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BULLETIN 259 FEBR
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PUPAE OF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF

NOTODONTOIDEA.
Vis
CONTENTS.

PAGE
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LOT A SE Pe a eee Se 33
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MAINE -
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE

THE STATION COUNCIL

PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, President
DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODS, Secretary
CHARLES L. JONES, Corinna,
FREELAND JONES, Bangor
THOMAS V. DOHERTY, Houlton,
JOHN A. ROBERTS,

EUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn,
WILSON W. CONANT, Buckfield, State Pomological Society
FRANK S. ADAMS, Bowdoinham, State Dairymen’s Association
LEONARD C. HOLSTON, Cornish, Maine Livestock Breeders’ Ass'n.
WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Readfield, Maine Seed Improvement Assn.

Committee of
Board of. Trustees

Commissioner of Agriculture
State Grange

AND THE HEADS AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS, AND THE
DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

THE STATION STAFF

CHARLES D. WOODS, Director

ADMINIS- BLANCHE F. POOLER, Clerk
TRATION GEM C. RUSSELL, Stenographer
JANIE. 2. FAYLE, Stenographer

RAYMOND PEARL, Pu. D., Biologist

FRANK M. SURFACE, Pu. D., Biologist

BIOLOGY MAYNIE R. CURTIS, Pu. D., Assistant
JOHN R. MINOR, B. A., Computer

MILDRED R. COVELL, Clerk

JAMES M. BARTLETT, M.S, Chemist

HERMAN H. HANSON, M. S., Chemist

CHEMISTRY, 24-JOHN. HH.” PERRY; Assistant
ELMER: KK: TOBEY, Bo Sy Assistant

| HARRY C. ALEXANDER,

Laboratory Assistant

ENTOMOL- (EDITH M. PATCH, Pu. D., Entomologist
OGY 1 ALICE W.:AVERELL, Laboratory Assistant
WARNER J. MORSE, Pu. D. Pathologist

PLANT +MICHAEL SHAPOVALOV, M. S., Assistant
PATHOLOGY }\ +GLEN B. RAMSEY, A. M., Assistant

DONALD S. CLARK,
AROOSTOOK ( JACOB ZINN, Aer. D.,
FARM C, HARRY WHOTE,
JEREMIAH E. SULLIVAN,
HIGHMOOR § WELLINGTON SINCLAIR,
FARM | WALTER E. CURTIS,
ROYDEN L. HAMMOND,
CHARLES C. INMAN,

¥In collaboration with U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Laboratory Assistant
Assistant Biologist
Scientific Aid
Superintendent
Superintendent
Scientific Aid

Seed Analyst and Photographer

Assistant

BULLETIN 259

PUPAE OF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODON-
TOIDEA.*

EDNA MOSHER.+
INTRODUCTION.

It is only in recent years that entomologists have realized
the value of studying the immature stages of insects, although
immature forms are responsible for more damage to crops than
adults. Now that the need for such studies is felt, it is surpris-
ing how very little we really know about the subject. The
pupae have rarely been considered even from the standpoint
of the systematist, much less from that of the economic entom-
ologist. Nevertheless it is important to be able to recognize an
insect pest at any stage of its life-cycle, even if it does no dam-
age while in that stage.

These studies of the pupae of some of the commoner forms
found in Maine will, it is hoped, lead to the easy recognition of
the species described, and awaken an interest in this stage of the
insect’s life history.

The pupae were, for the most part, obtained by collecting
the eggs or larvae and rearing them to maturity in order to
identify the species, as will be necessary until the larval and
pupal stages are more carefully studied. This work was done
during the summer of 1915, but the season was not a favorable
one for rearing Lepidoptera, being very cold and wet. Many
of the specimens died of fungous or bacterial diseases, the Geo-
metridae being especially hard to rear successfully. In some

*Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station; Ento-
mology No. 90 and contribution from the Entomological Laboratories
of the University of Illinois, No. 54.

+Member of the Station Summer Staff.

The synonymy used is, for the most part, that of Dyar’s
check list.

30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

cases the life history has been supplemented by material from
the author’s private collection. The adults were identified part-
ly by Dr. T. H. McDunnough of Decatur, Illinois, and partly
by the author, while Dr. W. T. M. Forbes identified larvae of

several species.

MORPHOLOGY.

The pupae described here belong to the type known as ob-
tected pupae because all of the appendages are firmly soldered
to the body wall and have no power of independent movement.
In order to understand the following descriptions, the terms
used will be briefly described.

A hypothetical pupa is shown in Fig. 2, A and B to which
reference will be made under the discussion of the different struc-
tures.

THE HEAD

Vertex. The vertex is found on the dorsal surface of the
head. In the pupae described here, it is confined to a small,
triangular area adjacent to each antenna (Fig. 2, B, v). The
vertex is bounded cephalad by the epicranial suture (Fig. 2, B,
es), but only a portion of each of the epicranial arms is visible.

Front. The front (Fig. 2, A, f) is the sclerite to which the
antennae are attached. It is separated from the vertex, when
this is present, by the epicranial suture. The fronto-clypeal
suture is not present, but the front includes most of the ventral
surface of the head.

Clypeus. This sclerite (Fig. 2, A, cl) cannot be definitely
bounded in specialized pupae. The invaginations for the an-
terior arms of the tentorium (Fig. 2, A, at) which are always dis-
tinct, are located along its lateral margin.

Labrum. The labrum (Fig. 2, A, Ib) is caudad of the cly-
peus and is not separated from the clypeus by a suture. Its
other margins are always distinct.

Eye-pieces. These are situated mesad of the antennae and
each is composed of two parts, a narrow smooth portion along
the mesal margin called the glazed eye-piece (Fig. 2, A, ge) and
a broader lateral portion called the sculptured eye-piece (Fig.
2, A, se). These are often hard to distinguish in smooth pupae.

Pupare oF SoME MAINE Species oF NoTopONTOIDEA 31

Antennae. These are easily located (Fig. 2, A, a) being
attached to the front and curving laterad along the margin of
the head, extending on to the ventral surface of the thorax and
abdomen along the edge of the mesothoracic wing.

Labial Palpi. Only a very small portion of the labial palpi
is visible just caudad of the labrum (Fig. 2, A, 1p).

Ma-zillae. The maxillae (Fig. 2, A, mx) lie adjacent on the
meson and vary greatly in length. They are measured on the
meson from the caudal margin of the labrum to their distal end,
(Fig. 2, A, a). This length is compared with the distance on
the meson from the caudal margin of the labrum to the caudal
margin of the wings (Fig. 2, A, ac).

The parts of the head, exclusive of the appendages, are
referred to as the face-parts.

THE THORAX.

Prothorax. This segment (Fig. 2, B, p) is normally about
one-third the length of the mesothorax.

Prothoracic Legs. These lie adjacent to the maxillae (Fig.
2, A, 11). The legs are folded so that normally only the sur-
face of the tibia and tarsus are exposed. In generalized forms,
however, a portion of the femur is visible (Fig. 2, A, f1). These
legs are about half the length of the wings in the great ma-
jority of pupae.

Mesothorax. The mesothorax (Fig. 2, B, ms) is the long-
est segment of the body, and is normally from two to three
times the average length of the abdominal segments.

Mesothoracic Spiracle. The opening to this spiracle re-
ferred to in the text as the mesothoracic spiracle (Fig. 2, B,
msp), is found at the cephalo-lateral angle of the mesothorax,
between that segment and the prothorax. The real spiracle is
down below the surface in the conjunctiva between the two seg-
ments.

Mesothoracic Legs. These are folded just like the pro-
thoracic legs and lie adjacent to them, but their femora are nev-
er exposed (Fig. 2, A, 12). The part referred to as mesothor-
acic leg is in reality the outer surface of the tibia and tarsus.
These legs are from three-fifths to three-fourths the length of
the wings in the majority of pupae.

32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

Mesothoracic Wings. The wings of the mesothorax (Fig.
2, A, wl) almost conceal those of the metathorax and are visible
on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. In most pupae they are
the only wings visible on the ventral surface.

Metathorax. This segment (Fig. 2, B, mt) is usually about
as long as the first abdominal segment.

Metathoracic Legs. These legs (Fig. 2, A, 13) are never
visible for their entire length, and are sometimes entirely con-
cealed. The tips are often visible on either side of the meson
near the caudal margin of the wings.

Metathoracic Wings. These are usually concealed by the
mesothoracic wings except for a narrow strip along the dorsal
margin (Fig. 2, A, w2). In Platypterygidae they are visible
on the ventral surface.

ABDOMEN.

The abdomen consists of ten segments (Fig. 2, B, al to al0).
The first three segments are only visible in dorsal view. The
fourth usually shows a slight margin below the wings on the
ventral surface and all of the other segments are visible on both
surfaces. There is movement possible between the fourth and
fifth, fifth and sixth, and sixth and seventh segments, and the
fourth, fifth and sixth are said to be movable segments. The
pupa is thus capable of expanding and contracting the body
and can bend it from side to side. The movements possible
between these segments enables the pupa to work its way out
of the ground, or out of a cocoon. These movable segments
generally fit over one another so that the transverse conjunc-
tiva of one covers the cephalic portion of the next segment.
This cephalic portion is referred to as the cephalic margin (Fig.
2,B,cm). The transverse conjunctiva differs from the remaind-
er of the segment in texture and is usually lighter in color. Its
cephalic boundary is indicated in the figures by a dotted line.

Tubercle Scars. The larvae often bear prominent tubercles
or projections on the body and the scars (Fig. 2, B, ts) of these
are nearly always visible on the body of the pupa.

Anal Opening. This is situated on the meson near the
caudal margin of the tenth segment (Fig. 2, A, ao). It is usual-
ly slit-like and surrounded by prominent wrinkles or folds.

PuparE oF SoME MAINE Species or NOTODONTOIDEA 33

Genital Openings. The sexes may be easily distinguished
by the position of the genital opening (Fig. 2, A, go). That of
the male is situated on the meson of the ninth segment. That
of the female is situated mostly on the eighth segment or on
both eighth and ninth segments. The cephalic margins of seg-
ments eight and nine curve strongly cephalad in the female,
and this alone is sufficient to indicate the sex. In generalized
pupae there are two unpaired genital openings in the female, a
condition retained by many of the specialized forms.

Abdominal Spiracles. These (Fig. 2, B, s) are present on
the first eight segments but are never visible on the first seg-
ment, being entirely covered by the wings. The spiracle on
the eighth segment is never functional and shows no distinct
opening.

Spiracular Furrows. These are found on the cephalic mar-
gin of some or all of the movable segments just cephalad of the
spiracles (Fig. 2, B, sf). In many genera they are only present
on the fifth segment. In some genera there are a number of
low ridges, in others a very distinct pocket-like imvagination.

Cremaster. The cremaster (Fig. 2, B, cr) is a prolongation
of the tenth segment. It is of various shapes and lengths and
often separated from the tenth segment by a depression. Its
length is measured on the ventral surface, from its junction
with the curve of the tenth segment to the distal end. In Fig.
2, A, ab represents the cremastral length.

CLASSIFICATION.

The superfamily Notodontoidea, as considered in this pa-
per, includes the families Geometridae, Notodontidae and Pla-
typterygidae. The family Dioptidae also belongs to this super-
family but there are no species in the eastern states.

The pupae of this superfamily are not always easy to separ-
ate from those most closely related, the Noctuoidea and Bom-
bycoidea. As in the case of the larvae and adults, there is no
one prominent character by which they may be recognized, and
it is only a careful comparison of several characters that en-
ables us to recognize the pupae of the Notodontoidea. The
labial palpi are seldom exposed, and then only a small triangu-
lar or polygonal portion caudad of the labrum, thus differing

34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

from the great majority of the families Noctuidae, Liparidae,
and Lasiocampidae in which’ they are often visible for one-fifth
the length of the wings. There are no prominent setae on the
body, which separates them from most of the Arctiidae, Lipari-
dae, Lasiocampidae, and some Noctuidae. As a general rule
only the prothoracic leg extends cephalad between the sculp-
tured eye-piece and the antenna. Nearly all of the Noctuidae
which do not show a large portion of the labial palpi and pro-
thoracic femora, have both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs
extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the
antenna.

Briefly summarized the characters of the superfamily Not-
odontoidea are as follows: Epicranial suture very seldom vis-
ible; antennae separated from the face-parts by a distinct su-
ture, always broadest at the proximal end, the greatest width
about equal to that of the prothoracic legs, but never much
broader; labial palpi seldom visible, and then only a small tri-
angular or polygonal portion caudad of the labrum; prothoracic
femora only exposed in the generalized families of Geometridae ;
mesothoracic leg very seldom extending cephalad between the
sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; body surface never dense-
ly covered with setae or having prominent setae arranged in
rings or around prominent oval areas; abdominal segments
usually punctate; cremaster usually present, and setae at the
distal end always hooked.

The dorsal surface of the abdomen frequently shows a deep
furrow between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. The
caudal margin of this furrow is usually serrate or crenulate.
There are also spiracular furrows found in many species. These
vary in number and form, and are mostly found in the Geomet-
ridae. The families of Notodontoidea may be separated as
follows:

a. Metathoracic wings never visible on the ventral surface
of the body.

b. Maxillae usually more than three-fifths the length of the
wings, if not, then the caudal end of the body with
hooked setae, or the spiracles of the third abdominal
segment concealed by the wings and those of the sixth
segment farther ventrad than those of the other seg-
ments; prothoracic femora sometimes exposed; a deep

PupaE oF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 35

furrow usually present on the dorsum of the abdomen
between the ninth and tenth segments; caudal margin
of mesonotum never with a row of deep pits with smooth
tubercle-like areas between. Geometridae.

bb. Maxillae seldom exceeding three-fifths the length of
the wings, if so, then the caudal margin of the meso-
thorax with a row of deep pits with smooth, elevated.
quadrangular, tubercle-like areas between them, or
with the entire body surface coarsely punctate; ab-
dominal spiracles of the third segment never concealed
by the wings, and those of the sixth never farther
ventrad than the remainder; prothoracic femora never
exposed ; a furrow never present on the dorsum of the
abdomen between the ninth and tenth segments except
in Datana where the cremaster is of the type shown in

Pigs af ‘to HH. Notodontidae

aa. Metathoracic wings meeting on the meson caudad of the
mesothoracic legs, and visible along the caudal margin
of the mesothoracic wings. Platypterygidae.

Family GEOMETRIDAE.

The pupae of this family are, with a few exceptions, less
than an inch in length. The majority of species are about half
an inch long. They are either found suspended from leaves
with the cremaster fastened in a mat of silk, much as the chry-
salids of butterflies, or they may be found in thin cocoons at-
tached to a leaf, or in a cell in the ground. The legs are longer
than is usual in lepidopterous pupae, the prothoracic legs usu-
ally three-fourths the length of the wings; the mesothoracic
legs normally reaching the caudal margin of the wings, or only
separated by a very short distance. This is the best single
character to separate the pupae of Geometridae from those of
the other families. The epicranial suture is present in a very
few genera. The labial palpi are sometimes exposed as small
triangular or polygonal areas caudad of the labrum. The pro-
thoracic leg and occasionally the mesothoracic also, extends
cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna. The
femur of the prothoracic leg is sometimes exposed, often only
a very narrow portion, which might easily be overlooked. The

36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

maxillae are always long, nearly always extending to the caudal
margin of the wings. The antennae vary little throughout the
family. They are usually about as wide as the prothoracic legs,
measuring the proximal part of both, and are gradually narrowed
to the distal end, which usually extends to the caudal margin
of the wings. The metathoracic wings usually extend along the
margin of the mesothoracic wings on the dorsal surface, but are
not visible in ventral view. The mesothorax is very short in
some genera and the entire thorax sometimes very short in
relation to the remainder of the body. The mesothoracic spir-
acles often have a decided projection adjacent to their caudal
margin. This may be a sharp ridge, or it may be a prominent
tubercle which is often flattened and bears numerous short setae.
The abdominal spiracles are sometimes produced and very often
the spiracles on the sixth segment are considerably ventrad of
the others. Spiracular furrows are frequently present, varying
greatly in size and number. The dorsal furrow between the
ninth and tenth abdominal segments is present in many genera.
It often bends caudad near the lateral margin of the body and
this lateral extension may reach to the base of the cremaster.
A cremaster of some type is always present. In the pupae ex-
amined during this investigation only two types were found,
the triangular type with hooked setae, and the bifurcate type,
with or without hooked setae.

The coloring of the pupa varies considerably in this family.
While the majority are chestnut or darker brown, in common
with most lepidopterous pupae, there are some which are nearly
white, others yellowish, and various shades of yellowish and
reddish brown. Some are conspicuously marked with black
or dark brown and one of the pupae described has a beautiful
pearly luster. The genera described here may be separated as
follows :

a. Cremaster with prominent hooked setae at the distal end,
but never bifurcate. ,

b. Cephalic end of body very blunt and each cephalo-lateral
angle prominently produced; a large portion of the pro-
thoracic femur exposed. Cosymbia.

bb. Cephalic end of body rounded; the prothoracic femur

never visible, or only a very narrow portion of it ex-
posed.

al he |

PupaE oF SoME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 37

c. Dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments; antennae usually reach-
ing the cephalic margin of the fifth abdominal seg-
ment. Aplodes.

cc. Dorsal furrow always present between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments; antennae seldom extend-
ing beyond the caudal margin of the wings.

d. Caudal margin of the dorsal furrow between the ninth
and tenth abdominal segments with very small,
inconspicuous projections; the two lateral setae
adjacent to the mesal setae or spines on the cre-
master larger than the others. Ania.

dd. Caudal margin of the dorsal furrow between the

ninth and tenth abdominal segments with promi-
nent projections; lateral setae of the cremaster all

of the same size.
e. Abdomen never densely punctate, either smooth
or with shallow impressed lines; color never

brown.
f. Body white, conspicuously marked with black,
never iridescent. Cingilia.

ff. Body pale yellow or green, always iridescent.
Sicya.
ee. Abdomen densely punctate; color always brown.
f. A small portion of the prothoracic femur ex-
posed ; head never showing three small tuber-
: cles at the cephalic end. Sabulodes.
ff. Prothoracic femur never exposed; head al-
ways showing three small tubercles at the
cephalic end. Abbotana.
aa. remaster always bifurcate at the distal end, often with
hooked setae, but these weak and easily broken.
b. Prothoracic femur exposed.

c. Dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments, nor a prominent dorsal
furrow on the fifth abdominal segment.

d. Cephalic margin-of fifth abdominal segment with a
furrow over each spiracle; mesothoracic spiracle
never with a prominent ridge adjacent to its caudal
margin. Cleora.

38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

dd. Cephalic margin of fifth abdominal segment with
four or five shallow furrows over each spiracle:
mesothoracic spiracle always with a prominent
elevation adjacent to its caudal margin. Duastictis.

cc. Dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth
abdominal segments, and a very prominent one on the
dorsum of the fifth abdominal segment. Frydria.

bb. *Prothoracic femur never exposed.

c. Dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments; a prominent tubercle nev-
er present adjacent to each mesothoracic spiracle.

Paleacrita.

cc. Dorsal furrow always present between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments; a prominent tubercle ad-
jacent to each mesothoracic spiracle. Erannis.

Genus COSYMBIA Hiibner.

Body much wider at the cephalic end and truncate, the
cephalo-lateral angles distinctly produced; face-parts consider-
ably elevated, a transverse ridge extending across the front on
a line with the cephalic angle of the eye-pieces ; labrum quadrate
in outline; labial palpi not visible; maxillae reaching nearly to
the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not
quite reaching the eye-pieces; prothoracic legs almost three-
fourths the length of the wings, their femora exposed; the legs
reaching cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces and the
antennae; mesothoracic legs reaching the caudal margin of the
wings, always longer than the maxillae; tips of the metathoracic
legs showing caudad of the maxillae; prothorax on the blunt
cephalic end of the body, scarcely visible in ventral view, its
mesal length one-third that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic
spiracle with a large rounded tubercle adjacent to its caudal
margin which form the produced cephalo-lateral angles of the
body as seen in either dorsal or ventral view; mesothorax with
a distinct lateral ridge which extends from the base of the spir-
acular tubercle caudad to near the ana] angle of the wing; mesal
length of metathorax one-fourth that of the mesothorax, the
caudal margin curved slightly at the meson; abdominal seg-
ments smooth, never punctate; abdominal spiracles small, el-

PupaE oF SoME Matne Species or NotTopoONTOIDEA 39

liptical, those of the second segment covered by the wings; no
spiracular furrows present; no dorsal furrow present between the
ninth and tenth abdominal segments but a very distinct con-
striction or furrow at the base of the cremaster; cremaster tri-
angular, longer than broad, the distal end with six strong hooked
setae and two finer hooked setae just cephalad of these.

COSYMBIA LUMENARIA Hiibner.
« Big, 2, :C.

Color usually bright green with three interrupted, longi-
tudinal white stripes on the dorsum, one of these on the meson
and one on either side, a broader, less interrupted white stripe
through the spiracles, the body more or less mottled between
the stripes with either small black or white blotches; lateral
ridge usually with a narrow white stripe on the dorsal side and
a broader black stripe on the ventral; body often entirely white
with the black stripe near the lateral ridge; head, thorax, and
appendages smooth, or with very fine transverse striations, an-
tennae at proximal end equal to greatest width of the prothor-
acic legs, but narrowing rapidly so that they are only one-third
as wide at the distal end; abdomen smooth, the segments taper-
ing gradually to the caudal end of the body.

Length 10 to 11 mm.; greatest width 2.5 to 3 mm.

The larvae were very abundant on sweet fern and were often
found feeding along the edge of the leaf. Some of the larvae
were about an inch long, pale green, with white dorsal stripes
much as described for the pupae, with fine powdery white dots be-
tween, others were brown with indistinct white stripes and dark-
er brown oblique lines or blotches, and seemed to be entirely dif-
ferent, while the pupae and the adults would be exactly alike,
or at least appeared to be. Larvae were abundant all through
July, and many pupae were collected the latter part of the month
and in August. The larvae spin a little knot of silk and fasten
themselves to it and then transform to pupae. They are sus-
pended like many butterflies with the hooks of the cremaster
fastened into the web of silk and a fine white silken thread
around the middle of the body. There is never any trace of a
cocoon. The moths emerged in August and many were seen
flying about, but the egg-laying habits were not observed,

40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

Genus APLODES Guenée.

Body of usual shape, blunt at the cephalic end, entire body
surface roughened with deep, indeterminate, impressed lines;
a small portion of the labial palpi exposed caudad of the labrum;
antennae extending beyond the caudal margin of the wings,
reaching the caudal margin of the transverse conjunctiva when
the body is expanded, each distal end curved slightly towards the
meson; maxillae never quite reaching the caudal margin of the
wings, the tips of the metathoracic legs exposed just caudad of
them and between the distal ends of the antennae; proximo-
lateral angles of the maxillae not extending to the eye-pieces ;
prothoracic leg extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-
piece and the antenna, about three-fourths the length of the
wings, the femur never exposed; mesothoracic legs reaching the
caudal margin of the wings and slightly longer than the maxil-
lae; mesal length of prothorax two-thirds that of the mesotho-
rax; opening of the mesothoracic spiracle on a slightly elevated
tubercle; mesal length of the metathorax one-fourth that of the
mesothorax; metathoracic wings showing a large triangular
piece adjacent to the second and third abdominal segments and
almost forming a right angle opposite the third abdominal seg-
ment; abdominal spiracles almost circular in outline; a dorsal
furrow never present between the ninth and tenth abdominal
segments; sutures between all of the abdominal segments very
distinct; cremaster broadly triangular, continuing the outline
of the body except for a slight constriction at its proximal end,
armed with eight hooked setae, of which the two mesal ones are
slightly longer.

APLODES MIMOSARIA Guenée

Pig: 3,2.

Body variously colored, usually grayish green, sometimes
yellowish brown, often tinged with reddish or orange shades,
always with a darker dorso-mesal stripe, and dotted with black
or dark brown, the bases of the setae conspicuously dark brown
or black; cephalic end of body showing a small tubercle on the
meson just caudad of the proximal ends of the antennae; proxi-
mal ends of the antennae slightly elevated and somewhat tuber-

PupaE oF SoME MAINE Seecres oF NotropONTOIDEA 4]

culate, especially along the middle line; wings slightly elevated
along the dorso-lateral margin; abdominal spiracles almost cir-
cular in outline, usually slightly elevated, the spiracle of the
sixth abdominal segment considerably ventrad of the others;
abdominal segments roughened with indeterminate trans-
verse impressions and sparsely punctate; cremaster less than
1 mm. in length, the two caudal setae of each side curved cepha-
lad, the remainder curved caudad.

Average length 12 mm.; greatest width 3 mm.

The larvae of this species were very abundant on sweet
fern. They differ from the majority of geometrid larvae in
having the lateral margins of most of the abdominal segments
produced into triangular projections one on each side of a seg-
ment, which makes the lateral margin of the body very strongly
toothed. These projections often curve slightly dorsad. The
larvae were about an inch long and variously colored. Some
were all green, others were tinted with yellowish and reddish
colors like autumn leaves, while others were pale yellow tinged
with red. The pupae were less variable in color, and no differ-
ence could be detected in the adults. The larvae were very diffi-
cult to locate as they fed along the edge of the sweet fern leaves,
and the notches on their body corresponded in a general way
to the notches in the leaves. Many of them were taken by
sweeping. The first larvae were collected July 23 and they were
abundant till the middle of August. By the third week in Aug-
ust practically all had pupated. The larvae spin a few threads
of silk between two leaves and the pupa is held in place in
the entanglement of the silk by the hooks on the cremaster.

Genus ANIA Stephens.

Body widest near the cephalic end; surface roughened
with deep indeterminate impressed lines on head, thorax and
appendages, densely punctate on the abdomen, never presenting
a polished appearance; face-parts elevated, the head with a
rounded, transverse ridge just caudad of the proximal ends of
the antennae; a small portion of the labial palpi exposed caudad
of the labrum; maxillae about seven-eighths the length of the
wings, the proximo-lateral angles never reaching to the eye-
pieces; prothoracic legs about three-fourths the length of the
wings, their femora never exposed ; mesothoracic legs longer than

42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

the maxillae and meeting on the meson caudad of them, often
separating to show a small portion of the tips of the metathor-
acic legs; both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs extending
cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces and the antennae;
antennae reaching to the caudal margin of the wings and meet-
ing on the meson; prothorax about half the length of the mes-
othorax ; mesothoracic spiracles with the caudal margin elevated
and somewhat flaring ; abdominal segments | to 8 densely punc-
tate ; abdominal spiracles elliptical, slightly produced; spiracular
furrows present on segments.5 to 7, the surface of the furrows
punctate like the remainder of the segment; furrow present on
the dorsum between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments,
the edges very finely serrate; cremaster triangular in outline, ru-
gose, with two large long hooked spines at the distal end, at
the base of these two stout hooked setae, and cephalad of these
two hooked setae near each lateral margin, forming a transverse
row.
This genus consists of a single species in North America.

ANIA LIMBATA Haworth.
The Horned Span-worm. Fig. 2, E and H.

General color light brown, with darker brown markings,
most of these small, irregular spots; antennae with dark brown
inverted V-shaped markings; ventral surface of abdomen show-
ing three broad stripes, the mesal one more distinct than those
near the lateral margin; dorsal surface of abdomen with broad,
indistinct, oblique bands of a lighter color; bases of the setae
dark brown, and usually the distal portion of the cremaster;
antennae slightly elevated, with a row of minute tubercles along
the middle line; abdominal segments 1 to 8 finely, densely punc-
tate, the ninth and tenth segments smooth; segments two and
three with a more or less distinct tubercle on each side the
meson indicating the scars of the larval filaments; segments
five, six and seven with a distinct elevation along the cephalic
margin; dorsal furrow between segments nine and ten with a
lateral extension, the caudal margin (Fig. 2, H) notched on the
meson and slightly serrate; cremaster 1 mm. long, slightly ru-
gose, and showing a slight constriction on each lateral margin
at the base.

PuparE oF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOoOTODONTOIDEA 43

Average length 9 mm.; greatest breadth 3 mm.

The larvae of this species are easily recognized by the
group of four filaments that stand up on the back with their
ends slightly curled. ‘The first pair is attached to the second
abdominal segment. They feed on various plants and were col-
lected at Orono on sweet fern during the first week in August.
The larvae pupated the fifth of August between:the leaves of
sweet fern, but did not form a cocoon.

Genus CINGILIA Walker.

Body slender, but of usual type; labrum quadrangular; a
small polygonal portion of labial palpi exposed caudad of the
labrum; antennae extending to the caudal margin of the wings,
their greatest width greater than that of the prothoracic legs,
their distal ends usually meeting on the meson; maxillae almost
reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral
angles not extending laterad to the eye-pieces ; prothoracic legs
three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora never ex-
posed ; mesothoracic legs seven-eighths the length of the wings;
only the prothoracic leg extending cephalad between the sculp-
tured eye-piece and the antenna; mesal length of prothorax two-
fifths that of the mesothorax; metathorax about half the length
of the prothorax and slightly shorter than the first abdominal
segment; abdominal segments with shallow; transverse im-
pressed lines; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth ab-
dominal segments present, the caudal margin crenulate; cre-
master without a furrow at the base, ending in two long hooked
spines with one short hooked seta on each side, a transverse
row of four similar setae just cephalad of these.

This genus includes a single species in America.

CINGILIA CATENARIA Drury.

The Chain-dotted Geometer. Fig. 4, C and F.

Color white with conspicuous black blotches, the largest
of these on the dorsum of the first five abdominal segments, the
wing veins and some of the sutures lined with black; entire
surface of body with shallow transverse impressed lines; an-
tennae elevated, highest along the middle line, transversely lined
with black; mesothoracic spiracles split-like; abdominal spira-

44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

cles without any outer margin, the openings elliptical; cre-
master (Fig. 4, F) with two large spines and six smaller ones.

Length 15 to 18 mm.; greatest width 3.5 to 4 mm.

The larvae of this species are pale yellow with some narrow
dark brown or black stripes and marked with conspicuous black
spots near the spiracles and on the lower part of the body. They
feed on numerous plants, and specimens were collected from
larch and sweet fern August 8. They pupated shortly after,
spinning a very loose open cocoon through which the pupa could
be easily seen. The cocoon was attached either to a leaf or a
stem. The adults are white, and also conspicuously marked
with black. They emerge in September.

“Genus SICYA Guenée.

Body of usual type; surface smooth with a few punctures
on the abdomen; labial palpi represented by a small triangular
area caudad of the labrum; maxillae seven-eighths the length of
the wings, the proximo-lateral angles scarcely reaching to the
eye-pieces ; antennae elevated, extending to the caudal margin of
the wings, their greatest width slightly greater than that of the
prothoracic legs, and meeting or approaching each other on the
meson; prothoracic legs about two-thirds the length of the
wings, extending. cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces
and the antennae ; mesothoracic legs nearly as long as the wings,
meeting on the meson just caudad of the maxillae; mesal length
of prothorax about half that of the mesothorax, while the meta-
thorax is one-fifth of this length; mesothoracic spiracle slit-
like, the cephalic margin slightly elevated; spiracular furrows
not present; dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth
abdominal segments, the caudal margin showing two large

projections ; cremaster triangular, longer than the tenth segment, .

two large hooked spines or setae at the end, with three smaller,
but heavy hooked setae on each side just cephalad of the others.

SICYA MACULARIA Haworth.
Fig. 2, D and G.

Color pale yellow and green with silvery and pale green
iridescence; surface smooth and polished, the setae rather con-

|

PupaE oF SoME MAINE SpEciEs oF NOTODONTOIDEA 45

_ spicuous under the microscope and arising from small brown
tubercles; median line of thorax brown, also a line indicating
the suture at the base of each antenna, the spiracles, the glazed
eye-piece, the margin of the prothorax, and the cremastral
hooks ; abdominal segments 1 to 7 with a few, very fine punctures
which are scarcely apparent, segments 3 and 4 have a row of
larger punctures along the cephalic margin of the segment, while
segments 5 to 7 have a few larger ones scattered over the surface
of the cephalic margin; abdominal spiracles almost circular,
produced, the openings ovate in outline; cremaster (Fig. 2. G)
with a distinct furrow at base, the dorsal surface depressed be-
low the level‘of the tenth segment, and rugose with fine longi-
tudinal striations ; cremaster 1 mm. in length, the lateral hooks
flattened and broader at the end.

Length 12 mm.; greatest width 4 mm.

The larva of this species was ready to pupate when collect-
ed, and therefore no description was obtained. It was collected
July 2 on wild white spiraea. The larva first spun a very open
web of silk which bent over the tip of the leaf and fastened it
down. This web was drawn around the larva to form a sort
of cocoon. The pupa at first was pale green with a brown med-
ian line on the thorax and brown around the spiracles. The
dorsum of the body was lighter in color than the remainder,
and had the appearance of being powdered. The body showed a
beautiful iridescence even then, but in three days more it was
fully hardened, a sort of yellowish-green in color and iridescent
over the entire surface. The adult emerged July 16.

Genus SABULODES Guenée.

Body of usual type; surface always dull in appearance, con-
siderably roughened with deep indeterminate transverse, im-
pressed lines on head, thorax, and appendages, the abdomen
densely punctate; labial palpi represented by a small polygonal
area caudad of the labrum; proximo-lateral angles of maxillae
never reaching the eye-pieces ; maxillae, antennae and mesothor-
acic legs normally reaching the caudal margin of the wings,
sometimes falling a little short of it; prothoracic leg about two-
thirds the length of the wings, a very narrow portion of the
femur exposed ; the prothoracic legs extending cephalad between
the sculptured eye-pieces and the antennae; the mesothoracic

46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

leg scarcely reaching the level of the glazed eye-piece in some
species and extending farther cephalad in others; mesal length
of prothorax one-half that of the mesothorax; metathorax one-
fifth the length of the mesothorax and shorter than the first ab-
dominal segment; mesothoracic spiracle slit-like; abdominal
segments 1 to 8 punctate; furrow present on the dorsum between
the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, the caudal margin
coarsely toothed, the lateral extensions reaching almost to the
base of the cremaster; cremaster longer than the tenth segment,
bearing two stout curved spines at the distal end, with slender
hooked setae along each lateral margin, the ventral surface with
two deep parallel furrows, one near each lateral margin.
The species of Sabulodes may be separated as follows:
a. Face-parts with a prominent transverse ridge between
the eye-pieces; body setae arising from small papillae;
caudal margin of furrow between the ninth and tenth
abdominal segments with small projections or teeth.
transversata.
aa. JF ace-parts never with a prominent transverse ridge be-
tween the eye-pieces; body setae arising from small de-
pressions ; caudal margin of the furrow between the ninth
and tenth abdominal segments with large projections.
lorata.

SABULODES LORATA Grote.

Fig. 4, B and E.

Color yellowish brown, the spiracles, tenth segment, and
cremaster always darker brown, an irregular dark spot on each
side the dorso-meson of the first eight abdominal segments and
one on the mesothorax at about the middle of its length, also
fine irregular blotches on other parts of the body which are
exceedingly variable; antennae more elevated than the other
appendages, highest along the middle line, the surface covered
with small tubercles ; abdominal segments 1 to 8 densely punctate
with medium punctures, the ninth and tenth segments smooth;
body setae arising from small pits; abdominal spiracles with
the openings elliptical; spiracular furrows never present; dorsal
furrow between the ninth and tenth segments edged with black
or very dark brown, with four prominent teeth on each side

PuPAE OF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 47

the meson; cremaster (Fig. 4, E) 1.5 mm. in length, the dorsal
surface with deep longitudinal furrows and a transverse furrow
at the base, a hooked seta laterad at the base of each large curved
spine and a transverse row of four hooked setae of the same
size at about one-third the length of the cremaster from the
distal end.

Average length 18 mm.; greatest width 4.5 mm.

The larvae of this species are slim brown loopers with
three rather prominent tubercles and a ridge on the dorsum of
the body. They were only taken from sweet fern. When full
grown they attach themselves to the leaves with a few threads
of silk and usually pull another leaf over it, so that the pupa is
entirely concealed.

SABULODES TRANSVERSATA Drury.
The Large Maple Span-worm. Fig. 4, K.

Color usually yellowish brown, the head, thorax, and ap-
pendages of many individuals a much darker brown; the cre-
master usually dark brown; surface of body roughened with
impressed lines and striations and .somewhat tuberculate, there
being small distinct, whitish tubercles visible on the appendages
and on the eye-pieces; face-parts with a distinct, high, rounded
transverse ridge extending from just cephalad of the middle of
each glazed eye-piece; antennae tuberculate, the proximal fifth
elevated along the middle line and forming a ridge; setae of
thorax and abdomen arising from small, dark brown papillae;
abdominal segments with the punctures mostly obscured by the
ridges, except on the seventh and eighth segments, the ninth
and tenth segments smooth; abdominal spiracles usually edged
with darker brown, those of the second, third and fourth seg-
ments touching’ the wings, the lips of the openings slightly pro-
duced and somewhat crescent-shaped; spiracular furrows indi-
cated on the fifth segment; dorsal furrow between the ninth
and tenth abdominal segments distinct, the caudal margin edged
with black and finely toothed; cremaster with four longitudinal
ridges and a transverse furrow at base, four of the hooked setae
inserted on the dorsal surface, and two on the lateral margin.

48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

Average length 17 mm.; greatest width 5 mm.

The larvae of this species were collected from maple, but
they are found on other kinds of trees. They are two inches
or more in length, dark grayish brown and the mesothorax
somewhat swollen at the sides. They pupate by attaching
themselves to the leaves with a few threads of silk and then
folding the leaf over, or attaching another leaf to it with the
silk. These threads of silk do not form a cocoon. The pupa
fastens itself to the silk by means of the cremastral hooks. The
larvae are found in July and pupate early in August.

Genus ABBOTANA Hulst.

Body of usual type; surface always dull in appearance with
deep impressed lines on the head, thorax, and appendages, and
densely punctate on the abdomen; cephalic end of body showing
three small tubercles between the antennae; labial palpi repre-
sented by a small polygonal area caudad of the labrum, proximo-
lateral angles of the maxillae never reaching the eye-pieces ;
maxillae and antennae reaching the caudal margin of the wings;
prothoracic legs two-thirds the length of the wings, the femora
never exposed; mesothoracic legs a little shorter than the max-
illae and never reaching the caudal margin of the wings; both
prothoracic and mesothoracic legs extending cephalad between
the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; mesal length of pro-
thorax one-half that of the mesothorax; that of the metathorax
shorter than the first abdominal segment ; mesothoracic spiracles
slit-like, showing a narrow very slightly elevated ridge along
the caudal margin; abdominal segments 1 to 8 punctate, the
tenth segment irregularly rugose; furrow on the dorsum be-
tween the ninth and tenth segments distinct, the caudal margin
coarsely toothed, the lateral extensions never reaching to the base
of the cremaster ; cremaster longer than the tenth segment, bear-
ing two very stout spines at the distal end and slender hooked
setae along each lateral margin, the ventral surface with a deep
furrow on each side.

This genus includes a single species Abbotana clemataria
found throughout the eastern part of the United States.

ABBOTANA CLEMATARIA Smith and Abbot.

Color chestnut brown, variously mottled with very dark
brown or black, the darker color always conspicuous around the

PuparE OF SoME MAINE Species oF NoTODONTOIDEA 49

spiracles and on the cremaster; head, as seen in ventral view,
with three small tubercles along the cephalic margin, one on the
meson, and one on each side of it; face-parts and appendages
not elevated, except the cephalic fourth of each antenna which
shows a low ridge along the median line, the tubercles on the
ridge causing the lateral margins of the head to appear serrate;
antennae covered with minute tubercles ; prothorax with a slight-
ly elevated median ridge which is almost always lighter in color
than the remainder of the segment; middle line of mesothorax
usually marked by a pale yellowish line; abdominal segments
1 to 8 densely punctate, the ninth practically smooth, the tenth
segment and cremaster irregularly rugose; spiracles ovate in
outline, the openings elliptical; spiracular furrows of the fifth
abdominal segment indistinct, very slightly elevated and in-
terrupted by punctures; cremaster triangular, with two heavy
curved spines at the distal end, each about 6 mm. long, and three
hooked setae along each lateral margin.

Length 18 to 23 mm.; greatest width 7 mm.

The larvae of this species were the largest of any geometrid
collected in Maine being about three inches long. They are
dark brown to nearly black in color, with a prominent ridge on
the mesothorax and one near the caudal end of the body. These
ridges have a small orange tubercle at each side. Near the mid-
dle of the body is a very prominent brown tubercle on each side
the meson, resembling the winter buds of the maple tree, so
that when this larva mimics a twig, these tubercles pass for buds.
They were collected from apple and maple, but are said to feed
on a variety of trees. When ready to pupate, the larvae spin a
few threads of silk and draw two leaves together and the pupa
fastens the hooks on the cremaster into this silk. The larvae
were most numerous the latter part of July, and the first one
pupated August 10. The adults emerge in the spring. The
pupae of this species resemble those of the genus Sabulodes
very strongly, so no figure is shown. They differ, however, in
the tubercles on the head and antennae, and in the irregularly
rugose cremaster and tenth abdominal segment, and in never
having any portion of the prothoracic femur exposed. The pu-
pae of Abbotana never become hard and firm as most pupae do,
but are always soft and yielding to the touch. They are normal-
ly much larger than those of Sabulodes.

50 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

Genus CLEORA Curtis.

Body of usual type; face-parts not much elevated; antennae
reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the distal end of each
curved slightly mesad; a small portion of the labial palpi ex-
posed caudad of the labrum; maxillae reaching almost to the
caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not
extending quite to the eye-pieces; prothoracic legs three-fourths
the length of the wings, their femora exposed; mesothoracic
legs equal in length to the maxillae; mesal length of prothorax
two-fifths that of the mesothorax, mesothoracic spiracle with an
ovate tubercle adjacent to its caudal margin, the surface covered
with fine setae; mesal length of metathorax one-fourth that of
the mesothorax; first eight abdominal segments coarsely punc-
tate; the spiracular furrow present cephalad of each spiracle on
the fifth abdominal segment, the surface of the furrow very
rugose; dorsal furrow never present between segments nine
and ten; abdominal spiracles almost circular in outline; cre-
master triangular at base, the distal half spine-like, and slightly
bifurcate at tip. )

This genus includes a number of species but only two are
commonly found in Eastern North America. One of these
Cleora pampinaria is described here.

CLEORA PAMPINARIA Guenée.

Fig, 2, and i:

Color chestnut brown, usually without markings, some-
times with a few small dark spots on the appendages ; face-parts
and appendages almost smooth and appearing polished; pro-
thoracic leg slightly elevated near the large exposed part of the
femur ; thorax smooth, or with very fine transverse impressions ;
abdomen densely punctate with medium punctures on the first
eight segments; spiracles almost circular, the openings ellipti-
cal, that of the sixth slightly ventrad of the others; spiracular
furrow (Fig. 2, 1) with the surface deeply rugose, the outer
edge heavily chitinized, almost black and apparently serrate;
surface slightly concave between the furrow and spiracle, crossed
by faint elevated lines; cremaster about 1 mm. long, the dorsal
- surface convex and rugose, the distal end spine-like and bifur-
cate.

PupAE OF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 51

Average length 12.5 mm.; greatest width 4 mm.

It could not be determined from the specimens whether
or not there are hooked setae on the cremaster as they stayed in
the soil until the moths emerged, and if present were broken off.
The larvae of this species were collected from common yellow
dock the latter part of June and pupated before a description
was obtained. The moths emerged during September in the
laboratory.

Genus DIASTICTIS Hitbner.

Body of usual shape, widest in the region of the third and
fourth abdominal segments; head, thorax and appendages com-
paratively smooth, the abdomen rather coarsely punctate; fronto-
clypeal suture indicated at the base of the antennae; labrum
rounded on the caudal margin; a small portion of labial palpi
exposed caudad of the labrum; maxillae never quite reaching
the caudal, margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not
extending to the eye-pieces ; antennae broader than the prothor-
acic legs, narrowed slightly at the distal end and sometimes
touching on the meson; prothoracic legs three-fourths the length
of the wings, their femora exposed; mesothoracic legs as long
as the maxillae; tips of the metathoracic legs usually exposed
caudad of the maxillae; mesal length of prothorax two-fifths
that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic spiracle with a prominent
ridge adjacent to its caudal margin, the edge curved slightly
caudad and covered with white setae; metathorax one-half the
length of the prothorax; abdominal segments 1 to 8 thickly
punctate, the ninth and tenth sparsely punctate or smooth; ab-
dominal spiracles elliptical; fifth abdominal segment with five or
six shallow furrows over each spiracle, the margin of the seg-
ment cephalad of the spiracle with coarser punctures than the
remainder of the segment; dorsal furrow never present between
the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; cremaster rugose at
base, bifurcate at the distal end.

Only two species of this genus were collected in Maine, but
other species are known to occur in the State. These two species
are very closely related and may be separated as follows:

a. Elevation along caudal margin of mesothoracic spiracle
strongly elevated and visible in ventral view; spiracular

52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

furrows indistinct and often resembling rows of con-
fluent punctures. ribearia.

aa. [Elevation along caudal margin of mesothoracic spiracle
strongly elevated and not visible in ventral view; spir-
acular furrows narrow, but distinct, the edges sharp.
anataria.

DIASTICTIS RIBEARIA Fitch.
' The Gooseberry Span-worm. Fig. 3, F, and Fig. 4, I and J.

Color dark reddish brown; head, thorax and appendages
usually smooth and polished, occasionally with indeterminate
transverse striations, especially on the thorax; antennae with
transverse impressions indicating the segmentation, usually as
long as the wings but seldom meeting on the meson; a distinct,
transverse furrow present between the invaginations for the
anterior arms of the tentorium ; eye-pieces almost equal in width;
elevation caudad of the mesothoracic spiracle prominent, and
visible in ventral view, the surface thickly covered with fine
whitish setae; spiracular furrows of the fifth abdominal segment
indistinct and resembling confluent punctures; cremaster 1 mm.
in length, rugose and bifurcate for about one-fourth its length.

Length 10 to 12 mm.; greatest width 3.5 mm.

The larvae feed on leaves of gooseberry, currant and blue-
berry. They are more often found on the gooseberry and often
become a serious pest. The larvae are whitish, irregularly
spotted with black and have yellow stripes on the dorsal and
lateral aspects. They are full-grown about the last of June
and enter the ground to pupate, but do not spin a cocoon. The
moths emerge from the pupae in two or three weeks and lay
their eggs which hatch the following spring.

DIASTICTIS ANATARIA Swett.

Fig. 4. G and H.

Color dark reddish brown, head, thorax and appendages
with fine indeterminate transverse striations, but giving a smooth
and polished appearance; antennae as long as the wings and
meeting on the meson at their caudal margin; a transverse fur-
row indicated between the invaginations for the anterior arms

PuparE oF SoME MAINE Species oF NOTODONTOIDEA 53

of the tentorium, but not deep nor very distinct; eye-pieces
difficult to distinguish; elevation caudad of the mesothoracic
spiracle not prominent and not visible in ventral view, its sur-
face sparsely covered with whitish setae and not very noticeable,
a small furrow just caudad of the elevation; spiracular furrows
of the fifth abdominal segment. distinct, narrow, five or six in
number and punctate at the bottom of the furrows; cremaster
1.3 mm. in length, with a distinct transverse furrow at base,
rugose on the proximal half, the furrows deeper on the ventral
surface, and bifurcate for one-fifth its length.

Length 10 to 12 mm.; greatest width 3.5 mm.

The larvae of this species were collected on gray birch and
yellow birch. They were about an inch long, colored dull red,
marked with black in an irregular marbled pattern with a whitish
spot in front of each spiracle. They were collected the last
week of June and were ready to pupate in about two weeks. |
In the laboratory they pupated on top of the soil without form-
ing a cocoon, but would probably burrow in the soil out of doors.
The adults emerged July 25.

Genus HYDRIA Hiibner.

Head short, slightly narrower than the thorax; body sur-
face slightly roughened with impressed lines and punctures,
but presenting a polished appearance; epicranial suture present
and distinct; labrum broader than long, rounded at the distal
end; a small triangular portion of the labial palpi usually visible
caudad of the labrum; maxillae sometimes reaching the caudal
margin of the wings, but usually slightly shorter and exposing
the tips of the metathoracic legs, the proximo-lateral angles
never extending as far as the eye-pieces ; antennae always reach-
ing the caudal margin of the wings; prothoracic legs almost
three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora always ex-
posed; mesothoracic legs usually slightly shorter than the an-
tennae ; both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs extending cepha-
lad between each sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; mesal
length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; meta-
thorax about half the length of the prothorax and shorter than
the first abdominal segment; mesothoracic spiracles slit-like;
abdomen coarsely punctate, except on the ninth and tenth seg-

\

54 MaINE AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

ments; dorsum of fifth abdominal segment with a deep furrow
along the cephalic margin, invisible when the body is contracted
and the movable segments telescoped; abdominal spiracles
slightly produced, the openings elliptical; dorsal furrows present
between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, its caudal mar-
gin finely serrate, the lateral extension reaching caudad almost
to the base of the cremaster; cremaster about twice the length
of the tenth segment, a slight furrow at base, bifurcate at tip
and with hooked setae near the proximal end.

HYDRIA UNDULATA Linnaeus.
The Scallop-shell Moth. Fig. 4, A and D.

Color reddish brown; ventral surface of head and append-
ages with shallow, impressed lines, labrum slightly elevated ;
thoracic segments with irregular, deeply impressed lines; met-
athorax and first abdominal segment showing a rather prom)
nent ridge along the caudal margin; abdomen with the first
four segments coarsely punctate except a narrow strip along the
caudal margin; dorsum of fifth segment almost smooth caudad
of the furrow which is edged with black; sixth, seventh and
eighth segments like the first four, the ninth and tenth practi-
cally smooth; cremaster rugose at base, narrowing rapidly to
a Slender spine-like part which is bifurcate at tip, the arms of the
bifurcation slender and divergent, lateral margin of cremaster
with three slender hooked setae along each lateral margin.

Average length 9 mm.; greatest width 3 mm.

The larvae of the scallop-shell moth feed mostly on cherry.
They are dark brown or nearly black on the back with some
fine yellow lines, and yellowish white underneath. They make
a sort of nest by webbing the leaves together at the end of a
branch and adding more leaves as they need food. The larvae
were collected August 26 and soon after entered the soil to pu-
pate. They form an earthen cell in which the pupa passes the
winter.

Genus PALEACRITA Riley.

Body of usual type, but usually strongly convex on the
dorsum of the first three abdominal segments, so that the body

PuparE oF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 55

is very thick in this region; face-parts decidedly elevated at
the proximal ends of the antennae, clypeal region, labrum and
eye-pieces ; a furrow present indicating the lateral parts of the
fronto-clypeal suture; labrum almost semicircular in outline;
antennae reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the distal
end of each curved slightly mesad; maxillae reaching the cau-
dal margin of the wings, their proximo-lateral angles not ex-
tending as far as the eye-pieces; labial palpi never exposed;
prothoracic leg reaching cephalad between the sculptured eye-
piece and antenna, and at least seven-eighths the length of the
wings, their femora never exposed ; mesothoracic legs sometimes
reaching the caudal margin of the wings, but usually a little
shorter; thoracic segments unusually short, the entire thorax
less than one-fourth the total length of the body; mesal length
of prothorax two-thirds that of the mesothorax, and the meta-
thorax one-half of this length; mesothoracic spiracle with its
caudal margin abruptly elevated, then a gradual slope towards -
the base of the wing; abdomen coarsely punctate, at least on
eight segments; dorsal furrow never present between the ninth
and tenth segments; abdominal spiracles strongly produced,
the openings somewhat lenticular; one deep spiracular furrow
present over each spiracle on the fifth segment, the outer margin
strongly chitinized; cremaster longer than broad, slightly bi-
furcate at tip often showing a fine seta on each lateral margin
near the proximal end.

This genus has only one common species, Paleacrita vernata
which is common in the eastern part of the United States and
Canada.

PALEACRITA VERNATA Peck.

The Spring Canker-worm. Fig. 3, C and D.

Color yellowish or reddish brown; head, thorax, and ap-
pendages slightly roughened with indeterminate transverse stria-
tions; a portion of the front more strongly elevated than the
remainder of the face-parts; antennae showing transverse im-
pressions ; abdomen coarsely punctate on segments 1 to 8, rarely
on the remaining segments; abdomen considerably arched in
the region of the first three segments giving the pupa a hump-
backed appearance; spiracular furrows with their transverse

56 MaINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

length twice that of the spiracles; spiracles usually black or
dark brown and produced for a distance equal to their length;
a prominent projection usually present on each side of the anal
opening, probably the scars of the anal prolegs; cremaster less
than 1 mm. in length, usually triangular at base narrowing ra-
pidly so that the distal end is cylindrical and spine-like, slightly
bifurcate at tip; lateral setae of the cremaster very fine and
easily broken and not usually found on specimens.

Average length 8 mm.; greatest width 3.5 mm.; height at
third abdominal segment 3 to 3.5 mm.

The larvae of the spring canker-worm are about an inch
long and vary considerably in color from light brown to dull
black. There is a yellow stripe running through the spiracles
and a greenish yellow stripe underneath. They are ready to
pupate about the first of June and enter the ground where they
make an earthen cell and change to pupae. They live over win-
ter in the pupal stage, the moths emerging in early spring. Al-
though the female moths of this species are wingless, the pupae
have the wings as well developed in the female as in the male.

Genus ERANNIS Hubner.

Cephalic half of body much thicker than the remainder, the
dorsum of the first three segments convex as seen in lateral
view; fronto-clypeal suture distinct for a part of its distance;
clypeal and labral regions distinctly elevated, the labrum almost
semi-circular in outline; labial palpi not visible; maxillae never
quite reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-
lateral angles never reaching the eye-pieces; antennae consider-
ably broader than the prothoracic legs and only slightly nar-
rowed at the distal end, always reaching the caudal margin of
the wings and there curving mesad and normally touching; pro-
thoracic legs at least seven-eighths the length of the wings, the
femora never exposed, the cephalic end extending between the
antenna and the sculptured eye-piece; mesothoracic legs as long
as the maxillae and almost reaching the caudal margin of the
wings; prothorax one-half the length of the mesothorax, the
caudal margin not prominently curved at the meson; mesothor-
acic spiracles with a prominent ovate flattened tubercle adjacent
to its caudal margin, the surface rugose and apparently cov-
ered with very fine, short setae, the tubercle extending at least

PupaE OF SoME MAINE SpeEcIEsS oF NoTODONTOIDEA 57

one-fourth of the distance between the margin of the antenna and
the meson; mesothorax shorter than usual, the metathorax
about one-fourth of its mesal length; abdominal segments 1 to
8, sometimes 1 to 9, punctate, the remaining segments smooth;
abdominal spiracles almost circular in outline, the openings
elliptical, the lips somewhat elevated ; spiracular furrows present
on the fifth segment, each with a strongly chitinized edge, the sur-
face punctate, the area surrounding the spiracle having few
punctures; dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth
abdominal segments, the edges not strongly toothed; cremaster
broad at base, and rugose, narrowing rapidly to a smooth spine-
like distal half which is bifurcate at tip.

ERANNIS TILIARIA Harris.
The Lime Span-worm. Fig. 3, A and B.

Color usually bright reddish or yellowish brown, the head,
thorax, and appendages often darker than the remaining sur-
face ; face parts with fine indeterminate striations, almost smooth,
a few wrinkles or impressed lines between the proximal ends
of the antennae; thorax with shallow impressed lines; abdom-
inal segments 1 to 8 coarsely, thickly punctate; eighth segment
somewhat swollen in the region of the spiracles and narrowing
rapidly to the caudal margin; caudal margin of the furrow be-
tween the ninth and tenth segments finely serrate and somewhat
crenulate in outline; cremaster with a transverse furrow at base,
the. proximal half rugose with a slight lateral projection on
each side at the base of the narrow, smooth distal portion, which
is bifurcate at tip, each half slender and somewhat seta-like,
very easily broken.

Average length 12 to 15 mm.; greatest width 4 to 5 mm.

The larvae of the lime span-worm were collected this season
from apple, cherry, Carolina poplar and the linden or lime tree,
although most of them came from apple. The caterpillars
are about an inch and a half long, and the markings vary con-
siderably. They are generally dull dark red on the back, with
a broad yellow stripe through the spiracles, and whitish under-
neath. They were most abundant the last two weeks of June
and pupated the last of June and the first week in July. They
burrow into the soil near the base of the tree to pupate and

58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

make an earthen cell, but no traces of cocoons were found. The
adults emerge late in the fall and lay the eggs, which do not
hatch till spring.

Family NOTODONTIDAE.

The pupae of this family vary considerably, and there is
no one character which will serve to separate them from those
of the nearly related families. The prothoracic and mesothor-
acic legs are of the normal length for lepidopterous pupae, the
prothoracic legs about half that of the wings and the mesothor-
acic legs slightly longer. The labial palpi often show a very
small portion caudad of the labrum. The maxillae seldom reach
the caudal margin of the wings and are usually less than three-
fifths their length. The antennae are broadest at their proximal
ends, and there the width exceeds that of the prothoracic legs.
They seldom reach the caudal margin of the wings, and their
tips often lie adjacent on the meson caudad of the other appen-
dages. The mesothoracic leg never reaches cephalad to the
eye-pieces, but the prothoracic leg always does. The latter
seldom extends cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and
the antenna. The abdomen is usually punctate and only shows
a dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth segments in the
genus Datana. The mesothoracic spiracles are usually slit-like
and seldom, if ever, show an elevated ridge or tubercle adjacent
to the caudal margin. The abdominal spiracles are seldom pro-
duced and always: in a straight line. Spiracular furrows are
never present. A few members of this family have no cre-
master, but usually a short cremaster is present. The presence
of hooked setae on the cremaster is the exception in the Noto-
dontidae, as most of them pupate in the ground.

The colors vary but little in this family, nearly all being
chestnut-brown, but a few are nearly black. None of the species
known have prominent markings on the body. The genera of
Notodontidae may be separated as follows:

a. Maxillae one-third or less the length of the wings; both
prothoracic and mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson
caudad of the maxillae; abdomen very finely punctate.

b. Thorax and abdomen thickly covered with very fine short
setae; cremaster a stout spine about one millimeter in

bb.

aa.

c

PupaE oF SOME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 59

length with two short recurving hooks at the tip, each

of which bears two or more very fine setae.

Melalopha.

Thorax and abdomen never thickly covered with very

fine, short setae; cremaster never as described above;

sometimes absent.

Abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a slight ridge at both
cephalic and caudal margins, the cephalic ridge
interrupted by deep pits giving it the appearance
of a row of square tubercles; face-parts and ap-
pendages not elevated, making a smooth even sur-
face; cephalic end of body not elevated between
the antennae; cremaster short. A patelodes.

cc. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 never with ridges; ap-
pendages distinctly elevated; cephalic end of body
elevated between the antennae; cremaster never
present. Harpyta.

Maxillae always more than one-third the length of the

wings ; never with both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs
meeting on the meson; abdomen usually rather coarsely

punctate.
b. Maxillae from one-half to three-fifths the length of the

bb.

wings ; mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson caudad
of the maxillae; appendages roughened with deep inde-
terminate striations; abdomen coarsely punctate; a dis-
tinct, deep furrow on the dorsum between the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments; cremaster short, bifurcate,
each half with several short, spiny projections.

Datana.

Maxillae more than three-fifths the length of the wings;

neither prothoracic nor mesothoracic legs meeting on
the meson caudad of the maxillae; appendages usually
with shallow striations; a distinct furrow never present
on the dorsum between the ninth and tenth abdominal
segments ; cremaster not as described above.

c. Entire body surface with coarse deep punctures; ce-
phalic margin of the movable abdominal segments
with large lunate punctures and a ridge with a row
of large distinct punctures just caudad of it; cre-
master short, rugose, slightly bifurcate; bearing six

60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

long hooked setae; mesothorax never with a deeply
pitted caudal margin. ~ Symmerista.

cc. Body usually punctate on the abdomen but not on the
appendages; movable abdominal segments some-
times with a slight ridge along the cephalic mar-

gin but never with a row of large punctures just
caudad of it; cremaster bifurcate, but never with
hooked setae; mesothorax with a row of deep pits

along the caudal margin, with smooth quadrangu-

lar areas between and partly covering them.

d. Wings always touching on the meson; max-
illae never as long as the wings; cephalic
end of body sometimes with two sharp,
heavily chitinized projections. .

Schizura.

dd. Wings adjacent on the meson but not touch-
ing; maxillae usually as long as the wings ;
cephalic end of body never with heavily
chitinized projections. Heterocampa.

Genus MELALOPHA Hiibner.

Body cylindrical, blunt at the cephalic end, the head scarce-
ly visible in dorsal view; surface smooth, polished, covered
with very fine setae which are only visible by the aid of a lens;
epicranial suture present but only a small portion visible, the
vertex being represented by a small triangular area adjacent to
each antenna; labrum usually broader than long; sculptured
eye-piece more than twice the width of the glazed eye-piece;
antennae broader at the proximal end than the prothoracic legs
and tapering gradually to a pointed tip; labial palpi usually en-
tirely concealed, but occasional specimens show a small portion
just caudad of the labrum; maxillae one-third or less the length
of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles never reaching the eye-
pieces; legs of the normal length, both prothoracic and meso-
thoracic legs adjacent on the meson caudad of the maxillae, and
a very small portion of the metathoracic legs showing between
the wings at their caudal margin; thorax relatively short, only
about one-fourth the length of the body; mesal length of pro-
thorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; metathorax shorter
than the first abdominal segment; spiracles all slightly elevated,

PupaE oF SoME MaINeE Species oF NoToDONTOIDEA 61
a

their openings elliptical; abdomen finely punctate; cremaster a
straight spine with the distal end widened and bearing two or
three recurving hooks on each side, each hook bearing minute
setae on its mesal margin which are very easily destroyed.

MELALOPHA INCLUSA Hiibner.
Pig. Dy ania}.

Color usually yellowish brown, with darker brown on the
thorax, the cephalic margin of the abdominal spiracles, the ce-
phalic margin of the movable abdominal segments and the cre-
master; antennae smooth, ending opposite the prothoracic legs;
maxillae one-third the length of the wings or slightly less; first
three segments of the abdomen usually more elevated than the
thorax and forming a distinct curve; abdominal segments finely
punctate, the cephalic margin of each movable segment much
more densely punctate, the ninth and tenth segments almost
smooth; first abdominal segment with the scar of the larval
tubercles apparent, in some specimens as a dark spot on each
side of the meson, in others a small, but distinct tubercle in the
same position; cremaster (Fig. 5, 1) 1 mm. in length, with either
two or three recurving hooks on each side.

Length 13 to 16 mm.; greatest width 5 mm.

The larvae of this species feed on poplar. Several of the
larvae live together in a sort of tent formed by drawing two or
three leaves together with threads of silk. They spin a loose co-
coon, placing it among the leaves in captivity, but no cocoons
were found during the summer’s collecting.

Genus APATELODES Packard.

Cephalic half of body to the caudal margin of the wings
wider and thicker than the caudal half, which tapers gradually
to the short blunt cremaster; body surface highly polished, none
of the face-parts or appendages prominently elevated so that the
surface is smooth and even; epicranial suture present, but faint;
vertex about twice as long at lateral margin as at meson; fronto-
clypeal suture sometimes indicated by an impressed line; ceph-
alic margin of labrum about twice the width of the caudal
margin; labial palpi represented by a small pentagonal area just

62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

caudad of the labrum; antennae broader at the proximal end,
where they slightly exceed the width of the prothoracic legs,
and tapering gradually to a pointed tip; maxillae one-third the
length of the wings, their proximo-lateral angles separated from
the eye-pieces by almost the width of the latter; legs of about
the usual length, the prothoracic legs adjacent on the meson
caudad of the maxillae for a distance equal to the length of the
maxillae; mesothoracic legs meeting just caudad of the pro-
thoracic ones; wings adjacent on the meson for a short distance
caudad of the mesothoracic legs; mesal length of the prothorax
slightly more than half that of the mesothorax which is shorter
than usual in the notodontids; metathorax equal in length to
the first abdominal segment ; abdomen very finely, sparsely punc-
tate, some of the segments with a flanged plate or ridge along
the cephalic margin which is interrupted by deep pits, segments
4 to 6 with a similar plate along the caudal margin not inter-
rupted by pits; cremaster, if present, very short, rough, and us-
ually blunt.

APATELODES TORREFACTA Smith and Abbot.
Pig, 6, G.

Color very dark reddish brown; head usually smooth and
highly polished, sometimes roughened around the labrum; an-
tennae ending slightly cephalad of the prothoracic legs; thorax
with a few impressed lines and punctures; prothorax always
with a small group of punctures in the caudo-lateral angle near
the spiracle; mesothoracic spiracle with an elevated caudal mar-
gin and caudad of this a slight depression; abdominal segments
2 to 7 with an elevated cephalic ridge interrupted by pits, and
sparsely covered with very fine punctures and a few striations in
the spiracular region; segments 8 to 10 with a very few punc-
tures ; cremaster very short, less than 1 mm., rugose and scarce-
ly bifurcate at tip.

Length 20 to 22 mm.; greatest width 9 mm.

The larva of this species has been taken in Maine on ash,
beach, plum, oak, sassafras and various species of Rubus. It
is very hairy, somewhat like a “woolly bear” and light grey in
color with two long pencils of hairs on the thorax and one on
the eighth abdominal segment. It enters the ground to pupate

Pupar oF SoME MaIne Species oF NotTopONTOIDEA 63

and there makes an earthen cell. The pupa is easily recognized
by the peculiar “bordered” appearance of the abdominal seg-
ments.

Genus HARPYIA Ochsenheimer.

Body distinctly depressed, elliptical in outline; front elevat-
ed at meson to accommodate the slight crest of the adult; fronto-
clypeal suture indicated laterad by a slight furrow; invaginations
for the anterior arms of the tentorium large and distinct; clypeo-
labral suture indicated by a furrow; labrum nearly as long as
broad, the caudal margin slightly narrowed; genae elevated; an-
tennae elevated with the proximal half almost twice the width
of the prothoracic legs, then rapidly narrowing to about one-
fourth of this width, ending slightly caudad of the prothoracic
legs; maxillae one-third the length of the wings; prothoracic
and mesothoracic legs of the usual length and both meeting on
the meson caudad of the maxillae; wings meeting on the meson
caudad of the mesothoracic legs ;.mesal length of the prothorax
slightly more than half that of the mesothorax, and that of the
metathorax one-sixth that of the mesothorax; abdominal seg-
ments punctate; no cremaster present.

HARPYIA BOREALIS Boisduval.
High, Ff.

Color reddish or yellowish brown; surface smooth and dull;
head, thorax and appendages with fine striations more promi-
nent on the prothorax and front; antennae with a row of minute
tubercles along the middle line; maxillae with the proximo-
lateral angles separated from the eye-pieces by a distance equal
to the width of the eye-pieces; prothorax with a protuberance’
at each cephalo-lateral angle, probably indicating the scar of
larval protuberances; mesothoracic spiracle slit-like; abdomen
finely, sparsely punctate on the dorsum of the first eight seg-
ments, the remainder of the surface smooth; spiracles lenticular,
usually margined by a black line.

Length 16 to 18 mm.; greatest width 7 mm.

The larvae of this species have been taken in Maine from
poplar.

64 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

The larvae of this species belong to the group popularly
known as horntails, on account of the long tail-like projections
from the caudal end of the body. WHarpyia borealis has two of
these. The body is yellowish in color, the dorsal part nearly
all dark brown. They feed on wild cherry. The larvae are
found early in September and pupate about the last of the month.
The cocoon is very thick and tough and usually spun against
the side of the tree, where it resembles an excrescence on the
bark.

Genus DATANA Walker.

Body always with an elevation at the cephalic end between
the proximal ends of the antennae evidently to accommodate the
crest of the imago; front prominently elevated, the elevation
roughened with deep transverse striations and deeply punctate
along the lateral margins; labrum also elevated, more promi-
nently on the cephalic half; mandibular area sometimes elevat-
ed; glazed eye-piece always very narrow, scarcely more than
a line along the mesal margin of the sculptured eye-piece; an-
tennae at proximal end wider than the prothoracic legs and tap-
ering gradually to a pointed tip, usually about two-thirds the
length of the wings; maxillae from one-half to three-fifths the
length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles extending to the
eye-pieces; labial palpi entirely concealed; legs of the usual
length, the mesothoracic pair always meeting on the meson cau-
dad of the maxillae; wings always adjacent on the meson cau-
dad of the mesothoracic legs; mesothorax shorter than usual
so that the thoracic segments are only one-fourth the total
length of the body ; mesal length of the prothorax one-half that
of the mesothorax, the metathorax about one-sixth of the same
length; thorax and abdomen always punctate; dorsum of abdo-
men always showing a deep furrow between segments nine and
ten, its caudal margin serrate; cremaster short, bifurcate, each
half bearing two or more short spinous projections.

There are at least four species of Datana found in Maine,
and two of these Datana ministra and Datana integerrima may
become serious pests. The other two species are comparatively
rare as far as our records for the state show. While the pupae
of this genus are very distinctive, the species are very closely
related and the characters available for their separation are

PupaAE OF SOME MAINE SpEcIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 65

somewhat variable. The teeth on the furrow between the ninth

and tenth abdominal segments vary considerably, but in general

follow the same arrangement. The following table may serve
to separate the species:

a. Prothoracic legs always extending as far caudad as the
maxillae, or meeting on the meson caudad of them;
furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments
with the teeth on the caudal margin all short and approxi-
mately of equal length; pupae normally less than 20 mm.
in length.

b. Dorsum of tenth abdominal segment not punctate; caudal
margin of the furrow between the ninth and tenth ab-
dominal segments scarcely elevated; surface usually
shining and polished. angust.

bb. Dorsum of tenth abdominal segment punctate as the

remaining segments except perhaps a small area near

meson; caudal margin of the furrow between the ninth

and tenth abdominal segments always considerably

elevated; surface dull. imtegerrima.

aa.- Prothoracic legs not extending as far caudad as the max-

illae, at least 1 mm. apart; furrow between the ninth and

tenth abdominal segments with the teeth on the caudal

margin uneven, and longer near the meson; pupae nor;
mally over 20 mm. in length.

b. Crest on the front with a prominent longitudinal carinate
ridge on the meson and a distinct furrow on each side;
abdomen with medium punctures; each half of the cre-
master with three projections. major.

bb. Crest on the front without longitudinal ridges or fur-
rows; abdomen with large shallow punctures; each
half of the cremaster with two projections.

ministra.

DATANA ANGUSII Grote and Robinson.

Fig. 5, D and E.

Color bright reddish brown; crest prominent, always ru-
gose with deep transverse striations and punctures, and usually
with two longitudinal furrows; face-parts and appendages with
transverse striations, much shallower than those of the crest

66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

and not noticeably punctate; antennae ending just cephalad
of the mesothoracic legs; maxillae slightly more than half the
length of the wings, usually about four-sevenths; prothoracic
legs normally ending opposite the maxillae; cephalic margin
of prothorax considerably elevated as seen in lateral view; pro-
thorax with a distinct median carinate ridge, a similar but less
prominent ridge on the metathorax; abdomen with medium
punctures, larger along the cephalic margin of the movable
segments; the surface irregular with fine ridges and some’ ir-
regular depressions so that it does not appear even; first three
abdominal segments broadly elevated along the meson; furrow
between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments without prom-
inent teeth, the teeth all about the same size; ninth abdominal

segment with few punctures, the tenth smooth; each half the.

cremaster (Fig. 5, E) with a large, rather blunt mesal projec-
tion and a smaller, more pointed lateral one.

Length 15 to 18 mm.; greatest width 5 mm.

The larvae of this species feed on walnut and hickory.
They pupate in the ground, each larva making a somewhat oval
cell, without spinning a cocoon.

DATANA MAJOR Grote and Robinson.,
Fig. 5, F.

Color bright reddish brown; crest very prominent with two
longitudinal furrows and deep transverse striations, the lateral
margins punctate; face-parts and appendages with irregular,
transverse striations and depressions; antennae meeting on the
meson caudad of the mesothoracic legs; maxillae slightly more
than half the length of the wings; prothoracic legs much shorter
than the maxillae; mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson just
caudad of the maxillae; cephalic margin of prothorax not ele-
' vated; prothorax and metathorax very slightly elevated along
the meson; abdomen rather coarsely punctate and with small
indeterminate depressions, both transverse and longitudinal ;
furrow between the ninth and tenth segments edged with black,
the caudal margin elevated and with uneven teeth; both ninth and
tenth abdominal segments punctate like the remaining segments ;
each half of the cremaster (Fig. 5, F) with three equal projec-
tions.

PupaE oF SoME MAINE SpeEcrES oF NoToODONTOIDEA 67

Length 25 to 27 mm.; greatest width 8 mm.

The larvae of this species feed on certain species of Vac-
cinium, the common blueberries and deerberry, also on An-
dromeda. As its name implies it is the largest species of the
genus. The method of pupation is probably the same as for
the other species of Datana, but it has not been observed by
the writer.

DATANA INTEGERRIMA Grote and Robinson.
Fig. 5, G.

Color dark brown; crest not very prominent, the longitud-
inal furrows not deep or well defined ; face-parts and appendages
very rough with impressed lines and other surface sculpturing ;
antennae never meeting on the meson nor extending as far cau-
dad as the mesothoracic legs ; maxillae about one-half the length
of the wings and slightly longer than the prothoracic legs ; meso-
thoracic legs meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae;

median line of the prothorax and metathorax slightly elevated ;
thorax noticeably punctate among the transverse striations; ab-
dominal segments rather finely punctate, with few other mark-
ings; furrow between the ninth and tenth segments edged with
black, the caudal margin elevated and almost evenly toothed ;
both ninth and tenth abdominal segments punctate; each half
of the cremaster with three short, almost equal projections.

Length 17 to 19 mm.; greatest width 6 mm.

The larvae of this species feed on walnut, hickory and oak.
They are found in large companies and always keep together
while feeding. They pupate in the ground.

DATANA MINISTRA Walker.
Fig. 5, HH.

Color bright reddish brown, sometftmes yellowish brown;
crest on front seldom showing longitudinal furrows; face-parts
and appendages rugose with indeterminate transverse striations,
the appendages less rugose than the face-parts; maxillae three-
fifths the length of the wings or a trifle shorter, always longer
than the prothoracic legs; cephalic margin of prothorax slightly

68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

elevated ; median line of prothorax and metathorax slightly ele-
vated but not carinate; abdomen coarsely punctate, the punc-
tures larger along the cephalic margin of each movable segment,
and with scarcely any other markings ; furrow between segments
nine and ten edged with black, the teeth coarse and largest near
the meson; caudal margin of furrow elevated; eighth and ninth
abdominal segments always punctate; cremaster usually with
two short spinous projections on each half.

Length about 23 mm. varying but little; greatest width 7
mm.

Most larvae of Datana ministra have been collected. from
apple in this state, although it feeds on a variety of other trees.
The larva enters the ground to pupate. It spins no cocoon, but
forms an earthen cell in which silk threads are seldom present.

Genus SYMMERISTA Hubner.

Head distinctly narrower than the thorax; body surface
punctate, even on the appendages, though presenting a polished
appearance, and without impressed lines or other markings;
clypeal region slightly elevated; invaginations for the anterior
arms of the tentorium very distinct; labrum almost semicircular
in outline; glazed eye-piece one-fourth the width of the sculp-
tured eye-piece and bounded mesally by an impressed black
line; maxillae about nine-tenths the length of the wings, the
tips of the antennae meeting just caudad of them on the mes-
on; antennae considerably wider at the proximal end, but their
greatest width is not equal to that of the prothoracic leg; pro-
thoracic and mesothoracic legs of the usual length, never meet-
ing on the meson; wings meeting on the meson for a short dis-
tance caudad of the antennae; mesal length of prothorax one-
third that of the mesothorax and the metathorax one-fourth of
the same length; cremaster short, slightly bifurcate, and bear-
ing hooked setae.

SYMMERISTA ALBIFRONS Smith and Abbot.

Fig. 6, A and B.

Color dark chestnut-brown; mesal half of the genae and
a small area adjoining the cephalic margin of the prothorax

Pupare oF SoME Marne Species or NotToDONTOIDEA 69

highly polished and without punctures; punctures on the front
black, and more irregular in outline than on the remainder of the
body surface; mesothoracic spiracles with both margins elevat-
ed, the caudal margin slightly more so than the cephalic, and
black in color; movable abdominal segments with the cephalic
margin more densely punctate than the remainder and with large
lunate punctures ; cephalic margin separated from the remainder
of the segment by a distinct ridge, and just caudad of this a row
of large black punctures ; abdominal spiracles (Fig. 6, B) elevat-
ed along the cephalic margin, the openings somewhat crescent-
shaped and directed caudad ; cremaster less than 1 mm. in length,
rugose with longitudinal ridges, each point of the bifurcation
bearing three hooked setae.

Length 17 to 21 mm.; greatest width 5 to 7 mm.

The larvae of Symmerista albifrons are striped longitudin-
ally with black and red and have a prominent red hump near
the caudal end of the body. They spin a thin, tough cocoon
between leaves, and are usually found on the surface of the
ground under the tree on which the larvae fed. The larvae feed
on oak and maple. They appear late in the season and pupate
in September.

Genus SCHIZURA Doubleday.

Body of usual type, sometimes with a projection at the
cephalic end; surface appearing smooth and polished; epicranial
suture visible in some species; antennae with the greatest width
greater than that of the prothoracic legs, narrowed rapidly and
forming a long pointed tip, never quite reaching the caudal mar-
gin of the wings; maxillae always more than three-fifths the
length of the wings, but never reaching their caudal margin,
the caudo-lateral angles always reaching the glazed eye-piece,
sometimes extending beyond; mesal length of prothorax one-
half that of the mesothorax; mesonotum with a row of deep
elongate pits along the caudal margin of the wings with smooth,
square black areas between; metathorax with its mesal length
about one-fourth that of the mesothorax; abdomen with the first
eight segments punctate; cremaster entirely bifurcate, each half
somewhat boot-shaped, the lateral margins wf the cremaster
subparallel.

70 MaINeE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

The species of Schizura may be separated by the following
table:

a. Maxillae always more than seven-eighths the length of the
wings ; cephalic end of body blunt and only slightly pro-
jecting between the antennae; abdominal segments 5 to
7 with the punctures distinctly larger and more numer-
ous along the cephalic margin; body never with prominent
tubercle scars on the dorsum of the mesothorax, meta-
thorax, and first abdominal segments. ipomeae.

aa. Maxillae five-sixths the length of the wings; cephalic

end of body with a prominent, slightly bifurcate pro-
jection; abdominal segments 5 to 7 with the punctures
of approximately the same size and not much more nu-
merous along the cephalic margin; body with prominent
tubercle scars on the dorsum of the mesothorax, meta-
thorax and first abdominal segment. | concinna.

SCHIZURA IPOMEAE Doubleday.
Pig. 3).

Color bright yellowish brown; body with a slight projec-
tion at the cephalic end between the proximal ends of the anten-
nae; epicranial suture visible for a short distance adjacent to
each antenna in the majority of specimens; face-parts and ap-
pendages smooth and polished, with very few punctures or oth-
er, surface markings; mandibular area slightly elevated; anten-
nae ending just caudad of the mesothoracic legs, but never meet-
ing on the meson; maxillae more than seven-eighths the length
of the wings, the caudo-lateral angles always extending to the
eye-pieces ; sculptured eye-piece distinguished by its impressed
lines and slightly wider than the other; thoracic segments with
a few fine punctures; mesothorax without punctures as in S.
concinna, but with short, transverse, impressed lines on each
side the meson; caudal margin of mesonotum with seven pits
and six square black polished areas between; abdominal seg-
ments sparsely covered with very fine punctures except for a
band along the cephalic margin of segments 5 to 7, which is
densely and rather coarsely punctate; first abdominal segment
often with a small rounded tubercle, or at least a tubercle scar
on the meson showing the location of the prominent larval pro-

PupaE OF SOME MAINE Species or NOTODONTOIDEA 71

jection; abdominal spiracles slightly produced, the openings
somewhat crescent-shaped; eighth abdominal segment with a
dark tubercle scar on each side of the meson; cremaster about
1 mm. in length, the lateral margins subparallel, the mesal mar-
gins with two projections.

Length 15 to 20 mm.; greatest width 4 mm.

The larvae of this species has been collected only on maple,
although it is reported from oak, elm and several other trees.
The larvae enter the soil to pupate and there spin a thin cocoon
which is covered with particles of sand or soil. The pupae of
this species closely resemble those of certain species of Hetero-
campa notably AH. bilineata.

SCHIZURA CONCINNA Smith and Abbot.
The Red-humped Apple-worm. Fig. 5, A.

Color chestnut brown; body with a prominent median, ce-
phalic projection which is slightly bifurcate; face-parts and
appendages smooth and polished, without markings except for a
few transverse impressions; antennae not extending as far cau-
dad as the mesothoracic legs, which are usually 1 mm. longer;
maxillae five-sixths the length of the wings; scars of larval
projections prominent on each side the meson of the mesothorax,
metathorax and first abdominal segment, where they often show
as distinct tubercles, less prominent scars on the fourth abdom-
inal segment, and occasionally scars visible on the other seg-
ments but usually not distinct; caudal margin of mesonotum
normally with nine pits and eight square, black, polished areas
between; abdominal segments rather densely punctate with
punctures of medium size, the punctures on the cephalic margin
of segments 5 to 7 differing very little from those on the re-
mainder of the segment; abdominal spiracles large, slightly pro-
duced, the openings elliptical, the margins very dark brown;
cremaster about one-half millimeter in length, bifurcate, each
half oblong with a very slight projection at each angle and an-
other on the mesal margin about half way to the distal end.

Length 10 to 12 mm.; greatest width 4 mm.

The red-humped apple caterpillar is often a serious pest in
apple orchards. It also feeds on other fruit trees and a number
of forest trees. The larvae feed mostly at the ends of the

72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917.

branches and live in colonies. They have fine black and white
longitudinal stripes on the body and near the cephalic end some
short black projections with a prominent reddish hump on the
fourth abdominal segment. They usually pupate under dead
leaves and sticks at the base of the tree and begin to pupate the
last of August or in the early part of September. They spin
a very thin cocoon which is usually fastened between two dead
leaves or some small sticks. There is only one brood in Maine
and adults emerge from these pupae the following spring.

Genus HETEROCAMPA Doubleday.

Body slightly wider at the cephalic half, tapering gradually
from the fourth abdominal segment to the cremaster; fronto-
clypeal suture faintly indicated; labrum somewhat triangular
in outline, much narrower on the caudal margin; glazed eye-
piece about one-half the greatest width of the sculptured eye-
piece ; antennae more than seven-eighths the length of the wings ;
maxillae usually as long as the wings, but sometimes a little
shorter, the proximo-lateral angles extending laterad to the eye-
pieces ; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs visible and of the us-
ual length; labial palpi never visible; wings adjacent on the
meson below the maxillae but seldom touching; mesal length of
prothorax about two-fifths that of the mesothorax; mesonotum
with a row of deep pits along the caudal margin separated
by smooth quadrangular areas; mesal length of metathorax
one-fifth that of the mesothorax; abdominal segments punctate ;
cremaster bifurcate, each half somewhat boot-shaped.

HETEROCAMPA GUTTIVITTA Walker.

The Saddled Prominent. Fig. 6, C and D.

Color very dark brown, often almost black; surface smooth
and polished; head, thorax and appendages slightly roughened
with fine, rather close striations excepting the genae and glazed
eye-pieces which are highly polished; maxillae slightly longer
than the antennae but never quite reaching the caudal margin
of the wings; pits along the caudal margin of the mesonotum
normally eight, but occasionally with only seven; mesothoracic
spiracle with a smooth, slightly elevated area adjacent to its

PupaAE OF SoME MAINE Species oF NOTODONTOIDEA Av,

caudal margin which has a small semicircular depressed area
in the middle; abdomen finely but not coarsely punctate, the
punctures slightly larger along the cephalic margin of the seg-
ments; spiracles lenticular, slightly depressed; cremaster with
the lateral margins subparallel, usually 1 mm. in length, some-
times shorter; a rugose area at base bounded cephalad by a nar-
row, irregular carinate ridge.

Length 18 to 22 mm.; greatest width 6 mm.

The larvae of this species feed on beech, maple, and many
other trees. They often become very numerous and during the
years 1908 and 1909 became a serious pest in Maine and New
Hampshire. A description of the larvae and their life history
is given in Bulletin 161 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station. The larvae when full grown pupate in an earthen ceil,
or among leaves at the base of the trees.

HETEROCAMPA BILINEATA Packard.

Color usually chestnut brown, sometimes darker; surface
smooth and polished; head, thorax and appendages almost
smooth, with a few slightly depressed lines; maxillae always
reaching the caudal margin of the wings; pits along the caudal
margin of the mesonotum usually eleven, occasionally only ten;
mesothoracic spiracle with a very narrow elevation adjacent to
the caudal margin, and caudad of this a slight depression; ab-
domen rather coarsely punctate on the cephalic margin, the
punctures smaller and farther apart on the remainder of the
segment; abdominal spiracles lenticular but not depressed; cre-
master with the lateral margins distinctly converging to the tip,
usually less than 1 mm. in length, never with a rugose area at
base.

Length 16 to 20 mm.; greatest width 5 mm.

The larvae of this species have been collected in Maine
from oak, elm and linden. The larva enters the soil to pupate,
where it spins a loose web of silk to which the particles of soil
adhere, forming a sort of earthen cocoon.

Family PLATYPTERYGIDAE.

This family consists of four genera, and pupae of only two
of these have been seen. The larvae of Oreta rosea were col-

74 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

lected, but were not reared to maturity. The pupae of the two
genera vary considerably in some respects, but are very similar
in others. They have the maxillae very short, about one-third
the length of the wings. The legs are of normal length, both
the prothoracic and mesothoracic meeting on the meson ‘caudad
of the maxillae. The antennae are about the width of the pro-
thoracic legs at their proximal end and are gradually narrowed
towards the tip. They are slightly longer than the mesothoracic
legs. The tips of the metathoracic legs are always exposed.
The metathoracic wings are always visible on the ventral sur-
face of the body. They meet on the meson caudad.of the meso-
thoracic legs and then separate to show the metathoracic iegs.
They are also visible along the caudal margin of the mesothor-
acic wings. The thorax is of normal length and the mesothor-
acic spiracles are slit-like. The abdomen is punctate, with a
dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth segments.
This furrow is never as well-defined as in the Geometridae. The
abdominal spiracles are usually quite large and in a straight line.
No spiracular furrows are present. A cremaster is always pres-
ent and may or may not have hooked setae.

So far as known the members of this family do not pupate
in the ground, but in a thin cocoon, or attached to a web of silk
by the cremaster. The genera described here may be separated
as follows:

a. Cremaster with prominent hooked setae; prothorax with a
prominent median ridge which shows as a median cephal-
ic projection on the ventral surface; body densely covered
with whitish bloom. Falcaria.

aa. Cremaster without prominent hooked setae; prothorax

without a prominent median ridge, the front having two
prominent cephalic projections; body never with bloom
on any part of its surface. Dre pana.

Genus FALCARIA Haworth.

Body of usual shape, and densely covered with a whitish
bloom; face-parts slightly elevated, an irregular tubercle on
the front adjacent to the proximal end of each antenna; caudal
portion of the clypeal region distinctly elevated to form a large
rounded tubercle; prothoracic leg extending cephalad between

Pupagt oF Some Marne Species oF NotopoNTOIDEA 75

the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; antennae about seven-
eighths the length of the wings, the distal end of each curved
slightly laterad, widest at the cephalic end where they exceed the
greatest width of the prothoracic legs and narrowed gradually
to half this width at the distal end; maxillae slightly more than
one-third the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles
never extending to the eye-pieces ; labial palpi entirely concealed ;
prothoracic legs three-fifths the length of the wings, the distal
third of their length meeting on the meson caudad of the max-
illae ; mesothoracic legs about five-sixths the length of the wings,
and meeting on the meson caudad of the prothoracic legs for
about the same distance; tips of the metathoracic legs showing
on the meson between the wings; metathoracic wings exposed
on the ventral surface, meeting on the meson just caudad of the
mesothoracic wings and extending along the mesal margin of
the mesothoracic wings to their caudal margin, and visible most
of the way across to the lateral margin; prothorax with a prom-
inent ridge on the meson, visible in ventral view; mesal length
of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic
spiracles slit-like; metathorax shorter than usual, its mesal
length one-sixth that of the mesothorax; abdominal segments
1 to 8 with medium sized punctures and sparsely covered with
small curved spines which are more numerous near the spiracles
and the scars of the ventral prolegs, the transverse conjunctiva
covered with small spines or spinous processes ; body setae aris-
ing from the bases of the larger spines; dorsal furrow present
between the ninth and tenth segments; abdominal spiracles
slightly sunken, lenticular in outline, the openings elliptical ;
cremaster triangular in outline, longer than broad and ending in
a group of stout hooked setae.

This genus includes a single species, Falcaria bilineata,
found throughout the Atlantic states.

FALCARIA BILINEATA Packard.

Fig. 6, F and H.

Color dark brown, but covered with dense, rather flocculent,
whitish bloom; head, thorax and appendages considerably rough-
ened with indeterminate, transverse impressed lines; labrum
somewhat quadrangular, the caudal margin slightly notched;

76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

clypeal region elevated to form a prominent quadrangular tu-
bercle bearing two prominent setae; tubercle at the proximal
end of each antenna also bearing prominent setae; antennae
tuberculate, the three rows of tubercles arranged transversely ;
surface of thorax more roughened than that of the head and
with a small, irregular tubercle at the base of each important
seta; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal seg-
ments distinct, the caudal margin not more strongly chitinized
and toothed as in the Geometridae; tenth segment (Fig. 6, F)
with a distinct V-shaped depression at the proximal end of the
cremaster, the triangular area between considerably more el-
evated than the remainder of the segment; cremaster triangular
in outline, rugose, the lateral margins convex, and narrowed to
a rounded tip, then flaring suddenly on each side to form a
spiny process which is much shorter than the stout curved setae ;
four stout hooked setae inserted at the meson at the caudal end
of the cremaster and one inserted on each side on the ventral sur-
face just caudad of the lateral projections of the cremaster.

Length about 12 mm.; greatest width 4 mm.

The larvae of this species were collected on the leaves of
gray birch June 26. They are peculiar in that they have no
well developed anal prolegs. The last segment bears a cylindri-
cal projection which sticks up and away from the surface of the
leaf. The body is roughened and somewhat granular with some
wart-like projections on the mesothorax and metathorax and
the second abdominal segment. The colors are yellowish or
golden brown, with darker brown markings. They spin a thin
yellowish cocoon which is usually fastened to the under side of
the leaf. Often the leaf is curled over the cocoon so as to con-
ceal it. The pupae are at first a bright yellow brown, but after
a day turn dark brown and the bloom appears. The adults
emerged July 23.

Genus DREPANA Schrank.

Body of usual shape with two prominent cephalic projec-
tions; face-parts not prominently elevated, the labrum beimg
slightly more convex than the remainder; eye-pieces reached
only by the prothoracie leg which extends for a short distance
between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; antennae
about four-fifths the length of the wings, widest at the proximal

PupaE oF SoME MAINE Species oF NOTODONTOIDEA 77

end, where they equal the width of the prothoracic legs; taper-
ing gradually to a pointed tip; maxillae about one-third the
length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles never extending
to the eye-pieces; labial palpi entirely concealed; prothoracic
legs almost three-fifths the length of the wings, meeting on the
meson caudad of the maxillae, for about two-fifths of their
length; mesothoracic legs a little shorter than the antennae,
meeting on the meson for about the same distance as the prothor-
acic legs; tips of metathoracic legs exposed between the meta-
thoracic wings; metathoracic wings meeting on the meson cau-
dad of the mesothoracic legs and extending along the mesal
margin of the mesothoracic wings to their caudal margin, be-
low which they are visible for the greater part of their length;
mesal length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax;
mesothoracic spiracles slit-like; metathorax short, its mesal
length only one-third that of the prothorax; abdominal seg-
ments 1 to 8 punctate, the punctures thickest along the cephalic
margin of the movable segments ; abdominal spiracles lenticular
in outline, the openings elliptical; cremaster triangular, the dis-
tal end widened out and somewhat spherical.

This genus includes but one eastern species Drepana arcuata
which is found throughout the Atlantic States.

DREPANA ARCUATA Walker.
Fig. 6, E.

Color on head, thorax, and appendages dark brown except
the tips of the cephalic projections which are reddish brown,
the abdomen dull green mottled with dark brown, the coloring
darkest on the dorsum; head, thorax and appendages consider-
ably roughened with indeterminate transverse impressed lines;
cephalic projections triangular, their tips slightly curved dorsad,
situated on the front adjacent to the proximal ends of the an-
tennae ; glazed eye-pieces, clypeus and front smooth and polished ;
thoracic segments with a slightly carinate median line; abdo-
men with the first eight segments punctate, the remainder
smooth ; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth segments not
distinct forming an indistinct V-shaped depression at the base of
the cremaster ; cremaster slightly rugose, the basal part triangu-

78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917.

lar, then a narrow, cylindrical portion which expands into a
wider, knob-like end with a row of inconspicuous projections on
the dorsal surface.

A pupa of this species was collected from white birch, Aug-
ust 3. The cremaster was entangled in a web of silk on the
underside of a leaf, but there was no cocoon present. The adult
emerged August 15.

The larvae of these are dark red above and have a pair
of prominent tubercles on the first abdominal segment.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Pa: antennae

al-al0. abdominal segments 1-10.

ao. anal opening.

at. invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium.
Cl clypeus.

cm. cephalic margin of an abdominal segment.
cr: cremaster.

es. epicranial suture.

i; front.

oe E femur of the prothoracic leg.

ge. glazed eye-piece.

go. genital opening.

1b. labrum.

11 prothoracic leg.

22 mesothoracic leg.

33 metathoracic leg.

Ip. labial palpi.

ms. mesothorax.

msp. mesothoracic spiracle.

mt. metathorax. :
mx. maxillae.

p. prothorax.

S. spiracle.

se. sculptured eye-piece.

sf. spiracular furrow.

ts. tubercle scar.

Vv. vertex.

w ol. mesothoracic wing. .

w 2. metathoracic wing.

Fig. 2, A to I.

A Hypothetical pupa, ventral view.
B Hypothetical pupa, dorsal view.
C Cosymbia lumenaria, ventral view, female.

PuparE oF SoME MAINE SpeEcIES oF NoTODONTOIDEA 79

Sicya macularia, ventral view, male.

Ania limbata, ventral view, male. —

Cleora pampinaria, ventral view, female.

Sicya macularia, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Ania limbata, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Cleora pampinaria, spiracle and spiracular furrow.

Fig. 3, A to F.

Erannis tiliaria, dorsal view.

Erannis tiliaria, ventral view, male.
Paleacrita vernata, ventral view, female.
Paleacrita vernata, lateral view.

Aplodes mimosaria, ventral view, female.
Diastictis ribearia, ventral view, male.

to K.

Hydria undulata, ventral view, male.

Sabulodes lorata, ventral view, female.

Cingilia catenaria, ventral view, female.

Hydria undulata, dorsal view of fifth abdominal segment.
Sabulodes lorata, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Cingilia catenaria, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Diastictis anataria, dorsal view of cremaster.

Diastictis anataria, ventral view of cremaster.

Diastictis ribearia, dorsal view of cremaster.

Diastictis ribearia, ventral view of cremaster.

Sabulodes transversata, dorsal view of tenth segment and

cremaster.

Hen Ot ay

Fig. 4,

io7 7.
Schizura concinna, ventral view, female.
Schizura ipomeae, dorsal view.
Melalopha inclusa, ventral view, female.
Datana angusu, ventral view, male.
Datana angusti, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Datana major, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Datana integerrima, dorsal view of tenth segment and cre-
master.
Datana ministra, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Melalopha inclusa, cremaster.
Harpyia borealis, ventral view, male.

to H.
Symmerista albifrons, ventral view, male.
Symmerista albifrons, abdominal spiracle.
Heterocampa guttivitta, ventral view, female.
Heterocampa guttivitta, dorsal view.
Drepana arcuata, ventral view, female.
Falcaria bilineata, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster.
Apatelodes torrefacta, ventral view, male.
Falcaria bilineata, ventral view, female.

Fig. 5,

Fig. 6,

MOA r> pH OFNMONW> > AMM TONGA > > TMmdoOW>

NoTODONTOIDEA

PupaAE OF SoME MAINE SpéEcIES OF