ohh oe Oe Lees »« x obser” z - - : vee ‘ eee a Re eet ache ob ee eS WS pF keene tA he a se eS a Ne BSS AIUD Tone LM ay OO a eee 435 AEA EAR MAA ALND OANA IRAN ta RCNP MARTIAN, Heth Sel TAI SAR Dow Nath tee Te TEE RA RFS WN Na Picea aenc ohana a 2 cas nevgoiette ins hewn a) 6 SN) SMe DERE SP GoM WEISEL CRA ST Teh te rem At Cw an aes eR wm mre ee PEOLEEE ED eh n SoMe Behe DCW GMO UIP BF OLD A A MNT tet ws teeal Cpe Dib et ed mG A RE ee CL Brae ds 2 ctl To ieee cae er pte boy joneond es i, } ¥ Vi " - Lo : Wh ; i va : iy Aral . i vi hh ma ie Py es ae ry “ ‘ +- Es hi i. : ‘ ath a4 JR vee .) { ' F , » ¥ Me 4 i A aly : ' . ne i vm < ve » 1 6 } t f f ‘ ' = 5 ‘ A ye ' , i + ' ower) S¢ Wi 1, Tart dl ) \ ‘| i my ee } a4 rim b (AR Ae eed) OE RA dN GRU TRE. NA ahr Al et ee A Me vty yer ie On ae eee Aphey. Pela \o4 dap Leben a ae nk 1 ain ais 7). oe Ka Aerue avin oy a bee ni oJ 4 cy Ly at, old ’ oe Wht rey { eo ves 1 Ret ee : Y ; nla 4 ‘ Lah eit . if 4% i] uP a, fa Seal “Kh? 4 Ji uy, a # iowa ie (ie haa ihe Dh, Se ie tlt spies, Sep aang nioey ce bandh net ‘JA du ey 2) nacho! A bee r —_. : iii aes 4 Astittied i ® Nate : r mw ) b 7 Ans \ > vv aey a Winn Mics P Ww WG sr : an i Ag (Mp agers “tT Sah aay . | io ; a ate erga e <(or7®e ou ie . " f c) oy ee | P Fs) ved Vigil ee 4 Var y } I re’, hi x aE y ¥ j i Ts) DA °) i , Miche, , : » : ee an Atte a a 9) A i lV (‘e ta by o Vie ~| Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University Mie ae Bulletin 29 ih » Ae oe ear | Ms Jl NTO Ke Taxe 30 s FJ A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Geometrinae of America North of Mexico _ (Insecta, Lepidoptera) Douglas C. Ferguson - 1 s99 a. a ’ ~ ge" d al . = - wns Ape Ee oe ae % J - 2 7 PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YALE UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 29 A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Geometrinae of America North of Mexico (Insecta, Lepidoptera) DOUGLAS C. FERGUSON Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 3 April 1969 Bulletins published by the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Uni- versity, are numbered consecutively as independent monographs and appear at irregular intervals. Shorter papers are published at frequent intervals in the Peabody Museum Postilla series. The Peabody Museum Bulletin incorporates the Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, which ceased independent publication after Vol. 19, Article 2 (1967). Publications Committee: A. Lee McAlester, Chairman Theodore Delevoryas Willard D. Hartman Keith S. Thomson Alfred W. Crompton, ex officio Editor: Jeanne E. Remington Asst. Editor: Nancy A. Ahlstrom Communications concerning purchase or exchange of publications should be addressed to the Publications Office, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN) ...............-+-45 ] Meme OIN ro uiiear 2 2 nicl aig aio sl ecu oie Sie tauhoregatensvousywoupei te se Biel ic ascks Deinition ofthe Subtamily Geometrinaé’.. 5.050. 05:62 6- 2s: 02- + = 3 3 1D NIS/E'eFl OUT Boy hae ey REE et I ee ee aa grea te co mick ER et ee 4. Glassifica tomy, i Bhat se ae Bly oe he OPN es aes 5 6 2. KEYS TO TRIBES OF GEOMETRINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF RVI SONS Chipeta: sah ey sores tete ava ons o's evo as Witenes itis © epi sake SRD can SNe 14 §. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE NEMORIINI ......... 16 4. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE DICHORDOPHORINI 137 5. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE SYNCHLORINI ...... 141 6. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE LOPHOCHORISTINI 182 7. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE HEMITHEINI........ 190 8. LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF GEOMETRINAE OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH THEIR KNOWN DIS- ERB UNRION: isc ct pien spends ansiy no Se uieise seis slere cine Blom goers sie elalele 236 Se ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. tisssise tosteeys'> ea etisichine tape 2 A eet oe 241 AE TUS MRSA SER Es GUE ages. sh oc yatea as ray ave sta lsues «Rie beda dia RM ARR ems EP 243 INDEX VEO LAK ONOMIG: NAMES oie 2% wap eteis nial ote aiae ss nie vebeteetone Ss 248 ILLUSTRATIONS (at back of book) STU ACO apey ie ores tech clerctas d\anel2 ayer tal & easye attain wees! aitenvale al ahers© PLATES 1-5 Wale semble ari. 0 ieee (ar cre Sholal Seay s 19,880 ho: a aie aereecs PLATES 6-29 Pemidlersemitaliayera. tia seits vis Oi ei eicle ss cletele sie else e ns PLATES 30-41 TOMBE Sy heel CHUN CS ee fal eave toner ays. ick. 3 ech a] aie) of ols ag NN Pa mileyoy sore nl seh onevat= PLATES 4249 Vj 4 me ' | i ' 7 1? ie Se P| i . ; } Toi Lice i ‘ wi 4 i H 7 sree @ u's oe ‘ ¢ ‘ aa Rh ra ta ‘ Senate oe b © Buf + i _ 7 ‘Big +% ' i . u e «es @©#* © * J. rc 7 fi, sandr ‘ : on La | «re ‘ 7 ry , . ‘ J | iat Vp Bee itt = } ‘ i » | ) 77) ' ] eff Px ‘ J j ‘ ' | seh | i Bieta - Slots \ e446 . } s 7) 4k 0. eee re ; , vt a] LP) i yt ergs x * J ve is ¢ ' i oe OE ES? sik ’ : pet HWIRAT ee ee Ue) a | = i } .) - ig al, icy} / ¥ : : : - 7 pew eae eee pybbeaee vietale ais a | ‘ | , ws : i nee hte teh ewe pate " . | Maes he rr Aes SS aire! | eS ae ae . D Pt | ja ae me Mi ik i y Pik > : BN nt, gh Tah er af But, aa } Ae ABSTRACT A new classification of the Geometrinae of the United States and Canada is pre- sented, based largely on original investigations of male and female genitalia and larval characters. Ninety-one species of the previous literature, plus 10 new ones herein described and 5 added as new records of occurrence for the region covered, are reduced to a total of only 75, mostly by revised synonymy. These 75 species are placed in 15 genera and 5 tribes. Four new tribal names are proposed, namely: Nemoriini, Dichordophorini, Synchlorini, and Lophochoristini. The 5th tribal name, Hemitheini, has had previous application in the Palaearctic fauna. In the Hemitheini, 2 new generic names are proposed, Xerochlora (type: Synchlora viridipallens Hulst), and Hethemia (type: Nemoria ? pistasciaria Guenée). There are 11 new species names, as follows: in Nemoria, 9 new species are described, 4 from the southeastern United States and 5 from the southwest, plus one new name proposed to replace a homonym; in Xerochlora, one new species is described, from New Mexico and western Texas. The North American Geometrinae are overwhelmingly austral in distri- bution, with all included species and genera, as well as 4 of the 5 tribes, exclusively American. In origin or affinity they are thus distinctly Neotropical rather than Eurasian. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine neue Klassifizierung der Geometrinae in den Vereinigten Staaten und Kanada wird vorgelegt, hauptsachlich basiert auf Originaluntersuchungen von mannlichen und weiblichen Genitalia und Raupenmerkmalen. Einund- neunzig Arten, bekannt aus der bisherigen Literatur, sowie 10 neue Arten, die in dieser Arbeit beschrieben sind, und dazu 5 Arten, die neue Vorkom- mensbelege fiir Nordamerika sind, wurden, hauptsadchlich durch Revision der Synonymie, zu 75 Arten reduziert. Diese 75 Arten sind auf 15 Gattungen in 5 Stémmen verteilt. Vier neue Stammesnamen werden vorgeschlagen: Ne- moriini, Dichordophorini, Synchlorini und Lophochoristini. Der fiinfte Stam- mesname, Hemitheini, ist schon friither in der palaarktischen Fauna gebraucht worden. In den Hemitheini werden zwei neue Gattungsnamen vorgeschlagen: Xerochlora (Type: Synchlora viridipallens Hulst) und Hethemia (Type: Ne- moria ? pistasciaria Guenée). Elf neue Artnamen sind angewandt: 9 neue Arten sind in Nemoria beschrieben, davon 4 von den siidéstlichen Vereinigten Staaten und 5 von den siidwestlichen; dazu kommt ein neuer Name, um ein Homonym zu ersetzen; eine neue Art wird in Xerochlora von New Mexico und West ‘Texas beschrieben. Die Verbreitung der nordamerikanischen Geometrinae ist hauptsachlich stidlich, wobei alle eingeschlossenen Arten und Gattungen, sowie 4 von den 5 Stammen ausschliesslich amerikanisch sind. In Ursprung oder Affinitét sind sie daher ausgesprochen eher neotropisch, als eurasisch. 1 Pe PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 PEBM3U4 MOTBLIBKOBBIX TOTCEMEMCTBA TEOMETPHHBI, OBMTAWOUTMX B AMEPMKE K CEBEPY OT MERCHKO .(Hacexomnie, Mornapkossie) JIYTJIAC K. PEPTYCOH PE38HOME IIpeqcraBiaemasd 3ecb HOBaA KlaccuuKanua TeomMerpuu CoequHennnx lITa- TOB HM Kanaqb OCHOBaHa B3HaYHTeIbHOM YacTbIO Ha OPHTHHAIbHOM UcCIe,OBaHHA TOJOBHX OpraHOB CaMIIOB MH CaMOK H OcOOeHHOCTel AMGHHOK. KoangecTBo BAOB — 91 Bux, panee ONNCAHHHI B HayyHoli ANTepatype, 10 onucaHHEX 3ecb HOBBIX BHOB M 5 APyrux, KoTOpHle B lepBHi pas OOHAPYKeHHI B LaHHOM paiione, cOKpalleHO TOIb- ko 20 76-H, T1aBHBIM 0Opa3z0M 3a CUeT YCTPaHeHHA CHHOHUMOB. VTH 76 BUAOB OMIA pasqertenst Ha 15 pogo un 5 nupacemelicrs. I[peqaarawtTca 4 HOBBIX Ha3BaHHA HH- (pacemelictB: Nemoriini, Dichordophorini, Synchlorini, Lophochoristini. Has3panne 5-ro nadpacemelictBa Hemitheini, 1puMeHAI0Ch pabblle IPH ONMCAHHH TadeapkTuyeckok ayn. B coctaBe stToro uApacemelictBa Hemitheini, Ob1n Upes- JOKCHEI [Ba HOBBIX POMOBBIX HasBaHus: Xerochlora (type: Synchlora viridipallens Hulst), Hethemia (type: Nemoria ? pistasciaria Guenée). Ectbh 11 HOBBIX BHOBHIX Ha3BaHhli, a HMeHHO: B cocTaBe Nemoria Ob0 omucaHO 9 HOBBIX BHOB, 4 U3 Wro- BocrouHok uactu CIITA u 5 m3 joro-3alaqHoli, uM elle OHO HOBOe HasBaHne [IA 3a- MeHEI CyIecTByloMmero OMOHUMA. B ancae Xerochlora onmcaH HOB Buy u3 Hoporo Mexkcnko u 3anaqnoro Texaca. Cepepo-aMepHkanckue TeOMeTPHHEI UMeWT TWOLABIAIOMMM MHOKECTBOM 1O7KHOe pactpoctpaHenne; BCe HX BUR HU posH, a Toke 4 u3 5 nApacemelicTB, HCKINUH- TeIbHO aMepuKanckne. Ilo mponcxoueHNIO HIM 110 POACTBY OHH OlpeseteHHO UpH- HaflexaT K HeOTponMyeckoli, a He Kppasulickol dayne. 1. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY GEOMETRINAE It is difficult to give a satisfactory definition of the subfamily as there are few characters that occur consistently throughout the group or that are peculiar to it. There are, however, tendencies toward certain kinds of specializations, but at least some of these appear to have developed independently in different genera. The geometrine antenna tends to be short, usually bipectinate in the male and either simple or bipectinate in the female. The inner and outer rows of pectinations are usually of unequal length. The tongue is usually well de- veloped, and the palpi often have the third segment much lengthened in the female. The hind tibia may have either one or two pairs of spurs, and the male often has an apical extension or process extending beyond the base of the tarsus. The male hind tibia also is often swollen and prismatic, with a recessed hair pencil. The relationship of slender body to ample wing area follows the pattern typical of the Geometridae and the wings are always well developed, never rudimentary. In the venation, R, of the forewing nearly always arises from the cell; R,; is stalked, with M, usually arising from the base of the stalk. In the hindwing R is closely appressed or fused to Sc for a short distance, R and My are stalked, and M3; and Cu, are frequently stalked. My, is present in both wings and always originates from the end of the cell well above its middle. The third anals are commonly present in both wings but may be vestigial or wanting. The most characteristic features of the venation are probably the stalked condition of R,_;, and the point of origin of My, much nearer to the base of Rp 5 + My, than to Ms. The frenulum is usually present but rather small in the male, replaced by a weak tuft of bristles or wanting in the female. The subfamily shows a tendency toward loss of the male frenulum, and it is entirely wanting in genera of several different tribes, suggesting that its loss has occurred in these groups independently. For example, the frenulum is wanting in the Old World genera Iodis, Comostola, and Thetidia (placed in different tribes by Inoue, 1961), as well as in the New World Dichordophora. Among such obviously divergent forms, loss of the frenulum cannot be assumed to imply relationship. Lack of the frenulum may be accompanied by compensatory expansion of 3 a PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 the humeral lobe as in Comostola (Inoue, 1961, fig. 46), or in Jodis (Prout, 1912, p. 5, fig. 3), but this does not seem to be true of Dichordophora. The male genitalia of the Geometrinae show a variety of specializations in the loss or modification of certain structures, and it is difficult to find any characters that are consistently present or which would distinguish the Geo- metrinae from other groups. All basic components of the male genitalia may be present and well developed, as in Nemoria, although the valve is usually very simplified. The uncus may be well developed or wanting, and in the latter case its prominent position, and presumably its function, is taken over by sclerotized socii. The socii are well developed and seem to play an impor- tant role almost throughout the subfamily, occurring as membranous flaps, or as rigid prongs or hooks, although they appear to be wanting in the Ter- pnini. The gnathos is frequently present as a complete, toothed ring, but may be reduced or missing. The transtilla and juxta are both nearly always present and assume many different shapes. The aedeagus is highly variable, as is also the shape of the eighth sternite. The female genitalia seem to offer no exclusive subfamily characters, al- though they are very helpful for distinguishing species. Color is rarely given serious consideration as a major group character, but in the Geometrinae an exception could be made. In its utilization of green pigment for cryptic simulation of green foliage, the subfamily has achieved a degree of success found in no other group of moths. Here and there in the Noctuoidea and Geometroidea there are small groups of species or genera characterized by green coloring, but nowhere else does this feature pervade almost an entire subfamily of worldwide distribution. As far as I could as- certain, about 85% of the species are at least partly green, and those that are not green belong almost entirely to Old World genera such as Pingasa, Terpna, and Dindica. There seem to be only three or four New World species that are not green, e.g., Chloropteryx albidata (Warren), none of them North American. A few Nearctic species are brown but also have green forms Prominent dorsolateral abdominal protuberances are characteristic of the larvae of the American tribes Nemoriini and Synchlorini, and also occur in the Old World genera Geometra (Geometrini), and Comibaena (Comibaenini). In the tribe Synchlorini and the genus Comibaena, these processes bear special hooks by means of which the larvae clothe themselves with bits of plant ma- terial, although the two groups appear unrelated otherwise. The habit of feeding on flowers is common in the American species of two tribes, the Synchlorini and the Hemitheini, although these have larvae that are very different structurally. In the Old World there are at least several distinctive types of larvae that have no known New World counterparts as, for example, those of the genera Terpna, Aracima, and Neohipparchus in Japan. DISTRIBUTION The Geometrinae, comprising something of the order of 1,400 species, are found on all the large continental land masses of the world, but their numbers diminish rapidly toward the polar regions. The vast majority are tropical or REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 5 subtropical, and of the 75 species occurring within the region covered by this revision, most are concentrated in the states bordering on Mexico or the Gulf of Mexico. Only one North American species, Mesothea incertata, is exclusively boreal, and is mostly Canadian in distribution. The American fauna is very distinct from that of Eurasia and, with but one possible exception, there is not a single genus common to both hemispheres. Prout assigned the West Indian species, dominicaria Guenée, to the Old World genus Eucrostes, but I have not as yet investigated this relationship. Mesothea and Hethemia, in the Hemitheini, are undoubtedly close to Palaearctic forms, but this is the only Old World tribe that I have been able to recognize in the American fauna. The Nemoriini, Synchlorini, Lophochoristini, and Dichordo- phorini appear to be exclusively American, and the first is overwhelmingly dominant in number of species. The Neotropical fauna is rich and much in need of detailed study, although I suspect that most of the species will belong to the same tribes represented in North America. The striking division between the Hemitheini and the other North Ameri- can tribes, manifested most obviously in the two different types of green pigment that I discuss in the section on characters, together with apparent differences in larval structure, led me to wonder if the Hemitheini might not be a more remotely isolated group, not as closely related to the rest of the sub- family as had been supposed. However, the Lophochoristini, having both a hemitheine type of larva and the bright green coloring of the Nemoriini and Synchlorini, seem to tie the two divisions together. If one supposes that the New World geometrine fauna was derived through colonization from Eurasia, then at least two separate invasions are apparent. The more recent faunal interchange would have been that of the Hemitheini, still only slightly differentiated from their Palaearctic counterparts. The Ne- moriini, Synchlorini, and all other American groups, however, no longer show any close relationships to Old World forms, and hence their isolation, mainly in the Neotropics, is of great antiquity. CLASSIFICATION The uncertainty as to whether Hemitheinae or Geometrinae should be the accepted name for this subfamily was finally settled by Opinion 450 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, published March 8, 1957. This validated the generic name Geometra Linnaeus, 1758, p. 519, with Phalaena papilionaria Linnaeus, 1758, p. 522, as the type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers. This species had been designated as the type of Geometra by Duponchel in 1829. The previous classification of the North American Geometrinae was based almost entirely on the work of Louis B. Prout, who published a world synopsis of the group in 1912 (Genera Insectorum, fasc. 129), and a later, somewhat modified treatment of the American species in 1931-33 (In Seitz, Macrole- 6 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 pidoptera of the World, vol. 8). James H. McDunnough did no revisional work in this group, and the arrangement and nomenclature of his 1938 check list was adapted virtually unchanged from Prout’s publications. Although Prout had an uncanny ability to deduce relationships from superficial characters, he was severely limited by a lack of adequate American material and by a lack of information on genitalic structure. Brief comments on genitalia here and there in his paper of 1912 reveal that he was aware of their possibilities, but the highly refined techniques of dissection and microscopy that the present-day taxonomist accepts as routine developed after Prout’s time, and indeed are still developing now. The only real departure from the classification of Prout was that of Forbes (1948), where he combined Racheospila and Nemoria, an action that has proved to be correct. The only previously published genitalic figures were by Forbes (1948), who provided seven drawings of the male genitalia of eastern species of Nemoria, and by Todd (1955), who figured genitalia of both sexes of Dichordophora. There is not a single original description of a North Ameri- can species accompanied by an illustration of genitalia. Genitalic structure forms the basis of the present classification, and a comparison with Prout’s arrangement of the same species (as in McDunnough, 1938), will show many changes. McDunnough listed 80 species, and 11 more were subsequently described, mostly by Sperry, bringing the total number of species for this region recognized in the literature to 91. Even with the addition of 10 new species names proposed in this paper, plus 5 new United States records, I have still reduced the number of recognized species to 75. This has resulted mainly from the synonymizing of names. For example, Nemoria lix- aria and N. unitaria each were listed under four different names. Nemoria bistriaria was listed under three different names in two genera, and the four species of Chlorochlamys were treated as ten in the previous literature. I have eliminated Eucrostes dominicaria Guenée, included by McDunnough in his check list, because I found no evidence of its occurrence in the United States. Hulst’s original record of dominicaria from Key West, Florida (1895, p. 71) was based on misidentified specimens of Synchlora herbaria hulstiana, one of which still exists in the United States National Museum. Apart from Europe, where so much of the fauna has been studied in- tensively, the only part of the world that has been adequately covered by recent revisional work on this group is Japan. An excellent treatment of the Japanese species by Hiroshi Inoue was published as Part 4, Series 1 of Insecta Japonica (1961). ‘This work provides good illustrations of the male genitalia of all included species, as well as of other structural details (but not female geni- talia), and sets forth a classification in which the 65 Japanese species are divided into 13 tribes and 28 genera. CHARACTERS USED IN THIS REVISION The taxonomic conclusions are based for the most part on an evaluation of the following characters, or groups of characters: 1. Wine Size. The length of the forewing, measured from base to apex in REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 7] millimeters is used as an index of size. Usually only the limits are given, but in some cases where size differences are critical, mean wing length is also given, based on a stated number of specimens. Wing expanse is not used as a measure of size because of its susceptibility to error, depending on how the wings are spread. 2. WinG SHAPE. This varies considerably within the subfamily and even within genera, the wings being broad or somewhat narrowed, or sometimes with the apices produced and the hindwings angulate. 3. Cotor. There is wide variation in the shade of green from species to species, and some have the hindwings paler than the forewings. A few species are polymorphic with both green and brown forms, and one species of a monotypic genus, Hethemia pistasciaria, is sexually dimorphic in the coloring of the underside. 4. INTENSITY AND STABILITY OF THE GREEN PIGMENT. There seem to be two distinct types of green pigment involved in the American Geometrinae, al- though I have made no effort to investigate the chemistry of these. That of the Hemitheini is relatively dull and unstable, fading or discoloring readily. Museum specimens tend to lose much of their green coloring in time, even when stored under the best conditions of darkness. The green pigment found in the other tribes tends to be more intense and does not fade readily. Speci- mens of Nemoria or Synchlora a hundred years old may be almost as bright as when caught. 5. Winc Markincs. These include the character and color of the lines, discal spots, costa, fringes, and striation or irroration of the ground color. 6. THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL MARKINGS OR TUuFTING. The dorsal spots or stripes, especially of the abdomen, are important for the identification of species and may be diagnostic. Dorsal tufting (cresting) of the metathorax or abdomen is not as important in the Nearctic species but does occur (e.g., in Lophochorista). The abdominal markings are frequently in the form of pale spots on the first four segments, surrounded by red or brownish shading, but white spots may occur without red shading or vice versa. These markings may assume the form of a pale mid-dorsal stripe instead of spots, or the abdomen may be entirely without markings except for varying degrees of green shading. In my key to the species of Nemoria I rely heavily on abdominal markings and it is important that specimens be good enough for these to be visible. Specimens of some species, such as bistriaria, bifilata, and lixaria, are not readily distinguished if the abdomens have become greasy, discolored or lost. A classic case of misassociation of specimen and abdomen resulted in the description of Ne- moria associaria (Barnes and McDunnough) as a new species. This proved to be an example of lixaria to which a striped abdomen of bifilata had been glued, but the name remained in the literature as a valid species for 50 years. I mention it here to emphasize the importance of the abdominal markings. The value of this character may lead to a dilemma when an abdomen needs to be removed for dissection. If the specimen is a valuable one, such as a type, one solution is to photograph it while still intact, but in any event a brief 8 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 label should be affixed to the specimen describing the abdominal markings, or confirming the resemblance to undissected specimens if it is one of a series. 7. ANTENNAE. These are either bipectinate or simple throughout the group, except in a few intermediate cases where they could be described as dentate or fasciculate. The relationship of antennal structure to sex varies considerably. Males nearly always have bipectinate antennae, and females either simple or bipectinate antennae with branches (pectinations) shorter than those of the male. There are rare cases in which the female antennae have pectinations longer than those of the male, but in the Nearctic fauna this is limited to Lophochorista and Phrudocentra neis. There are also rare cases in which both sexes have simple antennae (e.g., in Hethemia). The form of the antenna varies as a result of the length of the branches. These may be short and continue with little reduction almost to the tip, as in Nemoria, or the branches may be very long for the basal half or two thirds of the antennal length, then diminish rather abruptly toward the tip, as in the Synchlorini. As a measure of the length of the pectinations, I compare the longest with the thickness of the antennal shaft at the same point; e.g., “longest antennal branches equal to 4-5 times thickness of shaft.” Usually the outer (lateral) branches are distinctly longer than the inner (mesial) ones, but in the genus Chlorosea this is reversed. 8. Papi. These vary little in general form but greatly in length, especially of the third segment. I have expressed palpal length in several ways: by com- parison of the second and third segments, by comparison of the third segment with the height or width of the front, or by stating the proportion of the palpal length that appears to extend beyond the front, in lateral view, when the palpi are in a normal position. The male and female palpi may be very different and if so, those of the female are always longer. 9. Eyrs. The eyes tend to vary only slightly but I refer to them as a character in the generic definitions. Sometimes they differ in the sexes, those of the female being smaller. The abnormally small eyes of the diurnal genus, Me- sothea, provide a major character in this one unusual case. 10. Front. In the Nearctic forms there is little structural variation in the front, except that its form may be almost square, or more or less trapezoidal. Its main value as a character is in its coloring. Sometimes the frontal coloring is a reliable key character for species, but there are instances where its vari- ability within species has been misunderstood; for example, in the Synchlora aerata complex and in Chlorochlamys phyllinaria. C. phyllinaria and C. zel- leraria had been regarded as separate species on the basis of whether the front was red or green, but I am treating them as one species. 11. Lecs. Apart from coloring, I have consistently used only characters of the hind tibia. Of importance here is whether the hind tibia of the male is swollen (dilated), the presence or absence of a terminal tibial extension (apical process) in the male, and the presence or absence of the first or preapical pair of hind tibial spurs in both sexes. The second pair, the apical spurs, are always present. The length of the spurs varies somewhat, as does the length of both the tibia and tarsus. The dilated hind tibia apparently implies the REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 9 presence of a long tibial hair pencil, which is ensheathed or recessed within the tibia. Only occasionally does it show, unless dissected out. Because of the difficulty of actually seeing this hair pencil, I do not refer to it frequently. 12. TONGUE, PROBOscIS, OR HAUSTELLUM (GALEAE OF THE MAXILLAE). The tongue is present and presumably functional in all Nearctic species. It varies somewhat in size but not enough to be of much value as a character. 13. VENATION. Although certain characters of the venation are important, espe- cially at the generic level, these must be used with caution because of the degree of variability even within species. Earlier authors from Packard to Prout tended to overemphasize the value of the venation in geometrid classification because, without knowledge of the genitalia, they were hard pressed for tan- gible characters. ‘To demonstrate both its usefulness and its limitations, I have illustrated the venation of many species, covering all genera. Annemoria, of Packard, a monobasic genus with type wnitarta, was erected partly on the strength of minor venational differences, but these break down if a number of specimens are examined. To show the degree of variability that must be expected in one of these characters, I give figures drawn from three different specimens of unitaria (Pl. 1, figs. 3-5). In the wing preparations I found such anomalies as spurious veins, missing veins, and asymmetry to occur with a frequency of over 15%, whereas comparable abnormalities in the genitalia are very rare, occurring in fewer than 1% of the specimens examined. The terminology of the venation is that of the Comstock-Needham system. 14. FreNuLuM. The frenulum is not strongly developed in the Nearctic forms but it is always present in the males with the sole exception of Dichordophora. In the female, the frenulum is replaced by a weak tuft of bristles or is entirely wanting. 15. Mate GeniTatiA. These provide numerous characters for recognition of taxa at specific, generic and tribal levels, and have proved immensely helpful in determining relationships. Of the 75 species treated, at least 62 are im- mediately recognizable on the basis of male genitalia alone. The remainder may be readily assigned to particular species groups and then determined to species by some non-genitalic character. There are several such groups of closely related siblings. A number of distinct lines of specialization are evident in the male geni- talia, and against this background most of the tribes and genera have fallen into place. The main genitalic components that provide useful characters are: the uNcus, which may be normally developed, as in Nemoria, reduced to a small, obscure basal sclerite only, as in Synchlora, or completely divided into two separate elements as appears to be the case in Dichordophora; the soct, which vary from small membranous flaps to long semi-rigid processes as long as the uncus and resembling the latter in shape; the GNATHOs, basically a complete ring, often with a sharp distal tooth, but in many forms atrophied in whole or in part, occasionally with the sides disconnected distally leaving two separate arms; the TRANSTILLA, sometimes of distinctive shape; the JUXTA, very often of distinctive shape and occurring either as a plate, or in other forms 10 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 that I describe as cup-shaped or conical; the vINcULUM, somewhat variable in form; the saccus, also variable in shape, either reduced and rounded, or more or less produced and entire, or incised as in most species of Nemoria; the VALVE, highly variable in shape and with several types of specialized develop- ments often characteristic of whole genera, including, as in Nemoria, a sclero- tized costal margin with both distal and basal processes (the latter referred to as the LABipEs by Inoue, 1961, but probably not homologous to structures termed the LABIDEs in other groups); the COREMATA (sing., COREMA), hairy, extensile glands, possibly scent-producing organs, contained within ventrola- teral cavities at the bases of the valves, about in the usual position of the sacculi; the AEDEAGUS, often varying slightly or not at all from species to species within closely related groups, but highly characteristic of larger groups, hence a useful character at the tribal and generic levels. The abdominal integument, which should be mounted intact on the same slide as the genitalia, provides another good character in the shape of the 8TH STERNITE. This may be convex, concave, deeply emarginate, or bear con- spicious processes on its posterior margin. 16. FEMALE GENITALIA. Characters of the female genitalia proved to be al- most as helpful as those of the male, and there are one or two instances where the genitalia of two species are seemingly identical in the male but readily distinguishable in the female (e.g., in Nemoria extremaria and N. elfa). It is a common practice to remove part of the integument of the 8th segment for a better view of the DUCTUS BURSAE and DUCTUS SEMINALIS, but in the Geometrinae this is definitely not to be recommended. This segment should be left intact as I have shown it in most of the accompanying illustrations. The various folds, ridges and sclerites that occur on the ventral side of this segment are often diagnostic, and a distorted impression of these is likely to result if any of the integument is torn away. The DUCTUS BURSAE usually shows through clearly, and the position of the DUCTUS SEMINALIS tends to be so constant that it is of little or no value as a character. The various structures associated with the ostial opening, comprising what is often called the GENITAL PLATE, Or STERIGMA, provide the most important group of characters in the female genitalia. In the more simple forms, this part of the integument may be entirely membranous and unspecialized, but various degrees of complexity have developed in most groups, usually beginning with a shallow, pouch-like fold, the LAMELLA ANTEVAGINALIS, just preceding the ostruM. In some forms this has become large and heavily sclerotized, and in Nemoria there has been a tendency for it to unite with the ostium to form a rather elaborate, sclerotized OsTIAL ENTRANCE. Sclerotized plates or ridges of various configurations have also tended to develop just posterior to the ostium. Sometimes this area is connected with the preostial structure, forming a con- tinuous genital plate or a sclerotized ring encircling the ostium. But more commonly they are discontinuous and I refer to them separately as the PRE- OSTIAL FOLD, OF PLATE (= LAMELLA ANTEVAGINALIS) and the POSTOSTIAL PLATE (=LAMELLA POSTVAGINALIS). Perhaps next in importance for distinguishing species is the DUCTUS BURSAE, which varies in length, stoutness, and sclerotiza- REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 1 tion. The shape of the BURSA COPULATRIX (or perhaps more correctly, the CORPUS BURSAE) varies from group to group, but is usually rather constant within groups of closely related species. A sIGNUM may be present or absent in the Nemoriini and Synchlorini, absent in the other tribes. It varies little among closely related species. In a few cases, especially in the Hemitheini, the length and shape of the ANTERIOR APOPHYSES proved to be a useful species character. The OVIPOSITOR LOBES (PAPILLAE ANALES) are almost invariable through- out the subfamily, at least in North America. 17. Larvar. Something is known of larval structure in 11 of the genera and 32 species, and this information has given strong support to the division of the Nearctic species into several tribes. The known larvae fall into three distinct groups on the basis of structure and habits: 1) those that are slender and twig-like, with a bifid head (Hemitheini, Lophochoristini), 2) those with moderate dorsolateral processes bearing specialized hooks for the attachment of plant fragments as an aid to concealment (Synchlorini), and 3) those with large dorsolateral processes not specialized for the attachment of plant matter (Nemoriini). Of those represented in North America, only the tribe Dichordo- phorini remains entirely unknown in its early stages. The three types of larvae are highly characteristic of whole tribes, as indicated, and vary relatively little within these groups as far as is known. 18. Hosr Prants. I give all available information on host plants, but far too little is known to allow many general statements regarding host plant specificity. Yet certain trends are apparent, such as the flower feeding habits of the Synchlorini and some Hemitheini, usually on Compositae, and the ap- parent restriction of the genus Dichorda to species of Rhus. Many species will probably prove to be highly host specific but have not been studied in this regard. On the other hand, at least a few species that one might have guessed were somewhat specialized have turned out to be very generalized in their feeding habits. For Nemoria mimosaria, one of the best known northeastern species, 21 different trees and shrubs have been recorded as host plants, in- cluding even 4 species of conifers. Nemoria rubrifrontaria, formerly thought to be specific on Comptonia and Myrica, has been reared on Rhus copallina. Mesothea occurs in habitats where one would expect that it should be special- ized on Vaccinium or some other heath plant, but it has been found feeding naturally on four different host plants, none of them ericaceous. 19. BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERS. In this category little information is available, but two things should be mentioned. Diurnal flight habits are characteristic of the genus Mesothea. I have no knowledge of either the eastern or western sub- species ever having been collected at light, although all other North American Geometrinae seem to be nocturnal. A striking behavioral character in larvae of the tribe Synchlorini is that of deliberately attaching bits of plant matter to the tuberculate process of the abdomen, although this is of course correlated with a structural character—the presence of the hooks to which the plant fragments adhere. 12 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 ~ MATERIAL AND METHODS This monograph is based on study of 14,600 spread adult specimens and 914 genitalia slides. I have also been able to examine living or preserved larvae of about 28 species; good descriptions or figures of several additional species exist in the literature. During the course of the investigation I studied the material available in most of the major collections in the United States and Canada, as discussed under acknowledgements, and was able to see most of the types in- volved except those in European collections. Arrangements were made to have nearly all of the relevant Walker types and some of the Prout types in the British Museum (Natural History) photographed in color, and this greatly facilitated the identification of these species. This paper contains 33 lectotype designations. The drawings, intended to be unmodified representations of genitalic pre- parations, were made from slides with the aid of a micro-projector (Bausch and Lomb Tri-Simplex; wings were drawn with a Bausch and Lomb VH micro- projector). The genitalic drawings are always of ventral views except for the aedeagus, which is usually shown in right lateral view. In most Synchlorini, however, the aedeagus is also shown ventrally because of its forked internal structure. I made the drawings and all of the genitalic preparations illustrated except where otherwise acknowledged in the explanations of the plates. The genitalia of the Geometrinae are delicate and require careful dis- section and staining if the diagnostic structures are to be seen in undistorted form. The preparations were stained with Eosin-Y (water and alcohol soluble), a stain that is simple to use and which gives highly satisfactory results. The name or initials of an individual following the data of a specimen always indicates the collector, unless “collection of’? or some equivalent expres- sion is included, in which case the collection, but not the collector, is implied. The name or abbreviation of an institution indicates the museum collection in which the material is deposited. The abbreviations used in this monograph are as follows: AMNH — American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. BM — British Museum (Natural History), London, England CNC — Canadian National Collection, Entomology Research Institute, Can- ada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. CPK — Mr. Charles P. Kimball, West Barnstable, Mass. and Sarasota, Fla. CU — Cornell Collection, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. DCF — Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. FHR — Dr. Frederick H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. JGF — Dr. John G. Franclemont, Department of Entomology, Cornell Uni- versity LACM -— Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California MCZ -— Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. USNM — United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 13 YPM —- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Since the sexes in the Geometrinae are nearly always much alike, I have not described males and females separately, but have emphasized differences where they occur. I have designated lectotypes where there have been no difficulties, but have generally avoided doing so in the following two kinds of situations: 1) When an available syntype was incomplete or otherwise unsatisfactory and there seemed to be a possibility that more and better specimens of the type lot may eventually turn up. 2) When I have been unable to see the types, such as those in European collections. Because of a convenient distribution throughout the group of easily defined character differences, it has been possible to construct keys that should work well, even to species. However, good material is essential. Worn or discolored specimens may be difficult or impossible to identify, except by genitalia. 2. KEYS TO TRIBES OF GEOMETRINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO KeEy To TRIBES BASED ON SUPERFICIAL CHARACTERS 1. Small species with only one pair of hind tibial spurs in male; green coloring dull except in some species when very fresh; green pigment unstable, soon fading to gray-green, olivaceous or yellowish (but two species dimorphic with brown forms); hindwing never with an antemedial line; fore- and hindwings nearly always colored alike ...... Hemitheini Small to large species, those of hemitheine size with 2 pairs of hind tibial spurs in male (except Lophochoristini, which are otherwise easily recognized); green coloring vivid (except in a few yellowish Arizona species); green pigment relatively stable, not readily fading, but discoloring to buff on excessive exposure to moisture; hindwing with or with- out am antemedial; hindwing either like forewing or paler .. a0... 6260050000056 40a 4 2. Length of longest male antennal pectinations hardly exceeding 3 times thickness of shaft, always distinctly shorter except in the two species of Phrudocentra, in which they aay SMehiby ex Ceca (1s MEMPEH 1 licyel icicle «lntel« ©\e s)atelese =)e=)s c\eiels)-icieie eee elaji et 3 Length of longest male antennal pectinations clearly much greater than 3 times thickness Di GUBNE «jassagchoososceoccadoagg no cedm ose pace coo cUsDe SOD eoncosnosacsssccic lc --- 4 Seevidle without ay frenulum southwestern Only, «cme. = <0 5 4 0:<\<\e ene ensiaiise es Dichordophorini Male;always with a firenulums widely distributed. ..12 .).:j..¢ 6.10. cng elias i= see eine Nemoriini 4. Male hind tibia clavate, strongly swollen toward distal end, with one pair of spurs; small, SECASDCCICN, SA AUG CANIZ. tannin iaiayamintoje,-tafactelaiaja & silos! ss sjeyeycio at ete ele sieieicte amie Lophochoristini Male hind tibia more uniformly dilated or undilated, with both pairs of spurs except in Cheteoscelis which, however, has the hind tibia undilated; widely distributed .... Synchlorini KEY TO TRIBES BASED ON MALE GENITALIA 1, Uncus without the usual long process, consisting of a small basal portion only, to which the rather large socii are articulated or fused; aedeagus containing two subequal sclerotized prongs arsine from a proximal stem: .../.....c08scsssenvcseecseuncies Synchlorini Uncus well: developed; aedeagus not as described above ... 2.2... .is lb sis 06,00 65,8400 058 8s eee 2 Ceneraliicoloration? DLOWM: asic ciarscc'ciesie oi 6:5 erdteteis (2 [owe ie alge" Se ree ole ei ele elation eT eee 42 2. Hindwings not like the forewings but paler, with the markings less distinct or even Olselete; eNO Tea: teGMMal MME s/s aie v1 eae vine vies 2 oles © = eri of eiele neice = a)> ote eae 3 Hindwings same color as forewings or, if paler, with red terminal line .................. 9 Sunn esp oLeemy and ered si Caliber pays se rereve aici eiesol sla olats ove" axov sole le eieveleteicvsleveiescuouelctonclete pulcherrima RIES aWLNTE, VENOWISEL, (OT (PUNK inc jaratsie We caizia mie’ vieinin(¥ wre inie elaie oiaje se) dis ears 60 «ios Riel 4 4, Fringes tinged with pink or, if white, abdomen distinctly greenish beneath .............. 5 Fringes plain white or yellowish; abdomen always whitish below ...............+.-+05- 6 5. Forewings relatively pointed at the apices; antemedials wanting on both wings; post- medial of forewing straight and oblique toward apex, and outer margin almost straight; upperside of abdomen green without markings; New Mexico .............. rindgei Wing shape normal; antemedials well developed on forewing; postmedial of forewing feebly curved or S-shaped, not oblique; outer margin distinctly convex; abdomen with three dorsal whitish spots with reddish or yellowish edging; southwestern ............++.- OA ae caerulescens and intensaria, in part. See also couplet 32 and refer to descriptions. 6. Hindwing pure white, without markings. A very pale, fragile species .............. albaria Hindwing with some green and always with at least the postmedial visible .............. 7 7. Dorsum of abdomen green and unspotted in both sexes; front green; often a pale area any Median SPACe y-tor~ cc ecayese sie osha eyeuss ore tecs caehe bebe se CEA siers © hhc: ferskatevatela cia eseyeti beeen diamesa Dorsum of abdomen shaded with pinkish brown in one or both sexes; front pink or with a mixture of pink and green scales; no pale area in median space ................ 8 8. Abdomen with a dorsal row of white spots on a pinkish ground in both sexes; hind- wings decidedly paler than forewings; forewing with antemedial as wide as postmedial, whichus:subpatallel toiouter marein; Colo., Wtalr cj). sacs (cae = om os 8 nee euarere viridicaria Abdomen without white spots in either sex; abdomen pinkish brown on dorsum in female, green in male; hindwings sometimes almost as dark as forewings; forewing with antemedial thinner than postmedial; postmedial erect; New Mexico ............ subsequens 9. Costa of forewing bordered with purplish brown; wings striated or dappled with yel- Ten WAS) OPE Cro} b (doh (ato «| hr oon Onan CM Orion ILC Eid oo Oot On OOO COCA CORO EEIMB ADE OS ocosocce: 10 INGE aS GHescrIDEd “ADOVE 6.0. xe sic case wisinid in dou eine pe nley om eaielsieid cs/e sins alc} eer 11 10. Wings opaque, lines well defined; antemedial, at least on forewing, distinct ...... arizonaria Wings subhyaline; lines indistinct, antemedials virtually wanting ................ daedalea he ae 33 Be Ab: 16. Wie 18. ig), REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 31 Costa and upperside of thorax and abdomen shaded with bright pink; no abdominal Spotsasratherlarpe, pale species; Atiz-,) italy O36. saci eS =a ote er ee te latirosaria INotease described mab Ovelmery terre tretevarctesaveleroietctarsvere! oaks a te ai Forepav elite tas ohstev ohne sicusvaraieets foretenetetaes eye 12 Wings with red terminal line, which may be continuous or interrupted ................ 13 WES ailitop (iver ermennntal hte: Sans epaeeecs sone oode ocioe Boop ouae sooo cd ouDoa aC SoS 24 Abdomen with dorsal markings in the form of discrete whitish spots, usually encircled Wd Heal GIP [ero iol eo Soka nd oso ROD SONGS OOOUO Rd oon Uno Opn oobon podbSbo oo momcabeUoEet 14 Underside of wings almost as green as upperside; underside of abdomen green; white lines unusually wide and prominent, regular; Colo., Ariz., N.M., Nev., Calif. .... obliqua obliqua, obliqua hennei Underside decidedly paler than upperside; underside of abdomen whitish; white lines AUAEUGO WE gee Peete ne Lo Pntetoto lates ay ora fovecrevoka ta toll llle ovate Mattel ohn feelatatefetarerat tele sic er atatay af eta, syoreemelele et ee tare 15 Female palpi the same as in the male, minute, hardly exceeding front; abdominal spots small, commonly 4 in number; postmedials strongly dentate; Fla. ................ catachloa Female palpi always longer than those of the male; abdominal spots generally larger and 3 in number, that of segment 2 commonly wanting; lines regular or slightly waved, Pave hye EmMbaCe marae ener her eo leykauewoks) fet ohovehelsto ote lehayotoyaiotncicit eke ckehveoloktsleieiaie ochre al evore ey ekaeeeteleleie = 16 Fore tibia red or brownish with an oblique white band across the middle of the an- PERIOT SSSI CER, SeySteseisspetetsici ioe syaile aise s Pues rene aht low chaldveiee(ah wf ehol ateiorels aWAiolsi aed ofenoyarste dhaichaieyrealarerale eee 17 Fore tibia red or brownish but without the white band across the middle .............. 20 Postmedial of forewing even, straight or slightly concave; fringes white, almost un- marked; females large, wing length up to 16 mm; Ariz., N.M. ..............-020e00- zelotes Postmedial of forewing convex, often slightly sinuous; fringes usually with reddish TENGE Tielke Gxxoesy GSiowl sooospasnoge co duccwooD dco ep codndoODB US ODoOaNeDUSaooonC 18 White lines thin and indistinct, usually slightly waved or dentate; fringes with bright, contrasting red rays; female palpi exceeding front by about half their total length; uncus of male genitalia distinctly expanded at tip (often visible without dissection); SUORME Ned SUCHIN cay stots cay Meza age at Shetek holo calor) eve Su tenara tech ahs aver 0 erst skatane feeet enous eee wares ores slap wate ate lixaria White lines more distinct and regular; fringes with red rays less contrasting, sometimes all suffused, sometimes obsolete; female palpi exceeding front by about one third their total length; uncus of male genitalia linear or but very slightly expanded at tip; eastern .. 19 Lines thin but distinct; wings opaque; fringes with red rays distinct or obsolete; N.J. torGar westitonMosandteasterm lexas tericitte orcas clerielolltisktetevoeioel rel: bistriaria bistriaria Similar but from the region north of the above area ............ bistriaria rubromarginaria, summer generation. Srinml eye ay niem axe tem aml ek). Se paodonocdea dos denne coon ore 7aeoe bifilata planuscula Lines quite wide but diffuse, regular; wings almost subhyaline; fringes with red rays very diffuse, often suffusing the whole fringe; northeast only .... bistriaria rubromarginaria, spring generation. 32 20. 21. 22. aoe 24, 25. 26. 21. 28. PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29 Abdominal spots with very little red around them; spot on segment 2 wanting; Texas SR RS ae Tai stevens le 0, Never cbekenctevetarovcletctarevelonsxesodapeterekersiaiolot cieiedstalerere-e bifilata planuscula, summer broods. Abdomen with variable amount of red, sometimes suffusing whole dorsum; spot on sepmient 2 commonly present, ‘but reduced; ‘Ariz, IN-M. 2.2.6.2. 30.2 ee ence ae sininle festaria Antemedial and postmedial lines of forewing convergent toward costa; hindwing paler than forewing) Ariz: Chihuahua; Durango + './/-%-clc).!ts ses ote.sie fos shies © vce meee splendidaria Lines of forewing divergent toward costa in the normal way; hindwing not paler than ROVE WADE? NCASUCTING fe.c)5 a5 sate 07s e/ois's, 0.4 als'e/o wieloib aks prsie bye vereieis 4 vie.s\0 2's/n-0 & ws # ie, 306. <) Sie 3 lee ee 22 Abdomen with a white or cream-colored dorsal stripe; east coast region from N.J. to Bi eaeiteotevase state etveteieisrehove lars cieseve (eisres nics ofoie ots Gia ocalalclsi aisle. ahelols/aleistsiajaisiaia| steve’ sieveus aye bifilata bifilata Abdomenswithout wwiaiterdorsall marking. cll-\sin1c ctsictele toils 6 clelelais'e iene eiclelauele =) olelotelsteteneieas 23 Light green, unstriated; abdomen marked with a large chocolate brown dorsal patch in the middle; fringes white with deep red rays like lixaria but often darker and more BODETAS TING Gut SEATES COIN: Ges aig 0: oco/sie 2p so oi wiavele ial oisie ois vio'e misty wos 5 wicks pieiels ene saturiba Deep green, finely striated; upperside of abdomen green, unmarked; fringes yellow AUG ATE AT COG ENA ais esse irises oh ni oferwin ieta.e cieicie ale elaine Sale ale wares ae aie e/a outina Abdomen marked with 3 or more pale dorsal spots that are usually encircled with EEGVO1, DIOWNH, (CXCEPE UMLATIC), sae. oe < oni, s wlan ane asics wns cele nei 8 on sees > 25 Abdomen without pale markings or with only one small white spot at base .......... 33 Wings coarsely striated with white; fringes pale yellowish with no pink; antemedials preceded by a solid green (unstriated) shadow line; pale yellowish costal border as wide as the fringe; fore tibia entirely whitish; Ariz. .......... aemularia females, in part. Wings finely striated or unstriated; fringes often with some pink, at least a trace at the apex of the forewing; antemedials not preceded by a contrasting solid green shade; pale costal border narrower than fringe; fore tibia reddish ...............2000eeeeeeee 26 Abdominal segments 1, 2 and 3 with pure white dorsal spots and no red or brown shading; antemedial and postmedial of hindwing united before reaching inner margin, forming a closed loop that is diagnostic if fully visible, but often with the lines fading out before inner margin so that the loop is incomplete; Forewings somewhat acute; INGER Y OME; STEP IOM 1.15:2.