,
the longer ones about 2 inches long, and floriferous above the middle, the
shorter floriferous to the base, the flowers numerous; spikelets light green, 14
to 2 lines long, outer glumes acute, scabrous on the keel: flowering glume one-
third shorter, oblong, obtuse, the midnerve terminating about the middle, with
or without a minute awn; palet none. Collected at San Diego, Cal, by C. R.
Orcutt. The panicle resembles that of A. alba, but is narrower, stouter, and
more Closely flowered.”

There are several specimens in the National Herbarium, collected in the vicin-
ity of San Diego by Mr. C. R. Oreutt. T have considered the type to be among
those collected at the earliest date (1884), and marked A. diegoensis in Doctor
Vasey’s handwriting. Of these I have arbitrarily selected one sheet as the type
specimen. This is marked “ B,” and is from Smith’s Mountain. This was
selected because it is a more perfect specimen. (PI. XVII.) It happens that
this plant has the awn better developed than many of the others, but I am unable
to connect the presence of the awn with other characters. Only two or three
of these specimens show rootstocks, but the others appear to have been broken
off at the surface of the soil.

A. multiculmis Vasey “in numerous distributions,’
A. diegoensis in Beal’s Grasses, N. A., 2:328. 1896.

Culms erect or nearly so, usually rather firm or stiff, or in the slender forms
wiry, more or less tufted, but provided with creeping rootstocks, 50-120 em. tall.
Blades varying from very narrow to 3 mm. wide, usually stiff and appressed,
but sometimes more lax, the lower ones often pale, straw-colored or brown at
time of flowering; ligule short and rounded or acutish. Panicle pale green or
rarely purplish, usually narrow, with appressed or at least stiff branches, 10-30
em. long, some of the branches bare on lower portion, other shorter ones spikelet-
bearing from base; in some forms the panicle is more open and spreading.
Empty glumes nearly equal, more or less scabrous on keel and sometimes
minutely so on back, 2-8 mm. long; flowering glume nearly as long as outer
glumes, or only three-fourths as long, hairs at base minute; awn absent or short
and straight or rarely bent; palet none. (PI. XV, and PI. XVI, fig. 1.)

DISTRIBUTION: British Columbia to California.

In the following specimens the awn is evident though not always exserted:

WASHINGTON: Stony places, Cape” Horn, Skamania County, Suksdorf 2332.
OREGON: Near the glacier on Mount Hood, Henderson 7; Mount Hood, Hovell
42; Cascades of the Columbia, Howell 197; in springy places along the Apple-
gate, Howell 221 in 1887; Portland, Bolander in 1886; (without locality), Cusick
1158, Howell 1, 4, 10, 48, 84. Cartrornta: Lemmon in 1882.

In the following specimens the awn is wanting or is only a short dorsal
prickle:

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, MWacoun 80136. WASHINGTON: Cas-
cade Mountains, Vasey in 1889; Mason County, Piper 949, 950; Falcon Valley,
Suksdorf 131, 200, 908; Skamania County, Suksdorf 2331, 2658; Klickitat
County, Suksdorf 199; Whitman County, Vasey in 1892, Vasey (jr.) 8054, 3057,
Piper 1929, 3043, Elmer 1026. Ipano: Henderson 3061; Moscow, Henderson
4641. OrEGON: Henderson 10; Portland, Howell 51; Roseburg, Howell 219;
Multnomah Falls, Bolander in 1866; Soda Springs, Jones 306. CALIFORNIA:
Mount Shasta, Palmer 2660; Eagle Lake, Davy in 1894; Humboldt County,
Davy and Blasdale 6216; Placer County, Carpenter in 1892; Marin County,
Davy 6832, G837; San Francisco, Bolander; Amador County, Hansen 611, 620,
1788, 1741, 1818, 1987; Monterey County, Davy 7701, 7702; Santa Cruz, Ander-
son; Santa Catalina Island, Brandegee 50; Santa Rosa Island, Brandegee GG:

,

given as a synonym under

36 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTITS.

San Diego, Cleveland 5, 73; Oreutt, several specimens collected in 1884 and two
in LS9O.

This variety intergrades with the species, differing chiefly in habit, the culms
being taller, the foliage more lax, and the panicle more open. The form which
happened to be described first, and hence is taken as the species, is confined to
the sandy seacoast, and, like other seacoast forms, has a more campact
panicle, more conspicuous rhizomes, and stiffer foliage. The type specimen of
A. foliosa is unawned, but other specimens which resemble it in other respects
have the flowering glume provided with a dorsal awn varying from a mere
prickle to an exserted awn.

A few of the Orcutt specimens from San Diego have larger spikelets, varying
from 3.5-4+.5 mm. in length, and the culms are tall and stout, but I am unable to
distinguish them otherwise.

tt Plants tufted, but not producing rhizomes.

—= Panicle narrow, usually a part of the lower branches spikelet-bearing from
the base,

a. Panicle strict; branches very short and appressed. A low cespitose plant.

13. A. breviculmis nom. nov.

Trichodium nanum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 248. 18380. “Hab. in Peruvia?”
Presl’s type specimen of T'richodium nanum is at Prague. It is the same as fig-
ured by Scribner, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 5-4, 58, pl. 34, fig. 2, 3. 1899.
A discussion of the identity of our plant with Presl’s is given in U.S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Agros., Cire. 30: 2, 1901.

A. nana Kunth, Enum, 1; 226. 18383. “ Peruvie?” Transfers T'richodium
nanum and gives a description.

According to the strict application of the rules of priority, a new name must
be given to this plant on account of A. nana Delarbre, Fl. Anverg., Ed. 2, 1800.
This is a form of A. alba and seems not to have been taken up by later authors.

Culms short, 10-15 em. high, densely cespitose. Blades narrow and rigid,
conduplicate or filiform, scabrous on margins, 2-4 em. long, scarcely more than
lmm.wide. Panicles strict and narrow, 2-38 em. long, branches closely appressed,
scabrous, not more than 1 em. long. Spikelets 24-3 mm. long, the first glume a
little longer than the second, both acute and scabrous on the back, especially on
the keels, pale and of firm texture; flowering glume about 1.8 mm. or a little less,
awnless or with a very short awn just above the middle; palet minute, about
.6 mm. long, nerveless. (PI. XVIII.)

DISTRIBUTION: California to Peru.

CALIFORNIA: Near Fort Bragg, Mendocino County, Bolander 6466 in part,
on cliffs, Davy and Blasdale 6159. New GRENADA: Spruce 5936. PERU: Wilkes
Raped.

A. nana Kunth is described by Scribner and Merrill as having a perennial root,
and in Davy and Blasdale’s specimens this appears to be so, although this is not
certain.

In the Gray herbarium is a specimen from the seacoast, Fort Bragg (Mendo-
cino County), Cal., Bolander, No. 6466. This does not agree with Thurber’s
description of A. mucronata Presl in Botany of California, and hence there
has been great confusion. (See note under A. glomerata.) Thurber’s descrip-
tion applies to A. glomerata Kunth (A. californica Trin., A. densiflora Vasey),
and in the herbarium of Mr. George V. Nash is a specimen of this from Men-
docino County, Cal., ticketed ‘ Bolander, 6466.” Thus there were two species
collected by Bolander under the same number, A. glomerata Kunth and A. nana
Presl, and the latter was sent to the Gray herbarium. In the note in Botany of

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 87

California Mr. Bolander mentions collecting “at the same time what is appar-
ently a much weatherworn awnless form of it, but it is too imperfect for deter-
mination.” ‘This is A. nana Kunth, the slender form in Mr. Nash’s herbarium.

Mr. Nash has sent to the National Herbarium culms from his specimens of
Bolander 6466, representing both species. The slender form has a small palet
scarcely 4 mm. long and is identical with Davy and Blasdale, 6159. This is

A. nana. It has the short truncate flowering glume, with denticulate apex. It
is the same as the specimen in the Gray herbarium.

The stouter form looks much like the above, but has an awn below the apex of
the longer and acute flowering glume, and the palet is about one-fourth the
length of the flowering glume. Awn short, barely exserted. This is A. glom-
erata, though it is much smaller and the panicle narrower than most of our
specimens, thus closely resembling A. inflata Scribn.

ada. Panicle narrow but not strict; some of the lower branches 2 em. or more long.
Group of A. exarata.

b. Flowering glume with an exrserted men.
14. A. microphylla Steud.

A. microphylla Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 164. 1854. “Agraulus brevifoliis
Nees Mpt. Douglas legit in Am. Sptr.” I have not seen the type of this, but I
think there is little doubt that it is the form with short spikelike inflorescence.

Polypogon alopecuroides Buckley, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1862: 88.
1863. ‘“‘Columbia Plains, Oregon, Nuttall.” Gray states in his criticism of
Buckley’s species (1. ¢, 332) that this was distributed as Deyeuxria alopecu-
roides by Nuttall, and consequently, if it is distinct from A. erarata, to which he
refers it, the name should be Agrostis alopecuroides. Gray thus mentions two
synonyms. Nuttall’s plant is in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences.

A. virescens microphylla Seribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Cire. 80: 2
1901. Reduces A. microphylla Steud. to a variety.

A. microphylla major Vasey, Contr. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892. Vasey quotes
as synonym “(Agrostis erarata var. microphylla Watson).” The description
includes several forms and no specimens or definite localities are cited, only
“with the same range as the typical form.” As Vasey cites an unpublished name
of Watson, I have assumed that Watson’s plant is the type of this variety.
(Pl. XIX, fig..1.) Watson describes his plant (Bot. King’s Exp. 377, 1871)
as a variety of A. erarata, “ Var. (A. microphylla, Steud. Syn. Gram. 164. Tor-
rey, Pac. R. R. Surv. 4: 154),” and cites as localities, “On the Truckee River
and in the West Ilumboldt Mountains, Nevada.” No. (1284). The first cited
specimen which is from Truckee valley, Nevada, collected at 4,000 feet altitude,
in July, 1867, is taken as the type. Specimens from both localities were distrib-
uted under No. 1284. I find no specimens marked in Vasey’s handwriting
A. microphylla major. The specimen is more robust than the type of A. micro-
phylla, but there are all gradations connecting the two.

Culms tall and often stout, 50-100 em. or more or sometimes reduced.
Blades flat and scabrous, elongated, in the larger forms as much as 7 mm.,
but usually 2-3 mm., wide. Panicle narrow, close, and spikelike or rather
loose, 10-30 cm. long, branches scabrous, flower-bearing nearly to base. Empty
glumes nearly equal, 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous on keel and usually also on
back, acuminate or setaceously pointed; flowering glume about one-third
shorter, awned; awn attached about the middle of the back, exserted and bent;
palet none. (PI. XIX, fig. 2.)

DISTRIBUTION: British Columbia to California.

WASHINGTON: Heller 4010. OreGcon: Howell, Hall 614, Shear 1645, 1648.
CALIFORNIA: Bolander 4648, Orcutt 1176, Davy and Blasdale 5142, Davy 6662.
LOWER CALIFORNIA: Orcutt. VANCOUVER ISLAND: Daison 56; Macoun 31.

WASHINGTON: Falcon Valley, Pringle in 1881; Suksdorf 1,47; Douglas County,

88 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

Sandberg and Leiberg 327; Seattle, Piper 828; Chehalis County, Heller 4010,
OREGON: Hall 614; Yamhill County, Shear 1645, 1648, 1650; Grants Pass,
Howell in 1884: Roseburg, Howell 223; Washington County, Howell 55; White
Horse Ranch, Griffiths and Morris 469, Nevava: Truckee valley, Watson 12S4,
September 1867. Carirornta: Bolander 4648, 6078; Mendocino County, Pringle
in 1882, Davy 6573, Davy and Blasdale 5142; San Francisco, Bolander 19; Point
Reyes, Davy 6777; Monterey County, Davy 7725; Santa Cruz, Anderson in 1586;
Middle Tule River, Purpus 5638; San Diego, Orcutt 518, 1175, 1176; Contra
Costa County, Davy 6662,

The type of this species represents a dwarf form. Of the specimens cited the
following are similar to Steudel’s plant, the others being like the Watson
plant or intermediate:

OREGON: Grants Pass, Howell in 1884; CALIFORNIA: Orcutt 1176; Mendocino
County, Davy and Blasdale 5142, Davy 6575; (without locality) Bolander 4648,

15. A. ampla sp. nov.

Culm erect from a slightly decumbent base, stout, 75 em. high. Blades 5-8
mm. broad, about 15 cm. long, scabrous: ligule 5-G mm. long, rounded. Panicle
large and spreading, 20-25 cm. long; branches numerous, verticillate, many
shorter ones spikelet-bearing from base, the longer 5-7 em. long. Spikelets pale
or purplish; lower empty glume 4 mm., upper 3.2 mm. long, acuminate, but not
awn-pointed, hispidulous on keel and slightly and very minutely papillate on
back, but not scabrous; flowering glume 2.38—2.5 mm. long, awned; awn inserted
about the middle of the back, bent at the middle or nearly straight, 4) mm.
long; palet a minute nerveless scale about .6 mm. long.

The type specimen is Suksdorf 135, collected on wet rocks near Rooster Rock,
Multnomah County, Oreg., July 16, 1885. This is in the National Herbarium.
(PT 2x3)

DISTRIBUTION: British Columbia to Arizona.

VANCOUVER ISLAND: WMacoun S2. WASHINGTON: Clallam County, “lmer 1953.

Falcon valley, Suksdorf 132; Seattle, Henderson 2113 (this specimen has a
decumbent and rooting base) ; Whatcom County, Suksdorf 1184; Bingen, Suks-
dorf 2829. Orrcon: Yamhill County, Shear 1635, 1636, 1639, 1645, 1646; Rose-
burg, Howell 216, 217 in 1887; Portland, Bolander in 1886; Umpqua valley,
Howell 218; Washington County, Howell 53 in 1881. Catirornta: Bolander
4801, 6079: Mendocino County, Davy and Blasdale 5199, 5262, 6118; Brown 779;
Placer County, Palmer 2420; Middle Tule River, Purpus 5638, ARIZONA: Santa
Rita Mountains, Pringle in 1884.

Many of the specimens referred here have a more dense panicle than the
type but differ from the large forms of A. microphylla in having a more verticil-
lately lobed panicle and less awn-pointed glumes. From A. erarata this species
differs in possessing the awn and in the less scabrous glumes. A few specimens
seem to be intermediate between this and the other two species. From A. lon-
giligula it differs in the shorter ligule and in the short flower-bearing branches of
the panicle.

This species appears to be the A. virescens of Thurber in Botany of California, ©

page 274, but differs from A. virescens H. B. K. in the longer awn, more spread-
ing panicle, and stouter culms.

bb. Flowering glume aiwnless or the awn included.
16. A. exarata Trin.

A. exarata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. “(Paniculae contractiusculae)
radiis 3, 4, a basi floriferis, hispidis; perianthio mutico glumis acumninatis 4

—— a

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 39

breviori: valvula superiore parva; foliis lanceolato-linearibus, planis. V. spp.
ex Unalaschka, unde retulit el Dr. Isehholz. (Valvula inferior dorso
exarata.)”

In the Trinius herbarium there are three specimens of A. erarata, parts of
all of which are deposited in the National Herbarium; one collected by IKos-
talskv in Unalaska in 1829 (Vl. XXI, fig 1), one collected at Sitka by Mertens
in 1829, and one collected at Sitka by Mschholz in 1826. None of these is the
type specimen that was collected in Unalaska by Eschholz before 1824. If the
type is in the Trinius herbarium I overlooked it. The specimens indicated above
mre mentioned in his subsequent work, Agrostidea IT.

A. grandis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 67; 316. 1841. (Agros-
tidea II: 70.) “Columbia (Hooker).” This is based upon a large panicle
only. ‘This form is common. ‘The panicle is stout, long, and rather dense,
usually interrupted below, as much as a foot long. The plant is stout, with
leaves G or Simm. wide. In the National Herbarium are spikelets from Trinius’
specimen in the herbarium of the St. Petersburg Academy and also a photo-
graph of the single panicle, which I examined in the Trinius herbarium,
labeled * Columbia N. W. Amer., No. 376, 0f Hook. Cat.” The empty glumes are
2 mm. long, slightly unequal, acuminate, scabrous on keel. The flowering
glume is about two-thirds of the length of the outer glumes, unawned. (PI.
XXIT.)

A. asperifolia Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 62: 317. 1841. (Agros-
tidea lI: 71.) In the Trinius herbarium there is a single culm representing the
upper part of the plant, which is labeled “ T. 182.” This represents a somewhat
larger panicled form than A. erarata, but does not differ in essentials. (PI.
AXI, fig. 2.

A. erarata aspcrifolia Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Bot., Bul. 13: No. 31. 1892.
Described as a form, but with no reference to synonyms. “ California to Wash-
ington.”

A. exarata minor Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 239. 1840. ‘ Periantho univalvi
A. drummondi Torrey, mst. Valleys of the Rocky Mountains on the east and on
the west side of the dividing ridge. Drummond. Douglas.’ I have examined
the specimens of Drummond and Douglas in the herbarium of Kew, and take
them to be only small forms of A. erarata. These two specimens are further
referred to in Hooker, Flora Antarctica 2: 373, 1847, in a note on A. tenuifolia
Bieb. var. Fretensis. ‘ Intermediate between them is a common Rocky Mountain
species, collected by Douglas and described as A. exrarata in the ‘ Flora Boreali-
Americana’ (vol. 2, p. 239). There are, however, two forms of A. exrarata;
one from the east side of the Rocky Mountains, which has the scabrid broader
leaves of the true A. erarata and a distinct upper palea (this is the A. drum-
mondii 'Torrey Ms.) ; the other (or Douglas’) from the west side of the divid-
ing ridge is smaller, more slender, with small locustae, and no upper palea. It
agrees closely with the Magellanic plant in size and foliage, and bears the name
of A. tenuifolia ? Bieb., appended to it by Doctor Vorrey.” Duplicates of the
same, mounted on one sheet, are deposited in the Torrey herbarium at the New
York Botanical Garden.

A. scouleri Trin., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 62: 323. 1841. (Agros-
tidea II: 83.) “ Nutka Sund. (Hooker).”’ 'The type specimen is in the herbariun:
of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. It consists of a single culm, with a
small panicle, labeled ** Nutka Sound T. 145.” This species has been much mis-
understood by American botanists, and the name has usually been anplied to
some form of A. pallens, from which it differs in the presence of the small palet.
Trinius’ statement that “valvula * * * superior ovarium aequante” has
been questioned, but his type specimen shows a small palet. The type shows no
rhizome and an awnless flowering glume. (PI. XVI, fig. 2.)

A. albicans Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7862:§91. 1863. “* Oregon
Columbia Woods Nuttall.” Type seen in herbarium of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, but Doctor Gray, in his remarks upon Buckley’s
plants (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 334), says that this was “ named by
Nuttall A. oregonensis,” slightly altering the name from what it appears on Nut-
tall’s label.

A. tenuifolia Bieb. This name was mentioned by Prof. F. L. Scribner in an
article on some grasses collected by Frank Tweedy (‘A List of Grasses from
Washington Terr.,” Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 10: 63, 1883) as follows: “Agros-
tis tenuifolia, Bieb., Trin. Icon. 3. t. 65. This appears like a slender, narrow-
leaved awnless form of Agrostis erarata, and has been so referred (No. 1127
Kellogg & Hartford). It seems to be a well-marked species, however, and so

40 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

well accords with Trinius’ figure of A. tenuifolia that I have little hesitation
in referring it to that species, As I understand A. exarata, | am not prepared
to unite this species with it.” Tweedy’s specimen is A. evarata. 1 have refer-
red doubtfully to A. exarata a specimen collected by Pringle at Summit Valley,
Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, September 22, 1882, at an altitude of 8.000
feet, and which closely resembles Trinius’ figure of A. tenuifolia, The whole plant
is tufted and delicate, with narrow, flat leaves. A. tenuifolia is described as
having involute leaves,

Culms erect, from 20 to 30 em. to 1.5 m. in height, tufted but without
rhizomes. Blades short, narrow, and upright, or long, wide (5 mm. or even
more) and lax, very scabrous. Panicle erect, 5-30 cm. long, contracted and
spikelike or loose and somewhat spreading, but the branches almost always
densely flowered, very scabrous, spikelet-bearing nearly to base. Spikelets pale,
rarely purple; empty glumes equal or the lower slightly longer, acute, acumi-
nate or sometimes sharp-pointed, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, ciliate-scabrous on the keels
and often scabrous on back; flowering glume about 2 mm. long, the midnerve
usually excurrent above the middle as a tiny point or prickle, rarely with a
short, straight awn; palet small, about .8 mm. long. (PI. XXIII.)

Besides the form with robust panicle described by Trinius under A. grandis
is one with panicle close and spikelike resembling Muhlenbergia racemosa
Michx.) B. S. P. of the Eastern States. (Pl. XXIII. A.) However, these forms
are all connected by numerous transition specimens so that it is impossible to
segregate them even as subspecies.

DistTRIBUTION: Alaska to Mexico. The following are a few specimens to rep-
resent distribution :

ALASKA: Yes Bay, Howell 1710; Unalaska, Evans 518; Juneau, Coville and
Kearney 2473. British Cotumsia: Chilliwack valley, Wacoun 26038; Alberta,
Macoun 18612. WASHINGTON: Montesano, Heller 3967, Pullman, Piper 1759.
OREGON: Blue Mountains, Shear 1692, Howell 217, Cusick 804. TIpano: Hailey,
Henderson 3269. Monvrana: Black Hawk, Rydberg 3275; Helena, Shear 385.
Wyomina: Bear Lodge Mountains, Williams 2663; Albany County, #. Nelson
472. NEBRASKA: Thomas County, Rydberg 1492. CoLorapo: Silverton, Shear
227: Pagosa Peak, Baker 147; Maneas, Tracy 4825. UTam: Aquarius
Plateau, Ward 742; Ogden, Tracy 324. Nervapa: Humboldt Mountains, Watson
1283: Reno, Treacy 226. CarirorNiA: Mount Shasta, Palmer 2634; Santa Rosa,
Heller 5654: New York Falls, Hansen 613. Arizona: Toumey 135; Lemmon
8159. New Mexico: Wright 1969, 1970; Santa Fe, Vasey. Mexico: State of
Chihuahua, Pringle 1421. It has also been collected in Wisconsin, but this is
out of its range and is probably an accidental specimen.

A. grandis is well represented by—Ca.irorNiIA: Hansen 1826; Davy and Blas-
dale 6053. WASHINGTON: Elmer 1952. Cotorapvo: Shear and Bessey 1441.
~The form with spikelike panicle by—CALIFoRNIA: Palmer 26354. NEVADA,
Tracy 218. OrxEcon, Griffiths and Morris 907. WASHINGTON, Piper 1759.

17. A. rossee Vasey.

A. varians Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 6?: 314. 1841. (Agros-
tidea I]: 68.) “America boreal? (Hoocker 217).” Not A. varians Thuill., Fl.
Paris 1790, which Trinius refers to A. canina L. The type specimen is in the
Trinius herbarium in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and is labeled
“1. 217." A portion of the type is deposited in the National Herbarium. In
the Torrey herbarium is a duplicate type collected on summit of Grass Hill,
Rocky Mountains, by Hooker, No. 217. (PI. XXIV, fig. 2.)

Trinius, in his description of A. varians, seems to have included A. humilis, as
he describes the palet as being absent, or, if present, nearly as long or about
half as long as the flowering glume. The type specimen, however, shows only a
very minute palet.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 41

A. ross@ Vasey, Contr. U. 8. Natl Herb. 3: 76. 1892. “ Collected in the Yel-
lowstone Park, Wyo., by Miss Edith A. Ross.” There are but two sheets of this
(the type specimen) in the National Herbarium, collected July, 1890, but I do
not see that the plants differ essentially from A. varians Trin. (Vl. XXIV,
fig. 1.)

The type A. rossa@ differs from the type of A. varians in having more scabrous
panicle branches and wider scabrous leaves. More material may show that
these forms may be kept separate. There is considerable variation in what I
have referred to A. varians, in the width of the leaves and the roughness of the
panicle. I-urthermore it is difficult to separate A. varians from A. exarata,.
Both these species are found commonly in the Yellowstone Park, from which
comes the only specimen we have seen of 4. rossa. For these reasons I have
united A. varianus and A. rossa, taking up the latter name because the former
is untenable.

A. variabilis Rydb., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. Gives a new name
to A. varians Trin.

Culms low but comparatively stout, 10-20 em. high or rarely more, usually
densely tufted from a perennial root, but without rhizomes. Blades short, 1 or
2 on the culm, and numerous at the base, 2-5 cm. long or sometimes more, 1-2
mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; sheaths rather conspicuous, especially the basal.
Panicle contracted, 38-6 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, branches appressed, the
lower sometimes 2—2.5 cm. long, but usually short. Spikelets green or purple,
2 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, acute, scabrous on keel and somewhat
on back ; flowering glume 1.5 mm. long, awnless, a few short hairs at base; palet
very minute. (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2.)

DISTRIBUTION: Washington to California and Wyoming at high altitudes.

WASHINGTON: Mount Rainier, Piper 1978, 1980, 2559; Olympic Mountains,
Elmer 1948; Mount Adams, Suksdorf 14, 189; Skamania County, Suksdorf
1020: Okanogan County, Hlimer 730; Nason Creek, Sandberg and Leiberg 656.
OREGON: Stein’s Mountains, Griffiths and Morris 562, 595, 615; Ashland Butte,
Howell, 224; Wagle Creek Mountains. Cusick 1073; Wallowa Lake, Shear 1769.
CALIFORNIA: Soda Springs, Jones 323; Summit valley, Pringle in 1882; San
Bernardino Mountains, Parish 3302; (without locality), Bolaunder 5070. Ipano:
Bear Creek, Leiberg 2958. UtTan: Rabbit valley, Ward 741. Wyomine: Ten
Sleep Lakes, Williams 29524, 2964, 2967; Yellowstone Park, T'ireedy 605;
Battle Creek Mountain, Nelson 4070.

This may be only an alpine variety of A. erarata into which it seems to pass.
The panicle, however, does not always have the numerous short branches
spikelet-bearing at the base, although it is quite narrow. The outer glumes are
not scabrous on the back as is usually the case with A. erarata, nor is it so
conspicuously hispidulous on the keel. Transitions to A. erarata are shown by
such forms as the specimens from Stein’s Mountains, Oregon, collected by Grif-
fiths and Morris.

= = Panicle open, sometimes diffusely spreading.

a. Awn of flowering glume attached near the base.

18. A. howellii Scribn.

A. howellii Scribn., Contr., U. S. Natl. Herb. 38: 76. 1892. ‘“‘ Near Hood
River, Oregon (No. 198, Howell).” The type specimen is in the National Her-
barium, collected August 5. 1886. (PlXXYV.)

Culms erect or decumbent at base, 40-60 em. high. Blades lax, very long,
5-5 mm. wide, as much as 30 em. long. Panicle loose and spreading, scabrous,
10-80 cm. long. Spikelets pale, clustered toward the ends of the branches.

42 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.,

Empty glumes equal, acuminate, rather narrow and firm in texture, somewhat
scabrous on keel, 3 mm. long; flowering glume 2.5 mm, long, acute, awned; awn
attached to back near base, exserted, bent, about 6 mm. long; palet none,
DISTRIBUTION : OrnkGON, Howell 198; Bridal Veil, Suksdorf 134.
The Suksdorf specimens have a more compact panicle, resembling A. foliosa,
but agree in having the awn inserted near base of glume. This species is not
sufficiently known,

aa. Awn, if present, attached at or above the middle of the glume.

b. Panicle very diffuse; branches capillary, very scabrous, the primary branching
above the middle; spikelets clustered toward the ends of the smaller
branches. In arctic and alpine forms the characters are less plainly shown,

19. A. hiemalis (Walt.) B.S. P.

Cornucopie hyemalis Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. ‘“Culmo erecto panicula
diffusa verticillata, foliis angustis suberectibus.” The description scarcely
suffices to identify the species, but Michaux (Flora 1; 41, 1803) states that this
is the same as his Trichodium lavrifloorum. Furthermore, Walter describes two
other species, C. perennans and C. altissima, so that there is little doubt
that C. hiemalis is the Common A. scabra Willd. The plant is not represented in
Walter’s herbarium and consequently there is probably no type specimen in
existence.

A. scabra Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1798. ‘“ Habitat in America-boreali.” The
type specimen is in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Berlin. There
are three panicles representing the ordinary form.

Trichodium laxriflorwm Michx., Fl. 1; 42. 1803. “ Hab. in humidis et pra-
tensibus a sinu Hudsonis ad Floridam.” There is a good plate of this. Cornu-
copie hiemalis Walt. is cited as a synonym. The type specimen is in the
Michaux herbarium of the Museum of Natural History at Paris. There are
the upper portions of several plants of the usual eastern form. (Pl. XXVII, 5.)

A. lawviflora Poiret, Encyel. Suppl. 1: 255. 1810. “ Cette plante croit dans la
Caroline, of elle a 6té recuillé par M. Bose.” I found the type of this in M.
Cosson’s herbarium, Paris. 2

Trichodium scabrum Muhl., Cat. Pl. 10. 1818. ‘Pens. fl. Jun. Cher.” There
is a mixture of specimens in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, but since he gives as
synonym A. scabra Willd. his name must go here, though the description in his
Descriptio Graminum seems to apply to A. perennans.

A. laxa Schreber “Gram.” is given as a synonym of Trichodium lagi-
florum by Pursh Flora 1: 61, 1814, and hence must apply to this species regard-
less of the plants so labeled in the Berlin Herbarium.

A. sericea Ell., Sk. 1: 135. 1816. The description applies to a Muhlenbergia
(lu. capillaris Kanth), but Mr. E. D. Merrill states that the specimen in Elliott's
herbarium is A. hiemalis (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Cire. 29, 1901). In
such cases the specimen should not be taken as the type.

A. laviflora Richardson, Franklin Voy. 731 (App. 38). 1825. Transfers
Trichodiuimn laxiflorum Michx. Richardson’s specimen is in the herbarium of
the British Museum, labeled * Lake Winipeg and Superior.”

A. michauxii Trin. Unifl. 206. 1824. var. (see under A. perennans). “ Pani-
cula breviori, radiis brevioribus hispidulis.”. Under this are given two sub-
varieties, both of which are probably A. hiemalis. ‘@Panicula patente, foliis
linearibus,” based on T'richodium laxiflorum Michx. “6 Panicula contractius-
cula, foliis latioribus: Agrostis (Trichod.) clavata Tr. in Spreng. n. Entd. I,
p. 55. V. spp. Camtseh.” This last form was made a species later, T'richodium
clavatum Sechult., Mant. 3:556, 1827. In the Trinius herbarium there is a speci-
men of this collected by Kostalsky in 1829, marked “A michauxii m. b. A. cla-
rata Trin. ap. Spreng. N. Entd. 11.” A portion of this is deposited in the
National Herbarium. (PI. XXVII, 2.)

A. abakanensis Lessing is mentioned as a synonym under A. michauxii by
Trinius, Mem. Aead. St. Petersb. Ser. VI, 6?: 325. 1841.

Trichodium ltarum Sechult., Mant. 2: 157. 1824. Based on Muhlenberg’s
Trichodium laxifiorwm, which name Schultes changes because of 7. laxiflorum
Michx., which he considers different. He also wishes to take up the specific name
laxa (Agrostis lava Schreb.). The culm is described as erect and the “ habitat

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 43

in arvis siccis, floret Maio.’ An examination of Mubhlenberg’s herbarium shows
the following as to the species of Trichodium described by him in his Descriptio
Uberior Graminuim :

lL. Trichodium laviflorwim=A, hiematis.

2. Trichodium decumbens—A,. perennans, the weak form.

& Trichodium scabrum—A. hiemalis (as to name). In the herbarium there is
a mixture of several grasses, one of which is A. hiemalis,

4. Trichodium (no specific name). T have been unable to determine from his
herbarium what grass was referred to, but it is probably the stout form of A.
perennans.

A. scabra tenuis Tuckerm., Amer, Jour. Sci. 45: 45. 1843. “ Vaginis seabris
panicula tenui ramis erectis.” “A small delicate form with a very slender
panicle. Rocks of the Flume, Lincoln, N. HH.’

A, laxiflora caspitosa, Yorr. Fl, N. Y., 2: 442. 1843.

A. scabriuscula Bueckl., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862: 90. 1863. The
type specimen is in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences. Doctor Gray in his remarks upon Buckley’s plants (1. ¢., 334) states
that this was “ ticketed by Nuttall Agrostis scabrata.”

A. hiemalis B. 8. P., Prel. Cat N. Y. 6S. 1888. Gives new combination with
reference to synonym A. scabra Willd.

Culms slender, tufted or scattered, 20-80 em. high. Blades narrow and
usually short, sometimes 2—3 mm. wide, but often very narrow, almost setaceous ;
sheaths striate, the upper usually somewhat inflated and inclosing the base of
the panicle; panicle large and very diffuse, in the larger forms 50-60 cm. long,
the branches long and capillary, very scabrous. Spikelets crowded toward the
tips of the branchlets, pale or usually purple; empty glumes nearly equal or
the lower slightly longer, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute or acuminate, scabrous on
keels, especially the lower; flowering glume obtuse two-thirds to three-fourths
as long as empty glumes, usually awnless; palet, none or minute. (PI. XXVI,
fig. 2.)

In typical forms the panicle is in flower and wide spreading at the upper part,
while the base is still inclosed in the upper sheath, the branches of the lower
exserted portion being numerous and appressed-ascending; later the entire
panicle is exserted and the branches wide spreading; at maturity the panicle
breaks away from the plant and rolls before the wind. (PI. XXYVI, fig. 1.)

DISTRIBUTION: Throughout North America from the arctic regions southward
into Mexico.

In the mountains of New England is a form which has awned spikelets. I
have examined this form in the White Mountains of New Hampshire and am
unable to separate it as a species. At higher altitudes there is a tendency to
form tufts with numerous slender radical leaves, but these characters are not at
all constant. The awn when present varies in length and springs from the
back of the flowering glume. (PI. XXVII, 5.) This form has been named—

Trichodium montanum Torr., Comp. 50. 1826. ‘ Mountains.” Torrey’s speci-
men is in the Torrey herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden. It has the
tuft of setaceous leaves at base, but the flowering glume is awnless. Type speci-
men collected on “ summit of the New Beacon Fishkill.”

A. oreophila Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI. 67: 523. 1841. (Agros-
tidea II :77.) ‘‘ Bethlehem Pensylvanize (Moser). Trinius gives as synonym
Trichodium montanum Torr. This disposition is also made by Doctor Gray
(Manual, Ed. 1). ‘The species in the 'l'rinius herbarium is, however, a small
erect form of A. perennans Tuckerm. ‘Trinius’s description agrees with this
specimen. Hence A. oreophila Trin. should be considered as a synonym of A.
perennans Tuckerin., and the citation of Trichodium montanum Torr. was an
error, arising from the fact that the specimen was sent to him under the last-
mentioned name. Trinius probably intended to change the name on account of
u previous A. montanum.

A. lariflora montana Tuckerm., Am. Jour. Sci. 45:48. April to June, 1843.
Not A. montana Krock., Fl. Siles. 1: 110, 1787, nor R. Br. 1: 171, 1810. Tucker-
man’s specimen is in the Gray herbarium.

44 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

l. torreyt Tuckerm., Hovey’s Mag. Hort. 9: 143. April, 1843. Not A. torreyi
Kunth, Enum. 1; 226, 1833, which is a Muhlenbergia,

Other specimens occur, mostly from the Eastern States, in which the flowering
glume is awned, but in which this is not co-ordinated with other characters by
which the specimens may be referred to any particular form or subspecies, Cer-
tain plants from Labrador (Waghorne 37 and Allen 23) resemble Tuckerman’s
A. torreyi.

A robust leafy form occurs especially in the Western States, from Washington
to Arizona ‘Territory. This passes into the following subspecies:

A. hiemalis subrepens subsp. nov.

Culms erect, tall and robust, about 1 m. high, provided with rhizomes. Pani-
cles with relatively shorter branches. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; flowering glume
1.6mm. long; palet minute (.2 mm. long).

Type specimen in National Herbarium collected by C. G. Pringle in wet places,
pine plains, base of Sierra Madre Mountains, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, Sep-
tember 28, 1SST (No. 1420).

I have referred the following to this, although the specimens do not in all
cases show rhizomes or decumbent rooting bases on account of scanty material.

New Mexico: Near Cloverdale, Wearns 490. Nevapa: Ruby Valley, Watson
1282. ARIZONA: Santa Catalina Mountains, Towmney 5 in 1894; Pringle in 1881;
Rincon Mountains, Vealley 175; Tucson, Touwmey in 1892.. Mexico: Chihuahua,
Townsend and Baker 276. VENEZUELA: Fendler 2541.

A. hiemalis geminata (Trin.) comb. noy.

A. geminata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. “ V. spp. ex Unalaschka, unde
retulit cl. Dr. Eschholz.” The type specimen of this is in the Trinius herbarium.
A portion is deposited in the National Herbarium. ‘The plate in Trinius’s Spec.
Gram. 1: 28 is characteristic.

In the type specimen the culm is 20 em. high, panicle loose but not diffuse, 5
cm. long, divaricately branching, flowering glume provided with a scarcely
exserted straight awn. In all other particulars it agrees with A. hiemalis. (PI.
XXVIII, fig 1.)

Unalaska, Eschholz (type). Specimens from Juneau, Breiwer and Coe 574,
and Piper 4622 at Kadiak and 4625 at Sitka, nearly match this, but all the other
specimens have a large and more diffuse panicle, thus approaching A. hiemalis.
Those from Alaska are: Juneau, Cole in 1899, Trelease and Saunders 2900;
Coville and Kearney 2461, 2509. A specimen from Chilliwack valley, British
Columbia (J/acoun 26036), and another from Pagosa Pass, Colorado (Baker 37),
have the awn, but a more diffuse panicle.

Closely agreeing with A. geminata, but flowering glume awnless, is a specimen
collected at Ratz Harbor, Prince of Wales Island, No. 2014, J. B. Flett, July 31,
1901, “ growing in moss on old logs projecting into a lake.” (Pl XXVIII,
fig. 2.)

The following specimens may be placed here, although they are connected with
A. hiemalis by a series of intergrades :

British CoLUMBIA: Rogers Pass, Macoun 2 in 1890; Chilliwack valley,
Macoun 26041. WASHINGTON: Mount Rainier, Allen in 1894. MONTANA:
Little Belt Mountains, Rydberg 3390; Crazy Mountains, Rydberg 3444.
Wyominc: Yellowstone Park, Merrill 141, 142, Tweedy 607, Ross in 1890;
Williams 2938. CALIFORNIA: Lassens Peak, Jones in 1897; Kern River, Roth-
rock 323. CoLorapo: Pagosa Peak, Baker 40 c; Buffalo Pass, Shear and Bessey

1453.

a ee

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 45

A form of A. hiemalis occurring from Alaska to Newfoundland has been
described as:

Trichodium album Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 244. 18380. “Tab. in sinu Nut-
kaensis.” The type specimen is in the Presl herbarium at Prague. There are
three plants mounted on the sheet; one is the ordinary form of A. hiemalis;
a second is A. erarata; while the third is a taller form of A. hiemalis with the
branches of the panicle appressed and the culm decumbent at base. This is the
same as has been distributed to other herbaria under the name of T'richodium
album and is the specimen that I take as the type. (Vl. XX VII, fig. 1.)

A. nutkaensis Kunth, Enum. 1:222. 18353. “Sinus nutkaensis.””. Based on
Trichodium album Presl. The spelling was changed by winaee (Mem. Acad.
St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 6’: 826, 1841. Agrostidea II: 80) to A. nootkaensis.

The following specimens can be referred to this form fairly well:

ALASKA: Unalaska, Piper 4625; WKadiak Island, 7'release, 2901, 2902, 2904;
BHvans, 454, Piper, 4624; Yes Bay, Howell, 1711; Popof Islands, Saunders in
1899, Aineaid in 1899; Fort Sampson, Kellogg, 108; Kenai, Nielson, 51. New-

9°

FOUNDLAND: Waghorne, 11, 12. Lasprapor: Waghorne, 23, 36.

In the National Herbarium are several dwarf specimens from Newfoundland,
Labrador, and Alpine regions of the western mountains which appear to be
A. hiemalis, but can not be definitely referred to any form above mentioned ; for
example, Waghorne 25, Newfoundland, (Pl. XXVII, fig. 4.) -

bb. Panicle open, but not conspicuously diffuse; branches more or less capillary.
c. Flowering glume awnless.
20. A. idahoensis Nash.

A. tenuis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 10: 21. 1883. Not A. tenuis Sibth.,
1794. “ Collected on the San Bernardino Mountains, California, by the Parish
brothers.” The type specimen (No. 1085) is in the National Herbarium. (PI.
XXIX, fig. 2.)

A. idahoensis Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24:42. 1897. ‘“ Collected by A. A.
and E. Gertrude Heller, ut Forest, Nez Perces County, Idaho.” The type speci-
men is the one from which Mr. Nash drew up the description, and is probably at
the New York Botanical Garden. Duplicate types are in the National Herbarium
and in several other herbaria. The one in the National Herbarium was col-
lected July 16, 1896, at an altitude of 3,500 feet (No. 3481). This is about inter-
mediate between A. tenuis Vasey and the subspecies recta. (PI. XXIX, fig. 1.)

A. tenuiculmis Nash, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. Those who give
the legal aspect prominence may insist that there is not sufficient evidence for
citing Nash as the author of A. tenuiculmis, but it is evident that he intended to
change the name. It is based upon the following, in Rydberg’s Flora of Mon-
tana (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden 1:32): “Agrostis tenuiculmis recta Nash; Agros-
tis tenuis erecta Vasey, mss: not A. erecta Spreng. Agrostis tenuis Vasey, Bul.
Torr. Bot. Club, 10: 21 is antedated by A. tenuis Sibth. 1794, consequently both
the specific and varietal name must be changed. It is a small plant with a
small panicle and erect or ascending rays and no palet.”

Furthermore, A. tenuis erecta Vasey is a manuscript name and hence A. tenui-
cuimis recta Nash rests upon the brief description cited above. But, compared
with the species A. tenuiculmis, the variety is a taller plant with upright stem
and longer panicle.

A. tenuiculmis recta Nash, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard.1: 382. 1900. Several locali-
ties are given in Montana and Yellowstone Park. Of the two specimens in the
National Herbarium, probably named by Doctor Vasey A. tenuis erecta, one is
from Washington State, collected by Suksdorf, 1883. The other from Oregon,
Cusick, No. 1070, has a palet, and, though it looks similar to this, should be
referred to A. humilis. I have therefore taken as the type of A. tenuiculmis
recta Nash the Suksdorf specimen, which is numbered 48. ‘This is a larger form,
which differs in its taller culms, broader leaves, and often larger spikelets, but
seems scarcely worth recognizing as a subspecies.

Culms slender, tufted from a perennial root, erect or geniculate at base, 10-30
cm. high. Blades narrow, one or two on the culm (1-6 cm, long), but mostly

46 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

basal, when they may be as much as 10 em. long in the taller forms. Panicles
loosely spreading, 5-10 cm, long, branches capillary, minutely seabrous. Spike-
lets about 1.5 mm. long, pale or purplish; lower glume slightly longer and more
acute than the upper, scabrous on keel; flowering glume 1 mm, long, truncate,
uwhless; palet minute, not more than .2 mm. long.

DISTRIBUTION: Washington to Colorado and California.

CALIFORNIA: Placer County, Carpenter in 1802; Fresno County, Hal! and
Chandler G03; Palmer 238 in 1888; Merced River, Torrey 567 in 1865; Mari-
posa County, Congdon in 1898; Lincoln Valley, Kennedy and Doten 195; Bear
River, Hansen 2079; San Jacinto Mountains, Hall 784, 2363. Wyomina: Yel-
lowstone Park, Rydberg and Bessey 3571, Nelson GOSO, Merrill 148, 1484, Rose
GOO, Tweedy 33, FOG, MONTANA: Knowlton in 1887.

The following are more robust and have been referred by some authors to
A. tenuiculmis recta Nash:

WASHINGTON: Suksdorf 48. Orecon: Umatilla, Shear 1661, 16644. Ipano:
St. Marys River, Leiberg 1130. Montana: Belt Pass, Rydberg 33274. Wyo-
MING: Yellowstone Park, Merrill 150, 143, 147, Rydlerg and Bessey 3572. Coro-
RADO: Pagosa Peak, Baker 150. This last specimen is yet more robust and there
is a short straight awn on the flowering glume.

21. A. oregonensis Vasey.

A. oregonensis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot, Club 13:55. April, 1886. “ Root fibrous
(annual?) ; culms al 2» feet high, somewhat slender, radical leaves filiform ;
culm leaves distant, narrow, soon tapering to u long, slender point, 3 to 4 inches
long; ligule short; Besa le 4 to 5 inches long, nodding and flexuous, open but
not spreading ; branches capillary, unequal, mostly in fives below, above in twos
or threes, the longer about 2 inches long, all naked below, and rather numerous
flowered above; pedicles slender, as long as, to two or three times as long a
the spikelets, which are about 14 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, and gr a Pes
tapering to the acute point, slightly scabrous on the keel, rather thin and purple ;
flowering glume a little shorter than the empty ones, narrowly lanceolate, five-
nerved, apex rather obtuse; palet wanting. The panicle has a rich purple color,
and it approaches the A. scabra, but is shorter, and with much shorter and erect
branches and a firmer culm. Collected in Oregon by Mr. Howell.” Type speci-
men in the National Herbarium, Howell 49. Panicle purple. VPalet present as
a very small scale .2-.4 mm. long. (PI. XIV, fig. 2.

DISTRIBUTION: WASHINGTON: Marsh, Kittitas County, Henderson 2123; wet
meadows, Skamania County, July 25, 1880, Suksdorf 198, 907; Copalis, Che-
halis County, Conard 47; Clallam County, Lawrence 318. OREGON: Howell
3, 49. I have also referred here Tweedy’s 36 from Teton Forest Reserve, Wyo-
ming. We have not sufficient material of this species and it may be that it
is only a form of some other species. It differs from A. longiligula in the shorter
ligule and the absence of the awn. It seems to be too robust for A. idahoensis,
and I find no indication of rootstocks except in Henderson’s No. 2123, which
shows at least a rooting decumbent stem. The absence of rootstocks separates
it from A. pallens foliosa,

There is an A. oregonensis Nutt., but this name has no valid standing. Doe-
tor Gray, in his review of Buckley’s new species says (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1862: 3 34, 18638): “Agrostis albicans is founded on a slender form of A.
exarata Trin., named by Nuttall A. oregonensis.”

To A. oregonensis I have also referred:

A. attenuata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 2: 357. December, 1886. “Culms. slender,
smooth, erect, attenuated, 2 to 3 feet long; radical leaves narrowly linear, 2 to 4
inches long; culm leaves 3, distant, sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth ;
ligule membranaceous, conspicuous, 2 to 8 lines long; blade 2 to 38 inches long,
narrow, acuminate; panicle 3 to 4 inches long, pyramidal, lower branches in
threes or fives, somewhat unequal, 1 to 2 inches long, capillary, few-flowered,

pedicels mostly longer than the spikelets, which are about 13 lines long;

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 47

empty glumes equal, oblong-lanceolate, acute, scabrous on the keel; flowering
glume nearly as long; palet wanting. Found by Mr. Thomas Howell near Mount
Hood, Oregon. It belongs to the scabra group, but is well distinguished as a
species.”

The type specimen is in the National Herbarium and was collected in the
swamps, south side of Mount Hood (No, 210) by Thomas Tlowell, October 1, 1SS6.
(Pl. XIII, fig. 2.) This has a slightly different aspect from A. oregonensis, but
I am unable to find essential characters upon which to make a separation. The
panicle is stramineous, probably due to age. ‘The most noteworthy character is
that the spikelets disarticulate below the glumes, but the specimen is past
maturity. In the National Herbarium there is but one other specimen agreeing
with this, Coville and Applegate 753, Salmon Prairie, Clackamas County, O1eg.,
September 3, 1897.

22. A. schiedeana Trin.

A. schiedeana Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.; Ser. VI, 6?: 327. 1841.
(Agrostidea II:81.) “ Mexico, (Schrader).” The type specimen of this is
probably in the Trinius herbarium, but I neglected to search for it.

A. hallii californica Vasey, Contr. U. S. Natl Herb. 3: 74. 1892. This is
based upon A. elata of the Botany of California (Watson, Bot. Calif. 2; 274.
1880.) The type specimen is, therefore, Bolander’s 6103, which is in the Nationai
Herbarium. (PI. X, fig. 1.) Torrey’s plant from Lake Washoe, Nevada, may
be the same, but our specimen shows only the upper part.

Culms tall, 60-100 ¢m., erect or slightly decumbent at base. Blades rather
narrow, 2-3 mm. wide, upright, 10-15 em. long. Panicle oblong, 10-30 cm. long.
open, the branches in verticils, rather stiff and ascending, the lower whorls often
numerous, the longer 5-10 ecm. long and branching above the middle. Spikelets
2.5-3 mm. long; fiowering glume 1.5-1.8 long; palet small, .2—6 mm. long.
(Pl. XXX.)

DISTRIBUTION : British Columbia to Mexico, in wet meadows.

BriTisH COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, Macoun 81. WASHINGTON: Falcon
Valley, Suksdorf 50, 189, 189a, 906; Lewis River, Henderson 2131. OREGON:
White Horse Ranch, Griffiths and Morris 466. NevapaA: Quinn River Crossing,
Griffiths and Morris 14 (grown in Grass Garden at Washington from seed).
CALIFORNIA: Sierra Nevada Mountains, Lemmon in 1875; Bear Valley, San Ber-
nardino Mountains, Parish brothers 1560. Mrxico: State of Mexico, Pringle
4485; Durango, Palmer 190. A specimen from Kadiak Island, Alaska (George-
son 1 in 1898), appears to be this species. The spikelets are 5 mm. long.
Another specimen from Bozeman, Mont., Rydberg 2218, has the flowering glume
provided with an exserted bent awn.

This species has gone under the names of A. hallii, A. scabra, and A. elata on
the Pacific coast. I may be wrong in referring our plants to A. schiedeana, as I
have not seen the type, but the plants agree with T'rinius’s description. Pringle’s
and Palmer’s specimens from Mexico have a palet about .6 mm. long, but it
is a nerveless scale. (Pl. XXX, A.) The spikelets vary from 2.2 mm. to
2.7 mm. or even 3 mm. in the Alaska specimens. The specimens agree, however,
in the shape of the panicle and the absence of rhizomes.

23. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm.

Cornucopie perennans Walt., Fl. Car. 74. 1788. ‘‘ Culmis subdecumbentibus ;
foliis latioribus; panicula longa diffusa, ramis trichotomis verticillatis. Gra-
men undique laeve, saccharinum, aestatem sustinens, in hyeme vigens, radicibus
geniculisque se cito propagans. Donum inaestimable, conditore ad hane diem,
reservatum, hoc aevum, me instrumento, locupletatum.”

A. cornucopia Fraser, Gentleman’s Magazine 59; 873. 1789. “ Gathered in

15097—No. 68—05 mM——4

45 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

South Carolina by Mr. Thomas Walter; even 500 miles up the country, Fraser,
Sent to Lifthzeus from Canada by Professor Kalin.” The article is entitled
“ Fraser’s Carolina grass.” <A plate accompanies the description, As synonym
is given Cornucopi@w perennans Walt. It is interesting to note that this was
sent to Linnzus by Mr. Kalm, but I have not been able to find a reference to this
in Linnzeus’s works. It seems strange that Linnzeus did not describe either this
or A. hiemalis, both of which are common in the Eastern States.

I have not seen the type specimen of this, and there probably is none in exist-
ence. In the herbarium of Mr. de Candolle at Geneva I saw a specimen
labeled Agrostis cornucopie from “ Carol. merid.,” sent by Fraser. This may
be taken as a duplicate type. It is the stout leafy form with rather large and
heavy panicle and a decumbent base. There is a similar specimen in the
herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Since Fraser was
familiar with Walter’s plants and states that this was collected in South Caro.
lina by Walter, there seems to be no doubt that this is the same as Cornucopia
perennans of Walter.

A. anomala Willd., Sp. Pl. 1:370. 1798. “ Habitat in America boreali.”
Based on Walter’s Cornucopiw perennans.

Alopecurus carolinianus Spreng., Nach. Bot. Gart. Halle, 10, 1801. A speci-
men of this is in the Trinius herbarium labeled “Alopecurus carolinianus
Spreng. ab ipso missus” and another labeled “ alluvial banks Kentucky River,
Robert Peter, M. D., Lexington, Ky.” (Pl. XXXI, B.) I have not seen the
type specimen.

Trichodium decumbens Michx., Fl. 1; 42. 1803. “ Hab. a Virginia maritima
ad Floridam, preesertim ad ripas amnium, solo limoso hieme inundato.” Type
specimen in the Michaux herbarium at the Museum of Natural Iistory at
Paris. It is the common stout form and the label states that it is Cornucopie
perennans Walt. The specimen does not show the base, but the description
states that it is decumbent. (Pl. XXXII, B.)

Pursh’s specimen of T'richodinm decumbens Michx. in the Kew Herbarium is
the small lax form.

Trichodium perennans Ell, Sk. 1: 99. 1816. “ Grows in damp, shaded places.”
Elliott gives as synonym Cornucopiw perennans Walt., but Mr. E. D. Merrill,
who has examined the specimen in E]liott’s herbarium, says it is “a form of the
grass now referred to Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm.” (U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Agros., Cire. 29, 1901.) This disposition depends upon the identity of the
latter plant. As Blliott’s species is based on Cornucopie perennans Walt., I
should refer this back to Walter’s plant as interpreted by Fraser.

Trichodium muhlenbergianum Schult., Mant. 2: 159. 1824. Based on Muhl-
enberg’s Trichodium No. 4, which is probably some form of A. perennans. _

A. michaurii Trin., Unifl. 206. 1824. Under this Trinius places three varie-
ties. Var. @ “Panicule long, amplioris, radiis elongatis, hispidissimis.”
This would be insufficient to identify the species. but he gives T'richodium
decumbens Michx. as synonym.

A. noveboracensis Spreng., Syst. 1: 260. 1825. “ Sylvze Nov. Eborz Torr.”
The description seems to apply better to A. perennans than to A. hiemalis. I
have not seen the type specimen.

A. schweinitzii Trin., Mem. Acad, St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 6?: 311. 1841.
(Agrostidea, II: 65.) “ Trichodiiwn elatwn Pursh (Schweinitz in hbio Martii)
Pennsylvan.” The specimen in the Trinius herbarium (PIlXXXI, A) is not 7.
elatum of Pursh, but a lax form of A. perennans. THowever, since Trinius cites
Trichodium elatum as synonym it might be claimed that this should be the type
‘ather than the specimen in his herbarium. It is to be noted, however, that
Trinius gives T'richodium elatuwn Pursh as a synonym of his Agrostis elata,
described on page 71 of the same work. I therefore take as the type of A.
schweinitzii the specimen in the Trinius herbarium. It is quite probable that
Trinius means to say in the quotation above that his A. schiweinitzii is the plant
collected by Schweinitz and labeled (incorrectly) Trichodium elatwn Pursh.
This specimen appears to be the small form of this species, though only the
upper part of the plant is present.

A. oreophila Trin., 1. ¢ 323 (Agrostidea II; 77). Trinius cites Trichodium
montanum Torr. as a synonym, but the type specimen in the Trinius herbarium
is a rather small but erect form of A. perennans. It is from Bethlehem, Pa.,
sent by Moser. (Pl. XXXII, A.) See note on this under A. hiemalis.

A. perennans Tuckerm., Am. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 1848. “ Hab. Carolina, Wal-
ter, Fraser, Elliott, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Darlington; Columbus, Ohio, Sulli-

ee

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 49

vant. The habit of this species is very marked, and it is pronounced ‘ quite
distinet’ by Doctor Darlington. It is probable that it does not occur very far
to the north.” As this is primarily a change of name, it is a typonym of Cornu-
copia perennans Walt.

I have been unable to find the specimens upon which Tuckerman based his
descriptions of A. perennans and A. nova-anglia. The name A. perennans
Tuckerm., should rest upon Cornucopia perennans Walt. but the deseription
seems to refer to another form. As stated below, the species varies from the
large upright stout form to a smaller lax decumbent form. These extremes seem
quite distinct. Irom the description L think that Mr. Tuckerman had in mind
the small form when he deseribed A. perennans (* Culmis fere decumbentibus
basi geniculatis ramosis glabris ’). This was published in the American Journa!
of Science, July, 1843, in an article on the Trichodium section of Agrostis. In the
same place he publishes A. altissima based on Cornucopia altissima Walt., to
which he adds variety Jara. This is the stout large-panicled form which is
described as A. nove-anglie in TWovey’s Magazine of Horticulture, April, 1843.

A. nove-anglia Tuckerm., Tlovey’s Mag. 9; 145, 1848. Not A. nova-anglioe
Vasey, Contr. Natl. Herb. 3: 76, 1892, which is A. borealis Hartm. Tuckerman
says “a stout, Coarse grass of mountain brooks and wet rocks in the Notch of
the White Mountains. It is wholly different from our other New England
species, A. lariflora and A. scabra; but the flowers agree so nearly with those of
A. altissima, a southern species, that IT have thought it was a variety of that plant.
It differs, however, strikingly in habit.” In his review of Trichodium section
of Agrostis (Am. Jour. Sci. 45 : 44, 1843) Tuckerman says under Agrostis altis-
sima, “ff laxa (mihi); panicula laxiori ramis longioribus viridi. A. nove-
anglie (mihi MSS.).” This would seem to indicate that the article in the Ameri-
‘an Journal of Science was written before that in Hovey’s Magazine, although
published a few weeks later. This is the large, leafy form found from New
England to North Carolina, but it passes imperceptibly into the ordinary form
and I am unable to distinguish it even as a subspecies.

A. campyla Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci., Ser. II, 6: 231, 1848. ‘“‘ Hab. New
England, New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.” Tuckerman’s specimen in
the Gray herbarium is the erect stout form.

A. aphanes Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser VI, 6: 346. 1841. (Agros-
tidea If: 100.) “Terra nova. (Lapylaie, Kunth).” From the description this
appears to be A. perennans.

A. perennans wstivalis Vasey. Contr. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Type specimen
collected by E. Hall at Athens, Ill., September, 1864. No specimen is indicated
in the original description, but the range is given as Illinois, Tennessee, and
westward. There are two specimens marked by Dr. Vasey, one from Illinois
and one from Tennessee (Doctor Gattinger). I have taken the former as the
type. (PI. XXXII.) This is the small form. If this form is to be distin-
guished by a name it is probably best to take up estivalis on account of the
uncertainty of A. schweinitzii Trin.

A intermedia Scribn.. Bul. 'Torr. Bot. Club, 20:476. 1893.

This species is described in a footnote accompanying an. account of the flora
of southeastern Kentucky. Appended to this article is a list of specimens. Two
numbers are mentioned with A. intermedia, 39 and 174. The first would be the
type. This was collected on the summit of Pine Mountain, Harlan County,
Tenn., by T. H. Kearney, in 1895. Professor Scribner states that this species
is intermediate between A. elata and A. perennans, his idea of the latter being
the small, decumbent form. I have been unable to locate the type of this, but a
duplicate type is in the National Ierbarium.

The citation for A. intermedia has generally been given as Univ. Tenn. Agr.
Iixp. Sta. Bul. 7: 76. 1894. (Grasses of Tennessee, Pt. II.)

A. pseudointermedia Farwell, Ann. Rept. Com. Parks and Boulevards, Detroit,
Mich., 11: 46. 1900. Gives new name to Agrostis intermedia Secribn. on account
of A. intermedia Balb., Elencho 85. 1802.

A. scribneriana Nash, in Small Flora 8. E. States, 126. 1903. Gives a new
name to A. intermedia on account of A. intermedia Balb., but overlooks A.
pseudointermedia Farwell.

Culms erect or more or less decumbent at base, varying from weak and lax to
stout and tall, 30-100 em. tall. Leaves rather numerous, the blades lax or
stifly upright, corresponding to the culms, 1-6 mm. wide, 10-20 cm. long.

5U NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.,

Panicle open, oblong, branches ascending, branching again about the middle.
Spikelets 2-3 mm. long; empty gluines nearly equal, acute or acuminate; flower-
ing glume 1.5-2 mm. long, awnless; palet none or minute. (PL XXXTI.)

In habit this species is quite variable. It is common in the Middle Atlantie
States in autumn, It flowers later than any other species of Agrostis in the
Eastern States (September to November). In open ground the culms are tufted,
stout, and erect, with stiff, ascending branches of the panicle. In woodlands
the culms are likely to be decumbent at base, while in deep shade or along
brooks the culms and foliage are weak and lax, the former decumbent and
spreading. The panicles in this form are more open, with fewer branches, which
are sometimes conspicuously divaricately branched. In the large suite of speci-
mens examined there are all gradations between these forms,

DISTRIBUTION: Maine and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. I have also
referred to this species Liebmann 714 from Mirador, Mexico. <A specimen from
Wolf Creek, Tenn. (Kearney No. 953), has the flowering glume awned.

The plants we have from Japan labeled A. perennans differ from ours in hay-
ing the panicle more compact, narrower, the branches shorter and more erect.

A. perennans elata (Pursh) comb. noy.

Cornucopie altissima Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. “ Culmo erecto, duro;
panicula coarctata; flor. magnis.” This description is scarcely sufficient to
identify the species, which is not represented in Walter’s herbarium. The
plant which I have referred to A. elata is quite rare and there are few speci-
mens from the Carolinas, the region covered by Walter’s Flora, and it cer-
tainly is not common. There does not seem sufficient evidence for taking up
Walter’s name, nor is it likely to be any better known in the future. The name
is inserted here because later authors have assumed that this was T'richodium
elatum Pursh. It is more likely to have been Agrostis alba L.

Trichodium elatwn Pursh, Fl. 1: 61. 1814. “In sandy deep swamps;
New Jersey, Carolina, ete.” The type specimen, or ut least one collected by
Pursh, is in the herbarium at Kew.

A. elata Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 62: 317. 1841. (Agros-
tidea II: 71.) “ Nov. Cesar. (Gray et Greville.)”

The type specimen is in the Trinius herbarium at St. Petersburg. There
are two plants mounted on the sheet, one from pine barrens of New Jersey,
collected by Doctor Torrey and sent by Greville, 1885. The other, also from
New Jersey (‘* Nov. Czesar’’), sent by Doctor Gray, 1835. The second would
be the type, as it is the one first mentioned by Trinius. (Pl. XXXIII A.)
Roth specimens agree with Pursh’s type. It may be best to consider this
- primarily a change of name, in which case the type is Pursh’s plant.

A. altissima Tuckerm., Am. Jour. Sci. 45:44. 1848. “ Hab. Carolina, Walter,
Curtis; New Jersey, Pursh, lorrey.”. ‘Tuckerman refers to this, “ T. n. 4 (anon. )
Muhl. Gram., p. 52 (fide Yorr.).” I should consider this primarily a change
of name and that Tuckerman wished to take up Walter’s Cornucopia altissim@
and transfer it to the genus Agrostis.

This differs from A. perennans in the more slender and elongated culms, often
decumbent at base, but particularly in the crowding of the spikelets toward the
ends of the branches, which gives them a more drooping appearance. (PI.
XXXITI.)

DISTRIBUTION: Swamps, New Jersey to Mississippi.

New JERSEY: Scribner in 1881; Pines, Leggett in 1873; Atlantic County, Gross
in 1883; Tom’s River, Porter in 1870; Egg Harbor, Vasey in 1884. MARYLAND:
Brackish marsh, Ocean City, Hitchcock in 1902. VirGiniA: Low ground, burnt-
over pine lands, Warburton in 1903. NorrH CARroLINA: M. A. Curtis (Torrey
herb.). SourH CAROLINA: M. A. Curtis in 1851 (Torrey herb.). ALABAMA:
Gateswood, Tracy 8371. Mussissrpprr: Biloxi, Tracy 3864, 4555; in pine woods
clearing, Pass Christian, Langlois in 1882; among bushes in open marshes,

: DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 51

on

Waynesboro, Kearney 187; growing in hummocks in shaded pine barren bog,
Nicholsen, Kearney 3s.

ee Flowering glume dawned.

24, A. canina L.
A. canina l., Sp. PL 62. 1755. “ Habitat in Muropre pascuis humidiusculis.”
Type specimen in the Lintrean herbarium. Agraulus caninus Beauy., Agrost.
mh IS12. Refers A. canina L. to this new genus.

Trichodium caninum Schrad., Fl Germ. 1: 198. 1806. Gives deseription
and cites A. caning lL. ex Willd. as synonym. Gives six varieties.

Culms tufted, 80-50 em. tall. Blades mostly short and narrow, those of the

»

culin 38-6 em. long, usually not over 2 mm. wide. Panicle loose and spreading,
mostly 5-10 em. long. Kmpty glumes equal, acute, 2 mm. long, lower minutely
seabrous on keel; flowering glume a little shorter than the empty glumes,
awned on the back about the middle, awn exserted, bent, callus minutely hairy :
palet none. ag BY A | ia

This species is apparently not native in this country. It is in cultivation
under the name of Rhode Island bent and has escaped along roadsides and
fields. Our specimens in the National Ilerbarium are all from the Northeastern
States. This species resembles the awned forms of A. alba, from which it
differs by the absence of the palet.

25. A. melaleuca (Trin.) comb. nov.

A. canina aenea 'Trin., in Bong. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. Ser. VI, 1: 170.
1832. Veg. Sitcha. Not A. wenea Spreng., Syst. Cur. Post. 337, 1827. For note
concerning date see A. @quivalvis. The original descriptions of this and some
other species appear in this work under A. canina, as follows: ‘191. Agrostis
canina L., Tr. le, p. 208.) Trichodium caninum Schrad., Roem. et Schult. IT,
p. 277. Planta nostrati ex toto simillima, przeterquam quod spiculas nonnihil
majores habeat. Sed in regionibus iilis boreali-orientalibus et alize Agrostidis
forme inveniuntur, que, etsi partim floralium evolutione singulze varient, tamen
altera in alteram adeo transeunt, ut, quantumcumaque extreme tandem a prim-
itivo canine typo recedant, nihilominus ejusdem varietates potius, quam totidem
species peculiares constituere nobis videantur. In eo enim cunctze conveniunt,
quod folia radicalia angustissima, plerumque pl. min. capillaria, culmea latiora,
plana, callum, ut in genuina canind, subepilem s. obsolete barbatum, radicem
denique pl. min. repentem habeant; tametsi et Agr. canina nostras minime raro
radice mere fibrosa inveniatur. Harum varietatum Sitchensium altera, genu-
inv proxima, quam obflurum colorem.

@ aeneam vocabimus, caninze quidem floris structura, h. e. periantho glumis
paulo breviori, valvula superiori subobsoleta, saepissimeque arista longa et
geniculata gaudens, tamen in aliis speciminibus hac aut penitus caret, aut
illius loco setulam perbrevem tantum emittit, floresque adeo magnos (genuina
canina fere duplo majores> habet, ut eam primo intuitu cum var. yv.confunderes.

Alia est varietas, quae, ob glumas purpurascendo-atras et valvulas albas.

f melaleuca dici poterit. Radix huie distinctius repens quam in a, et y,
Perianthium, in aliis ejusdem speciminibus, glumis paulo brevius, in aliis
easdem gquans: in i/lis valvula inferior paulo supra medium emittit aristulam
glumas vix excedentem, valvula superior autem, ut solet, minima est; in his
valvula inferior mutica, superior adeo evoluta, ut inferiorem fere zquet.
Utramque autem rem, aristam nimirum aut abbreyiatam aut nullam, et in Agr.
canina nostrate inveniri, valvulam superiorem vero etiam in Agr. alpina, erarata
aliisque Trichodiis non raro fere in longitudinem valvule inferioris protractam
esse, plurimze observationes nos edocuerunt. 'Tertiam denique, (yv ) @quivalvem
dicendam, reapse, qualis pro se exstat, speciem propriam sistere quis non
dixerit? Wuie enim, preeterquain quod culmum cum foliis robustiorem et pani-
cule radios glumasque prorsus laeves habeat, perianthium est in floribus genuina
canina fere duplo majoribus sequivalve, glumas sequans et muticum.”

The type specimen collected at Sitka by Doctor Mertens in 1829 is in the
Trinius herbarium. (PI. XXXVI, fig. 2.) A portion is deposited in the

5Y NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

National Herbarium, as is also a portion of Mertens’s specimen from Unalaska.
(Pl ANAVI, fig. 1.) | have selected the Sitka specimen as the type, because
this locality is frst mentioned under 1. acuca below. No specimen or locality is
mentioned by Bongard.,

A, aenea Trin., Mem. Acad, St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 6?: 332. 1841. (Agrostidea
11:86). “Sitka, Unalaschka.” ‘Trinius refers to this the Alaskan forms that he
had previously included under A, caning acnea, and melaleuca in Bongard, |. ¢.

lL. exarata aenea Griseb., in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 441. 1853. “ Hab. in insulis
Unalaschka (Trin.) et Sitchka! (Bong.)” Variety melaleuca is included here
by Grisebach.

A. canina melaleuca Trin, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., Ser. VI, 2: 170. 1832.

The original description of this is given above in full. I have been unable to
find the type specimen. From the description we see that Trinius includes two
forms, the first of which has the perianth (flowering glume) a little shorter
than the glumes, the superior valve (palet) very small, and has the inferior
valve (flowering glume) bearing a scarcely exserted awn a little above the
middle.

The second form would, from the description, belong to A. wquivalvis, but the
name melaleuca should rest upon the first form, which applies to A. aenea. It
is to be noted that Trinius himself revises his disposition of these forms when
he raises A. canina aenea to specific rank (Agrostidea 11:86), for, allowing his
diagnosis of the species, he says “1yroslis canina, aencea et melaleuca Catraque
partim) Trin. in Bongard. Florula Sitchensis in Act. Petropol. 1832, p. 170.”
It is for these reasons that I have taken up meluleuca for the untenable name
aened.

Differs from A. borealis in having the panicle oblong rather than pyramidal,
and in having the awn straight and included or slightly exserted rather than
exserted and geniculate. The culms are usually tall (30-50 cm.) and more leafy
than in A. borealis. The latter is sometimes as tall, but then has proportion-
ately larger and more diffuse panicle. The culms of A. melaleuca occur as iso-
lated plants rather than tufted, and the spikelets are copper-colored. The char-
acteristic habitat of this species is sphagnum swamps.

DISTRIBUTION: ALASKA, Kadink Island, Georgeson 2, 3, Coville and Kearney
2348; Sitka, Hvans 254, Wright 1579; Unalaska, Kellogg 119; Nagai Island,
Harringtoy ; Attu Island, Geol. Surv. Can. 32, 126; Piper, Yakutat, 4628, 4630,
Sitka 4629, Seldovia 4627, and Ankow 4626. BritisH CoLUMBIA: Rogers Pass,
Selkirk Mountains, 7,000 feet, Geol. Surv. Can. 5. CoLorapo: Silver Plume,
Rydberg 2425; Mount Massive, 12,000 feet, Holm, August, 1899.

This includes most of the material that has been referred to A. canina and A.
rubra. It may be that the two Alaska specimens included under A. borealis

should go here.
26. A. borealis Hartm.

A. rubra Iu, Sp. Pl. 62. 17538. This name has been commonly used for our
plant, but since the Linnzean plant can not be identified it seems best to take up —
the next name which can be definitely connected with the species here consid-
ered. My reasons for this course are given in detail in another place (Bot. Gaz.
88: 141. 1904). Briefly, they are these: There is no type specimen; the plant
in Linnzeus’s herbarium labeled A. rubra is Sporobolus, and there is evidently an
error. The description is insuflicient and incorrect, in so far as the awn is
described as terminal, while A. canina is said to have a dorsal awn. The cita-
tions or references to plates are based upon Gastridium australe. While it is
true that later authors have fixed the name A. rubra to a definite plant, it seems
best for the sake of stability to discard the name A. rubra L.

A. borealis Hartm., Seand. F1., Ed. III, 17. 18388. Mr. C. H. Ostenfeld of the
Copenhagen Botanical Museum, has transcribed and translated Hartmann’s
description for me, as follows: ‘“ Panicle pyramidal, with few-flowered, some-
what scabrous branches; awn as in the foregoing (A. canina); basal leaves
narrower.

“ Mountains in wet places (Lapland). Resembles the foregoing (A. canina)
with regard to the flower, the following (A. vulgaris) with regard to the appear-
ance in general,”

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 53

A. mertensii Trin., Mem. Acad, St. Petersb, Ser. VI, 64: 331. 1841. (Agrosti-
dea I1:85). “ Unalaschka (Mertens.—foliis flaccidioribus et mollioribus).” A.
laxiflora mertensii Griseb., in Ledeb. I'l. Ross. 4: 442. 1855. “ Hab. in insula
Unalaschka (Mertens ap Trin.).” The type specimen of A. mertensii is in the
Trinius herbarium. A portion of this is deposited in the National Tlerbarium.
It was collected in Unalaska by Doctor Mertens in 1820. (PlXXXY, fig. 1.)
It differs from the Flett (1689) and the Wright (1584) specimens in having
more acuminate empty glumes. The Piper (4617, 4618) specimens agree well
with the type, but are more robust. It seems, however, scarcely worthy of spe-
cific or even subspecific rank. A. inconspicuwm Kunze is mentioned under this
as a synonym by Trinius.

A. canina alpina Oakes, Cat. Pl. Ver. 382. 1842. “A. rupestris Gray in Sill.
Jour., vol. 42. On the summit of Camel’s Hump Mountain, Robbins, Tucker-
man, and Macrae, July. This variety is common on the White Mountains
and is connected with the common variety, which is abundant in Mssex County,
Mass., by several intermediate forms found at the base and on the sides of the
White Mountains.” A. rupestris Gray is a nomen nudum, as Gray in the arti-
cle referred to only mentions finding Agrostis rupestris on Roan Mountain.
(Notes of a Botanical Excursion to the Mountains of North Carolina, ete., p.
42. I have examined the specimen of Oakes in the Gray herbarium, which
is probably a duplicate, and also the specimen collected by Gray on Roan Moun-
tain, upon which is based A. rupestris of Chapman’s Flora, ete.

A. canina var.? tenella 'Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2:448. 1848. “ Mountains in the north-
ern part of the State. ‘his grass differs from A. canina in its less diffuse
panicle, narrow glumes, and flat leaves, and yet I know of no other species te
which it is more nearly allied.”

A. pickeringii Tuckerm., Hovey’s Mag. Hort. 9%: 148. April, 1843. Also
Am, Journ. Sci. 45: 42. 1848, probably later than the above, as the signature
title reads “Apr.—June.”” In the first article the description is in English. In
the second is given the equivalent in Latin, but there is added a variety rupicola
with smaller contracted panicle and purplish white flowers from White Moun-
tains, Pickering and Oakes, and from Camel’s Hump, Vermont. <A. canina var.
alpina Oakes is given as a synonym of the variety. In the first the locality is
“White Mountains ;” the second, **‘ White Mountains, Great Haystack.’ The
type specimen is in the Gray herbariwn.

A. concinna Tuckerm., |. ¢, published in both articles as above. From the
first we have “Hab. White Mountains. Quite distinct from A. alpina, A.
rupestris, and A. canina.” From the second article, “* Hab. White Mountains,
stony alpine moor on Mount Monroe, with Carex scirpoidea and Potentilla
minima. Somewhat resembling A. alpina in habit, but that is remarkable for
the two bristles at the top of the inferior palea, and the awn at its base. It
is quite different from A. rupestris and A. canina.” The type specimen is in
the Gray herbarium. It is possible that Tuckerman’s specimens in the Gray
herbarium should be considered as duplicate types.

A, rubra americana Scribn., ine Macoun Cat. Pl. Can. 2: 391. 1890. “It is
the same as A. rupestris Chapm. (non All.), found on Roan Mountain, North
Carolina. The same plant grows on the White Mountains of New Hampshire
(A. canina var. alpina Oakes), together with the true A. rupestris All.”
Macoun’s specimens are from Mount Albert, Quebec.

A. nove-anglie Vasey, Contr. U. 8S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Not A. nova-
angliw 'Tuckerin. Vasey cites A. scabra var. montana 'Tuckerm. as a synonym,
but the description and the plants in the National Herbarium which Vasey
studied and marked are A. borealis. 1 take as the type of this a specimen col-
lected by C. G. Pringle in 1877 on Mount Washington, New Hampshire.

A. paludosa Scribn., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Bul. 11:49. 1S98. “ Blane
Sablon, Labrador (Rev. A. Waghorne, September 25, 1893). The type speci-
men is in the National Herbarium. This belongs to the group of dwarf forms
which are intermediate between A. hiemalis and A. borealis. The type specimen
resembles Macoun’s No. 57, from Anticosti Island. It has the floret as long as
the outer glumes and no palet. A specimen from Unalaska resembles this,
but has the glumes abnormally elongated (Everman 129). I have pliuced this
form with A. borealis until more material can be examined. It appears to
differ only in the absence of the awn. Its apparent rarity is an indication that
it may be only an awnless form of A. borealis.

Culms tufted, 20-40 cm. tall, or, in alpine or high northern plants. dwarf.
Leaves tufted at base, few on culm; blades narrow and mostly upright, 1-2 or

54 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTITS.

sometimes 3 min. wide, 5-10 cm. long. Panicle pyramidal, 5-15 em. long; the
lower branches whorled and spreading, upper ascending or contracted, slightly
scabrous or nearly smooth. Empty glumes usually purple, equal, 2.5-3 mm.
long, acute, very minutely scabrous on keel toward tip; flowering glume a little
shorter than the empty glumes, awn usually bent and exserted 1-3 mm, beyond
the spikelet, attached about the middle of the back; in some forms the awn is
shorter or even obsolete; palet none or minute. (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 1, and PI.
XxXxXV, fig. 2.)

DistrRisuTion: Alaska to Labrador, and the mountains of New York and
New England; also mountains of North Carolina. ALaska: Unalaska, Mertens
in 1829, Piper 4618; Kadiak, Piper 4617; Sitka, Wright 1584; Nome City,
Flett 1689, Lasrapor : Ungava Bay, Geol. Surv. Can. 12981; St. Nicholls,

Waghorne 23a; Cartridge Bight, Waghorne in
\ IS91. QuEBEec: Mount Albert, Macoun 22, 24.
NEWFOUNDLAND: Waghorne in 1892; Battle Har-
bor, Waghorne in 1891; Grand Lake, Waghorne
10. MAINE: Mount Bigelow, Fernald and Strong
487; Mount Katahdin, Briggs 32, 536, Fernald,
July, 1900. New HAMPSHIRE: White Mountains,
Oakes, Pringle, Chickering, Churchill, Hitchcock,
axon, 4, 5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 22. VermMont: Camel’s
lump, Pringle; Mount Mansfield, Eggleston.
NortH CAROLINA: Roan Mountain, Seribner, Va-
sey, Chickering. A dwarf form which I have
referred here is represented by: LABRADOR, Allen
22 (PI. XXXIV, fig. 2), Waghorne; NEWFOUND-
LAND, Waghorne.

Two specimens collected at Cartwright, Labra-
dor, by Waghorne (34, 38) are doubtful. They
differ from A. borealis in the leafy stem and
short straight awn, and from A. melaleuca in the
tufted habit.

A. borealis differs from the dwarf form of A.
hiemalis geminata in the less scabrous branches
of the panicle.

27. A. longiligula sp. nov.

Fila. Ri lp po ee Culms erect, tall, 70 em in height. Leaves sev-
a, empty glumes: 0, flowering |. al area - ° :
glame, showings small palotanil eral: blades 10-15 em. long, 34+ mm. wide, sca
three stamens. brous; ligule elongated and decurrent, 5-6 mm.

long. Panicle bronze-purple, 10-18 em. long,
rather densely flowered; branches very scabrous. Empty glumes acute, sca-
brous on the keel and minutely hispidulous on the back, lower nearly 4 mm.
long, upper about 3.5 mm.; flowering glume about 2.5 mm. long, the upper por-
tions of the nerves minutely scabrous, awned; awn rising from the middle of the
back, exserted, 2-2.5 mm. long, bent at the middle; callus hairs very short;
palet minute, about .2 mm, long.

The type specimen in the National Herbarium was collected near Fort Bragg,
Mendocino County, Cal., in water of a meadow, by Davy and Blasdale (No.
6110), in 1899. (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 3.) The same collectors found it in other
localities in this county (Nos. 6088, 6095, 6096, 6105, 6106, 6107, 6131, 6140).
There is also a specimen without locality collected in California by Bolander in
1866 (No. 6472) ).

SPECIES EXCLUDED. 55

This species is allied to A. borealis, but differs in the more scabrous branches
of the panicle, in the oblong panicle, and in the long ligule.

Davy and Blasdale 6131, collected in dense brush, is tall, but very slender,
and with numerous lix leaves and a diffuse green panicle. The ligules are con-
spicuously elongated (S miin.).

SPECIES EXCLUDED.

The following list has been prepared by Mr. P. L. Ricker. Mr.
KE. D. Merrill has examined the grasses of Muhlenberg in the her-
barium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (see U.S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Cire. 27) and of Elliott in the herbarium of
the College of Charleston (see Cire. 29, |. ¢.) and has recorded, in man-
uscript, notes upon the synonymy of other species. These synonyms.
however, have not been given critical study and are here given only
as a matter of convenience in tracing the various species of our North
American flora which may have been assigned at one time or another
to Agrostis, but are excluded in the present limitation of the genus.

A. affinis Schult., Mant. 2: 195. 1824. Based on Agrostis No. 17, Muhl. Descr.
75. 1817=Sporobolus ? affinis (Schult.) Kunth.

A. airoides Torr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824=Sporobolus airoides (Torr.)
Torr.

A, aspera Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 52. 1803=Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth.

A. australis L., Mant. Pl. 1: 30. 1767=Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaud. (G.
australe (Iu.) Beauv. )

A. barbatis Buckl. ex A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862: 334. 1863=
Muhlenbergia texana Buckl. fide Merrill mss.

A. barbata Pers., Syn. 1: 75. 1805=Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth fide
Spreng. sub Agrostis aspera Michx.

A, brevifolia Nutt., Gen. 1: 44. 1818=Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Scribn.

A. cespitosa Torr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 152. 1824=Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr.?

A, cinna Lam. ex Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 64. 1814=Cinna arundinacea Walt.!

A. clandestina Spreng. ex Muhl., Descr. 73. 1817=Sporobolus asper (Michx.)
Kunth fide Merrill mss.

A. composita Poir. ex Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1: 254. 1810=Sporobolus compositus
(Poir.) Merrill.

A. compressa Torr., Cat. Pl. N. Y. 91. 1819 not Poir. 1810=Sporobolus torrey-
anus (R. & 8S.) Nash, fide Britt. Man. 107.

A. compressa Poir. ex Lam., Encycl. Supp. 1: 258. 1810=Sporobolus asper
(Michx.) Kunth fide Merrill mss. ex descr.

A. eryptandra Torr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824=Sporobolus eryptandrus
(Torr.) A. Gray.
A. debilis (H. B. K.) Spreng., Syst. 1: 262. 1825=Muhlenbergia debilis (H. B. K.)

oo) Yin,

A. diffusa Muhl., Descr. 46. 1817 not Host.=Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. fide
Merrill mss.

A. domingensis Schult., Mant. 3: 570. 1827=Sporobolus domingensis (Schult.)
Kunth.

A. erecta (Schreb. ) Spreng., Syst. 1: 264. 1825=Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.)
Beauv.

A. festucoides Muhl. ex R. & 8., Syst. 1: 326. 1817 as syn.=Muhlenbergia race-
mosa (Michx.) B.S. P. fide Merrill mss.

56 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

A, filiformis Willd., Enum, 95, 1809=Muhlenbergia mexicana (.) Trin. fide
Ind. Kew.

A.? glauca Muhl. Deser. 76. 1817 =Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl,) Barton fide
Merrill mss.
A, gracilis Willd. ex Trin., in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 6’: 302. 1841 as
syn. = Muhlenbergia gracilis (H. B. K.) Trin.
A. grenlandica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 1
Agrostis.

A, indica L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753=Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.

A. involuta Muhl., Deser. 72. 1817=Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merrill fide
Merrill mss.

A. juncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 52. 1803=Sporobolus junceus (Michx.) Kunth,

A, lateriflora Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 58, 1803=Muhlenbergia meaxicana (L.)
Trin. fide Ind. Kew.

A. latifolia Trev., Beschr. Bot. Gart. Bresl. 82. 1880=Cinna latifolia (Trev.)
Griseb.

A. lendigera DC.=Gastridium lendigerwm (L.) Gaud.

A. littoralis Lam., Tab. Encyc. 1: 161. 1791=Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth
fide Spreng. sub Agrostis.

A. littoralis With., Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. 23. 1776=Polypogon littoralis (With.)
J. E. Smith.

A. longifolia Torr., Fl. U.S. 1: 90. 1824=Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Mer-
rill fide Merrill mss.

A. matrella L., Mant. 185. 1771=Osterdamia matrella (L.) Kuntze.

A. mexicana L., Mant. 31=Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.

A. mexicana Pers., Syn. 1: 76. 1805=Calamagrostis canadensis L.?

A. microsperma Lag., Gen. et Sp. Pl. 2. 1816=Muhlenbergia debilis Trin.

A. miliacea L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753=Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Richt.

A. minutissina Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 171. 1854=Sporobolus ramulosus
Kunth.

A. nutans Poir. ex Lam., Encye. Suppl. 1: 255. 1810=Panicum anceps Michx.?

A. oligantha R. & S., Syst. 2: 372. 1817=Muhlenbergia tenuiflora fide Merrill
mss.

A. paradoxa L., Sp. Pl, 62. 1753=Oryzopsis paradowa (L.) Nutt.

A. puradowa R. Br. in Ross. Voy. Ed. II 2: 192. 1819 nom. nud.=Arectagrostis
latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. fide Ind. Kew.

A. pauciflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 63. 1814=Muhlenbergia tenuiflora pauci-
flora (Pursh) Scribn.

A. polystachya Bosc, ex Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1: 254. 1810, as syn. =Sporobolus
compositus (Poir.) Merrill.

A, punctata (L.) Lam. Eneyel. 1: 58. 1788=EKriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt.

A. pungens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 64. 1814=Sporobolus pungens (Pursh)
Kunth. =S. virginicus (L.) Kunth fide Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 249. 1896.

A. racemosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1:53. 18083=Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx. )
Boer. 7% .

A. ramosa Poir., in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 257. 1810=Friochloa annulata
(Flugge) Kunth fide Ind. Kew.

A. rubicunda Bose, in DC. Hort. Monsp. 151. 1813, as syn.=Muhlenbergia ex-
pansa (Poir.) Trin.

A. sericea Muhl., Descr. 64. 1817=Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. fide
Merrill.

A. serotina Torr., Fl. U.S. 1: 88. 1824=Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scrib. &
Merrill fide Merrill mss.

A. setosa Spreng., Syst. 1: 262. 1825=Muhlenbergia debilis Trin. fide Merrill mss.

~
‘

5. 1854. Apparently not an

NOTES ON MEXICAN SPECIES. 57

A. setosa Muhl., Deser. 68. 1817 = Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. fide
Merrill mss.

A. sobolifera Mubl., in Willd. Enum. 95. 1800=: Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. )
‘Trin.

A. spica-venti L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753=Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauy.

A. suaveolens Blytt, Mag. Naturv., 1837=Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. fide
Ind. Kew.

A. sylvatica Torr., Fl. U.S. 87. 1824 not L. 1762=Muhlenbergia sylvatica
(Torr.) Torr.

A. tenuiflora Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 364. 1797=Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.)
Be. ee

A. tenuiflora Ell., Sk. 1: 134. 1816=Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. fide Merrill.

A. thyrsoides Bosc, in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. Ser. VI. 6’: 76. 1840, as syn. of
Vilfa fulvescens Trin.

A. torreyana Schult., Mant. 2: 268. 1824=Sporobolus torreyanus (R. & 8.)
Nash.

A. trichantha Schrank, Regensb. Denksch., 2: 5, ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:
175. 1854. Apparently not an Agrostis.

A. trichopodes Ell., Sk. 1: 135. 1817=Muhlenbergia expansa Trin. fide Merrill.

A. vagineflora Torr., in Gray Man. 576=Sporobolus vagineflorus (Torr.) Wood.

A. virginica L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1758=Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth.

A, virginica Muhl., Deser. 74. 1817=Sporobolus vagineflorus (Torr.) Wood fide
Merrill mss.

NOTES ON MEXICAN SPECIES.

Fournier has described several species of Agrostis, but unfortu-
nately I have not been able thus far to identify all of these satisfac-
torily. It is quite possible that many of his new species will later be
reduced to synonymy. Below I give transeripts of the original
descriptions of Fournier’s species, as published in his Mexicanas
Plantas, Graminew, 1881.

A. tolucensis H. B. K., Nov. Gen. 1: 135. 1815.

I have not seen the type specimen of this, but we have Liebmann’s No. 701
from Orizaba, which is one of the specimens cited by Fournier. I take Pringle’s
No. 4219, from the State of Mexico, Mexico, to be this species. (Pl. XXXYVII.)
A specimen from Costa Rica (Pittier 3373) also agrees with this. Pringle No.
5202, from the State of Mexico, Mexico, is a dwarf form. All agree in having
the awn attached below the middle of the glume.

m, Girescens H. B. K-, }. c.

The type specimen is in the herbarium of the Museum of Paris. (Pl. XXNXYVII,
B.) This has a looser panicle and the awn is attached above the middle of the
flowering glume. It may be a form of A. tolucensis I. B. K.

“A. schaffneri Fourn., |. ¢., 94.

“Culmo glabro, 2-3 pedali; vaginis laxis, foliis planis latis mollibus, ligula
longa fissa; folio ultimo paniculam longe invaginante, etiam superante: pa-
nicula longa composita, fere pedali, nitide virenti, radiis erecto-appressis basi
nudis; spiculis angustis glabris; glumis nitidis florem superantibus, secus
carinam scabris, inferiore longiore acuta; palea inferiore integra, involuta,
arista gracili recta e medio orta florem superante; palea superiore deficiente.
antheris 3.

“Tacubaya (Schaffn. n. 86 et 308 in herb. Franq.).

“Var. 6. mutica.

“Tacubaya (Schaffn. n. 1 in herb. Franq.).”

5S NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

| have seen no specimen of this. From the description it may be A. pallens

joliosa,

“A. tacubayensis, Fourn.,, |. ¢., 95.

“Culmo pedali; foliis planis, fasciculorum setaceis ; panicula 4-pollicari, effusa,
radiis solitariis longis inzequalibus circiter a medio floriferis; glumis violaceis
inzequalibus, flosculo fere dimidio breviore quam gluma inferior,

“Pr. Tacubaya, julio (Schaffn. n, 91).”

I have seen no specimens. It may be some form of A. hiemalis.

“4 bourgei Fourn.,, |. ¢., 95.

*“Culmo plus quam bipedali; foliis planis 3” longis, 2’” latis, ligula acuta
laciniata bilineali, panicula acuta 3-4 pollicari, radiis hispidis brevibus remote
verticillatis erecto-appressis a medio circiter floriferis, glumis atro-violaceis
ineequalibus acutis in carina hispido-aculeatis, flosculo mutico paulo breviore
quam gluma superior. c

“ Pedregal pr. Tizapan in valle Mexicensi, augusto (Bourg. n. 682).”

The type specimen is in the herbarium of the Museum of Paris. I should
refer this to A. schiedeana Vrin. as represented by Pringle 4485. There is a
small pallet. (PlXXXVIT, D.)

“A. virletii Fourn., 1. ¢., 96.

“Planta czespitosa robusta, culmo valido, vaginis latis marcescentibus, foliis
3’” latis, planis, acutis, ligula longa amplexicauli laciniata; panicula 4-5 polli-
eari, invaginata, lucida, radiis erecto-appressis scabris a medio dense flori-
feris, ut maximum, sesquipollicaribus; glumis violaceis, scabris, acuminatis,
inferiore prasertim, demum patentibus, flosculo mutico szquante glumam supe-
riorem.

“Var. a—Palea superiore % inferioris zquante.

* San Luis de Potosi (Virl. n. 1845).

“Var. 6—Palea superiore $ pale inferioris sequante.

“Cum typo.

“Var. y—Palea superiore lata ovarium cingente et squamulas lineares
zequante.

“Absque loco (Schaffn. in meo herbario) ; pr. Tacubaya (Schaffn. n. 307 in
herb. Frang. junio) ; pr. Guazimalpan (Schaffn. n. 4 in herb, Franq.).”

The type specimen is in the herbarium of the Museum of Paris. The palet
is about two-thirds the length of the flowering glume. (Pl. XXXVIIT, A.)

“A. berlandieri Fourn., 1. ¢., 96.

“Culmo sesquipedali, glabro; foliis caulinis et fasciculorem planis lineam
latis, subulatis, ligula hyalina fissa sesquilineali, panicula invaginata 3—4
pollicari, contractiuscula, radiis subverticillatis imis a basi, longioribus a medio
floriferis; glumis levibis inszequalibus, palea solitaria glumas sequante.

“'Totoniho (Berl. n. 531).

“ Obs.—Differt ab A. pulehella Kunth glumis levibus non secus carinam acu-
leato-hispidis, palea glumas sequante.”’

“4A. chinantla Fourn., |. ¢., 96.

“Culmo pedali vy. plus quam pedali, simplici, foliis setaceis, infra fasciculatis,
ligula amplexicauli prominente; panicula parva 8-4 pollicari, contractiuscula,
radiis partim a basi, partim a medio floriferis; spiculis secus radios densis;
glumis post anthesim late apertis, flosculo mutico solitario, paulo breviore quam
gluma superior.

“ Chinantla (Liebm. n. 709, maio).”

NOTES ON MEXICAN SPECIES. 59

“4. setifolia Fourn., |. ¢., 97.

“Culmo sesquipedali, gracili; foliis involutis subulatis; ligula amplexicauli
acuta laciniata; panicula brevi depauperata laxiflora, radiis flexuosis basi longe
nudis; glumis sequalibus acutis; palea solitaria paulo breviore; arista basilari
longa geniculata flosculum duplum superante.

“In monte Orizabensi, 10000’ (Liebm. n. 712).”

There are two specimens in the National Herbarium—Sierra de San Felipe,
Oaxaca, Pringle 4895; Smith 922.

“A. ghiesbreghtii Fourn., |. ¢., 97.

“Foliis plurimis radicalibus semipedalibus setaceis rigidis pungentibus sicut
et culmeis paucis; vaginis longis; ligula obtusa; panicula decomposita ovali
patente, ramis repetito-verticillatis; glumis subzequalibus in carina ciliolatis,
flosculo solitario tertia parte breviore quam glume; arista e medio oriente
recta, flosculum duplum sequante.

“Oajaca (Ghiesbreght).”

Type specimen in herbarium of Museum of Paris. It closely resembles
Pringle’s 4895 from Mexico, but the leaves are mostly basal rather than scattered
along the stem. Fournier distinguishes this from A. setifolia Fourn. by the
straight awn, but in the Paris specimen the awn is geniculate. This is prob-
ably only a form of A. setifolia Fourn.

A. fasciculata (H. B. K.) R. & S., Syst. 2: 362. 1817 (Vilfa fasciculata
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. 1:139. 1815), is reported from Mexico. The type speci-
men from Ecuador is in the Paris Museum. (PI. XXXVII, C.)

INDEX TO SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

[Synonyms are printed in italics. |

61

Page.

Agraulus caninus Beauy D1
Agrostis abakanensis Lessing 42
aenea Spreng a Sie ee < 3 51
Trin 2 eI ae BE en ae 52
satiaivalvia.(Trin.) Trittzcaeedesses=—--2~-~ > 22
GIMME). o>... -. .. 2. <a eee 25
aristata Gray ...:..ceee eee ne = 27
esarctata Scribncs see ee -< - 27
maritima (Lam: ) Meyers. -o-------- - 27
minor? Vasey. .-...a5eee eee eee. - St - =: 26
sylvatica Seribn. ..o2 eee eee eee - -- =~ - - 27
verticiliata Pers... sseueseeeoe- _. Se 24
Vdlgaris (With.) Dnatp es. oo. -- -.- PRM at eee 26
aiowane Buck)... >... 22. cee eee. - 2. -- 39
alopecuroides Gray... ..- 5-22 sae sey eee See sh 37
alitssima. Tackerm).. 2.5 ese . ---- e a 50
Aivipis, HItChC.- ..... - hu eee = == -- =~ - 225 ok 38
aasomulid. Walid 2.2. = eS ee weno ee 48
apnines Trims 2 c= 5 0a ee 3 So = 2 = = ns oe ee ee a= . 49
aquatied, Hock __.-_ 22> 2c mee = = 2e 2 < = H's 2 =e ee sn = 24
aracknowes I~. 2 ee re a a 32
nrenarid SCriDn . 5. 5- a eee a. oot seme 31
Grate Snel 2 IE oo oe ee Sk 3k dope keen 27
Gapertjolia Trin _ . .2.2 2250. eee eee |. - =~ 5 Be een b= 39
aditenudta Vasey -.-- --.2--6-5.4eee. SRT er eee S, 46
berlandsert Pourn.... : 2 oe eee og ee oe 2. 0G
erealtn e1arGns eee: eee and 52
hourgen Wourn.. 2-5) 0 ee. 2 58
breviculnis Hitcho 5.2 oe eee - --- - -2555--+-- ’ 36
californica Tiin.<*...caaeeeeeeee. ---- = ------ 30
compyla Tuckerm .-. -- Lease eee - -- - - - - --- tae f 49
Se ee 6. Z 51
aenes Trin, 32. 2222 eee... ----<-- : 52
Gequimiiis Cri ee eee... >: .--. ------- ++ -- $2 22

aloing Oakes «yuan eeeeee ss ~~ --45 -- . 53
melaiouce Liisi eee es so .. 52

Sereda Dore. soe eee | nen <4 ee
ohinemtio Pour... ..2sseeac nee ~~ - ---- eer ae x 58
Ee pt) ie 2a Soe 42
eoupetaie Beno 2.8.5 oe ee. ~~~ ---- --- 27
concinna Tuckerm.-____- __- a 53
Gormusogies Preeet os ocean eee -- ---- ----=----+>- us 47
ern a ge ee ee | = ee oe nn ees 33

*s)

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

Page.

Agrostis decumbens Muhl____. ee ooo ee
densiflora Vasey ses Be Sm b1
arenaria Vasey. . bye co eee

depressa Vasey --__-_. s woshaape jwwede ec ceie ae
diegoensis Vasey .____- wdc egiele wee eccceuct cieced ee
dienar Miohs...2.42 <3... ‘ 25
drummondii Torr. _____. J, Seb See 50 ave dentvcwncaasoee 3Y
dulcis Sibth. .......-.- 2 see bate decd ercdecee sea 24
dlata Trin oe... 5 ee eer eee 47,50
ellotiiann Geman... .... ~..- os ek occccees Sewe sence See 32
erocia Prensa ea ut aconewcudinestns ee eee Bene 45
exarata Trin__.____. Sn ey cece wavs udan hase mene Ome oe eee 38
qamem TaraseD _.. .- -. . -. - ie end eee eee ee 52

GOTT OTE VMROY - . - . 5s os nc dcdcwnes coeteeuneeeeee eo 39
(EELOPIEE VP OODY - .. ~~~. oe Sew c ance cde ule est sane eee 34
WOE ONS... <5 ice ace d ween canoe es! 37

minor Fook ......-.....-.- A ae eh ee 39
stolonifera Vasey __-___- Sak donacceess Ctecuat nas ne 29

GeIgus Pmt. 3 ~~. axes RE are LG 32
fascioulata (Hv mR.) R. & §. 22. cede ec eo ae ee 59
Soliogg THoweOr, 72-5 -:..--- ---. - oso knceeweboees assed pee ee enone 34
folioga Vener tee. ---.---: ac chaccienusie eh eaae ie en 34
geminata Trin ___.__.- uu aon sacae dane Cobb ewe eet ols eee eee V4
IORLeNTOrONOENE =. 2... oc ere bd ee eee Pees «ee 59
glomerata (rveg.)mernth __.. .. . 5 cde en od oe eee sc. pe
qwetidig Vette. eee Bence ere whic OneCare ee 39
bali Vise... 8. oe bce cep eee eee pe ee 33
COIRTOTIFION. VGRRY - -...-~ - S205 -oebeenncuceeess oe 47
pringiel teerion.) Hitcho......-....-+...-2.-40-<05 oe 33
hiemalis (Walt.) B.S. P.... 2. .-.2...- biotin ee we enon ee en 42
gormimats {(irin.) Hitcho....-.-3.2 -...-.: tatcen tee 44
gabremenig FstChe - _ _ _ ck St ed wee ee eee tt
hillebraras Serr... - =. ce nt eles CGS SEE ee 23
howellit Geriwe = — >... .- =. ceo b ons bk ct ee ee eee ee 41
humilis Vaser—o =... -.-.. --.-...- Ns Gucwdeewesesue sade e ene 28
ifiahnenicia met | 8 eo eae e eee an ee 45
incOnewICUIA EL ONINO: = - . -. - - a ee ees ecw ee 53
inflata Sori eee. - - - - - - - = nS a se ce os eee ede ee 31
intermedia Balb __-.-.-_-__. we eee bieuevebacle. Se ae 49
Gowers... el eee et ee 49

laces Bohron eee... eo So ee ete ee 42
lantiiora Potees oe... - -- - = -- 4 1p ee 42
WeigWapee. 8. 8 oc eek eee ee eee 42
OOURIRIOM ETAT... se a Ses ace pe ee 438
mernnneepeeigeb. eo Se cee oe ee oe 53
monte wuekerm._____. 2502. Le ee 43

lentos Giang soe. --- - - =. 5 - a ea ee er ei 24
longilipuiac Eien: -- . -.... 22-3) a Redon e eee ee 54
moritind lable)... oe eee 27
melalouca: CTvim.) Beene | _. - . 22 ee ets 51
mortenait Rit oe eee. |e os oo os semen eee eee ease eee 53

ICTs TOM oe 22 .. Sn ew oe oo ee eee eee 42,48

4

INDEX TO SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. 638
Page,
EG Da ee 37
WIGIOT 'VRROE CRA GM GEN ah a Wanon oon ce s0ne oss ---- 37
SET GLOOM . 6 ofa g a ene CS went win swe cee eee cece ss AO
DIE EP TOBL. .. .. 1 Wei ateiee 6 heen dacens wenn aa 31,36
RemeECenannte: V QBGY... occuu naa Ot ca oes bos oun cane ee aay 35
REGO TUMoo. ... 25. loedane eee (SE ae a 36
Cr a) iD 8 27
MORRLOSSS- LATIN. . 2. ycuw enna 7h cnwe Web wile oases --- $62 45
GQUGRGNGISG TUCKOLIG a awa ee ere = 6 ones ide cae Sone ence . 49
YV GECY. <1 eS inca nedadieamee Auewes cca ce 53
mavenoracensis Syren soo see a sed a eee eed csc. -,---- 48
muteaense Kunth ...-. 7. -aseeeeee do e- ~~~ Fae BEM Saclie c ata aS 45
Gocsaentatse Soribn. & WiGri se tees eae cae s cee eset ens... 3:
eregomonste Nutt . .. icc enone gee Ssh wea co aes stand Ne & 39
Premomeneis: VASCY . 2... nda eeneE oka + en dog one nec eee ne 46
Oreggnud TIN... ....c. oun ae Ge kad Toes oo as uo 43,48
DOGS a rit....... .- 2 cn eee oe Sol lk oe ene a
rollosa (Vasey) Mieome wemeeetene 2... sey ee) eZ: 34
SeREUMLOSE OOTION . . . < can ee Sin a Ts one Se nee ee ne 53
perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm -.......-.-..---- ONG Saper ee als see
Geawalis. VABCY sees 6 ee. ee bee 4.)
elata (Purslt) Siipcmemeeeeees . 2 ese ee 2 e- 50
Omer inges. 1 GCKCIM 2. 22 ene 2556-2. ns Sk 53
rupicoia TuCRetiuers a mesma. > 5-22. ce aca cue DS
molgmor pled TAGS © 54 SSS ee wf eee ee Wh 27
UT pard VI wea ee. 2 2 8 8 ie 27
Mrengiet BCTIDi.. = 25s) a ee 3 ois os bh ng toe 33
wacuoowniiermeaia Warwell (2c sp ewneeetee: 22-2 -. ce nee eae AY
PEUTLS CSOTRION oo os 5g ko eo os FS es he 34
Poser coriom. & Merrill: sos eee eeeees. 2. asus) BO
ies BAOY 22), 3 - 52... 202 Ns 2 we 40
ies > |. a as ae ee on D2
americana Seribni2. 2. eee. de 53
Puerener as GEO Y =: 2. =. = 3 se ae 2 o's. 2 2 Se ge Eee 53
sonora NV iid. =.=. ........ 2.25 eg ES in sb hae hte ee 42
tenia eV uCKerm <72 ee ee) oe e ee ee 43
BOGUT A@ IN be). >t ee oe ee een bask 43
Bomer secur: beach)... So emu |. a a cn eee 43
cues net! POUR: 5. .5 ae ee. =. 2 Ae ese 57
WINCR OUTS 25) ee cee 57
whe Si) Gd es: ee 7
eehinenirait Tritt. . 2. ee eee 48
co a ed yeh eee Oo) 39
aortodertana Nash .....< co ie2seeaeaes.- - - 49
eee Hal. | ce cee cS 42
SOmLons POUPD . 220 . +c. c coe eee. - 58
Co is is erie ee ls 2 24
dulcis. Pers |. ...35 cass seee 24
ig bi ie a = 27
oh eer ie er ee LS 27
pe SON en 58

15097—No. 68—05 mM——d

64 NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

Page.
Agrostis tewuteulnis Mead ..... 2-5. 00 5+. eee cv ccc cess cctceteudeueee senna 45
ae ee a cuedwccl weet gue
homer folic ie pee a ok bee ce coe now debeeuauuenn ibs Yeoceut enkgee 39
jomute Bibi 24 lee... ~~ ec cv babe ese cuawee eho oee eee 45
Vaser-.----.<..-s.- Lececumanesee Guseneac sadn yen 45
OFORI TEEN. .. ~~~ ~~ -onebgche arene neeeeee 202 «Soe 45
thurberianme EiTpie ...< ...-.~ ~~ cccesecn veccese=-ebse tes Uae 23
toluocensia Ei; Mie. <<... ~~~. coos eccs cepons eceace bs euwn ae 57
torrent Mum... ..-.-. wee ewe eens ow vccece sites tea eee —
Wrigweiire= -.... .... -.. i nepecedaceeasd es nek eee s ena 44
variabtlis Bydu...-\\....-.-,----326. 855 Ne een p ones sss ee) aa 41
variana Thulll.-. és... ---- ~~. 22 oon wkd lose ccc news chee
Wreteeee e . 88. iS acess act sd cunt aus one eee 40.
pertiaiiigne Geico. -.-- .-.. -fodewanes Leodepeceebctctee een 24 ©

viresoent Ti, Baie... -.. ---- ek Lk bebe kb iv ever celeb sone 38, 57
microphylla Scribn .._-..--.--..+.4-----+ ss-} <2 300s ee
virletli Pour... -..--.:-.228 "ed tek Soe Sep een Pee 58
vulgaria Wile +... ----- . -- so eee woo oe eee pees a5 ee 26
alba Vasey-__-- wo cen ute eine BS Sas Sabie Sem re eb 25
Alopecurus carolinianue Spreng ----.-. -:-.2--- 2. 2656 258 cance see 48
Cornucopie altissima Walls .--.-.--. ....----:----25-+-<- «2-- >< 5530
hyemalis Walt -_--- --- --- wet ol colt aoe eee Se 42
perennane Walt. -.-.. .----.-2--.-.-2---0----5-5 2+) =e eee 47
Deyeuxria equivalvia Benth « .-.._----.------2---25 2-22 23 -ose ee ee 23
alopecuroides Nutt...........------------- 2.2 US 37
Polypogon alopecuroides Buck) --.--......-.-- ---- --6-5-5¢-->52+ 3-5 eee 37
Trichodium album Pres] ___----. ---. --- cee Coacsins shee 5 ame ele 45

édnintm-Bobrad .__..............4...!1-_. 2 ea 51
clavatum Schult .__. ___- tewbes 2soL¢ 2022 Ute 4 eee 42

decumbens Miohx ___.._ . . - 2... 22... -2-._2 4.27 2 ee . 4°94
late eee... -. - --. - oS oases oe eee ite 50
lasiflorvmmn-Pisebx ._.._. ..-.-. 6-2 A ee 42

last Bere... = ee

montanum Wor... . - =. ee ee ee
muhlenbergianum Schult

nanum Pregbe... --.. -.-- oe ee ce es on oe en ee

perennans Ell

scabrum Muhl

Vilfa dispar Beauv
Guléis Boaay oe, - - ek ee ee ee
Taseioulate Fisher e. . . .. - ~~ owe ey eee ee
glomerata Presl__.---.-. oon ee se whee ep mae Cee Rie ee eee ee

=a hwwmies beer -eeeen en stan eet ee ee ww ste hs ee we a ee Se SS SS See eee

PLATES.

, ‘ st? MY ae 44) 4 al :
+ ae wy ;
> nt yy
SSS Se 4 Te, “ee :
. oa

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

In all the plates the plants, panicles, or branches of panicles are drawn one-
half natural size; the ligules are enlarged five times; the spikelets and florets
are enlarged ten times.

PLaTe Ll. Fig. 1.—Agrostis thurberiana Hitche. Type specimen, Suksdorf 1021.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret, showing prolonged rachilla
and the palet. Fig. 2.—Agrostis wquivalvis Trin. Yes Bay, Alaska, Howell
1712. A.—Spikelet and floret, from type specimen in the Trinius herba-
rium, collected by Mertens.

PLATE Il. Agrostis alba L. College Hill, Easton, Pa., T. C. Porter, July 2, 1897.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret; rootstock and stolon from
Macoun 26032 collected at Niagara Falls, Ontario, 1901.

PLATE III. Fig. 1.—Agrostis alba vulgaris (With.) Thurb. Apsey Beach, New-
foundland, Waghorne 23. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.
Fig. 2.—Agrostis alba aristata Gray. Fort Preble, Maine, Gayle 786.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE LV. Agrostis alba maritima (Lam.) Meyer. Nantucket, Mass., Hitch-
cock in 1902. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

Puate V. Fig. 1.—Agrostis depressa Vasey. Type specimen, Colorado, Patter-
son 46. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis
stolonifera Ll. Werrville, Tex., Heller 1742. Plant, ligule, spikelet, floret,
and dorsal view of flowering glume.

PLATE VI. Agrostis depressa Vasey. The Oregon form showing stolons, Astoria,
Oreg., Leckenby in 1897. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE VII. Fig. 1.—Agrostis inflata Scribn. Victoria, British Columbia, Ma-
coun 259. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A.—Spikelet
and two views of floret from type specimen, Macoun 258. Fig. 2.—Agrostis
densiflora Vasey. Type specimen, Santa Cruz, Cal., Anderson. Plant,
ligule, spikelet, floret, and two flowering glumes. One flowering glume—
shows the mid-nerve vanishing about the middle and the other shows the
mid-nerve extending into a thin awn.

PLATE VIII. Fig. 1.—Agrostis humilis Vasey. Type specimen, Mount Adams,
Washington, Suksdorf. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of. floret.
Fig. 2.—Agrostis exrigua Thurb. Type specimen, California, Bolander.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE IX. Fig. 1.—Agrostis elliottiana Schult. Collected by L. C. Johnson in
Mississippi in 1886. Plant (the spikelets were unawned), ligule, spikelet,
and two views of floret; an awned spikelet from Reverchon’s No. 3391,
Texas. Fig. 2.—Agrostis canina L. Delaware, Commons 99. Plant, ligule,
spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE X. Fig. 1.—Agrostis hallii californica Vasey. Type specimen, Bolander
6103. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis
hallii Vasey. Type specimen, Oregon, Hall. ‘Plant, ligule, spikelet, and
two views of floret.

PLATE XI. Agrostis davyi Scribn. Type specimen, Davy and Blasdale 6062.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret (in center). A.—Spikelet and

two views of floret from type specimen of Agrostis occidentalis Scribn. &
Merrill, Shear 1644.

PLATE XII. Agrostis pringiei Scribn. Type specimen, California, Pringle in
1882. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

66

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 67

‘

Puate XIII. Fig. 1.—Agrostis pallens Trin. Oregon, Howell in 1882. Plant,
ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A.—Spikelet and two views of
floret from type specimen in the Trinius herbarium. Tig. 2.—Agrostis
attenuata Vasey. Type specimen, Howell 210. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and
two views of floret.

Prare XIV. Fig. 1.—Agrostis foliosa Vasey. Type specimen, Oregon, Howell, in
ISS1. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis
oregonensis Vasey. Type specimen, Llowell in I8S1. Plant, ligule, spikelet,
and two views of floret,

Puate NV. Agrostis pallens foliosa (Vasey) Hitehe. Mount Tlood, Oregon,
Hlenderson, 7. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. This is a
form with open, oblong panicles resembling the type of A. foliosa Vasey, but
with spikelets awned.

PLATE XVI. Fig. 1.-—Agrostis pallens foliosa (Vasey) Hitehe. Klickitat County,
Wash., Suksdorf 199. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A
common form with narrow panicle. Fig 2.—Agrostis scouleri Trin. Type
speciment, Nutka Sound, Alaska, Scouler. Plant (from photograph), spike-
let, and two views of floret. This is a portion of the type from the Trinius
herbarium deposited in the National Herbarium.

PLATE XVII. Agrostis diegoensis Vasey. Type specimen, San Diego, Cal.,
Orcutt in 1884. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XVIII. Agrostis breviculmis Hitehe. Fort Bragg, Cal., Davy and Blas-
dale 6159. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two .views of floret.

PLATE XIX. Fig. 1.—Agrostis microphylla major Vasey. Truckee valley, Nev..
Watson 1284. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—
Agrostis microphylla Steud. Mendocino County, Cal., Davy and Blasdale
5142. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A.—Yamhill County,
Oreg., Shear 1650. Panicle.

O~

PLATE XX. Agrostis ampla Hitche. Multnomah County, Oreg., Suksdorf 135.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XXI. Fig. 1.—Agrostis exarata Trin. Specimen from the Trinius herba-
rium deposited in National Herbarium; Unalaska, Kostalsky in 1829. Plant,
ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis asperifolia Trin.
Type specimen from the Trinius herbarium deposited in the National Herba-
rium. Plant, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XXII. Agrostis grandis Trin. Sequoia region, Cal., Hansen 1826. Plant,
ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A common large form of A. erarata
which matches the type specimen in the Trinius herbarium. A.—-Spikelet
and two views of floret from type specimen in the Trinius herbarium from
Columbia region, Hooker.

PLATE XXIII. Agrostis erarata Trin. Amador County, Cal., Hansen 613. Plant,
ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A common form with elongated,
somewhat open panicle. A.—A panicle from plant collected at Reno, Ney.,
by Tracy, No. 218. A form with narrow, compact, and somewhat glomerate
panicle.

PLATE XXIV. Fig. 1.— Agrostis rosse Vasey. Type specimen, Yellowstone Park,
Ross in 1890. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. ‘Fig. 2.—
Plant at left: Agrostis varians Trin. Type specimen from the Trinius
herbarium deposited in National Herbarium. Plant, ligule. spikelet, and
two views of floret. Plant at right: A. variabilis Rydb. Wyoming, Wil-
liams 29524.

Puate XXV. Agrostis howellii Secribn. Type specimen, Hood River, Oreg.,
Howell in 1886. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XXVI. Fig. 1.—Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S. P. Bush 554. Panicle,
ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. The common eastern form with
very diffuse capillary panicle and small spikelets. In this plant the panicle
is shown at maturity. Fig. 2.—A form with less diffuse panicle, common in
the Rocky Mountain regions. Wyoming, Nelson 3947. Plant, spikelet, and
two views of floret.

OS NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS,

rare XXVIL. Types referred to Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B. 8S. P. 1.—T'ri-
chodium dlbum VPresl. Prom specimen in the ‘T'rinius herbarium sent by
Pres! in 1884. Branch of panicle, spikelet, and three views of floret, 2.—
From specimen of Agrostis clavata Trin. in the Trinius herbarium, col-
lected by Kostalsky in 1829. Branch of panicle, spikelet, and two views
of tloret. 5.—From type specimen of JT'richodium laxiflorum, in Michaux
herbarium in Museum of Paris. Branch of panicle, spikelet, and two
views of floret. 4.—Dwarf form of Agrostis hiemalis from Newfoundland.
Waghorne 25. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. 5.—Awned
form of Agrostis hiemalis, White Mountains, Hitchcock in 1902, Branch of
panicle, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XXVIILL. Fig. 1.—Agrostis geminata ‘Trin. Type specimen from the
Trinius herbarium, collected in Unalaska by HEschscholtz. Plant, ligule,
spikelet and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—An awnless form, collected in
Alaska by Flett (No. 2014). VPlant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XXIX. Fig. 1.—Agrostis idahoensis Nash. Duplicate type, Heller 3431.
Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis tenuis
Vasey. Type specimen, San Bernardino Mountains, Cal., Parish brothers
1085. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PrateE XXX. Agrostis schiedeana Trin, Falcon valley, Wash., Suksdorf in
1SS6. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A.—Spikelet and two
views of floret from Pringle No. 4485, collected in Mexico.

PLatve XXXI. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Washington, D. C., Hiteh-
cock in 1903. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. The common
upright form of open ground. A.—Agrostis schweinitzii Trin., from type
specimen in the Trinius herbarium. 8B.—Alopecurus carolinianus Spreng.,
from specimen in the Trinius herbarium from Peter, Lexington, Ky.

PLaTve XXXII. Agrostis perennans ewstivalis Vasey. Athens, U11., Hall in 1864,
Type specimen. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. The weak
decumbent form of moist, shady situations. A.—From type specimen of
Agrostis oreophila Trin., in the Trinius herbarium, collected by Moser at
Bethlehem. Pa. B.—From type specimen of J'richodiuwm decumbens Michx.,
in Michaux herbarium in Museum of Paris.

PLATE XXXIII. Agrostis perennans elata (Pursh) Hitche. Egg Harbor, N. J.,
Vasey in 1884. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A.—From
type specimen of Agrostis elata Trin. in the Trinius herbarium. Spikelet
and two views of floret.

PLraTe XXXIV. Fig. 1.—Agrostis borealis Hartm. Mount Washington, N. H.,
Faxon 19. The common form of the White Mountains. Plant, ligule,
spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis borealis Hartm. Lab-
rador, Allen 22. A common dwarf form. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two
views of floret.

PLATE XXXV. Fig. 1.—Agrostis mertensii Trin. Type specimen, Unalaska,
Mertens in 1829, from the Trinius herbarium. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and
two views of floret. Fig. 2.—Agrostis borealis Hartm. Sweden; collected
by Oldberg. Plant, ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLATE XXXVI. Fig.1.—Agreostis aenea Trin. Unalaska, Mertens in 1829, Plant.
Fig. 2.—Agrostis aenea Trin. 'Type specimen, Sitka, Mertens in 1829.
Plant, spikelet, and two views of floret. Fig. 3.—Agrostis longiligula
Hitche. Type specimen, Mendocino County, Cal., Davy and Blasdale 6110.
Plant, ligule (with fig. 2), spikelet, and two views of floret.

PLatve XXXVII. Agrostis tolucensis H. B. K. State of Mexico, Mexico, Pringle
4219. Plant. ligule, spikelet, and two views of floret. A.—Spikelet and
two views of floret from type specimen of A. virletii Fourn. B.—Spikelet
and two views of floret from type specimen of A. virescens H. B. K. C.—
Spikelet and two views of floret from type specimen of Vilfa fasciculata
H. B. K., from Paris Museum. D.—Spikelet and two views of floret from
type specimen of A. bourg@i Fourn.

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.

—AGROSTIS AQUIVALVIS TRIN.

Fic. 1.—AGROSTIS THURBERIANA HITCHC. Fic. 2.

mr wal Aly th ’
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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.

AGROSTIS ALBA L.

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PLATE III.

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS ALBA VULGARIS (WITH.) THURB. FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS ALBA ARISTATA
GRA

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PLATE IV.

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

AGROSTIS ALBA MARITIMA (LAM.) MEYER.

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS DEPRESSA VaSEY (TYPE SPECIMEN). Fic. 2.—AGROSTIS
STOLONIFERA L.

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AGROSTIS DEPRESSA VASEY (OREGON).

PLATE VI.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

—AGROSTIS DENSIFLORA VASEY.

Fic. 1.—AGROSTIS INFLATA SCRIBN. Fia. 2.

: Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agnculture. PLATE VIII.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS HUMILIS VASEY. FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS EXIGUA THURB,

id Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE IA.

—AGROSTIS CANINA L.

Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS ELLIOTTIANA SCHULT. FIG. 2.

— =

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X.

FiG. 1,—AGROSTIS HALLII CALIFORNICA VasEY. Fia@. 2,—AGROSTIS HALLII VASEY,

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XI.

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NTALIS SCRIBN. & MERRILL.

AGROSTIS DAVY! SCRIBN. AND (A) SPIKELET OF A. OCCIDE

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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AGROSTIS PRINGLE! SCRIBN.

PLATE XIl.

PLaTe XIll.

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Bui. 68, Bure

Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS PALLENS TRIN. Fic. 2.—AGROSTIS ATTENUATA VASEY.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture. PLATE XV.

AGROSTIS PALLENS FOLIOSA (VASEY) HITCHC. (AWNED FORM).

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PLATE XVI.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS PALLENS FOLIOSA (VaSEY) HitcHc. (SLENDER FORM).
Fig. 2.—AGROSTIS SCOULERI| TRIN.

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PiaTte XVII.

AGROSTIS DIEGOENSIS VASEY.

PLaTe XVIII.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, *

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AGROSTIS BREVICULMIS HITCHC.

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIX,

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Fic. 1.—AGROSTIS MICROPHYLLA MAJOR VaASEY. Fia. 2.—AGROSTIS MICROPHYLLA STEUD.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XX.

AGROSTIS AMPLA HITCHC.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agticulture. PLATE XXI.

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Fic. 2.—AGROSTIS ASPERIFOLIA TRIN.

Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS EXARATA TRIN. (ALASKA).

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

AGROSTIS GRANDIS TRIN.

PLATE XXII.

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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AGROSTIS EXARATA TRIN.

j Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXIV.

Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS ROSSA VASEY. FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS VARIANS TRIN.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXV.

AGROSTIS HOWELLI! SCRIBN.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXVI.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS HIEMALIS (WALT.) B. S. P. (COMMON ForRM). FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS
HIEMALIS (MOUNTAIN FORM).

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PLATE XXVII.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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Types REFERRED TO AGROSTIS HIEMALIS (WALT.) B. S. P.

PLaTe XXVIII.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Fic. 1.—AGROSTIS GEMINATA TRIN. Fic. 2.—AGROSTIS GEMINATA TRIN. (AWNLESS FORM).

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXIX.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS IDAHOENSIS NASH. FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS TENUIS VASEY.

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXX.

AGROSTIS SCHIEDEANA TRIN.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XXXI.

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AGROSTIS PERENNANS (WALT.) TUCKERM.

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pirate XXXII.

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AGROSTIS PERENNANS ASTIVALIS VASEY.

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Sul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXIII.

AGROSTIS PERENNANS ELATA (PURSH) HITCHC.

Bul, 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXIV.

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Fic. 1.—AGROSTIS BOREALIS HARTM. (WHITE MOUNTAINS). FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS BOREALIS
HARTM. (LABRADOR).

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| Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XXXV.

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Fia. 1.—AGROSTIS MERTENSII TRIN. FiG. 2.—AQGROSTIS BOREALIS HARTM. (SWEDEN).

Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXVI.

—AGROSTIS

Fic. 1.—AGROSTIS AENEA TRIN. FIG. 2.—AGROSTIS AENEA TRIN. FIG. 8.
LONGILIGULA HITCHC.

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Bul. 68, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. ot Agriculture. PLATE XXXVII.

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MEXICAN SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 69.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

\

AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

BY

W. W. TRACY, Jr., Assistant, Varrety TRIALS.
BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

IssuED DECEMBER 23, 1904.

AEST Dee
ae

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BS
y

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,

B. T. GALLOWAY,
Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,

Avsert F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge, Acting Chief of
Bureau in Absence of Chief.
BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

FREDERICK V. CoviLLE, Botanist in Charge.
’

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
W. J. SpruuMan, Agrostologist in Charge.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

G. B. Brackerr, Pomologist in Charge.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION,
A. J. Prerers, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. Corserr, Horticulturist in Charge.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
KE. M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

J. E. Rockwe.u, Editor.
James E. Jones, Chief Clerk.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
FREDERICK V. CoviLuE, Botanist.

O. F. Cook, Botanist in Charge of Investigations in Tropical Agriculture.
Ropney H. True, Physiologist, Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations.
Lysrer H. Dewey, Botanist in Charge of Investigations of Fiber Plants.
EpGar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory.

Car 8. Scorretp, Botanist in Charge of Grain Grade Investigations.

G. N. Cotuins, Assistant Botanist, Tropical Agriculture.

A. C. Crawrorp, Pharmacologist, Poisonous Plant Investigations.
Wiuuiam E. Sarrorp, Assistant Curator, Tropical Agriculture.

F. H. Hitiman, Assistant Botanist, Seed Herbarium.

J. W. T. Duvet, Assistant, Seed Laboratory.

W. W. Tracy, Jr., Assistant, Variety Trials.

W. F. Wiaut, Assistant, Geographic Botany.

W. O. Ricurmann, Pharmacognostical Expert.

Avice HENKEL, Assistant, Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations.

W. W. SrockBerGeErR, Expert, Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations.

2

a

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DeparTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
REAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., July 22, 1904.
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 69 of the series of this Bureau, the accom-
panying manuscript entitled ‘‘American Varieties of Lettuce.” This
paper was prepared by W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant in Botanical
Investigations and Experiments, and has been submitted by the
Botanist with a view to its publication.
The twenty-seven half-tone plates illustrating the varieties are neces-
sary to a complete understanding of the text of this bulletin.
Respectfully,
B. T. GaLLoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

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PREFACE

For an experimental horticulturist, perhaps no knowledge is more
fundamental than that of the characteristics of the plant varieties with
which he is dealing, yet for most kinds of garden and field vegetables
it is impossible to get this information in authoritative printed form.
There is such looseness of nomenclatorial practice, and such inade-
quacy of description regarding the varieties of vegetables, that growers,
especially owners of private gardens, have much difficulty in getting
the varieties best suited to their purposes. The lettuce variety known
as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded is advertised by seedsmen under thirty-
seven different names. |

In Bulletin No. 21 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, entitled ‘* List
of American Varieties of Vegetables for the Years 1901 and 1902,”
were given about five thousand names of varieties of vegetables offered
for sale in those years in American seed catalogues. No attempt was
made to say which of these varieties were identical and which were in
reality distinct, except where synonyms were given in the catalogues
themselves. It had already been determined, however, to take up the
various kinds of vegetables one by one and, after a careful series of
trials, to publish the results, with descriptions and synonyms. Lettuce
is the first vegetable to which this critical study has been given. It
will be of interest, therefore, to record a statement regarding those
features of the method pursued in the investigation which are novel
as applied to this class of objects.

The main idea’ was to apply to a horticultural subject the methods
of systematic botany. The particular features of this application may
be itemized as follows:

1. The descriptive terms used have been defined with precision.
Where a verbal description is insufficient to convey an exact idea of
form, such as the degree of curliness of leaves, reference is made to
an illustration. When it is desired to designate a particular kind of
green color, reference is made to a well-known variety of lettuce which
exhibits that color.

2. In addition to an outline of classification intended to show the
relationship of the varieties, an artificial key has been given, arranged
on the convenient dichotomous system and making use of the most
conspicuous characters, by which the identification of varieties is very

greatly facilitated.
5

6 PREFACE.

3. The varieties sufficiently different to be distinguishable by their
form have been illustrated from photographs. A picture of the differ:
ences thus brought out could be conveyed by no amount of verbal
description alone.

The groundwork upon which these botanical methods were applied
was that of long experience and modern training in horticultural pro-
cedure, and intimate familiarity with the plants themselves.

Tentative trials were made in the years 1897, 1898, and 1899, and
extensive trials were conducted in each of the four years from 1900 to
1903. Altogether 2,934 samples of lettuce seeds were secured, chiefly
by purchase from seedsmen, and grown in the trials. These samples
represented 444 variety names recognized by American seedsmen.
The trials were conducted under Mr. Tracy’s immediate direction from

L897 to 1899, at Kensington, Md., and in the succeeding years on the.

Potomac Flats at Washington. In addition, Mr. Tracy visited the
extensive trial grounds maintained by five large seed houses, as well as
seven seed farms in California, where lettuce seed is grown.

Mr. Tracy concludes that of the 404 varieties named in seedsmen’s |

catalogues 107 represent really distinct varieties, while the others are
merely these same varieties under different names. In adopting a sin-
ele name fora much-named variety, the most suitable of the trade
names has been chosen. No new names have been proposed by the
author, even when the best of the trade names is long and cumbersome.

FREDERICK V. COVILLE,
Botanist.

Orrice OF BoraniIcaL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS,
Washington, D. C., June 11, 1904.

CORGREARN FS.

Page.

0 See SRS ee Oe ha a pr ereeete i)
eee Mil PUG CESCriNiON Jolie yon oabU Speen ts eS SK ect eee cee eae 9
ee ee Cee i ne a i)
PeeereniiGat ANG SOICCLION 2c 20.40 cee boss 2-6 od lice ce seca ce ese 10
SCOR: BOOK <a ixcuisia cas be ea ETL. oo, o5 boot eee down cb eae 1]
EEE SPeCIIOLTICS). UL gee ED OG pase cde soon ea see 1]
ee a OORCEIGIORN 2... Jk See eee ~ sas So cin oes es age cee 12
0) eee ee ee eee 12

| SE en gee tent: Sy | Cs Sn eb Te 13
TN Pai a ao eae i cs oe ol hw ae oon haa mad 14
oT ES SS eee a EP eS 5S ee ee ae 14
Re og oS. eo A ah Sal b Ses pale en see 15
I oes Be a a MEE Ss See eed edsee ease 16
ed Ge ee Oa gh Solas Ce Ie SP. 2 ot ee eee se 18
0 a iy ee Se ee ars 18
oe SE ee hee se 19
Varieties suited to different conditions and requirements.....-.. .-.-------- 19
SE OR er Pee ee on. re 21
BeneaiIOn Of VALictied. ..... .--4.<-teecoeneee ere ee 23
SS ee ena I ae 24
Seseripiion of varieties classed as distin¢ho:< 227i )-.......--.-.------.-.-- 28
A ie nS SSS eS. ee are 80

Puate I,
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IV.

V.

VI.

VIL.

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IX.
X.

XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.

>.# 6S

XX.

X XI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

b.Oe.F

XX VI.

XXVIII.

8

ILLUSTRATIONS.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS,

Fig. 1.—Black-Seeded Simpson. Fig. 2.—Hanson ..............--
Fig. 1.—Tyrolese. Fig. 2.—Golden Heart...............----ceeee
Fig. 1.—Green-Fringed. Fig. 2.—Bath Cos ................------
Fig. 1.—American Gathering. Fig. 2.—KEarly Curled Simpson... -.
Fig. 1.—Big Boston. Fig. 2.—Prize Head .............--.----+---
Fig. 1.—Onondaga. Fig. 2.—Grand Rapids ...............-.-----
Fig. 1.—Density. Fig. 2.—Boston Curled. Fig. 3.—Mignonette.

Fig. 4.—White Forcing. .. .....<cceusncnshsceen'ecnueeey ae
Fig. 1.—Earliest Cutting. Fig. 2.—California Cream Butter ......-
Fig. 1.—Emperor William. Fig. 2.—Yellow Winter. Fig. 3.—De-

troit Market Gardener’s Forcing . ... 0... ..-2 decd ncn yecneuee en
Fig. 1.—Hubbard’s Market. Fig. 2.—Deacon ......../........---
Fig. 1.—Maximum (upper view). Fig. 2.—Maximum (side view) -
Fig. 1.—Malta.. Fig. 2.—lItalian Ice .........52).44.11 eee
Fig. 1.—Red Besson. Fig. 2.—Asparagus Lobed-Leaved ........--
Fig. 1.—Asparagus. Fig. 2.—Red Winter Cos .................---
Fig. 1.—Lancaster. Fig. 2.—Express.Cos. Fig. 3.—Baltimore Oak-

Leayed as au eseterew en. --- esas aedeukcive le eaeie sees eee
Fig. 1.—Oak-Leaved. Fig. 2.—Tom Thumb. Fig. 3.—Reichner- --
Sugar LOgr. <2.uspbscss soa y- an > sxsakb oS kh bm cin eee ee
Fig. 1.—Half Century. Fig. 2.—Speckled Dutch Butter. Fig. 3.—

Moetio’s Porting... . 5 - c- 2 cmeabscncccthssceeens eee eee

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS (LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS).

Fig. 1.—Tom Thumb. Fig. 2.—Mette’s Forcing. Fig. 3.—Paris

White Cos. Fig.4.—Lancaster. Fig.5.—Hartford Bronzed Head.
Fig. 1.—Speckled Dutch Butter. Fig. 2.—Matador. Fig. 3.—Han-
BON. .Scdeteee seems see eee k kL AR ee eee eee eee ee
Fig. 1.—Prize Head. Fig. 2.— White Star... 2.. 2.0... .. <.. see

TYPICAL YOUNG PLANTS.

Fig. 1.—Nansen.
Fig. 4.—Hanson.

Fig. 2.—Tomhannock.
Fig. 5.—All Seasons.

Fig. 3.—Big Boston.
Fig. 6.—Passion

-—<---288

TYPICAL OUTER LEAVES.

Fig. 1.—Boston Curled. Fig. 2.—Green-Fringed. Fig. 3.—Earliest
Cutting. Fig. 4.—Speckled Dutch Butter. Fig. 5.—Tennis Ball
* Black-Seeded, . Fig. 6.—Deacon.....22 <2. 22. boca. oe ee
Fig. 1.—Lancaster (back view). Fig. 2.—Lancaster (front view).
Fig. 3.—Oak-Leaved. Fig. 4.—Yellow Winter. Fig. 5.—Balti-

more Oak-Leaved. Fig. 6.—Big Boston ............-...-...-----
Fig. 1.—Early Curled Simpson. Fig. 2.—Giant Glacier. Fig. 3.—
Grand Hapeig- >. ~~... ns. ope oae beeen coe ee
Fig. 1.—Denver Market. Fig. 2.—Asparagus Lobed-Leaved and
Express Cos, = Fig. 3.—Hangon: . -.. 25.2 66 non sd) Seba eee

Fig. 1.—Asparagus. Fig. 2.—Bath Cos. Fig. 3.—Paris White Cos.
Fig. 4.—Giant White Cos. Fig. 5.—Red Winter Cos

B, P. I.—121. B. I. E.—61

AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

INTRODUCTION.

Lettuce is our most important salad plant and one of the most
varied of our cultivated vegetables. In this country alone it is listed
under more than three hundred varietal names and represents more
than a hundred really distinct varieties. Being in demand at all sea-
sons of the year, it is probubly grown under more varied outdoor and
indoor conditions than any other vegetable. Five hundred acres, pro-
ducing about 250,000 pounds of seed, are planted in California every
year for seed alone. More than 8,000 pounds of one variety have been
used in a single year by one American seed house.

VARIETIES AND THEIR DESCRIPTIO

In order to form a basis fora classification and description of Amer-
ican cultivated varieties it becomes necessary to decide several questions
as to the proper use of names and the right methods of work. The
following are the methods and terms adopted by the Department of
Agriculture in conducting lettuce trials and making descriptions.

NOMENCLATURE.

The simplification of varietal nomenclature is a work of first impor-
tance. After the distinct varieties are determined it becomes necessary
to decide which of the many names applied by seedsmen to a particular
type shall be adopted as the one by which that type shall be known.
Generally the name which was first used should be the one adopted,
but it is not always practicable to do this because that name may have
gone out of general use. Many of our varietal names are so firmly
established that it would be almost as difficult to change a language as to
change some of those whose origins are traced to a renaming of types.
Even though it were possible to decide which was the name first used
there would yet remain to be determined whether the name at the
present time represents the same type as when first used. Another

9

LO AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

type may have been adopted, as, for example, an improved strain may
have appeared in the type and this may have been given a new name
and called a new variety. Inthe course of time seedsmen in receiving
requests for the old variety may be led to fill all their orders from this
new strain instead of using the original type. This is what seems to
have occurred with the Early Curled Silesia lettuce, so that instead of
having the old type we have now the new one, called Early Curled
Simpson, which was developed from Early Curled Silesia.

Besides determining whether a name is the one first adopted, or the
one in most general use at the present time, there needs to be consid-
ered also whether a name be so similar to other names as to be confus-
ing and whether it be a many-worded one which can be shortened to
one more simple. In regard to the latter question it is a safe rule to
drop all such words as improved, selected, perfected, extra, select,
choice, superior, celebrated, fine, and true from varietal names, and
names of persons in the possessive case may often be omitted.

For the above reasons there seems, therefore, to be no hard and fast
rule for the naming of varieties. In the following lettuce descriptions
those names included in the list of distinct varieties have been
chosen to designate the different types, and where confusing names
exist among the list of subsidiary varieties the name which is pre-
ferred has been designated in some way.

ENVIRONMENT AND SELECTION.

The description of cultivated varieties becomes a particularly diffi-
cult matter because of differences due to environment and selection.
All horticulturists have occasion to observe how color, shape, size, and
quality are affected by the former and what great differences there are
between well-selected and neglected stocks. Our cultivated varieties
are quite different in this respect from our native flora, and in the
matter of selection our cultivated vegetables which are propagated by
seed are quite different from our fruit varieties, which are increased by
cuttings. In the latter case there is simply a periodical multiplication
of a single original plant or unit; in the former, a yearly aggregation
of new units.

Too often the ideal formed of a variety in making selections is simply
a general idea of a good plant rather than strict adherence to certain
points of a variety which may not be attractive in some ways, but
which are essential to its usefulness and value as a distinct sort. This
lack of thoroughness in selection is not so marked in lettuce as in
vegetables like corn, where, as a result of careless selection, the varie-
ties tend to run very much together. Selection has the most marked
influence ona variety when stocks are bred up from single plants. The
variety is changed for good or bad more quickly in that way, but if a

SOURCE OF SEED. 11

number of plants are selected and propagated together the checks on
one another are very numerous and the average run or tendency of
the variety is generally maintained, even when the selections have not
been well mace.

SOURCE OF SEED.

It is very important that the source of seed be mentioned in all
variety descriptions. This is necessary, not so much to indicate the
various stocks handled by different seedsmen as it is to show whether
there be a total difference in type. It sometimes happens that varie-
ties are changed in the seed store or labels misplaced in the field, the
mistake not being discovered for several years perhaps, while in the
meantime the wrong seeds may not only have been sent out from the
store, but also have been planted in the fieid. All those who have
worked on a seed farm and know what a great number of stocks are
grown onsuch a place, will realize how easily these mistakes may occur.
But the use of the wrong type is due not so much to this cause as it is
to the confusion resulting from the similarity of many varietal names.
Generally, when varietal names are similar, they refer to one and the
same type, but there are many cases where such is not the fact, and
the seed grower or seedsman not knowing all these distinctions fills
the order from the wrong type.

Were the writer to relate in the following descriptions all cases
where the seed of a wrong variety has been supplied, or in deciding
upon the right type were he to give equal weight to all samples
regardless of the reputation of the different seed houses or their
ability to obtain the right type, there would result from such a course
a confusion rather than a clearing up of the subject. A record of
such mistakes would be of little service to the reader. It would not
even illustrate the reliability of the different seed houses, for the sam-
ples in any particular case would not be numerous enough to prove
anything along this line. Where there is an apparent effort on the
part of a seed house to supply a certain lettuce type for a particular
variety no mistakes have been mentioned in the following descrip-
tions, but where the wrong type is regularly supplied by a seedsman
or where there is no effort to supply a certain type for a particular
variety it becomes worthy of publication.

CULTURAL PECULIARITIES.

Lettuce is a cool-weather plant which succeeds best when grown in
the spring and autumn. It succumbs to frost and cold if previously
grown in warm weather, but stands severe weather if gradually hard-
ened to it, so much so that gardeners even as far north as Long Island
sometimes sow the seed in September and winter the plants over out-
doors either entirely unprotected or with only a slight covering of

12 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

brush. Under favorable conditions the seed sprouts within three or
four days, but it may sometimes be greatly delayed. When the
weather is dry or cold, seed planted in September may not sprout
until the next spring. Self-sown lettuce is common and inferior seed
is sometimes obtained from such crops. Practically all the seed used
in this country is raised in California. Only a very small part of it
is imported, though perhaps not farther back than 1880 the larger
part of it came from abroad, California having first produced seed
about six years previous to that date.

Lettuce does not readily cross-fertilize in the field and different
varieties are planted side by side with little danger of mixture. The
plants are generally grown for seed in the same way as for market.
Sometimes they are left so close together that no heads are formed,
and this is said to produce inferior seed. It requires from 30 to 60
plants to produce a pound of seed. |

TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTION.

Lettuce varies so greatly, whether grown under cover or outdoors,
that it becomes necessary to decide upon one or the other condition for
making comparison of varieties. For purposes of description and clas-
sification outdoor-grown lettuce is more satisfactory than greenhouse-
grown specimens. They show greater differences in color and habit
than plants grown under glass, and the following descriptions are,
therefore, made from them. It will sometimes be found difficult to
identify indoor-grown plants from such descriptions, and for this rea-
son it will be necessary to bear constantly in mind that greenhouse
lettuce grows much looser, more upright in habit, and is much more
solid green in color than lettuce grown in the open.

CLASSES.

Cultivated lettuce is known technically to botanists as Lactuca sativa
Linn. ‘The species to which this name is given has not been found in
the wild state, and it is generally supposed that it has been derived
from ZL. virosa Linn. or L. scarvola Linn.

The classes to be made of lettuce in the following descriptions are
those recognized by most seedsmen and horticultural writers, namely,
the cos, distinguished by their upright habit, long, loaf-shaped heads,
and spatulate leaves; the /u¢fer, distinguished by their buttery flavor,
and the crisp, distinguished by their hard, crisp texture. Express
Cos, on Plates XV and X XVI, Paris White Cos, on Plate XIX, and
the five types of leaves on Plate X XVII are good examples of the cos
class; California Cream Butter, on Plate VIII, Maximum, on Plate XI,
Hartford Bronzed Head, on Plate XTX, and Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, _
on Plate X XIII, of the butter class; while Green-Fringed, on Plate III,
Malta, on Plate XII, White Star, on Plate XXI, and Grand Rapids, on

CLASSES. 13

Plate XXV, show the characteristics of the crisp class. There is no
difficulty in identifying the cos varieties, but certain of the crisp and
butter varieties are much alike. The latter are generally more deli-
cately flavored, softer, and more pliable in texture. The crisp vari-
eties are coarser veined and larger ribbed than the butter sorts but
not more so than the cos varieties. ‘Their borders are also more devel-
oped than other parts of the leaf and the cotyledons of the young
seedlings are generally longer than those of the butter sorts. On
account of their much developed borders they are sometimes called
frilled lettuce.

These three classes of lettuce are each again separated into two sub-
classes. The cos are divided into those which are se/f-closing or
comprise kinds which form well blanched heads without tying up, and
the /oose-closing, or those open sorts, which will not form well blanched
heads without tying. Express Cos, on Plate XV, and Paris White
Cos, on Plate XIX, are good examples of the self-closing, and Bath
Cos, on Plate III, of the loose-closing varieties.

The butter and crisp class@s are separated alike into cabbage-heading
and bunching, the former referring to plants whose leaves overlap one
another in such a smooth, regular way as to form a head like a cab-
bage, and the latter to those whose heads are open, clustered, or
bunched in arrangement, or if overlapping one another at all doing so
at the heart only, all the outer or visible portions remaining more or
less loose leaved. Hanson, on Plates I and XX, and Big Boston, on
Plate V, are good examples of the cabbage-heading varieties, and
Early Curled Simpson, on Plate IV, Prize Head, on Plate X XI, and
Lancaster, on Plate XIX, of the bunching varieties. Under the latter
subclass are embraced all degrees of clustered growth from varieties
loose leaved like an endive and represented by Boston Curled and
Green-Fringed to those densely bunched and represented by Black-
Seeded Simpson and White Star.

The term ‘‘ cutting” has been used by a few writers in the United
States and by Vilmorin, of France, to embrace only varieties of the
former mode of growth, but in this country it is generally made to
include all bunching varieties and is used simply as another name for
bunching. Vilmorin has also classified lettuces into spring, summer,
and winter, but such a division has little value in a climate like ours,
and has never been used in this country.

SIZE.

Lettuce varieties may be divided as to size into seven divisions.
Exampies of each are: Very small (White Forcing, on Pl. VII), smal/
(Boston Curled, on Pl. VIL), small-medium (Mignonette, on Pi. VII),
medium (Reichner, on Pl. X V1), /arge-medium (Hubbard’s Market, on

Pl. X), /arge (California Cream Butter, on Pl. VIII), and very large

14 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

(Hanson, on Pl. 1). The size of lettuce plants varies so much under
different conditions of growth that it is not possible to give equiva-
lents of these in figures, and they are employed only to give an idea
of the relative size of varieties. ‘They are not based wholly on either
weight or total spread of plant, because some hard-headed varieties
weigh more than larger but softer-headed sorts, and, on the other hand,
a plant often develops in height rather than spread.

MATURITY.

The following terms may be used in lettuce descriptions to express
different periods of maturity: Very ear/y (meaning plants requiring
from 54 to 60 days to mature from sowing of the seed), early (61 to 66
days), early intermediate (67 to 72 days), entermediate (73 to 76 days),
late intermediate (TT to 80 days), late (81 to 85 days), very late (86 to 90
days). These figures are based upon trials conducted at Washington,
D. C., during the spring and autumn months. They presuppose a
quick germination, the plants appearing above the surface within four
days after sowing the seed, and a good continuous average growth
afterwards. If grown during spring in the Santa Clara Valley of
California or in other similar places, or under unfavorable conditions,
or in greenhouses during winter when the sun is not strong and the
days are short, it may require a materially longer time to reach the
same development; but if grown outdoors under similar conditions as
those obtained at Washington these figures will answer for most parts
of our country. Itshould be mentioned also that these dates are based
upon the full maturity of the plant, or to the time when about one-
fourth of the plants are at their prime. They do not refer to varieties
when first usable, and for this reason some bunching sorts like Prize
Head are not given as early a season as most seedsmen claim for them.

SHOOTING TO SEED.

The expression ‘*‘shootine to seed” is used to denote the first appear-
] g

ance of a seed stalk. In cabbage varieties it is the same as the burst-
‘ing of the head; in all varieties it is when the lettuce first becomes
bitter and unusable. When plants have grown very poorly and in
inferior stocks, the seed stalk sometimes develops immediately, so that
no considerable head or cluster of leaves is formed. In well-grown
plants of the firm cabbage-heading varieties the seed stalk is so tightly
bound by the overlapping leaves that it becomes necessary to cut open
the plant before the tender shoot can break through the head. This
opening of the leaves is very necessary where lettuce is grown for
seed. Unless it is done, the plant ‘‘ heats,” soon afterwards rots, and
no seed stalk develops. The forcing varieties and most of the extra
early and early sorts shoot to seed under the least provocation when
grown outdoors in the ordinary way, and so susceptible are they to —

SHOOTING TO SEED. 15

the heat and strong sun of early or middle summer that they are sel-
dom successfully grown outdoors unless forced or started very early
and transplanted. The time at which lettuce varieties shoot to seed
is so variable and depends so much upon conditions that it is impossi-
ble to give exact periods for the different varieties. Moreover, a
variety can remain for weeks in the autumn without shooting to seed,
whereas if planted inthe spring the strong sun of early summer comes
at the end rather than the beginning of its growth and forces the seed
stalk to develop within a few days, while the extra early sorts which
may have been planted on the same day will have arrived at their
maturity earlier in the season when the influences forcing the seed stalk
to grow are not so strong.

’ The terms used to express differences in shooting to seed are as
follows:

Very quickly, meaning so susceptible to heat and strong sun as
to be useless for summer growing. Such varieties are rarely success-
ful outdoors in spring, are suitable only for forcing or indoor culture,
and form no head in summer and very poor ones outdoors in spring.
Examples are White Forcing and Emperor Forcing.

Vuickly, meaning so susceptible to heat and strong sun as to form
very poor heads in summer but sometimes good ones in spring. With
the exceptions of Green-Fringed, Boston Curled, and Asparagus Cos,
the varieties included in this division are to be classed as strictly fore-
ing sorts. Examples are’Tennis Ball White-Seeded and Hothouse.

Intermediate, meaning quickly shooting to seed in summer if the
weather is unusually warm or the sun unusually strong. Because of
earliness, varieties included in this division may be classed as excellent
spring and sometimes also as good summer sorts, there being with
good culture and favorable conditions little premature shooting to
seed in spring or early summer. Examples are Hubbard’s Market
and Matador.

Slow, meaning such resistance to sun and strong heat that even in the
hottest weather of midsummer the plants can be left for at least five
days after maturing without danger of bursting their heads. Examples
are Deacon and California Cream Butter.

Very slow, meaning fit to use for an unusually long time, even under
influences of the strongest sun or most intense heat. Examples are
Hanson and New York.

The time at which the different varieties developed seed stalks in the
Department of Agriculture trials is given in the table on page 21.

HABIT.

In describing the habit of a plant we speak of it as compact (White
Forcing, on Pl. VII) when the growth is confined to a small compass
and the leaves are well gathered together. A spreading plant (Red

16 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

Besson, on Pl. XIII) is one whose growth extends over much ground
and whose leaves grow so flatly outward that they become well sepa-
rated from the middle portion of the plant. An upright growth is
not necessarily compact, for the middle or head part of the plant may
be very upright while the outer leaves may grow very loosely out-
ward and cover much ground.

Solidity refers only to the head or middle part of the plant, the
terms urd, firm, soft, loose, and open being used to express the differ-
ent degrees of this quality, Hanson, Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, Red
Besson, Onondaga, and Golden Heart standing, respectively, as exam-
ples of each. //ard refers to those cabbage varieties which approach
a cabbage in solidity. Firm refers to those cos and softer leaved cab-
bage varieties which are so distinctly less solid than a cabbage as to
bear little comparison with it for solidity but still to be regarded as
decidedly solid for a lettuce. It includes also the most solid and dense
varieties of the bunching sorts or those which at their heart are as
solid as the firm cabbage varieties. Soft refers to those varieties
which are so lacking in solidity as to be easily compressed, though
they have no decided spaces between the leaves of the head or cluster.
Loose refers to those varieties which are not only easily compressed
but have decided spaces between the leaves of their head or cluster. ~
Open refers to those varieties of a free, spreading growth with little —
or no denser middle part. The blanching of a lettuce depends largely
upon its solidity, and it is really unnecessary to describe both these
qualities, though it has been done in the following descriptions so as to_
point out these important qualities more directly.

Other important considerations in the habit of a plant are the —
arrangement of the leaves, whether regu/ar (Deacon, on Pl. X), zrregu~
lar (Speckled Dutch Butter, on Pl. XVID), formal (Bath Cos, on PL
III), or fisted (Nansen, on Pl. XXII), or whether the head leaves
overlap one another closely (Deacon, on Pl. X), turn back 7 ist |
at their borders (Mette’s Forcing, on Pl. XTX), meet at their margins
only (Yellow Winter, on Pl. IX), fold well over one another ona the
middle of the head (Hanson, on Pl. I), grow together uprightly (Half
Century, on Pl. XVIII) or curve inward and overlap one another ina —
complete cabbagelike manner (Deacon, on Pl. X).

LEAVES.

The leaves of lettuce vary so much in shape, character, and colo
whether they be from the outside or center of the plant or from
young, mature, seed-producing, summer, spring, or greenhouse spe oa
mens, that it becomes necessary to decide upon one kind of lea
for making comparisons. Accordingly, the leaves referred to in tl i
following descriptions are always, except where otherwise noted, t

LEAVES, 17

largest leaves of prime, outdoor plants, or those just outside the head
or body of a mature specimen.

Shape.—Such great variations exist in the shape of lettuce leaves
that but little can be written regarding the identification of varieties
from the shape of their leaves. They may be either road (Deacon,
on Pl. XXITT) or spatulate (Karly Curled Simpson, on Pl. X XV), the
latter term referring to varieties with leaves gradually narrowed down-
ward from a rounded summit. Those which curve inward are said to
be cup-shaped (Earliest Cutting, on Pl. XXIII). The first early
leaves of most varieties are spatulate. Some kinds, such as Early
Curled Simpson, are of this shape when mature, but the largest middle
leaves of mature plants of most varieties are as broad as long. Green-
house-grown lettuces are more spatulate leaved than outdoor-grown
specimens, and summer-grown plants are longer leaved than spring-
grown ones.

Surface.—A leaf is said to be blistered when it has small elevations
and depressions between its veins, and crumpled when such formations
are large or consist of considerable folds and excessive developments
of its growth. Grand Rapids, on Plate X XV, and Denver Market,
on Plate XX VI, are good examples of leaves which are both blistered
and crumpled; Express Cos, on Plate XX VI, and Green-F ringed, on
Plate XXIII, of leaves which are blistered but not crumpled, and
Asparagus, on Plate X XVII, of a leaf which is neither blistered nor
crumpled. The very young leaves of all lettuce varieties are never
crumpled and are seldom blistered. All varieties forming a head
show both the crumpled and blistered character at the inner heart
leaves,and it is only in the largest leaves just outside the head of a
mature plant where marked variety characteristics in the surface of a
leaf are found.

Margin.—The margin of a leaf is the line describing its contour.
In lettuce it may be entire, i. e., without toothing or division; serrate,
i. e., having teeth pointing forward; or crenate, 1. e., scalloped by even,
rounded notches. The serrate and crenate character is sometimes not
developed until the plant is almost mature, and whenever the margin
is mentioned it is the upper part which is referred to, never the lower
portion, which is generally more or less jagged and does not show
much character. Deacon and Earliest Cutting, on Plate X XIII, are
good examples of leaves with entire margins; Big Boston, on Plates
V, XXII, and XXIV, of leaves with obscurely crenate margins, and
Hanson, on Plates I, X XII, and X XVI, of leaves with serrate margins.

Border.—The border of a leaf is that portion of the blade adjacent
to the margin. In nearly all butter varieties this part is flat or blis-
tered. In nearly all crisp lettuces it is fri//ed, by which is meant that
the border is much more developed than other parts of the leaf so

5408—No. 69—04——2

Ls AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

that it forms sharp folds. In a few varieties of both the crisp and
butter sorts this part of the leaf is wxdulate, by which is meant that
the border is somewhat more developed than other parts of the leaf,
so that it becomes wavy and forms rounded folds. The frilled and
undulate character is sometimes not developed until the plant is
mature, and whenever the margin is mentioned it is the upper part to
which reference is made, never the lower portion, which is generally
flat and does not show much character. Lancaster, on Plate XXIV,
is a good example of a flat border, and Boston Curled and Green-
Fringed, on Plate XXIII, of a frilled border. The undulate borders
are so obscure in lettuce plants that it is difficult to illustrate them,
but those of Big Boston,on Plates V, XXII, and XXIV, White
Forcing, on Plate VII, and Speckled Dutch Butter, on Plate XVIII,
are perhaps the best examples which can be given.

COLOR.

There are various differences in the color of nearly all distinct
varieties of lettuces which the expert seedsman makes use of in
identifying varieties in the field, but which on account of their minute-
ness and great variation under different conditions of weather become
of little use in written descriptions. In the following varieties,
instead of attempting to classify the different colors, all lettuces are
simply referred to as brown or green. No attempt is made to divide
them, as some writers have done, into bronze, red, pink, brown, and
bronzed red, though a division has been made of the different shades
of green and brown, as shown in the following examples: Very light
green, Golden Queen; light green, Tennis Ball Black-Seeded; medium
green, Hubbard’s Market; dark green, White Chavigne; very dark
green, New York; dull green, Tennis Ball White-Seeded; glossy green,
Thick Head Yellow; light brown, Matador; bright brown, Prize Head;
dark brown, Hartford Bronzed Head; very dark brown, Mignonette;
dull brown, Brown Dutch Black-Seeded.

It should be borne in mind that the color description of these dif-
ferent varieties is based upon outdoor-grown plants. Sorts like
Onondaga which are almost solid brown out of doors become almost
solid green when grown in greenhouses.

SEEDS.

The seeds of lettuce varieties differ in color, size, and shape. Color
is the most important quality and is the only variation commonly
mentioned in descriptions. It is referred to in the following pages as
whitish, blackish, or yellowish, and the seed of Red Winter Cos is
described as brownish in color. The more common terms white, black,
yellow, and brown are not used because these colors are never very
decided and vary greatly with age and with the methods of harvesting

SEEDLING PLANTS. 19

the seed. Those described as blackish may have a grayish tinge, as in
Brown Genoa, or a brownish cast, as in California Cream Butter. The
size of lettuce seed varies according to the locality in which it is grown,
California seed being especially large. The crisp sorts are generally
larger seeded than the butter varieties. ‘The large crisp varieties have
unusually large seeds. Some of the lettuce samples which have been
examined are narrower in shape than others, a few are very pointed,
but no uniform varietal differences have as yet been detected in these
respects except that the Defiance variety is distinctly broader than
other sorts.
SEEDLING PLANTS.

The seedling plants of the different lettuce varieties show more or
less variation in the color, shape, and size of their first seed leaves,
and furnish an interesting study for the botanist. These differences
are, however, too slight and unimportant to be mentioned in describing
varieties, and they need only be referred to by giving a few general
rules in regard to them. Perhaps the most important of these is that
the color of the mature plant is more or less clearly indicated by that
of the young seedling, especially if the mature plant be brownish.
When the brown tinge in the young seedling is so slight that it seems
impossible to say whether there be any brown present, the seedling
plant may in that case be cut off at its stem, and if, after withering
somewhat, the stem becomes colored where it was cut, this seems to be,
so far as has been observed, a sign that the plant is brownish when.
mature. If the stem remains green after being cut, the mature plant
is probably wholly green in color. The seedlings of the cos varieties
are known by-their very long slender seed leaves and seem almost to
be possessed cf a leaf stem. The crisp varieties are uniformly nar-
rower leaved than the butter varieties. Excepting in the case of Malta,
Giant Glacier, and a few others, they are not, however, as long leaved
as the cos varieties. The seed leaves of the butter varieties are gen-
erally more glossy green than the crisp and cos sorts.

VARIETIES SUITED TO DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS.

There are many important factors which determine the variety best
suited for particular purposes. Some of these are:

(1) Differences in soil and climate.—The cos varieties, for example,
succeed much better in England than in our country, and everywhere
market gardeners find that certain kinds are best adapted for their
conditions of soil and climate.

(2) The season at which the plants are grown.—Some kinds succeed
well in the spring, but shoot to seed at once in hot weather and are of
little use for summer planting. Certain kinds are very hardy to cold,

20 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

and winter successfully outdoors unprotected, while other varieties,
especially the crisp sorts, are failures for this purpose.

(3) Methods of Jrowing$, whether in greenhouses, hotheds, or cold
Srames, and whether transplanted into the Open OF SOWN directly in place
outdoors. n field culture, where time and space are not so important
as in greenhouses, it is more profitable to grow the large varieties,
which are much later in season than those commonly grown under
olass.

(4) The tastes of consumers or the requirements of the market.—
Some prefer the soft, delicate-flavored butter varieties, which are
used for serving on the table with dressing; others are more accus-
tomed to the hard texture of the crisp sorts; while still others think
there is nothing superior to the coarse but sweet leaves of the cos
lettuces, and a change from one to the other of these different
types is agreeable to most persons. In some markets the light green
lettuces are demanded and there is little sale for brown-colored sorts.
In our eastern markets the head lettuces are most in demand during
winter, while in the West the more easily grown bunching sorts of the
Grand Rapids type are the kinds most used for forcing.

On account of differences due to the requirements mentioned, it is
impossible to select a definite list of the best varieties. The following
may be recommended as some of the best for the purposes named:

fHlome use.—Deacon, Hartford Bronzed Head, New York, Prize
Head, Mignonette, Black-Seeded Simpson, Paris White Cos, California
Cream Butter, Iceberg, Tennis Ball Black-Seeded.

Market garden ing outdoors.— Big Boston, Tennis Ball Black-Seeded,
Black-Seeded Simpson, Hanson, Reichner, California Cream Butter,
Paris White Cos, Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter, Hubbard’s Market,
White Chavigne.

Market gardening under glass.—Grand Rapids, Crumpled-Leaved,
Hothouse, Black-Seeded Simpson, Golden Queen, Mette’s Forcing,
White Star, Hubbard’s Market, Tennis Ball White-Seeded, Detroit
Market Gardener’s Forcing. |

VYuality.—Half Century, Hartford Bronzed Head, Deacon, Paris
White Cos, Mignonette, New York, Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, Cali-
fornia Cream Butter, Hubbard’s Market, Golden Queen.

Most largely planted in order named.—Prize Head, Hanson, Black-
Seeded Simpson, Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, Big Boston, California
Cream Butter, Early Curled Simpson, Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter,
Deacon, Grand Rapids.

Desirable new or little-known varieties.—Mette’s Forcing, Express
Cos, Matador, Crumpled-Leaved, Unrivaled, White Chavigne, White
Loaf, Bon Ton.

ry 7.

TABLE OF VARIETIES. 24
TABLE OF VARIETIES.

The measurements and dates given in the following table are based
upon trials conducted at Washington, D. C., during the spring and
autumn of 1903. They presuppose both a quick germination, where
the plants appear above the surface within four days after sowing the
seed, and a good average growth afterwards.

; | First ap-
rhea ge geen i Weight of Diameter
Variety. sowing stalk mature of mature
seed. laftersow-| Plant. plant.
| | ing seed.
| Days. | Days. Ounces. | Inches.
I te eT ae ee Pan PIE Ata Le > ae 77 96 13} 11}
CN SECEEIOLIN oye oa wh eipewa pss Oo n'v dus dav eA RAMEE 2 «0 76 _| 96 143 14}
te eee oo weed wncdeds veeeen avert eet aeeEeee | 77 96 13} 11}
ESERIES 2 EEA CY Sate, EERE Sa eS |, 5 67 | 76 10 63
Asparagus Lobed-Leaved............2..--.2.sscenyeeceeeneoee 78 | 91 123 14
aE EES CL MACH, VOU aa ies wicte's oo due We nian ac win Pavan cea aieis << © 72 96 7% 104
ME eis SE ca odie eke atu aes! Jesu b hose ne epee aaa: 90 | 109 18 11
RUAMPRIGRIATEY vee te ots cee wk Sai n/omoUSRe Coe oa oh easy eee. a 78 me OD 163 11}
US URTS ES 5 (TG TE STATO) 01210) 1 eo RPP gets 78 100 20 | 14
ERR REAG RROD) SiS oes ad 5 Sen tn ew heen ae ee wae Oe & 86 | 110 23 163
REE aaa Neha See CEA aN oe taliate 2 acnia neg Se I 0 80 105 212 | 143
SEE NS UE ieee 8 2c te a ere Ion ToS Be 67 75 43 | 8h
Briggs’ Forcing and Garden ..............-..0-.-seeeeeeeceses- 64 74 ee 103
8S an ga a ES ER A oy eo | 87 | 100 163 | 14
er WML GH: DINCKASECOCO se cues cess scvecceccecm ee ceccanede 78 93 123 | 113
oo gue cir A BUY Leo Ss Cs Ba ro ai eae oe 78 93 ¥2 | 11}
Par ENIOH og oe Gea ee clin Soe an oes Soh le Se am 78 93 123 12
ST SESS he ete Oe oe i a Ra ok a 83 101 103 | 12
PREBGE ROS Onur PLGA: 2 2 geantit emits RSet nase ene he eee 82 | 100 16 | 11}
SMIEN Seen ae Shc ney cen wad. foot stad es Sine oe . 79. | 96 63 9
LOLI OTORIT DULCE: oo. cas centre le.cnmdes -S2 saetee see eteeee 77 94 15} | 114
ig a ER aR! 84 104 153 | 13
MN ENIERIN oe AE oe aig oo nme oh kwon gl eye ee ee 64 69 62 | 10
Pes Tame Wy NILES CADDALC:. 222-005. aot es oet eed eo chee eee 70 82 7 92
SMMEMR MATER foc eo. oh ae ee 62 72 8} 92
SM REENER MENS Phe See eae Ry Sis ina win. lene ene waanw gear by athe 87 | 100 16} 14
RRO rae Ne so eee ee See ene oo aln Sage ea cvee wees s coos 73 90 93 11
RRCRIIS UG ly coe ets Se re cee Soils oo oa a se dpe ee chae dem 79 102 8F | 12
0 Ege re pe MRCS, Ae 7 tie ee ah a 59 ~ 72 1 53
enVGrmaRTheh. oo - an 1. Sees eee os ee ok See cee Se 80 104 gz 12
Hewoit Market Gardener's Norcing :...... 0. ..s<05 52250. ce ek 78 | 96 163 13}
eM LUG RT CATE AOS wie cane oc ane coe tek caer ee oe 79 | 97 202 10
0 UEC EN* peut SE es Rapes a Jolie EB ieee 2 Sn o> Re ie dee A | 70 | 86 63 10
RRMeIES TSCM NEI OI cia Ug ca on ean oe es une ee eM 54 | 59 | h | 53
So SE Bea ag AS Oe depo heel PR Top, Se ei) | 74 | 77 | 8: | 123
aera lee its) yh) 3 oh ee ae aL 89 107 13 | 14
RENO DNL PRG ht at hae x ewok ath 2. ws aa'nln tem wid oc ersot cw eat lr 71 | 83 | 12 | 73
ee SMMILEUUPETOMEN. Cr es. oe tia eck St Ee ue ree ee 68 | 78 62 | 72
RETIN fe nt Gas cons nis web bv s denaw one dnd xhddmn 74 | 77 85 11
OE SS i eee aaa Sane 88 111 | 123 17
OO ie AS Sa ene Dee PT eee 88 | 107 30 12
NNER COMES, 2 tee ete ok line 3 ity Ww nv n'a’ oS Swine ie ao eas 84 | 104 | 16 13
NE PEE Wer irs Dictate hire iW aan a wn’ 0's ac sw d's Sm ay oo ae 72 82 | 114 14

22 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUOCR.

_ | First ap-
| Mera | Peatan® Weight of Diameter
Variety. sowing | stalk mature of mature
| seed, \aftersow- Plant. plant,
ing seed,
Days. | Drys. | Ounces. | Inches,
Cb det Queer 8 ace te ne ccc ueseiesnuen’ 65 75 64 7k
Golden Snoting se eee eae encode ddscevces adecsssdtoone 78 |
CrGyl RAW cone voe tas ce unetiet tees Cacds cx cx caccexvceetoenae 69 |
COE 8 en ee er es Ne ee uescnene Sane 2
Can OOO ie ee ee. co cnesucach enn 71
on eee Se). ok i 69 |
PR ONGO 4 oo oso cas cin cr ee eed ee ecco ccrwcvecauweabeke 86
BaP OR a a ee oe, ese es «x's ae oe 69 |
Flayvdy Green, FAINIOrernite on eo cas aes caverevcncnans 82
Flartiord “Pvrmees Bite a occ cence vane nceecsaee 76
1. Cee Se ee ee win coc we wae bea 89
OR Oe a a cocubites .esesseeteeueurben 58
easy ie ae ee sen cunceccakemeaen 69
A one se EE aco was sien aaccaenehs 82
Tralian Tees: So. cdewedectadns cans evoeen Bes sar ceneen eee 86
BeriGQStOr 4 Saas cee cass eels nee ble daic c< +s ccwnee'lumexemewe 72
pricy S GTO One ae Re a ee ee 82
Bee's Markok Ferment ee, «oc cenn st culcpumees 63 |
MINN Aene COR... oe eee eee ees eee = wd Ry isi, tee 82 |
PO CARE pee ha SS er Pr ge 87
Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. o. eo. nce... - ence cwmeccenmans 73
Marblehead. Mammen sen cae on ee eins ve ance ccweamgwastues 82
Mata@or: o. 9.2 oo ee ee eee. wa swc aheuanaehene 63
Maen 26. os se ee a «oo on we owe aaneeeneee 84
Mette’s Forcing ..........- cS. ee ee 60
Middletowner. -. =~ nude ee eee - « oo eon hema cncer cues 67
Mienonette. ooo. . as eee ee ae ates ~ + ov oannpeescu utc cuneee 68
PET ie oie cracls wc a eee RS 6 5's svn lc cate 72
WMEOTEO ioc xen Soi ee a 5 055 sd nccemannnenmwas 80
INQGINSOD oo oo oe on Sa EE ons cas nine puma Neen 65
New Yorks 22255 toca se ee OG « wae we wnt nanan de beuene 87
Ogk-ea week o-oo ee oc so wens we weld Sw SREER EE 72
OnOnGa Sa. Sa. ccs cs cen te es ~ «omen nie a oid bance an Sue ye
POYIS SUPE oa. ania nc ete ee En o2 ole w'ce Se ace eens 82
Paris WIG; COS fsa eee a ee aenEs « » ic occa stein Lane roan 82
PRSSION o.oo secs oe ae ee Ce «a 5 <5 os ond cate pees 86
Philadelphia Butter cose cn wc taeaeeas os os cen sanwananaesawaas 65
Prince: OF Wales: COs £aaae cece atten « <u acc calc aveeeteeeceaue - 86
Prize Head . 0-22. sees ae ees © Sk nwewwnateee Sie ate 76
Red Hessen. <= 5.056 aoe nee « <i. aus snl we ele Beceate eee 78
Ree Winter OOS. nee eee Ee. os Lanw ae uta seen eeaeeaae 83
RigiGhNeR sos c= san anchea cue « ~ « a cnc noweb ne oebebeae Aone 65
St. Louis Black-Seeded Foreine ca. -. - -. -... 0. cccccncteruce bees ; 67
Shotwell’s Brown ELGaG oon sect eee = os ons ce ccceetiaaneeen cee 74
Shotwell’s Brown Head (Bridgeman) ...................---ss- 74
Bilwer Boas. otic Gece ee EEG » «=~ cana cnccuasccuascceeewe 64
Speckled Duteh Pirttqn Tog cage - - += soe n cos nan tegen cease 67
Bie LORD s ona oo oo oe So IRE ~~ 0 0 on wks oan one aa ee nceee 89
Sutton’s Giant Cabbage... _.. eee ee: 84
Tennis Rall Black Sealed so nao cc ceeds wcccaccuuuaseceens 71
@Meunis Ball White-ceate sys see. oc coc cies nce cneucpuccwaces 57

PDDIGE EGR. VOLOW 6.6 oe ate ee alva nance cw aceccwaccecatseue 82

TABLE OF

Variety.

RINE EARHRE Tato eis b neath a'n.e a sais d mas wae ke Bev ha cde ee
ETERS URTALTD yard win. cic Salata acct a od hate» cage abe a ewes c
MERE ey be oa U wisi wale nian c'a Wave's Awlars See ey nie
SN id a. Siaie en Sui wt nel cube wkudas domed teemi Ware ason
MMO, Sean Gaddwln wake nica ce vw chu cata Bes hwo
SOTA EUCCMLOCPOLL. b 6 vena ecm ov uno clanat suse salen ona
SMMMEIC TIDE CITC oc cw eth ais canta wnmstee Canenceh eens
GPR ONGLIE occa cacudpnwse'savpunea 6 RE Per:
SEMIN ned co aka suisn wetlaccaute mactweemaeaes
EOIN Woe isc & bun aah p'ee Sb Wob late cmatd ae ean weet eet
PDITeREOGCO SIMPSON ic. cca end ddawdcreseckevds.
SREB Ok GO wie wcle shod ca lO CRP aa aes Ee ae
PLU SUntmMeL. CADDEROE . ou: cedee deb sece nsec naaue
ISP MOO OU. ISILLUGL ts awe accuse cunes ow tise da~ eacnle
PPR VN IRUC Ls os ta OS. comedians couieauabcne Gee

VARIETIES. 98

/

| First ap- |

ad ae Weight of Diameter
sowing | ata lik mature of mature

seed, after sow- plant. plant.

| ing seed,

Days. Days. Ounces. | Inches.

beet saat i 76 96 13} | 13
Pettiva tea 66 82 | 6) 7
a ee 84 99 7 10
Steen ake @ 86 109 15} 16
78 96 164 11}

72 86 84 10
et | 78 95 154 | 14
oy | 65 60 BA 5]
Se resit >... | 84 100 | 12 12}
eas. . 66 78 | 94 |
PE ais oo. 74 92 123 | 13}
a. 7 84 104 187 | 15
5 anaes <: 72 87 | 10} | 14
AY 80 100 | 9 10}

(cubawas-- 71 85 | 6} 9}

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIETIES.

[w=whitish seeds, b=blackish seeds, y=yellowish seeds, br=brownish seeds. }

Cuiass I.—Butter varieties.

Susctass I.—Cabbage-heading varie-

ties.

CoLtor pivision I.—Plants wholly

green.
Advancer (w).
All Seasons (0b).

Briggs’ Forcing and Garden (w).

Burpee’s Butter Head (w).
Buttercup (w).

Deacon (w).

Emperor Forcing (w).
German Early Head. (w).
Golden Queen (w).
Harbinger (w).

Hardy Green Hammersmith (w).

Hubbard’s Market (ww).
Large Yellow Market (w).
Lee’s Market Forcin

w).
Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter(b).

Mette’s Forcing (w).
Nansen (w).

Paris Sugar (w).
Philadelphia Butter (w).
Reichner (w).

Silver Ball (w).

Tennis Ball Black-Seeded (0).

Thick Head Yellow (w).
Tom Thumb (bd).
Unrivaled (w).

White Chavigne (w).
White Forcing (w).
White Giant (4).

White Loaf (1).

White Summer Cabbage (w).

Yellow-Seeded Butter (7).

Cuiass I.—Butter varieties—Continued.
Susciass I.—Cabbage-heading varie-

ties—Continued.

Cotor pivision II.—Plants tinged

brownish, larger part green.
Big Boston (7).
Brown Dutch Black-Seeded (/).
Brown Dutch White-Seeded (w).
Brown Genoa (5).
California Cream Butter (5).
Cold Frame White Cabbage (w).
Crumpled-Leaved (w).
Defiance (w).
Emperor William (0).
German Incomparable ()).
Half Century (0).
Hothouse (w).
Maximum (bd).
Milly (w).
Passion (b).
St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing (>).
Shotwell’s Brown Head (/).
Speckled Dutch Butter (w).
Sutton’s Giant Cabbage (7).
Tennis Ball White-Seeded (vw).
Victoria Red-Edged (vw).
Yellow Winter (w).

CoLor Division III.—Plants brown-

ish, small portion only greenish.
Brown Head (w).
Eureka (7).
Golden Spotted (ww).
Hartford Bronzed Head (+).
Hero (d).
Matador (w).
Red Besson (/).

24 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF

Ciass |.— Butter varieties—Continued.
Supctass I,.—Cabbage-heading varie-
ties—Continued.

CoLtor piviston I11.—Plants brown-
ish, small portion only green-
ish—Continued.

Shotwell’s Brown Head (Bridge-
man) (b),
Sugar Loaf (w).
Trout (w).
Susc ass I1.— Bunching varieties.

CoLor pivistion I.—Plants wholly

green.
Baltimore Oak-Leaved (ww).
Earliest Cutting (w).
Golden Heart (w).
Lancaster (w).
Oak-Leaved (w).
CoLor DIVIsIoNn 11.—Plants brownish.
Hero (6).
Cuiass II.—Crisp varieties.
Suscuass I.—Cabbage-heading varie-
ties.

CoLor piviston I.—Plants wholly
green.

Blonde Bloek Head (w).

Brittle Ice (w).

Dammann’s Ice (w).

Denver Market (vw).

Detroit Market Gardener’s Fore-
ing (w).

Giant Glacier (w).

Golden Curled (w).

Hanson (w).

Italian Ice (ww).

Malta (w).

New York (w).

CoLor priviston II.—Plants tinged

brownish, large part greenish.
Density (2).
Iceberg (w).
Marblehead Mammoth (ww).
Tyrolese (ww).

Cotor pivision III.—Plants brown-
- ish, small part only greenish.
Chartier (ww).

Mignonette (6).
Sugar Loaf (ww).

LETTUOER,

Ciass I1.—Crisp varieties—Continued.
Suse ass [1.—Bunching varieties.
CoLor pivision I,—Plants wholly
green,
Black-Seeded Simpson (b).
Bon Ton (+).
Boston Curled (+).
Chicago Forcing (+).
Detroit Market Gardener’s Fore-
ing (w).
Golden Curled (w).
Grand Rapids (b).
Green-Fringed (w).
Middletowner (w).
Morse (7).
White-Seeded Simpson (w).
White Star ().
Cotor pivision Il.—Plants brown-
ish, small part only greenish.
American Gathering (7).
Chartier (w).
Onondaga (w).
Prize Head (w).
Tomhannock (w).
Cxiass I1I.—Cos varieties.
Susc.ass I.—Spatulate-leaved varieties.
HEADING Division I.—Self-closing.
CoLor piviston I.—Plants wholly
green.
Dwarf White Heart Cos (w).
Express Cos (7).
Giant White Cos (w).
Green Cos (w).
Limagne Cos (7).
Paris White Cos (w).
Prince of Wales Cos (1).
ago DIVISION II.—Plants brown-
ish.
Red Winter Cos (br).
HEADING Division I].—Loose-closing.
Bath Cos (b).

Susciass II.—Lanceolate-leaved varie-

ties.
Asparagus ()).
Susciass I]1.—Lobed-leaved varieties.
Asparagus Lobed-Leaved (b).

KEY TO VARIETIES.

[Applicable only to outdoor-grown specimens. ]

1. Leaves distinctly lanceolate -........-
1. Leaves spatulate, oval to roundish, sometimes lobed, always rounded at

sumweat 6 Lasse Re ee
2. Leaves distinctly lobed and entire -.-
2. Leaves entire, serrate, or crenate at'upper part, sometimes- deeply cut at

wee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee err rrr

base but never distinctly lobed in any part ........------.---- seceeeee

He He GO OO

. Lobes terminating mostly at base of leaf.........-...----------------
. Lobes terminating mostly along midrib of leaf...........---.-----------
sBedde binckigh—- o-oo... 2.6 ccc acces
, eeds whitish. =Fu0E ss. «2.6. ve cue

; KEY TO VARIETIES. - 95

. Leaves always either spatulate or oval in shape, sometimes blistered but

neither outside nor inner heart leaves ever crumpled, these leaves always
straight and stiff, never thin and soft. Excepting Asparagus and Aspar-
agus Lobed-Leaved includes all lettuces commonly called cos ........-.-.- 6

. Leaves generally broad in shape, rarely long, never narrower than broadly

spatulate, more or less blistered or crumpled or both, the inner heart
leaves always crumpled and somewhat soft, never decidedly stiff and
flat. Excepting the lobed-leayed varieties includes lettuces variously

known as crisp, butter, cabbaging, bunching, and cutting..........--- y
I gO) EE Se ee OOO 7
ELEY DEOOT oa ee URL aed sal dango =n soe c's oowencaneensaen 8
7. Plant washed with dull brown and seeds blackish .........-.- ae, Cee Bath Cos
7. Plant almost solid bright brown and seeds brownish ..........-- Red Winter Cos
8. Plant very early and small for a cos variety, early-intermediate in season,

medium in size compared to most butter and crisp varieties -...-. - Express Cos
8. Plant very late and large compared to most butter and crisp varieties. - - - - - Dwarf

White Heart Cos, Giant White Cos, Green Cos,
: Limagne Cos, Paris White Cos, Prince of Wales Cos
I ENN on no sa EE ENT OR wate Bia piecaa'e yme www taghs inde name 10
ES IE a Tte yet ne ER oe a eae 26
ES a RI i OE SS 0 ne cae ae 3
I) SE ag ge po Ree GE Se) A ee ee 14
See OW MAD. ANG, CADSR ae awe a Bos os alae e wh ean wesw aed Wignonette
11. Plant wholly green and bunching................-- oe diate ok ceased gt) eae 12
12. Plant dense bunching and seeds germinating readily .............. Black-Seeded
Simpson, Bon Ton
12. Plant loose bunching and seeds hard to germinate ..............-...-.-- 13

13. Plant small, of a very wild, coarse quality and flavor; suitable only for
INRIA Sa 0 ae Scan oe a nin ath Boston Curled

13. Plant never smaller than medium, not delicate in quality, but generally
much liked and never wild flavored........--- Chicago Forcing, Grand Rapids
IME I SS Sac saat ge, Bai Ds po mw «nin oo se dae oo 15
OES a aeRO EO ON See meee a oie 22
ROA, C0 Teg (OO WENA 20 eee ee. ns . s oawnec eben peneson 16
REPRE TIINY POOREI OS | 2 5 fs anh SRE 5s Sno clapae - o rcbeww aces es 19
16. Plant distinctly vase-shaped aiid tall, head oval in shape..........-- Sugar Loaf
16. Plant not distinctly vase-shaped and tall, head globular ..............--- 17
eePaen Vie MIELE VOPY CAY1 soc awa ae enews). oe eee one ge ewe Density
SSA Oe i ee i ee ee 18
18. Small part only of plant brownish...-.-..- Iceberg, Marblehead Mammoth, Tyrolese
EN OU 3 a eee Se ee Chartier
SAN eS eee en) New York
EEG ES PRS 2S EE Pe ne 20
20. Parts of leaf margin crenate..................- Brittle Ice, Dammann’ s Ice, Malta
20. All parts of leaf margins plainly serrate, no part crenate or entire...-.--.-.- 21
21. Plant always very distinctly cabbaging............-- Blonde Block Head, Hanson
21. Plant generally bunching but sometimes cabbaging- - - - - Detroit Market Gardener’ s
Forcing, Golden Curled
ET ST Ee Pe a a ae ee 23
NE EE Le aT er re ee 25

23. Bunching when not well grown, decidedly cabbage heading when at its

Se ee SL ee ee ew buweuuue Chartier

eee ETO IMITICRING 5... cau ae dae wudG owe ca c-cnccscncedeusauass 24

26

AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

24. Plant treelike in appearance or with large, long stem, elevating plant
high from @rOURG ... << cuccecsceeeuccccecucedéadeeunwenaueeeee Tomhannock
24. Plant not treelike in appearance, or at least not elevated high from
ground, and stem not long .....-..-- imerican Gathering, Onondaga, Prize Head
25. Plant small, and although borders of leaves are enormously developed and
much frilied, their surfaces are quite smooth and neyer crumpled but
sometimes sparingly blistered...........-----------eee re ceeeee Green- Fringed
25. Plant medium to very large, leaves frilled at borders and their surfaces never |
smooth, always more or less blistered and crumpled... .-..-. Early Curled Silesia,
Golden Curled, Middletowner, Morse, White-Seeded Simpson
26. Plant bunching. a5. ct sesees os Sac sc as ccc dees eee awe ee ee 27
96.’ Plant cabbage heading 2.2. 0 os. sc ccc osbcvehevoeedbeab ask sane 31
97. Seede biackigh 2. secret cc sc cs se cece carn aweeswees ce aseee gee Hero
97: Beede whitish’. 3 oot c vee cee cece ss on o-oo ce ccnenees Ueetebneee nee 28
28. Plant brownish .....-- by ab at ves i woe~o vescascun see. eaee alee ae Sugar Loaf
98. Plant wholly green .. oc. ow nea inn ews oeseedescens = aane ann 29
29. Plant dense bunching and leaf margins crenate .......-------- J ecuae White Star
29. Plant loose bunching and leaf margins entire. .........-.----¢.--------- 30
30. Leaves decidedly cup-shaped and quite smooth ..........------- Earliest Oulting

30. Leaves never cup-shaped nor incurved, very much blistered and crumpled,
HOVE! BMNGOUN A. oo Seed does bs on ose p cer pean stews eee Golden Heart
“$1. Seeds yellowigh 22: 22525...) -. - 5055 c5e Sates eeeme nee een 32
$1. Seada whitish: or blackish..'2.:... . . 6. secon Sa sews med sees ee ae 34
oe. Plast wholly ereen 40260 <<: ose. oe cae ae eee Yellow-Seeded Butter
93: Plant browni@h. 6.6.5. d.5605. see's ee ee eee oe 33
33. Plant largely green, brownish in spots or in blotches only. .Sutton’s Giant Cabbage
33. Plant largely brownish, little or no green on exposed parts -...--------- Eureka
$4. Seeds blackigh-. 2.02 SLE. a. ooo. So cee oes caeneee one e seen eee Gen 35
84° Seeds whitieh 2-25. ce oe wie oo ee cane oie ce oe pce ee 45
ah. Plant‘wholly @roen 2222-7002. - 5... neces cameos as oes ae 36
$5: Plant more or less brownish: 5... .-.. 2... 22.23. ean ee erate =e 38
26. Plant.small-medium, early, and very dark green...-......-.-------- Tom Thumb
36. Plant medium in size or larger, intermediate or later in season, and light
or very. light Greets s2occ os os 5 ood ene Seems hee Ree ee 37
37. Leaves very little blistered and very thick..........-...------------4 All Seasons
37. Leaves much blistered and thin..........-..----- Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter,
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, White Giant
$8." Plant a deep, almost colid brown «....2..-52.4: 2 senses on ean- see eee 39
38. Plant largely green or sometimes becoming dull greenish brown, never
dark brown ...-.--- Bee co oe oe EE. Le eee 40
50° Plant: large in Geeta he oe ie Dig ng cnn be oe eae ae ee one Red Besson
39. Plant medium in size.......----- Hartford Bronzed Head, Shotwell’s Brown Head
40. Plant spotted (very faintly and sparingly in Half Century) ...--.---.---- 41
40. ' Plant not ‘spotted «702.2 \ 2. 3-3... 2nseeseeuk once coe sees ae 44
41. Inner heart leaves spotted .... Brown Genoa, Shotwell’s Brown Head ( Bridgeman)
41. Inner heart leaves never spotted... 225-502 P2v- bs. 22 Aes oe 42
42. Margins conspicuously fringed with hairlike bristles -......-.-------- Maximum
42. Bristles at margin none.or very obscure . ~~ 2-5. <.s<0e cess neem ss enen eee 45
43. Plant very dark green, sparingly and faintly spotted ......-------- Half Century —

. Plant dark green or of medium green color, freely and distinctly spotted - -

California Cream Butter, Emperor William —

44. Plant when in prime marketable condition plainly colored at base of mid-
OT ee ee ee Brown Dutch Black-Seeded
44. Plant when in prime marketable condition never colored at base of mid-
See tmntY OF, THONG ca ck oak pike ke dace c wce ete a weaesn German Incomparable,
Passion, St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing
ree OF LONE. DLOW NIM sad oie diene awald o's wbe mow dn bose cedeescccces 46
EE EE ag ER SE ON a ee ee eer 55
COR C1 eS Ee a 47
46. Plant not distinetly spotted; if spotted at all very sparingly and faintly so. 50
47. Margins obscurely crenate and borders undulate.........-- Speckled Dutch Butter
Pee mrerine ONLITe GNC DOTUCrS UMb\ o- ces ek ede eked ee cio ele de ebccscccsce 48
48. Seeds very wide and plant mostly green....................- Ae ee Defiance
48. Seeds average in width and plant mostly brownish.............-.--.---- 49
49. Spots large and well separated.......-...- Ue Pn tO ale Capa Golden Spotted
Snennts Ane ANd clone topetber.. 2s... coke ce ne ee nde wte eee s ene cecnene Trout
I CL GIS AP a a eae ee 51
50. Plant largely green, brownish only in places or spots.........----.------ 52
Sent: ALE OSIGCVGRY AOUGROINE os cin oo ion oe nc cio wee ce ainin se Brown Head
51. Plant early and compact .........-- ASS LR Se A eee ee BORED ye CN
52. Leaves obscurely crenate at margins and undulate at borders ........---- 53
52. Leaves entire at margins and flat at borders .--..........-..---.---..--- 54
53. Planted indoors only, a strictly forcing sort ................--- Crumpled-Leaved
53. Sometimes planted indoors, but more largely planted outdoors ----.-- - Big Boston
54. Large-medium in size and not suitable for forcing. - -- - Brown Dutch White-Seeded
54. Small-medium in size and suitable for forcing --..-.--- Cold Frame White Cabbage,
Hothouse, Milly, Victoria Red-Edged, Tennis Ball White-Seeded, Yellow Winter
55. Plant of the crisp class, margins obscurely crenate ..............----. Italian Ice
55. Plant of the butter class, margins obscurely crenate or entire ......--.--- 56
56. Margins obscurely crenate and borders undulate .............--.-.--..--- 57
Pearse entire and borders flat’....2..5-0-h sss... -.--4--2-- Pat adh ome ates 58
57. Plant large and late-intermediate in season..:............------------ Unrivaled
57. Plant small-medium or smaller and early or very early in season......-- German
Early Head, Golden Queen, Lee’s Market Forcing, White Forcing
URED COR EOE Sig oh 5 3/3 be ae Sa ee. we White Chavigne
Pen enG BOG Oarcer.cnan Medium PTCEN. ccs is sen. < aes see dee eta cee ee 59
59. Plant golden green, the lightest green in color of any lettuce.-.....--.- Buttercup
59. Plant often very light green, but never decidedly golden,green ..--..-.--- 60
60. Heads decidedly long when first forming and leaves very thick... Asiatic, Deacon
60. Heads generally globular, sometimes long, but leaves of such plants never
PURER IARSIN RINCNRMNEIR, Ser Ae ea os oe no oe ose ees 61°
ene BLU DIO 208 1OrCiog - ibe ie aie ee oe eee cased Advancer,
Briggs’ Forcing and Garden, Emperor Forcing, Harbinger, Hub-
bard’s Market, Lees Market Forcing, Nansen, Philadelphia
Butter, Reichner, Silver Ball, White Loaf, White Summer Cabbage
Pier Ms evista DIG 1OF Lorene ii. scars esses ses) ces see a eon eds 62
62. Leaves stiff and of poor quality, plant not suited for summer growing --... Hardy
Green Hammersmith °
62. Leaves soft rather than stiff, good quality, and succeeding well in

KEY TO VARIETIES. 27

Es woete sas 02 oo ssc Sele Burpee’s Butter Head, Large Yellow
Market, Paris Sugar, Thick Head Yellow

28 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES CLASSED AS DISTINCT.

Vegetable varieties may be considered for convenience in classifica-
tion and description as either distinct or subsidiary. The former class
includes those representing the different types or kinds which can be
identitied from one another because of more or less well-defined and
distinct characters. ‘The latter is made up of renamed or so-called
varieties which are plainly identical with the distinct sorts or are simply
superior or deteriorated strains of them, or, if of distinct origin, are so
much like the distinct varieties as to be practically identical with and
indistinguishable from them.

The following list is supposed to include all the really distinct varie-
ties sold to-day by American seedsmen. The figures following the
variety name indicate the number of seedsmen who mention that name
in their lists of varieties for the year 1903. The seedsmen mentioned
after the figures are those from whom the seed was obtained, and upon
these samples the descriptions are largely based. Besides these tests the
writer has examined the lettuce fields and trial grounds of our prinei-
pal seedsmen and based his descriptions also upon the correspondence
and conversations which he has had with American seed growers and
dealers. An effort has been made to give the exact standing of all the
varieties tested. It is, however, impossible to do this in every case,
and the list of synonyms which is here included is not given as an abso-
lute one. The sorts named appeared identical at Washington and in
other places where the writer has observed them, but a few of the
varieties named may prove to be distinct in some other soils and under
other conditions.

)
|

ADVANCER.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Michell, 1901-1903.

Comparison.—Little known or planted. Same. general character and usefulness as
Hubbard’s Market and Hanson and possibly identical with one of them, but further
trials are necessary before this can be definitely determined.

History.—Named and introduced in this country in 1901 by Henry F. Michell, who
writes that the variety was obtained from F. Spittel, Arnstadt, Germany.

ALL SEASONS.

Listed by eight seedsmen. Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1899-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, late-
intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed, young plant very spreading, regular in
growth, its leaves very straight and extending flatly over the ground. Mature plant
' fairly compact. Head elongated when first forming, but flattened or sometimes
globular when fully developed, fairly firm, well defined, extremely well blanched,
its leaves very completely but loosely overlapping one another, but outer ones of ;
plant well separated from the head proper, the latter thereby left very bare or
exposed. Leaves broad in shape, peculiarly smooth, very little blistered, crumpled, :
or twisted, unusually thick in appearance, but soft and limp rather than stiff;
margins entire and fringed with hair-like bristles; borders flat. Color characteristic
light grayish green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality excellen

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 29
sweet, decidedly buttery, and with thick, soft leaves of much substance. Seeds
very blackish.

Comparison.—Searce and little planted. A valuable new variety of the same
general character and usefulness as the well-known Deacon, differing principally in
being a little larger and later and may in some gardens prove a more satisfactory
variety. Highly recommended for trial wherever Deacon is successful. The variety
is also similar to Asiatic, and next to these two sorts perhaps most like Reichner and
Silver Ball. It is readily identified by its bristled margins and blackish seeds.

Synonym.—Vaughan’s All Seasons.

History. —Named and introduced into this country in 1897 by J. C. Vaughan, who
states that the variety was imported from France about ten years ago under the
name of Denaiff.

Illustrations. —A young plant of the variety is shown on Plate XXII. Other views
which answer to illustrate the type fairly well are shown by Deacon, on Plates X
and XXIII. The longitudinal section of Matador, on Plate XX, illustrates the
solidity of the heads.

AMERICAN GATHERING.

Listed by fourteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1900-1901; Rawson, 1901;
Thorburn, 1901-1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, large, early marketable,
but late-intermediate in its fullest development, slow to shoot to seed. Plant very
spreading, of unusually low growth, and consisting of a loose, flattened, or slightly
rounded cluster of leaves, always more or less opened or spread out at the center, and
therefore never in the least cabbage-like nor heading, though, nevertheless, the inner
part of the plant is well blanched. Leaves short spatulate in shape, excessively blis-
tered and crumpled, very little twisted, fairly rigid, but not stiff; finely serrate at
at margins, excessively developed, much frilled at borders. Color bright brown,
varying to bright green in less exposed parts and center of plant; borders of leaves
no more colored than other parts, while stem of plant, base of midribs, and inner
heart leaves are wholly green; no part of plant distinctly spotted. Quality good;
sweet in flavor, very tender and crisp in texture, but leaf thin and lacking substance.
Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown sorts. Usefulness and value same as -Prize
Head, and not sufficiently different from that well-known sort to be a very important
variety. It differs in being slightly lower growing, more blistered and crumpled in
the leaves, and more brownish in color. .

Synonym.—Prize Head is often used in filling orders for this variety.

History.—Apparently of American origin, and known in this country for at least
twenty-five years.

Iilustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate 1V. Other views
which answer to illustrate the type fairly well are Hanson, on Plates XXII and
XXVI, and Prize Head, on Plate XXI. The leaf of the variety, however, is con-
siderably more crumpled than shown on Plate XX VI, or somewhat approaches
that of Grand Rapids, on Plate XXV.

ASIATIC.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1900-1903.

Description.—Excepting large in size and late-intermediate in season, the description
is the same as given of Deacon.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Usefulness and value similar to Deacon.
At Washington not so reliable a header, and, excepting for being little larger in size
and later in season, not sufficiently different from that variety to become an impor-

30 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

tant lettuce, although under some exceptional conditions it may prove more satisfac-
tory than Deacon. The two varieties are sometimes identified by differences in color
or in the shape of the heads. Asiatic is similar also to All Seasons,

History.—Apparently first listed in 1893 by W. E. Dallwig, who writes that the seed
was obtained from Germany.

Illustrations. —The general character of the variety is shown by Deacon, on Plates
X and XXIII, and All Seasons, on Plate XXII. The solidity of the heads is illus-
trated by Mette’s Forcing, on Plate XIX.

ASPARAGUS.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Alneer, 1902; Buckbee, 1901-1902; Childs,
1899-1900; Ewing, 1901; Graham, 1902; Simmers, 1901-1902.

Description.—A peculiar cos sort, wholly different from other cultivated varieties,
and more resembling a chicory than a lettuce plant. Medium in size, early-inter-
mediate in season; shoots to seed quickly, wilts very soon after being pulled. Plant
compact, composed of many lanceolate, erect, straight-growing leaves forming a
long pointed cluster, yet more or less open at the center, or at least the leaves never
close enough to blanch to any extent. Leaves wholly smooth, never in the least
blistered, crumpled, nor twisted, entire at the upper margins, sometimes serrate at
lower parts, flat at the borders, fairly thick and stiff, though a few of the outer leaves
weak or wilting and falling away limply from the plant. Midrib of leaf very hard,
large, and prominent. Color very dark green, never spotted nor brownish in any
part. Quality very poor; tough and hard in texture and of a rank, wild flavor,
excepting the midrib, which, if used at the proper stage, is very brittle, sweet, and
of a peculiar flavor and texture. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Its leaves are said to be cooked and
served like asparagus, but the writer doubts whether such a use of them can be recom-
mended. The midribs, being hard and less hollow and pithy than other sorts, make
a more satisfactory dish to serve like celery than other varieties. However, for this
purpose it is suitable for a few days only, as the leaves soon become bitter when the
weather is at all warm or the conditions the least unfavorable for its growth. Not
recommended except to amateurs in an experimental .way for the purpose named.

History.—Listed by a dozen or more American seedsmen about eight years ago,
and described at that time as a new variety of French origin.

Illustrations.—See Plates XIV and XX VII. :

ASPARAGUS LOBED-LEAVED.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Ewing, 1902-1903.

Description.—Classed with the cos varieties, but really as much bunching in habit as
cos-like. Large, late-intermediate in season, and shooting to seed at an intermediate
date. Plant very spreading, occupying much space, vase-shaped in form, with a
depressed or unfilled center, the leaves growing very straight, regular, and never
close enough for blanching to any extent. Leaves long and narrow in form, rounded
at top, deeply lobed from top to bottom, like an oak leaf, the lower part sometimes
separated into large divisions. Surface very smooth or occasionally slightly blistered,
leaves never in the least crumpled nor twisted, but rather flat, stiff, and thick, and
with a large protruding midrib; margins entire and borders flat. Color very dark
green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality very poor; tough and hard
in texture, and of a rank, wild flavor, excepting the midrib, which, if used at the
proper stage, is very brittle, sweet, and of a peculiar flavor and texture. Seeds
blackish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Suitable for the same purpose as Aspara-
gus and possessing the same faults but in a less degree. Larger, later, slower to shoot

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 31

to seed, furnishing a great many more leaves, and probably better in every way than
that variety, but it can not be recommended except to amateurs in an experimental
way.

History. —First introduced in America in 1900 by William Ewing & Co. under the
name of New Asparagus. It must not be confused with New Asparagus listed by
other seedsmen, which is a lanceolate-leaved variety.

Tilustrations.—See Plates XIII and XX V1.

BALTIMORE OAK-LEAVED.

Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1902; Griffith & Turner, 1903;
Johnson & Stokes, 1899, 1900, 1903.

Description. —A butter variety, strictly bunching, medium in size, early-interme-
diate in season, extremely slow to shoot to seed. Plant growing very close to the
ground and consisting of alow, very well rounded, symmetrical, remarkably compact,
firm cluster of leaves neither opened nor spread out at its center nor heading in habit,
though inner part becomes fairly well blanched. Leaves very much twisted together
in the head, broad, deeply lobed, like an oak leaf, especially the inner and larger
leaves, these being sometimes almost divided and the lobes so excessively developed
as to make the leaf appear like several grown together. Leaves smooth, thick, stiff,
entire at margins, flat at the borders, and generally with distinct glands near the base
of outer part of the midribs, one on each side. Color very bright green, never spot-
ted nor brownish in any part. Quality poor; hard in texture, and decidedly lacking
in flavor, sweetness, and delicacy. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Very little planted. Best known around Baltimore, Washington,
Philadelphia, and inthe South. <A very novel, beautiful golden-green lettuce of fine
form, and valuable because remarkably slow to shoot to seed and making attractive
heads during the hottest summer weather, no other variety probably growing so well
at this time of the year. In quality one of the poorest of all varieties, and therefore
not recommended for home use. Not used for forcing. Decidedly more compact
and attractive and a better lettuce in every way than the old form known as Oak-
Leayed. It is more like that variety than any other, and next most like Lancaster.
These three varieties are very different from other kinds, and are peculiar for the
glands present at the base of their leaves.

Synonyms.—None have sod far been identified. The sorts known as American Oak-
Leaved and Southern Blunt Point Oak-Leaved have, however, not yet been tested
by the writer.

History.—No information in regard to the history of this variety has yet been
obtained excepting only that Griffith & Turner listed the variety in 1895.

Illustrations.—The variety is shown on Plates XV and XXIV. The genera! char-
acter of the cross section is illustrated by Lancaster on Plate XIX.

BATH COS.

Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1899; Rawson, 1901-1903.

Description.—A typical cos variety of the open kind, large in comparison to either
the crisp or butter sorts, but only large-medium for this group. Very late in season
and slow to shoot to seed. Young plant extremely regular or formal in growth,
fairly spreading, its leaves many and extending almost flatly over the ground.
Mature plant of a straight, upright-growing habit, but with many outer spreading
leaves and therefore never really compact, though its innermost leaves form a well
defined, loaf-shaped, fairly well blanched, soft head, and close loosely toward one
another, their upper parts meeting at the margins instead of overlapping one another
at the top of the head. Leaves oval to slightly spatulate, truncate, very smooth,
never blistered, crumpled, nor twisted, very straight and flat in growth, even the

32 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

inner head leaves but slightly spoon-shaped; margins shallow serrate; borders finely
frilled. Color dull greenish brown and very even throughout, that is, never colored
unevenly in definite areas or blotches, excepting border more colored than other
parts, but even this part marked by no sharp colored edge. No part of plant dis-
tinctly spotted, stem of plant, however, and mrdribs of leaves to their very base
plainly colored; inner lead leaves wholly green. Quality fair; sweet in flavor, hard
but not coarse in texture. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—Popular in Europe, but little known and rarely planted in this
country. A poor sort at Washington, generally open-growing in habit and forming
no head. Too late, spreading, and unattractive for use when other sorts like Paris
White Cos succeed so much better. Wholly different in habit and usefulness from
any other American variety. The color, which is a dull brown, is somewhat similar
to that of Brown Dutch Black-Seeded.

History.—A well-known European sort and sold in the United States for at least
forty years.

Illustrations.—A mature and somewhat imperfectly developed plant of the variety
is shown on Plate III. This illustrates, nevertheless, about the way the variety
generally grews in this country, though when given just the right conditions it will
grow decidedly taller and closer. A leaf of the variety is shown on Plate XX VII.

BIG BOSTON.

Listed by one hundred and forty-nine seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1901; Burpee,
1901; Burwell, 1900; Ferry, 1900, 1901; Griffith & Turner, 1901; Henderson, 1900,
1901; Landreth, 1899, 1901; Thorburn, 1899, 1901, 1903.

Description.—A fairly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, late-interme-
diate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Young plant with leaves very upright and
twisted, often appearing like several specimens growing together. Mature plant very
compact and forming a well-defined, broad, slightly pointed, hard, well blanched
head, with outside leaves characteristically turned and twisted backward at their
uppermost borders, but otherwise very tightly and completely overlapping one
another. Leaves very broad, mostly smooth, slightly blistered and crumpled, fairly
twisted, thick, and stiff, hard, and not easily torn, obscurely crenate at margins,
undulate at borders. Color, light dull green, excepting an extremely narrow, sharply
defined, light brown border, no part of leaf spotted, and inner head leaves and stem
of plant never colored. Quality poor to fair; slightly buttery in flavor, hard in tex-
ture, and lacking the delicacy, sweetness, and tenderness of strictly butter varieties.
Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Probably one of the five most largely grown varieties of the United
States. Adapted to all parts of the country and grown everywhere, but especially in
the South by market gardeners to ship North during the winter, for which purpose
it is probably grown more than any other. Succeeds especially well in late autumn
and is a favorite in the East and North for growing at that time of the year. Alsoa
good summer variety. It is a very large lettuce for forcing, and is used to some
extent for growing under glass, requiring, it is said, a very cool temperature to do
well in greenhouses. Distinctly a market gardener’s variety and although generally
satisfactory for home use other sorts of better quality are recommended to private
gardeners. A splendid shipper, sure header, reliable, and hardy. Excepting in color
this lettuce is the same as Unrivaled and is more like that sort than any other. Aside
from this variety it does not closely resemble any other, but is perhaps more like
Crumpled-Leaved than most other varieties, though very different in usefulness and
value. The young plant is similar in habit to Speckled Dutch Butter.

Synonyms.—Henderson’s Big Boston, Holmes’s Big Boston, Big Head (Griffith &
Turner), California Giant White Forcing, Giant White Forcing, Chesterfield, Hous-
ton Market, All Right, Myers’ All Right, New Lettuce No. 1, Relish, Trocadero.

~~ |

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 33

Confusing names.—Boston Market, Large Boston Market, Boston Curled, Boston
Glasshouse, Boston Hothouse, Boston Forcing, and Tennis Ball White-Seeded, all
different types from Big Boston.

_ History.—Named and introduced by Peter Henderson & Co, about fourteen years
ago.

Illustrations. —Different views of the variety are given on Plates V, XXII, and
XXIV. Thesolidity of the head is about the same as that of Matador, on Plate XX.

BLACK-SEEDED SIMPSON.

Listed by one hundred and seventy seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Far-
quhar, 1901; Ferry, 1900-1902; Henderson, 1901; Johnson & Stokes, 1901; Landreth,
1899, 1901; Livingston, 1900; MeMillan, 1900; Thorburn, 1899, 1901, 1903.

Description.—A. decidedly crisp variety, bunching, but sometimes tending to a
cabbage-like growth, large, early marketable, but late-intermediate in attaining fullest
development, slow to shoot to seed. Plant fairly compact and consisting of a firm,
well blanched, rounded to elongated and V-shaped cluster of leaves, closely drawn
together, but rarely in a way to make a visible or distinct cabbage head, though
innermost heart leaves curving inward over one another generally present a half-
formed concealed cabbage-like head. Leaves very broad, much blistered, crumpled
and twisted, extremely thick, stiff, and coarse, with large protruding midribs, ser-
rate margins, and much developed and excessively frilled borders. Color very light
green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality fair; sweet, somewhat hard
and coarse in texture. Seeds large, blackish.

Comparison.——Probably one of the four most largely planted varieties of the United
States. Adapted to all parts of the country and grown everywhere, but less in the
South than other sections. An especial favorite with Detroit, Chicago, and other
western gardeners, who probably grow this variety more than any other. Dis-
tinctly a market gardener’s sort, and, though of coarse quality, it is often the most
satisfactory sort for home use, because no lettuce is more reliable and easily grown.
It succeeds during summer when other sorts of more delicate quality are failures. A
good shipper and formerly used extensively in the West for forcing, but now largely
superseded for this purpose by Grand Rapids. Like this variety it is easily grown
- in greenhouses, and will stand a great deal of neglect in watering and ventilation.
Black-Seeded Simpson is the same in usefulness and value as Bon Ton and Morse,
and sometimes can not be identified unless grown by the side of them. Similar also
to Early Curled Simpson, differing principally in being larger, lighter green, more
dense in growth, and more attractive in appearance.

Synonyms.—Large Black-Seeded Simpson, Curled Black-Seeded Simpson, Early
Black-Seeded Simpson, Early Curled Black-Seeded Simpson, Buckbee’s Earliest
Forcing, Longstreth’s Earliest, Salzer’s Earliest, Earliest Forcing, Earliest of All,
First Early, Constitution.

Confusing names.—Early Curled Simpson, which is the same as White-Seeded
Simpson. :

History.—First listed by American seedsmen about twenty-four years ago. Peter
Henderson & Co. claim to have first introduced the variety.

Tilustrations.—A mature plant is shown on Plate I. The character of the leaf is
shown by Early Curled Simpson, on Plate X XV, except that the size and shape are
similar to Hanson, on Plate XX VI. The young plant is similar to Hanson, on
Plate X XII, and the longitudinal section to White Star, on Plate X XI, except not
quite so solid.

5408—No. 69—04——3

34 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

BLONDE BLOCK HEAD.

Listed by fifteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1903; Farquhar, 1901;
Weeber & Don, 1900.

Comparison.—Little known or planted. Excepting slightly darker in color, some-
times upright in habit when young, and often forming an oval head, the description
as well as usefulness and value seem to be the same as that of Hanson, and not
sutticiently different from that well-known sort to be a very important variety.

Synonyms.—Blonde Beauty, Sunset, Golden Sunset.

Confusing names.—Golden Beauty, which is a wholly different type of lettuce.

History.—introduced by Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., of Paris, France, and first
listed in this country about fourteen years ago.

Illustrations.—Same as for Hanson.

BON TON.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Josiah Livingston, 1899, 1900; Livingston,
1901-1903.

Comparison.—Little known or planted. Description same as Black-Seeded Simp-
son, and sometimes hardly distinguishable from it unless carefully compared. It is
evidently a selection from that variety and superior to it in evenness of type, but
also more solid, compact, lighter colored, smoother leaved, coarser frilled at borders,
slower to shoot to seed, and at Washington larger in size, though reports of it from
California and Michigan state it to be smaller. Usefulness and value same as Black-
Seeded Simpson. Highly recommended for trial to both amateurs and market
gardeners wherever Black-Seeded Simpson is liked, because for many soils and
gardens it is undoubtedly a better variety.

Synonyms.—Livingston’s Bon Ton.

History.—Named and introduced in 1896 by the Josiah Livingston Seed Co. After
this firm discontinued business the variety was next first listed by Livingston Seed
Store, of Columbus, Ohio.

Tllustrations.—Same as for Black-Seeded Simpson.

BOSTON CURLED.

Listed by forty-six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901-1903; Henderson,
1901; Landreth, 1899, 1900.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, small, early-intermediate
in season, wilts at once upon being pulled, shoots quickly to seed. Plant fairly com-
pact, growing close to the ground and forming a very loose, rounded, or slightly
flattened, very regular cluster of leaves, also somewhat opened or spread out in the
center and never dense enough for blanching to any extent. Leaves broad and very
regular in form, rarely blistered, never crumpled nor twisted, exceedingly thick,
stiff, and hard. Veins many, coarse and conspicuous, margins finely serrate, bor-
ders excessively frilled and embracing nearly the whole of the visible portion of the
plant. Color, medium green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality very
poor; tough in texture, and of a rank, wild flavor, wholly lacking sweetness. Seeds
small, very blackish.

Comparison.—V ery little planted. A novel and very pretty fringed lettuce, curly
like an endive, but on account of its poor quality, small size, and its wilting imme-
diately upon being pulled, it is of little use except for garnishing or ornament. One
of the first varieties to shoot to seed in hot weather, but remaining fit for use a long
time in the autumn or in cool weather. Stands more cold than any other variety,
excepting possibly Green-Fringed. By far the most deeply fringed and curly lettuce
in cultivation. Grand Rapids is perhaps most like it in these qualities and in habit

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 35

of growth, but very different in usefulness and value, Like that variety, the seeds
are very hard to germinate.

Synonyms.—Boston Early Curled, Boston Fine Curled, Boston Extra Fine Curled.

Confusing names. —Big Boston, Boston Market, Large Boston Market, Boston Hot-
house, Boston Glasshouse, Boston Forcing, and Boston Forcing Tennis Ball White-
Seeded, all different types from Boston Curled.

History. —James J. H. Gregory & Son claim to have first introduced this variety.
It has been listed by them for at least thirty-nine years.

Illustrations. —The variety is shown on Plates VII and X XIII.

BRIGGS’ FORCING AND GARDEN.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Briggs, 1901-1903.

Description. —A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early in season, and quickly shooting to seed. Plant compact and forming a globu-
lar or sometimes slightly elongated, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with
leaves very flatly overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly blistered,
crumpled, and twisted, thin and soft, their margins entire and borders flat. Color,
light green; never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good; soft in texture,
mild, delicate, buttery in flavor. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Little known or planted. Very similar to Reichner and Philadelphia
Butter, and sometimes hardly distinguishable from them. A strictly forcing sort of
apparent merit, though at Washington it has not proved as reliable as the above
varieties, and it is not sufficiently different from them to bea very important lettuce.

History.—Apparently named and first listed by Briggs Bros. & Co. The name
seems never to have been used by other seedsmen except in 1902 by J. M. Thorburn
& Co.

Illustrations.—Same as for Reichner.

BRITTLE ICE.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1903.

Comparison.—New, and as yet grown in this country only in an experimental way.
Same general character and usefulness as Malta. Further trials are necessary before
it can be determined in what respect, if any, it differs from that variety or other simi-
lar sorts like Dammann’s Ice.

History. —Named and first introduced in this country in 1903 by W. Atlee Burpee
& Co., who state the lettuce came from Australia.

Illustrations.—Same as for Malta.

BROWN DUTCH BLACK-SEEDED.

Listed by forty seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900-1903; Landreth, 1899, 1901;
Thorburn, 1901. i

Description.—A. decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium-large
in size, late-intermediate in season and in time of shooting to seed. Young plant
very regular in habit, its leaves very straight and extending flatly over the ground.
Mature plant low growing, very spreading, and forming a globular, fairly defined,
firm, well-blanched head with leaves closely overlapping one another. Leaves broad
in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled, twisted, thick, and stiff, entire at margins, flat
at borders. Color medium dull green, tinged with dull faint brown and sometimes
colored a decided brown in well-defined blotches but never distinctly spotted; border
no more colored than other parts, inner head leaves wholly green, stem and base of
midribs plainly colored. Quality fair; sweet and decidedly buttery in flavor, fairly
tender. Seeds blackish.

56 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE. ’

Comparison. —One of the lesser grown varieties. Not generally valuable and best
known for its extreme hardiness to cold. Long recognized as one of the best for
wintering over outdoors. Though not quick to shoot to seed it never seems to grow
well during summer or hot weather. At Washington it has done well in the autumn,
but very poorly in the spring. Not recommended except under special cireum-
stances or in an experimental way. More like Brown Genoa than other varieties,
differing from it in no pronounced respect except freedom from spots. Similar also
to Brown Dutch White-Seeded and Shotwell’s Brown Head (Bridgeman). It
differs principally from the former in being more brownish in color, slightly larger,
and more spreading, and from the latter in being free of spots. The dull brownish
color of these four sorts is quite distinct.

Synonym.—Batavian Brown Dutch.

History.—One of the oldest American varieties. Known in this country for at
least ninety-eight years.

Illustrations. —A well-grown plant will make a head as solid as Emperor William,
on Plate IX, or even nearly as perfect as California Cream Butter, on Plate VIII, but
generally the plants are more loose in habit than shown in these illustrations. A
leaf would be fairly represented by that of Deacon, on Plate XXIII, only more
crumpled and blistered. A young plant is almost as spreading as that of All Seasons,
on Plate XXII.

BROWN DUTCH WHITE-SEEDED.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1901-1903.

Comparison.—Scarce, and little known or planted. Usefulness and value same as
Brown Dutch Black-Seeded, and not sufficiently different from it to be an important
variety. Excepting in color of seeds, the description already given of the latter
variety applies also to this lettuce, though Brown Dutch White-Seeded is not quite
so brown in color nor so large in size, and somewhat more compact in habit and
blistered in the leaves.

History.—Known in this country for at least fifty-three years.

Tllustrations.—Same as for Brown Dutch Black-Seeded.

BROWN GENOA.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1899-1903.

Comparison.—Scarece, and little known or planted. Usefulness and value same as
Brown Dutch Black-Seeded, and not sufficiently different from that well-known sort —
to be an important variety. The description is the same, except that Brown Genoa

is distinctly spotted on the outside and sparingly so on the inside leaves. It is also
distinguished from Brown Dutch Black-Seeded in being not quite so brownish in
color, a little larger in size, and more spreading in habit.
History.—Listed in 1874 by James J. H. Gregory & Son, who write that the variety —
probably came from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., of France. : i
Tllustrations.—Same as for Brown Dutch Black-Seeded.
BROWN HEAD.

Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1899-1903; Koerner, 1900; Raw-
son, 1900-1903; Weber, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly buttery variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, ictal |
in size, late, slow to shoot to seed. Plant loose, very spreading, and forming a glob- —
ular, fairly defined, soft, well-blanched head with leaves completely but very loosely
overlapping one another. Leaves unusually broad, cup-shaped when young, much
blistered and crumpled, slightly twisted, somewhat thin and limp, entire at margins, -
flat at border. Color bright brown, interspersed in a very striking manner with

__

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 37

bright green in less exposed or depressed parts and thereby exhibiting to good
advantage the blistered character of the plant; inner head leaves, stem of plant, and
base of midrib wholly green; no part of plant plainly spotted. Quality good; sweet
and buttery in flavor, soft in texture, but leaves thin and lacking substance. Seeds
whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varities. Suitable for summer. Wholly
unfit for forcing, too deep brown in color, loose in habit, and too soft a head to be
recommended for market gardeners. Sometimes attractive to amateurs on account
of its brilliant color and showy heads and, except Red Besson, the most brilliant red-
colored lettuce known in America. It is more like Red Besson than any other and
differs principally in being less colored, thicker leaved, and smaller. It next most
resembles Shotwell’s Brown Head (brownish or common type).

Synonyms.—Weber’s Brown Head, Hard Head, Burpee’s Hard Head, Buckbee’s
Surprise, Surprise.

Confusing names.—Shotwell’s Brown Head, Batavian Brown Head, Bronzed Head,
Hartford Bronzed Head, Bronzed Curled, Bronzed Red, Brown Curled, and Beck-
ert’s Brown Curled, all different types from Brown Head.

History.—Listed by W. E. Dallwig for at least eleven years and by W. W. Rawson
& Co. in 1898.

Illustrations.—The habit of the mature plant is well shown by Red Besson, on
Plate XIII; the leaf by Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII, and, excepting
for being much softer, the longitudinal section by Matador, on Plate XX.

BURPEE’S BUTTER HEAD.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1903.

Description.—New and as yet grown in this country only in an experimental way.
Same general character and usefulness as Large Yellow Market and Paris Sugar and
possibly identical with one of them. Further trials are necessary before the differ-
ences can be fully made out. The originator describes the plants to be fully as
large as Maximum and often 12 inches in diameter.

History.—Named and introduced in 1903 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., and said by
them to have originated in England.

Tllustrations.—Same as for Large Yellow Market.

BUTTERCUP.

Listed by thirty-five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1901,
1903; Plant, 1899, 1900; Schisler-Corneli, 1899; Thorburn, 1899, 1901, 1902; Vaughan,
1901.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium
in size, late-intermediate in season, very slow to shoot to seed. Plant fairly com-
pact and forming a globular, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head with leaves
closely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly blistered and
crumpled, slightly twisted, thin, almost loose and limp, entire at margins, flat at
borders. Color very light green, sometimes described as golden green, never spotted
nor brownish in any part. Quality fair; delicate, sweet, buttery flavor, soft texture.
Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties and not generally valuable, but it
is sometimes attractive to amateurs because of its beautiful color, which is the
lightest green and most yellow of any lettuce in cultivation. Makes good heads in
some localities and seasons, but not generally doing so at Washington or most other
places. In hot weather the outside leaves often change to a faded, sickly yellow, so
that the color is sometimes one of its bad features rather than its principal merit.
The general character of its leaves and habit of growth is the same as the Tennis

Te! AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Ball Black-Seeded, Excepting a foreign sort known as Blonde de Berlin there seems
to be no other variety like it in color, and for this reason it is seldom confounded
with other types.

Synonyms. —Golden Buttercup, Golden Ball, Northrup, King & Co,’s Golden Ball,
Michell’s Very Best, Rudolph’s Favorite.

History.—First listed by American seedsmen about eighteen years ago and said to
be of German origin.

I/lustrations.—The mature plant is similar in habit to that of California Cream
Butter, on Plate VIII, differing from it in being much smaller, more blistered in the
leaves, and with heads much less developed. The leaf is similar to that of Tennis
Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII, and the longitudinal section to Mette’s Forcing,
on Plate XIX, excepting not nearly so solid or perfect a head.

CALIFORNIA ALL HEART.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Alneer, 1899-1901, 1903.

Reputed to be distinct when first listed about ten years ago, but now very rarely
catalogued by seedsmen, and as received here never the same in any one year, the
samples obtained being identified as Chartier, Hanson, or Karly Curled Simpson.
The original and correct type is described as a coarse, crisp head, similar to Denver
Market.

Confusing names.—All Heart as introduced by Henry A. Dreer and sometimes sold
as Dreer’s All Heart is a different type from California All Heart.

History.—Said to have originated with a seed grower of Santa Clara, Cal., about
fourteen years ago.

CALIFORNIA CREAM BUTTER.

Listed by ninety-seven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900-1902; Ferry, 1900,
1901; Germain, 1901; Johnson & Stokes, 1900; Landreth, 1899, 1901; Rice, 1903;
Thorburn, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, late-
intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant fairly compact and forming a
globular, very firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves very closely over-
lapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, blistered, and crumpled, slightly
twisted, fairly stiff, very thick, entire at margins, flat, or partly blistered at borders.
Color dark, rich, glossy green, freely and distinctly spotted with deep brown as well
as partly tinged in places, especially at or near the border of leaves. Stem of plant
and inner head leaves never colored. Quality excellent; very buttery, fairly sweet,
and with thick soft leaves of much substance. Seeds blackish, generally more
brownish black than other blackish-seeded sorts and seeds often described as brown.

Comparison.—One of the ten most largely grown varieties of the United States.
Planted in all parts of the country, but more especially in California and the South.
This variety and Big Boston are the kinds used almost exclusively by southern gar-
deners to grow during winter for shipment to northern markets. Succeeds well
everywhere and at all times of the year. A good shipper, very hardy to cold,
stands over winter well, and is especially good for summer, but not suited for indoor
culture. Recommended to private gardeners as one of the most buttery flavored
and best in quality of all varieties and to market gardeners as one of the best for —
their purpose also. Similar in color to Tennis Ball White-Seeded and Victoria Red-
Edged. In places where Passion does well it closely resembles that variety. Same
habit and general value as White Chavigne.

Synonyms.—Cox’s California Cream Butter, Cream Butter, German Butter, Maule’s
Philadelphia Butter, Bolgiano’s Early Spring, Early Spring, New Orleans Large
Passion, Summer Drum Head, Treasure.

DESORIPTION OF VARIETIES. 39

Confusing names.—California All Heart, California Curled, California Giant White
Forcing, California Passion, all different types from California Cream Butter.

History. —Named and introduced by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. in 1888. It is evi-
dently the variety which was well known about that time in California as Royal
Summer Cabbage.

Illustrations. —A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate VIII. The longi-
tudinal section is similar to that of Matador, on Plate XX, differing principally in
being much larger and more solid. The leaf is about between that of Tennis Ball
Black-Seeded and Deacon, both shown on Plate XXIII.

CHARTIER.

Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ebeling, 1900, 1901; Leonard, 1901, 1902;
Scott, 1899, 1900, 1903; Vaughan, 1899-1901.

Description. —A decidedly crisp variety, cabbage-heading, large, late in season, and
time of shooting to seed. Plant long-stemmed, somewhat spreading and loose, and
forming a globular, well-defined, firm, well-blanched, showy head, with leaves closely
overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly blistered, and crumpled,
thick, and stiff, very little twisted, serrate at margins, frilled at borders. Color a
distinct medium bright brown, varying to bright green in less exposed parts and top
of head; border plainly marked with deeper brown than other parts of leaves, no
part of plant, however, distinctly spotted; inner head leaves and stem of plant wholly
green. Quality fair; very crisp, hard in texture, decidedly lacking in sweetness and
delicacy. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—Very little grown. At one time highly recommended at Pittsburg
and Chicago, but now it seems to be little heard of. Suitable as a summer or mar-
ket gardener’s sort for certain soils and climates. In some places and seasons it
makes an immense, showy head, but it is a very uncertain variety and the head is
often soft or even bunched in growth. It sometimes forms a head as large and as
showy as Hanson, but never so solid or hard; wholly unfit for forcing. Other sorts
of better quality are recommended for home use. Market gardeners are advised to
test it before making very large plantings. The color of the plants is perhaps most
like Onondaga or Prize Head. The brown is notso abundant nor so dark as in these
varieties. The leaves are similar, also, but decidedly less blistered, crumpled, and
frilled in character.

Synonyms.—Brown Chartier, Pink Chartier, Brown Curled, Beckert’s Brown
Curled, Bronzed Curled.

History.—Listed by W. C. Beckert for at least thirteen years.

Illustrations. —When well grown the plant may resemble Hanson, on Plate I. The
young plant and leaf are similar to Hanson, on Plates X XIT and XX VI, respectively.

CHICAGO FORCING.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1899-1901.

Comparison.—Of same class as Grand Rapids, differing in being much earlier,
smaller, finer blistered, crumpled, and frilled, and running to seed at once when
planted outdoors. Formerly used for growing under glass in the same way as Grand
Rapids, but not now often listed by seedsmen. Apparently almost wholly gone out
of use.

History.—Introduced about 1885 by Vaughan’s Seed Store but not listed by that
house after 1899. It is said to have originated with a Mr. Walters, who is described
as a careful grower of lettuce under cold frames.

40 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

COLD FRAME WHITE CABBAGE.

Listed by tiveseedsmen, Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1901-1903; Weeber & Don, 1902,
1903. :

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early-intermediate in season, and shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant
somewhat compact and forming a globular, well-defined, firm, well-blanched head,
with its leaves closely overlapping one another. Leaves somewhat cup-shaped when
young, broad when mature, fairly blistered, crumpled, thick, and stiff, entire at
margins, flat at borders. Color medium green, fairly tinged in places with light
brown, never spotted, and inner head leaves and stem of plant never colored.
Quality good; sweet, very buttery, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Very little known and planted. Strictly a market gardeners’ sort
and excellent for forcing, early spring, or late fall planting. Not suited for summer,
Perhaps more like Victoria Red-Edged than any other variety; in fact, at times the
two seem identical. Also similar to Yellow Winter, St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing,
and Tennis Ball White-Seeded.

History.—Apparently named and introduced by J. M. Thorburn & Co., who have
listed it for at least ten years.

TIllustrations.—The habit of the mature plant is fairly represented by that of Cali-
fornia Cream Butter on Plate VIII, the longitudinal section by Matador, on Plate
XX, and the leaf between that of Deacon and Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, both shown
on Plate X XIII.

CRUMPLED-LEAVED.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burwell, 1900; Rawson, 1899, 1901-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, early-medium in
size, and shooting to seed at an early-intermediate date. Plant very compact and
forming a globular, somewhat indistinctly defined, firm, well-blanched head, with
its leaves closely overlapping one another except their borders characteristically
twisted and turned backward, and leaf arrangement very irregular. Leaves broad
in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled, thick, and stiff, obscurely crenate at margins,
undulate at borders. Color very dull medium green, tinged with brown in places,
sometimes over large areas and in distinct blotches, but never distinctly spotted, and
inner head leaves and stem of plant wholly green. Quality good; sweet‘and buttery
in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser-grown varieties of the United States. Little used
or planted except around Boston and in New England, where it is largely planted in
greenhouses. Suitable onlv for forcing. The largest of the large type of lettuce now
used by New England and other greenhouse men who formerly grew only the smaller
Boston Market variety for inside culture. Undoubtedly a most valuable sort and
highly recommended. It is claimed for it that decay in the heart is almost unknown,
and that it is a fine shipper, sure header, and very reliable. Quite different in
appearance from any other sort, but perhaps more like Big Boston than any other.
Tennis Ball White-Seeded, Hittenger’s Belmont, and Hothouse are closely related
sorts.

Synonyms.—Rawson’s Crumpled-Leaved.

History.—Named and introduced by W. W. Rawson & Co. in 1899, and said to
have originated in their greenhouses at Arlington, Mass.

Illustrations. —The mature plant is not well represented by any of the following
illustrations, but is perhaps best shown by Big Boston, on Plate V, and California
Cream Butter, on Plate VIII. The leaf is most like Big Boston, on Plate XXIV.
The longitudinal section is almost as solid as that represented by Mette’s Forcing, on
Plate XIX, though in habit it somewhat resembles Tom Thumb, on the same plate.

ee ae

DESORIPTION OF VARIETIES. 41

DAMMANN’S ICE. F

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Ewing, 1902, 1903.

Comparison.—Listed in America only by Canadian seedsmen. Not known or sold
in the United States. Same general character and usefulness as Malta and hardly
distinguishable from it. Further trials are necessary before the exact differences
can be fully determined.

History.—Apparently first listed in America by Wm. Ewing & Co. in 1902.

Iilustrations.—Same as for Malta.

DEACON.

Listed by one hundred seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1901; Robert Evans,
1899; Farquhar, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1901; Henderson, 1900, 1901; Landreth, 1901;
Thorburn, 1901-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large-medium
in size, intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Young plant very spreading,
regular in growth, its leaves very straight and extending flatly over the ground.
Mature plant fairly compact. Head elongated when first forming, globular or even
flattened when fully developed, fairly firm, well defined, very well blanched, and its
leaves very completely but loosely overlapping one another, but outer ones of plant
well separated from the head proper, the latter thereby left very bare or exposed.
Leaves broad, peculiarly smooth, though sometimes slightly blistered and crumpled,
never twisted, unusually thick in appearance, but soft and limp rather than stiff,
entire at margins, flat at borders. Colora peculiar light grayish green, never spotted
nor brownish in any part. Quality excellent; sweet, decidedly buttery in flavor,
and with thick, soft leaves of much substance. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—One of the ten most largely planted varieties of the United States
and grown everywhere. Especially popular with the market gardeners of St. Louis,
Chicago, and the West, where it is largely sold as St. Louis Butter. Stands summer
well, sure heading, very reliable, and always attractive. A few greenhouse men
have tried it in a small experimental way under glass and reported it as the best of
the cabbage-heading varieties for forcing, and as more free from rot than any other,
though we have never known of its being used in a commercial way for forcing. It
is a splendid market gardener’s lettuce and, because of its high quality and easy cul-
ture, one of the very best for home use. Peculiarly light grayish green in color and
not likely to be confounded-with other variety types, except All Seasons and Asiatic,
both of which it closely resembles. Reichner, Silver Ball, and Philadelphia Butter
are also similar sorts. The variety belongs to the same class and possesses the same
general yalue as California Cream Butter, White Summer Cabbage, and Tennis Ball
Black-Seeded.

Synonyms.—-Australian White Triumph, Big Head, Bolgiano’s Big Head, Bolgiano’s
Golden Heart, Colossal, ‘lait’s Colossal, Largest of All, Large Drum Head, Golden
Gate, Summer Gem, Moore’s Summer Gem, San Francisco Market, Sunlight, St.
Louis Butter, Salzer’s Sunlight, Summer Queen Drum Head, Triumph, White Russian,
Russian.

History.—Named and introduced by the Joseph Harris Co, in 1879.

Illustrations.—A mature plant and leaf of the variety are shown on Plates X and
XXIII, respectively. The longitudinal section is similar to that of Matador, on
Plate XX, and the young plant to All Seasons, on Plate X XII.

DEFIANCE.

Listed by thirty-two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1903; Dreer, 1903; Farqu-
har, 1901, 1903; Gregory, 1900, 1903; Johnson & Stokes, 1899, 1901; Leonard, 1903;
Livingston, 1901; Michell, 1901, 1903; Rawson, 1903; Rice, 1902; Vaughan, 1900.

42 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

«Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, medium
in size, late-intermediate in season, very slow to shoot to seed. Young plant very
upright growing, with long spatulate-shaped, twisted leaves of loose and limp growth.
Mature plant slightly spreading and forming a globular, imperfectly defined, firm,
well-blanched head, with its leaves very loosely and irregularly overlapping one
another. Leaves of mature plant also broad in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled,
thick, and stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color medium green, freely
spotted, tinged light brown in places, but inner head leaves, stem of plant, and base
of midrib wholly green. Quality good; very buttery, fairly sweet in flavor, soft in
texture. Seeds very broad, whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties of the United States. Excellent
for summer growing, but not as reliable for this purpose as some other cabbage sorts,
like California Cream Butter and Black-Seeded Tennis Ball. The head is too irregu-
lar in shape and imperfect to be attractive, and the variety can not be very highly
recommended except for its heat-resisting qualities. Not suited for forcing. Very
similar to Emperor William, German Incomparable, and St. Louis Black-Seeded
Forcing. The exact differences between Defiance and Emperor William have not
yet been made out by the writer, except that the latter variety is dullest green in
color.

Synonyms.—Always Ready, Perpignan, Plant Seed Company’s Standwell, Stend-
well, Slow Seeder, Stubborn Seeder.

Confusing name.—Manns’ Defiance Summer, a very different type of lettuce.

History.—First listed by American seedsmen about sixteen years ago and described
at that time as an improvement on Perpignan.

Illustrations. —The habit of the mature plant is similar to that shown of Emperor
William on Plate IX, and the leaf is perhaps most like Tennis Ball Black-Seeded of

the kinds illustrated.
DENSITY.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902, 1903.

Description.—A fairly crisp variety, strictly cabbage-heading, very small, very early,
and soon forming a seed stalk, but for an extra early sort very slow to shoot to seed.
Plant remarkably compact and forming a globular, extremely hard, very well blanched
head, with its leaves tightly drawn over one another, but their borders so twisted and
turned as to produce a torn effect or bursted-like head; no distinct separation between
head proper and outer leaves of plant, the whole being nearly all head. Leaves broad
in shape, excessively blistered, crumpled, and twisted, very thick and stiff, finely
serrate at margins, frilled at borders. Color dark dull green, with a narrow, faint
dull brown border, and generally sparingly tinged with faint dull brown in exposed
parts; never spotted; inner head leaves and stem of plant wholly green. Quality
excellent; exceedingly sweet, tender, and fine flavored. Seeds small, whitish.

Comparison.—New and as yet used in this country for experimental plantings only.
Of the very best in quality and slower to shoot to seed than other varieties of equal
earliness, but too small to be of much value, except, perhaps, for forcing in frames.
Amateurs may find the variety interesting, but for real usefulness the Mignonette
variety is decidedly better. Excepting for color and size, it is very much “ike
Mignonette, but otherwise it is very distinct and not easily confounded. with that or
any other variety.

Synonym.—Miniature.

History.—Named and first introduced by Peter Henderson & Co. in 1902.

Illustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate VII. The side view
of Mignonette on the same plate also illustrates the type. The longitudinal section
resembles that of Tom Thumb on Plate XTX.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 43

DENVER MARKET.

Listed by one hundred and twenty-three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Barteldes, 1902;
Burpee, 1901-1903; Ferry, 1899-1901; Thorburn, 1901-1903.

Description. —A decidedly crisp variety, fairly cabbage-heading, large, medium in
size, late-intermediate in season, very slow to shoot to seed. Plant compact or
slightly spreading, upright in habit, and forming an oval, firm, or somewhat soft,
well blanched, well defined head, with its leaves closely overlapping one another,
while the outer leaves of the plant are often so separated from the head proper as to
leave the latter very bare or exposed. Leaves short spatulate in shape, excessively
blistered and crumpled, fairly twisted and stiff, very thick, finely serrate at margins,
excessively frilled at borders. Color very light green, never spotted nor brownish
in any part. Quality poor; hard in texture, coarse and rank in flavor, or at least
lacking sweetness and delicacy. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—A popular variety in the United States, though not one of the ten
most largely grown sorts. Best known in the Middle West, where it is a favorite for
forcing, but not now so largely grown under glass as formerly. A satisfactory market
gardener’s lettuce, and good for summer. On account of its poor quality not recom-
mended to private gardeners. The most blistered and crumpled leaved of all varie-
ties, and this, together with its beautiful color, makes it one of the most handsome
lettuces in cultivation. Very distinct and hardly comparable with other varieties.
Perhaps more like Hanson than any other variety, but not closely resembling it, as
sometimes described.

Synonyms.—Denver Market Forcing, Barteldes Denver Market, Kansas City
Market, Kansas City White-Seeded Forcing, Dayton Market, Cincinnati Market,
Early Ohio, Ohio Cabbage, Golden Forcing, Sutton’s Favorite, Ritter’s Forcing,
Weber’s Curled.

History.—Introduced by F. Barteldes & Co. in 1890.

Illustrations.—The mature plant is not well shown by any of the illustrations, but
the habit may be described as between that of Hanson and Black-Seeded Simpson
on Plate I, though the variety is much more blistered in the leaf and the heads are
more elongated than shown in either of these illustrations. A leaf of the variety is
shown on Plate XX VI. The young plant is similar to that shown of Hanson, on
Plate XXII.

DETROIT MARKET GARDENER’S FORCING.

Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1899-1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, bunching under glass, but semicabbage-
heading outdoors, large, late-intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant
compact, upright in habit, sometimes forming a tallish, dense bunch of leaves, but
more generally when well grown outdoors forming an oval, somewhat pointed head,
hard and well blanched, its outside leaves tightly and flatly overlapping one another
at their lower part, but turning loosely outward at their uppermost portion, and
thereby surrounding the head with a loose leaf growth and much obscuring it.
Leaves broad in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled and twisted, very thick, stiff, and
coarse in appearance, with heavy veins and a large protruding midrib, finely serrate
margins, and excessively frilled borders. Color a distinct very light green, never
spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good; crisp and firm in texture, sweet in

flavor. Seeds large, whitish.
Comparison.—Popular around Detroit and parts of Michigan, but little planted or

known elsewhere. With Grand Rapids, Black-Seeded Simpson, and White Star it
comprises one of the four most largely grown varieties used for forcing around
Detroit. Claimed to stand more heat and to be forced quicker to maturity than any
other variety of thesamesize. Three cropsare raised in the time required for growing

44 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

two of othersorts. Strictly a market gardener’s variety and good for summer growing.
Not recommended for home use. When grown under glass it is very similar to
Black-Seeded Simpson and Grand Rapids Foreing, but outdoors the habit is very
distinct, and perhaps more like Hanson than any other. The color also is peculiar,
and perhaps the lightest green of the crisp sorts,

Synonyms.—Engel’s Foreing, Wallbaurer.

History.—Named and introduced by D. M. Ferry & Co, in 1895,

Illustrations. —A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate IX. The young
plant and leaf are similar to those shown of Hanson on Plates XXII and XXVI,
respectively.

DWARF WHITE HEART COS.

Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899, 1901-1903.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Except that it is more dwarf in habit,
very similar to Paris White Cos, and probably the same in usefulness and yalue.
Further trials are necessary before all the differences can be definitely stated.

History. —Named and introduced into this country in 1895 by W. Atlee Burpee &
Co. It is said by them to be a foreign sort.

Tllustrations.—Similar to that of Paris White Cos.

EARLIEST CUTTING.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1900-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly bunching, small-medium in size,
early-intermediate in season, shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant decid-
edly loose and straggling and leaves too few for blanching to any extent. Leaves
spatulate in form, decidely cup-shaped, very smooth, never blistered, crumpled, nor
twisted, fairly thick, very limp, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color light green,
never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality fair; slightly buttery, soft in text-
ure, but much lacking in delicacy and sweetness. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted in the United States. One of the most
loose-leaved, straggling, unattractive varieties tested at Washington. It furnished
only a few leaves and seemed wholly undesirable in every way. Possibly a good
sort in other countries, but wholly undesirable in this locality. Very distinct and
hardly comparable with any other variety. The most loose-leaved of the cabbage
varieties and its leaves more incurved than any other lettuce.

Confusing names.—Earliest of All and Earliest Forcing, both different types from
Earliest Cutting.

History.—First listed in this country by W. E. Dallwig, who states the seed was
obtained in Germany.

Tllustrations.—A mature plant and leaf of the variety are shown on Plates VIII and
XXIII, respectively.

EARLY CURLED SILESIA.

Listed by one hundred seedsmen. Seeds tested: Barteldes, 1901; Bowen, 1901;
Buist, 1901; Burpee, 1900-1902; Ferry, 1899; Johnson & Stokes, 1901; Landreth,
1899, 1902; J. M. McCullough, 1901; Price & Reed, 1901; Thorburn, 1903; Vaughan,
1901.

Description.—As known in this country about fifteen years ago, this variety was
distinct from Early Curled Simpson, being narrow-leaved and more open in habit,
but to-day the latter variety seems to be used almost wholly in filling orders for
Early Curled Silesia, so that the type as formerly known seems to be very scarce or
possibly wholly gone out of use.

History.—Known in this country for at least seventy-four years and in European
countries for a much longer time. Apparently one of the first varieties cultivated.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 45

EARLY CURLED SIMPSON.

Listed by one hundred and forty seedsmen. Seeds tested: Barteldes, 1901; Buist,
1901; Burpee, 1901; Farquhar, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1901; Henderson, 1901; Johnson
& Stokes, 1899; Landreth, 1903; Price, 1901; Tait, 1901; Thorburn, 1899, 1901, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, large-medium in size,
early marketable but intermediate in time of attaining fullest development, slow to
shoot to seed. Plant spreading and forming a rounded to low V-shaped, well-
blanched, fairly dense cluster of leaves, more or less open or spread out at the center
and never cabbage-like, though sometimes very dense. Leaves short spatulate to
broad, much blistered and crumpled, fairly twisted, thick and stiff, serrate at mar-
gins, much developed and frilled at borders. Color, very light green; never spotted
nor brownish in any part. Quality fair; sweet in flavor, somewhat hard and coarse
in texture. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—Under this or some other name one of the ten most largely used _ let-
tuce types of the United States. About thirty years ago more largely planted than
any other. Grown in all parts of this country, but less in the South than other parts,
and more used in the West than in other sections. Its wide use is due to its relia-
bility, as it is certain, even under hard treatment, to make some good leaves. For
this reason it is often one of the most satisfactory varieties for home use, though
where lettuce can be well grown other sorts of more delicate flavor are recommended
to the amateur. Possibly under some conditions more satisfactory than Black-Seeded
Simpson or any other variety of its class, but for general use the former variety or
Morse is more satistactory. These two varieties and Golden Curled more closely
resemble it than other sorts.

Synonyms.—Early Curled White-Seeded Simpson, Early White-Seeded Simpson,
White-Seeded Simpson, Perpetual, Crisp and Tender, La Crosse Market.

Confusing names.—Black-Seeded Simpson, Early Curled Black-Seeded Simpson.

History.—Listed by seedsmen in this country for at least thirty-nine years. Said
to have originated with Mr. Simpson, a market gardener near Brooklyn, N. Y.

Illustrations. —A mature plant and ieaf of the variety are shown on Plates IV and
XXYV, respectively. The young plant is similar to that of Hanson, on Plate XXII.

EMPEROR FORCING.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1901; Michell, 1900; Thorburn,
1899-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, very small,
extremely early, and shooting to seed at once in hot weather. Plant very compact
and forming a globular, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with its leaves flatly
and completely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, blistered, crumpled,
little twisted, fairly stiff and thick, entire at margins, flat or partly blistered at bor-
ders. Color, medium green; never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good;
sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds very small, whitish.

Comparison.—Little known or planted. Suitable only for forcing and being the
earliest, smallest, and most compact of all varieties except perhaps White Forcing it
would seem to be the best suited for cold frames or hotbed culture, but decidedly
too small for general greenhouse use. Wholly unfit for amateurs or for outdoor
culture. The plant may be described as a miniature Hubbard’s Market. Same
exactly as that variety in habit and also similar to Lee’s Market Forcing.

Synonym.—Precocity.

Confusing name.—Emperor William, which is a very different type of lettuce.

History.—Apparently first listed in this country in 1881 by James J. H. Gregory
& Son, who described it in their catalogue of that year as of German origin.

46 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

Illustrations. —The habit of the variety is well illustrated by California Cream But-
ter, on Plate VIII, but the size is about same as White Forcing, on Plate VII. The
longitudinal section is similar to Mette’s Forcing, on Plate XIX, and the leaf to
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII, but less blistered.

EMPEROR WILLIAM.

Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Stumpp & Walter, 1902; Thorburn,
1902, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large-medium
in size, intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant spreading, loose, and
forming a gobular, imperfectly defined, somewhat firm, well blanched head, with
leaves very imperfectly and loosely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape,
fairly blistered, crumpled, thick, and stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color
medium dull green, fairly spotted, sparingly tinged in places with faint brown, inner
head leaves and stem of plant wholly green. Quality good; very buttery, fairly
sweet, soft in texture. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—New and probably not yet planted in this country except in an
experimental way. Its value for our climate has not yet been proved at Washington
nor in any other place so far as known by the writer. It seems to be useful in the
same way as Defiance, and more closely resembles that sort than any other. Similar
also to German Incomparable and St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing.

Confusing name.—Emperor Forcing, a very different type of lettuce.

History.—First introduced in this country by J. M. Thorburn & Co. and Stumpp
& Walter, who describe it as of European origin.

Illustrations. —A mature plant of the variety isshown on Plate IX. The leaf is
similar to but less blistered than that shown of Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate
XXITT.

EUREKA.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Crosman, 1900-1903. —

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, cabbage-heading, very large, unusually
late, slow to shoot to seed. Plant extremely loose, very spreading, and forming a
globular, fairly-defined, very soft, well-blanched head, with leaves regularly and
completely overlapping one another, but with loose spaces between them. Leaves
broad in shape, much blistered and crumpled, little twisted, thin, almost limp, ob-
scurely crenate at margins, broadly undulate at borders. Color very bright brown,
of a distinct shade, and interspersed with light green in less exposed parts, most
deeply colored at borders, very sparingly spotted, stem of plant and base of midrib
light pink in color, inner heart leaves sparingly spotted but not otherwise colored.
Quality fair; sweet, buttery, fairly soft in texture. Seeds yellowish. .

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. It forms a large, showy head when well
grown, but is very unreliable, sometimes more open in growth than any other butter
variety and making no head whatever. Even at its best very loose in habit and heads
always very soft. Of little practical value, but attractive to some amateurs because of
its occasional large, showy headsand peculiar brilliant red color. Perhaps more like
Vick’s Hero than other American varieties, though far more even and reliable than
that sort.

Synonyms.—Copper Head, Pan-American.

History.—Apparently named and first listed by Crosman Brothers, about twenty-
three years ago.

EXPRESS COS.

Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902, 1903; Vaughan, 1903.
Description.—A typical cos variety, strictly self-closing, medium in size, early-
intermediate in season compared to the butter or crisp sorts, but very small in size

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 47
‘
and extremely early for this group; intermediate in time of shooting to seed. Plant
very compact, decidedly upright in habit, its leaves when young growing straight
and flat, but when older the innermost ones becoming decidedly spoon-shaped and
making a well-defined, firm head of decidedly loaf-shaped form and roundish top,
its leaves completely but not tightly overlapping one another, but with the outside
ones so well separated from the head proper as to leave it somewhat bare or exposed.
Leaves oval to slightly spatulate, outermost ones with smooth surface, and flat, inner-
most ones sparingly blistered and more or less cup-shaped, both, however, exceed-
ingly regular in form, and thick, stiff, and coarse, but never in the least twisted nor
crumpled, and always with coarse, hard veins, large, hard midribs, entire margins,
and flat borders. Color very dark green, never spotted nor brownish in any part.
Quality excellent; very hard in texture, but exceedingly sweet and crisp. Seeds
whitish.

Comparison.—New and very little known or planted. Previous to the introduction
of this variety the cos lettuces were not obtainable till late in the season, but with
the advent of this new sort, which is decidedly earlier than any other cos variety,
the season of this valuable class of lettuce has been greatly extended. Its quality is
the very best or about the same as Paris White Cos, while it is also reliable and as
self-closing as any other cos variety. Excellent either for the home or market
gardener. It is similar to Paris White Cos, only half its size, much earlier, and
darker green, or about the same shade of green as Green Cos.

History.—First introduced into this country in 1902 by Peter Henderson & Co. and
Vaughan’s Seed Store.

Tllustrations.—A mature plant and leaf of the variety are shown on Plates X V and
XXVI, respectively. The longitudinal section is similar to that given of Paris
White Cos on Plate XIX.

GERMAN EARLY HEAD.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1899-1903.

Description.—A fairly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium in
size, early-intermediate in season, and shooting to seed quickly in hot weather.
Plant extremely compact and forming a globular, well-defined, firm, well-blanched
head, with leaves closely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly
blistered and crumpled, little twisted, medium thick and stiff, obscurely crenate at
margins, plainly undulate at borders. Color, light green, sometimes described as
golden green; never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good; very sweet
and slightly buttery in flavor, of a crisp, firm texture and distinct quality, quite dif-
ferent from most butter sorts, or somewhat approaching that of the crisp varieties.
Seeds small, whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and little planted. Reports as to its usefulness and value for
this country have not come to our notice. It has always done well at Washington
and appears to be a desirable variety, useful in the same way as Golden Queen,
and suitable only as a market gardener’s lettuce and for forcing or early planting
outdoors. More like Golden Queen than any other sort, differing principally in
that the shape of the head is decidedly globular, the color darker green, and margins
of leaves more pronouncedly crenate..

Confusing name.—German Butter Head, a very different type of lettuce.

History.—Apparently never catalogued in this country, except by Alfred Bridge-
man & Co., who have listed it for at least eight years.

Illustrations.—No good examples of the variety are offered in the accompanying
illustrations, but the type is similar to that represented by White Forcing, on
Plate VII.

43 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

GERMAN INCOMPARABLE.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1902, 1903.

Comparison.—Searce and little grown. Usefulness and value apparently same as
Emperor William, and except that its leaves are not spotted it is practically the same
in appearance also,

History.—Apparently never catalogued in this country except by W. E. Dallwig,
who first listed it in 1902.

Illustrations.—Same as for Emperor William.

GIANT GLACIER.

Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901, 1903. :

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, cabbage-heading, very late, large, slow to
shoot to seed. Plantextremely loose and spreading, central part somewhat upright,
especially when young. Stem large and long. Head globular to short oval in shape,
well defined, well blanched, its leaves regularly overlapping one another but with
loose spaces between them, and head, therefore, soft, although the leaves composing it
are very thick and stiff. Leaves short, spatulate in shape, though sometimes as
broad as long, slightly but coarsely blistered and crumpled, little twisted, very
coarse in appearance, and with prominent heavy veins and a large protruding midrib;
margins deeply serrate; borders frilled. Color very light green, never spotted, nor
brownish in any part. Quality fair; coarse and hard in texture, but of a sweetness
and firmness which are often much liked. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—New and little known. As yet planted in this country only in an
experimental way. Highly recommended by introducers, but at Washington it
made a late, loose, soft head, and was too spreading in habit to be recommended for
market gardening or as a very useful variety for any other purpose. Other sorts,
like Hanson, are decidedly preferable and more reliable. Attractive to some ama-
teurs as an immense showy lettuce and capable, perhaps, of growing to a greater size
than any other cabbage-heading variety. Possibly more like Drumhead than any
other lettuce, but the color is brighter green, habit lower growing, and heads more
globular. Except for color, very similar to Tyrolese.

Synonyms.—Burpee’s Giant Glacier, Maule’s Silver Anniversary, Silver Anniversary.

History.—Introduced in 1900 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who state that the variety
originally came from Italy.

Illustrations. —A leaf of the variety is shown on Plate XX V. The general type of
the plant is perhaps better illustrated by Tyrolese, on Plate II, and Malta, on Plate
XII, than by any of the accompanying illustrations.

GIANT WHITE COS.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899, 1901, 1902.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Of the same general character as Paris
White Cos, but less reliable and self-closing in habit and not so desirable for this
country as that variety. The leaves are distinctly different from those of Paris White
Cos, or more grayish green, flatter, and smoother, as well as conspicuously widest at
top, prominently shouldered at upper part and jagged at margins.

History.—First introduced into this country by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who state
it to be of foreign origin. It was listed by them in 1882 as Carter’s Giant White Cos.

Illustrations. —A leaf of the variety is shown on Plate XX VII. The general type
of the plant is best illustrated by Express Cos, on Plate XV, and Paris White Cos, on
Plate XIX,

a ee on

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 49

GOLDEN CURLED.

Listed by eightseedsmen. Seeds tested: Beckert, 1899, 1900, 1903; Landreth, 1899,
1901, 1908; Scott, 1901.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties. xcept for being very light solid
green, the same as Chartier, already described, and but for difference in color iden-
tical also in usefulness and value,

Synonyms. —Beckert’s Golden Curled, Alaska, White Chartier.

History.—Listed by above seedsmen for at least thirteen years.

Illustrations. —Same as for Chartier.

GOLDEN HEART.

Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Childs, 1899, 1900, 1902.

Description. —A decidedly butter variety, strictly bunching, very large, early-inter-
mediate, quickly shooting to seed. Plant very spreading, and composed of a loose
cluster of leaves very open at the center, extending flatly over the ground, too loose
for blanching to any extent, and occupying a great amountof space. Leaves spatulate
in shape, much blistered and crumpled, but flat and regular in form, never twisted,
very loose, thin and limp, entire at margins, flat or partly blistered at borders. Color
medium green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality poor; of a some-
what bitter, rank, wild flavor, almost wholly lacking in sweetness. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. When first introduced this variety seems
to have been highly recommended and was probably a useful sort; but the type
appears to have degenerated or changed since then, for, as received here, it was a very
spreading wild lettuce and one of the least to be recommended of all the kinds on
trial. It isespecially useless in hot weather and shoots to seed quicker than almost
any other variety. It compares more favorably with other varieties in remaining
fit for use in cool weather, but is of little value even under these conditions, because
so spreading and requiring an immense amount of room to grow. Quite distinct
from other sorts, but plainly more like Middletowner than any other, especially the
wider-leaved plants. It is very similar to the wild plants which sometimes appear
in Deacon, White Summer Cabbage, and other butter varieties.

Confusing names.—Golden Head, Golden Butter, Golden Curled, all different types
from Golden Heart.

History.—Named and introduced by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., in 1884, as Burpee’s
Golden Heart, but not catalogued by them after 1890.

_Illustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate II. The leaf is
similar to that of Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII, except that it is more
spatulate in form.

GOLDEN QUEEN.

Listed by twenty-seven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1900, 1901; Burpee
1900, 1901; Dreer, 1903; Henderson, 1899-1901, 1903; Michell, 1900; Thorburn, 1901,
1902; Weeber & Don, 1903.

Description.—A fairly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium in
size, early, shooting to seed quickly in hot weather. Plant extremely compact, and
forming a heart-shaped, somewhat pointed, fairly defined, firm, well blanched head,
with leaves completely overlapping one another, except turned characteristically
backward at their borders, somewhat like the petals of a rose, and the head thereby
somewhat obscured. Leaves broad in shape, blistered, crumpled, twisted, thick,
stiff, entire or obscurely crenate at margins, flat or slightly undulate at borders.
Color a beautiful, rich, very light green, sometimes described as golden green,

5408—No. 69—04——-4

50 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

never brownish nor spotted in any part. Quality excellent; very sweet and slightly
buttery in flavor but of a crisp, firm texture and distinct quality quite different from
other butter varieties or somewhat approaching that of the crisp lettuces. Seeds
whitish, small or medium in size.

Comparison.—One of the popular varieties of the United States, though not one of
the ten most largely grown sorts. Planted everywhere in the East and North. A
superior forcing variety, especially for cold frames or hotbeds, and good for early
planting outdoors, but not suitable for summer growing. A valuable market gar-
dener’s lettuce, but not recommended to amateurs for planting outdoors unless
started early and well grown. For a rich, golden yellow color no variety is more
beautiful or desirable than this one. More like German Early Head than any other
lettuce. Very similar, also, to Lee’s Market Forcing and White Forcing.

Synonyms.—Henderson’s Golden Queen, Golden Queen, Stone Head Golden
Yellow.

Confusing names.—Faust’s Queen and Yellow Queen, both very different types
from Golden Queen.

History.—First introduced by Peter Henderson & Co. about fourteen years ago.

Illustrations. —The type is perhaps best illustrated by White Foreing, on Plate VII,
though about twice as large as that variety. The longitudinal section is similar in
solidity to Matador, on Plate XX.

GOLDEN SPOTTED.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1900-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium
in size, late-intermediate in season, shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant
compact and forming a globular, fairly defined, slightly firm, well-blanched head,
with leaves closely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly blistered,
crumpled and thick, little twisted, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color bright
green, thickly spotted with bright brown. Spots very striking, evenly distributed
over the plant, distinct and well separated from one another, not so fine or so massed
together as to produce the effect of blotching or a single color; inside head leaves
also spotted, and stem of plant and base of midrib plainly colored. Quality good;
buttery, sweet, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Too small, late, and unreliable a header
to be generally useful, but very attractive because so beautifully spotted, no other
variety comparing with it in this respect. The inner heart leaves, or those which
are served for use, are not, however, very distinctly or thickly spotted; and for
serving on the table the Trout variety will be found more attractive than this one.
Only about one-half the plants are brightly spotted; the others approach a solid
brown. The habit is the same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded.

History.—W. E. Dallwig is at present the only American seedsman cataloguing
this variety. It was listed by him first in 1888, but it seems that W. Atlee Burpee
& Co. and others had listed it several years before.

Illustrations. —The general habit is illustrated by California Cream Butter, on Plate
VIII, though the variety is far from being so solid or so perfect as represented in
this figure. ‘

GRAND RAPIDS.

Listed by one hundred and sixty-four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901;
Ferry, 1900—1902; Landreth, 1899, 1901; Thorburn, 1899, 1901, 1903; Vaughan,
1901, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, early-intermediate in
season, quickly shooting to seed. Plant very spreading when young, but becoming
fairly compact when mature, and forming a loose, rounded cluster of leaves, growing

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Hl

close enough together for blanching to only a small extent, but when well grown
never spread out or opened at the center. Leaves short spatulate in shape, excess-
ively blistered and crumpled, slightly twisted, very thick and heavy, with coarse
veins, large protruding midribs, serrate margins and with borders so excessively frilled
and largely developed as to comprise the larger portion of the visible part of the
plant. Color very light green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality
poor; crisp, but hard in texture; coarse and rank in flavor, or at least decidedly lack-
ing in sweetness and delicacy. Seeds very blackish; extremely hard to germinate.

Comparison.—Probably one of the ten most largely grown varieties of the United
States. The favorite for forcing in the West and other markets where hothouse let-
tuce is sold by weight and whose markets accept a bunching variety. It has largely
replaced Black-Seeded Simpson for this purpose. At Washington it does not succeed
well outdoors, and is not recommended farther south than this latitude. More
easily grown in greenhouses than almost any other variety. Stands a great deal of
neglect in watering and ventilation. A splendid shipper, and with many gardeners
by far the best and most profitable sort for growing under glass. One of the coarser
varieties, poor in quality when grown outdoors, but becoming tender and sweet
when grown in greenhouses. More like Black-Seeded Simpson than any other, not
only in appearance, but also in usefulness and value. Its fringed leaves and general
habit are most like Boston Curled. The young plants are hardly distinguishable
from Hanson and Black-Seeded Simpson. Grown in greenhouses the variety is
very tall and upright in habit, not as described in the above notes which apply only
to outdoor specimens.

Synonyms.—Grand Rapids Forcing, Grand Rapids Early Forcing, Mills’ Earliest.

History.—Catalogued by D. M. Ferry & Co. in 1890, but known in Grand Rapids,
Mich., ten or more years before that time. It is said to have originated with Mr.
Eugene Davis, of Grand Rapids, and to be the result of more than fifteen years’ selec-
tion of Black-Seeded Simpson.

Illustrations.—A mature plant and leaf are shown on Plates VI and X XV, respec-
tively. The young plant is similar to Hanson, on Plate XXII. The general char-
acter of the longitudinal section is illustrated by Prize Head, on Plate X XI.

GREEN COS.

Listed by ten seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899, 1901, 1902; Rennie, 1903.
Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Except that it is very dark green in color,

its description, usefulness, and value are the same as given for Paris White Cos.
Illustrations.—Same as for Paris White Cos.

GREEN-FRINGED.

Listed by twenty-four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899—1903; Templin, 1899;
Vaughan, 1901.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, small, early-interme-
diate in season, wilting at once upon being pulled, quickly shooting to seed. Plant
growing close to the ground and composed of a loose, spreading, very regular, rosette-
like cluster of leaves, very much opened or spread out at its center and growing flatly
outward, never in the least upright nor clustered in growth, never blanched. Leaves
broad, very regular in form, strictly smooth, rarely blistered, never crumpled nor
twisted, exceedingly thick, stiff, and hard, veins many, large, coarse, and conspicu-
ous, margins finely serrate, borders excessively frilled and so enormously developed
as to embrace a large part of the visible portion of the plant. Color very dull green,
never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality very poor; tough in texture and
of a rank, wild flavor. Seeds whitish.

5v AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

Comparison.—Little known and rarely planted. A novel and very pretty fringed
lettuce, but on account of its poor quality, small size, and its wilting immediately
upon being pulled, of little use except for garnishing or ornament. Wholly unfit
for marketing. One of the first to shoot to seed in hot weather but slow to do so in
the autumn or in cool weather. Not suited for summer growing. More hardy to
extreme cold than any other variety except perhaps Boston Curled. Very distinct
and not comparable with other sorts. The thickest and hardest veined leaved lettuce
in cultivation.

Synonyms.—California Curled.

HHistory.—Catalogued by American seedsmen for at least fifteen years.

Illustrations. —A mature plant and leaf of the variety are shown on Plates III and
XXIII, respectively.

HALF CENTURY.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Childs, 1899—1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, cabbage-heading, medium in size, early-
intermediate in season, shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Young plant loose
and spreading. Mature plant fairly compact when well developed, and forming a
globular head, with leaves closely compacted uprightly and irregularly together,
with little tendency to curve inward or lay flatly over one another, but neverthe-
less producing a firm, well blanched, but somewhat bursted-like, indistinctly defined
head. Leaves short spatulate in shape, strictly smooth, never blistered nor crum-
pled, much twisted, exceedingly thick, fairly stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders.
Color very dark green, plainly brownish at border, tinged in places during sunny
weather but very little or not at all during cloudy weather, very sparingly spotted
under the latter conditions and appearing as if wholly green unless very closely
examined. Quality excellent; fairly buttery in flavor, exceedingly sweet, delicate,
and tender, and with enormously thick leaves of great substance. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. At Washington decidedly the most ten-
der and delicate flavored of all varieties tested. It is recommended to amateurs who
want a lettuce of the very best quality. On account of its unattractive dark color,
uneven shape, and tender leaves, which break upon the least handling, it becomes
wholly unfit for market gardening; also an uncertain header and unreliable unless
given good care. Very distinct and not easily compared with other varieties. Well-
grown specimens sometimes resemble California Cream Butter.

Synonym.—Childs’ Half Century.

History.—Named and first introduced in this country about 1890 by John Lewis
Childs, who states that the seed was sent to him by Mrs. Belle Nance, Newmarket,
Ala., in whose family it had been grown for more than fifty years.

Illustrations.—A mature plant is shown on Plate XVIII. The leaves are some
times incurved, similar to those of Yellow Winter, on Plate XXIV.

a a LO a ee ee ee eee

HANSON.

Listed by one hundred and ninety-five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901—1902;
Dreer, 1900, 1901; Farquhar, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1901; Henderson, 1901; Landreth,
1899; Maule, 1901; Thorburn, 1899, 1901—1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly cabbage-heading, very large, very
late, extremely slow to shoot to seed. Plant spreading, but not loose in habit and
forming a globular, extremely hard, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves
very flatly and tightly overlapping one another. Leaves very broad in shape, fairly
blistered, crumpled and twisted, very thick, stiff and coarse in appearance, with
heavy veins and a large protruding midrib; margins serrate; borders finely frilled.
Color very light green, of ashining metallic surface rather than rich and glossy, never —

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 53

spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good; exceedingly crisp and firm in tex-
ture, and very sweet. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—Probably one of the three most largely grown varieties of the United
States. Succeeds well everywhere and is largely planted in every part of this coun-
try. The standard summer cabbage-heading variety for either the home or market
gardener. Sure header and reliable. Wholly unsuited for wintering over or grow-
ing indoors. More like Blonde Block Head than any other sort. Iceberg, Giant
Glacier, and New York are other closely related varieties.

Synonyms.—Maule’s Hanson, Dreer’s Hanson, Bruce’s Nonpareil, Simon’s Non-
pareil, Nonpareil, Los Angeles Market, Montreal Market, Hamilton Market, Evans’
Hamilton Market, Toronto Market, Toronto Gem, Mastodon, Excelsior, Gardener’s
Friend, Gardener’s Favorite.

History. —Apparently introduced by Henry A. Dreer about thirty years ago.

Tllustrations.—A mature plant, a longitudinal section, a young plant, and a leaf of
the variety are shown on Plates I, XX, XXII, and XX VI, respectively.

HARBINGER.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1903.

Comparison.—New, and so far used in this country for experimental planting only.
The trials at Washington have not yet been sufficient to determine its usefulness and
value nor to make it possible to say which one of our varieties it most closely resem-
bles. It is evidently a distinct sort, similar to Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, Reichner,
and Briggs’ Forcing and Garden, but at Washington not nearly so reliable for out-
doors as these varieties. Its seeds are whitish.

History.—First introduced into this country by George A. Weaver & Co. in 1900, but
not catalogued by them in any other year.

HARDY GREEN HAMMERSMITH.

Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1899-1900; Weeber & Don,
1901-1903.

Description.—A butter variety, imperfectly cabbage-heading, small-medium in size,
late, shooting to seed at an intermediate season. Plant compact, generally forming
no real head, but if well grown, making an indistinctly defined head of somewhat
elongated shape and fairly well blanched and firm, its leaves imperfectly overlapping
one another and their borders somewhat twisted backward. Leaves broad in shape,
much blistered, crumpled, and twisted, very thick and stiff, entire at margins, flat
or slightly blistered at borders. Color, medium green, of a grayish, very dull, unat-
tractive shade; never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality poor; slightly
buttery, but coarse and almost wholly lacking in delicacy and sweetness. Seeds
whitish.

Comparison.—Very little grown and of little value except for its hardiness to cold.
Long known as one of the best sorts to winter over outdoors, for which purpose only
it is recommended. One of the poorest of all varieties in quality, and although not
quick to shoot to seed in hot weather it never grows well in summer, and has always
been a failure at Washington, even when planted very early. Succeeds better in the
autumn than in the spring, but rarely makes really good heads under any circum-
stances. Very distinct, but if a comparison is made it might be said to be more like
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded than any other lettuce.

Synonyms.—Hammersmith, Hardy Green Winter.

History.—One of the oldest of all varieties. Known in this country for at least
one hundred years.

54 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCY.

HARTFORD BRONZED HEAD.

Listed by one seedsman, Seeds tested: Cadwell & Jones, 1899-1902.

Description. —A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium in
size, intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant very compact and forming
aslightly elongated, somewhat pointed, indefinitely defined, very firm, well-blanched
head, with leaves very closely overlapping one another, except their uppermost borders,
which are characteristically turned and twisted backward. This habit of growth, as
well as the close way in which the outer leaves are drawn toward the plant, almost
completely obscures the head; no distinct separation between head proper and outer
leaves of plant. Leaves very broad, fairly blistered, crumpled and twisted, very
thick and stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color a dark, almost solid brown
during summer weather, but bright green in less-exposed parts during spring or
cloudy weather; stem of plant and base of midribs plainly colored; inner head
leaves sparingly spotted and often rusty colored at their base. Quality excellent;
buttery, exceedingly tender and sweet. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser-grown varieties. More widely known under the
name of Crisp as Ice. Too dark brown for a good market gardener’s sort, but one of
the best for home use, as it is perhaps not surpassed by any except Half Century in
delicate flavor and tender quality. Gocd for summer, sure header, and reliable, but
very late in season for so small a variety. More like Shotwell’s Brown Head than
any other, and so much like it as often considered to be the same; in fact, that type
has frequently been sold for Crisp as Ice. After this variety it most resembles Trout.

Synonyms.—Bronzed Head, Crisp as Ice.

Confusing Names.—Batavian Brown Head, Shotwell’s Brown Head, Brown Curled,
Bronzed Red, Bronzed Curled, all different types from Hartford Bronzed Head.

History.—Named and introduced in 1888 by Cadwell & Jones, who state that the
variety originated with the market gardeners of Hartford, Conn.

Tllustrations.—A longitudinal section is shown on Plate XIX. The crumpled habit
of the leaf is similar to that of Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII.

HERO.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Vick, 1899-1901, 1903.

Description.—A butter variety, naturally cabbage-heading when at its best, but
bunching under ordinary conditions, large-medium in size, very late in season, slow
to shoot to seed. Plant loose, very spreading, and forming when well grown a
globular, well-defined, very soft, fairly blanched head, with leaves very flatly but
loosely overlapping one another, and with open spaces between them, though under
ordinary conditions forming a very open cluster, with leaves spreading flatly over
the ground and never growing close enough for blanching to any extent. Leaves
spatulate, smooth, very little blistered, crumpled and twisted, somewhat thin,
obscurely crenate to entire at margins, broadly undulate at borders. Color a pecul-
iar light brown, no more colored at border than in other parts. Very different in
color from any other variety. Quality poor; hard in texture, decidedly lacking in
sweetness and flavor. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Unreliable and too loose in habit and
requiring too much skill and care for growing well to be recommended as a useful
variety. Wholly unfit for market gardening, but attractive to some amateur garden-

ers because of its peculiarly brilliant color and very showy heads when well grown. |

Very distinct and hardly comparable with any other sort, except, on account of its
color, sometimes associated with Eureka.

Synonym.—Vick’s Hero.

History.—Named and introduced in 1898 by James Vick’s Sons, who state that the
seed originally came from Germany.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 55

HOTHOUSE.

Listed by thirteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Rennie & Pino, 1903.

Comparison.—W ell known and extensively used in the East to grow under glass, for
which purpose it is probably planted in New England more than any other variety,
though it is not one of the more largely grown lettuces of the United States. <A
favorite with large commercial growers and superseding the smaller Tennis Ball
White-Seeded variety, which for years has been the only sort used in New England
for forcing. It is strictly a market gardener’s forcing variety and is wholly unsuited
for amateurs or for outdoor planting. When grown under glass Hothouse is decid-
edly larger, a little later to mature, and duller green in color than Tennis Ball White-
Seeded, but outdoors the description given of the latter variety applies also to this
one. The only certain distinction between the two when grown outdoors is in the
color of the plants.

Synonyms.—Elliott’s Hothouse, Rawson’s Hothouse, Johnson & Stokes’s Hothouse,
Rennie & Pino’s Hothouse, Hotbed, Glasshouse, Thorburn’s Glasshouse, Boston
Glasshouse, Noll’s Boston Glasshouse, Boston Forcing Tennis Ball White-Seeded,
Boston Forcing, Hittinger’s Belmont, Hittinger’s Forcing, Superb.

History.—Introduced about thirteen years ago. W. W. Rawson & Co. listed it in
1891 as Rawson’s Hothouse.

Illustrations. —The general type of the plant is shown by California Cream Butter,
on Plate VIII, the solidity of the heads by Mette’s Forcing, on Plate X VIII, and
the leaf, except for being less blistered, by Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate
XXII.

HUBBARD’S MARKET.

Listed by twenty-six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900, 1901; Harvey, 1899;
Landreth, 1899; Thorburn, 1899-1901, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large-medium in
size, early-intermediate in season, and shooting to seed at an intermediate date.
Plant compact and forming a globular, very firm, fairly defined, well-blanched head,
with leaves very closely overlapping one another, but more inclined to meet at their
margins than to fold over past the center of the head. Leaves broad in shape, fairly
blistered, crumpled, twisted, thick and stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color
medium green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality excellent; sweet
and very buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—One of the popular varieties of the United States, though not one of
the ten most largely grown sorts. Well known in the eastern markets, but largely
grown and succeeding well in all parts of the country, including the extreme South.
An all-round variety, good for forcing, wintering over outdoors, and early spring,
late fall, or summer growing, for all of which it is largely used. One of the best either
for the private or market gardener. More like White Summer Cabbage than any
other, in fact, as sometimes sold, it seems identical with that sort. Very similar to
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, differing from it principally in being a little darker green,
smoother, and thicker leaved, and with head leaves not reaching over the center so
completely.

History.—Named and introduced about 1875 by Chase Brothers, nurserymen, who
- were handling seeds at that time. It is said to have originated with a Mr. Hubbard,
of Chautauqua County, N. Y.

Synonyms.—Hubbard’s Forcing, Early Cabbage, Early White Cabbage, Early
White Butter, Wood’s Cabbage, Simon’s Early White Cabbage, Early Market, Eich-
ling’s Early Market, French Market, Steckler’s French Market, Dickmann’s St.
Louis Market, Memphis, Schindler’s Early Market, Early Challenge, Gold Nugget.

56 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

Illustrations. —A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate X. The solidity of
the heads is shown by Matador on Plate XX, and the leaves are between those of
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded and Deacon, both on Plate X XIII.

. ICEBERG.

Listed by seventy-four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Beckert, 1900; Burpee, 1899-1903;
Darch & Hunter, 1900; Livingston, 1901; Thorburn, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, late, slow
to shoot to seed, Plant spreading, but not loose in habit, and forming a globular,
well-defined, sometimes very exposed or bare, extremely hard, well-blanched head,
with leaves very completely and tightly overlapping one another. Leayes unusually
broad in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled, and twisted, very thick, stiff, coarse in
appearance, with heavy veins and a large protruding midrib; margins serrate; bor-
ders finely frilled. Color light green, excepting faint brown along extreme border
and occasionally barely tinged in other parts, never spotted, and inner head leayes
and stem of plant never colored. Quality good; exceedingly crisp and firm in
texture, very sweet but not buttery in flavor. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—Well known and largely planted in all parts of the United States,
though not one of the ten most largely grown sorts. A standard summer cabbage-
heading lettuce of the very best crisp quality, sure header, and very reliable. Suit-
able either for the market or private gardener, especially the latter. This type of
lettuce is generally considered unsuited for forcing, but some have tried it in a small
way in greenhouses and reported it a success. Very similar to, and possibly identi-
cal with, Marblehead Mammoth. Except that it is smaller and different in color,
very much like Hanson and New York.

Synonyms.—Burpee’s Iceberg, Curled India, Large India, Weaver’s Market Gar-
dener’s.

History.—Named and introduced into this country in 1894 by W. Atlee Burpee &
Co., who state that the variety is ef foreign origin.

Illustrations.—Same as for Hanson.

ITALIAN ICE.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Koerner, 1900, 1901, 1903.

Description.—The seeds of this variety as sold in the United States for the past five
years have always been very poor and weak. Its germination at Washington has
been uniformly unsatisfactory and no good tests of it have been obtained. For this
reason it is impossible at this time to furnish a description or to state its identity.
It is plainly distinct from any other variety, and the description of Hanson probably
will apply very nearly to it except only that the margins of Italian Ice are obscurely
crenate and its borders plainly undulate. Its seeds are whitish.

History.—Listed by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. in 1897, but never afterwards.

Illustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate XII.

LACINIATED BEAUREGARD.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1901-1903.

Description.—The correct type of this variety as known in Europe is a very loose-
bunching, deeply cut-leaved lettuce, but the sample received for trial in 1900 was
Deacon, and those of the other years were Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, both of whieh
are as different from the type as it is possible for a lettuce to be.

Comparison.—Probably suitable only for garnishing or ornament, and useful in the
same way as Green-Fringed and Boston Curled.

History.—Listed by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. in 1884 and James J. H. Gregory ie
1886, and figured in the former seedsman’s catalogue of the year mentioned.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 57

LANCASTER.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1903.

Description.—A medium butter variety, strictly bunching, medium in size, early
intermediate in season, extremely slow to shoot to seed. Plant growing very close
to the ground and consisting of a very well-rounded, symmetrical, remarkably com-
pact, somewhat firm, well-blanched cluster of leaves, never opened nor spread out
at the center, and only slightly more dense in the middle than in other parts.
Leaves very much twisted together in the head, and general form broad, but also
divided, or at least deeply lobed, the separations terminating at the base and central
part consisting of one large lobe comprising the larger part of leaf, while the lobes
themselves are so excessively developed as to make the leaf appear like several
growing together. Leaves entirely smooth, thick, stiff, entire at margins, flat at
borders, and generally with distinct glands near the base of the outer part of the mid-
ribs, one on each side. Color very light green, never spotted nor brownish in any
part. Quality fair to poor; hard in texture and somewhat lacking in flavor, sweet-
ness, and delicacy. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. The real usefulness and value of this
novel variety seem to be little known. Under canvas it did better at Washington
than any other sort, but outdoors the Baltimore Oak-Leaved has always grown
larger and proved to be decidedly the best of the lobed-leaved varieties. Attractive
because of its beautiful light-green color and fine form. More like Baltimore Oak-
Leaved than any other variety. Next to this most like Oak-Leaved. Outside of
these two sorts, wholly different from other varieties.

History.—Named and first introduced in 1898, by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who
state that the seed was received from Mrs. Mary E. Ringaman, Stonycreek Mills,
Pa., in 1894. .

Illustrations.—The variety is illustrated on Plates XV, XIX, and XXIV.

LARGE YELLOW MARKET.

Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1900-1902; Godden, 1902.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, very large, late,
slow to shoot to seed. Plant very spreading, loose in habit, and forming a globular,
well-defined, soft, or slightly firm, well-blanched head, with leaves flatly but loosely
overlapping one another. Leaves very broad in shape, much blistered and crum-
pled, little twisted, somewhat thin, almost limp, entire at margins, flat or partly
blistered at borders. Color light green, never spotted nor brownish in any part.
Quality excellent; mild, delicate, sweet, buttery flavor, soft texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and little planted. Probably the best of the very large, light
green cabbage-heading varieties, and especially attractive to amateurs who desire an
immense showy lettuce of this kind. Good for either private or market gardeners.
Wholly unsuited for forcing. Very similar toand possibly identical with Paris Sugar
and Burpee’s Butter Head. Also resembles Thick Head Yellow and Mammoth
Black-Seeded Butter.

History.—A foreign sort first listed by American seedsmen about fourteen years
ago and more largely catalogued at that time than at present.

Illustrations.—The variety is not well shown in any of the following illustrations.
That of California Cream Butter, on Plate VIII, perhaps represents the type as well
as any, though the variety is much looser in habit, or approaches that of Red Besson,
on Plate XIII. The solidity of the heads resembles Matador, on Plate XX. The
leaf is similar to Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII.

58 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

LEE’S MARKET FORCING.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Lee, 1903,

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small, early,
and shooting to seed quickly in hot weather. Plant compact and forming a slightly
heart-shaped or globular, well-defined, firm, well-blanched head, with leaves closely
overlapping one another except their borders turned slightly backward. Leaves
broad in shape, blistered, crumpled, thick, and stiff, entire or rarely obscurely crenate
at margins, flat or slightly undulate at borders. Color medium green, never spotted
nor brownish in any part. Quality good; sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture.
Seeds whitish. .

Comparison.

Scarce and little known or planted, but highly recommended for
trial to market gardeners. Its usefulness and value seem to be the same as Golden
Queen and it is more like that variety in appearance than any other. Also resem-
bles Emperor Forcing and German Early Head. .
History.—Named and first listed by Lee Pioneer Seed Company.
Illustrations. —The variety is not well shown by any of the following illustrations,
Hubbard’s Market, on Plate X, and White Forcing, on Plate VII, represent the type
as well as any.
LIMAGNE COS.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1901-1903.

Description.—New and little known or planted. Same general character and use-
fulness as Paris White Cos. Further trials are necessary before the differences —
between the two can be fully determined. The variety is said to be a great favorite
in the Paris markets.

History.—Introduced into this country by William Henry Maule in 1901.

Illustrations.—Same as for Paris White Cos.

MALTA.

Listed by twelve seedsmen. Seeds tested: Comstock, Ferre & Co., 1901; Simmers,
1900.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, cabbage-heading, very late, very large,
shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant loose but not spreading in habit,
very upright and tree-like in growth when young. Head decidedly oval in shape,
fairly defined, well blanched, its leaves regularly overlapping one another, but with
loose spaces between them, and head therefore soft, though the leaves composing it
are very stiff and thick. Outer leaves of plant many and completely surrounding
and much obscuring the head except at the top, which portion is more or less
exposed. Leaves short spatulate in shape, slightly but very coarsely blistered and
crumpled, fairly twisted, very coarse in appearance, with prominent, heavy veins,
and a large, protruding midrib; margins serrate to obscurely crenate; borders
coarsely frilled to coarsely undulate. Color very light green, never spotted nor
brownish in any part. Quality poor; decidedly coarse and hard in texture, but of
a firmness, and slightly sweet flavor, which is much liked by some. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—W ell known but little planted. Value very limited, its chief recom-
mendation being immense size. Giant Glacier, Hanson, or New York are, how-
ever, generally preferable for a lettuce of this kind, and both private and market
gardeners are advised to test this variety in their gardens before planting it very
largely. The habit is decidedly too loose and the head too soft to be generally yval-
uable. Habit of growth very similar to Tyrolese. Color most like Hanson. »

Synonyms.—Drum Head, Ice Drum Head.

History.—A foreign sort. Known in this country for at least forty-four years.

Illustration.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate XII.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 59

MAMMOTH BLACK-SEEDED BUTTER.

Listed by thirty-three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900-1903; Ferry, 1900,
1901; Henderson, 1901.

Description.—A_ decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, inter-
mediate in season, late-intermediate in time of shooting to seed. Plant spreading
and forminga slightly oval, firm, or somewhat soft, well-defined, well-blanched head,
with leaves very closely overlapping one another. Stem of plant very long, and
head therefore held high above ground, thereby making the oval shape and bare or
exposed appearance of the latter very pronounced. Leaves broad, much blistered
and crumpled, little twisted, thin, almost loose and limp; entire at margins, flat or
partly blistered at borders. Color light green, never spotted nor brownish in any
part. Quality excellent; delicate, sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture, but leaf
thin and lacking substance. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—One of the ten most largely grown varieties of the United States.
Planted largely in the Kast and North, especially by New York City market garden-
ers, who recommend it as one of the best for fall sowing. Sure header and reliable.
Suitable for private as well as market gardeners. Stands summer well, but not suited
for forcing. More like Tennis Ball Black-Seeded than any other variety.

Synonyms.—All Right Spring and Autumn, All Right Spring and Summer, Mich-
ell’s All Right Spring and Autumn, Michell’s All Right Spring and Summer, Califor-
nia All Head, Mammoth Large Yellow Butter, Vaughan’s Mammoth Cabbage Head.

Confusing names.—Black-Seeded Butter, a different type from Mammoth Black-
Seeded Butter.

History.—Apparently named and introduced by J. M. Thorburn & Co., about four-
teen years ago.

Illustrations.—The general character of the variety is shown by California Cream
Butter, on Plate VIII, though the type is much looser than in that figure, or some-
what approaching that of Red Besson, on Plate XIII. The solidity of the heads is
illustrated by Matador, on Plate XX, and the character of the leaf by Tennis Ball
Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII.

MARBLEHEAD MAMMOTH.

Listed by nine seedsmen. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1900, 1901; Schlegel & Fottler,
1901; Gregory, 1899, 1900; Hastings, 1901.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties of the United States. Usefulness
and yalue same as Iceberg and possibly identical with it. Further trials are neces-
sary, however, before this can be definitely determined. The differences, if there
be any, are very slight and unimportant.

Synonyms.—Shumway’s Mammoth, Tender Leaf.

History.—Named and first introduced in 1886 by James J. H. Gregory & Son,
who state that the variety originally came from Illinois.

Illustrations.—Same as for Hanson.

MATADOR.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early, shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant compact and forming a globu-
lar, very well-defined, firm, well-blanched head, with leaves very closely overlapping
one another. Leaves cup-shaped when young, very broad when full size, fairly
blistered and crumpled, little twisted, somewhat thin; entire at margins, flat or partly
biistered at borders. Color a beautiful light-brown and bright-green distributed in
large blotches over the plant, apparently not spotted, but in sunny weather a few

60 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUGCR.

faint spots are evident on close examination; stem of plant, base of midribs, and inner
heart leaves wholly green. Quality good; sweet, very buttery in flavor, soft in
texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Very little known or planted. A most excellent variety and highly
recommended to both market and private gardeners as one of the best of the sure
heading, reliable, early, cabbage-heading butter sorts for fall or early spring planting.
No reports of its use for forcing have yet come to our notice, but judging from our
trials it is apparently an admirable variety for that purpose. In some places it may
not answer as a market gardeners’ variety because of its brown color. Not suited for
summer growing. Usefulness and value much the same as Victoria Red-Edged Cab-
bage and perhaps as much like that variety as any other. In respect to color alone
it is most like Brown Head.

Synonym.—First Crop.

History. —Named and first introduced into this country by Peter Henderson & Co.,
in 1903.

Illustrations.—A longitudinal section of the variety is shown on Plate XX. The
habit of the plant is illustrated by California Cream Butter, on Plate VIII, and the
character of the leaves by Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII.

MAXIMUM.

Listed by eleven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1899-1901; Vaughan, 1900-

1901.
Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, very large, late,
slow to shoot to seed. Young plant spreading, very regular in habit, its leaves
straight and extending flatly over the ground. Mature plant very loose, spreading,
and occupying much space. Head globular or oval under some conditions, soft to
somewhat firm, very well blanched, its leaves very flatly but loosely overlapping
one another, while the outer leaves of plant are well separated from the head proper,
thereby leaving the latter quite bare or exposed. Leaves broad in shape, fairly
smooth, slightly blistered, crumpled and twisted, and on account of their great size
and weight, outer leaves of plant often falling loosely away from the head proper
and appearing loose and limp, though really thick and fairly stiff; margins entire
and fringed with hair-like bristles; borders flat. Color dull dark green, freely
spotted with dark brown, tinged faintly in places with medium brown, especially
along the border, but never colored in distinct or sharp blotches, and inner head
leaves and stem of plant wholly green. Quality good; fairly sweet, very buttery in
flavor, and with thick, soft leaves of much substance. Seeds blackish, slightly
more brownish than most blackish-seeded sorts and sometimes described as brown.

Comperison.—New and as yet not extensively planted, but rapidly coming into ~
favor as areliable summer variety and excellent also for spring or autumn. Not
suited for forcing. Claimed by introducer to make a larger and more showy head
than any other butter variety. Its dull dark color is one of its objectionable features
in some markets. More like Sutton’s Giant than any other variety. Next to this —
most like California Cream Butter. In color and first early growth very much like —
Passion. »

Synonyms.—Thorburn’s Maximum, Elliott’s Leviathan, Leviathan, Hastings’s —
Superba, Superba, Matchless, Michell’s Matchless, Midsummer, Tait’s Midsummer, —
Immensity, Henderson’s Immensity, Summerlead, Johnson & Stokes’s Summerlead. —

History.—Named and first introduced into this country in 1898 by J. M. Thorburn
& Co., who state that the variety was obtained in France.

Whusivations —Two mature plants of the variety are shown on Plate XI. The
solidity of the heads is illustrated by Matador on Plate XX, the habit of the young
plants by Passion on Plate XXII, and the character of the leaves by Tennis Ball
Black-Seeded on Plate XXIII. 4

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES, 61

METTE’S FORCING.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1899-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter vanety, strictly cabbage-heading, small, very
early, shooting to seed at once in hot weather. Plant very compact and forming a
globular, very firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves closely overlap-
ping one another except their borders very characteristically twisted and turned
backward. Leaves broad, always very regular in shape, peculiarly spoon-shaped
when young, fairly blistered, crumpled, thick and stiff, entire at margins, flat at
borders. Color medium green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality
good; fairly sweet and buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds whitish, small to
medium in size.

Comparison.—This little known variety is highly recommended to market garden-
ers as an excellent forcing sort of the butter class. It may not suit those who prefer
a large-sized variety, but fora lettuce of its size no variety grew better at Washing-
ton than this one. For compactness, solidity, and fine form no variety is more
desirable. Not recommended to private gardeners and unsuited for summer grow-
ing. More like Emperor Forcing than any other variety. Its habit is similar to
Hubbard’s Market. Best distinguished from these two sorts by its peculiar twisted
borders.

Synonym.—New Forcing.

History.—Apparently never catalogued in this country except by W. E. Dallwig,
who has listed it for at least eleven years. The name was changed in 1902 to New
Forcing, which is very unfortunate, as under such a designation it is likely to be
confused with other names.

Illustrations.—The variety is illustrated on Plates X VIII and XIX.

MIDDLETOWNER.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Weber, 1903.

Description.—A butter variety, strictly bunching, medium in size, early intermediate
in season, quickly shooting to seed in hot weather. Plant very spreading and con-
sisting of a low-growing, flattened cluster of leaves, very open and spread out at the
center, never in the least heading in habit and too open in growth for blanching to
any extent. Leaves spatulate in shape, fairly blistered and crumpled, never twisted,
somewhat thin, serrate at margins, frilled at borders. Color very light green, never
spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality decidedly poor; hard and coarse in tex-
ture, rank and wild in flavor. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—This scarce and little planted variety is recommended by the intro-
ducer as standing more cloudy and cold weather without rot or injury than any other
lettuce and succeeding during winter in hotbeds when other sorts could not be raised
or offered for sale. No other reports of its value in this or other respects have come
to our ngtice, but at Washington last autumn it was no more hardy to cold than our
common butter varieties, while for outdoor use during spring, summer, and fall it
was more wild in appearance, spreading in growth, required more room to grow and
perhaps proved to be the least to be recommended of all varieties tested. Very dis-
tinct and not well compared with other varieties. It resembles the wild plants some-
times found in Hanson, Black-Seeded Simpson, and Early Curled Silesia, and is
_ similar in habit to Golden Heart.

Synonym.—Norwood.

History.—Named and first introduced by C. H. W. Weber, who states it originated
with market gardeners of Middletown, Ohio.

62 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

MIGNONETTE. .

Listed by twenty-four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1901; Henderson,
1901-19038; Thorburn, 1901-1903.

Description.—A fairly crisp variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium in
size, early-intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed for so early a sort. Plant
remarkably compact and forming a globular, extremely hard, very well-blanched
head, with leaves tightly drawn, but their borders so twisted as to produce a torn
effect or bursted-like head; no distinct separation between head proper and outer part
of plant, the whole being nearly all head. Leaves broad in shape, excessively blis-
tered, crumpled, and twisted, very thick and stiff, finely serrate at margins, frilled
at borders. Color dull, very dark brown with dull dark green in less exposed parts,
darkest brown at borders of leaves, never distinctly spotted, inner head leaves and
stem of plant wholly green.- Quality excellent; exceedingly tender, crisp, and sweet.
Seeds very blackish, small to medium in size.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties. An excellent sort for family use,
but too small and dark brown in color for a market gardener’s lettuce. Probably the
most delicate in flavor and tender in texture of the crisp varieties. Very reliable for
spring and fall sowing, and one of the most compact and hardest heading of all let-
tuces. Excepting for color probably a good forcing variety, but not recommended
forsummer. Similar to Density, differing in size, earliness, and color, but not closely
resembling any other variety. The darkest, dullest green of all lettuces. More like
Hartford Bronzed Head in color than any other.

Synonym.— Delicate.

History.—Named and first introduced by Peter Henderson & Co. in 1895.

Illustrations. —A side view of the variety is shown on Plate VII. The upper view
is very similar to Density, on the same plate. The solidity of thé heads is illustrated
by Tom Thumb on Plate XIX.

MILLY.

Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1901-1903.

Comparison.—Scarce and little grown. Very similar to Victoria Red-Edged Cab-
bage, and possibly identical with it. Further trials are necessary before the differ-
ences, if any, can be fully determined.

History.—Apparently introduced in 1901 by J. C. Vaughan, who states that the
variety was obtained from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., of France.

lllustrations.—The type of the plant and solidity of the heads are illustrated by
California Cream Butter and Matador, respectively, the former shown on Plate VIII
and the latter on Plate XX.

MORSE.

Listed by twenty seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1903; Johnson & Stokes,
1901; Maule, 1900; Vaughan, 1900-1901.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties. Sometimes called a white-seeded
Black-Seeded Simpson, and excepting in color of seed the description of the varie-
ties is the same. Morse is, however, more blistered in the leaves, finer frilled at
the borders, more compact in habit, more inclined toward forming a cabbage-like
head, and is a different shade of green. The two varieties sometimes can not be
distinguished unless placed side by side. Their usefulness and value are almost the
same, but for some soils and conditions Morse is the better variety, and is therefore
recommended for trial to both amateurs and market gardeners.

Synonym.—Hammond’s Earliest Forcing.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 63

History.—Originated by Mr. Lester Morse, of Santa Ciara, Cal., from some white
seeds selected in 1892 out of Black-Seeded Simpson. It was named and introduced
by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. in 1895.

Illustrations. —Same as for Black-Seeded Simpson.

NANSEN.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901-1903; Germain, 1901.

Deseription.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early and shooting to seed at an early intermediate date. Young plant with leaves
so very upright and irregularly twisted as often to appear like several plants growing
together. Mature plant compact and forming a globular head, with leaves closely
compacted together uprightly and irregularly, or with little tendency to curve inward
and fold flatly over one another, but nevertheless producing a firm, well-blanched,
though somewhat indefinitely defined head. Leaves broad, at first wholly smooth,
but at maturity slightly blistered and crumpled, also much twisted, fairly thick and
stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color, light green; never spotted nor brown-
ish in any part. Quality excellent; mild, delicate, sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in
texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—New and little known or planted. An excellent, early butter
cabbage-heading variety of the best quality. Suitable for forcing, early spring or
fall growing, and adapted for either the private or market gardener. Not so well
suited for summer growing as Deacon and Hubbard’s Market. Said to stand a great
deal of frost and cold. Very similar to Hubbard’s Market and Reichner.

Synonyms.—Forty Day, North Pole.

History.—Introduced into this country by Germain Seed Company in 1898. It is
said to be of German origin.

Illustrations.—A young plant of the variety is shown on Plate XXII. The mature
plant is perhaps best illustrated by Hubbard’s Market, on Plate —, though the
leaves do not overlap one another so completely as in that variety.

NEW YORK.

Listed by eighty-one seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1899; Farquhar, 1901;
Henderson, 1900, 1901; Landreth, 1901; Thorburn, 1899, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly cabbage-heading, very large, late,
extremely slow to shoot to seed. Young plant spreading, though central portion
upright and immature head decidedly long. Mature plant also spreading and form-
ing a globular or slightly oval, very hard, well-blanched, well-defined head, its leaves
very flatly and tightly overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly blis-
tered, crumpled and twisted, thick, stiff, and coarse in appearance, with heavy
veins and a large protruding midrib; margins finely serrate; borders frilled. Color
dark green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good, exceedingly
crisp and firm in texture, very sweet but never buttery in flavor. Seeds large,
whitish.

Comparison.—One of the popular varieties of the United States, succeeding every-
where and extensively planted in all parts of the country. Being an excellent
shipper it is a favorite variety with market gardeners about New York City, and
especially in California. Its dull dark green color, however, does not commend it to
some markets. A reliable, sure-heading, standard summer variety for either the
private or market gardener, and of the best quality. Wholly unfit for forcing or
wintering over. Very similar in habit to Blonde Block Head. Excepting in color
much like Hanson and Iceberg, and distinguished also from these two sorts by its
upright habit when young.

64 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Synonyms —New York Market, Henderson’s New York, Bonanza, Schwill’s
Bonanza, Queen, Faust’s Queen, Farmer Seed Company’s New Ice, Sterling, Hast-
ings’s Drum Head, Wonderful, Wheeler’s Wonderful, Webb’s Wonderful, Neapolitan.

Confusing names.—New York Black-Seeded Butter, New York Cold Frame White
Cabbage, New York Market Gardener’s Private Stock, all types different from New
York.

History. —Named and introduced by Peter Henderson & Co, in 1896,

Illustrations.—Same as for Hanson.

OAK-LEAVED.

Listed by twenty-one seedsmen. Seeds tested: Maule, 1899, 1900.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. Now largely replaced by the improved
variety known as Baltimore Oak-Leaved, which is more compact and dense and
with leaves more developed. The true type of Oak-Leaved is difficult to obtain, as
the improved variety seems to be used almost exclusively in filling orders for Oak-
Leaved.

History.—First listed by American seedsmen about twenty years ago and described
at that time as a new lettuce.

[/llustrations.—A mature plant and leaf of the variety are shown on Plates X VI and
XXIV, respectively. A longitudinal section is similar to that of Lancaster on Plate
XIX only more loose and open.

ONONDAGA.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1903; Ebeling, 1901.

Deseription.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, intermediate in size and
season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant low growing, remarkably compact, and con-
sisting of a loose, beautifully well-rounded, very symmetrical cluster of leaves, never
opened nor spread out at the middle, and never in the least cabbagelike nor solid at
the center, though nevertheless the- inner part is well blanched. Leaves broad,
short, well rounded, very regular in form, little twisted, much blistered and crum-
pled, somewhat thin but not limp, very finely serrate at margins, excessively frilled
and much developed at borders. Color bright brown, varying to bright green in
less exposed parts and center of plant, deepest colored at borders; inner heart
leaves, base of midribs, and stem of plant wholly green and no part of plant distinctly
spotted. Quality good; sweet in flavor, tender, and crisp in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Popular with some market gardeners in Onondaga County, N. Y.,
but apparently rarely planted in other places. Claimed by introducers to be one of
the best for forcing and shipping; also easily grown in greenhouses and standing a
great deal of neglect in watering and ventilation. The brown color is said to give
place to light green when the lettuce is grown under glass during winter. More like
Prize Head than any other variety. Being brighter colored, more rounded in form,
and earlier, it is more attractive outdoors than that variety, but not so useful, because
smaller and less reliable.

Synonym.—Syracuse Greenhouse. >

History.—First introduced into this country by F. H. Ebeling in 1888. Said to
have originated in Onondaga County, N. Y.

Tllustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate VI. A longitudinal
section is similar to that of Prize Head on Plate XXI, a young plant to that of
Hanson on Plate XXII, and a leaf between that of Grand Rapids on Plate XXV,
and Hanson on Plate XX VI.

~~
-
a

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. (

PARIS SUGAR.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1900-1903.

Description. —Scarce and rarely planted. Same general character and usefulness as
Burpee’s Butterhead and Large Yellow Market. The differences between the three
are very slight. At Washington the leaves of Large Yellow Market seemed more
blistered than those of the other two, but further trials are necessary before the dif-
ferences between the three can be definitely stated.

History. —W. KE. Dallwig, who listed this variety in 1893, claims to have first intro-
duced it into this country. It is described as of German origin.

Illustrations. —Same as for Large Yellow Market.

PARIS WHITE COS.

Listed by eighty seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1900; Burpee, 1899, 1901:
Farquhar, 1901; Henderson, 1901; Moore & Simon, 1900.

Description.—A typical cos variety, stricly self-closing, extremely large in compari-
son with either the butter or crisp sorts—large even for this group; late in season, and
slow toshoot to seed. Plant fairly compact, decidedly upright, its leaves when young
growing straight and flat, but when older inner ones becoming decidedly spoon-
shaped and making a well-defined, well-blanched, firm head, decidedly loaf-shaped
in form, rounded at top, and with leaves closely but not tightly overlapping one
another. Leaves oval to slightly spatulate in shape, outermost ones smooth at surface
and flat, innermost ones sparingly blistered and more or less cup-shaped, both, how-
ever, exceedingly regular in form, and thick, stiff, and coarse, but never in the least
twisted nor crumpled in any part, and always with coarse hard veins, very large, hard
midribs, entire margins, and flat borders. Color very dark green, never spotted nor
brownish inany part. Quality excellent; very hard in texture, but exceedingly crisp,
sweet, and of a quality and decided firmnes:, which makes a pleasant change from
the soft buttery lettuces. Seeds whitish. .

Comparison.—One of the popular varieties of the United States, though not one of
the ten most largely grown sorts. Varieties of this class are very largely grown in
Europe, but in America these lettuces do not seem to succeed as well as the butter
and crisp varieties, and are not much grown. Many consider them the best of all
in quality. They are hard and coarse in texture, but are very sweet, and possess a
freshness and distinct quality which is often much liked and make a pleasant change
from other varieties. Those who have never grown this class of Jettuce should try a
few plants. It may not be possible to grow them as well as they are grown in
Europe, but they are generally satisfactory whenever tried, especially this variety,
which is perhaps as self-closing and certainly as good in quality as any cos variety
sold in this country. It is really the only cos sort planted to any extent in this
country, and is certainly the best for either the private or market gardener. It
succeeds very well in summer and can be grown to an immense size. Vilmorin states
that plants weighing 6 pounds have been grown. It is similar to Prince of Wales,
Green Cos, and Limagne Cos.

Synonyms.—W hite Cos, White Self-Folding Cos, Early White Self-Folding Cos,
Heat-Resisting Cos, Landreth’s Heat-Resisting Cos, Celery Cos, Romaine Cos, Tri-
anon Cos.

History.—Listed by American seedsmen for at least forty years.

Ilustrations.—A longitudinal section of the variety is shown on Plate XIX and an
outside leaf on Plate XX VII. The inner head leaves of the variety are similar to
that of Express Cos, on Plate XX VI, and the general character of the plant is illus-
trated by Express Cos, on Plate XV.

5408—No. 69—04——5

66 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

PASSION.

Listed by twenty-nine seedsmen, Seeds tested: Vincent, 1901-1903,

Description. —A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, very late,
slow to shoot to seed. Young plant spreading and regular in growth, with leaves
very straight and extending flatly over the ground. Mature plant spreading and
forming a globular, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves closely over-
lapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, somewhat blistered, crumpled, and
twisted, fairly stiff, very thick, entire at margins, flat at borders, Color dark green,
faintly tinged at borders and somewhat blotched in other parts with dull brown, no
part of plant distinctly spotted, and stem, base of midrib, and inner head leaves
wholly green. Quality good; very buttery, fairly sweet, and with thick, soft leaves
of much substance. Seeds blackish, generally slightly more brownish than most
black-seeded sorts and sometimes described as brown.

Comparison.—Although old and well known this variety seems to be little grown
except in California and the South. In the former section it is largely used by Italian
gardeners, and in the latter it is a good sort for fall and winter growing. Although
not quick to shoot to seed it never seems to do well in summer or when the weather
is at all warm. Not recommended except for the localities named. Never a success
at Washington, even when planted early in the spring. Wholly unsuited for foreing.
Some seedsmen sell another strain of this variety, which is the same as this one
except that the plants are somewhat duller green in color when young, and in some
localities apparently not growing so large in size. The brighter colored strain seems
to be the one preferred by most market gardeners. Both are similar to California
Cream Butter. Next to these they are most like Maximum and hardly distinguish-
able from that variety when the plants are young.

Synonyms.—California Passion, San Francisco Passion, Southern Heart, Vincent’s
Passion.

History.—The oldest variety on the Pacific coast. First introduced there about
1870, from France, by Sevin, Vincent & Co.

Illustrations.—Same as for California Cream Butter.

PHILADELPHIA BUTTER.

Listed by forty-two seeds:aen. Seeds tested: Bowen, 1901-1903; Burpee, 1899;
Ferry, 1903; Thos. Griswold, 1903; Hastings, 1903; Livingston, 1903; Rice, 1902, 1903;
Texas, 1901, 19038.

Comparison.—A popular variety of the United States, but not one of the ten most
largely grown sorts. Extensively planted in all parts of this country. A great
favorite with Philadelphia market gardeners for early spring sowing. The exact
type has not yet been demonstrated by the Department trials. The description for
the above samples is the same as that given for Reichner, and most of them appeared
identical with that variety. A few were very slightly different in color, habits, or
shape of head, though all were the same in usefulness and value. In other samples
not included above the variety was plainly more globular in shape of head and more
blistered and twisted in the leaf, or with a general appearance approaching Hubbard’s
Market.

Synonyms.—W hite Head and possibly Reichner.

Confusing names.—Maule’s Philadelphia Butter, Philadelphia Speckled Dutch But-
ter, Philadelphia Dutch Butter, all different types from Philadelphia Butter.

History.—Listed by seedsmen in this country for at least twenty years.

Iilustrations.—Same as for Reichner.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES, 67

PRINCE OF WALES COS.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Graham, 1903.

Comparison.—Listed in America by Canadian seedsmen only. Not sold nor grown
in this country. Except for being a little later in season, somewhat larger in size and
habit of growth, and proportionately broader in shape of heads, this variety is the
same as Paris White Cos, and sometimes hardly distinguishable from it even in these
respects. The usefulness and value of the two are probably the same. With the
possible exception of Giant White Cos, unquestionably the largest of the cos varie-
ties sold either in this country or Canada.

History.—First listed in America by Graham Bros., who state that the seed was
obtained from Cooper, Taber & Co., of England, and has been grown in that country
for many years.

Illustrations. —Same as for Paris White Cos.

PRIZE HEAD.

Listed by one hundred and forty-two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1900,
1901; Landreth, 1899-1901; Ritter, 1899; Thorburn, 1899; Wernich, 1900.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, large, early marketable,
but intermediate in time of attaining fullest development, slow to shoot to seed.
Plant spreading, low-growing, and consisting of a loose, rounded, or slightly flattened
cluster of leaves, generally more or less open or spread out at the center and there-
fore never in the least cabbage-like nor solid, though nevertheless the inner part of
plant is well blanched. Leaves short spatulate in shape, much blistered and
crumpled, very little twisted, fairly rigid but not stiff, finely serrate at margins,
excessively developed and much frilled at borders. Color bright brown, varying to
bright green in less exposed parts and center of plant. Border of leaves no more
colored than other parts, while stem of plant, base of midribs, and inner heart leaves
are wholly green, and no part of plant is distinctly spotted. Quality good; sweet in
flavor, very tender and crisp in texture, but leaf thin and lacking substance. Seeds
large, whitish.

Comparison.—Probably planted more largely in the United States than any other
variety, thirty acres of it being grown for seed in a single year by one seed grower.
Grown everywhere, but most largely planted in the West. An excellent home
variety and planted extensively for family use, but thin-leaved, soon wilting, not
suited for shipping, and little planted by market gardeners. A very reliable summer
variety. Not adapted for forcing and never used for that purpose. The seed is
lighter in weight than any other of our standard varieties. More like American
Gathering than any other sort; in fact, sometimes hardly distinguishable from that
variety, and often used in filling orders for it. Other similar sorts are Onondaga and
Tomhannock.

Synonyms.—Briggs’ Prize Head, Burpee’s Prize Head, Currie’s Prize Head, Ferry’s
Early Prize Head, Wernich’s Prize Head, Early Prize Head, Peer of All, Emerald,
Cincinnati Market Gardener’s Brown Curled, Salzer’s Peer of All, Buckbee’s Ice
Drum Head.

History.—Apparently named and first introduced by D. M. Ferry & Co., abovt
twenty-five years ago.

Illustrations.—Two views of mature plants are shown on Plates V and XXI. The
young plant is similar to that of Hanson, on Plate XXII, and the leaf is betweei
that of Grand Rapids and Hanson, on Plates XX V and XX VI, respectively.

6S AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

RED BESSON.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1899-1902; R. H. Johnson, 1903,

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, late-inter-
mediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant extremely loose, very spreading, and
forming a globular or slightly oval, fairly defined, soft, well-blanched head, with
leaves flatly but very loosely overlapping one another. Leaves very broad, cup-
shaped when young, excessively blistered and crumpled, fairly twisted, very thin,
soft and limp, entire at margins, flat or blistered at borders. Color very brilliant
brown, interspersed with bright green in depressed or less exposed parts, the two
colors being in very strong contrast and showing off in a striking manner the blistered
character of the leaves. Stem of plant and base of midribs pink in color, inner heart
leaves spotted, but not otherwise colored; spotted on outside or exposed parts but
not appearing so unless closely examined. Quality good; sweet and very buttery in
flavor, soft in texture, but leaves thin and lacking substance. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—Scarce and little planted. Peculiar as the most solid, brilliant
brown-colored lettuce in cultivation, and for this reason attractive to amateurs,
but of little use to market gardeners except for limited sale as a novelty. Too spread-
ing in habit and too soft a head to be generally valuable. Wholly unsuited for
forcing. It makes large, very showy heads, and possesses real merit also as a fine
summer variety. More like Brown Head than any other lettuce, especially in color.

Synonyms.— Bronzed Red, Continuity.

History.—Listed by American seedsmen for at least twenty-four years.

Illustrations. —A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate XIII, and the.
character of the leaf is illustrated by that of Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate
XXITT.

RED WINTER COS.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Germain, 1900-1903.

Description.—A typical cos variety, fairly self-closing, large in comparison with
either the crisp or butter sorts, but only large medium for this group. Late in sea-
son, slow to shoot to seed. Plant fairly compact, peculiarly upright in growth, and
forming a well-defined, long loaf-shaped, well-blanched, but soft head, its leaves
loosely overlapping one another, and their upper parts meeting at the margins only,
or but slightly overlapping at top of head. Leaves oval to slightly spatulate in
shape, slightly emarginate, very smooth and flat, never blistered, crumpled, nor
twisted, but because of their limp nature often rolled back at borders or falling
loosely away from the plant. Thin leaved for a cos, but thick for a crisp or butter _
sort; margins entire and borders flat. Color deep bright brown, the deepest color
being at borders, especially with inner leaves; unexposed parts of leaf bright green,
the line between exposed and unexposed parts often marked by a sharp color dif-
ference; stem of plant and midrib of all leaves to their very base plainly colored,
very distinctly spotted on inner head leaves. Because so deep brown_on exposed
parts of plant the spots there are not evident unless closely examined. Quality
good; sweet, crisp, soft in texture for a cos sort. Seeds dark brown.

Comparison.—Scarce and rarely planted. By far the deepest red-colored cos
variety, and possessing the distinction also of being remarkably hardy to cold and
very constant in character, probably no other cos comparing with it in these
respects. . Other than for these qualities the variety can not be recommended in any
way. On account of its color and soft, limp leaves it would seem to be unsuited for
market gardeners. Wholly unlike any other cos known in this country.

History.—Listed by American seedsmen for at least forty years but not by the
Germain Fruit Company till 1898. |

Tilustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on- Plate XIV and an outside
leaf on Plate XX VII. ; .

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 69

REICHNER.

Listed by seven seedsmen,. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1899, 1901; Thorburn,
1899-19038.

Description. —A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early, shooting to seed at an early intermediate date. Young plant very upright in
habit, with leaves sometimes so much twisted as to make the plant appear like several
plants grown together. Mature plant very compact and forming a globular or slightly
elongated, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves closely overlapping one
another except outside ones which are characteristically turned and twisted back-
ward at their uppermost borders. Head peculiarly long and pointed when first
forming, the twisted habit of the leaves most pronounced at this period of growth.
Leaves broad, fairly blistered and crumpled, much twisted at their uppermost part,
fairly thick but inclined to be slightly loose and limp rather than stiff; margins
entire and borders flat. Color light green, never spotted nor brownish in any part.
Quality good; delicate, sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Under this or some other name, one of the popular lettuces of the
United States, though not one of the ten most largely grown types. <A favorite with
Philadelphia gardeners. An exceedingly valuable sort for the market gardeners to
sow in the autumn or in early spring. Excellent also for forcing in frames and one
of the best for wintering over outdoors. In some places it grows so well under the
aforesaid conditions that no variety compares with it for beautiful, solid heads.
Rarely suited for private gardens. Wholly unsuited for summer growing. Very
similar to Philadelphia Butter and Silver Ball, and possibly identical with one or
both of them. Next to these varieties most like White Loaf.

Synonyms.—Reichner’s Forcing, Reichner’s White Butter, Reichner’s Early White
Butter, Florida Header, Waldorf, Henderson’s Waldorf, Neapolitan Sash, Simon’s
Neapolitan Sash, Stringer’s Early White Butter, Rochester Market, Ridge, Yellow
Queen, Mongolian.

History.—Named and first listed in 1893 by Johnson & Stokes. It is said by them
to have originated with the Reichners, who are described as prominent market gard-
eners of Philadelphia.

Illustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate XVI. The solidity
of the head is illustrated by Mette’s Forcing and Hartford Bronzed Head, on Plate
XIX, and the character of the young plant by Nansen, on Plate X XII.

ST. LOUIS BLACK-SEEDED FORCING.

Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dickmann—Dusard, 1899, 1900, 1902;
plant, 1901-1903; Schisler-Corneli, 1902. ~

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large medium
in size, early-intermediate in season, quickly shooting to seed.. Plant spreading,
loose, and forming a globular, fairly defined, somewhat firm, well-blanched head,
with leaves loosely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, blistered and
crumpled, slightly twisted, fairly stiff and thick, entire at margins, flat at borders.
Color medium green, of a somewhat dull grayish shade, and tinged with brown in
places, no part of leaf distinctly spotted; border no more colored than other parts,
and inner head leaves and stem of plant wholly green. Quality good; fairly sweet,
decidedly buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds very blackish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties. ‘Said by the introducers to be the
leading variety for forcing with St. Louis market gardeners. Not yet tested in Wash-
ington in greenhouses, but for outdoors both there and in other places it seems to be
unreliable and unsatisfactory. An unusually large and loose-leaved variety for fore-
ing. Described asa very large, loose, black-seeded Boston Market, but possibly more
like Emperor William, German Incomparable, and Defiance than that variety.

TO AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Synonyms. —Favorite, Saunders,

Confusing names.—St. Louis Butter, St. Louis Market, both different t’pes from
St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing.

History.—Introduced by Plant Seed Company in 1892.

SHOTWELL’S BROWN HEAD.

Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1900; Wood, Stubbs & Co.,
L903. ;

Description.—The above samples, which refer only to the common and apparently
correct type of this variety, are described as follows: A decidedly butter variety,
strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size, intermediate in season, slow to shoot to
seed. Plant somewhat loose and spreading, forming a globular or slightly oval,
well defined, soft, or slightly firm, well blanched head, with leaves flatly but loosely
overlapping one another. Leaves cup-shaped when young, broad when full size,
much blistered and crumpled, fairly twisted, somewhat thin, soft, and limp, entire
at margins, flat at borders. Color bright brown, interspersed with bright green
in depressed or less exposed parts, stem of plant and base of midribs faintly colored,
inner head leaves sparingly spotted but not otherwise colored, outside of plant also
spotted but the exposed parts of leaf such a deep brown color that spots are almost
same color as rest of leaf and not evident unless closely examined. Quality, good;
sweet and very buttery in flavor, soft in texture, but leaves thin and lacking sub-
stance. Seeds blackish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties and rare. On account of its dark
color not suited for market gardeners nor to be recommended to amateurs when other
sorts like Hartford Bronzed Head, of similar color and character, are so much better
for the purpose. A good summer variety, and succeeding especially well in the
autumn. Most like Hartford Bronzed Head, in fact so much like it in appearance

as often to be sold for that variety or its synonyms. Some seedsmen claim the two-

are identical, but such is a serious mistake. Shotwell’s Brown Head -is similar in
color to Brown Head.

Confusing names.—Batayian Brown Head, Brown Head, Bronzed Head, Hartford
Bronzed Head, all different types from Shotwell’s Brown Head.

History.—Apparently introduced by J. M. Thorburn & Co., who have listed it for
at least nineteen years.

Tllustrations.—The habit of the mature plant is not well shown by any of the fol-
lowing illustrations, but is perhaps best illustrated by Yellow Winter, on Plate IX,
though head is longer in shape and leaves less cup-shaped. The solidity of the heads
is illustrated by Hartford Bronzed Head on Plate XIX.

SHOTWELL’S BROWN HEAD (Bridgeman).

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1901-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
intermediate in season and time of shooting to seed. Young plant very regular in
growth, with leaves growing very straight and extending flatly over the ground.

Mature plant somewhat spreading, low growing, and forming a globular, fairly
_ defined, firm, well blanched head, with leaves closely and flatly overlapping one
another. Leaves broad in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled and twisted, thick and
stiff, entire at margins, flat at borders. Color medium dull green, tinged throughout
with very faint dull brown, rarely, however, becoming brownish in defined areas or
blotches, freely and distinctly spotted on outside leaves, and sparingly so on inner
heart leaves, border no more colored than other parts of leaf. Stem of plant and
base of midribs plainly colored and inner leaves also spotted but not otherwise

EO —

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. - 71

colored. Quality, fair; sweet, decidedly buttery in flavor, fairly tender. Seeds
blackish.

Comparison.—Searce and. little planted. Too late, unreliable, dull green in color,
and possessing no specially good qualities to recommend it as superior to other sorts
for either private or market gardening. Wholly unfit for forcing. Though not
quick to shoot to seed, it never seems to do well during summer. Succeeded best at
Washington in the autumn. More like Brown Genoa than any other variety.
Much larger, later, and more spreading than the brown or common type generally
sold by seedsmen.

Iilustration.—Same as for Brown Genoa.

SILVER BALL.

Listed by thirty-nine seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1902; Buist, 1901;
Comstock-—Ferre, 1903; Ferry, 1903; Dreer, 1903; Johnson & Stokes, 1903; Living-
ston, 1901; Moore & Simon, 1901; Michell, 1903; J. M. McCullough, 1903.

Comparison.—A popular variety of the United States, though not one of the ten
most largely grown sorts. The exact type has not yet been fully demonstrated by
the Department trials. Some of the samples appeared to be the same as Reichner,
but more often they were not quite so even and contained plants approaching those
of Deacon. Another type resembling Large Yellow Market, but not included in any
of the above samples, has also been sold by seedsmen and caused further confusion.

Synon yms.—Burpee’s Silver Ball, Early Silver Ball.

History.—Introduced in 1884 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., who state that the variety
originally came from France.

Tllustrations.—Same as for Reichner.

SPECKLED DUTCH BUTTER.

Listed by twenty-six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899-1901; Livingston,
1900; Moore & Simon, 1901.

Description.—A medium butter variety, fairly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early-intermediate in season and time of shooting to seed. Young plant with leaves
fairly upright and twisted, sometimes so much so as to resemble several plants
growing together. Mature plant compact, low growing, very flattened at top, and
forming a solid, well blanched though indistinctly defined head, with leaves so
much twisted and irregularly compacted together as to produce a torn effect or
bursted-like head; no distinct separation between head proper and outer part of
plant. Leaves broad in shape, crumpled and twisted, fairly thick and stiff, hard
and not easily torn, obscurely crenate at margins, undulate at borders. Color
medium green, freely and distinctly spotted, faintly tinged in places, especially at
border, inner head leaves and stem of plant wholly green. Quality fair; hard in
texture, slightly buttery in flavor, but lacking delicacy and sweetness. Seeds small,
whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties. Not planted to any extent except
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, where it is perhaps more largely grown in early
spring and in cold frames than any other lettuce. Very hardy, reliable, and an
admirable sort for market gardeners, but not suited for summer growing. Distinctly
a market gardener’s sort, but for private gardeners other sorts of better quality are
recommended. Very distinct and not well compared to other varieties. Its habit
is similar to Tom Thumb, its color to Big Boston, while its usefulness and value are
about the same as Golden Queen.

Synonyms.—Speckled Early Dutch Butter, Simon’s Speckled Dutch Butter, Mich-
ell’s Early Speckled Dutch Butter, Philadelphia Dutch Butter, Hornberger’s Dutch
Butter, Early Dutch Butter, Dutch Butter, Brown Speckled Dutch Butter, Stringer’s
Early White Butter, Virginia Solid Header.

72 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE.

History.—The D. Landreth Seed Company claim to have first introduced this
variety in 1548 and deseribe it as the result of a greenhouse hybridization between
the old Hammersmith and Madeira.

[llustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate X VIII and a leaf on
Plate XXIII. A longitudinal section is similar to that of Tom Thumb, on Plate
XIX, and a young plant to that of Big Boston, on Plate X XII.

SUGAR LOAF.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1899-1903.

Description.—Classed as a crisp sort and cabbage-heading, though really somewhat
resembling the butter varieties and often bunching in habit. Very large and late.
Slow to shoot to seed. Plant spreading and consisting of a yase-shaped cluster of
leaves, very regular and formal in arrangement, the middle part of which when young is
much hollowed or undeveloped, but when mature, becomes filled with a firm, well-
blanched, incomplete cabbage-like head, the large part of the plant, however, consist-
ing of the outer, nonheading, looser portion. Leaves broad in shape, little blistered,
crumpled and twisted, very much turned backward at borders and thereby conforming
to the vase form of the plant; also thick, stiff, and coarse, their margins varying from
serrate to obscurely crenate and borders from frilled to undulate. Color largely brown-
ish green, but with some portions a full brown and less exposed parts and center of
plant light green, no part of plant spotted; stem of plant, inner head leaves, and base
of midribs wholly green. Quality fair; hard in texture, fairly sweet, slightly but-
tery in flavor. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Little known or planted. Used mostly in New England. Too late
and unreliable, as well as too brown in color and poor in quality, to be reeommended
either to private or market gardeners, except only in special soils or under condi-
tions where, upon trial, it may be found to succeed well. More like Tyrolese than
any other lettuce, not only in appearance but in usefulness and value as well. The
habit is similar to Malta.

Confusing names.—White Loaf, Large White Loaf, Bolgiano’s White Loaf, all
different from Sugar Loaf.

History. —Named and introduced in 1882, by James J. H. Gregory & Son, who
state that the variety was received from a customer in Illinois in the spring of 1879.

Illustrations. —Two matvre plants of the variety are shown on Plate X VIL.

SUTTON’S GIANT CABBAGE.

Seeds tested: Michell, 1899-1901.

Comparison.—Same as Maximum, except that seeds are yellowish. Usefulness
and value probably also the same. .

History.—Sold in this country only during 1900 and 1901 by Henry F. Michell in
the original sealed packets received from Sutton, of England. |

Tllustrations.—Same as for Maximum.

TENNIS BALL BLACK-SEEDED. :

Listed by one hundred and sixteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900-1903;
Burwell, 1899; Farquhar, 1901; Henderson, 1901; Landreth, 1899, 1901; Northrup-
King, 1903; Rawson, 1900, 1901; Thorburn, 1899-1901.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large-medium
in size, early-intermediate in season, shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant
compact or slightly spreading and forming a globular, firm, very well-defined, well-
blanched head, with leaves very closely overlapping one another. Plant when in
flower sends out many side stems instead of one large main stem. Leaves broad,
excessively blistered and crumpled, little twisted, thin, almost limp and loose, entire

:

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 73

at margins, blistered or flat at borders. Color light green, never spotted nor brown-
ish in any part. Quality excellent; delicate, sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture,
but leaf thin and lacking substance. Seeds blackish, rarely very black.

Comparison. —One of the four most largely grown varieties of the United States.
Succeeds everywhere and at all seasons. Under this or some other name largely
planted in all parts of this country, especially the Kast. In the vicinity of Boston,
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington it is more largely grown by
market gardeners in summer than any other variety. Except that it is too loose in
habit for foreing, an all-round variety. Its adaptability for all purposes is shown
by the descriptive character of its synonyms given below. No other variety has
been so largely renamed. Good for spring, summer, or autumn, and stands winter-
ing over outdoors at Washington as well as any other variety. Highly recommended
to both private and market gardeners. Sure header, very reliable, hardy, excellent
shipper, and good seller. Very similar to Yellow-Seeded Butter, Thick Head Yel-
low, and Hubbard’s Market. It is distinguished from the latter by its thinner and
more crumpled leaves and its lighter green color.

Synonyms.—Early Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, Arlington Tennis Ball Black-Seeded,
All Heart, Dreer’s All Heart, All the Year Round, Baltimore Cabbage, Black-Seeded
Butter, Black-Seeded Summer, Bolgiano’s Black-Seeded Summer, Griffith & Turner’s
Black-Seeded Summer, Bloomsdale Butter, Bloomsdale Reliable, Crosman’s Im-
proved, Dickmann’s Private Stock, Market Gardener’s Private Stock, Thorburn’s
Market Gardener’s Private Stock, Eclipse, Everlasting, Everett’s Everlasting, Far-
quhar’s Long-Standing, Frankfort Head Black-Seeded, Lapp’s Head, Large Butter
Head, Long Island Winter, Ninety and Nine, Twentieth Century, White Peach, Sen-
sation, Moore’s Magnum Bonum, Salamander, Perfected Salamander, Market Gar-
dener’s Salamander, Satisfaction Black-Seeded, Price & Knickerbocker’s Mammoth
Head, New York Black-Seeded Butter, Schwill’s Hard Head.

History.—A very old variety of European origin and known in this country for at
least forty-eight years.

Iilustrations.—A leaf of the variety is shown on Plate XXIII. The general habit
of the mature plant is illustrated by California Cream Butter, on Plate VIII, and the
solidity of the heads by Mette’s Forcing, on Plate XIX.

TENNIS BALL WHITE-SEEDED.

Listed by ninety-seven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1901; Burpee, 1901;
Burwell, 1899; Farquhar, 1900; Johnson & Stokes, 1899; Landreth, 1899-1901; Raw-
son, 1901; Thorburn, 1899-1901, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small-medium
in size, very early in season, and shooting to seed at once in hot weather. Plant very
compact and forming a globular, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves
very closely overlapping one another. Leaves broad in shape, blistered, crumpled,
slightly twisted, fairly stiff and thick, entire at margins, flat or partly blistered at
borders. Color dull medium green, sometimes brownish over large areas and in dis-
tinct blotches, but never distinctly spotted, and inner head leaves and stem of plant
wholly green. Quality good; sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—A popular variety of the United States, though not one of the ten
most largely grown sorts. For years almost the only variety used in the East for
forcing in greenhouses. About fifteen years ago larger sorts came into favor and
to-day the largest growers do not seem to plant this variety. Wholly unsuited for
‘summer growing, not recommended as reliable for growing outdoors, and not suited
for private gardeners. A splendid shipper and distinctly a market gardener’s forcing
variety. More like Hothouse than any other lettuce. Except for differences in size
and season, very similar to Victoria Red-Edged and Milly.

74 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Synonyms.— Arlington Tennis Ball White-Seeded, Godden’s White-Seeded Forcing,
Boston Market, Buckbee’s Ideal, Frankfort Head White-Seeded.,

History.—A very old variety of European origin and known in this county for at
least forty-two years.

L/lustrations.—The general habit of the variety is illustrated by California Cream
Butter, on Plate VIII; the leaf by Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII, and
the solidity of the heads by Matador, on Plate XX.

THICK HEAD YELLOW.

Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1902, 1903.
Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, large, late,
fairly slow to shoot to seed. Plant spreading, very loose in habit, and forming a

globular, well-defined, soft, or slightly firm, well-blanched head, with the leaves .
flatly but loosely overlapping one another. Leaves very broad in shape, excessively |

and very coarsely blistered and crumpled, little twisted, somewhat thin, almost
limp, entire at margins, flat, partly blistered, or somewhat inclined to undulate at
borders. Color light green, very glossy and rich, never spotted nor brownish in any
part. Quality excellent; mild, delicate, sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture.
Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and little planted. Not suitable for forcing, but a good variety
for outdoors, though not as reliable for this purpose as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded.
Being one of the most crumpled and blistered in leaf and most glossy light green in
color of all the varieties, it becomes in some respects one of the most attractive let-
tuces in cultivation. Recommended for trial to both private and market gardners.
More like Tennis Ball Black-Seeded than any other, differing principally in larger
size, softer head, looser habit, and brighter, more glossy green color.

Synonyms.—Erturt Large Thick Head Yellow, Mammoth Erfurt Yellow.

History.—First listed by American seedmen about twelve years ago, and described
at that time as a new German variety.

Illustrations. —The habit is between that of California Cream Butter, on Plate VIII,
and Red Besson, on Plate XIII. The general character of the leaf is illustrated by }
that of Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate X XIII, and the solidity of the heads by |
Matador, on Plate XX. |

TOMHANNOCK.

Listed by thirty-nine seedsmen. Seeds tested; Burpee, 1899-1901, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, strictly bunching, large, early marketable
but intermediate in attaining fullest development, slow to shoot to seed. Plant very
spreading and consisting of a few but very large leaves gathered into a loose cluster
at the top of an enormously thick, long stem, the growth somewhat tree-like and the
cluster somewhat flattened in shape, more or less open or spread out at center and —
never in the least cabbage-like nor dense, though the inner part is well blanched.
Leaves spatulate in shape, much blistered and crumpled, very little twisted, fairly
rigid but not stiff, finely serrate at margins, excessively frilled and much developed
at borders. Color almost solid deep bright brown, varying to bright green in less
exposed parts and center of plant, borders of leaves no more colored than other
parts, stem of plant, base of midribs and inner heart leaves wholly green, and no part
of plant distinctly spotted. Quality good; sweet in flavor, very tender and crisp in
texture, but leaf thin and lacking substance. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison. —Scarce and little planted. Not suited for forcing and rarely as satis-
factory for outdoors as Prize Head or other varieties of similar color and character.
The largest stemmed of all varieties except, perhaps, Malta, and this, together with
its tree-like habit and enormous leaves, gives it a very striking appearance, but unfits

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 75
it for marketing. Probably of little value to market gardeners. More like Prize
Head than any other lettuce, being like it in color, but different in habit.

Synonyms.—Burpee’s Tomhannock, Bronzed Tomhannock.

History.—Introduced in 1886 by W. Atlee Burpee & Co., and said by them to have
originated in northern New York.

Illustrations. —A young plant of the variety is shown on Plate XXII. The habit
of the mature plant is illustrated by that of Prize Head on Plate V, and the charac-
ter of the leaf is about between that of Grand Rapids and Hanson, on Plates X XV
and XX VI, respectively.

TOM THUMB.

Listed by nine seedsmen. Seeds tested; Burpee, 1899-1903; Farquhar, 1900-1903.

Description.—Neither a strictly crisp nor butter sort, but perhaps most properly
placed with the latter; decidedly cabbage-heading, small, medium in size, early, and
shooting to seed unusually slowly for an early variety. Plant extremely compact, low
growing, flattened on top and forming a hard, well-blanched but indefinitely defined
head, with leaves so twisted at their borders and irregularly compacted together as
to produce a torn effect or burst like head; no distinct separation between head
proper and outer part of plant, the whole being nearly all head. Leaves broad in
shape, very much blistered, crumpled, and twisted, very thick and stiff, obscurely
crenate at margins, slightly undulate at borders. Color very dark green, never
spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good; fairly sweet, hard in texture,
between the butter and crisp varieties in flavor and firmness. Seeds blackish, small
to medium in size.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties and scarce. Said to be a favorite
in England for hotbed and pot culture. Recommended by seedsmen in this country
asa good greenhouse sort. A few instances of its successful use for this purpose have
come to notice, but for most gardeners it is decidedly too small, although reliable,
easily grown, and exceedingly compact. Not adapted for general summer growing,
but may be planted outdoors successfully in autumn or early spring. Suited for both
the amateur and market gardener. Very distinct and not well compared to other
varieties. Its color is even darker green than New York. The habit is somewhat
similar to Speckled Dutch Butter and Mignonette, and its usefulness and value about
the same as Golden Queen:

Synonyms.—W heeler’s Tom Thumb, Landreth’s Forcing.

History.—First introduced in England by H. Wheeler & Son, and first listed by
American seedsmen a few years later as Wheeler’s Tom Thumb.

Iilustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate X VI, and a longi-
tudinal section on Plate XIX. The general character of the leaf is the same as that
shown of Speckled Dutch Butter, on Plate X XITI.

TROUT.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1899-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, small medium
in size, late, slow to shoot to seed. Plant compact and forming a globular or slightly
pointed, somewhat imperfectly defined, firm, well-blanched head and except for
being turned back at their extreme top the leaves of the head closely overlap one
another. Leaves broad, fairly blistered, crumpled, twisted, thick and stiff, entire at
margins, flat at borders. Outside of plant completely spotted with dark brown, but
spots so numerous, minute, and blended together as really to make the plant solid
dark brown in color. Inside head leaves very distinctly spotted, the spots here
being large and well separated. Stem of plant and base of midribs plainly colored.
Quality good; sweet, buttery, soft in texture. Seeds whitish.

76 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Comparison.—Searce and little known or planted. So much smaller, later, and
less reliable than other sorts of like habit and character that it can not be recom- +
mended except to amateurs, who will find it attractive because of its beautifully spotted
inner heart leaves. For serving on the table it makes a novel and attractive dish,
no other variety comparing with it for distinctly spotted inner heart leaves.
Golden Spotted is more distinctly and brightly spotted on the ontside leaves, but
less so on the inner leaves than this one. Succeeds fairly well in Summer. The
habit is quite similar to Hartford Bronzed Head and the color much like Shotwell’s
Brown Head.

History.—-Listed by R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for at least twenty years. |

illustrations. —A longitudinal section of the plant is similar to that of Hartford
Bronzed Head, on Plate XIX, except that the plant is less compact and does not
make so perfect a head. The leaf is similar to that of Tennis Ball Black Seeded, on
Plate XIII.

TYROLESE.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Saul, 1903.

Description.—A decidedly crisp variety, cabbage-heading, very late, very large,
slow to shoot to seed. Plant loose, spreading, central part somewhat upright, espe-
cially when young. Stem of plant very large and long. Head globular to short
oval in shape, well defined, well blanched, and its leaves regularly overlapping one
another but with loose spaces between them, and head therefore soft, though the
leaves composing it are very thick and stiff. Leaves short spatulate in shape, some-
times as broad as long, slightly but coarsely blistered and crumpled, little twisted,
very coarse in appearance, with prominent, heavy veins, and large protruding mid-
rib; margins deeply serrate, borders frilled. Color dull green, faintly and indistinctly
blotched with dull brown in places, border green or at least not distinctly brownish;
inner head leaves wholly green but stem of plant and base of midribs plainly colored,
no part of plant spotted. Quality fair; coarse, and hard in texture, but of a sweetness
and firmness which are often much liked. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—Very little known or planted. Too late, loose, and spreading in
habit and head too soft to be recommended to market gardeners or as a very useful
variety for amateurs. Other varieties like Hanson are decidedly preferable and more
reliable. Possibly attractive to some amateurs because of the immense size to which
the plants can be grown. Succeeds well in summer. More like Sugar Loaf than
any other lettuce, differing principally in color and being less vase-shaped in form.

Illustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate IT.

UNRIVALED.

Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bruce, 1902, 1903; Plant, 1902; Thorburn,
1903.

Comparison.—Little known or planted, but rapidly coming into favor with market
gardeners in places where the Big Boston variety does well. Its usefulness and value
are exactly the same as that variety, but it is preferred by some gardeners because _
solid green in color and, except for being slightly lighter green and without the
brownish tinge at the borders, it is the same as Big Boston. Its claim for recogni- —
tion is based wholly on this difference. For description see Big Boston. |

Synonyms.—Universal, Unsurpassed, Landreth’s Unsurpassed.

History.—First introduced into America by John A. Bruce & Co. and J. A. Sim-
mers in 1902 and first listed by seedsmen in this countrya year later. Evidently the
same variety listed by Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., of France, as Sans Rivaled. r

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 77

VICTORIA RED-EDGED.

Listed by thirteen seedsnren. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1899; Graham, 1908; Sim-
mers, 1899, 1900; Steele, Briggs & Co., 1901, 1903.

Description. —A decidedly butter variety, medium in size, early-intermediate in
season, and shooting to seed at an intermediate date. Plant compact and forming
a globular, firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves closely overlapping
one another. Leaves broad in shape, blistered and crumpled, slightly twisted, fairly
thick and stiff, entire at margins, flat or partly blistered at borders. Color medium
green, tinged with brown in places, sometimes over large areas and in distinct blotches
but never distinctly spotted, and inner head leaves and stalks never colored. (Quality
good; sweet, buttery in flavor, soft in texture. Seeds whitish. ‘

Comparison.—Searce in this country and very little planted. Strictly a market
gardener’s sort. Excellent for forcing, early spring, or late fall sowing, but not well
adapted for summer. More like Milly than any other lettuce, and possibly identical
with it. After this variety the most like Tennis Ball White-Seeded and California
Cream Butter.

Synonyms.—There seems to be considerable misunderstanding regarding this variety.
TheJerome B. Rice Seed Company and the Chesmore- Eastlake Seed Company mention
it as the same as Prize Head, and in years past it was catalogued by a considerable
number of seedsmen as Large Drum Head, both of which are quite different from the
original tvpe, which is the one described above.

History.—Listed by American seedsmen for at least twenty-seven years. Of foreign
origin.

Illustrations.—The habit of the mature plant is illustrated by that of California
Cream Butter, on Plate VIII, the solidity of the heads by that of Matador, on Plate
XX, and the character of the leaf by that of Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, on Plate
XXIII.

WHITE CHAVIGNE.

Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1903; Harmon, 1901, 1903; Tilton,
1900, 1901; Veitch, 1899.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cai aed teeta large, late-inter-
mediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant fairly compact and forming a glob-
ular, very firm, well-defined, well-blanched head, with leaves closely overlapping
one another. Leaves broad in shape, blistered and crumpled, slightly twisted, fairly
stiff, very thick, entire at margins, flat or partly blistered at borders. Color dark
green, never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality excellent; sweet, very
buttery in flavor, and with soft, thick leaves of much substance. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Little planted in this country, but rapidly becoming known as a
reliable summer variety. Claimed by some to make better heads during summer
than any other lettuce. Its usefulness and value for our country have been well
proved and it is highly recommended to both market gardeners and amateurs. Very
hardy to cold and a good sort to winter over outdoors. Not adapted for forcing.
Except for difference in color it is very similar in appearance to California Cream
Butter and is a good sort to grow wherever that variety does well. Very similar also
to Hubbard’s Market, though larger and darker green in color.

Synonyms.—Rosette, Maule’s Rosette, Farmer’s Pride, Bolgiano’s Farmer’s Pride,
White-Seeded Summer, Griffith & Turner’s White-Seeded Summer, Kendel’s Excel-
sior Head.

History.—Recently listed. by American seedsmen as a new French variety, though
the name has been in use by American seedsmen for atleast twenty-one years. Tests
of it made by experimentersabout eighteen years ago report it to be similar to Deacon
and Silver Ball and the type recognized at that time seems to be quite different from
the one which is now being advertised by seedsmen.

Illustrations.—Same as for California Cream Butter.

78 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

WHITE FORCING.

Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1899-1901; Bolgiano, 1899-1903.

Deseription,—A fairly butter variety, strictly eabbage-heading, very small, extremely
early, and shooting to seed at once when grown outdoors, Plant extremely compact,
and forming a heart-shaped or somewhat pointed, well-defined, firm, well-blanched
head, with leaves closely overlapping one another, except that their borders are
turned characteristically backward somewhat like the-petals of a rose, the head
thereby presenting a looser leaf growth and being somewhat obscured. Leaves broad
in shape, blistered, crumpled, twisted, thick, stiff, obscurely crenate at margins, slightly
undulate at borders. Color a beautiful light green, never spotted nor brownish in
any part. Quality excellent; very sweet and slightly buttery in flavor, but of a crisp,
firm texture and distinct quality, different from most butter sorts and somewhat
approaching the crisp varieties. Seeds very small, whitish.

Comparison.—One of the lesser grown varieties. Suitable only for forcing and being
the earliest, smallest, and most compact of all varieties except perhaps Emperor
Forcing and Density, it would seem to be the best suited for cold frames or hotbeds,
but it is decidedly too small for general greenhouse use. Wholly unfit for the
amateur or for outdoor culture. More like Golden Queen than any other lettuce,
differing in no important respects except size and earliness.

Synonyms.—Bolgiano’s White Forcing, Perfection Early White Forcing, Buist’s |
Perfection White Forcing. |

Confusing names.—California Giant White Forcing, Giant White Forcing, Godden’s
White-Seeded Forcing, all different types from White Forcing. |

History.—Listed by American seedsmen for at least seventeen years. |

Illustrations. —A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate VII. The solidity |
of the heads is illustrated by that of Matador, on Plate XX. ;

WHITE GIANT.

Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ewing, 1902, 1903.

Comparison.—So far this new variety has been used in this country and Canada for
experimental planting only. The trials of it at Washington have not yet been suffi-
cient to determine its exact usefulness and value nor to say which of our varieties it
most closely resembles. It is evidently a distinct sort, similar in appearance to
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, but very late in season, mammoth in size, and very
spreading in habit. At Washington it has done very poorly, being a very uncertain
header and unreliable, but in California it seems to grow well. Wholly unfit for |
forcing. Seeds blackish.

History. —Listed first in America by Wm. Ewing & Co.

WHITE LOAF.

Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1899, 1900, 1902;
J. Bolgiano & Son, 1903; Griffith & Turner, 1899-1903.

Comparison.—A favorite with Washington and Baltimore market gardeners, but
apparently not known nor planted elsewhere. In the vicinity of these cities it is
largely used for early spring sowing and is almost the only sort planted for winter-
ing over outdoors. For the last three years stocks of this variety have been very
much mixed, but if the pure strain is obtained this is a most excellent variety and
is highly recommended to both amateurs and market gardeners. Usefulness and
value much the same as Reichner and, except that it is large-medium in size, the
description is the same as given for that variety. White Loaf is, however, a little
later to mature and is slower to shoot to seed, as well as more crumpled, but less
twisted, in its leaves.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 79

Synonyms.—Large White Loaf, Bolgiano’s White Loaf, Large Loaf, Loaf.

Confusing name.—Sugar Loaf, which is a very different type from White Loat.

History.—Apparently named and first introduced by J. Bolgiano & Son about ten
years ago.

Illustrations. —The general habit of the mature plant is illustrated by that of
Reichner, on Plate XVI; the young plant by that of Nansen, on Plate XXII, and
the solidity of the heads by that of Matador, on Plate XX.

WHITE STAR.

Listed by thirty seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1899, 1901; Tilton, 1901.

Description. —A crisp variety, sometimes cabbage-like in growth, but generally
decidedly more bunching than cabbaging; marketable at an intermediate season,
but late outdoors in attaining fullest development; very large; slow to shoot to seed.
Plant fairly compact for so large a sort, and consisting of a dense, well-blanched
cluster of leaves, rounded to broadly V-shaped in form, its innermost heart leaves
generally curving over one another and forming an incomplete concealed cabbage-
like head, partly visible at the top of the plant. Leaves very broad, excessively
blistered, crumpled, and twisted into large, coarse folds; also very thick and stiff
and with heavy veins and large, protruding midrib; broadly but shallow crenate at
margins; decidedly undulate at borders. Color very light green, never spotted nor
brownish in any part. Quality poor; hard and coarse in texture, and decidedly
lacking in sweetness, delicacy, and flavor. Seeds large, whitish.

Comparison.—A popular variety of the United States, though not one of the ten mos
largely grown sorts. With Grand Rapids, Detroit Market Gardeners’ Forcing, and
Black-Seeded Simpson it forms the four varieties most largely grown under glass
around Detroit. It is an excellent variety for summer, and in some outdoor trials
at Washington it made the largest and most showy plants of any. In California it
does not grow to a large size. A fine shipper and reliable. An excellent variety for
market gardeners and highly recommended to them for trial as being possibly better
than any other for certain soils and gardens. -On account of its poor quality, not
recommended for private gardeners. Very distinct, but perhaps more like Morse
than any other lettuce.

Synonyms.—Tilton’s White Star, Buckeye, Golden Beauty.

fHistory.—Introduced by A. Tilton & Son in 1889.

Iilustrations.—A longitudinal section of the variety is shown on Plate XXI. The
general habit of the plant is illustrated by that of Black-Seeded Simpson, on Plate I.

WHITE SUMMER CABBAGE.

Listed by fifty-five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1900, 1901; Ferry, 1900,
1901; Henderson, 1900, 1901; Vaughan, 1901.

Comparison.—Same general character and usefulness as Hubbard’s Market and
almost identical with it. As received in Washington a little larger, more spreading
in habit, and not quite so even in type nor as desirable as that variety. For descrip-
tion see Hubbard’s Market. ~

Synonyms.—Large White Summer, White Cabbage.

History.—Known in this country for at least twenty-three years.

Illustrations.—Same as for Hubbard’s Market.

YELLOW-SEEDED BUTTER.

Listed by thirty seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1901; Ferry, 1901, 1902;
Henderson, 1901-1903.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
late-intermediate in season, slow to shoot to seed. Plant compact and forming a

SU AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

vlobular, firm, very well defined, well blanched head, with leaves very closely over-
lapping one another, Leaves broad, much blistered and crumpled, little twisted,
luirly thick, entire at margins, flat or partly blistered at borders. Color light green,
never spotted nor brownish in any part. Quality good; sweet, buttery in flavor, soft
in texture. Seeds yellowish.

Comparison.—A popular variety of the United States, though not one of the ten
most largely grown sorts. Useful in the same way as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, but
later in season and probably not as sure heading nor reliable. More like that variety
in appearance than any other, Also similar to Hubbard’s Market and White Sum-
mer Cabbage. :

Synonyms. —Gray-Seeded Butter, Bloomsdale Early Summer, Champion, Champion
Spring and Summer, Moore’s Champion Spring and Summer, Denham’s Mam-
moth Green, Solid Header.

History.—Introduced by Peter Henderson & Co., about twenty-two years ago.

[/lustrations.—Same as for Tennis Ball Black-Seeded.

YELLOW WINTER.

Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1900-1902.

Description.—A decidedly butter variety, strictly cabbage-heading, medium in size,
early-intermediate in season, fairly slow to shoot to seed. Plant compact and form-
ing a globular, soft to somewhat firm, well defined, well blanched head. Leayes
uniformly cup-shaped and upright, especially when young, and very closely over-
lapping one another, but meeting at the margins only, not folding past one another
over the top of head, the whole growth peculiarly regular and formal. Leaves broad
in shape, fairly blistered, crumpled, thick and stiff, never twisted, entire at margins,
flat or slightly blistered at borders. Color medium green, slightly tinged light brown
in places, apparently not spotted but occasional spots distinguishable on close
examination; stem of plant and inner head leaves wholly green. Quality fair;
medium buttery and sweet in flavor, fairly tender. Seeds whitish.

Comparison.—Scarce and little planted. Recommended for growing in frames,
starting early and transplanting outdoors in spring, or for late fall sowing or wintering
over outdoors. Not suited forsummer. A strictly market gardener’s sort. Useful-
ness and value same as Cold Frame White Cabbage and probably more like that
variety in appearance than any other.

Synonyms.—Thorburn’s Yellow Winter.

History.—Introduced in 1900 by J. M. Thorburn & Co., who state that it is of
European origin.

Tllustrations.—A mature plant of the variety is shown on Plate IX and a leaf on
Plate XXIV. The solidity of the heads is illustrated by Matador on Plate XX.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES.

The following list embraces nearly all varieties catalogued to-day
by American seedsmen. Those which are omitted embrace kinds of
which the tests were unsatisfactory or the seed not obtainable. Both
distinct and subsidiary sorts are included in this list, the former embrac-
ing those preferred names mentioned in the preceding list of real varie-
ties and the latter those so-called varieties which, upon trial, have been
found to be strains, synonyms, or sorts practically identical with the
true varieties already described. Following each variety is given the

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. S1

number of seedsmen who mention that variety in their seed list for the
year 1903. Where such data are omitted, the name has been regarded
as equivalent to some other similar name, and the number of seeds-
men who catalogue it has been counted with those of the preferred
name. The seedsmen mentioned after these statements are those from
whom seed was obtained, and upon whose samples the descriptions are
largely based.

Advancer. (See p. 28.)

Alaska. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tesied: Bailey, 1901.)
Same as Golden Curled. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1895 by Sun-
set Seed Company.

All Cream. (Listed by eight seedsmen. Seeds tested: May, 1899-1903; Salzer,
1899, 1900, 1903. )

- Prize Head, Hanson, New York, Buttercup, and Chartier were received in response
to orders for this variety. Most of the samples from Salzer have been Prize Head
and those from May have generally been Hanson. Named and introduced as a
novelty in 1892 by John A. Salzer.

All Heart. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dreer, 1900-1902. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced as a new variety in
1900 by Henry A. Dreer. The type is quite different from that of California All
Heart.

All Right Spring and Autumn. (Listed by twoseedsmen. Seeds tested: Michell,
1900-1903. )

Same as Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. Named and introduced as a new variety
in 1900 by Henry F. Michell under the name of Michell’s All Right Spring and
Summer, but changed in 1902 to Michell’s All Right Spring and Autumn. The type
is quite different from that of Myer’s All Right.

All Right Spring and Summer. (Seeds tested: Michell, 1900-1901. )
See All Right Spring and Autumn.

All Seasons. (See p. 28.)

All the Year Round. (Listed by forty-five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory,
1900; Henderson, 1899, 1900, 1902. )

The type universally sold in the United States under this name is Tennis Ball
Black-Seeded, but in England another type is said to be in use. The variety is of
foreign origin and has been listed by American seedsmen for at least twenty-eight
years.

Always Ready. (Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899.)
Same as Defiance. Named and first listed in 1894 by D. Landreth Seed Company,
but not catalogued after 1899. The name seems to have wholly gone out of use.

American Gathering. (See p. 29.)

Arlington Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested:
Burwell, 1899. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. The word Arlington is attached to the com-
mon name because the variety is popular with gardeners at Arlington, Mass., but
sometimes it is added to indicate also that the stock seed is grown at that place.

Arlington Tennis Ball White-Seeded. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested:
Burwell, 1899; Johnson & Stokes, 1899. )
Same as Tennis Ball White-Seeded. The word Arlington is attached to the com-
mon name because the variety is popular with gardeners at Arlington, Mass., but
sometimes it is added to indicate also that the stock seed is grown at that place.

Asiatic. (See p. 29.)

Asparagus. (See p. 30.)

Asparagus Lobed-Leaved. (Sve p. 30.)
_5408—No. 69—04——6

82 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Atlanta Market. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: McMillan, 1901-1908. )

As received here this variety has been very different every year, the samples of
the various years being identified as Denver Market, Deacon, and New York.
Named and first listed by MeMillan Seed Company in 1900, but it seems that before
this time it was listed as McMillan’s Cabhage.

Australian White Triumph. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore &
Simon, 1901, 19058. )

Same as Deacon. Named and introduced in 1900 by Moore & Simon, who state
the variety was received from a market gardener in Australia. The type is quite
different from the Triumph catalogued by other seedsmen,

Balloon Cos. (Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1899, 1900; Evans, 1901; R. H. Johnson,
1903. )

This variety, which is a well-known foreign sort, is not now catalogued by seeds-
men of the United States. It was listed by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. in 1884. Very
similar to, possibly identical with, Paris White Cos.

Baltimore Cabbage. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Griffith & Turner,
1899-1901. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced by Griffith & Turner
in 1892. The name is well known in the vicinity of Baltimore, but is little heard of
elsewhere. .

|
/
Baltimore Oak-Leaved. (See p. 31.)

Batavian Brown Dutch. (Seeds tested: Ebeling, 1899, 1900. )

Same as Brown Dutch Black-Seeded.
‘
’

Bath Cos. (Seep. 31.)

Beckert’s Brown Curled. (Seeds tested: Beckert, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903. )
Described under Brown Curled.

Beckert’s Golden Curled. (Seeds tested: Beckert, 1899, 1900, 1903.)
Described under Golden Curled.

Big Boston. (See p. 32.)

Big Head. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1900,
1901; J. Bolgiano & Son, 1903; Griffith & Turner, 1899-1901; Salzer, 1900. )
Identical with Deacon as received from F. W. Bolgiano & Co. and J. Bolgiano &
Son, Big Boston as received from Griffith & Turner, and Denver Market as received
from John A. Salzer. The name was apparently first used by J. Bolgiano & Son and
is well known in the vicinity of Baltimore and Washington, but little heard of
elsewhere.

Black-Seeded Butter. (Listed by fourteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee,
1899-1901, 1903; Henderson, 1901. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Listed by American seedsmen for at least
twenty years. Sometimes deseribed as larger than Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. The
type is a different one from that of Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. J

Black-Seeded Simpson. (See p. 33.)

Black-Seeded Summer. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano
& Co., 1902; Griffith & Turner, 1899, 1900. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced in 1898 by Griffith &
Turner. The name is well known in the vicinity of Baltimore and Washington, but °_
is little heard of elsewhere. In the latter place it is about the only sort used for
summer growing.

Blonde Beauty. (Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1899-1901. )

Recognized everywhere as the same as Blonde Block Head. Introduced from
France about 1890 by several American seedsmen. The type is quite different from
Golden Beauty.

Blonde Block Head. (Seep. 54.)

Bloomsdale Butter. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899-
1901. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced by D. Landreth Seed —

Company, who have listed the variety for at least twenty years.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 8&3

Bloomsdale Early Summer. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dallwig,
1901; Landreth, 1899-1901. )

Same as Yellow-Seeded Butter. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1860
by D. Landreth Seed Company, who state that it is the result of a hybridization
between the French Perpignan and English Imperial. Said to be known as Creole
in the vicinity of New Orleans. The type is quite different from that of Bloomsdale
Butter and Bloomsdale Reliable.

Bloomsdale Reliable. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899
L901. ) 2
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced as a new variety in
1860 by D. Landreth Seed Company, who state that it is the result of a hybridization
between the French Perpignan and English Imperial. The type is quite different
from that of Bloomsdale Karly Summer.

Bolgiano’s Black-Seeded Summer. (Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1901,
1902. )
Described under Black-Seeded Summer.
Bolgiano’s Big Head. (Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1900, 1901; J. Bol-
giano & Son, 1903.)
Described under Big Head.

Bolgiano’s Early Spring. (Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1899-1903. )
Described under Early Spring.

Bolgiano’s Farmer’s Pride. (Seeds tested: J. Bolgiano & Son, 1903. )
Described under Farmer’s Pride. The name seems to be known only in the
vicinity of Baltimore and Washington.

Bolgiano’s Golden Heart. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: J. Bolgiano
& Son, 1903. )
Same as Deacon, and different from that usually sold as Golden Heart.

Bolgiano’s White Forcing. (Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1899-1903. )
Described under White Forcing.

Bolgiano’s White Loaf. (Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1899, 1900, 1902;
J. Bolgiano & Son, 1903. )
Described under White Loat.

Bonanza. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Schwill, 1899-1901. )
Same as New York. Named and introduced in 1900.by Otto Schwill & Co., as
Schwill’s Bonanza.

Bon Ton. (See p. 34.)
Boston Curled. (Sve p. 34.)

Boston Fine Curled. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1899-
1901. )
Same as Boston Curled.

Boston Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Vick, 1903. )
Same as Hothouse. The type is quite different from that of Big Boston, Boston
Curled, and Boston Market. .

Boston Forcing Tennis Ball White-Seeded. (Listed by one seedsman. Seed
tested: Farquhar, 1901-1903. )
Same as Hothouse. The type is quite different from that of Boston Market, Big
Boston, and Boston Curled.

Boston Glasshouse. (Seeds tested: Noll, 1901.)
_ Same as Hothouse. It should not*be confounded with Big Boston, Boston Market,
and Boston Curled.

Boston Market. (Listed by ninety-three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1901;
Burpee, 1901; Henderson, 1901, 1902; Michell, 1899; Thorburn, 1899-1901. )
Accepted everywhere as the same as Tennis Ball White-Seeded. The name Bos-
ton Market has been used for twenty-five or more years because this lettuce is so
largely planted by Boston market gardeners. The type is different from that of Big
Boston, Large Boston Market, Boston Curled, Boston Glasshouse, Boston Hothouse,
and Boston Forcing.

s4 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Briggs’ Forcing and Garden. (See p. 35.)
Brittle Ice. (Sve p. 35.)
Bronzed Ourled. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899-1902.)

Same as Chartier. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1893 by D. Land-
reth Seed Company. The type is quite different from that of Bronzed Head,
Hartford Bronzed Head, Brown Head, Shotwell’s Brown Head, Batavyian Brown
Head, and Bronzed Red.

Bronzed Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Veitch, 1899.)

Same as Hartford Bronzed Head. The type is quite different from that of Brown
Head, Shotwell’s Brown Head, Batavian Brown Head, Bronzed Curled, and Brown
Curled.

Bronzed Red. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Eastman, 1899—1902. )

Same as Red Besson. Named and introduced by the above seedsman, who states
that it isa chance seedling or sport. The type is quite different from that of Bronzed
Curled, Brown Curled, Bronzed Head, Hartford Bronzed Head, and Shotwell’s
Brown Head.

Brown Chartier. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Scott, 1899—1903. )

Same as Chartier. The word ‘‘ Brown”’ is applied by the above seedsman to distin-
guish the variety from White Chartier.

Brown Curled. (Listed by twoseedsmen. Seeds tested: Beckert, 1899, 1900, 1902,
1903; Comstock, Ferre & Co., 1901, 1902.)

Same as Chartier. The type is quite different from that of Bronzed Head, Brown

Head, and Shotwell’s Brown Head.

Brown Dutch Black-Seeded. (Sve p. 35.)

Brown Dutch White-Seeded. (See p. 36.)

Brown Genoa. (See p. 36.)

Brown Head. (See p. 36.)

Buckbee’s Earliest Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee,
1899—1901.)

Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and introduced in 1897 by H. W. Buck-
bee. The variety should not be confounded with Earliest Cutting, as sold by W. E.
Dallwig.

Buckbee’s Ice Drum Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee,
1899—1901. )

Same as Prize Head. A decidedly bunching sort; not cabbage heading, as the
name would seem to indicate.

Buckbee’s Ideal. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1900. )

Same as Tennis Ball White-Seeded. Named and first listed by H. W. Buckbee,
in 1900.

Buckbee’s Superb. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1901. )
Same as Hothouse. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman. The
type is quite different from that of Hastings’ Superba.

Buckbee’s Surprise. (Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1903. )
Described under Surprise.

Buckeye. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Tilton, 1901.)
Same as White Star. Named and first listed in 1901 by A. Tilton & Son.

Burpee’s Butter Head. (See p. 37.)

Burpee’s Hard Head. (Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899—1903. )
Described under Hard Head.

Burpee’s Prize Head. (Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1900, 1901.)
Described under Prize Head.

Burpee’s Silver Ball. (Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899—1902. )
Described under Silver Ball.

Burpee’s Tomhannock. (Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899—1901, 1903.)
Described under Tomhannock.

Buttercup. (Sve p. 37.)

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 8H

California All Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: R. H. Johnson,
1901. )
Same as Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. The type is quite different from that of
Jalifornia All Heart.

California All Heart. (Sve p. 38.)

California Cabbage. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Shumway, 1900,
1901. )
Same as California Cream Butter in 1900 and Deacon in 1901. Named and first
listed by above seedsman.

California Cream Butter. (Sve p. 38.)

California Giant White Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore
& Simon, 1900, 1903. )

Same as Big Boston. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1892 by Moore «&
Simon, under name of Large White Forcing, but changed by them in 1895 to Cali-
fornia Giant White Forcing. The type is quite different from that of White Forcing
and Perfection White Forcing.

Celery Cos. (Listed by fourteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Paris White Cos.

Champion. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Burwell, 1899—1901. )
Same as Yellow-Seeded Butter.

Champion Spring and Summer. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: John-
son & Stokes, 1899—1902; Moore & Simon, 1900, 1901. )
Same as Yellow-Seeded Butter. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1891
by Johnson & Stokes. The type is quite different from that of All Right Spring and
Autumn.

Chartier. (See p. 39.)

Chesterfield. (Seeds tested: Wood, 1901.)
Same as Big Boston. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1901 by T. W.
Wood & Son, but not listed by them or any other seed house after that year.

Chicago Forcing. (See p. 39.)

Childs’ Half Century. (Seeds tested: Childs, 1899—1903. )
Described under Hali Century, on page 52.

Cincinnati Market. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: J. C. McCullough,
1902, 1903.)
Same as Denver Market.

Cincinnati Market Gardener’s Brown Curled. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds
tested: Weber, 1903. )
Same as Prize Head. The type is quite different from that of Brown Curled or
Bronzed Curled.

Cold Frame White Cabbage. (See p. 40.)

Constitution. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Great Northern Seed
Company, 1901, 1903.
Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1901
by the above seedsmen.

Continuity. (Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901—1903; Thor-
burn, 1903. )
Same as Red Besson. Introduced from England as a new variety by W. Atlee
Burpee & Co. in 1901.

Copper Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1902,
1903.

Same as Eureka. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1902 by above
seedsmen.

Cream Butter. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Childs, 1899—1901. )
Same as California Cream Butter.

S6 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Crisp asIce. (Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901; Livingston,
1900-—1902; Maule, 1899—1901. )
Same as Hartford Bronzed Head, Named and introduced as a new variety in 1894
by Livingston Seed Company,

Crisp and Tender. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested, Buckbee; 1901. )
Same as White-Seeded Simpson. Named and first listed by above seedsman,

Crosman’s Golden King. (Seeds tested: Crosman, 1899, 1900. )
Described under Golden King.

Crosman’s Improved. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Crosman, 1900,
LOOL. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and first listed by above seedsman.

Crumpled-Leaved. (Ace p. 40.)

Curled India. (Listed by nine seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899, 1900,
L901. )
Same as Iceberg. A very old name known to American seedsmen for at least
forty years, but now nearly gone out of use. It is also sold as India, Large Curled
India, and Large India. The name is best known in New England.

Cut and Come Again. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon,
LYOO—1903. )
Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1895
by above seedsmen.
Dammann’s Ice. (See p. 41.)

Daybreak. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1903.)
Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and first listed in 1903 by H. W. Buckbee,

Dayton )AMarket. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Ritter, 1899.)

Same as Denver Market. Apparently first named by above seedsman, who states
it is very popular with the market gardeners of Dayton, Ohio, and that it has been
grown in the vicinity of that city for more than thirty-five years.

Deacon. (See p. 41.)
Defiance. (See p. 41.)

Delicate. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Page, 1901. )
Same as Mignonette. Named and first listed in 1901 by Page Seed Company. |

Denham’s Mammoth Green. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Harvey
1899, 1901, 1902. )
Same as Yellow-Seeded Butter. The name was apparently first used by above
seedsman.
Density. (See p. 42.)
Denver Market. (See p. 43.)
Detroit Market Gardener’s Forcing. (See p. 43.)

Dickmann’s Early White Butter. (Seeds tested: Dickmann, 1899.)
Described under Early White Butter.

Dickmann’s Private Stock. (Seeds tested: Dickmann, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. ;

Dickmann’s St. Louis Market. (Seeds tested: Dickmann, 1899, 1901. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market. The type is quite different from that of St. Louis
Butter and St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing.

Dreer’s Hanson. (Seeds tested: Dreer, 1900, 1901.)
Described under Hanson.

Drum Head. (Listed by twenty-four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Comstock, Ferre _
& Co., 1901; Farquhar, 1901; Steckler, 1901. ) :
Same as Malta. The words Drum Head, either alone or in connection with other
words, have been used in this country for at least thirty-eight years to form names of
a great number of different types of lettuce. Therefore, when this name is used it is
uncertain which type is referred to. Drum Head seems to have been first applied to
the Malta lettuce and is to-day probably most correctly applied to that type. Malta, —
Deacon, California Cream Butter, and Hubbard’s Market seem to be the types most —
sold under the name of Drum Head.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 87

Dwarf White Heart Cos. (Sve p. 44.)
Earliest Cutting. (Sve p. 44.)
Earliest of All. (Seeds tested: Sioux Falls Seed Company, 1899, 1900. )

Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and first listed by above seedsmen. The
type is quite different from that of Karliest Cutting.

Early Butter. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Gregory, 1899-1901;
Weeber and Don, 1900, 1901.)
Same as Philadelphia Butter as received from the former and Tennis Ball Black-
Seeded from the latter seedsmen. A very uncertain name and likely to be taken for
either of the above types or for Hubbard’s Market.

Early Cabbage. (Listed by nine seedsmen. Seeds tested: McMillan, 1900, 1901. )

Same as Hubbard’s Market. The use of this ambiguous name is discouraged. It
is often taken to refer to a number of similar named types of wholly different char-
acter.

Early Challenge. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: May, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market. Named and first listed about seven years ago by the
above seedsman.

Early Curled Silesia. (ce p. 44.)
4 Early Curled Simpson. (See p. 45.)

Early Drum Head. (Seeds tested: Schisler-Corneli, 1903.)
Same as Hubbard’s Market. See Drum Head.

Early Dutch Butter. (Seeds tested: Buist, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Speckled Dutch Butter.

Early Market. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Eichling, 1900, 1901;
May, 1899, 1900, 1903; Schindler, 1903. ) :
Same as Hubbard’s Market.

Early Ohio. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bruce, 1899, 1900; Robert
Evans, 1901; Lee, 1903. )
Same as Denver Market. The Robert Evans Seed Company claims to have first
introduced this variety. It was listed in this country as a new variety about sixteen
years ago.

Early Prize Head. (Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1901; Burpee, 1900-1903; Ferry, 1900,
1901; Henderson, 1901.)
Same as Prize Head.

Early Silver Ball. (Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1901.)
Same as Silver Ball.

Early Spring. (Listed by twoseedsmen. Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano, 1899-1903. )

Same as California Cream Butter. The name was probably first used by above
seedsman or by J. Bolgiano & Son, and seems to be known only in the vicinity of
Washington and Baltimore.

Early Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. (Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900, 1901.)
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded.

Early White Butter. (Listed by four seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1899;
Dusard, 1899; Michell, 1899. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market.

Early White Cabbage. (Listed by fourteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dreer, 190)
Michell, 1899; Moore & Simon, 1900; Steckler, 1901. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market as received from Henry F. Michell and Reichner as
received from the other seedsmen mentioned above.

Early White Self-Folding Cos. (Seeds tested: Ferry, 1899, 1901.)
Same as Paris White Cos.

Eclipse. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Great Northern, 1903. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced as a new variety in
1902 by Great Northern Seed Company.

fale) AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Eichling’s Early Market. (Seeds tested: Kichling, 1900, 1901.)
Described under Early Market.
Elliott’s Leviathan. (Seeds tested: Elliott, 1901.) Described under Leviathan.
Emerald. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Great Northern, 1900, )
Same as Prize Head. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1900 by Great
Northern Seed Company.
Emperor Forcing. (See p. 45.)
Emperor William. (ce p. 46.)
Engel’s Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. )
Same as Detroit Market Gardener’s Forcing. A local name used by Lohrman
Seed Company, of Detroit, Mich.
Erfurt Large Thick Head Yellow. (Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Thick Head Yellow.
Eureka. (See p. 46.)
Evans’ Hamilton Market. (Seeds tested: Robert Evans, 1901. )
Same as Hanson. Described under Hamilton Market.

Everlasting. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Everitt, 1899, 1900, 1903. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Listed by above seedsman ‘or at least eight
years, but apparently never listed by other seed houses. ;

Excelsior. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Ewing, 1900, 1903. )
Same as Hanson. Apparently first named and listed by above seedsman. The
type is quite different from that of Kendel’s Excelsior Head.

Express Cos. (See p. 46.)

Farmer Seed Co.’s New Ice. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested:-Farmer
Seed Company, 1903. )
Same as New York. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1903 by Farmer
Seed Company.

Farmer’s Pride. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: J. Bolgiano & Son, 1903.)
Same as White Chavigne.

Farquhar’s Long-Standing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Farquhar,
1899-1901. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named by above seedsman, but other similar
names, like Long-Standing Cabbage, listed by W. Atlee Burpee in 1886, Long-Stand-
ing-Bronze Head, listed by Johnson & Stokes in 1893, and Long-Standing White Cos,
listed by Germain Seed Company in 1896, have formerly been in use, though all
seem to be very different from this type.

Faust’s Queen. (Seeds tested: Faust, 1899, 1900.)
Described under Queen.

Favorite. (Seeds tested: Schisler-Corneli, 1901. )

Same as St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing. Named and introduced in 1900 by above
seedsmen, but not now listed by them or any other seed house. The type is quite
different from that of Rudolph’s Favorite, Sutton’s Favorite, Gardener’s Favorite,
and Florida Favorite.

Ferry’s Early Prize Head. (Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900, 1901. )
Same as Prize Head.

First Crop. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Weaver, 1903.)
Same as Matador. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1903 by the above
seedsman. The type is quite different from that of First Early.

First Early. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Great Northern Seed Com-
pany, 1900, 1901.)
Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and first listed by Great Northern Seed
Company. The type is quite different from that of First Crop. 4

Florida Header. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Crosman, 1900, 1901;
Hastings, 1901.) a
Same as Reichner.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 89)

Forty Day. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1902, 1908.)
Same as Nansen. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1902 by William
Henry Maule.

Frankfort Head Black-Seeded. (Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Brinker,
1899, 1901; Kendel, 1901. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. A very old name, known in this country for
at least thirty-seven years.
Frankfort Head White-Seeded. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Brinker,
1899. )
Same as Tennis Ball White-Seeded. A very old name, known in this country for
at least thirty-seven years.

French Market. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Steckler, 1900, 1901,
1903. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1899 by
J. Steckler Seed Company and described by them as a great improvement on IHub-
bard or Large Green Royal.

Frotscher’s New Orleans Large Passion. (Seeds tested: Steckler, 1899, 1901.)
Described under New Orleans Large Passion.

Gardener’s Favorite. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bruce, 1901;
Simmers, 1899-1901. )
Same as Hanson. Apparently named and first listed by John A. Bruce & Co.
The type is quite different from that of Florida Favorite, Sutton’s Favorite, and
Rudolph’s Favorite.

Gardener’s Friend. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Darch & Hunter,
1903. )
Same as Hanson. Named and first listed in 1903 by Darch & Hunter.

German Butter. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899-1901, 1903. )
Same as California Cream Butter. Named and first listed in 1895 by John A.
Salzer.

German Early Head. (<Sce p 47.)
German Incomparable. (ce p. 48.)

Giant Crystal Head. (Listed by twelve seedsmen. Seeds tested: Michell, 1901;
Thorburn, 1901, 1903. )

Introduced into this country from Germany by American seedsmen in 1901. It is
described as a cross between Hanson and Salamander and was sent out by Chris.
Lorenz, of Germany, as a new lettuce, but in Department trials indistinguishable
from Iceberg even when grown by the side of it.

Giant Glacier. (See p. 48.)

Giant Golden Heart. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Breck, 1903. )

The samples tested were indistinguishable from Iceberg or Giant Crystal Head,
though the variety is described by Beckert and Weaver as dark green in color. The
above seedsman, who first listed it in this country in 1903, describes it as a sport
from Giant Crystal Head and to closely resemble it.

Giant White Cos. (See p. 48.)

Giant White Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Tait, 1903. )

Same as Big Boston. Said by above seedsman to be an improvement on Big Bos-
ton. The type is quite different from that of White Forcing, Bolgiano’s White
Forcing, and Perfection White Forcing.

Glasshouse. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1900-1903. )
Same as Hothouse. Named and first listed by above seedsman as Thorburn’s
Glasshouse.

Godden’s White-Seeded Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested:
Godden, 1901, 1902. )
Same as Tennis Ball White-Seeded. The name is evidently used only by above
seedsman. The type is quite different from that of White Forcing, Perfection White
Forcing, Giant White Forcing, and California Giant White Forcing.

V0 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Golden Ball. (Listed by seven seedsmen. Seeds-tested: Northrup, King & Co.,
L900, 1901; Ritter, 1899; Hopkins, 1901; Nebraska, 1901; Springfield, 1901.)
Same as Buttercup as received from first two and Hubbard’s Market from last
three seedsmen above. Listed as a novelty by American seedsmen about twenty-
tive years ago and described as of Russian origin. The original and correct type
seems to be Buttercup, which is quite different from that of Golden Heart, Golden

Head, Golden Forcing, Golden Beauty, Golden King, and Golden Gate.

Golden Curled. (Sve p. 49.)

Golden Beauty. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Tilton, 1899-1901, 1903. )

Same as White Star. Named and introduced in 1892 by A. Tilton & Son. It is |
claimed by them to be an improvement on White Star in ‘being of larger growth.
The type is quite different from that of Blonde Beauty.

Golden Buttercup. (Seeds tested: Schisler-Corneli, 1899.)
Same as Buttercup.

Golden Forcing. (Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899. )

Same as Denver Market. Named and first listed by D. Landreth Seed Company in
1899, but never afterwards, and the name seems now to have wholly gone out of use.
The ‘type is quite different from that of Golden Head, Golden Ball, Golden Nugget,
Golden Stone Head, Golden Heart, Golden Sunset, Golden King, and Golden Gate.

Golden Gate. (Listed by eight seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1900,
1901.

Same as Deacon. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1900 by above
seedsmen.

Golden Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Templin, 1899-1901. )

No one type seems to be recognized for this variety. The samples received were
the same as Prize Head in 1899, Golden Queen in 1900, Philadelphia Butter in 1901.
Described by above seedsman as cabbage heading. Formerly listed by Livingston
Seed Company as Livingston’s Golden Head. The variety should not be confounded
with Golden Forcing, Golden Curled, Golden Heart, Golden Ball, Golden Buttercup,
Gold Nugget, Golden Queen, Golden Beauty, nor Golden Gate.

Golden Heart. (See p. 49.)

Golden King. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Crosman, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Buttercup in 1899 and Reichner in 1900. Named and first listed by above
seed house.

Golden Queen. (See p. 49.)
Golden Spotted. (See p. 50.)

Gold Nugget. (Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899, 1900, 1902;
Stumpp & Walter, 1903. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market. First listed by W. Atlee Burpee & Co. in 1899. The
type is quite different from that of Golden Ball, Golden Buttercup, Golden Head,
Golden Curled, Golden Heart, and Golden Stone Head.

Grand Rapids. (See p. 50.)

Gray-Seeded Butter. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1899-
1901.)
Same as Yellow-Seeded Butter.
Green Cos. (See p. 51.)

Green-Fringed. (See p. 51.)

Griffith & Turner’s Black-Seeded Summer. (Seeds tested: 1899, 1900. )
Described under Black-Seeded Summer.

Griffith & Turner’s White-Seeded Summer. (Seeds tested: Grifith & Turner, |
1899, 1900, 1902. ) ;
Described under White-Seeded Summer.

Half Century. (See p. 52.)

Hamilton Market. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bruce, 1899-1901; _
Robert Evans, 1901. ) .
Same as Hanson. Said to have been named and first listed by Robert Eva ns
Seed Company, but catalogued also by American seedsmen for at least twenty years.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. Q]

Hammond’s Earliest Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Ham-
mond, 1901.)

Same as Morse. Named and first listed by Harry N. Hammond Seed Company.

The type is quite different from that of Earliest Cutting as sent out by W. b. Dallwig.

Hanson. (Sve p. 52.)
Harbinger. (Sve p. 53.)

Hard Head. (Listed by eight seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899, 1903;
Childs, 1900. )

Same as Brown Head. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1887 by W. Atlee
Burpee & Co. under the name of Burpee’s Hard Head and said by them to have origi-
nated with a German seed grower. The name is very misleading, as the variety is
anything but a hard head.

Hardy Green Hammersmith. (ve p. 53.)

Hardy Green Winter. (Listed by eight seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman,
1901; Plant, 1900; Thorburn, 1903; Viek, 1899-1903. )
Same as Hardy Green Hammersmith. One of the oldest of all lettuce names.
Known in this country for at least fifty-seven years.

Hartford Bronzed Head. (Sve p. 54.)

Hastings’ Drum Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Hastings, 1901. )
Same as New York. The name is very misleading, as Drum Head is more generally
applied to Malta and several other types described under Drum Head.

Hastings’ Superba. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Hastings, 1903. )
Sameas Maximum. Named and first listed by above seedsman in 1903. The type
is quite different from that of Buckbee’s Superb.

Heat-Resisting Cos. (Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899. )
Same as Paris White Cos. Listed for at least twenty-five years by above seed house
as Landreth’s Heat-Resisting Cos.

Heavy Weight. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899-1901,
1903.

Same as Big Boston as received the first two and New York the last two years.
Named and introduced as a new variety in 1895 by above seedsman under the name
of Salzer’s Heavy Weight.

Henderson’s New York. (Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1901; Henderson, 1900, 1901. )
Described under New York.

Hero. (See p. 54.)

Hittinger’s Belmont. (Listed by seventeen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee,
1900, 1902; Farquhar, 1900, 1901.)
Same as Hothouse. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1891 by Schlegel
& Fottler, who state that it originated with Hittinger Brothers, of Belmont, Mass.
The name is best known in the Fast.

Hornberger’s Dutch Butter. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson
& Stokes, 1899-1902. )
Same as Speckled Dutch Butter. Named and introduced in 1896 by Johnson &
Stokes as an improvement on Speckled Dutch Butter.

Hothouse. (See p. 55.)

Houston Market. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Reichardt & Schulte,
1903; Thompson, 1902. )
Same as Big Boston. Apparently named and first listed by J. H. Thompson Seed
and Rice Milling Company, the predecessors of Reichardt & Schulte.

Hubbard’s Forcing. (Seeds tested: Harvey, 1899.)
Same as Hubbard’s Market.

Hubbard’s Market. (See p. 55.)

Iceberg. (See p. 56.)

Ice Drum Head. (Listed by seven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1901,
1903; Vincent, 1901. )

Same as Malta. The type is quite different from that of Buckbee’s Ice Drum Head
as sent out by H. W. Buckbee.

92 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Ice Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Gedden, 1901.)
Same as Reichner. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman.
Immensity. (Listed by ten seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1901-1903, )

Same as Maximum. Named and first listed by Peter Henderson & Co,

Imperial. (Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899-1903; Tait,
1901, 1903; Vick, 1899-1903; Wood, Stubbs & Co., 1903.)

A very old name which has been recognized in this country for at least one hun-
dred years. A number of different types seem to be sold under this name. The
samples mentioned above were identified as California Cream Butter, Deacon, Hub-
bard’s Market, Malta, Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter, Middletowner, and Reichner.
Probably Deacon and Hubbard’s Market are at present the ones most used for
Imperial. The name is not often used, and the misunderstanding arising from its
use is therefore not very common.

Italian Ice. (See p. 56.)

Johnson & Stokes’ Hothouse. (Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1900. )
Described under Hothouse.

Johnson & Stokes’ Summerlead. (Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1901.)
Described under Summerlead.

Kaiser Wilhelm. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899, 1901,
1903. )
No one type seems to be recognized for this variety. The above samples were
identified as Deacon, Denver Market, and Early Curled Simpson. Named and first
listed by John A. Salzer in 1899.

Kansas City White-Seeded Forcing. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested:
Plant Seed Co., 1899—1901. )

Same as Denver Market. Apparently named and first listed in 1899 by above
seedsmen, though it is said to have been used by gardeners of Kansas City since
1865.

Kendel’s Excelsior Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Kendel,
1900, 1901. )

Same as White Chavigne. Named and first listed in 1898 by A. C. Kendel. The

type is quite different from that of Excelsior as sold by other seedsmen.

.

Laciniated Beauregard. (See p. 56.)
La Crosse Market. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1903.)

Same as Early Curled Simpson. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1902
by above seedsman.

Lancaster. (See p. 57.)

Landreth Forcing. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899-
1902. )
Same as Tom Thumb. Named and first listed in 1896 by above seed house.

Landreth’s Heat-Resisting Cos. (Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899. )
Described under Heat-Resisting Cos.

Landreth’s Unsurpassed. (Seeds tested: Landreth, 1902. )
Described under Unsurpassed.

Lapp’s Head. (Seeds tested: Barnard, 1899. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. The name was formerly used by above seeds-
man, but apparently has now wholly gone out of use.

Large Boston Market. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1S59-—
1901. .

above seedsman’s samples appeared to be Boston Market.

Large Butter Head. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Bridgeman, 1900. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. %

Large Drum Head. (Seeds tested: Ferry, 1899; Lamberson, 1901. )
Same as Deacon from former and Hubbard’s Market from latter seedsman.
Drum Head.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 95

Large India. (Seeds tested: Cadwell & Jones, 1809; Comstock, Ferre & Co., 1901;
Veeber & Don, 1901. )
Same as Iceberg.

Large Loaf. (Seeds tested: Griffith & Turner, 1901. )
Same as White Loaf. The type is quite different from that of Sugar Loaf.

Large Passion. (Seeds tested: Bowen, 1903; Buist, 1899-1900; Texas Seed Com-
pany, 1903.)
The samples from the first two seedsmen above were the duller-leaved strain of
Passion, and those from the latter seed house the glossy-leaved strain,

Largest of All. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1900;
Landreth, 1899-1901; Weber, 1903. )
Same as Deacon. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1868 by D. Landreth
Seed Company, and said by them to be a trial-bed hybridization accidently accom-
plished between Malta and Mogul.

Large White Loaf. (Seeds tested: F. W. Bolgiano & Co., 1901-1903; Griffith &
Turner, 1901; Manns, 1901. )
Same as White Loaf. The type is quite different from that of Sugar Loaf.

Large White Summer. (Seeds tested: Henderson, 1899, 1901, 1903; Thorburn,
1899, 1901, 1903. )
Same as White Summer Cabbage.

Large Yellow Market. (See p. 57.)
Lee’s Market Forcing. (See p. 58.)

Leviathan. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Elliott, 1901.)
Same as Maximum. Named and first listed by Elliott in 1901.

Limagne Cos. (See p.d8.)

Livingston’s Bon Ton. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Livingston,
1901-1903. )
Described under Bon Ton.

Loaf. (Seeds tested: Griffith & Turner, 1899. ,
Described under White Loaf.

Long Island Winter. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899-
1901. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and first listed in i898 by D. Landreth
Seed Company.

Long-Standing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1899-1901. )
Described under Farquhar’s Long-Standing.

Longstreth’s Earliest. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Longstreth,
1899-1901. )
Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and first listed by the above seedsman.
The type is quite different from that of Earliest Cutting as sold by W. E. Dallwig.

Los Angeles Market. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Johnson & Musser,
1901. )
Same as Hanson. Named and first listed by above seedsmen.

Luxury. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Missouri Valley Seed Company,

Same as Hartford Bronzed Head, though above seed house’s description states that
it is medium green in color, and with a large, loose, crisp, curly head. Named and
introduced as a new variety in 1903 by Missouri Valley Seed Company.

Magnum Bonum. (Listed by twoseedsmen. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900,
1901, 1903.)

Named and introduced as a new variety in 1895 by Moore & Simon under the
name of Moore’s Magnum Bonum. The samples received were the same as Tennis
Ball Black-Seeded, but the above seedsmen describe it as similar to or possibly iden-
tical with Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter, while in England a similar lettuce of a
very different character is known under name of Magnum Bonum Cos, and seems
also to have been known in this country about seventy-six years ago.

Malta. (See p. 58.)

4 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Mammoth. (See Price & Knickerbocker’s Mammoth Head and Shumway’s
Mammoth. )

Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. (Sve p. 59.)

Mammoth Erfurt Yellow. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Dallwig, 1902-
LYOS. )
Same as Thick Head Yellow. Listed by W. EF. Dallwig in 1893 as Erfurt Large
Yellow Thick Head, under which name it 1s said to have been known in Germany.
Changed by above firm in 1900 to its present name.

Mammoth Large Yellow Butter. (Seeds tested: Thorburn, !899-1901. )

Same as Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. Named and introduced by J. M. Thor-
burn & Co., about fourteen years ago, but changed by them in 1904 to Mammoth
Black-Seeded Butter.

Mammoth Salamander. (Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1899-1901. )

Same as Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. Named and introduced by above seeds-

men as a new variety in 1898.

Marblehead Mammoth. (‘ve p. 54.)

Market Gardener’s Salamander. (Needs tested: Burwell, 1899.)
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and first listed by E. E. Burwell in
L897.

Market Gardener’s Forcing. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Alneer,
1901. )
Same as Morse. The type is quite different from that of Market Gardener’s Private
Stock and Detroit Market Gardener’s Forcing.

Market Gardener’s Private Stock. (Listed by eighteen seedsmen. Seeds tested:
Burpee, 1901; Ferry, 1900-1901; Landreth, 1899-1901; Thorburn, 1899-1903;
Weeber & Don, 1902.) |

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and first listed about twelve years ago
by J. M. Thorburn & Co. under the name of Thorburn’s Market Gardener’s Private

Stock. The name is well known, especially in the vicinity of New York.

Mastodon. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Archias, 1903.)

Same as Hanson. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1902 by L. E.
Archias Seed Company.

Matador. (See p. 59.)

Matchless. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Michell, 1903. )
Same as Maximum. First listed and named in 1903 by Henry F. Michell as
Michell’s Matchless.

Maule’s Hanson. (Seeds tested: Maule, 1901.)
Same as Hanson.

Maule’s Philadelphia Butter. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule,
1900-1902. )

Same as California Cream Butter. Listed by above seedsman for at least fifteen
years. The name is very misleading, because Philadelphia Butter as usually sold by
seedsmen refers to a lettuce quite different from this type. It should not be con- ©
founded with Philadelphia Speckled Dutch Butter, which is still another type.

Maule’s Rosette. (Seeds tested: Maule, 1901-1903. )
Same as White Chavigne. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1902 by
William Henry Maule.

Maule’s Silver Anniversary. (Seeds tested: Maule, 1903.)
Described under Silver Anniversary.

Maximum. (See p. 60.)

Memphis. (Seeds tested: Ullathorne Seed Company, 1899. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market. Apparently never listed except by above seed house.

Mette’s Forcing. (See p. 61.)

Michell’s All Right Spring and Summer. (Seeds tested: Michell, 1900-1902. )
Described under All Right Spring and Autumn.

Michell’s Early Speckled Dutch Butter. (Seeds tested: Michell, 1899-1900. ) ;
Described under Speckled Dutch Butter.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES, © 95

Michell’s Very Best. (Seeds tested: Michell, 1899-1901. )
Same as Buttercup. Named and first listed in 1899 by Henry I. Michell, but not
catalogued by him or any other seed house after 1901.

Middletowner. (Sve p. 61.)

Midsummer. (Listed by one seedsman, Seeds tested: Tait, 1901-1903. )

Same as Maximum. As Tait’s Midsummer this variety was apparently named
and first listed by the above seedsman, but from 1889 to 1891 W. Atlee Burpee & Co.
listed a German variety under the name of Midsummer or Genezzano, which was a
lettuce identical or similar to Brown Head and very different from this one,

Mignonette. (Sve p. 62.)

Mills’ Earliest. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Mills, 1899-1902. )
Same as Grand Rapids. Named and first listed in 1897 by above seedsman.

Milly. (See p. 62.)

Miniature. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1903. )

Same as Density. First listed in 1903 by both W. Atlee Burpee & Co. and J. M.
Thorburn & Co. Said to have originated some three or four years before with
Chris. Lorenz, of Erfurt, Germany.

Mongolian. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1901-1903. )
Same as Reichner. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1902 by Johnson
& Stokes.

Montreal Market. (Seeds tested: Wm. Evans, 1900; Ewing, 1899. )
Same as Hanson from the former and Deacon from the latter seedsman. Appar-
ently not listed after 1900.

Morse. (See p. 62.)

Moore’s Champion Spring and Summer. (Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900,
1901.)
Described under Champion Spring and Summer.

Moore’s Magnum Bonum. (Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900, 1901.)
Described under Magnum Bonum.

Moore’s Summer Gem. (Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900, 1901.)
Described under Summer Gem.

Myers’ All Right. (Listed by six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes,
1899, 1900. )

Same as Big Boston. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1888 by Johnson
& Stokes, who state it originated with Mr. Henry Myers, a prominent Philadelphia
market gardener. . The type is quite different from that of All Right Spring and
Autumn.

Nansen. (See p. 63.)

Neapolitan Cabbage. (Listed by one seedsman. )

A very old name known in this country for at least thirty-nine years. The variety
seems to have had its origin in France. It has not yet been tested on the Depart-
ment grounds, but reports of it from other places state it to be the same as Sibley’s
Genesee of twenty years ago, Chou de Naples of Italian seedsmen, and New York of
the present day. The type is quite different from that of Neapolitan Sash listed
by Moore & Simon.

Neapolitan Sash. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon,
1900-1903. )

Same as Reichner. Nanvred and first listed in 1895 by above seedsmen as Simon’s
Ln, weet Sash. The Neapolitan Cabbage, a very old sort of foreign origin and
catalogued about thirty-eight years ago by seedsmen in this country, but now listed
only by George A. Weaver Company, is a very different lettuce from Neapolitan Sash.

New Asparagus. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1901, 1902;
Ewing, 1902, 1903. )
The former seedsman’s samples were the same as the lanceolate-leaved type of
Asparagus described on page 30, and the latter seedsman’s samples the same as the
lobed-leaved type of Asparagus also described on page 30.

6 ‘AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

New Lettuce No. 1. (Listed by one seedsman, Seeds tested: Moore & Simon,
1900, 1901, 1903. )

Same as Big Boston, Named and first listed in 1900 by Moore & Simon, who state
they obtained the variety from Mr, John Norbeck, a Philadelphia market gardener,
New Orleans Large Passion. (Listed by fourseedsmen. Seeds tested: Steckler

1890-1902. )
Same as California Cream Butter.
New York. (See p. 63.)
Ninety and Nine. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Crosman, 1900, 1901;
Vaughan, 1899. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Listed about nine years ago by a few seeds-
men in this country, but the name seems now to have wholly gone out of use.
Nonsuch. (Seeds tested: Pearce, 1899. )

Same as Deacon. Apparently named and first listed by the above seedsman the
predecessor of Darch & Hunter.

Noll’s Boston Glasshouse. (Seeds tested: Noll, 1901.)

Described under Boston Glasshouse.

Nonpareil. (Listed by twelve seedsmen. Seeds tested: J. M. McCullough, 1901;
Simmers, 1899-1901.)

Same as Hanson. Listed by John A. Bruce & Co. for at least fifty years.
Norfolk Royal. (Seeds tested: Landreth, 1901. )

Same as Deacon. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman.

North Pole. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901-1903; Ger-
main, 1901.)

Same as Nansen. First listed in this country by Germain Seed Company in
1898 as synonymous with Nansen. Said to be of German origin.

Northrup, King & Co.’s Golden Ball. (Seeds tested: Northrup, King & Co.,
1900, 1901. )

Described under Golden Ball.

Norwood. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: J. M. McCullough, 1902, 1903. )

Same as Middletowner. Named and first listed in 1902 by above seedsman.

Oak-Leaved. (See p. 64.)
Ohio Cabbage. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Steele, Briggs & Co., 1901;
Tilton, 1901. )
Same as Denver Market.
Onondaga. (See p. 64.)

Pan-American. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Mills, 1902. )
Same as Eureka. Named and first listed in 1901 by above seedsman.

Paris Sugar. (See p. 65.)
Paris White Cos. (See p. 65.)
Passion. (See p. 66.)

Peer of All. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899-1901, 1903.) -
Same as Prize Head in 1899 and 1901, and Chartier in 1900 and 1908. Named and
first listed by above seedsman, who has listed it for at least nine years.

Perfected Salamander. (Seeds tested: Henderson, 1900-1902. )
Described under Salamander.

Perfection Early White Forcing. (Seeds tested: Buist, 1899-1901. )

Same as White Forcing. Named and first listed in 1887 by Robert Buist Company,
under name of Buist’s Perfection White Forcing. The type is quite different from
that of Godden’s White-Seeded Forcing, Giant White Forcing, and California Giant
White Forcing.

Perpetual. (Listed by nine seedsmen. Seeds tested: Chesmore-Eastlake, 1902;
Huntington & Page, 1901; Johnson & Stokes, 1899, 1900; Livingston, 1900;
Rice, 1901. )

Same as Early Curled Simpson. Listed in 1880 by James J. H. Gregory & Son
as Nellis’ Perpetual, but apparently named and first listed by other seedsmen.

oe i is,

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 97

Perpignan. (Listed by ten seedsmen. Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1899, 1900. )

Same as Defiance. An old variety of German origin listed by seedsmen in this
country for at least thirty-seven years. A lettuce similar to Deacon and very dis-
tinct from this type seems to have formerly been largely sold under this name.
Philadelphia Butter. (Ave p. 66.)

Philadelphia Dutch Butter. (Seeds tested: Burpee, 1899-1901, 1905. )

Same as Speckled Dutch Butter. The type is quite different from that of Phila-
delphia Butter and Maule’s Philadelphia Butter.

Philadelphia Early White Cabbage. (Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested:
Burpee, 1899—1903; Johnson & Stokes, 1901, 1903. )

In some trials the above samples appeared the same as Philadelphia Butter; at
other times the same as Reichner. The variety is probably identical with one of
them.

Pink Chartier. (Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1899-1901. )

Same as Chartier. A name formerly applied to Chartier by above seedsman, but

not now used by him or any other seedsman.,

Plant Seed Company’s Standwell. (Seeds tested: Plant, 1901. )

Described under Standwell.

Precocity. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1902, 1903. )
Same as Emperor Forcing. Named and first listed in 1902 by above seedsman.
Premium Cabbage. (Listed by ten seedsmen. Seeds tested: Chesmore-Eastlake,

1903; Manns, 1901; Rice, 1900, 1901; Viek, 1901-1903.

In some trials the above samples appeared the same as Philadelphia Butter; at
other times the same as Reichner, or Hubbard’s Market. The variety is probably
the same as one of these sorts. Apparently named and introduced in 1875 by James
Vick’s Sons under the name of Vick’s Premium Cabbage. They state that Mr. Hub-
bard, of Chautauqua County, N. Y., was the originator, and sold some of his seed to
their seed house and also to Chase Brothers, nurserymen, who were handling seed at
that time. The latter are said to have introduced the lettuce as Hubbard’s Market.

Price & Knickerbocker’s Mammoth Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds
tested: Price, 1899-1901. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and first listed by above seedsman
in 1876.

Prince of Wales Cos. (See p. 67.)
Prize Head. (See p. 67.)

Queen. (Seeds tested: Faust, 1899, 1900. )
Same as New York. Named and first listed as Faust’s Queen by above seedsman.
The type is quite different from that of Golden Queen and Yellow Queen.

Rawson’s Crumpled-Leaved. (Seeds tested: Rawson, 1899, 1901. )
Described under Crumpled-Leaved.

Rawson’s Hothouse. (Seeds tested: Rawson, 1900, 1901; Vaughan, 1900; Vick,
1901. )
Described under Hothouse.

Red Besson. (See p. 68.)
Red Winter Cos. (See p. 68.)
Reichner. (See p. 69.)

Reichner’s Early White Butter. (Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1899-1901. )
Same as Reichner.

Relish. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Iowa Seed Company, 1899, 1902,
1903. )

Same as Big Boston. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1900 by above
seed house.

Rennie & Pino’s Hothouse. (Seeds tested: Rennie & Pino, 1903.)
Described under Hothouse.

5408—No. 69—04——7

Us AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Ridge. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1900, )
Same as Reichner. Named and first listed by above seedsmen,

Rochester Market. (Seeds tested: Glass, 1901, 1905.)
Sane as Reichner. Apparently named and first listed about five years ago by
above seedsman,

Romaine Cos. (Listed by twenty-six seedsmen Seeds tested: Landreth, 1901;
Moore & Simon, 1900, 1901. )
Same as Paris White Cos. A very old name. Sometimes used to designate the
cos Class of lettuce, but whenever applied in this country to designate a variety it is
generally Paris White Cos which is referred to. .

Rosedale. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Darch & Hunter, 1899-1901,
1903. )
Same as Denver Market the first two years and Defiance the last two. Apparently
first listed by John A. Pearce, the predecessor of the above seedsmen.

Rosette. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1901-1903. )
Described under Maule’s Rosette.

Royal Cabbage. (Listed by thirty-two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Buist, 1900, 1901;
Dusard, 1899, 1900; Robert Evans, 1899; Landreth, 1899; Plant, 1900; Steckler,
1901; Tait, 1901; Vick, 1899-1903.)

A name known in this country for at least thirty-eight years and much misused.
Applied to a number of different lettuce types, but principally to Hubbard’s Market
and California Cream Butter. The above samples were all the former variety except
those from Michell, which were California Cream Butter. The name has been used
for many years in California to designate California Cream Butter; in fact, was in
use many years before California Cream Butter was known.

Rudolph’s Favorite. (Listed by three seedsmen. Seeds tested: Iowa, 1901;
Vaughan, 1899-1901.)
Same as Buttercup. Of foreign origin. First listed in this country by Vaughan’s
Seed Store in 1894. The type is quite different from that of Gardener’s Favorite,
Sutton’s Favorite, and Florida Favorite.

St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing. (See p. 69.)

St. Louis Butter. (Listed by eleven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Currie, 1903; Land-
reth, 1902; Scott, 1899, 1900; Vaughan, 1899-1901.)
Same as Deacon. The name has been used in this country at least sixteen years,
and is well known in Chicago, St. Louis, and the West. The type is quite different
from that of St. Louis Market and St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing.

St. Louis Market. (Listed by eight seedsmen. Seeds tested: Dusard, 1899-1902;
Eber, 1903; Plant, 1901, 1903; Schisler-Corneli, 1903.)

It seems this name is used by ‘most seedsmen to represent a type identical with
Hubbard’s Market, but that some others take it to refer to St. Louis Butter. All of
the above samples were the former variety. In no case should it be confounded
with St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing, as that is unquestionably a different type from
either of these two varieties.

Salamander. (Listed by one hundred and seventeen seedsmen. Seeds tested:
Burpee, 1903; Burwell, 1899, 1900; Farquhar, 1901; Ferry, 1900, 1901; Hender-
son, 1900-1902; Johnson & Stokes, 1899, 1900, 1903: Landreth, 1899, 1901; Thor-
burn, 1899, 1901. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced as a new variety in
1882 by Peter Henderson & Co., who state that it originated with Hudson County,
N. Y., market gardeners. In 1895 another strain was listed by these seedsmen and
called Perfected Salamander. Commonly considered to be larger than Tennis Ball
Black-Seeded, but it has not proved so at Washington nor in other trials which the
writer has examined. It is one of the best known of ail lettuce names.

Salzer’s Colossal. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899, 1901, 1903. )
Same as Deacon. Named and introduced in 1899 by above seedsman. The type
is quite different from that of Tait’s Colossal.

Salzer’s itarliest. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899, 1901.)

Same as Black-Seeded Simpson. Named and first listed by above seedsman, who
has catalogued it for at least nine years. It should not be confounded with Earliest
Cutting as sent out by W. E. Dallwig.

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES, oo

Salzer’s Peer of All. (Seeds tested: Salzer, 1899-1901, 1903. )

Described under Peer of All.

Salzer’s Sunlight. (Seeds tested: Salzer, 1900, 1901, 1903. )

Described under Sunlight.

San Francisco Market. (Listed by twelve seedsmen, Seeds tested: Burpee,
1901-1903,

Same as Deacon. Apparently named and first listed in 1897 by W. Atlee Burpee
& Co., not, however, as a new variety, but as another name for Deacon. It should
not be confounded with San Francisco Passion.

San Francisco Passion. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Buist, 1901. )

Same as Passion. The type is quite different from that of San Francisco Market.

, Satisfaction Black-Seeded. (Listed by twenty-five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Far-

_ quhar, 1900; Gregory, 1900; Plant, 1899. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. An English variety listed by seedsmen in this
country for at least twenty-six years.

Saunders. (Seeds tested: Beckert, 1899, 1900, 1902.)

Same as St. Louis Black-Seeded Forcing. Named and first listed in 1891 by above
seedsman, who states that the variety is named after a local market gardener in whose
possession it had remained for a number of years. -

Schindler’s Early Market. (Seeds tested: Schindler, 1903. ) .

Described under Early Market.

Schwill’s Bonanza. (Seeds tested: Schwill, 1899.)

Described under Bonanza.

Sensation. (Listed by twenty-seven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes,
1899-1901; Thorburn, 1900, 1901.

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and introduced by Johnson & Stokes

from France in 1892.

Shotwell’s Brown Head. (ve p. 70.)
Shotwell’s Brown Head (Bridgeman). (<Sce p. 70.)

Shumway’s Mammoth. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Shumway, 1899-
1901. )
Same as Marblehead Mammoth. Named and first listed by above seedsman.
Silver Anniversary. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1903. )
Same as Giant Glacier. Named and introduced in 1902 by William Henry Maule
as Maule’s Silver Anniversary.
Silver Ball. (See p. 71.)

Simmers’ Nonpareil. (Seeds tested: Simmers, 1899, 1901. )
Described under Nonpareil.

Simon’s Early White Cabbage. (Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900.)
Described under Early White Cabbage.

Simon’s Neapolitan Sash. (Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900—1903. )
Described under Neapolitan Sash.

Simon’s Speckled Dutch Butter. (Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1901.)
Described under Speckled Dutch Butter.

Slow Seeder. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899—1901. )
Same as Defiance. Apparently named and first listed in 1894 by above seed house.

Solid Header. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Briggs, 1901. )
Same as Yellow-Seeded Butter.

Southern Heart. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1901.)
Same as Passion. The above seedsman first used this name in 1901, but it may
have been used by others before that date.

Speckled Dutch Butter. (Sve p. 71.)

Speckled Early Dutch Butter. (Seeds tested: Dreer, 1899; Michell, 1899, 1900. )
Same as Speckled Dutch Butter.

LOU AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Standwell. (Listed by one seedsman, Seeds tested: Plant Seed Company, 1900,
LOL. )
Same as Defiance. Listed by above seed house for at least ten years, and in 1886 by
Johnson & Stokes as Johnson’s Standwell.

Steckler’s French Market. (Seeds tested: Steckler, 1900, 1901, 1905. )
Described under French Market.

Sterling. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Northrup King & Co., 1900, 1901.)
Same as New York. Named and introduced as a new yqgriety in 1900 by above
seedsmen,

Stone Head Golden Yellow. (Listed by thirty-two seedsmen. Seeds tested:
Bridgeman, 1900, 1901, 1903; Dallwig, 1900, 1901; Ebeling, 1900; Eber, 1901;
Ewing, 1901; Gregory, 1900, 1902, 1903; Thorburn, 1901, 1902.)

As generally sold in the United States this variety seems to be the same as Golden
Queen. All the above samples proved to be of the latter variety, and as imported into
this country from Germany about twenty-five years ago it seems to have been of this
type at that time also. There seems to be much misunderstanding, however, in the
use of the name, as orders for this variety have been filled by seeds which proved to
be Yellow-Seeded Butter, Golden Heart, Hubbard’s Market, Emperor Forcing, But-
tercup, and Tennis Ball Black- Seeded, while still another type, very different from
these and similar to Golden Queen, but larger and later, appears to be sometimes
used for Stone Head Golden Yellow.

Stringer’s Early White Butter. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore
& Simon, 1901. )
Same as Reichner. Listed by above seedsman in 1891, but it is not known
whether others had previously used the name.
Stubborn Seeder. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Maule, 1899—1901,
1903. )
Same as Defiance. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman, who has
used the name for at least fifteen years.

Sugar Loaf. (See p. 72.)

Summer Drum Head. (Seeds tested: Michell, 1900, 1901; Texas Seed Company, |

1903. )
Same as California Cream Butter from the former and Hubbard’s Market from
latter seed house. (See Drum Head. )

SummerGem. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900, 1903. )
Same as Deacon. Named and first listed as Moore’s Summer Gem in 1892 by
above seedsmen. The type is quite different from that of Toronto Gem.

Summerlead. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1901.)
Same as Maximum. Named and first listed in 1901 by above seedsmen.

Summer Queen Drum Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore &
Simon, 1903.)
Same as Deacon. Apparently named and first listed in 1892 by above seedsmen as
Simon’s Summer Queen Drum Head. See Drum Head.

Sunlight. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Salzer, 1900, 1901, 1903. )
Same as Deacon. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman as Sal-
zer’s Sunlight, under which name it has been catalogued for at least nine years.

Sunset. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Ford, 1901.)

Same as Blonde Block Head. It seems that this lettuce was introduced as a new
variety about fourteen vears ago. It is universally regarded by seedsmen to be the
same as Blonde Block Head.

Surprise. (Seeds tested: Buckbee, 1903.)
Same as Brown Head. Named and first listed in 1902 by above seedsman.

Sutton’s Favorite. (Seeds tested: Michell, 1899, 1900.)

Same as Denver Market. Listed by above seedsman in 1900 and 1901, who sold
the variety during these years in the original seed packets obtained from Sutton, of
England. The ty pe is quite different from that of Favorite, Rudolph’s Favorite,
Gardener’s Favorite, and Florida Favorite.

Sutton’s Giant Cabbage. (See p. 72.)

l@

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. LOL

Tait’s Colossal. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Tait, 1903. )
Same as Deacon. The type is quite different from that of Salzer’s Colossal.
Tait’s Imperial. (Seeds tested: Tait, 1901, 1903. )
Described under Imperial.
Tait’s Midsummer. (Seeds tested: Tait, 1901.)
Described under Midsummer,
Tait’s Royal Cabbage. (Seeds tested: Tait, 1904. )
Described under Royal Cabbage.
Tender Leaf. (Seeds tested: Shumway, 1901.)
Same as Marblehead Mammoth. Named and first listed by above seedsman,
Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. (ve p. 72.)
Tennis Ball White-Seeded. (Sve p. 73.)
Thick Head Yellow. (See p. 74.)

Thorburn’s Glasshouse. (Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1900—1902. )
Described under Glasshouse.

Thorburn’s Market Gardener’s Private Stock. (Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1899,
1900, 1903.)
Described under Market Gardener’s Private Stock.

Thorburn’s Maximum. (Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1899—1901. )
Deseribed under Maximum.

Thorburn’s Yellow Winter. (Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1900—1903. )
Described under Yellow Winter.

Tilton’s White Star. (Seedstested: Ferry, 1899—1902; Maule, 1900; Templin, 1900;
Tilton, 1900, 1904; Thorburn, 1903. )
Described under White Star.

Tomhannock. (See p. 74.)
Tom Thumb. (See p. 75.)

Toronto Gem. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Steele, Briggs & Co.,
1899—1901. )
Same as Hanson. Named and introduced in 1888 by above seedsmen. The type
is quite different from that of Summer Gem.

Toronto Market. (Listed bytwoseedsmen. Seeds tested: Simmers; 1899—1901. )
Same as Hanson. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman, who has
catalogued it for at least seven years.

Treasure. (Listed by twoseedsmen. Seedstested: Johnson & Stokes, 1899—1901. )
Same as California Cream Butter. Named and introduced in 1895 by above
seedsmen.

Trianon Cos. (Listed by fifty-seven seedsmen. Seeds tested: Farquhar, 1901;
Henderson, 1901; Johnson & Stokes, 1899; Rawson, 1901; Thorburn, 1899—1901. )
Same as Paris White Cos.

Triumph. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Manns, 1901, 1903.)
Same as Deacon. Named and introduced as a new variety in 1900 by above seeds-
man. The type is quite different from that of Australian White Triumph.

Trocadero. (Listed by twelve seedsmen. Seeds tested: Thorburn, 1899, 1900,
1902. )
Same as Big Boston. A well-known French variety listed by seedsmen in this
country for at least twenty years.
Trout. (See p. 75.)

Twentieth Century. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Noll, 1900—1903. )
Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded. Named and first listed as a new variety about
five years ago by above seedsman. :

Tyrolese. (Sve p. 76.)

Universal. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Livingston, 1903. )
Same as Unrivaled. Named and first listed in 1903 by above seedsman.

102 AMERICAN VARIETIES OF LETTUCE,

Unrivaled. (Sve p. 76.)

Unsurpassed. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1902.)
Same as Unrivaled. Named and first listed in 1902 by above seed house,

Vaughan’s All Seasons. (Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1903.)
Described under All Seasons.

Vaughan’s Mammoth Cabbage Head. (Sees tested: Vaughan, 1899-1901. )
Same as Mammoth Black-Seeded Butter. Named and first listed in 1901 by above

seedsman but not catalogued by any seed house after 1901,

Vick’s Hero. (Seeds tested: Vick, 1899-1903.)
Described under Hero.

Vick’s Premium Cabbage. (Seeds tested: Vick, 1903.)
Described under Premium Cabbage.

Vick’s Royal Cabbage. (Seeds tested: Vick, 1899-1903. )
Described under Royal Cabbage.

Victoria Red-Edged. (See p. 77.)

Vincent’s Passion. (Seeds tested: Vincent, 1901, 1903.)
Described under Passion.

Virginia Solid Header. (Listed bysevenseedsmen. Seeds tested: Koerner, 1900;
Landreth, 1899, 1900, 1902; Mark W. Johnson, 1900. )
Same as Speckled Dutch Butter. Named and introduced in 1865 by D. Landreth
Seed Company.
Waldorf. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Henderson, 1901-1903. )
capes as Reichner. Named and introduced as a new yariety in 1898 by above
seedsmen.,

Weaver’s Market Gardener’s. (Listed by oneseedsman. Seeds tested: Weaver,
1903. ) P

Same as Iceberg. Named and first listed in 1903 by George A. Weaver Seed Com-

pany. The type is quite different from that of Market Gardener’s Private Stock.

Webb’s Wonderful. (Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901, 1902.)
Described under Wonderful.

Weber’s Brown Head. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Weber, 1903.)
Described under Brown Head.

Weber’s Curled. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Weber, 1903. )
Same as Denver Market. Apparently named and first listed by above seedsman.

Wernich’s Prize Head. (Seeds tested: Wernich, 1900.)
Described under Prize Head.

Wheeler’s Tom Thumb. (Seeds tested: Burpee, 1900, 1901.)
Described under Tom Thumb.

Wheeler’s Wonderful. (Seeds tested: Wheeler, 1903.)
Described under Wonderful.

White Cabbage. (Seeds tested: Vaughan, 1900, 1901.)
Same as White Summer Cabbage. A very old name.

White Chartier. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Scott, 1899-1903. )

A name which has been applied by above seedsman to Golden Curled, the word
white being attached to distinguish it from Chartier, which is a brown-colored
lettuce.

White Chavigne. (See p. 77.)

White Cos. (Listed by seventeen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Landreth, 1899, 1901,
1902; Thorburn, 1899, 1901.)
Same as Paris White Cos.

White Forcing. (See p. 78.)
White Giant. (See p. 78.)

CATALOGUE OF VARIETY NAMES. 1038

White Head. (Listed by five seedsmen. Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900. )

Same as Philadelphia Butter. A name which has been used for at least sixteen

years by above seedsman as synonymous with Philadelphia Butter.

White Loaf. (Sve p. 78.)

White Peach. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: Moore & Simon, 1900,
1901, 1903. )

Same as Tennis Ball Black-Seeded, Named and first listed in 1892 by above
seedsmen.

White Russian. (Listed bysix seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson & Stokes, 1899. )

Same as Deacon.

White-Seeded Simpson. (Listed by thirteen seedsmen. Seeds tested: Johnson
& Stokes, 1900. )

A very old variety, known in this country for at least forty years. It is said to be
derived from Early Curled Silesia and to have originated with Mr, Simpson, a market
gardener near Brooklyn, N. Y.

White-Seeded Summer. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Griffith &
Turner, 1899, 1900, 1902. )
Same as White Chavigne. Named and first listed by Baltimore and Washington
seedsmen, about seven years ago.
White Self-Folding Cos. (Seeds tested: Ferry, 1900. )
Same as Paris White Cos.
White Star. (Sve p. 79.)
White Summer Cabbage. (Sve p. 79.)
Wonderful. (Listed by forty-six seedsmen. Seeds tested: Burpee, 1901, 1902;
Dreer, 1899-1901; Farquhar, 1901; Wheeler, 1903. )

Same as New York. An English variety first listed in this country by Henry A.

Dreer in 1897.

Wood’s Cabbage. (Listed by two seedsmen. Seeds tested: Wood, 1899-1902. )
Same as Hubbard’s Market. Named and first listed in 1894 by above seedsman.

Yellow Queen. (Listed by one seedsman. Seeds tested: May, 1901, 1903. )
Same as Reichner. Apparently named and first listed in 1901 by above seedsman.
The type is quite different from that of Faust’s Queen and Golden Queen.

Yellow-Seeded Butter. (See p. 79.)
Yellow Winter. (See p. 80.)

O

; . Cee! a te igh aot te te ta. a ee ah
* ; » . ~ ‘ me » . « : a ; =" . a & uf ie fae (¢ vi ae ms a hes,
. : J : = i? ie + arcane . % x by :

, note tee ©

rs 2.

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept, of Agriculture. PLATE 1.

FIG. 1.—BLACK-SEEDED SIMPSON,

Fia. 2.—HANSON.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size.)

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE Il.

Fia. 2.—GOLDEN HEART.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

+ —- «

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE III.

Fic. 2.—BATH Cos.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size.)

: e .
: -
i;
4
:
d Le
U «
; 4 <a ’

ti

.

'
fi vy
- a
: ‘
i
.
»
’ » ¥
io
"
s
; 1
i]
*
i
.
:
/ '
*

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

Fia. 1.—AMERICAN GATHERING.

Fic. 2.—EARLY CURLED SIMPSON.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size.)

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.

Ea SSS EE i ‘in — +

Fia. 1.—BiG BOSTON.

Fia. 2.—PRIZE HEAD.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

.
.
s
‘
-
"dé
‘
s
, —~
"
a
¢
pene A . i ee
-. + + a f
C - ——.
. “we 7 aus
*% , ; J ~
ee? Mi
x a 7 hg a

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE VI.

FIG. 1 —ONONDAGA.

Fia. 2.—GRAND RAPIDS.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size.)

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

Fia. 1.—DENSITY.

Fig. 2.—BOSTON CURLED.

FIG 4.—WHITE FORCING.

Fic. 3.—MIGNONETTE.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

ire &

¥
s

ae

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1.—EARLIEST CUTTING.

FiG. 2.—CALIFORNIA CREAM BUTTER.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 5 Dept of Agriculture, PLATE |X.

Fic. 3.—DETROIT MARKET GARDENER’S FORCING.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE X.

FiG. 1.—HUBBARD’S MARKET.

Fia. 2.—DEACON.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE Xl.

Fi@. 1.—MAXIMUM (UPPER VIEW).

FiG. 2.—MAXIMUM (SIDE VIEW).

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XI.

Fia. 1.—MALTA.

Fic. 2.—ITALIAN ICE.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

Bui. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture PLATE KI.

ay |

Fic. 1.—RED BESSON.

FiG. 2.—ASPARAGUS LOBED-LEAVED.
TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size. )

i ae

Le

Bul. 69. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture PLATE XIV,

FiG. 1.—ASPARAGUS.

Fic. 2.—RED WINTER COs.
TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size.)

PLATE XV.

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,

FiG. 1.—LANCASTER.

Fic. 2.—EXxPRESS Cos.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natured size. )

a i ay -
7 5 om ‘ 4 \* as .
e.<. ON & S ‘Ne

, ij
oy,

Pe.

FiG. 3.—BALTIMORE OAK-LEAVED.

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XVI.

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Bul. 69, Bu

SUGAR LOAF.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS.

(About one-fifth natural size \

Bul, 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XVIII.

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XIX,

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XX.

Fic. 1.—SPECKLED DUTCH BUTTER.

Fig. 2.—MATADOR.

Fia@. 3.—HANSON.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS (LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS),

(About one-fifth natural size.)

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXlI.

FiG. 1.—PRIZE HEAD.

FIG. 2.—WHITE STAR.

TYPICAL MATURE PLANTS (LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS).

(About one-fifth natural size. )

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Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE XXII.

Fia. 3.—BIG BOSTON.

Fia. 5.—ALL SEASONS. Fic. 6.—PASSION.

TYPICAL YOUNG PLANTS.

(About two-fifths natural size.)

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Bul, 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. § Dept. of Agriculture PLATE XXIII.

FiG. 1.—BOSTON CURLED. FiG. 2.—GREEN-FRINGED.

Fic. 3.—EARLIEST CUTTING. FiG. 4.—SPECKLED DUTCH BUTTER.

Fic. 5.—TENNIS BALL ELACK-SEEDED. Fia. 6.—DEACON.

TYPICAL OUTER LEAVES.

(About one-fourth natural size. )

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Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE XXIV.

Fia. 1.—LANCASTER (BACK VIEW).

Fia. 3.—OAK-LEAVED. Fic. 4.—YELLOW WINTER.

Fia. 5.—BALTIMORE OAK-LEAVED. Fic. 6.—Bia BOSTON.

TYPICAL OUTER LEAVES.

(About one-fourth natural size. )

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLaTe XXV.

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PLATE XXVI.

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,

Fic. 1.—DENVER MARKET.

FiG. 2.—ASPARAGUS LOBED-LEAVED AND
EXPRESS COS

TYPICAL OUTER LEAVES.

(About one-fourth natural size.)

Fia. 3.—HANSON.

Bul. 69, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 70.

i
B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

THE COMMERCIAL STATUS

OF .

"DURUM WHEAT.

BY
MARK ALFRED CARLETON,
CEREALIST IN CHARGE OF CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS,

AND

JOSEPH 8S. CHAMBERLAIN,
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMIST, CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

IssuED OcToBER 7, 1904.

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GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

| WASHINGTON.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,

B. T. Gattoway, Chief.
J. E. Rocxwe tu, Editor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
SCIENTIFIC STAFF,
Ausert F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. Smirn, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology.
GrorGe T. Moore, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology.
Herbert J. Wespser, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding.
Wacrer T. Swinaie, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History
Newron B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory.

M. B. Warre, Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Diseases of Orchard Fruits
Mark Aurrep Careron, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

HERMANN VON ScureENK,¢ in Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory.

P. H. Rours, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. Townsenn, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

P. H. Dorsert,? Pathologist. |
Ropney H. True, ¢ Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Cornetius L. Sear, Pathologist.

WiuuiaM A. Orvon, Pathologist.

W. M. Scort, Pathologist.

JosePpH 8S. CHAMBERLAIN, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Investigations.

Rk. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.

Fiora W. Parrerson, Mycologist.

CuHar.es P. Hartuey, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

Karu F. Ke_tLerMan, Assistant in Physiology.

DeEANE B. SwinGte, Assistant in Pathology.

A. W. Epson, Assistant Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Jesse B. Norton, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

James B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Luoyp S. Tenny, Assistant in Pathology.

GrorGe G. Hepacock, Assistant in Pathology.

PERLEY SPAULDING, Scientific Assistant. .
P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant, Plant Pathology. |
A. D. SHamet, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Raven Rosrnson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.
FLoRENCE Hepaes, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

CuHaArues J. Brann, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.
Henry A. MILuer, Scientific Assistant, Cereal Investigations.
Ernest B. Brown, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

Lesuiz A. Firz, Scientific Assistant, Cereal Investigations.
Lronarp A. Harter, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.
JoHn O. Merwin, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.

W. W. Coszy, Tobacco Expert.

JOHN VAN LEENHOFF, Jr., Expert.

L. T. SpraGcur, Expert.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry. a fate
b Detailed to Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution.
¢ Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments.

Y

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., August 6, 1904.
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
paper entitled ‘‘The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat,” by Mark
Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations, and Dr.
Joseph 8. Chamberlain, Physiological Chemist, Vegetable Patholog-
ical and Physiological Investigations, and recommend its publication
as Bulletin No. 70 of the series of this Bureau. The chemical inves-
tigations were conducted as a part of the cooperative work in cereal
chemistry between this Bureau and the Bureau of Chemistry.
The accompanying five plates and a text figure are necessary to a
complete understanding of the subject-matter of this paper.
Respectfully,
B. T. GALLOWAY,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,,

Secretary of Agriculture.

: ‘ 4
. _ 9) Oe

PREFACE.

The durum wheats are of a group quite distinet from any other
wheat, and until recently their qualities were practically unknown in
this country. After it had been determined that they were admirably
adapted for cultivation in the semiarid districts (see Bulletin 3 of this
Bureau) the demonstration of their value for various commercial
purposes, particularly for making bread, became the next most
important question. Numerous tests have been made by private
parties, and careful experiments have been conducted by the South
Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. The Department of Agri-
culture has also investigated the matter, and the present publication
by Messrs. Carleton and Chamberlain gives the findings of the last
two years. Asa result of all these inquiries the commercial standing
of durum wheat may now be considered as established, thus adding a
valuable industry to the resources of our country.

ERWIN F. SMITH,
Acting Pathologist and Physiologist
OFFICE OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL
AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,
Washington, D. C., August 4, 1904.

5

CONTENTS

Page.
PERO TIONG. = 5 ow kn eon na ecene RR hae SiR pens het ok a ere 9
Proper rank of durum wheat ~~~ -- AEA RO Re el ee a 9
Special qualities of commercial value_ __.- Reet br own poe meee: : 12
Deere. GUPUM = aeons Pe ee Pes a nina 12
Durum wheat for macaroni _..........---.---- spepeeateer 7d. 6A Rubeabe ao i 13
Characteristics of good macaroni----_.----------- ph oe Ena De RENN ge 13
Deane it anenuracture 2. t i Soe de be oh ere sal clus 14
List of manufacturers of macaroni in the United States Nf Pate ee a 16
Possibility of export of semolina and macaroni... ....-.....-----.--.--- 20
Methods of cooking and serving macaroni .........------------------ 20
a a ee a a kare RR co 5 ie ail eek eee 21
SERIE oe Wee Ga Ree oe all ae ete ee ee 21
epee erreewer US: Coa Ses... ee eee ~ CL BSR De ee 22
Penonimyibetenpesa Or Milk 2) se oe oe eee 23
Macarony: Witt LOMALOeS . .-- .2---. La Jecs- - Rt es 24
PIRCRPON? With IMGGIS: 22. oo es os Se eer eel Tale | 24
Pea OOML- Wi MO tas soe oy Hk cakes = 5 - Reppert ble 25
AAS ore re re i a re ee = op ant 25
RNR te eee ree ee he a eS 8 oe eine en a eee 25
erent are ie 2 La oe ee ep eee 26
CN oe se ee ee ee ae ee eee ee aoe oe ees 26
SUT? Tine MR Ui A eer ea: IRS ce fel 27
TIES ee ee ne Rha se = 2 oe ad ge 27
See ARIAT OCIOION 6 2 8 ns eS 28
0 ES oa pe a eS 5, > * ee See dnb 0 29
Ma OE WTOMG. +: oes Sit eee: 8 ee eee 31
Semin TAT UIIOIGS o e . pic e 31
Cooperative baking experiments of the Department of Agriculture __-- 34
Chemical study of durum-wheat flour and bread __-___-_-----.---- 36
Manisa OL SUANOATC MOWIB.- 2 eee. =... ~~ 2 ce ene 38
eee eLOUnitse 02 oo ee eee ee. sw SS a een 40
Cpe ene lutea 2 ook eee le Cee ee 41
LC ile) foes Re See. =, ne i Pee | pay ae 44
Examination of the flour and bread of the baking test---.._-- ------ 44
CMRIONG A Sao ee | st Ba ELE Sp aon 48
Seerre O11 rials. Of tO DROAGo0c- 84) Page wa as oes sd wee 49
eT EE gees a en a i ore a 51
i epee eee en oe | en Renee 51
OD iS ee at Se. ae Seer Ga 52
Teachers and experts in domestic | IRIS pe Sp RRS SOR i 53
Gucmunand flout experis 2.2.2. 9-.see---=-----. st re are 53

nen sETIBIS: 22 ib coll 2 Pee. 2 - 2d - - )
Quotations from particularly interesting reports... - Ee rrr 59

S CONTENTS.

Duram wheat for bread—Continued, Page
Results Of other WG « wicw ce cdeccewteccccc acucts pbuckendbntseeeee 58
Remerks on the various chemical and baking tests... = == == eee. 60

The color of flour and bread __..-._--__________._. sc chdt become 62
Experience required for perfect operations........-- _-_._________. 63

Other products from durum wheat. .----_-----_-- ue ow dee cee 65

Progross of the new industry--_..._....--.----- :. 65
Increase in production of durum wheat-___-______--_-_.--------------- 66

66

Determination of the best varietios . .......- 2-6. cece <covnsqeasceueue
Commercial inspection and grading _.______. Slopes nxwosde cuban Eee 67
Disposition of the 1908 orgy. .....- 02.20 0665 occ wn nan seeeneceaneeeeee 67
Millis now handling the wheat... ......-....-- <2.2. ce acecue os coe 68
Prices . i wknd sepa ses <o0 5 eas Shee ace eee 68
The OWtlook . 5s... cdottee own oo oa ven w bee cee cee oe eee 68
Description of nlates. -. cise... - cece vee uncauces used uy uae 70

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.
Page.

PuatE I. Loaves of bread, one made from durum wheat patent flour, the
other from best quality Northwestern hard spring wheat patent

flowy oS re nsec e - on ree wont ee Frontispiece.
II. Samples of three varieties of durum wheat---------.------------ 70
Ill. Fig. 1.—Harvesting durum wheat in North Dakota. Fig. 2.— 70
Kubanka durum wheat growing in western Kansas in 1903 ____ 70

IV. Fig. 1.—Freshly cut durum and spring wheat bread side by side.
Fig. 2.—Two loaves each of durum and spring wheat bread.

(A. later baking) - .-... 35. -. cs. 2c 703

V. Muffins made from durum wheat patent flour___-_.___..-------- 2s

TEXT FIGURE,

Fig. 1. Reproduction of a portion of a bulletin of the board of trade of
Bamara, Femegn. _- . 2. 26. nen oocen cach oneanuneee eee

B P. 1.—122. V. P. P. 1.—1%.,

THE COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

INTRODUCTION.

The cultivation in this country of durum wheat in response to an
actual demand for it has passed the third season, and the fourth crop
will soon be ready for delivery. Previous to 1901 this wheat could not
usually be sold at the elevators or mills at any price and was rarely
grown—in small quantities only, for stock feed. Since its commercial
value has been demonstrated the production has increased from 100,000
bushels, the largest estimate in 1901, to at least 6,000,000 bushels
in 1905—an inerease of sixtyfold in two years. On March 18, 1904,
the price of durum wheat at Buffalo, N. Y., was $1.03 per bushel,
though there was practically none to be obtained. Since May 20,
1904, $1 per bushel has been offered at Buffalo for No. 2 durum wheat,
to arrive on the opening of lake navigation. A very good export
business was accomplished with the 1903 crop, although the quality
of the grain for export in that year was the worst it has ever been, or
is likely to be, because of the unusually wet season. In the entire
history of the country no other new crop appears to have made so
remarkable a record.

PROPER RANK OF DURUM WHEAT.

It is a striking fact that 6,000,000 bushels of a grain formerly rejected
should be sold at a fancy price toward the close of the winter, long
before the new season opens. Most important of all, much the larger
portion was sold to the mills for making bread flour. The significance
of these facts isevident. The continued success of recent milling and
baking operations has clearly demonstrated that durum wheat has
not heretofore been given its proper rank. It should properly be con-
sidered as a wheat of the highest class, ranking with hard spring and
hard winter, but should be graded on its own merits and kept abso-
lutely distinct from either of these.

«It should be noted that this particular demand for durum wheat is chiefly for

making bread flour at the mills.
9

10 COMMEROIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

In portions of Kurope where this wheat is well known its excellent
qualities have been properly recognized for a long time, as mentioned
in former publications, In France, the greatest bread-cating country
of the world, a large quantity of durum wheat is used for bread, and
in the region from Greece to Roumania, inclusive, it forms a large
percentage of the annual crop consumed. Much the largest produe-
tion of durum wheat is in east and south Russia, and the price at the
principal Russian markets is always higher than that of the hard red
spring and winter wheats, although the latter easily equal in quality
the similar wheats of this country. In the Volga River region the
variety Kubanka or Beloturka, a durum wheat, is the most popular
of all and always commands a price considerably higher than that of
the hard red wheats, this price being the same either for local eon-
sumption or for export. The best bread of that region contains at

: NPEWCD-KYPANTD. NM 49,
CAMAPCHOL BUPA 3a BpeMA Ch 7 no 13 centadpa 1898 roga.

floneatasnane, Bropink». * Cpega, “| he Mereeprn. Sy Natawua. t ~~ Gyedora. ah. Sa ‘Hea et
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Brg) Sa 8i gt) 8 12s pe SR gh ae hehe ee ee ee ee
S C1 5 a ~) Werte . = 2£ | | P a
2) 8 orn, m=) 3S orale Sore got S| 3 ore ao] = Sore) x0] > | a =r =
Boino Bb npHBost: | - sora SS eee en Mey aT Cet Bh aoe tea —
{ : ke i PR aS crag Mee a : | ay i
Uueunum? Oha0Ty pau, — LO) 110 122 — +) 1200 | Oe eat >} 2500) 1123 AOD hiyas _ 5950 109 125
» — -Mepepoza, | —, 60 102'108] — . . 650 | jt9j298 —| 700, 104207 830 102 Tash | 2450 jloziies
“, eruncw -. — 400 102100] — — | 330 106. 110] | 300 | Jos > | 150 (105, EL — a 1300 wean
| | | | | | | sy a “
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Paci ~f{—- 10) 70 72— f- lon | ol Cy a | a 73 “= <2 | -| = 29| a2
J i Ta | | as Sf)
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epep a j | " i 2
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Chua .sHauato fm 80) N28 25) pee a 30 115)180) zt Sat ie | Leelee —|—
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domeua 4a FES eet oe Hy Mone) bree Vj) ei _

Topoxa i food Oca Moen ( - —V =}.

F1G, 1.—Reproduction of a portion of a bulletin of the board of trade of Samara, Russia. 4

least 80 per cent of Kubanka wheat flour, the remainder being usually
hard red spring wheat flour.

“ The extract here shown of this board of trade bulletin (a translation of which is
given on page 11) gives the quantity of different grains received daily at this point
and the daily variation in price (in kopecks) per pood. All of the kinds of wheat
represented are durum except the one called Russian. It will be seen that the
durum wheats not only arrive in considerably larger quantities, but command a
much higher price than the variety Russian, although this latter variety corre-

sponds well to our own northern hard spring wheats and is absolutely as good in ~

quality. In fact, our own hard spring wheat probably originated in that region.

PROPER RANK

OF DURUM WHEAT.

11

Price current No, 49, Samara Board of Trade, September 7-13, 1898.

Monday. Tuesduy. Wednesday. Thursday.
Price per Price per Price per Price per
pood in pood in | pood in | pood in
Arrived. E eset Oke. Ee | Koper ks. E : kopecks. E ida
® | | S| | = had
Cie erie eter | eye | 68 | ila eee
i Pm Oo |a|a) So |g] ea i ~ os of i °
IO} O | m |e /OlOl|m |e |Oo]o | Bl/ae|O| Oo |m |e
|
Wheat: ' |
Beloturka .......-.|.../1,000 | 110 | 122 tl Ear 250 | 109 | 122 1,200) 111 128
Pereroda .....---- 600 | 102 | 108 150 | 104 107 650 | 105 108
RUEMEES otowannbalsnat,, Mee |e? | LO ewe lewel mn cuwelan no = ---| 100 | 108 | 110 | $50 | 106 110
PenMmieil) 2s s.n0 cus Se OUUY [Pe 00) RL Satalinat|awenial cate b SoA ||. oOe | 200, _.f 250 |' 82) 108
NE ee akginein anise] oes LO (0 teed ae hee ee eee ss 70 | 72) 11 15; 70 72
Oats | | |
OR eee leas uao tn een eRe eee) eel eS as| ons daledwe|cacnulwnns 3] ~weasi|waime |e meee ears ee
RRO St tone e aol cman aun wns eS es ere ES Ree eee ee SES ied Ee
LOE: Sea eet epee 30 ihe 544] Rel Se 8 Pe | Fo ee aaa een | 115 | 130
TIMIONRON BEGG. kul sto) sestce |p pce's|sbcgelece Ried |e cc etobt Ee Das |. wae aha tele| neta: eal en a eee eee
MEAG oe es Sorel ala cecn| fag an|aodaalinda epee sale oe.
re re, Se SP eet IeD, Ie eM COLE aa los ies lees Sos clsced|euweoleale c[sdun :
ais | a ee Se | '
Friday. Saturday. Week.
Price per Price per Price per
pood in pood in pood in
Arrived os kopecks. a kopecks. a il kopecks.
a = 3 Se
§ S iF g Y
w oe A | n ear = | D r =
re i ro) rf Ha i) Be a 5 |
eS es a fe) eS 8 Pe e) e} 3 Pe fo)
Oy Oo a A }O| oO By H | oO s) & | &
Wheat: |
Beloturka _....--- .. 12, 500 110 123 222) (600 110 [250 \eecoee 5, 550 109 123
POTeroas 23.225 -|- ee! S700 104 | 107 |..--| 350 102.) 108 | sieve} 2,450 102 | 108
Egyptian -__..--.- ee UD 0 jg) fal A 1 nd a Rie tr ALLL 2 oe 1,300 102 111
Spee i252 2. 2 34}, £800 94 103 |.-..|. 750 94 108 |--.-..- 1,930 | 82 103
1 Se aaa eee 141 [lay xs TAS SO le [a | 39 25 70 73
Oats
» STALE S08 IE Rages 0 ole al Ne ey ee pe FSU A 2 Si bias ee | toed MAR ie tas) MAR 20. doy Peep boat,
Gommion e228 |e. {etic is [ers .ca das \gaaens: Eee S| PRO [ey eee la ee 5 | wns chai AE Se area tas | arena
SUE SOOU is oe coo PU ES (SO bea fe Nee Rees Ms 3 ee 8s 60 | 115 130
Sunflower seed -___...|.---|_--.-- eet repens cA 8 Pi ee ea ee eee |_See ee ba; sei) ae 2
USE ee ee Saas ees jee ae ee | Nich eh) | Sak. hl eee ae | eet | Aso |e eee [Sees eel oe oe
(rc ee ee ee Pe PR Ll pees ere ete teh -b 3 VS etree eer a ee FETS: ee

The city of Samara, on the upper Volga, having a population. of
about 100,000, although not particularly a milling center, corresponds
fairly well in other respects to Minneapolis as a grain market. At
this place a variety called simply ‘‘ Russian” is the chief representative
of the hard spring wheats, while the durum wheat group is represented
by Kubanka. A photographic reproduction of a portion of the daily
bulletin of the Samara board of trade is shown in figure 1, followed
by a translation of the same, which illustrates the supc¢rior value of
Kubanka wheat at this place. It will be seen that from September 19
to 25, 1898, the price of Kubanka ranged from 109 to 125 kopecks
(1 kopeck equals 0.515 cent) per pood (36 pounds), and that Russian
sold at 82 to 105 kopecks. The number of ecartloads of Kubanka
received during the week was 5,550, while 1,930 cartloads of Russian
were received during the same time.“ It is interesting to note that

“A cartload ordinarily averages 42 bushels. This was a famine year in east
Russia; hence the grain receipts at Samara were unusually low,

12 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

just five years later almost an exact reverse of the relations in price
of these two classes of wheat existed in this country, at Minneapolis,
and yet we have the same system of milling and largely the same
export outlet for our wheat and flour as Russia. ‘he explanation is
that the American trade is only now becoming acquainted with durum
wheat.

SPECIAL QUALITIES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE.

So long as durum wheat is grown where it is well adapted, it will
always possess certain special qualities of commercial value not exist-
ing to so great a degree in other wheats: (1) In the strictly semiarid
districts if usually ripens earlier than other spring wheats. This
allows the wheat a greater chance to escape insect and fungous pests
and thus insures a plumper, finer kernel. (2) Freedom from rust
and smut is still further insured by the natural resistance of this
Wheat to the attacks of such fungi. The importance of smut resist-
ance in the fields of the Northwest is manifest to those who are aware
of the great damage to wheat from this cause in that region. (3) Hard
spring and winter wheats are known to produce a harder, better grain |
in the drier districts and in dry seasons. Durum wheat, being par-
ticularly adapted to such conditions, always furnishes an excellent
hard grain without a corresponding decrease in yield. (4) Acecom-
panying this drought resistance and hardness of grain is a correspond-
ing increase in the quantity and quality of the gluten.¢ (5) In the
analyses of flour and bread, given on another page, it is shown that
the sugar content of durum wheat is considerably greater than that
of other wheats. Even a small percentage of difference in this
respect is of great importance to the baker during a year’s operations.
(6) The extreme dryness of the durum wheat grain in a good season ?
gives the floura great power of absorption, which, other conditions
being equal, allows the baker to obtain more loaves from the same
weight of flour, and in some cases would thus give this wheat a great
advantage over other wheat flours of less absorption.

THE NAME ‘‘DURUM.”’

Durum wheat is generally known in this country as macaroni
wheat. It isnow a matter of regret that this name was used. It was
first employed in publications of this Department, chiefly because of
the fact that no other wheat will make first-class macaroni. It was

“The results of experiments with different flours, discussed elsewhere in this
bulletin, do not show any particular superiority for this wheat over others in this
respect, but, as there explained, the flours examined were those of wet seasons,
which are especially injurious to durum wheat.

®It should be explained that a good season for durum wheat may be a poor one
for ordinary wheat. Within extreme limits the drier the season the better it
is for this wheat, while unusual moisture, especially great humidity, is very
disastrous.

DURUM WHEAT FOR MACARONI. 138

deemed suflicient at first to establish its commercial value on this
basis alone, and its use for bread was not then urged by the Depart-
ment. The results of milling and baking operations of the last two
years, however, have so changed the status of the wheat that it now
seems quite desirable to discard the name ‘‘ macaroni,” for the follow-
ing reasons: (1) It is quite misleading, as durum wheat is now known to
make excellent bread as well as macaroni; and (2) it is not a general
name; in fact, is not used outside of this country, except very
recently in Canada and Australia. It is therefore recommended and
urged that grain dealers, inspectors, and all others concerned use the
name ‘‘durum” instead of ‘‘macaroni.” The word ‘‘durum” means
hard, and is therefore very appropriate, and it is universally known.
Many farmers will no doubt persist in using the name ‘‘ macaroni,” but
the name ‘‘durum” will usually be understood by them. Ior a time
the name ‘‘ macaroni” might be used parenthetically until the name
“durum” becomes more familiar.

DURUM WHEAT FOR MACARONI.

While the durum wheat can not be correctly considered as simply
a macaroni wheat, yet it should be kept in mind that no other wheat,
except perhaps Polish, will make good macaroni. There are two
chief reasons why Americans do not eat several times as much maca-
roni as at present: (1) It is usually not made from the proper kind
of wheat and (2) it is rarely prepared properly in the kitchen. The
former is probably the more important reason. It is as easy to make
typical Minneapolis flour from California wheat as it is to make
first-class macaroni from other than durum wheat. It is a common
error to suppose that the excellence of Italian macaroni is due simply
to the methods of manufacture employed by Italians. The real rea-
son for this excellence is that only durum wheat is used, though it is
true that the methods employed are occasionally superior to those of
many American factories.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD MACARONI,

The principal characteristics of good macaroni and those which dis-
tinguish a product of true durum wheat from that which is made from
ordinary wheat are as follows: (1) It must have a rich yellow color,
at the same time without any application of artificial coloring matter;
(2) it must be translucent or almost transparent; (3) the sticks should
permit of considerable bending without breaking; (4) the macaroni
should be able to retain its firmness after at least twenty minutes in
boiling water; (5) when served at the table it should not be flabby nor
pasty; (6) it should not be soft and doughy when eaten, but should
remain firm in consistency. Of course, the attainment of these quali-
ties will depend to some extent upon the methods of manufacture of
either the semolina or the macaroni, or both, but it is always mainly

14 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

dependent upon the kind of wheat employed. As all food grains
contain an abundance of starch, the comparative nutritive value of
different kinds of macaroni or of macaroni made from different kinds
of wheat will depend chiefly upon the proteid content; but, as in the
case of bread making, it must be remembered that the quality as well
as the quantity of gluten is of great importance.

The following series of analyses made by the bureau of Chemistry
of this Department will give some information on the comparative
percentage of proteids in macaroni from different wheats. It will be
seen that the highest percentage of proteid is found in the macaroni
produced from durum wheat.

TABLE 1.—Analysesof macaroni produced from different wheats; results eapressed
as percentages,

5 Kind of wheat f hich | Moi R 1 & no deate
= ar ees : | Kind of wheat from which ois- Crude ro- rates
g| Name of product. | made. ture. | F@t-| Aber, | A8h _teids by differ.
| | ence,
kale eA) a : a ee ee
|
1 | Egg noodles ...-._---- | Hard spring (with eggs) -| 9.27 | 4.36) 0.31 | 0.71 | 15.68 69.72
2| Spaghetti ........-... | Common wheat, kind un- 9.55} .47 -T1| .57| 12.68 76. 06
nown
3 | Macaroni .........-~<- | ees OO oe a os Sate eee 10.20 | .38 52] .61| 12.31 75. 98
ra) Tae €0's.2 ee eee | Kansas hard winter ____-- 10.36 | .é -57 | .51 | 12.06 76.12
7 ee Sy ne = rae es | Dakota and Minnesota ___-| 10.24] .43 37 | .43) 11.06 77.47
6 =i pas eek py ee ok Se See Oe A ee ee 10,15°) +44 of | .44] 12.68 75. 97
7 | Meszani: | Minnesota spring -.-.----- 10.20 | .22 ae .32 | 12.56 76. 32
8 | Macaroni -....:..-.-.- Hard common wheat. ---- 10.19 | .42 37 | .48| 13.88 74.71
9 | Sparchotti .......<.... Hard enring.. + <.+<5. 10.15) | «39 .40| 56) 18.44 75. 26
10. < Ci (a tae rape Ree A Kansas hard winter __-.-- 10.06 | .56 .35 | .47] 12.56 76. 00
tT Macaroni oS 813. 3 ee ees 8 ee eee 10.06 | .46 -49 | .45 | 12.63 75. 91
12 | Macaroni (artificial | Hard spring..........--.-- YO 4e i) S26 46) .67 | 13,25 75. 92
ly colored). |
33°| Macaroni 2 .......--- ' Mixed hard and soft com- 9.58 19 | 53 83 | 14.75 74. 92
mon wheat.
fag ee OHee eee , Mixed Kansas hard and 9.79 | .49 .38 | .63| 12.63 76.08
_ ordinary winter.
ID) tesesron: ~ (splits: |.2.. 00°26, ee 10.00 | .40 .o. | <62 | T2276 75. 86
easily ).
16 7 caroni (very | Hard common wheat----- 9.73 | .45 .38 | .48 |) 14.06 74. 90
arge).
17 | Macaroni (genuine | Unknown........--...---- :| 10.05!) .24 50! .65) 13.06: | 75.50
Italian imported).
18: | Macaroni... -.-..2:..- Grown to order. .-..-....- 9.91 | .49 .39 | .44] 12.06 76.71
i) eee GC el ee ee Pillsbury’s best flour. ___- 9.61. | .58 .38 | .48 | 13.81 75.19
1 eee One ste ere Truedurum wheat grown, 10.50 | .75 22.) ..50 |. Dios 70. 90
to order. |
2) |) Mezzani-._-.2-- 4-21 Imported Taganrog du-| 10.25 |} .58 22: 64 | TOS 78.12
rum.
S3)| Maecaront |... cst: Best Minnesota spring.---| 10.29) .67 .23 | .48| 12.38 76. 00
23 | Macaroni (genuine | Unknown ...-.-..--..-...-- 10.02 | .39 25). TL) T2eh 76. 38
French imported).
24 | Mezzani (genuine | American mixed durum | 10.88 | .41 $238'| J5ac} Tibe 76.43
Italian imported). and common wheat.
2 | Macaroni 22.....)- seh Semon wheat, kind un- | 11.88 | .40 <2¢ | 2b?) ) OFS 76. 87
nown.

PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE.

Though the kind of wheat employed is by far of the greatest impor-
tance, yet the process of manufacture in most of the factories of this
country is very unsatisfactory, and there is no doubt that very much
better results would be obtained by the employment of better methods.
There are, of course, two processes, viz, (1) the manufacture of the
semolina and (2) the making of the macaroni, and it is important

——————————————— ee eee

4

DURUM WHEAT FOR MACARONI, 15

that proper methods should be employed .n each case. The chief
defect in American methods is in the manufacture of the semolina,
and this consists mainly in very imperfect operations with the bolting
cloth. Several of the finer products should be screened out and the
particular grade of semolina intended for macaroni should be very
much coarser than is ordinarily furnished by the mills; in facet, the
production of a proper grade of semolina, now that the proper wheat
is in cultivation, is practically the only requisite in this country for
the production of the very best macaroni that can be made. It must be
said that several of the millers of this country have spent much time
and money in an endeavor to improve their milling operations in this
respect, and have already made considerable progress. The reader
is referred to Bulletin No. 20 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, enti-
tled ‘‘ Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni,” for detailed descrip-
tions of proper methods of manufacture of both semolina and maca-
roni. It is, of course, to be expected that in time, when very much
more of the durum wheat shall be employed, milling operations will
become much more perfect.

It has been affirmed in recent years and it is the general supposi-
tion that the consumption of macaroni in this country has consider-
ably increased. It would be of much interest to learn the actual facts
bearing on this question; but the statisties of the census are furnished
only every ten years, and it is now necessary to wait for another cen-
sus before it can be determined whether there has been any increase
in the last few years, since the last census covered the production of
1899. The Treasury statistics on the importation of foreign macaroni
are available every year, and of course these figures, added to our
own yearly production, would give practically the total consumption
in this country, as there is very little export. .

By the courtesy of the Bureau of the Census of the Department of
Commerce and Labor special unpublished sheets have been furnished
from which approximate statistics on the production of macaroni in
1899 have been compiled. The entire production for that year of the
factories which returned reports to the Bureau was 15,193,774 pounds,
having a wholesale value at the warehouse where produced of
$1,494,272. It is known to the Department of Agriculture that three
or four of the largest factories in the United States made no returns.
Several others, of course, may not have reported, but probably very
few. The figures above given are therefore minimum figures, but the
correct amount in each case would probably not be very much more.

As it will no doubt be a matter of considerable interest commer-
cially, it is thought well to publish a list of all the macaroni factories
in the United States so far known to this Department. This list fol-
lows, with the addresses of the factories. There are possibly a half
dozen or more factories not included in the list, but it is probably
fairly complete.

16 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

LIST OF MANUFACTURERS OF MACARONI IN THE UNITED STATES,

CALIFORNIA,
Los Angeles:
California Macaroni Company, 230 Aliso street.
Kahn-Beck Company, 467 Aliso street.
Oakland;
Swiss-Italian Paste Company, 513 Fifth street.
Sacramento:
Foppiani & Co., 1115 Second street.
San Francisco:
Arata Bros., 325 Broadway.
California Italian Paste Company, 347 Sacramento street.
Celli, John B., 8 Margaret place.
Columbus Paste Company, 425 Jackson street.
Cuneo Bros., 511 Green street.
Landucci & Co., 1423 Kearney street.
Martinoni & Podesta, 512-514 Washington street.
Matteucci, F., & Co., 411-413 Francisco street.
Musto, C. E., & Co., 705-707 Battery street.
Nunziato, L., 415 Broadway.
Paravagna, Giacoma, 1 Vulcan lane.
San Francisco Paste Company, 704 Sansome street.
Smario & Grego, 810 Battery street.
Sosso, Henry G., 1313 Dupont street.
Splivalo, C. R., & Co., 307 Battery street.
Valente, Luigi, 214 Broadway.
San Jose:
Baiocchi, M., & Co.
Prola, J.
Ravenna Paste Company.
San Jose Italian Paste Company.

COLORADO,
Denver:
» Mazza, F., & Co., 327 Gerspach avenue.
Wratere Uaien Macaccnit Manufacturing Company, 3654-3658 Bell street,
corner West Thirty-seventh avenue.

Starkville:
Scavarda Paste and Sausage Factory.
Trinidad:
Casa, Joseph.
DELAWARE,
Wilmington:

Union Macaroni Company, 209 East Fifth street.

ILLINOIS,
Chicago:
Canepa, John B.
_ Meyers Brothers Macaroni Company (new). ‘.
National Macaroni Company, 36 La Salle street.
Braidwood: ss
Rossi, Peter. 5

INDIAN TERRITORY
South McAlester:

Fassino Brothers. >

~
LIST OF MANUFACTURERS.

OWA, —
Davenport:

Crescent Macaroni Company, corner Fifth and Iowa streets.

LOUISIANA,
New Orleans:
Bertoleti, Dominick, 1200 Chartres street.
Cusimano, J., 619 St. Philip street.
Federico, L., & Bro., 1000 Chartres street.
Gensler, Philip, 520 Conti street.
Guercio, 5., & Co., 310 Rampart street.
Impastato, Giuseppe, 610 Dumaine street.
Impastato, V., & Co. (Limited), 400 Magazine street.
Mathes, Louis, & Co., 1739 St. Charles avenue.

Messina, S., Macaroni Manufacturing Company (new).

Peres, Francois, 521 St. Louis street.

Sambola Italian Paste Factory (Limited), 662 St. Peter’s street.

Spicuzza & Valenti, 727 Ursuline street.
Torre, J., & Bro., 429 Decatur street.

M A R Y. I AN I rs
Baltimore:
Nocitra, L., & Co., 516 Ensor street.

MASSACHUSETTS.
Boston:
Ficino & Lairdino, 21 Chatham street.
Hayes, James A., & Co., 9-11 Commercial street.
Jannini, Cresenzio & Co., 191 Maverick street.
Terrile, P., 282 Commercial street.
Vesce & Capodilupo, 317 North street.

MICHIGAN.
Detroit:
Marvelli Company, The, 115 Larned street West.
Pontiac-Peninsula Macaroni Company (new).
Schmid, A. J., 407 Elmwood avenue.

MINNESOTA,
Minneapolis:
Minneapolis Macaroni Factory, 56 Central avenue.
St. Paul:
Minnesota Macaroni Company, 42 East Isabel street.
Vermicelli and Macaroni Company, The.

‘MISSOURI.
Kansas City:
Baker Manufacturing Company, 528 Walnut street.
Gargotta, Joseph, & Son, 500 East Third street.
St. Louis:
Capnano, Damiano, 923 North Eighth street.
Catanzaro, Joseph, 924 North Eighth street.

Gandolfo-Ghio Manufacturing Company, 104 South Eighth street.

Kappes, Erwin, 814 Julia street.

Maull, Chas., Macaroni Company, 7 North Second street.

Stobie Cereal Mills, 711 North Second street,
4876—No. 70—04——2

17

Ls COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

MONTANA,
Butte:

Imperial Paste Manufacturing and Mercantile Company,

NEW JERSEY.

Jersey City:

Mueller, C. F., & Co., 983 Boyd avenue,
Newark:

Fello, Roffalbe, 130 Seventh avenue.

Geroot, Michael, 127 Seventh avenue.

Maulano, Francesco, 45 Sheffield street.

Sapniolo, Vincenzo, 23 Adams street.
Vineland:

D’Ippolito, G. B., 620 Cherry street.

NEW YORK,
Brooklyn:
Castruccio, A., & Sons, 66 Sackett street.
Romeo, F., & Co., 25-27 Carroll street.
Savarese, V., & Bros., 50 Irving street.
Zerega’s Sons, A., 61 Front street.
Buffalo:
Amigona, Nicholas, 163 Main street.
Antoniazzi, Charles, 161 Seneca street.
Buffalo Macaroni and Vermicelli Works, 137 Broadway.
Carmelo, Manzella, 243 Court street.
Catalano, Pietro, 32 State street.
Guarina, Frank, 280 Terrace street.
Gugino Brothers, 107 Wilkeson street.
Onetto, Louis, 137 Broadway.
New York:
Atlantic Macaroni Company, West Twenty-first street, between Tenth and
Eleventh avenues.
Columbia Importing and Manufacturing Company, 138 Jane street.
Goodman, A., & Sons, 638 East Seventeenth street.
Syracuse:
Hotaling-Warner Company, The, 419 Tracy street.
Utica:
Central Macaroni Company.
Italian Macaroni Company.

OHIO,
Chardon:

Chardon Macaroni Company.
Cincinnati: '
Foulds Milling Company, 1225 Budd street.
German and Ajyerican Pure Food Company, 1404 Walnut street.
Routspohler, A. H., Company, 114 West Court street.
Schwinn, J. 8., Company, 1540 Race street.
Wuerdemann Company, The, 431 East Pearl street.
Cleveland:
Cleveland Macaroni Company, The, 1 Shaw street.
Catalano, Maria C., 15 Scovill avenue.
De Nicola & Co., 66 Hill street.
Di Franco, Antonio, 44 Brandon street.
French Delicacy Company, 58 Frankfort street.

LIST OF MANUFACTURERS. 19

Cleveland—Continued.
Geracio, Gaetano, 124 Woodland avenue.
Pfaffman Egg Noodle Company, 278 Seneca street.
Russo, G., & Co., 94 Coltman street.
Columbus:
Ingram, W. H., 176 King avenue.
Youngstown:
Youngstown Macaroni Company, 102 South Watts street.

OREGON,
Portland:

Colombo Paste Company.
Pacific Coast Biscuit Company.

PENNSYLVANIA,
Carnegie:
Bisi, Ernesto.
Philadelphia:
Ackerman, Rudolph, 1361 Germantown avenue.
Cini & Tasca, 933 South Tenth street.
Cuneo, Frank, 801 Christiana street.
De Angelis, R., & Co., 915 South Seventh street.
De Cecco, Giuseppe, 4392 Germantown avenue.
Di Cuglielmo, Louis, 804 South Sixth street.
Di Napoli, Antonio, 741 South Seventh street.
Guano & Raggio, 924 South Seventh street.
Italian Steam Manufacturing Company, 1021 South Ninth street.
Krumm, A. C., & Son, 1012 Dakota street.
Laufer, Anton, 2333 North Second street.
Mamarella, Gaetano, 1205 South Ninth street.
Pataneo, Peter, 725 Carpenter street. .
Ricchezza & Verna, 1021 South Ninth street and 804 Kimball street.
Sassa, Joseph, 812 Carpenter street.
Pittsburg: ’
Piccardo, B., 185 Forty-first street.
Plumfield, Marecial, 4520 Laurel street.
Scranton:
Cassesse Brothers, 99 Lackawanna avenue.

TENNESSEE.
Memphis:
De Marchi, Victor, 93 Main street.

TEXAS.
Dallas:

Carlisi & Taibbi, 258-262 Live Oak street.
Dallas Grand Macaroni Factory.
Galveston:
Texas Star Macaroni Factory, G. Martinelli & Co., 2014 Twenty-eighth street.
Houston:
Houston Macaroni Company, F. Bonno & Bro., 114 Preston avenue.
Manno, Fran, 516 Milam street.
San Antonio:
Battaglia & Co.
Mesa, F., 106 Hessler street.
Saladino, A., 228 Salinas street.
San Antonio Paste Works.

Aw) COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

WASHINGTON,

Seattle:

Ghiglione, A. F., & Sons, 2318 First avenue,
Tacoma:

Martinolich, J. C., North Thirty-second street, between Oakes and Pine streets.

WISCONSIN,

Milwaukee:

Lorenz Brothers Macaroni Company.

POSSIBILITY OF EXPORT OF SEMOLINA AND MACARONI,

The amount of macaroni imported into the United States averages
somewhere near 18,000,000 pounds per annum. Comparing this with
the minimum figures on domestic production previously given, it is
seen that our annual production of macaroni is very nearly the same
as our annual import. A fancy price is nearly always paid for the
imported macaroni, and yet the domestic macaroni should be just as
evood when made from the proper wheat. There is often, it is true, a
lack of proper methods of manufacture of the semolina, but, as before
stated, several American mills are already making rapid progress in
that regard. Given, therefore, a large production of the durum
wheat there is every prospect of a future production of macaroni at
least equal to the home demand, and probably a sufficient quantity
for a good export trade before many years have passed.

The United States has a large export flour trade, and there is appar-
ently no good reason why there should not also be a good export trade
in macaroni. But the commercial value of the wheat is of course not
limited to the mere manufacture of macaroni. The macaroni manu-
facturer stands in the same relation to the semolina manufacturer as
that borne by the baker toward the miller. An export trade to cor-
respond with that of bread flour should therefore be an export of
semolina rather than of macaroni. The semolina manufacturers of
France, who furnish a large proportion of the semolina for European
macaroni, are obliged very largely to import their wheat. The mills
of this country would therefore have the advantage in that respect,
at least over the French semolina millers, and ought to be ab‘te to
compete very sharply with the French mills in supplying the numer-
ous macaroni factories of Italy with semolina.

METHODS OF COOKING AND SERVING MACARONI.

It is a common experience that while macaroni is often mentioned
on hotel bills of fare, a large percentage of the guests of these hotels
seldom taste it. As has already been stated, one of the reasons for
this condition is the general ignorance throughout this country of the
proper methods of preparing and serving macaroni. The most com-
mon form in which macaroni is served in this country is a very white,
pasty, doughy mass of the sticks, served in dilute tomato sauce. The
most enthusiastic lover of macaroni would have very little if any-

RECIPES. 9)

thing to do with a dish of that kind. Of course it is likely to be
served in a little better condition on the tables of private families,
but even then there is rarely much variation in preparation from the
method above described. It is little wonder, therefore, if there are
very few converts from year to year to the use of macaroni as a food
in their own homes.

There are of course numerous methods of preparing macaroni for
the table, just as in the case of the preparation of any other food, but
there is no doubt whatever that many of the very best methods are
wholly unknown to most Americans. Naturally many of these meth-
ods are only used in foreign countries, where macaroni is a much more
common food than in the United States. Many recipes, however, are
to be found in the best cookbooks of this country, which, if widely
followed, would at once give an impetus to the use of this food by the
American people.

With the hope of helping to make macaroni a much more attractive
food and of inducing the people to eat if much more generally, there
are reproduced here from various sources a number of selected recipes
for preparing this food, which seem to be the best or among the best
out of several hundred that have been as carefully investigated as
possible.@

In order to make the list of recipes more convenient for reference
it is classified rather roughly under the headings, viz, semolina, soups,
macaroni with cheese or milk, macaroni with tomatoes, macaroni with
meats, macaroni with nuts, timbales, croquettes, garnitures, spaghetti,
salads, desserts, special Italian recipes, and miscellaneous. One notes
at once the interesting fact that several palatable dishes may be pre-
pared from the semolina itself, and as true semolina produced from
durum wheat has not heretofore been made in this country (and is
not even now produced to perfection) and has never been imported,
these will prove to be practically new dishes. Noodles is, in a way,
a kind of macaroni, but being more commonly known and so often
made from various kinds of flour, even the finest of patent flour,
dishes prepared from noodles are not included in these recipes.

RECIPES.

SEMOLINA,

Semolina fritters.—Boil in a stewpan 1 pint of milk with 3 ounces of sugar: as
goon as it boils add 6 ounces of semolina; stir until it thickens; let it cook 7 or 8

«Aside from other sources, in selecting these recipes the chief authorities con-
sulted are as follows, viz: Collections of recipes by the Foulds Milling Company,
the Minnesota Macaroni Company, and the Marvelli Macaroni Company; French
Cookery for English Homes, compiled by Wm. Blackwood & Sons; Mrs. Lam-
bert’s Guide for Nut Cookery: Marion Harland’s Complete Cookbook; Gesine
Lemcke’s European and American Cuisine; Déliée’s Franco-American Cookery
Book, and Francatelli’s Modern Cook.

vv COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

minutes. Remove the stewpan from the fire; put in a piece of butter the size of
an egg, 5 yolks of eggs, | whole egg, the chopped rind of a lemon or orange, a
handful of currants, and a liquor glass of kirsch. Pour this paste on a cake tin
which has been moistened with water; spread the paste to the thickness of } inch.
When it is cold divide it into squares, or in rounds, with a paste cutter; pass these
through 2 beaten eggs, then into bread crumbs, and plunge them in boiling fat
until they take a good color.

Cold semolina pudding.—Boil 1 quart of milk with a piece of thin lemon rind
(the rind must be cut so thin that not a morsel of the white underskin attaches
to it), 34 ounces of sugar,a grain of salt, and 2 ouncesof fresh butter. Assoonas
it boils sprinkle into it 34 ounces of semolina, stirring a!l the time with a wooden
spoon. When it has boiled 2 minutes draw it on one side of the stove and let it
simmer for 7 or 8 minutes. In the interval, moisten the inside of a mold with
cold water (a salad bowl will do as well as a mold); pour in the semolina after
having taken out the lemon rind. This pudding is eaten cold, and is best with
gooseberry sauce, but any fruit sirup can be served with it.

Gooseberry sauce for the above.—Put in a stewpan 1 pound of ripe red goose-
berries; crush them. When they boil pass them through a hair sieve. Boil the
liquid 2 or 3 minutes with 34 ounces of white crushed sugar and a wineglassful of
water. Let it get cold.

Semolina soufflé.—Boil 1 pint of milk with + pound of vanilla sugar and a grain
of salt. When it boils drop in gradually 14 ounces of fine semolina, stirring contin-
ually with a wooden spoon; let it cook for 8 or 10 minutes; add 14 ounces of fresh
butter. Pour the mixture into a basin; mix it with 5 yolks of eggs. Beat up the
5 whites to a firm froth; add them gently to the semolina. Pour all into a mold
which has been buttered; bake for 25 minutes in the oven. Serve sprinkled with
powdered sugar.

Semolina soup.—Throw 3} ounces of semolina into 24 quarts of boiling soup,
stirring all the time. Semolina should be thrown in like falling rain. Let all
cook 15 minutes. Serve with grated cheese.

Thick semolina soup.—Prepare the soup exactly as above; then beat up the yolks
of 2 eggs with | teacupful of cream; add little by little to the warm soup; serve
at once.

Croquettes of semolina.—Boil a quart of white broth with salt and an ounce of
butter; drop gently about 12 ounces of semolina, stirring all the time; stir 5 min-
utes longer; add 4 egg yolks and turn into a small buttered dish to cool; divide
in about a dozen oblong pieces; sprinkle with dry crumbs; dip in beaten eggs and
roll in fresh crumbs; fry to a nice color and serve on a folded napkin.

SOUPS.

Macaroni soup.—To 1 quart of stock brought to a boil add + pound boiled maca-
roni cut into fine pieces; season with salt and pepper and pour into a tureen.

Vermicelli ssup.—Bring to a boiling point 2 quarts of soup stock; add 4 ounces
of vermicelli and boil hard for 20 minutes; season with pepper and salt and serve
at once. . ;

Macaroni soup.—Cook 1 ounce of macaroni in boiling water for 20 minutes;
drain and cut into little rings; bring 1 quart of stock to the boiling point; add the
macaroni and let simmer for 5 minutes; salt and pepper to taste.

Macaroni a la Calabraise.—Take 8 ripe tomatoes, press the water out and chop
them fine; melt in a saucepan 2 ounces of butter, with a chopped onion and 4
ounces of finely sliced raw ham; fry slightly brown; add the tomatoes, a clove of
garlic, pepper, and a bunch of parsley; fry a little longer; moisten with half a pint
each of Fspagnole or brown sauce (or any good meat sauce that may be more con- |

‘

RECIPES, 23

venient) and beef broth; boil 15 minutes and strain with pressure through a sieve;
boil half a pound of macaroni in salted water for 20 minutes; drain; put in a
saucepan with 4 ounces of butter in small bits, pepper, and nutmeg; mix well;
put by layers in a large bowl or deep buttered dish, alternating each layer with
grated Parmesan cheese and sauce, finishing with cheese and 3 ounces of very hot,
clarified, and nearly browned butter poured over; serve with 2 quarts of rich
beef broth separately in a soup tureen.

MACARONI WITH CHEESE OR MILK,

Boiled macaroni and cheese.—Boil a quarter of a pound of macaroni until it is
tender, but not broken; drain off the water and cover the saucepan to let it dry;
boil together 1 pint of sweet milk with half a pint of rich cream; cream together
l teaspoonful of flour with a tablespoonful of butter and add to the boiling milk,
stirring constantly until it thickens; add a teaspoonful of mixed mustard; pvt in
a deep dish alternate layers of macaroni, cheese, and sauce until the dish is filled.
Bake half an hour. Add salt and pepper to the sauce just before removing it
from the fire.

Baked macaroni with cheese.—Boil 6 ounces of macaroni in plenty of boiling
salted water until tender. Warm a deep pudding dish and butter well; place in
this a layer of the macaroni, then a layer of cheese grated or cut into small bits;
sprinkle over this salt and pepper and small pieces of butter; then add another
layer of macaroni and cheese, finishing off with the cheese; pour over 1 cup of
rich milk or cream and bake three-quarters of an hour.

Macaroni and cheese ad Vv Anglaise.—Take 4 pound of macaroni, } pint milk, 4
pint veal or beef gravy, yolks of 2 eggs, 4 tablespoonfu!s of cream, 1 ounce butter,
3 ounces grated Parmesan or Cheshire cheese. , Boil the macaroni in the gravy
and milk until quite tender without being brcken; drain and place in a deep dish.
Beat the yolks of 2 eggs with the cream and 2 tablespoonfuls of the liquor in which
the macaroni was boiled; make this sufficiently hot to thicken, but do not allow it
to boil; pour it over the macaroni, over which sprinkle ‘he grated cheese and the
butter broken into small pieces. Brown with a salamander or before the fire, and
serve. Do not brown in the oven, as the butter would oil and so impart a very
disagreeable flavor to the dish. Time, one-half to three-fourths hour to boil mac-
aroni, 5 minutes to thicken eggs and cream, 5 minutes to brown.

Macaroni in cheese shell_—Break macaroni into 2-inch lengths, and boil for at
least 20 minutes in boiling water, well salted; then cut in pieces not over 4 inch
long. Have ready a cheese shell, one which has had the cheese thoroughly scooped
out. These shells are frequently thrown away, and they make very nice receptacles
for the serving of macaroni. Stand the shell on a piece of waxed paper, and
this ina baking pan. Put 2 tablespconfuls of butter and 2 of flour in a sauce-
pan; mix and add a pint of milk; stir until boiling; add the cold macaroni end
stir over the fire until it is just heated through; add a teaspoonful of salt anda
saltspoonful of pepper, and pour the mixture into the cheese shell; cover with a
piece of greased paper and run into the oven for 15 minutes. Lift the shell care-
fully, putting it into adainty round plate, and send it to the table. This imparts
the most delicate cheese flavor, and also makes a sightly dish. If the shell is
carefully cleaned it may be used several times. If baked too long, it will be soft
and fall apart; for that reason the macaroni must be hot when poured into the
shell.

Creamed macaroni.—For a baking dish holding 3 pints allow } pound of maca-
roni, Have your kettle partly filled with boiling salted water; throw in the
macaroni and boil at least 20 minutes. Drain well, and turn it carefully into a
baking dish. Put into a saucepan 3 tablespoonfuls of butter and 3 tablespoonfuls

24 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

of flour; mix; add 14 pints of milk and stir until boiling; add 3 tablespoonfuls of
grated Parmesan and | cupof chopped ordinary American cheese, a level teaspoonful
of salt, and a dash of red pepper. Pour this over the macaroni, pulling it apart
so that the sauce may go to the very bottom of the dish. Cover the top with a
layer of cheese and then a layer of bread crumbs. Stand in a quick oven near the
top, so that it may brown without being unduly cooked.

Creamed macaront on toast.—Put 1 rounded tablespoonful of butter and 1 of
flour into a small saucepan; mix over the fire until smooth; do not brown, Add
} pint of cream; stir until it boils; take from the fire and add salt and pepper
and 4 ounces of boiled macaroni, chopped fine. Place the saucepan over boiling
water to reheat. Pour over slices of buttered toast, dust with grated cheese, and
serve hot.

MACARONI WITH TOMATOES.

Macaroni with tomato sauce.—Boil 6 ounces of macaroni in a saucepan of boil-
ing salted water; let boil 20 minutes; drain ina colander. Have ready the follow-
ing sauce: Cook 1 quart of tomatoes for 1 hour, then strain; add to this juice 1
pint of clear soup, | dessertspoonful of sugar, and pepper and salt to taste. Boil
all together, and while boiling cream together 2 tablespoonfuls of butter and 2
of flour; add to the sauce and stir constantly until it thickens. Serve the maca-
roni on small plates, very hot, and pour over it the sauce and grated Parmesan
cheese.

Macaroni with tomatoes.—Boil and drain } pound of macaroni; add } cup of cream
and 4 cup of butter; pepper and salt. Let it simmer for a short time, but do not
let the macaroni get sticky. Turn into a vegetable dish, pour over it 1 pint of
stewed tomatoes, season, and serve hot.

Tomatoes stuffed with macaroni,—Select large, firm tomatoes; cut off the tops
and scoop out the inside pulp. Do not peel. After sprinkling the inside of the
tomato shells with a very little salt, fill with cold, boiled macaroni, chopped, mix-
ing cheese with the filling. Arrange the tomatoes in a pudding dish, replace the
tops after strewing cheese on the macaroni filling, lay a cover over the tomatoes,
and bake half an hour.

MACARONI WITH MEATS.

Macaroni with clams.—Chop 15 clams very fine, drain off all the liquor, scald
and skim it; add 1 sliced onion, a very little salt and pepper, and simmer 10 min-
utes. Putin anothersaucepan | tablespoonful of butter and 1 of flour; when melted
and bubbling add 1 cup of rich milk and stir until it thickens; stir into this the
clam juice and cook a minute. Fill a buttered dish with alternate layers of boiled
macaroni (} pound) and clams, making the top layer macaroni. Pour over this
the sauce, put a few bits of butter over the top,and brown in a quickoyen. Oys-
ters may be substituted for the clams.

Macaroni with escalloped chicken.—Take equal parts of cold chicken, boiled
macaroni, and tomato sauce. Put in layers in a shallow dish and cover with but- —
tered crumbs. Bake until brown. Any cold fowl with the stuffing and gravy
may be used in the same way.

Macaroni and salmon.—Prepare the macaroni as follows: 1 cup of macaroni,
broken into about 14-inch pieces, is put into 2 quarts of rapidly boiling water in
which 1 tablespoonful of salt has been dissolved, and is cooked for at least 20
minutes. It is then drained dry. Melt 2 tablespoonfuls of butter and 1 table- —
spoonful of oil from the salmon; add to this 3 tablespoonfuls of flour, and cook
thoroughly. Then add 1 pint of milk and cook the mixture until of a creamy
consistency. Arrange the macaroni and salmon, of which a 1-pound can is used,

RECIPES. 25)

in layers, pouring a partof the sauce each timeover thesalmon. Season with salt
and a dash of cayenne pepper. Sprinkle buttered bread crumbs over the top and
bake until browned on top.

MACARONI WITH NUTS,

Macaroni and peanuts.—\ cup of macaroni, broken into about 14-inch pieces,
} pound peanuts, | pint milk, 8 tablespoonfuls flour, 3 tablespoonfuls butter. The
macaroni is put into 2 quarts of rapidly boiling water in which 1 tablespoonful of
salt has been dissolved, and is cooked at least 20 minctes. It is then drained,
The butter is melted in a pan, the flour added, and thoroughly cooked. Then the
milk is added and the mixture cooked until of acreamy consistency. Salt, pepper,
and the ground peanuts are next added to the cream sauce. Now a layer of the
macaroni is put ina baking dish and a layer of the sauce and peanuts is poured
on. Then another layer of macaroni and then more cream sauce and peanuts are
used until the materials are consumed. Buttered crumbs are now placed on top,
and the dish is placed in the oven until browned on top.

TIMBALES.,

Timbales of macaroni.— Break in short lengths 4 pound of macaroni. Cook for
25 minutes in plenty of boiling salted water; dress it with butter and grated cheese;
then work into this 2 eggs. Butter and bread-crumb a plain mold, and when the
macaroni is nearly cold fill the mold with it, pressing it well down and leaving a
hollow in the center, into which place a well-flavored mince of meat, poultry, or
game; then fill the mold with more macaroni, pressed well down. Bake in a
moderate oven 20 minutes; turn out and serve.

Macaroni timbale.—Boil macaroni as usual and then cut it into strips not over
+ inchin length. Line a melon mold with these little pieces, putting the cut side
next to the mold. The mold must first be buttered liberally and then dusted with
bread crumbs. This will hold the pieces as they are placed. To 1 pint of meat
add 4 cup of soft bread crumbs, 2 whole eggs slightly beaten, a teaspoonful of
salt, a saltspoonful of pepper, and a tablespoonful of grated onion. Pack this
carefully into the mold; cover and steam for 1 hour. Turn out carefully, first
loosening the timbale, and pour around either a cream sauce, bechamel sauce, or
tomato sauce. If this dish is carefully made, with the mold carefully lined, it is
most appetizing and sightly.

Timbale of macaroni with cheese.—Mix 1 pint of finely chopped white meat
of chicken with 4 cup of chopped ham; add 3 tablespoonfuls of grated cheese. a
level teaspoonful of salt, and a dash of pepper. Beat the yolks of 5 eggs with the
whites of 2 eggs; add } pint of good cream; add this to the meat, and heat care-
fully, stirring constantly. Then mix } pound of boiled macaroni that has been
cut into small lengths; turn at once into a mold and steam 1 hour. This may be
served with either tomato or cream sauce.

CROQUETTES.

Macaroni croquettes.—Boil 4 pound of macaroni in salted boiling water 20 min-
utes and drain. Butter timbale molds and line with macaroni, reserving 3 long
sticks, and chop the remainder fine; mix with } saltspoon of salt, a dash of white
pepper, a few drops of onion juice, a teaspoonful of chopped parsley, and 4 hard-
boiled eggs chopped very fine. Make acream sauce with atablespoonful of butter
and 1 of flour, creamed together with 4 pint of boiling milk. Boil 3 minutes and
add the macaroni mixture; fill the molds, cut the sticks you have reserved, place

26 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

t across the top of each mold, and bake in a panof hot water 30 minutes in a hot
oven; turn out and serve with tomato sauce.

Croquettes of macaroni,—Boil in a saucepan 4 ounces of macaroni in salted
water 30 minutes; then drain on a sieve; return the macaroni to saucepan, add 4
tablespoonful butter, 4 tablespoonfuls grated cheese, and 2 ounces of finely cut
ham or beef tongue; mix all together. Then spread the preparation in a shallow
buttered pan, cover with buttered paper, put a light weight on top and set aside
to cool; 30 minutes before serving form the mixture into cork-shaped croquettes,
dip into beaten egg, and roll in freshly grated bread crumbs; fry in hot fat to a
delicate brown. Lay for a few minutes on paper, then dress on a hot dish; gar-
nish with fried parsley, and serve with tomato sauce. Croquettes of spaghetti
and noodles are prepared in the same way.

GARNITURES.

Macaroni ad la M lanaise.

Break 8 ounces of small macaroni into short pieces,
cook them in water, and drain; put them in a saucepan with pepper and a little
nutmeg, 2 cups of good gravy and 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls of tomato sauce; add 2
ounces of minced ham and some mushrooms (truffles if desired). Let simmer an
instant, then mix with them at the last 24 ounces of butter and a cupful of grated
Parmesan cheese. This is used to garnish roasts.

SPAGHETTI.

Spaghetti with Swiss cheese.—Break 4} pound of spaghetti into bits not more
than 14 inches in length, and boil in slightly salted water for 20 minutes. Turn
into a hot colander and set at the side of the range to drain. Grate enough Swiss
cheese to make a generous half cupful and turn into a saucepan with 3 table-
spoonfuls of melted butter. Stir well; add the hot spaghetti; toss and stir for a
minute, or just long enough to melt the cheese; add a dash of paprika, and serve
in a hot dish.

Tomato and spaghetti a UV Italienne.—Break 4 pound of spaghetti into pieces;
put it with 2 quarts of boiling water over the fire; add 4 tablespoonful salt, and
boil 25 to 30 minutes. Melt1 ounce butter in a saucepan; add 1 finely chopped onion
and 4 finely chopped green pepper without the seeds: cook 6 minutes; add 4 can
tomatoes, } cupful finely chopped mushrooms, 1 teaspoonful salt, 1 teaspoonful
sugar, teaspoonful pepper; cook 20 minutes. When the spaghetti is done, drain
in a colander; grate 4 ounces Parmesan cheese (or 4 ounces American cheese);
put the spaghetti in alternate layers in a dish with the tomatoes and grated
cheese. (The cheese may be omitted if objected to.) Place the dish a few min-
utes in the oven, and serve. Macaronican be prepared in the same way.

Spaghetti a Vv Allemande.—Boil $ pound of spaghetti in salted water, as in the
foregoing recipe. Place at the same time a saucepan with 2 ounces butter over
the fire; add 4 cupful finely chopped onions; cook 5 minutes without browning;
add 1 can of tomatoes, 1 teaspoonful salt, 4 even teaspoonful pepper, 1 table-
spoonful sugar; cook 15 minutes; press the tomatoes through a wire sieve; mix
the yolks of 2 eggs with 1 tablespoonful cold water and add them to the tomatoes;
stir a few minutes over the fire without boiling (if handy, add 4 cupful whipped
cream). Drain the spaghetti in a sieve, put it in a hot dish, in alternate layers
with the tomatoes; then serve. Another way is to cover the top of the dish with
grated cheese and then bake a few minutes in a hot oven.

Baked spaghetti.—Boil 12 ounces of spaghetti in salted water with a little
butter; drain; put in a saucepan with salt, pepper, nutmeg, a pint of bechamel —
sauce, 6 ounces of butter in small bits, and 6 ounces of grated Parmesan cheese;
stir and toss briskly until stringy; turn into a buttered baking dish and give ita ~

RECIPES. 27

dome form; sprinkle more cheese and bread crumbs over; add small bits of butter,
and bake light brown in a brisk oven.

SALADS,

Macaroni salad,—Clean two bleached heads of endive (chicory); dress them
lightly with plain French dressing and heap them in the center of an oval dish.
Have ready boiling + pound of mushrooms. These may either be boiled in salted
water with an addition of 6 whole peppers or boiled in stock with the addition of
peppers. Drain the macaroni perfectly dry and cut it into inch lengths. Mix
thoroughly with a well-made mayonnaise dressing; put this around the mound
of endive, garnish with hard-boiled eggs cut into slices, alternated with slices of
raw tomato, and dotted here and there with little bits of cold boiled ham.

DESSERTS.

Indian macaroni.—Place 4 pound of boiled macaroni in a pint of milk and let it
come to a boil; add sugar to taste and a teaspoonful of prepared cocoanut. When
this isslightly cool, pour into a glass dish and garnish with fried pistachio nuts and
blanched and fried sultana raisins, seeded. Over the top sprinkle a few pistachio
nuts chopped fine. :

Macaroni and pineapple.—One pint clear lemon jelly, } tin preserved pineapple,
4 pound loaf sugar, 6 ounces macaroni, + pint custard, milk, and cochineal. Wet
a border mold and pour in sufficient jelly to coat it. In this lay the ‘‘ pine’’ cut
into dice, after draining it from the sirup, color the remainder of the jelly with a
few drops of cochineal, and fill up the mold. Boil the macaroni in milk until
tender, and sweeten it with the sugar. When the jelly is set and the macaroni
cold, turn out the former and fill with the latter, pour over a boiled custard
flavored with bay laurel leaves, lemon rind, or vanilla, and serve.

Macaroni pudding.—Four ounces of macaroni, 14 pints of milk, 3 eggs, 2 table
spoonfuls of brown sugar. Boil the macaroni until tender in a pint of milk, then
put it in a buttered pie dish, add the sugar, the remainder of the milk, and the
eggs, well beaten. Bake one-half hour.

Macaroni pudding, sweet.—Take 24 ounces of macaroni, 2 pints of milk, rind
of half a lemon, 3 eggs, sugar and nutmeg to taste. Put the macaroni with a
pint of the milk into a saucepan with the lemon peel and let it simmer gently
until tender; then put it into a pie dish without the peel, mix the other pint of
milk with the eggs, stir these well together, adding the sugar, and pour the mix-
ture over the macaroni which has been drained. Grate a little nutmeg over the
top and bake in a moderate oven for half an hour. To make this pudding look
nice a paste should be laid around the edge of the dish, and for variety a layer of
preserve or marmalade may be placed on the macaroni. It will be found desirable
to boil the macaroni in salted water about 15 minutes before boiling it in the milk.

Semoule cake.—Put in a Saucepan a pound and a half of semolina, with 3 pints
of boiled milk, 6 ounces of sugar, 3 ounces of butter, and the rind of a lemon tied
up; set to boil, stir, then cover, and let simmer 40 minutes; take off the fire,
remove the lemon, add 3 well-beaten eggs, 4 egg yolks, and 2 more ounces of but-
ter, and mix well; butter a plain charlotte mold; besprinkle with fresh bread
crumbs and small bits of butter on top: place ona baking sheet and cook in a
fairly hot oven for about 30 minutes; pass a knife between the cake and the sides,
invert on a dish, take off the mold, and serve with a sauce bowl of lemon sauce.
For the lemon sauce, put in a saucepan 4 egg yolks, 4 ounces of sugar, an ounce of
cornstarch, and the rind of a lemon chopped fine; mix well, dilute witha pint of
boiling milk, put on the fire, stir briskly with an egg beater until the sauce
thickens, and serve.

Ys COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

Vermicelli cake ad la vanille,—Boil 3 pints of cream with 4 ounces of sugar; put
in 12 ounces of large vermicelli, stir to a boil, add a vanilla bean, cover, and cook
very slowly for half an hour; take off the fire, remove the vanilla, and mix with
| beaten eggs and 4 ounces of butter; butter and bread-crumb a plain charlotte
mold in this way: Roll beaten eggs all over the inside, drain the eggs, and bread-
crumb; fill the mold, sprinkle more crumbs over, add small bits of butter, and
bake in a moderate oven for 40 minutes; turn on a dish, and let stand a while
with the mold on; then remove it; sprinkle with powdered sugar, pour a vanilla
sauce around, and serve with more sauce in a sauce bowl,

SPECIAL, ITALIAN RECIPES,

Raveola,—Take 3 pounds of beef, cover with cold water; add to this 1 bay leaf,
6 whole cloves, | minced onion, and 1 pint of tomatoes; simmer till the meat is
very tender; remove the meat, and strain the sauce. Have ready half a can of
button mushrooms, sliced; place these in a bowl with 2 sliced garlic corns, mix
well together, cover, and allow to remain for an hour. Boil } pound of macaroni
in plenty of boiling salted water 20 minutes and drain. Carefully pour over the
bottom of a platter 1 tablespoonful of olive oil and place on this the macaroni;
pour over this 2 tablespoonfuls of olive oil; heat the sauce to boiling point and add
the mushrooms and garlic; pour over the macaroni and mix thoroughly; sprinkle
with grated Parmesan cheese. Garnish the dish with fried spring chicken, string
beans, or green corn cut from the cob. This issaid to be the national dish of Italy.

Italian macaroni, baked.—Place 2 pounds of beef, well larded with strips of salt
pork, and 1 or 2 chopped onions in a covered kettle on the back of the stove until
it throws out its juice and is a rich brown; then add 1 quart of tomatoes seasoned
with pepper and salt, and allow the mixture to simmer for 2 or 3 hours. Take the
quantity of macaroni desired and boil in plenty of boiling salted water for 20 min-
utes and drain. Placealayer of the macaroni inthe bottom ofa buttered pudding
dish, cover with some of the above sauce, sprinkle well with grated cheese, and
continue to fill up the dish with alternate layers of macaroni, sauce, and cheese,
having a layer of cheese on the top. Place in the oven and bake a rich brown.
Commence early in the morning to prepare this dish, as the meat must cook slowly
in order to have a rich sauce.

Macaroni a UV Italienne.—Peel and cut into small pieces 12 large tomatoes, put
into a soup kettle with 3 pounds of soup meat, and allow to simmer gently for 1
hour (care must be taken to prevent scorching). Throw 4pound of macaroni into
boiling salted water and boil 20 minutes; drain; add the macaroni to the stock in
which the meat was boiled, and cook 10 minutes; take out the macaroni and
drain; add to the strained stock 2 cloves of garlic mashed, 2 bay leaves; simmer 5
minutes, add the macaroni, and stir until thoroughly seasoned and perfectly ten-
der; then add 4 cup of cream and serve with grated Parmesan cheese in a separate
dish.

Macaroni a la Napolitaine.—Break + pound of macaroni and throw into rapidly
boiling salted water; boil rapidly for 10 minutes, strain, and put into a saucepan;
cover with good beef or chicken stock, and boil for 20 minutes. By this time
the stock will be nearly absorbed. Strain the macaroni and place it where it will
keep warm. Add to the stock 2 tablespoonfuls ef thick tomato sauce; mix until
smooth; add achopped sweet red pepper, half a cup of toasted pinolas, a teaspoon-
ful of salt,and a pinch of white pepper; boil for 3 minutes; then add the macaroni,
cover in a double boiler, and stand over the fire for 15 minutes, until the macaroni
is nicely seasoned. Just at serving time add a cup of very thick cream or 2 table-
spoonfuls of sweet butter. Turn out on a platter and serve with it, in a separate
dish, grated Parmesan cheese.

RECIPES. 29
MISCELLANEOUS,

Macaroni soufflé.—Into 1 cup of cream sauce seasoned with minced parsley and
onion juice stir 1 cup of chopped, boiled macaroni; when hot add the beaten yolk
of 2 eggs, cook | minute, and set away to cool. When cold stir in the beaten
whites of the 2 eggs, beaten very stiff; cover with grated cheese or crambs, and
bake in a buttered dish 20 minutes. Serve with mushroom sauce.

Macaroni with celery.—Break 4 pound of macaroni into small pieces, put it into
2 quarts of rapidly boiling salted water, and boil for 20 minutes. Drain in colander.
Cut up enough celery to make a large cupful; stew until tender in just enough
water tocover. Butter a baking dish, pour in half of the prepared macaroni, then
half of the celery, and sprinkle with a saltspoon of salt; put in the balance of the
macaroni and celery and repeat the salt; cover with buttered bread crumbs;
sprinkle a teaspoonful of grated cheese over this, and pour over all the water
in which the celery was boiled. Bake in a moderate oven 20 minutes.

Macaroni a la national.—Break } pound of macaroni into 3-inch pieces and boil
until tender in well-salted water and drain in a colander. Pour into a shallow
baking dish and cover with the following sauce: Put 2 tablespoonfuls of butter in
a granite saucepan and stir until it melts, being careful not to brown it; add to
this 1 tablespoonful of flour and stir until thoroughly mixed; bring 14 cups of
milk to the boiling point and add to the flour and butter; stir all thoroughly until
it thickens and becomes smooth; pepper and salt to taste. Mix } of a cup of fine
cracker crumbs with 4 cup of grated cheese, 4 cup of melted butter, and sprinkle
over the top. Bake until brown and serve hot.

Deviled macaroni.—Boil 6 ounces of macaroni, and chop rather fine. Put 2
tablespoonfuls of butter and 2 of flour in a saucepan, mix well, and add a pint of
milk; stir until boiling. Then add, pressed through a sieve, the hard-boiled yolks
of 3 eggs and the whites of the eggs pressed through a vegetable press; add a
tablespoonful of chopped parsley, a level saltspoon of red pepper, one chopped
sweet Spanish pepper, a grating of nutmeg, a teaspoonful of grated onion, and the
macaroni. Put this into individual shells or cases, cover the top with bread
crumbs that have been moistened with melted butter, and brown in a quick oven.
In serving put a teaspoonful of tomato catsup or chili sauce in the center of each
dish.

Macaroni with eggs.—Take 4+ pound of macaroni that has been boiled in a but-
tered dish; season with salt, pepper, and butter; grate over it an ounce of cheese;
stir 2 eggs in acup of milk and pour over it. Cover with bread crumbs and bake
20 minutes, or until brown.

Fried macaroni.—Take 6 ounces of macaroni; boil until tender. Take an onion
and 3 tablespoons of chopped ham; fry brown; then add the macaroni, 1 teacup
of tomato juice, and salt to taste; cover top with grated cheese and bake until
brown.

Macaroni au gratin.—Melt 1 tablespoonful of butter without browning; add 1
tablespoonful of flour; mix until smooth; add 1 cup of cream and stir until it
thickens; season with salt and pepper. Just as you take it from the fire stir in
quickly the yolk of 1 egg. Do not let the sauce stand on the fire after the egg has
been added or it will curdle. Boil 8 ounces of macaroni in plenty of salted boil-
ing water; drain; melt 4 ouncesof cheese with 2 tablespoonfuls of butter. Grease
a baking dish and fill with alternate layers of macaroni and sauce. Pour the
melted butter and cheese over the top that it may penetrate the whole dish.
Cover with bread crumbs and brown in a quick oven.

Macaroni with brown sauce.—Melt 2 tablespoonfals of butter; add 2 tablespoon-
fuls of flour and mix until smooth and brown. Then add 1 pint from the stock

30 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

of water in which } pound of macaroni was boiled; stir until it thickens; add the
macaroni and 1 tablespoonful of tomato catsup; stir until heated through; season
and serve,

Macaroni and mushrooms.—Cover the bottom of a baking dish with about a
tablespoonful of melted butter; then put over a layer of macaroni that has been
boiled 15 minutes, and sprinkle lightly with salt and pepper, and dot here and
there with bits of butter. Now put over a thick layer of washed mushrooms cut
into slices, then a layer of macaroni, and so continue until the dish is full, having
the last layer macaroni. Pourover | pint of cream. Cover with a lid or another
pan, and bake in a moderate oven | hour; then remove the cover and brown
quickly.

Macaroni and onion fritters,—Cut 2 ounces of boiled macaroniinto small pieces;
add 4 onions boiled and chopped, 6 ounces bread crumbs moistened with a little
water, and 3 eggs well beaten; season with pepper and salt; fry and serve with
brown sauce.

Macaroni rarebit.—Put into a chafing dish 2 cups of boiled macaroni cut into
2-inch pieces, 1 cup of grated cheese, 2 tablespoonfuls of butter, 4 teaspoonful each
of salt, mustard, and red pepper; when boiling add 3 eggs well beaten with 4 cup-
ful of cream or milk. Serve hot on toast.

Spanish macaroni.—Boil separately in salted water or milk 4 turnips and 4
pound of macaroni until tender. Put the macaroni in a baking dish, baste over
with butter, and pour over it the following (mixed) ingredients: Mashed turnip,
minced red pepper, minced 2 onions, minced + pound of ham, using milk to thin
it to the consistency of a heavy batter; over the top grate cheese plentifully, and
bake. Bp x ;

Stewed macaroni.—Put 4 ounces of good macaronias little broken as possible into
a large saucepan of boiling water; boil 5 minutes and drain; then cover with 1 pint
of beef stock; add 4 teaspoonful of salt and a saltspoonful of pepper. Push the
saucepan away on the corner of the fire where the macaroni willsimmer until ten-
der—it must not be soft or flabby; toss it now and then with a fork to prevent stick-
ing. When thestock has been entirely absorbed add 4 teaspoonful of beef extract
that has been moistened in a little water and to which has been added a table-
spoonful of browned flour. Toss this for a few moments over the fire, add 4 ctip
of good cream, and turn on to a heated shallow dish. Pour over a tomato sauce
made by rubbing together 1 tablespoonful of butter and 1 of flour, to which has
been added 4 pint of strained tomato; stir until boiling; add 4 teaspoonful of salt
anda dash of pepper. Pass with this grated Parmesan cheese or sap sago.

Macaroni with corn.—Boil 1 cup of macaroni which has been broken into inch
lengths in boiling salted water until tender. Drain and add toit 1 cup of corn
cut from the cob (or 1 cup of canned corn), a little salt, two tablespoonfuls of
zwieola,“1 egg well beaten, and 14 cups of nut milk. Mix thoroughly and bake in
a granite pudding dish. .

Macaroni piquante.—Break spaghetti into very small bits less than an inch in
length; boil these for 20 minutes, or until tender, in salted water. Drain and
keep hot while the following sauce is made: Cook together in a saucepan a heap-
ing teaspoonful each of butter and browned flour, and when these are blended
toa reddish brown pour upon them a pint of beef stock and stir until smooth;
now add 4 tablespoonfuls of tomato catsup, 6 drops of Tabasco sauce, a teaspoon-
ful of kitchen bouquet, a pinch of salt, and a dash of paprika. Turn the boiled
spaghetti into this sauce, stir all together, and pour the mixture into a greased
pudding dish. Sprinkle buttered crumbs and grated cheese over the top and bake
until brown.

«A kind of cracker crumbed. Bread crumbs may be substituted.

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 31

Macaroni rissoles.—Uave ready a cupful of cold, boiled macaroni cut up small,
Make a white sauce by cooking together a tablespoonful of butter and two-of
flourand stirring int> them acupfulof hot milk. Stir until thick, add a large
tablespoonful of grated cheese, and, gradually, the whipped yolks of 4 eggs, beat-
ing all the time. Work the macaroni into the sauce and set aside until the mix-
ture is very cold. With floured hands form into small balls—not quite as large
in circumference as a silver dollar—roll in beaten egg, then in fine cracker
crumbs, and set in the ice box for 2 hours. Fry in deep-boiling cottolene or other
fat. Serve with tomato sauce,

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD.

For some time the writers have been convinced that a good bread
ean be made from durum wheat, and it has been known to one of them
since 1898 that the best and most popular bread in France and Russia
is made from this wheat. It was thought best, however, not to urge
the use of the wheat for sueh a purpose in this country until people
had become more familiar with it and until a fair market had already
been established for its use in the production of macaroni and other
products. In the season of 1902 for the first time a comparatively
large amount of durum wheat was harvested, somewhere near 2,000,000
bushels, which naturally resulted in trials of the wheat for other
purposes than making macaroni. Through the efforts of a number of
flour mills many families were induced to use the wheat for bread
over considerable areas in North and South Dakota, and finally dur-
ing the winter of 1902 in a number of localities in those States private
bakings were made almost solely from the durum wheat, and that, too,
in face of the fact that in these very localities the best quality of ordi-
nary hard spring wheat is grown and the people had abundant oppor-
tunity to obtain bread of the same class as that produced from Min-
‘neapolis flour. In at least one town of North Dakota practically the
entire population used the durum-wheat flour for bread and continued
afterwards to do so, even though such flour occasionally sold at a
higher price than that made from the hard spring wheat.

PRIVATE EXPERIMENTS.

r

In addition to these family bakings, experiments with this wheat for
bread were made by a number of private institutions. Among these
experiments were those made by a baking company in Cleveland, Ohio,
in which case the flour was obtained from a North Dakota mill. From
a letter from this mill, dated March 16, 1903, the following words are
quoted:

We presume you are collecting more or less information from various sources
in regard tothe bread-making qualities of macaroni flour. To that end we will
contribute the contents of a letter which we received from our flour commission

merchant of Cleveland, Ohio. The letter reads as follows: ‘*‘ The —— Company
condemned the macaroni flour for bread purposes on first trial. Upon our recom-

bY COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

mendation they began to experiment, and with great success, and they are more
than pleased with the results. Will have meeting with head baker and report.”

Our commission merchant had sold a carload of flour to this Cleveland company.
Twenty-five barrels of the shipment were macaroni straight flour. If you would
take the matter up direct with the company, I have no doubt they will give you
a full and complete report on their experiments.

Later on, the following testimonial came from the Commission mer-
chant referred to above:

Through your courtesy nearly a year ago we secured the agency for macaroni
flour from one of the mills that you were kind enough to hand me the address of.
We thank you for the same. This flour we sold to macaroni manufacturers with
one exception; this was sold to a large bakery. We desire to say that it was very
satisfactory in every instance; the bread was very rich and of a fine flavor, and for
family use we have never found any flour to equal it as far as flavor and richness
are concerned. We have sold to some of the large bakeries here this season for
further experiments. If you so desire, we will hand you further results when they
are completed.

Afterwards more definite information was obtained concerning the
actual baking trials of the Cleveland bakery in the following words,
which are quoted from another letter of later date:

We have your favor of October 5, same being carefully noted, and thank you
for the information. Will further state that we sold the Company the maca-
roni flour. Their head baker learned his trade in Egypt; afterwards he became a
soldier, following up the baking, and when near the Black Sea he had experience
with a flour very similar, so it was not new to him. He first baked it separate,
then blended it with No. 1 Northern. The first test did not give expansion enough;
the second was fine. His words, in short, are: ‘‘A very rich and fine-flavyored
loaf.’’

Now, they did not make a scientific test, as they were building and generally
mixed up, which was no doubt the reason you have not heard from your last
communication. The management has changed hands, and the present company
does not know much about it. When they receive their macaroni patent they
expect to give it a thorough test. Will then advise you further.

Our last season's sales of macaroni flour and semolina amounted to about 3,400
barrels, all local trade. We have to-day submitted an offer to our mill for 4,000
barrels from one concern, and more to follow.

It is a significant fact mentioned in this last letter that the head
baker had learned his trade in Egypt and afterwards practiced his
trade in the region of the Black Sea, since a large amount of durum
wheat is grown in those districts, and he had therefore become familiar
with the use of that wheat for bread and knew just how to handle it.

During the winter of 1902-3 a number of thorough tests of durum
wheat for flour in comparison with ordinary wheat were made by
several commercial wheat and flour testing laboratories in some of
the large cities. Tabulated results of one of these tests made by a
well-known laboratory are here reproduced. In these tests both
chemical analyses of the wheat and baking tests of the flour of three
varieties of durum wheat were made in comparison with an average

ee ee eee

he i ee a

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 33

northwestern spring wheat. The samples were ground in a small
experimental mill, and straight flour was used in the baking tests in
allecases. ‘These results are given inthe first table. lor further com-
parison another table is added in which tests of a number of other
flours, including the standard patents, Ceresota, Gold Medal, and
Pillsbury’s Best, are shown by the side of those obtained with the
three durum wheats.

TABLE 2.—Test of durum wheat and flour, made in a commercial laboratory.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE WHEAT SAMPLES.

No. 2. An aver-

A 4. No: I. Ghar. No. 3. age north-
omposition. Pelissier | novia Arnautka western
(durum). | (durum) (durum). spring
; wheat.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

BIBGULO sso naa <-0n0 . 11. 100 11.100 12. 400 11.9
cL 2 it oe Sree aes 1.570 1. 640 1. 330 1.9
Total nitrogenous compounds ___- 14. 600 14.000 12. 800 12:
eb se G8 2 Bea eae ee ee 6. 200 6.000 | 4.900 4.8
ONS G ona. =< oa Peres abe oe eee te 6. 300 5. 700 | 5. 600 5.0
Other nitrogenous compounds -___-.-_.. ---- 2... 2.100 2. 300 2.300 2.5
IN nr else ae 218 165 172 | 2
see Car DON YGIates ...... ......-.. 2222. ce eee 2. 600 2. 400 2. 400 1.8
PeRRENR NEE PEs ee) Le cceciccscwacuescens 54. 200 56. O00 56. 200 55.0
TREE Se SS ee ee ee 77.500 | 80. 000 80. 300 78.6
CHARACTER OF FLOUR MADE FROM THE WHEAT SAMPLES.

; | No. 1. Pelis- | NO. 2 Ghar-| No.3. Ar- An average
Composition. sew durum) novka nautka /northwestern
Pare M (durum). (durum). (spring wheat.
|
Ramune ei OOUS Nh? 2... 2. lee lL Grayish,|Creamy,|]Grayish,|Grayish,
Wild 6,635) wos tne . white, white, elas-
fairiy elas- fairly elas- creamy, tic.
| tic. tic. oe elas-
| 1¢.
ist i ae ae 3 | 2.5 Good, 3 2
Volume of loaf, cubic inches --_--_--- 117 | 143 120 186
Weight of loaf, ounces -____---_--.-- 18.13 17.81 17.31 17.25
Water used, ounces. _...._.-_..._---- fi SI 7.19 6. 94 7.00

a Maximum of whiteness, 2.5; medium, 3; minimum, 3.5.

Remarks.—Moisture of all three wheats is normal in comparison with bread wheats. Ash is
somewhat lower than in bread wheats. Total nitrogenous compounds include the two com-
pounds which make up gluten—gliadin and glutenin—and other soluble nitrogenous compounds
which are present in smaller amounts. Nos. land 2 are very high in nitrogenous compounds,
and No. 3contains about the same amount as a good spring wheat. The gliadin and glutenin
are present in large amount and the other nitrogenous compounds in average amount. The
acidity ts a measure of soundness, and, being normal in all, shows them to be sound. The per-
centage of soluble carbohydrates (sugars, gums, and soluble starch) is slightly higher than in
bread wheats. These components are the easily fermentable materials,and consequently the
keeping qualities of the flours will not_be quite as good as those of bread wheat flours. The
starch analysis is made to get. an idea of the yield, since, generally speaking, the yield is propor-
tional to the starch, and under the assumption that 70 per cent of average flour is starch the
yields would be asshown. The yieldis intended tomean the absolute amount of flour or endo-
sperm in the wheat berry, but of course in the mill an absolute separation isimpossible. In real-
ity the yields are higher than the above, since macaroni flours are not as starchy as ordinary
flours, probably 65 per cent would be a better assumption, in which case the yields would be,
respectively, 83.4, 86.2, and 86.5 per cent; but the yields are at least comparative with each other.

4876—No. 70—04——3

o4 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT, .
TABLE 3.—General comparative baking results with bread from different flours.
¥

Patents and straights, First and second clears.
s |
Water Water
Mill name or marks. used, more used, more
Color. Volume. Weight. Om eee. Color. Volume. Weight. ates een
ard for- ard for-
mula, mula. }
| Cubie in. Ounces. Ounces. Cubie in. Ounces. OUNCES,
“\§ (ovegnta”* ...- | ] 195 17.44.) OO morechosc cc clienceccheccle eee
‘Gold Medal” _____. | 195 17.) .44more.|.......|..c2-clc beeen p
**Pillsbury’s Best” 1.5 195 17. 75 SS MOTO.|. 2. o2 cl. coves bceel oe :
Standard patent l 195 17.63 | .81 more- 4 180 17.50 | 0.13 more.
Pi tee ie eed 1.5 188 17. 68 2 MOTO.) oo cn occ eccscclosceeeeee
(3) ere yee Tee | 193 17.19 | Regular. 5 162 17.50 | 13 more.
eG Oe l 190 17.25 | O06 more.| o....-.\cc oe ccs lone
Doi sen Se ee. | 192 17.25 | Regular i 175 17.31 | 06 more.
| ye EE ae 2 XE 1.5 200 17.28 | 0.19 more a) 160 17.75 .31 more,
Pig. 2). sc rience l 190 17.25 | Regular_. 5 158 17.56 |) 18 more. ;
(2 5 Se ee 1.5 190 17.31 | 0.06 more. 4 180 17.50 | 18 more. ?
ES 180 18.00 | .56 more- 1 172 17.75 | .8l more. ;
Pie oe 2 Cee ae l 186 18. 00 68 MOTe: |socec cc le oi cdstc dee {
Wiese ee a 190 17. 63 BO. MOTC.| cn c= <lnmnsmovsdelusceeeee 1
Die os | 194 17.50 AS more: |. s2.<c- |. -. ee
Des). 2. 4-3) 1.5 196 17. 44 19 more.|.....-- fe cs oe
Does fe 1.5 192 17.35 | Regular:..|-ssécach- 22-3. co eee eee
| 9 ees OS. Bae (ate 195 Ty el Fel REC Co legal MO aE (a dV eaaee eee
Pelissier, Algiers. ___- 3 117 | 18,13 | 0:31 more.|--...- Re
Gharnovka, Russia - 2.5 143 | 17.31.) ‘ .J@more.|_...:.-}:.s-cetc oe
Arnautka, North| 3 120 | FY.S1.| 06 Jess 22). o20)65$ ~~ eee
Dakota.

Explanation of headings.—Color: Patents—Maximum 1, medium 15, minimum 2; straights—
maximum 2.5, medium 3, minimum 3.5; first clears—maximum 4, medium 5, minimum 6; second
clears—good 7 to poor 8. Volume (expressed in cubic inches) indicates elasticity or rising power,
showing whether the sample is in proper baking condition or has the right combination of prop-
erties (starch and gluten) in itself to produce a good-sized loaf. Twelve ounces flour in each
loaf. Weight of loaf expressed in ounces decimally. Amountof water used indicated decimally
by more or less than standard formula, 7 ounces.

Remarks.—The baking test on the flours as milled is appended for comparison, and the results
are self-explanatory. Tn general these wheats are sound, of fair color, fair absorbers of mois-
ture, and not able to produce large loaves in the baking test. Milling these wheats with bread
wheats is impracticable, but mixtures of the two kinds of flours should be experimented with.
Macaroni bread has a fine flavor and pound for pound contains more nourishment than any
other wheat flour.

nthe tbe eee. ae Ah

COOPERATIVE BAKING EXPERIMENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE.

So much interest in the subject having been developed through
such experiments as these described, it was thought desirable for the
Department of Agriculture to conduct a more complete series of
experiments on a comparatively large scale in the use of durum wheat
flour for bread. During April, 1903, satisfactory arrangements were
made with one of the large bakeries of the country to cooperate in
carrying out these experiments, the bakery to complete all tests in —
the actual bread making and the Department to make the analyses of
the flour and the later physical and chemical tests of the bread after
the baking. In these experiments the durum wheat bread was made
from a ‘‘macaroni patent” flour produced by a North Dakota mill
which had up to that time given the most attention to the production
of this kind of flour. (PI. I, Frontispiece.) The bread for compari-
son was a well-known product of this bakery made at that time from
one of the best hard spring wheat flours obtainable, a blend of two
northwestern patents. The results of observation on the flour and

"4 a.

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 35

dough and operations in the mixing department in the case of this
test are given in the following tabular statements. Similar observa-
tions are made with the greatest accuracy, and similar care is taken
in the mixing operations in this bakery preceding all its regular
bakings.

TABLES OF MIXING OPBRATIONS.

TABLE 4.—Constituents of dough.

Hard spring wheat bread marked" P.”) Weight... Durum wheat bread marked * X."" | Weight.

Pounds, Pounds,
Flour, hard spring wheat patent... ._. 1% Flour, macaroni patent. eae 167
ST A ae aR RE OE Se | 101 Nh SS N65
INES a Lit sx iktand pobs hed cacaSacencs DOs | ci Sees Ee Lc. ne Oo See 42
RE AUR Gece al nibrei akin pi eto a aS en ON ey) a Lore ay
Ss wate Gren unas a leans weeeeeae ie 4
ie aiid so dthenucitth maded cannace CRM LEO Jaf Loo: 3 a ie 4j
IE a) Can bcc s Pate Lt. Sas beakeos sos... : 1}
Total number of loaves produced. __| 321 | Total number of loaves produced 261
| |
TABLE 5.—Conditions of mixing.”
: Temper-| m;
Kind of dough. Spreng Time.
*“P”*—hard spring wheat: iP
NIC ied OL ae ek Ae a2 Se RS on nn cmon 52 9.07
Is fate etna e ol oes oa ada cele ne ben RE » nnn ncieoganmetp 59 9.10
8 es ee a cee eed I a a wake shea es 64 9.07
RICAN ro ia Seed a phe vem a in as oe TE RES > ~ 20 -J5- onan eh 4 9.05
BeMnOETACHING 22550 8 te. Lo hoses weed ae Ld eee we - » oo 92 9.03
US ae CR 0 06 | a ll been... a tel ae 9: 79 9. 30
CE i ne ei i oar EE om en mut cum mei 92 9.07
“X"—durum wheat:
J cities aM OA ae Seen, pone eee eee Oa SOS noo) > |: eee. 5 / 56 8.54
rs AS cla cana em omens hash ae e ee RE mn on 9 sar meinen te 56 9.00
Sth A Se SER CMe ee eer eetarlT.. .. INERT ay Fo | | 63 8.54
Mixture tank __........-- Brae ee ae ee eee a) 96 8.50
J on SEG OSE O85 01 eee ae Re eee i ee 92 8.52
DERI TIOH: TNA C 22 oF I Doce Sect Suc eo cae wn a ee 79 9.30
STP fg rl o HEC a See A ee eee oc 5 Se aoe 92 8. 54

a Number of revolutions of mixing machine: **P,” 1,700; ‘* xX, 2,160. The increased number of
revolutions for ** X”’ is accounted for by the smaller dough, necessitating greater motion in tak-
ing hold of it.

TABLE 6.—Making up the loaves.

p | Time Total
Kind of dough. | when | number
_ taken. ‘of loaves.

Men on Flour for
dough. dusting.

Pounds.
Pee —ieed BOTing Web 22.2 ---. once e one aloha kc eee 3. 30 321 2 5
SERIE TANT Y WU EG Lae reek ace dctaamn Seo ta ee ent ewces 3.30 26) 2 5

The durum wheat bread proved in one hour and thirty minutes;
hard spring wheat bread proved in one hour and twenty minutes. The
temperature of ovens was 500° F. The hard spring wheat bread baked
in thirty minutes. The durum wheat bread baked in thirty-five
minutes. .

A complete report on the chemical analyses of the flour used, in
comparison with a number of other flours and the later Department
tests of the bread, is here produced, prepared entirely by one of the
writers, Dr. J. S. Chamberlain.

36

COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

CHEMICAL STUDY OF DURUM WHEAT FLOUR AND BREAD,

Keamination of standard flours.—In order to show a comparison

not only of the two flours used in the baking test, but also of several
typical flours, the following list of twenty-nine samples was selected
and analyses were made of dhem. The list embraces flours from four
different classes of wheat, viz, durum wheat, northwestern hard
spring wheat, Kansas hard winter wheat, and soft winter wheat. The

flours were of two grades

straight and patent—the latter ineluding

both first and second patents, the former being what is sometimes
termed standard patent or straight patent.
The flours are as follows:

L038.
107.
109,
115.
234.
202.
241.
248.
240.
245.
101.
160.

166.

135.
200.
116.

125.

246,

247.
124.
123.
242.
129.
130.
168.

169.
176.

194.
195.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, North Dakota, 1902.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, North Dakota, 1902.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, North Dakota, 1902. _

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, used in bread test, North Dakota, 1902.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, North Dakota, 1903.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, Minnesota, 1903.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, Minnesota, 1903.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, Minnesota, 1903.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, Nebraska, 1903.

Durum wheat flour, patent grade, Pennsylvania milled, 1903.

Durum wheat flour, straight grade, North Dakota, 1902.

Durum wheat flour, straight grade, laboratory mill, Velvet Don variety,
grown in Russia in 1901. :

Durum wheat flour, straight grade, laboratory mill, Velvet Don variety,
grown in South Dakota in 1901.

Hard spring wheat flour. patent grade, Minneapolis mill, 1902.

Hard spring wheat flour, patent grade, Minneapolis mill, 1902.

Hard spring wheat flour, patent grade, North Dakota mill, 1902; used in
bread test.

Hard spring wheat flour, patent grade, North Dakota, 1902.

A blend of hard spring and hard winter wheat flours, patent grade, Nebraska,
1908.

Hard spring wheat flour, patent grade, Minnesota, 1903.

Hard spring wheat flour, straight grade, North Dakota, 1901.

Hard spring wheat flour, straight grade, North Dakota, 1902.

Hard spring wheat flour, straight grade, North Dakota, 1903.

Hard winter wheat flour, Turkey variety, straight grade, Kansas, 1902.

Hard winter wheat flour, Turkey variety, patent grade, Kansas, 1902.

Hard winter wheat flour, Turkey variety, straight grade, laboratory mill,
1902.

Hard winter wheat flour, Turkey variety, straight grade, laboratory mill,
1902.

Soft winter wheat flour, Fultz variety, patent grade, St. Louis, 1902.

Soft winter wheat flour, straight grade, Pennsylvania, 1902.

Soft winter wheat flour. straight grade, Pennsylvania, 1903.

a = ed ee A,

eS ”Clee ee

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 87

In the analyses special attention was given only to the determina-
tion of the proteid constituents and to the separation of these into
three parts, viz, into proteids soluble in dilute salt solutions, proteid
soluble in 70 per cent alcohol (gliadin), and proteid insoluble in aleo-
hol or salt solutions (glutenin). The determinations of nitrogen in
these and the other analyses were made by the Gunning method by
Mr. ‘T. C. Treseot, of the Bureau of Chemistry.

In the following table (Table 7) will be seen the results of the
analyses. ‘The results are all figured on dry material, with the excep-
tion of the determinations of absorption and expansion and of the
gluten, which were figured in both ways, the percentage amounts of
water in the air-dry flour being given in the first column. In addi-
tion to the gliadin, glutenin, proteids soluble in salt solution, total
proteids, and the various ratios and relations derived from these,
there are also given the gluten by washing, and the absorption, ash,
and expansion when it was possible to determine them. It will be
seen almost at a glance that the amounts of gliadin and glutenin
given in this table do not agree with those given by some writers,
which vary from 50 to 75 per cent gliadin. Without going into the
question of the reason for different results by different investigators,
thus necessitating a long technical discussion of methods, the results
are given for their comparative value in this particular case, and the
deseription of methods used and a discussion of the whole question of
the proteid constituents of flour will be given in another and later
publication.

In Table 8 a few of the results obtained from the patent flours have
been brought together for a better comparison of the durum and
hard spring wheat flours, and also to show the difference between the
flour from the wheat crop of 1902 and that of 1905.

DURUM WHEAT,

or

STATUS

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40 COMMERCIAL STATUS

TABLE §8,—Comparison of patent flour

OF DURUM WHEAT,

from durum wheat and northwestern

spring wheat of the crops of 1902 and 1900,

TOTAL PROTEIDS IN PER CENT OF DRY FLOUR.

Durum wheat.

Northwestern spring wheat,

Crop of 1902: Per cent

Crop of 1902: rent, 3
No. | 15. 27 No, 116. 14. 40
MS et ta ee 12. 64 135 . 13. 56
109 _- 12. 52 200 | 13.12
115 _- 12.38 OR We ee a eee 12.47
ANGSOQQG. -.-. oe eee 13. 20 AVOQIBGG « cc cuss oc ocuine ee pee 13. 34

Crop of 1908: Crop of 1908:

No. Al Ss AS. Cae oe 8 ee 13. 40 NO: BAT. «occ cc cc ce oe cas 12. 72
245 .. 12.50 BB. F355 doo dee eee 11. 98
Dae 12.32 ——_—_—_—
OO) oe. els 6 ae. ee 12.10 AVOCTAQ@O ~ o-3scsc neces sects ee 12.35
248 _ 11.64 || General average .....- --<00+<uccusuuse 13.01
6. SS ee 11.36 %

AwWovraves- 3: 6. toe 12.22 || Kansas hard winter wheat ---....---- 12.85
General average .__....-.-------------- 12.61 |; Soft winter wheat ......--..¢..2-seeee 9.57
GLIADIN+GLUTENIN IN PER CENT OF DRY FLOUR.

Crop of 1902: | Crop of 1902:
| ee es 12.72 NO: 716.2-2..8 2. oe eee 12. 35
100) Je See | 10. 89 | | mens 11.40
i [1 eS ae eee ee. aa 10. 76 (SiS 8) ee 11.35
Py fe ee oe eee. 10.58 19h 2 cs ee ee 10.53
Average _ 11:22 Average. +... ...232 28 11.41

Crop of 1903: Crop of 1903:

No. Si en he eS 11.02 0: 247 ono. scs acai ee 11.58
OA ot 10. 37 2AG no es ee 10. 62
Pr ES Ben Serna re. 10.31 —oo
Oe et a ao ee 10. 06 AVerage .. <2. 3<. eeu eee 11.10
| i ae at Sr = 10.05 | General average <..... --...2 520s 11.30
i a ee oe ee 9. 76 i

AVOPRGO. 2. fe 3 Se eee 5) 10.26 |) Kansas hard winter wheat --.-....---- 11.00
General gverace. >... -:-- 10. 64 | Soft winter wheat <....<--2. eee 7.89
GLUTEN IN PER CENT OF DRY FLOUR.

Crop of 1902: | Crop of 1902:
ONY () | SE eee ee 17.99 oO, LI6= ejowk «aoe eee 13.98
15 oe eae: ee 16.42 | 188 6. oS. Se oben ee eee 13. 50
1) | ae eee 14.18 200 oc cee | 13.48
(Sees ee |. ae 13.16 Tb. 8 a ode et ee | 12.84
ANGYERO 229.02 24-2 5a. eee anc 15. 44 | Averane .......c..2.5.. 5.5 13. 45
Crop of 1903: | Crop of 1903: !
Oey.” || Sees ter. 14. 36 | NO: 240 2 cts 6 5.2 eee 14.35
+) ae eee ee, 13. 45 PAG Wood ce ws des a ee ee 13.038
BAD ee ee. 13. 32 ||
ye SRS 13. 04 | ANVOPRGEG. -. 3. 2s snincbas see 13. 69
PRD ee ee ee. 13.03 | General aver ASE . 3.22205 13.53
7 ae ek? ea 12.38 | |
ORC. Se 5 ee, 13. 26 || Kansas hard winter wheat ---....---- | 12. 64
General average... --.2...- -ceees- .~ 25 14.33:'|| Soft winter wheat .-...---2....22 soa | 10.51
|

Total proteids.—In column 2 of Table 7

found the results for the

total proteids in flour.

and part 1 of Table 8 will be
The maximum

amount found was 17.77 per cent and the minimum amount 9.05 per

eent.

The latter was in patent flour from soft winter wheat and the

former was ina straight flour made from durum wheat grown in Russia

in 1901,

It will be seen that the two highest amounts of total proteids

were found in flours made from this imported Russian wheat, No. 160,

and the other from some wheat grown in South Dakota in 1901 from _

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 4]

Russian seed of the same variety, No. 166. Both of these flours were
straight grade; but, allowing for a slightly greater proteid content in
straight than in patent flour, the total proteids in these two samples
of flour are considerably higher, with one exception, than in the other
samples of durum wheat flour studied. On comparing the total pro-
teid content of durum wheat flours of the crop of 1902 with those of
the crop of 1905 (see ‘Table 8), it will be seen that the average amount
is less in 1905 than in 1902, and in both years considerably less than
in flour from the crop of 1901, if judged by the single sample used,
No. 166. The explanation for this distinct decrease in the amount of
total proteids is without doubt the excessively wet seasons of 1902
and 1903, which would have a definite tendeney to lower the proteid
content of the grain. Inadry and favorable season, like that of 1901,
in the case of flour No. 166 the amount of proteids is only slightly less
than inthe imported grain. Professor Shepard (South Dakota Experi-
ment Station Bulletin No. 77, 1902, p. 39) found that some wheat grown
in South Dakota in 1901 contained an increased amount of total pro-
teids compared with the original imported Russian seed.

In comparing, now, the patent flour from durum wheat with simi-
lar patent flour from hard spring wheat, it will be seen that in both
cases the total proteids of flour from wheat of the crop of 1902 is
higher than that of 1903. The average of each year is very nearly
the same for durum wheat flours as for the hard spring wheat flours,
while the general average of all the samples studied is a little lower
for the durum than for the hard spring, due to the fact that six sam-
ples of low-proteid durum of 1903 were included, while there were
only two samples of low-proteid hard spring of 1905. The one sample
of Kansas hard winter wheat patent flour has a little less total proteid
thanthedurum. The total proteid content of soft winter wheat patent
flour is, however, distinetly different from any of the three hard
wheats.

Gliadin and glutenin.—The percentages of gliadin, or the proteid
extracted from flour by 70 per cent alcohol, and glutenin, or the proteid
insoluble in either salt solutions or 70 per cent alcohol, vary in the
durum wheat patent flour from—

Gliadin, 4.64 to 7.32 per cent.
Glutenin, 4.25 to 5.45 per cent.

In the hard spring wheat patent flour the variation is—

Gliadin, 5.31 to 7.04 per cent.
Glutenin, 4.54 to 5.96 per cent.

In the Kansas hard winter wheat patent flour—

Gliadin, 6.51 per cent.
Glutenin, 4.49 per cent.

In soft winter wheat patents—

Gliadin, 3.63 to 4.42 per cent.
Glutenin, 3.41 to 4.32 per cent.

4Y COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

The ratios of these two proteids to each other, expressed in percent-
ages of their sum, is given in columns 8 and 9, In the durum wheat
patent flour the ratios vary from

No, 284, gliadin, 46.12 per cent; glutenin, 53.88 per cent.
No. 107, gliadin, 57.55 per cent; glutenin, 42.55 per cent,

In hard spring wheat patent flour the ratios are—

No. 247, gliadin, 48.53 per cent; glutenin, 51.47 per cent.
No. 116, gliadin, 57.02 per cent; glutenin, 42.98 per cent,

The hard winter wheat patent flour gave—
Pam)

No. 130, gliadin, 59.19 per cent; glutenin, 40.81 per cent.

The soft winter wheat patent flour gave
No. 194, gliadin, 50.57 per cent; glutenin, 49.43 per cent.
No. 195, gliadin, 54.62 per cent; glutenin, 45.38 per cent.

On account of the properties of these two proteids and the methods
at present used for their separation it is impossible to make an abso-
lutely clear-cut separation of one from the other, and, consequently,
determinations of the amounts of each and their ratios to each other
vary, as is seen from the above figures, between limits that are as
wide for different flours from the same class of wheat as between
flours from the different classes, except perhaps between the hard
wheats and the soft winter wheats. On this account if seems
better to take some other factors for the comparison of flours and
wheats than the separate amounts of gliadin and glutenin or their
ratio to each other. While it is impossible to make a sharp separation
of gliadin from glutenin, it is not so difficult to separate the two
together from the other proteids soluble in dilute salt solutions. By
repeated analyses of the same flours it was found that the amount
of salt-soluble proteids obtained does not vary nearly so much as
that of gliadin and glutenin. ; |

If we add together the gliadin and glutenin, or if from the sum of
the proteids or from the total proteids as found by nitrogen deter-
mination there is subtracted the amount of proteids soluble in salt
solutions, we obtain the amount of gliadin and glutenin together.
This per cent of gliadin plus glutenin in the flour (see Table 7, column
10, and Table 8, part 2) represents the amount of true gluten in the
flour. The determination of gluten by the ordinary method, as
shown by one of the writers in a paper read before the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists at their meeting in October, 1903, and
published in the report of that meeting, is very crude and approxi-
mate so far as accurate analysis of the flour is concerned, and the
desired relations are much better expressed by the factor referred
to, viz, the percentage amount of gliadin plus glutenin in the flour.
The results of such a determination should agree relatively with
the gluten determination so far as agreement would be expected

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 43

with an approximate determination. As the amount of proteids solu-
ble in salt’ solutions is quite constant, the determinations of gliadin
plus glutenin will likewise agree relatively with those of the total
proteid content, by consulting ‘Table 8 it will be seen that the rela-
tive positions of the various flours in each class are practically the
same for the three determinations given, viz, total proteids, gliadin
plus glutenin, and gluten.

Considering now the relation between the durum wheat flour and
the hard spring wheat flour, as shown by this table, if is seen that,
as is the case with total proteids, so with the other two factors, the
average of the 1902 wheat flour is slightly higher than that of the
1905 crop. In each case, with the exception of the gluten of the 1902
Wheat flours, the agreement between the durum flour and the hard
spring flour of the same season is very close, the general averages of
all the determinations made of each class not being quite so close.
The sample of hard winter wheat flour that was examined gave results
nearly the same as those of the durum wheat flour and the hard spring
wheat flour, whereas the soft winter wheat flour fell much below the
others.

In general, it will be seen from both Table 7 and Table 8 that the
three hard wheats gave results that approach each other oftentimes
as closely as different samples of the same class, and the only flour to
differ noticeably is the soft winter wheat flour. This agreement, how-
ever, is noticeable only for the seasons of 1902 and 1903. With the
two flours from wheat grown in 1901, viz, No. 124 and No. 166, the
results for the various proteid determinations are higher without
exception in the case of the durum wheat. Therefore, while the
durum wheat flour is at least equal in quality to the flour of the other
hard wheats grown in the United States, and while in the case of sea-
sons wet and otherwise unfavorable for the production of the best
durum wheat, the proteid constituents agree practically with those of
hard spring and hard winter wheats, yet in seasons best adapted to
the growth of durum wheat the flour invariably contains a higher per
cent of proteid constituents.

In regard to the water-absorbing power and the expansion of the
flours, both the highest absorption and the highest expansion were
with flours of durum wheats, the average of the patent flours being
65 forthe durum and 62 for the hard spring wheat, the Kansas hard
winter wheat flour being 62, while the soft winter wheat flours are
ali much lower. The average expansion for the durum wheat patent
flour was 615, and for the hard spring wheat patent flour 604.

The ash content of the durum wheat flour is considerably higher
than that of any of the other three classes examined, the average of
the patent flours being 0.77 per cent for the durum, 0.55 per cent for
tlre hard spring, 0.57 per cent for the hard winter, and 0.60 per cent
for soft winter. This high ash. content is not due to a low grade of

+4 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

flour, for the ash content of the durum whole wheat is proportionally
higher than that of the hard spring wheat. The average of the ash
determinations of durum whole wheat was 2.14 per cent, whereas hard
spring Wheat gave an average of 1.62 per cent. While the sample of
1901 durum wheat flour possesses a higher ash than the average of
1902 and 1903, yet some flours of these years have as high an ash con-
tent. In this respect, therefore, the Composition of the durum wheat
flour, even for these wet and unfavorable years, maintains a charac-
teristic differeace from that of the hard spring wheat flours.

Conclusions.—From a careful study of the results of these investi-
gations it appears:

(1) The total proteid content of durum wheat flour from wheat
grown in Russia and from that grown in this country in normal sea-
sons is considerably higher than that in any of the other principal
classes of American wheats.

(2) In durum wheat grown in the United States in wet and other-
wise unfavorable years the proteid content falls to an amount about
equal to that of northwestern hard spring wheats or Kansas hard
winter wheats, but is above that of the soft winter wheats.

(3) On the average the proteid content of durum wheat flour grown
in 1902 or 1903 is equal to that of northwestern hard spring wheat of
the same year, but in flour made from normal wheat grown under
more favorable conditions it is higher.

(4) The amount of gliadin plus glutenin in the flours from the typ-
ical wheats studied is in practically the same relation as the total
proteids just described.

(5) The absorption and expansion are, as a rule, greater in the case
of flour from durum wheat than of flour from hard spring wheat or
hard winter wheat.

(6) The ash content of durum wheat patent flour is considerably
higher than that of hard spring wheat patent flour.

(7) In general, durum wheat flour differs in composition from hard
spring wheat flour in having larger amounts of proteids, ash, and
sugar,” but in unfavorable seasons having too much moisture some of
these fall to about the same amount as found in the other hard
wheats.

EXAMINATION OF THE FLOUR AND BREAD OF THE BAKING TEST.

The analyses of the two flours used in the baking test and of the
breads made from them will now be considered.

In the preceding tables (7 and 8) of flour analyses, No. 115 is the
flour used in the bread test for bread X and No. 116 is the flour used
for bread P. These will be called hereafter ‘‘ flour X” and ‘‘ flour P,”
corresponding to bread X and bread P.

From an examination of these tables it will be seen that in regard
fo phe preteig constituents flour P is above the average of the patent

a aSee examination of fhe Agus and ihe bad of the fame ia p. as, and Table 12.

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 45

flours from northwesterrtt hard spring wheat, the same being true also
of the absorption and expansion. On the other hand, flour X is
about equally below the average of 1902 durum wheat patent flours.
being about equal to the general average for the two years 1902 and
1903. The two flours X and P, however, are not further apart on
these points than are the extremes of either the hard spring wheat
patent floursor the 1902 durum wheat patent flours. The two floursare
in fact the opposite extremes of their respective classes in regard to
proteid constituents, and practically so as to expansion and absorption.

The doughs for the two lots of bread were made according to the
following formule:

TABLE 9.—Formule for doughs used in baking test.

Dough for X. Dough for P.

Material. | As | Asdry| As | Asdry
weighed. matter. weighed.) matter.
|

Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
Ree ee Ne in Se a NE Eat wh DD Slee pg oo 167 146. 4 196 170.9
TO Dan oy aie pected Tah RE SE ah ae ap iy Se ese Saal ae 5 lg at Peer oP Pa 10] epee bor
LUMI 5 ge Zi ph SEE Ne cn Ek eS ee OS tae 42 5.4 | 50 6.4
MINT Ree ne eee Cee oe Me det on on Se Mae Ce vk eee 5.5 9.5 6.5 6.5
Cr. 23 uta Satie RA OS Ay Reger Sate ee ae eae etree RE CIE 4 4 4.75 4.75

MN Ro tt Mire 5)2 2580S sendy Set aide Seo aac tenes 1.75 | 4.75 6 6
NCEE IN te Pea or te Ste Sona Se ke en eeeetow et 1, 25 | a1.25 | 15 al1.5
PULA MING TOCIONUS Ss.) cscescocl use! Joie Lae ee 310.5 167.3 | 365.75 196. 05

a Approximate.

The milk was not analyzed, but considering an average milk to con-
tain 12.8 per cent total solids, of which 3.7 per cent is fat and 4.9 per
cent milk sugar, the amount of dry matter and the amount and per
cent (calculated on dry matter) of each ingredient are given in
Tables 9 and 10.

TABLE 10.—Amounts and percentages of the ingredients of breads X and P.

Ingredient. Bread X. Bread P.

|
Pounds. Per cent.| Pounds. Per cent.

Amount of liquid to 100 parts of air-dry flour.._...........}_.-...--.- Witte g |e 77
Per Gummer aad: ODUM. hres ons one re Sole ee Sao 167 53.8 196 53.6
Kiour (percent of total ingredients) 2-5. 222-22.-.- Ls ece. 167 53.8 196 53.6
CUTE EN SITES) ele fe ae oe Eel SE Re alee TE 2 ee sg a eae Seep ie 3. 29 6.5 3.31
MAIS es ae ee ee oe Beate aber. ey en) Bs 2. 06 1.23 2.45 1.&
USS ret eo 009 BD <a ee ee ten ie yh merge Oy SE eee 1.55 .93 1.85 . 94
Papas lard 22.72. ore SPL ME EE os Beh ee Se tk era ae 4.75 2.84 6 3. 06
SJS)ET cal iS Ae 5 see ML EYRE oe ae oF es pee ae ee 5 Se NE 4 2.4 4.75 2.42
DepEd ere er Oe ne Se ert oe ee 1.2 74 1.5 . 16

From this table it is seen that the various ingredients of the bread
were used in almost exactly the same proportions. The amounts used
in the case of the bread P were those found by long experience to
produce the best bread from flour P, so that every condition was
the best for this flour. In order to have the two breads exactly com-
parable, and the bread X tested in comparison with a standard loaf,
these conditions, known to be the best for bread P, were followed for
both breads. This would unquestionably be to the advantage of the

46 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

standard bread, but would give accurate Comparative results as
desired. The only conditions modified were the time of mixing, the
fermentation period, and the time of baking. These were changed
slightly, as considered best for the doughs, by the expert bakers in
charge of the baking. The advantage in having the ingredients of
both breads exactly the same is that both the loaves themselves and
the results of the analyses are directly comparable.

Three loaves of each bread were taken for analysis, the loaves being
in each case an average of the entire lot. Two of these loaves (one of
each kind), after weighing and measuring, were cut and analyzed 14
hours after they were taken from the oven. (See Pl. 1V, fig. 1.) Two
other loaves were similarly treated 68 hours after baking, being kept
in the meantime in an ordinary room, simply wrapped in paper.

The third pair of loaves was kept under the same conditions until
158 hours after baking, when they were also cut and analyzed. The
following table shows the weight, volume, and moisture relations as
determined on each of the six loaves:

TABLE 11.—Weight, volume, and wat r content of bread in baking test.
{Bread baked April 27, 1903, 8 p. m.]

Bread X. Bread P.

; ’ z Differ-
Pines ye Are : ee wort ke 4 hae r2 a
and analyzing. “ Tol- oss in in lca voht | WOl- |Loss in} in loa :
Weight. ume.« weight. when Weight. /ume.¢ weight. when water in
= X and P
| | eut. cut.
First loaf: Grams. | Per ct.| Perct. | Grams. *«r ct.| Perct.| Percet.
14 hoursafter |
baking - ---- 425.3 3) at Pee oe 38. 12 428.7 813.2 lsat 36. 76 1.36
Second loaf:
14 hoursafter
baking ._.-- 437.2 S| iy da Beep] NE ee i 431.3 1 ae ee Bk Sere ae Pe
68 hoursafter
baking --..- C27 Ch ae ae 2.17 35. 61 7a es ae | ea ie 2.10 34. 42 1.19
Third loaf:
14 hours. -..-- ROD, BO BEBE ee A ee 410.4 | 293.6 |.......- | = -0s-ae beee
68 hours ------ SOND Ya be eden 1A eee ee APO te ee ee 2.04 |... 2 eee
92 hours. -..-- ery CAG gl ee, ee SOL Lae oe er B84 8 = ete st ees 4.16 |-22- 22 eee
116 hours. -___- 404 5 ete = Es 1 al ee BC at ell epee ae 2,44 | 5... 2. eee
140 hours. --- 3 EL) See] Ege eae & 4 ON A eee ee Shine) Heese ces 1. 83 |. =< -2 cece eee
158 hours: 2s BO0l3' Wasa zd 1.48 29.11 GO babe eee 1.62 |- 28.20 91
Pete. =| eee EAR oe ee aes eee eee 13:11 |-. ce eee
Average _._ 0484.4 O08), OLS) (a 0423, 4 B02. 7.) cl 89>) 2.2 eee 1.20
Ratio of average
weight toaver-
age volume -__- Bd Pie Pa ce) Cle a 1.39 fFs-=-ont noo pe ae ee So

«aThe figures given here indicate relative, not actual, volumes of the loaves. The distances
around the loaf lengthwise and crosswise are found by measurement, and these multiplied
together give the so-called volume.

b Average of weights taken at 14 hours after baking.

¢ Average loss of weight in third loaf for each 24 hours.

While the average weight of a loaf of bread X is slightly greater
than that of bread P, the loaf volume of X is nearly the same as that
of P. This makes the ratio between the weight and volume of the
loaf larger in the ease of bread X than of bread P. This means that

bread X is somewhat more solid than bread P, or weighs more per

cubic inch. This is largely accounted for by considering the percent-
age of moisture in the bread, X having on an average 1.2 per cent

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 47

more moisture than P, and does not mean that X is what would be
called heavy, as is seen by the answers to question No, 4 on the cireu-
lar letter sent with the bread. (See page 49.) The texture of bread
X is onan average fully equal to that of bread P. In connection
with this point it will be seen that the average loss of water in 2
hours, by standing in the air, is less in X than in P. This would
indicate that the reason for the greater weight per unit volume of
bread X is because the moisture is not only more in actual per cent,
but is given up at a slower rate than with bread P. As shown in the
next table, the absorption of flour X is likewise slightly more than of
flour P.

TABLE 12.—Comparative analyses of flour and Lread made from durum wheat
. and northwestern spring wheat.

Flour. Bread.
Determination.
xX Ite x E

SEEPS CSS G ORS Met Sulake. wituiairumnine a cawte@e tassire ete a grams sod wit ae eee 434.40 423.40
RAE MAEPESO NOELIA PITTI ns ded, oo ee Sree a an ak ae cla esl dle wine wen ee dS tes weir the 300.20, 302. 70
EE I NEL SO MOR so Cane Boo cs ok Se hw mnn weenclt anew ety ae ee Be as (ais | iy. 12.11
Average loss in weight per 24 hours ___.____.__..---- at elas Z\e ca eS 1.73 1. 82
ie 2b a Sek Noe CS SiR ete ae tre od ar pee ae per ce ent..| 12.31) 12.80! 38.12 36. 76
eT AR GIES SNL OL Sy Ue. as bap ec calla been ro fo oes 18 19 39 3)
ous hte el eit i a Bly ae ee i Ls le Sa eee eee ee do 80 57 3. 29 3.00
Mn ere Gee es os oot oe Aka cit RR at a es cee Go... 33 43 3.96 3.53
PRINCI SI Se Oe Gace neta SEN Pe Se eae panen thaw culew noun gov... 3.77 A OO s3ds le ae
Uo RS a a a ee ee ee ey oe eee ee a “lo aueaem alie es ya 3.17 3.55
cee Sa Re RS a ae ee ee oie GG: .2| £22. hee ee 1.43 1.08
Total sugar (soluble carbodydrates) -.........---.----------- Os 3-< 1.54 1.03 5. 20 4.5
REMRESUGTLE AOUOU dT) DARING ee. 2 26) Core eee co oe ee Got. .< 3. 29 FT A ee ee EP
Milk sugar added in baking (calculated from milk) _______- do.-..| 1:23 12 ts 2 eo ee ee"
Proteids soluble in salt solution -..................------.-- Eola toe 1. 90 1. 82 . 62 1.12
Proteids soluble in 70 per cent alcohol at 25°-80° C _____-___- do: 2¢2)) 4 sBRTON Vie 1.48 1.59
NER GNS 822 oor Sra) SS ah Pe en a Pegs a Coes. 4.83 5.31 410.33) «10.52
oly cp SES Soy FM eS sR See pa oe bee eee ks Se a oe ee do_. 12.38 | 14.40 | 12.43 13. 23

oa may
Heat of combustion per gram of dry matterb _._-______- caloties...|4-2. 2 See ae ? re 7 in
Absorption (cubic centimeters of water per 100 grams of flour) _- { aa f oo ee eel (eG
Expansion (in cubic centimeters per 100 grams of flour) _________- 600 EOS Os 5 Shae eee

a By difference.

b The determinations of the heat of combustion were made by Mr. E. M. Chace, of the Bureau
of Chemistry.

In Table 12 will be found the complete analysis so far as made of
the two flours and of the two breads. The results are placed together
in one table in order that an easy comparison may be made not only
of the breads but also of the flours, and of the flours with the breads
made from them. The acidity expressed in terms of lactic acid is
slightly more in flour P than in flour X, whereas the acidity of bread
P is less than that of bread X. This shows that the fermentation
went a little further in bread X than in P. It will be seen by refer-
ence to Table 10 that the amount of salt used was slightly less in X
than in P, thus tending to shorten the fermentation in P in compari-
son with that of X.

The ash content of the two flours is noticeably different, being
much higher in flour X than in flour P. The ash of flour P is 0.57
per cent, being slightly above that of a corresponding Minneapolis
patent flour, while the ash of flour X is 0.8 per cent. As would be

tS COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

expected, the ashof bread P is smaller than that of bread X. The
increase in ash of the bread over that of the flour from which it was
made is almost exactly accounted for by the salt and other minera)
matter introduced. The agreement is not so close in the relation
between the fat in the two breads and the fat in the flours plus the
added quantity used in making the bread. Only one loaf was ana-
lyzed, however, for these two factors, whereas in the other cases
three loaves of each kind were analyzed, and the results given in the
tables are the averages of those obtained.

[t is interesting to note that the sugar content of the two flours is
considerably different, considering the small amount of sugar (invert
sugar and cane sugar) present in flour. It was found from the analy-
ses of several durum wheat flours that in general they contained a
noticeably larger amount of total sugars (soluble carbohydrates) than
ordinary wheat flours. About the same difference in sugar content is
found in the breads as in the flours, the same relative amounts of
sugar being added to each flour in making the bread. This fact was
generally noticed by those who tasted the bread, many of the answers
to question 2 (see p. 49) being that bread X was sweeter.

In regard to the proteid constituents of the flours and breads, as
would be expected, the proteids soluble in alcohol and in salt solution
are much lower in the bread than in the flour, due of course to the
change in the proteids during fermentation and baking.

Finally, in regard to the food value of the breads as measured
by the determination of the heat of combustion, there is a difference
in the heat of combustion or the two breads of about 54 calories,
which would mean approximately an equivalent of less than 0.01
gram of sugar or 0.006 gram of proteids in 1 gram of bread, which
is too small to be of importance. The food values of the two loaves
of bread, therefore, are as nearly the same as could be expected.
In fact the heat of combustion of two corresponding loaves of bread
made from these same flours the week preceding the final test was
4,462 calories for bread X and 4,434 calories for bread P, showing
almost as much difference between two loaves from the same flour as
between those from the different flours.

Conclusions.—From the preceding chemical examination of the

bread made from durum wheat flour, in comparison with similarly

made bread from hard spring wheat flour, the following conelusions
seem justified:

(1) Durum wheat flour produces a bread that, as a rule, contains
slightly more moisture and loses this moisture at a slower rate than
bread made from hard spring wheat flour.

(2) The average weight of loaves of equal loaf volume is slightly
greater in the case of durum wheat flour than of flour from hard
spring wheat.

(5) The average loaf volume of loaves scaled to the same weight
when molded is almost the same with the two kinds of flour.

ae ge

—ee oa \&

2s Seer, - >

DURUM WHEAT’ FOR BREAD. 49

(4) Durum wheat flour and the bread made from it contain notice-
ably larger amounts of sugar than hard spring wheat flour or bread.

(5) The ash content of durum wheat flour and bread is greater than
that of hard spring wheat flour or bread.

(6) The food value of the two kinds of bread, as measured by the
heat of combustion, is practically the same,

REPORTS ON TRIALS OF THE BREAD,

The baking was conducted on a sufliciently large seale to produce
more than 250 loaves from each flour. This was done in order that
the experiment might be conducted in a practical way, just as ordinary
commercial bakings, and therefore be of much greater value to the
trade generally, and also in order that an opportunity could be given
for a complete series of table tests of the bread by many people in
different parts of the country. When the bread was made, two loaves,
one of the durum wheat and one of the hard spring wheat flour,
were sent to each one of 200 persons living outside of Washington,
D. C., and to about40 people in Washington, D. C., forinspeetion and
report as to their relative merits. A reproduction of the circular
letter accompanying each set of loaves is here given, in which it will
be seen that there was no intimation whatever of the bakery with
which the Department cooperated in the experiments nor of the
nature of the flour from which the loaves were made, it merely being
stated that they were made under exactly the same conditions from
two different flours.

[Copy of circular letter |
WASHINGTON, D. C., April 27, 1902.

DEAR Sir: The accompanying two loaves of bread, marked ** P”’ and ‘* X,’’ were
made in cooperation with a large bakery under exactly the same conditions, but
from different flours. To aid us in carrying out an important experiment, will
you kindly give us your opinion of the relative merits of the two loaves by answer-
ing the questions given below and adding your name and address in the spaces
provided? Then inclose the sheet in the return envelope and mail promptly to
this Department, no postage being required.

Very truly yours, M. A. CARLETON,

Approved: Cerealist.

A. F. Woops,
Pathologist and Physiologist.

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IIE tt 8 Sig eee 2 A Se Lak We Lee ee
a) eon mes & Detter crust in color and taste? _..........-.-----.-ls.cel sec ole.
iY acu Go you eonsider to be more nutritious? _.._.__..__-.----.--.. 4-0-2 te
On the whole, which one is the better loaf of the two, and why?__ ______. .__-
2 A ee es ae Roan oe ea: ‘ eee ee

IS»

90

FPP e PKR er wee Re ew ewes ee eee wee wee eee ee we ewe

4876—No. 70—04—— 4

50 COMMEROCLAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

‘The persons to whom the loaves were sent for inspection were care-
fully selected and include the most prominent millers, bakers, flour
inspectors, chemists, and teachers of domestic science, A consensus
of the opinions of these persons ought therefore to be quite reliable
and authoritative. Ina number of cases the persons were apparently
much interested in the subject and voluntarily gave certain informa-
tion not asked for in the circular letter. Over 200 replies were
received to this circular letter, a greater number than was expected.
The promptness exhibited in answering the letters was also very
gratifying. A summary of these reports is interesting.

Out of the total number of persons answering question No. 1, Which
loaf is fresher? 100 answered in favor of X, or the durum wheat loaf;
60 in favor of P, and 39 thought there was no difference. Concerning
question No. 2, Which has the better flavor? 145 answers were favor-
able to X, 70 to P, and 4 thought they were equal.

Concerning question No. 3, Which has the better color? as was to
be expected, quite a small minority of answers was favorable to X,
there being only 37, while 150 favored P, and 3 thought the color was
equally good ineach. As to question No. 4, Which is better in texture?
103 decided for X, 54 for P, 14 others thinking there was no difference
in texture.

As to the question, Which is the moister? 154 decided in favor of
X, 53 in favor of P, and 17 thought there was no difference. Ques-
tion No. 6, Which has the better crust in color and taste? brought
various answers. In general 78 were in favor of X, 85 in favor of P,
and 21 thought there was no difference. As a matter of fact, how-
ever, many of the answers were divided, as one might have supposed,
saying, usually, that in X the taste was better and in P the color was
better.

In asking question No. 7, Which do you consider to be more nutri-
tious? it was not expected that an accurate answer could always be
given, though it was supposed that in some cases analyses would be
made, but simply from previous association it was thought that each
one might have some idea as to the better nutrition of the one or the
other. Naturally, therefore, many did not answer this question. Of
the answers given 106 favored X, 35 favored P, and 2 thought there
was no difference.

Finally, as giving the general weight of opinion favorable to one
loaf or the other, 108 persons answered question No. 8 in favor of
X, 74 in favor of P, and 2 answered that there was no difference.
The general opinion, therefore, of the relative value of the durum
wheat loaf as against that made from other flour is 108 to 74 in favor
of the durum wheat loaf. As already observed, however, in two par-
ticular characters, namely, that of color and that of color and taste
of the crust, the answers were unfavorable to the durum wheat loaf;
in all other characters the answers were in a large majority of cases
in favor of the X loaf.

|

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. ay |

Asa number of tests made by ourselves in the Department and
preliminary trials made by the establishment which did the baking
seemed to show rather conclusively that the particular grade of durum
wheat flour used in this test was quite inferior to flour of the same
elass of wheat used before, it is extremely interesting and rather
remarkable that the general weight of opinion of these competent
persons concerning the merits of the two loaves should be so decidedly
in favor of the X or durum wheat loaf.

To show the authoritative nature of these reports on the samples of
bread distributed, it will be proper to give a list, as follows, of the
names and addresses of persons to whom the bread was sent for exam-
ination and from whom replies were received. The list is classified in
accordance with the occupation of each person reporting. ‘There are
omitted from the list quite a number of names of people who were
either well acquainted with the circumstances accompanying the bak-
ing test or whose experiences have not been such as to qualify them
for being good judges in the matter.

Following is the list:

Grain dealers:
John H. Wrenn & Co., Chicago, Il. -
Van Dusen-Harrington Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
Fyfe, Manson & Co., Chicago, Ill.
H. Poehler Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
Knight, Donnelley Company, Chicago, Il.
Barnum Grain Company, Minneapolis, Minn.

Millers:
W. B. Dunwoody, Joplin, Mo.
C. Hoffman & Son, Enterprise, Kans.
Sorenson & Son, Tower City, N. Dak.
Canadian County Mill and Elevator Company, Elreno, Okla.
Hougen Milling Company, Northwood, N. Dak.
Crosby Roller Milling Company, Topeka, Kans.
Bowersock Milling Company, Lawrence, Kans.
Omaha Milling Company, Omaha, Nebr.
Aberdeen Mill Company, Aberdeen, S. Dak.
Newton Milling and Elevator Company, Newton, Kans.
Lincoln Mill Company, Lincoln, Nebr.
Wells, Abbot & Nieman, Ord, Nebr.
R. J. Edwards, Bunker Hill, Kans.
Farmers’ Mill and Grain Company, Milnor, N. Dak.
Swanson & Larson. Fessenden, N. Dak.
Hastings Milling Company, Hastings, Nebr.
La Junta Milling Company, La Junta, Colo.
Henry Lohse & Bro., Elsie, Nebr.
Charles Schreiner, Kerrville, Tex.
Russell-Miller Milling Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
Sheffield-King Milling Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
Washburn-Crosby Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
F. K. Wing, Ipswich, 8. Dak.
George C. Christian, Redfield, S. Dak.
Fargo Roller Mill Company, Fargo, N. Dak.
Arlington Mill Company, Arlington, 8. Dak.

Hy) COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

Millers—Continued.
Honey Brothers, Park River, N. Dak.
I. R. Andrews, Indianola, Nebr.
Missouri Valley Milling Company, Bismarck, N. Dak,
Moses Brothers Mill and Elevator Company, Great Bend, Kans.
Burlington Roller Mills, Burlington, Colo,
New Century Milling Company, Dallas, Tex.
I. M. Yost Milling Company, Hays, Kans.
M. Braun & Co., Wahpeton, N. Dak.
Cain Mill Company, Atchison, Kans.
Cando Roller Mills, Cando, N. Dak.
E. X. Knight, Pierpont, S. Dak.
Wagner Milling Company, Milbank, 5. Dak.
L. F. Campbell, Norcatur, Kans.
Kampeska Milling Company, Watertown, 8S. Dak.
J. W. Kelley & Son, Huron, 8. Dak.
Imboden Milling Company, Wichita, Kans.
Lamar Mill and Elevator Company, Lamar, Colo.
York Roller Mills, York, Nebr.
W.C. Leistikov, Grafton, N. Dak.
Elreno Mill and Elevator Company, Elreno, Okla.
Hay Springs Milling Company, Hay Springs, Nebr.
Pueblo Flour Milling and Elevator Company, Pueblo, Colo
Abilene Mill Confpany, Abilene, Tex.
George P. Sexauer, Brookings, 8. Dak.
New Era Milling Company, Arkansas City, Kans. °
Inter-Ocean Mills, Topeka, Kans.
Walnut Creek Milling Company, Great Bend, Kans.
Texas Star Flour Mills, Galveston, Tex.
Ellendale Milling Company, Ellendale, N. Dak.
Charles L. Hyde, Pierre, S. Dak.
Crescent Mill and Elevator Company, Denver, Colo.
Oakes Milling Company, Oakes, N. Dak.
W. J. Alsop, Beloit, Kans.
Hungarian Milling and Elevator Company, Denver, Colo.
Werkheiser-Polk Mill and Elevator Company, Temple, Tex.
Cameron Mill and Elevator Company, Fort Worth, Tex.
E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney, Tex.
David B. Kirk & Co., Kansas City, Mo.
Diamond Milling Company, Grand Forks, N. Dak.
Gunther Milling Company, San Antonio, Tex.
Lee-Warren Milling Company, Salina, Kans.
Foulds Milling Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Bakers:
August C. Junge, Joplin, Mo.
Fleischmann’s Vienna Model Bakery, New York, N. Y.
Ward-Mackey Company, Pittsburg, Pa.
Atlas Bread Company, Milwaukee, Wis.
C. H. Burke Baking Company, Nashua, N. H.
S. C. Billings, Valparaiso, Ind.
Fraser & McMillan, Burlington, Vt.
Gordon Smith, Mobile, Ala.
J. F. Whiteside, Louisville, Ky.
Joseph Reuther, New Orleans, La.
E. A. Dexter, Springfield, Mass.

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 58

Bakers—Continued,
B. Howard Smith, Kansas City, Mo.
George Rushton, Rosedale, Kans.
O. G. Marjenhoff, Charleston, S. C.
H. Korn & Sons, Davenport, Lowa.
A, A. White, Baltimore, Md.
J. W. Swint, East Boston, Mass.
Ferguson Bros., Boston, Mass.
C. F. Hathaway, Cambridge, Mass.
Charles Trefzger, Peoria, [1].
Ohio Baking Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
Charles W. Kolb, Philadelphia, Pa.
Frank R. Shepard, Charlestown, Mass.
Collins Baking Company, Buffalo, N. Y
T. W. Russell, Binghamton, N. Y.
P. Schmidt, Baltimore, Md.
John E. Endlich, Port Huron, Mich.
Morton Baking Company, Detroit, Mich.
8S. 5. Thompson & Co., New Haven, Conn.
Freihofer Vienna Baking Company, Philadelphia, Pa
Campbell-Sell Baking Company, Denver, Colo.
John Schneider's Son & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.
A. A. Du Bau, Philadelphia, Pa.
Teachers and experts in domestic science:
Prof. Jane A. L. Zabriskie, College of Agriculture, State University, Colum-
bia, Mo.
Prof. Abby L. Marlatt, Manual Training School, Providence, R. I.
Mrs. Nellie Kedzie-Jones, Berea, Ky.
Prof. Anna M. Gilchrist, Agricultural College, State University, Knoxville,
Tenn.
Prof. Gertrude Coburn, Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria, Il.
Miss Maria Parloa, 204 West Eighty-third street, New York, N. Y.
Prof. Isabel Bevier, State University, Urbana, Til.
Miss Florence R. Corbett, supervisor of domestic science, Kings County Hos-
pital. Brooklyn, N. Y.
Miss Emma 8. Joe obs, Manual Training School, Washinton: ye;
Prof. Edith A. McIntyre, Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.
Prof. Maude M. Gardiner, Agricultural College, Stillwater, Okla.
Miss Fannie M. Farmer, School of Cookery, Boston, Mass.
Prof. Ellen H. Richards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.
Miss Sophronia Maria Elliott, Simmons College, Boston, Mass.
Prof. Susan M. Reid, Agricultural College, Fargo, N. Dak.
Prof. Minnie ‘A. Stoner, College of Agriculture, State University, Columbus,
Ohio.
Miss Lillian M. Wilson, Tome Institute, Port Deposit, Md.
Mrs. Mary J. Lincoln, editor American Kitchen Magazine, 28 Oliver street,
Boston, Mass.
Mrs. Sarah T. Rorer, Philadelphia Cooking School, 1715 Chestnut street,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Prof. Juniata L. Shepperd, Agricultural College, St. Anthony Park, Minn.
Chemists and flour experts:
Dr. H. W. Wiley, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
C. E. Foster, flour expert, Consolidated Milling Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
Prof. Harry Snyder, Agricultural College, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

AA COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

Chemists and flour experts—Continued,

John H. Julicher, flour expert, Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company,

Minneapolis, Minn.

Prof. J. H. Shepard, Agricultural College, Brookings, 5. Dak.

Prof. E. F. Ladd, Agricultural College, Fargo, N. Dak.

Prof. J. T. Willard, Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.
Technical journals:

Roller Mill, Buffalo, N. Y.

Modern Miller, St. Louis, Mo.

Baker's Helper, Chicago, Il.

American Miller, Chicago, I.

Of the six grain dealers reporting four considered the durum wheat
loaf X to be the better, while the other two favored the hard spring
wheat loaf P.

The number of millers to whom the samples were sent was larger
than that of any other class. As would be expected, particularly
with a new grain, the majority of the millers favored the loaf P, the
result standing 38 to 25 in favorof P, while a number gave no decided
opinion either way. In the face of much opposition by many millers
to the durum wheat up to that time, it is a surprise that there should
be so small a majority in favor of the loaf P, unless it be that such
opposition was not well founded. It is of interest to note also that a
large number of those deciding against the loaf X are millers residing
in the soft winter wheat district. On the other hand, a large number
of those favoring the loaf X are millers of hard winter wheat.

Of the bakers to whom samples were sent, 33 made reports, 18 decid-
ing in favor of the loaf P, 13 favoring the loaf X, and 2 giving no
decided opinion. Here again the majority in favor of the loaf P is
not nearly so large as one would expect in consideration of the decided
preference among bakers generally for a white flour and a white loaf.
It is a fact of the utmost importance that in the reports of both the
bakers and the millers, if one were to leave out entirely the one quality
of color, there would be a very large majority decidedly in favor of
the loaf X, it being so much better in all other important points. In
very many instances the statement was made that while the party
personally preferred the loaf X, and that in all essential points it was
really the better, yet commercially the loaf P would be better. As
the important thing with the baker or miller is, of course, the money
value of the flour of bread, these reports were all set down as in favor
of the loaf P, though, as a matter of fact, judging from the intrinsic
value, the decision would really be in favor of the loaf X. When we
consider, as discussed later on, the relative nature of the quality of
color—it being so easy to produce a loaf whiter or more yellow as one
chooses—the conclusion is inevitable that the reports of even the
bakers and millers, who are the persons most concerned in handling
the wheat, are, as a matter of fact, overwhelmingly in favor of the X
loaf.

Now we come to the class of people who are perhaps really more

—— lew t= 6!) @oe ge aber Oe sere eres Oe Os i OO oe

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. ny,

competent to give exact opinions of the relative value of the two
kinds of bread than any of those already mentioned, namely, the
teachers and experts in domestic science, since they are not influ-
enced from the financial standpoint and therefore do not consider
seriously the trade value of the comparatively unimportant quality
of color. At the same time they have studied carefully both what is
actually wanted in the home from the standpoint of attractiveness
and taste and also the actual dietetic value of different kinds of bread.
It is significant, therefore, to note that of the 20 persons of this class
reporting upon the samples 12 decided in favorof the loaf X and 4 in
favor of the loaf P, while the remaining 4 gave no decided prefer-
ence, making a majority of 4 in favor of the loaf X out of the entire
number reporting.

Of the 7 chemists and flour experts reporting 2 gave an opinion
simply upon the household use of the bread without regard to the
technical qualities of the two kinds, and their answers are, therefore,
not reckoned, although they were in favor of the loaf X. Of the
remaining five, 3 decided in favor of the loaf X and 2 in favor of
the loaf P.

Of the technical journals reporting 2 favored the loaf P, 1 the loaf
X, and the fourth gave no decided preference.

Quotations from particularly interesting reports.—It will now be
well to give in detail some of the reasons for deciding in favor of the
loaf X on the part of a number of those who so reported. First,
answers from two of the grain dealers will be noted, one stating that
X is the better of the two loaves because it ‘‘is lighter and not so
soggy as P, and is apparently made better; P has not the life of X.”
The other answers that ‘‘there is a marked difference, as indicated
above, in favor of X. I eat bread for pleasure and not as a medi-
cine. X is delicious; P is not.”

Some of the answers from millers are as follows: (1) ‘‘ X is better
on account of being fresher and moister and has the better flavor,
while P is whiter and has a better crust. Neither of the loaves seems
to be made from Kansas hard winter wheat flour, as they lack the
nutty, sweet taste.” (2) ‘‘ X has retained moisture better, has thinner
erust and better flavor, and is one-half ounce heavier, which, if the
same amount of flour was used, is in its favor. Would judge that X
is made from hard wheat and P from soft. Are we correct?” (5) “ X
has better strength and is more nutritious. “Ly opinion is that the
loaf marked X is made from hard winter wheat. Would you kindly
inform me how near I am correct?” (4) ‘‘X is better. We judge it
is made of hard wheat, while P is made of soft wheat.”

We quote from reports of the bakers as follows: (1) ‘* X is better
because it is better in all the points but color and will keep longer
than P.” (2) ‘‘X is the better loaf; flour should be tried without
shortening of any kind; flour, yeast, salt, and water only should be
used. P makes a larger loaf, and by the proper experiment (?) in

56 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

baking might be of greater commercial value to the baker.” (3) X
would sell better, because of a rich appearance; looks like a yood
spring wheat, while P looks like a winter wheat. P would not give
so good a yield; would not take as much water.” (4) *' X is the better
if you eat with your palate; P if you taste with your eyes.” (5) “X
is more even and better molded; better fermentation. A straight
dough with less fermentation would improve this loaf, it seems to
us.” (6) ‘*l think X is better because it has more body.” (7) ‘* We
find X the better loaf of the two, being fresher, moister, and better
in flavor, color, texture, and in color and taste of the erust.”

A teacher of domestic science answers the questions in the circular
letter as follows, viz: ‘‘(1)‘P. (2) ‘ X? has rich nutty flavor, while ‘P’
tastes sour. (3) ‘X; (‘P’ is more nearly white). (4) ‘ X’ has fine,
even-sized cells; walls elastic. (5) ‘P.’ (6) ‘X? is smooth, firm, and
sweet. (7) Answer must be a guess—‘ X.’ (8) ‘X,’ in my judgment,
is the better loaf, in flavor being nutty and not coarse in texture.
The question of color is not so important as flavor and texture, there-
fore, though ‘P’ is more nearly white, I prefer the yellow-white hue
of X=

A second teacher, in answer to question No. 8, says: ‘‘‘* X,’ because
the grain is finer and more uniform, the texture firmer and more
elastic, the flavor sweeter and more satisfactory, and has evidence of
being a better mixed dough. Crumb when rolled between fingers
does not pack as ‘ P’ does.”

A third teacher says: ‘‘‘X? is better; it is an evenly porous, moist
loaf with a decided but not objectionable flavor. Loaf ‘ P’ is lighter
in weight but larger in bulk than loaf ‘X.’? ‘P’ weighed 15 ounces
light; ‘X? 154 ounees heavy, due probably to loss of moisture, as ‘ P’
is drier.” ;

Another teacher, a well-known writer in domestic science, says:
‘“*X? is better, because it will wear better; will require less addition
of butter or jam to make it palatable.”

Another says: ‘*‘ X°? is better, because the texture is finer, showing
more even distribution of gas and less coarse; more of wheat pres-
ent, giving color, flavor less like sawdust. Better baked, less salvy
or clammy.”

Another states that ‘‘‘X? is better, as it seems to have more sub-
stance and is less dry and less chippy than ‘ P.’”

The following reports from two of the chemists and flour experts
have already been made publie through correspondence in the North-
western Miller (see issue of October 7, 1903), and are here reproduced
as follows, viz: |
Report No, 1.

Question No. 1. No apparent difference when received May 1; X showed higher
moisture content.

Question No. 2. X seemed to hold its flavor better.

Question No. 3. P, white: X, slight yellow tinge; X, better color.

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 57

Question No. 4. X.

Question No. 5. Water—May 2, 1903—8 p.m., X showed 33.40 and P 82.80 per
cent.

Question No, 6. X.

Question No. 7. Can not be told from inspection.

Question No. 8. X, more normal loaf, better fermentation development; P,
crust more like a cracker.

Remarks: Total proteids (on dry matter)—X, 13.01 per cent; P, 13.67 per cent.
Ash and salt—X, 2.283 per cent; P, 2.04 per cent. Weight when received May 1,
1 p. m.—P, 888.50 grams, 42.20 per cent water; X, 434.40 grams, 43.60 per cent
water. Size of loaf—P, 144 by 204 inches; X, 144 by 20} inches (one corner low).

Report No. 2.

Question No. 1. X loaf is perfectly sweet: P loaf is musty.

Question No. 2. X has the better flavor.

Question No. 3. P is the whiter; X is creamy white, an indication of high
quality.

Question No. 4. P loaf has the better texture.

Question No. 5. P loaf, 44.79 per cent water; X loaf, 44.58 per cent water.

Question No. 6. X loaf is decidedly the better.

Question No. 7. X loaf not analyzed; X, 13 per cent proteids only; P, 14.04 per
cent proteids.

Question No. 8. X loaf appears to have been made from spring wheat flour of
good quality. P loaf is a blend of spring and winter wheat flour. A gray white
in the loaf is the indication of inferior quality in flour. X loaf shows that fer-
mentation has not been continued long enough to destroy the nutritious elements.

Remarks: A little explanation is due, as I started to fill out your blanks before
thorough investigation. The X loaf has 2.26 per cent salt, and P 2.02 per cent.
X has 44.58 per cent moisture, and P 44.79 per cent, so it is clear that fermenta-
tion had not proceeded as far in X as in P, being retarded by extra salt and a
tighter sponge. The proteids being highcr in the P loaf seems to spoil my asser-
tion on blank as to nutrition; however, conditions being equal, I should claim
same preference.

In size X equals 25.10 by 15.45 inches; P equals 24.90 by 15.10 inches. Color of
X yellow white. texture fair, flavor good. Color of P, gray white; texture, good;
flavor, flat(?) musty.

It will be of further interest to quote portions of the reports of
others who really decided against the loaf X, because of certain sig-
nificant statements made or because of the general importance of the
remarks. An answer of one of the milling journals is that ‘‘ P is the
better loaf commercially, because whiter and it looks lighter, but X
would satisfy the family better where home baking is carried on.”
One of the best-known writers on cooking and domestic science, after
filling out the report, comments as follows:

I suppose you realize that bread made as were these two loaves does not give
the best results. If the bread was not risen so much, was made in smaller loaves,
and was baked more thoroughly, giving less crumb and more crust, | am inclined
to think that X would lose that wild taste and come out of the oven a sweet, nutty
loaf. Could you not have the flours tried with real French bread or family bread

made in small loaves and thoroughly baked? It is wonderful the difference that
the shape and size of the loaf and the baking makes in the flavor of the wheat.

a *)

oe COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

Of course it is understood also that the dough shall not be raised so much as to
dostroy the fine flavor of the wheat. As a nation we need to learn the value of
the small loaf, not too much risen and thoroughly baked at a fairly high temper- .
ature.

A well-known baking company in Philadelphia comments as fol-
lows: ‘*P isthe better loaf because of the fact that the loaf marked X
was taken before given proper proof. It is our opinion that had the
dough of the loaf marked X had proper proof—that is to say, a little
more proof—it would have made the better loaf of bread.”

Another prominent baking company states that ‘‘the loaf marked
‘P’ is the better loaf of the two. The loaf marked * X’ seemed to be
richer in sugar and fat. The color of the crumb in ‘ X’ is too yellow or
creamy and that of ‘P’ could be a little more creamy. A little less
sugar and shortening in baking the ‘ X’ flour might give the same
results as in the ‘P.’”

A New York baker writes: ‘‘ Pis the better loaf, because of its pure
milk ingredient as against the greasier shortening in X.Ӣ

A 'Vexas milling company says that ‘‘ P has the better appearance
and smells and tastes more natural. Both loaves are very good
bread, but X tastes and smells like bread made from very hard wheat
flour.”

Another Texas milling company writes that ‘‘P is the better loaf,
because it is more moist, having a flavor similar to bread made with
milk. It is whiter and better developed. - The loaf X seems to be
made of a strong hard wheat flour, which makes a large loaf, but
dries quickly when exposed to air.” (See Table 11.)

A North Dakota milling company makes the following rather inter-
esting comment:

P is the better loaf. These two loaves are just like two we had on a test from
macaroni flour and Bluestem flour. In our test we found the Bluestem flour
made somewhat the larger loaf and weighed a little more. I think X is made

from macaroni flour and will hold moisture longer. Macaroni wheat will not
make as much flour per bushel, though, by 5 pounds.

RESULTS OF OTHER TESTS.

Other bakeries in Washington, D. C., made trials of the durum
wheat flour for bread with results rather similar to those obtained in
the large baking tests already described. A considerable amount of
durum wheat flour milled by another prominent milling company in
Minneapolis was afterwards obtained by the Department of Agricul-
ture and distributed to several bakeries and also to a number of fami-
lies. Some of this flour was used in another baking test by the firm
which cooperated in the tests described in this bulletin, and the results
were even more satisfactory than in previous tests. This flour appeared
to be the best that had yet been used in any of the baking tests with

«Asa matter of fact, the same kinds «nd anounts of ingredients, proportionally,
were used in both cases. (See Table 1.) :

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 59

which the Department was concerned. A chemical examination of
this flour was made along with other flours and is reported in the pre-
ceding chapter on that subjeet. (The bread from this second flour is
illustrated in Plate V.)

During 1903, a number of experiments were made by Prof. George
L. Teller, of Chicago, in the use of durum wheat flour for bread in
comparison with other flours. As one of these series of experiments
is particularly interesting and bears closely upon the subjeet under
discussion, it will be desirable to quote the published results from the
American Miller of Oetober, 1903. Professor Teller published these
results under the title ‘‘ Flour from Macaroni Wheat.” A portion of
the article is here presented as follows:

In these experiments the macaroni wheat flour was used in connection with one
of the best known brands of Minneapolis spring wheat patent flour purchased from
a large grocery in Chicago. Being used as a basis of comparison in the report
it is called ** standard flour.’* The other flours are shown in the report by num-
bers, and are as follows:

No. 1 is a sample of pure macaroni wheat flour.

No. 2 isa flour produced by blending one part of macaroni wheat flour with
two parts of the standard flour.

No. 3 is the same as No. 2, except that instead of mixing the two flours in the
dry before making them into bread the macaroni was first made into a sponge,

and when the sponge had properly developed the remaining flour (the standard
spring patent) was added to complete the dough.

Comparative results.

Stand-

ard , eae
spring Noel ENO 2: eNotes.
| patent.
en 8a ee Cot PR PR Pe li hws See per cent_- 11 | 10.8 10.9 10.9
Shs C2 ES RS Se ee ees ae eek ae ee Gk ae eS ee ado. 42 | .52 45 45
ES aS AL: OR | ie ee OT oe ee vc Fs Jae A: SS a 62 62
ne ho, Ma ee ee ee Ue te | 100 98 99.3 99.3
ee ee per barrel... 100 100.6 = 100 100
PRS MIRACLE ere neon Sere eee Re 2 oS OS ais re he Let 100 94.8 94.8 100
OPER 9 Sir Se ho Oh a ES ee ne eee Tees eee nn eee 100 99 100 100
eRe EC AUREL yee Pr eee: tee Sd wi ae Te ey es ie 8 100 | 98.1 98.5 99.8

The macaroni wheat flour has a much higher ash and a little lower gluten
than the standard. The absorption is 1 per cent more, but the flour was enough
drier to make them ordinarily about equal in this respect. The color, though of
a very dark shade, is quite clear, so that the dark color of the loaf is much less
objectionable than it would be if due to the presence of a lower grade of ficur.
The loaf of the macaroni wheat flour is considerably smaller than that of the
standard, but except for the darker color is of good quality.¢

©On this paragraph the writers would remark that the statements concerning
gluten content, absor; tion, and color of the flour certainly could not be made of
general application, however true they may be with respect to these particular
experiments. Ordinarily the gluten content is higherin the durum wheats when
grown in the localities to which they are adapted, and in normal seasons the absorp-
tion would be still greater than the difference shown in these experiments. But
it is particularly erroneous in general to say that the durum wheat bread or flour
is dark. It is simply more creamy in color, as stated in the next paragraph, but
would have to be grayish or brown t» be considered dark,

~

60 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT.

By using the macaroni flour in the sponge and the spring wheat patent to com-
plete the dough the loaf was as large as that from the spring wheat patent alone,
and in quality was equal to it in all particulars.« The bread was a little more
creamy in color, which improved the appearance rather than injured it. * * *

Notwithstanding the vigorous opposition which macaroni wheat has developed
in certain sections, it is quite apparent at the present time that flour from this
wheat will serve a useful purpose in bread making,

In the numerous family bakings, whenever a sponge was made,
it was always a particular surprise that such a large loaf could be
obtained. There was usually little difference in the size of the loaf
and that of bread made from any ordinary good flour.

It will be of interest in this connection to quote the results of a
test of this kind of flour made independently by a well-known Minne-
apolis bakery. In the following statement is quoted a portion of the
report of this test, taken from the Minneapolis Journal of September
1, 1903:

August 31, 19038. Dough No. 1, special bread made from pure macaroni wheat
flour, should produce 36 loaves; produced 37 loaves. Quantity: 24 pounds maca-
roni wheat patent flour, } pound lard, 6 ounces salt, 3 ounces sugar, 16 pounds
water, 4 ounces yeast. Dough made at 6 a.m. Temperature, 84° F. Dough
taken 12 m.

Macaroni blend bread. Date, August 31, 1903. Dough. No. 2, special blend
bread. Quantity: 11 pounds flour, 13 pounds macaroni wheat flour, 8 pounds

vater for sponge, 8 pounds water for dough, } pound lard, 6 ounces salt, 3 ounces
sugar, 3 ounces yeast. Sponge set at6.10a.m. Temperature,90° F. Dough made
9.30 a.m. Temperature, 84° F. Dough taken at 12 m.

The foreman of the bakery says, concerning the tests:

I hereby certify that I have made bread out of pure macaroni wheat flour and
also out of a blend of one-half macaroni wheat and one-half hard-wheat patent
flour, and that I like the macaroni bread very much indeed. The bread is a little
more cream colored than hard-wheat bread and looks as though the sponge had
been set in milk instead of water, but it is sweeter and more nutritious than ordi-
nary bread.

REMARKS ON THE VARIOUS CHEMICAL AND BAKING TESTS.

The results of the different chemical and baking tests of Qurum
wheat flour for bread in comparison with good hard spring wheat and
hard winter wheat seem to justify the following general conclusions
concerning the use of durum wheat flour. In general, the least that
‘an be said of the durum wheat flour is that on an average it makes °
as good bread as the average of hard spring and hard winter wheat
flours. It has been seen already in the discussion of the chemical
tests of the different flours that there is often very little difference in
quality between the durum wheat and the other hard wheat flours.
Also, one of the most striking things about the reports on the samples

’ «With the use of a sponge perhaps the pure durum wheat flour would still have
made just as large a loaf. (See the second following paragraph. )

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 61

of bread distributed in the large baking test is that so often very little
difference could be detected between the two kinds of bread. Some-
times even in tasting the bread, if the party were blindfolded he would
make a mistake in deciding which was the durum wheat bread and
which the ordinary bread. As already stated in preceding pages, prob-
ably the chief reason for the similarity of the durum wheat flour and
bread to that of ordinary hard wheat in all the different tests made at
this time is that the past two seasons in the West and Northwest have
been unusually wet, the humidity particularly being unusually great
in many localities. As the durum wheat is especially adapted to dry
regions, Such seasons would, of course, tend to bring it down to a level
with the ordinary hard wheat. At the same time there are certain
special qualities in which the durum wheat bread is much superior to
-any other bread. These are as follows:

(1) All the testimony is to the effect that the durum wheat bread is
considerably sweeter, when the same amount of sugar is used in the
dough, than bread made from other hard wheats. A member of a
reliable baking company has informed the writers that if a certain
quality of durum wheat could always be obtained practically no sugar
would be needed in making bread from it. Even at the low price of
sugar this difference would amount to a very large saving in expense
where a large output of loaves is made daily.

(2) A majority of the reports shows that the durum wheat flour has
a greater absorption than other flours. This difference will mean
sometimes an addition of many loaves to the barrel of flour, and, of
course, the difference would be very much greater in an average sea-
son than it has been during the last two seasons.

(3) From numerous careful observations on the loss of water from the
different breads, it is found that the durum wheat bread retains much
more moisture for a week or more than bread made from other wheats.
Afterwards the daily loss of water appears to be about the same
in both kinds of bread. This again is a matter equally as important,
probably, as any of the others just mentioned. <A loaf of durum
wheat bread cut from two to four days after the baking appears prac-
tically as fresh as an ordinary loaf of bread cut one day after baking.
Such a quality is, of course, of the greatest value in shipping bread
or in furnishing bread to the Army or Navy or to others who need
often to preserve their bread for some time.

These three qualities are, of course, such as give a distinet financial
gain to the baker, while the first and third are desirable to the con-
sumer.

(4) Another important quality in the durum wheat bread, at least
for many people, is that with the same amount of baking a much
firmer and richer crust is obtained. To many the crust is really the
important part of the bread, though there is a considerable difference

OY COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

in taste in regard to this matter. The crust has a deep rich brown
color and a very agreeable flavor.

(5) One would naturally suppose that the most important quality of
all would be the actual taste or flavor of the bread, and the evidence
from all sides is overwhelmingly in favor of durum wheat bread from
this standpoint. The condition i8 well stated by one of the baking
companies already quoted in the statement, ‘‘ X is the better if you
eat with your palate; P, if you taste with your eyes.”

(6) While there was no intimation whatever of the nature of the
experiment when the loaves were distributed for examination in the
cooperative baking test, it is very interesting to note how well a num-
ber of parties guessed the kind of wheat from which each of the two
loaves was made, though it is also true that in a few cases the guesses
were radically wrong. In nearly all cases the supposition was that
the durum wheat bread was made from a rather hard wheat flour and
the other from flour of a softer wheat. In a number of cases guesses
were made that there was more sugar or shortening used in making
the durum wheat bread than in the other, which is, of course, accounted
for by the fact of the greater amount of sugar and other carbohydrates
existing naturally in the durum wheat flour.

THE COLOR OF FLOUR AND BREAD.

It soon becomes evident that the strongest objection made to durum
wheat flour is against its color. Opinions from all sides show at once
that given the proper color the bread from such flour would meet with
universal favor. A thorough study of the situation further shows,
however, that the matter of color is a purely relative one and is
almost entirely under the control of the baker.

It is evident that a very large part of the secret of success in pro-
ducing white bread is chiefly in the manipulation of the dough. The
mere mechanical operation of thorough separation of the particles
of the dough has the effect of adding wonderfully to the whiteness
of the bread. It is important to note in this connection that no
doubt the reason for the opinion of a number who reported that the
loaf P in the cooperative baking test was made from ordinary winter
wheat and not hard spring wheat is because of the fact that the dough
was mixed in a specially devised mixing machine, which gives an
immense amount of mechanical movement and separation of particles
of the dough, exposing it thoroughly to the oxygen of the air, and
thereby giving a much greater whiteness to the bread than is found
in other bread made from the same flour.

There seems no doubt at all now that the dough of durum wheat
flour, mixed by modern processes, will make bread with a color
entirely satisfactory, while, of course, bread made of a blend of this
flour with other kinds would give a still whiter color. At the same
time it must be remembered by everyone that no good bread made

DURUM WHEAT FOR BREAD. 63

to-day from western or northwestern wheat is white, nor is the flour
white. The writers take this opportunity to protest decidedly against
the language commonly used in and out of print giving the impression
that there is such a thing as white flour produced from our best hard
wheats. It is a well-known fact that many Minneapolis flours, which
may be taken as good standards, are a creamy color, and not white,
and that asa matter of fact they at first underwent the greatest of
difficulty in becoming established, just on account of the fact that
they were not white flours. The durum wheat flour at most produces
a bread that is only a little more yellow or creamy than the best hard
spring wheat. On the whole, therefore, the objection to the color in
the durum wheat flour should no longer be considered a valid one.

This conclusion can be reached independently of any results that
may be obtained by the process of bleaching, at present so much dis-
cussed in the milling journals.

To the writers there seems at present no valid reason, from a com-
mercial standpoint or otherwise, for the process of bleaching, though
if appears to be harmless. In fact, there would seem to be a decided
disadvantage in bleaching the certain well-known brands of tlours,
the people thereby becoming naturally suspicious that there may be
some adulteration or something else wrong in the flour. A bread
made whiter, however, by simple mechanical manipulation of the
dough appears to be improved in other respects also; and if one really
wishes to obtain a whiter flour, that would appear to be the better
method of obtaining it.

EXPERIENCE REQUIRED FOR PERFECT OPERATIONS.

Coming now to the discussion of an objection on the part of millers
to the use of this wheat, which to date appears to be the only legiti-
mate one yet raised, it may be said that it seems to be quite true that in
the beginning of operations on the part of any mill it costs consid-
erably more and there is a considerably larger amount of waste in
producing the same amount of flour in grinding durum wheat than in
handling the hard spring or hard winter wheats. Reports from
millers so far indicate that the cost of producing a barrel of durum
wheat flour runs from 10 to 15 cents more than that in producing a
barrel of ordinary flour, and that 35 to 38 pounds of flour—that is, all
products exclusive of shorts and bran—are produced from a bushel of
durum wheat, while 40 to 44 pounds may be produced from a bushel
of hard spring wheat. At the same time some of these same millers
testify that, even on this basis and at this stage of the millers’ knowl-
edge of handling the wheat, it is quite profitable to use the durum
wheat on account of the much larger yield per acre and the differ-
ence in price per bushel. It will be advisable to quote from our cor-
respondence with one of these millers concerning this matter—a
Nebraska miller who has now had considerable experience in grind-

64 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

ing durum wheat, and who has apparently found it to be a very profit-
able business. In a letter of February 20, 1904, he says:

[ have mailed you to-day samples of the different grades of flour; also samples
of the bran and shorts made from macaroni wheat. The amountsof the different
grades are as follows:

Straight patent, 35 pounds per bushel.
First patent, 18 pounds per bushel.
Bakers’ patent, 15 pounds per bushel.
Low grade, 2 pounds per bushel.

Bran, 11 pounds per bushel.

Shorts, 13 pounds per bushel.

Loss in grinding, | pound per bushel.

The flour has given the best of satisfaction and all who have tried it are highly
pleased. In consequence of these tests a large amount of the wheat will be planted
this year. I have sold all we had of it at asatisfactory price. It makes less flour
per bushel, but being a large yielder it makes up for this loss and leaves it ahead
of any other variety as a flour producer when the yield is considered. * * * I
am satisfied now that we can make a better showing another year by making a
few changes at very little expense which will add to the yield of flour.

In another letter dated Mareh 15, 1904, the same writer says: ‘‘As
to the cost of grinding this wheat, I have found it cost just one-third
more than the other varieties of wheat.”

As these are fair samples of statements received in various other
letters from millers who have handled the durum wheat, it will be
seen that the longer the wheat is handled and the more familiar the
miller becomes with it the more flour he is likely to obtain from a
bushel of wheat at the same cost. As one’s experience grows it is
found that certain modifications in machinery can be made which wil!
accomplish much closer grinding. There is no doubt, therefore, that
when two or three more years have elapsed the profit in the sale of
the flour from a bushel of wheat will very closely approximate that
obtained from a bushel of hard spring wheat, particularly when the
future increase in the demand and price of the duram wheat flour,
which is almost sure to come, is considered. The correspondence of
the Department of Agriculture shows that a number of millers who
formerly declined to have anything to do with durum wheat are now
doing a profitable business in handling it and have already used a
comparatively large quantity.

The trials of this wheat for making bread on the partof the bakers
and the experiments of various flour experts show also that more and
more experience in handling the flour will result in producing better
bread. The reader has already noted the change of opinion of the
Cleveland baker referred to on a preceding page, who at first thought
nothing could be done with the flour, but was finally very much
pleased with the results. It will be found nearly always that bet-
ter success in baking will follow from the use of a regular sponge,
particularly if the flour is entirely from durum wheat or if a very
large per cent of it is durum wheat flour. More acid is desirable in

PROGRESS OF THE NEW INDUSTRY. 65

producing fermentation than in the use of other flour, and it has even
been suggested that possibly a slight amount of commercial acid
could be added to advantage; but this, of course, should be consid-
ared at present as a matter for experiment. :

OTHER PRODUCTS FROM DURUM WHEAT.

The number of breakfast foods already in existence is legion, and
it would hardly seem desirable to add to these from other sources.
[lowever, people who have used the few breakfast foods that have
ulready been manufactured from durum wheat testify that they are
juite distinet from others on the market and are really of excellent
quality. As probably only four, five, or a half dozen kinds at most
have yet been made from durum wheat, it is evident that here is a
field of operations very inviting to the manufacturer and as yet
scarcely more than touched. The kinds that have already been made
ure rather different from each other, and include, to the knowledge
of the writers, one product made in Canada and three in this country,
one of which is in the form of another well-known breakfast food—
that is, the whole wheat rolled into flakes. In flavor these foods are
just as superior to those made from ordinary wheat as the flavor of
durum wheat bread is superior to that of ordinary bread.

Contrary to the general supposition, excellent biscuits of a certain
form can also be made from durum wheat flour. They are compara-
tively small and with little between the crusts. What are known as
‘light cakes,” made in a manner similar to ordinary bread, are also
successfully made from this flour. Perhaps the very best products
made from durum wheat flour, however, aside from bread, that are,
without any doubt, a complete success, are muffins and pancakes. It
can not be questioned that these products are far superior to those
made from any other wheat flour. The muffins appear and taste con-
siderably like sweet cake, and the pancakes seem to have more egg in
them than similar cakes made from other flour. (See Pl. V.) Certain
kinds of sweet cake are ideal when made from durum wheat flour, but
of course some other kinds that are intended to be quite white within
can not be made from such flour.

PROGRESS OF THE NEW INDUSTRY.

In the nature of things it is of course impossible to obtain statisties
of the annual production of a new crop. Up to date, therefore, any
reported production of durum wheat has necessarily been simply an
estimate. In the experiments of the writers, however, such close
watch of the acreage has been kept from year to year that when it
finally becomes possible to obtain statistics it will probably be found
that the following estimates have been fairly close to the actual pro-
duction. The first crop of any considerable amount was in 1901, of

4876—No. 70—04

5

G6 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

which the yield was probably not over 100,000, but close to 60,000 or
70,000 bushels. In 1902 a conservative estimate would place the pro-
duction at about 1,500,000, although quite likely it reached 2,000,000
bushels. Our estimate of the crop of 1905 was at first 10,000,000 or
12,000,000 bushels. It seems more likely now that it was not much
over 6,000,000, but may have reached 7,000,000 bushels. At present
it is still more difficult to predict the amount that will be harvested
the present season (1904). It can only be said now that it promises to
be about 15,000,000 bushels, with the possibility of reaching 20,000,000
bushels. A crop of 20,000,000 bushels would be an increase of at least
two hundred fold over the crop of 1901—that is, in four years—and
at the same time would constitute one twenty-fifth of the entire wheat
crop of the country on the basis of an average annual production of
500,000,000 bushels.

INCREASE IN PRODUCTION OF DURUM WHEAT.

While the yearly increase in the production of this wheat is extraor-
dinary, there is no question that when its commercial value is more
fully settled in the minds of those who handle it the demand will be
such as to incite a very much greater increase, until finally the annual
production will reach its normal proportion to that of other kinds of
wheat.

DETERMINATION OF THE BEST VARIETIES.

Of course, as the cultivation of the wheat goes on there are many
things to be learned. The necessary experience on the part of the

miller and baker has already been referred to, but the farmer also —

will have to learn which are the best varieties of this wheat. It is
known that about a dozen different kinds are now grown throughout
the country, some of which differ from each other as much as the
varieties of ordinary wheat differ, and it is already known that some
of these varieties are considerably better than others, both in the
quality of grain furnished and in the yield of the crop. For the North-
west, the bulk of the evidence up to date is in favor of the variety
Kubanka. (See Pl. III, fig. 2.) In the Southwest the Kubanka con-
tinues to bea very good kind, but two or three of the North African
varieties are there among the best. Still, other varieties are under
experiment by the Department of Agriculture at a few points, and
it has already been found that two or three of these varieties have
certain unusually good qualities. It will require several years to
determine thoroughly which are the few best varieties for the differ-
ent portions of the semiarid districts where such wheat is adapted.
In the meantime every effort is being used by the Department to
encourage the development of pure seed of each one of these varieties
and in urging the importance of keeping all durum wheat absolutely
separate from other kinds. Whether dealing with this wheat or any

PROGRESS OF THE NEW INDUSTRY. 67

other kind of grain, the most important thing of all is to keep up a
constant improvement of seed.

COMMERCIAL INSPECTION AND GRADING.

Much has yet to be learned by commercial men of the actual qual-
ities of the wheat, which will enable them more accurately to inspect
and grade the grain. This wheat, being so different from other kinds,
will require that a different standard be kept in view all the time in
the work of inspection. Certain new qualities will have to be added
to the regular schedule or score cards. Also, as the wheat may be
used either for bread or for macaroni, it must be considered each time
whether it is to be used for the one purpose or the other. l*or exam-
ple, during the seasons of 1902 and 1903, which throughout the coun-
try generally were unusually bad for producing a really excellent
quality of durum wheat, the softer and whiter condition of the grain
made it, nevertheless, really better for handling by the millers for
making bread flour, but at the same time the wheat was less suitable
for use in making the best macaroni.

DISPOSITION OF THE 1903 CROP.

Through considerable correspondence and personal investigation
the writers are able to state approximately the disposition of the last
year’s crop, though of course no one could expect accuracy in the
matter. On the basis of a crop of 6,000,000 bushels, it appears that
the disposition up to March 1, 1904, was about as follows: On the
authority of Mr. J. N. Barneard, chief deputy inspector for Minne-
apolis, there were inspected when going into that city from September
1, 1903, up to and ineluding February 29, 1904, 852 cars, which, at an
average of 1,000 bushels per car, would make 832,000 bushels. During
the same period there were inspected 317 outgoing cars, or 317,000
bushels. It may be added that for the crop year of 1902-3, ending
August 31, 1903, there were inspected when going into Minneapolis
187 cars, or 187,000 bushels.

It is reported by a well-informed broker on the New York Produce
Exchange that up to March 4, 1904, and since August of the preceding
year there were exported from New York something over 340,000
bushels. At the same time it is known that from 50,000 to 100,000
bushels were sold for different purposes in Boston and other portions
of New England; but these figures only apply as far as the month of
Mareh, 1904. Therefore, the entire amount of the wheat of the 1903
crop sold in Minneapolis and the lake cities, exported to foreign coun-
tries, and used for various purposes in the Eastern States would prob-
ably come close to 1,500,000 bushels. Allowing another million bushels
for seed, for feeding to stock, for breakfast foods, and other miscella-
neous purposes, there remain probably at least three and one-half

OS COMMERCIAL STATUS OF DURUM WHEAT,

million bushels that have been ground at the local mills for bread
flour and for the production of macaroni, much the larger part of
which was used for bread,

MILLS NOW HANDLING THE WHEAT,

The number of mills that have undertaken the grinding of the new
wheat is constantly increasing. Several large mills that have not
hitherto used this wheat and that in some cases have strongly objected
to the use of the wheat are to be added to the list for the coming sea-
son. ‘The increase in the demand for the wheat has been particularly
strong in Buffalo and a few other points in the East, originating solely
in the desire to use the flour for blending with other kinds in bread
making. By the autumn of 1904, there will no doubt be at least
twenty-five important mills throughout the country using durum
wheat.

PRICES.

Durum wheat being so different in nature from all other kinds, it
should not be expected that prices would range in a series parallel
with those of other wheats. Ata time of special demand for it the
price may rise proportionally more rapidly than for other kinds, but
often it may remain stationary or fall when the price of other wheat
is rising. However, the general scarcity of wheat throughout the
country, which has at the same time forced more attention to durum
wheat, and therefore caused its good qualities to be better known, has
been the means of securing good prices for the wheat during all the
latter part of the past winter and up to the present time, the price
having ranged from 90 cents to about $1.05 per bushel at Buffalo,
N. Y. One difficulty in the past, which will no doubt soon be over-
come, has been that the bakers were slow at first to make use of the
flour, because of the fact that the difficulties at first met by the mill-
ers in handling the wheat have not allowed them to sell the flour at
an attractive figure to the baker. No doubt, as soon as the milling
operations for this wheat are more accurately adjusted the miller will
be able to get a better profit and ean offer the flour at more attrac-
tive prices, and this apparently is all that is needed, for, as stated
elsewhere, all trials of the flour by bakers so far known to the writers
have given most excellent results.

THE OUTLOOK.

A prediction of the probable crop of 1904 has been made. Fifteen
or twenty million bushels of a wheat which does not encroach upon
the regular production of other kinds is a large quantity to be added
to the general production of this country; but it should be noted that
this leaves out of consideration entirely the enormous areas of the

PROGRESS OF THE NEW INDUSTRY. GO

semiarid and even arid districts admirably adapted to this grain
which have not yet been touched by agriculture. The possibilities
in reach of the farmers and commercial men in the production and
trade in this new grain are not suspected at present by the people in
general. Even under irrigation the wheat succeeds very well, but
over by far the larger portions of the dry districts irrigation will be
unnecessary, Which can only be said, however, of a very few drought-
resistant crops. All the while new districts of production are being
developed and new trade centers established, as well as new trade
routes. This wheat will be sold during the coming year at Kansas
City, Omaha, and Galveston, as well as at Minneapolis and Duluth,
and there will be a very large increase over last year in the produe-
tion of durum wheat in the districts tributary to these points, the
production last year, in fact, being insignificant.

Aside from the export outlet for durum wheat, either in the form of
the wheat itself or as semolina in France and Italy for the production
of macaroni, there are, without question, still other outlets af present
not at all considered by grain dealers or millers.“ In a number of
foreign countries where bread of a rich flavor is desired without
regard to color durum wheat flour will be very popular. This, no
doubt, will be particularly true in those districts of the Far East
where there has been unusually rapid development in recent years.
The inerease in wheat production in Manchuria and the very large
increase in flour production in the same country, instead of injuring
our flour trade in the Orient, may, by educating the native population
to the use of wheat bread, so increase the demand for such a product as
to really benefit the trade of this country. Present conditions seem to
indicate that this is quite likely to be the correct view. Should the
Chinese and Japanese and other oriental peoples become fully
acquainted with the use of wheat bread, the export outlet for American
flour, and particularly for flour made from this class of wheat, would
be, at least for a time, practically unlimited. It would seem, there-
fore, to be greatly to the interest of the millers and grain dealers to
give special attention to the encouragement of the production of
durum wheat in all of our undeveloped semiarid areas. It is evident
now that its increase in production is of just as great importance to
millers and shippers as it is to the farmer.

“It is quite erroneous to assume that there is little export demand for durum
wheat because of the numerous negative replies given in recent Daily Consular
Reports in the investigation of this matter by the Department of Commerce and
Labor. These replies were from points where a market for this wheat, or in some
cases for any other wheat, should not be expected.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PLate lL. Frontispiece.—A representation of two loaves of bread, one of whi h
was made from durum wheat patent flour and the other from the best quality of
northwestern hard sp:ing wheat patent at the same time, Ly the same bakery,
under the same conditions, the same kinds and proportional amounts of ingredi-
ents other than flour being used in each case. These are only samples of scores
of loaves that presented the same appearance, showing that the least that can be
said is that usually the durum wheat bread can scarcely be distinguished from
bread of other first-class flour when baked by accurate methods, so far as mere
appearance goes, while from the standpoint of flavor, freshness, and texture yery
many people really prefer the durum wheat bread.

PLATE II. Samples of three varieties of durum wheat. These are representa-
tive samples of this class of wheat as it appears when grown in North and South
Dakota.

PLATE III. Fig. 1.—Harvesting durum wheat in North Dakota. Fifteen self-
binders are shown onthe farm of Mr. S. Glover, at Glover, N. Dak., in 1903. There
were 6,000 acres of durum wheat grown on this farm in that season, producing
about 100,000 bushels of grain. A considerable amount of this was of the Kubanka
variety, but the larger part was of the variety Arnautka, the kind most largely
grown in the Northwest. Fig. 2.—Kubanka durum wheat growing in western
Kansas in 1903. The cultivation of durum wheat in western Kansas has only
begun very recently. This picture shows the character of the crop during a wet
and therefore unfavorable season. r i

PLaTe IV. Fig. 1.—Freshly cut durum and spring wheat bread side by side.
The bread is of the same baking as that illustrated in the frontispiece. The loaf
on the right was made from durum wheat patent flour and the other from the
best quality of northw»stern spring wheat patent. The difference in texture is
rather clearly shown, and tu a slight degree the difference in color, though the lat-
ter is somewhat misleading, as a yellow color can not be shown in a photograph.
Fig. 2.—Two loaves each of durum and spring wheat bread—a later baking. The
two loaves on the right were baked from durum wheat patent flour and the two
on the left from the best quality of northwestern string wheat patent. In this
case the durum wheat flour is of an entire _y different lot from that used in the first
baking and was really of much better quality, the loaves being as satisfactory in
size, lightness, and color as anyone could wish, while the flavor and texture were
considered by nearly everyone to be much better than that of standard spring —
wheat bread. mee

PLate V. Muffins made from durum wheat patent flour. These muffins were so-
radically different from those made of standard spring wheat flour and so much
superior in flavor and texture as to really form a distinct and unique product.
The picture shows very clearly their appearance and at the same time the class of
wheat from which the muffins were made.

70

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‘LVAHM WNHNG 4O SSILZINVA 3SYHL 4O SAIdWYS

Bul. 70, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

PLATE II.

PLATE III.

Bul, 70, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,

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.—HARVESTING DURUM WHEAT IN NORTH DAKOTA.

Fic. 1

FiG. 2.—KUBANKA DURUM WHEAT GROWING IN WESTERN KANSAS IN 1903.

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Bul. 70, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture PLATE IV.

Fia. 1.—FRESHLY CUT DURUM AND SPRING WHEAT BREAD SIDE BY SIDE.

Fig. 2.—Two LOAVES EACH OF DURUM AND SPRING WHEAT BREAD—A LATER BAKING.

‘'YNOT4 LN3LVd LVSHM WNYNG WOYS 3G0VW SNIZ4NW

Bul. 70, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 5.

Dept. of Agriculture.

PLATE V.

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SB U.S. Bureau of Plant In—
19 dustry. Soils. and Acricni

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A3 ur ungineering
no. Bulletin
61-70

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