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SAPIENTIA WNIVERSAIIS EX LIBRIS

UNIVERSITY OF NEWHAMP5HIRE

DISCOVERY

INVENTION

INSPIRATION

EXPERIMENT STATION LIBRARY
CLASS tr%-^-r?-^

NUMBER j4"Sn^i ^UuVlVti^

ACCESSION ^1 S S C ^i M "fci C' ' 1=-^

Bulletin No. 227

February, 1927

NEW HAMPSHIRE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENTS— 1926

A REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR THE

YEAR 1926, INCLUDING A FINANCIAL

STATEMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR

ENDING JUNE 30, 1926

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

DURHAM, N. H.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Adniinistrative Report 3

Publications 6

Reyort by Projects:

Animal Husbandry: Sheei) Breeding; Nutrition Studies with
Beef Steers . . " 7

Dairy Cattle: Nutrition Studies with Dairy Cows; Physi-
ological Studies of Dairy Cows 8

Dairy Products: Study of Some Important Factors Affecting
Viscosity of Ice Cream Mix 9

Economic Entomology: European Corn Borer; The Stalk
Borer; Black Flies; White Pine Weevil 9

Field Crops: Ensilage Variety Tests; Variety Test of Le-
gumes; Sweet Corn Fertilization; Effect of Place on Potato
Production; Spraying and Dusting Potatoes; Effect of Dif-
ferently Cut Potato Seed and Siccatives; Potash Tests on
Potatoes; Fertilizer Placement Tests on Potatoes; Value of
Manure for Potatoes; Effect of Nature of Seed Piece; Spray-
ing Mustard 11

Forestry: Forest Plots 17

Horticulture: Fruit Bud Formation; Relation of Composition
to Performance of Fruit Sjiurs; Late Fertilizer Applications
and Fruit Bud Formation; Winter Injury of Apples; Pruning
Experiment with Apples; Fertility in the Peach Orchard;
Variety Test of Apples, Pears and Plums; Effect of Fertilizer
on Strawberries; Tomato Variety Tests; Effect of Phosphorus
on Cabbage; Cabbage Fertilizer Experiment 18

Plant Pathology: Effect of Fungicides on Plants; Apple Scab;
Bitter-Pit of Apple 35

Rural Economics: State-Wide Consumption Survey; Cost of

Fruit Study ; Commercial Apple Orcliard Survey 36

Rural Electricity 37

Soils: Soil Fertility Studies: Effect of Manure, Fertilizers
and Lime on Worn-Out Hay Lands; Legume Growing on
Worn-Out Land; Effect of Green Manure and Fertilizer on
W^orn-Out Hay Land; Crop Rotation System; Pasture Im-
provement through Sweet Clover 37

Testing and Inspection Service: Feeding Stuffs; Fertilizer;
Seeds; Advanced Registry Tests; Post-Mortem Examina-
tions; White Diai-rhea Tests; Potato Seed Certification;
Miscellaneous Tests 40

Veterinary Medicine: Paralysis in Chickens; Testing Pullets
for Wliite Diarrhea 41

Financial Statement 44

PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS,

1926

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

The broadening out of research work into the field of agricultural
economics has perhaps been the outstanding feature of the New
Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station's first year of additional
help from the Purnell Fund. This ai^propriation, made available by
act of Congress in 1925, has for the first time made it possible for
the Station to investigate such problems as the economic balance
between production and consumi)tion of food stuffs grown in the
State, the trends of i^'oduction. the costs of growing various crops
under New Hami)siiire conditions, and the important marketing prob-
lems which during recent years have been of more and more concern
to people interested in the agricultural welfare of the State.

As a ground work for investigation of this type it was considered
advisable to concentrate during the past year on the completion of an
economic survey which we believe has the distinction of being the
first state-wide survey of its kind that has been made in this country.
The study reached into every section of New Hampshire, securing
records from practically every retail store as well as a large per cent
of the hotels and camjis. The results have already been set forth in
Station Bulletin No. 222, "Can New Hampshire Produce More of
"What She Eats?" The study has raised several interesting questions;
for example, it was found that over 300.000 bushels of potatoes,
nearly half of those marketed in the state, are shipped in during the
competing season when local grown ]){)tatoes could be sold. AVhether
certain types of farms cannot efficiently i)roduce this crop by the use
of improved methods in competition with outside areas, is one of the
questions which we are now pursuing. Another important problem
raised by the study deals with the possibility of producing poultry
and vegetables for the White Mountain hotel trade. With many
crops it was surprising to find how nearly the demand is at present
supplied by locally grown products. The importance of knowing the
facts regarding these questions is obvious. It is only by patient re-
search that a true picture of the situation as regards production and
marketing is possible.

During recent years it has been possible for the Station to carry on
more of its investigations throughout the state as a whole. So much
of the research work has been of necessity conducted at headquarters
in Durham that many people have perhaps not realized the state-wide
significance of the work; but there is now a noticeable increase in the
amount of territory over which it spreads. The investigators conduct-
ing tlie economic survey went into most of even the small towns in
the State. The study of the commercial apple industry required per-
sonal visits to over 800 orchards in 140 towns, including, it is be-

4 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

lit'vcd, every coiniuercial orcliard in New Hampshire. The seven
farms being studied in the rural electricity project are located in Graf-
ton, Merrimack, Strafford and Rockingham Counties, and were chosen
to represent various tyjies of farm enteri^'ises.

It is particularly important that soil fertility studies should repre-
sent farm conditions in general throughout the State, and it is in this
work that local experimentation at Durham has been weakened in
the past because of soil conditions. The establishment of a series of
experimental plots on rejiresentative soil areas at Greenland and Bos-
cawen during the past year has been a marked step in advance and
should furnish us greatly needed information regarding the problem
of restoring worn-out hay lands. This is perhaps the most imi^ortant
problem facing New Hampshire agriculture today, and it is believed
that the investigation will be fimdamental to future progress.

In similar fashion the studies of potato diseases have made it ad-
visable to conduct work in the northern part of the State as well as
in the southern counties. In tlie past few years observations in this
field have been made at a number of points, notably at Colebrook
and East Kingston. Studies of apple pests and diseases have been
made at New Boston, Contoocook and Greenland. Observations of
black flies have l^een extended over a long period by the station at 88
different points in the State, a large part of them in the northern
counties. Soil tests have been made covering a large number of
farms in all sections. In these and other ways the work of the Sta-
tion has been made increasingly free from geographical limitations
and more adequately rein-esents the agriculture of the state as a whole.

The extension of the nutrition investigation to dairy cattle has been
marked by a signal advance in technique which has made possible a
more accurate study of basal metabolism than has perhaps ever before
been possible with the api)aratus available. Requests for details of
this work have already been received from a number of European
investigators.

Definite figures on tlie costs of electrical power under farm condi-
tions are being secured as a result of our rural electrical project; and
from now on we may expect a series of fairly definite answers to
questions regarding the practicability of different types of equip-
ment. The work has attracted attention throughout the eastern States
through its cooperative association with the National Committee on
the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture.

While these advances of the work during the past year have been
most gratifying, it should be pointed out that they have been made
possible almost entirely through the use of federal and other funds not of
state sources. The state funds re])resent only about 8% of the appro-
priations going into research work at the station during the past year;
whereas in the country as a whole the average state fund represented
approximately 70% of the official approi:)riations. Only five stations
in the country had state appropriations of less than $10,000; New
Hami)shirc's is only $4500. Since much of the nec(>ssary work of the
Station is of the nature of a special state service and cannot be pro])-
erly handled imder federal funds, the state needs of the station should
be more adequately met. In this connection. Dr. E. W. Allen, chief

Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF ACiRICl^LTURAL EXPERIMENTS 5

of the Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
says in a jiaper presented before the Association of Land-Grant Col-
leges:

"The resi)onsibilities of the States in relation to this supplementary
legislation have been referred to quite definitely on a number of
occasions, but in the interest of clear understanding it may be de-
sirable to again call attention to this matter as having a fundamental
bearing on the success of the enlarged enterprise.

"The Purnell Act, like its predecessors, is not conditioned on similar
contributions from the States. In this respect it will be recognized as
a departure from recent legislation in which the Federal Government
has joined with the States in promoting various measures of jniblic
interest. The advisability of incorporating such a contributory pro-
vision was considered at the time the legislation was being framed and
again when it was being advocated in (^ongress; but, on the strength
of the arguments i)resented by representatives of the Association of
Land-Grant Colleges and the record of nearly forty years, such a
requirement was omitted from the Act as passed. The absence of it
will evidently make it important to avoid any seeming departure from
the tacit undei'standing implied.

"In his address at the Conference of Agricultural Colleges and
Exi)eriment Stations at St. Louis in 1925, soon after the passage of
the Purnell Act, the Secretary of Agriculture called attention to the
fact that in effect the nuuntenance of experiment stations 'always has
been a cooperative enterprise between the Federal Government and
the States. The Hatch Act, which supplied the initiative for the na-
tional system, did not undertake to carry the whole l)urdcn. It was
designed, as the opening sentence stated, "to aid" in attaining the
objects sought in the establishment of these institutions.' He pointed
out that 'in advocating this latest legislation nuich emi)hasis was laid
on what the States are now doing, and on the fact that it was not
designed to relieve them but rather to stinndate and further extend
their efforts.' And again, that the Purnell Act 'is not designed to
transfer these obligations to the Federal Government, but to enable
the latter to join more liberally with th(> States in the maintenance of
investigation at these institutions. It is the confident expectation,
therefore, that the individual States will continue to bear their part.' "

Changes in Personnel

In order to initiate the work in agricultural economics with an eye
to actual needs and conditions in the state, Mr. H. C. Woodworth,
extension farm management specialist, was placed in charge of several
of the projects in this field at the beginning of the year. Mr. L. B.
Lincoln was secured to assist in the state-wide economic . survey and
resigned at the close of this work. Dr. Max F. Abell of Massachusetts
Agricultural College has been ai')pointed assistant agricultural econ-
omist. Miss INIary E. A. Pillsbury has been appointed specialist in .
home economics to take charge of the investigations in human nutri-
tion. Mr. G. P. Percival has been appointed assistant chemist to take
care of the increased chemical assistance necessary in the soil fertility
work and other projects. Dr. F. R. Clark, assistant botanist, resigned

6 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

at the close of the fiscal year and his place has been taken by Mr. S.
Dunn of Iowa State College. Mr. S. W. Wentworth, assistant horti-
culturist, is on leave of absence for the year and his place is being
taken by Dr. L. P. Latimer of California. Mr. L. R. Tucker of
Illinois has been appointed graduate assistant in horticulture.

Improvements

Development of the nutrition laboratory to take care of the work
with dairy cattle was made at the beginning of the fiscal year. The
laboratory is now being further extended in order to accommodate
the work in human nutrition.

Publications

The following publications have been issued during the year: Tech-
nical Bulletin 29, ''Some Chemical Constituents of Fruit Spurs Asso-
ciated with Blossom Bud Formation in the Baldwin Apple", bv H. R.
Kraybill, G. F. Potter, S. W. Wentworth, P. T. Blood, and J.*T. Sul-
livan; Technical Bulletin 30, "The Eurojiean Corn Borer — The Rela-
tion of tlie Larvs to Submergence," by Milton F. Crowell; Station
Bulletin 218, "Inspection of Commercial Feeding-Stuffs, 1925" by T.
G. Phillips, T. 0. Smith. A. W. Petre; Station Bulletin 219, 'Tnspec-
tion of Commercial Fertilizers for 1925" bv T. G. Phillips, T. 0. Smith
and A. W. Petre; Station Bulletin 220, "Results of Seed Tests for 1925"
by M. G. Eastman; Station Bulletin 221, "Progress of Agricultural
Experiments— 1925", bv J. C. Kendall; Station Bulletin 222, "Can
New Hampshire Produce More of What She Eats?" by H. C. Wood-
worth, L. B. Lincoln, and H. I. Richards. In addition to these bulletins
several extension publications have been prepared by members of the
station staff during the year.

News of the work of the Experiment Station has been sent to various
papers through the series of news letters; and members of the staff
have contributed many articles during the past year to the semi-
weekly farm page conducted by the Manchester Union. A series of
special stories dealing with the economic survey have been sent weekly
for several months covering various commodities to the weekly papers
of the state and have been cjiiite generally used. The cooperation of
the press in spreading news of the results of the research work is
greatly appreciated.

Other State Service Work

In addition to the regular testing work, analyses of soils, feeding
stuffs, fertilizers, post-mortem examinations, seed tests, etc., a large
amount of correspondence has been liandled by members of the staff,
most of it arising from farm problems throughout the state. Many
lectures and talks have been given; judging assistance has been ex-
tended to fairs; personal advice has been given to many visitors and
on many farms; and in general the staff has assisted to the best of its
ability to further agricultural progress in New Hampshire.

REPORT BY PROJECTS

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Sheep Breeding — (Adams Fund)

Since the object of this project is the final establishment of a strain
of sheep with good weight of lambs, good fleece, and possessing four
functional nipples, a high milk yield in ewes, and a high twinning
tendency, it is obvious that progress is necessarily slow, and but few
changes and results can be reported from year to year. No special
tests are being made regarding the milk yield of ewes. The animals
are being classed simi)ly as (1) good. (2) fair, and (3) poor milkers
based on the knowledge and observations of the shepherd. The
estimates are, however, further checked by the rate of increase in
weight of suckling lambs. The results obtained in twinning and in
growth or weight of lambs indicate a satisfactory progress toward the
end in view. Fifty-four per cent of the litters, that is, somewhat over
70 i)er cent of all lambs born, were twins. The rate of growth also
was satisfactory, the average weight at 31/2 months being over 60
pounds i)er head. It seems essential to proceed along these lines for
some years and develoj) more highly the separate traits possessed by
different groups before they are crossed finally to merge into a single
grouj).

The work is in charge of E. G. Ritzman. who has had the benefit
of the advice and cooperation of C. B. Davenport, director of the
Laboratory of Experimental Evolution of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington. Messrs. ]^aveni)ort and Ritzman are now rejiorting in
bulletin form on the results of tlie breeding work as it affects wool
characteristics.

Nutrition Studies with Beef Steers — (Adams Fund — in Cooperation
irith the Carnegie Institution of Washington)

The change in technique made during the previous year (1924-
1925) from the two-hour resjiiration experiments to continuous four-
day experiments together with the new apparatus for determining
methane production made it i)ossible to take up for the first time
l)roblcms important in the study of CO2 production. These were pri-
marily the production of methane during feeding and during fasting,
and also on rations of timothy hay only and on rations of timothy
hay with linseed oil meal. A device was arranged in the respiration
chamber indicating by an alarm bell when the animal changed posi-
tion from standing to lying and reverse so that the total time spent
could be accounted for and a separate collection of CO2 could be made
for standing and lying.

In the main the same principle of procedure was followed in the
res})iration experiments as during the preceding year; namely, of
studying the first two days on the same feed level, with the same en-
vironmental temjierature on which the animals had been maintained
for at least two weeks previous to the experiment, and proceeding the
last two days without feed.

8 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

One five-day fasting respiration experiment was also made with
each steer to study the decline in methane production. Much of this
work has been necessary for the best utilization of the data on fast-
ing which have been compiled for publication and which have now
gone to press. This publication, entitled "The Metabolism of the
Fasting Steer", will appear as Publication No. 377 of the monograph
series of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

The Station has had the good fortime to have the continued active
participation of F. G. Benedict of the Carnegie Institution on this
work, which has been under the local direction of E. G. Ritzman.

DAIRY CATTLE

Nutrition Studies with Dairy Cows — {Purnell Fund — in Cooperation
ivith the Carnegie Institution of Washington)

In beginning this work with dairy cows it was deemed advisable by
Messrs. Benedict and Ritzman to start with a study of maintenance
requirements which have long been a subject of controversy. Since
the standards of maintenance feeding now in use vary materially, it
seems highly desirable to determine first by use of the respiration
chamber, the daily heat production of these cows when fed rations
based on maintenance determined by live-weight exjieriments. Two
kinds of feeding were used, namely, alfalfa hay and timothy hay with
linseed oil meal, both rations having previously served as a basis for
determination of maintenance requirements.

The technique followed was much the same as with steers. The
animals were kept under constant conditions of feed and environ-
mental temperature for at least three weeks prior to a respiration
experiment and the same conditions were maintained through the
experiment except that feed was withheld during the last two days.

As the mechanical device for separating the collection of urine and
feces from cows was not perfected to operate with a sufficient degree
of accuracy until toward spring, few samples of urine and feces were
obtained for separate analysis. This work will be repeated along much
the same lines during the coming year.

A Physiological Study of Dairy Cows — [Purnell Fund)

The, data secured during the year by J. M. Fuller indicate that the
respiration rates of cows under normal herd conditions may vary from
12 to 58 per minute and that pulse rates of cows under normal herd
conditions may vary from 52 to 88 per minute. A three-days' contin-
uous observation of 38 cows showed on the average approximately 50%
of the time was spent standing and 50% lying. Variations ranged from
34,8% standing to 63.35% standing.

A three-day observation, made on water consumption by cows in
the University herd, showed a minimum consumed by any one cow
through a 24-hour period of 18 pounds and a maximum of about
233% pounds.

The amount of urination and defectation during a three day period
was noted. The maximum number of urinations and defectations ran
as high as 20 per day with some cows.

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 9

A number of observations were also made to ascertain skin tem-
perature of cows in the milking herd.

DAIRY PRODUCTS

A Study of Some Important Factors Affecting Viscosity of Ice Cream
Mix — ( Purncll Fund)

The influence of certain factors on the viscosity of the ice cream
mix and the relation of viscosity to whipping quality were studied by
H. F. DePew, who notes the following results: 1. Homogenization
greatly increased tlie viscosity of the mix; the higher the homogeniza-
tion pressure, the greater the viscosity. 2. Gelatine increased the vis-
cosity of the mix. 3. Pasteurization of the mix at 150° F. for 20
minutes and homogenization at this temperature produced greater
viscosity than when the mix was cooled to 110" before homogenizing.
4. Viscosity was increased by aging the mix at temperatures between
32° and 40°. 5. A mix containing Sweetened condensed milk showed
greater viscosity than one in which skim milk i^owder was substituted
for condensed skim milk. 6. A longer period of freezing was nec-
essary to obtain the same overrun when a very viscous mix was
frozen as compared with one witli less viscosity.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

European Corn Borer — (Adams Fund)

The season has been one of imusual interest in the life history
studies of the Euro{)ean corn l)orer. In 1925 the first over-wintering
larva to enter the i)upal stage piijiated on Alay 18. This was very
hite and sliould be com])ared with Ai)ril 28 of the preceding year.
In 1926 the season was late again, and tlie date of first pupation was
again May 18; but as the spring continued, the retarded state of insect
life became more and more evident. This effect persisted throughout
the season and grew even more emphasized as the summer drew to a
close.

For exami^le, the first eggs laid by adults of the over-wintering gen-
eration of the current year were found June 14 last year, but not until
June 25 this year. The first larva of the succeeding generation hatched
June 22 last year, but not until July 3 this year. Pupation of the larvae
from this generation began July 21 last year but not until August 8
this year. Whereas the first adult of the corresponding generation
emerged Aug. 5 last year, the first adult was not found until Aug.
19 this year. And finally, the first larva of the succeeding generation
hatched Aug. 19 last year, but not until Sept. 12 this year.

As a net result of this situation it now appears imlikely that Euro-
pean corn borer larva^ of the generation just described will reach suf-
ficient size to pass the coming winter successfully. Larvae of the
earlier generation will over-winter no doubt in the normal manner. As
in other seasons there are larva* of the early generation that enter hi-
bernation at once and do not transform until the following season.

10 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

"Whether because of a season clearly unfavorable to them or not, the
Eurojiean corn borer has not reached intense infestation in New
Hamjishire that we can discover, reports W. C. O'Kane. who has charge
of this project. The insect is very widely distributed, but at the same
time it is not plentiful in the sense that it has reached badly injurious
numbers in any one place.

Accumulated data on its life history will shortly be published as a
})rogress report.

Another phase of the investigation has had to do with the sjiiracular
closing apparatus and its performance at A'arious stages of hiberna-
tion of the larva. A critical study of the ai)paratus and its perform-
ance was made, including its anatomy, its relation to the tracheal
system, and its status, both as the larva is apin-oaching hibernation in
the fall and as it is emerging from hibernation in the spring. Inter-
esting results were secured, and these have been brought together by
M. F. Crowell in Technical Bulletin 30.

The Stalk Borer— [Hatch Fiind)

The effect of the unusual season has not been as marked on the
stalk borer as on the European corn borer. Dates for transformations
have been later than those of last year, however, reports P. R. Lowry;
for example, hatching of over-wintering eggs began May 26 this year
as compared with May 18 last year. Pupation began Aug. 10 as
compared with Aug. 4, and the first adults emerged Sept. 10 as com-
pared with Sept. 1 last year.

A further study of parasites has been made. The species of Diptera
that was found last year is again plentiful, and is the most marked
natural enemy of this insect under New Hampshire conditions. A
second species of Hymenoptera has been found this year, making two
in all. Its identity will be determined when the adults have been
secured.

Black YXies— [Hatch Fund)

The study of black flies, including ecological data secured at eighty-
eight observation points and extending over a long period, as well as
further experiments in control, was brought to a close in the year just
passed. The material has been tabulated and prepared for publication
as Technical Bulletin 32.

White Pine Weevil — • [Purnell Fund)

Life history studies of the white pine wee^'il have been in hand for
the past year. Interesting facts have been secured as to the habits of
the weevils, their manner of gaining access to the leader, the process
of egg-laying, the developmental dates of the larva, and the hiberna-
tion habits of the adults. Specimens of a related species have been
found attacking the roots of small stunted pines.

This work is planned to continue for the coming season and to
include a study of parasites and an investigation of the performance
of weevils under various conditions as to pure and mixed stands.

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS

11

FIELD CROPS

Ensilage Variety Tests — {Hatch Fvnd)

The ensilage from nine varieties of corn grown and reported a year
ago by F. W. Taylor was analyzed in IMarch, 1926, by the chemical
laboratory. Table 1 shows the yield per acre together with the results
of the chemical analyses of these nine silages:

Table I — Yields and analyses of ensilage plots

Variety

Tons
per acre

Per cent
protein

Per cent
carlx)n}l

Per cent
fat

Per cent
crude
fibre

Per cent
ash

Eureka

13 85

1.48

14.77

.41

6.39

1 23

Pride of the North. . .

9 65

1 75

14 69

.68

5 23

.87

New Hampshire 500 .

7.95

1 62

15.12

.74

4.94

.41

Minnesota 13

8.69

1 28

15 21

,72

4.73

.78

King of the Earliest . .

S.91

1 29

15 20

.74

5.24

.75

Learning

11.07

1 05

15.39

.60

5.46

.94

Improved Learning . .

11.19

1.29

15.22

.57

6.06

.90

Luce's Favorite

9.57

1.63

14 95

.53

5.32

.89

Sanford White

7.77

1.30

15.15

.54

5.20

.98

Variety Tests of Legumes — (Hatch Fvnd)

A half-acre of the Heater Lot on the college farm was laid off into
eightieth-acre ])lots in the spring of 1926 and seeded to alfalfa, sweet
clover, and red clover with barley as a nurse crop. Different varieties
and strains of these legumes from different sources were planted to
secure data on their comparative adaptability to this climate.

Sweet Corn Fertilization — (Hatch Fimd)

This project was conducted by F. S. Prince and J. R. Hepler, on
l)lots 20 X 50 located on the Horticultural Farm. The treatments
were duplicated three times, and one row of corn around the plots was
discarded in order to avoid any overlapping of fertilizer applications.
The corn was i:)lanted May 25 and harvested September 5 to 10.
Table II shows the treatment and yields of both corn and stover.

Effect of Place on Potato Production — (Purnell Fund)

Previous experiments on the effect of early harvesting on freedom
of potatoes from degeneration diseases and productivity were continued
by 0. Butler. Green Mountains, grown at East Kingston in 1922,
were dug after 90 days and planted in 1923. In 1923 the stock was
again harvested after 90 days' growth and planted in 1924. In 1924
the stock was harvested after it had grown 90 days, 100 days, 124

12 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

Table II — Yields of sweet corn fertilization plots

Plot

Treatment

Yield of ears
in pounds per acre

Yield of stover
in tons per acre

1

15 loads manure check

9100

9.19

2

30 loads manure

9801

10 81

3

15 loads manure
400 pounds acid phosphate

9630

9 75

4

15 loads manure
800 pounds acid phosphate ...:..

9630

10.65

5

15 loads manure
400 pounds 3-10-4 fertilizer

9988

10.84

6

15 loads manure
800 pounds 3-10-4 fertilizer

9871

9.96

7

800 pounds 3-10-4 fertilizer

8046

8.14

8

15 loads manure
400 pounds 5-8-7 fertilizer

9261

9.88

9

15 loads manure
800 pounds 5-8-7 fertihzer

9411

10.99

10

15 loads manure check

9395

10.06

days and 148 days. There was 7.27 per cent leaf-roll in the stock,
but mosaic was not observed. In 1925 the various lots mentioned
were planted in alternate rows with the same strain of Green Moun-
tains from the original source. The results obtained arc given in
Table III.

Table III— Effect of maturity of Green Mountain seed on freedom from virus diseases

and productivity

Nature of seed

Per cent
mosaic

Per cent
leaf-roll

Per cent
yellow
dwarf

Yield
bushels
per acre

A

Strain H 90 day, dug after 90 days . .
Strain H 90 day, dug after 100 days . .
Strain H 90 day, dug after 124 days . .
Strain H 90 day, dug after 148 days . .
Strain H original source

7.35
1 40
0.30
4.75
0.04

9.31
2 10
5.38
7 13
11.04

0 10

220.90
352.50
305.40
255.70
248.30

B

Strain H, dug after 90 days

4.06
3 98

8.04

262.70

Strain H, dug after 100 days

262.70

Strain H, dug after 124 days

Strain H, dug after 148 days

230.90
307.80

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS

13

In another experiment Green Mountains, strain H, grown at East
Kingston in 1924, were harvested after 90 days, 100 days, 124 days
and 148 days. Tlie stock in 1924 was free from mosaic but contained
1.37 per cent leaf-rolL The results are given in Table IIIB.

With Irish Cobblers the data were more conclusive. Irish Cobblers
strain E were planted in East Kingston in 1923 and dug after 71 days,
82 days, and 92 days. In 1924 the 71-day stockwas harvested after
73 and 122 days respectively. In 1924 strain E was planted at East
Kingston and harvested after 73 days, 90 days and 122 days. In
1925 the results obtained are shown in Table IV.

Table IV — Effect of earliness of harvest on per cent of leaf-roll and yield of Irish Cobblers

Nature of seed

Leaf -roll

Yield-
relative
numbers

71 dav, dug after 73 days

0.00

140

71 dav, dug after 82 days

1 18

150

71 day, dug; after 90 days

0.00

71 dav, dug after 122 days

5.14

103

82 day, dug after 73 days

2.52

242

82 day, dug after 122 days

10 70

106

92 day, dug after 73 days

6.60

—

92 day, dug after 122 days

32 69

—

Strain E, dug after 73 days

0.00

132

Strain E, dug after 90 days

2 66

—

Strain E, dug after 122 days

6.15

Strain E, from original source

0 08

100

A study was also made of the effect of temperature on mosaic. Po-
tatoes affected with the disease were planted in glazed pots and the
water in the soil was kept at 70 per cent of saturation of the air dry
soil. The plants were then divided into four series of five pots each,
as follows: Series 1, plants exposed to a temperature of 28° C. or
above for four hours daily; series 2, plants exposed for two hours
daily; series 3, plants exposed for one hour daily; series 4, plants not
exposed to a temperature above 25° C.

The plants were all grown in the same greenhouse except during the
period of heating. When the temperature was raised, the plants in
Series 4 were removed to a cool greenhouse and those in Series 2 and
3 after the required exposure to heat were also removed to the same
greenhouse. After the plants in Series 1 had been heated four hours,
the greenhouse was rapidly cooled; and when the temperature had
fallen to 25° C. the plants in Series 2, 3 and 4 were returned to it.

14 V. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

Mosaic symptoms remained perfectly obvious throughout the ex-
periment in the plants of Series 4; in Series 3 the leaves became normal
as regards margin and smoothness of blade but remained faintly mot-
tled; in Series 2 mosaic symptoms were faint though recognizable; in
Series 1 mosait symptoms were not recognizable. At the close of the
exjieriment the croj) was harvested and the following yields obtained:

Tubers per plant
Mean weight in grams

Series 1. Plants heated 4 hours 45. 10

Series 2. Plants heated 2 hours 41 69

Series 3. Plants heated 1 hour 37.57

Series 4. Plants not subject to heat 36 06

Spraying and Dusting Potatoes — (Hatch Fund)

In continuation of previous work a study was made by 0. Butler
of the relative value of hand dusting and spraying for the control of
potato diseases. The sprayer used was the Vermorel Eclair, and the
dusters the Vermorel double-action Torpille and the Niagara blower.
An 8-4-50 Bordeaux mixture was applied every two weeks with the
sprayer. Sanders dust containing 8.6 per cent metallic copper was
applied both weekly and fortnightly with the Niagara blower, and
weekly only with the Vermorel Torpille.

During August the potatoes in all the plots suffered severely from
tip-burn. On Aug. 22 the plants in the non-treated plots were dying,
and those in the plot dusted every two weeks were also in very bad
condition. The plots dusted weekly and the sprayed plot were, how-
ever, still fairly green. On Aug. 29 the ]U)tatoes in the non-treated
plots were dead; the i:)lants in the plot dusted fortnightly were also
dead; the plants in the plots dusted weekly and in the sprayed plot
were, on the other hand, still slightlv green, but died shortly after
Sept. 3.

The plots were harvested in October. The amount of copjier ap-
plied and the yields obtained were as follows:

Copper per Yield per
acre acre

No treatment 222 . 6 bu.

Sanders dust weekly, Niagara blower 43.0 lb. 279 8 bu.

Sanders dust fortnightly, Niagara blower.. 14.6 lb. 225 7 bu.

Sanders dust weekly Vermorel Torpille . . 39.1 lb. 253.0 bu.

Bordeaux mixture 8-4-50 fortnightly 16.9 lb. 247.5 bu.

It will be apparent from the figures given that the efficiency of the
unit copper in Sanders dust is low and does not compare favorably
with the unit copper in Bordeaux mixture.

Effect of Differently Cut Potato Seed and Siccatives — (Hatch Fund)

Observation having suggested that seed pieces cut from the stem
end of potatoes might be more s(Misitive to adverse conditions than
those from the apical halves, the following experiment was imdertaken
by 0. Butler. Certified seed potatoes were cut in half across the

Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 15

middle, and the apical halves and basal halves placed in separate
piles. One lot of seed was then cut from the apical halves and another
from the basal halves; and both lots were sacked and allowed to stand
eight days. On the eighth day another lot of the same certified seed
was divided into apical and basal portions which were then cut into
seed pieces as before. All the seed was then planted in four 1-17
acre plots, as shown below:

The plants from Plots 1, 2, and 3 came up well, and a good stand
was obtained; but in Plot 4 the plants came up poorly and the stand ob-
tained was very uneven and poor. The yields obtained were as fol-
lows:

Yield per acre
bushels

Plot 1. Seed from bud end cut and planted at once 402.46

Plot 2. Seed from bud end cut and planted after 8 days. 324 49
Plot 3. Seed from stem end cut and planted at once. . . . 394 41
Plot 4. Seed from stem end cut and planted after 8 days 167.41

The loss in yield resulting from holding seed pieces cut from the ap-
ical halves of potatoes eight days was 77.97 bushels per acre, and
from holding tiie seed pieces cut from the stem end halves 227 bushels
]ier acre.

At the same time that the above experiment was made, the effect of
using a drier on the vitality of the seed pieces was tested. In this
case the seed used was of medium size, was simply cut cross-wise, and
was ]"»lanted at once, and after standing 3 days and 5 days respec-
tively. The seed held after cutting was carefully spread on the floor
of a warm room, each seed-piece separate. The results obtained were
as follows:

Not Sidphurcd Sulphured
per cent per cent

Bud end planted at once 83.33 97.22

Stem end planted at once 94.44 94.44

Bud end ])lanted after 3 days 80.55 83.33

Stem end planted after 3 days 63.88 52.77

Bud end planted after 5 days 62. 16 72.97

Stem end planted after 5 days 21.87 34.28

It will be noted that again the bud ends of the tubers, while show-
ing the effects of adverse storage conditions, were ver\' much less
affected than the stem ends. The use of sulphur as a drier was de-
cidedly beneficial in the case of the seed held 5 days, but no advantage
occurred from its use on seed planted at once or after standing 3 days.

Potash Tests on Potatoes — {Hatch Fund)

These tests were begun in 1922 by F. W. Taylor and have now con-
tinued for five years. The object has been to secure data on potato
yields where varying amounts of potash were applied with fixed
amounts of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The seed used was certi-
fied Maine grown Green Mountain, carefully cut with two eyes to the
piece. The potatoes were planted May 21 and harvested September

16

U. OF N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

28. This year no manure was used; in previous years twenty
spreader loads have been applied.

Table V indicates the yields per acre for each of the several treat-
ments during the five years of the test.

Table V — Yields of potatoes per acre on plots treated with varying amounts of potash

Fertilizer
grade

Bushels
1922

Bushels
1923

Bushels
1924

Bushels
1925

Bushels
1926

Average
five years

4-8-0

215 1

242.0

206.6

297.6

174.4

227 1

4-8-3

215.7

252.5

244.4

303.0

184.3

239.9

4-8-6

246.6

226.0

248.6

366.6

175 3

252.6

4-8-10

222.2

214.5

256.1

356.8

208.5

251.6

Check

149.0

192.0

164.0

258.7

166.2

185 9

The fertilizer was applied at the rate of 1200 lbs. per acre of a
4-8-0 grade plus enough nuiriate of potash to make the 3, 6, and 10
per cents. For the first four years the plots were one-quarter acre in
size; in 1926 they were cut to 9 x 20 and were run in duplicate. While
the results of these tests are not consistent in every respect, they seem
to indicate that where stable manure is used in medium applications,
the supplementary fertilizer need not contain more than 4 to 6 per
cent of potash.

Fertilizer Placement Tests on Potatoes — [Hatch Fund)

In order to secure some data on the effects of different distribu-
tions of the fertilizer on the yield of potatoes, four different methods
of application were used on duplicate plots. The seed pieces were cut
uniformly to two eyes per piece and were planted one foot apart in
the row. The potatoes were planted May 21 and harvested September
30. The average yields per acre with each method of application are
shown in the following table:

Fertilizer above the seed 212 6 bus.

Fertilizer below the seed 214 6 bus.

Fertilizer at side of seed 225 . 7 bus.

Fertilizer with the seed 229 . 7 bus.

The mixture of fertilizer used was a 4-8-4 grade and was api)lied at
the rate of 1800 lbs. per acre. No striking results were secured.

The Value of Manure for Potatoes — (Hatch Fund)

The question is frequently asked: What is a ton of manure worth,
or, how valuable is manure for this crop or for that? In order to get
some figures on this question as it affects potatoes, plots were planted
in dui)Iicate with "no fertilizer", with 12 tons of manure per acre and
with 24 tons per acre. The manure used was partially rotted and was
harrowed in just before planting. The yields per acre were as fol-
lows:

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 17

No fertilizer 166.2 bus.

12 tons of manure 198.4 bus.

24 tons of manure 229 7 bus.

In this case 12 tons of manure increased the yield 31.3 bus. over
"no fertilizer", and 24 tons increased it 63.5 bus. This year the selling
price of potatoes was $1.65 per bushel, which gave a value of $4.43
for each of the first 12 tons of manure used, and of $4.30 for each of
the last 12 tons used, with no allowance being made for residual effect
of the manure on succeeding crops. Obviousy, however, the value of
a ton of manure is dependent largely upon the selling price of the
crop produced.

Effect of Nature of Seed Piece— (Faic/i Fund)

Certified seed growers sell to some extent seconds for seed, and it
was thought desirable to study the behavior of ''firsts" and "seconds"
in respect to the per cent of degeneration diseases in the stock pro-
duced. The results secured by 0. Butler suggest that small seed
l)lanted whole produced stock somewhat freer from mosaic and leaf-
roll than did standard-size cut seed, as will be seen from the effect of
size of seed on mosaic and leaf-roll figures in Table VI.

Table VI.

Mosaic Leaf-roll

D stock "firsts" 3 61% 1.11%

D stock "seconds" 2. 11% 0.52%

H stock "firsts" 0.00% 10 13%

H stock "seconds" 0.00% 10. 13%

R and J stock "firsts" 0 62% 3 40%

R and J stock "seconds" 0 90% 2 42%

Spraying Mustard — {State Fund)

Ex})eriments were begun for the purpose of making a comparative
study of the various substances that have been used to control mus-
tard. Tests have been made with copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate,
sodium nitrate, sodium nitrate and copper sulphate, calcium chloride,
arsenite of soda.

Si

FORESTRY

Forest Plots— {Hatch Fund)

The usual measurements in the plantations were made and several
additional plots established so as to have a comi)lete series of plots in
pure white pine from stands ten to forty years old. In a series of
plots twenty years old, the experiments which Mr. O. M. Pratt of
Holderness has been carrying on for the last twenty years with ref-
erence to pruning will be checked. Mr. Pratt's work has been so
unique that foresters from many other states have come to see what
he has accomplished.

18

U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

HORTICULTURE

Fruit Bud Formation — {Adams Fund)

Work on the fruit bud formation pi'ojeet lias been divided into
three main lines: 1, the usual records of yieki and growth in the Wood-
man Orchard; 2, a more detailed study of the effect of the fertilizers
on the method of bearing in three of the plots of the Woodman
Orchard which show the widest differences; 3, the study of the rela-
tion *of chemical composition to jierformance in fruit bud formation.

In the Woodman Orchard the usual records covering total yield in
pounds per tree, the average annual twig growth as determined by
20 random measurements and the increase in trunk diameter were
taken by G. F. Potter and S. W. Wentworth. In addition, counts were
made this season on the size of apples as determined by weighing two
or three boxes from each tree and counting the number of fruits in
each. The results, excepting for the data on trunk diameter, are given
in Table VII.

The yield for one season is, of course, of relatively little significance
owing to the tendency to alternate in yield. However, it may be
noted that the heaviest crop this year was in Plot 9 wliich is highly
fertilized with nitrogen, which has the highest average 3'ield for the

Table VII — Effect of fertilizers on yield, size of fruit, and twig growth in the Woodman

Orchard for 1926

Plot

Treatment

Average
yield

per tree
1926

(pounds)

Average

size of

fruits

1926

(ounces)

Average
twig

growth
1925

(inches)

1

Sod

83.9

2 66

2

Cultivated alternate years. Cover crop . .

7.3

2.11

3

Cultivated alternate years. Cover crop . .

323.0

3.52

3.12

4

Clean cultivation. No cover crop

51.8

4 29

3.06

5

Clean cultivation plus cover crop

138.2

4.26

2.84

6

Cultivation and cover crop plus complete
fertilizer (phosphorus as basic slag)

234.0

4.11

2.72

7

Cultivation and cover crop plus complete
fertilizer

150 3

3.95

2.15

8

Cultivation and cover crop plus complete
fertiUzer with extra phosphorus

150.0

3.97

2.40

9

Cultivation and cover crop plus complete
fertilizer with extra nitrogen

374.3

3.94

2.50

10

Cultivation and cover crop plus complete
fertilizer with extra potash

89.9

,3.95

2.49

Feb, 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 19

last eight years, and which is also characterized by more regularity
in bearing than the other plots.

It was expected that the data on size of fruit taken for the first
time this season would indicate a greater difference in favor of the
highly fertilized plots. However, during this summer there was rel-
atively little rainfall, and the size was more largely limited by lack
of water than is usually the case. It is believed that under ordinary
circumstances data of this character would indicate a material in-
crease in size of the apples in the fertilized plots. The average twig
growth for the season of 1925 was relatively small, and was not at
all typical of the relations usually found in these plots.

In order to gain a more clear insight into the changes in manner of
growth and method of fruiting, detailed records have been made on
branches selected at random in Plots 1. 6. and 9. The labor of con-
ducting this work is such that it is impossible to apply this method
to all of the plots. Plot 1 rcjiresents the trees in sod which receive no
fertilizer, make a weak growth and have declined materially in yield
during the past eight to ten years. This plot has always been the
lowest yielding one in the orchard.

In Plot 9 cultivation and cover croji together with the application
of six pounds nitrate of soda and other chemical fertilizers have made
the trees the most vigorous in the orciiard. Instead of declining in
yield they show an increase on the average for 1919-1925 of nearly
75 per cent over their production for the preceding ten years, 1909-
1918 inclusive. These trees are resisting winter injury and the in-
roads of canker more successfully than the others in the orchard.

In Plot 6 the trees are in an intermediate condition, making a med-
ium growth and approximately holding their own so far as yield and
vigor are concerned.

The data obtained will be jMiblishcd shortly in bulletin form, but
it may be said now that from general observations and from annual
measurements of the crop covering the years 1919-1925, it appears
that Plot 9 is definitely more regular in bearing than Plot 6. The
evidence indicates that this cannot be attributed to any large extent
to successive bearing by the same branches. It appears to be due to
the greater annual production of new s]nn's and their greater ten-
dency to fmit in their second season. The evidence indicates, how-
ever, that in large measure the crop is on different small branches in
successive years.

Relation of Composition to Performance of Fruit Spurs

A new phase of this experiment was begun in 1925 by G. F. Potter
and T. G. Phillips in twenty-six different plots, each of from six to
nine Baldwin apple trees growing under a variety of environmental
conditions. Spurs were sampled at two periods — those most advanta-
geous as determined by previous work — about July 1 and a month
later. Care was taken to have all the branches of each tree rep-
resented in the composite sample. Only non-bearing spurs were
used, and these were cut at the base of the new growth made during
the season in which the samples were taken. In most instances the
sample consisted of about 250 spurs or from 40 to 60 from each tree;

20 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

it is felt, therefore, that they should fairly represent all the non-
bearing spurs on these trees at the sampling date.

In May, 1926, counts were made as to the number of blossoms pro-
duced by spurs non-fruiting the previous season and similar in every
respect to those used for analysis during the previous year. Counts
of at least 30 spurs were made in ten different parts of the tree.
Where the stubs of spurs sampled the previous season could be seen,
care was taken to make counts on the spurs immediately adjacent to
those which had been used for the chemical samples. In all, counts
were made with about 96,000 spurs. These indicate that the different
plots have an excellent range in percentage of fruit buds produced,
varying from 2.7 i^er cent in Plot 2 of the Woodman Orchard, to 59.2
per cent in Plot 10 of the Renovated Orchard at the Horticultural
Farm, with the remaining 24 jilots distributed between these two in
a fairly uniform sequence.

Chemical analysis has been carried on as outlined. By having a
large number of plots and studying the results by means of correla-
tion coefficients, it is expected that it will be possible to sift the evi-
dence and determine which constituents of the spur are uniformly
associated with high i)ercentage of flower bud formation. The math-
ematical work is just now being begun.

Late Fertilizer Applications and Fruit Bud Formation

A new phase of the fruit bud work was inaugurated this season,
namely a study of the effect of late aiiplications of nitrogenous fer-
tilizers on trees growing in sod. The usual practice in orchards of
this sort is to ap})ly about five pounds of nitrate of soda or some sim-
ilar material to each large bearing tree before the blossoms open.
Trees under this treatment were compared to trees receiving in
addition approximately fifty per cent of this amount between July 1
and about August 1. This work has been carried on in an old Bald-
win sod orchard at the Horticultural Farm and also in an excellent
commercial orchard of the same variety about 40 years of age, the
property of A. P. Rockwood in Temple, N. H. A few trees of Mc-
intosh are also under test in Temple.

In the Baldwin orchard at the Horticultural Farm these fertilizer
applications were made during the seasons of 1925 and 1926. In the
spring of 1926 counts were made of the percentage of fruit buds formed
under each treatment. These results are presented in Table VIII. It
will be noted that the fertilizer did not affect percentage of fruit buds
formed.

Records were taken this season to measure the effect of the fertilizer,
if any, on the size of the apples by counting and weighing the fruits.
The results obtained are presented in Table IX.

It appears that the fertilizer has had no effect on size. Some question
may be raised, however, because the average yield is nearly one-third
greater on the trees receiving late fertilization; in fact several trees
in the plot fertilized in the spring only bore very few and consequently
relatively large fruits. Using the method i)ublished by Wallace and
Snedecor, it may be found that the correlation coefficient between yield
in pound and size of fruit in ounces is —0.647 ±0.088. From this

Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS

21

Table VIII — Influence of late fertilization with nitrogen on fruit hud formation

Plot A

Fertilized May, 1925

Plot B
Fertilized May and August, 1925

Tree
number

Spur blossoming

1926

{per cent)

Tree
number

Spur blossoming
1926
{per cent)

12

64.0

11

10.4

18

46.9

19

13.6

25

12.1

26

3 6

45

36

17.9

35

3 9

46

23.6

38

12.0

42

18.4

24

10.6

17

36.4

23

9.5

16

40 7

10

7.5

15

22.5

Average

18.5±4.9

—

20.8±2.6

figure a regression coefficient may be calculated and a corrected value
obtained for the expected size of fruit considering the crop. This figure
represents an a\'erage for the whole group as modified by the weight of
crop for each individual tree.

Comi)aring the actual size of fruits with that expected, it may be
noted that the fmits on the trees fertilized in spring only are 0.0.3
ounce smaller than expected, while those fertilized both in spring and
in the late sunnner average 0.06 ounce larger. This difference is too
small to be significant when considered in relation to the probable error.
Within the accuracy with which this measurement was made, therefore,
the late fertilizer has not appreciably increased the size of the apples.

No counts were made of the relative per cent of blooms setting fruit
in each of the two plots; but because the fruit bud formation was
approximately the same and the size of the fruits was not materially
difTerent, the increased crop on the trees receiving late fertilizer must
have been due to a better set.

The original data for about 25 Baldwin and 8 Mcintosh trees in
Temple, N. H., have been taken but have not as yet been summarized.

Winter Injury of Apples — (Adams Fund)

Owing to increased activity in other fruit investigations, the winter
injury project has been inactive during the present fiscal year. The
material for histological study of injury in the tissues of apple seed-
lings, following subjection to various degrees of cold, is on hand, and
the work will be resumed later.

22

U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

Table IX — Influence of late fertilization with nitrogen on size of Baldwin apples

Plot A
Fertilized May, 1925 and 1926

PlotB

Fertilized May and August,

1925 and 1926

Total
yield

(pounds)

Average size of fruits

Tree
number

Total
yield

(pounds)

Average size of fruits

Tree
number

Actual

(ounces)

Calculated
on basis
of yield

(ounces)

Actual

(ounces)

Calculated
on basis
of yield

(ounces)

10

100

4.54

4.71

11

153

4.03

4.58

12

468

3.82

3.79

15

258

4.36

4.32

18

357

3 79

4.07

16

340

4.48

4.11

23

112

4.71

4.68

17

494

4.13

3 73

24

24

5.72

4.90

19

96

4.96

4.72

25

44

5.68

4.85

26

3

4.80

4.95

22

168

4.58

4.54

34

138

4 86

4 62

29

167

3.55

4.54

42

102

4.27

4.71

38

40

4.85

4.86

46

172

4.73

4 53

43

145

4.07

4.60

—

45

2

4.80

4.96

—

—

Average

148

4.56±0,15

4.59

Average

195

4.51 + 0.07

4.45

Table X — Wood removed and growth under different methods of pruning

Vase

Semi-
leader

Full
leader

Unpruned

Pounds of wood removed in pruning,
spring of 1925

1.40

1.45

1.09

Weight of prunings relative to size of
tree, 1925

1.40

1.38

1.02

Diameter in inches at close of 1925. . . .

3.08

3.36

3.32

1.98

Inches increase in trunk diameter, 1925

0.51

0.67

0.58

0.28

Pounds of wood removed in pruning,
spring of 1926

2.67

3.42

3.76

Weight of prunings relative to size of
tree 1926

2.67

3.14

3.48

Yield per tree in pounds, 1926

4.12

4.89

6.09

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 23

Pruning Experiment with Apples — {Hatch Fund)

Data are presented in Table X on the pruning and the growth of
Spy and Mcintosh trees at tlie close of their seventh season under
different systems of pruning. Data are also included on the amount
of pruning done in the spring of the eighth season.

Unfortunately in this experiment all the trees under a given treat-
ment are jilanted in the same block; hence differences in growth cannot
be ascribed wholly to the differences in pruning treatment. The unpruned
trees are smallest in this instance, due in all probability wholly to
unfavorable soil in the portion of the orchard in which they are planted.
In similar experiments elsewhere the unpruned trees have usually made
greater total growth than those pruned. During the season of 1925 the
gains in trunk diameter were in proportion to the previous growth of
the trees, those plots wliich were largest at the outset making great-
est gains during the season. In all instances, considering the condi-
tions, the differences in growth are too small to be ascribed to the
pruning.

Fertility in the Peach Orchard — (Hatch Fund)

The crop of peaches harvested in 1926 was only fair. Data on
yield and growth as affected by different fertilizer treatments are given
in Table XI.

It is evident that factors other than the different fertilizer treatments
are responsible for differences between the plots. For instance, there
would ai)i)ear to be no logical reason why a tree fertilized with nitrate
of soda and acid phosjihate should yield less and make a smaller
growth than a tree fertilized with nitrate of soda alone. An effort has,
therefore, been made to arrive at averages which will have greater
significance than the results in any one plot.

It is apparent that the use of nitrogen has resulted in an increased
growth and yield, although in this case it is necessary to compare the
plots receiving nitrogen with a single plot. No. 3, the only one which
does not receive this fertilizer. It may be said, however, that the
division rows which separate the plots and which do not receive nitro-
gen, are in all cases visibly smaller than the trees on either side which
do receive it. This is true in spite of the fact that the trees in the
division rows must gain some benefit from the fertilizer applied to the
rows on either side.

In 1925 those trees which received nitrogen with pdtash had a greater
yield than those receiving nitrogen without potash. It was stated,
however, at that time that the difference was scarcely sufficient to be
considered significant. It may be noted in the data for 1926 that the
potash-treated trees show no greater growth or yield.

Because Plots 1 and 2, which receive no phosphorus, are believed to
be better situated than Plots 4 and 5, it is not possible to draw any
conclusion as to the effect of this element.

The only satisfactory evidence, therefore, is as to the value of nitro-
gen in the peach plantation.

24

U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

Table XI — Effect of fertilizers on yield and growth of peach trees

Plot

Treatment per tree

Average

yield
per tree
(pounds)

Average

twig
growth
(inches)

Average

trunk

diameter

(inches)

1

2 pounds nitrate of soda

33.6

10.4

5.5

2

2 pounds nitrate of soda

1 pound muriate of potash

26.8

7.6

5.5

3

Check

6.3

6.6

4 7

4

2 pounds nitrate of soda

3 pounds acid phosphate

8.2

8.0

4.7

5

2 pounds nitrate of soda

1 pound muriate of potash

3 pounds acid phosphate

9 6

8.5

5.0

Average
1-2-4-5

Nitrogen alone or in combina-
tion

19.6

8.6

5 2

Average
1-4

Nitrogen without potash

20.9

9.2

5.1

Average
2-5

Nitrogen with potash

18.2

8.5

5.2

Variety Test of Fruits — {Hatch Fund)

No new varieties of apples worthy of note fruited in the Station
test orchards this year. Observations have been made, however, both
at the Station and in other sections by G. F. Potter with reference to
varieties of apples, pears, and plums. During the year there was
obtained by means of a commercial survey a rating of the relative
value of the more important sorts grown in the state as determined
by the opinion of the commercial apple growers. This shows the
Baldwin and Mcintosh to be the two outstanding apple varieties, con-
stituting more than 70 per cent of the total trees in commercial orchards
in the state. In few fruit sections in America is the planting so gen-
erally restricted to a small number of desirable commercial varieties.
The results of the survey indicate that although there are a total of
two and one-half times as many Baldwin trees as there are Mcintosh,
in recent years practically as many Mcintosh have been planted as
Baldwin. The returns also indicate that whereas ten to fifteen years
ago the Mcintosh was widely planted as a "filler", the recent plantings
are more largely composed of permanent trees. The increase in pro-
duction of Mcintosh for the next fifteen years is estimated at approx-
imately 43,000 barrels, whereas the increase in Baldwin will be approx-
imately 80,000 barrels. The 1940 crop of Mcintosh, however, will be
more than 300 per cent of the present crop while that of Baldwin
will be only 50 per cent larger than those harvested at the present
time. The Mcintosh variety blossomed heavily in New Hampshire
and throughout New England in the spring of 1926 but set a very light

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 25

crop because of unfavorable weather conditions. It appears to be more
subject to troubles due to lack of proper pollination than most other
sorts, and in view of its increasing commercial importance a special
study of its pollination problem should be undertaken.

The increasing popularity of the Mcintosh has led to efforts on the
part of Experiment Stations interested in plant breeding to produce
varieties similar to it which will extend its season. Three of these
sorts have been planted in the Station test orchards this year, namely,
the early Mcintosh, the Macoun, and the Melba.

Trees of the Cortland, a Mcintosh seedling which is later in season
than the parent, were planted in 1922 and have made excellent growth.
No fruit has as yet been obtained. In addition to the varieties men-
tioned Red Gravenstein and Red Spy were added to the list of varieties
under test. These bud sports of old standard varieties are of interest
because of the higher commercial value of well colored fruit.

Pears

The pear trees in the college orchards bore a fair crop in 1926. Ob-
servations were made by L. P. Latimer on trees in two orchards, one
in sod in relatively thin dry soil, and the other of cultivated trees
eight years of age in a relatively heavy soil. A number of varieties
show considerable promise as observed here and also in other parts of
New Hampshire. The trees of Flemish Beauty have made good growth
and are healthy. The form of the tree is somewhat spreading and
open. The crop was heavier than that of any of the other varieties in
sod. The pears were of good size and free from scab, the only defect
being that they had a tendency to drop rather badly in the sod or-
chard. The fruit is of high quality and the tree is as hardy to cold as
any other variety. In the cultivated plot trees of this variety had by
far the heaviest yields. The trees were vigorous and the fruit of good
size. The variety may be promising for the home garden.

The trees of Clapp Favorite are in general healthy and are among
the most vigorous on the Station grounds. A good crop of large fruit
was produced on all trees under cultivation and in sod. The variety is
hardy to cold and is known in other sections as a regular bearer of
high quality fruit.

The trees of Clarigeau are upright in form and especially vigorous.
The crop this season was good, comparing favorably with Clapp Fav-
orite. The fi-uit was of good size and color and, although heavy, hung
well to the tree until mature enough to harvest. It sized up remark-
ably well in spite of the fact that there was a heavy set and the trees
had not been thinned. Although of mediocre quality the fruit is
handsome and attractive because of its good form and intense red
color.

Trees of Bartlett appeared less vigorous on sod and produced a
lighter crop than Clapp Favorite, Flemish Beauty and Clarigeau under
similar conditions. The young trees under cultivation made a some-
what better showing as compared to the other varieties. There was
little difference in date of maturity between Bartlett and Clapp Fav-
orite, but the former proved to be a better and longer keeping variety
after picking.

26 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

During the past year the Anjoii (Bcurre d'Anjoii) has not at this
Station lived up to its reputation in other fruit growing sections of the
United States. The trees in sod were hicking in vigor. Under cultiva-
tion the trees had done fairly well hut were not as large as those of
the other varieties previously described, and no fruit was produced.
The fruit on the trees in sod dropped badly. Whether or not this was
due to a lack of proper pollination has not been determined.

In the cultivated plots Lawrence, Sheldon, Seckle and Angouleme
ha\'e made a fair growth but producetl no crop. Keifer has grown
rapidly and has procUiced more or less fruit for the past two or three
seasons. However, it matures so late that the fruit is of poor size
when harvested the last of October. In addition to Anjou previously
mentioned, the Tyson and Bosc have made relatively slow growth.
The Bosc pear is notoriously a poor grower, and it is the practice in
commercial plantations to plant other varieties and then top work to
Bosc.

Plums

In addition to the Jajianese sorts most commonly grown in New
Hampshire, a crop of plums was obtained in 1926 on some European
varieties. Observations on the relative quality and adaptability to
New Hampshire conditions were made by L. P. Latimer. Lombard
bore a heavy crop of good size, clean, highly polished fruit. The tree in
spite of the heavy crop was in fine condition. It was more robust and
healthy than any other variety in the test orchard. Its form is very
satisfactory, being u]iright and symmetrical. The leaves were large,
glossy green, and health}-. The ciuality was fairly good — good for
cooking or canning. The crop matured in mid to late season.

The fruit of the Washington was green to yellowish and of good
ciuality. It tends to become soft and mushy when rij^e but is good for
cooking. Tlie croj) was light and the trees less vigorous than other
varieties. It matured in mid to late season.

Imperial Gage is similar in tree characters to Washington, but the
fruit was better in quality. The yield was not heavy and the size of
the fruits about mediiun.

Bradshaw i)roduced a good croj) of large dark puri)le or dark blue
plums. It matured its fruit earlier than any of the other European
sorts described. Its ciuality, however, is not such as to recommend it
for extensive planting.

The Shropshire Damson is very prolific and healthy and lu'oduced
handsome fruit, astringent at first but more palatable when thoroughly
ripe. It is excellent foi' culinary piu'poses. In season it is slightly
earlier than Lombard.

The Climax, a variety of Japanese plum. ])r()duccd fruit I'ather low
in quality and has little to commend it for planting.

Effect of Fertilizer on Strawberries — {Hatch Fund)

In the spring of 1925 Howard 17 strawberry plants were set on a
field of sandy loam at the Horticultural Farm which jjreviously had
been used as a nursery and had received approximately ten tons of
stable manure per acre annually for several years. The land was di-

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS

27

■^'ided into nine i)l()ts, each approximately 1-20 acre. Immediately after
the plants were set, nitrate of soda was applied to two plots at the
rate of 200 i)onnds per acre; to two at the rate of 300 pounds per acre;
and to two at the rate of 400 pounds per acre. On three jilots no fer-
tilizer was api)lied.

The berries were harvested between June 25 and July 11, 1926.
Yields of each plot were kept separate, but the variation between plots
was such that no conclusions can be drawn as to the effect of nitrate
at the different rates of ajiplication. However, the average yield from
the six plots receiving nitrate is distinctly less than that from those
plots which did not receive the application. The vields are shown in
Table XII.

Table XII — Yield of 1/20 acre strawberry plots

Average YiELn per plot

Treatment

June 25 to July 3

(quarts)

July 4 to July 11
(quarts

Total for the season
(quarts)

Nitrate, 200 to 400 pounds per aere

48.41+3.52

21.98 + 5.66

70.39 + 7.23

Check, no fertilizer

61.93 + 6.99

40. 90 ±6. 09

102 83 + 4 48

The average decrease in yield on the fertilized plots is about 32 per
cent, but the decrease for the first half of the season is approximately
22 per cent and for the last half about 46 per cent. Apparently the
application of nitrate shortens the season.

The season of 1926, in wliich these results were obtained, was very
dry, there being little rain during the first half of the season and none
at all during the last half. It is possil)le that under more favorable
conditions of moisture a different result might have been obtained.

In the s})ring of 1926 i)lants of Howard 17 strawberries were set in
the permanent garden soil fertility plots in a field of sandy loam which
originally contained only a small amount of organic matter. For the
past eight years these plots have received treatments as listed in Table
XIII. The exiieriment, therefore, gives an opportunity to measure
the cumulative effect of fertilizer ap])lications on the strawberry plants.
Previous exjieriments with this fruit at this station have dealt with the
effect of application of fertilizer either in the year the plants were set
or the year in which they fruited, on soil previously under uniform
tieatment. The fertilizers in this experiment are broadcast and
worked into the soil before the crop is sown or i)lanted. The data are
given in the table.

There were 25 rows in the limed half and 25 in the unlimed half of
each plot. By recording separately the data for each row it is possible
to compute a probable error for the result from the variation recorded
in the different rows under similar treatment.

In the main, the differences between limed and unlimed halves of
plots are not significant when the probable errors are considered, but
in two instances there are large differences in mortality of mother
plants. In Plot 4 the per cent of mother plants surviving is consider-
ably higher on the limed half than on the unlimed, even taking the
j)robable error into consideration. However, on Plot 6 with a treat-

28

U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

Table XIII — Effect of fertilizers on the stand in a matted row strawberry 'plantation

Treatment

Mother plants surviv-
ing July 9

New plants

MOTHER

PER LIVING
PLANT

Plot

Increase

of limed over

unlimed

{per cent)

Average

entire

plot

{per cent)

Increase

of limed over

unlimed

{number)

Average

entire

plot

{number)

1

32 tons manure

-6.2 + 2.0

84.1 + 1.0

-2.8±1.2

12 6 + 0 6.

2

24 tons manure, 150 pounds tankage,
100 pounds nitrate of soda, 600
pounds acid phosphate, 150 pounds
muriate of Dotash. ...

-9.3±2.8

74.8+1.5

-2.310.8

11 6 + 0 5

3

Green manure, 250 pounds tankage,
160 pounds nitrate of soda, 800
pounds acid phosphate, 300 pounds
muriate of potash

-t-1.4±2.5

73.8+1.2

-M.210.8

9.6 + 0.4

4

16 tons manure, 250 pounds tankage,
160 pounds nitrate of soda, 800
pounds acid phosphate, 300 pounds

-h21.0 + 3.8

46 . 1 + 2 , 1

-1-2.7 + 0.9

6.8 + 0.5

5

Check

-t-2.4+2.2

81.5±1.1

-|-1.0±0.6

5.9 + 0.3

6

8 tons manure, 250 pounds tankage,
160 pounds nitrate of soda, 800
pounds acid phosphate, 300 pounds
muriate of DOtash

-10.0±3.7

35.2+2.0

-1.9 + 0.6

5.6 + 0.4

7

-12.8±1.6

81.6±1.0

-F2.7 + 0.6

3.6 + 0.3

Aver-

-1.9±4.4

-f-0.6±2.9

age

ment not greatly different from that used on Plot 4 the opposite result
is obtained. It is believed that these variations, although relatively
large, are merely due to coincidence and that the lime is without effect.
The same statements apply to the effect of lime on the number of new
plants produced from each living mother plant.

One of the notable effects of the chemical fertilizer was a very strik-
ing increase in Plots 4 and 6 in the mortality of the plants set out.
This was particularly striking to one observing the margins of these
plots which were clearly defined by the raggedness of the stand as
compared to the plots on either side.

The stand in each of the three plots receiving no chemicals is very
uniformly a little above 80 per cent. In Plots 2 and 3 there appears to
be some reduction in number of plants surviving, but the reduction is
not as great as might be expected considering the results on Plots 4
and 6. This may be due to the smaller quantity of chemicals in the
case of Plot 2, but is more difficult to explain in the case of Plot 3,
which receives no stable manure but has had green manure turned
under whenever there has been an opportunity in the past eight years.
It is believed, however, that the amount of organic matter in the soil
in Plot 3 is much less than that now in*esent in the soil of any of the
other plots except 5 and 7. No adequate explanation can be given for
the results obtained in Plot 3.

In the number of new runner plants arising from each mother plant
the results show a marked benefit from the application of the stable
manure. In fact, the differences between the check and the plots re-
ceiving stable manure in number of new plants formed, are in each

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 29

instance almost exactly proportional to the amount of stable manure
applied. Ordinarily, however, one would expect a proportionately
greater result from a light application of stable manure than from
additional increments. In this case three plots, namely 2, 4, and 6,
which receive chemicals in addition to manure, produced slightly fewer
runner plants than the number which would be proportional to the
manure applied. It is evident that these chemicals do not improve the
growth of the plants, and there is some indication that the number of
new plants is slightly less than would have been obtained had no chem-
icals been used.

The results with green manure are conflicting. The number of new
l)lants formed was relatively low on Plot 7. This may be due to soil
conditions resulting from the incorporation of green manure, but there
is scarcely evidence enough to make this conclusion positive. In Plot
3 conditions evidently were more favorable for production of new
plants than in any of the other plots except the two receiving the larg-
est amount of stable manure. If the results from Plot 3 could be
accepted, they would indicate a benefit from the use of commercial
fertilizers in connection with green manure. However, it is not possible
to corroborate this evidence from the results in other plots, as is the
case with stable manure and chemicals. Since the conclusions are de-
pendent in each case on a single plot, one cannot be positive that the
results are not due to some inherent difference in the fertility or mois-
ture supph^

A study of the runner system originating from each mother plant
was made in October. This indicates that in all plots the number of
plants taking root from each runner is very uniform. ]3rovided the
runners are not branched. The plots which had more stable manure
produced a greater numbei' of runners and a larger proportion were
branched. Branched runners produce more and larger plants than
straight rimners.

The results on the whole indicate that connnercial fertilizers, par-
ticularly when used to sui)i)lement apjilications of stable manure, are
of no value and in fact are probably somewhat harmful. This raises
an interesting question as to why and how the strawberry plants are
harmed.

Tomato Variety Tests — {Hatch Fund)

The tomato variety tests again show that the early and second-early
are the only dependable varieties for New Hampshire conditions.
Among the new sorts tried, Canadien, an early variety originated at
the Guelph Experiment Station, shows promise. It is a large tomato
with considerably more foliage than Earliana. Stark is a large, med-
ium early tomato which also shows excellent promise on its first trial.
The results in yield and size of fruit based on a test of about six
plants of each variety are sho\\n in Table XIV.

Investigation of tomato varieties was begun in 1925 to determine
whether the relative maturity of standard early, medium early, and
late varieties was due to earlier growth and earlier production of blos-
som clusters or to the hastening of tlie ripening period in the early
kinds. Three strains of Earliana, two of Canadien, and one each of

30

U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATIOX [Bulletin 227

Table XIV — Yield and size of fruit of tomato varieties

Yield per plant

Average weight

of each

ri])e fruit

{ounces)

Variety

Ripe fruit

{pounds)

Green fruit

{pounds)

Red River

4.2

17

3 7

Earliana, Langdon

9.7

5 1

4.4

Earliana, Penn. State

10 7

8.8

12

3 8

Earliana. Burpee

0 9

3 6

Avon

5 5

9.8

2 1

Canadien, Harris

12 6

4.2

5 2

Canadien. Guelph

8 5

3 7

4 0

June Pink

7 5

3 5

Bonnv Best, Lanedon

2 1

4 2

4 3

Bonny Best, Stokes

2 1

6 6

4 4

Bonnv Best, Universitv

4 4

9 2

2.7

Red Head, Langdon

7 4

3.4

4 2

John Baer, Langdon

6 3

10 3

4 1

John Baer

2.7

13 7

4.8

Acme

2 5

10 2

3.4

Chalk's Jewel

3 4

8.2

33

5 1

7.0

4.6

Stark

6.2

9.3

5.4

Ponderosa

5.2

5 1

6.7

Matchless

1.1

7.6

5.1

New Globe

1.8

6.7

4.8

Marglobe

19

7.7

5 0

Stone

13

4.9

4.5

Coreless

0 3

6.7

5 0

Dwarf Champion

2 5

3 9

3 2

Dwarf Stone

0.6

3 3

6 2

Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF ACxRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS

31

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8

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v.

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a

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?3j

-«

l"**^
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"C**

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05

>

X

w

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Ripe

fruit

on six

plants

Sept. 22

(ounces)

1—1

00

CO

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(N

05

Total

clusters

on six

jilants

August 12

{number)

CO
O

05

00

Total
growth
on six
jilants
July 30
(inches)

QC

o

r-l

00

o

Rijie

fruit

on six

plants

Sept. 18

(ounces)

00

Total

clusters

on six

])lants

July 30

{number)

00

00

CO

Total
growth
on six
plants
July 15
(inches)

o

C<3

I-l

.-1

Ripe

fruit

on six

plants

Sept. 10

(ounces)

00

00

o

1-H

Total

clusters

on six

plants

July 22

(number)

r-

1-H
1— H

Total
growth
on six
plants
July 8
(inches)

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t-5

32 U. OF N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [BuHetin 227

Red River, Avon, and June Pink were used to represent the early
kinds; three strains of Bonny Best, two of John Baer, and one each of
Chalk's Jewell, Reil Head, Acme, Ponderosa, Stark and Hudson Val-
ley Maid for the medium-early; Matchless, Coreless, Globe, Marglobe
and three strains of Stone for the late; Dwarf Champion and Dwarf
Stone for the dwarf.

The relation of growth to blossom cluster and fmit production
shown in Table XV indicates that the early types grow more rapidly
early in the season while the late types grow too late to produce fruit
that will rii:)en. Growth and blossom cluster production are closely
correlated in jilants of the same type. With the earlier varieties it
takes new growth two weeks to produce blossom clusters and the first
fruits on these clusters five to six weeks to mature. The relations are
somewhat different in the other types.

In Table XVI it may be noted that the early types require less time
for ripening; the amount of fruit per blossom cluster on July 8 ripened
by Sept. 10 is 6.4 ounces for the early, 3.6 ounces for the medium, and
3.4 ounces for the late kinds.

It is jiossible that a part of this difference may be due to a difference
in size of blossom clusters. If, for instance, 10 fruits set on each clus-
ter of early tomatoes and 5 on each cluster of the late, and if ripening
proceeded at the same rate in each case, there would be more ripe
fruit after a given period on the clusters of early fruit. This possi-
bility will be investigated further next season.

Effect of Phosphorus on Cabbage — {Hatch Fund)

In 1926 the phosphorus plots formerly planted to tomatoes (See
Technical Bulletin 28) were planted to cabbage. Each plot is 20 x 34
feet in size with a division row between plots. The cabbage was
planted in check rows two feet apart in the row and three feet between
rows. There are eight fertilizer treatments, each of which is repeated
four times, although the cabbage plants on three plots were injured by
wood-chucks to such an extent that one series of plots had to be dis-
carded.

The results presented in Table XVII are not as striking as in the
case of tomatoes. However, the phosphorus did produce an earlier
growth in the cabbage plants, and the phosphorus plots show an in-
crease over the check of from 6 to 10 per cent. While this is not a
large increase, the results which represent 12 different plots are very
uniform and are believed to be significant. The extra manure plot,
however, gives a much higher yield than the phosphorus plots. The
reverse was true with tomatoes.

Cabbage Fertilizer Experiment — {Hatch Fund)

The cabbage fertilizer experiment at the Horticultural Farm included
192 plots each 221/2 x 16 feet in size. One half of these plots were on
land which had been planted to cabbage the preceding year, and the
remainder were on land which had been in sod for a number of years
I)revious. One half of the new land and one half of the old land were
fertilized with stable manure at the rate of 20 tons per acre. Eleven
different fertilizer treatments were used, ten of which were repeated 16

Feb, 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS

33

times and the eleventh, which was a treatment of ten tons of stable
manure per acre, was repeated 32 times. There were, therefore, four
plots under a given treatment on the land which had been cultivated
two years but not manured; four similar plots on the land newly
broken in 1926 and fertilized with stable manure; and four on the land
newly broken in 1926 but not fertilized with stable manure. Five of
the treatments used contained nitrogen in an amount equivalent to

Table XVII — Effect of phosphorus and other fertilizers on yield and size of head in Danish

Ballhead cabbage

Plot

Treatment

Average
yield

per plot
tons

per acre

Average

yield
per plot
pounds
per acre

Variation

from

check

pounds

per acre

Yield
expressed
as per
cent of
check

Average
size per

head
pounds

1

40 tons manure per acre

19.1

38290

8038

126.6

5.3

2

20 tons manure, check

15.1

30252

check

100.0

4.2

3

20 tons manure, 1000 pounds gypsum

14.4

28832

-1420

95.3

4.0

4

20 tons manure, 1000 pounds acid
ohosohate

16.0

32009

1757

105.8

4 4

5

20 tons manure. 500 pounds acid
nhosDhate

16.1

32153

1901

106.3

4 5

6

20 tons manure. 1000 pounds acid
phosphate, 1000 pounds muriate

15.3

30613

361

101.2

4 2

7

20 tons manure, 1000 pounds mu-

14.6

29144

-1108

96.3

4 0

8

20 tons manure, 1500 pounds acid
phosphate.

16.6

33212

2960

109.8

4 9

that applied in ten tons of stable manure; the treatment known as the
check. In addition, there were two acid i)hospliate and one muriate of
potash series. The results are given in Table XVIII.

The land that was cultivated two years yielded 27,774 pounds per
acre; the land cultivated one year, 22,214 per acre, or an increase for
the former area of 25.4 per cent. On the old land the yield on the
manured part was at the rate of 25,685 pounds per acre and on the
unmanured i)art 19,853 or an increase of 79.7 per cent due to manure.
On the new land the yield on the manured portion was 25,862 and on
the unmanured portion 18,564, an increase of 39.3 per cent. A narrow
ridge of lighter soil which yielded higher than the rest of the field ran
through the unmanured half and partially accounts for the higher
yield, as well as for the very high yields of the plots receiving 2000
lbs. of acid phosjihate and the mixed fertilizer plots in the new unma-
nured land. The very low yield of the Leuna Salt Peter plot is due
to the wet location of two plots of the series.

Where 20 tons of manure per acre had been applied, acid phosphate
increased the yields ap]iroximately as much as an additional 10 tons
of manure, but in the absence of manure, especially in the new land,
the yields of cabbage were higher on the acid phosphate plots than in
the extra manure plots.

In the presence of some manure the quickly available chemical
sources of nitrogen yielded as high or better than the same amount of

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Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 35

extra nitrogen in manure. However, in the absence of manure, the
yield was generally lower.

The yields of the urea plots were well above the average of the rest
of the nitrogen plots. Urea is the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer
on the market analyzing 46 per cent available nitrogen.

PLANT PATHOLOGY
Effect of Fungicides on Plants — (.4 daws Fund)

Experiments have been continued in which the effect of increasing
the i)ercentages of lime in Bordeaux mixture on injury produced have
been studied. In the case of the a})ple, and using 1 per cent Bordeaux
mixtures in which the ratio copper to lime was 1:0:2; 1: alkalinity;
1:1; 1:2; 1:4; and 1:6; O. Butler finds that on the fruit the injury
produced is about ecjually intense at all ratios up to and including 1:2
but becomes negligible at a ratio of 1 :4 and above. The foliage of the
apple is less sensitive to cojiper injury than the fruit, but again some
injury is still produced when a mixtui-e containing a ratio of cojiper
sulphate to lime of 1:2 is employed. A ratio of 1:4 causes no injury.
The peach was found to he more sensitive than the ai)ple, and a ratio
of cop])ei- sulphate to lime of 1:6 was found necessai'y to prevent all
injury.

Apple Scab — {Hatch Fund)

Once scab has been thoroughly controlled in a Mcintosh orchard, is
it possible to reduce the number of sprayings given, from three to two?
To answer this question, one plot was sprayed by O. liutler with lime-
sulphur 1-50 at the pre-pink and calyx stages and another at the pre-
pink, pink and calyx stages. In the plot sprayed twice, scab lesions
on the fruit were noticeable; but in the plot sprayed three times the
scab lesions were small and would have passed unperceived unless
h)oked for. The ])er cent of scab found was as follows:

Lime-stdphur 1-50 jire-pink and calyx . 13.78
Lime-sidphur 1-50 pre-i)ink, pink and calyx 5.00

It was also found, in confirmation of a previous experiment, that when
a 2-2-50 Bordeaux mixture was used for the pre-pink and pink sprays
and lime-sulphur 1-50 for the calyx sprats the scab control obtained
was better than that gi\-cn by 1-50 lime-sulphur solution used for all
three sprayings, and equal to lime-suljiliur solution 1-50 used as pre-
pink, jiink, calyx and 14 days after the calyx spray.

Bitter-Pit of Apple— f//aff/i Fund)

In 1925 a large niunber of check trees in this experiment bore no
fruit, and the data obtained were therefore fragmentary. In 1924 com-
l)lete data were secured in all the plots, and fertilization taken as a
whole was found beneficial in 0.6 of the cases; in 1925, to consider the
Idiots furnishing comjilete data only, fertilization was beneficial in only
0.4 of the cases. In both 1924 and 1925, however, the plots fertilized

36 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

with iihosphoric acid, phosphoric acid and potash, and phosphoric acid,
potash and lime, produced fruit freer from bitter-pit than did the check
plots. In 1924 tlie fruit borne in nitrogen and lime, and nitrogen and
potash plots was freer from bitter-pit than that borne in the check
plots; but in 1925 this condition was reversed. In 1924 and 1925 the
]-)otash, and potash-plus-lime plots produced fruit freer from bitter-
pit than did the check plots.

RURAL ECONOMICS
State-Wide Consumption Survey — iPurnell Fund)

The i)reliminary state survey of the pui'chases of farm commodities
by stores, hotels and camps was begun in August, 1925, in co-operation
with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States De-
ixirtment of Agriculture. Approximately 1250 store and 300 hotel
records were taken. The i)urpose of this study was to secure definite
information as to quantities of farm products which were being shipped
into the state at various seasons of the year. Special emphasis was
given to those bulky or i)erishable jjroducts that are being shii)iied in
during that season of the year when local products could be grown.
In most instances, no attempt was made to decide whether or not these
commodities could be i)rofitably grown locally. More detailed com-
modity studies later can more adequately answer these problems.

The outstanding results of the survey, which was made by H. C.
Woodvvorth, L. B. Lincoln and H. I. Richards, are:

1. About 300,000 bushels of jiotatoes are shipped in during the com-
peting season.

2. The local markets are nearly supplied by local production with
beets, carrots, parsnips, greens, string beans, tomatoes and cucum-
bers, during the comi)eting season. (This is an important fact
since an increase in production would mean a local siu'plus and
prices would be low.)

3. Hotels in the White Mountains buy most of their vegetables out-
side of the state.

4. Hotel demand for poultry and eggs in the White Mcumtains is
nuich greater than the local jiroduction.

The results of the survey were published in Station Bulletin No.
222, "Can New Hampshire Produce More of What She Eats?"

As the result of the facts brought out in this i)reliminary survey,
definite projects for more detailed study have been started, as follows:
a study of potato production; study of vegetable demand in the White
Mountain district and the methods of supplying the demand; study of
poultry demand in the White Mountain district, and the methods of
supplying the demand.

Cost of Fruit Study— (Pwrru// Fund)

In co-operation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, a detailed study of cost of producing
apples was undertaken in Api'il, 1926. Twelve farms were selected and

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 37

organized into a cost route study by H. C. Woodworth, G. F. Potter,
and H. A. Rollins. Financial and daily labor records worked out by
the Bureau of Economics for cost route studies elsewhere, are being
kept on the farms.

At the end of the fiscal year this project had been under way only
about two months. The farmers were keeping the records up to date.
Some difficulty was experienced at first in getting definite details as to
the kind of woi'k done, but the men now have a better understanding
of what is needed and are coo])erating splendidly.

Commercial Apple Orchard Survey — {Purncll Fimd)

Work on the aj^iile orchard survey was completed during the year by
G. F. Potter and H. A. Rollins, and the results have been published in
Bulletin 223. This work indicates that there will be a material in-
crease in fruit production in New Hamjishire during the next ten to
fifteen years. Definite recommendations (^an be made in view of this
situation as to methods of i)roduclion and nuirketing which it is
believed should be ado])ted by fruit growers in this section.

The survey also jioints out a probable 300 per cent increase . in the
crop of Mcintosh. This means that problems in relation to handling
and storing of this rather tender variety will be acute at an early date.
It is hoped that the equipment will soon be available so that investiga-
tions on these problems may be started at this station.

RURAL ELECTRICITY

Relation of Electricity to Agriculture — [Miscellaneous Income Fund)

This pi-ojcct, which is carried on in cooperation with the National
and State Committees on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture, is
of such imi^ortance that a separate report on the progress of the past
year is to be published. Data have been secured regularly during the
year by ^^^ T. Ackerman on the seven exiierimental farms selected in
the state. They include tests on household ranges, dishwashers, water
pumps, hot water heaters, bottle washers, household refrigerators,
clothes washers, milking machines, cream separators, milk-cooling
water pumjis, dairy refrigerators, battery chargers, silo cutters and
blowers, hay fork hoists, fertilizer mixers, ])ortable chore motors, iron-
ing machines, yard search lights, fertilizer grinders, poultry lights,
drinking fountains and fountain heaters for poultry, electric brooders,
grain and feed mixers, grain elevators, violet ray equipment, electric
incubators, poultry pen cleaning equipment, apple graders and sorters.

SOILS

Soil Fertility Studies — {Purnell Fund)

Five different types of experiments are being conducted under this
main heading by F. S. Prince, and T. G. Phillips.

1. Effect of Manure, Fertilizers and Lime on Worn-Out Hay Lands

A portion of the field on the Wlienal farm at Greenland, N. H.,
leased for experimental purposes in 1925, was plowed, prepared, and

38 U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

seeded in August and September, 1925, to timothy. A i^ortion of the
old sod, comprising 12 plots, was left for comparison. Half of these
plots were toi)-dressed in the spring of 1926 with nitrate of soda. The
remainder of the experiment, 51 twentieth-acre jilots, was seeded wdth
different treatments of lime and manure in 1925 and toji-dressed with
nitrate and acid ithosjihate in the sjiring of 1926, so that a complete
series of i)lots with no lime, two tons lime, four tons lime, no manure,
10 tons manure, nitrate of soda and acid phosphate was laid out.
Samples of the surface soil of each plot were taken as well as com-
posite surface and subsoil samples of the series.

Owing to drought or lack of nitrate, or both, no stand was secured
on those plots which did not receive manure. The yields in Table
XIX, therefore, are for the unplowcd and the manured ])lots.

Table XIX — Yields of hay in pounds, per aere in 1926 on soil jcrtility

plots

Treatment Yield

No treatment 379 lbs.

Top-dressed, 100 lbs. nitrate of soda ' 466 lbs.

Manure, 10 tons - 410 lbs.

Manure and acid phosphate, 250 lbs 402 lbs.

Manure and nitrate of soda, 100 lbs 772 lbs.

Manure, acid })hosphate and nitrate of soda 835 lbs.

No lime 479 lbs.

Lime, 2 tons 637 lbs.

Lime, 4 tons 698 lbs.

The variations in the yields of plots having the same treatment (the
experiments are in triplicate) were so wide that it is doubtful if the
1926 figures arc of much significance, except that those plots receiving
nitrate of soda resix)nded to that chemical and that there is a con-
sistent gain for the use of lime. It is interesting to note that the re-
sponse for nitrate is much greater on newdy seeded plots than on the
run-out sod.

The unmanured plots on which no stand was secured were reseeded
in August, 1926, and nitrate was applied to those plots which should
ordinarily receive an api^lication next spring, to see whether the lack
of nitrates or some other factor was the cause of no catch of grass.

2. Legume Growing on Worn-Out Land

An experiment with alfalfa and sweet clover on neglected hay lands
is also in progress on the Whenal Farm . It involves the seeding of
alfalfa directly after ])lowing with various treatments of manure,
lime, nitrate of soda, acid jihosphate and i^otash, and of sweet clover
with manure, lime, acid phosphate and jiotash. As with the hay experi-
ment, samples of the soil of each plot and comi)osite samples of the
surface and subsoil of the series were taken for chemical analysis.

The seed was sown foi- this experiment in June, 1926, and good
stands of both crops were secured. There are 48 one-twentieth acre
plots in the alfalfa experiment and 32 in sweet clover.

Feb., 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 39

On the alfalfa plots a basic treatment of two tons of ground lime-
stone and twenty loads of manure was used, and the plots were then
further treated varyingly with 2 tons of ground limestone, 20 loads of
manure, 100 lbs. nitrate, 500 lbs. of acid jihosphate, and 150 lbs. mur-
iate of potash in all their combinations. All i)lots are in triplicate,
and one out of every four is a check plot. The alfalfa was seeded
.June 23, 1926, without a nurse crop, and a good stand was secured.

A basic treatment of 2 tons of ground limestone was used in the
sweet clover jilots, and the idiots were then varyingly treated with 2
tons limestone, 20 loads manure, 500 pounds acid i)hosphate and 150
pounds muriate of potash alone and in combination. The sweet clover
was seeded .Time 3, and a good stand secured.

3. Effect of Green Manure and Fertilizer on Worn-Out Hay Land

This project, started in 1920 at Durham, involves the reseeding of
old hay lands after plowing under green manures and the application
of different fertilizers applied at the time of reseeding. There are 40
twentieth-acre plots.

The results for 1926 do not indicate any consistent residual effect of
the fertilizers, which were applied in 1923, whereas the average yields
for the four years show considerable increase for those plots on which
fertilizers were ajiplied. Variations in the yields of individual plots
make it difficult to arrive at any definite conclusions.

Averaged according to green manuring treatments in 1926, the re-
sults indicate higher yields for the plots having had three green crops
turned under and also a better yield for the plots receiving one green
croj) as against those which were merely plowed and reseeded. It is
interesting to note that for the first two years after reseeding the plots
which had no green manui'e outyielded those which had one green
CYO\), while the last two years the results have been reversed.

4. Crop Rotation System

A field has just been leased on the Carter Farm, Boscawen, N. H.,
upon which a dairy farm rotation system will be installed. The field
has been surveyed, and 120 plots have been staked out for experi-
mental purposes.

5. Pasture Improvement through Sweet Clover

Two areas of pasture land on the College farm, one on a good pas-
ture, the other on a very poor ])asture, were laid out and divided into
four twentieth-acre plots in the spring of 1925. One of these was
plowed, all were limed and treated with 500 pounds acid phosphate
per acre.

The plowed plots were seeded in May, 1926, and one other' plot in
each experiment was seeded and disked. One of the remaining plots in
each experiment will be seeded in the fall of 1926 with unscarified seed,
and the other will be seeded in the late wanter of 1927.

This experiment is designed to ascertain how pasture lands can be
most easily gotten into sweet clover.

40 V. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 227

TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICE

Feed Inspection — (Miscelkmeons Income)

In connection with the enforcement of the huv regidating the sale
of concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs, 350 samples of these ma-
terials were analyzed for the State Department of Agriculture. About
2800 individual determinations were made by T. G. Phillips, T. 0.
Smith, S. R. Shirner and A. W. Petre in carrying out these analyses.
The results are rc])ortcd in the annual inspection bulletin.

Fertilizer Inspection — (Miscellaneous Income)

One hundred and three samples of commercial fertilizers were also
analyzed for the State Department of Agriculture, involving 600 in-
dividual determinations.

Seed Inspection Work — {Miscellaneous I)ico)ne)

The station seed laboratory was formally placed on the "certified
list" by the Association of Official Seed Analysts in December, 1925.
During the 1926 season 409 sam]ilcs of seed were handled in the lab-
oratory. Of these 369 were official inspection samples secured from
seed dealers by the State Department of Agriculture. The remainder
were private samples sent in by dealers, county agents, and farmers.
The seed insjiection work is under the direct supervision of M. G.
Eastman with Miss B. I. Glidden serving as assistant analyst.

Advanced Registry Tests — (Miscellaneovs Income)

Two himdred and sixty cows were entered on the Advanced Reg-
istry tests, which were conducted under the supervision of J. M. Fuller.
They were divided into the various breeds as follows: Holsteins, 66;
Guernseys, 107; Jerseys, 46; Ayrshircs, 10; Shorthorns, 8; Devons, 23;
Four herds, containing 54 cows, were entered on the Ayrshire herd
test. Thirty-one breeders took advantage of the testing work.

Post-Mortem Examinations — [Miscellaneous Income)

With the addition of a veterinarian to the staff it has been possible
for the institution to do a considerable amount of state service work of
this type. During the year, 1667 specimens were examined by E. M.
Gildow; most of these were poultry, some few being cattle, dogs,
cats, etc. Many specimens showed two or sometimes three specific, con-
ditions that were possible causes of the trouble. Conseciuently the total
number of conditions found in the different specimens is greater than
the number of specimens themselves. Poultry diagnoses were as fol-
lows: ascities, 1; bacillary white diarrhea, 357; blackhead, 15; bron-
chitis, 9; cannibalism", 8; chick('n-]K)x, 11; coccidiosis, 292; colds, 8;
crazy chicks, 23, (a typical condition during the first five weeks of
life that has not been associated with any known disease) ; crop bound,
1; depraved appetite, 14; enteritis, 87; feather mites, 3; gout, 49; heat
prostration, 2; lice, 8; liml^er neck, 1; ucjihritis, 10; ottorhea, 3; jiar-
alysis, 172; peritonitis, 12; i)neumonia, 204; rickets, 20; round worms,
44; roup, 7; ruptured yolk sack, 13; septicemia, 48; tape worms, 30;

Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 41

traumu, 14; tuberculosis avian, 1; tumors, 14; typhoid, fowl, 12; un-
known, 31; vent gleet, 4; watery chicks, 8. (The last term refers to
chicks that seem to fill the abdominal cavity up with water. The
thoracic cavity and subcutaneous tissues are very watery and the
chicks appear to be twice their normal size. Xo definite cause for
this condition has been determined.)

Tests for contagious abortion of cattle numbered 129.

White Diarrhea Tests — (Miscellaneous Income)

Bacillary white diarrhea testing work was carried on by A. W.
Lohman and W. A. Higgins, who tested approximately 37.600 blood
samples from birrls throughout the state.

Potato Seed Certification — i Misccllnripous Income)

Owing in i)art at least to the narrow margin in price between potato
seed and table stock this year, only 46.85 acres of potatoes were entered
for certification and 44.85 acres jiassed the 2nd insi)cction. The work
was conducted by C). Butler and F. R. Clai'k.

Miscellaneous Tests

Several of the county agents have supplied themselves with equip-
ment for testing soil acidity in (he field. As a result only 80 samples
of soil were sent in for acidity tests by agents during the year.

Samples of feeds, fertilizers, soils, peat, lime and minerals were sent
in by individuals in the state. Of these 42 were analyzed, involving a
total of 120 individual determinations.

VETERINARY MEDICINE

Paralysis in Chickens — iPurncll Fund)

The i)ossible cause of i)oultry jiaralysis, which is generally prevalent
in New Hampshii-e. has been under investigaticm by E. M. Gildow
from the angle that it may be associated with the jiarasitic disease of
coccidiosis. This sttidy has Ix'cn taken u]) from four different view-
points.

1. A i)ractical program was outlined for the prevention of infesta-
tion with coccidiosis in growing chickens. In order to determine how
successfully this could be accomplished and to detennine whether or
not birds grown free from coccidiosis would develop j^aralysis, two lots
of chickens were grown. One lot of 200 pullets was grown and matured
on a piece of land where coccidiosis and paralysis had existed in poul-
try the jirevious year, and 800 pullets were grown and matured on a
clean piece of land out of contact with any other source of poultry in
so far as was jiossible. Regardless of the care that was taken, the lot
grown on clean land developed coccidiosis to a slight extent during their
growing period and subsequently came down in a few instances wuth
paralysis. However, the* sum total of all of the paralytic causes in the
800 indlets has not as yet outnumbered those that developed in the 200
jiullets on the old piece of land. Therefore, it is safe to assume that
whether or not coccidiosis and paralysis are associated, the methods of
eliminating coccidiosis evidently rechice the amount of paralysis.

42 U. OF N. H. AGR. EXPERIMP]NT STATION [Bulletin 227

2. If coccidiosis is closely associated with paralysis, it seems that
it should be possible to produce paralysis in pullets. Two lots of ten
birds each were housed in identical cjuarters. One lot was fed 1 cc. of
a suspension of embryonated coccidia weekly while the other lot was
left clean. At the end of two months no definite and unmistakable
symptoms of paralysis had developed in the infected pen. At this
time the infected pen had lost 1-3 iK)und ])er bird; six birds had crook-
ed keel bones, and three had died. They laid 96 eggs. In the clean pen
the birds had gained 1-5 of a pound each; only one bird had a crooked
keel bone; none had died, and they hafl laid 163 eggs. There is definite
evidence from this that coccidiosis is extremely detrimental to pullets
regardless of whether it is associated with paralysis or not.

3? A second practical application based on the life cycle of coccidia
was used in a pen trial on pullets that had shown evidence of jiaralysis
before they were housed. Two pens of 125 pullets each were used in
this experiment. One pen was cleaned regularly every seven days, and
the other pen cleaned once each month. The idea of the trial was to
sec wliether the elimination of the embryonated oocysts from the en-
vironment of the hens would reduce the amount of coccidiosis and
consequently improve their health. From March 28 to June 23 the
pen that was cleaned weekly laid 5,135 eggs as against 4,333 for the
]ien cleaned once a month. Birds culled and dead in tlie pen cleaned
weekly during that time were 72; and from the pen cleaned once each
month were 95. This evidence suggests that coccidiosis may be at the
source of some of the trouble in the laying pens.

4. If coccidiosis is the cause of or is associated very extensively
with paralysis, it should be possible to control the conclition by san-
itary measures from what we know of the life cycle of the coccidia.
With this in mind, paralytic birds and birds suffering from coccidiosis
were placed in coops having a false bottom of one-inch mesh chicken-
wire and were fed all mash, scratch and water from containers outside
the coup.

From these experiments it was found that the passage of coccidia
from an infested bird would cease at about the 13th to 15th day after
it was placed in the special coop. However, birds suffering from par-
alysis seldom recovered sufficiently to regain their strength and weight.
Paralytic birds placed in these coops, even though they lived consid-
erably over the two weeks period, necessary for the elimination of the
coccidia, seldom recovered. In one instance two White Leghorn pul-
lets that were showing lameness or the loss of the use of one leg were
found to be heavily infested with round worms and were treated for
round worms with nicotine sulphate wliile in one of these special coops.
Both of these birds recovered their health and gained in weight, and
one of them laid quite a few eggs after the treatment. However,
neither of them recovered the use of the paralyzed limb.

From these experiments we cannot conclude that coccidiosis is the
cause of paralysis or that they arc necessarily associated, but the evi-
dence does point to the fact that coccidiosis is an extremely detrimental
factor in the production of good healtliy stock and that measures out-
lined to combat or control coccidiosis assist in controlling paralysis also.

Feb.. 1927] PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 43

Testing Pullets for White Diarrhea — {Miscellaneous Income)

Severni unsupported statements are made in the literature to the
effect that carriers of S. pvllorem will not in most instances show typi-
cal and definite sereological reactions to the agglutination test before
they have laid a considerable number of eggs. To determine the facts
in this matter, a pen of 125 pullets that had suffered from white
diarrhea as chickens was housed and tested by E. M. Gildow at monthly
intervals from the 4th month after they were hatched until they were
nine months old. During this j^eriod reactions to the agglutination test
were as follows:

4 months 2 reactors

5 months 4 reactors

6 months 3 reactors

7 months 2 reactors

8 months 1 reactor

9 months 0 reactor

The birds showing reactions were moved after each test; this elimi-
nated the possibility of transmitting the disease from one bird to an-
other. As a point of interest it might be stated that these pullets
started laying at 41/2 to 5 iiioiitlis of age. The experiment is not yet
completed.

44

U. OF X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATIOX [Bulletin 227

Financial Statement New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station for the year

ending June 30, 1926

Hatch
Fund

Adams
Fund

Purnell
Fund

Supple-
mentary*

Total

Salaries .

$10241.83

$11614.19

$11187.25

$13276.37

$46319 64

Labor

523 04

1687.37

2103.11

3807.76

8121 28

Stationery and office supplies . . .

127.58

54 17

36.67

248.88

467.30

Scientific supplies, consumable. .

25.28

380.35

199.87

838.54

1444 04

Feeding stuffs

None

455 . 18

120.66

435.95

1011 79

Sundry supplies

88.07

91.82

129.39

1713.66

2022 94

Fertilizers

245.92

None

395.85

68.21

709 98

Communication service

586 . 14

5.21

15.10

235.61

842.06

Travel expenses

323.76

43.62

3484.21

2427.38

6278.97

Transportation of things

315.77

19.55

36.17

131.29

502.78

1322.81

. 727.50

None

2050.31

Heat, light, water & power

700.00

None

13.27

44.54

757.81

Furniture, furnishings, fixtures. .

69.20

21.70

89.93

2.70

183.53

Library

397.00

None

6 39

124.90

528.29

Scientific equipment

None

181.88

188.34

848.82

1219.04

Livestock

None

None

None

200.00

200 . 00

Tools, machinery & appliances. .

14.90

63.03

158.56

629.93

866.42

Buildings and land

18 70

381.93

1087.73

575.78

2064 . 14

Contingent expenses

None

None

20.00

122 20

142.20

Balance

None

None

None

3284.79

3284.79

TOTAL

$15000.00

$15000.00

$20000.00

$29017.31

$79017.31

* This fund includes income from the following sources: State appropriations $4500.00

Sales 1527.29

Miscellaneous 22990.02

$29017.31

y

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

STATION STAFF

J. C. Kendall, B. S., Director

F. W. Taylor, B. S. (Agr.) Agronomist
W. C. O'Kane, a. M., Entomologist
(). R. Butler, Ph. D., Botanist

J. C. McXuTT, B. S., (Agr.) Animal Husbandman

E. G. RiTZMAX, B. S.. Research Professor in Animal Husbandry

K. W. Woodward, A. B., M. F., Forester

J. ]\I. Fuller, B. S., Dairy Husbandman

A. W. Richardson, B. S., Poidtry Husbandman

G. F. Potter, M. S., Horticulturist
T. G. Phillips, Ph. D., Chemist

T. O. Smith, A. B., ]\I. S., Associate Chemist

yi. G. Eastman, M. S., Associate Agronomist

J. R. Hepler, M! S., Assistant in Vegetable Gardening

S. W. Wextworth, B. S., Assistant Horticulturist

L. P. Latimer, Ph. D., Assistant Horticulturist

H. C. WooDwoRTH, B. S., M. S., Agricultural Economist

M. F. Abell, PIl D., Assistant Agricultural Economist

E. H. Rinear, yi. S., Assistant Economist in Marketing
P. R. LowRY, M. S., Assistant Entomologist

H. F. DePew, B. S., Assistant Dairy Husbandman

S. R. Shimer, M. S., Assistant Chemist

H. T. Ackerman, M. S., Specialist in Rural Electricity

F. S. Prince, B. S., Associate Agronomist

E. M. Gildow, D. V. M., Assistant Poultryman

G. P. Percival, yi. S., Assistant Chemist
R. D. Stevens, B. S., Assistant Forester
James Macfarlane, Florist

A. D. Littlehale, Shepherd

M. H. VoYAGis, B. S., Assistant in Animal Husbandry

A. W. Petre, B. S., Graduate Assistant in Chemistry

Stuart Dunn, M. S., Assistant Botanist

A. W. Lohman, M. S., Assistant Poidtryman

W. A. HiGGiNS, B. S., Assistant Poultryman

L. R. Tucker, B. S., Graduate Assistant in Horticulture

ASSISTANTS TO THE STAFF

H. B. Stevens, A. B., Executive Secretary

W. P. Lewis, B. L. S., M. A., Librarian

Raymond C. Magrath, Business Secretary

Beatrice M. Richmond, Bookkeeper

Elizabeth E. Mehaffey, Assistant Librarian and Mailing Clerk

Christina M. Collins, Stenographer

Helen M. Hilton, Stenographer

Mary E. Lawless, Stenographer

Muriel E. Murray, Stenographer

Jean Edmundson, Stenographer

Elizabeth Rowe, Stenographer

Margaret Symes, Stenographer

I

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