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EXPERIMENT STATION LIBRARY

BULLETIN 289 MARCH, 1936

Agricultural Research
in New Hampshire

Annual Report of Director

of New Hampshire Agricultural

Experiment Station for the Year 1935

UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Durham, N. H.

INDEX

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Land Utilization °

Preliminary Study of Dairy Herd Replacements in Southern New Hamp-
shire "~^

Spray Management Studies '

Study of Egg Marketing and Grading Methods, Prices, Quality and

Weights ^9

Type of Farming Areas in New Hampshire 9-10

AGRONOMY

A Soil Survey of New Hampshire 12

Grass Hay Top Dressing 12-13

Soil Fertility Studies 10-11-12

Time of Cutting Hay 12

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Nutrition of Horse, Pig and Goat • 5

Sheep Breeding Proj ect 5-6

BOTANY AND BACTERIOLOGY

Apple Scab 14

Bitter-Pit in Apples 13-14

Effect of Place on Mosaic and Leaf Roll 15

Hemolytic Streptococci in Pasteurized Milk 15

Lime-Sulphur Injury 13

DAIRY

Abnormal Relationship of Fats to Solids-Not-Fat in Milk 20

Complete Balance Experiments with Dairy Cows 5

Digestion Experiments with Dairy Cattle 4

Physiological Investigation of Dairy Cows 5

ENGINEERING

Heat Requirements for Brooding Chicks 22-23

Pneumatic Tractor Equipment 23-24

Precooling of Milk 22

Rural Electrification Survey 20-21-22

ENTOMOLOGY

Contact Insecticides 19

Ovicides 19-20

FORESTRY

Fence Post Durability 24

Forest Plantations 24

White Pine Plots 24

GENERAL

Inspection Service 27

HORTICULTURE

Apple Pollination Study 17

Fertilizer on Strawberries 17

Fruit Bud Formation 16-17

Variety Tests of Fruits 17-18

Variety Tests of Tomatoes 18

Tests of Strawberries 18

POULTRY

Fowl Pox Vaccine 26

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Control and Vaccination 25

Record of Performance 26

Ruptured Egg Yolk in the Domestic Fowl 16

Poultry Approval 26

Poultry Autopsies 26-27

Pullorum Testing 25

Skin Vaccination for Chicken Pox 24-25

Studies in the Improvement of Technique for the Eradication of Pullorum 26

Agricultural Research in
New Hampshire

Annual Report of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station

1935

J. C. KENDALL, Director

This past year marked the twenty-fifth of the present administration of
the New Hampshire Agricuhural Experiment Station ; and a summary of
some of the important results of the period was published in Bulletin 287,
entitled "Twenty-Five Years of Agricultural Research." The present re-
port, therefore, will confine itself merely to the current year.

The Station is now operating 7^ different projects in the fields of Agri-
cultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural and Biological
Chemistry, Animal Husbandry, Agronomy, Botany, Dairy Husbandry, En-
tomology, Forestry, Horticulture, and Poultry Husbandry.

A notable advance in popular support of agricultural experiment stations
is signalled in the passage by Congress of the Bankhead-Jones Act. While
New Hampshire's Station allotment under this appropriation is small,
amounting to only $2,089.30, the fund sets up a system of regional research,
in which the various state experiment stations will cooperate with the United
States Department of Agriculture. Development of regional and national
projects has been evident during recent years.

Through cooperation with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration
it has been possible to make a much more definite map of the type of farming
areas of the state than has ever before been possible.

A cooperative study in milk marketing has also been developed on a
regional basis with the other New England experiment stations and with the
Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of
Agriculture. Preliminary work has already been completed outlining the
program, the general purpose of which is to discover possible improvements
in marketing methods, practices and facihties and possible improvements in
methods of public control.

Our soils program is now achieving the firm scientific basis which it
has so long needed. During the year we were able to begin, in cooperation
with the U. S. Bureau of Soils, a detailed survey of the better farming areas
of*the state, combined with a reconnaissance survey of the wooded and
poorer areas. The work has been completed in Grafton and Sullivan
counties. Sixty-six different soil types have been found thus far, involving
25 different series and 19 phases. Meanwhile improvements in laboratory
technique make it possible to give fairly definite recommendations as to soil
management.

The northeastern experiment stations have agreed to develop special
regional studies of pasture improvement. The details of this program are
now being worked out.

4 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

Among the developments of the year in our state service work has been
the completion of a thorough survey of rural electrification in the state in co-
operation with the Emergency Relief Administration, the State Public
Service Commission and the Farm Bureau Federation. New Hampshire is
already credited by the Edison Electric Institute with having 66.6%' of its
total number of farms served with electricity, the highest figure for any
state in the country.

In our poultry work, we have completed during the year the contagious
bronchitis vaccine building, complying with the Federal requirements for
handling this service. Pullorum samples reached a new high of 239,000
tests. The development of the Bang's disease testing program by the State
Department of Agriculture is also resulting in a considerable extension of
laboratory work. As a result of this and of the action of the last Legislature
in appropriating increased funds for Animal Industry work, it is possible
for the State Department of Agriculture to take over financial responsibility
for both pullorum and Bang's tests. Samples will be collected by the State
Department, and the Station will conduct the laboratory phases of the work
— a similar arrangement to that carried on for so many years in respect to
analyses of feeding-stuffs and fertilizers and seed testing. With the reduced
poultry fees it now seems probable that pullorum tests this year will run to
300,000 or more.

There have been few changes in personnel. H. C. Woodworth has been
on leave of absence during the year, assisting the federal Resettlement and
Land Use Division of the northeastern states. L. E. Washburn resigned as
assistant in animal husbandry September 1 , and his place has been taken by
Roger Doe. A. M. Jorgenson replaced L. J. Bowen as graduate assistant in
botany. The soil survey has been in charge of W. J. Latimer, assisted by
M. H. Layton for the U. S. Bureau of Soils. They are being assisted by
Paul Scripture, W. H. Lyford and W. H. Coates of the Station staff.

The technical equipment of the animal nutrition laboratory was aug-
mented during the year by the installation of an electrical psychromoter
with which to measure the amount of water lost by vaporization from the
bodies of horses and cattle. This contribution was made by the Carnegie In-
stitution of Washington, which is cooperating in the animal nutrition investi-
gations, and funds have been supplied by the same institution for the building
of a respiration chamber larger than any before available for the measuring
of animals of unusual size. This chamber has already been tested and used
experimentally.

The following is a brief review of significant findings in our various
projects during the year.

Digestion Experiments with Dairy Cattle

As in past year the nutrition experiments have been conducted in co-
operation with Dr. F. G. Benedict, director of the Nutrition Laboratory of
the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Digestion experiments carried out with oat hay show that when cut at
the right time and properly cured it exceeds any other hay so far tested in
metabolizable energy and it is surpassed only by alfalfa and red clover hay
in digestible crude protein content. The digestible energy is 66.8 per cent
of the total energy ingo. The metabolizable energy per 100 pounds of hay is

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. ^ 5

104,730 calories and the digestihle crude protein is 7.87 per cent of the
weight of the hay. {E. G. Rifcinaii and F. G. Benedict — Puniell Fund.)

Physiological Investigations of Dairy Cows

The outstanding result of this work over a period of five years has been
the unexpected lability of the dairy cow's basal metabolism. As expressed
on the comparative basis of 500 kilograms of body weight per 24 hours and
in muscular repose (ie., lying), the variation found in the same individual
ranges from 10 percent with a dry cow (measured only twice) to 90 percent
with two dry cows measured over a period of several years. It would seem
in view of this new information that the concept of constanc}^ in the basal
metabolism of animals which has prevailed among physiologists in general
for so many years, must of necessity be revised. The possibility should be
recognized that great changes in the endogenous metabolism may take place
even within a relatively short time without concurrent changes in body
weight. {E. G. Ritsman and F. G. Benedict — Purnell Fund.)

Complete Balance Experiments with Dairy Cows

Five cows (two Holsteins and three Jerseys) were used in this work,
feeding them for three months on concentrates only. In a series with all five
cows only corn meal was fed, and in another a mixture of four parts linseed
oil meal mixed with one part of bran. The amount fed was approximately
maintenance. The animals ceased rumination within a week from the time
that hay was left out of the ration, but with the exception of one animal
which tended to bloat on corn meal no trouble occurred. The digestibility
of energy ranged between 80 and 84 percent and the digestibility of crude
protein between 60 and 70 percent. It was demonstrated that the stimulus
to rumination is apparently of a purely mechanical nature since one of these
cows when fed alfalfa ground to a meal ceased to ruminate as quickly as
when she was fed nothing but corn meal. {E. G. Ritcniau and F. G. Bene-
dict— Purnell Fund.)

Nutrition of Horse, Pig and Goat

Five experiments were carried out to determine the methane production
of the horse, pig and goat. The pig subsists primarily on concentrates and
tubers and produces no methane. When fed on hay alone the goat produces
about the same amount relative to total energy as do cows, and the horse
produces about half as much.

The comparative study of the basal metabolism of the goat begun two
years ago has been completed and the results are being prepared for publica-
tion. They show that the adult female goat has a measurably low-er basal
metabolism than the female sheep, and young goats have a lower metabolism
than lambs of similar age. (E. G. Ritcnwn and F. G. Benedict — Adams
Fund. )

Sheep Breeding Project

Progress in the development of multinippled sheep and improvement of
milk yield of ewes may be observed from the fact that every animal in the
flock now has four or more nipples. In the first generation hybrid in which
four nipples appeared two of these were usually rudimentary. The increase

I

6 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

in number of nipples, their functional capacity and general increase in milk
yield is now marked.

About half of the ewe flock now has four functional nipples and the
milk yield in ewes is noticeably improved. With another two years of breed-
ing the whole ewe flock should have four functional nipples, after which it
will be possible to report further on the manner of inheritance of this trait.

Progress in the improvement in twinning is more or less at a standstill
with about half the ewes breeding twins. Although only twin-bred sires
are being used, no further marked progress is expected until the ewes can
be selected on this basis. Due to the small flock this must be delayed until
the four functional nipple trait has been established in the whole flock. (£.
G. Ritsmau — Adams Fund.)

Preliminary Study of Dairy Herd Replacements
in Southern New Hampshire

The purchasing power of dairy cows declined rapidly from 1930 through
August, 1934, at which time it stood at 55 per cent of pre-war. Cows were
relatively cheap during 1932 and 1933. A survey of 200 southern New
Hampshire farms shows that the average price paid by farmers for pro-
ductive grade cows during the year ending May 1, 1933, was $71. The
average feed costs of raising a heifer to age of freshening exclusive of
pasture costs was $67. Farmers generally admitted that it was cheaper to
buy cows than to raise them, but stated among other reasons that disease
was less likely when replacements were raised rather than purchased. The
survey supports this reasoning.

For 164 of these farms complete data were obtained relative to the tuber-
culin test. Of the 2,837 cows tested, 59 per cent had been raised on their
respective farms and 41 per cent were purchased cows. Forty per cent of
all the cows reacted. Only 29% of the cows raised on the farms where tested
were reactors compared with 55% of the purchased cows. There were
22 herds in which all cows were purchased, and 51 in which all cows
were raised; the reactors amounted to 49 per cent and 15 per cent respect-
ively of the cows tested. Those farmers who subjected their herds to
examination between January 1, 1931, and May 1, 1933, lost 48 per cent
of their cows, and those who had their herds examined before 1925 lost
only 31 per cent. In general, greater losses were incurred as a result of delay.

There were no reactors in four dual purpose herds. Mixed herds in
which no breed was predominant lost 68 per cent of the cows tested. The
per cent loss on other farms according to majority breed were as follows :
Holstein, 42 ; Jersey, Z7 ; Ayrshire, Zi ; and Guernsey, 24.

Forty per cent of the grade cows were reactors as compared with 36
per cent for purebreds, but 22 per cent of the purebreds that were raised
on the respective farms reacted and only 28 per cent of the grade cows.

For the year ending May 1, 1933, four per cent of the cows on the 200
farms aborted and 2.7 per cent failed to breed. Slinkers amounted to 7.7
per cent of all the cows owned by farmers who purchased one-half or more
of their replacements, compared with 3.2 per cent for farmers who raised
more than one-half of their replacements. For 20 farms on which all re-
placements were bought, 10.1 per cent of the cows aborted, and for 52 farms

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 7

on which all replacements were raised only 1.7 per cent aborted. Those
farmers who purchased a bull which had been used for service previous
to the time of purchase had more abortion cases than those who purchased
a bull before such service, the percentages being 6.3 and 3.4 respectively.
Only 2.2 per cent of the cows were slinkers on farms where the bull was
raised, although in many cases he was purchased as a calf. Eighty-five
farmers used their bulls for servicing neighbors' cows, and 87 per cent did
not. The percentage abortion in these cases was 4.7 and 3.7 respectively.
(H. C. Grinnell — Purnell Fund.)

Spray Management Studies

This past season, 45 apple growers kept records of labor, materials, and
equipment used in spraying. Although the season was very favorable for
the development of the apple scab fungus, in most instances a commercially
clean crop was obtained. The cost records are now in process of analysis.

A study has been completed of a part of the records having to do with
the practice of transporting water or spray mixture to the sprayer by means
of a "supply" tank mounted on a truck, thus saving that time usually lost
by hauling the sprayer back and forth from orchard to the water supply.

In the Rockwood orchard, spraying was done with a small machine of
six to seven gallons per minute capacity with a 100 gallon tank. Operating
in 1934 without the supply tank, 8,700 gallons were applied at an average
rate of 79.6 gallons per machine hour or 39.8 gallons per man hour. In
1935, using the supply tank, 20,200 gallons were applied at a rate of 129.4
gallons per machine hour, or 41.7 gallons per man hour. Allowance must
also be made for the fact that in 1935 the spraying was in charge of a more
skilled operator than during the previous year. It appears, therefore, that
the use of the supply tank did not increase the ef^ciency in man labor, but
that by increasing the output of the machine about 62.5 per cent it made it
possible to cover the orchard in a considerably shorter time. Timeliness is
an exceedingly important factor in disease control.

In the David Whiting orchard, a machine of 25-30 gallons per minvite
capacity and 300 gallon tank is operated. In the early season sprays, filling
from waterholes in the orchard, 21,000 gallons were applied at the rate of
280 gallons per machine hour or 93.3 gallons per man hour. In the later
applications, using the supply tank, 30,635 gallons were applied at the rate
of 402.9 gallons per machine hour, or 100.7 gallons per man hour. This
indicates a slight increase in labor ef^ciency. Furthermore, late in the sea-
son, the waterholes had dried up, and the efficiency without the supply tank
would have been lower than in the early part of the season. When the costs
of operating truck and sprayer are included, it is found that for the early
application in which the machine was filled directly from the waterholes,
the application cost per 1,000 gallons was $5.80, whereas for the late sprays,
when the supply tank was used, it was $7.00.

Records in both orchards seem to show that carrying the water or the
mixed spray materials to the tank is advantageous chiefly as a means of
speeding up operations when quick coverage is needed to protect against
disease. From the point of view of economy of operation, providing wells
or waterholes in the orchard or constructing a system of supply tanks about
the orchard is more desirable. {H. C. Woodvjorth, G. F. Potter, and E. J .
Rasmussen — Purnell Fund.)

8 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

Land Utilization

The survey was completed of all the occupied places in the southern
Grafton County area, and the data retabulated. The retabulation makes no
significant change in the summar}^ except to re-emphasize the self-sufficing
nature of the agriculture. Data for some sixty additional farms were in-
cluded. A definite area comprising 255 farms and 192,600 acres of land was
designated for special consideration.

Average Gross Receipts on Farms By Groups
Receipts from Agricultural Products

Per cent Pension,

No. of Total Agr'l Forest Outside gifts,

Group farms farms receipts products products work etc.

0- 50

118

46.3

$399.36

$9.82

$20.18

$285.52

$83.84

51- 100

25

9.8

502.60

77.93

94.44

271.11

59.12

101- 500

59

23.1

729.29

242.64

67.88

321.91

96.86

501-1000

34

13.3

1,131.93

684.18

69.94

281.19

96.62

Over 1000

19

7.5

2,502.21

1,769.35

343.18

279.15

110.53

255 100.0

Confining the data to these 255 farms, the analysis shows very nearly
the same relationship that was reported last year for 577 farms. The area
immediately adjacent to the defined region is heavily influenced by its non-
agricultural character. With 46 per cent of the farms selling less than $50
worth of agricultural products, outside work for most farms in the area
supplies most of the cash for meeting necessary cash expenses.

The small income from agricultural products and the limited opportunity
to increase this income by expanded farm production on farms in the first
two groups ofifer little inducement to attempt to rebuild the farm. The pro-
cess of deterioration on these farms as well as on some of the larger farms in
the area cannot be stayed for long without livestock. Hay fields are so rap-
idly growing up that even for the few the purchase of standing hay from one
farm to bolster up the lack of hay on another rundown farm is becoming
more and more difficult.

While these farms may be dropped from consideration in so far as agri-
cultural production is concerned, they still ofifer town problems as to roads
when used as retirement and summer homes. (H. C. Woodzvorth and M. F.
Abell—PurncU Fund.)

Study of Egg Marketing and Grading Methods, Prices,

Quality, and Weights I

Grading percentages on over 11,000 cases of large brown eggs during
the first year of the New Hampshire Auction have been summarized for
individual and all producers. About 95 per cent of the cases graded specials ;
about 7Z per cent averaged over 26 ounces per dozen net weight, and 12
per cent averaged 27^/^ ounces per dozen. This is an exceptional record for
weight and quality. Total membership on the Auction in November, 1935,

^'

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 9

had exceeded 400, and volume had reached a peak of over 1,000 cases a week.
The Auction has stimulated greater interest in weights and quality.
The new fresh egg law effective July 1, 1935, will require still greater atten-
tion to be given these factors, and a large per cent of New Hampshire eggs
will now be sold on a weight-quality basis. (L. A. Dougherty — Pnnicll
Fund.)

Type of Farming Areas in New Hampshire

New Hampshire agriculture has been definitely separated into type of
farming areas. This has been made possible through cooperation with the
Agricultural Adjustment Administration in a nation-wide regional planning
project. One of the specific features of this project in attaining its broad
objective was to difl^erentiate the agriculture of each state and region into
areas and sub-areas with respect to soil conditions, erosion problems, crop
and livestock systems and farm practices. A comprehensive survey of New
Hampshire agriculture was accordingly undertaken. With the assistance of
selectmen and other town officials, all commercial farms were located on
town maps. A list of farmers including number of cows and number of
hens was deducted from the town inventory. This list was checked against
those names appearing on the map and supplemented with facts concerning
other farm enterprises such as potatoes, maple sirup, tree fruits, small fruits,
cord wood, vegetables, etc. For each farm having three or more cow's it was
noted whether the business was retail or wholesale, to whom the milk was
sold and where it was consumed. From these town maps and the supporting
details, large county maps were constructed showing the exact location of
each farm in accordance with a definite legend adapted to indicate the kind
and size of each enterprise. After diligent study of these county maps a state
map was deducted which outlines 10 definite type of farming areas on an
enterprise and use basis as follows :

Wholesale milk and pulpwood

Wholesale milk and potatoes

Wholesale milk

Wholesale milk and hens

Wholesale milk, apples, and hens

Wholesale milk, hens, apples and vegetables

Hens, wholesale milk, and apples

Apples, wholesale milk, and hens

Retail milk

General farming — mostly small scattered farms hav-
ing some good farms among numerous marginal
farms

The White Mountain National Forest, State Forest Reservations, and
other non-agricultural lands were also outlined.

The commercial dairy farms (three or more cows) located on the county
maps represent about 40 per cent of all the census farms in the state but have
90 per cent of all the cows. This is evidence to the numerous one and two-
cow farms which predominate, especially in the general farming regions.

To supplement the maps and charts, numerous statistical tables based
on the 1930 census have been effected. A correlation of the type of farming
area map with the soils map, supported by statistical tables, gives evidence

10 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

to large areas of marginal lands now in agricultural use and sustains the
significance of sound land-use policies. (//. C. Grinnell, H. C. Woodzvorth,
E. H. Rincar, L. A. Dougherty and A. J. Hangas — Purnell and U.S.D.A.
Funds. )

Soil Fertility Studies

Soil fertility experiments carried on over a period of years include :
An experiment with hay on neglected haylands, an experiment with legumes
on neglected hay lands, an experiment with potatoes in a three-year rota-
tion, a fertilizer experiment with legumes in the Connecticut Valley, experi-
ments with top-dressing old pastures, and a soil survey of New Hampshire.

An Experimont zmth Hay on Neglected Hay Lands. A field on the
Whenal farm in Greenland was used for this work, and a catch of timothy
was secured in 1934 after two unsuccessful attempts. The plots were top-
dressed in 1935 and harvested in July. The treatments applied were nitro-
gen alone ; phosphorus and potash ; and nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.
The difi"erences for all three treatments were positive and significant, show-
ing increases respectively over the check of 1,291, 704 and 2,213 lbs. respect-
ively per acre. The efifect of the phosphorus-potash treatment in stimulating
grass on these plots is rather striking. In the original trials superphosphate
alone failed to give a significant response after the first season. In 1934
when the grass was seeded, a uniform fertilizer treatment was applied to
all plots to iron out any possible difiference in stand due to this factor. The
combination of superphosphate and potash appears to cause more stimula-
tion to timothy growth than superphosphate alone, either because of the
efifect of the potash itself or on account of the combination of the two ele-
ments.

Experiments with Legumes on Neglected Hay Lands. Forty-eight
alfalfa plots on the Whenal farm were again harvested twice in 1935 under
dififerent fertilizer and lime treatments. The plots in the experiment in-
cluded those which had received one ton of lime in 1933, those receiving
no lime that year, those receiving 100 pounds nitrate of soda annually, 500
pounds of superphosphate annually, 150 pounds of muriate potash annu-
ally, and 20 tons of manure in 1926.

While good alfalfa w^as produced during the first course of the experi-
ment with two tons of lime, it is apparent that the extra lime applied in 1933
is of benefit to the alfalfa when the check plot with lime is compared to the
check minus lime. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash all increased the yield
of alfalfa in ascending order.

Among the plots that had no additional lime in 1933, those that had four
tons of lime in 1926 outyielded plots that had but two tons of lime in the
same year by almost 1,100 pounds per acre. The plots receiving complete
fertilizer yielded more than 4^ tons of hay per acre in 1935, even though
no manure nor lime have been added since 1926.

A sub-project of the legume experiment located on the Ireland farm,
which is adjacent to the Whenal farm, is an efifort to grow alfalfa largely
without manure but with moderate to heavy applications of fertilizer varia-
bles. The stand secured in 1934 was harvested twice in 1935. Prior to
seeding, one ton of lime was applied to all save three plots and also those
which are embraced in the lime test. The alfalfa was seeded in 1934 with a

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 11

uniform application of fertilizer. In the spring of 1935 the fertilizer vari-
ables were applied.

Seeded without manure, it is quite evident that the nitrogen in the ferti-
lizer is utilized by the alfalfa crop. Yields for the first cutting on those plots
where nitrogen was omitted in the formulas are below the check plot yields
in four cases out of five, regardless of the other fertilizer treatment. In
these experiments where no manure was applied as a general treatment, it
appears that phosphoric acid and potash both stimulate the yield of alfalfa,
and to about the same degree where equal quantities of the elements are
applied.

Potatoes ill the Legume Experiment. Potatoes were grown on one sec-
tion of the Whenal farm field in 1935 on land that had been previously
limed, but on certain plots aluminum sulphate and sulphur were applied
prior to planting the potatoes to note the effect of these substances on scab
control. While the degree of acidity does not absolutely follow the amount
of acidulating material applied, the trend is for these materials to depress
the pH and to control scab.

A Dairy Farm Rotation on Worn Out Hay Lands. A three-year rotation
in potatoes, oats and clover is in progress on the Lane farm in Pittsfield,
1935 being the third year of the experiment. Potatoes were grown on one
section of the field with varying fertilizer treatments.

Decreases for the omission of phosphorus, potash and for the no-ferti-
lizer plots proved significant.

The first three years of this experiment indicate that varying the potash
in the formula has more influence on yields than any other element, that
magnesium is not a factor in potato production on this field, that broadcast-
ing is equal to drilling as a means of distributing the fertilizer and that
double strength fertilizers are slightly better than single strength materials
for stimulating yields.

Oats were seeded on the plots that were in potatoes in 1934 without addi-
tional fertilizer. It is interesting to note that leaving out an element de-
pressed the yield, and that doubling an element increased the yield to a
slight degree. The no-fertilizer series yielded about three-quarters of a ton
less oat hay than the average of the check plots, — a significant difi^erence.

Clover was harvested from these plots which were in oats in 1934 and
potatoes in 1933. As no fertihzer was added to either the oats or the clover,
yield difi^erences were slight from the various series. The 4-8-14 series
which yielded over one-quarter ton more dry hay than did the 4-8-7-
check plot was the only significant difi^erence.

Potatoes in a Three Year Rotation. Growing conditions for the three-
year rotation of potatoes on the Jackson farm, Colebrook, were not as satis-
factory in 1935 as in previous years. Yields were low for the area, and there
seemed to be more variation than usual within the plot series, a fact which
results in fewer significant differences for the various treatments.

Ammo-phos-A and nitrate of potash did not do as well as formerly. It
is possible that these acid-forming fertilizers increase the acidity of the soil
enough to be detrimental to the potato crop. Leaving potash out of the ferti-
lizer mixture has seriously depressed the yield of potatoes.

12 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

In the oats crop harvested from the plots which were in potatoes in 1934,
all series to which lime had been applied yielded more than the check plots.
Increasing the phosphoric acid in the fertilizer had more of a residual stimu-
lus on oats than increasing the potash.

In the hay crop harvested in 1935 the series that had lime showed in-
creased yields over the check plot series. This soil is too acid to grow clover
without lime, and hence where the clover is stimulated the yield is increased.
The hay was practically a failure where no lime was used.

A Fertiliser Experiment zvith Legumes in the Couuccticnt Valley. The
plots on the field of the Livingston farm near Claremont were in winter
wheat in 1934, which served as a nurse crop for alsike clover on forty plots
and for red clover on forty plots. The plots were top-dressed in 1935 and
harvested in July and again late in August. Lime did not increase the yield
of alsike clover materially, when used alone. In combination wnth phos-
phorus and potash and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash it increased the
yield about one-quarter ton per acre as compared with these treatments with
no lime.

The outstanding fact gleaned from the experiments during the past five
or six years is that neither phosphorus nor potash stimulate the yield to any
great extent when used alone, but in combination they give results that are
more than additive.

Results for red clover are not vastly different from those with alsike
(F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, T. G. Phillips, and G. P. Percival — Purnell
Fund. )

A Soil Survey of New Hampshire

A complete survey of New Hampshire soils was started in May, 1935
with the cooperation of the U. S. Bureau of Soils. W. J. Latimer of that
organization was detailed to head up the work.

Field operations started in Grafton County on May 1 and were con-
cluded on October 15. A report on the soils of this county will be written
during the winter.

Operations were taken up in Sullivan County upon the completion of the
work in Grafton and continued until November 15, when the party broke
up for the winter.

The three assistants employed by the University spent the winter months
making a mechanical and chemical study of the soils collected in Grafton
during the summer of 1935. {Purnell Fund.)

Time of Cutting Hay

The original plots used when this work started in 1930 have been con-
tinued. Data on relative yields and protein percentages do not vary much
from year to year. The effect of continued early and late cutting upon the
stand of grass is being determined. Observations in 1935 indicate that there
is little difference in stand so far with a slight disadvantage for the plots
harvested June 20. (F. S. Prince and P. T. Blood — Hatch Fund.)

Grass Hay Top-Dressing

In tests of various carriers and levels of nitrogen for top-dressing, the
different nitrogen carriers ranked as follows : Cal nitro, sulphate of ammo-

Marcli, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 13

nia, nitrate of soda, cyanamid, and calcium nitrate. Complete fertilizers
with nitrogen equal to the various nitrogen carriers proved superior for hay
production. (F. S. Prince, L. J. Higgins, Paul T. Blood, T. G. Phillips and
G. P. Percival — Hatch Fund.)

Lime-Sulphur Injury

Lime-sulphur is credited with causing either scorching or yellowing of
foliage of the apple. Scorching has been produced experimentally, depend-
ing upon the temperature of the environment at the time the spray is applied.
Yellowing of the foliage sprayed with lime-sulphur has not been produced
experimentally ; it has not been found to be associated with scorching.

Data obtained regarding lime-sulphur effect upon the bean is not suffi-
ciently extensive as yet to^ermit analysis. In one experiment undertaken
for the purpose of studying the eft'ect of successive sprayings on loss of
weight we obtained the following results :

Per cent loss in weight

Plants spray

ed 4 times at weekly intervals

17.65

H (i

5

a u ti a

14.56

<( ((

6

it a a a

13.40

it i(

7

a it a ((

13.90

a (t

8

a it (( 11

16.26

These results indicate that the injury produced by lime-sulphur is not cumu-
lative.

Further work was carried out with the potato.

The data showing reduction in yield to date are as follows :

Per Cent
In 1934 loss in yield due to spraying plants grown at 20°C. 5.33

" 1935 " " " " " " " " " 20°C 9^00

(( a ii. a ii ii ii ii ii ti ^^ "X K^ C* 'X ^ C\

(0. Butler — Adams Fund.)

Bitter-Pit in Apples

Work begun the previous year on the value of heavy mulching for the
control of bitter-pit was continued. During the season, rainfall and tempera-
ture of the air and soil one inch below the surface were taken from April
15 to November 1. Soil moisture and nitrate determinations were also made
every six inches to a depth of 18 inches. During the spring the moisture
determinations were made when the trees were at definite stages of develop-
ment, but during the summer and autumn definite time intervals were used.
At the beginning and at the close of the season the amount of water in the
soil under the mulched and non-mulched trees was practically the same, but
during the summer it was higher under the mulch.

The temperature of the soil under mulch was lower than under sod in
the early part of the season and higher at the close of the season.

The effect of mulching in increasing the nitrate nitrogen in the soil was
brought out most strikingly by 1935. The difference was carried over during
the winter and continued through the season. As the effect of the May 29
application of nitrate had about disappeared on the July 2 sampling, the

14 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

greater amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil under the mulched trees in
mid-summer must be caused by leaching of nitrate down from the decaying
mulch. On August 1, for example, the parts of nitrate nitrogen per million
on the dry basis showed 41.36, 77.94 and 67.57 for the mulched trees and
4.41, 2.32 and 3.50 for the non-mulched.

Tests to determine the nitrate nitrogen in the soil below the mulch level,
taken on October 23, showed that the upper two inches contained the most,
with a decrease with each deeper sample.

When the apples were harvested the fruit from the mulched trees was
not quite so green on the average as the fruit from the unmulched trees, and
the per cent of bitter-pit was also lower. Sample boxes of the fruit harvested
from each tree were placed in common storage and were subjected to the
pressure test when placed in storage and at intervals until March 14th. The
fruit from the mulched trees when placed in storage showed less resistance
to pressure than the fruit from the non-mulched trees, and the percentage
difference shown at that time remained practically unchanged throughout
the period of storage. Some bitter-pit developed in storage in the fruit from
the mulched and non-mulched trees, but the percentage found in the latter
was much higher than in the former. (0. Butler — Purnell Fund.)

Apple Scab

Studies of apple scab were continued on: 1. effect of pressure on con-
trol ; 2. effect of night versus day spraying ; 3. effect of use of one and two
cover sprays ; 4. effect of use of calcium arsenate in lieu of lead arsenate
in lime-sulphur solution, especially from the point of view of spray injury ;
5. test of the value of Cal-mo-sul, Kolofog, and flotation sulphur. Cal-mo-
sul was used throughout the spray schedule, Kolofog beginning at the pink
application, and flotation sulphur beginning at the calyx. Satisfactory con-
trol was obtained with all these materials, but scab infestation was not
sufficiently severe to adequately test them.

Two cover sprays gave better control than one cover. Spray injury on
foliage was slight and not increased by calcium arsenate, and the finish of the
fruit on all the plots was excellent. i

The trees sprayed at night were freer from scab than the trees sprayed
during the day, but the average results to date indicate that over a period of
years, time of spraying, all other things equal, does not materially aff'ect the
degree of protection afforded.

Four hundred pounds pressure gave better control than either 200 lbs. or
300 lbs. pressure. However, these results seem to be purely accidental as
fluctuations occur from year to year.

The data so far secured indicate that irrespective of the length of the
snow cover, or the mean temperature of winter, as ascospores mature during
the last 10 days of April, and discharge occurs during the first wetting rain
following maturity. The ascopores were mature April 24th, but no discharge
occurred in nature until May 10. The delayed discharge was no doubt due
to the scantiness of the rainfall. The first rain after April 24th occurred on
May 4th (0.02 in.) and the next on May 9th (0.37 in.) . The pre-pink spray,
it may be observed in passing, was applied May 5th. (0. Butler, E. J. Ras-
mussen, S. Dunn — Hatch Fund.)

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 15

Hemolytic Streptococci in Pasteurized Milk

It has been found that hemolytic streptococci are much more prevalent
in pasteurized milk than is commonly supposed. Samples of such milk with
standard plate counts of only 5000 bacteria per millilitre have been found
to contain in addition, when an appropriate culture medium was used, from
1,000 to 50,000 hemolytic streptococci per millimetre. Morphological and
cultural studies of the organisms isolated have been made. (L. IV. Slanetz- — ■
Hatch Fund.)

Effect of Place on Mosaic and Leaf-Roll

Due to toxic soil used in 1933 the series of experiments on mosaic and
leaf -roll plants grown at a mean temperature of 20° C. and 15°C. was broken
due to the loss of cultures grown at 15°C.

Most of the plants grown at 20° C. were, however, saved and in 1934
work with complete sets was resumed. At the same time a new series com-
prising healthy and mosaic plants was started to verify the results obtained
with the first series.

During the period covered by this report the 6th generation of cultures
of the original series was grown, and the second generation of the second
series.

One of the main features of the work has been the study of the effect of
growing cultures continually at 20° C. and 15°C. and the effect of moving
the cultures from one year at one of these temperatures to the other tem-
perature the following year.

So far the healthy or mosaic plants have shown no tendency to run out,
though a change in temperature from one year to the next does affect the
yield. In the case of leaf roll there is very definite deterioration and at pres-
ent after six generations there is hardly a plant left. It made no particular
difference whether the cultures were moved from year to year or kept at the
same temperature. During the year there were only 17 leaf -roll plants grow-
ing at 20° C. and 17 growing at 15 °C. Had there been no deterioration there
would have been a total of 234 plants instead of 34. At the end of the grow-
ing season only four plants in the series grown at 20° C. and four plants in
the series grown at 15°C. produced tubers of a maximum weight of not less
than 40 grams.

The seed pieces or leaf roll plants grown at 20° C. were hard when the
cultures were harvested in 23 per cent of the plants, but in the cultures
grown at 15°C. 70 per cent of the seed pieces were hard.

Moving leaf -roll plants from 20° C. to 15°C. caused an increase in yield
in the majority of cases.

In the case of the cultures of mosaic plants there has been no tendency
to run out and yield at 20° C. was in general higher than at 15°C.

In the case of the healthy plants we found in the first series that growing
cultures one year at 20° C. and removing them the next to 15°C. the yield
obtained was not so high as in the cultures that had remained continuously
at 15°C. and that two years were required to bring the yield up. In the case
of the second series of healthy plants we secured during the year partial
confirmation of the results secured with the first series. (0. Butler — Purnell
Fund.)

16 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

Ruptured Egg Yolk in the Domestic Fowl

Studies were continued on the relation of bacteria to ruptured egg yolk.
Pasteurella Avicida, which has been described as causing the disease, was
not recovered from any of the birds examined. A number of other organ-
isms have, however, been isolated but no one species has been found con-
stantly present and none of them, when inoculated into the birds, have
produced typical ruptured egg yolk symptoms. (L. W. Slanetz — PiirncU
Fund.)

Fruit Bud Formation

Plots of Mcintosh trees at Durham and Temple, N, H. sprayed for two
seasons with mild sulphur have as yet shown no greater fruit bud formation
than control plots sprayed with commercial lime-sulphur solution. Thus in
the blocks at Durham, the average per cent of all spurs blossoming in May
1935 was for mild sulphur 94.5, and for lime-sulphur 94.0, while in the
Rockwood orchard at Temple, the percentages were mild sulphur 91.0, lime-
sulphur 92.0. Percentage bloom in 1935 reflects only spray treatments of
1934. The effect of this year's spraying on fruit bud formation will not be
evident until the spring of 1936.

In a second test, likewise designed to influence the carbyhydrate supply,
eight groups of four Mcintosh trees each were selected, the trees of each
group being uniform as to size and vigor, and reasonably close together in
the orchard. One tree in each group was left untreated as a control, and the
other three were thinned — one on June 20, one of July 15, and the third on
August 10. About one apple was left to five fruit spurs which would give
approximately 60 leaves per fruit, of which approximately one-half were
small primary spur leaves. Subsequent to thinnnig, the total leaf area per
fruit was about 100 square inches.

These treatments gave very definite responses in size and color of the
apples as is indicated in the following table.

Effect of Thinning Mcintosh
U. N. H. 1935 (Trees 17 years old)

Date of
Thinning

No.
Trees

Yield
Lbs.

Size Fruit
Ins.

%Red
Color

June 20
July 15
Aug. 10

8
6

7

479
462
390

2-%
2-11/16
2- 9/16

68
64
64

Not Thinned

8

687

2-H

54

Here the thinning treatments have definitely reduced the load of fruit per
tree and there is correlated response in size and color of the fruit. Results
of other investigators, both in Eastern orchards and in the Pacific North-
west, lead us to expect there will also be increased fruit bud formation on
the trees thinned early. When these data are available in the spring of 1936,
these tests should relate the response of Mcintosh in this climate to that of
York, Delicious, and other varieties in the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley
and Ortley, Yellow Newton, and Delicious in the Pacific Northwest.

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 17

Leaf area measurements, made on June 27, July 5, 17, and August 9,
indicate no significant increase in the leaf area per fruit spur resulting from
the thinning treatment. (G. F. Potter — Adams Fund.)

Apple Pollination Study

In view of the fact that field observation has seemed to indicate a better
set on Mcintosh trees adjacent to Astrachan trees, even though the blossom-
ing season of the Astrachan precedes that of the Mcintosh, a test was car-
ried out to determine whether bees might retain pollen over a period of days.
Bees placed in an orchard where Red Astrachan and other varieties were in
bloom were transferred to similar caged Mcintosh trees — in one case imme-
diately, and in others after storage.

The results seem to indicate that the pollen is injured in the hive or else
the bees remove it all from their bodies very quickly. Bees removed from
pollenizers only over night doubled the set of .fruit, and reduced the number
of lop-sided apples by 25% as compared to self-pollination. Yet even this
cannot be considered good cross-pollination. The seed content was only
slightly better than with self-pollination and less than half that of open
pollinated apples. (G. F. Potter, L. P. Latimer — Purnell Fund.)

Fertilizer on Strawberries

Since the application of sodium nitrate has definitely caused injury to
strawberries on the experimental farm and other nitrogen carriers have not,
it was felt that the sodium might be the causal agent. Various chemicals,
which included different combinations of sodium, calcium and ammonia with
nitrogen, were applied each to a series of 36 replicate plots. Taking the yield
of the check plot to which no chemicals were applied as 100% the yield of
those to which different salts of ammonia were applied was 99, those re-
ceiving calcium salts 94, and those receiving compounds of sodium 72>%.
There seems to be a very distinct reduction in yield whenever sodium is used.
(L. P. Latimer — Hatch Fund.)

Variety Tests of Fruits

In new varieties of apples, dark red sports of standard sorts and seed-
lings of the Mcintosh are attracting the greatest interest. Again this season
it was possible because of better color development to harvest Starking, a
red sport of Delicious, earlier than the parent, but the difference was not
so striking as in 1934. Many persons consider the Starking of better flavor
than Delicious, possibly because Delicious may be left too long on the tree in
the hope of acquiring more attractive color. The 1935 average yield per tree
for Starking set in 1926 was 1.1 bushels.

Red Spy and Red Gravenstein diff'er considerably in appearance from
their respective parents. This will be a disadvantage commercially. There
will be better color and fewer culls.

For an early season variety. Early Mcintosh appears to be generally
accepted as being superior to Astrachan, which is of the same ripening sea-
son. On the Station farm, the Canadian Mcintosh seedling "Melba" has
been found to ripen about two weeks earlier than Early Mcintosh.
It is of good quality and attractive appearance, and appears worthy of
trial for use early in the season for roadside stand or other retail trade.

18 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

Among late seedlings of the Mcintosh, Cortland stills holds the foremost
place. During the past two winters it has demonstrated its superior hardi-
ness. The trees which are mostly under observation, although rather young,
are exceedingly productive. The apple is well colored and of fairly good ap-
pearance. It appears to require picking at exactly the proper stage in order to
keep well in storage, but if this is accomplished, its appearance and quality
are excellent, from January to May. On a "blindfold test," most persons
will prefer Cortland to Mcintosh after January 15 or February 1.

On the market it does not sell for as high prices as the Mcintosh, but
brings returns more nearly in line with those of Baldwin. It is excellent for
baking and the flesh does not discolor when exposed to the air, which makes
it suitable for salad purposes. (L. P. Latimer and G. F. Potter — Hatch
Fund.)

Tests of Strawberries

Four replicated plots of each of seventeen varieties of strawberries
fruited in 1935, and comparisons were made as to yield, vigor of plants, size
and attractiveness of fruit and resistance to disease.

Stevens Late, Dorsett, and Commonwealth set the largest number of
runner plants, and Howard Supreme, Redheart, and Clermont the least.
Fairfax and Aberdeen each yielded about 7,000 quarts per acre, Dorsett
6,000 quarts, Cato, Clermont, and Dunlap 5,000 to 6,000. Joe and Bliss
yielded at the rate of 3,000 to 4,000 quarts, Redheart at 2,000 quarts, and
the other varieties between 4,000 and 5,000. Fairfax, Catskill, Clermont
and Commonwealth produced the largest fruit, Blakemore and Dunlap the
smallest.

Camden, Clermont, and Bliss sufifered severely from leaf spot, while
Redheart, Howard 17, Stevens Late, and Aberdeen showed the most yellows
and leaf crinkle. Fairfax and Belmar suffered least from disease, followed
by Joe, Dunlap, Howard 17, and Commonwealth.

The Fairfax was considered the most promising new berry, because of
high quality, yield, size of fruit, firmness of berry, attractiveness, vigor of
plant, and freedom from disease. Cato was ranked second, and Dorsett
third. The Aberdeen is also good, but the fruit is rather soft and quite tart.
Commonwealth would rank high except that the fruit rapidly falls off in
size as the season progresses. (L. P. Latimer — Hatch Fund.)

Variety Test of Tomatoes

In the variety test of tomatoes the Shirley strain of Bonny Best has
outyielded other varieties consistently, and there is very little diff"erence
between seed grown in New Hampshire and in South Carolina. The New
Penn State is very little better than the North Dakota strains, such as Prog-
ress or Bison. These strains may prove valuable for northern New Hamp-
shire, where early ripening is an absolute necessity. The new Rutgers is a
beautiful tomato, but so late in ripening that it is worthless except for Sep-
tember sales. A new variety showing great promise is Clark's Early. It is
more resistant to early blight than Bonny Best, which it resembles.

In greenhouse tests the Field Station strain of Comet outyielded Bonny
Best and Marglobe. (/. R. Hepler — Misc. Income.)

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 19

Contact Insecticides

During the year the study of contact insecticides has involved particular
attention to the phenomenon "wetting." A new method has been developed
for the study of wetting on leaf surfaces. The new method takes into account
the volume of spray, the pressure at which it is applied, and the time elapsed
after the spray application. The new criterion of wetting is called "the ex-
posure period." This is defined as the minimum number of seconds'
exposure necessary for a spray applied at a definite pressure and distance to
effect complete wetting of a leaf surface. Wetting is indicated by the dark
glossy appearance of the leaf when covered by a continuous film of liquid
actually in contact with it. The results of this study will appear shortly in
the series, "Studies of Contact Insecticides."

Another phase in the investigation of contact insecticides which has
received attention during the year has been a study of the penetration of
white arsenic and sodium arsenite through the integument of insects. The
arsenicals are generally considered to act chiefly as stomach poisons when
used in insect control, but definite evidence of contact action by sodium
arsenite has been demonstrated.

In undertaking this study it was necessary first to develop a standard
technique for applying the toxicant. Such a technique was successfully de-
veloped.

Quantitative determinations of the arsenic content of treated insects
were made by means of a modified Gutzeit method. Preliminary work in-
cluded determinations of the arsenic content of organs and parts of organs
of insects treated with either white arsenic or sodium arsenite. Penetration
through the insect integument was demonstrated. Arsenic was recovered
from all organs or tissues examined. The results of these studies were pub-
lished in Technical Bulletin 63, entitled "Penetration of Arsenic into Insects.
Studies of Contact Insecticides X."

These studies are being continued, and an attempt is being made to deter-
mine the arsenic content of additional organs and tissues. Separate studies
of the effects of arsenic on the blood of insects are in progress. These in-
clude effects on total cell count, on cell types, on plasma, etc. Additional
studies are being made "in vitro" of the digestive tract to determine which
parts are penetrated by arsenic. This phase has an important bearing on the
elimination of arsenic from the insect's body. (W. C. O'Kane, J. G. Conk-
lin, L. C. Glover, W . A. Westgate — Purnell Fund.)

Ovicides

Petroleum oils have been found to penetrate the eggs of insects repre-
senting six different orders. The presence of oil was demonstrated in the
chorion, underlying the chorion, and surrounding the globular contents of
the embryo. A predominance of oil was observed in the micropylar region.
The results of this phase of the work are summarized in Technical Bulletin
62, entitled "Further Determinations of Oil Penetration into Insect Eggs.
Studies of Contact Insecticides IX." It has been found that apparently the
extent of oil penetration depends in part on the state of embryological devel-
opment. In freshly deposited eggs of the squash bug (Anasa tristis DeG.)
oil penetration is rather extensive, while in eggs containing well developed
embryos, oil was found to have penetrated only in the chorion. In the case of

20 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

the gipsy moth egg it has been observed that oils of high viscosity effect a
greater degree of penetration than do oils of lower viscosities. (W. C.
O'Kane, L. C. Glover — Adams Fund.)

Abnormal Relationship of Fat to Solids-Not-Fat in Milk

Serious variations from normal of the relation between fat and solids-
not-fat in milk content have made advisable a study of their cause. An
examination of the milk from 68 farms selling to one firm, for example,
showed that while 30 were producing milk below 3.3% fat standard, 37
were producing milk that did not meet the 8.5% solids-not-fat standard.
Two farms producing about the same amount of milk and both testing 3.8%
fat, showed solids-not-fat of 8.01 and 9.01% respectively, a variation far
beyond any formula to explain.

Active work on an investigation of this subject started in December,
1934, with running monthly three-day composite samples of the milk from
the cows in the University herd. These data will provide a basis for the
selection of certain animals or group of animals for further studies of the
effect of such factors as feed and herd management in relation to the
problem.

Fifteen-day composite samples from 44 herds delivering milk to one
dealer produced among other data the following salient points : That the
solids-not-fat content of the milk from these producers showed greater
variation in general than the fat ; that the solids-not-fat content is higher
in the milk during the time of year when the pastures are good ; that the
solids-not-fat content drops when the pastures become short and when
the cows are put on barn feeding ; and that at certain seasons of the year the
solids-not-fat content decreases when the fat is increasing.

A survey of 64 herds around Colebrook in the Spring of 1935 showed
that : In herds where the cows were in poor physical shape the solid content
of the milk was low ; the farmers' herds that had been fed no grain or little
grain during the pasture season were mostly in the low soHds group; and
the average fat and total solids in the milk from herds receiving only old
meadow hay were lower than from a group of herds where some clover or
alfalfa hay was fed. (H. C. Moore— Piir)icll Fund.)

Rural Electrification Survey

In the latter part of 1934 there was received from Washington author-
ization for a state-wide Rural Electrification Survey to be conducted as an
E.R.A. Project. The object was : "To determine and locate the potential
electric consumption of the area involved, (all unserved area in the state)
and facilitate the routing of the necessary distribution lines where they are
economically justifiable." Complying with instructions, "that all work
should be under the direction of an experienced supervisor who should be
an engineer," W. T. Ackerman, Agricultural Engineer of the Experiment
Station, was appointed supervisor. The project was sponsored by the Ex-
periment Station, the Public Service Commission, the New Hampshire Farm
Bureau Federation, and the New Hampshire Rural Electrification Commit-
tee. Of particular interest in the instructions issued from Washington to all
states was the recommendation of two publications, one of which was New
Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, #266, as references
in conducting the national survey.

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 21

During the previous winter a prehminary survey covering Merrimack
County was conducted by the Station under Federal funds as a trial method,
and also to develop procedure and methods in conducting such a survey.

The Public Service Commission supplied large-scale maps in their pos-
session, experienced field engineers, an office and field supervisor, and gen-
eral information in the files of the Commission for this year's complete
survey.

The Experiment Station made available the information accumulated
during ten years of specialized work in this field, drew up the forms and
developed the procedure and methods to be employed, provided the project-
supervising engineer, and maintained general supervision and advisory capa-
cities throughout the course of the survey.

Actual field activity was started in February, 1935, and completed in
August. A copy of the Survey Report comprises ten volumes, one for each
district into which the state was divided, and weighs Z7 pounds. The report
deals entirely with the engineering problems and economic possibilities of
extending electric current to all the unserved areas in the state. It contains
over 220 detailed maps of towns and possible extensions and work orders
for the same. Complete reports are available for inspection at the Agricul-
tural Engineering Section of the University, Public Service Commission,
Concord, N. H., and at the Emergency Relief Administration Offices in
Manchester, N. H.

The completed record shows the total possible number of extensions to
be 1,526. Of this total number, however, only 132 showed that they would
produce sufficient revenue to warrant serious study at this time.

Over 10,000 miles of unserved rural roads were traveled by the field
engineers to obtain the first figure mentioned and to locate 14,301 possible
consumers of electricity on the maps. Nearly half this mileage was repeated
to arrive at the second figure mentioned. Of these 132 extensions it was
found that only 52 measuring a total of 93 miles in length would produce a
revenue of $18 or more per mile per month, and that 80 extensions totalling
156 miles would produce $12 to $18 per mile per month. These two groups
of possible lines were called Class "A" and Class "B" lines respectively.

Up to the present the costs of line construction and permitted rate of
return, per mile of fine, have required about $24 per mile per year to be
satisfactory.

The latest reports indicate that New Hampshire has 66.6% of its farms
electrified, the highest figure for any state in the country. Arrival at this
leading position is largely credited to the research activities started 1 1 years
ago, ancl to the cooperative efforts developed with the Farm Bureau Federa-
tion, utility companies of the state. Public Service Commission, and State
Rural Electrification Committee.

Out of this cooperative efl^ort gre^v^the New Hampshire Five Year Plan,
w4iich has been accepted by most of the companies in the state. This plan
provides that, instead of paying for the construction of the line, as was the
old method, customers on a new extension guarantee for five years a monthly
return to the utility equal to one-sixtieth of the cost of constructing and
equipping the line, and for which they are entitled to consume as much cur-
rent each month as this amount of money represents at normal rates of the
company, at no extra charge. The plan has operated successfully for about
seven years.

22 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

The complete survey record includes, among other things, a description
of the electrical situation in each district, summaries of the Group "A" and
Group "B" extensions, with estimated costs and revenues and town maps
showing the existing electrical facilities of all types within the town, all
possible customers in the unserved areas down to a density of one per mile,
etc.

The availability of such detailed information makes it possible for all
state agencies interested in developing this field to work with the minimum
loss of motion and expense toward as completely an electrified agriculture
in the state as can reasonably be accomplished. (W. T. Ackcnnan — State
Fund.)

Precooling of Milk

Experiments on the precooling of milk using the wet tank storage type
were continued with refrigeration equipment involving circulating gas and
a minimum of mechanically operated valves.

Being of a unit type, it was possible for the first time in the experience
of this Station to measure the output capacity of the equipment directly in
pounds of ice formation. This is a standard unit of capacity used through-
out the refrigeration industry, but up to this time has been arrived at in the
field of agricultural refrigerating equipment by computation. A method was
evolved whereby the ice formed was measured in pounds directly.

The year's study also included investigation of the efficiency of bottom-
type evaporator or cooling units, and also a new cast-iron radiator type with
fins, located in a vertical position in the center of the bath. For the space
occupied by the latter kind it was found that satisfactory cooling could be
obtained with a reduction in the over-all size of the tank. While the cooling
effect produced by bottom-type evaporator units is satisfactory, it is found
necessary to increase the height of tanks to accommodate them, thereby mak-
ing it more difficult to lift the cans in and out.

One of the difficulties experienced by users of wet tank milk cooling
units up to this time had been the length of time required to complete the
cooling of the milk. This has been largely due to inadequate circulation in
the water bath — many tanks having no provision for this other than the very
slow circulation produced by convection currents. The most significant find-
ing of the year was that a ^" iron rod mounted vertically in a tank and
having a straight line sweep motion at its bottom point, of about 18", when
operated by the compressor unit motor, at a rate of about 100 complete
strokes per minute, will produce a uniform temperature throughout the entire
mass of the water bath. From this it would seem that the use of circulating
pumps (usually driven by a separate motor) requiring a considerable in-
vestment and amount of power to operate and which put the water in motion
with considerable velocity may be supplanted by this less expensive equip-
ment which will produce practically perfect temperature distribution. (W.
T. Ackerman, H. C. Moore — Purnell Fund.)

Heat Requirements for Brooding Chicks

Various types of insulation for brooder-house floors were studied in a
continuation of the work with electric brooders. (See Station Circular 46.)
A double wood floor ; a layer of ^" insulating board, sealed in tar paper and

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 23

roof cement and covered by matched flooring ; two layers of the same type
of insulating board and water-proof jacket ; and three layers of the insulat-
ing board sealed in tar paper were used.

The floor temperature curves showed the same general characteristics
as during the 1933-34 runs — that is. a marked drop shortly after midnight
with a slow, irregular rise often late the following afternoon. Thermocouple
readings taken intermittently showed very little indication of any major
heat loss through the floors, as a matter of fact, when continuous all night
readings were taken, the temperature under the floors never changed as rap-
idly as the temperature within the houses, (because they were well banked
and boarded up below) .

From the temperature readings the loss through the floor appears so
small that the "built-in" insulation was not warranted. There was absolutely
no correlation between floor insulation and mortality.

From the cost and labor records which were kept on all operations, it
was found that the cost for brooding with electricity is practically the same
as with coal. Taking averages of all runs with electricity, the current plus
labor was about 6.4 cents per bird for 6 weeks, while coal plus labor ran
about 6.3 cents for the same period. (Electricity figured at 3^ per kw. hr.,
coal, $14 per ton.)

The lowest electricity plus labor cost on any run was 5.5 cents, while the
highest in a 10' x 12' house was 7.1 cents per bird. (W. T. Ackcnnaii, G. M.
Foulkrod, T. B. Charles, A. E. Tcppcr and P. D. Reed—PnrncU Fund.)

Pneumatic Tractor Equipment

In general, pneumatic tire equipment for tractors has proved to be very
practical and successful in the Station tests. After two seasons of use the
feather-edge mould mark is still in evidence. Some gouging and chipping
of the treads has occurred, and two tears of the rubber casing down to the
first layer of cords has occurred. This latter difficulty was experienced with
both sets of tires and is in the nature of accidental injury.

In operation it has been found that even under the severest conditions
of moisture that pneumatic tires, unlike steel wheel equipment, will not dig
themselves in. A shallow trough is dug in the soil and the wheel will slip
continuously in this trough without increasing the penetration. All of the
results above indicated a not too efi^ective tread design.

A difl^erence in traction was found between the two rear wheels on
account of one being in the furrow and the other on unplowed or grass land.
In order to decrease the slippage which resulted, four weights, weighing
from 160 to 165 pounds, were used on the rear wheels in various combina-
tions.

It was also found that under moist and very wet conditions, slippage
was excessive, and some traction accessory would be necessary to make
equipment usable under such conditions. Special lug-type mud chains, de-
veloped by a commercial concern, were purchased to overcome this difficulty.
In use these were found to be so heavy that the operators were not likely
to apply and remove them at times when they should. Also, the spacing of
the lugs was so great that in operation upon firm ground a very bumpy
motion was developed. This was sufficiently uncomfortable to the driver to

24 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

make it a question as to whether pneumatic tires with lug equipment wer(5
any more comfortable to the operator than steel equipment. {IV. T. Acker-
man and G. M. Foiilkrod — Purnell Fund.)

Forest Plantations

Since 1913 plantings of white pine, Scotch pine, red pine, European
larch, white ash, white spruce, Norway spruce, and Douglas fir have been
made but depredations have ruined all the plantings except white pine, red
pine, and Scotch pine. Partial plantings of white ash remain. Field mice
have been one of the chief enemies of the latter, and Christmas tree thieves
make it hard to maintain spruce stands. (K. W . Woodward — Hatcli Fund.)

White Pine Plots

These plots, both plantations and natural regenerations, now include
stands which started in 1924, 1918, 1917, 1903, 1890, 1880, 1860, and 1800
respectively. They are being regularly maintained and measured.

An experiment to determine what happens on cut-over areas with ample
provision for reseeding has been carried on since 1924. The area lying
southeast of 60-year old seed trees was cut over in 1922. but nothing 'was
done until 1924 to be sure that the Pales weevil would not kill any of the
pine seedlings that might start. At that time one plot had all the brush burnt,
one had only limbs marketable as cordwood taken off, and one allowed to
remain with brush scattered all over it. After ten years, reproduction is
twice as abundant on the area which had all the brush burnt as on the other
two areas, and valuable species like white ash and aspen are better repre-
sented. First raspberries and then cherries came up in the brush piles and
kept out better tree species. {K. W. IVoodzvard — Hatch Fund.)

Fence Post Durability

An examination was made after five years of a trial white pine fence.
Untreated posts were 75%- decayed; brush treated 11%; open tank com-
pletely treated, and ZMA (a zinc arsenate compound), treatments all sound.
The decay varied all the way from one-half inch radially to complete break-
down at the surface of the ground, (/v. W. Woodward— Hatch Fund.)

Skin Vaccination for Chicken Pox

Last year's work showed that it was not satisfactory to vaccinate chicks
for the prevention of fowl pox, at six weeks of age, and immediately place
them on range, particularly during the early spring months, the period of
inclement weather. It caused a decided drop in feed consumption and a
consequent retarding of growth. This year chicks on a commercial poultry
farm were vaccinated at eight weeks of age and were kept confined to the
brooder house for two weeks following vaccination before they were placed
on range. This caused no upset in the chicks.

From this it is concluded that unless chicks can be kept for two weeks
in the brooder house following vaccination, it is better to vaccinate them on
range after they are 12 weeks of age and before they come into production.

1

I

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 25

This year birds were vaccinated by means of two sewing-machine
needles placed in the end of a small wooden stick about }i of an inch apart.
These needles were dipped in the vaccine before each bird was vaccinated,
and then pushed through the web of the wing and pulled back. This inocu-
lated four small places in the skin in a single operation, which insured a bet-
ter take than was procured by the previously recommended method of
inoculating on the unfeathered portion of the leg with a small scalpel which
made a single small incision of the skin. Another advantage of the wing
method is that it does not decrease the market value of the birds if they
should be sold before the vaccination lesions disappeared.

To check the degree of immunity produced by the wing method of vac-
cination, inoculated chicks were later tested by scarifying* the comb and
inoculating with vaccine. The immunity proved to be solid. (C. L. Martin
and C. A. Bottorff — Purnell Fund.)

Pullorum Testing

During the past fiscal year 239.487 blood samples from 225,299 birds
were tested for pullorum. This was an increase of 29,733 samples over the
])revious season of 1933-1934 and an increase of 19,856 birds tested. More
than one fifth of the total number of adult birds in the state of New Hamp-
^hire were tested and, of these birds tested, 99.85% were found to be free
from pullorum.

In complying with the National Poultry Improvement Plan the terms
"Pullorum Accredited" and "Pullorum 100% Free" flocks were changed
to "Pullorum Clean" and "Pullorum Passed" flocks respectively. The third
grade of "Pullorum tested" is not recognized as official in New Hampshire.
There were 75 Pullorum Clean flocks having 94,947 birds, and 111 Pullorum
Passed flocks having 112,219 birds tested during the season. There were 11
flocks, in which only part of the flock was tested, and among the 5,377 birds
tested in these flocks, no reactors were found. There were 16 flocks of the
206 flocks tested in which infection was found. This was an increase of 6
flocks over the season of 1933-1934.

Breaks occurred in one Pullorum Clean flock that had previously tested
100% for 8 years with no reactors found, and in two Pullorum Passed
flocks which had been negative for one year and four years respectively.
(C. A. Bottorff — Miscellaneous Income.)

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Control and Vaccination

Due to the outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis the previous season,
funds were secured to erect a building and laboratory for research on the
control of this disease and the manufacture of vaccine. The building and
laboratory were completed in ^lay 1935. The Federal license #194 was
issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry on May 29th, 1935. Only a small
amount of vaccine was disposed of to New Hampshire poultrymen by the
end of the 1934-1935 season.

Experiments on vaccination and duration of immunity are planned, with
studies on methods of preserving the virus. (C L. Martin and C. A. Bot-
torff— Miscellaneous Income.)

26 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

Fowl Pox Vaccine

There were 225,200 doses of fowl-pox vaccine distributed to New
Hampshire poultry men during the year and 29,300 doses outside the state.

Studies in the Improvement of Technique for the
Eradication of Pullorum

A study of the whole-blood test for Pullorum disease was started to
determine if it is satisfactory to use as an official test for flocks in New
Hampshire. The work was conducted on two farms during the past year.
In studying results of the birds necropsied five birds were found that did
not react to the whole blood test but did react to the standard tube test.
Salmonella pullorum was isolated from these birds. One bird failed to react
on standard tube test but did on the whole-blood test and salmonella pull-
orum was isolated.

One bird gave a positive reaction to the whole-blood test but failed to
react on the standard-tube test and salmonella pullorum was not isolated.

The results of the comparative tests, thus far, do not justify using the
whole-blood test as the official test in New Hampshire, even though esti-
mates indicate that it may cost 1 to 1.5 cents less than the standard tube test
(C. A. Bottorff—Purnell Fund.)

Record of Performance

Record of Performance work, i.e., official supervision of trapnesting and
breeding, was conducted on twelve poultry breeding farms — an increase of
three farms over the previous year. The supervisor, a representative of the
Experiment Station, makes eight annual visits to each farm, giving it official
recognition of records and aids the poultryman in his problems. The num-
ber of Record of Performance Certificates which are issued for birds pro-
ducing 200 or more 24-oz. eggs increased to 370, and the number of ad-
vanced certificates which are given for birds laying 240 or more standard
sized eggs, more than doubled, amounting to 221. The total number of birds
entered was 2,578. {R. C. Ditrgin — Miscellaneous Income.)

Poultry Approval

Poultry Approval, formerly called Poultry Certification, entailed the
handlmg of 14 flocks of 14,893 birds by a member of the Experiment Sta-
tion Staff, and grading the birds into three classes : breeders, layers and
culls. The superior individuals as to type, color and producing qualities,
are placed in the breeder class. The birds inferior in type and color or having
a standard defect but being good producers, are placed in the laying class.
The cost of this work to the poultrymen has been reduced for 'each bird
handled, but entails all expenses incurred, such as travel, lodging and cost
of bands. This reduction of expenses, together with the Government stimu-
lation along this line, should greatly increase the Poultry Approval work in
the near future. {R. C. Durgin — Miscellaneous Income.)

Poultry Autopsies

There were 1,798 poultry autopsies performed at the poultry pathologv
laboratory this past fiscal year. Of these 795 were adults, 962 chickens, 29
turkeys, 6 pheasants, and 4 ducks.

1

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 27

The principal diseases of the adult group were— ruptured egg yolk,
33.5%; coccidiosis, 21.5%; pneumonia and colds, 11.8%; indigestion,
9.8% ; impaction of digestive tract, 9.8% ; and tumors, 5.5%.

The principal diseases of chicks were : pneumonia, 47.9% ; indigestion,
37.77c ; pullorum, 12.3% ; coccidiosis, 10.2% ; tremors, 3.5% ; and uremia,
2.7%.. (C. L. Mart'ui and C. A. Bottorff — Miscellaneous Income.)

Inspection Service

Fertilizer and Feeding Stuffs Inspection. In enforcement of the law
regulating the sale of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, 408 brands
requiring 3,100 individual determinations were analyzed for the State De-
partment of Agriculture; and in enforcement of the law regulating the sale
of commercial fertilizers 109 brands requiring 720 individual determina-
tions were analyzed. (T. 0. Smith and H. A. Davis — Miscellaneous In-
come.)

Soil Testing Service. The testing of 650 soil samples for residents of
the state was carried on between July 1, 1934 and June 30, 1935. The ser-
vice continues to be important since samples arrive in large numbers.

Seed Certification. Ninety-four acres of potatoes were entered for cer-
tification, 2y2 acres failed to meet requirements and 9 acres were withdrawn
after having passed first inspection. Growing conditions were especially
favorable during the year and the mean yield obtained was 450 bushels per
acre, the highest recorded to date and 123 bushels per acre above the mean
for the previous 13 years. (0. Butler — Miscellaneous Income.)

Seed Inspection Service. The seed inspection work for the State De-
partment of Agriculture was conducted as usual. From July 1, 1934 to
June 30, 1935, 459 samples of seed were handled in the laboratory. Sixty-
eight of these samples were sent in by individuals and the rest submitted by
the state inspector. (Betty G. Sanborn and L. I. Higgins — Miscellaneous
Income.)

Publications

Station publications issued during the year were as follows :

Station Bulletin 281— Inspection of Commercial Feeding Stuffs 1934
282— Results of Seed Tests 1934
" " 283 — Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers 1934

284— Station Report 1934
' Technical " 61 — A Study of the Factors Affecting the Development of the

Embyrosac and Embryo in the Mcintosh Apple
Station Circular 43 — Power for the Grindstone

" " 47 — Fertilizer Experiments with Sweet Clover

" " 48 — Top-Dressing Pasture Lands with Fertilizer

. Scientific Contribution 45 — Effect of Application of Sodium Chlorate and Ammo-
nium Thiocyanate on Subsequent Sowings of Wheat
" " 46 — Results of Incorporating a Heavy Application of Super-

phosphate Deeply into an Orchard Soil
" " 47 — Effect of Crop and Treatment on Winter Injury to Bald-

wins
" " 48 — Ability of the Basal Metabolism of the Dairy Cow

28 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Expenditures of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station
for the Year Ending June 30, 1935

Hatch Adams PurncU Supple-
Fund Fund Fu)id moitary* Total

Personal services $10,406.37 $12,852.70 $47,899.09 $20,863.35 $92,021.51

Supplies and materials.. 733.41 1,033.08 3,687.83 2,786.14 8,240.46

Communication service . . 879.82 59.40 497.96 1,437.18

Travel expenses 367.54 89.60 4,447.02 6.570.47 11,474.63

Transportation of things. 326.68 20.20 145.80 108.70 601.38

Publications 588.44 261.55 111.17 961.16

Heat, light, water, and

power 700.22 41.24 75.69 817.15

Contingent expenses ... . 19.03 16.00 48.41 1,291.54 1,374.98

Equipment 978.49 736.91 2,985.41 990.34 5,691.15

Buildings and land 251.51 424.25 6,498.40 7,174.16

Balance 25,930.04 25,930.04

Totals $15,000.00 $15,000.00 $60,000.00 $65,723.80 $155,723.80

*This fund includes expenditures from the following sources :

State appropriations $5,458.00

Sales and miscellaneous income 60,265.80

$65,723.80

Poultry Science Association Meeting

The 27th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association was held
August 6 to 9 with the Poultry Department of the Experiment Station act-
ing as hosts. More than 200 delegates representing institutions in 30 differ-
ent states, the District of Columbia, England, East Africa, and Canada
attended.

There were 86 different topics discussed on the four day program. Pa-
pers on original research being presented for the first time claimed the
attention of the poultry scientists.

Bankhead-Jones Act

Public— No. 182— 74th Congress H.R. 7160

AN ACT

"To provide for research into basic laws and principles relating to agri-
culture and for the further development of cooperative agricultural
extension work and the more complete endowment and support of
land-grant colleges.

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled

TITLE I

"Section 1. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized and directed to
conduct research into laws and principles underlying basic problems of
agriculture in its broadest aspects ; research relating to the improvement of
the quality of, and the development of new and improved methods of pro-

March, 1936] Agricultural Research in N. H. 29

duction of, distribution of, and new r.nd extended uses and markets for,
agricultural commodities and byproducts and manufactures thereof ; and
research relating to the conservation, development, and use of land and
water resources for agricultural purposes. Research authorized under this
section shall be in addition to research provided for under existing law
(but both activities shall be coordinated so far as practicable) and shall be
conducted by such agencies of the Department of Agriculture as the Secre-
tary may designate or establish.

"Section 2. The Secretary is also authorized and directed to encourage
research similar to that authorized under Section 1 to be conducted by
agricultural experiment stations established or which may hereafter be
established in pursuance of the Act of March 2. 1887, providing for experi-
ment stations, as amended and supplemented, by the allotment and payment
as provided in Section 5 to Puerto Rico and the States and Territories for
the use of such experiment stations of sums appropriated therefor pursuant
to this title.

"Section 3. For the purposes of this title there is authorized to be appro-
priated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the
sum of $1,000,000 for the fiscal year beginning after the date of the enact-
ment of this title, and for each of the four fiscal years thereafter $1,000,000
more than the amount authorized for the preceding fiscal year, and $5,000,000
for each fiscal year thereafter. Moneys appropriated in pursuance of this
title shall also be available for the purchase and rental of land and the con-
struction of buildings necessary for conducting research provided for in
this title, for the equipment and maintenance of such buildings, and for
printing and disseminating the results of research. Sums appropriated in .
pursuance of this title shall be in addition to, and not in substitution for,
appropriations for research or other activities of the Department of Agri-
culture and sums appropriated or otherwise made available for agricultural
experiment stations.

"Section 4. Forty per centum of the sums appropriated for any fiscal year
under Section 3 shall be available for the purposes of Section 1 : Provided,
That not to exceed 2 per centum of the sums appropriated may be used for
the administration of Section 5 of this title. The sums available for the
purposes of Section 1 shall be designated as the 'Special research fund.
Department of Agriculture,' and no part of such special fund shall be used
for the prosecution of research heretofore instituted or for the prosecution
of any new research project except upon approval in writing by the Secre-
tary. One-half of such special research fund shall be used by the Secretary
for the establishment and maintenance of research laboratories and facilities
in the major agricultural regions at places selected by him and for the
prosecution, in accordance with section 1, of research at such laboratories.

"Section 5. (a) Sixty per centum of the sums appropriated for any fiscal
year under Section 3 shall be available for the purposes of Section 2. The
Secretary shall allot for each fiscal year for which an appropriation is made,
to Puerto Rico and each State and Territory an amount which bears the
same ratio to the total amount to be allotted as the rural population of
Puerto Rico or the State or Territory bears to the rural population of
Puerto Rico and all the States and Territories as determined by the last
preceding decennial census. No allotment and no payment under any allot-
ment shall be made for any fiscal year in excess of the amount which Puerto
Rico or any State or Territory makes available for such fiscal year out of its
own funds for research and for the establishment and maintenance of neces-
sary facilities for the prosecution of such research. If Puerto Rico or any
State or Territory fails to make available for such purposes for any fiscal
year a sum equal to the total amount to which it may be entitled for such
year, the remainder of such amount shall be withheld by the Secretary. The
total am.ount so withheld may be allotted by the Secretary of Agriculture to
Puerto Rico and the States and Territories which make available for such
year an amount equal to that part of the total amount withheld which may
be allotted to them by the Secretary of Agriculture, but no such additional

30 N. H. Agr. Experiment Station [Bulletin 289

allotment to Puerto Rico or any State or Territory shall exceed the original
allotment to Puerto Rico or such State or Territory for that year by more
than 20 per centum thereof.

(b) The sums authorized to be allotted to Puerto Rico and the States
and Territories shall be paid annually in quarterly payments on July 1,
October 1, January 1, and April 1. Such sums shall be paid by the Secre-
tary of the Treasury upon warrant of the Secretary of Agriculture in the
same manner and subject to the same administrative procedure set forth
in the Act of March 2, 1887, as amended June 7, 1888.

"Section 6. As used in this title the term 'Territory' means Alaska and
Hawaii.

"Section 7. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized and directed to
prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out this
Act.

"Section 8. The right to alter, amend, or repeal this Act is hereby ex-
pressly reserved."

March, 1936]

Agricultural Research in N. H.

31

New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Staff

ADMINISTRATION

Edward M. Lewis, A.M., L.L.D., Litt.D.,

President

John C. Kendall, B.S., Director

Henry B. Stevens, A.B., Agricultural Editor
and Executive Secretary

Francis E. Perkins, B.S., Editorial Assistant

Raymond C. Magrath, Treasurer and Busi-
ness Secretary

Marvin A. Miller, B.A., Librarian

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Thomas G. Phillips, Ph.D., Chemist
Todd O. Smith, M.S., Associate Chemist
Stanley R. Shimer, M.S., Assistant Chemist
Gordon P. Percival, M.S., Assistant Chemist
Henry A. Davis, M.S., Assistant in Biological
and Agricultural Chemistry

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
'Harry C. Woodworth, M.S., Agricultural

Economist
'M. Gale Eastman, Ph.D., Associate Agricul-
tural Economist
'^Max F. Abell, Ph.D., Assistant Agricultural

Economist
^ Alan G. MacLeod, M.A., Assistant Economist

in Marketing
L. A. Dougherty, B.S., Specialist in Market-
ing
Harold C. Grinnell, M.S., Assistant Agri-
cultural Economist
^Arno J. Hangas, B.S., Research Field Assist-
ant in Agricultural Economics

AGRONOMY

^FoRD S. Prince. B.S., Agronomist
' Paul T. Blood, M.S., Assistant Agronomist
-"Leroy J. HiGGiNS, B.S., Assistant Agronomist
.-Betty G. Sanborn, Seed Analyst and Secre-
tary

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

- Ernest G. Ritzman, M.S., Research Professor

in Animal Husbandry
, Nicholos F. Colovos, M.S., Assistant in Ani-
mal Husbandry

— Albert D. Littlehale, Shepherd
Helen H. Latimer. Gas Analyst

>iRoGER Doe, B.S., Research Assistant in Ani-
mal Husbandry

BOTANY

' Ormond R. Butler, Ph.D., Botanist
Stuart Dunn, Ph.D., Assistant Botanist
Lawrence W. Slanetz, Ph.D., Assistant Bac-
teriologist
^Arthur M. Jorgenson, B.S., Graduate Assist-
ant in Botany

DAIRY

. K. S. Morrow, M.S., Dairy Husbandman
. Herbert C. Moore, M.S., Assistant Dairy
Husbandman

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Walter T. Ackerman, B.S., B.S.A.E., Agri-
cultural Engineer
George M. Foulkrod, M.S., Assistant Agri-
cultural Engineer

ENTOMOLOGY

Walter C. O'Kane, M.A., D.Sc, Entomologist

James G. Conklin, M.S., Assistant Entomolo-
gist

Leon C. Glover, M.S., Research Assistant in
Entomology

Warren A. Westgate, M.S., Research Chemi-
cal Assistant in Entomology

FORESTRY

Karl W. Woodward, A.B., M.F., Forester
Clark L. Stevens, Ph.D., M.F., Assistant
Forester

HORTICULTURE

, George F. Potter. Ph.D., Horticulturist

J. R. Hepler, M.S., Associate Horticulturist

L. Phelps Latimer. Ph.D., Assistant Horti-
culturist

E. J. Rasmussen, M.S., Research Assistant in
Horticulture

James Macfarlane, Florist

Mary A. Tingley, B.S., Graduate Assistant
in Horticulture
POULTRY

Thomas B. Charles, B.S., Poultry Husband-
man

Albert E. Tepper, M.S., Assistant Poultry
Husbandman

Carl L. Martin, D.V.M., Veterinarian

Charles A. Bottorff, Jr., D.V.M., Poultry
Pathologist

Roslyn C. Durgin, B.S., Record of Perform-
ance and Certification Inspector

Elmer W. Lang, White Diarrhea Tester

Charles L. Ingalls, Assistant Poultry^ Tester
-^RoGER C. Ham, Laboratory Technician in Poul-
try Husbandry

ASSISTANTS TO THE STAFF
Beatrice M. Richmond, Bookkeeper
Elizabeth E. Mehaffey, Assistant Librarian

and Mailing Clerk
Maisie C. Burpee, Secretary to the Director
Martha E. Fisher, Stenographer
Kathrina Legg, Stenographer
Nettie Durgin, Clerk
Phyllis Seymour, Stenographer
Marion H. Brown, Stenographer
Amber Hall, Stenographer
Sara M. Sanborn, Stenographer
Dorothy Hall, Stenographer
Edna Boyd, Stenographer
Laverna Murphy, Stenographer
Anna Bagni, Stenographer
Rachel Pearsons, Stenographer
Katherine Wentworth, Stenographer
Kathleen Pike, Stenographer

6qp>

-no. 385 806