E 51 U6X CRLSSI a a GR i a ~ 7 a - Se i a 9 ar ties _ = eae ee ee ea Se gts ee Oo ee el é sbal,) on Oats 5 ou i] An ie iy’ alt Oo 8 e ’ ut “Saree \2120J03AH DFA 8 FB hid eri 7 : : | te wr—e » “ ‘“ x = f ; 7 | | wp S, Hy i. voee! wt } ao , ¢ " a ie a : ‘q 21) xe | ae x. ie ie a gilwor bis? ie a aa 4 qs Tags : .. ae . oe : 7 < i j “4! p - Teel ? y , , 1. io 4 4 NB cic Oe : of ) \} i FR i a * a ; by : rr’ 2? ie ig ¥, A — — « - ———— see 96 The copper plates from Malden, Dunklin county...............--------- 98 Village sites worth excavating... ..2:..-22-3222stssc0 eee eee 99 Localities worth. investigating.......0.....2.52.-22 02 See ee eee oe eee 99 Reported localities possibly worth examining. ........-.-.------ Eee, we 99 Additional archeological remains visited or reported...........-.-.---.------ 100 Report on-skeletal material, by Dr. Ale3 Hrdlitka ......................-.-- 103 T- Condition of the materialieicc j-peseeee eo e eee ee eee eee 103 TE Granta we 2.35. dec h ein ee e 103 TTL. Longe bones.) ice Ss Sco Lee ene Oe eee esate ete oh eo 104 IV. Detailed measurements and observations............-------------- 104 Index... ...--- +--+ 2-02 022ce eens c nee cn essere cee cesceees sclaceet Paes 113 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Prate 1. Archeological sites explored in Missouri (map)......------ Frontispiece 2 heatinesiomEnwine Mounds NOs. Oo aNd! Gle-2-2s-2-22-5.-2--+---2- == 15 So WENO) tal IB \yptayer renorriorels| savas, (o)ehoKel Y/ooneconeagoasosdo ss coesseoore iti A_ Veatures, of Dawson mounds nos. 4 and 7....-2-.-2.-+--.-+-+.----- 32 Dy eannres of Dawson mound Mo: 9... 22s. 2452252 seed bodes oes 34 Han vaulissm Dawson mounds moss 9 amd Wyss ee s22 0552-2 e252 sesea oe 38 (ip Valiinin Daweom mound NO: 132.05. 225.200 tee wets ee bees cess 42 Se lnteriorombaumnoerer mound nos le2 ss =e s-4556--- 2245052 4e oe a5) 9. Exterior and interior of Baumhoefer mound no. 2-...-.---....----- 60 LOR Valin nirt A mounds 22 sen ee elo ke kee 22 ends 64 Mee AU iileleUid MMOUMO Rss ssor sonst So ope gee ode tue Scenes os 65 2 eeheatorestot Keller mounds most, 2 and.3.----.--+------22- 22-42: 68 ia. Heaiures.on Brenner mounds mos. leand 22°2-_-- 22-5... --.-s-2 <2 71 14. Features of Brenner mound no. 2 and of the Louisiana work.. -.-- 78 15-19. Copper plates from Malden, Dunklin county..............-..-- 98 fe moms le borirom Granmann/ mound No, 3... 22. 22s0-5<-. 55 20d). s naee oe 8 Pee NoniheanGewestawallils ime) Simian! nao umd sees Sse] sess ale 10 See ete LOM SMut MN MOUNG NO. 2.2. .¢s-cceeee5 24 aie ‘a! — i Lert <2 « ena we re < Le “ eee | £:e rae 4 cm > eee alee cae aE ANTIQUITIES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI By Gerarp FowKe INTRODUCTION During the first season the work here dealt with extended along the Missouri river from the Gasconade to Moreau creek on the south side, and from Cedar creek to Easley on the north. The second season’s work began at Easley and was followed out to the south- west part of Howard county, thence into Saline county; the mounds opposite Kansas City were next examined; some investigations were made in Pike county; and work for the year closed in the south- eastern part of the State. On subsequent pages will be found a list of localities of archeological interest in various parts of the State, derived partly from personal investigations, and partly from the reports of numerous persons famil- iar with the regions named; this list is necessarily incomplete. The owners of many of these remains have granted permission for their exploration, and it is probable that similar leave can be readily obtained for others. In very few instances was the privilege of excavating refused unless there were good and sufficient reasons for the refusal. As some words have several meanings, dependent on the connec- tion in which they are used, certain terms appearing frequently should be explained to prevent misapprehension or confusion on the part of the reader. “Summit,” or ‘‘apex,’? means the highest point of a mound; this may now be several feet from its original position owing to the shifting of earth due to cultivation or erosion. “Top” means the present surface of the mound in any part within the area where it begins to rise from the natural soil. “Surface”? means the original surface of the ground upon which the mound is built. “Bottom” means the plane of junction of the deposited earth and the undisturbed ground, being practically synonymous with the term ‘‘surface.’’ The terms ‘‘soil” and ‘‘subsoil’’ are used in their ordinary sense. 5780—Bull. 37—10—_1 ) 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 ‘‘Center’’ is the vertical line from base to summit of a mound regular in form, or from the middle point within the area covered in the case of a structure unevenly built, or subsequently altered in form. A ‘“‘doubled,” or ‘‘folded,” skeleton or body is one which was bent at the joints before burial, so as to occupy less space. Sometimes only the legs were bent, but usually the knees were drawn up to the chin and the feet against the hips. Perhaps this custom occasionally had an occult significance, but in general it was resorted to merely to avoid the labor of digging a large grave. Nearly all the bodies thus bent were laid on the side, though some were placed on the back. This method of inhumation is probably the basis of numerous reports concerning ‘‘bodies buried in a sitting [or squatting, or crouching] position.’’ It has never been the fortune of the present writer, or of any of his coworkers, to find remains to which any of these terms are applicable. ‘Skeleton burial’? means one in which the bones were denuded of flesh before interment. ‘‘Bundled’’ bones are those whose position in the earth indicates that some care was taken, or at least an attempt made, to place a disarticulated frame, or portions of it, in somewhat regular order. ‘“‘Bunched’’ bones are those thrown in carelessly or at random, apparently in a reckless fashion. Except as definitely specified otherwise, all mounds mentioned in this report are of the so-called conical form. Of course, no mound was ever ‘‘conical;’’ mounds could not be built in that shape, nor would it be possible for a heap of earth to hold this form through the first rain. ‘‘Dome-shaped’’ would be a better term in this con- nection. In descriptions of mounds, especially of those in cultivated fields, measures of height and diameter are usually given to the nearest foot and nearest five feet, respectively. Accurate measurements are nearly always impossible, because on sloping ground the margin of the base can not be determined. The actual height of a mound can seldom be definitely ascertained until its bottom is reached. The distance between mounds of a particular group is measured from center to center as they now stand. Frequently, vegetation is so scanty on the ridges, exposed as they are to excessive denudation by winds and rains, that sod and roots do not leave a distinct stratum at the plane separating natural from dumped earth. In these cases it is necessary to remove not only the mound itself, but also the soil on which it stands, until the subsoil is reached. Only thus can the explorer be assured that he is not passing over a grave or other aboriginal excavation beneath the tumulus which is being examined. Such procedure often involves FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 3 the removal of several hundred cubic feet of earth which is in its natural position—a great waste of time and labor, but one that can not be avoided. On the other hand, this method sometimes shows that material which has every appearance of undisturbed loess forms part of the artificial structure. Very erroneous estimates of the age of skeletal or other remains may result from failure to distin- guish earth in situ from earth which has been deposited by human agency.? In all cases where the deposited earth is very hard it is possible that it was taken from the original situation while wet, or at least damp, and consequently much easier to dig. Its present compactness may frequently be only the natural result of laborers walking about upon it while engaged in the task of piling it up. If grave pits or other cavities were required in the subsoil at a time when the ground was harder than usual, the workers could lighten their task by carrying water and pouring it over the area on which they were engaged. In a very dry season it is not possible to excavate with primitive tools the tough native clay in which some of these graves are found. No special importance attaches to points of the compass as given in the descriptions. As most of the mounds were erected on narrow, winding ridges, their outlines and relative positions are determined by the topography only, no attention being paid by the builders to cardinal points. The interior faces of the walls in nearly every vault opened had an outward slope, making the vaults larger at top than at bottom. This method of construction was probably intentional, the purpose being to prevent the wall from falling inward, the backing of earth and stone built up concurrently holding it from falling outward. But the walls noticed in some of the mounds opposite Kansas City prove that the builders could lay them up vertical when they desired to do so. No effort was made to break joints or to interlock at corners; when a stone was ready, it was placed where needed, regardless of the position of the stones below. These characteristics appeared in all the vaults examined; the builders seemingly never learned how to strengthen the structure by arranging the courses differently. But as the vaults were to be covered immediately and never again used, it mattered little how they were put up. If these people had erected stone houses for purposes of shelter, probably they would have learned in time the advantages of both the technical features above mentioned. a Nearly all the bones unearthed were so decayed and fragile that it was impossible to remove them intact. Many of them were less cohesive than the earth in which they were embedded. This state- ment is applicable even to the skulls and long bones. It was necessary to saturate many of them with glue in order to remove them in even tolerable condition. This explains why no perfect osteological remains were recovered. 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37° Although vaults such as are described in the following pages are vaguely brought to notice by occasional mention in scattered reports, no photographs have previously appeared, nor has there been offered a satisfactory explanation as to their purpose. In some of the earlier works relating to Missouri the few vaults then known are called ‘‘houses,’”’ ‘‘ walled houses,” or ‘‘underground houses.’ One very elaborate illustration appeared of the work near Louisiana (see fig. 17). While the structures as they actually exist are roughly laid up, at the same time they are a new feature in American arche- ology so far as it relates to the region east of the Rocky Mountains. The mounds along the lower Missouri plainly owe their origin to a people whose grade of culture was much inferior to that of the mound builders east and south. The skulls are of low type. The pottery is described by Mr. W. H. Holmes, as follows: The pottery obtained by Mr. Fowke from the mounds of the Middle Missouri region is limited in quantity, rude in finish, and generally fragmentary. All the vessels are wide-mouthed pots of medium or small size; nearly all show traces of use over fire. With exception of two specimens the clay is tempered with coarse shells and the walls are moderately thick. The rims of most of the vessels are narrow, upright, or slightly recurved, and are crimped on the margin with the finger nail or with an implement. Rudely modeled loop handles connect the rims with the bodies of the vessels and in a few specimens a slight projection takes the place of the handle. The somewhat elobular bodies are decorated in a rude fashion with patterns consisting of incised lines and indentations. On some specimens these are arranged in zigzag series of three or more lines bordered by lines of indents, suggesting the treatment of conven- tional animal forms characteristic of the pottery of the middle and lower Mississippi valley. On a few vessels the designs are impressed rather than incised while others are excavated as with a gouge. The instrument employed was probably tubular in form, possibly the leg bone of a turkey or a deer. One small vessel (no. 24), neatly wrought, about five inches in diameter, is of a variety distinct from the preceding. The surface is fabric-marked, the meshes of the cloth used being quite small. Another specimen of northern type (no. 64) corresponds closely with pottery obtained from mounds in the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa. The tempering is siliceous and - the surface has been decorated by means of a square-toothed roulette, the lines of indentation extending round the shoulder and body of the vessel. ‘The methods of interment, as a rule, show but little reverence or respect for the dead. At least two diverse stages of culture are suggested and certainly more than one period of occupancy, but boundaries and periods of time can not yet be determined. In not one of the graves opened was there found any object not of aboriginal manufacture. While this is negative evidence, it is true, it would indicate that the burials antedate the arrival of whites in the country where the vaults are found, if they did not precede the period at which the tribes constructing these vaults may have had dealings with the first traders who could have brought the white man’s wares into the country. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 5 The earliest history or tradition we have of this region shows it was inhabited by the Siouan Indians. Unless they may have made their interments in the manner set forth, we must forever remain ignorant concerning the people to whom these graves are due. Under the title ‘Omaha Sociology,’’ J. Owen Dorsey says: When the ancestors of the Omahas, Ponkas, Osages, and several other cognate tribes traveled down the Ohio to its mouth, they separated on reaching the Mississippi. Some went up the river, * * *. The rest went down the river * * *. The tribes that went up the Mississippi were the Omahas, Ponkas, Osages, and Kansas. Some of the Omahas remember a tradition that their ancestors once dwelt at the place where Saint Louis now stands; and the Osages and Kansas say that they were all one people, inhabiting an extensive peninsula, on the Missouri River. It is also said that ‘“‘on this peninsula was a high mountain;”’ Dorsey supposed the location to be in the northern part of Saint Louis county. Several large mounds are situated on top of the bluffs a short distance above the mouth of the Missouri; one of them is low and flat topped, as if designed for an assembly place, or for the foundation of a large building. Subsequently, these tribes ranged through a territory, including Osage, Gasconade, and other adjacent counties of the state of Missouri, perhaps most of the country lying between the Mississippi and the Osage Rivers. The Iowas were near them; but the Omahas say that the Otos and Missouris were not known to them. The Iowa chiefs, however, have a tradition that the Otos were their kindred, and that both tribes, as well as the Omahas and Ponkas, were originally Winnebagos. * * * At the mouth of the Osage River the final separation occurred. The Omahas and Ponkas crossed the Missouri, and, accompanied by the lIowas, proceeded arth) * > *..6 According to Dorsey’s map, the Osage went up the Osage river, on whose course, near the Missouri-Kansas line, they were living after the Louisiana Purchase. The Kansa Indians followed the Missouri river; and it is along their route, as given by Dorsey, that the stone vaults have been found. The “Indian House,”’ and the two similar vaults in Pike county (p. 73), all that are known at present away from the immediate neighborhood of the Missouri, may owe their origin to a temporary colony from that stream, whether Kansa or others. Warrensburg (p.74) is only about 30 miles south of the Missouri. On Marquette’s original map of his voyage of 1673 and later ° the Osage, Missouri, and Kansa are placed in about the same localities where they are noted by later explorers; that is, at the mouths of the Osage, the Grand, and the Kaw, respectively. Bradbury says:¢ The Missouri Indians, from whom the river takes its name, were a prominent tribe of Siouan stock, who appear to have lived originally at the mouth of the river; but an the Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 211, 1881-2, Washington, 1884. b Op. cit., 212. ¢ See copy in Shea’s The Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, New York, 1852. d Travels in the Interior of North America (in Thwaites’s Early Western Travels, v, 56 (note), Cleve- land, 1904). 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 about the beginning of the eighteenth century they moved up to this place [that is, about four miles below old Fort Orleans, near the mouth of Grand river, on the left bank], where their principal village was found by early French explorers. And further (p. 80): The Missouris are incorporated with [the Oto]; they are their descendants and speak the same language. * * * A very considerable part of the surrounding country formerly belonged to the Missouris, who were once the most powerful nation on the Missouri river, but have been reduced by war and smallpox. Another authority® shows the ‘‘Little Osage Village in 1805,” on the south side of the Missouri, in Saline county, between Grand Pass and Malta Bend. The ‘‘Missouri Village in 1805” was located in the southwest corner of Chariton county, near the mouth of the Grand river. Neither of these localities is far from the village site at ‘‘The Pinnacles”’ (see p. 82). On a map dated 1763, which accompanies Charlevoix’s Letters (1720), the village of the Missouri is located above Fort Orleans, in about the position of the Osage village as given by Royce. It appears from all that now can be learned that the Osage Indians never ascended the Missouri farther than the mouth of the Osage river, and as the stone vaults above that point show progressively more skill in their construction we must attribute them either to the Kansa Indians or to some tribe whose name is now lost. The continuous and extensive changes of channel in the Missouri river, and in the Mississippi below their junction, deprive us of any certainty as to the location of the ‘‘peninsula” referred to in the Siouan legend. The narrators naturally would have applied the name ‘‘Missouri”’ to the whole river; that is to say, they would have regarded what we now call the Missouri as the principal stream, because they lived on it, and the Mississippi above the junction as a tributary. So we may not have to go to ‘‘the northern part of Saint Louis county” to find the place the tradition calls for. There is strong evidence that within a comparatively recent period the stream crossed abruptly from the Missouri to the Illinois bluffs and then back to the Missouri side, in a space of a few miles above and below the present levee. Horseshoe and Pittsburg lakes are remains of this former channel. The mounds of the Cahokia group correspond in form and situation with mounds which formerly existed on the site of Saint Louis, and they are not at all of the same type as those nearest them in Illinois—an indication that when built they were all on the western side of the Mississippi, or according to aboriginal ideas, of the Missouri, river. Thus it is quite probable, pro- viding we admit the essential truth of the Omaha tradition, that this is the ‘‘peninsula”’ to which reference is made, and that in the term a See Royce, ‘‘Indian Land Cessions in the United States,” in Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2, pl. CXLIV, 1896-97, Washington, 1899. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 7 ‘high mountain” we find the linguistic successor of ‘‘high mound’”’— in other words, the towering artificial structure called the Great Cahokia Mound. There is no other locality near the mouth of the Missouri which accords with the description given by Dorsey, certainly no ‘‘high mountain,” so it is safe to assume that the Siouan tribes were settled for a time on an extensive bottom in front of the present city, with the Mississippi river on the north, east, and south. They may have constructed the small burial mounds found in the county and westward; and when, in their renewed migration, they reached a region where flat rocks were abundant and earth hard to dig, may have evolved the stone vaults. As no mention is made in the legend of contact with an unrelated tribe, either at that time or afterward, the Mound Builders had no doubt abandoned the site before the advent of the Sioux; otherwise we should certainly have heard of them. EXPLORATIONS NEAR THE MOUTH OF GASCONADE RIVER THE GRANMANN Mowunps (1)2 A mile west of Gasconade, on the farm of Mr. William Granmann, were three earth mounds, two of which stood about 40 yards apart, on the edge of a bluff overlooking the Missouri. MOUND NO. 1 The mound farthest west measured 37 feet in diameter and 3 feet in height. A space 30 feet in width, extending from the south mar- gin to a line midway between the center and the north edge, was first cleared away to the subsoil, which lay at a depth of from 10 to 12 inches. On the bottom, near the center, were a number of bones, of which only a humerus, a tibia, and two femora were in condition to be identified. Some of the bones showed indentations and _ stria- tions produced by gnawing, after burial, by mice or other small ani- mals.° Such markings are found on many bones unearthed from mounds along the Missouri River bluffs, and fragments of bones so marked are occasionally found at some distance below the bottoms of the mounds, having been dragged there by the rodents, some of whose burrows are indistinct or even obliterated. The only implement found in this mound was a rough flint knife, which lay loose in the earth. a Corresponding numerals designating the several areas of excavation dealt with in this paper will be found on the map (pl. 1). b Incisions of this character are sometimes reported as evidence of the cutting or scratching of bones with sharpened or pointed implements, indicating cannibalism, or of attrition by. glacial action, either directly by ice, or indirectly by floods resulting from its melting. In the latter case, hones could hardly have found their way into any aboriginal burial place. 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 37 MOUND NO. 2 This mound was 43 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. Lying 8 feet east of the center and 6 inches above the bottom was a crushed, decayed skull, the few teeth remaining with it being much worn. Beginning 2 feet nearer the center was a deposit of other bones too much decayed for identification with exception of short pieces of femora and tibiz. These bones lay on different levels within the’ space of a foot, occupying an area about 4 feet in diameter. At the center was an irregular hole 14 to 16 inches in diameter and a foot in depth. Filling this hole, and extending above and around it, was a deposit of mingled charcoal, soil, and burned earth, which had been brought here from a fire near by. Lying west and north of the center, on the bottom, distributed over a space ap- proximately 1 foot by 3 feet, were the charred bones, in very small fragments, of at least two, possibly of three, persons. Among these remains were a bone and a claw of a panther. All were covered with earth much burned, mingled with charcoal and soil, as if the débris of the pyre had been thrown on them. Close by Fic. 1. Pot from Granmann mound no. 3. was a fragment of a femur or a tibia; also a skull from which the entire upper jaw had been removed before burial. All the unburned bones were very soft and much decayed. MOUND NO. 3 This mound stood on the first bluff west of Gasconade. After having undergone much cultivation it measured 75 feet north and south by 50 feet east and west, and 5 feet in height. Beginning 25 feet south of the apex, a trench 16 feet wide was run toward the center. Four feet from the starting point and a foot above the bottom was found a crushed and decayed skull, having its vertex toward the south. With exception of four teeth, no traces of bones accompanied it. At a distance of 24 feet to the north of this skull, situated 6 inches higher, was another skull; this lay on the left side with the vertex toward the east; resting on this cranium was a part FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 9 of one. femur, while other fragments of leg bones lay just in front of the face. Loose in the earth, 6 inches north of the last described skull and the same distance above it, was a broken pot (fig. 1) having a capacity of about 14 pints; there was a hole in the bottom, appar- ently intentionally made. Fourteen feet from the assumed center of the mound, near the east side of the trench, pieces of a pot were discovered. Seven feet nearer the center and a foot above the bottom lay, as if thrown from a basket, a confused mass of skulls and of bones of the hips, legs, and arms from three or four bodies. There were no small bones among them. Nearly all these bones were fragmentary from the effects of decay and pressure, only a few of the long bones being entire and these very fragile. Two large trees had stood on the site of this mound before it was built, the holes left by the decay of their roots branching out through the soil. . Although the excavation was continued for 27 feet beyond the point last mentioned, or 45 feet in all, apart from the remains above described nothing but an occasional flint or chip, fragment of pottery, or scrap of decayed bone came to light. THe RvUEGGE VILLAGE SITE (2) Near Stolpe, on the right bank of the Gasconade, four miles above its mouth, is a village site located on the Ruegge farm. The owner pointed out various places, especially one stretch of about 50 yards along the top of a gentle slope, where ‘‘the ground is white with shells whenever we plow.’’ As the field was under cultivation, no excavations were made. A single lodge site on the river bank near the edge of this field was carefully examined. Fragments of pottery, flint chips, and mussel shells were unearthed in considerable quantities, but at no point did these extend to a depth greater than 4 or 5inches. Of the objects found, only one flint and a piece of hematite once used as a paint stone were worth preserving. THe Urrman Mowunp (3) A mile east of Gasconade, on Mr. George Uffman’s farm, on a point nearly 400 feet high, stood a mound of mingled rocks and earth 30 feet in diameter and 3 feet in height. In the central part of the structure was a vault 8 feet 6 inches long and 5 feet 4 inches wide (inside measurements), built of sandstone slabs laid vertically to a height of about 30 inches. The main axis ran nearly northeast and southwest. Along the south side, on the original surface, was a pavement 6 feet in length by 2} feet in width, 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 made of slabs, terminating 14 inches from each end; in the southwest corner was a space 1 by 3 feet where no stones had been placed. No reason was apparent for the existence of this pavement. There was considerable charcoal mixed with the earth which filled the vault, but no trace of bones or of worked objects appeared. The walls, partially demolished by former investigators, were held in place by rocks and earth piled against the outside surface. The interior of the portion of the walls remaining in place on the north side and at the west end is shown in figure 2. It will be observed from this figure that two parallel walls were first built, the other two walls being so constructed subsequently that the ends of each interior wall abutted squarely against the faces of the others. Fig. 2. North and west walls in Uffman mound. THE BrrxteE Mounp (4) Two miles east of Gasconade, on a high point on Mr. Robert Birkle’s land, stood a mound having a base measure of 40 feet east and west, 50 feet north and south, and an elevation of 5 feet. Originally the base was circular, the alteration in form being due to long cultivation. The central portion was cleared out by a trench, or pit, 20 by 24 feet. A slab of chert, weighing about fifty pounds, from a stratified rock, lay on the bottom at the center, evidently having been placed there intentionally, and a few sandstone and limestone blocks lay scattered about in the earth. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI ital Not a scrap of bone or other evidence suggestive of the presence of a erave beneath the original surface was found in the excavation, though the peculiar color characteristic of “‘grave earth” showed that bodies had been deposited in several different places. THE SmitH Mowunps (5) On the east side of the Gasconade, a mile above its mouth, on the farm of Mr. Christian Smith, were four earth mounds on the crest of a narrow ridge lying between the river and First creek. Two of these mounds were examined. MOUND NO. 1 The first mound, a hundred yards from the river bluff, was not more than a foot high. A space in the center 12 feet in diameter was cleared out. On the surface, at the west edge of the excavation, were a few fragments of a partially cremated skull, teeth, and long bones. Three feet south of these were fragments of two skulls showing no marks of heat, and a few small pieces of burned bone. In the center was a grave pit 34 feet in diameter andslightly more than a foot deep, which contained no trace of bone or relic. Scat- tered over and around this grave were several limestone slabs ranging from 5 to 25 pounds each in weight; these seem to have been thrown in at random, having had apparently no connection with funeral ceremonies. The earth in the grave was very hard, as if packed in while damp and then tramped or pounded down hard. Fic. 3. Pipe from Smith mound no. 2. MOUND NO. 2 The second mound, 40 yards east of the first, was 3 feet high and 40 feet in diameter. A circle having a radius of 10 feet from the center of the mound was marked off, and the earth within this removed down to the subsoil. At the southwest margin of the excavation were found the decayed bones of a skeleton, which lay extended, with the head toward the east, 6 feet from the center. On the northwest side leg bones extended beyond the excavated portion; other bones, including parts of two skulls, lay in confusion from 8 to 10 feet from the center. Extending eastward from this mass for about 3 feet were still other bones, whose original position could not be determined; these included many small pieces of at least two partially cremated skulls (one thick, 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 one thin), long bones, and one piece of a child’s rib. There was also the stem of a clay pipe so poorly burned that it fell apart. At the east end of the deposit was a clay pipe (fig.3). The earth about these bones and at various other points within the excavated area was as hard as if once puddled. As in most mounds in this neighborhood, there were chips and spalls of flint, and fragments of human and animal bones scattered about loose in the earth. MOUND NO. 3 On the highest point of the hill which separates the creek from the river is a mound 40 feet in diameter and 4 feet in height, built of earth and stones in about equal proportions. Relic hunters had dug a trench from the south margin to a point a few feet beyond the center. At one end of their excavation a few rocks, held in position by roots of a tree, remained to indicate that a vault, or burial cham- ber, had once existed, the walls of which were thoroughly demolished. Examination of the undisturbed portion showed that a considerable amount of rock had been piled against the outside of the east wall to hold it in position. The west and north walls, however, were not thus protected, being kept in place by earth. The method of sup- port for the south wall could not be ascertained. The mound had not extended more than a foot above the highest stone of the vault. No material was found in this mound except a few potsherds and a small piece of skull in the disturbed earth. EXPLORATIONS ABOUT THE MOUTH OF OSAGE RIVER THe Ewine Mowunps (6) On the farm of Mr. Paul G. Ewing, a mile and a half west of Osage City, seven mounds stood along the brow of a hill facing Roisden creek, which flows at the foot of the western slope. All these mounds had been reduced by cultivation. MOUND NO. 1 Mound no. 1, that situated farthest south, was 34 feet across and 3 feet high. A foot below the top and 2 feet south of the center were three limestone slabs covering an area of a square foot; nothing was found under them. On the same level, at the center, lay a decayed skull, the teeth of which were much worn; mingled with the fragments of this skull were the point of a bone awl, a small finely wrought flint drill, three small fragments of flint, and a rude hammer stone; no other bones were with or near the skull. A foot below the level just mentioned were the feet bones belonging to another body, which had been interred with the head toward the east. In the same FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 13 plane with these bones, lying 3 feet farther north. was a single frag- ment of al ong bone. MOUND NO. 2 Mound no. 2, measuring 40 feet in diameter and 3 feet in height, -stood 70 feet north of mound no. 1. ’ A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Missouri, by Lewis C. Beck; Albany, 1823. 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULT. 37 F is a chamber, 4 feet wide, and in some places the remains of a similar arch still exist. G is a chamber, 12 feet in width, at the extremity of which are the remains of a furnace. H is a large room, walled with two entrances, I and K. It is covered with a thick growth of trees. The walls are at present from two to five feet in height. ie; tee Li oa % a) , J Be RBAE EY 4 ARS ried eh Fig. 17, Giddings’s sketch of the Louisiana work (from Beck's Gazetteer). One of the trees in the work is two feet in diameter. Fig. 2 is a smaller work, about 80 rods due east from the former. A and © are two chambers, without any apparent communication with B. B isa room nearly circular, with one gate or entrance. The walls are similar to the former. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 77 For the account of these interesting antiquities, I am chiefly indebted to the Rev. S. Giddings, of St. Louis, who visited them a few years since and sketched a plan of which this is a copy. It should be remarked that in the passage G (fig. 1) sev eral human bones have recently been found. The above work is on a ridge about half a mile long and 400 feet high, 2 miles in a direct line southwest of Louisiana; this is known as the McMoore hill, from a former owner. “‘Nye”’ creek, as it is called by residents (the ‘‘Noix” creek of Broadhead; ‘‘Noyer”’ of Beck), flows along the west side and north end; on the east is a deep ravine, on the south a low gap. Thus the hill is almost isolated. The slope is so steep as to be quite difficult of ascent at every point except the south end. There is no level ground on the summit, the slopes terminating in a sharp curve along the median line. The ‘“‘walls” are on the south end of the ridge, probably 30 feet lower than the highest point, and west of the crest; the north end of the structure is fully 3 feet higher than the south end, making the natural direct slope between them from the sori ae to the southwest corner. The whole place had been so thoroughly ransacked by relic hunters that no trace of a wall was visible at any point; but many stones, ranging in size from small angular fragments like gravel to slabs weighing 300 pounds, were scattered confusedly over a space 65 by 42 feet. There was enough stone to make a mound probably 50 by 25 feet, and 2 feet high. A trench was run around the outer margin at ample distance to include all the part on which it seemed possible the walls could have stood; this trench was continuous except where trees interfered with digging. Bed rock, which outcropped on the slopes a few feet below and on each side, was found within a foot or less of the surface of the débris, except at the north end where earth washing down the natural slope of the ridge had covered it a few inches deeper. From this trench excavations were made on every side toward the center, to ascertain whether any stones remained undisturbed; but none such were found except about the northeast corner. Here were two slabs, each as heavy as two men could handle. One was at the beginning of a row of flat stones extending 12 feet southward; the other at the beginning of a similar row reaching 154 feet west- ward. These partial rows were all that remained as they were origi-_ nally placed, and formed the bottom of the wall around this corner. For the most part there was only a single layer; but for a few feet on the north side there were two, three, and in one place four, stones superposed, as seen in plate 14, 6; these were all thinand small. Abrupt “steps”’ or offsets along the bed rock in the interior indicated that the aborigines had pried off all they could of the projecting outcrop, for the double purpose, probably, of making level spaces on the bottom and procuring material for the wall. 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 When all débris was removed so the ground could be inspected, the distance from the northeast corner, outside, to a point where it seemed the northwest corner should be was 224 feet; to a similar point at the southeast corner, 484 feet. When the condition of the remains is considered, these figures do not differ greatly from those given by Beck. Measuring outwardly at right angles from the point at which the two walls met (at the ends of the pick and shovel, pl. 14, b), the width of the east wall was 6 feet; of the north wall, 4 feet. In plate 14, 6 are shown the outside of the north wall and the top of the east wall, looking south from the outside. It is apparent that the bottom layer, whatever its breadth, rested on the surface of the ground, and that the wall was not laid up either vertically or longitudinally in a manner more symmetrical or accurate than is possible with rough slabs having a wide variation in shapes and sizes. Moreover, it is said in the text that the walls were partially demolished before the sketch was made. In view of these facts, it would seem clear that Mr. Giddings saw only a portion of the strue- ture and that his drawing as given by Beck is largely conjectural. Instead of separate stones being shown as they would actually appear in form and dimensions, Beck’s figure is its own witness that spaces to represent each rock are marked off along nearly parallel lines. Furthermore, the walls are represented as standing upright instead of being flat on the ground; limestone slabs of irregular shapes, even if set up edgewise, could not have such symmetrical, brick-like outlines. Indeed, it is quite likely that the original sketch, made on the spot, was rather crude, its present finished appearance being such as would accord with the ideas of a draftsman who drew the stones after the conventional manner of text-books. Jol. Richard Hawkins, of Louisiana, says he first saw this work in 1867, and that the ‘wall’? was then 2 feet high in some places. On the other hand, Mr. Homer Reed, whose father formerly owned the land, says he has a distinct recollection of it since 1868, and that it was not then essentially different from what it is now—a pile of rocks without any regularity, and certainly without resemblance to a wall at any point. He was present on more than one occasion when his father was excavating in the cairn which, first and last, he did pretty thoroughly, finding some eight or ten skeletons rather close together, but each in its own ‘‘grave.’’ These were lying on the surface (a dug grave would be impossible in this rock), covered or protected by rocks set along the sides of each body and inclined inward at the top. Probably this position of the protecting rocks gave rise to the idea of an ‘‘arch.’”’ It will be observed that Beck says there were only remains of an arch. His sketch, “‘D, 3,” how- ever, shows a grave that is built up remarkably like a so-called “fur- BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 87 PLATE 14 b LOOKING ALONG THE EAST SIDE OF THE LOUISIANA WORK FEATURES OF BRENNER MOUND NO. 2 AND OF THE LOUISIANA WORK FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 79 nace’? in Allamakee county, Iowa, made of rough sandstone slabs gradually drawn together until one stone reaches both sides at the top.” The only relics found in this cairn, so far as Mr. Reed can remember, were some small shell beads (columellas). The ‘‘wall no. 2”’ of Beck’s drawing is fully half a mile in a direct line east of this work; it also is on a hilltop. As there are two stone mounds here, only a few yards apart, within plain view of each other, it is singular that only one should be mentioned. It may be that the second had not been opened at the time; it certainly could not be overlooked. The senior Mr. Reed examined these mounds also; judging from their present appearance, they were only cairns, perhaps with a cist grave inside. The interior has been cleared out and the stones have been thrown toward the margin all around. There is no sign of a wall, and Mr. Reed says there never was one; neither is there any indication that either rock pile was ever in the square form shown. At present, the outline of the base in each is an irregular circle, all the central stones having been removed, down to the natural surface. A well-made clay pipe was found in one of these. Small cairns stand on many of the hills along the river and on “Nye” creek. From the descriptions of those opened they contain cists, or small bowl-shaped graves, in which are skeletons covered with flat rocks. It is reported that near Busch station, north of Louisiana, on a ridge between Salt river and the Mississippi, there were at one time walled graves, the walls being partially sunk in the earth, but that all are now destroyed. The expression ‘‘sunk in the earth”’ probably means earth was piled over or against them but not to such extent as to make a noticeable mound. Probably these graves are the same as those described by Broadhead (see page 73). Beck’s Gazetteer (p. 234) contains other references to ‘‘Indian Houses.’’ Under Gasconade county is found the following: * * * astone work exists, as I am informed by General Ashley, about 10 miles below the mills [referring to some ‘“‘sawmills” whose location is not given]. It is on the west side of the Gasconade, and is about 25 or 30 feet square, and, although at present in a dilapidated condition, appears to have been originally built with an uncommon degree of regularity. It is situated on a high bald cliff, which commands a fine and extensive view of the country on all sides. From this stone work is a small footpath running in a devious course down the cliff to the entrance to a cave, in which was found a quantity of ashes. Under Pike county (p. 243) is the statement— In this county are several singular and interesting ancient works, which are similar in some respects to those on the Gasconade. They are situated on Noyer creek, and will be described under that article. a For description see Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 106, 1890-91, Washington, 1894. In the same report (p. 107), is a figure of a circular vault near the ‘‘ furnace,”’ similarly laid up. 80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 But Beck makes no mention of any on ‘‘Noyer creek’’ other than the one near Louisiana. Again, on page 263: [On] Buffaloe creek, a small stream of Pike county, * * * there are also the ruins of a number of ancient forts, similar to those on the Noyer creek and Osage river. On page 289: Loutre river, a stream of Montgomery county, * * *. On the headwaters of this stream are said to be ancient works, similar to those on the Mississippi, for a description of which the reader is referred to Noyer creek. It would seem from the text that Beck’s knowledge of these remains was derived entirely from reports made to him. Possibly, too, he confused ‘‘houses”’ and ‘‘cairns.”’ One of these ‘‘houses”’ is on a bluff overlooking the Osage, a mile from the ‘‘Painted Rock,” 16 miles nearly south of Jefferson City. A space approximately square and some 12 feet in diameter is sur- rounded by a heavy stone wall about 3 feet high. A similar smaller inclosure stands against one side of this ‘‘house,” or perhaps all con- stitute one structure of irregular form. As no excavation was allowed, its nature is uncertain, but it seems to be a vault, not covered with earth as is customary. If the reader will turn back to various illustrations herein, showing both the inside and the outside of vault-graves and will then consult anew Broadhead’s drawings of the Pike county and Platte county mounds, in which are represented the outside regularly laid up in hypo- thetical steps (figs. 14, 15, 16), and will finally compare these with the sketch by Mr. Giddings (fig. 17), he will probably infer that the ‘‘TIndian House” of Pike county, as well as all the others mentioned, are simply walled graves built in conjunction, and not covered over. The fact that chamber E was ‘‘filled with rubbish,” that ‘‘inG * * * human bones have recently been found,” and the discoveries made by Mr. Reed in his excavations, are all in consonance with the view that such is their purpose. The explicit statements of Mr. Giddings and Colonel Hawkins that they saw the walls can not be set aside. Walls of some sort, though not as pictured, certainly existed. There is evidence in the illustra- tion in plate 14, 6, of a vertical outside face at the northeast corner. The bottom rocks here were never disturbed by relic hunters, conse- quently had brace rocks been piled against the outside they would still be in place; but there are none. Again, there is not now, and probably never was, enough earth on the upper part of McMoore’s hill to build a mound completely over this structure. Only one explanation offers itself. The aborigines made burial chambers in a series, whether all at one time or during a long period does not appear. These were rock- FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 81 walled enclosures constructed on the same general plan as those de- scribed on preceding pages. But as both earth and stones were diffi- cult to procure, a mound was not practicable, nor could the walls be braced in the usual manner. So another wall, facing outward, was built around the grave vaults, the two probably leaning slightly to- ward each other, thus affording mutual support. Slight evidence of such construction is offered in the condition of the east wall, where the large stone at the corner is entirely outside the line of stones extending toward the south. PAINTED ROCK (17) Among the numerous paintings on rocks and cliffs in the Missouri valley is one on the right bank of Osage river, 25 miles above its mouth and 16 miles south of Jefferson City. The figures, evidently made with ocher or powdered hematite, are now faint. Ona rock face high above flood are a so-called ‘‘buffalo,”’ a design resembling a man with upraised arms, and several others too nearly obliterated to venture a guess as to their meaning. Lower, where the river occasionally covers them, are a zigzag line, probably intended for a serpent, and two or three ‘‘turkey tracks; the latter may indicate diverging trails in the vicinity. The paint has penetrated the soft limestone to a slight depth, a fact which accounts for the preservation of the figures. The sur- face of stone of this character gradually weathers off, the rate of erosion depending on the degree of exposure to atmospheric influ- ences; so in time the figures will entirely disappear. It is quite unlikely they are of considerable antiquity; even in dry caves the roof and walls slowly disintegrate, and the process is naturally much more rapid with rocks in the open air. The late Attorney-General H. Clay Ewing, of Jefferson City, gives the following tradition as to the origin of the figures:4 * * * Painted Rock is at the upper end of the bluff and gets its name from various rude drawings representing animals, such as buffalo and deer. These paint- ings are composed of some red substance, which can be plainly seen from the river. The figure most distinct seems to have been intended for a buffalo; it is about fifteen inches long and eight or nine inches high. * * * There is a rather interesting legend concerning this rock. He then proceeds to describe the capture by Indians of Marie Roy, daughter of Joseph Roy, one of the principal men of the village of Cote Sans Dessein, and of the nine-year-old son of Widow Moreau, and of their rescue. Four men set out in pursuit of the Indians— Joseph Roy, Jean Moreau, and two unnamed companions. Roy and one man went up the Osage; Moreau and the other man up the creek aIn an article in the American Field of April 14, 1882, 5780—Bull. 37—10——_6 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 which now bears the former’s name. Moreau and his companion were probably waylaid, as it is said ‘‘they never returned, and his name was given to the river.” Roy and his companion hid their canoe, went across the country on foot, and thus got above the Indians and their captives, who were in canoes. Taken by surprise, the Indians ran away, and the whites started back. * * * When they passed the rock where the figures I have described appeared, Marie told her father that they had stopped there for a few hours as they went up, and the head man or chief in charge of the party had ‘‘painted the rock,”’ and from that day to this it is called the Painted Rock. OLD FORT AND VILLAGE SITE IN SALINE COUNTY (18) The area lying along the bluffs overlooking the Missouri river from two to six miles southwest of Miami, in Saline county, is a succession of knolls, ridges, and peaks, having steep slopes on every side except where cols connect them with one another or with the plateau farther back from the stream. The summits are of moderate elevation, nowhere more than 200 feet above the level of the overflow bottom land; most of them are less than 150 feet. In some cases rock outcrops near the bottom of the bluffs, but none is found at a greater elevation than 75 to 100 feet, all above this being loess. Near the river the natural wear of the land is reinforced by the action of numerous springs which flow out over the limestone, and work precipitous ravines into the bluffs, the combined surface and subterranean erosion producing the rugged features to which this region owes its rather fanciful name of ‘“‘The Pinnacles.” Aboriginal burial mounds stand on various points along the bluffs, though not in so great numbers as farther up or down the Missouri; the largest, so far as can be remembered by residents, was not more than 6 feet high. Nearly all of the mounds have been dug into more or less; but it seems very little has been discovered in them. O_Lp Fort On a ridge running nearly south from the general level of the table- land, on the farm of Mr. George P. Haynie, of Miami, is an earthen inclosure popularly known as the ‘Old Fort.” Its exact location is on KE. 1 SW. 4 SE. } sec. 24, T. 52 N, R. 22 W. The north and south ends are on the summit of the ridge, while the east and west sides are carried along on the slopes at various distances below, curving and winding along the hillsides to conform as nearly as may be with the various inequalities produced by natural erosion. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 83 A better understanding of the work may be had from the map (fig. 18) than from verbal description; the solid black lines represent embankments, the shaded lines ditches. The work is plainly defen- sive in nature. Except at the ends, approach is possible only by climbing the slopes; the latter, however, are not so steep as to present peculiar difficulty. The most accessible and vulnerable part is at the northern extremity; here the overlapping ends of the wall compel a detour in entering. At the opposite end, where there is a considerable level area outside the walls, protection is in- sured, or augmented, by a complicated ar- rangement of minor embankments and trenches. But the sides of these could not be made so steep, AL IN nor of sufficient height Soe eK OWS or depth, with the amount of earth avail- able, as to balk a de- termined enemy. Residents in the vicinity who were fa- miliar with the work before it was dis- turbed, state there was an interior ditch all around except at the entrances. Pro- fessor Broadhead, OF tt OLD FORT ar rng PINNACLES SALINE COUNTY MQ. who also saw it in | S42 pee op en primitive forest, gives the following descrip- 5 Fic. 18. The ‘‘ Old Fort” in Saline county. Lion: ® In Saline county, Missouri, four miles southwest of Miami, I visited, in 1872, an interesting locality showing ancient earthworks, walls, and ditches on high ground ina dense wood. The outline was somewhat of a circular shape, though quite irregu- lar, caused by ravines breaking off near the outer rim, the walls being re-entrant in such places. The inclosed space is about 40 acres, around which there partly extended three ridges and two valleys, or rather depressions, where at one time existed deep ditches. We have first a ridge 8 feet wide and 3 feet high, then a ditch 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep, then a ridge 8 feet wide and 3 feet high, then a ditch 10 feet wide «Smithsonian Report for 1879, 356, Washington, 1880. 84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 _ and 3 feet deep, and lastly a ridge 10 feet wide and 14 feet high. The ridges were apparently entirely formed of earth dug from the ditches, and two of them extended entirely around the space. No rocks appeared near by or in the enclosure. Black- oak trees 3 to 5 feet in diameter were growing over the walls, ditches, and inner area, and the whole surface was covered with a dense and luxuriant growth of bushes, vines, and trees. The ridges had certainly been at one time much higher, and the ditches much deeper. The meaning of the last sentence is, probably, that they must have been ‘‘higher” and ‘‘deeper”’ in order to be effective. As will appear later, when Professor Broadhead saw them they were in a con- dition not very different from that in which the builders left them, being protected by the forest growth which he mentions. The following are extracts from the report of Judge West in regard to Missouri archeology. Referring to this earthwork, he says:4 On this spur, about a quarter of a mile back from its terminus on the river valley, stands a wonderful work, known as the ‘‘Old Fort.’’ It consists of intrenchments thrown up on the verge of the summit of the ridge on both sides. The intrench- ments are still from two to three feet deep, and are on either side one thousand one hundred feet in length measuring through the center from end to end, and inclose an area of from two hundred to three hundred feet wide, the trenches following the curvature of the summit of the ridge. At the sides there is but a single trench, but at each end there is a double defense closing the trenches except leaving a pass-way about fifteen feet wide. Near the center of the work a single trench is thrown up connecting with the main trench on either side, with a pass-way in the center of the same width as those at the ends. There are four small mounds in the works, which were opened last summer by Mr. Middleton, of Kansas City. Two of the mounds stand at the north entrance and to the right of the pass-way as you approach from the north, and two of them are near the center cross intrenchments to the left of the pass-way as you approach from the same direction. Mr. Middleton found human bones, broken pottery, and flint chippings in the mounds. The bones were very much decayed. The pottery is precisely the same as that found in the fields in the vicinity. The trees growing in the intrenchments are of the same age as those in the adjacent forests. * * * I dug into two of these mounds, in the field of Mr. Casebolt—they extend over four or five large farms—and fora depth of five feet I found successive layers of wood ashes and clay filled with broken pottery, flint chippings, bones, and shells. The bones were those of birds and animals. But Mr. Casebolt, on the same farm, had a cellar dug under a part of his house after it was built, and in digging, at a depth of about three feet, two human skeletons were found side by side, buried extended ina horizontal position at full length. The bones were said to be very much decayed, and crumbled upon exposure to the atmosphere. These mounds are possibly among the group on the adjacent farm, to the northwest of the ‘‘Fort,’ though it'is more probable they were two of the smaller elevations at the village site to be described later. If the latter, Judge West happened to strike one of the shal- lower pits and followed it to the bottom. Some time after these visits the timber and brush on the hilltop and for a few yards outside the structure on the slopes were cleared aIn the Kansas City Review of Science, 530, Jan., 1882. / FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 85 away and the ground was put under cultivation. As a result, the ditch is more or less filled in its entire circuit and wholly obliterated for some distance along the southeastern side. At several places outside the main wail there is still visible a partially filled ditch; and even where no trace of a depression appears the outer slope of the wall rises from a space artificially leveled in such manner that it resembles an old roadway; in fact, the resemblance is so striking that may persons suppose this to have been its purpose. It is thus proved that the wall was built with earth taken up on both sides, leaving a continuous ditch within and a ditch or level strip without, as shown in the various sections in figure 18. The entire length of the principal wall, not including offsets or minor elevations, is about 2,700 feet; its extremely tortuous course may be inferred from the fact that in this distance it was necessary to set the compass at just forty stations in order to ascertain the changes of direction. The area included is slightly more than 6 acres. The rank growth covering the entire work rendered it necessary to clear off with knife, scythe, and ax every foot examined. Conse- quently no work other than a survey was attempted, except to cut two trenches across the wall and extend them to the natural earth on both sides. These crosscuts, which were made not far from the north entrance, one on the east, the other on the west, where the wall was least altered from its original condition, showed the fill from wash and natural accumulation to be only a foot deep in the outer ditch or level area, and about 18 inches in the inner ditch; and some of this was due to plowing. The wall, where so cut across, has now an elevation of about 3 feet. It is not probable there was ever a vertical distance of more than 6 feet, if as much, between the bottom of the ditch and the top of the wall; the earth in the embank- ment, reenforced by that in both trenches, could not be made to stand at a greater height. Most careful watch was kept for traces of pickets or palisades; there was not the slightest evidence of them. From top to bottom, the earth in the wall was uniform in color and consistency, as it was in the bottom of the ditches. There was no cavity, no dark line, such as must have resulted from the decay of timber large enough to have been of service. If there was ever an additional method of protection, it involved the use of materials placed on the walls, and not extending beneath their surface. At both points where cut through, the earth was the tough, reddish- brown, clayey loess similar to that covering the hills around, and required constant use of a pick in its removal. Had there heen even a small post set in this soil the marks would have remained indefinitely. 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 The cross ‘‘trench’’ mentioned by Judge West—who, by a slip of the pen, uses the word ‘“‘trench”’ on several occasions when he means ‘“‘embankments”—can be traced only so far as is shown on the map by the short projection from the eastern wall. There is an opening at the southwest end through which a farm road passes; it can not be ascertained whether this is the ‘“‘pass-way”’ to which Judge West refers, or a modern road. There is another opening farther toward the east, as shown on the map, which may be the one he mentions; but it is not referred to specifically in either account from which these quotations are made. At the south end two short minor walls appear within the main wall; there is also an exterior ditch beginning at the top of the steep slope, about 50 feet from the main outer ditch, and connecting with it at what is perhaps the ‘‘pass-way” of Judge West’s de- scription. One of the short interior walls joins the ditch inside the main wall. . These areall the features of the ‘‘ Fort’? which can now be traced; more might be discovered were it completely cleared off. The process of cultivation has destroyed much, and has defaced nearly all that is left. It is reported that in the mounds at the north end, which have been repeatedly dug into, many skeletons were exhumed from a depth of 18 to 20 inches beneath the surface, “‘ piled in on one another as if all thrown in at one time.” At the south end skeletons were also found in the space between the ditches outside the wall and still others inside the ‘‘ Fort”’ near the west side. A skull from the latter place ‘‘had a gold plug in one tooth.”’ The ‘‘ Fort”? much resembles some of those farther east, especially along the lower lakes, which are known to be of comparatively recent origin. There is nothing ‘‘remarkable” or ‘‘ wonderful” about it, nothing to indicate any greater ‘‘ability”’ than the capacity to trace a fairly level line around a hilltop and pile earth along it. It has been surmised this may be the fort erected by the Miami Indians; but theirs was a small affair, inclosing not more than ‘“‘a fourth of an acre,”’ and surrounded by logs, ‘‘in an elevated prairie bottom,’’ in the upper end of Saline county, ‘‘four or five miles below the town of Miami.”’ On a ridge or knoll a fourth of a mile northwest of the “Fort” are several burial mounds. Nothing more definite could be learned in regard to them than is contained in the extracts from Judge West’s paper. VILLAGE SITE aT “THE PINNACLES ”’ From half a mile to a mile eastward from the “‘ Fort” erosion has cut numerous ravines in various directions in the plateau, leaving the higher portions somewhat in the form of a letter T, the top of FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 87 the T extending in a general easterly course and the stem southward for several hundred yards. Most of the land belongs to Mr. E. 8. Casebolt; the southern part belongs to Mr. W. H. Utz. Over all this area are abundant indications of an aboriginal village site. The ground is strewn for acres with potsherds, broken bones, and especially with the refuse resulting from the manufacture of flint implements. A great amount of good museum material, including nearly every class of objects usually found under such circumstances, has come from here. The same conditions, but confined to a much smaller area, are reported to prevail on the eastern part of Mr. Utz’s farm, on a segregated knoll. This was in a blue-grass meadow, where nothing on the ground could be seen at the time of the writer’s visit. With reference to this village site, Judge West says :% * * * From a half to three-quarters of a mile from the earthworks [the “Old Fort’’] and on a line parallel with the west side, there begins an area of country extending to near the terrace before mentioned [the Petite Osage plains], a distance of about two miles and which is about the same width the other way. This entire area is literally covered over with low mounds, containing wood ashes, stone implements, pottery, mussel-shells and animal and human bones. Indeed the whole ground seems to be filled in this way. [Page 533.] This district may very aptly be termed a city in ruins. The ground for a depth of from three to five feet, or more, is filled with the bones and domestic implements of a departed race, and for miles around their broken implements lie scattered everywhere. They were undoubtedly a people who had a fixed and per- manent abode, and an agricultural people, to a limited extent at least, for some of their stone implements must have been made for the cultivation of the soil. They must have used their pottery vessels for cooking their food, and the low mounds represent their kitchens, in which wagon loads of broken vessels might be gathered up—broken at the domestic hearth. The “‘two miles in extent either way,’ which Judge West con- siders the area of former occupation, would carry the limits of the village site far beyond the points where any indications of it exist. The ‘‘low mounds,” the only real evidence of an aboriginal town (‘city in ruins”’ is hardly applicable), do not exist in this neighbor- hood outside of the limits of the two farms mentioned. Further- more, it is not to be inferred that the débris on the main village site is equally distributed over the entire space; it occurs in separate deposits. In spots ranging from 20 to 50 yards apart the ground is literally covered and filled to a level below plow depth; but in going from one of these spots to another, the débris becomes less abundant, in places almost disappearing midway between the deposits which are farthest apart. The deposits are in one or two rows, according to the width of the ridge. Locally these are called ‘‘mounds,” hav- ing been somewhat elevated at one time, though most of them are now leveled by cultivation. Some of the deposits, in pasture lands, aIn the Kansas City Review of Science, 531, Jan., 1882. 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 are still 16 to 18 inches high. A rough estimate by the owners of the land puts the entire number of deposits at ‘‘about forty,’’ which is probably not far from correct. In making excavations for cellars, post holes, and other purposes, skeletons have been exhumed at various points on this ridge; and on one slope where much soil has been washed off, numerous graves have been discovered in plowing. These graves seem to extend in rows, the bottom 1 foot to 3 feet below the present surface; there is no recollection that they have ever yielded any artificial objects. It is evident that a dwelling place of some kind was located on each of these so-called mounds, which were erected to secure a well- drained residence site. The refuse around them is the natural result of aboriginal methods of disposing of waste and trash by throwing it just outside their dwellings; in fact the ‘“mounds” were partially built up in this manner. For various reasons only a very limited amount of excavation was possible at the time of the writer’s investigations. A spot where it was said a mound had once stood was chosen, on top of the ridge on Mr. Casebolt’s farm. The ‘‘mound’’ was indicated more by the quantity of flint chips than by its altitude; and while the débris was less abundant here than at some other points, the discovery of a por- tion of a human femur, evidently plowed out, determined the place of excavation. Three narrow parallel trenches were started toward the ‘““mound”’ center from the east margin of the scattered material. These, being only exploratory, were about 2 feet wide and extended to the subsoil, which lay at a depth of 18 inches. In all the trenches, mingled with the earth, was refuse of the same character as that on the surface, but much more pottery and bones, these being better preserved where protected. The pottery was of two varieties. Most of it was thick, strong, quite dark or even black, as if made from ‘‘gumbo”’ earth, decorated with dots and smooth indented straight and curved lines at various angles; but a few pieces were yellowish, smoothly finished, undecorated, apparently made of sand and clay. The heavier vessels had handles. Buffalo bones, almost entirely scapule, were abundant; there were also many bones and teeth of deer, wolf or dog, bear, several smaller animals, numerous kinds of birds, especially wild turkey, and of fish, some of the last named of large size. A singular feature was the com- plete absence of flint implements; not a knife, spear, or large scraper was found, and only one very small arrowhead. Even fragments of such specimens were rare, but the small thumb scrapers made by chipping the end of a thick flake were found occasionally, perhaps a dozen in all. , FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 89 Near the center of the space where surface signs were most abun- dant, about 18 inches deep, were pieces of a large pot, bones of a young deer in small fragments, and a pile of ashes. It looked as if a pot while in use had broken on or over a fire bed, and the whole mass had been raked up and thrown out together. Among other things found was a small thin piece of catlinite, highly polished, apparently a fragment of a disk pipe. Distant 15 feet from the center, the most northerly of the three trenches entered a pit 4 feet in diameter and 24 feet deep. This was evidently a refuse or trash receptacle, as it was filled with ashes and earth, among which were fragments of bone and pottery, flint chips, and unfinished or broken implements of flint and other stone. In this débris was one human femur. In the second, or middle, trench was a pit of the same character as that in the first, but much larger, and the deepest, probably, ever discovered. It was about 6 feet by 44 feet in diameter at the top, and, as first dug, 4 feet in diameter at the bottom, with a depth of 74 feet. Toward the bottom, on the south side, were narrow steps like a steep stairway, in the solid earth, to enable the diggers to carry out the dirt. Afterward, a hole 3 feet in diameter was sunk 3 feet deeper on the east side, making the entire depth 104 feet. The pit was filled with earth and ashes, among which were as many frag- ments of bones, pottery, stones, and flint chips, as would fill a half- peck measure. Extending from the west edge of the pit, a few inches under the sod on a pile of ashes, were the solid leg and feet bones of an adult. As no other bones were present, it would seem: the burial antedated the pit, and the missing parts were thrown aside in the digging. In the line of the southern, or third, trench were two pits. The one first reached was 5 feet deep. From the north and west sides this was cleared out over an area 7 by 10 feet toward the east and south without reaching the margins in these directions. Near the top were the leg and feet bones of an adult, placed one above the other as if a body had been laid in on the right side, with the head toward the northwest. Below these were the corresponding bones of another adult, laid parallel as if belonging to a body placed on the back. In neither instance were there any traces of other bones belonging with them. The second pit in the third trench was several feet west of the first ; this was 6 feet in diameter and 4 feet in depth. The only human bone in it was the skull of a child of 5 or 6 years. Both jaws were missing and the skull lay with the vertex downward. Between these two pits were the pelvis, leg bones, and feet of a person about the size of a normal 16-year-old boy. 90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 At a distance of 3 feet northwest of the child’s skull, on the same level (about 18 inches in depth), but not within the pit, was a fine pot, nearly perfect, standing upright in a bed of ashes (fig. 19). West of this was a scraper or polishing tool 15 inches long, made from the split rib of a buffalo or an elk, Another trench was run from the center toward the south. Eight feet out, in a slight depression dug into the subsoil, was the cranium of a child, as smooth as if polished or at least much handled. It lay on the face, unaccompanied by any other bone. Three feet farther from the center was the edge of a pit 5 feet in depth and 6 feet in diameter. At one point on the bottom was a pile of minute flint chips scaled off in making implements of small size or delicate finish; there were enough of these to fill a pint cup. A slightly smaller quantity of similar chips lay higher up. Asatisfactory ex- planation of these pits remains to be found. Such ex- cavations occur around and in many Indian vil- lage sites, modern as well as prehis- toric. They seem to fall into two classes: Store- houses in which to preserve grain and other food, and re- fuse pits to receive the trash accumulating under ordinary living and working condi- tions. Very likely pits of the former class, when their usefulness as storage chambers was over, were utilized for the latter purpose. Neither object seems to have been altogether in view at ‘‘The Pin- nacles.’’ All the pits here contain much more earth than ashes, and while some of this may have fallen in from the top or sides, not a great quantity could have come from this source, or the pits would be somewhat conical. As it is, the sides are vertical or nearly so. Be- sides, they contain comparatively little of ordinary wastage. Some broken implements of stone or bone, potsherds, flint chips, and a small amount of charcoal were found in them, enough to show they were not designed for any especial purpose other than to receive ashes; and even so, the amount of earth evidently thrown back into them indicates some use not yet made plain. Fic. 19. Pot from village site, Saline county. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 91 The area excavated measures less than 30 feet in diameter in any direction and not half the earth in this limited space was examined. Neither was this the most promising site; in other places on the ridge many more specimens have been gathered up than in this field and more graves uncovered, and the surface is more thickly strewn with potsherds, bones, and flints. The pottery was abundant, of good quality, and entirely different in form and decoration from any other ware found in explorations along the river. Nearly all the impressions are such as would be made with small rounded or pointed bones. No agricultural implements of bone, shell, or stone were found, except one fragment which seems to be the end of a small flint hoe, but shows no polish. There was one piece of coarse sandstone, used for sharpening bone implements. The only vegetable food discovered was a handful of charred acorns in one of the pits. All indications point to continuous occupancy by a tribe whose subsistence was derived from hunting and fishing. The numerous scapule of buffalo bear no marks to show that they were used for digging; some scrapers, skinners, and polishers were made from pieces of these bones, and other implements made of bones of smaller mammals and of birds were found. The entire absence of cutting or piercing implements of flint from an area where bushels of flakes and chips can be gathered from the surface in a day, and where the ground is filled with them to the subsoil, is a most perplexing feature. Boys and collectors have gathered all finished and imperfect implements to a depth where the plow can turn them up; but flakes continue in quantity to a greater depth than the plow has ever reached, and it would seem that many rejects, at least, should be in the pits. There is no evidence as yet, except Judge West's statement regard- ing the similarity of pottery, to connect the builders of the ‘ Fort” with the dwellers on the village site. The former was seemingly occupied for only a short time or at irregular intervals, for although much desultory digging has been carried on at different places within the ‘*Fort,”? no one in the neighborhood could recall the discovery of pottery, flint chips, or any other remains existing so profusely around the little ‘‘mounds.”’ The very limited amount of investigation so far made here does not justify any theory, argument, or conclusion, but the site is well worthy of most thorough research. The following item may have some bearing on the question of the time at which it was occupied. In an article by John P. Jones, of Keytesville, Mo., on ‘‘ Incidents of Early Travel in Missouri,” this statement appears:* ~ La Harpe’s Journal has the following account of a voyage to the Missouris and Osages: “Dec. 29th, 1719, M. de Bienville received a letter from M. Dutisme, of the Kaskaskias, aIn the Kansas City Review of Science, p. 20, May, 1881. 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 dated Nov. 22nd, 1719, containing a narrative of his voyage to the village of the Mis- souris by the river of that name. One league from this village, in the southwest, is a village of the Osages * * * .” Jones adds in a footnote: This town was located near the present town of Miami, Saline Co., Mo. A descrip- tion @ of an ancient earthwork near the site of this village appeared in the Review for April, 1878. But if the Osage occupied this spot, manufactured the pottery found here, and utilized bones, especially those of the buffalo, to so ereat an extent in making implements, then the grave-vaults certainly are not to be attributed to them; for the art objects found in these are so widely different in shape, finish, and material as to offer almost positive proof that they must represent the industry of a people belonging on another plane of culture and governed by very different motives and ideas. Probably Dutisme referred to the Osage village near Grand Pass or to some other whose location is not recorded. His ‘‘one league”’ may have denoted a distance quite indefinite. ARROW ROCK (19) In Saline county, Missouri, on the Missouri river, between Boonville and Glasgow, is the town of Arrow Rock, which takes its name from the cliff against whose foot the river flows. An impression exists among archeologists that the name was given because here was the site of an aboriginal flint quarry or workshop. In a footnote to his edition of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (vol. 1, p. 18) Coues makes the statement, without citing authority or giving his reasons for it, that ‘‘the rock was so called from being resorted to by Indians for stone arrow-heads.’’ The impression as to the origin of the name, however, much antedates the appearance of this publication. In Thwaites’s edition of Lewis and Clark (vol. 1, p. 44) the exact wording as 1t appears in their manuscript is thus: “‘ * * * Several Small Channels running out of the River below a Bluff [Cliff of rocks called the arrow rock] * * * ’’, the bracketed remark being intercalated, whether by the original authors or by some one else does not appear. If there had been any foundation for the prevalent belief, these early explorers would surely have referred to it, for they record that— a Short distance above the mouth of this Creek [7. e., Big Moniteau, on the south side, between Boonville and Jefferson City], is Several Courious paintings and carving on the projecting rock of Limestone inlade with white red & blue flint, of a verry good quallity, the Indians have taken of this flint great quantities. There is no trace of aboriginal quarrying in the vicinity of Arrow Rock, nor any place where it would have been practicable. The a See excerpt from Broadhead, p. 83. : FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 93 lower Carboniferous formation of Missouri contains a vast quantity of chert, and where this has weathered out of the parent rock without being disintegrated in the process the aborigines naturally gathered such of it as they could use. The limestone of Arrow Rock being comparatively soft and easily weathered, workable nodules are not rare along the shore, some of them containing solid cores capable of being formed into implements several inches in length. Evidence that some work was done here may be found in a little terrace near the upper end of the bluff, where a few square rods of surface are strewn with chips. But greater quantities of chips extending over larger areas, are common in places considerable distances from any available flint in place. No one now living at Arrow Rock ever heard of the origin of the name as stated by Coues and by others before him, though who these are can not now be recalled. Only one tradition exists to account for it. A number of young warriors assembled on a sand bar opposite the cliff to test their power with the bow by ascertaining who could send an arrow farthest out into the stream, the victor to wed the chief’s daughter. One of them shot clear across the river, his arrow lodging in a crevice high above the water; and so the cliff was thenceforward known as ‘“‘The arrow rock.” No citizen of the place has ever heard of any other explanation of the term. A RECONNOISSANCE IN SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI In 1879 and 1880 the people in the neighborhood of Charleston [Missouri] discovered that the pottery in which the mounds of this region seem to have been unusually rich had a considerable commercial value. A regular mining fever at once broke out and spread so rapidly that in some instances as many as twenty-five or thirty men, women, and children could be seen digging for pottery in one field at the same time.@ This paragraph gives voice to a widespread impression which exists, that in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas all, or nearly all, mounds contain pottery, often in so great quantities that he must be indeed an enthusiastic collector who would not presently terminate his explorations through sheer satiety. Acting on this supposition, researches were undertaken by the writer, in southeastern Missouri, in the hope and with the expectation of securing a large or at least a typical collection. Only a short time was required to expose the error of this belief. Nearly every point recommended as worth investigating in Stoddard, Scott, Mississippi, and New Madrid counties was visited. Collectors, farmers, and other persons who were presumed to have knowledge of or interest in such matters were interviewed, and their advice and assistance sought. Almost without exception they were a¥rom Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 183, 1890-91, Washington, 1894. Collectors had been busy in the region for several years prior to the date given. 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 courteous and obliging. The information was practically the same in every instance, and may be condensed into a few paragraphs. The principal finds were almost invariably made on the sites of villages, generally in the immediate vicinity of mounds, though often several hundred yards from the nearest one. Usually one, sometimes two, rarely three, pots are found with a skeleton. Occa- sionally there is a burial mound in which many bodies have been interred. In one which was nearly effaced by cultivation the first intimation that it might yield anything was the uncovering of pottery fragments in plowing. This was explored by Mr. Thomas Beckwith, of Charleston, who found the base to be 4 feet lower than the surrounding level. Whether this had been a burial pit filled and covered, or whether the field had been built up to that extent by deposits after the mound was made, he was unable to say; but skeletons and pottery were found everywhere from top to bottom, the lowest of them in standing or soil water. Exactly 300 pots were saved, including practically every size, shape, style, and degree of finish found in the region. There were also two human effigies carved in sandstone. . Though fine specimens are occasionally found in them, the larger mounds as a rule contain very little; and it would seem from the descriptions of the position and manner in which skeletons or relies are placed, that they were mostly deposited in the course of uprear- ing a structure which was primarily intended for some purpose other than that of sepulture. There are real mortuary mounds from which pottery is procured in greater or less amounts, but compared with the total number these are few. Probably 90 per cent, or even more, of mounds in the territory comprising and adjacent to the ‘Sunk Lands” were erected with some end in view which did not include either funeral rites or the concealment of relics. The prospectors of twenty to thirty years ago proceeded system- atically; they used long steel probing rods with which they tested almost every foot of a field they wished to explore. There are no stones, scarcely a pebble, in this alluvial soil; consequently when the rod met with an obstacle the searcher could be almost certain it was an implement, a piece of pottery, or other artificial object. In this way they soon learned in what sort of situation or amid what sort of surroundings a village site and its associated cemetery were likely to be found; and when one was discovered they usually exhausted its possibilities before going elsewhere. Further, a series of fruitless excavations taught them that mounds made of earth so hard the probe would not readily penetrate it would almost certainly be destitute of contents, or, if otherwise, that articles of pottery would be broken by pressure. So, in time, the prospectors became quite FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 95 expert in selecting localities where digging would “‘pay,’’ and found aboriginal vessels literally by the carload; and they inspected the country so carefully that only by chance is a source of fresh supply discovered. Yet from time to time enough is disclosed to assure an explorer good results, provided always he can find the right place and secure permission to examine it. Two promising localities are now known which have never been worked, but the owners will not allow researches to be made. Undoubtedly many others await discovery. Occasionally a vessel of some description is found by a laborer and carried to a store where it is exchanged for goods; but specimens accumulate very slowly in this way. Mr. Beckwith, whose collection is famous, has been twenty-five years or longer in getting it together, during all which time it has been a matter of common knowledge that he is in the market for whatever is worth having; and most of his collection has come from his own tenants. He remarked ‘If I knew where pottery could be found, I would go there and dig for it.”’ More than thirty years ago, while the territory was practically undisturbed, Professor Conant carried on a very profitable explora- tion for the St. Louis Academy of Science. His principal work was along the west bank of St. John’s bayou, between Sikeston and New Madrid. The success of his efforts led to the selection of this vicinity as the site of the only mound excavating attempted. The work resulted solely in a verification of the information set forth above. Tue Hunter Mounps On the farm owned by Mr. A. B. Hunter, 7 miles north of New Madrid and half a mile south of Farrenburg on the Cotton Belt railway, is a group of mounds extending for half a mile or more along the west bank of St. John’s bayou, the extreme width of the group being about 200 yards. Much of the area on which these mounds stand was under cultivation when examined, so the exact number is uncertain; but there are not fewer than sixty. All of them have been more or less farmed over and thereby somewhat reduced in height; at present they range from 1 foot to 6 feet in height, and from 30 to 75 feet in diameter. Five of the mounds are along the edge of the terrace overlooking the bayou; the others are behind these, on the nearly level ground. Near the south end of the group, at the edge of the terrace, is an amphitheater-like depression of about an acre, facing the bayou; it is said so much broken pottery occurs here that ‘‘in plowing, the plow sounds as if it is running through gravel.” It is generally supposed, perhaps correctly, that this is the site of a pottery factory; but no exploration could be made at the time. 96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 Seven of the mounds were opened, from the largest to the smallest. Two of these were on the edge of the bayou; the others were selected at random among those farther back. In each, the central portion of the structure was removed to a depth which made it certain that undisturbed earth or subsoil was reached, and the excavation was carried to a sufficient distance on all sides to show there was nothing beyond worthy of investigation. On the bottom, at the center, of the largest mound, next to the bayou, were decayed fragmentary human bones; but neither in this mound nor in any of the others explored was any artificial object discovered except a few pieces of flint or pottery, which clearly had been gathered up in the course of the building and thrown in with the earth. In one mound was a fragment of a clay disk; in another, a broken specimen of one of the objects commonly called bottle stoppers for the reason that cases are reported 4 in which vessels with slender necks (the gourd-like form) have been found with these objects in the mouth or opening. While many of the ‘‘stoppers’”? were no doubt thus used, it is probable that others, perhaps most of them, were employed in the manufacture of pottery. The convex surface of the expanded portion, if carefully polished, as most of these objects are, would be well adapted for shaping and smoothing the interior of vessels built up by the coiling process, or by gradual accretion from the base, the projecting part affording a convenient handle. It seems the ‘‘ stoppers” also filled a more important office in this sort of work, as described by Mr. Christopher Wren in the following paragraph :? At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition * * * the writersawaCocopa Indian from Arizona making pottery * * * . Thetoolsshe used for molding aclay pot consisted of a baked clay implement somewhat larger than and resembling an ordinary door knob, with a stem or handle about four inches long projecting from one of the flat sides, and a small wooden paddle made from a piece of dry goods box. Seating herself on the bare ground * * * she held the clay implement in her left hand on which she placed a flattened ball or “pat” of clay, containing as much of the moderately moistened clay as would make the vessel she was working upon. With the wooden paddle in her right hand, being right handed, she beat the clay down, causing it to spread over the “door knob” implement and to hang down over the edges. From time to time, as the work progressed, she moved the tool in her left hand about on the inside of the vessel as the necessities of the case required. After the vessel had been largely molded with the help of the two simple tools, she discarded them entirely and, turning it over on the bottom, she completed the rim and finished it with her bare hands, Tur So-CALLED GARDEN OR DomIcILIARY Mounpbs The small flat mounds beginning in the Iron Mountain neighbor- hood in Missouri, and extending southward into Texas and Louisiana, are inexplicable in our present state of knowledge. Speaking now alIn The Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, 1x, 156. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 97 only of Missouri, it may be said they exist by thousands, amid sur- roundings of every sort. Some extend in close succession for miles at the rate of two to seven or eight on every acre, broken, perhaps, now and then, by a slough or a cypress brake, beyond this continuing as before. Nearly all the smaller ones.are made either of reddish, sandy clay, such as forms the upland subsoil, or of gumbo from the low grounds, consequently they are almost invariably infertile, so much so that in a field covered with vegetation their location may be deter- mined by the sparser growth on them. This feature, which was repeatedly stated as a fact by farmers, entirely destroys the hypoth- esis that the mounds were erected for agricultural purposes, though this is probably true of some mounds here and there on which good crops are raised. Nor is the theory more plausible that these mounds were erected for camping places by hunters, for there are more of them than there would be animals to hunt at one time. They were not residence mounds, for there are lacking around them the usual indications of an Indian domicile—broken pottery, bones, fragments of implements, etc. Nor are they burial mounds, for with rare exceptions they are barren of contents. The mounds are found in various situations from well-drained high levels to swamps where, after a period of prolonged dry weather when the roads become hard and even dusty, they can be reached only by carefully stepping on roots and stumps to keep out of the mud and water surrounding them. Moreover, scores, even hundreds of them, in the compass of a few square miles, are built on sticky clay low- lands within a few yards or rods of sandy ridges, never muddy, where the ground is dry on the surface within a very short time after the heaviest rains, and where various crops yield abundantly. It is evident that all the land where the mounds now stand, and perhaps the entire country except the present swamps, was prairie land, destitute of timber at the time they were built. The sloughs and bayous mark the courses of former streams, and it may be that when the mounds were made these were open channels clear of timber, affording free passage in canoes. This would explain the location of village sites along their margins. With the actual levels of upland and water courses remaining as at present, if there were no forest growth at all there would be no great overflows except backwater from the Mississippi, because local rainfall would rapidly drain away. Many floods now are caused by the choking up of streams with drift- wood; if this were all cleared out, to give an unobstructed flow, water would pass away in half the time or less. 5780—Bull. 37—10——7 98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 - It is agreed among geologists that a large area in Missouri and Arkansas, including a considerable part of the mound territory, sank several feet at the time of the great earthquake of 1811. Conse- quently, lowlands now subject to periodical overflow were perhaps sufficiently elevated prior to that catastrophe to escape any but phenomenal floods, and were quite habitable. If this be the case, more extensive excavations about these mounds may reveal the motive or purpose of their construction. THE CopreR PLATES FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN CouNTY These objects (pls. 15-19) were plowed up by Mr. Ray Groomes on the farm of Mrs. Baldwin, 24 miles south of Malden, Dunklin county. Mr. Groomes makes in substance the following statement: He was plowing much deeper than usual, probably 16 or 18 inches. His attention was attracted by something shining or glittering on the land turned over by his plow at this point, and he stopped to examine it. He found a few small scraps of copper. On looking at the bottom of the furrow, whence they had come, he found that his plow had struck the upper end of these copper pieces, which lay in close contact, ‘‘ with the heads down,”’ and inclined at an angle of 45°. He saw no evidence that they had ever been wrapped in cloth or any other substance, separately or together. He dug around them with his pocketknife, the loose sand and soil being easily removed, and drew them out of the earth one by one. There was something with them which looked to him like a small piece of ‘‘slate” [shale], such as he had frequently noticed in this ground in plowing. Possibly this was all that remained of a sun-dried or soft-burned clay vessel which went to pieces in the earth. There was also a small amount of some ‘white substance,’’ not identified, none of which was preserved. Mr. Groomes is positive in his statement that the specimens were in immediate contact, as he lifted them out one after another, and that very little earth had worked in between them. Mr. Groomes afterward did a little digging at the spot, but found nothing more, except a few fragments which his plow had broken from the objects. Neither he nor anyone else consulted had ever seen or heard of any evidence of a village site in the vicinity; no flints, shells, bones, or pottery had ever been observed. Neither are there any mounds in the immediate neighborhood, the nearest being at Bernie, 9 miles northward. From there for many miles to the south the land stretches in a dead level to the East and West Swale, which bound it on either side. It is altogether probable that the articles* were buried here by some aboriginal trader, who may have procured them from Mexico, either in person or by traffic, and who was prevented from returning to the spot or was perhaps unable to locate it again. a The plates finally came into the possession of Mr. J. M. Wulfing, of St. Louis, who was kind enough to furnish the photographs from which the accompanying illustrations were made. BULLETIN 37 PLATE 15 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Pl 933° io ws 4 A 4, . 2 Ge COPPER PLATE FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN COUNTY BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 37 PLATE 16 COPPER PLATES FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN COUNTY BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 37 PLATE 17 Dunkrie Cee ale COPPER PLATE FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN COUNTY BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 37 PLATE 18 > jad re og § welkin Ge. - ; 3 Me. awe Peng ~Sthawes g COPPER PLATES FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN COUNTY ALNNOO NIIANNG ‘N30Q1VW WOYS SALVId Yadd09 64 3LvV1d 2 NILATING ADOJONHLA NVOIYAWV JO NVvV3aHNg \ FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 99 VILLAGE SITES WORTH EXCAVATING At ‘‘The Pinnacles,” near Miami, Saline county, on the farms of Messrs. W. H. Utz and E. S. Casebolt. On the land of Messrs. August Langenberg and Timothy Leech, at the mouth of Third creek, near Cooper Hill, Osage county. On the farm of Mr. J. Ed Belch, at the mouth of Osage river. On the Heyde farm, north of Advance, Stoddard county. A mile west of Vanduser, Scott county, on the old Batt farm, now owned by Mr. James Farris, of Benton, Scott county. On next farm south of above, owned by Mr. John E. Marshall, of Sikeston. On the farm of Mr. J. H. Drew, 8 miles south of East Prairie, on north side of Upton Slough. . On Mr. Lorin Hawke’s land, the ‘‘old Peter Bess settlement,’’ on west bank of Castor river, above Frisco bridge, a mile west of Brownwood, Stoddard county. LOCALITIES WORTH INVESTIGATING Old Bollinger farm, now the Evans farm, a mile south of Advance, Stoddard county. Farm of Mr. Colbert, 2 miles south of Advance. August Schonoff farm, 14 miles west of Advance. McKinney farm, south of Sikeston, Scott county. William Andrews farm, adjoining the McKinney farm on the south. Sikes farm, adjoining the Andrews farm on the south. South of Green Cox station, on west bank of Little Field swamp, Cape Girardeau county. REPORTED LOCALITIES POSSIBLY WORTH EXAMINING Much pottery has been found at the McFadden farm, 2 miles up the river from Belmont, Mississippi county, and on the Hudson farm next above McFadden’s. Many relics have been found around the base of a large mound at Traverse, a mile south of Crosno, Mississippi county. Distant 5 to 6 miles west of Belmont is Sassafras ridge, where many specimens have been discovered. On Hoecake ridge, a mile west from Sassafras ridge, are mounds on Mr. Tom Quick’s land. There are mounds, and numerous specimens have been found, on Pinhook ridge, 24 miles south of Sassafras ridge, and on the Farrin farm, at the old “Tarr store,’’ a mile north of Wolf Island _post- office, Mississippi county. 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 Southwest of New Madrid, on the farms of Mr. W. E. Davis, on Nolin Cypress still farther southwest, and thence on to Little river, are numerous mounds. Some have been opened, which were found to be barren of contents. ADDITIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS VISITED OR REPORTED | ON THE GASCONADE RIVER Cairns and village sites about Gascondy. Village site on river bank a fourth of a mile below Boiling Spring, near Gaines’s ford above Vienna. Cairn on Martin’s bluff, 8 miles above Cooper Hil). Cairn at Fishing Rock, 5 miles above Cooper Hill. Cairn on Hollenbeck bluff, 4 miles above Cooper Hill. Cairn on Howerton’s bluff, 2 miles below Fishing Rock. Village site on Schockley’s farm, near mouth of Pointer’s creek, just above Howerton’s bluff. Village site on Mr. Gum Miller’s land, 14 miles above Cooper Hill, opposite Massie’s bluff. Cairn on Iron hill on Third creek, a mile from Cooper Hill. Cairns on Nixon’s farm on Third creek, 3 miles from Cooper Hill. Several cairns about Freedom and Hope, on lands of Dr. Jett and Messrs. Fleck, Schollmeyer, and Koch; all have been opened. The earth is strewn with flint chips in the field next below Heck- mann’s mill. Two cairns, destroyed, on Campmeeting bluff, 14 miles below Pinoak creek. A series of six connected cairns covering a solid space 20 by 70 feet on the first bluff below Mud, or Muddy, creek; also a single cairn at the lower end of the bluff. All are destroyed. On Mueller’s and Witte’s farms, at the mouth of Second creek, are six cairns extending along the top of Lost hill. Mound of stone and earth on the south end of Turnpike bluff. At Stolpe, earth mound on Ongken farm; two earth and stone mounds on Bohl’s farm. BOONE COUNTY MOUNDS On Cedar creek, 2 miles east of Claysville. On Mr. Luther Hart’s farm, on first bluff east of Hartsburg. Two on Mr, John Osterloh’s farm, adjoining Shaw’s on the east. Six on Mr. Henry Lohrey’s farm, east of Osterloh’s. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 101 One on Walker’s farm, adjoining Lohrey’s. Two in edge of Hartsburg, on Mr. Rudolph Bischer’s farm. Five on next farm north of Bischer’s. Six on Matthew’s land, a mile west of Hartsburg. Several near Wilton station. Three on Mr. Henry Baumhoefer’s farm, 3 miles south of Easley. One on Wright’s farm, a mile south of Easley. Three on Mr. Will Rippetoe’s land, 4 mile southeast of Easley. One on Ridgeway’s farm, 4 mile east of Easley. Nine on Leineke’s farm, 2 miles north of Easley. Fourteen on Messrs. Burnett’s and O’Rear’s farms, a mile south of Providence. Five on the Hunt estate, at Huntsdale station. Several on Torbitt’s land, 4 miles east of Rocheport. Five on Burk’s farm, east of Torbitt’s. Several on Robey’s farm, 1 mile east of Rocheport. Several on Mr. James Warren’s land, north of Providence. Three on Doctor Chinn’s land, west of Rocheport. One on Mr. Henry Walther’s land, 2 miles west of Rocheport. One, large, on Mr. Frank Smith’s land, 5 miles northwest of Colum- bia, near Perche bridge. Three near Indian Mound schoolhouse, 3 miles northeast of Harris- burg. One near Silver Fork of Perche creek ‘‘contained two bodies and a sword much rusted.” CALLAWAY COUNTY Mounds all along the top of Cote San Dessein. COLE COUNTY Six on Mr. Frank Shannon’s land, at Osage City. One on Huffman’s farm, adjoining Shannon’s on the west. Four on Walther’s farm, near mouth of Moreau creek. Several west of mouth of Moreau creek. FRANKLIN COUNTY . “Shawnee Town” (in 1817) on sec. 4, T. 42, R. 1 E, of the fifth principal meridian, near Shawneetown ford on Bourbeuse river. Burial place near Labaddie, T. 44, R. 1 E. Mounds on nearly every bluff from Labaddie to Washington. Mounds on Mr. E. Holtgrieve’s farm, 2} miles southwest of Washington. 102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37. GASCONADE COUNTY Mounds on Mr. C. Danuser’s land, SW. 4, SE. 4, sec. 8, T. 45, R. 4, 4 miles southeast of Hermann. Mounds on Mr. Henry Tinnemeier’s land, adjoining Danuser’s on the south. Mound on Mr. Fritz Witte’s farm, near Brown’s shanty, near mouth of Second creek, on NE. 3} NE. of 1, sec. 27, T. 44, R. 6. Cairns on Mr. August Roseen’s land, near Gasconade river, 3 miles south of Morrison. Mound on Louck’s land in edge of Morrison. Mounds on Duffner’s and Fricke’s farms, at mouth of Cole creek, 4 miles east of Gasconade; locally termed ‘‘the fort.” Eight (formerly thirteen) mounds on Straub’s farm, on edge of Gasconade. HowarD COUNTY Mounds on the Sinclair lands, 6 miles northwest of Harrisburg, on Moniteau creek; on Parmentree’s, west of Bailey’s ford; on Doherty’s, 2 miles northwest of Sinclair schoolhouse. Three mounds on east side of Missouri, between Boonville and Arrow Rock. MONITEAU COUNTY Mound on bluff 22 miles east of Boonville. Several mounds between Lupus and Sandy Hook. OSAGE COUNTY Village site near mouth of Loose creek, 2 miles above Osage City. Mounds on Mr. Amil Vincent’s land, 14 miles west of Bonnet’s mill. Village site on right bank of Osage river, 6 miles above Osage City. PHELPS COUNTY Mounds on Mr. J. L. Kellogg’s ‘‘Spring Valley Farm,” 3 miles west of Rolla; and on the next farm south of it. ‘‘Goat Bluff cave,” 4 miles up the river from Arlington, much used as a shelter by Indians. | ‘‘Gourd Creek cave,’’ 10 miles south of Rolla, contains much refuse and many human remains. Cairns on Lost hill, } mile south of Gourd creek cave. . RANDOLPH COUNTY Mounds on sec. 2, T. 52, R. 16; also, stone graves. WARREN COUNTY Mounds on bluff near Case station, on Link’s land. REPORT ON SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM MISSOURI MOUNDS, COLLECTED IN 1906-7 BY MR. GERARD FOWKE By ALES HReucKa I. CONDITION OF THE MATERIAL The osteological specimens gathered by Mr. Fowke during the excavations described in the preceding pages were divided into two portions, one of which was sent to the Bureau of American Ethnology and thence transferred to the National Museum, while the other was received subsequently for examination. On the whole the material is very defective; there is not an entire skull, and there are only a few entire long bones. The specimens were damaged for the most part during excavation, as shown by fresh breaks, and in most cases important parts thus broken off were lost. More than nine-tenths of the bones of the skeletons are missing altogether. Moreover, the surfaces of some of the skulls were treated with a glue-like substance which has since begun to crack and scale off, doing further damage. It is very difficult to make a satisfactory study of, and to draw conclusions of value from, material in this condition. All that can be safely stated is embodied in the following pages. II. CRANIA Most of the crania are of the dolichocephalic, Indian type. Two or three of them are extreme forms in this respect, suggesting similar specimens recovered in New Jersey from the burials of the Delawares. A close general resemblance exists between the dolichocephalic Missouri skulls and those from the mounds along the Illinois river; both are representatives of the general type, examples of which were found on repeated occasions farther north along the Missouri, par- ticularly in the Gilder mound and vicinity, near Florence, Nebr., and also farther south. Several of these skulls (especially nos. 249,679 and 249,681) are characterized by low foreheads® and none are above moderate in capacity. On the average they are rather @ See a special report on one of these skulls, in “‘New examples of American Indian skulls with low forehead,”’ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXv, 171-175, 1908. 103 104 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 thinner and show less pronounced masculine features than Indian crania of related forms from other localities. | One of the skulls (original no. 127, from Kurtz mound, p. 63), female, is brachycephalic and belonged doubtless to an individual from another tribe. Besides this there is a male lower jaw (original no. 110, from Easley mound no. 2), which is unusually broad and short and belonged probably to a short skull; while the male skull, original no. 128 (exact locality not stated), gives breadth-length index slightly in excess of the upper limit of mesocephaly. The jaws and remnants of the alveolar processes show an unusual prevalence about the roots of the teeth of pathological conditions of inflammatory and suppurative nature. Finally, the teeth of the individuals beyond middle adult age are, almost as a rule, badly and irregularly worn down. III. Lone Bones The long bones, particularly those of the lower limbs, indicate good musculature; but, as only very few of these bones are entire, not much can be learned as to the height of the people. In several instances where estimates are possible the statures indicated are of fair size, but not exceptional. In their anthropological features the bones show all the character- istics of the Indian, namely, a rather marked flatness of the humeri and tibiae, and a moderate platymery, or subtrochanteric flattening of the femora. The heads of the tibiae, in the few cases where they are left, show an inclination backward slightly greater than the average in whites. A number of the femora and tibiae present pathological conditions of protracted inflammatory nature, possibly syphilis. Numerous long bones and two skulls bear the marks of rodents’ teeth, and also more pronounced incisions, seemingly due to cutting. As in many other instances, it is here impossible clearly to distin- guish the marks due to rodents from those due to the use of the knife. IV. DETAILED MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS Original no. 8 (from the Dallmeyer mound): Pieces of lower and upper jaws of a young male. No special features except that the third molar on the right side of the lower jaw is impacted; it les nearly horizontal, facing forward and slightly upward. Original no. 19 (from Dawson mound no. 14): A defective, female, adult, very dolichocephalic cranium of moderate capacity; slight post-mortem deformation. The lower jaw, which is much damaged, was quite high. Teeth, slightly worn, show no abnormal features. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 105 Measurements of the skull Diameter antero-posterior, Diameter frontal minimum.... 9.1 cm. AMARA ee Sem afee rar= eis 1950nem=| Orbits heicht, risht:..-22.5--- 3.5 cm. Diameter lateral maximum, Orbits breadth, niohitees--. --— 4.1 cm. approsimate 10s: Sb ls. 21 13.2. em? |) Orbital index, right. .:.-.....- 85.4 Basion-bregma height, approxi- Nose, height, approximate. -.-- 5.2 cm. MAO ASP ett ois ENS. + ove (i4.i6) em. |. Nose. breadth... <.< 2.2.2 =. -- 2.5 cm. Alveolar point-nasion height, SNPLOXUMALe 2. fa ~ e o- ied. CMe Original no. 23 (from Dawson mound no. 6): Pieces of upper and lower jaws of a male skull. The only feature of interest consists in the greater size in both length and breadth of the third right lower molar than of either the first or the second. Original no. 27 (from Dawson mound no. 6): The front of a male adult skull. The bones are somewhat less in thickness than the average in the Indian. The upper jaw has a well-formed arch, moderate alveolar prognath- ism, and sixteen normal teeth. The lower jaw also has a regular arch and shows some prog- nathism. The third molar on the left side was lost very early, or more probably never appeared, though there is sufficient space for it. Anteriorly, this jaw shows a rare and interesting dental anomaly (fig. 20). Ventrally and midway between the bicuspids, both of which are positively second dentition teeth, there is on each side another dental element. On the right side this is quite fully erupted, nearly as high as the bicuspids and resembling these in the shape of the crown, though somewhat smaller; on the left side a similar tooth is just appearing. There are no diastemae between the lower teeth and there is no visible cause for the extra bicuspids. Measurements of the skull Menton-nasion height....-.--- 1.27 cm. | Nose, breadth, maximum.... 2.45 cm. Alveolar point-nasion height.. 7.65 cm. | Nasal index ..............-. 46.7 Diameter frontal minimum.... 9.1 cm. | Palate, external length...... 5.7 cm. Orbits, height, right....-..... 3.7 cm. | Palate, external breadth, max- Orbits, breadth, right ........ 4.0 cm. PUM eee tea Ss 6. 7 ‘cm: Orbital index, right........-- 92:5 Palatal index (Turner) ...... 117.6 INOsemwneleht fo. .liecck Scns s 5. 25 cm. Original no. 39 (from Dawson mound no. 9): Upper jaw and a portion of the lower jaw of an adult male. The upper jaw presents marked alveolar prognathism; teeth normal, moderately worn; pal- ate regular, external breadth, 6.0 cm., external length, 5.5 cm., index 109.1. Breadth of nose, 2.5 em. Suborbital fossze pronounced. Original no. 41 (from Dawson mound no. 11): Female adult upper jaw, quite prognathic; median incisors shovel-form, as usual in Indi- ans. Left third molar diminutive, right not erupted; teeth moderately 106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 37 and somewhat irregularly worn, especially the molars. With this specimen were a few fragments of burnt human bones. Original no. 76 (from Shaw mound no. 7): Lower jaw of an Indian. Rami show cuts as well as signs of rodents’ teeth. Original no. 89 (from Easley mound no. 8): Male adult skull; base missing, some post-mortem deformation, facial parts broken. Alveolar processes show signs of inflammatory conditions. The teeth of the lower jaw are moderately but irregularly worn; those of Fic. 20. Lower jaw with two supernumerary bicuspids, from Dawson mound no. 6. the upper jaw are nearly all lost (post mortem). Chin angular, quite prominent. Measurements of the skull Diameter antero-posterior max- | Diameter frontal minimum .... 9.0 cm. IMUM 2 ee eto ee eee 18.6 cm. | Circumference maximum above Diameter lateral maximum.... 13.8 cm. supra-orbital ridges .......-- 50. 7 cm. Cranialindexs: 220. ne eee YR D Arc, nasion-opisthion.......-- 37.0 cm. Thickness of left parietal bone | Height of symphisis of lower jaw, above temporo-parietal suture 5-7 mm. | approximate :.(423.2:25.4— ohm 3.5 cm FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 107 Original no. 110 (from Easley mound no. 2): Pieces of the upper and lower jaws of an adult male. The lower jaw is unusually broad and short, and belonged in all probability to a brachycephalic cra- nium. The bones are of medium strength; the teeth are moderately worn anteriorly, and much more so, particularly on the outside, pos- teriorly. The genial spines are unusually high (7 mm.). In about the locality where the submaxillary gland lay against the bone there is, on the left side, an abscess cavity and on the right side a deepened and rough depression. These lesions point doubtless to disease of the glands which secondarily affected the bone. The upper jaw shows, on the right side, a short distance below the malar articulation, a small pathological perforation. Measurements of the lower jaw Diameter bigonial............ Remini es ATO LOM MMe Ties seed ersten cee 127° Pee RE Ye ot ais omc die ee an Height of symphisis -.......-- 3.45 em. Original no. 111 (from Easley mound no. 2): Pieces of apparently deformed (flat-head ?) male skull and jaws. The walls of the cranial cavity are thick; the lower jaw is high (4.3 cm. at the symphisis) and strong. The teeth are slightly worn below, much worn above. The upper jaw was large and prognathic. Original no. 114, U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 249680 (locality not given): Half of a female adult lower jaw. Height of symphisis, 3.6 cm.; angle on left, 124°; teeth normal, slightly worn. Genial spines pro- nounced. Original no. 116 (from Baumhoefer mound no. 1): Remnants of a well-formed, symmetric, dolichocephalic, adult male skull, of fair capacity. The occiput shows a medium-sized epactal. Parts of the right vertical ramus of the lower jaw have been cut or gnawed off. Teeth normal, but showing advanced and irregular wear. The pal- ate presents in its anterior third a quite marked median torus. Measurements of the skull Diameter antero-posterior maxi- Diameter frontal minimum.... 10.1 cm mum, approximate.......... iSe7= oe ee eee ee 15. 0 cm. Original no. 128 (exact locality not stated): A skull of an adult, probably a male, of regular form and moderate capacity. Sexual features not pronounced. Lower jaw missing. Measurements Diameter antero-posterior maxi- Basion-nasion diameter. ...---- 10.4 em. MAU tee eee Lee ey eee oe 17.7 cm. | Diameter frontalminimum .... 8.8 cm. Diameter lateral maximum... 14.3 cm. | Foramen magnum, mean diam- Basion-bregma height ......-- 13.4 cm. Glens: SA peas eee 3.25 cm. Orantalimdlera eds oacs eee 80.8 Circumference maximum (above Height-length index.........-. LOOT supraorbital ridges) ...'...-. 50.0em. Height-breadth index .....--- 98.7 Are, nasion-opisthion.........- 36.4 cm, Cranial module: 2.22 4-2-9: 15.13 em. Thickness of left parietal bone above temporo-parietalsuture 4-5 mm. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 109 Original no. 129 (exact locality not given): Lower female adult jaw; alveolar process prognathic; teeth normal, much worn. Measurements Diameter biconalee = ss. 5.52-- 9.9 cm. | AMelesright) =e 22 soeioee Aird eee 146° Height at symphisis......-....- Seon CHM WAM PLCS OEE 2 e's. Soin She ee pole 141° Original no. 131 (from Brenner mound no. 2): An adult male skull, very dolichocephalic, partially deformed. There is a slight flatten- ing on the frontal bone above the middle, on each side of the median line, seemingly produced by the pressure of two small pads, and there is also a quite marked occipital compression. The forehead is low, though showing distinct convexity. The supra-orbital ridges are prominent and the supraorbital border distad from them is protruding. ; Along the border, just mentioned, of the orbits are marks made by rodents’ teeth and also marks resembling knife cuts; and in the lower part of the right parietal, about the middle, there is a semicircular area bearing lines resembling cuts and also traces of rodents’ teeth; this is 3 cm. in diameter. Original no. 131a (locality probably the same as that of the previous specimen): A portion of a calvarium of an adult skull, sex not ascer- tainable. The right parietal shows several defective areas of different sizes, all approximating more or less to the circular in form, caused apparently by rodents; yet some of these areas may be due to human agency. Original no. 134 (from the Saline County village site): Frontal por- tion of the calvarium of an adult female. The skull was apparently dolichocephalic. Diameter lateral maximum—the only measurement of importance determinable—13.4 cm. The walls are rather thin. © U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 249679 (exact locality not given): Part of the vault of a skull, including most of the frontal and a small portion of the top of each parietal. The skull was probably that of a male beyond middle adult life. It was narrow and long in form, and not deformed. The bones are rather delicate for a male, the thickness of the front ranging from 3 to 5 mm. The specimen is interesting principally because of a low forehead, marked ventrally as well as dorsally. The supraorbital ridges are not excessive, but the border distad from them protrudes from the forehead proper, forming with the ridges a prominent supraorbital are. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 249681 (from the Klamm mound, opposite Kansas City; see p. 72): Parts of an adult, male, dolichocephalic skull, of moderate size and average thickness of bones, with low a Discussed more in detail in the ‘‘ New examples of modern Indian skulls with low forehead,”’ in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X¥xxv, 173, 1908. 110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 forehead; also a few bones of the body. The outer surface of the skull, and to a less extent that of the bones, show remains of red pigment, apparently ocher; but it does not seem, notwithstanding the absence from the specimens of red stains ventrally, that the pig- ment was applied as a paint. The cranium is so damaged that no measurements of importance are obtainable. The various ridges and processes on the bones indicate a powerful musculature. The upper portion of the right femur shows marked platymery (3.9 x 2.75 cm. at the broadest part of the flattening). The left femur has strongly developed linea aspera. A portion of the right tibia is diseased; this is considerably thick- ened and the surface bears evidence of some slow inflammatory process—possibly syphilis. The portion remaining of the left tibia is normal. The shaft is of shape 3;% it measures, at about the middle, 3.45 cm. in the antero- posterior and 2.55 cm. in the lateral diameter. The humeri give the following dimensions at the middle: Diameter antero-posterior, right, 2.7 cm.; left, 2.55 cm. Diameter lateral, right, 1.8 cm.; left, 1.9 cm. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249683 (exact locality not given): Parts of five femora. All of the specimens in this lot show defects due probably to cutting as well as to the gnawing of rodents. These are found on both ends of each bone, and when the bones are placed side by side the defects. appear to be similar, reaching in a more or less rounded way into the wall of each bone posteriorly, below the trochanters. The similarity of the effects produced argues against them being the work of rodents alone, although signs of rodents’ teeth are plain everywhere in the cuts. : Physically all the femora show strongly developed linea aspera; they show also more or less marked platymery (specimen A, 3.5 x 2.5 cm.; specimen B, 3.4 x 2.6 cm.; specimen C, 3.2 x 2.55 cm., at the greatest breadth of the flattening). Nat. Mus. no. 249684; original no. 40 (exact locality not given): Bones from the right lower limb of a female adult skeleton. Femur broken, shaft shape 1, strong linea aspera, marked third trochanter and pronounced tubercle at the top of the anterior inter- trochanteric line. Diameters at the broadest part of the sub- trochanteric flattening, 3.25 x 2.3 em. Right tibia, shaft shape 1; length, 34.7 em. The bone is not platyenemic and besides its natural stoutness the shaft is slightly thickened by disease. a See ‘‘Typical forms of shaft of long bones,’”’ in Proc. Assoc. Amer. Anatomists, 14th ann. sess., 1900, 55 et seq. FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI Lit U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249685; original no. 114 (exact locality not given): Bones of a male skeleton. Femora: Length (bicondylar), right, 45.0 cm., left, 45.4 cm. Diameters at greatest expanse of subtrochanteric flattening, right, 3.45 x 2.4 em.; left, 3.35 x 2.4em. The right bone shows a moderate and the left a pronounced third trochanter; while anteriorly both present a well defined tubercle at the upper limit of the inter- trochanteric line. In shape the shaft of each represents type 1. Special: In its lower two-fifths the right bone is diseased, showing an irregular diffused swelling, with a marked increase in weight, and there is a small spot, honeycombed through suppuration, both ante- riorly and posteriorly above the lower articular surface; all of which probably indicates syphilis. The left femur and the tibiz are normal. Tibiw: Length, right, 38.0 em.; left, 38.2 em. Diameter antero- posterior at middle, right, 3.4 cm.; left, 3.35 em. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.5 cm.; left, 2.1 em. Shape of shafts, both approxi- mating type 2. The head in both shows quite marked inclination backward. Right fibula, normal; length, 37.0 cm. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 249686 (exact locality not given): Left humerus of an adolescent, damaged. No special features physically. This specimen shows numerous positive marks of cutting, especially at the middle and the upper third, where they penetrate, particularly at the middle, in a V-shaped incision into the cavity of the shaft. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 249687 (exact locality not given): Right tibia of an adolescent, probably of the preceding subject; damaged. This shows marks of cutting as well as of rodents’ teeth; otherwise there are no special features. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249688; original no. 30 (exact locality not given): Bones of a male skeleton. Left femur: Length, 48.5 cm.; diameters at greatest breadth of upper flattening, 3.9 x 2.9 cm.; shape of shaft, rounded; pronounced linea aspera. Tibizw damaged; shape of shaft in each approximately type 2. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right, 3.9 cm.; left, 4.0 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.3 em.; left, 2.3 cm. Head shows slightly more than average inclination backward as compared with the average head of the tibia in whites. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249689; original no. 115 (from Easley mound no. 2): A pair of damaged adult tibie. Shape of shaft in both, type 3. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right, 3.6 cm.; left, 5.0 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.65 cm.; left, 2.6 em. Both bones, but especially the right, show a moderate bend backward above the middle. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249690; original no. 60 (exact locality not given): Pieces of three tibie and one fibula. | bal Ee BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 Specimen A: Right tibia, male, adult, damaged. Shape of shaft, 3; diameter antero-posterior at middle, 3.9 em.; diameter lateral at middle, 2.3 em. Quite marked bend backward above middle. Specimen B: Right tibia, female, adult, damaged. Shape, 3. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, 3.0 cm.; diameter lateral at middle, 2.3 em. Slight outward bend. Specimen C: Left tibia, adult, probably female, damaged. Shape, 2, typical. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, 3.3 cm.; diameter lateral at middle, 2.0 em. Specimen D: Left female adult fibula, normal; length, 33.9 em. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249691; original no. 16 (exact locality not given): Bones of a female adult skeleton, mostly damaged. Femora: Length, right, 42.4 cm.; left (?). Diameters of upper flattening at its greatest breadth, right, 3.1 x 2.4 em.; left, 3.2 x 2.4 cm. Shape of shafts both approximat- ing elliptical; linea aspera in both pronounced. Third trochanter small but well-defined on right, moderate-sized on left; in addition each bone presents a pronounced gluteal ridge. A rather large bulge or tubercle is seen on each side at the upper extremity of the anterior inter-trochanteric line. Tibiz: Length, right, 35.8 cm.; left (4). Diameter antero-poste- rior at middle, right, 3.5 em.; left, 3.4 em. Diameter lateral at mid- dle, right, 1.85 cm.; left, 1.9 cm. Shape of shaft in each, type 4. Head of right bone shows a pronounced bend backward; that of the left is missing. Upper third of the sacrum shows a defective, pos- teriorly open, neural arch. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249692 (exact locality not given): Bones of a male skeleton, mostly damaged. Femora: Diameters at greatest breadth of upper flattening, right, 3.65 x 2.6 cm.; left, 3.5 x 2.6 cm. Shape of shaft in both approxi- mates type 5; the linea aspera is strong in the right, moderately strong in the left bone. A medium-sized well-defined third tro- chanter is present on each side, and there is in each bone a well- marked tubercle at the upper end of the anterior inter-trochanteric line. Both bones show appreciably greater curvature backward than usual at the upper third of the shaft. Tibize: Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right, 3.85 cm.;- left, 3.75 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.25 em.; left, 2.15 em. Shape of shaft: both type 4, pronounced. The left bone shows a marked exostosis of the popliteal ridge. Left fibula, length, 36.9 em. Besides the above there is in this lot a specimen which shows a bony fusion, in a semiflexed position, of the proximal two phalanges of one of the fingers. Sh, 3 ae ae ee er INDEX ABORIGINES— Page Gharacter ies steet ss ace en cece eee coe 4,5 CSU) AT RE Se A SR 8 Te a a ee 15,31, 44 | ANIMAL REMAINS found in mounds— (OVRTUSS LS 5 eat pte Se SS ae 33, 61,88, 89 (Bes SOS AEe SAAT ae eee lege er eo ee 61 mingled'specimens. 2 .--22.-c-2---+----- 7,88 panther. 22..oces.s- =: eae nets Saas eee oemae 8,34 UInber(OYtELEA PIM) oe oo. sees eke ecice oles 33 APEX.Of mound defined..............-.--.-.- 1 ARCHZ OLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, acknowledgment:i0- —2-ses.25-0-ecec as ces IV ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS in Missouri... --. 100-102 ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES in Missouri, location.. 1,99 ARROW ROCK, description of.............-.- 92-93 Bascom, J. D., acknowledgment to.........-. IV BAUMHOEFER MOUNDS— GeseriphioOn: = sarees sess ons hese tc Se 54-61 pkcletaliremains: = ..-2~..c-0s 22-5 107 BEADS. See Objects (principal) found, ete. BEcK, LEwis C., on ‘‘Indian House’’.....-... 75-80 BECKWITH, THOMAS, as a collector and ex- OLE s cere Oe Ae orice econ se eees 94,95 BIRKLE MOUND, description of.............. 10-11 BixBy, WILLIAM K., acknowledgment to... - IV BLACKWATER. RIVER, mounds on............ 74 BONES, HUMAN. See Skeletal remains. BOONE co., Mo.— IOUS Nees oe eer et Sees 63, 100-101 , Hasley-smounds:: 352520 See ose cee se 42-54 Bottom of mound defined................... 1 BRADBURY, on Missouri Indians............. 5-6 BRENNER MOUNDS— CEATUITRINITOM eS oot See esse see 109 GeEseriptione ss: see tees eee 69-72 BROADHEAD, PROF. G. C.— oni Brennernimounds.. . 6.22% a2 J. ens 69-70, 71 One OlAPH OD amas eset hee ae omen 83-84 on vault-graves on Salt river.........--. 73-74 BUESCHER MOUNDS— RESCUIp OM Meee mee An ere ner eee 61-63 KGIGMAUMEMIGINS: "5 = too hoc acee cad ese ne 108 BUFFALOE CREEK, ancient works on......... 75, 80 BUNCHED BONES defined..................-- 2 BUNDLED BONES defined .............-.-..-- 2 BURIAL CusTOMS. See Mortuary customs. BURIALS, ABORIGINAL— a ee ae eee Sa ac ee cwiawetiose's oak 4,49 arrangement ofremains............ 16-17, 29-30 (RET ce ee ee Be Se ee ee 54, 59 cremation of remains......... 8, 36, 38, 41, 42, 68 VW CLAS EAST INACIS Se SN ae eh oe eg 5780°—Bull. 37—10—_8 BURIALS, ABORIGINAL—Continued. Page methodsiemployed: -.-----2--2-s---enee eee 2 “TNpIAN Houss,”’ description of........... 5, 75-81 sprinkling of soil on graves......-.------ 50 INDIAN HOUSES, description of..........-...- 79-80 See also Burials, Cremation. INDIAN MOUNDS— MouND BUILDERS— location, by COumties=2- - 5. a2 sete 100-102 in and near See ape ee 2S cere “A report on skeletal material from...... 103-112 of the lower Mississippi, characteristics of. 4 INHABITANTS OF REGION. See Aborigines. SUAGULG | - 2. «2a wom 2 ee nem nine Baas = Iowa (STATE), “furnace” in Allamakee co.. 79-80 Mouns A 2 IOWA (TRIBE), early movements of.......... 5 Jormomdeoians Peete. . general discussion of_..........---------- 1-3 papel es 74/ fenminslegs, 2 Jones, JOHN P., on Indian village in Saline See also. Vault-graves and. specific names 00, MON. cae ese eee teed ce eee 91-92 af saoands. KaNnsa— NAGEL, CHARLES, acknowledgment to... -.-- Iv builders of stone vaults (?).......-......- 6 | New Maprip co., Mo., as a source of Indian éarly movements: .. 22 se.ncse.2- oace scene 5 PObLCLV a canes os eee caee eee eh 93 ——— — _ New Maprip, Mo., mound excavating near- 95 NoIx CREEK, See Noyer creek. NOYER CREEK, ancient works on.....- 75, 77, 79-80 NYE CREEK. See Noyer creek. OBJECTS (PRINCIPAL) found in mounds— arrows and arrowheads. ..........---- 21, 63,73 beads— | OYO5 0c th Pe Me Se a Be 38,41 SHG i. Peer oe eet ae ee ote 16, 20, 30,31, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 61, 63, 64, 73,79 PDOLLLE SLO PPeUS? se gece oa ee aces se 96 catlinite!2s-...-2- SCCM en ee 89 CEL ees Re ee ace Ae he eu eee se 48 dipsing dmplements!..,.5022=0:- eo Ss = oe 20, 23, 24, 35-36, 46, 61,73, 91 Hintainuplementiss. oc. eee o2-cee seen 9,12, 42 Porpet. (Shell) Poo ee se ewes wee eee Se 61 MaATIMeY STONES foes ce tee eo ee eee 12,19, 20 romApiteu sean cack = set eee tks 9, 21, 28, 42, 51,73 PRGTTUV OS ae tee eG a oa: Stes) Sow 7,21, 48 MIOLiArSAMdStOne.d.. 2-5-0 se aseees oe 50 MUMe ne CUA ze sass pee. =e Saas oe eS 27 polishing and rubbing stones..........-- 21,42 SCLAPELS ., oe em = Pere eer ets noes 23,90 Sie Saar ieneer caret eee 22 So Se 56, 57,63, 73 SDeATD CAS ee meee a eee see 2a- oe eee 21,48 See also Pipes, Pottery. “OLD Fort,” Saline co., Mo.— IUCR Seo are cette as es onan es 91 GescnipllOm eect yas eae oc en aoe oes eas 82-86 OMAHA, early movements of............-- ae 5 OsAGE— connection with grave-vaults...........- 73, 92 GArly MOVEMENUS S< =< 66 soe - ase - 222 5 willazeun Saline co:, Mos... 3-...- 222.2. - 91-92 OSAGE CO., Mo., archeological sites in...... 99, 102 OSAGE RIVER— HNIGICHE WOLKS(OM= pac neu sees eek aes 75 explorations about mouth........-...-.-- 12-20 Sab aInted WOCKs Ole. 2a. 2c eso a. ese. oe 81-82 Oto, early movements and history of... .._-- 5,6 “PAINTED”? BONES, explanation of term..... 68,73 PAINTED ROCK, description of.............-- 81-82 Parks, Dr. W. F., acknowledgment to...... IV PeEEPs co... MoO-; mounds im... - 0-2 es: 102 PICTOGRAPHS, description of................. 81-82 PIKE co., Mo.— LIGIEMDEWOLKS Scericet vay ee sees eeie se oe 80 SMMCIATIIL OUISG:? Meo. \scnlo co ee aes See een 75-81 AIM OPA VES eet. oe miat S rs a oe ae 74 “ PINNACLES, THE’’— Mesenipiions vas ete es 3 eo eke Sa 82 SEO ONSITE Gl estes eee ark Ware ec ae tec 86-92 PIPES— from Dawson mound no. 11.........-.-- 37 from Easley mounds................- 48, 49,52 APOMMe Gia OUSE?? 2 <2) soccer ncn ce 79 from Smith mound no. 2...............- 12 Pits around and in Indian villages, explana- BLOTICO feet ee Ce eee Nee oie etoee orate 90 LATTE CO.4.MGO> MOUNdS IM. se 5.2 e535 65 PoNCA, early movements of...............-- 5 POTTERY— characters eco ect oy en te 21-22 eoCcoanu i pots nee ae See eee 31,50, 52 collection in southeastern Missouri. ..... 93-95 115 Page PoTTERY—Continued. Dawson mounds—- WO Wie ee ere air Cee ARG eee 29 DOES. 252265 os. 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42 Basley mounds (pots).....-......-..- 49,50, 52 ERIM RIMOUNGS S— 3 s etcineas os ee 95,96 Balan TO Un Gees rec Sie ee Oe eee 73 err tizamound aes ce on eee 64 manufactured by Cocopa Indians. . . .... 96 middle Missouri region. ................- 4 IMISSISSIPDICO- eM O sere el hee ae eee 99 POOGAUH OND acer Sosa eas ee AME 91 Shaw mounds (pots) -........-- 21, 22, 23; 24, 25 Pie Pinnacles? et) eee en 87, 88, 89, 90, 9 PRATRIE FORK, INOUNdS:OM. <..2<2-)20 4-2. 74 PROSPECTORS FOR POTTERY, methods of.... 94-95 RANDOLPH CO., MO., mounds in...-.......- 102 REED, HOMER, on “‘Indian House’’........ 78,79 REFUSE Pris, description of 2. 2222.2 22222. - 90 HODENDS;-WOLK:Of- 055... 02c. eee tees ee? 7,104, 110 Royce, on location of ‘‘ Little Osage Village’’. 6 Oy, Manin capsure Of-o 2. cee 81-82 RUEGGE VILLAGE SITE, description of....... 9 St. Louis Socirry, Archeological Institute of America, acknowledgment to..........-- IV SALINE cCo., Mo.— ancientiwOLrksilees aces. see aoe 82-86, 92 Willa peiSHiCM ces Levee. Oe re a 99, 109 SALT RIVER, vault-graves on.............-.- 73-74 SCOBMION WORK soca cuon sn -aeiee s see Coos acpee 1 Scott co., Mo.— archeological Sitess coc se-sose 5.52 oases 99 as a source of Indian pottery............ 93 SCRAPERS. See Objects (principal) found, ete. SHAW MOUNDS— GESEHIPUON sour san aac aa eee 20-26 skeletal remains.-.....-. Sac Rees ree 106 SIKESTON, Mo., mound excavating near..... 95 SIOUAN TRIBES, movements of.............. 5-7 SKELETAL MATERIAL from Missouri mounds— BEOL ners ea ee aie as oe ee eee ee ces 3, 39, 49 GCOTCMIOT GSS ee se tas aR oan eee a 3, 103 CLATII A eee Ct ERR oh ay ae eed 4,38, 103-104 incised lines on bones....+.........-....- ii HOM PRISOTIES Se HORM ete ete ten ay eee ey nee 104 measurements and observations.... 44,104-112 ON ChIGnen en wernt senescence siecle 33 *naint found ‘on, bones: 22.2. 5 See eee 68, 73 Spinalicurvawress oco- bon. eee ee ee i LELIMINOIOLY.2. oes eee as OE ee 2 SKELETON BURIAL defined.................- 2 SKULLS. Sce Skeletal material. SMITH MOUNDS, description of............... 11-12 HOW USC OL Ler Mar asa a. 2e eee eens oe 1 SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI, reconnoissance— copper plates from Malden............... 98 garden or domiciliary mounds...._._...- 96-98 PEVETaACCOUMUEE acco ee ee eae ee 93-95 RMunterimounds = seep. sos eee Se ka ae 95-96 SPINAL CURVATURE, CAS@ Ofe. 25.0.5) .20-- 26. 27 STEVENSON, C. W., on mounds near Warrens- PURGE Peene Sees te. cee oes set ees Soe 74-75 STODDARD co., Mo.— ATCHEOIOSICAL SILOS ayo. 2.08. eee ee 99 as a source of Indian pottery............. 92 116 INDEX Page Page SMTOREHOUSES; pits as-.25..2..- sence eaters 90 | VAULT-GRAVES—Continued. SUBSOU,, use Of term. . Ss -<25.". 2. =,5 eee 1 construction— Summit of mound defined..................- 1 breaking of joints and interlocking.. 3,69 ‘‘SuNK LANDS”’ as a source of Indian pottery. 94 method of building walls. 3, 10,35, 57-61, 64 SURFACE of mound defined................ : 1 useohtimibers =<... -2.0 snes eee 36, 51 SYPHILIS, indications of in skeletal remains.. 104, distribwtionic.2--- 32 oes. 0 te eee 73-75 109,110,111 intrusivessiTials. 25 ee ae ee 60 TEETH found in aboriginal graves— lancest {752-5 oe aah ee se ee 45 COMUIGIONE< seteee sete see. coe 28 DPUNPOSE 52. 2. o. eeee ee eee 4 index of age....-.............----------- 47 See also Underground houses. set in normal contact without skeleton... 59 | yy,agE sire at “The Pinnacles,” descrip- specimen having gold plug............... - 86 YOMMOPS. St Le ee oe eee 86-92 SUpPCENUMOCLAT Vets s- 42s e- eee 31, 105, 106 typical condition. ...................-..- 104° | Warren co., Mo., mounds in..............- 102 TeERMS defined..................-...--.----- 1-2 |, WarRENSBURG, mounds near...........---- 74,75 Top of mound defined..............-.......- 1 WATERWORTH, JAMES A., acknowledgment AOie sai pnsbivts Udy sda ue oot es eee IV UFFMAN MOUND, description of.............. 9-10 | West, JupGr E. P.— UNDERGROUND HOUSES— on mounds opposite Kansas City........ 65, 66 explanation.ofterm =... 2-2: sn-5-4.6642 65 ont Old Hort?’ .. 2 <. 32 ee 84, 86 identical with burial vaults.............. 72 on pottery of ‘Old Fort” and village See also Vault-graves. site... 2 ee, (2 ee 91 U1z, W. H., owner of portion of ‘‘The Pin- on village site at ‘‘The Pinnacles’’....... 87 TRACES 2 cis sean spe ples ae a eae oe 87 | Wuetp.ey, Dr. H. M., acknowledgment to. Iv WINNEBAGO, tradition relating to..........-. 5 VAULT-GRAVES— WREN, CHRISTOPHER, on Indian pottery enGhes 8 oa) ose eee ee oe eee 45 MAKIN es ..3 sees chine See Cee 96 DiUtlders se oo ae eee eee eee 5-6,92 | WuLFING, J. M.. acknowledgment to.....-..-. IV,98 O Bisa 2 at PDN) 1 ie } a i nae 4 sti