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BULLETIN 296 MARCH, 1921
eet

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE.

Grasshoppers and Related Insects.

The Table of Contents for this Bulletin is given on page 36.

rf

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ORONO, MAINE

THE STATION COUNCIL

PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, President
wicielelab Neate eisislaneiele wu iinecer teieines Secretary
ORA GILPATRICK, Houlton,
CHARLES E. OAK, Bangor,
THOMAS E. HOUGHTON, Fort Fairfield,

Committee of
Board of Trustees

FRANK P. WASHBURN, Augusta, Commissioner of Agriculture
EUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, State Grange
WILSON .H. CONANT, Buckfeld, State Pomological Society

«esate Since mite. oO Rarer 2 ate ae neie etree State Dairymen’s Association
LEONARD C. HOLSTON, Cornish, Maine Livestock Breeders Assn.
WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Portland, Maine Seed Improvement Assn.

AND THE Heaps AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS, AND THE
DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

THE STATION STAFF

JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S., Acting Director

ADMINIS- ESTELLE M. GOGGIN, Clerk
TRATION CHARLES C. INMAN, Clerk
MARY L. NORTON, Clerk

JOHN W. GOWEN, Pu. D., Biologist

KARL SAX, M. S., Biologist

BIOLOGY MILDRED R. COVELL, Clerk
BEATRICE GOODINE, Laboratory Assistant

JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S., Chemist

CHEMISTRY < ELMER R. TOBEY, Cu. E., Associate
C. \-HARRY WHITE, Pac Assistant

ENTOMOL- EDITH M. PATCH. Pa.2b; Entomologist
OGY ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant
PLANT WARNER J. MORSE, Pu: D., Pathologist
PATHOLOGY DONALD FOLSOM, Pz. D., Associate
VIOLA L. MORRIS, Laboratory Assistant

AROOSTOOK A een ete eee eee Associate Biologist
FARM E. RAYMOND RING, A. B., Superintendent
HIGHMOOR WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, Superintendent
FARM HUGH C. McPHEE, B. §&., Scientific Aid

BULLETIN 296
ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. '

By AxsBert P. Morse.?
INTRODUCTION.

Grasshoppers and crickets, together with certain less com-
mon forms such as cockroaches, walkingsticks and earwigs, are
classed together in a major group or order of insects termed the
Orthoptera.*

This is one of the most important of all groups of insects
in its economic relations to man, a large number of the species
being highly destructive to his crops; some, in fact, are literally
scourges of the earth; others enter his dwellings and pollute or
destroy his food. Not a year passes but severe damage is done
by them in this State; though this is often of such a nature as to
be unnoticed or attributed to other causes. Shortage of feed in
pastures is more likely to be laid to drought than to the insects
which have eaten it.

Consequently it is necessary to consider these creatures as
factors to be dealt with in successful agriculture, and wise to
secure and impart information about them to those most vitally
concerned—the farmers of the State—whose welfare depends in
larger measure than even they themselves are aware, on an ade-
quate knowledge of .the habits, life histories, and methods of
control of these insects.

List oF FAMILIES.

The order Orthoptera as found in Maine contains represent-
atives of six groups of lesser rank called families, as follows:

*Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomol-

ogy No. 104.
*Member of Station Summer Staff.
’From two Greek words signifying “straight” and “wings.” The

under wings of the Orthoptera fold, like a fan, in straight limes. See
Figure 1.

2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

1. Acriprpar*,—grasshoppers with short antennae’, the
common grasshoppers of our fields and roadsides. (Fig. 1)

Pi fterte jes
Sgt Se ENT ol RLY ag ="

eat

te

|
jest
i
|

Fic. 1. Carolina Grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina) or “flying grass-
hopper.” Wing and wing-cover of right side spread. (After Lugger)
The hair-line at the side indicates the true length of the body.

2. TETTIGONIIDAE (Locustidae of the older authors) ,—
grasshoppers with long antennae—true grasshoppers, coneheads,
katydids, and cave-crickets. (Fig. 2)

Fic. 2. Common Meadow-grasshopper (Orchelimum vulgare). Fe-
male, showing blade-like ovipositor. (After Lugger)

‘See footnote on page 26.
*The antennae are the so-called “feelers,” two slender, jointed ap-

pendages, attached to the head near the eyes.

’

ee ee ne ee ee

OrTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 3

3. GRYLLIDAE,—crickets, including the ground or field-
crickets, climbing or tree-crickets, and burrowing or mole-crick-

ets. (Fig. 3)

Fic. 3. Common Field-cricket (Gryllus assimilis). Female, showing
needle-like ovipositor. (After Lugger)

Fic. 4. Northern Walkingstick (Diapheromera femorata). Male.
(After Lugger)

The members of these three families have enlarged hind
legs adapted for leaping and are hence called the saltatorial Or-
thoptera or simply the Saltatoria.

As will be seen above, the term “grasshopper” is applied to
insects belonging to two quite different families: the true grass-
hoppers with long antennae, and the related family with short
antennae.

4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

4. PHASMIDAE,—walkingsticks—very slender, greatly elon-
gated, twig-like insects. Only one species in Maine. (Fig. 4)

5. Biattripar,—cockroaches—greatly flattened (depressed),
secretive, nocturnal insects, most widely known as pests in dwell-
ings and shops. (Fig. 5)

Fic. 5. Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae). Male, fe-
male, and last stage of young. (After Marlatt)

6. EorFICcULIDAE,—earwigs—Orthoptera with a pair of
horny pincers at the end of the body and complicated method of:
folding the wings. Only two species in Maine. (Fig. 6)

Fic. 6. European Earwig (Forficula auricularia). Outline drawing
of male, showing form with short forceps; in another form they are at
least twice as long. (A. P. M. del.)

on

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE.

CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER.

The characters in which these insects agree and on which
this classification is based are as follows :—1Ist, mouthparts fitted
for biting and chewing; 2nd, wings four in number, the hind
pair membranous, folded in fan-like plaits, the front pair.nar-
rower, stiff, unfolded, covering and protecting the hind pair
when at rest; 3rd, life history comprising three stages—egg.
young (larva or “nymph”) and adult.

The wings are acquired by degrees during the early life of
the insect and become usable as organs of flight only after ma-
turity is reached; at which time also, in the males of many
species, the wing-covers become fitted to produce sound and the
various species make a wide variety of rattling, chirping, and
scraping noises. These sounds are of use primarily as a means
of communication either when flying or at rest, or both, especi-
ally during the mating period of life. After pairing, and laying
the eggs containing the next generation, the adult insects soon
die.

EGG-LAYING.

The eggs of short-horned grasshoppers and _field-crickets
are usually laid in the ground; of long-horned grasshoppers and
katydids on or in the stems and leaves of plants. Those of cock-
roaches are enclosed in a horny capsule which may be carried
about for several days protruding from the body of the female
but is finally dropped and the young escape but are frequently
attended by the parents.

When about to lay in the ground, the female selects a suit-
able place, usually in firm but not hard soil, and standing nearly
erect, forces the end of her abdomen into the soil, opening in it
by means of the four horny tips (ovipositor) at the end of the
body (Fig. 18) a cavity an inch or two in depth in which the
eggs are laid, surrounded by a gummy secretion which soon
hardens into a protective envelope. Here they remain until the
following warm season, when the young insects hatch and make
their way to the surface of the ground. This is the usual course
of events.

The eggs of a very few species, laid early in the season,
hatch soon after and the young pass the winter in a half-grown

6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

state, maturing early in the spring; a few other species hiber-
nate as adults.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE YOUNG.

Young grasshoppers are usually recognized at once by their
general resemblance to the adults, though lacking wings; that is
to say, they have the same general form, with large hind legs
which enable them to leap suddenly to some distance; and on the
under side of the head, which is much larger in proportion to
the body than in the mature insect, the chewing jaws are readily
seen.®

DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG.

The young grasshopper or cricket acquires the adult form
and structure by a series of steps or stages, six in number, which
are recognizable with a little trouble by the degree of develop-
ment of the wings. (Fig. 7)

.
. Le
.
‘ a
‘ oa

Collar se Rudiment of Wing-cover~ re il
oncom “e \ i : ne
S or _-Rudimentof Wing -:---.._

Fic. 7. Development of Wings in young Two-striped Grasshopper
(Melanoplus bivittatus). I. First stage, from left side (head of insect
to left). II. Second stage. III. Third stage. IV. Fourth stage. V.
Fourth stage from above (head up). VI. Fifth stage, from left side.
Much enlarged, all drawn to same scale. (Original)

°Sucking insects which leap freely and are found in the same places
may be distinguished from grasshoppers by the slender tube or beak on
the under side of the head, sometimes extending between the bases of
the front legs.

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 7

When the young grasshopper escapes from the egg no sign
of wings is to be seen. These become more and more evident
with each successive molt or shedding of the skin, which takes
place between the different stages of development. If a young
or an adult grasshopper be examined there will be seen, just
behind the head, a large collar or neckpiece (pronotum) which
covers the upper (dorsal) part of its body (prothorax) at that
point. Following this collar are the two remaining dorsal parts
of the chest or thorax (mesonotum and metanotum) in the shape
of half rings partly hidden by the collar (in the adult covered
by the wings).

1. In the first stage of the young, that is, the little creature
as it hatches from the egg, the lower, hinder angles of these two
half segments are not at all prolonged downward and backward
(See Fig. 7 1) but they will by degrees take on the structure and
function of wings.

2. In the second stage their lower hinder portions are
slightly enlarged and project a very little. (Fig. 7 II)

3. In the third stage the change in form of these rudiments
is very evident (Fig. 7 III) the anterior ore (which will become
the wing-cover) is quite angular, the posterior one (which will
become the wing) is enlarged, projects, and bears ridges on its
surface. They remain, however, in their original relative posi-
tion to each other.

4. At the molt between the third and fourth stages a re-
markable change in the position of the wing-rudiments takes place
(Fig. 7 IV). They are both turned upward’ instead of down-
ward, and the rudiment of the wing-cover (now long and narrow
in shape) lies between the somewhat triangular rudiment of the
wing and the body. (Fig. 7 V)

5. In the fifth stage they are in the same relative position
as in the fourth, the triangular wings lying outside of the nar-
row wing-covers, but both pairs are much larger in size, equal-
ing or exceeding the pronotum in lerigth. (Fig. 7 VI)

6. The sixth or adult stage is marked by the acquisition of
fully developed, thin, membranous wings, folded longitudinally
in fan-like plaits and lying next to the body when at rest, cov-

In this position they are less likely to interfere with the free move-
ment of the insect when crawling through the grass, etc.

8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

ered and protected by the long, narrow, stitf. wing-covers (teg-
mina). With these organs fully developed, the insect is able
to fly as well as to crawl and leap.* It soon becomes sexually
mature and provides for the perpetuation of its kind.

Foop: AND FEEDING-HApITs.

Grasshoppers and crickets are voracious creatures, growing
rapidly to a relatively large size for insects (the house-fly is re-
garded as about the average), and consuming perforce a large
amount of food in the process. This consists, with the majority
of species, of plant tissue, especially the leaves of grasses, herb-
age generally, and even trees. Young apple-trees set in grass-
land are especially liable to attack, both young and full-grown
grasshoppers climbing up into them from the grass and com-
pletely stripping them of their leaves.

Nearly all species devour the dead bodies of their own kind,
or of other insects, on occasion, but the tree-crickets are believed
to confine their diet to plantlice and are, perhaps, in consequence
equally as useful as injurious. The walkingstick is a vegetarian
and has been known to strip large areas of woodland in other
States. Cockroaches (introduced species only) are often serious
pests in houses, restaurants, etc., where they are responsible for
the loss of large amounts of food-stuffs; and in conservatories
they sometimes cause great damage by nibbling the tender,
growing parts of valuable plants.

CHIEF TYPES OF INJURY CAUSED BY ORTHOPTERA.

Indoors
Foodstuffs Cockroaches, (4 species)
Clothing European House-cricket
Conservatory. plants Asiatic Cave-cricket
Obnoxious presence European Earwig
Out-doors
Forests
Hardwoods, leaves of Walkingstick

Conifers (Pine, Larch) Pine-tree Grasshopper

*This is the normal course of events. There are several species, how-
ever, whose wings become aborted during development and never are
capable of flight.

Soe

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 9

Wild Fruit

Cranberries, Blueberries

Orchard trees and small-
fruit shrubbery

Mechanical injury and in-

troduction of disease
spores
Defoliation

Field and Garden Crops
Strawberries, Peas, etc.
Peas, Beans, Potatoes

(leaves of), also
Grain, Grass

Bush-katydids, various Long-
horned Grasshoppers and
Short-horned Grasshoppers

Tree-crickets

Short-horned Grasshoppers des-
tructive in gardens, etc

Field-crickets

Short-horned Grasshoppers (10
species), Long-horned Grass-
hoppers (4 species), Crickets
(2 species) as follows:

SPECIES CHIEFLY RESPONSIBLE FOR INJURY TO FIELD CROPS.

Acrididae,—Short-horned or common “Grasshoppers.”

10Meadow Slantfaced Grass-
hopper
Pasture Grasshopper
®Clear-winged Grasshopper
Dusky Grasshopper
“Green-striped Grasshopper
®*Two-striped Grasshopper
®Lesser Grasshopper
®Red-legged Grasshopper
“Little Grasshopper
“Northern Grasshopper

Chorthippus curtipennis

Orphulella speciosa
Camnula pellucida
Encoptolophus sordidus
Chortophaga viridifasciata
Melanoplus bivittatus
atlanis
femur-rubrun
confusis
berealis

Mhbne A

Tettigoniidae,—Long-horned Grasshoppers.

20Short-winged Meadow-
grasshopper

"Dangerous pests.

Conocephalus brevipenis

“Often present in injurious numbers but seldom cause severe damage,
"Occasionally abundant enough to cause local injury.

10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

**Slender Meadow-grasshopper fasciatus
“Common Meadow-grass- Orchelimum vulgare
hopper

“Bruner’s Meadow-grass- sr yladiator

_ hopper

Gryllidae,—Crickets.

Large Field-cricket Gryllus assimilis
10Striped Grass-cricket Nemobius fasciatus

Since grasshoppers and crickets exist in countless numbers
in our fields the aggregate amount of plant tissue consumed by
them is enormous. Under normal conditions in Maine their
depredations in grasslands are scarcely noticed unless special
crops or limited areas are attacked. When the growth of vege-
tation is below normal, however, or a series of years especially
favorable to the multiplication of the insects occurs (usually
droughty ones), they become pests of the first magnitude if neg-
lected, and destroy largely or wholly the field and garden crops
in affected districts. Several outbreaks have occurred in the
early history of the State.

PREVENTION OF INJURY.

The satisfactory solution of the problem lies in the early
detection of the likelihood of injury coupled with immediate ap-
plication of measures to prevent tt.

At hatching-time, which in Maine is in late May or early
June (or even so late as July in some backward soils and cool
exposures), a sharp watch should be kept in infested fields, par-
ticularly in their drier, more sandy portions, and similar undis-
turbed soil in the vicinity, and an estimate formed of the number
of insects present per square yard. (See Table 1) If their
numbers threaten serious injury, act at once, before the enemy
has gained strength, by applying the poisoned bran mash and
killing the grasshoppers before they have done much damage.
The younger they are, the more easily killed. If necessary, re-
peat the treatment later.

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 11

OEE USE, (GIR soo ree Ce ee 20 lbs.
Paris green (or white arsenic powder)_........1 Ib.
Syrup (common glucose Syrup) -e-ccccccceen— 22 gis.
iy acetate (Oil-of banana )a 2 2s Y oz.
1 TESS pe eater iment oa a a 3% gallons

(Caution: Do not add water until the day the mash is to be
used).

Preparation: Mix thoroughly the bran and Paris green or
finely powdered white arsenic while dry, in a wash tub. Dis-
solve the syrup in the water and add the amyl acetate. Wet the
bran and poison with the mixture, stirring at the same time so
as to dampen the mash thoroughly. The bait when flavored with
“oil of banana” has been reported by some to be more appetiz-
ing, and thus to be eaten by more of the grasshoppers. Some
report as good results without molasses or other syrup as with
it.

Distribution: The damp mash or bait should be sown
broadcast in the infested areas early in the morning, at the time
the grasshoppers are beginning to move about from their night’s
rest. It should be scattered in such a manner as to cover five
acres with the amount of bait made by using the quantities of
ingredients given in the formula. Since very little of the bran
mash is eaten after it becomes dry, scattering it broadcast in the
morning, and very thinly, places it where the largest number
will find it in the shortest time. Sowing it in this manner also
lessens the danger to birds, barnyard fowl, or live-stock of se-
curing a sufficient amount of the poison to kill them. Inasmuch
as the poisoned bait does not act quickly, it will be from two to
four days before the grasshoppers are found dead, and these
will be more numerous in the sheltered places. It does not re-
quire much of the poison to kill them. Even a small portion
from one of the poisoned flakes will be sufficient to cause death.

12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.
TABGCE le

SCALE OF NUMBERS PER SQUARE YARD WITH REFERENCE TO NEED
OF POISONING.

Very Young (e.g., 2nd Stage)
Negligible Harmful Poison!

A. Large species (Mel. bivitt.) 20 40 100
B. Medium species (Mel. atlanis) 50 100 200
Half-grown.
A. Large species 10 20 50
B. Medium species 25 50 100
Adult.
A. Large species 5 10 25
B. Medium species 10 25 50

Allow 10% either way for unknown factors, unseen exam-
ples, etc., and give benefit of doubt.

Rank as A: Gryllus, Dissosteira, etc.
” — ” B: Camnula, Mel. femur-rubrum, Ch. viridifas-
ciata, etc.
a C: O. speciosa, Ch. curtipennis, Nemob. fasciatus
and scale at double the figures for B; they
are injurious but not serious pests.

But six species of grasshoppers and two of crickets inhabit-
ing Maine are likely to cause serious injury. These are the Les-
ser Migratory Grasshopper, (Melanoplus atlanis); Red-legged
Grasshopper, (Melanoplus femur-rubrum) ; Two-striped Grass-
hopper, (Melanoplus bivittatus); Clear-winged Grasshopper,
(Camnula peliucida); Pasture Grasshopper, (Orphulella speci-
osa); Meadow Slant-faced Grasshopper, (Chorthippus curtipen-
nis); Large Black Field-cricket, (Gryllus assimilis); Striped
Grass-cricket, (Nemobius fasciatus).

The remedy and treatment advised is the same for all, but
it is always desirable to know which kinds are concerned in an
outbreak. Specimens may be killed in denatured alcohol, placed
in a vial with a small amount of alcohol and held in place with
a wad of cotton, and sent to the Experiment Station for identifi-
cation. And the following “Key to Aid in Identifying the
Young” will be found a practical guide by anyone with a little
patience and the faculty of observation.

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 13

KEY TO AID IN IDENTIFYING THE YOUNG OF THE MOST COMMON
AND DESTRUCTIVE SPECIES OF ORTHOPTERA FOUND IN GRASSY
FIELDS OR GARDENS IN JUNE AND JULY.

(The characters used in this Key are presented by the majority of
individuals of the species. Exceptions occur but may usually be deter-
mined by comparison. A magnifying glass enlarging 5 to 10 times will
be found helpful.)

A. Antennae (“feelers” on the head) very slender and tapering to a
fine point (usually much longer than the body).

B. Color black or dark brown. Body a little depressed (flattened
from above downward). Feet (tarsi—Jast segment of leg) three-
ERD ag Aerie etki ee eee i ee ee Field-crickets

C. First joint of hind tarsi with stiff spines above. (Fig. 3)
Large Black Field-cricket, Gryllus assimilis
P@meVithout. Such Spines ~.....0.0tees s+ .se ee Striped Grass-cricket
Small Brown Field-cricket, Nemobius fasciatus.
BB. Color pale green, usually with a dark stripe along middle of back.
Feet four-jointed. (Fig. 2) Green, Long-horned or Meadow-

grasshoppers.
AA. Antennae shorter than the body, thread-like but not tapering to a
fine point. Feet three-jointed.

Common Grasshoppers (short-horned).

D. Face in side view strongly retreating, making a sharp angle with
the top of the head (vertex). (Fig. 8) Collar (pronotum) near-
ly flat above, its upper surface (disk) meeting the side at an
angle marked by a slight ridge (lateral carina). (Fig. 11)

Slant-faced Grasshoppers.

Fic. 8. Side of head and collar (pronotum) of young Slant-faced
Grasshopper (Chorthippus curtipennis) to show angulation of face with
top of forehead (vertex). Enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 9. Top of head and collar of young Slant-faced Grasshopper
(Chorthippus curtipennis) to show impressed lines (foveolae) on vertex.
Enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 10. Side of head and pronotum of young (3rd stage) Red-legged
Grasshopper (Melanoplus femur-rubrum) showing rounded vertex and
characteristic pattern of marking. Enlarged. (Original)

14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

Fic. 11. Section through pronotum of young (3rd stage) Slant-faced
Grasshopper (Chorthippus curtipennis). Enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 12. Section through pronotum of young Clear-winged Grass-
hopper (Camnula pellucida). Enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 13. Section through pronotum of young Red-legged Grasshopper <
(Melanoplus femur-rubrum), lateral carina absent. Enlarged. (Original) =

Distance between Eyes

Fic. 14. Top of head and pronotum of young (3rd stage) Clear-
winged Grasshopper, showing width between eyes.

Fic. 15. Top of head and pronotum of young (3rd stage) Two-
striped Grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus). Compare with Fig. 14.

IN%
Z
Ge

=

Foot (tarsus)

Fic. 16. Left hind leg of young (3rd stage) Lesser Grasshopper
(Melanoplus atlanis) showing parts and oblique banding. Enlarged.
(Original)

Fic. 17. Left hind thigh of young (3rd stage) Red-legged Grass-
hopper (Melanoplus femur-rubrum) showing pattern. Compare with Fig.
16. Enlarged. (Original)

E. Very pale brown or gray in the early stages, often greenish in the
later, with a darker brown stripe running backward from the eye
along the side of the body, covering the upper half of the thorax
and fading out ventrally along the side of the abdomen. (This

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 15

dark stripe is very characteristic in the first three stages; in the
later ones it is often faint or absent on the pronotum. A striking
variation in the later stages has a dark mid-dorsal stripe and sides
of pronotum pale.) In the fourth and fifth stages this species
can always be recognized by the narrow impressed line (foveola)
indenting the front margin of the head (vertex) on each side-just
in front of the top of the eyes (lens needed to see it.) (Fig. 9)
(This line can usually be made out in the third stage also but
not well.) Legs pale, unspotted, the hind thighs, on the outer
side, with a longitudinal brownish stripe with faint edges.
Meadow Slant-faced Grasshopper, Chorthippus curtipennis.”

EE. First and second stages usually pale grass green; the front and
middle legs thickly spotted with dusky: hind thighs with the
basal three-fourths light red and with rows of dark spots on
the ridges. Third stage green or brown, the markings on legs
much the same as in the earlier stages. Fourth and fifth stages
varying greatly in color and pattern of marking (green or
brown, with more or [ess black) but the absence of linear im-
pressions on the vertex cf the head at once distinguishes this
species from the preceding. It is not known from northerr
Maine.

Pasture Grasshopper, Orphulella speciosa.”

DD. Face in side view rounding smoothly into the top of the head
without marked angle at the vertex (Fig. 1)). ;
F. Top of collar (disk of pronotum) sloping downward roof-wise
(Fig. 12), from a median ridge to the low lateral ridges, which
diverge strongly backward. Distance between eyes on top of
head equaling width of an eye (Fig. 14). A robust brown or
gray species, mottled with darker, and usually showing a blackish
bar across the face cn a level with and covering the lower half
of the eyes. No prominent projection on the throat between the
bases of the front legs in any stage.
Clear-winged Grasshopper, Cammnula pellucida.

FF. Top of collar (disk of pronotum) curving smoothly downward
from the low median ridge into the sides (Fig. 13); lateral
ridges present only in the adult. Distance between the eyes on
top of head much less than width of an eye (Fig. 15). In the
fifth, fourth, and often in the third stages a prominent spine is
noticeable projecting downward between the bases of the front
legs (prosternal spine). This cannot usually be made out sat-
isfactorily in the first, second, and often in the third stages.

Spine-throated Grasshoppers.

*The only other slant-faced grasshopper liable to be confused with
either of these species in the young stages is the Sprinkled Grasshopper,
Chloealtis conspersa, which may always be separated by having the sides
of the pronotum longer than deep.

16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.
G. Outer face of hind thighs marked obliquely with dusky and
pale bands (Fig. 16).
Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus atlanis.

GG. Outer face of the hind thighs (stages 2, 3, 4, 5) with a longi-
tudinal dark stripe on its dorsal half (Fig. 17). The lower
half of the outer face and the groove below it also usually
more or less dusky in stage 1.

H. Prevailing color grass green (stages 2, 3, 4, 5) with a pair of
purplish (or dusky brown) stripes on the back running back-
ward from the head, bordered below on the collar by narrow
pale stripes, on the abdomen separated only by the pale
median line. Streak on the hind thighs also often purplish.
Brown individuals are not uncommon, sometimes heavily
marked with dusky. Prosternal spine sharp-pointed. In
the fourth and fifth stages the male may be readily distin-
guished by the lack of a furcula (see Fig. 21). Stage 1 is
more or less dusky, sprinkled with black spots, and closely
resembles the following species.

Two-striped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus.

HH. Sides of head and collar with a conspicuous white stripe
which starts as a spot below the eye and curves upward
and backward across the side of the collar (Fig. 10). It
is widest in front and is bordered above by a black stripe
running backward from the middle of the eyes, and below
by dusky areas on the face and collar. In any stage this
species may nearly always be separated from bivittatus by
the presence of white below the eyes but cut off from them
by a narrow black line, and by having an equally broad
black stripe above the white one on the face. Prosternal
spine rounded at tip. The fourth and fifth stages of the
male show a distinct furcula, rudiments of it often show
in the third stage (see Fig. 22). In general effect this is
usually a strongly striped species.

Red-legged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femur-rubrum.

The last four species named have a country-wide distribu-
tion from the Atlantic to the Pacific and are among the most
destructive of those of the entire continent, having repeatedly
done severe damage . They are found throughout the State of
Maine and often all together in the same field. The Lesser and
the Clear-wing are partial to dry soils of sandy texture, the
Red-legged and the Two-striped prefer damp situations and
rank vegetation.

OrTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 17
ADULT STAGE.

The ‘Two-striped or Yellow-striped Grasshopper is the
stout, greenish or brownish yellow hopper, an inch to an inch
and a half in length, with a yellowish stripe along each side of
its back, common in mid-summer in the rank verdure of mead-
ows and springy runs. The Lesser and the Red-legged are of
medium size, about an inch long, less robust than the Two-
striped, and usually reddish brown above. In the Lesser the
hind thighs are obliquely banded with dusky; not so in the Red-
legged (both, however, usually have red hind tibiae in Maine).

supra-anal plate supra-anal plate
: 10: .cercus

podical plate
Abdomen

Fic. 18. Outline from left side of abdomen of female Carolina
Grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina) showing segments numbered, position
of hearing organ (tympanum), breathing-pores (spiracles), ovipositor,
etc. Enlarged. (After Morse)

Fic. 19. Outline from left side of end of abdomen of male Carolina
Grasshopper, showing parts. Enlarged. (After Morse)

Furcula

Fic. 20. Outline from rear of end of abdomen of adult male Lesser
Grasshopper (Melanoplus atlanis) showing notched subgenital plate. Much
enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 21. Outline from above of end of abdomen of young (4th stage)
Red-legged Grasshopper showing furcula and cerci. Much enlarged.
( Original)

Fic. 22. Outline from rear of end of abdomen of adult male Red-
legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femur-rubrum). Much enlarged. (Orig-
inal)

18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

The male of the Lesser has the end of the abdomen (sub-genital
plate) a little prolonged and slightly notched at the tip (Fig.
20), in that of the Red-legged it is full and round, unnotched
(Fig. 22). The cercus (Figs. 18,. 19, 21, 23, 24, 25) and pro-
sternal spine also are characteristic in form in the three species.

The Clear-winged Grasshopper is also of medium size,
stouter than the Lesser and Red-legged, a dead grass color
spotted with black or dark brown, and lacks the prominent spine
or “Adam’s apple” on the under side of the throat possessed by
the other three species. The wings of all four are transparent.

ee Gi

Fic. 23. Outline of left cercus of adult male Lesser Grasshopper.
Much enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 24. Same of Two-striped Grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus)
drawn to same scale. Much enlarged. (Original)

Fic. 25. Same of Red-legged Grasshopper, drawn to scale. Much
enlarged. (Original)

InyJuRIOUS INDOOR ORTHOPTERA.

CRICKETS, COCKROACHES, EARWIGS

Besides those which ravage our fields and gardens several
members of this group of insects are pests in dwellings, shops,
or stores. These are chiefly introduced species of foreign origin
which find life easiest as hangers-on of man, who unwillingly
provides them with food and shelter and without whose pres-
ence they would probably be unable to survive in this climate.
Two others, recent arrivals in New England, though not yet
reported from this State, are liable to gain entrance at any time.

Of these household or so-called “domiciliary” pests, the
cockroaches are most numerous. The croton-bug or water-bug
(Blattella germanica), the oriental roach or—“‘black beetle” (Blat-
ta orientalis), and the large American roach (Periplaneta ameri-
cana) are often found in sugar-refineries, slaughter-houses, and
untidy bakeries and restaurants, sometimes literally swarming
in dark, moist holes near steam and hot water pipes during the

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 19

day and coming forth at night to feed. Though they act partly
as scavengers, they destroy large quantities of food-stuffs prized
by man and procured for his own benefit and their presence is un-
sanitary and obnoxious. One native species, the Pennsylvania
roach (Parcoblatta pensylvanica), sometimes becomes a nuisance
in cottages and camps at the shore or in the woods, maintaining
itself under natural conditions and sometimes multiplying greatly
in the shelter afforded by man’s construction. No cases of spe-
cific injury have been reported from New England, though it is
locally common, but damage has been done in the Central States.

Remedies for cockroaches are numerous, but the essential
features are the maintenance of strictly cleanly sanitary condi-
tions in infested buildings, combined with constant vigilance and
effective treatment with some of the various poisons or repell-
ants when needed.

Exotic roaches of various species are frequently brought
into this country with tropical fruit, hiding in the recesses of
banana-bunches or among the wrappings of fruit or plants, and
make their appearance in unexpected places. Several very large,
dark-colored kinds have been recorded from the State, two medi-
um-sized brown ones are occasionally seen, and now and then a
beautiful green species is captured. These tropical roaches,
though undoubtedly introduced many times, have never suc-
ceeded in establishing themselves on a permanent basis, though
two kinds (Periplaneta australasiae and Pycnoscelus surinamen-
sis) have lived for several months in conservatories in southern
New England. Another greenhouse orthopteron is the Asiatic
camel-cricket or cave-cricket, a curious. dark brown, hump-
backed, *hopper with extremely long legs and antennae which
sometimes appears in greenhouses, having been introduced into
many parts of Europe and America in the wrappings of plants,
and which maintains itself for long periods under conservatory
conditions but seems to do little or no injury.

Very recently (1919, 1920) the European House-cricket
(the “cricket on the hearth’), has gained a temporary footing in
Connecticut and eastern Massachusetts in dwelling houses and
has done considerable injury to food-stuffs, stored articles, and
damp clothing in the laundry, besides annoying people with its
persistent chirping. It is a straw-colored species, with brown or
blackish markings, a little smaller than our common field-cricket.

20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

These conservatory and household pests can usually be con-
quered or at least controlled (every effort should be made to
‘exterminate them where practicable) by the use of poisoned
bread-and-milk or other attractive foods.

’ One other obnoxious insect of this order needs to be reck-
oned with:—the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) which
has unfortunately become fully established at Newport, R. L.,
and the vicinity and bids fair to spread over the whole country.
This is a light brown insect about half an inch long, bearing at
the end of the body a pair of horny pincers a sixth to a third of
an inch in length. It is nocturnal, and hides by day in any con-
venient shelter. It is obnoxious by flying in swarms to lights
at night, entering cracks and crannies of houses, feeding on
flowérs and the soft parts of plants. (Fig. 6)

Prompt notice should be sent to the Experiment Station of
the capture of these introduced pests, accompanied by specimens
and a full statement of the circumstances and locality. Addi-
tional information concerning the European earwig, discussion
of remedies, etc., may be found in Bulletin 566, U. S. Dept.
Agriculture.

The following Key will enable anyone to classify adult in-
sects of this order as far as the family. Anyone desirous of
pursuing the subject further should consult the author’s “Man-
ual of the Orthoptera of New England” published by the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. ADULTS.

A. Abdomen ending in a pair of conspicuous, horny, unjointed pincers
or forceps-like appendages (Fig. 6). Feet (tarsi) three-jointed.
Legs similar in form and nearly equal in length. Wings, if pres-
ent, folded transversely as well as radially. Earwigs, Forficulidae.

AA. Abdomen without forceps at end or if so with five-jointed tarsi.
Wings, if present, folded in fan-like plaits to the base.

B. Legs equal or. nearly equal in size, the hind thighs not enlarged.
Auditory and sound-producing organs net present. Wing-covers and
wings in normal position throughout the young stages. Ovipositor
not conspicuous.

C. Body broad, depressed. Head nearly or quite concealed beneath
the pronotum, the face ventral, mouth posterior.
Cockroaches, Blattidae.

OrTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 21

CC. Body cylindrical, elongate. Head freely visible from above.
Walkingsticks, Phasmidae.
BB. Hind legs longest, the thighs enlarged for leaping. Rudiments of
wing-covers and wings, when present, reversed in position in later
SHAS ES) OL ey OU ais fs > te <-15)« Jumping, or Saltatorial, Orthoptera.
D. Antennae usually much longer than the body, tapering to a delicate
tip. Auditory organs on base of front tibiae. Sounds produced

by rubbing wing-covers together while at rest.
E. Tarsi four-jointed. Wing-covers sloping at sides of body. Ovi-
positor compressed, blade-like.

Katydids, Long-horned Grasshoppers, Cave-crickets, Tettigoniidae.

EE. Tarsi three-jointed. Wing-covers flat above, bent abruptly
down at sides of body. Ovipositor needle-like, cylindrical.
Crickets, Gryllidae.

DD. Antennae shorter than the body, usually thread-like, sometimes
enlarged at base. Tarsi three-jointed. Auditory organs at
sides of base of abdomen. Scraping sounds produced by many
species while at rest by rubbing hind thighs against the wing-
covers, and rattling sounds in flight. Ovipositor composed of four
short, sharp-tipped, horny pieces arranged in dorsal and ventral

pairs.
Short-horned Grasshoppers, Acrididae.

A List OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF THE STATE OF MAINE.

The following list contains all species of Orthoptera re-
corded or positively known from the State of Maine. Several
others probably inhabit the State but have not as yet been taken
or recorded. One species (Hippiscus rugosus Scudd.), reported
a half century ago, has not been seen since and has perhaps be-
come extinct within the State.

According to their intra-State distribution. they fall into
three chief groups: Ist,—species found in the entire State; 2nd,
—species found only in the colder, more boreal districts ; 3rd,—
species found only in the warmer southern portion, of which
four are restricted to the immediate sea-shore.

Sixteen Acrididae, four Gryllidae, and eight Tettigoniidae
are believed to occur in the entire State; three Acrididae, and
two Tettigoniidae are recognized as boreal; and eleven Acridi-
dae, four Gryllidae, three Tettigoniidae, one walkingstick, two
cockroaches, and one earwig are southern. About twenty other
species are of accidental occurrence or too little is known of
their distribution in the State to place them with certainty.

22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921,

Seventy-four species are here recorded. Prof. S. I. Smith,
in his article “On the Orthoptera of Maine” published Febru-
ary, 1868, in the Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural
History, treated thirty-nine, five of which are now recognized
as synonyms. Probably less than a dozen native species remain
to be discovered in the State, most of which, if found, will prove
to be scarce and local in the southwestern counties.

ForFrIcuLIpAE.—Earwigs.

1. Maritime Earwig, Anisolabis maritima (Géné).
Sea-shore. Lives as a scavenger among sea-weed and stones at
or near high-water mark. Reported erroneously but probably
occurs on the shore of Casco Bay.

2. Little Earwig, Labia minor (Linné).
Rare. Nocturnal; flies at dusk and to lights. Probably a scav-
enger. Norway, Sept. 14, 15 (Smith).

BLAtTTIpDAE,—Cockroaches.

3. Northern Wood-Roach, Parcoblatta virgiuca (Brunner).
Under bark, stones, etc. Adults in June and July, in their usual
haunts, and flying to lights. Norway,—Smith. M. C. Z. (Hebard).
Oronc, July 27, 1906, Exp. Sta. (Hebard).

4. Bicolored Wood-Roach, Pennsylvanian Wood-Roach, Parcoblatta
pensylvanica (DeGeer)
Locally common under beards and rubbish at sea-shore and lake-
side camps. In Indiana has sometimes become a nuisance in camps
and cottages.. Prout’s Neck—M.C Z. (Hebard); Bluff Pond,
July 28, 1908, 1 female, 1 yg.(?) (Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

5. German Roach, Blattella germanica (Linné).
Lives in cities or wherever introdvced with merchandise, fre-
quenting the vicinity of water-pipes in houses, restaurants, ete.
(hence “Croton-bug” in New York). Adults and young at all
seasons. Norway (Smith); Isle of Springs, Aug. 30, 1909 (Exp.
Sta.).

6. Australian Roach, Periplaneta australasiae (Fab.). ;
Tropical; introduced accidentally; occasionally becomes estab-
lished in greenhouses in southern New England. Orono, Aug.
15 SIZ (Bexpiestaye

7. Oriental Roach, Blatta orientalis Linné.
Often common in untidy restaurants and warm cellars in cities.
At all seasons. Norway (Smith); Portland, Aug. 17, 1918.
(Port. S. N. H.); Orono (?) May 19, 1906 (Exp. Sta.).

10.

aT,

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 23

Silky Roach, Nyctibora laevigata (Beauv.).
Tropical; adventive; probably brought in with bananas. Orono,
May 16, 1889 (Exp. Sta.).
Eurycotis opaca (Brunner).
See remarks above. Orono, June 18, 1909 (Exp. Sta.).
Eurycotis tibialis Hebard.
See remarks above. Orono(?) (Exp. Sta.).
Green Roach, Panchlora cubensis Sauss.
Tropical; adventive; frequently brought in with bananas. Orono,
1892, in tropical fruit (Hebard); Augusta, 1906, U. S. N. M.
(Hebard); Portland, 1918 J. Erlick (Portl. S. N. H.).

PHASMIDAE,—Walkingsticks.

Northern Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata (Say).
Rare. Lives among deciduous shrubbery and trees and has been
known to defoliate large areas of woodland in New York and
Iowa. Matures late in the season, Sept. S. Bridgton, 1907 (Exp.
Sta.). 1 male.

TETTIGONUDAE,—Long-horned Grasshoppers, Katydids, ete.

Northern Bush-Katydid, Scudderia septentrionealis (Serville).
Very rare. Undergrowth in woods. Maine, t. Brunner (Scud-
der) ; Norway,—Smith. M. C. Z. (Scudder).

Texan Bush-Katydid, Scudderia texensis Sauss. et Pict.
Shrubbery in swampy grounds, in August and September, prob-
ably. Norway,—Smith. M. C. Z. (Scudder).

Broad-winged Bush-Katydid, Scudderia pistillata Brunner.
Entire State. Common in low shrubbery in August and Septem-
ber. This has been taken at Fort Fairfield, Moosehead Lake
(Scudder), Whitneyville, Brunswick, Kezar Falls, Eliot, and
many intermediate localities, from Aug. 4 to Sept. 17.

Curve-tailed Bush-Katydid, Narrow-winged Bush-Katydid, Scud-
deria curvicauda curvicauda (DeGeer).
Locally common in western Maine from late July till mid-Sep-
tember. Orono, Solon, Fryeburg, Brunswick, Eliot, and many
intermediate localities from July 27 to Sept. 18.

Northern Curve-tailed Bush-Katydid, Scudderia curvicauda borealts
R. et H.
A small, northern race of the preceding, found in shrubbery in
cold bogs. Known from Whitneyville, Cherryfield, Orono, Songo
Lock, Aug. 5 to 30.

Fork-tailed Bush-Katydid, Scudderia furcata Brunner.
Common in and near shrubbery in southwestern Maine in Aug-

24

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

ust and September. Taken at Popham Beach, Brunswick, Deer-
ing, Cape Elizabeth, Norway, Kezar Falls, Lebanon, Eliot, Aug.
21 to Sept. 18.

The Swordbearer, or Conehead, Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harris).
Common in southwestern Maine. It lives among and lays its
eggs in coarse grasses, wild and cultivated. Known from Orono,
Winthrop, Monmouth, Brunswick, Topsham. Norway, Limington,
Lyman, Sanford, Wells, Aug. 23 to Sept. 9. Smith reported it
“quite common late July to September,” at Norway.

Larger, or Common Meadow-grasshopper, Orchelimum vulgare
Harris.
Common in southwestern Maine in grass and herbage from Aug.
1 cnward. Canaan, Norridgewock, Norway, Naples, Deering.

Bruner’s Meadow-grasshopper, Orchelimum gladiator Bruner.
With the same habits and seasons as the preceding species and
about equally common. Known from Orono, Veazie, Frankfort,
Hermon, and Fryeburg, Aug. 3 to 27.

Dusky-faced Meadow-grasshopper, Orchelimum concinnum Scudder.
Common locally in the coastwise saltmarshes, at least from Port-
land south, usually among Spartina and other coarse grasses.
Known from Scarboro, Sept. 5, York and Brave Boat Harbor,
Aug. 23.

Slender Meadow-grasshopper, Conocephalus: fasciatus (DeGeer).
Entire State. July 15 to October. Generally distributed in grass-
lands and marshes; common, sometimes literally swarming loc-
ally. Fort Kent, Princeton, Roque Bluff, Orono, Jackman, Scar-
boro, Norway, and ten intermediate localities, July 13 to Sept. 8.

Short-winged Meadow-grasshopper, Conocephalus brevipennis (Scud-
der).
Common in at least the southern and central parts of Maine.
Habits and seasons similar to those of the preceding species.
Eastport, abundant—(Smith); Orono, Norridgewock, Weld,
Norway, Fryeburg, Porter, Limington, Lyman, Brunswick, Scar-
boro.

Saltmarsh Meadow-grasshopper, Conocephalus spartinae (Fox).
Locally common in the short grass of saltmarshes from Portland
southward. August and September. Scarboro, Pine Point, Wells
Beach, York Beach, Brave Boat Harbor, Aug. 23 to Sept. 9.

Asiatic or Conservatory Cave-cricket, Diestrammena marmorata (De-
Haan).
An exotic species, introduced into greenhouses among the wrap-
pings of plants, and maintaining itself under the artificial condi-
tions found there, but seldom doing injury. One instance,—Ken-
nebunk.

re

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

35.

OrTHOPTERA OF MAINE. top,

Yellow Cave-cricket, Ceuthophilus neglectus Scudder.
In damp places under boards, bark, logs, etc., and in cellars.
Scarce. Jackman, Veazie,—August.

Spotted Cave-cricket, Ceuthophilus maculatus (Harris).
Common; probably found throughout southern Maine, and per-
haps throughout the State. Calais, Treat’s Id. near Eastport—
(Smith), Bar Harbor, Veazie, Katahdin View Camp on West
Branch of Penobscot R., Norway, Cape Elizabeth. All captures

seen were taken in August, but in cellars, may be found through-
out the year.

Woodland Cave-cricket, Ceuthophilus terrestris Scudder.
A northern species, sometimes locally common in cold woodlands
and forests, at least in other States. Orono, August—September
(Patch).

Common Field-cricket, Gryllus assimilis (Fabr.).
Abundant throughout the State. July till frost. Occasional speci-
mens could probably be found much earlier. Fort Kent, Calais
(Smith), Bingham, Norway, Brunswick, Sanford, and thirteen
intermediate localities.

Striped Grass-cricket, Nemobius fasciatus (DeGeer).
Throughout the State. July till frost. One of the most abun-
dant and ubiquitous species of Orthoptera found in Maine mow-
ing-lands and gardens; often in destructive numbers. Fort Kent,
Cutler, Mt. Desert, Bingham, Fryeburg, Lebanon, and over twen-
ty intermediate localities.

Sand Cricket, Nemobius griseus E. M. Walker.
Very local, in sandy districts, usually rare but sometimes quite
common. Popham Beach, Brunswick, Songo Lock, Limington,
Scarboro, from Aug. 22 to Sept. 6.

Sphagnum Cricket, Nemobius palustris Blatchley.
Locally common in sphagnum bogs. August and September. Oro-
no, Aug. 5 to 30. Young were common on the earlier date.

Carolina Ground-cricket, Nemobius carolinus Scudder.
Edges of woodlands, especially near streams, cool grasslands, etc.
Locally common throughout the State. All captures were made
in August but it doubtless lives until freezing weather sets in.
Fort Fairfield, Caribou, Grand Lake Stream, Bar Harbor (C. W.
Johnson), Jackman, Embden, New Sharon, Waterville, Aug. 15
to 24.

Snowy Tree-cricket, Oecanthus niveus (DeGeer).
Common in southern New England in August and September in
shrubbery near houses. Its rhythmical song is characteristic and
should lead to its easy detection wherever found. Near Port-
land, Sept. 1909 (Exp. Sta.).

Dusky Tree-cricket, Oecanthus nigricornis Walker.
Locally common in weedy thickets, low shrubbery, etc., in south-

26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

western Maine in August and September. Brursicl, Norridge-
wock, Norway (Geo. Howe), Limington, Sar liot, Sept.
1 ton 72

37. Four-spotted Tree-cricket, Oecanthus quadripunctatus cutenmiiller.
With the same habits, seasons, and distribution as the preceding
but more plentiful and generally distributed. Brunswick, Mon-
mouth, Norridgewock, Porter, Naples, Eliot.

AcripipaAE.—True Locusts,” Short-horned Grasshoppers.

38. Bunchgrass Locust, Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder).
Locally common in coarse grasses, especially Andropogon, on dry,
sterile soil. Taken at Solon, Winthrop, Monmouth, Brunswick,
Woodstock, Fryeburg, Aug. 18 to Sept. 4.

39. Pasture Locust, Orphulella speciosa (Scudder).
Locally common, often abundant, throughout southern Maine, es-
pecially on the sandy soils of the southwestern part of the State.
July till October. Grand Lake Stream, Whitneyville, Mt. Desert,
Aurora, Orono, Norridgewock, Norway; summit of Speckled
Mt., Stoneham; Porter, Eliot, and nine intermediate localities,
from July 28 till Sept. 17.

40. Sprinkled Locust, Chloealtis conspersa Harris.
Common in wild land, pastures, etc., with an abundance of woody
debris, stumps, etc., in which the eggs are deposited. Probably
throughout the State. Matures early, in June, and is found until
October. Grand Lake Stream, Roque Bluff, Orono, Norridge-
wock, Weld, Fryeburg, Brunswick, Deering, and seven interme-
diate localities, from July 12 to Sept. 8. Young in the third,
fourth, and fifth stages were found at Orono between June 14
and 25.

41. Meadow Slant-faced Locust, Short-winged Meadow Locust, Chort-
hippus curtipennis (Harris).
Entire State, nearly ubiquitous, and probably can be found from
late June until November. One of the most generally distributed
grasshoppers in the State, common almost everywhere in grass-

Tt has been a custom of entomologists to call the Acrididae (short-
horned grasshoppers) “locusts,” as in Scripture, reserving the term “grass-
hopper” for another group of Orthoptera with long antennae. In this
list these names are given in accordance with such usage, although in the
main part of the bulletin “grasshopper” has been applied in its broader,
colloquial American sense so as to include the short-horned grasshoppers.
This, a popular custom, is sanctioned by the American Association of
Economic Entomologists who, at their thirty-second annual meeting,
voted “that the term grasshopper be substituted for locust.”

42.

43.

45.

OrTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 27

land, especially if moist, and often extremely plentiful. Young as
well as adults are found throughout the season. I have seen all
five stages of the young taken at West Pownal on June 7, and the
second stage at Brunswick on Sept. 3. It is common to find three
or four stages in the net at once. Fort Kent, Lubec, Mt. Desert,
Jackman; summit of Speckled Mt., Stoneham; Eliot, and many
intermediate places, from July 27 to Oct. 1.

Striped Sedge Locust, Mecostcthus lineatus (Scudder).
Common locally throughout the State in cold, wet, sedgy meadows
and bogs, along streams, about ponds, etc. Adults are probably
to be found from late July until freezing weather sets in. Fort
Kent, plateau (4700 ft.) cf Mt. Katahdin, Cutler, Whitneyville,
Roque Bluff, Cherryfield, Orono, York, Aug. 8 to 28. Also
young in fifth stage on Aug. 9 and 13.

Northern Sedge Locust, Mecostethus gracilis (Scudder).
In the same type of meadows as the preceding, but less generally
distributed and less plentiful when found. Cutler, Whitneyville,
Mt. Desert, Gt. Cranberry Id. (Hebard}, Veazie, Orono, Jack-
man, Norway (Smith), Aug. 5 to 27.

Autumn Yellow-winged Locust, Arphia xanthoptera (Burm.).
Locally common in southern New England in dry fields and pas-
tures on sandy loam in August and September. Here recorded
from the state for the first time. Wells, Sept. 9, 1920 (A. P. M.).

Spring Yellow-winged Locust, Arphia sulphurea (Fab.).

A smaller, spring-time species, mature from May till July, com-
mon in southwestern Maine. Young in the first three stages are
to be found early in September and hibernate probably in the
third and fourth stages. It is more generally distributed, often
occurring in bushy pastures, and extends further north than
xanthoptera. I have seen adults from Norway (Geo. Howe) and
Deering, and young from Popham Beach, Limington, Wells, and
Lebanon.

46. Green-striped Locust, Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer).

Widely and generally distributed, common in grasslands early in
the season. Hibernates as young chiefly in the third stage. It
probably has a much wider distribution than is here indicated.
Orono, June 6 to 14; Norway, last of May to July 1 (Smith).
Young in second, third and fourth stages at Brunswick, Standish,
Limington, Hollis, Wells Beach, Sanford, and Lebanon.

47. Dusky Locust Encoptolophus sordidus (Burm.).

A very common species late in the season, abundant locally in
southwestern Maine in old mowing-fields and pastures on light
soil. Orono, Norway, Fryeburg, Porter, Deering, Wells, Eliot,
and other places, Aug. 21 to Sept. 18. Young in fifth stage from
Aug. 22 to Sept. 18.

28

48.

49.

50.

51.

Se.

53.

54.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

Clear-winged Locust, Camnula pellucida (Scudder).

Entire State, maturing in June or early July and active till frost.
Generally distributed, common, often abundant in dry pastures
and fields, one of the species which multiply to destructive num-
bers from time to time and become serious pests. Fort Kent,
Orono, Whiting, Norway, Eliot, and many intermediate localities,
July 21 to Sept. 17. The young hatch in late May and early
June; the second and third stages were taken at Orono on June
9, 1920.

Coral-winged Locust, Pardalophora apiculata (Harris).
Entire State probably. Common locally but not plentiful, on dry
soil of bushy pastures and hillsides from late April till August.
Hibernates in third stage of young. Sherman (Exp. Sta.), pla-
teau of Mt. Katahdin (4700 ft.,), Orono, Norridgewock, Norway
(Smith). Young in second and third stages were taken at Kezar
Falls, Limington, Wells, Lebanon, and EJiot, Sept. 6 to 18.

Wrinkled Locust, Hippiscus rugosus (Scudder).

Recorded from “Maine (Packard)” by Scudder (Mat. Monog.
1862) and said by Smith (Orth. Me., 1868) to be not com-
mon at Norway. This species has not been reported from New
England since. In Virginia it is very common on sandy ground
in mid-summer. If still living in New England it probably oc-
curs locally on the coastal plain of southwestern Maine or south-
eastern Massachusetts.

Carolina Locust, Black-winged or ‘Flying Grasshopper,” “Quaker,”
Dissosteira carolina (Linné).
A very common and widely distributed species, seen on every
dusty road in mid-summer. Houlton, Roque Bluff, base of Mt.
Katahdin, Norridgewock, Norway, Eliot, and fifteen intermedi-
ate localities, from July 21 to Sept. 18. Young in fourth and
fifth stages were_found at Limington as late as Sept. 6.

Scudder’s Collared Locust, Spharagemon collare (Scudder), race
scudderi Morse.
Very commoy focally in southwestern Maine in old fields and
pastures on light soil. Taken at Brunswick, Standish, Liming-
ton, Wells, Lebanon, from Sept. 2 to 18.

Boll’s Locust, Spharagemon bolli Scudder.
Widely distributed in southwestern Maine, usually scarce but
sometimes locally common in bushy pastures on light soil. Taken
at Brunswick, Norway, Porter, Limington, Aug. 16 to Sept. 8.

Sand Locust, Long-horned Locust, Psinidia fenestralis (Serville).
A very common and locally plentiful species on sand in south-
western Maine. Brunswick, Norridgewock, Norway, Fryeburg,
Oxford, Standish, Limington, Wells, Aug. 16 to Sept. 9.

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 29

55. Seaside Locust, Trimerotropis maritima (Harris).
Common onthe sandy beaches of the coast of southwestern
Maine. Its distribution probably does not extend much further
east than recorded here. Adults may probably be found from
early August till November. Taken at Wells Beach, Pine Point,
Scarbcro Beach, Popham Beach, Sept. 4 to 26.

56. Snapping Locust, Broad-winged Locust, Cuircotettix verruculatus
(Kirby).
Common over the entire State. Especially fond of weathered
rock exposures, but where plentiful is found on roads and dry
bare spots of all sorts. Mars Hill, Cutler, Mt. Desert, plateau of
Mt. Katahdin (4700 ft.), Norway, Popham Beach, Monhegan Id.,
Eliot, etc., July 12 to Sept. 17.

57. White Mountain Wingless Locust, Podisma glacialis (Scudder).

A characteristic and locally common inhabitant of timber-line
thickets on cold, moist mountain-tops and shrubby growths in
cold bogs and swamps down to sea-level in eastern Maine. Mt.
Katahdin (F. P. Briggs), Speckled Mt., Grafton (Portland Soc.
N. H.); Speckled Mt., Stoneham (Smith, Morse); Jackman
(Harvey). I have taken it also at Cutler, Machias, Whitneyville,
Roque Bluff, Cherryfield, Orono, Houlton and Umbagog Lake.
Adults in August and September.

58. Lesser, or Lesser Migratory Locust, Melanoplus mexicanus atlantis
(Riley).
Throughout the State. Adults from July till frost. Young hatch
in June, possibly in late May on dry sunny exposures. Gener-
ally distributed, locally abundant, awaiting only a favorable op-
portunity to multiply into destructive hordes. The young should
be looked for early in June and precautions taken if necessary.
Fort Kent, Roque Bluff, Mt. Katahdin, Jackman, Wells Beach,
and many intermediate localities from July 16 onward.

59. Banded Locust, Melanoplus fasciatus (Walker).

Entire State. Common and widely distributed in blueberry and
other low thickets on dry soil from sea-level to the summit of
Mt. Katahdin. “Mars Hill, Grand Lake Stream, Roque Bluff,
Norridgewock; Speckled Mt., Stoneham; Lebanon, and many
others, July 13 to Sept. 18. Fifth stage young were found at
Cherryfield on Aug. 7; third, fourth and fifth in eastern Mas-
sachusetts on June 23.

60. Red-legged Locust, Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeGeer).
Entire State; generally distributed, common, often abundant.
Adults from late July or early August till end of season. Young
from early in July till October. All stages, but chiefly the later,
were taken at Orono, Aug. 16, 1920; the second, fourth and fifth
at Popham Beach, Sept. 4; the fourth at Lebanon, Sept. 18. This
is the common “grasshopper” to which most of the injury done

30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

to crops is attributed, and which is often rightly blamed therefor,
but the Lesser and the Two-striped are about equally to blame.

61. -Northern Locust, Melanoplus borealis (Fieber).
A boreal species, found in grasslands early in the season, linger-
ing till August. It has been taken at Orono as early as June 6,
at Mars Hill Aug. 25. I have captured it on intermediate dates
at Houlton, Wesley Corner, Trescott, Cutler, Cherryfield, Mt.

Desert, Norway, and have found its remains at Fort Kent, Aug.
29.

62. Little Locust, Melanoplus confusus Scudder.
This is also an early maturing species which appears as an adult
early in June in Massachusetts but probably is somewhat later in °
Maine. By midsummer it dies off and is seldom seen. I have
taken it at Fryeburg in August, and at Limington, Sept. 6. It
is most common in old fields on light soil.

63. Broad-necked Locust, Melanoplus luridus (Dodge).
Probably throughout the State, though 1 have not seen specimens
from southeast of Orono. It is common but never abundant in
bushy pastures, open woodlands, etc., reaching maturity in August
and active till freezing weather sets in. Mars Hill, Solon, Weld,
Bingham; Speckled Mt., Stoneham; Porter, Brunswick, Eliot, and
many other localities in southwestern Maine, from Aug. 15 to
Sept. 17. Fourth and fifth stages are common as late as Sept. 9.

64. Pine-tree Locust, Melanoplus punctulatus (Scudder).
Scarce to rare, but sometimes locally common. Lives on white
pines, larches, etc., and deposits its eggs in worm-holes in logs,
cracks in the trunks, etc. A late-appearing species, seldom seen
until late August or September. Westbrook, Sept. 15 (Portl.
Soc. N. H.); Brunswick, Sept. 2; Lebanon, Sept. 18.

65. Two-striped Locust, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say).

This is the “big yellow grasshopper” common everywhere
throughout the State, especially in moist jungles of rank weeds
and grass, and which does much damage locally every now and
then to garden crops of peas, beans, corn, etc. One of the four
most dangerous species in the State. It matures early. The
young as usually seen are pale green little “>hoppers with purplish
stripes down the back. Fort Kent, Trescott, Jackman, Lebanon,
and many other localities, including Monhegan Id., from July
16 to Oct. 1. Young in all stages may be found June 25; the
fourth and fifth stages as late as the first week in September.

66. Dawson’s Locust, Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder).
A short-winged species, known in New England from but four
localities in Maine and New Hampshire and rare in those. I have
taken it only among coarse grasses and weeds on light soil (es-
pecially Andropogon scoparius) at Brunswick and Sanford from

67.

68.

69,

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

OrRTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 31

August 4 to Sept. 9, and it has been reported to me from Liming-
ton by J. A. G. Rehn.

Smith’s Locust, Melanoplus mancus (Smith).
This is another short-winged species, discovered by Prof. Smith
on the summit of Speckled Mt., Stoneham, where it is common
in the blueberry thickets. It has been found also in two localities
at Cherryfield, and at Mt. Desert. Dates of capture range from
Aug. 7 to 18, which could probably be much extended by search.

Crested Pygmy Locust, Nomotettix cristatus (Scudder).

Common throughout the State, especially on light soils of aban-
doned fields and pastures. Hibernates in adult stage but may be
found in every month of the season. The young hatch in spring
or early summer, reach maturity in fall and spend winter as
adults. Fort Kent, Roque Bluff, Mt. Desert, Bingham, Fryeburg,
Lebanon, and many intermediate localities, Aug. 4 to Sept. 18.
Long-winged examples are occasionally captured,—I have taken
them at Whitneyvillle, Cherryfield, Scarboro, and Cornish.

Angulate Pygmy Locust, Acrydium granulatum granulatum Kirby.
Entire State. Common on bare ground of damp places, moist
meadows, etc. Same seasonal distribution as preceding species.
Fort Kent, Trescott, Mt. Desert, Fryeburg, Limington, and many
other places, May 5 to Sept. 6. Smith reports it very common
at Norway last of April to early June and again last of August
through September.

Western Angulate Pygmy Locust, Acrydium granulatum incurvatum
(Hancock).
A broad-shouldered western form of the preceding species which
has been taken at Moosehead Lake by C. W. Johnson and C. A.
Frost in July.

Ornate Pygmy Locust, Acrydium ornatum Say.
Smith reports this species common at Norway from April to
September. I have seen it from Orono, Bingham, Fryeburg, and
Monmouth, June 8 to September 25. It prefers a habitat neither
wet nor dry, intermediate in character between that of the
Crested and the Angulate species.

Hancock’s Pygmy Locust, Acrydium hancocki Morse.
Scarce; damp bare spots in fields and along roadsides. This is
probably a variety of the preceding, described from Iowa, and
since taken in northern Maine and New Hampshire.

Obscure Pygmy Locust, Acrydium arenosum angustum (Hancock).
With the same seasons and habits as the Ornate Pygmy Locust.
Orono, Cherryfield, Bingham, Paris (C. A. Frost), Fryeburg,
June 18, Aug. 9 to 30.

Sedge Pygmy Locust, Tettigidea lateralis parvipennis (Harris).
Probably throughout the State. Adults in every month of the

32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

season, April to October, and hibernating. Young most plenti-
ful in midsummer. Norway (Smith), common, April and May,
late August and September. Known also from Fort Kent, Prince-
ton, Cherryfield, Orono, Veazie, Embden, Norridgewock, Frye-
burg, Songo Lock, Eliot, from June 25 to Sept. 17.

AUTHOR’S REPORT.

I present herewith my report of work done on the Orthop-
tera of Maine during the past season.

This group of insects, though less injurious in Maine than
some other States, is an important one economically, through its
attacks on field and garden crops and in other ways.

The purpose of the inquiry was to secure all the informa-
tion practicable in the time at command regarding its exact status
in Maine, including the number of species present, their distribu-
tion, life histories, injuries, etc., preparatory to a bulletin on the
subject which would supply such information in accessible form
when needed; and to build up the Experiment Station collection
of these insécts to serve as a reference ccllection for the identifi-
cation of material sent in.

Having spent a month in the State in 1913 in a somewhat
similar investigation under private auspices, and having made
several brief trips to points along the western border at other
times, it was decided to visit certain boreal districts in the eastern
part of the State for their scientfic interest, and to examine more
thoroughly the southern and western counties from which in-
juries had been most frequently reported and where outbreaks
were most likely to occur.

Accordingly, a collecting-trip by automobile was made to
Mt. Desert, thence to the blueberry barrens at Cherryfield, and
eastward to Machias; from there a day was spent in the pecull-
arly boreal district at Cutler and Trescott, going as far east as
Lubec. Return to Orono was made over the “air-line” road
from Wesley Corner. After a week of dull weather which was
spent in working on the material at the Experiment Station, a
trip was undertaken into the western part of the State, going via
Skowhegan as far north as Bingham on the Jackman road, thence
south to Norridgewock, Rumford Center, and Sebago Lake,
returning by way of Highmoor Farm to Orono. Another week

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 33

of dull weather was spent at the Station, followed by a collecting-
trip into southwestern Maine, touching at Popham Beach, Bruns-
wick, Scarboro, and Wells, and inland to various points,—Stan-
dish, Limington, Kezar Falls, Porter, Lyman, Sanford. Rain
then setting in, collecting was discontinued, but a two-day trip
was later made by train to Eliot and Lebanon on Sept. 17 and
18. Six weeks in all were spent in the summer in gathering and
working up the material, and at least two in preparation of the
bulletin enclosed.

The use of the automobile for these trips proved very satis-
factory, allowing many more points to be reached in a limited
time than possible in any other way. Wherever it seemed worth
while, stops were made, conditions examined, material secured,
people interviewed, affected points ascertained and visited. In
all cases instructions were given to apply to the Experiment Sta-
tion for information regarding methods of control, if needed,
and to report results thereto. In all, about 1400 miles were
traversed in these trips within the State.

The conditions found may be stated as follows: grasshop-
pers (short-horned) were less numerous in 1920 than in either
of the two preceding years (only one person reported to the
contrary); and the relative scarcity was generally attributed,
probably correctly, to the wet and cold spring. Several reports
of a small amount of injury were received and investigated, in
western Maine, to garden and field crops, and in one instance a
young orchard of two-year-old apple-trees was found com-
pletely defoliated. This was leafing-out again when seen but a
repetition of the occurrence would be serious.

Grasshoppers were most plentiful, in some cases actually
“swarming,” in sandy pastures in the western part of the State,
e. g., near Farmington Falls, they were much less abundant in
the central part of the State, and decidedly scarce in eastern
counties though said to have been abundant and destructive two
or three years ago.

The destructive species are: the Lesser Grasshopper (Melan-
oplus atlanis), the Red-legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femur-
rubrum), the Two-striped Grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus),
and the Clear-winged Grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) ; and this
year they were usually most abundant and destructive in the

34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

order named. All four are often found together in the same
field unless it is decidedly dry, when atlanis and pellucida out-
number the other species. These four kinds have been respon-
sible for many serious outbreaks in other parts of the country
at various times and are destructive somewhere nearly every
year. They are distributed over the entire State and require
but two or three years of favorable conditions (usually droughty
seasons) to multiply to such a degree as to become menacing.

Besides these, two other Short-horned Grasshoppers, the
Meadow Slant-face (Chorthippus curtipennis) and the Pasture
Grasshopper (Orphulella speciosa) ,—the first occurring over the
entire State, the other only in the warmer portions,—though
smaller, are often found in sufficient numbers to do much injury,
but as yet have not been reported as being alone concerned in a
serious outbreak. Added to these, the common large black field-
cricket (Gryllus assimilis) and the small striped grass-cricket
(Nemobius fasciatus) are often present in injurious numbers,
together with two or three long-horned meadow-grasshoppers
(Conocephalus fasciatus, Con. brevipennis, Orchelimum vulgare).
The Dusky Grasshopper (Encoptolophus sordidus) is locally
abundant in sandy fields in western Maine but matures so late
in the season that it does not seem to do appreciable damage in
spite of its numbers.

A considerable number of species new to the Experiment
Station collection were secured.

At least one species was added to the known fauna of the
State (Arphia xanthoptera); many additional data on distribu-
tion within the State were secured; also, extension of known
ranges of other species, and additional localities for rare ones.

From the material collected on these trips, that secured
through collecting done by assistants at Orono and elsewhere
earlier in the summer, and much obtained in person in the spring
in Massachusetts and New Hampshire (a special trip was made
to Monadnock Mt. in June to get certain stages) it has been
possible to make out characteristic recognition marks for the
young of the most troublesome species and present them in the
bulletin in a way which it is hoped will enable any observant
person to identify these species with a little study. Incidentally,
much information was secured regarding the life histories of
other species.

ORTHOPTERA OF MAINE. 35

Future work on the Order Orthoptera might well be under-
taken when circumstances permit, in several lines of study, par-
ticularly these:

Ist: study of the distinguishing characteristics and season-
al life history of the young stages of the other Orthoptera of
the State, especially of Melanoplus, a genus which contains three
of the more destructive species and of which seven others occur
in the State. :

2nd: study of the intra-State distribution of those Orthop-
tera which reach their northern or southern limit in Maine and
of the factors controlling it. These factors are probably chiefly
climatic and the results would bear on the cultivation of various
crops.

3rd: study of the food habits, preferences, and amount of
material consumed in the respective stages of life, especially by
the more common species.

The bulletin comprises a brief introduction, a statement
of the various families making up the order Orthoptera with il-
lustrations of typical examples, their characteristics, mode of
oviposition, the characters of the young, the development of the
~ young and how to recognize the different stages (illustrated),
tables of the chief types of injury caused by these insects, species
chiefly responsible for injury to field crops, dangerous numbers,
how to prevent injury, an illustrated key to the early stages of
the destructive species, notes on injurious indoor species, recent
immigrants into New England to be guarded against, a key to
the families of adult Orthoptera, and a list of the Orthoptera
of Maine enumerating 74 species which have been recorded from
the State, with localities, dates, and notes on habits and abun-
dance.

Albert P. Morse
Wellesley, Mass., Jan. 10, 1921.

36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1921.

CONTENTS.
: PAGE
Introduction. 5... é.2 04 van Pete ee ats oe I
List of Six Families of Orthoptera (Grasshoppers and
Related Insects) foundsn Maine.4 2 7-2ee ee eee I
Grasshoppers -with short “feelers” <(Figy @))70 9228 2
Grasshoppers with long “feelers” (Fig. 2)........ 2
Crickets (igs 3)ii2. 3 booth ae ee ee 3
Walkingsticks: (lag: 4). 224.5: tate tein 4
Cockroaches: (Big? 5). Fiac2s 4 tee oe oe ee 4
Earwigs: (Pigin@). 2.2. Stat ae tee See 4
Characters: of the? Order 3.62: asc 5.32 ot ae ee 5
Beelayinie +. 20. 325 Sanaee Fe Ree ee eee. Seen 5
Characteristics of the Young...... ahaha ace See ee 6
Development: of the Youngest.) 655.25. 2 eee 6
Food. and ,-Feedine-habits 5.7.23 5.0. 005 so Ae eee eee 8
Chief Types*of Injury-caused by Orthoptera ace. 732 8
Species Chiefly Responsible for Injury to Field Crops...... 9
Prevention of Injury. 2.5 owen. eee ee eee. 10
Scale of Numbers per Square Yard with Reference to Need
of -Poisomie 256 isa Se Se ee eee 12

Key to Aid in Identifying the Young of the Most Common
and Destructive Species of Orthoptera found in |

Grassy Fields or Gardens in June and July......... ie
Adult, Stage oss ted fa. sis te 2 eee eee 17
Injurious Indoor Orthoptera (Crickets, Cockroaches,

Harwigs): 254))\5.0 4 Gn oh ae ee 18
Key to Families of Orthoptera of Maine. Adults........ 20:
A List of the Orthoptera of the Statetor Maines. a. > ee 21

Author’s. Report: ... 2.25 4G. 5.2. 2 ee eee 22