* ) “f ; a alk Be i a. ee = Lain 2 eee ete ny aes y 4 ’ i se a P . s & omy & “ pg ta mgs ORO te a a ae » han 4 ’ ¥ - lay i" , \ ieee ee a + - i) “ : a pene * > ‘ ~ 4 ‘ / ‘ ( a 1 ’ Ie = ! + e t , ' . 4 7 i ‘ i “ s i + ti * r yi ° a ; . \ \ baal oa J * - i * 5 ' > i “J ‘ : f i Ae Per 4 i ’ . 1, he ’ 2 * - . Path] ie ; : ar eal a ee aan, sala cd « + at s* i é . f 4 a ) - * : . Vuv1o VLNVS JO O193Nd 3HL WOYS NVALVId ZAWAP AO NIDYVW NYALSVA Per B MeL Gu al ‘ {aLlVvid ce NILSTING ADOIONHIA NVOINSWYV JO NV3HNE ( SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION & BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU, NEW MEXICO 4 PG. AT. Li. FEW eT APR 97 10 Fe Feed iv y i = 70 92 a. el . 2 - ~ 4 =e NAL MUS ey Lab WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE L906 ENGEL aeMee eee oe aNd Ae weir ale teenie ehh Se wists Na Se sce es Secs Introductory note Physiography of the Jemez plateau Archeological remains The ancient inhabitants Distribution of the ruins I. Ruins of the Pajarito plateau 5 Savion es cesinn es Se eee oe See See eee Soe eee eres No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 26. 5 ECS SU 2 Sa ne hr eS ., Se tie mnneokinhe Ohamiavdtaimares. nc. + n5 254. Gaseeeee tic ce 2. ends Sle inoihnuincese eee) = Seer sae Nr ee eee Sees MEG UI Crees ae eis Re sare ee Se Sats 22) EE eee KewengyAUlngele esac. so 522. Se eer Sete ae Pa eae BADE GINIU be Amemend A saan Fc as eee 2 Ble Se ae 20 28. 29 30. 3l. CONTENTS a Clini Oe Sec ee ee A ee eae Mad Nie sa bail ede = ray Ane a Seperate 2 ee «ANA! igri 1! ent SYD aNCG IS oa a aS a a Se Se 5 NIDA US A ees les eee a oo Ig rere EA Se Shive Qua sme eae meee oor ee Pe Se eS Be ee oribytaKoranyie 27505 Ae ee eats Son ee eee Se ee eee . Pueblo of the Yapashi and the Stone Lions............-.------- Pinon UU VAN IntACA Stes so! ehh ae ee aoe 2 eam alee oases cle 32. 33. 34. URIS 20 eet renee: 2 ge eee ee ieee DuMIP OVS Ree ee = Baar ae Peer oe So See) Se OO PROSCUINGE, Ol OSCLE,. Sats sees es ae = ae hci he ine = 21 29 Ww bw be NOwnbwwWwnWwnnwWw WWW bb OO SD HD or cr & 4 CONTENTS - Distribution of the ruins—Continued. : Page II. Ruins of the Chama drainage—Continued. INO: 36.4Homayor222 ese o0 ee oat cee ee eer Fee Bree Pees 39 No. 37." Houirl: .2.2_ 2.4 a ee eee ee oe ee 40 Now 38: ‘Sepawi..: 22.22 oe eee Sista BLN ache St 40 No. 39. Cristone and other ruins above Abiquiu...._........-.-.---.--- 40 Til. Ruins of the Jemez :valleyee vo) ja eee oo toe See ee ee 44 No. 40. 2.2 Se ot sis gas ee ee ee ee te eee ee en Ba eee 45 Noi Als. £2 ss 52 Faas a aig ah oe LORI ay) een ar 45 No. 42. - FE AT ca RS hey nea Sh ie 46 No. 438. Parowee IS Se Yl Wes HE One a 46 No::445 Astialakwast22s 22 Sues ee TR ek es ee 47 No:.45,-Ginsewac: 232.- 6 tae eee . Ground plan of Chipitmuinges.:2. 0 -<6. Se eee ee . Ground plan of Yugeuinge- - IAT Piet . Ground plan of Poseuinge (Eocene) Sag ose oe Se Se Bape ee ee Ground plain. of Homayo: 222: Jassie. 32sec eee ee ee - Ground’ plan of Howin. 2: os: i 7s a eee ee ee ee 5. Ground plan of Sepawi . Ground plan of ruined . Ground plan of ruined . @;Ground planiel Patokweaso: 2) i2c.ei2 2s aaae. eee ILLUSTRATIONS Lowe SY wo tec Bee epee ee il\chambers dishirec cies ee ee pueblo 3 miles;west of Jemez ... 2-4 aoe See pueblo on: Vallecito Creek. .3: 02 dase ae oe eee b; Ground, plan of Astialakwa.2.. /.a2. G2: = Seba ae eee ee (-aréund plan‘of Arpoxtumquat 2/22 52. Sets oe eee . Ground plan of ruined . Ground plan of ruined pueblo 15 miles above Jemez .-.-...---------- ee pueblo 16 miles above Jemez... ....-.2-+.--222-5 ANNOUNCEMENT The present bulletin is intended as the first of a series treating of the antiquities of the public domain, and designed to supply the very general demand for fuller information on this subject than has yet been furnished. Recently widespread interest in these remains has been aroused, partly as a result of their rapid despoliation by relic hunters and inexperienced explorers, and a vigorous movement for protective measures has been organized. From time to time during the last few years efforts have been made to perfect and bring to the attention of Congress a suitable provision for the preservation of the antiquities under consideration and a measure generally approved by the scientific institutions of the éountry has recently beén presented to that body.¢ Meanwhile the several departments of the Govern- ment having jurisdiction over the lands on which the ruins are situ- ated have recognized the need of adequate protective measures, and have taken decisive steps looking toward the preservation of the ruins and their proper utilization in the interest of history and science. The greater number of these antiquities are situated (1) on the national forest reserves, (2) on the Indian reservations, (3) on the unappropriated public lands. The first class is thus under the juris- diction of the Department of Agriculture and in the immediate cus- todianship of the Forest Service. The other two classes are under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior, the second being under the immediate custodianship of the Office of Indian Affairs and the third under that of the General Land Office. The departments mentioned have. issued stringent orders prohibiting the excavation of ruins or burial mounds and the carrying away of archeological specimens without permission of the Secretary of the department having jurisdiction over the lands involved, and also prohibiting traffic in specimens that have been collected on the reservations. Furthermore, the issuance of permits has been restricted so as to include only competent archeologists working under the auspices and for the benefit of reputable scientific or historical institutions, or organ- izations having adequate museum facilities and provision for perma- nent custodianship of scientific collections. The Bureau of American Ethnology has been called on from time to time by the departments for information concerning the location and character of certain ruins and the qualifications of persons and institutions to conduct investigations among them, and it is aThis measure became a law in June, 1906; for its provisions see Appendix A, page 54. 8 ANNOUNCEMENT partly with the view of supplying more fully the information required in the practical work of supervision that the present publications are undertaken. The researches of this Bureau, extending over the last quarter of a century, have resulted in the accumulation of a vast body of information relative to prehistoric remains of the tribes, and this has been embodied in reports most of which are out of print. Not- withstanding the constant demand for these works, it is not possible to republish them, and the series of bulletins now contemplated will in a measure take their place; at the same time these handy volumes will serve for the use of forestry officers, Indian agents and police, Land Office agents, and others having official custodianship of the ruins, as well as for persons desiring to visit the sites or to undertake archeological researches. The bulletins will be prepared by the best qualified authorities on the several areas of which they treat, and will be accompanied by maps giving the sites already located and afford- ing the means of making corrections and additions. When suffi- ciently perfected, the data embodied in these maps will be incorpo- rated in the general archeological map of the United States which is in course of preparation by the Bureau. The present bulletin, by Edgar L. Hewett,’ embraces the very important culture district in New Mexico of which the Jemez plateau is the central physiographic feature. Mr Hewett has in hand a sec- ond number, to include the region drained by the northern tributaries of the Rio San Juan in Colorado and Utah, an area of which the Mesa Verde and its wonderful cliff-dwellings form the center of interest. Dr J. Walter Fewkes is engaged in the preparation of a third bulletin on the vast area included in the drainage of the Little Colorado, and Dr Walter Hough has taken up the antiquities of the upper Gila valley. Other numbers will follow as rapidly as possible, until the whole Pueblo area is adequately presented. This series of publications, however, must be regarded as essen- tially preliminary, since the available data, although adequate for cer- tain localities, are still fragmentary, and since much careful exploration is necessary before the subject can be monographically treated. In view of these facts it is most desirable that information should be obtained from every available source, and the Bureau especially solicits the aid of correspondents in correcting the data published and in locating and describing additional sites of all kinds. A card cata- logue of archeological sites of whatsoever character is being prepared, and cards indicating the nature of the data required will be furnished by the Bureau on request.% W. H. Hormgs, Chief. a A specimen record indicating the desired data is presented in Appendix B, page 54. ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU, NEW MEXICO By Epear L. HEwert INTRODUCTORY NOTE The region ta which the name Jemez plateau is here applied lies in the northern central part of New Mexico on the west side of the Rio Grande del Norte. The greater portion of the plateau is occupied by the Jemez forest reserve. Six Indian reservations or grants border on or lie partly within its limits; these are the San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, and Jemez. Of the remaining portion all that is not embraced within private land grants and small holdings is public land. The ruins referred to in this bulletin are dis- tributed as shown on the map (pl. xvm). In many cases locations are only approximate, owing to the lack of authoritative surveys. The map was prepared by the Forestry Office, the data being furnished by the Forest Service of the Agricultural Department, the General Land Office and the Geological Survey of the Interior Department, and by the War Department, with corrections and additions by the author. The archeological features of the map are the result of investigations of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and are to be revised and extended as soon as the necessary data are obtained. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU - The Jemez plateau may be said to extend from a point almost directly west of Santa Fé to the Colorado line, a distance of about 90 miles. It is limited on the west by the Rio Puerco and has an extreme breadth of about 60 miles (see map, pl. xvm). The area is divided unequally by the Rio Chama, which flows through it from northwest to southeast. The backbone of the northern or smaller portion is the Tierra Amarilla mountains. With this region we have little to do in this paper, as it is devoid of any conspicuous ruins except in the southern part, that is, in the Rio Chama drainage. South of the Chama and crowning the plateau is a great complex of mountains loosely known as the Jemez. There are two important ranges. The western forms the watershed between the Rio Puerco and the Rio Jemez, and the eastern forms the Jemez-Rio Grande divide. 9 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 32 The leading topographical features of the entire area are mountains, characterized by massive rounded contours, the highest peak attaining an altitude of 11,200 feet; flat mesa lands of an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 feet, cut up by innumerable canyons from 100 to 1,500 feet deep, the mesas sloping gently from the mountains to the valleys, on whose borders they terminate in bold perpendicular escarpments (pl. i); and narrow sandy valleys at altitudes ranging from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. The mountains are for the most part well forested with pine, spruce, fir,and aspen. No peaks extend above the timber line, as is popularly supposed, the baldness of their tops having been caused by fires. The mesas are rather thinly covered with pifion, juniper, and cedar inter- spersed with many small open parks. The valleys naturally produce sage, chaparral, and cactus, and can be adapted to agriculture and fruit-growing by means of irrigation. There are but few permanent streams throughout this area. Pre- cipitation ranges from 10 to 15 inches annually. There are a high percentage of cloudless weather, little snow except in the high moun- tains, excessive evaporation, summers never excessively hot or win- ters very cold, an atmosphere of marvelous clearness and dryness, and generally speaking, a climate unsurpassed for salubrity. The country is poor in game and fish, nor are wild fruits or other natural food products abundant. This region became the seat of a considerable population in prehis- toric times and almost innumerable ruins of the ancient civilization are distributed through the Pajarito plateau, the Chama drainage, and the Jemez valley. The culture that developed here was evidently molded largely by the physiographic conditions above described. Being deficient in game and other natural food supply, the country did not offer an inviting prospect to a nomadic people, while, on the other hand, the adaptability of soil and climate to agriculture, and the natural protec- tion from enemies afforded by cliffs and canyons rendered it attrac- tive to a people of sedentary inclinations. The selection and prepa- ration of ground for agriculture naturally tended to permanency of abode, and the peculiar geological conditions as naturally determined the character and construction of the dwellings of the people. ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS The ruins of prehistoric habitations, occurring in vast numbers throughout the Jemez plateau, are of two general classes, cliff- dwellings and pueblos. The cliff-dwellings of this district are quite generally of the exca- vated type, whence is derived the term “cavate dwellings,” which is sometimes applied to them. This type embraces a wide range of domiciles. The*most primitive is the natural open cave, formed principally by wind erosion and only slightly, if at all, enlarged and _ HEWETT] ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU ili shaped by excavation (pl. 1, a). A considerable advance over this type is shown in the wholly artificial dwelling excavated in the per- pendicular face of the cliff (pl. m, 6), the front wall being formed of the natural rock in situ. Numerous variations occur as shown in the illustrations, the most important of which are those with cased doorways (pl. 11, ¢) and those with front wholly or in part of masonry (pl. u, d,e, f). It is evident that when in use the majority of these dwellings were rendered much more commodious by the building of porches, as shown in the restoration (pl. m1, b) in front of the excavated rooms. In some cases complete houses were built upon the sloping talus, as shown in the restoration of Tshirege (pl. 11, a), the excavated rooms at the back being used mainly for storage and burial crypts. These cliff-dwellings occur in vast numbers in the southern faces of the tongue-like mesas (potreros) of volcanic tufa that extend out from the base of the mountains toward the valley on what is known as the Pajarito plateau, the table-land lying between the Jemez range and the Rio Grande. They occur also in similar formations in the mesas that are drained by the southern and western tributaries of the Chama. Occasionally they are found in cliffs with eastern exposures, but they very rarely face either north or west. The pueblo ruins are those of the many-chambered community houses which are found upon the mesa tops and in valleys independent of any support from natural cliffs. They exist in large numbers on the Pajarito plateau from Cochiti north to the rim of the table-land overlook- ing the Chama valley; in the valleys of the northern tributaries of the lower Chama; on the mesas both north and south of the upper Chama, particularly in the Gallinas “‘ bad lands;”’ and in the Jemez valley. The pueblo structure is invariably a cluster of rooms or cells. There are numerous variations of extension and arrangement. In some cases the rooms are arranged irregularly and in others they have a definite alignment of common wall.¢ The smaller pueblos were but one story high, while the majority of the large ones were from two to four stories. There was a general tendency to build them in quadran- gular form. Many single-chambered ruins are found in the vicinity of the pueblos. These were for the most part simply camps or look- outs, similar to those now used by the Pueblo Indians in summer. Petroglyphs or rock pictures are numerous throughout the districts, especially so on the Puyé cliffs in Pajarito park and in the Rio Grande valley between La Joya and Embudo. Fine specimens are to be seen also at the mouth of the Canyones overlooking the Chama. The illustrations here presented (pl. tv) give a fair idea of the range of designs. While some of these represent nothing more than idle picture-making, perhaps most of them are of serious totemic, legend- ary, and religious significance. aThe accompanying plans of pueblos represent only an approximation to the arrangement and extent of the rooms. 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 32 THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS Naturally the first question that arises in the mind of every intelli- gent visitor to these cliff-dwellings, is: Who were the people who built and lived in these peculiar homes? It has been customary to answer that these were simply the earlier homes of the Pueblo tribes now living in the villages near by. This answer must, at least, be qualified. It was accepted by the early explorers on the evidence of surface appearances and the traditions of the living Pueblo Indians. Subse- quent observers merely followed the lead of their predecessors. Extensive excavations made in recent years have brought to light more reliable evidences. Large collections of the ancient pottery have been compared with that of the modern Pueblos and but few similarities found in form, color, mode of ornamentation, and sym- bolism. This in itself would not be conclusive proof of lack of identity between the makers, but it is supported by the indisputable evidence of the anatomical characters of the people. The living Pueblo Indians are predominantly (50 to 75 per cent) brachycephalic, or short-headed people; while the ancient people of the cliffs, as shown by the examination of a large collection of skeletal remains excavated by the writer at five different sites on Pajarito plateau, were practi- cally 100 per cent dolichocephalic, or long-headed. The noticeable proportion of long-headed people found among the present Pueblo Indians probably represents an infusion of blood from the ancient cliff-dwelling tribes. In the light of the mass of evidence now at hand the answer of the present author to the question, Who were the inhabi- tants of the cliff-dwellings and ancient pueblos of this plateau? would be as follows: The ruins herein described were the ancient habitations of Indian tribes some descendants of which are doubtless now living in the adjacent valley of the Rio Grande and its tributaries, but most of whom are probably dispersed widely over the southwest. In every existing Tewa tribe (San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Nambe, and Tesuque) it is claimed that certain clans may be traced back through one or more migrations to the ruined pueblos and cliff-villages of the Pajarito plateau. The same may be said of the Keres villages (Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Zia), while it is known that the earlier Jemez people and their kindred occupied sites farther up the valley well into the historic period. The pueblos and the cliff-houses were occupied during the same period and by the same people. Theage of these ruins may be approxi- mately fixed. The San Ildefonso tribe has occupied its present site since before the Spanish conquest, we may say four centuries. On the opposite side of the Rio Grande, a mile west of the present San Ildefonso, are the ruins of Perage. This is the village last occupied by some of these people prior to their removal to Powhoge, their HEWETT| ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU 18 present site. Their traditions indicate a residence at this site of as great a duration as at their present location. Archeological evidences would reduce this period somewhat. It would thus appear that the San Ildefonso have lived in the valley for from six to eight centuries. The next earlier site of at least one or two clans of this tribe was on the plateau, at the great pueblo and cliff-village of Otowi, where there is every evidence, fully sustained by the traditions of the people, of long-continued residence. The history of this’village is almost a repe- tition of that of each one of the Tewa villages. It appears that the abandonment of the cliff and pueblo villages of the plateau occurred from six hundred to eight hundred years ago as a result of climatic modifications by reason of which the hardships of living at these sites became unendurable. The transition from plateau to valley life was not necessarily sudden. There is no evidence of any great simultane- ous movement from all parts of the plateau. The change was proba- bly accomplished within a generation or two, one village after another removing to the valley or to more distant places, as the desiccation of the plateau proceeded. There is at present not a single stream on the east side of the Jemez plateau between the Chama and the Jemez that carries its water to the Rio Grande throughout the year. The ancient Tewa people were, as are their modern successors, agricul- turists; hence, their living was dependent on the water supply. Only the most primitive style of irrigation was practised and there is every evidence that the region was never rich in game or natural food prod- ucts of any kind. It must be remembered that the foregoing statements refer to the period of continuous residence on the plateau. There have been from time to time in comparatively recent years sporadic reoccupations of these ancient villages by clans from the valley, as that of Puyé by the Santa Clara Indians, and of Kotyiti, or Pueblo Viejo, above the Cafiada de Cochiti, by the Keres after the Pueblo rebellion of 1680. These reoccupations were attended with considerable rebuilding and repair- ing of ancient structures; thus may be accounted for the improved irrigation system at Puyé, which is a work of the last occupation and far in advance of anything that was known to the ancient inhabitants of any part of the plateau. DISTRIBUTION OF THE RUINS The ruins of the entire area considered in this bulletin are distributed in three geographical groups: I. Ruins of the Pajarito plateau. II. Ruins of the Chama drainage. III. Ruins of the Jemez valley. 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 32 I. Ruins OF THE PAJARITO PLATEAU This name, the Pajarito plateau, proposed by the writer some years ago and now generally adopted, is applied to the table-land on the eastern side of the Jemez mountains. The name is usually confined to the region lying east of the foothills, which is bordered on the east by the Rio Grande, on the north by the Rio Chama, and on the south by the Cafiada de Cochitit It is roughly crescent-shaped and is about fifty miles long with a width varying from ten to fifteen miles. It is boldly defined on all sides. A considerable portion of the plateau was covered originally by a sheet of volcanic tufa, varying in thick- ness from 100 to 1,000 feet. The source of this material was the now extinct volcanic cones of the Jemez range. Rudely dressed from the somewhat regular blocks into which it is readily broken, it furnished a durable and easily worked building material for the primitive inhabit- ants of the plateau; while caves, both Se natural and artificial, afforded comfort- able and secure abodes with the expendi- ture of but little labor. In considering the ruins of this area it will be convenient to defer the description of the succession of large pueblos which occupy the north- ern rim of the plateau, including them with the group situated in the Chama drainage. The Pajarito plateau group begins then with the ruins in the vicinity of Santa Clara creek (see map, pl. Xv11), a few miles. west of the Indian village of Santa Clara. This section was visited and briefly described by Stevenson, Powell, and Bandelier in the early eighties. It has been made the subject of numerous popular articles, among which may be mentioned those of Lummis and Wallace. All the pueblos on the Pajarito plateau were built of stone. Only the most conspicuous ruins can be pointed out in this paper. ~ A multitude of ‘‘ small house ’’ pueblos and innumer- able cliff-dwellings of minor importance are passed without notice. No. 1. Shufinne (fig. 1).—This is a small pueblo ruin with an accompanying cliff-village, situated on a high mesa which rises ab- ruptly above the plateau on the north side of Santa Clara canyon, about ten miles west of the Santa Clara village. The site is a most picturesque one, visible in some directions from a distance of twenty- five miles. The pueblo was rather inferior in construction and is reduced to low mounds. The cliff-dwellings are quite generally broken down. No. 2. Puyé,—This settlement consisted of the large pueblo on the 3 £ a ; ieee r | eo Omer ei rca Fig. 1.—Ground 7 lan of Shufinne. HEWETT] ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU 15 top of Puyé mesa (pl. v, 6) and an extensive tributary cliff-village (pl. v, a). The pueblo was a huge quadrangular structure (fig. 2), next to Tshirege the largest inthe park. It was the most compact, the most regular of all the large pueblos. The quadrangle had but one entrance, this being in the eastern side, near the southeastern corner. The four sides are so connected as to form practically one structure, though it is not to be inferred that this was all built at one time. It presents no new constructive architectural features. In some rooms of this building there are evidences of occupancy after once having been abandoned. Doors and windows previously used are found closed with masonry and plastered over. The last floor is laid upon a foot or more of débris accumulated upon an original floor and not removed in the process of remodeling. The pottery between these two floors is noticeably different from that above the upper floor. Round kivas, mostly subterranean, are found both inside geese and outside the court. The cliff-village at Puyé was a very extensive one. The mesa is a mile and a quarter in length and a large portion of the south face is literally honeycombed with dwell- ings. =e = Thing, Miia wie AWipi va nitggnii WNIT == ts, antic DOTA TEE LAANS te z Fig. 27.—Ground plan of ruined pueblo on Vallecito creek. sion occurs. The ridges of débris are four or five feet in height and two or three rooms in width. The upper structure, b, is about 150 by 200 feet in extent, and embodies two courts. The walls are very much reduced. No. 43. Patokwa.—Two ruined pueblos, extremely interesting on account of their connection with the events of the Spanish conquest, are found at the confluence of the two main branches of Jemez creek, six miles above the present Jemez pueblo. One is on a low mesa point between the two streams, and the other occupies the end of the great mesa several hundred feet above. The lower site (fig. 28, a) is one that would naturally be selected for residence by primitive peo- ples, and may well have been a principal pueblo of the valley in pre- Spanish times. One portion of the ruin is a large mound of débris from which the larger stones have been removed. This represents the prehistoric town. The other portion is in a much better state of preservation, and consists of lines of fallen house rows surrounding two great courts. That this structure is of late date is clearly indi- cated, not only by its state of preservation but by the presence at one corner of the ruins of a Catholic church. aThe measurements given in this [Erotesser Holmes’) paper are all mere estimates, and the orien- tations are only approximate. - ~I HEWETT] ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU 4 No. 44. Astialakwa.—An interesting group of ruined buildings is situated on the high and almost inaccessible promontory, a mesa rem- nant, overlooking the ruin at the confluence of the east and west branches of Jemez creek, just described. The ruins stand a short dis- tance back from the front of the promontory and near the brink of the cliffs on the west side (fig. 28, b). The walls are of unhewn stone, and _bear “evidence of hurried and apparently incomplete construction, there being a notable absence of débris of any kind. Traces of mortar occur in the walls, and a little plaster still remains on the interior sur- faces. The walls are in no place more than five or six feet in height. The buildings are in a number of groups, as indicated roughly in the sketch. . . . There can be little doubt that this village was built at the period of Spanish encroachment by the people of the vil- lages below as a place of refuge and defense, and it was here, accord- ing to historical accounts, that they were defeated by the Spaniards and compelled to descend to the lowlands. iy yard ys My iy "yy, MUG, 5 aria us Vy Hin iN iin,ga els wy iy yi rw a YT TTNS att yn Fic. 28.—Ground plan of a, Patokwa, and 3, Astialakwa. It is an interesting fact that along the margins of the precipice are traces of defensive works built of stone. , No. 45. Giusewa.—A ruined pueblo of considerable importance is situated at Jemez Hot Springs, twelve miles above Jemez pueblo. At present the chief feature of interest on this site is the ruin of a Spanish church, with its heavy walls and fortress-like tower. It has been con- structed of materials derived from the immediate vicinity. The tower and upper parts are of the impure friable limestones of the promon- tory against which the foundations are built. The lower end of the church and the walled enclosure extend down to the border of the arroyo, and the latter has been built of heterogeneous materials. The adobe mortar has been made from the débris of ancient house sites and is full of fragments of pottery, obsidian chips, and charcoal. 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 32 Bandelier says that this pueblo “‘ formed several hollow quadrangles at least two stories high. It contained about eight hundred inhabi- tants. The church is a solid edifice, the walls of which are erect to the height of ten or fifteen feet, and in places nearly eight feet thick. It is not as large as the one at Pecos, and behind it, connected with the choir by a passage, rises an octagonal tower, manifestly erected for safety and defense. Nothing is left of the so-called ‘convent’ but foundations. The eastern houses of the pueblo nearly touch the western walls of the church, and from this structure the village and a portion of the valley could be overlooked, and the sides of the mesas easily scanned. Ginsewa [Giusewa] is an historical ‘pueblo. It first appears under the name of Guimzique in 1626. It seems that it was abandoned in 1622, on account of the persistent hostility of the Nava- jos, who had succeeded in scattering the Jemez tribes. In 1627 Fray Martin de Arvide obtained permission ~ from his superior, the custodian Fray j Alonzo de Benavides, to attempt to gather the tribe again in its old home. The efforts of the monk were successful, and the Jemez Indians settled in two of their former pueblos—at Ginsewa and at Amoxiumqua.’’ 4 No. 46. Amoxiumqua.—On the high mesa overlooking Jemez Hot Springs on the west are the remains of another large and ancient pueblo, which is reached by a tedious and very precipitous trail. The ruin, a sketch plan of which is given in figure 29, stands in an open space : in the forest, about a quarter of a mile Fie. 2-—Ground plan of Amozi- from the brink of the “canyon,=aqeqanaam umqua. f E its walls a glimpse can be had of the lower valley of Jemezcreek. Itislarger than any of the ruins in the valley below, and appears to represent two periods of occupancy, an ancient or pre-Spanish one, and a more modern one, probably of the Spanish period, the later village having been built upon the ruins of the earlier. Bandelier states’ that Amoxiumqua was abandoned previous to 1680. In the accompanying sketch plan (fig. 29) the old town, which is a mere heap of débris and quite limited in extent, is indicated by a stip- pled or dotted surface. The newer construction consists of a series of connected ridges, two or three rooms*in width, and from a few feet to eight or ten feet in height. Some of the room interiors are exposed and still retain the coatings of plaster, and the ceilings are of logs with : 2 ywpiuwuinwwundyinge == = Miya AD, E7TNS a Final Report, pp. 204-205. bIbid., p. 208. HEWETT] ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU 49 transverse layers of brush or splinters to support the earthen cover- ing. The stones of the walls, which have been derived from the cliffs in the vicinity, are rather even in size, and have been in cases slightly caressed on the outer surface. The length of the ruin from northeast to southwest is about 350 yards; and the greatest width is some 200 yards. The rows of ruined buildings have a wiath of from 20 to 30 feet. Seven circular kiva-like depressions are associated with the ruin. Six of these are approximately 20 feet in diameter, and the sixth, a part of the encircling wall of which is intact, is 32 feet in diam- eter. On the side opposite the canyon is a large depression, 150 feet in diameter and five or six feet deep, which contains a pool of water, and was undoubtedly used as a reservoir. No. 47.—Another ruined pueblo of large size Send comparatively well preserved is situated in an open space in the forest on the sum- mit of a spur of the plateau overlooking the canyon of the first north- ern tributary of the west fork of Jemez creek and some two miles west of the great ruin (Amoxiumqua) overlooking Jemez~ Hot Springs This ruin was seen from the opposite side of the canyon, but lack of time forbade an attempt to visit it. No. 48.—A ruin of more than usual interest is situated on the west bank of San Diego creek, about 15 miles above Jemez pueblo. At the base of the low terrace on which this ruin stands, and between its base and the creek, the Survey camp was established. Two ravines rising close together in the plateau, face to the west, separate as they approach the creek bed, leaving a somewhat triangular terrace remnant with gently sloping surface, on which the ruin is situated. This terrace ct the lower margin is about 50 feet in height and 150 yards long, and is perhaps 100 yards deep to the base of the steep slope on the west. The ruin includes one principal centrally-placed group of structures and four or five inferior structures, as indicated on the ground plan (fig. 30). The central group, a, consists of two wings of unequal length and from 30 to 60 feet in width, connected at the upper end by a transverse group of razed chambers. The length of the longer wing is about 320 feet, and of the other about 150 feet. The mass of cébris indicates the outline of the buildings with perfect clearness and is in places 10 feet in height. The chambers were numerous and irregular in arrangement, but the state of the ruin is such as to make the details of the plan difficult to trace. At the upper’end of the intramural space is a kiva depression 20 feet in diameter and two or three feet ceep; and at the lower end, near the ecge of the terrace and next the wall of the longer wing, is another of like diameter and about four feet in depth. On the opposite side, against the wall of the shorter wing, is‘a stone heap some 10 feet in diameter and a few feet in height. North of the longer wing of the central structure, 40 feet distant, and extending along the northern margin of the terrace, is a ruin, b, some 8806—No. 32—06——4 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 32 30 feet wide and 150 feet in length, and in places six feet in height, presenting characters in the main identical with those of the central structure. In the space between the two clusters is a third circular depression, corresponding in size with those previously mentioned. Higher up the sloping terrace on the northern margin is a small ruin mass, c, very much reduced. On the south, separated from the corner of the shorter wing of the main building by a space about 10 feet in width, is a fourth ruin mass, d, about 40 feet in width by 120 feet in length, the lower end of which extends well down to the margin of the terrace. Its features correspond closely with those of the other struc- tures. South of this again, and 20 feet away on the narrow point of 7 Zain _ = li, @ SALTZ ULL Muy See nea = oS Sid £2 Zain i “amine >, De ites “EF 5 = WY May caae"* Sy = SS eae Z, C7 Wy, = Bi: Ss Wy \\ \/y ZAIN wSF Si : Zuamvymuvyyrnnis A) AY | H WA init Ss TAT ALTTNNN SAE mA iq a HANS FN pra tNwnnt Zep AMET GQ Hf AN My ATTA) MUN ira 0 OG surnvey CAMP Saha! Fic. 30.—Ground plan of ruined pueblo 15 miles above Jemez. the terrace, are the remains of a minor structure, inclosing a kiva depression 30 feet in diameter and about 4 feet in depth; and below this, again, is another circular depression 36 feet in diameter and 5 feet in depth, with which no ruins are connected. Still lower down and at the extreme point of the terrace, 80 feet from the depression just described, is a small ruin mass about 12 feet square and of no considerable height. An interesting feature of this pueblo is the occurrence of three or four refuse middens, lying on the slope of the terrace near the walls of the buildings. These consist of blackish earth with many impurities, including bones of animals, fragments of pottery, and various imple- HEWETT] ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU 51 ments of stone. On these heaps were growing dwarfish wild potato plants, the tubers, although ripe, not being more than half an inch in diameter. This ruin presents every appearance of antiquity, and, so far as observed, contains no definite trace of the presence of the white man. The feilen roof timbers, which still remain among the débris in some of the chambers, had cna cut with primitive tools. é No. 49.—Sixteen erilae above Jemez pueblo, occupying a low slop- ing terrace on the west side of the valley and 30 or 40 yards from the creek, is a small pueblo group, of usual type (fig. 31). It is about 40 feet above the creek bed and covers a space some 50 yards long, facing the stream, and 50 yards deep, reaching back to the steeper ground. The low crumbling walls of small irregular stones indicate a squarish structure of numerous rooms, including an open space or court, == =F) AANA i | \S in which are two circular depres- == 7, Zip iM i HIS: sions, probably the remains of “anya itng 1 kivas. A third depression occurs in the midst of the ruined walls on the north side. ee Scattered stone lodges —An ©) OF z important feature of the antiq- Te uities of Jemez valley is the ruins of small stone houses that are encountered by the explorer at Fig. 31.—Ground Dee ae pueblo 16 miles every turn in the tributary val- ‘ leys, on the steep slopes of the plateaus, and scattered over the upper surfaces of the wooded tablelands. In the foothills they are seen sometimes occupying very precipitous sites, and in riding through the deep forests of the uplands they may be counted by the score. They consist generally of a single room, rarely of two or more rooms, and the dimensions of the apartments seldom exceed ten or twelve feet. The walls are thin and loosely laid up, and to-day are rarely more than three or four feet in height, the dearth of débris indicating that they could not have been more than one story in height at any time. . . . These houses occur in considerable numbers in the valley of the San Diego near the great bend, 20 miles above Jemez pueblo; in the vicinity of the warm springs, a few miles above the bend; on the’ plateau east of Jemez springs; and along the terrace-like projections of the western slope of the canyon wall. . The existence of other important ruins exceptionally well preserved has been reported from the high Valle Grande and San Antonio valley on the eastern rim of the Jemez basin; also from the foothills of the Nacimiento range on the upper Guadalupe. “i SS GI MANTA NST WN 2 TVA NATR HAW WN METALS yy BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 32 MINOR REMAINS OF ANTIQUITY From the foregoing account it is seen that the archeological remains of the Jemez plateau are very numerous and of great interest and scientific value. The village-sites of the ancient inhabitants, with all the accessories of sedentary village life, such as kivas, shrines, burial places, fields, irrigation works, lookouts, stairways, and trails, with the vast number of scattered and isolated cliff-dwellings and small pueblos, not forming aggregations that could be called villages, pre- serve a complete picture of the ancient life of the Southwest. Buried under the débris of buildings and in the graves of the dead are various artifacts of stone, bone, wood, fiber, and clay (pl. x11, x11), displaying the simple industries and domestic life of the inhabitants. These, together with ceremonial objects, as pipes, fetiches, medicine stones, etc. (pl. xvi), with the symbolic ornamentation of domestic and mortuary pottery (pl. xiv, xv), yield important data relative to the social and religious life of the time. A few illustrations of these various artifacts are included herewith. > The pottery of the region consists mainly of food bowls, preserved to us through the symbolic act of placing food with the dead. But little is found in the houses. The pottery found consists of the following varieties: A. Coiled and indented ware, plate xiv, a. B. Smooth undecorated ware, plate xIv, c. C. Incised ware, plate xrv, d. D. Polished decorated ware, plate xtv, e. KE. Polished decorated ware, red with glazed ornament, plate xrv, b. Of class A little is found, and this is mostly in fragmentary condi- tion. The pottery of this class was used principally for cooking ves- sels, some of which were very large. Of class B but little is found. Class C is still more rare. Seventy-five per cent of all the pottery is of classes D and E. This, as before mentioned, consists principally of food bowls, varying from four to sixteen inches in diameter and in practically all cases having both interior and exterior decorations. A few small ollas are found. The clay used was not of first-rate quality. It contained a considerable amount of fine sand and the product was of a rather porous character and quite thick and heavy. Many excep- tions to this condition are found, however, in which a much finer clay had been obtained and prepared with great care, making an excellent paste and permitting the construction of fine thin ware. It is notice- able that all pottery of class D is of superior make. The aboriginal potters had considerable knowledge of colors and handled them with good effect in decoration. Yellow and gray ware was always decorated with black lines (pl. xv). Red ware was almost invariably decorated with black and red lines and with a salt HEWETT] ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU Ba glaze (pl. xv, e, f,h). Four shades of red were used, two shades of this color being often applied to the same bowl. The system of orna- mentation was bold and striking, and in execution ranges from very crude to very good. Representative motives were sparingly used. In at least 90 per cent of all the decorative work a highly developed sym- bolism is found. Certain symbolic motives are very persistent, dis- playing many variants, but capable of being reduced to a few funda- mental conceptions (pl. xv, a, b, d). THE PRIVILEGE OF EXCAVATION This presentation of the antiquities of the Jemez plateau is neces- sarily incomplete, since there are many sites yet unexplored, but it is hoped that the sketch here given will lend encouragement to further exploration and serve as a nucleus around which additional information may be systematically arranged as gathered from time to time. It should be borne in mind that these ruins are mostly on the Jemez forest reserve, and that excavations on the forest reserves are strictly forbidden unless authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture. The majority of ruins not situated on the forest reserves are on the Indian reservations and public lands, and can be disturbed only by permission of the Secretary of the Interior. APPENDIX A AN ACT for the preservation of American antiquities, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who shall appropriate, excavate, injure, or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States, with- out the permission of the Secretary of the Department of the Government haying jurisdiction over the lands on which said antiquities are situated, shall, upon convie- tion, be fined in a sum of not more than five hundred dollars or be imprisoned for a period of not more than ninety days, or shall suffer both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Src. 2. That the President of the United States is hereby authorized, in his discre- tion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be national monuments, and may reserve as a part thereof parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected: Provided, That when such objects are situated upon a tract covered by a bona fide unperfected claim or held in private ownership, the tract, or so much thereof as may be necessary for the proper care and management of the object, may be relinquished to the Government, and the Secre- tary of the Interior is hereby authorized to accept the relinquishment of such tracts in behalf of the Government of the United States. Sec. 3. That permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation of archzeological sites, and the gathering of objects of antiquity upon the lands under their-respective jurisdictions may be granted by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War to institutions which they may deem properly qualified to conduct such examination, excavation, or gathering, subject to such rules and regulations as they may prescribe: Provided, That the examinations, excavations, and gatherings are undertaken for the benefit of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educational institutions, with a view to increasing the knowledge of such objects, and that the gatherings shall be made for permanent preservation in public museums. Sec. 4. That the Secretaries of the Departments aforesaid shall make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. Approved, June 8, 1906. 54 APPENDIX B SPECIMEN RECORD FOR CARD CATALOGUE OF Runs AND OTHER ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY CATALOGUE OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES Srarr, New Mexico. Map, Pajarito park. Sits, No. 6. Cuass, Pueblo and cliff-village. Name, Tshirege. Location: DratnaGce, Rio Grande. Pajarito canyon. County, Santa Fe. TownsHie19N. Rance7 E. Section. Unsurveyed reservation. Jemez forest reserve. This site occupies a low mesa about 15 miles west of the Rio Grande, 10 miles southwest of San Ildefonso pueblo. Can be reached by wagoén road from San Ildefonso to Alamo canyon, thence by trail remainder of distance. Ruins may be seen from abandoned sawmill road 6 miles west of Buckman. This road was formerly much traveled, and the ruins suffered greatly from vandalism. Build- dings not seriously injured, but burial mounds much disturbed. Large pueblo on top and extensive cliff-village (cavate type) in south face of mesa. My work at this site consisted of the exploration of the principal ceme- tery, southeast corner of the pueblo; the excavation of one kiva, and of 14 rooms in the pueblo; also of one burial crypt in south face of mesa. Map of mesa, ground plan of pueblo, numerous sketches and photographs made. Collections secured as follows: Skeletal remains, 75 individuals. Pottery, 340 specimens, in part fragmentary. Bone implements, 23. Stone implements, 96. Miscellaneous, 85. All collections were sent to the museum of the New Mexico Normal University, Las Vegas, except skeletal remains, which were forwarded to the U. 8.-National Museum. Photographs, sketches, maps, plans, etc., also in Normal University museum. This is an enormous ruin, and the work done represents but a small part of what is necessary to complete the investigation of the site. So far as prosecuted, however, the work is finished and fully recorded. Results of expedition to be published in preliminary form in the American Anthropologist. (Signed) Ep@ar L. Hewerr. SEPTEMBER, 1900. | Ou BULLETIN 382 PLATE II BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ENTRANCES TO EXCAVATED CLIFF-DWELLINGS BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE Ill @ RESTORATION OF TSHIREGE PUEBLO b RESTORATION OF CLIFF-DWELLINGS, TSHIREGE had 7 ve . Sen yy, Fe > ian aaa = é para bas’ = BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE IV ae a rp vA Ml el WH a M il PETROGLYPHS ON THE PUYE CLIFFS, PAJARITO PARK BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE V @ CLIFF-VILLAGE OF PUYE b RUINS OF PUYE PUEBLO ~ —— Ts a - - Pi Pea : BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE VI TENT-ROCK CLIFF-DWELLINGS NEAR OTOWI CANYON ee TRANS! elas be < BU BULLETIN 32 PLATE VII . Z, sm eau Mh, mn, 94 ln * a, oT sity, ee — (AY Pal yg ee NE Mite hy {OUSES 500 1000, ~ Se Eee ao ] ‘ . Te . ~— Pty In, Ally, | nly, Lo, ail, § Alli, A My, _ MM Seury, an, s a Fans aa Z ly % silly silly, sly, Sally ee Z Sent en ee =~. iB Bo a ssl tal eeu Fong, RI Eke ee 7 Z = ** a Zyywrt = Si CNS of . . Bane s Pgs ays a nS SINS MN Sa AWAY = ese ‘ay: = Sy WW > ¥ saa Saye SS =f ny “ayy Says? a) Sass iv ag a 400 TESERVOIR | & oe ; pein, ~ ae giE i ys 7 ; pen, SCAT “55 4%. 5 PAC wa! as ° y > 4 w +7 “he 4 4 ¢ = * ‘ 4 ™ xX * ~ ee ae * » a i. , . * a Pt, POS ll a 23 * — » r od a = s Ve +4 \ sf i ye Sree Se. y Si ‘ « a» BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE VIII TREES GROWING IN RUINS OF (@) PUEBLO AND (jp) KIVA | : alll. i TRANSFER RRED TO. tess BULLETIN 32 PLATE IX BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 18 @ RUIN NO. b PUEBLO OF YAPASHI . 3 - P ” . 4 a 5 . & - * — i . ~ - " i 7 4 + P ’ x a i oe ~ _ BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE X b LA CUEVA PINTADA (THE PAINTED CAVE) rh om ae OF 4 4 t+ 2 ne i oar a ae : ¢ ‘ « y . q ‘9 MuVd OLIViVd ‘YIOANSSSY SO SNINU P WMuVd OLIVET Vd ‘SNIMHS 3O SNINY 2 SGNV1 Gvd SVNITIVS @ ADOTONHLS NVOIYSAWY JO NVAYNG IX 3LV1d o& NILSTING Sere Ceca ies = ren 3 > « Lae © = , i + ae G a Or A ie BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE XIl TYPES OF ARTIFACTS OF STONE a,b Hatchets; ¢ hammer; d maul; e, f metate and mano; g, / obsidian flakes BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE XIII TYPES OF ARTIFACTS OF BONE, SHELL, ETC. a, b, c, d Bone whistles; e, f, g, h bone awls; i, j, k, / pendants of shell BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE XIV ad e TYPES OF POTTERY a Coiled ware; b bowl with glazed decoration; ¢ smooth black undecorated ware; d incised ware; e polished decorated ware KS i TRANS! ah RED TO BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE Xv MORTUARY POTTERY BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 32 PLATE XVI CEREMONIAL OBJECTS a War god; 6 mountain lion fetich; c, d fire stones; ¢ f medicine stones; g, h ceremonial pipes 3 TRANSFERRED T i ; JEMEZ PLATEAU NEW, MEXICO ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP © Forest Reserve Boundary —-tand Grant Boundary %2 inhabited Pueblo ® important Puebdto Ruin Minor Pueblo Ru == CIT Dwelling: : or \ Poy 4 =] ; os \ 3 2 4 oo —+- Hy f J my a Af ae 3 ie EN F ” artes viru -— AOARAS | LYRE BE anse3J ih a eldeut betidadnl. tet omed o. salt aie trehoqat i . a crebavol ovi0e0F test OMS | Mv oldeuT yoni - Yisbnves tae’ boal--— apaitiowd THD «- x ! 7 . — ‘ a id tds Dy Pease oe bas ao ie 4 Pay ie eae es ag Ba OY , Pla | we . 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