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EXPERIMENT STATION LIBRARY

Bulletin 270

March, 1933

AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH

IN

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Annual Report of the Director

of the New Hampshire Agricultural

Rxperiment Station for the Year

1932

J. C. KENDALL, Director

INDEX

Page
Agricultural Chemistry 12

Spray Residue Small, 12

Studying Fatty Materials in Feeds, 24
Agricultural Economics 8

Cost Studies on Grade A and Grade B Dairies, 8

Surveying Land Uses in Back Country, 9

Efficiency Studies Show Tumbling Incomes, 9

Shaping Roughage-Production Program, 10

Fruit Farm Studies, 11

Agronomy, Fertilizers and Rotations on Trial 6

Animal Husbandry 5

Early Hay, 5

Respiration Chamber Apparatus, 5

Metabolism of Horse, 5

Energy Requirements of Pigs, 6

After Superior Sheep, 6
Botany 12

Control of Poison Ivy, 12

LeafroU Affected by Temperature Changes, 12

Control of Apple Scab, 13

Water Supply and Hardiness, 13

Preserving Burgundy Mixture, 13

Dairy, Contagious Abortion Eradicated 22

Rural Electricity 14

Electrical Farm Load Desirable, 14

Dry Storage of Milk Favorable, 14
Entomology 11

Hope for New Contact Insecticide, 11

Apple Maggot Defies Spraying, 12

Forestry, Study of Forest Recreation in Sandwich 13

Horticulture 14

Yields Not Affected by Pruning Methods, 14

Best Nitrogen Readily Available, 15

Nitrogen Boosts Peach Yields, 15

Best Apple-Storage Temperatures Suggested, 15

Storage IDelay Reduces Brown Core, 16

Pollenizers on Trial, 17

Observations on Fruit-Bud Formation, 17

Electric Hot Beds Practical, 17

Tomatoes Grow Well in Sand, 17

Three-Vine Hills of Squash Yield Most, 18

May Plantings of Cabbage Do Best, 18

Phosphorus and Potash Compared, 18

Vegetable Strains are Compared, 18

Grapes, Strawberry, Apple Varieties Tested, 19

Mineral Fertilizers Doubtful for Strawberries, 19
Poultry ^ 19

High-Protein Ration for Battery Brooding, 19

Soy-Bean Meal Stimulating, 20

Vitamin A Best from Many Sources, 20

Brooding Temperatures Show Variation, 21

Conclusions from Paralysis Studies, 21

Coccidiosis Treatments Named, 21

Fowl-Pox Vaccine Needs Refrigeration, 22

Poultry Diagnoses Show Drop in Pneumonia, 22

Eradication of Pullorum Disease, 22

Headway Made Against Pullorum Disease, 23

R. O. P. Work Makes Good Showing. 23

Renewed Interest in Certification Possible, 23
Inspection Service, Financial Statement, Staff 24-26

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT STATION FOR THE YEAR 1932

J. C. KENDALL, Director

In a year when the economics of every question has required the
keenest study, agriculture is fortunate to have had some background
of research through which to view its many problems.

New Hampshire farmers have had their share of those problems.
With falling milk markets, drought and short hay crop, low prices
for potatoes, gluts on eggs and broilers, credit difficulties, depressed
buying power of consumers, the increased tax burden due to industrial
unemployment, to say nothing of the regular run of insect and disease
troubles, it has not been an easy year. The advice of the Experiment
Station staff has been sought in more varied ways probably than ever
before in the history of the institution; and it has been most impor-
tant that such advice should be built on a sound basis of ascer-
tained facts.

Early in the spring of 1932 groups of representative farm leaders
from each county were in\'ited to the university to consider in detail
both the research and extension programs in poultry, potatoes and
dairying. These conferences were meant to serve as a check of prac-
tical farm experience against the program of the Station and the Ex-
tension Service. There was opportunity for friendly discussion, for
questions and answers and for deliberative action. The groups not
only approved the plans now in progress; they sought eagerly for
further light on other problems. Noticeable in the discussions was the
fact that the economic phases received practically as much attention
as the production phases. This would have been impossible ten years
ago before the passage of the Purnell Act, which made federal funds
for economic investigations first available.

The economic studies in dairying, poidtry, fmit and potatoes have
already provided important data on which to base recommendations,
and have opened up new avenues of approach. Similarly, the soil
fertility stuclies conducted in representative sections have made possi-
ble more specific and detailed counsel on roughage production. Farmers
who followed the Station's advice as to annual legimies this year were
in a much better position to face the hay shortage which prevailed in
the southern part of the state.

The year saw the completion of the studies in poultry economics,
wholesale milk farms, consumption of milk, head lettuce production
and marketing and in the spray studies wdth Burgundy mixtures. The
five-year investigation of uses of electricity on representative farms,
conducted in cooperation with the State Committee on the Relation of
Electricity to Agriculture, was also completed, and the results have
been brought down to date in final publication.

4 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

The economic research with fruit has pointed to the necessity for
an intensive study of spray management practices and their effect on
the crop; such studies were begun on 50 commercial fruit farms
during the year.

The question of land utilization has been of increasing concern in
the state during recent years, bound up as it is with the changes in
commodity production, urban-rural shifts in population, maintenance
of highways and schools, and the possible options for use of farm
labor. Preliminary studies in town mapping were followed up this
5'ear with a more comprehensive program of investigation in this field.

Other new projects deal with the marketing problems of Laconia
milk and with an extension of the metabolism studies in animal nutri-
tion to other animals, viz., the horse, goat and pig.

The work in rural electricity has been broadened during the year
to cover the field of agricultural engineering.

There have been few changes in staff. The appointment of Prof.
M. Gale Eastman as associate dean of the agricultural college has
made it advisable to employ an assistant economist in the person of
H. C. Grinnell, formerly with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment
Station. W. W. Shirley, librarian, resigned during the year, and M.
A. Miller of New York has taken his place. Other resignations were
those of R. B. Dearborn, and Neil Stuart, assistants in horticulture;
Clarence Winchester, graduate assistant in animal husbandry; and S.
J. Fisher, graduate assistant in chemistry. L. R. Bryant has been ap-
pointed graduate assistant in horticulture, and H. A. Davis, in agri-
cultural and biological chemistry; H. N. Colby has been appointed
assistant in agricultural engineering.

New publications were issued during the years as follows;

Bulletin 258— Results of Seed Tests for 1931.

2.59— Inspection of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1931.
" 260 — An Economic Study of Dairy Farming in Grafton County,

New Hampshire, 1930.
" 261 — The Energy and the Protein Content of Edible Food Waste
and Mixed Meals in Sorority and Fraternity Houses.
, " 262 — Agricultural Research in New Hampshire.
" 263 — Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers for 1931.
" 264 — Survey of Land Holdings in Towns of Fremont and Bosca-

wen, N. H.
" 265 — Economic Study of New Hampshire Poultry Farms.
" -266 — Electricity on New England Farms — II.

Circular 38^ — Certification of Poultry.

" 39 — Head Lettuce in New Hampshire.

Technical Bulletin 48 — Sodium Soaps of the Normal Saturated Fatty Acids.
" " 49 — Amount and Variability of Spray Residue on New

Hampshire Baldwins.
" 50 — Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Young

Ai)ple Trees a.s Affected by Excessive Applications
of Sodium Nitrate.
51 — The Performance of Certain Contact Agents on
Various Insects.
" " 52— An Automatic Method for Collecting Solid and

Liquid Excreta from Cows in Digestion Experi-
ments.

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 5

- Scientific Contribution 30 — Cod Liver Meal Experimentation on Chicks

and Breeding Birds.
" " 31 — Significance of the Probable Error as Applied

to Field Experiments with Apple Trees.
" " 32 — Comparative Growth Characteristics of the

Baldwin and Mcintosh Apples.
" " 33 — The Determination of Lime Requirement by

the Direct Addition of Calcium Carbonate.
" 34 — The Determination of Sugars in Plant Extracts.

" " 35 — Further Observations on Factors Affecting

Fruit Setting of the Mcintosh Apple in New
Hampshire.
36— Cold Storage Tests with Mcintosh Under
Forced Air Circulation.

Early Cut Hay Wins in Nutrition Study

Feeding experiments with dairy cows in the respiration chamber
have established the superiority of early cut haj^ on three counts:
digestibility, energy supply and nitrogen balance.

The studies were a part of the nutrition experiments conducted by
E. G. Ritzman in cooperation with Dr. F. G. Benedict, of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington.

Four purebred Holstein cows were fed timothy cut June 20 before
bloom, July 17 during early bloom and July 30 after seed had formed.
Average digestibility ranged from 66 per cent for the early to only
50 per cent for the latest. Thus the early was one-third more diges-
tible than similar hay cut after seed had formed.

The net energy supplied by the early hay was nearly 59 therms
per 100 pounds of feed; by the late-bloom kind, about 50 therms; and
by that cut in seed, about 41 therms.

Protein in the early hay proved to be over 60 per cent digestible,
while in the latest it was only about one-third digestible. The latest
hay barely supplied maintenance requirements; the early a surplus of
protein equal to that contained in from eight to ten pounds of milk.
This was stored by the animal. (Purnell Fund)

A New Apparatus

Apparatus for measuring metabolism in connection with the large
respiration chamber has been entirely replaced by equipment of an
entirely new and original design, developed by Dr. Benedict.

Improved apparatus has also been installed for collecting separately
the urine and feces in digestion balances with cows. The loss of urine
is now limited to less than three per cent of the total. {Miscellaneous
Income) .

Metabolism of the Horse

Further metabolism experiments show that a horse produces about
double the heat of an adult man, or around 1,700 calories per square
meter. One of the striking features of this work by E. G. Ritzman
is the indication that the horse carries a much greater glycogen re-
serve than other animals, which accounts partly for his greater powers
01 endurance. Steers and cows give respiratory evidence of fasting

6 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

within 36 to 60 hours when on test, but the Percheron mare in the pre-
sent study did not show a fasting respiratory quotient until after 120
hours. {Adams Fund)

Energy Requirements of Pigs

The energy needed for mere existence, which is known as the basal
energy requirement, amounts to 1,200 calories per square meter of size
in the pig. This is the indication of results thus far obtained in met-
abolism studies with two Berkshire sows one year of age. The pro-
cedure was to measure their energy production on two consecutive
days while they were being fed and then again on the second and
third day of fasting. E. G. Ritzman. {Adams Fund)

After Superior Sheep

The process of crossing the Southdown-Rambouillet strain estab-
lished at this Station with the multi-nippled strain established by Alex-
ander Graham Bell has been continued by E. G. Ritzman. The South-
down-Rambouillet is a compact type of good mutton conformation
producing V2 blood and % blood wool. In the process of crossing with
the Bell strain it has been the object to retain all these physical char-
acteristics and to add to them a high fecundity so that they will pro-
duce largely twins and also to add the four functional nipples from
the Bell strain.

Considerable progress has been made so far as multi-nipples is con-
cerned. In the 68 lambs born this year the nipple traits were as fol-
lows: 6 nipples — 1; 5 nipples — 6; 4 nipples — 39; 3 nipples — 9; and
2 nipples — 13. In many of these indivicluals the extra nipples, of
course, will not prove functional so that a rigid selection will ultimately
have to be macle of those that will prove functional and particularly
of those that will prove capable of transmitting the trait.

At the request of the Rothamsted Experiment Station two young
rams of this flock possessing the multi-nipple trait were recently sent
to England for breeding purposes. One of these, possessing five nipples,
is a direct descendant of the Bell strain. The other, also possessing
five nipples, is the result of the Bell strain and the Southdown-Ram-
bouillet strain established at this Station. {Adams Fund)

Fertilizers and Rotations on Trial

Hay, legumes and a dairy-farm rotation on neglected hay lands,
potatoes in a three-year rotation, legumes in the Connecticut valley,
and top-dressing for old pastures — these are being investigated by Ford
S. Prince, Paul T. Blood, T. G. Phillips and G. P. Percival.

The results of six years of work with hay on neglected hay lands
are now being compiled for publication.

Alfalfa, soy beans, and sweet clover were tried on neglected hay
lands in Greenland. All soil treatments including manure or potash
gave significant results this year with the old alfalfa. Data on five
years' work are to be published in bulletin form soon. Newly-seeded
alfalfa plots did not respond satisfactorily, due to lack of rain.

On the Greenland soil lime seemed to be the element needed for

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 7

the development of soy beans. Manure also gave good results. Va-
riety tests showed Black Eyebrow beans to be the best yielders, with
Mukden second, Pekwa third, Manchu fourth and Dunfield fifth.
Their respective yields in pounds per acre were: 1,275, 1,238, 1,228,
1,187, and 1,078. Considering both yield and fineness of foliage to
determine forage value, Pekwa takes first place, Black Eyebrow sec-
ond, Mukden third, Manchu fourth, and Wilson 5 fifth place.

Basic slag as a substitute for lime and superphosphate was tested
in the production of sweet clover. The conclusion is that if used in
sufficient amounts it is probably satisfactory. If costs are considered,
however, the use of slag will not be attractive until future trials in-
dicate better returns from smaller amounts, or the price drops.

Begun in 1926 in Boscawen, the experiment with dairy-faiTn rota-
tion on worn-out hay land will be moved to Chichester and changed
to admit potatoes as a cash crop. The Boscawen field proved to be
unsuited to the production of biennial or perennial legume crops, due
to the fact that low areas held water and ice practically every winter.

The 1932 trials with soy beans at Boscawen showed a response to
lime of nearly one-half ton of dry hay per acre. About a quarter of
a ton additional hay was obtained from the combined use of phos-
phorus and potash.

Magnesium sulphate was used for the first time this year in the
three-j^ear rotation of potatoes, oats and clover at Colebrook. The
increase of approximately 32 bushels of potatoes per acre over the
check plot with its treatment of one ton of 5-8-7, suggests that the
use of magnesium sulphate is significant. In the rotation fertilizer is
applied only to potatoes, and on certain plots where lime is used it
is spread immediately after the potatoes are haiwested.

Hay did best on the plots which received lime. The best oats came
from the plots which received 3,000 pounds of 5-8-7.

Legume production in the Connecticut valley near Claremont re-
vealed that the best growth of sweet clover and alfalfa comes from
plots treated with potash. Lime and potash yielded about 2,800 pounds
more sweet clover per acre than the untreated check plot; lime, phos-
phorus and potash, 1,880 pounds more; and lime, nitrogen, phosphorus
and potash, 2,065 pounds more.

In the case of alfalfa the increase over the untreated check plot was
1,744 pounds of hay per acre for potash alone; 2,418 pounds for lime
and potash; 2,877 for lime, potash and phosphorus; 2,543 for potash
and phosphorus; 3,583 for nitrogen, potash and phosphorus; and 3,877
for lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.

Checks on the effect of top-dressing old pastures were made in 11
places in eight New Hampshire counties in 1932, following several
years of the same work previously. In Stratham the greatest jneld of
protein per acre — 393 i^ounds — came from the plot receiving 16 per
cent superphosphate and muriate of potash every three years. Plots
getting no treatment yielded only about 180 pounds of protein per acre.

Other pastures in the state containing wild white Dutch clover and
still others with no clover responded best to the combined treatment
of lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. This combined treatment
consisted of one and one-half tons of ground limestone per acre, 300

8 N. H. Agkic. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

pounds of a 15% nitrogen carrier annually, 600 pounds of 16 per-cent
superphosphate every three years and 200 pounds of muriate of potash
every three years. {Purnell Fund)

Milk-Marketing Costs Examined

Because conditions in Laconia are considered typical for those of
other small cities and towns of New Hampshire, an examination of
milk-marketing costs was begun last spring in the lake city by E. H.
Rinear and H. C. Moore.

The investigators found 87 licensed milk distributors with individ-
ual sales ranging from 24 to 400 quarts daily. Price cutting was
common. Marketing costs varied greatly.

Because pasteurization may eventually become compulsory, the aim
of the inquiiy is to inform the producers so that they may determine
the best course for improving the quality of their milk and reducing
their costs of distribution.

Winter bacterial counts on 64 samples varied from 1,800 per c. c. to
1,200,000, with about 30 per cent over 50,000. The 57 summer samples
varied from 3,100 to 2,000,000, with only 12 per cent under 10,000
and 38 per cent over 50,000.

Butterfat and solids tests were high. Only one sample showed in-
dication of watering, testing 2.9 per cent fat and 10.72 per cent total
solids. The Avinter samples ran higher than the summer one in fat
and total solids. Sediment disks indicated lack of care in producing
and handling most of the milk.

Quantity and cost records revealed that 55 producer-distributors
sold bottled milk and cream to houses, stores and hotels; 11 producers
sold regularly to other distributors; and 3 distributors purchased milk
regularly from more than one source.

The yearly selling price of 47 producer-distributors ranged from 5.7
to 13 cents and averaged 9.6 cents per quart. Current expenses ranged
from .03 to 1.06 cents per quart and averaged .38.

The average price received by the 47 producers for their milk and
labor was 8.33 cents per quart. The difference between this and the
average N. E. M. P. A., Class I, net price of 3.92 cents at the farm
amounts to 4.41 cents per quart and represents the returns for the
labor of bottling and distributing the milk. This return for labor
varied from 17 cents to $2.34 per hour. [Purnell Fund)

Cost Studies on Grade A and Grade B Dairies

Detailed information has been obtained on 81 Grade-A dairies and
19 Grade-B farms to show the comparative costs of each type of pro-
duction and the most economical methods of preventing bacterial de-
velopment when milking, cooling, trucking, assembling, transporting
and distributing milk. E. H. Rinear and H. C. Moore are doing
this work.

The records on the 100 farms show the type and size of stable and
milkhouse; milking equipment and its location; sanitary conditions;
practices in caring for cows before milking, cooling the milk, and
washing and sterilizing equipment; amount of ice or electricity used

March, 1933J Agric. Research in New Hampshire ^ 9

and cost; amount of sawdust and cost; time required to clean cows
and stable, to milk, to wash equipment, and to deliver milk; extra
cash expense for equipment, buildings and repairs; and extra time
needed in producing grade A as compared with grade B milk.

Milk from all the farms is being shipped through the same Grade-A
station, and records are available from this station for a two-year per-
iod on bacteria, sediment, butterfat, weights and premiums for each
shipper. {Purnell Fund)

Surveying Land Uses in Back Country

A survey of land uses in back areas of southern Grafton county
was begun last sj^ring, with the town of Dorchester having been mapped
in detail by C. E. Walker, showing that less than four per cent of the
29,271 acres is tillage land, less than eight per cent pasture, and about
87 per cent woodland. H. C. Woodworth and M. F. Abell are di-
recting this research.

Further mapping will show a comparison of the amount of land
fanned today with that of 60 years ago when farming was at its
height. A property map is being made as a basis for detemiining
ownership, extent of summer properties, size of the average farai, tim-
ber holdings, and other facts.

To supply data for the formulation of a state land-utilization policy
is the aim of this inquiry. Consideration will be given to plans for
abandoning certain areas or farais which are uneconomic from the
standpoint of financial and social opportunities for individual families,
and of public expenditures for maintaining roads, schools and similar
community services. Procedure will be suggested to aid the develop-
ment of agricultural, forest, recreational and social resources.

Regarding the Dorchester pasture area, 44 per cent of the 2,248
acres is overgrown with trees, and only 23 per cent is classified as in
excellent condition.

Of the 25,516 acres of woodland, nearly two-thirds is northern hard-
woods with beech, yellow birch, and hard maple predominating.

The increase in spruce and spruce hardwood in the 40 to 60-year
classes is due to abandonment of farms, which started about the end
of the Civil war. The 100-year class is old-growth stock. The areas
classified as 150 years old are decadent.

A rough estimate of the timber by K. E. Barraclough and C. S. Herr
indicates a stand of 4,552,053 cubic feet of merchantable hardwood,
6,526,128 cubic feet of soft wood, 150,865 cords of hardwood in ad-
dition to that suitable for lumber, and 4,000,000 board feet of pine.
It was also estimated that the woodlands produce annually 325,400
cubic feet of logs suitable for lumber, about 200,000 of which is soft
wood. The total growth, including tliat not merchantable for lumber,
is about 675,225 cubic feet. {Purnell Fund)

Efficiency Studies Show Tumbling Incomes

The family labor income on 38 dairy farms in Grafton county
dropped from an average of nearly $1,100 in 1930 to $282 in 1932.

10 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

Gross receipts declined steadily from $5,800 in 1930 to $3,700 this
year. Gross expenses averaged $4,100 in 1930 and $2,800 in 1932.

The average receipts from the sale of milk tumbled $1,400 in the
three j^ears.

These are figures from one phase of the dairy-efficiency studies now
nearing completion. They have been conducted by H. C. Woodworth
and C. W. Harris, Jr., with the special assistance of Emil Rauchen-
stein of the United States department of agriculture, and present a
picture of the wholesale-milk producers' situation during the period
of price deflation.

The project was launched to discover why some men accomplish
more than others and how they do it. Chore records were made on
several farms as another feature of this investigation.

In one instance two men cared for 60 cows and 40 head of young
stock in a total of eight hours daily. This included hauling manure
to the fields and spreading it. Four hours was the total time given to
the day's milking: 4.3 minutes per cow or 21.8 minutes per 100 pounds
of milk. Three single-unit milking machines were used. The opera-
tor was especially dexterous in changing them from one cow to another.
Little milk was obtained from hand-stripping.

Records were made on two other farms of the travel of the operator
in doing chores. This was done by laying a string along his path on
a plan of the barn drawn to scale. One of these showed one and
one-half miles of walking to clean the stable, water the cows and
do the milking.

A map of the tillage land was also made on each farm and crop-
ping systems suggested. {Purnell Fund)

Shaping Roughage-Production Program

Because plenty of good home-grown roughage is needed for success-
ful dairying in New Hampshire, a practical roughage-production pro-
gram is now being shaped, based on information obtained by M. F.
Abell from 328 farms throughout the state, 281 of which grow silage.

As to cropping system the study revealed that on the basis of 1930
yields a herd of 32 cows can be maintained by growing 41 acres of
hay and 9 of silage. For this combination of crops, labor on hay is
spread over about five weeks' time from early cutting of grass and
clover to late cutting of Hungarian millet and soybeans. One-third
of the work on silage was manuring and fitting before haying started
and the other two-thirds involved a two-weeks' period in the fall
after haying.

By raising silage corn, the period of roughage harvest may be ex-
tended two weeks. This eliminates the severe peak in the labor load
that results in the harvest of the larger acreage of roughage if only
hay is grown. Without silage, 32 cows require 65.5 acres of hay.

On those farms with corn in the rotation, the acre-yield of hay aver-
aged 14 per cent more than on the farms without silage. {Purnell Fund)

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 11

Fruit Farm Studies

The organization of fruit farms has been studied by H. C. Wood-
worth and G. F. Potter from the data of the intensive orchard study.
It has been noted that with all operations except spraying and har-
vesting there is considerable leeway as to just when the work must
be done; consequently, the labor requirements on apples can be shifted
without detriment to the apple yield or quality. Three growers pro-
duced a limited acreage of strawberries supplementary to their apple
business. The only serious conflict for the operators' labor seemed to
be between spraying apples and setting out and hoeing strawberries.
The apple growers shifted the usual requirements on strawberries
somewhat and were able to take care of them at times when spray-
ing could not be done on account of rain or wind. Moreover, it was
found that the time of the spray crew could be used tO' better ad-
vantage if there was production work to do when weather conditions
were not suitable for spraying.

On two farms practically no additional help except at harvest was
required to grow about an acre of strawberries supplementary to the
large orchard. On one fami three acres of strawberries required some
additional labor, but in the main the work on strawberries could be
fitted into the orchard enterprise.

While noraially potatoes would conflict seriously with apples at
harvest time, one grower was able to harvest three acres of potatoes
between the picking of Wealthy and Baldwin apples. This enabled
him to find production work for his pickers and he could hold them
until the Baldwins were to be harvested. {Purnell Fund)

Hope for New Contact Insecticide

Hope that new contact insecticides will be devised which are capa-
ble of giving better and safer performance than materials hitherto
used is expressed by W. C. O'Kane as a result of studies indicating
the important relationship between intrinsic toxicity and dispersion
and physical state of a chemical.

Further results of studies in this project were published during the
year in Technical Bulletins 48 and 51. The first concerned the sodium
soaps of the normal saturated fatty acids and their contact perform-
ance on paraffin and on the larva of the common meal worm. The
second had to do with the action of several contact agents on the
skin or covering of various insects representing 15 different species.
Contact agents used included sodium laurate, triethanolamine oleate,
saponin, and penetrol.

Further inquiry was made as to the sensitive areas on the exposed
surfaces of the larva of the common meal worm. It was found that
an insect may be profoundly upset or even killed by the application
of a suitable chemical to such areas, apparently without access of the
chemical to the tracheal tubes.

This study led to a new technique for the exploration of chemical
substances that might serve as contact insecticides. A description of
this new technique and the studies on which it is based will be pub-
lished shortly. {Purnell Fund)

12 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

Apple Maggot Defies Spraying

Three years of spraying for apple maggot in orchards at Wonalacet,
X. H., have shown no appreciable reduction of the pest on sprayed
trees, reports W. C. O'Kane. The trees were given cover sprays on
dates determined by the time of emergence of the flies, and adjacent
shrubbery and trees also received the applications. In the check area,
where the drops were kept picked up, there was noticeable decrease
in infestation, especially in Mcintosh.

In feeding experiments at Durham conducted to learn more about
the toxicity of arsenate of lead to apple maggot flies, the mortality of
the flies in the check cages frequently exceeded that of the flies feed-
ing on poisoned foliage in other cages.

Additional studies are now under way in a commercial orchard
which had been severely infested. [Purnell Fund)

Spray Residue Small Despite Dry Season

Despite the unusually dry season of 1932 only a few samples of
apples were found to carry arsenic even slightly in excess of the tol-
erance, and these were selected from the lower part of the most heavily
sprayed trees, report G. P. Percival and G. F. Potter regarding their
investigations on spray residues.

From results on eight lots analyzed before and after, the practice
of wiping appears effective in reducing the spray residue to a safe
amount. It is not recommended for apples carrying arsenic in amounts
greatly in excess of the tolerance.

Three years' results of this study have been published and the re-
search continued on additional varieties in commercial orchards in
the state. Over 70 samples of apples, representing seven varieties and
various spray treatments, have been analyzed. {Purnell Fund)

Control of Poison Ivy

Discovery of anherbicide that will kill poison ivy and at the same
time benefit the soil is announced by 0. Butler, following experiments
with kainite. This fertilizing material which should preferably be
finely ground is broadcast on the ivy when the leaves are wet and is
not harmful to trees amidst which the poison ivy may be growing
nor to the soil. [Hatch Fund)

Leafroll Affected by Temperature Change

So far as mosaic is concerned, differences in temperature for growth
of parent potatoes and resulting seed stock are not significant, finds
0. Butler. In the case of leafroll, however, a well marked tendency
was found for plants to produce smaller tubers in successive genera-
tions even when grown yearty at the same temperature; and growing
plants at 15°C. from seed tubers obtained from plants grown at 20°C.
proved particularly injurious. [Purnell Fund)

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 13

Control of Apple Scab

Increasing the pressure for apple-scab sprays from 200 lbs. per
square inch to 300 and 400 lbs. does not improve control, finds 0.
Butler.

Substituting various sulphur sprays for lime-sulphur solution be-
ginning with the calyx spray gave poorer control of scab, although
the finish of the fruit was substantially better than that obtained when
lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead were used. The use of calcium arse-
nate in place of lead arsenate gave a finish almost as good as that ob-
tained with the sulphur sprays.

Date of leaf-fall has not been found a factor of primary importance
in the development of the scab fungus. {Hatch Fund)

Water Supply and Hardiness

Is hardiness of plants affected by differences in the water supply of
the soil? This ciuestion was studied by S. Dunn with potted cabbage
plants in soil containing water in amounts equal to 50, 60, 70 and 80
per cent of saturation. The per cent of water in the soil was not
found to have any direct bearing on hardiness nor to modify in any
respect the wide variations in hardiness exhibited by individual plants.
(Admns Fund)

Preserving Burgundy Mixture

As preservations for solutions of Burgundy mixture, tartaric acid,
citric acid and sodium arsenite were found by 0. Butler to be ex-
tremely effective. Calcium hydrate and gelatine were not found of
value. Mixtures preserved with these substances were in perfect con-
dition after the lapse of 545 days. Sodium arsenite, however, is not
to be recommended because the soluble arsenic resulting is sufficient to
cause serious injury to beans.

Studies were also made of the toxicity of sodium bicarbonate and
sodium sulphate which have at times been considered the principal
cause of injury produced by these washes. Neither salt proved in-
jurious. {Adains Fund)

Study of Forest Recreation in Sandwich

Professor H. R. Francis of Syracuse University spent the academic
year of 1931-32 as a graduate student at Durham and took as his
thesis subject a study of the recreation situation in Sandwich. This
town is at the base of the White Mountains and is therefore very
rough topographically. Naturally then much of the land which had
been cleared for tillage and pasture before the Civil War, reverted to
woods when the smoother western lands were opened up for settlement.
As a consequence there was a decrease in population from 2,744 in
1830 to 731 in 1930 with a corresponding abandonment of houses and
farmsteads. These dwellings and house sites are being gradually taken
up by summer residents who now own 16% of the area of the town
and pay 40% of the taxes. This property of the summer residents has
in fact been largely responsible for the increase in valuation on the
tax assessors' books from $592,538 in 1910 to $1,409,330 in 1930. In

14 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

other words, the use of this town for recreation has made it possible
to shift without serious economic wrenches from an extensive, self-
sustained unit type of fanning to the modern method of using only the
smoother lands for tillage and pasture. The summer people have spent
as high as $30,000 on their homes, but the average is $2,000 with an
additional $360 per family which they spend in the town each year
for milk, eggs, etc. {State Fund)

Electrical Farm Load Proves Desirable

Six years' figiu'es on the use of electricity on seven experimental
farms in the state, gathered in cooperation with the National and New
England Committees on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture,
were reported by W. T. Ackemian in Bulletin 266 during the year.

The analysis of total load developed by all the experimental farms
shows 31.2% to be very desirable, 48.3% desirable and 20.5% unde-
sirable in the effect on the power factor of central stations.

The better quality of electric load on farms, i. e., developing the
greatest kw.-hr. use in mid-summer, is particularly influenced by such
factors as: a greater balance of use on the farm than in the home;
the use made of refrigeration in the house and for milk and other prod-
ucts; the use of the combination range, booster type water heaters
and portable motors. This type of equipment accounted for 31.2%
of the total current used over the five-year period. {Miscellaneous
Income)

Dry Storage of Milk Proving Favorable

The data accumulated from continued work on the handling and
conditioning of milk for market, point still more distinctly to the super-
iority of the dry storage method (pre-cooling with brine and storing
in a dry storage) as compared to the wet tanlc method (hot milk im-
mersed in refrigerated water in cans), reports W. T. Ackerman.

The prevailing low price of milk and the proposed increased strin-
gency of the Boston market milk regulations (cooled to SO'' within
two hours time) place dairy farmers employing the wet tank method
ir a precarious position.

Results from experiments on some 30 practical farms using wet
tanks show a great variety of results, but particularly that unless
precoolers, water circulators, agitators or other supplementary equip-
ment are used, the wet tank method is slow and only in exceptional
cases could hot milk be cooled in the can to 50° in two hours time,
(temperature average of entire can). Slow rate of cold transfer, vari-
ation in water levels on the cans, lack of variable controls to adjust
for changing weather conditions and the overloading of equipment are
iuiportant causes of difficulty.

Various methods, whereby the speed of action of the wet tank method
may be increased through the use of precoolers and water agitators,
are being investigated. {Purnell Fund)

Yields Not Affected by Pruning Methods

Three different methods of pruning apple trees show no differences
in yield or trunk growth after 14 years, G. F. Potter reports. There

March, 1933J Agric. Research in New Hampshire 15

is some indication, however, that the vase form of tree has been pro-
duced without removing as much wood as in the case of the semi-
leader and full-leader heads; but this may be because more primary-
branches were left in the early years of the orchard's growth than was
necessary. In all cases more pruning was required to train the North-
ern Spy trees than the Mcintosh. {Hatch Fund)

Best Nitrogen is Readily Available

Nitrogen in the readily-available forms of nitrate of soda and sul-
phate of ammonia seems to give better results than complete fertilizer
for orchard use, according to tests at Durham, Wilton and Pittsfield.
A portion of the nitrogen in the complete fertilizer was supplied in
tankage.

The three-year average yield from the complete-fertilizer plots was
distinctly less in the sod orchard of mature Baldwins and somewhat
less in the sod and cultivated Mcintosh orchards, reports G. F. Potter,

The complete-fertilizer sod plots also showed a significant decrease
in the percentage of blossoms setting fruit, but an increase in the per-
centage of color. These differences were not found in the cultivated
orchard. The lower set, smaller yields and higher color are all typ-
ical of a reduced nitrogen supply. {Hatch Fund)

Nitrogen Boosts Peach Yields

Nitrogen boosts peach yields but potash is not valuable as a supple-
mentary fertilizer, conclusions of 10 years of work show. G. F. Potter
reports a 10-year average yield of 65 pounds of fruit per tree for plots
fertilized with nitrate of soda, 63 pounds for potash and nitrogen, and
44 pounds for no nitrogen. The nitrate was applied at the rate of
two pounds per tree. {Hatch Fund)

Best Apple-Storage Temperatures Suggested

In general, results with cold storage at 30° with both Mcintosh and
Baldwin have been disappointing owing to the low quality of the fruits
ripened at this temperature. Railroad worm larvae are killed after 35
to 40 days at both temperatures, possibly slightly more rapidly at 30°.
If no railroad worm is present, common storage at 40° to 50° gives best
results with fruit intended for fall use.

These are indications of 10 lines of storage investigations by E. J.
Rasmussen.

He reports on the effect of storage temperature on railroad worm in
Mcintosh and on other results as follows:

At 30 degrees no larvae were living at the end of 22 days, but about
six per cent of the fiiiit was tunneled with large runs. At 32 degrees
one per cent of the larvae was alive at 22 days, but none at 37 days.
Fifteen per cent of the fruit carried sizeable runs in storage at 32 degrees.

Scab spots on Baldwins and Mcintosh in storage increased in size
from November to July. The most rapid growth was on Baldwins,
the diameter increase totaling about 50 per cent by July 18 in 32-
degree storage. A further check on Baldwins indicates that scabby
apples lose moisture 25 to 75 per cent faster than uninfected fruits.

16 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

In comparison with 32-degree storage, Baldwins at 30 degrees re-
mained distinctly firmer in flesh and significantly more acid, and re-
tained a greener ground color, but the flavor never became as good.
Baldwins held in common storage remained superior in flavor and
quality until about January 1. Common storage is apparently pre-
ferable to cold storage at 30 or 32 degrees for fmit to be marketed
during November and December. Common-storage fruit declines rap-
idly in firmness and acidity, however, and develops a brown area
around the core and a breakdown at the surface considerably earlier
in the season than fruit in cold storage.

Baldwins weaken steadily in their resistance to pressure. Quality
is best when the pressure test is from 10 to 14 pounds. When this
drops below 10 the fruit tends to become mealy and over-ripe. The
best flavor is found when 25 to 35 c. c. of N/10 alkali are necessary
to neutralize the acid in 50 grams of apple flesh. Before this the
fruit seems too green and later it tastes rather flat. The ground color
is somewhat yellowish with a liberal tinge of green at the period of
highest dessert quality.

Further storage tests on Baldwins concerned the effect of orchard-
fertilizing methods. Fimmess of flesh was greatest in apples from the
cultivated plot fertilized with nitrogen. The ground color of this fmit
appeared distinctly more yellow throughout the year. The other two
plots were on sod, one getting nitrogen only and the other complete
fertilizer. The fruit from the three plots was picked on the same day.

Mcintosh remained more firm and higher in acidity and the ground
color greener in forced-air storage at 30 degrees, as compared with
forced-air and gravity circulation at 32 degrees and with common
storage at 40 to 45 degrees. Better flavor resulted in Mcintosh stored
at 32 degrees, except during a period in March and April. In common
storage flminess and acidity drop, ground color changes to yellow, and
final breakdown and decay occur, all of them rapidly. Flavor is dis-
tinctly better until December 1, when it begins to decline rapidly, al-
tliough the fruit remains in good market condition until March.
Brown-core develops least in this type of storage.

Comparative cold storage tests of Cortland and Mcintosh showed
that Cortland improved in quality, reaching its prime about March
15 as compared with January 1 for Mcintosh. Other distinct advan-
tages of the Cortland were the absence of brown core and the slight
breakdown up to June 1. On the other hand, it seems to be subject
to scald.

Storage Delay Reduces Brown Core

Five days delay between picking and storing almost eliminates
brown core in apples, according to a check on four lots of fruit, one
stored immediately after harvest, another five days later, a third after
an interval of 10 days, and the fourth in 20 days, all at 32 degrees.
By February 15, brown core had affected about 25 per cent of the
apples stored directly after picking. None of the five-day fruit was
affected at this date, and never more than 10 per cent at any later time.

General breakdown of the fruit is approximately the same in both
lots up to March 15. Although it later becomes more prevalent in

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 17

the lots delayed than in the one stored immediately, a larger propor-
tion of the five-day apples are marketable due to their practical free-
dom from brown core.

Little difference was noted in the finnness of the fmit in all lots by
June 1, but that stored five days late had lost 3 pounds in the pres-
sure test when put into storage, the 10-day apples 4% pounds and
the 20-day from 5 to 6 pounds. The delayed lots were kept at room
temperature previous to storage. The fruit given immediate storage
was distinctly firmer throughout the commercial period. It also tested
the highest in acidity and its ground color j^ellowed the least. The lot
stored after the 20th day was lowest in acidity, yellowed most, and
had the poorest flavor. (Purnell Fund)

Pollenizers on Trial

In the pollination studies, good sets were obtained on Mcintosh with
pollen of the Milton, Melba, Starking, Delicious, Cortland and Fa-
meuse. As in previous years, Baldwin was found to be useless as a
pollenizer in the Mcintosh orchard, according to L. P. Latimer. {Pur-
nell Fund)

Observations on Fruit-Bud Formation

Heavy applications of phosphorus failed to increase fruit-bud form-
ation significantly in the Woodman orchard in 1932.

Further field tests this year on the effect of time of application of
nitrogenous fertilizers do not alter conclusions previously drawn, re-
ports G. F. Potter. {Adams Fund)

Electric Hot Beds Practical

Electric hot beds in which heat is supplied by a nichrome-wire re-
sistance unit within a lead cable proved practical for New Hampshire
conditions in preliminary tests last spring. Electric energy consump-
tion per 3x6 hot-bed sash was 1.94 kw. hours per day in ]\Iarch and
a})i5roximately one hour in April and May.

The air temperature in the beds varied from 34 to 112 degrees in
March, 48 to 111 in April and 48 to 110 in May. The lowest outdoor
temperature was six degrees as recorded in March. The use of bur-
lap mats at night seemed to increase the average soil temperature and
is recommended both for safety and economy of operation. This in-
vestigation was in charge of J. R. Hepler. {Miscellaneous Income)

Tomatoes Grow Well in Sand

Tomatoes grown in sand and fed plant food in solution at the rate
ol one quart per week for each vine yielded better than those raised
in soil, according to two years' trials by J. R. Hepler.

During the spring months the Sunrise variety was grown success-
fullj^ in sand culture in the greenhouse, averaging 5.8 pounds of fruit
per plant. The Marglobe was tried as a winter crop in both sand
and soil cultures, yielding approximately 2.5 pounds in the sand and
slightly more than 1.5 pounds in the soil. The difference was due
largely to the bigger fniits in the sand crop. Point rot was prevalent
in the soil-grown fruits but not in the sand.

18 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

Variety tests in both sand and soil gave slightly better production
in the sand, averaging 6.6 of fruit per plant in sand and 5.9 pounds
in soil. Field station strains of Comet seemed best. Sunrise, Mar-
globe, Break-o-Day and field station of Blair Forcing and Lloyd
Forcing were also on trial, the latter two producing tomatoes uneven
in shape and too large for best market purposes in this section.

A one-inch layer of peat mixed in the soil is equal to a three-inch
coating of well-rotted stable manure for the production of tomatoes
in ground beds, further in\'estigations showed. Sterilization of part
of the soil did not seem to affect growth or yield. {Miscellaneous
Income)

Three-Vine Hills of Squash Yield Most

Three-vine hills of Blue Hubbard squash outyielded two and one-
vine hills, according to results from J. R. Hepler. The yields were
respectively 33, 28 and 24 pounds per hill. The one-vine hills pro-
duced 12.8-pound fruits and the three-vine 11.3-pound fruits. {Mis-
cellaneous Inconie)

May Plantings of Cabbage Do Best

The largest Penn State strain Danish Ball-Head cabbage was ob-
tained from seed sown in March and transplanted May 12 and 28, but
man}' of these six to seven-pound heads split and only about 60 per
cent were marketable as compared with May 12 and 28 seedings trans-
planted July 2. The heads of the latter were 75 per cent marketable
although they a^^eraged only 3I/2 to 4 pounds in weight. The majority
of the plants seeded earlier than May 1 formed seed stalks, only a small
percentage of the heads being marketable. These trial plantings were
made by J. R. Hepler on five dates from March 31 to May 28 and the
tiansplanting in the field between June 1 and July 2. {Miscella-
neous Income)

Phosphorus and Potash Compared

Squash were planted in 1932 on the phosphorus plots in which 20
tons of manure per acre supplemented by 500, 1000, and 1500 pounds
acid phosphate, is tested in comparison with 40 tons of manure per
acre and with an application of 1000 pounds muriate of potash. In
this instance no significant results were noted, such differences in
yield as occurred being attributable to disease which varied somewhat
between the different plots. J. R. Hepler in charge. {Hatch Fund)

Vegetable Strains are Compared

In cooperation with the South Carolina Experiment Station, seed
of several vegetables has been grown in New Hampshire and South
Carolina for five years in order to compare differences in maturity.
The following results are reported by J. R. Hepler for the New Hamp-
shire strains: Australian hulless pop corn, no appreciable difference in
maturity; Emerald Gem melon, yield about 37 per cent greater and
individual melons about 27 per cent larger, with apparently earlier
maturity, 67 per cent reaching marketable stage by Sept. 18 as com-
pared with only 47 per cent for the southern strain; Early Bountiful

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 19

beans, probably with uniform stand 'no difference in yield; Bonny
Best tomatoes, virtually no difference.

Of 19 varieties of tomatoes tested, Pritchard seemed to be the most
promising of the new sorts. Very late varieties like Norton and
Greater Baltimore suffered seriously from point rot under the very
dry conditions of 1932.

Eighteen strains of the third generation of Black Beauty-Dwarf
Purple eggplant cross were grown and considerable variation in uni-
formity noted. Black Beauty, an excellent quality variety, is too late
in maturity for successful culture in this section. Further tests will
be made with seed from these plants and from five other strains.
(Hatch Fund)

Grapes, Strawberry, Apple Varieties Tested

Ontario was the earliest grape to ripen and it produced a fair crop,
according to a report on variety tests of fruits by L. P. Latimer.
Other promising sorts were the Niagara, "Winchcll, Caco, CampbelFs
Early, Clinton, Herbert and Beta.

The Worden did not seem to have enough foliage to mature its
heavy crop satisfactorily; the Duchess produced a fair crop; the Port-
land did not do well enough to warrant recommending for this section.

The Cortland apple continues to win approval for the size and color
of its fruit and its yielding ability. It hangs well to the tree. It
seems more subject to attack by railroad worm than most other vari-
eties and it apparently is one of the kinds most susceptible to drought
spot and cork. Although not an early variety Golden Delicious was
also observed to be preferred by the adult flies of the railroad worm.

The New Howard 25 or Supreme strawberry materially outyielded
the older Howard 17 or Premier. It is a pistillate variety, requiring
some variety like the Premier planted with it. Later in ripening, it
is more resistant to the "yellows" which has been affecting the Premier
in recent years.

Among the newer varieties of raspberries Chief made the greatest
number of new canes. Viking made fewer but taller and stouter ones.
Lloyd George needs the support of a trellis. (Hatch Fund)

Mineral Fertilizers Doubtful for Strawberries

Ten years of observations on strawberries by L. P. Latimer show
that under New Hampshire conditions mineral fertilizers are of doubt-
ful value.

Two treatments were used last year, each on 11 plots of berries, and
these were checked with 11 untreated plots. One treatment consisted
of 250 pounds of acid phosphate per acre. 125 of sodium nitrate and 60
of potassium chloride. The other included 250 pounds of acid phos-
phate, 75 of tankage, 90 of sodium nitrate and 60 of potassium chloride,

High-Protein Ration for Battery Brooding

A ration carrying even more than 20 per cent protein may be ad-
visable for batteiy brooding of chicks, according to three years of re-
search by A. E. Tepper, T. B. Charles, and F. D. Reed. This showed

20 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Biil. 270

that an increase in protein from 15 to 20 per cent results in heavier
chicks at 12 weeks of age with no greater mortality.

Chickens on 15 per cent protein averaged 2.054 pounds apiece the
12th week and those on 20 per cent, 2.933 pounds. Each percentage
increase in protein gave a noticeable boost in weight. More feed was
consumed too by the higher-protein group, and it was used more
efficiently.

A definite conclusion is that the 20-per-cent ration is mO'St efficient
and that one having a protein content of 17 per cent or less is not
SO desirable.

Six groups of 50 chicks each were used each year in the experiment.
The ingredients consisted of yellow corn meal, wheat bran, white-fiour
middlings, ground oat groats, meat scraps, fish meal, dried skim milk,
alfalfa leaf meal, salt, and cod-liver oil and meal. {Purnell Fund)

Soy-Bean Meal Stimulating But Less Efficient

When substituted for meat scraps or fish meal in the New England
college-conference formula, soy-bean meal stimulates gro\\i:h in chicks
but is less efficient than the original ingredients. More feed is nec-
essary per pound of gain. Four lots of 50 New Hampshire Red chicks
were on test for 12 weeks in this investigation by T. B. Charles and
A. E. Tepper.

No. 1 received the standard conference ration.

No. 2 the same formula with the 50 pounds of meat scraps replaced
with soy-bean meal.

No. 3 got the standard ration with the 25 pounds of fish meal
omitted and soy-bean meal introduced.

No. 4 was given soy-bean meal in place of half the regular amount
of meat scraps.

The three lots getting soy-bean meal consumed from 1.19 to 1.48
pounds more feed per chick than the lot on the standard ration. The
heaviest feed consumption was in Lot No. 3 and the next highest
in Pen No. 4.

The conference ration also proved to be the most efficient, turning
out a pound of gain with each 3.75 pounds of feed. No. 4 was
least efficient, as 3.99 pounds of feed was required to produce a
pound of gain.

In total gains, however, the regular formula turned out chicks aver-
aging only 2.478 pounds apiece at the age of 12 weeks, while the soy-
bean rations all yielded heavier birds. No. 3 producing a 2.776-pound
chicken. No. 2 a 2.72 pounder, and No. 4 a 2.666-pound average. The
gain in Pen No. 1 was 2.288 pounds per bird as compared with 2.686
in Pen No. 3. {State Fund)

Vitamin A Best from Many Sources

Vitamin A becomes increasingly important in the ration of chicks
a? they approach maturity. It can be supplied most effectively from
several sources such as yellow corn meal and alfalfa leaf meal rather
than from cod-liver oil alone.

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 21

This is the indication of the research on Vitamin A requirements of
developing chicks up to 16 weeks of age, by A. E. Tepper, T. B.
Charles and F. D. Reed.

Several groups of chicks were used in the work in 1932, one getting
the New England college-conference ration only, five others the basal
ration plus from one to five per cent of cod-liver oil in addition to
daily exposure to ultra-violet light to insure plenty of Vitamin D, and
three control pens receiving the light treatment plus a basal ration
entirely lacking in Vitamin A.

The conference ration led all others in i)utting weight on the birds,
tiirning them out at 16 weeks averaging 4.211 pounds apiece as com-
pared with 4.031 pounds for the three-per-cent oil ration, which ranked
second. Birds on this standard ration never showed evidence of lack
of Vitamin A; all other chickens did. No other ration made a better
record for livability. Mortality on this ration and on the one-per-
cent cod-liver oil was only three per cent; on a ration entirely lack-
ing in Vitamin A, the mortality was 63 per cent the first 12 weeks.

The conference ration produced one pound of gain for every 5.32
pounds of feed, while the basal ration plus three-per-cent cod-liver
oil gave a pound of gain on 4.48 pounds of feed.

Another fact developed in the experiment is that the larger the
amount of oil fed, the greater the mortality.

Brooding Temperatures Show Variation

High battery brooding temperatures again produced greater growth
and resulted in smaller loss of chicks in trials during the year with S. C.
\\\ Leghorns; but with New Hampshire Reds the results showed a tend-
ency to reverse in fa^'or of lower temperatures. In the group of Reds
under high temperatures it took 2.95 pounds of feed in six weeks' trials to
produce a pound of weight, and in the group under low temperatures
it took 2.89 pounds of feed. The mortality, however, was not sig-
nificantly different; and the project will be given further study. A.
E. Tepper, T. B. Chartes and F. D. Reed. {Purnell Fund)

Conclusions from Paralysis Studies

Following several years of study of paralysis of poultry by the Ex-
periment Station, C. L. Martin conclucles that as far as the disease is
concerned in New Hampshire coccidia, worms and rough objects such
as sand will cause sufficient physiological changes in the intestine to
produce the condition. Previously it was concluded that careful san-
itation will help to control the trouble, although not eliminate it.
Microscopic studies of the intestines, pancreas and liver of normal and
paralytic birds are now underway in further search for information.
Blood-analysis work was done during the past year. {Purnell Fund)

Coccidiosis Treatments Named

Definite recommendations on flushing agents for chicks infected with
coccidiosis are the initial offering of studies on control of this poultry
disease, conducted by C. L. Martin, C. A. Bottorff, and T. B. Charles.
Two other phases of the investigation are to detennine if immunity

22 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

can be produced by natural inoculations and to learn the value of
sanitation as a control.

For quick relief when coccidiosis is causing bloody droppings, Epsom
salts seems most effective. If the disease has progressed only to the
point where the birds present a droopy appearance, 40-per-cent milk
mash, Epsom salts, soda, molasses, enteritis powder and some com-
mercial preparations are equally satisfactory in cleaning out the in-
fection. {Purnell Fund)

Fowl-Pox Vaccine Needs Refrigeration

Fowl-pox virus in ground and unground scabs becomes practically
worthless if stored at room temperature for eight months, find C. L.
]\laitin and C. A. Bottorff. At refrigerator temperature it will remain
potent. Air-tight containers were used. {Purnell Fund)

Fowl-pox vaccine totaling 109,000 doses was distributed to New
Hampshire poultrymen. The figure for a year ago is 67,330. Poultry
growers in seven other states and Canada requested 18,175 doses.
{Miscellaneous Income) .

Contagious Abortion Eradicated

Six years of practical field testing indicate that contagious abortion
in cattle can be economically controlled and eradicated by means of
the agglutination or blood test, strict isolation of reactors, and thor-
ough sanitation. In this project C. L. Martin is testing seven herds
regularly. {Purnell Fund)

Of the 2,599 samples tested for Bang's disease, 2,197 were from New
Hampshire herds and showed an infection of 13.8 per cent and sus-
picious reaction of 5.4 per cent. The samples came mainly from prac-
ticing veterinarians. {Miscellaneous Income)

Poultry Diagnoses Show Drop in Pneumonia

The leading ailments of adult birds in 1931-32 were coccidiosis, rup-
tured egg yolks, round worms, pneumonia and indigestion, according
to 1,741 poultry autopsies made by C. L. Martin and C. A. Bottorff.
Out-of-state specimens numbered 258.

Topping the list of difficulties of chickens was pullorum disease,
with pneumonia second, followed by coccidiosis, indigestion, and
rickets. Pullorum disease and pneumonia reversed their order as com-
pared with 1930-31, not due to any increase in the former but to a
drop in the number of pneumonia cases from 603 to 223. This de-
crease is credited to better brooding management.

Examinations were made of 350 large animals by C. L. Martin; the
majority came from the college of agriculture and a few were sent in
by veterinarians throughout the state. {State Fund)

Eradication of Pullorum Disease

From two to eight monthly tests are necessary to eradicate Pullo-
rum disease from poultry flocks, according to results of work on six
farms by C. A. Bottorff. He also studied the effect of housing 16
non-reacting pullets with one strongly-reacting cockerel; after about

March, 1933] iVoRic. Research in New Hampshire 23

six months none of the pullets showed any indication of having con-
tracted the disease.

The investigations on the six faniis also indicated that the more
economical method of eradicating Piillonnn disease from a badly-in-
fected flock is to select a small breeding unit of the best birds, retest
this unit until it is free, and then use it the following season to replace
the flock. The retesting of an entire flock is considered advisable only
in cases where considerable breeding or trapnesting has been done.
[Purnell Fund)

Headway Made Against PuUorum Disease

Over one-fifth of the poultry population of New Hampshire or
202,323 birds were tested for Pullomm disease during the 12 months
preceding July 1, 1932, and 99.51 per cent were found to be free from
the infection. The testing included seven breeds, of which New Hamp-
shire Reds led with 175,230 birds and Barred Plymouth Rocks ranked
second with 14,505.

The total number of flocks tested was 196, of which 169 were tested
100 per cent, and 149 rated as "accredited" or ''100-per-cent free."
The accredited, which had passed two 100-per-cent tests within a year
and one annually afterward, numbered 73 flocks with 94,377 birds.
The 100-per-cent free flocks totaled 76 with 60,726 birds. Only 133
flocks with 112,977 birds rated as cleai;i last year.

Total infection discovered this year amounted to only .49 per cent
as compared with .94 per cent a year ago. The number of infected
flocks decreased from 36 a year ago to 27 this season. This work
was in charge of C. A. Bottorff. {Miscellaneous Income)

R. 0. P. Work Makes Good Showing

Of the 1252 pullets entered in the New Hampshire Record-of-Per-
formance Association, 279 were granted nine-months ceiiificates on
the basis of 200 or more eggs per year.

The association was formed January 1, 1932, with a membership of
se"\'en poultrymen interested in trapnesting and pedigree-breeding work.
The Experiment Station assists the organization primarily by furnish-
ing inspection service and official recognition.

The breeders keep their own trapnest and pedigree records. The
inspector checks them and takes charge of the trapnesting at unan-
nounced periods during the year. This provides an official guarantee
to the purchaser of chicks and breeding stock that the advertised
records are dependable.

One hundred birds merited advance certificates for averaging 20
eggs per month, and 179 others, certificates for 17 eggs per month. The
work has been in charge of Frank D. Reed. {Miscellaneous Income)

Renewed Interest in Certification Possible

The poultry certification work closed the year ending June 30, 1932,
with 22 certified flocks, 5 flocks handled but not certified because not
of accredited or 100-per-cent Pullorum-disease-free stock, and 14 addi-
tional flocks culled for egg production only.

24 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

Although the 28,966 birds handled during the past year represent a
slight decrease over the previous season, a renewal of interest may re-
sult from the present attempts to standardize the New Hampshire Red
breed. The work is in charge of Frank D. Reed. {Miscellaneous
Income)

Studying Fatty Materials in Feeds

Further study in the department of agricultural and biological chem-
istry has concerned the methods of determining the lipids or fatty
materials in typical feeds.

Two procedures were compared — the official A. 0. A. C. and the
Kumagawa. Alfalfa hay, corn meal and mixed feed were used in this
comparative work which showed that the Kumagawa method gives a
higher amount of total material extracted and a higher content of
the fatty acids.

Completeness of extraction was checked on mixed samples of feed.
More lipid material was removed by the Kumagawa method after the
samples had previously been extracted with ether by the A. 0. A. C.
method.

While the Kumagawa plan extracts more of the true fatty material
from the samples, it has the weakness of losing up to 20 per cent of
the extracted material in the wash water. {Hatch Fund)

Inspection Service

Feeding Stuffs. In the enforcement of the law regulating the sale
of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, 283 brands were analyzed
for the state department of agriculture. These analyses required about
2,200 individual determinations.

Fertilizers. In the enforcement of the law regulating the sale of
commercial fertilizers, 127 brands were analyzed for the state depart-
ment of agriculture. These analyses required about 850 individual
determinations.

Samples of soils, peats, leaf molds, fertilizers, feeding stuffs and
other materials have been sent to the department by residents of the
state. Of these 239 have been analyzed, involving about 391 in-
dividual determinations.

Seed Inspection. The regular seed inspection work for the State
Department of Agriculture was conducted as usual. During the sea-
son of 1932, 379 samples of seed were handled in the laboratory. Of
this number 357 were collected by the State Inspector and are reported
in Bulletin No. 267. The remaining twenty-two samples were sent in
by private individuals.

Advanced Registry. Advanced Register and Register of Merit tests
were made on 311 cows during the year. There were 282 cows entered
for breed herd tests.

Seed Certification. Of 147.25 acres entered for certification in 1931,
129.75 acres passed final inspection. {Miscellaneous Income)

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire

25

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Expenditures of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station
for the Year Ending June 30, 1933

Hatch

Fund

Adams
Fund

PURNELL

Fund

Supple-
mentary'

Total

Personal services

Supplies and materials . . .
Communication service. . .

Travel expenses

Transportation of things .

Publications

Heat, light, water and power

Contingent expenses

Equipment

Buildings and land

Balance

$10

,116.63
595.56
689.73
526.53
321.33
678.89
700.00
32.20
339.13

$13,486.40

595.25

.65

89.72
8.05

18.00
481.93
320.00

$49,392.28

2,706.10

66.61

3,653.60

103.03

1,619.12

21.94

74.08

1,539.75

823.49

$27,072.39

3,196.12

380.90

4,304.88

105.48

983.61

455.27

2,184.43

1 .436.42

10,506.73

$100,067.70

7,093.03

1,137.89

8,574.73

537.89

3,281.62

721.94

579.55

5,545.24

2.579.91

10,506.73

Totals .

$15,000.00

$15,000.00

$60,000.00

$50,626.23

$140,626.23

*This fund includes expenditures from the following sources:

State appropriations $5,800.00

Sales and miscellaneous income (in nature of revolving fund) 44,826.23

$50,626.23

26 N. H. Agric. Experiment Station [Bui. 270

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

Administration

Edwakd M. Lewis, A. M., LL. D., Litt. D.. President

John C. Kendall, B. S., Director

Henry B. Stevens, A. B.. Agricultural Editor and Executive Secretary

F. E. Perkins, B. S., Editorial Assistant

Raymond C. Magrath, Treasurer and Business Secretary

Marvin A. Miller, B. A., Librarian

Agricultural Chemistry

Thomas G. Phillips, Ph. D., Chemist
Todd O. Smith, M. S., Associate Chemist
St.-\nley R. Shimer, M. S.. Assistant Chemist
Gordon P. Percival, M. S., Assistant Chemist

Henry A. Davis, B. S., Graduate Assistant in Biological and Agricultural Chem-
istry

Agricultural Economics

Harry C. Woodworth, M. S.. Agricultural Economist
M. Gale Eastman, Ph. D., Associate Agricultural Economist
Max F. Abell, Ph. D., Assistant Agricultural Economist
E.\RL H. 'RiNE.^R, M. S., Specialist in Marketing

-Charles W. Harris, Jr., B. S., Research Field Assistant in Agricultural Economics
Harold C. Grinnell, M. S., Assistant Agricultural Economist

Agronomy

Frederick W. Taylor, B. S., Agronomist
Ford S. Prince, B. S., Associate Agronomist
Paul T. Blood, M. S., Assistant Agronomist
Leroy J. HiGGiNS, B. S., Assistant Agronomist
Betty G. Sanborn, Seed Analyst and Secretary

Animal Husbandry

Ernest G. Ritzman, M. S., Research Professor in Animal Husbandry

Nicholas F. Colovos, M. S., Assistard in Animal Husbandry

Lloyd Washburn, B. S., Graduate Research Assistant in Animal Husbandry

Albert D. Littlehale, Shepherd

Helen H. L.\timer, Gas Analyst

Botany

Ormond R. Butler, Ph. D., Botanist

Stu.\rt Dunn, Ph. D., Assistant Botanist

Russell Bissey, M. S., Research Assistant in Botany

Dairy

-John M. Fuller, B. S., Dairy Husbandman

_ Herbert C. Moore, M. S., Assista)tt Dairy Husbandman

Rural Electricity

"^W.alter T. Ackerman, B. S., B. S. A. E., Agricultural Engineer
Halstead N. Colby, B. S., Assistant in Agricultural Engineering

March, 1933] Agric. Research in New Hampshire 27

Entomology

'Walter C. O'Kane, M. A., D. Sc, Entomologist
James G. Conklin, M. S., Assistant Entomologist
Leon C. Glover, M. S., Research Assistant in Entomology

-Warren A. Westgate, M. S., Research Chemical Assistant in Entomology

Forestry

-Karl W. Woodward. A. B., M. F., Forester

-Clark L. Stevens, Ph. D., M. F., Assisted Forester

Horticulture

George F. Potter, Ph. D., Horticulturist

J. R. Hbpler, M. S., Associate Horticulturist

L. Phelps Latimer, Ph. D., Assistant Horticulturist

E. J. Rasmussen, M. S., Research Assistant in Horticulture
-Louis R. Bryant, M. S., Graduate Assistant in Horticulture
s=James Macfarlane, Florist

Poultry

■ Thomas B. Charles, B. S., Poultry Husbandman
Albert E. Tepper, M. S., Assistant Poultry Husbandman
C.^RL L. Martin, D. V. M., Veterinarian
Charles A. Bottorff, Jr., D. V. M., Poultry Pathologist
- Frank D. Reed, B. S., Poultry Certification Inspector
Elmer W. Lang, White Diarrhea Tester
RosLYN C. DuRGiN, B. S., Assistant Poultry Tester
Roger C. Ham, Laboratory Teclmician in Poultry Husbandry

Assistants to the Staff

Beatrice M. Richmond, Bookkeeper

Elizabeth E. Mehaffey, Assistant Librarian and Mailing Clerk

Maisie C. Burpee, Secretary to the Director

Martha E. Fisher, Stenographer

Christina M. Collins, Stenographer

Kathrina Legg, Stenographer

Nettie Durgin, Clerk

Margaret J. Blood, Stenographer

Phyllis Seymour, Stenographer

Marion Hutchins, Stenographer

Sara M. Sanborn, Stenographer

Margaret Rose, Stenographer

Amber Hall, Stenographer

Celia Sevigny, Stenographer

111

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