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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 56

ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE
TEWA INDIANS

BY

JUNIUS HENDERSON

AND

JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON

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WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

THE ScHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHZOLOGY,
Santa Fe, N. Mex., November 1, 1912.
Dear Sir: I herewith transmit the manuscript of a paper entitled
““Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians,” by Junius Henderson and John
P. Harrington. Iam authorized by the managing committee of The
School of American Archeology to offer this work for publication by
the Bureau of American Ethnology as a part of the results of the coop-
erative work of our respective institutions during 1910 and 1911.
- I am, very truly, yours,
Epear L. HEwETT,

Director, The School of American Archeology.
Mr. F. W. Hopes,

Ethnologist in Charge,
Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C.

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LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
BureEAU oF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., November 22, 1912.

Str: I have the honor to submit, with the recommendation that it
be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology the
manuscript of a memoir bearing the title “‘Ethnozoology of the Tewa
Indians,” by Junius Henderson and John P. Harrington.

This memoir embodies a part of the results of the joint researches
conducted in New Mexico by the Bureau of American Ethnology and
The School of American Archeology during 1910 and 1911.

Very respectfully,
F. W. Hopes,
Ethnologist in Charge.
Hon. CHartes D. Watcort,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

CONTENTS

Page

mente eR ere Steels Sept = Vi 2s Se. fois Joerg e ye cies nd eatas Moehwe dee IX
SEEGTRDLL Cgalsite ve MONT MELE Ee Sa np oes enna One pean eee il
(Cieysstiisceniiatorn Orr Gnnibri TEAS os ee Sk a ee eee Ope a eae ee ee 9
Uae CMS OMAIINAI See see mete oma eee te le eA eo! 12
Merrimac serene ete en ee, SA oe ene eA EARS MA he te) VO AS 12
IBievols: Sas aha tS A etc yb Zi wae eee 10: ee eR ee ee eee ee eee 33
Re IN SSS ee Re eee eee ret ere ee ae hee on ee See oon eae 46
TLTASH OVS oa hey Set OE Cara ae EA) a Te) ee a a ce 47

REEL CN epneee may Sennen Sete re aw: SW tyke ee che ole ef nei tO 50

WIE 35 31S Ve Re ie oe ren Rai N52 arctan gle Andina phone th tro. NMP By
Papuan batrachtina)=. 22. 209. Perel Le 52
Perera trum Stodds. Ce ee des Lats. be Eee 53

TOMBE SE 2 3 UNE yee ey Se nee ae ek PR 54
JINSGRUS Se Se aaa 2 PS 2 EB ee Del Paley RE em NAL gs RES 4 teen Oe ALIS et 56
Crinticesns, niyniapods, and arachnids. 2... ij... . <2 2. n2s be cee eee 60
MGI SS eee ie ttre eet: ee oer et. ne Mba | Qin Neer g eg oa! fe, 61
beslowerinvertebrates? 22 0.5 oe Pe IN ee OTOL. ee 7
COT cee Een! Et my Se ether eS aeet Rats ay Toews te fe pee) 68
OES 2 erg ice Rk Re aR ge ey 5) © yd gn oe tN 69
WG. sage cage BO ee Cee ee ee poe te Ss Oe ea 73

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PHONETIC KEY

It is necessary to preface this memoir with a key to the Tewa
sounds and the symbols adopted to represent them.

1. Orinasal vowels, pronounced with mouth and nose passages
open: @ (Eng. father, but orinasal), 2 (Eng. man, but orinasal),
é (moderately close e, orinasal), 7 (Portuguese sim), @ (French pas,
but orinasal), 0 (moderately close 0, orinasal), y (Portuguese atwm).

2. Oral vowels, pronounced with mouth passage open and nose
passage closed by the velum: a (Eng. father), e (moderately close e),
7 (Eng. routine), o (moderately close 0), u (Eng. rule).

An inverted period after a vowel symbol indicates that the vowel
is long. A superior vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is very
short and grating (knarrstimmig). The vowels are breathy, and
unless followed by the glottal stop, a glottalized stop, or a voiced
sound, an aspiration is distinctly heard toward the end.

3. Semi-vowels: 7 (Ger. ja, but very fricative), w (Eng. way).

4. Laryngeal consonants: h (laryngeal h), ’ (glottal stop, lénis).

5. Dorsal consonants: k (voiceless lénis), kw (voiceless lénis
labialized, Latin quis), hk (glottalized), k° (aspirated), g (Eng. finger,
voiced inflative g preplosively nasal), g (Castilian abogado), gw
(Castilian juez), y (Eng. singer), yw (Eng. Langworthy).

In absolute auslaut y is somewhat palatal, also before ’ and h.
Before frontal consonants y is assimilated to n, before labial con-
sonants to m.

6. Frontal consonants: % (Castilian mafana), ¢ (voiceless Jénis) ,
? (glottalized), ¢° (aspirated), d (Eng. landing, inflative d preplosively
nasal), « (Japanese roku), ts (Ger. zehn, but very lenis), és (Ger. 2,
glottalized), s (Eng. saw), tf (Eng. chew, but lenis), #/ (Eng. chew,
glottalized), f (Eng. ship) (¢ is the capital of f), n (Eng. now).

7. Labial consonants: p (voiceless lénis), p (glottalized), >,
(aspirated), 6 (Eng. lambent, voiced inflative 6 preplosively nasal),
6 (Castilian caballo), m (Eng. man).

The sound of / is heard in some words of foreign origin, and in San
Ildefonso polamimi, ‘butterfly’.

The consonants may also be classified as follows:

Voiced constringents: 7, w.

Voiceless fricatives: h, s, f.

Voiceless fricatives labialized: gw.

)

X BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 56

Voiceless lénis sonoplosive clusives, labialized: kw.

Voiceless glottalized clusives: &, #, p.

Voiceless lénis affricative clusives: ts, tf.

Voiceless glottalized affricative clusives: fs, ff.

Voiceless aspirate clusives: k’, t', p’.

Voiced inflative clusives, preplosively nasal: g, d, 0.

Voiced lévis clusives: g, 4, 6.

Voiced nasals: 9, 7, n, m.

The following phonems are consonant diphthongs: qu, kw, ts, és, tf,
i/,9,d, and b. In the glottalized clusives (A, #, és, t/, p) the glottal
plosion follows the oral plosion, even following the glided or suktned
s and f of the consonantal diphthongs. That is, the k, ¢, ts, tf, or p
is completely immersed in a glottal clusive. It has been deter-
mined that, at least in many instances, g and g, d and u, 6 and 6 are
respectively but two aspects of the same phonem, as is the case with’
Castilian g and lévis g, d and lévis d, 6 and lévis b. The consonants
occur in one length only. They may be more or less ormasal when
contiguous to orinasal vowels. The sonancy of the voiceless lénis
clusives begins nearly simultaneously with the explosion.

A grave accent is placed over the vowel of a syllable weakly
stressed. Strongly stressed syllables are unmarked. ‘The intonation
of the syllables is not indicated in this memoir.

PHONETIC SPELLING OF NON-TEWA Worps

The symbols used in Tewa have the same value as in Tewa.

Sounds not occurring or not written in Tewa are indicated as
follows: Vowels: @ (French patte), é@ (French pas), w (unrounded 1).
The acute accent over a vowel indicates that it is loudly stressed. A
circle under a vowel indicates that it is surd.

Consonants: ‘ (aspiration), ” (a peculiar weak aspiration occurring
in Jemez), x (marginal or “velar” k, lénis), g (Ger. ach), g, d, 6 (as
in Eng.); r (bilabial f) after a consonant symbol indicates palatal-
ized or palatal quality.

ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS

By Junius HEenpERsoN and JoHN PrABopy HarRInGToN!

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

HE fauna of a region, like its flora and geology, bears an inti-
mate relation to the culture of its human inhabitants2 <A
nomadic people is generally of necessity dependent on ani-

mal life for sustenance, while a sedentary people, if numerous,
remaining for a long period in permanent habitations, must be
dependent more largely on direct products of the soil, except perhaps
when living on the seashore, where almost inexhaustible fisheries
furnish abundant food, or near the range of such animals as the
caribou or the now nearly extinct American bison. A large number
of people remaining constantly in one place and depending the year
round on the game of the region would soon destroy their food supply.
A nomadic tribe, wandering hither and thither, is constantly pene-
trating new game preserves and allowing the game in the old pre-
serves to increase in abundance.

The ancient peoples, the remains of whose dwellings are found so
abundantly in the country of the Tewa Indians, northwest of Santa
Fe, New Mexico, were surely too numerous to have derived any
considerable part of their sustenance for even a few months from
the native mammals, birds, and other animals of the region, even if
game were much more abundant than now, a condition which may
well be doubted. If the simultaneous occupancy of only a small pro-
portion of the ruins be supposed, there still would not have been
enough game to support the population. However, it is probable
that wild game formed an important supplement to the products of
their cornfields and the native plants.

Bandelier * says of the region about the Rito de los Frijoles:

Game of all kinds, deer, elk, mountain sheep, bears, and turkeys, roamed about the
region in numbers, and the brook afforded fish.

In a footnote he adds:

All the kinds of game mentioned were abundant around the Rito de los Frijoles in
former times, but the communal hunts of the Pueblos, and later on the merciless
slaughter of the Apaches, have greatly reduced it.

1 The ethnological portion of this memoir is the work of Mr. Harrington, the zoological, that of Pro-
fessor Henderson.

2Springer, Frank, The Field Session of the School of American Archeology, Science, n. s., XXXII, 623,
1910.

3Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States,
Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part u, Papers Archzol. Inst. Amer., Amer. ser., IV, 141,
1892.

]

b BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Speaking of the region south of Santa Fe, Morrison ! says:

Black, cinnamon, and occasionally grizzly bear, black and white-tailed deer, and
turkeys, furnish abundant game to the Indian. The elk, once very plentiful in these
mountains, is now very rarely seen.

Other statements of like nature may be found. It is certain that
since the advent of the white man with his death-dealing rifle large
game animals have greatly decreased in numbers nearly everywhere.
Any reduction in the abundance of game in the area under discussion
is probably due to promiscuous hunting at all seasons by both whites
and Indians supplied with rifles, rather than to the communal hunts
of the Pueblo Indians or to the raids of roving Apache. Careful
consideration of all the facts bearing on the question leads to the
conclusion that game never was very abundant about the Rito de los
Frijoles. However this may be, it seems certain that it could not
have remained abundant when the vicinity was occupied by the
ancient inhabitants and still have furnished them with a large part
of their food supply.

In his excellent paper on Pueblo environment, Hough ” says:

It is difficult to realize the immense modification of animal and vegetable life which
the white man has wrought in this region during the 30 yearsof his active occupancy.
At the beginning of this period the region was well grassed and supplied with other
vegetation adequate to the needs of vast herds of antelope, elk, and deer; rodent ani-
mals and birds were plentiful, and carnivores had abundance of prey. As a result of
vegetation a humus had formed on all protected situations, rainfall was absorbed and
equalized in distribution, and the terrific denudation which gashes the land at pres-
ent was not begun.

The country was adapted to grazing and especially favorable on account of tempera-
ture and latitude, and at once great herds of cattle, horses and sheep were introduced
from Texas where the range had failed. The result was that the range became over-
stocked, the grass disappeared under the tongues and hoofs of myriads of domestic
animals, shrubs and trees were browsed and destroyed or swept away by fires, from
certain regions species of plants vanished, and the land lay bare to the augmented
winds and torrential rains. Trails became profound arroyos and the humus van-
ished in the streams and the surface of the country was stone, sand and gravel. Not
the least of this baneful influence was the drying up of springs and other sources of
water, and more than one observer collected data going to prove the progressive desicca-
tion of the pueblo region. These facts must be borne in mind in discussion of the
environment of the Southwest. Asan example, it may be stated that in the explora-
tion of one ancient pueblo at Winslow, Arizona, the bones of 37 species of animals
were taken from the house refuse; it is not probable at present that a naturalist could
collect 5 of these species from the environment. Wherever the explorer’s spade has
been put in the ancient ruins, facts of this character come to his notice, even if he
has not heard the story from the early settlers or Indian traditionists.

While the baneful influence of overstocking the range and other
follies of white settlers in parts of the West and the Southwest

1Executive and Descriptive Report of Lieutenant Charles C. Morrison, Sixth Cavalry, on the Opera-
tions of Party No. 2, Colorado Section, Field Season of 1877, in Ann. Rep. U.S. Geog. Expl. and Surv.
W. 100th Merid., for 1878, p. 137, 1878.

2 Hough, Walter, Pueblo Environment, Proc. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., 55th meeting, 1906, pp. 450-51.

HENDERSON yr
HARRINGTON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 3

can not be ignored, the effects are but local. Vast areas in the South-
west have never been subjected to the ravages of large domestic herds,
because from the time the region was first explored the lack of water
has prohibited the use of many such areas for extensive grazing pur-
poses. A study of the literature of early exploration does not indi-
cate general distribution of vast herds of antelope, elk, and deer,
and especially is this true of elk. Certainly within the period desig-
nated (30 years immediately preceding 1906) there has been no gen-
eral distribution of large game in great herds, although antelope and
deer have been abundant locally and are still common in places. — It
may be said of the species of animals whose bones have been taken
from various pueblos that many of them may have been so rare that
a naturalist might search the region for a year without seeing one.
The bones represent the accumulated results of many hunting expe-
ditions, more or less extensive, besides the daily hunting of many
men for generations. An elk rib was taken from an ancient pueblo
northwest of Santa Fe, yet old men from two neighboring pueblos
say they have never seen an elk. Likewise the bison was known to
many of the old Indians in the upper Rio Grande valley, although
they had never seen one alive.

It is exceedingly probable that the important species inhabiting
the Tewa region during the ancient occupancy were the same as at
present, except the elk and mountain sheep, which have disappeared.
The bison, no longer known in New Mexico in a wild state, was not
found, perhaps, in this part of the Rio Grande valley and could be
obtained only by barter or by long excursions through a country
inhabited by hostile tribes. Though the present report lists a large
number of animals for the region, a critical analysis shows that very
few of them could have been important as a source of food.

In this connection the invertebrates may be almost wholly dis-
regarded, though possibly in seasons of unusual abundance grass-
hoppers may have been a much-relished addition to the bill of fare;
they were certainly much used farther west. It must be remembered,
however, that invasions of these pests in sufficient numbers to make
them important as a source of food for a large population would mean
the destruction of the corn crops and of the grass and other vegeta-
tion on which the game animals feed, thus reducing the supply of
the ordinary food of the human inhabitants. There were undoubtedly
fish in all the important streams, but they could not have been
numerous enough to have played a large part in sustaining the
number of people who lived in the region, even if the latter were no
more numerous than at the time of the Spanish conquest. Reptiles
and amphibians may be wholly disregarded, as they do not occur
in sufficient numbers to be important, though of course with a more
abundant water supply there would have been more frogs. Most of

4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

the species of birds and mammals which occur abundantly are
altogether too small and too difficult to obtain with crude weapons
to be useful as food. Among the birds in this class may be men-
tioned nuthatches, hummingbirds, goldfinches, and sparrows. Robins
and longcrested jays are also common, but a single meal for a fair-
sized clan would require all that are to be found in any one canyon.
Pifion and Woodhouse’s jays and mourning doves are abundant,
probably as numerous now as they ever were, but not easy to secure
even with modern weapons, and may be almost ignored as food
birds for primitive people. Hawks, owls, and eagles are all too
rare and too hard to obtain to be considered. Durmg the autumn
grouse and turkeys were probably obtainable in considerable numbers,
and, with the ducks and other water birds along the river, constituted
the only really important food birds of the region.

In case of the mammals, not infrequently a deer, elk, bear, or
mountain sheep must have been obtained. With hundreds of people
living on the mesas and in neighboring canyons, all constantly seeking
to catch or kill these animals for food, we can not suppose their
existence in much greater numbers than at present, when, though
hunted with more effective weapons, they surely are not here hunted
as persistently or by very many people. The same is true of the
rabbits and squirrels. While they must have had constantly a
small supply of such game, when the number of mouths awaiting it
is considered, the meat diet of these ancient people was surely very
limited. The other mammals were either too small or too rare
to add materially to the food supply.

This region is almost undisturbed by civilization and therefore
affords an excellent field for the naturalist as well as for the study
of ethnozoology. There seems no good reason for supposing any
great change in the fauna of the locality since the period of its occu-
pancy by the people who constructed the pueblos and other dwellings
long ago abandoned. Changes in faunas usually progress slowly,
notwithstanding such conspicuous examples of rapid extermination
or of introduction of species as are afforded by the bison, the passenger
pigeon, and the English sparrow in America. Such examples, due
to the superior facilities for destruction or introduction developed
by the white race, are abnormal. It is quite possible that a few
species besides elk and mountain sheep have disappeared from the
vicinity within the period of human occupancy and that some others
have extended their range into this area, though there is no evidence
of such changes. The topography is certainly virtually the same
as it has been for a very long period. If there has been since the
beginning of human occupancy a general desiccation of the country
sufficient to reduce the possibilities in the line of agriculture, it
would not necessarily have produced much, if any, change in the

SPRY NGTON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 5
native uncultivated flora, and without considerable change in topog-
raphy and flora there would be little change in the fauna.’

In event of such desiccation some local migrations of species sug-
gest themselves as possible. During August the writers found no
blackbirds or meadowlarks on the mesas or in the canyons examined
and conditions are not favorable to their regular presence there, but
with somewhat greater precipitation moist meadows may have pro-
vided a suitable habitat for the redwings and cultivated upland areas
near water may have attracted the meadowlarks. Both are now
found in favorable localities in the Rio Grande valley. In a paper
hereinafter cited Mrs. Bailey says that in San Miguel county the
meadowlark occurs only in depressions in the plains where there is
water. The limited distribution of water restricts the habitat of
ducks and shore birds, which once may have been more generally
distributed.

To understand fully the culture of a region it is necessary to know
something of the native animals, especially those which have been
useful to the people or which would have been noticed by them. The
flesh of animals furnishes food, the skins provide raiment, thongs,
and other useful products, and bones furnish awls and other imple-
ments; but perhaps even more important, from the cultural point of
view, is the fact that animals enter largely into the mythology and
religion of primitive peoples. The finding, in the ruins, of bones
other than human may fairly be assumed to indicate that the
animals to which they belonged were used by the former inhabitants
for utilitarian, ornamental, or ceremonial purposes. In most cases
the character of the animals, the condition of the bones, or the cir-
cumstances under which found suggests a marked probability as to
the particular use. The culture, religion, and language of living
peoples who are believed to be either directly descended from or closely
related to the ancient inhabitants surely must throw much light on
the subject. A large quantity of bones has been taken from the
ruins of the Pajarito plateau, but the work of identification has not
yet been completed.

It is not likely that in the use of animals for food the ancient
inhabitants of this region differed much from those of northeastern

Arizona. Discussing the bones found in the latter region, Hough ?
says:

The remains show that most of the animals of the region were consumed as food;
but, as might be anticipated, bones of the carnivora are much rarer than those of the
herbivora, the latter represented by deer and rabbit species, and the former by the
fox, coyote, wolf, dog, raccoon, badger, wildcat, and puma, but no bones of the bear

———

1 See Bulletins 54 and 55 of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
2 Hough, Walter, Archeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona (The Museum-Gates Expedition
of 1901), Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus, for 1901, pp. 356-57, 1903.

6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

were observed. Remains of the beaver and small rodents, and bones of birds, espe-
cially the turkey, eagle, hawk, and owl, were noted.

Remains of the dog and turkey were found in nearly every ruin, showing the
extent of the domestication of these animals in this region. So far as can be deter-
mined, the dog and turkey were the only animals domesticated by the pueblo tribes.
It was hoped that light might have been thrown upon the question of domestication
of other animals, namely, the deer [citing Nadaillac] and an auchenia (llama), as
affirmed by Cushing from figurines found on the Rio Salado, in Southern Arizona.
The writer has copied numerous pictographs in the valley of the Little Colorado
River showing unmistakably the herding of turkeys and of deer by men. :
Still, the evidence presented so far as to the domestication of other animals than the
dog and turkey is unsatisfactory.

Zoological field work was conducted for slightly less than four weeks
in the neighborhood of El Rito de los Frijoles in August, 1910, so
that this account can not be considered in any sense a final discus-
sion of the fauna of the vicinity. Collection and observation were
conducted chiefly in the lower part of the Rito de los Frijoles canyon
and on adjacent mesas, but included a two-day trip to the Painted
Cave and a three-day trip to the top of the Jemez Mountains and
edge of Valle Grande, just beyond the headwaters of the Rito, so
that a general impression of the fauna from the top of the mountains
to the rim of the Rio Grande canyon was obtained. Judge A. J.
Abbott, who now lives at El Rito de los Frijoles, Mr. Nathan Dowell,
who has hunted and trapped in the region, and several of the Indians
employed in the archeological excavations have furnished much infor-
mation, which a short summer trip could not disclose. In case of
the birds especially only observations carried through the four sea-
sons could make it possible to secure a list even approximately com-
plete, on account of the number of migratory species which must visit
the vicinity. Obviously the birds seen were all either permanent or
summer residents, winter residents and spring and autumn migrants
being then absent. To the list have been added such species as have
been recorded for the Rio Grande valley between the Colorado line
and a point southwestward from Santa Fe, so far as they could be
noted in the limited examination of the literature which has been
possible. Time has not permitted as full an examination of the
zoologic literature of the region as is desirable, and much informa-
tion is hidden in works whose titles do not suggest at all the inclusion
of anything zoologic.

The region is within the southern extremity of the great Rocky
Mountain system. Northward, mountains extend in unbroken chains
through Colorado. Southward, instead of continuous chains there
are isolated mountain masses separated by dry mesas and plains.
Consequently the affinities of the fauna as a whole are with the moun-
tain fauna of Colorado. The great majority of species are found
northward to or through Colorado. A few, as Ashmunella, are of
distinctly southern type.

HENDERSON ¥
Spat konon ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 7

It was hoped to do a large amount of ethnozoologic work while in,
the field. Unforeseen circumstances prevented this except for a few
hours of the last two days of the field season. Mr. Harrington, how-
ever, was able to do some independent work along that line in con-
nection with his regular studies of the language of the Tewa. The
Indian names given are in the San Juan dialect of the Tewa language,
except where otherwise stated. The greater part of the discussion
of methods in ethnobotany in Bulletin 55 applies with equal force
to ethnozoology and needs not be repeated here.

Most of the animal names were obtained by exhibiting specimens
to several Indians, including some of the older men of the tribe.
Where specimens in hand were not available, care was taken to make
sure of the identity of the animals named; this was easy, of course, in
ease of such readily described animals as the porcupine. In a few
cases it was considered safe to use good colored plates figuring easily
identified species; but wherever possible specimens in hand were
exhibited and also the same species alive in their natural habitat.
Where there is a question as to identity the name is either omitted
or the doubt is expressed. It is always best to show informants also
specimens of all species in the region which closely resemble one
another and discover whether they really definitely distinguish them,
and, if so, how. Care should always be taken not to suggest to them
-the answer to inquiries.

It is frequently said by unthinking or uninformed persons, who
know something of the Indians’ intimate knowledge of some phases
of nature, that the American Indians know and have names for every
species of plant and animal living in their vicinity. Inasmuch as
some microscopic forms exist everywhere and as many macroscopic
forms of invertebrates, as some insects, crustaceans, and mollusks,
can be distinguished only by microscopic characters, the incorrect-
ness of that idea is evident. The Indians are usually correct in dis-
tinguishing the larger and better-marked species of birds and mam-
mals, but they certainly do not recognize some of the minute differ-
ences which are of more importance than some of those more easily
observed. They distinguish species more closely than the average
white man who has not had zoologic training. Though several species
of jackrabbits and several cottontails inhabit the region over which
these Indians have roamed, they seem to recognize but one species of
each. However, the majority of white men could not do more. ‘The
Pueblo Indians who claim the Jemez Plateau as the home of their
ancestors are agriculturists, not hunters, though they do some hunt-
ing, of course, just as white farmers do. It would be interesting and
important to make a thorough comparative study of the knowledge
of natural history possessed by agricultural tribes and hunting tribes.

69231°—Bull. 56—l4——2

8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

To insure accuracy, such a study, as is true, indeed, of all ethno-
zoological and ethnobotanical work, should be cooperative, trained
zoologists, botanists, and ethnologists working together in the field.

Indians differ as much individually as do other races in their
capacity, experience, and opportunity for observation and in their
interest in the mysteries of Nature. One person may have had
abundant opportunity for the observation of the various species of
deer, but paying slight attention to the little chipmunks and hence not
distinguishing the different kinds of the latter, while with another
person the reverse may be the case. Hence the information obtained
from a single informant may not at all represent the knowledge or
ideas of his people. This makes it advisable whenever possible to
check the information obtained by enlisting the services of several
informants.

It is too early for sweeping generalizations, but a few general
remarks seem safe.- Indian nomenclature as a whole recognizes
differences, not relationships. There is little, if any, evidence of
the classification by the Indian of species in consanguineous groups,
as orders, families, and genera, except in very obvious cases. Whether
he does so arrange them in his mind, even though he does not express
the idea in his nomenclature, is very doubtful and should be more
fully investigated. In such investigations there is always danger
of recording opinions which have been more or less influenced by con-
tact with whites, a contingency which should be guarded against.
In most cases a species is perhaps considered a distinct entity, not
connected with any other species. However, their recognition of
several kinds of bear, deer, etc., may indicate some sort of an idea
-of genetic relationship which further study may elucidate. A
thorough knowledge of the language is necessary to a real under-
standing of this subject. The writers found them using the English
word “rat” for several species of squirrels and chipmunks, yet in
their own language they have usually distinct names for each. Such
cases as the bear, to which the Mohave in their own language apply
a name meaning ‘‘great badger’, should be followed up to ascertain
whether it indicates asupposed relationship. It may well be doubted
whether the use by the Hopi of the same name for such distinct species
as the Harris ground-squirrel and Say’s ground-squirrel, and with
slightly different pronunciation for two small chipmunks, indicates
a failure to distinguish them. Our San Ildefonso informants,
while applying the same name to such different species as Say’s
ground-squirrel and the little chipmunk, showed clearly by their
comments that they did not consider them the same species. The
solution of the problem requires a determination of the Indian’s
conception of species, if he has any, which is not a simple task.
Europeans and their American descendants have been familiar for

HENDERSON , ae
Hs ae al ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 9

generations with modern scientific ideas of species, their interrela-
tions, and the development of various groups of species from com-
mon sources. In discussing such matters, one’s words, whether
one speaks in his own language or attempts to apply a primitive
language, represent definite mental concepts, but may convey to
primitive people, who have not such concepts, ideas quite foreign
to those intended. So also we are in constant danger of uncon-
sciously injecting our own concepts into the words used by our
informants in expressing their ideas. It is exceedingly difficult to
question them about abstract ideas without framing the queries so as
to suggest one’s own views and thus color the replies.

Care must be taken to avoid mistaking descriptive or comparative
terms for names. When an Indian informant is shown a foreign
species with which he is not familiar, he may, as is the case with a
representative of any other race, designate it by what appears to be
a name but which on analysis proves to be a descriptive or com-
parative word or phrase and not a native name for the species, as
when a small white marine shell is exhibited and a word is applied
which means that it looks like bone.

That the Indians have been close observers of animals is shown
by the fact that they have developed names for almost all the parts of
birds and mammals, as claws, whiskers, foot-pads, ete.

If work in ethnozoology is to be maintained on a scientific
basis and an accurate estimate made of the Indian’s knowledge of
Nature, definite determinations of the species of plants and animals
discussed must be made. Much of the work hitherto done in obtain-
ing the names of plants and animals has been worthless, because no
attempt was made to discover and record with certainty the kind
of plants and animals to which the names are applied. Much
more important than mere nomenclature is the idea of which nomen-
clature is but an attempted expression. The best way certainly is
to get the information in the field, so far as possible by showing the
Indian informants the animal in its natural environment. Specimens
thus identified and discussed should then be scientifically identified
and preserved for future reference.

CLASSIFICATION: OF ANIMALS

There is no word meaning ‘animal’. ’Animay or animal (<Span.
animal) is sometimes heard. °

No word meaning ‘mammal’ is in use. Bats are considered birds.

Towd, ‘human being’, distinguishes man from other animals, and
sometimes Tewa or again all Indians from other kinds of men.

He: pay now applies to large domestic animals, as horses, cattle,
swine. What it referred to in pre-European times is uncertain.

10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Pokanu signifies game or game animals, including not only game
beasts, as deer, buffalo, PABBItS: bears, Mowituin sheep, etc., but also
game birds and other animals wh des flesh j is relished as an ner
food. Ina Taos myth‘ the game animals (Tewa pokanw) are said to
inhabit a great estufa situated somewhere in the west from which
they are at times driven forth for the benefit of the Indians. * No such
information has been obtained from the Tewa.

Tsize is the almost exact equivalent of English ‘bird’, referring to all
species of birds and bats. In one compound, portsive, ‘water bird’
(po:, water; tsize, bird) it refers to an insect. Gatschet gives Tewa
“tohi-e’’, ‘Dird’? Compare Taos tsijwund; Piro (Bartlett’s voeabu-
lary) ‘‘tsi-ki-é”’; Jemez sejiw; Southern Ute, wit/itsi; Hopi (Gat-
schet), ‘“tohi-i’’ 3

There is no general name for reptiles or lizards.

Peiiu, ‘snake’, parallels in usage English ‘snake’. Cf. Taos
pextsuend; Piro (Bartlett’ s vocabulary) “ pe-tsun-to-yar-é”’; Jemez
hajdé; Keres (Gatschet), “shu-ui’’*; Hopi (Gatschet) ‘‘tohu-ash”’®

’O-ku’ appears to apply to any kind of turtle or tortoise.

Po-qwe: applies to salamanders.

P‘e-ykwdy applies to frogs and toads.

Pa’ means ‘fish.’ Cf. Taos péiina; Isleta pure; Piro (Bartlett’s
vocabulary) ‘‘pu-é”’; Jemez po; Hopi pakio’é.

There is no word meaning ‘insect.’

Pubz, ‘worm,’ may be loosely applied to all worm-like animals,
perhaps even to insects and spiders; but this latter application is not
usually made.

’A’we: refers to any kind of spider.

There is no word referring to crustaceans in general.

There is no general name for mollusks or even molluscan shells.
’Obe comes the nearest to being such a name. See under Mollusks
below.

Ru: pi, literally ‘red stone’ (ku’, stone; pi*, red), refers to red
coral. Perhaps any coral might be indicated by adding wa-gi, ‘like’,
to this name.

All names of animals have the same form in singular and pie
number unless an adjective with gender-number postfix be a part of
the name or the name be compounded with certain words denoting
age and sex.

The age-sex nouns are postjoined to the animal names. With the
exception of some animal names derived from the Spanish, the Tewa

1 American Anthropologist, n. s., XM, pp. 40-41, 1910.

2 A. S. Gatschet, Zw6lf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimar, 1876, p. 39.
3 [bid.

4 Tbid.

5 Tbid.

eT RHON | ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 11

animal name does not show sex or age of the animal to which it refers
unless one of these age-sex nouns is postjoined.

As applied to fowd, ‘human beings,’ the following age-sex nouns
are used, and used alone, the word towa being regularly omitted and
understood.

’E-, ‘child,’ ‘son,’ ‘daughter’; 2+ plural 'e ne’.

Aju ke, ‘young girl’; 2+ plural ’a’*iu'y’ ene’.

’F’’nw ke, ‘young boy’; 2+ plural ’e’¢nu'y’ ene’.

’A’ajyu’, ‘girl at adolescence’; 2+ plural ’a’¢niwu'y.

’E’enu’, ‘boy at adolescence’; 2+ plural ’e’¢nw:y.

Kwi', ‘woman in prime’; 2+ plural kwi-ite’#y.

Sey, ‘man in prime’; 2+ plural se-ynx’*y.

Kwi'jo’, ‘old woman’; 2+ plural kwi-jo°. The singular has falling
intonation in the second syllable, the 2+ plural has circumflex intona-
tion in the second syllable.

Sendo’, ‘old man’; 2+ plural seyda’.

When these age-sex nouns are applied to lower animals the plural
of ’e ise’, the singular having falling, the 2+ plural circumflex, intona-
tion, and ’e’¢nu*ke’ and ’a’*iu'ke’ and their plurals are not used.

In the case of animal-denoting names which have been borrowed
from the Spanish, sex and age are denoted both by the Tewa method
of postjoining sex-age nouns and by the Spanish method of employing
different endings or different words. One hears, for instance, both
kabajukwi, ‘horse female’ (kabajw, horse; kui, female), and jewa
(<Spanish yegua) meaning ‘mare’.

Barring words of Spanish origin, only one instance is known of a
special word being employed to signify the young of a species of
animal. This is mdgé, ‘young of the mule deer,’ which can also be
called px’’e’, ‘little mule deer’ (px, mule deer; ’e*, diminutive).

Perhaps the majority of Tewa animal names are unetymologizable.
There are not many instances where more than one name is applied
to an animal species. The additional name is regularly descriptive.
Thus owls may be called mahuy, or tsiso’jo’, ‘big eyes ’(tsi, eye;
so’jo", big). The Franciscan Fathers have recorded many additional
names of this kind from the Navaho. .

We find no unetymologizable additional names of animals like our
Kuropean Kosenamen or Sagenamen, unless it be poseqwase ydo’, an
additional name of de’, coyote. Thus we eall the bear ‘bear’ or ‘Bruin’,
the German calls the bear ‘bér’ or ‘Petz’, the Russian calls the bear
‘miedviédi’ or Mi fka, and Bruin, Petz, Mi fka have no etymology
known to the people. But the Tewa call the bear ke: and only ke’,
or if there is an additional name it is descriptive and its etymology
is understood by all. Poseqwase-ydo-, applied to the coyote, is the
only exception discovered thus far.

1Cf. the two Tewa names for ‘milkweed’ at different stages of its growth, in Bulletin 55, Bur. Amer. Ethn.

12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN BTHNOLOGY [RULL. 56

A number of names of introduced animals which have been bor-
rowed from the Spanish are supplanted by additional names for these
animals, of Tewa derivation, when speaking in the presence of Mexi-
cans, lest they understand. The same is also the practice in the
case of ‘watermelon’ and some other plant names.

ANNOTATED LIST OF ANIMALS

" MAMMALS
Towa.
Homo sapiens.

Towa means human being, person, folks, people, clan. Unlike the
Tewa names of other animals fowd is never coupled with sex-age
nouns, being regularly omitted when these are applied to human
beings. Thus tsekwi', ‘female dog in prime’ (tse, dog; kwi*, female
in prime), but merely kwi", “human woman in prime.’ Human beings
are not considered by the Tewa to be essentially different from other
animals.

The races of man are called fowd.

The word fowd often refers especially to Indian people as distin-
cuished from other people. Americans are called Mesikand towa,
‘American people’ (Meukant, American, <Span. Americano; towda,
person, people). Mexicans are called Kweku ytowa (Kweku'y, of
uncertain op SS fowa, person, people). Negroes are called
Kweku ytowa p’eyniy, ‘black Mexicans’ (Kweeku: ntowa, Mexican,
p'ey, black). The Chinese are called 7: sinutowd, Chinaman people
(Tsinw, Chinaman <Span. Chino; fowa, person, eapiey,

Monu (<Span. mono).
Monkey.

The Tewa know that monkeys live in Mexico. They say that
monkeys look like men: fowawa'gi, ‘like a human being’ (towa,
human being; wa-gi, like). An organ-grinder with a monkey visited
San Ildefonso last year.

Supa.
Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens Miller. Pale Big-eared Bat.

Corynorhinus macrotis Le Conte was reported at Santa Fe by Allen*
in 1893. As macrotis is a Southeastern form, the Santa Fe specimen
is much more likely referable to the subspecies pallescens, described
in 1897 by Miller,? which ranges from Colorado and Utah southward
into Mexico.

Sipe.
Myotis lucifugus longicrus (True). Little Brown Bat.

1 Allen, Harrison, A Monograph of the Bats of North America, Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, no. 43, p. 57,
1893.

2 Miller, Gerrit S., Revision of the North American Bats of the Family Vespertilionide, North Amer-
ican Fauna, no. 13, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 52-53, 1897.

HENDERSON uF ae
S ARRTNGTON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 138

Reported at Santa Fe by Miller.'

We observed bats at El Rito de los Frijoles in the evenings of the
first ten days in August, 1910, but saw none later, and failed to obtain
any for identification.

Bats are classed with birds by the Tewa, although the Mexicans of
the Tewa country call them ratones Rolateres, ae rats or mice.’
Sip'i is said to be applied to any species of bat.

Ko’’n (akin to Taos kanend, buffalo).
Bison bison (Linn.). American Bison, Buffalo.

Although the bison, its habits, and methods of hunting it, are known
to the Tewa by hearsay, it appears that very few individuals have
ever seen a bison alive. Old Diego Roybal of San Ildefonso, although
he loves to tell about the bison, has never seen one. J. M. Naranjo
of Santa Clara has seen bison on the plains ‘‘about halfway between
here and Saint Louis.’’ In former times the Tewa trafficked in the
skins and other products, and occasionally hunted the animal on the
plains to the eastward, before its extermination there. Whole bison
skins or portions of them, with the hair on, are still to be found
among the Tewa and are used as ‘‘medicine’’ (wo) and for other
purposes. Bison horns are also used as headdresses in the bison
dance (ko'’n fare) held at San Ildefonso on January 24th of each year.

The Tewa do not know that the bison ever ranged in or west of
their country. Dr. Allen, in his monograph on the bison,’ says:

I have found no record of their existence in the highlands of New Mexico, or any-
where to the westward or southward of Santa Fe.

Bandelier,? commenting on a Spanish place-name of the region
south of Santa Fe, says:

One of these bears the name ‘‘Ojo del Cibolo.’’ This seems to imply that the buffalo
once ranged as far as the base of the San Francisco and San Pedro Mountains.

Hornaday, on his map showing the extermination of the bison,‘
gives 1840 as the date of its extermination in the Rio Grande Valley
of northern New Mexico and places the limit of its former range in
western New Mexico.

In another place in his monograph (p. 474) Dr. Allen qualifies his
statement hereinbefore quoted, under the subheading, ‘‘Probable
extent of its former range,” as follows:

Westward it extended over northern New Mexico and then westward and northward
throughout the great Salt Lake Basin.

1Miller, Gerrit S., op. cit., pp. 64-65.

2 Allen, J. A., History of the American Bison, Bison americanus, Ninth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. & Geog.
Surv. Terr. for 1875 (Hayden Survey), p. 517, 1877.

5Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States,
Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part 1, Papers of the Archzological Institute of America,
American Series ,1V , p. 254, 1892.

4Hornaday, William T., The Extermination of the American Bison, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Musewm
for 1887, 1889.

14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

In a note dated February 27, 1911, in reference to this latter state-
ment, he says:

J am able to qualify the last part of that statement on the basis of hitherto unpub-
lished information received from Dr. Edward Palmer, the well-known natural history
collector, who wrote me that in 1870 he found bison bones, some of them in a good
state of preservation, about 20 miles west of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., and hence not
far from the boundary line between Arizona and New Mexico. This will bring its
former range to the latitude of Santa Fe. My present belief is that it formerly ranged
over northwestern New Mexico.

Bison bones were found deep in the débris of a cave on the upper
Tularosa River, in western Socorro County, N. Mex., by Dr. Walter
Hough, but these may have been brought from a distance and
deposited in the cave for ceremonial purposes.!

Hodge gives as Bison clans at various pueblos: San Ildefonso,
K6o-tdéa; Pecos, Tdashtyé’+; Acoma, Moshatch-hanog*; Sia, Mu-
sha’ ch-hdno.

Kuwa (akin to Isleta koaré, Ovis canadensis), or pr-ykuwa (pi'y,
mountain; kuwa, Ovis canadensis). Piy, ‘mountain’, is pre-
joined to distinguish this animal from the domestic sheep and
goat, to which the name kuwa is also applied; see below.

Ovis canadensis Shaw. Mountain Sheep, Bighorn.

This species was reported near Santa Fe in 1873 by Coues and
Yarrow? Bandelier® says:

In 1880 I saw the last mountain sheep at the Rito. That beautiful animal has now
completely disappeared from the Valles range.

Heads have been found in the ruins of the plateau.

The animal is well known to the Tewa, though very few of them
have ever seen it alive. Diego Roybal and other old hunters are
fond of telling the widespread but absurd story of how this animal
when pursued throws itself over a cliff and alights uninjured on its
horns.

Kuwa (akin to Isleta koaré (see above), meaning originally Ovis
canadensis, mountain sheep).
Domestic Sheep.

The male sheep is usually called kuwase'y, ‘male sheep’ (kuwa,
sheep; sey, male), but ganew(<Span. carnero) is also heard. Lambs
are regularly called kuwd@’e’, ‘little sheep’ (kuwa, sheep; ’e’, diminu-
tive). When it is desired to distinguish a sheep from a goat one may

1 Lyon, M. W., jr., Mammal Remains from Two Prehistoric Village Sites in New Mexico and Arizona,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XXX1, pp. 647-49, 1906.

2 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C., Report upon the Collections of Mammals Made in Portions of Nevada,
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, U.S.
Geog. Explor.-& Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), V, pp. 68-69, 1875.

8 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations Among the Indians of the Southwestern United States,
Carried on Mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885, Part 1, Papers Arch:eol. Inst. Amer., Amer. Ser., Iv,
p. 141, 1892.

HENDDPRSON 7 — ° a
Se esON,] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 15

say kuwa p‘opa’’é’*, ‘cracked haired sheep’ (kwwda, sheep; p‘o, hair;
pa‘, cracked).

Very few of the Tewa own sheep, and the flocks consist of a few
animals only. The sheep are never milked.

Kuwa (akin to Isleta koaré (see above), meaning originally — vis
canadensis, mountain sheep).
Domestic Goat.

If it is desired to distinguish goat from sheep, one may say kuwa
po’ dnexe’’i’?, ‘smooth haired goat’ (kuwa, sheep, goat; p'o, hair; dix’,
smooth, not cracked or rough like a sheep’s hair). The male goat is
called kuwase’y, ‘male goat’ (kuwa, goat; se-y, male) or tsibate ( <Span.
chibato).

Few goats are kept by the Tewa. Goats are milked, usually by
the women.

T on.
Antilocapra americana (Ord.). Antelope, Pronghorn.

This species is still found alive in parts of New Mexico and was
known to the cliff-dwellers of the Rito de los Frijoles. An old San
Ildefonso Indian says that he formerly hunted antelope on the Pajarito
Plateau, mostly near the Rio Grande Canyon, but they are now all
gone.

Speaking of the dry valley between the Sierra de los Dolores and
the Sierra de San Francisco, south of the Tewa country, Bandelier '
says that “in most places it is grassy, and haunted by antelopes.”’

Hodge gives as Antelope clans of various Pueblos: San Ildefonso,
To"-tdéa; Isleta, T’am-tainin; Laguna, Kiir'tsi-héno*; “Acoma,
Kiir’ts-hdnog”; Sia, Ki’ts-hdno; San Felipe, Kuuts-hano; Cochiti,
Kii’ts-hdnuch. An antelope which destroyed human beings figures
in Sia mythology.

Ta’ (akin to Taos téiinemd).
Cervus canadensis Erxl. Wapiti, American Elk.

It appears that there are no elk now in the region, according to
both Indian and white informants, though the species above men-
tioned formerly ranged southward into the mountains of northern
New Mexico. Bandelier? rather indefinitely reports it at El Rito
de los Frijoles. Two San Ildefonso Indians who have hunted much
informed the writers that they were familiar with the species from
having seen it in southern Colorado, but had never known it on the
Pajarito Plateau. Cope? says:

1 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States,
Carried on Mainly in the Yearsfrom 1880 to 1885, Part 1, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amer., Amer. Ser.,1v, p. 106,
1892. :

*Bandelier, A. F., op. cit., p. 141.

3Cope, E. D., Report on the Geology of that Part of Northwestern New Mexico Examined During the
Field Season of 1874, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., for 1875, p. 92; Report
upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expedition of 1874, ibid., 1877,
IV, pt. O, p. 18. ’

16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 56

In exploring the hills of this formation along the Puerco, I found the horns of an
elk (Cervus canadensis). This locality must be near the southern limit of its range.
I learned that it is not uncommon on the high plateau near Tierra Amarilla on the
northeast.

Morrison,! writing of the mountains more than a hundred miles
south of Santa Fe, reported that ‘‘the elk, once very plentiful in these
mountains, is now very rarely seen.’’ The latter may refer to an-
other species of elk, Cervus merriami Nelson, whose range is given
as the White Mountains of Arizona and the Mongollon Mountains
of New Mexico. One or the other species of this noble animal was
doubtless known to the ancient inhabitants of El Rito de los Frijoles.

According to information obtained from an aged Indian of Santa
Clara pueblo by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco, elk of the smaller sort, not
so large as the great elk, are rarely seen in the mountains north of
the Tewa country. What animal is really meant was not ascertained.

Pz: (akin to Taos pend, Isleta pz’ivé, 2+ plu. pymnin, Bartlett’s
Piro “pi-ye,” Jemez pd).
Odocoileus hemionus (Raf.). Mule Deer, Colorado Black Tail.

A young deer of this species is called by the Tewa either pe’’e.
(pg, mule deer; ’e’, diminutive), or md@gé. The latter word can not
be etymologized, and is the only animal name of Tewa origin known
to the writers which is applied only to the young of a species.

The cured skin of px’ and also of the western white-tailed deer and
the elk is called pujé, this word being commonly applied to the cured
skin of these three animals only. The fresh skin or the skin on the
animal is known as pex’k'owd, ‘deer skin’ (px, Odocoileus hemionus;
k‘owa, tegument, skin).

Hodge gives as Deer clans of various pueblos: San Ildefonso,
Pét-tdéa; Santa Clara, Pd-tdéa; Isleta, Pim-t’ainin; Pecos, Pa’+; Sia
and San Felipe, Dydni-hano; Zuii, Shéhoita-kwe. The mule deer is
prominent in Tewa mythology.

This is the common Deer of the region. We saw but one (a doe)
while at Frijoles canyon, but three others were reported by the
Indians while we were there. Even Tewa boys are aware that “a
lady deer is without antlers.” It is said that deer of this species
were plentiful in former times, and deer products were much used by
the Tewa.

Huia px ‘dry juniper deer’ (hw, ‘one-seeded juniper’, Juniperus
monosperma; ta’, ‘dryness’, ‘dry’; pe’, ‘mule deer’, Odo-
coileus hemionus Raf.).

i]

This is said to be a species of deer distinct from the pz’.

1 Morrison, Charles C., Executive and Descriptive Report of Lieut. Charles C. Morrison, Sixth Cav-
alry, on the Operations of Party No. 2, Colorado Section, Field ‘scason of 1877. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geog.
Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., for 1878, p. 137, 1878.

Taare eow | ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS aT
‘Ohuy.
Odocoileus americanus macrourus (Raf.). Western White-tailed
Deer.

This is the Tewa name of the animal known in New Mexican
Spanish as cola larga. The ’ohuy is mentioned in Tewa myths as one
of the larger game animals. The cured skin of the ’ohwy, as well as
that of the mule deer and the elk, is called puje, ‘deerskin’, ‘buckskin’.

We have questioned only three San Ildefonso Indians concerning
this species of deer. They stated that the px: and ’ohuy differ only
as regards the tail, the form of the antlers and the body-color being
the same. It is evident that they had not closely. observed the
antlers and the general color.

Py.
Lepus campestris Bach. White-tailed Jackrabbit.

Jackrabbits are reported by both whites and Indians, but with
no information as to the species. The white-tailed form is reported
by Nelson.’

pe
Lepus bairdi Hayden. Rocky Mountain Snowshoe Rabbit.

Recorded from 30 miles north of Taos and from Chama by Nelson,?

and from Taos by Coues and Yarrow.°
Pu’.
Lepus callotis Wagler? White-sided Jackrabbit.

Reported at San Pedro, N. Mex., about 35 or 40 miles south of
E] Rito de los Frijoles, in 1873, by Coues and Yarrow.‘ As this is
far beyond the supposed range of the species, perhaps it should be
referred to the next.

Pu.
Lepus californicus texianus Waterhouse. Texas Jackrabbit.

We have no record of this species from the Pajarito Plateau, but
New Mexico, except the northeastern part, is included within its
range,° so it should be looked for in our area.

aah.
Domestic rabbit, domestic hare.
The name was originally applied to jackrabbits.
Eu,
Puwwa'gi, ‘jackrabbit like’ (pu’, jackrabbit; wa-gi, like).
Guinea pig. ais
a Nelson, E.W., The Rabbits of North America, North American Fauna, No. 29, Biol. Surv., U. S.
Dept. Agr., pp. 74, 78, 1909. :
2Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 109-12.
3 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C., op. cit., p. 126.

‘Tbid. a
5 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 142-45

18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn. 56

Pu’ means jackrabbit, domestic rabbit, domestic hare; with or
without wa'gi, ‘like’, it is applied to guinea pigs.
Kwa.
Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis (Allen). Rocky Mountain Cottontail.
Recorded by Nelson! from many northern New Mexico localities,
including Costillo Pass, Gallinas Mountains, Jemez Mountains, Hall’s
Peak (southeast of Taos), San Antonio Mountains, Santa Clara
Mountains, Taos Mountain, Tierra Amarilla, Tres Piedras, and
Twining (near Taos). We saw several, which were probably this
species or the next, at and near El Rito de los Frijoles, but did not
obtain specimens for identification.

Kwa.
Sylvilagus audubon warrent Nelson. Colorado Cottontail.
Recorded by Nelson? from San Antonio Mountains, Tres Piedras,
and other localities in northwestern New Mexico.
~The New Mexico cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicanus
Nelson) appears to range from the Pecos Valley eastward, hence it
does not come within our area.

ss
Son. =
Erethizon epizanthum Brandt. Yellow-haired Porcupine.

We saw. no signs of porcupines about El Rito de los Frijoles. At
the old Buckman sawmill, at the base of the mountains, we saw the
skin of one which had been killed there. San Ildefonso Indians
report its occurrence in the mountains and sometimes in the fields, and
are familiar with its habit of gnawing the bark of trees. The smaller
hairs are called p‘o and the large spine-like hairs ywe’, a word which
is applied also to the thorns of plants. The Indians believe that
when angry the so’y has the power of shooting these ywx: like arrows.

Pe’, or pe'sa (pe’, Zapus princeps; va, unexplained).
* Zapus princeps Allen. Rocky Mountain Jumping Mouse.
Reported at Camp Burgwyn’ [Cantonment Burgwin] and Santa Fe

by Preble.t| Both whites and Indians describe a mouselike animal
with long, kangaroo-like hind legs and short forelegs, at El Rito de
los Frijoles, but we did not succeed in catching any for identification,
and can not feel sure from the description that it is a Jumping
mouse. One Indian reported that pe’ is smaller than the deermouse,
and pe'va considerably larger. They may represent some species of
pocket mouse and a kangaroo rat.

1 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 207-11.

2 Tbid., pp. 231-32.

3 The Cantonment Burgwin specimen has been referred to a distinct species, Zapus luteus. See Miller
in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Xxtv, p. 253, Dec. 23, 1911. Miller also reports Z. luteus from Espafiola,
Taos County, and from Cloudcroft, Otero County.

4 Preble, Edward A., Revision of the Jumping Mice of the Genus Zapus, North American Fauna, no. 15,
Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 22-23, 1899. 4

—

HENDERSON
TAD RINC AON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 19
Ywry.
Perognathus flavescens Merriam. Plains Pocket Mouse.
Reported at Santa Fe by Osgood.!

Ywry.
Perognathus flavus Baird. Baird’s Pocket Mouse.
Reported at Taos by Osgood.?

Yury.
Perognathus apache Merriam. Apache Pocket Mouse.
Reported at Espanola, San Pedro, and Santa Fe, by Osgood.

Tfugi.
Thomomys aureus pervagus Merriam. Roaming Pocket Gopher.

The type locality is Espafiola.*

Gopher mounds are abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we
obtained no specimens of the gopher for identification. They may
be this species, which was described from a locality not far away.
The Indians accurately described the habits of the animal in digging
its holes, pushing the earth out to form a mound, and then covering
the entrance with earth by working from within.

BAS he
Microtus mordax Merriam. Cantankerous Vole, Field Mouse.

Reported at Chama by Bailey.*

A good line of traps repeatedly set in all sorts of places at El Rito
de los Frijoles failed to catch any voles or indeed any of the mam-
mals smaller than chipmunks except deer-mice.

a

Fiber zibethicus osoyoosensis Lord. Muskrat.

Reported at Rinconada (north of Santa Fe), by Hollister,’ who

also records F’. z. pallidus Mearns at Albuquerque.
Pini’?
Neotoma albigula Hartley. White-throated Wood Rat.

Reported at Abiquiu, Chama Canyon, Espafiola, San Pedro, Santa
Clara Canyon, Rinconado, etc., by Goldman.’

Both whites and Indians described a bluish-gray, round-tailed rat
which gathers pifion nuts for winter food at El Rito de los Frijoles,
and we saw one nest which seemed to be that of a wood rat. No
specimens were obtained for identification. San Ildefonso Indians

1 Osgood, Wilfred H., Revision of the Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus, North American Fauna,
no. 18, Biol. Surv., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 20-21, 1900.

2Tbid., pp. 23-24.

3 Tbid., pp. 26-27.

4 Merriam, C. Hart, Descriptions of Twenty-Three New Pocket Gophers of the Genus Thomomys, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., x1v, p. 110, 1901.

5 Bailey, Vernon, Revision of American Voles of the Genus Microtus, North American Fauna, no. 17,
Biol. Surv., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 49-50, 1900.

§ Hollister, N., A Systematic Synopsis of the Muskrats, North American Fauna, no. 32, Biol. Surv.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 26, 1911.

7 Goldman, Edward A., Revision of the Wood Rats of the Genus Neotoma, North American Fawna, no.
31, Biol. Surv., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 31-33, 1910.

20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 56

also told of pini’i, a big whitish rat, with a very bad odor which they
compare to that of a skunk, at Ojo Caliente.
Qwey?
Neotoma mexicana fallax Merriam. Colorado or Gale’s Wood
Rat. .
Reported from Chama River, Gallina, Gallinas Mountains, Tres
Piedras, Twining, etc., by <icll atti i

Qwe'yjo’ (qwe'y, Neotoma mexicana fallax Meine 10", aug-
mentative).

Neotoma cinerea orolestes Merriam. Colorado Bushy-tailed
Wood Rat.

Reported from Agua Fria, Chama, Costillo Pass, Jemez Mountains,
Taos, Taos Mountains, Tierra Amarilla, Tres Piedras, Twining, etc.,
by Goldman.’

This is the animal known through the southern Rocky Mountains
as the ‘‘mountain rat’’ and ‘‘pack rat,’”’ but is called by Goldman, in
his Revision, the ‘‘Colorado bushy-tailed wood rat.”

Nwry. ,
Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus (Merriam). Tawny Deer-
mouse.

Reported at Abiquiu, Chama, Chama River, Espanola, Gallina,
Gallinas Mountains, Jemez Mountains, Santa Clara Canyon, Taos,
Taos Mountain, Taos Pueblo, Tierra Amarilla, and other localities
in northern New Mexico, by Osgood.*

We collected one specimen above camp at El Rito delos Frijoles,
which was identified by Mr. Warren.

Nwi'y?
Peromyscus leucopus tornillo (Mearns).* Tornillo Deer-mouse.
Reported at Santa Fe and other New Mexico localities, chiefly
southwest of Santa Fe, by Osgood.*
Nwr'y.
Peromyscus truer (Shufeldt). True’s Deer-mouse.
Reported at Espafiola, Gallas Mountains, and other Yodalitilg}
by Osgood.°
This is the only species of white-footed deer-mouse common at
El Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. The identity of our specimens was
confirmed by Mr. Warren. The Indians thought the bluish-gray
specimens were male and those with more ochraceous color were
female, instead of being young and adult of each sex respectively.

1 Goldman, Edward A., op. cit., pp. 56-58.

*Tbid., pp. 104-05. '

3 Osgood, Wilfred H., Revision of the Mice of the American Genus Peromyscus, North American Fauna,
no. 28, Biol. Sury., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 72-74, 1909. J

4Tbid., pp. 125-26.

5 Ibid., pp. 165-69.

HARRINGTON - A ia sie
SE NGERRO ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS Bl

When questioned as to their habits the Indians said these mice ‘‘get
young in the spring, the same as horses and cows, and give them milk
just the same.” ~

Nwry.

Mus musculus Linn. Domestic Mouse.

Nwr'y.

Epimys norvegicus (Erxl.). Domestic Rat.

It is said that there are no domestic rats in New Mexico. Domestic

mice are as common in Indian houses as in those of Mexicans and
Americans. These mice are called ratones in New Mexican Spanish.

*Ojo (? akin to Taos pajand, Isleta pat fare, Castor canadensis
frondator Mearns).
Castor canadensis frondator Mearns. Broad-tailed Beaver.

The Tewa sometimes call the beaver fo-’ojo, ‘water beaver’ (po-,

water; ’0jo, beaver).

Whites and Indians both report beaver along the Rio Grande,
probably of this species; but the lateral canyons in the neighborhood
of El Rito de los Frijoles support none now, if they ever did.

The beaver was hunted ahd eaten by the Tewa, and its use as food
is said by them to have no ill effect.

2 .
Marmota flavwenter (Aud. & Bach). Western Woodchuck.

None were seen and no information concerning them in our area

was obtained. Reported at Santa Fe by Coues and Yarrow.'
Kv.
Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird). Gunnison’s Prairie Dog.

None found at El Rito de los Frijoles, but abundant at Valle
Grande in the Jemez Mountains, just beyond the head of the Rito.
The Indians report prairie dogs also at San Ildefonso and other points
along the Rio Grande. .

The bark of the kv is well imitated by Tewa men. They say:
ki- natu, “the prairie dog speaks or gives his ery’”’ (ki°, Cynomys
gunnisoni (Baird); nd, it; tu, to speak).

2
Citellus tridecemlineatus pallidus (Allen). Striped Spermophile.

Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitch. was reported at Tierra Amarilla by
Coues and Yarrow.” This record should probably be referred to the
subspecies pallidus, which is found north of that locality in Colorado.

So’we.
Citellus grammurus (Say). Rock Squirrel.
This large, speckled, bushy-tailed ground squirrel, its body a foot
long, is abundant in the canyons about El Rito de los Frijoles. It is
recognized by the Indians as a ground squurel, with habits distinct

1 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C., op. cit., p. 123. * 2 Thid., p. 120.

22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

from those of tree squirrels. Three of them said that it sheds its
hair in April and May, that the hair begins to thicken in July, and
that late in August it gets ‘“‘nice, warm hair, to fix up for the winter.”
The accuracy of some of the dates may be doubted. This ground
squirrel damages their provisions. The Tewa eat the flesh, but do
not use the skin.

So’ we.
Callospermophilus lateralis (Say). Say’s Ground Squirrel, ‘‘ Big
Chipmunk’.

Common in the Jemez Mountains, about the headwaters of El
Rito de los Frijoles, but not seen by us on the mesas or in the canyons
which cut them. Easily recognized by lateral yellowish stripe and
black stripe; it is smaller than pine squirrel. Said to be common
throughout the mountains of northern New Mexico. Our Indian
informants recognized the species, distinguishing it from the other
squirrels by its appearance, its habits, and its habitat, though they gave
them the same name. They say it is restricted to the mountains and
correctly consider it a ground squirrel. It is used by them for food.

Kuwije.
Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say). Four-lned Colorado Chipmunk.
Abundant in the canyons, in the mountains, and along the edges at
least of the mesas. The Indians use it for food and are quite familiar
with its range and habits. Recognized by its small size and the
alternating light and dark stripes on the.back.

So’ we.
Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. Abert’s Tufted-ear Squirrel.

This is the finest squirrel of the region, as large as the rock squirrel,
gray above, white beneath, with long and very bushy tail, its long
leaps from tree to tree never failing to excite the utmost admiration.
We found it only among the big rock pines on the mesas, where it is
rather common. It was long ago reported at Santa Fe by Coues and
Yarrow,! and from Santa Fe to Taos by Coues and Allen? It is
eaten by the Indians. The tufts of hair on the ears are called ’ojep‘o,
‘ear hairs’.

So we.
Sciurus fremonti Aud. & Bach. Fremont’s Chickaree, “‘ Pine
Squirrel’.

Abundant in the Jemez Mountains. Our Indians declared that it
occurs only among the firs and spruces, a statement well founded but
too sweeping. Although almost universally called “ pine: squirrel”
in Colorado, it is found in various parts of that State much more
commonly among the firs and spruces and not abundant among the
rock pines. In New Mexico in ascending the canyon of El Rito de

1 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C., op. cit., p. 115.
2 Coues, Elliott, and Allen, J. A., Monographs of North American Rodentia, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Terr., XI, pp. 737-38, 1877.

HENDERSON i .
HARRINGTON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 25

los Frijoles we encountered the first one where we first found firs,
about 2 miles above the house of Judge Abbott, but he says it occa-
sionally is seen downstream as far as his ranch. Allen * has described
a subspecies (Sciurus fremonti neomexicanus) from the eastern slopes
of the Taos Mountains in Colfax and Moro Counties, “very different
from specimens from central and northern Colorado,” but he records
a specimen from Chama, which he refers to fremonti. Our specimens
from the Jemez Mountains, collected in August, 1910, were found to
be slightly redder than specimens taken in northwestern Colorado
in August, 1909, but possibly the latter had faded a trifle. Though
smaller than some others, this is the best food squirrel in the region.

Portse’.

Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Canadian Otter.

Portse’®.

LInutra canadensis sonora Rhoads. Sonoran Otter.

Mr. Dowell, who has trapped extensively in the region, says the
otter occurs along the Rio Grande near by. The Indians confirm
this, and fragments of otter skin are worn by them. Without speci-
mens for identification we can not know which form it is.

Je’.
? Mustela arizonensis Mearns. Mountain Weasel.

Weasels are reported at San Ildefonso by the Indians, but we have
no specimens for identification. Coues and Yarrow” reported Puto-
rius longicauda Merriam at Taos, but this region seems more likely
to be within the range of arizonensis, much more recently déscribed.
Mustela streatori leptus Merriam may also extend into northern New
Mexico.

Hodge gives Dyé-tdoa as “Gopher” clans of San Juan, Santa Clara,
San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, and Yé-tdda as ‘‘ Lizard” clans of San
Juan and San Ildefonso.

2
Lutreola vison energumenos Bangs. Western Mink.
Mr. Dowell says mink occur along the Rio Grande near El Rito de
los Frijoles.
2
Martes caurvna origenes (Rhoads). Rocky Mountain Marten.
Hodge states that Bandelier gives a ‘‘ Marten” clan as existing at
San Juan pueblo.
Coues and Yarrow * recorded Mustela americana Turton from Taos.
That is a species of the north. It is likely the more recently described
southern form.

1 Allen, J. A., Revision of the Chickarees, or North American Red Squirrels (Subgenus Tamiasciurus),
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., x, pp. 291-94, 1898.

2 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C., op. cit., p. 59.

*Tbid., p.61.

69231°—Bull, 56—14——3

24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Ke'a.
Taxidea taxus Schreber. Badger.

Hodge gives as Badger clans of various pueblos: San Juan, Kéya-
tdéa; Santa Clara, Ked-tdéa; San Ildefonso, Kéa-tdoa; Jemez, Son-
sadsh; Pecos, So‘hl+; Laguna, Chépi-hdno”; Sia, Tytpi-hdno; Zuiii,
Tonashi-kwe.

We found no badgers nor their holes at El Rito de los Frijoles,
and could learn of none. At the old Buckman sawmill, at the base
of the Jemez Mountains, we chased two into their hole, but did not
get them. Two of the Indians told, with much glee, of the fighting
qualities of this antmal and its great energy in digging. They told
also of how a badger caught one of them by the trousers and held on
until it was dragged a long distance to the river and into the water.

Sa.
Mephitis mesomelas varians Gray. Long-tailed Texas Skunk.
The Indians report striped skunks at San Ildefonso, which appears

to be within the probable range of this species. We learned of no
spotted skunks, though the region is between the known range of the
Rocky Mountain species (Spilogale tenuis Howell) and that of the
Great Basin species (Spilogale gracilis saxatilis Merriam), so one or
the other probably occurs within our area. Skunk skins are used
by the Tewa for ceremonial purposes.

Ke: (akin to Taos kéaand, Isleta kéaire, bear).
Bear (any species).

Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly Bear.

Ursus horribilis horrieus Baird. Sonora Grizzly.
Ursus americanus Pallas. Black Bear.

The Jemez name is rwdald; the Cochiti name is kohaju, the Hopi
name hdnaww.

Hodge gives as Bear clans at various pueblos: San Juan and Nambe,
Ke-tdéa; Hano, Ké-téwa; Pecos, Whalatddsh; Acoma, Kiiwhaia-hdnog”;
Sia, Kohat-hdéno; San Felipe, Kéhai-hdno; Cochiti, Kuhara-hanuch;
Zuni, Atishi-kwe.

As is usually the case, the hunters interviewed, white as well as
Indian, were not sufficiently familiar with the species of bear to give
definite information. Whites talked about black, brown, and cin-
namon bears, all of which refer to color phases of the black bear,
which is not at all uncommon in the region. We occasionally saw
bear tracks. The Indians vaguely described five kinds of bear: ke
ise’i’* hehenwi, ‘big white bear’ (ke, bear; fsx’, white; hehenu,
big); ke tse’? tfe’’t, ‘little white bear’ (ke’, bear; tsz*, white;
tfzx', little); ke tse jv’*, ‘yellow bear’ (ke, bear; ise’, yellow); ke
gw’, ‘brown bear’ (ke, bear; ’é, brown); ke p‘eydi’*, ‘black
bear’ (ke, bear; p‘e'y, black).

As this region is within the range of the grizzly, the “white bear”
may refer to either horribilis or its subspecies horrixus, more likely

HENDERSON 5 ;
Agana TON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 95

the former. It is notable that Lewis and Clark and other early
explorers in the West called the grizzly the white bear. It is to be
noted that there is but one Indian name for the bear, in spite of the
fact that they describe five kinds, a nomenclature paralleled in many
other languages of the Southwest. Bandelier' says in his Final
Report:

The bear makes great havoc among the pifion trees. Climbing into the tops for the
nuts, he tears off entire limbs and generally ruins the tree. Three kinds of bears are
spoken of by the Indians and the Spanish settlers: The silver-tip (Platiado, Ko-ha-yo
- Kash-ya), the brown bear (Oso colorado, Ko-ha-yo Ke-han-ye), and the black bear
(Oso prieto, Ko-ha-yo Moh’-na-ka-nyi).

Bandelier doubted the identity of the “silver-tip’”’ with the grizzly,
because he did not believe the latter species was found in this area.
The Indian word-forms quoted are presumably in the Cochiti dialect
of the Keres language.

Po'musa, ‘water cat’ (po-, water; musa, house cat). See musa,
page 29.
Procyon lotor Linn. Raccoon.

The ‘‘coon”’ is said to occur in the Rio Grande Canyon, near the
mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere. Russell? gives
va'owbk as the Pima name for this species, and says:

The raccoon is said to be used for food, though the writer did not see any cf the
animals or any of their skins during a stay of a year and a half in Arizona.

Tse (akin to Taos tsuland, dog).
Domestic Dog.

The Isleta call the dog qwianiwe, the Jemez kiénu, the Hopi poko,
the Zuni wdtsita.

There is some direct and much indirect evidence that domesticated
dogs were widely distributed among the North American Indians
before the landing of Columbus. The fact that all Indian languages
which have come to our attention contain native names for the dog,
distanct from that applied to the coyote, wolf, and fox, is significant.
No less significant is the fact: that the names for the horse and other
animals introduced by the whites are either newly coined words of de-
scriptive meaning, modifications of the names for some other animal,
or adaptations of the names used by white men. The Indians of the
Southwest, including the Pueblos, are not exceptions. They have
native names for the dog, while their names for the horse are either
descriptive, compound, or derived from the Spanish. Possibly an
examination of early Spanish documents relating to the Southwest
would develop direct statements in regard to dogs found in possession
of the natives at their earliest contact with the whites, but lack of
present access to the literature as well as lack of time prevent us
from going far into the subject.

1 Bandelier, A. F., op. cit., p. 150, note.
2 Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 82, 1908.

26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

The hairless dogs of Mexico, Peru, and South America, of several
kinds, existed there when the Spaniards landed, according to various
accounts.!. All Peruvian dogs are said to have been derived from
the Inca shepherd dog.?, The Eskimo dog was described as early as
1647, and in various parts of the north polar region, races or tribes have
developed quite different systems of calls for the direction of their dog
teams, indicating long use.*? The Flatheads,* Menomini,® and many
other Indians mention dogs in their myths, but unless we know the
age of the myths, which may have incorporated references to the
dog after the invasion of the whites, they are of little value in this’
connection. The Pima have a myth giving the origin of the horse,®
which was surely introduced. However, it is not likely that such a
myth as the white dog and woman myth’ could be so widespread
unless very ancient. .

McGee ® says:

It is significant. that the Dakota word for horse (Suk-tay’-ka or Suy-ka’-wa-kay)
is composed of the word for dog (swn’-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness
or mystery ...and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances
correspond with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft animal. This
terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the dog was domesticated by the
Siouan aborigines long before the advent of the horse.

Bones of dogs have been reported from the ancient kitchen-middens
of the Atlantic coast, and bones of other animals apparently bearing
the tooth-marks of dogs.°

The De Soto expedition in 1539-1542, within half a century after
the landing of Columbus, at an Indian village in the mountains of
Georgia or South Carolina was ‘‘welcomed in a friendly manner, the
Indians giving them a little corn and many wild turkeys, together
with some dogs of a peculiar small species, which were bred for eating
purposes and did not bark.’ '°

In the reports of the Coronado expedition to the Southwest from
1540 to 1542, the same period covered by De Soto in the Southeast,
dogs were reported in abundant use as beasts of burden by the
Indians of the Staked Plains and elsewhere."

1 Lockington, W. N., The Riverside Natural History, article on Carnivore.

2 Brinton, Daniel G., The American Race, p. 212, 1891.

3 Langkavel, B., Dogs and Savages, Smithsonian Rep. for 1898, p. 659-60, 1899.

4 Ibid., p. 651.

5 Hoffman, Walter James, The Menomini Indians, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. 1,
pp. 179-194, 1896.

6 Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sitth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 241, 1908.

7 Dorsey, George A., and Kroeber, Alfred L., Traditions of the Arapaho, Pub. no. 81, Field Columbian
Museum, V, pp. 207-09, 1903.

8 McGee, W J, Siouan Indians, Fifteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 174, 1897.

9 Marquis de Nadaillac, Pre-historic America, pp. 49-50, 535, 1895.

10 Mooney, James, Myths of the Cherokee, Nineteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. 1, p. 25, 1900
(quoting Ranjel).

11 Langkavel, B., op. cit., p. 661. Winship, George Parker, The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542, Four-
teenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt.1, pp. 401, 405, 504, 507, 527, 570, 578, 1896,

HENDERSON Re 4
eR TCON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 2"

Fewkes ' reports:

The ancient Hopi had a domestic dog which was a pet rather than a beast of burden.
The good qualities of this ~et were recognized and recounted in their legends.

Russell ? says:

The only domesticated animal which there is any certainty that the Pimas possessed
at the time of the discovery is the dog. The old people say that in their youth the
dogs were all alike and resembled coyotes. At present there are many small mon-
grels, obtained principally from the Mexicans.

Hough® says that ‘‘remains of the dog and turkey were found in
nearly every ruin”’ in northeastern Arizona.
Fewkes, in his account of certain Arizona ruins,‘ says:

The occurrence of a skull of the domesticated dog in one of the graves at the Chaves
Pass ruin is significant, showing that this animal was known to the ancients, and
probably utilized by them. The fact that this dog was the broad-faced variety is
particularly instructive. It was not apparently a domesticated coyote or a mongrel
like those which now are so common in some of the pueblos.

Lucas ® gives the following account of this skull:

Among the many objects obtained by Dr. Fewkes last summer from the ruined
pueblo of Chaves Pass, Arizona, is the cranium of a domesticated dog, found ina grave
with a human skeleton. Although the mere fact of a dog being discovered under such
circumstances is in itself interesting, it is not at first sight remarkable, since it is well
known that in America, as elsewhere, the dog was domesticated at an early date, and
Clavijero mentions an ancient dog which he calls ‘‘a quadruped of the country of
Cibola, similar in form to a mastiff, which the Indians employ to carry burdens.”’
Aside from the fact that this is the first dog’s cranium discovered by Dr. Fewkes, there
are some points of special interest in the present case. Most of the Indian dogs are
more or less wolfish in their aspect, and have long skulls, with comparatively low
foreheads, thus showing a small degree of specialization in the way of breed, and this
is true of such of the mummied dogs of Egypt as I have seen. The cranium of the
- Chaves dog, on the contrary, is of the broad-faced type, with high forehead, and,
curiously enough, is precisely similar in size and proportions to the cranium of an
Eskimo dog from Cumberland Sound’, the resemblance extending to the peculiar
concavity and squareness of the nasal region. Whilethisisaninteresting coincidence,
it is not brought forward as implying community of origin, but as instancing long
domestication in order that so well-marked a breed could be established. A curious
confirmation of the early origin of this breed was received from San Marcos, Texas,
where, in excavating for ponds, at the station of the U. S. Fish Commission, a human
skeleton and bones of other animals were found in a layer containing many flint
implements, overlaid by two feet of black soil. The bones were those of existing
species, including teeth of several bison, and there was also a fragment of a dog’s skull
similar in size and proportions to that obtained at Chaves Pass.

From the apparent general distribution of the dog, an animal
particularly useful to primitive people throughout North America at a

1 Fewkes, J. Walter, Property-right in Eagles Among the Hopi, Amer. Anthr., n.s., 0, p. 706, 1900.

2 Russell, Frank, op. cit., p. 84.

3 Hough, Walter, Archeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedi-
tion of 1901, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Musewm for 1901, pp. 316, 326, 339, 356, 1903.

4 Fewkes, Jesse Walter, Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo Ruins, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer.
Ethn., pt. 1, p. 27, 1904. i

5 Lucas, F. A., A Dog of the Ancient Pueblos, Science, n. s., v, p. 544, 1897.

28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

remote period, together with the existence of native names for dogs in
the Pueblo dialects, it is practically certain that the ancient dwellers
in the region had domesticated dogs. The difficulty of distinguishing
the bones of some of the native dogs from those of the coyote has been
emphasized by Coues.t. Cross-breeding with various European dogs
since the advent of the whites, in addition to cross-breeding with
coyotes and possibly with wolves, has developed a mixed race which
makes the subject a difficult one to study now. We have noticed the
frequent occurrence of a yellowish short-haired variety of dog at San
Juan pueblo.

The Tewa give names of most varied meaning to their dogs. One
dog at Santa Clara pueblo is named pu’’e’, “little hassles

Towa dogs are apt to lie in the outdoor nabbe ovens, when these are
not in use, if the openings are not closed in some way.

Tsint (¢<Span. chino). Curly-haired Dog.

The word tsini puzzled us much. It was said to refer to a kind of
small dog which the Tewa had in primitive times. Investigation
showed that the word usually applies to a curly-haired dog, small or
large. In New Mexican Spanish chino applies to a curly-haired dog.
So far as we know, Spanish-English dictionaries do not give chino
with this meaning. Guinn,’ however, mentions this usage of chino
in southern California: ‘ Chine: aie it does mean a Chinaman, is
also applied in Spanish-American countries to persons or animals
having curly hair.” The final 7 of the Tewa form, instead of %, is
unexplained.

De.
Canis estor Merriam. Coyote.

In Tewa mythology the coyote is called also poseqwase-ydo, a word
which can not be etymologized except that the last two syllables
mean ‘old man.’

The Jemez name meaning

‘coyote’ is called fétsona.

Coyote tracks are common all over the region. A coyote taken by
Mr. Dowell while we were in the Rito de los Frijoles canyon is referred
to this species.

Hodge gives as Coyote clans of various pueblos: San Juan, San
Ildefonso, and Tesuque, Dé-tdéa; Jemez, Ya"tsad; Pecos, Ya+;
Laguna, Tstishki-héno™; Sia, Shitsun’-hdno; San Felipe, Shrotsona-
hdno; Santa Ana, Shutsén-hdéno; Cochiti, Shritsuna-hénuch; Zui,
Siski-kwe. ;

K'w’ jo (akin to Taos kalend, Isleta karivé, wolf).
Canis nubilis Say. Gray Wolf.

¢

coyote’ is 7¢é°. In Cochiti Keresan

1 Coues, Elliott, The Prairie Wolf, or Coyoté: Canis Latrans, Amer. Nat., vu, pp. 385-89, 1873; reprinted
in Coues and Yarrow, Report upon Collections of Mammals, ete., op. cit., pp. 47-51.
2 Guinn, J. M., Historical and Biographical Record of Southern California, Chicago, 1902, p. 59.

ieee agal| ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 29

Gatschet ! gives Tewa ‘“‘koyo” erroneously as meaning coyote and
compares it with Nahua coyotl.

Hodge gives as Wolf clans of pueblos: Isleta, Tuim-t'avnin; Laguna,
Kéakhan-hano™.

The Tewa say that the gray wolf is very scarce now, but is still
occasionally ‘seen in the Taos mountains. It is common in many
portions of New Mexico and is reported at Taos by Bailey.’

My‘jo-.
?Red fox.

The Tewa are familiar with a foxlike animal called myjo’, al-
though they say it is seldom seen. It is said to resemble the
de: ts ywe'’v’* (see below), but is of a dark brownish-yellow color.

De: tsw ywe’’v’*, ‘blue coyote’ (de, coyote; tsd*ywe’, blue, green).
Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns. Scott’s Gray Fox, Pifion
Fox.

Coues and Yarrow * recorded Urocyon cinereo-argentateus Schreber
from Taos, but the specimen was more likely scotti, a species more
recently described. Mr. Nathan Dowell reports both the gray and
the red fox at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we can not know just what
species without specimens for identification.

K‘ex:ytse, ‘white mountain lion’ (k'x'y, mountain lion; fs¢’,
white).
Any kind of wildcat.

The Southern Ute also have only one word for wildcat species:
mosttukwitsit. The Southern Ute word meaning ‘medicine man’
appears to be related: mostitukwiato.

The Tewa name may apply to a species of bobcat or lynx or per-
haps to both a species of bobcat and a species of lynx. The inform-
ants did not know the characters by which the bobcat and lynx are
distinguished. We saw no k‘x‘ytsx-, but saw the tracks of one near
the Painted Cave. It is likely that either baileyz or winta would be
found here, perhaps both, the former being an animal of the plains
and the latter a mountain-loving animal.

The name shows that this animal is closely associated with the
mountain lion in the minds of the Tewa.

Musa.
Domestic Cat.
This word in this or similar form appears in most of the languages
of the Southwest, meaning introduced house cat. Compare also Tewa
po'musda, raccoon.

1 Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimar, 1876, p. 26.

2 Bailey, Vernon, Wolves in Relation to Stock, Game, and the National Forest Reserves, Bull. No. 72,
Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 12, 1907; Destruction of Wolves and Coyotes, Circular No. 63, Biol.
Surv., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 6, 1908.

3 Op. cit., Wheeler Survey, v, p. 56.

30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 56

House cats of many varieties are common at the Tewa pueblos.
They are called to: ‘musa, musa, musa.’ They are sometimes given
proper names, as dogs are.

K‘xn (akin to Isleta kimive, mountain lion).
Felis hippolestes Merriam. -Rocky Mountain Cougar, Puma,
Mountain Lion.

The Southern Ute name for mountain lion is toku.

The mountain lion is reported for this region by both whites and
Indians. The Tewa say that the animal crouches or sits waiting for
its prey. The carved figures of the “Stone Lions” shrine on the
Pajarito plateau are identified by the Tewa as k'g'y, and the name
of that place in the Tewa language is k'x'yda’x2-ydiwe, ‘where the two
mountain lions crouch’ (k’#y, mountain lion; da, they two; ’x-y,
to sit, to crouch; ’iwe, locative).

Hodge gives as Mountain Lion clans of various pueblos: San Juan
and San Ildefonso, Kd”-tdoa; Nambe, Qé-tdéa; Isleta, Kim-t’ainin;
Pecos, Shiank’yé+,; Laguna, Mékaigqch-hdno™; Sia and San Felipe,
Mékaich-hano; Cochiti, Méhkach-hdnuch.

Key.

Siukik'xe'y (siukt, circus, <Span. circo; k'x#y, mountain lion,
lion).

Lion.

Na'yk'e'y, ‘earth mountain hon’ (nd, earth; k'#y, moun-
tain lion).

Paiichx,

Whether the animal thus called is mythic or real has not been

determined. It is the sacred beast of the nadir. It is said to be a

small animal which burrows in the earth. It is not the pocket-

gopher, which is called t/ugi. We have no record of shrews or moles.

Kwe'yi (% <Span. caballo).
Katbaju (<Span. caballo).
Domestic Horse.

The Tewa apply both kweji and kabajt to any kind of horse,
but use the former term when they talk about horses in the presence
of a Mexican and fear that kabajw will be understood. It is possible
that both kwx72 and kabajw are borrowed from Spanish caballo, the
former being an earlier, the latter a later borrowing. .

For female horse jewa (<Span. yegua) seems to be the common
term, though kabajikwi-, ‘horse female’ (kaba7u, horse; kwi:, female)
is also in use. For young female horses jewitad (<Span. yeguita) and
potayka (<Span. potranca) are heard; young male horses are called
potrijt (<Span. potrillo). A stallion is regularly called gavanwy
(<Span. garanon).

HENDERSON : . Fee .
LL peecenaeell ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 31

Many of the Indian languages of the Southwest have, like Tewa,
borrowed the Spanish word caballo asia designation for the horse.
In Southern Ute the horse is mostly called pukttsi, a term which seems
to have originally meant ‘pet.’ But kabaju (<Span. caballo) is also
used.

The Tewa now use horses in the same way as the Mexicans who
live in their country. The Tewa frequently go to the Jicarilla
Apache country to buy horses. The Jicarilla Apache are noted for
their fine horses, which they sell cheap.

There are wild horses to be found on the mesa south of Buckman,

N. Mex.

Budu (<Span. burro).

’Ojeso’jo"’e*, ‘big-eared little animal’ (’oje, ear; so’jo", big; ’e’,
diminutive).

Domestic Donkey.

It is said that when donkeys first became known to the Tewa the
term ’ojeso’jo"’e’ alone was used. This term is still employed by the
Tewa when talking in the presence of Mexicans, lest they understand
the word budw.

The Hopi corruption of Spanish burro is moud; cf. Voth’s ‘‘méro.”’ !
A donkey stallion is called 6udu gasaiiuy (<Span. burro garafion).

Mat fu (<Span. macho).

’Ojeso’jo"'e, “big-eared little animal’ (’oje, ear; so’jo’, big; ’e°
diminutive).

Mule.

The male mule is called mat/w (<Span. macho), the female mule is
called mula (<Span. mula). Young mules are called matfw’e" or
mula’e’,’e being the diminutive.

’Ojeso’jo"’e’ seems to be rarely applied to mules.

The Tewa do not own as many mules as they own horses and

donkeys.

Seba (<Span. zebra).
Zebra.

Hisap'a (<Span. jurafa).

Ke dugi’, ‘long neck’ (ke, neck; dugi, long).
Giraffe.

Kameju (<Span. camello).

Camel.

Wa'si.

Cattle, Cow.

)

1 Voth, Hopi Proper Names, Field Columbian Museum Publications, Anthr. Ser., V1, no. 3, p. 113, 1905.

82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY fru. 56

The San Ildefonso, Nambe, and San Juan dialects have wa‘si; the
Tesuque and Santa Clara dialects wa'ga. The Hano Tewa name is
unknown. Both wasi and wa'ga may be adapted from Navaho
wéga/i, ‘cow,’ or wa'sti may come from Navaho wégafi and wa'ga
directly from Spanish vaca. The Franciscan fathers! give Navaho
“bégashi’”’ as derived from Spanish vaca (in their spelling vacca or
bacca, influenced by Latin vacca?) plus an element ‘“shi.’’ The Zufii
name is wdékashi.

A milch cow is called wa:po-wa'si (wa’, breast; po’, water; wa'si,
cow) or wa po-wa'ga (wa, breast; po’, water; wa'gda, cow). <A cas-
trated ox or steer is called wejé (<Span. buey), and a bull toda
(<Span. toro). To use wa'sisey, ‘male cow’ (wa'si, cow; sey, male)
is likely to make a Tewa smile. The young of the species is desig-
nated by adding the diminutive ’e’ to wa'si, wa'gd, wee, todu, ete.
Dehorned cattle are frequently called peluy (<Span. pelon).

The Tewa keep a considerable number of cattle and use the milk
as well as the flesh and other products. Women usually do the
milking. Cattle dung (wa‘sisa or wagdsa’) is considered the superior
sort for kneading into the cakes used in firmg pottery.

Petsuie.
Swine.

This word is applied to either sex of swine, or the ordinary sex-age
elements may be added. Tewa petsuve is possibly borrowed from
or at least of the same origin as Navaho “bisédé,” ‘swine’.? The Fran-
ciscan fathers say of the swine: “It was most likely first brought
to their (i. e., the Navahos’) country from Old Mexico, as the name,
bisédé, a corruption of the Aztec pitsotl, seems to indicate.”’ None of
the common New Mexican Spanish words for swine (marrano, cochino,
puerco, marrana, cochina, puerca) is used much in Tewa speech.

The Tewa keep a few swine in sties and are very found of the flesh.

Elep'ayté (<Span. elefante).
Elephant.
The trunk of the elephant is called simply fw, ‘nose’.

Nwi'y tsxe’i’’, ‘white rat,’ (ywi'y, rat, mouse; tsx*, white).

Domestic White Rat.
One of our informants knew of these animals and their use as pets.

1 Franciscan Fathers, Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language, St. Michaels, Ariz., 1910, p. 143.
2Tbid., p. 142.

HENDERSON r 4 é
BERING row ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 33

Birps'
Obi.
Duck.

The Tewa have only this one name for species of wild duck; it is
also applied to the domestic duck, which has been introduced to some
extent among them. Descriptive terms may of course be added to
designate definite species or individual ducks. .

The Taos call duck papianda, the Isleta papriwe. The Jemez name
meaning duck is wi fifv.

Hodge gives Waiushr-hano as a Duck clan of San Felipe.

A number of species of duck surely occur in this region during
migration, but we have no definite record.

Kagi.
Branta canadensis canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose.

The Tewa have apparently only one name for species of wild goose
and this they apply also to the domestic goose.

Hodge gives Kinni-tainin as a Goose clan of Isleta.

McCall? says: ‘‘I did not meet the Canada goose until I reached
the Rio Grande, which was at a point 60 miles below El Paso; thence I
found them tolerably numerous until I left the river near Santa Fe.”’
He also reports as occasional the snow goose (Chen hyperborcus hyper-
boreus [Pallas]), white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons gambeli Hart-
laub), and the brant (Bernicla brenta Steph.=Branta bernicla glau-
cogastra [Brehm]) along the Rio Grande, but does not indicate how
far north he saw them. Other species doubtless occur, including the
whistling and trumpeter swans, but we have no records.

?Grus canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane.
McCall 2? found this crane on the Rio Grande from Santa Fe to El
Paso in October, more abundant below Albuquerque.

To:te'ti, apparently ‘sagebrush softness’ (fo, Rocky Mountain
sagebrush; te'62, softness, soft). The Santa Clara say
merely to-tz’.

Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors). Sealed Quail.

Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell say that large flocks sometimes visit
the Rito de los Frijoles.

1 For comparative purposes consult the following: Henshaw, H. W., Report upon the Ornithological
Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona during the
years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, U.S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. W. of 190th Merid., v, pp. 131-507, 1875. Hen-
shaw, H. W., and Nelson, E. W., List of Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River,
New Mexico, The Auk, 0, pp. 326-33, 1885; m1, pp. 73-80, 1886. Gilman, M. French, Birds on the Navajo
Reservation in New Mexico, The Condor, x, pp. 146-52, 1908. Mitchell, Walton I., The Summer Birds of
San Miguel County, New Mexico, The Auk, xv, pp. 396-11, 1898. Bailey, Florence Merriam, Additional
Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos, ibid., xx1, pp. 349-63, 1904; Additions to Mitchell’s List of the Sum-
mer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico, ibid., pp. 443-49. Henry, T. Charlton, Catalogue of the
Birds of New Mexico as Compiled from Notes and Observations Made While in that Territory, During a
Residence of Six Years, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, x1, pp. 104-09, 1860.

2 McCall, George A., Some Remarks on the Habits, etc., of Birds Met with in Western Texas, Between
San Antonio and the Rio Grande, and in New Mexico, etc., ibid., v, p. 223, 1852.

84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 56

fee cae .
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse.

The informants’ description of fz fits this species well. This
large grouse is common in the Jemez Mountains and is said to come
down into the canyons about El Rito de los Frijoles in large numbers
in the autumn. It is one of the important food birds of the region
and is probably to be found breeding in all the mountains of north-
central New Mexico. <A few flocks were seen by McCall in the moun-
tains from Santa Fe to Taos.

eee
Lagopus leucurus leucurus (Swainson). White-tailed Ptarmigan.

Under the name Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood this bird has
been reported in the Pecos Mountains and the mountains about
Taos,? but that form is considered indistinguishable from leucurus.
The species has been reported from Summit Peak, Colo., west of the
Rio Grande,’ so that it may occur on the western side of the valley
in New Mexico. The ptarmigan is a bird of high latitude and high
altitude, preferring the region of perpetual snow. It is exceedingly
probable that during the latter part of the glacial epoch, when
glaciers extended down most of the upper mountain valleys of
Colorado and northern New Mexico, the snow-line was much lower,
and the regular range of the ptarmigan, leucosticte, and other birds
of alpine habit extended to elevations perhaps several thousand feet
lower than at present, and probably considerably farther south. By
the retreat of the glaciers their range has been gradually restricted
so that now only a few are left on the higher peaks. It is likely that
the ptarmigan was known to the ancient inhabitants of the Pajarito
Plateau, and it may have occurred in considerable numbers at the
head of the Rito, especially during the winter, 10 or 20 centuries ago.

Bi caer: >
Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). Sage Hen.

Reported at Tierra Amarilla by Henshaw.‘ Parts of the Rio
Grande Valley are well suited to this bird. If it formerly occurred in
numbers, its large size would have made it an important addition to
the diet of the inhabitants.

Di: (akin to Isleta diaue).
Pind (pty, mountain; di’, turkey, chicken).
Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson. Merriam’s Turkey.
The uncompounded di is now applied mostly to the introduced
domestic fowl or chicken and not to turkey as it doubtlessly was
formerly. Py, ‘mountain,’ is usually prejoined to distinguish turkeys

1McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 222.

2 Bailey, Florence Merriam, Notes from Northern New Mexico, The Auk, Xxu, pp. 316-18, 1905. Addi-
tional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos, ibid., xx1, pp. 351-52, 1904.

3 Henshaw, H. W., Note on Lagopus leucurus and Leucosticte australis, The Auk, XX, pp. 315-16, 1905.

4 Henshaw, H. W., Report upon Ornithological Collections, etc., op. cit., p. 437.

HENDERSON - % :
aaa ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 35

from chickens. D1 or pi'yd¢ applies to the domestic as well as to the
wild turkey. The Isleta terms meaning ‘turkey’ exactly parallel the
Tewa, divute being the equivalent of Tewa di’, and piendisute that of
Tewa p2z'ydi:. The Cochiti call turkey tséna.

Hodge gives as Turkey clans of various pueblos: Pecos, P’etdeltt’+
Laguna, Tsi’na-hdno’; Acoma, Tsina-hdnog; Sia, Tsi-hdéno; San
Felipe, Tsina-hdno; Santa Ana, Tsinha-hdno; Cochiti, Tsi’n-hano;
Zuni, Tona-kwe.

The Mexicans in New Mexico usually call the turkey gallo de la
tierra, gallina de la tierra. Spanish guajalote is not applied to the
turkey in New Mexico.

Turkeys breed in considerable numbers in the mountains. We
saw 30 in one flock at the edge of Valle Grande, just beyond the
headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles. They come down into the
canyons in the autumn in large numbers and congregate about
the springs, where, it 1s said, they are slaughtered by the Mexicans.
There is no eae that ahs were formerly much more abundant
than now and probably constituted an important article of food of
the ancient inhabitants. The Indians long ago domesticated this
bird, or, at any rate, kept many of them in inclosures. -It is sup-
posed that the birds in capitivity were kept for ceremonial purposes,
the feathers being used in various rites. This raises some doubt as
to whether the captive birds were used also for food. One of the
old men from Santa Clara pueblo said that the turkey is always
silent, ““never makes any noise.’ This shows a surprising lack of
knowledge of the species. According to McCall,! 60 years ago it
“was found on almost every stream margined with timber, through-
out the whole of the country traversed.”

Dr.
Domestic fowl, Chicken.

The name was originally applied to the wild turkey; see above.

The cock or rooster is called either dise-y, ‘male chicken’ (di,
chicken; se'y, male) or gaju (<Span. gallo).

The Tewa keep many ‘chickens , and use the eggs (di-wa’), flesh, and
feathers.

Ko’e’nwr’.
Zenadura macroura marginella (Woodhouse). Western Mourn-
ing Dove.

The Taos name is pidngaipaand; Isleta, kaipaise; Jemez, ginamuy.

This dove was found to be abundant both in the canyons and on
the mesas. It is the only dovelike bird of the region, unless the
band-tailed pigeon occurs in limited numbers locally. The latter
may be recognized by the white nape-band at the back of the skull

—

1 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 222,

36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

of the male and of most females. The mourning dove is used for
food by the Indians. Our San Ildefonso Indian informants described
minutely the whistling of its wings and its call notes, which one of
the informants rendered by ’o—’0o—’o—’o. When this imitation was
heard one of the old Indians broke out into a ‘‘rain song,’”’ which led
us to suspect that this bird’ was connected in his mind with rain.

Hodge gives as Dove clans of various pueblos: Sia, Héhoka-hdno;
San Felipe, Tiuka-hdéno; Santa Ana, Héoka-hdno.

'Okdwe.
Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture.

We saw three in the Jemez Mountains, at the edge of the Valle
Grande, and one at Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. Our Indian inform-
ants said that this bird is confined to the mountains, lives on dead
meat, does not catch animals alive, and has a red head with no p’‘o,
‘hair,’ ‘feathers,’ on it. The Tewa did not eat the ’okdwe. They
were shown pictures of this vulture and of the California vulture or
condor (Gymnogyps californianus [Shaw]), and one old man who had
been in California at once pointed to the latter and exclaimed,
kalip‘ounid okéwe, ‘California vulture.’

Qwe yp’, ‘red tail’ (qwe'y, tail; pi, red).
Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Redtail.

This large hawk is fairly common all over the plateau. A pair
nested near camp at the Rito. The Indians recognize it by the color
of the tail and the screaming call note. They do not eat it. It is
probable that Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsona Bonaparte) is also
common, but we identified none with certainty.

Besides the qweypr the Tewa have names for three other kinds
of hawk. JT fuge# is the kind of hawk which the Mexicans call gavilan.
The tfuge is said to bea large bird. Qwe'yt'u’, ‘spotted tail’ (qwe'y,
tail; tw’, spotted) is called by the Mexicans cola pinta, these words
having the same meaning.

The qwe'yt'y' is smaller than the tfugez. T%y is the smallest species
of hawk known to the Tewa and is of the color of a ju'y, ‘mocking-
bird.’

Hodge gives Kyu"gdé"-tdoa as a Hawk clan of San Ildefonso. ~

Tse’.
Eagle.
Halizxetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle.
Eagles of various colors are mentioned in Tewa mythology. Tse’
is the tsisetujo, ‘chieftain bird’ (tsive, bird; tujo, chieftain), and
symbolizes the zenith in the beast-identifications of the world-
regions. The Isleta call eagle fuive; the Cochiti, #éme; the Hopi,
kwahw.
Hodge gives as Eagle clans of various pueblos: San Juan (given by

HENDERSON r
a ae aa ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 37

Bandelier), Santa Clara, and Tesuque, T’se-tdéa; San Ildefonso and
Nambe, Tsé-tdéa; Isleta, Shiu-t’ainin; Jemez, Sehtsa-dsh; Pecos, Seé+;
Laguna, Tydmi-hdno”; Koons: 7 ydimi- -hdinog?h; Sia, San Felipe, and
Santa Ana, D’ydmi-hdno; Cochiti, Dr yami-hdnuch; Tui, IC ydk’ yali-
kwe; also a “Painted Eagle” clan, Sepi”-tdéa, at San Juan.

A fine pair of the Beh ecris (eilehee pila leucocephalus (Linn.)
were noted at the Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, August 19,1910. It is
likely that the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaétos (Linn.), occurs also in
this region, but we have no definite record of it. The informants
said that there is also a kind of eagle which they call tse tse’’i’t,
‘white eagle’ (fse*, eagle; tse-, white). This may be the young of
the golden eagle. Miss Fletcher speaks of ‘‘the white eagle (the
young brown or golden eagle) ’’.'

Mahuy.
Tsiso’jo", ‘big eyes’ (tsi, eye; so’jo", big). Owl.
Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus). Spotted Owl.

The name mahuy may be an imitation of the hoot. Cushing gives
““mu'h-hu-tu’”’ as a Zui imitation of the cry of an owl. The Isleta
call owl hnukuise; the Jemez, hunu.

At least one pair nested at El Rito de los Frijoles, and serenaded
our camp nightly. Though we have found no definite record of them,
the following species may be expected in the region: Long-eared owl
(Asio wilsonianus [Lesson]), short-eared owl (Asio flammeus [Pont.]),
saw-whet owl (Cryptoglaux acadica acadica [Gmelin]), Aiken’s
screech owl (Otus asio aiken [Brewster]), flammulated screech owl
(Otus flammeolus flammeolus [Kaup]), western horned owl (Bubo
virgumanus pallescens Stone), and Rocky Mountain pygmy owl
(Glaucidium gnoma pinicola Nelson).

Kv'mahuy, ‘prairie-dog owl’ (ki:, prairie-dog; mahuy, owl).
Speotyto cunicularia iyBogtea (Bonaparte). Burrowing Owl.
McCall * found it occasionally along the Rio Grande, from Valverde
to Santa Fe. It doubtless occurs northward in the valley, especially
about prairie-dog colonies.

'Ogowr’.
Geococcyx californvanus (Lesson). Road-runner.
The Mexicans of New Mexico call this bird paisano. Some Ameri-
cans have called it chaparral cock.
This long-tailed, long-legged bird seeks safety by running rather
than by flying. Judge Abbott says he has seen it occasionally on the
mesas within a few miles of the Rito de los Frijoles.

1 A.C. Fletcher, The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony, Twenty-sccond Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. 2
p. 21, 1904.

2 F. H. Cushing, Zuni Breadstufl, The Millstone, x, no. Iv, April, 1885, p. 59.

3McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 214.

38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

The footprints of the road-runner resemble a letter X. They are
called by the same term as the foot itself: ogowi”’ dy, ‘road-runner
foot or footprint’ (ogowti’, road-runner; ’¢y, foot, footprint).

Hodge gives as Road-runner clans of various pueblos: Laguna,
Shidska-hdéno®; Acoma, Shdsk’-hdnog”; Sia, Chésh'ka-hdno; San
Felipe, Sdsh’ka-hdno; Zuni, Poye-kwe. The Handbook of Ameri-
can Indians (following Fewkes) gives ‘‘ Hosboa”’ as the Road-runner
or Pheasant clan of the Hopi.

Pio:
Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy
Woodpecker (?).*

Black above, with white stripe down back, white stripes about head,
white spots on wings, white outer tail-feathers, white beneath, and
male with red spot on back of head. Common throughout the region—
in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. The alpine
three-toed woodpecker (Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird) occurs in
the high mountains of northern New Mexico.? Williamson’s sapsucker
(Sphyrapicus thyroideus [Cassin]) ranges southward as far as central
New Mexico and winters in the territory. The northern pileolated
woodpecker (Phleotomus abieticola [Bangs]) extends into the forest
area of northern New Mexico. If the red-headed woodpecker
(Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.]) occurs, it is accidental. Lewis’s
woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewist Riley), black above, reddish beneath,
with a gray collar, should occur here.

Patene tf
Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker.

Very common in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains.
Our Indian informants, in describing its habits, told of its boring into
trees for “worms” and for nesting sites, but had never observed its
very pronounced habit of alighting on the ground and searching for
ants, which was a daily sight at the Rito.

Qreiace bel

Phalenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Aud.). Poor-will.

We heard the mournful calls of this bird only in the Jemez Moun-
tains, a few miles beyond the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles,
August 18 and 19, 1910.

Y
Chordeiles virginianus henryi Cassin. Western Nighthawk.

On a cloudy day (August 2) hundreds of these useful birds were
circling over the mesa between Santa Fe and Buckman. At the Rito
there seemed to be very few of them.

1 The Hairy Woodpecker of Arizona and New Mexico has been described as a new subspecies: Dryobates
villosus leucothorectis Oberholser. See Oberholser, H. C., A Revision of thre Forms of the Hairy Wood-
peckers (Dryobates villosus [Linnzeus]), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, pp. 608-09, 1911,

2A. QO, U. Check-List of North American Birds, p. 190,

HENDERSON =
BIREEHe TON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 39

2 2
Aéronautes melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated Swift.
Common on the rim of Rio Grande Canyon below the mouth of El
Rito de los Frijoles.

Kohe.
Ta ykohe, ‘sun hummingbird’ (tay, sun; kohe, hummingbird).
Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird.

Very abundant at Rito de Jos Frijoles Canyon, dozens of them
hovering over the patches of “waco,” or “bee-plant’’ (Cleome ser-
rulata Pursh.). Specimens taken were identified by Dr. Ridgway.
Our Indian informants correctly distinguished the males and females
when shown specimens, noticed that they were found mostly about
the Cleome, and said they were not found in the Rio Grande Canyon.
The broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus [Swainson]),
calliope hummingbird (Stellula calliope [Gould]), and black-chinned
hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri [Boure. & Mul.]) are likely to be
found in this region.

Hodge gives Miitsr-hano as a Hummingbird clan of San Felipe.

Kwe 2.
Pica pica hudsoma (Sabine). Magpie.
This conspicuous bird is well known to the Tewa and is mentioned
in their mythology.
Tsekwe’ x, ‘spruce magpie’ (fse7, Douglas spruce; kwe’e, mag-
pie).
A kind of magpie.
No particulars could be learned except that this bird is a kind of
magpie which frequents fse’ trees.
Ne...
Jay.
For the species considered separately, see below.
Hodge gives Se-tdda as a “bluebird” clan of San Ildefonso.

Se.
Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). Long-crested Jay.
This bird, so easily recognized by its dark blue color and long
crest, or topknot, is common all over the region—in the canyons, on
the mesas, and in the mountains. Strangely enough, our Indian
informants, though quite familiar with the bird, had not noticed that
it lowered its crest in flying, but thought the crest was always erect.
Se’.
Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse’s Jay.
This and the pifion jay are readily distinguished from the long-
crested jay by the lack of crests. The pifion jay is nearly uniform
69231°—Bull. 56—14——-4

40) BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

bluish-gray, the head a trifle darker than the back, lighter blue
below, tail shorter than wing; the Woodhouse jay not bluish below,
wing shorter than tail. They are both abundant among the pifon
pynes and cedars of the mesas. We did not observe them in the
mountains and seldom in the canyons. The name “pifionero”’ is
applied to both species by the Mexicans, who do not distinguish them
apart and find both together among the pifion pines, though Coues
and other ornithologists have assumed that it meant only the pifion
jay. It is to these two species, probably, that Bandelier refers?
when he says: ‘‘These trees are also beset by flocks of the Picicorvus
columbinus (called Pifonero in Spanish and sho-hak-ka in Queres), a
handsome bird, which ruthlessly plunders the nut-bearing pines,
uttermg discordant shrieks and piercing cries.’ These two jays
have always been found in Jarge numbers in such situations and
could not have escaped his notice, while Clarke’s nutcracker, whose
former technical name Bandelier used, was not noted by us anywhere
in the pifion-cedar belt and would not be so likely to occur there.
Se’.
Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway. Rocky Mountain Jay.
This jay, about the size of the preceding species, is very sumilar to
the gray Canada jay or “whisky jack”’ of the Northeastern States,
but its head is almost entirely white. Northern New Mexico is
included within its range, but it would likely occur only in the highest
mountains except in the winter,

Odo.
Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Crow.

The Tewa appear to designate crow and raven by this one name.
Mrs. Stevenson’ gives ‘‘kika” as the Zufii word meaning ‘“‘raven’”
(or crow?). Cushing * tells the Zuni story of the origin of the crow,
in which he says ‘‘they (the crows) flew away laughing K4-ha, Ka-
ha, as they’ve laughed ever since.” The imitated call is interesting
in connection with the Zuii name for crow. In the same article
Cushing tells how the Zuni keep crows away from sprouting corn by
means of scarecrows.

As Crow clans at various pueblos Hodge gives: Jemez, Kyialish;
Pecos, Kyid‘hl+; Sia, Schira-hdno; San Felipe, Schirld-hano.

A number of crows were seen and heard in the Jemez Mountains,
near Valle Grande, perhaps of this form which is reported on the
Pecos, to the eastward, by Mrs. Bailey, though they may be of the
western form, C. b. hesperis Ridgway. The white-necked raven (Cor-

1 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report, pt. 1, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amer., Amer. Ser., IV, p. 150, 1892.
2 Stevenson, M. C., The Zuni Indians, Twenty-third Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer, Ethn., p. 51, 1904,,
3 Cushing, F, H., Zuni Breadstufl, The Millstone, May, 1884, pp. 77-78,

HENDERSON — f "
See etaron ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 41

vus cryptoleucus Couch) may occur in this region. It was reported at
Galisteo, south of Santa Fe, by Goss.!
ph
Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clarke’s Nutcracker.

Several were seen in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande, and
two in Alamo Canyon, about five miles south of El Rito de los Frijoles.
They were above the pifion belt. Gray, with black wings and tail,
white patch on wing and white outer tail-feathers, this is a striking
bird in flight. McCall? found it ‘‘in the high pine forests east of
Santa Fe and on the Taos Mountain.”

a
Oyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). Pifion Jay.
See discussion of this species under Woodhouse’s jay (pp. 39-40).
McCall’s * Cyanocorax cassinii is a synonym of this species.
Y
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed
Blackbird.

Described and reported in the Rio Grande Valley near San Ilde-
fonso by our Indian informants, who say they use it for food and
that it is seen only in the winter, associated with red-winged black-
birds.

2
Agelavus pheniceus fortis Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing(?).

Reported in the Rio Grande Valley by our San Ildefonso Indian
informants, who correctly described the differences between the male
and the female, and their nesting sites and habits. They said that
the birds are eaten by the Tewa. This subspecies may be A. p. neu-_
tralis Ridgway.

a
Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin’s Purple Finch.

Reported by Kennerly‘ on ‘ Pueblo Creek”’ (probably near Taos),
January 22, 1854. We have found no subsequent record, though
the species probably occurs regularly in the region in the winter.
The creek on which Taos pueblo is situated is called Pueblo Creek
above its confluence with Arroyo Hondo; the creek north of which
Picuris pueblo lies is called Pueblo Creek above its confluence with
Penasco Creek.

2
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch.

1 Goss, Nathaniel 8., White-Necked Raven ( Corvus cryptoleucus) in New Mexico, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
VI, p. 118, 1881.

2 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 217.

3 Ibid., pp. 216-17.

4 Kennerly, C. B. R., Report on Birds Collected on the Route, Zoological Report, No. 3, p. 27, Explor.
& Surv. for R, R. from Miss. to Pac, Ocean, U.S. War Dept., X, 1859.

42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Common in Santa Fe and probably in all other towns of New
Mexico. It is found usually about houses that are surrounded by
trees and near an open supply of water. This leads one to wonder
whether it did not inhabit El Rito de los Frijoles when the canyon
was teeming with human inhabitants. McCall reported it at Santa
Fe long ago, and also reported Carpodacus obscurus Nobis and
described Carpodacus familiaris from the same place.1 These may
both be safely referred to frontalis.

pie Ws 3A
Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch.
This tiny bird was abundant especially among the sunflowers—one
of the most abundant birds in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles.
2
Chondestes. grammacus strigatus Swainson. Western Lark
Sparrow.

A few were seen by us in the open fields at the foot of the Jemez
Mountains, near the old Buckman sawmill. McCall? reported it on
the plains near Santa Fe.

4 Qwoue.
Spizella brewert Cassin. Brewer’s Sparrow.
Very common in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere.
Reported at Santa Fe by Henshaw.*
2
Junco phxonotus dorsalis Henry. Red-backed Junco.
Abundant from base to top of Jemez Mountains, near the head-
waters of El Rito de los Frijoles, June 19 and 20, 1910. The gray-
headed junco (Junco phxonotus caniceps [Woodhouse]) probably also
nests in the higher mountains of the region, and several species prob-
ably winter there. Our Indian informants recognized pictures and
descriptions of juncoes as winter visitors, but were not aware that
any species summered in the region.

2

Melospiza melodia montana Henshaw. Mountain Song Sparrow.
Probably it was this species, then undescribed, found by Kennerly 4
at Pueblo Creek, near Taos, and recorded as M. fallax.
Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth. Spurred Towhee.
A few were seen in the canyon and on the mesa at El Rito de los Fri-
joles, but the species is not common. Recorded by Kennerly® under

1 McCall, George A., op. cit., pp. 219-20; also Note on Carpodacus frontalis Say, with Description of a
New Species of the Same Genus, from Santa Fe, N. Mex., Proc. Aced. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, p. 61, 1854, -

2 Tbid., p. 218.

3 Henshaw, H. W.., op. cit., p. 280.

4 Kennerly, C. B. R., op. cit., p. 29.

5 Tbid., p. 30.

Ey Ste oeltpall ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 43
the name P. megalonyx at Pueblo Creek. Probably also by MecCall,!
P. arcticus, at Santa Fe.
?
Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson). Black-headed Grosbeak.
A single pair raised a brood near camp at El Rito de los Frijoles
Uy
Passer domesticus (Linn.). English Sparrow.

Introduced into the territory since 1886. Apt to be found now in
all the more important towns, but probably not in the uninhabited
canyon and mesa regions; certainly unknown to the ancient inhab-
itants.

Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green
Swallow.

Several times birds of one or the other of these two species were
seen at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we could seldom get a good view of
them. Ourimpression is that the latter was represented, and probably
both. The former was reported by McCall? as nesting at Santa Fe.

Y
Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend). Audubon’s Warbler.

Common on August 20, 1910, at the foot of the Jemez Mountains,

near the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles.

a
Geothly pis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellow-throat.

Our Indian informants describe this species by its color, song, and
habits, as a bird living along the Rio Grande in this region, and when
shown a colored figure of it with pictures of other warblers they at
once recognized it.

Doubtless other species of the wood warbler family pass through
in migration and probably some nest in this region, but no records
are at hand.

Juy.
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird.

Reported near San Ildefonso by one of our Indian informants, who
seemed quite familiar with the bird, knew the white man’s name for
it, and described its song as the song of all other birds combined.
The whites report it at Santa Fe.

ee

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus [Say]. Rock Wren.

1 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 218. 2Tbid., p. 215.

44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

One taken by us on the rim of the Rio Grande Canyon below the
mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles. Reported abundant at Santa Fe
by Henshaw.!

Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway. Canyon Wren.

Common along all the canyon cliffs of this region. The song of the
male, usually of about seven loud, ringing notes descending the scale,
makes it the most noticeable of the wrens.

eb cece!
Troglodytes aédon parkmani Audubon. Western House Wren.

Common in the canyons and on the mesas.

a
Sitta carolinensis nelson Mearns. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch.

Common on the mesas and in the mountains. We saw none in the

canyons cutting the mesas.

) eee
Sitta pygmexa pygmexa Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch.

Abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains.
This tiny species was everywhere to be found in numbers among the
pines.

pal sew
Bezolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse.
Very common among the pifion pines and cedars on the mesas.

v) o.So' ey te) ee.

Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway). Mountain Chickadee.
Very abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains.
The type locality for this species is ‘‘about one day’s journey west of
Santa Fe,” which would be not far from El Rito de los Frijoles. We
saw no long-tailed chickadges (Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis
[Harris]).

yet hsb

Myadestes townsendi (Aud.). Townsend’s Solitaire.
Common in the canyon at Painted Cave, 5 miles or more south of
El Rito de los Frijoles.

J yesh

Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. Willow Thrush.
A pair raised a brood at El Rito de los Frijoles in 1910. Recorded
also from Pueblo Creek, near Taos Pueblo, in 1904, by Mrs. Bailey.?
Y :
Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway). Western Robin.
Common in the canyons and in the mountains.

1 Henshaw, H. W., op. cit., p. 180. 2 Bailey, Florence Merriam, op. cit., pp. 317-18.

HENDERSON AR Split 25 :
HARRINGTUN ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 45

a
Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Chestnut-backed Bluebird.
Abundant everywhere on the mesas, but none in the canyons. Our
Indian informants had noted the same fact.

Paloma (<Span. paloma).
Domestic Pigeon.
Gatschet ' incorrectly gives ‘“‘paréma’”’ as the Tesuque name for
pigeon.

Pertkt (<Span. perico).
Pali (< Eng. polly).

Hodge gives as a Parrot clan of Zufii, distinct from the Macaw clan,
Piohi-kwe; there is also the testimony of Lummis that there is no
Parrot clan at Isleta.

Tani.
Macaw.

This is the bird which the Mexicans call guacamayo. Its feathers
are highly prized by the Tewa for ceremonial purposes. They state
that the feathers and also live tami were obtained from Mexico in
former times. The informants stated that a taiz is at the present
time kept in a cage at Santo Domingo pueblo.

Hodge gives as Parrot clans of various pueblos (which are possibly
Macaw clans): Laguna, Shdwiti-hdno”; Acoma, Shawit'-hanog; Sia
and Santa Ana, Shd’witi-hdno; San Felipe, Shé’wati-hdno; and as a
Macaw clan of Zuftu, Milakwe.

Tsiue tse-j2’*, ‘yellow bird’ (tsize, bird; tse’, yellow).
Canary.

Some of the Mexicans who live in the Tewa country keep these

birds in cages and call them canarios.

Paboueal (<Span. pavo real).
Peacock.

Some of the Mexicans who live in the Tewa country keep these
birds.

The following are Tewa names of birds which we have not yet
been able to identify with scientific names:

Petsep'e’e’, perhaps the oriole.

Kasanwe’, said to be similar to Rx qwoue.

Ne qwoue, said to be similar to kasaywe’.

Kwa qwesé, perhaps the common house swallow.

Po:sakz:, described as a small bird with needle-like nose.

Nwe' ptsisze, “pine bird’ (ywe'y, Pinus scopulorum; tsive, bird).
This is described as a small bird with gray body and-white
head, which jumps about in the rock-pines.

1A. 8. Gatschet, Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimer, 1876, p. 40.

46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Tsise fra", ‘red bird’ (tse, bird; pi’, red), applies to one or
more species of small red bird.

Kusey, a small bird.

’'Onu’e, perhaps a species of blackbird.

’Ogoja’.

Kawo-.

Pyu.

Kwtsie.

Tse kdand tse.

Kartsiue, ‘leaf bird’ (ka, leaf; tsive, bird), a kind of small

yellow bird. . j

Te tse (of obscure etymology), a species of small yellowish bird
seen in cottonwood and other trees.

Poju'y, ‘water mockingbird’ (po', water; ju°y, mockingbird), a
small, inconspicuous bird seen by water. Possibly the dipper

(water ouzel), Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte.

Po'te’ji, probably the killdeer or ‘‘tildee.” The first syllable
sounds like po:, ‘water.’

Pokepey, ‘water bent neck’ (po, water; ke, neck; pe'y, bent),
some kind of water bird. It has long legs and is seen along
the Rio Grande. Probably a heron.

Kwa pie, ‘toward rain’ (kwda:, rain; pijé, toward), a heron-like
species of bird.

K@Weui. A kind of blue bird seen in pifion trees. It is thought
by the informant that Mexicans call it pifionero.

Tsa’g’#. A large kind of bird.

Tiy’e. A-species of large red bird.

Puga. This is the bird which the Mexicans call grulla. It isa
large, buff-colored bird seen wading or walking by the river. When
it migrates it flies in a V-shape, making at times a peculiar whirring
or trilled noise which can be heard even though the birds be high
in the air. Mrs. Stevenson! mentions the sandhill crane as known
at Zufil.

Hodge gives as Crane or Heron clans of various pueblos: Hano,
Kapilo-t6wa (the Rio Grande Tewa do not know the word kapilo) ;
Sia, Shita-hano; Zuni, Ka’lokta-kwe.

REPTILES

The smaller lizards, especially the swifts, are very abundant
throughout the region. Horned lizards (popularly called ‘“‘horned
toads”) are by no means infrequent. The larger lizards are either
not abundant or more adept at escaping observation. None of the
lizards found here are poisonous. The only known poisonous lizards

1 Stevenson, M. C., The Zuni Indians, Twenty-third Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 292, 1904.

HENDERSON J - é qin og ;
HARRINGTON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 47

of the New World appear to be the Gila monster and the Mexican
beaded lizard, neither of which occurs in northern New Mexico.
Among the snakes the only potsonous one known in the region is the
rattlesnake. The wound made by any reptile or other animal having
teeth capable of lacerating the epidermis or flesh may of course become
infected, just as a scratch produced by any inorganic substance may,
and thus create the impression that the poison was injected at the
time of the bite. Our Indian informants considered the swifts and
horned lizards harmless, but declared that the Sonora skink, of
which a specimen was found by them, is poisonous. The Indians
have the same so-called instinctive dread for the larger reptiles, par-
ticularly snakes, as the whites, being startled when suddenly they
come upon one, and disliking to handle them. They informed us
that neither snakes nor lizards are used as food at present by the
Tewa, but it is not unlikely that their ancestors used them, at least
during times of famine. However, they could not have been at any
time more than an insignificant article of food.

There appears to be a widespread belief that the Indians of the
Southwest generally are addicted to the use of reptiles for food.
Whatever may be true of the past, this is not the case now. Rus-
sell’s statement concerning the Pima Indians,! that ‘‘snakes are not
eaten, even in times of famine, and the idea of eating lizards is
repudiated with scorn,” is applicable to many other Southwestern
tribes.

_ LIZARDS
?—_—__.
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger). Bailey’s Collared Lizard.

This fine lizard probably occurs throughout the region, though we
saw none. C. collaris was reported at Santa Fe and San Ildefonso
by Yarrow and Cope? long before the subspecies baileyi was de-
scribed, but Stejneger* places our area within the range of baileyz
and represents collaris as occurring from Pecos Valley eastward.

LS

Holbrookia maculata maculata (Girard). Common Spotted Lizard.

1 Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 83, 1908.

2 Yarrow, H.C., Report upon the Collections of Batrachians and Reptiles made in Portions of Nevada,
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874, U.S.
Geog. Explor. and Survey W. of 100th Meridian, v, p. 566, 1875; Check-List of North American Reptilia
and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in U.S. National Museum, Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, no. 24,
p. 52, 1882. Cope, E. D., The Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat.
Museum for 1898, pp. 248-53, 1900.

3 Stejneger, Leonhard, Annotated List of Reptiles and Batrachians Collected by Dr. C. Hart Merriam and
Vernon Bailey on the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with
descriptions of New Species, North American Fauna, no. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 103-05, pl. xm, 1890.
Ruthven, A. G., A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxm, pp. 512-14, 1907. :

48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BOLL. 56

Reported at Santa Fe, Abiquiu, San Ildefonso, and Plaza del Alcalde
by Yarrow and Cope.!
2

Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard. Stansbury’s Small-scaled
Swift.
Reported at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope.
y

Uta lems Stejneger. Olive Small-scaled Swift.

Type locality is Tierra Amarilla? This appears to be Yarrow’s
record * under the name Uta ornata Baird & Girard. Our Indian
informants say that snakes swallow these lizards. They are harmless.

Dia sees
Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus (Baird & Girard). Yellow-
banded Spiny-scaled Swift.

Yarrow reported this species from Santa Fe and described Scelo-
porus tristichus from Taos, the description being written by Cope
apparently. Afterward Yarrow reported tristichus from Taos and
consobrinus from both Taos and Santa Fe. Cope later repeated Yar- .
row’s records for both localities, but made both of them subspecies
of undulatus.® Ditmars® ignores tristichus. Small lizards of this
group are very abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles, darting in and
out among the rocks and logs everywhere in the canyon. The only
specimens we collected are assigned to consobrinus.

Kosohvy. .
Phrynosoma douglass hernandest (Girard). Western Horned
Lazard.

Reported at Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and San Ildefonso by Yarrow
and Cope.?. We collected two specimens of horned lizard at El Rito
de los Frijoles, and both are hernandest. Our Indian informants
declared that snakes swallow these lizards, swell up, burst, and the
lizard comes out alive. This is not more fantastic than some of the
popular notions of white people concerning animals. The name
‘horned toad,” usually applied to this animal, should be dropped
even from popular literature, as it belongs distinctly to the Reptilia
and not to the Amphibia.

Kosohiy.
Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum (Girard). Ornate Horned
Lizard.

1 Yarrow, H. C., Report, op. cit., p.569; Check-List, op cit., pp. 56-57. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 293-97.
2 Yarrow, H. C., Report, op. cit., p. 566, Check-List, op. cit., p. 49. Cope, op. cit., p. 310.

3 Stejneger, op. cit., p. 108. Cope, op. cit., p. 313.

4 Yarrow, H. C., Check-List, op. cit., p. 56.

6 Yarrow, H. C., Report, op. cit., p. 572; Check-List, op. cit., pp. 61-62. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 376-81.
6 Ditmars, R. L., Reptile Book, New York, 1907.

7 Yarrow, H.C., Report, op. cit.,p.581; Check-List, op. cit., pp. 68-69. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 413-15.

HENDERSON 4 — re :
Rar Rotod ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 49

Reported at Santa Fe by Yarrow and Cope.'

Kowohty.
Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan. Southern Horned Lizard.

Reported at San Ildefonso and Abiquiu by Yarrow,’ and at Taos,
Abiquiu, and San Ildefonso by Cope.*

Kosohiy.
Anota modesta Girard. Little Horned Lizard.
Recorded at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope.*
2
Cnemidophorus tessellatus perplecus (Baird & Girard). Seven-
striped Lizard.
Recorded at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope.’ This is Yarrow’s
C. octolineatus Baird, from the same locality.* Possibly the sub-
specific name perplexus should be dropped.

2

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linn.). Six-lined Lizard.
Recorded at Santa Fe, Plaza del Alcalde, and Abiquiu to Jemez,
by Yarrow and Cope.”? This record possibly should be referred to
C. gularis Baird & Girard.

Kodu’u.
Eumeces obsoletus (Baird & Girard). Sonora Skink.

Two fine specimens of this lizard, with the edges of the scales quite
dark, were unearthed by the Indians in excavating the old pueblo at
El Rito de los Frijoles. One was captured, the other escaped. Old
men of San Ildefonso declared that it is poisonous and would not
touch it. They have a ‘‘remedy”’ for its bite. They are mistaken
as to its poisonous character. The Mexicans call this kind of lizard
escurpion.

Besides the kovohty, ‘horned lizard,’ which the Mexicans call
camaleon, the Tewa have names for five other kinds of native lizards:

Qui pa‘je is a lizard which is sometimes as long as the tsx-qwijé
(see below). It is blue-bellied and gray-backed.

Tso'yde’, a lizard of bluish color, a little longer than the tse-udaqw7y.

Tse-udqwin, a species of small, inconspicuous lizard. The descrip-
tion reminds one of the swift. The first syllable of the name seems
to be tse’, ‘face.’

Tseqwije, ‘white stripes’ (ése*, white; qwijé, stripe). This lizard
has white stripes down its back.

1 Yarrow, H.C , Check-List, op. cit., p. 69. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 417.

2 Yarrow, H. C., Report, op. cit., p. 579; Check-List, op. cit., p. 66.

3 Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 436.

* Yarrow, H. C., Check-List, op. cit., p. 64. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 439.

5 Yarrow, Check-List, op. cit., p. 44. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 574.

§ Yarrow, H.C., Report, op. cit., p. 558.

7 Yarrow, H. C., Report, op. cit., p. 558; Check-List, op. cit., p. 43. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 597.

50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Kajvmay (<Span. calliman).
Alligator.
One of these animals was exhibited in a pool-room at Santa Fe.

SNAKES
2
Heterodon nasicus nasicus (Baird & Girard). Western Hog-
nosed Snake.

Recorded at Santa Clara, San Udefonso, and Abiquiu by Yarrow, .

and at Santa Fe by Cope.’
2
Zamenis constrictor flaviventris (Say). Blue Racer, Green Racer.

Recorded from Tierra Amarilla by Yarrow under the name Z. ce.
vetustum in his report, and under the name flavwentris in his Check-
List. Cope records a young specimen which is probably the same.
Several snakes were seen at El Rito de los Frijoles early in August,
1910, which were probably this species, but they escaped and none
was seen afterward except a young specimen taken August 25,
beautifully marked, very much lke the bull snake, quite unlike the
adult. A San Ildefonso Indian informant called this young specimen
ni npeny. (See p. 51.) Having no adult specimens we could not
learn whether they would recognize the young and adult as the same
kind or designate them by the same name, though the latter is highly
improbable.

ype hae
Pityophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel). Bull Snake.

It is probably this species which was recorded as P. sayt mexicanus
Dum. & Bib., by Yarrow, at San Ildefonso. A bull snake was
described to us at El Rito de los Frijoles by Judge Abbott in
August, 1910, but he did not capture it for identification.

2
Thamnophis eques (Reuss). Brown Garter Snake.

Cope recorded Hutxnia eques aurata Cope from San Ildefonso,
and FE. sirtalis dorsalis Baird & Girard from the same place. Yarrow
recorded Eutxnia ornata Baird at Abiquiu and San Ildefonso. These,
it appears, should all be referred to 7’. eques, which is recorded from
San Ildefonso by Ruthven.®

1 Yarrow, H.C., Report, op. cit., p. 556; Check-List, op. cit., p. 141.

2 Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 777.

3 Yarrow, H.C., Report, op. cit., p. 542; Check-List, op. cit., p. 110. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 797.

4 Yarrow, H.C., Report, op. cit., p. 540. See Ruthven, A. G., in Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXmI.
pp. 581-86, 1907.

6 Yarrow, H. C., Report, op. cit., p. 554; Check-List, op. cit, p. 122. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 1077.
Ruthven, A. G., Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter-Snakes, Bull. 61, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
pp. 158-60, 1908.

HENDERSON = & a
Er iNGitok ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS bil

Qwe ypu’, ‘tail rattle’ (qwe'y, tail; pu’, rattle). Rattlesnakes of
any species and also their rattles are called que-ypu’. (See
below.)

Crotalus sp. Rattlesnake.

Several species of rattlesnake have been recorded from New Mexico,
but none from the area under discussion, so far as we are aware. Two
specimens have been killed at El Rito de los Frijoles within two or
three years, as we are informed by Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell,
but they were not specifically identified. The Indians say rattle-
snakes are common in the Rio Grande Canyon not far from the Rito.
C. confluentus confluentus (Say) probably occurs in this region, and
perhaps other species.

Any species of snake is called petiy. The following kinds are
known by name:

Pi-su, ‘red arrow’ (pi", red; su, arrow). These slender red snakes
almost fly through the air, according to the natives.

Tsippenu, ‘basalt snake’ (ts2, basalt rock; pxiu, snake).

Na ypenu, ‘earth snake’ (nd, earth; peru, snake). These are
brownish.

Po peiiu, ‘water snake’ (fo’, water; pefiu, snake). Any kind of
water snake may be called thus.

Po-ma quwibeg’é (po’, water; ma’, (2); qwi'tied, tangled, a knot, a
thicket; beg’e, low place, dell, low corner). What the name means is
not clear. This is a kind of water snake, possibly a synonym of
po penu.

’Usidi, a snake a yard long, “ earth-colored.”

N@’a’, San Ildefonso dialect nd-yda*. A kind of snake longer than
NE YPELNnU.

Penu pe ydv', ‘black snake’ (pxiiy, snake; p‘ey, black). A dark-
colored snake species.

Qwe ypu’, ‘tail bell’ (qwe'y, tail; py’, bell or rattle). This name
applies to any kind of rattlesnake, and is given above. Pu’ now
usually means bell of any kind; formerly it referred to anything
which gave out a note when struck or made a rattling sound. Ex-
amine: nei”? peiu niqwe ppu'mu’ qwe ydiwe, ‘this snake has a rattle
on its tail’ (nz, this; pefiu, snake; nd, it; qwe'y, tail; pu’, bell;
my’, to be, to be provided with; qwe'y, tail; ’iwe, locative); tx’?
'yisi'gemy’, it has ten rattles’ (t#’2, ten; ’w, it, with reference to it;
isi'gi, notch, narrow place; my", to be, to be provided with).

Of snakes one says either ndmz’, ‘it goes’ (nd, it; me&’, to go), or
‘iqwua'me'y, ‘it crawls’ (2, it; gwa’me'y, to go crawlingly, like a man
on all fours).

52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56
TURTLES

Only one name for species of turtle or tortoise was obtained from
the Tewa—this is ’o"ku’.

The ’o'ku* is common in the region. These turtles are found
mostly in meadows. They are killed and the carapaces are cleaned
and worn by dancers.

AMPHIBIANS (BATRACHIANS)

The amphibians of the region are not very important. Sala-
manders are rare, and the lack of water restricts frogs and toads to
limited areas. Except the frogs, they are of no food value. None
of them is poisonous, though it seems that the whites generally look
upon the spotted salamander with fear.. Having no specimens we
could not determine whether the Indians had the same dread.

Y
Ambystoma tigrinum (Green). Tiger Salamander.

Reported at Santa Fe Creek, under the name Ambystoma mavortium
Baird, by Yarrow,! and by Cope? under the name tigrinum. Amby-
stoma trisruptum Cope was credited to Santa Fe by Yarrow,’ but
Cope ‘ says the only known specimen is from Ocate Creek, east of the
mountains in northern New Mexico, and hence not in the Rio Grande
drainage.

a
Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope(?).

We found a small salamander rather common under aspen logs
near Valle Grande, in the Jemez Mountains. Specimens badly
injured in transit were doubtfully identified as. this species by Dr.
Leonhard Stejneger. The Indians to whom it was shown were not
familiar with it and had no name for it.

:
Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei (Girard). Rocky Mountain Toad.

Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei was reported at Santa Fe and Plaza
del Alcalde in 1874, by Yarrow,® who remarked that it was ‘‘appa-
rently numerous in New Mexico.” In his Check-List * he gives the
Plaza del Alcalde record under the name americanus, does not recog-
nize woodhousei as a distinct form, and omits the Santa Fe record.

1 Yarrow, H. C., Check-List of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in
U.S. National Museum, Bull. 24, U.S. Nat. Museum, p. 149, 1882.

2 Cope, E. D., The Batrachia of North America, Bull. 34, U.S. Nat. Museum, p. 85, 1889.

3 Yarrow, H. C., op. cit., p. 150.

4 Cope, op. cit., p. 86. :

5 Yarrow, H. C., Report upon the Collections of Batrachians and Reptiles Made in Portions of Nevada,
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S,
Geog. Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., V, p..521, 1875,

6 Yarrow, H. C., Check-List, etc., op. cit., p. 166,

HENDERSON é ae +
akon | ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 53

Cope recognizes woodhousei and records it from other localities in
New Mexico, but not from these two places or from anywhere in our
area, and preserves Yarrow’s americanus record at Plaza del Alcalde.
Miss Dickerson? raises americanus to a full species, and says it ‘‘is the
common toad east of the Rocky Mountains from Mexico to the Great
Bear Lake,”’ while she leaves woodhousei as a subspecies of lentiginosus
and says it is ‘“‘the common toad of the Rocky Mountain region,”
having been reported from a number of States, including New
Mexico. Ruthven * says it is the ‘‘common toad of the Great Plains
and Great Basin region.”’

Our San Ildefonso Indian informants reported ‘‘two kinds of
frogs” in the region of the Rito de los Frijoles, one of which is found
in the water, the other being larger and flatter and is found ‘‘jump-
ing” about on Jand. Probably the latter is a toad. As Bufo cognatus
Say is reported from Colorado, Kansas, and Arizona, it may extend
across New Mexico, or at least be found in the northyrn portion.

2
Rana piprens Schreber. Leopard Frog.

Frogs were recorded at Taos, Abiquiu, and Santa Fe under the
name Rana halecina berlandiert (Kalm) Cope, and at Taos under the
name Lana halecina halecna (Kalm) Cope, by Yarrow.‘ Cope after-
ward transferred these records to Rana virescens brachycephala Cope.®
Miss Dickerson ° says virescens is Schreber’s pipiens, which she is
unable to separate into subspecies. Further study of this variable
frog, based on large quantities of fresh material from widely sepa-
rated and numerous localities, is desirable. We saw several frogs
at El Rito de los Frijoles, but unfortunately obtained none. (See
note on Rocky Mountain toad, page 52.)

SALAMANDERS, FROGS, TOADS

The Tewa appear to have but one name for all species of sala-
manders, and but one name for all species of frogs and toads.

Po-qwe' means salamander. The first syllable is clearly the word
meaning ‘water.’

Pe ykwdy is applied to frogs and toads. Tadpoles are called
pe ykukeuse inthe San Juan dialect, and either po-sakeue or p‘eypu'-
kewe in the San Ildefonso dialect. The etymology of these words is
not clear. It was thought by one informant that the tadpole’s tail
drops off.

1 Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 28]-88.

2 Dickerson, Mary C., The Frog Book, pp. 63, 91-92, New York, 1906.

3 Ruthven, A. G., A Colleetion of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, xxm, p. 509, 1907.

4 Yarrow, H. C., Check-List, op. cit.,; p. 181,

5 Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 403+04.

6 Dickerson, Mary C., op. cit., p. 171,

54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56
FISHES

Most of the lateral canyons of the region are dry or nearly dry
through most of the year, and hence contain no fishes. The Rio
Grande is known to contain fishes in some portions of its course.

The Rito de los Frijoles is at present a small stream, the waters of
which in places sink entirely beneath the surface of the sand, leaving
not even pools, and the water all along becomes very shallow at
times. Limited observations make final conclusions unsafe, but
so far as they go they seem to indicate that the water flowing in the
creek is dependent largely on precipitation in the mountains at the
head of the canyon. When frequent rains were occurring in the
lower part of the valley the stream reached its lowest point, but
during an exceedingly dry period at our camp, when it was raining
daily in the mountains the stream kept an even flow. The absence of
deep pools in which fish could survive an extended drouth seems
sufficient to account for their absence. In the glaciated mountains
farther north, the absence of fish is usually noted in streams whose
courses present cataracts too high for the fishes to pass over in their
upstream progression after the retreat of the glaciers. Two vertical
falls near the mouth of this canyon, one of 60 feet, the other of 90 feet,
would effectually block the attempts of fish to pass upstream from
the Rio Grande. Hence any fish which may have existed in recent
times must have been there before the falls were formed or have
been introduced in some unusual way. The transportation of eggs
attached to the feet of birds for the short distance over the falls
would not be at all impossible, though such a method of dispersion
is not so likely to occur as in case of fresh-water mollusks, etc. It is
also possible that fish may at one time have been placed in this
creek by former inhabitants, either the ancient dwellers who built
the abandoned structures or by the Mexican outlaws who made the
canyon their rendezvous for a century or so. At any rate, trout were
found in the stream from 20 to 30 years ago, according to information
gleaned from several sources. Bandelier, in The Delight Makers,
causes one of the native boys who lived in the canyon during its
early occupancy, to catch a trout. This would scarcely be con-
clusive if it were not that in his formal report he refers to the stream
as a ‘‘gushing brook, enlivened by trout.””' Dr. Charles F. Lummis,
of Los Angeles, says he caught trout from the stream in 1891, and
that there were certainly many pools then which do not exist now.
Judge Abbott says he has heard the same from another visitor to the
canyon a quarter of a century ago.

1 Bandelier, A. F., The Delight Makers, New York, 1890, p. 5. Final Report of Investigations Among
the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part 0,
Papers of the Archzological Institute of America, American Series, Iv, p. 139, 1892.

HENDERSON =
SeenON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 55

The present absence of trout has been locally attributed to a heavy
flood which is said to have washed them away. There is evidence
along the bottom-lands that such a flood did occur, but that it
washed the trout out is highly improbable. It seems much more
probable that it may have filled the pools that once made it possible
for trout to survive protracted dry seasons, though it is not impossible
that the filling is due to the fact that the desiccation of the country
has at last reached a point where the stream is not able to take care
of the débris arising from lateral erosion of the valley. It is not at
all improbable that the creek may have completely dried up during
some particularly dry cycle within the last 20 years. In any event
we must believe that there were trout a quarter of a century ago,
and so we have no reason to doubt that they existed during the
occupancy of the valley by the ancient inhabitants, though that is
not a necessary conclusion. Of course we have no definite evidence
as to the species, but it was almost certainly the Rio Grande Basin
trout (Salmo mykiss spilurus Cope).

Cope! says he saw Gila pandora Cope (= Richardsonius pulchellus
pandora Cope—Cockerell) in the creek below Ojo Caliente. Cope and
Yarrow? reported the following species from nearby Rio Grande
drainage localities, to which species we have applied probable modern
nomenclature, placing in parentheses the names under which they
were reported:

Pantosteus plebewus Baird & Girard (P. jarrovia Cope). Sucker.
Taos, San Idefonso, and Tierra Amarilla. |

Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. Silvery Minnow. San Ildefonso.

Richardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope) (Gila pandora). North-
ern Rio Grande Dace. Near San Ildefonso.

Notropis sumus Cope (Alburnellus simus). Rio Grande Shiner.
San Ldefonso.

Notropis dilectus Girard (Alburnellus jemezanus Cope). San
Ildefonso.

Notropis lutrensis Baird and Girard (Hypsilepis iris Cope). San
Ildefonso.

1Cope, E. D., Report upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expe-
dition of 1874, Geog. Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), Iv, pt. 0, p.21. Seealso Ann. Rept. for 1875,
p. 66, 1875.

2 Cope, E. D., and Yarrow, H. C., Report upon the Collections of Fishes Made in Portions of Nevada,
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, Geog.
Surv. W. of 109th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), V, pp. 635-703, 1875. See also Cockerell, T. D. A., The Nomen-
clature of the American Fishes Usually Called Leuciscus and Rutilus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Xxt, pp.
215-17, 1909; The Fishes of the Rocky Mountain Region, Univ. Colo. Studies, v, pp. 159-178, 1908; Jordan,
David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren, The Fishes of North and Middle America, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat.
Mus., 4 vols., 1896-1900.

69231°—Bull. 56—14——5

56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Rhinichthys cataracte dulcis Girard (R. mazillosus Cope). Sweet-
water Dace. Tierra Amarilla, Abiquiu, San Ildefonso, and
Taos.

Hybopsis estivalis (Girard) (Ceratichthys sterletus Cope). Horny-
head. San Ildefonso.

Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) (A. tyrannus Girard). Fresh-water
Eel. Near Santa Fe.

They also report Salmo pleuriticus Cope from Rio Taos, Chama
River, and near San Ildefonso, but as this species seems to be con-
fined to the Colorado River basin the record is probably a mistake.
There are perhaps other fishes existing in the Rio Grande drainage
of northern New Mexico, but we have found no record of them.
The species are mostly small and of little food value. There are
rumors of catfish, but no definite record.

The Tewa have the following names for species of fish:

Pinpa’, ‘mountain fish’ (pi-y, mountain; pa’, fish). This name
seems to be applied to any species of trout.

Pa‘tsi-jo’, ‘knife fish’ (pa, fish; tst-7o°, knife). This fish lives in
the Rio Grande. It has a knife-lke back, and there is also a knife-
like projection at each side of its lower jaw. It reaches a length
exceeding a foot.

Pawa'p‘a’, ‘flat-chested fish’ (pa’, fish; wa*, chest, breast; p‘a-,
flat and roundish). This fish lives in the Rio Grande and attains
a length of 2 feet or more. Its underside is flat.

Tsewige. This fish lives in the Rio Grande. White men in talking
to our informants had called this fish a ‘‘sucker.’’

Pa'tuywe’, ‘tall fish’ (pa-, fish; tuywe’, tall). This fish lives in the
Rio Grande. The Mexicans call it boquinete.

Pa’ e’, ‘little fish’ (pa-, fish; ’e*, diminutive). This term is applied
to any small fish, especially to minnows and the like; also to the
young of larger varieties of fish, which often can not be recognized as
they can when more mature.

Pa’ oqui’, ‘phlegm fish’ (pa-, fish; ’oqwi, mucus from the trachea,
bronchial tubes, or lungs, such as is coughed up). This name is applied
to any species of eel. The skin of the pa’ oqwv: is highly prized and
is used among other purposes for leggings and moccasins. The fish
lives in the Rio Grande.

It is said that the kinds of fish which live in the Rio Grande would
probably also be found in the Rio Chama.

INSECTS

Notwithstanding their average small size, when compared with
vertebrates, insects are very important from the point of view of
natural history. Their interesting habits, their economic relations

HENDERSON raat
Pintineeee ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 57

to other animals, and the exceedingly large number of known species
give them zoological prominence. Their relations to the pollenization
of plants and their destructiveness to vegetation give them both
botanical and economic importance. Their relation to the spread of
disease and the annoying habits of some of them have a direct bearing
on the comfort and happiness of the human race.

From the ethnological point of view the position of insects is a
minor one. They have little importance as food, except the grass-
hoppers, etc., during seasons of abundance. Among native peoples
of the lower Colorado Valley insects have acquired considerable relig-
ious and mythical significance, especially the ants, but this does not
require a knowledge of many species or a very minute discrimination
between species. Among the Pueblos they have no such significance.
A great number of insect species have been recorded from the Jemez
Plateau and Santa Fe. There are doubtless hundreds of others unre-
corded, including many now undescribed and unknown to science.
As most of the smaller species are distinguished from one another by
characters which may be studied only with a good lens or a micro-
scope, it is obvious that in most cases the Indians can not distin-
guish the species or even the genera. However, the larger and more
conspicuously marked species are likely given definite native names.
It would be an interesting contribution to the psychology of the
Indians for someone with sufficient entomological training to investi-
gate their knowledge of and ideas concerning the insects and the
extent and accuracy of their discrimination, including the habits of
insects and their relations to plants.

Time did not permit us to enter into this field except in an incidental
Way in connection with the ethnobotanical work. Our collections
of insects were accidentally almost wholly destroyed in transit, with-
out having been determined or recorded, so that we can not even
give an account of the species found. We found many species of
beetles, ants, bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, flies, and other insects.

It does not seem important in this report to list the species of
insects recorded from the region by Ashmead, Banks, Cockerell,
Coquillett, Dunning, Fall, Fox, Gillette, Hagen, Holland, Howard,
Hulst, Mead, Scudder, Thomas, Townsend, Uhler, Ulke, and Wheeler.
More than 30 of Prof. Cockerell’s papers report species from this
region. Ulke has recorded 56 species of Coleoptera (beetles), and
Uhler has recorded 34 species of Hemiptera (plant-lice, scale insects,
true bugs, etc.) from San Ildefonso, Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and
Tierra Amarilla. Hagen recorded three species of Neuroptera from
San Ildefonso, Tierra Amarilla, and Taos. Most of the other records
are from Santa Fe.

Work along this line could be easily done by persons with very
limited knowledge of entomology. They could collect the insects

58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

and preserve them, number the labels, obtain the ethnological data,
preserving the connections by referring to the label numbers, and the
specimens could then be determined accurately by specialists.

That many of the western Indians did not formerly disdain insects
as a part of their diet is well known. Hoffman’s comments! are of
interest in this connection: |

Some of the tribes will adhere to the most disgusting varietiesof food. . . . Some
of the Shoshonees obtain some food from the settlements, but subsist chiefly upon what
game and fish they can secure in addition to lizards, grasshoppers, etc.

Their mode of preparing grasshoppers is in this wise: A fire is built covering an area
of from 20 to 30 feet square, and as the material is consumed to coals and ashes all the
Indians start out and form an extensive circle, driving the grasshoppers with blankets
or bunches of brush toward the center, where they are scorched or disabled, when
they are collected, dried, and ground into meal. With the addition of a small quan-
tity of water this is worked and kneaded into dough, formed into small cakes, and

baked in the sand undera fire. . . . The Pah-Utes in the southwestern portion
of Nevada, and even across the line into California, consume the larve of flies found
upon the borders of some ‘‘alkali lakes.’’? The organic matter washed ashore is soon

covered with flies, where they deposit their eggs; there being not sufficient nourish-
ment for all the worms, some die, when more eggsare deposited, and so on ad infinitum,
until there is a belt of swarming, writhing worms from 2 to 4 feet broad and from an
inch to 3 inches in depth. . . . Atsuch localities the Indians congregate, scoop
up and pack all that can be transported for present and future use. When thoroughly
dried, it is ground into meal, and prepared and eaten as by the Shoshonees.

Where conditions of life are as hard as in many parts of the South-
west, it would be surprising indeed if, during times of special scarcity
of food, all the Indians inhabiting the region have not been forced
to rely on food which ordinarily they did not use; yet from the fact
that Indians of various tribes have frequently been known to show a
preference for raw entrails of large game animals and seem really
fond of meat that has become somewhat tainted, one can not always
feel certain that the use as food of things which are revolting to other
people may not be due to choice.

The following Tewa names of kinds of insects were obtained:

Kunz refers to any kind of ant. Color- or size-denoting adjec-
tives are often added. An anthill is called kuiztebi-ui (kuiz, ant;
te’, house; 6i'vi, mound of small size; ef. bowe, large mound). The
Jemez, however, have two names for ant species: ’dmu and wa’dym.

Hodge gives as Ant clans at various pueblos: Nambe, Ku”yi-tdoa;
Pecos, Am#t’+; Acoma, Sit-hanog”; Sia, Sti-hédno; San Felipe,
Sii-hdno.

Pezt'ada, bumblebee. These insects make honey. They are
ground up and put into a dog’s food in order to make him a good
hunter, according to a San Ildefonso informant.

1 Hoffman, W. J., Miscellaneous Ethnographic Observations on Indians Inhabiting Nevada, California,
and Arizona, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. for 1876 (Hayden Survey), pp. 465-66, 1878.

anon ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 59

For species of wasp, bee, and hornet only two names could be
obtained. Qwo-uebe’ seems to be the honey-bee, while t‘awe is some
kind of wasp. Honey is called qwo-uebe’gpo-, ‘bee sweet water’
(qwo-sebe’, bee; ’¢, sweet, sweetness; po-, water).

Cushing tells how honey was obtained by Zufii girls from a kind of
burrowing hornet.'

In the Zuni country there is a kind of burrowing hornet (or carpenter bee) which
drills into adobe or mud walls and there deposits its honey. On any fine day in late
summer one may see little groups of girls hunting the holes of these hornets along the
garden walls. Whenever they find a number of them they provide themselves with
gourds of water which they dash against the adobe or spurt into the holes through
straws. The hornets, disabled by drenching, soon crawl forth and are easily killed
or driven away, after which the girls, with little wooden or bone picks, dig out the
honey.

Various species of butterfly are called at San Juan poganini, at San
Ildefonso polamimi. The latter word is peculiar in that, so far as
we know, it is the only native Tewa word which contains the sound
of 1. No word meaning ‘“‘moth”’ could be obtained. The Isleta call
butterfly par fireue.

The introduced house-fly and many insects of similar appearance
are called p'yiy. A bluish fly species was distinguished as p‘uiw
tsdywe'’v?, ‘blue fly’ (p'yiiy, fly; tsd-ywe', blue, green). Other
Tanoan languages show cognate forms: Taos, p‘wiuend; Isleta,
punuuse; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary), “a-fu-ya-é, fly”; Jemez,
Fwd.

Species of firefly are called tsik‘owa and p‘a p‘uiy, ‘fire fly’ (p‘a’,
fire; p'yny, fly).

Dragon-flies are called po'duyduy (po', water; wuy, to buzz like a
bullroarer). Cushing tells a Zui myth of the origin of the dragon-
fly.? :

‘pu'y, ‘cricket,’ ‘locust.’ This is the animal which the Mexicans
call chichara.

Povtsiuze, ‘water bird’ (po:, water; tsive, bird), is not a bird, but an
insect. It resembles po-dyuyduy in its habit of hovering over water.

K‘ow7’ty is a species of grasshopper or locust. Another species
is distinguished as k'ow.’ty ’d-wi’t', ‘brown grasshopper’ (k‘ow?’ty,
grasshopper or locust species; ’é°, brown).

Black-headed head lice are called p‘e. Body lice are known as
fuwa, while bedbugs, which are still more numerous, are called ¢'7’t.
All three terms might be carelessly applied to ‘‘lice” on plants,
wood, or garbage. Notice that a small species of land snail is called
pw pe, ‘rabbit-brush louse’ (p‘w’, rabbit-brush; p‘e-, head louse) ; see
page 65.

1Cushing,F. H., Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, x, no. 3, March, 1885, p. 42, note.
2Tbid., pp. 35-38. ;

60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Mosquitoes are known as fugo or fugo’e (fugo, mosquito; ’e’,
diminutive). Cf. Taos gwitolaantd; Isleta tankinase; Piro (Bartlett’s
vocabulary) ‘‘quen-lo-a-tu-ya-é”’; Jemez tadhdrwijd.

The inch-long ill-smelling black beetle of the Tewa country is
called p'egapu sande’ (pega, to stink acridly; pu’, base, buttocks,
anus; say, ———— ?; de’¢, ———_).

Povta'we (po", squash, pumpkin; ta’, dry 2; we, — ?) are the same
as po'p'e’, ‘squash lice’ (po, squash, pumpkin; p‘e’, head louse). The
names refer to a kind of brown jumping bug seen on squash and
pumpkin vines.

Worms of the most diverse kinds—maggots, larve, caterpillars, and
almost any worm-like animals—are called pubg. A hairy, fuzzy cater-
pillar is spoken of as pubs p'o’v’', ‘hairy worm’ (pubs, worm; p’o,
hairy, hair). The larvz seen so plenteously at times on willow leaves
are called ja-ypubs, ‘willow worms’ (jay, willow; pubs, worm).
Sa‘pubz', ‘manure worms’ (sa*, manure; pubs, worm) are the
larvee seen in manure; tape-worms, pin-worms, and other worms
infesting the intestines are also called thus.

Angle-worms have a special name: ndé‘ysv° (nd‘y, earth; sv, unex-

plained).

CRUSTACEANS, Myriapops, AND ARACHNIDS

Tse: heat, ‘spruce brownness’ (ése7, Douglas spruce; £d°, buff-brown
color, said to be so called because they are hairy like spruce trees,
and brown) is applied to any kind of centipede, millipede, or myria-
pod. Many kinds are common. It is said that one bitten by a
tse*ka* will live as many years as the animal has legs, which is usually
a considerable number. The legs are called k‘o-, ‘arms,’ as are also
the legs of a spider.

Scorpions are very scarce. In the summer of 1911 Mr. K. A.
Fleischer found one about half an inch long in the Rito de los Frijoles
Canyon. The Tewa who have been asked do not know the name of
this animal.

Any kind of spider is called ’@’we-. The second syllable of the
word sounds just like we’, ‘tooth,’ and gives the name an ugly sound
to Tewa ears. A spider web is called ’@ we p‘e’, ‘spider trap’ (@ we’,
spider; p‘e’, trap, snare). Tarantulas also are called ’@ we, but the -
proper name is ke‘tu puje, ‘bear back deerskin’ (ke*, bear, any species;
tu’, back, spinal column; pujeé, dressed skin of deer, elk, etc.). They
are quite common. ‘Their holes are called p‘o’, ‘hole.’ An old Indian
who is usually very correct in his identifications called a green dip-
terous insect taken from a Populus angustifolia tree ’@ we tsd-qwe'’v*,
‘blue or green spider’ (@’ we’, spider; tsd-ywe’, blue, green).

ENDERSON r = e
ere row| ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIAIS 61

Mo.uuusks !

The native Mollusca do not enter to any extent into the culture of
the Indians of this region at the present time, and probably the same
is true with reference to the former inhabitants. It is not unusual
to find marine shells in the ruins, especially Olivella. They were
probably obtained by barter with the peoples living to the south-
westward. At El Rito de los Frijoles a few specimens of Olivella
biplicata Sowerby and one of Erato vitellina Hinds were found. They
doubtless were brought from southern California or from Lower Cali-
fornia. None of the native land or fresh-water shells of the region
have been found in the ruins, which is not surprising. Ashmunella,
Oreoheliz, Physa, and Lymnza are the only species large enough to
be particularly noticed, and they do not exceed three-fourths of an
inch in greatest diameter. This, it is true, is as large as the marine
shells commonly found in the ruins, but the land shells do not appear
to have become articles of barter, perhaps because they occur through-
out the region and are therefore obtamable nearly everywhere and
further because they are rather fragile.

The shells of mollusks have been used as a medium of exchange
and as ornaments, amulets, and ceremonial objects by primitive
peoples everywhere. They have been used very extensively by the
Indian tribes of the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions in North
America and by them introduced into the interior.? Strings of beads
made from the common Olwvella biplicata of the Pacific coast, worn
about the neck as ornaments and used in barter, found their way into
Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado, and Stearns *
tells us that in New Mexico Dr. Edward Palmer was ‘‘witness to a
trade wherein the consideration for a horse was a California abalone
shell.”

Bracelets of Glycimeris from the Gulf of California have found their
way as far north and east at least as northeastern Arizona, where
they are reported, together with Turritella tigrina, Conus, and
Olivella, by Hough, who says‘ they are found mostly in the pueblo
ruins situated in mountain passes, probably along 1outes of primitive
travel.

1 Henderson, Junius, Mollusca from Northern New Mexico, The Nautilus, Xxv1, pp. 80-81, 1912.

2 Holmes, William H., Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans, Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., for
1880-81, pp. 179-305, 1883; Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, Examined During the
Summers of 1875 and 1876, Tenth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Terr. for 1876 (Hayden Survey), p.
407, 1878. Stearns, Robert E. C., Ethno-Conchology—A Study of Primitive Money, Ann. Rep. U.S.
Nat. Museum for 1887, pp. 297-334, 1889. Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, Contr. N. Amer. Ethn.,
III, pp. 335-38, 1877.

3 Stearns, R. E. C., op. cit., p. 329.

“ Hough, Walter, Archeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedition
0f1901, Ann. Rep. U.S. Nat. Museum for 1901, p. 295, 1903 (see also pp. 300, 305, 338, 344).

62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Fewkes ' mentions West Coast marine shell ornaments in Arizona,
made from Pectunculus [Glycimeris] sp., Conus ferguson, C. princeps,
O. regularis, Turritella sp., Haliotis sp., Strombus sp., Cardium sp.,
Melongena patula, Oliva angulata, and Oliva [Oliwella] biplicata or
hiatula, many of the species having also found their way into New
Mexico. He says (p. 88):

It is well known that there was a considerable trade in early times in these shells,
and long trips were taken by the Pueblo Indians for trade purposes.

The intercourse of northern and southern peoples of Arizona through trading expe-
ditions continued to quite recent times, but judging from the number of specimens
which were found in the ruins it must have been considerably greater in prehistoric
times than it is at present. In fact, much of the decline in this traffic is probably
to be traced to the modification of the southern Arizonian aborigines and the intro-
duction of new ornaments by the whites.

From the ruins near Winslow, Arizona, the following species of
Pacific coast marine shells have been reported by Fewkes: ? Pectuncu-
lus giganteus Reeve, Melongena patula Rod. & Sow., Strombus
galeatus Wood, Conus fergusoni Sow., Cardvum elatum Sow., Oliva
angulata Lam., Olwa hiatula Gmelin, Oliva biplicaia Sow., Turritella
tigrina Keiner.

Our San Ildefonso Indian informants had a distinct name for
Ashmunella, which is common along El Rito de los Frijoles, in the
Jemez Mountains, and probably in favorable localities throughout
the region. They did not know Oreohelix, three specimens of which
were obtained in the Jemez Mountains. Pupilla, although only 3
millimeters in height and 1.5 millimeter in width, received a special
name, being distinguished from the more flatly spired shells by its
high spire and cylindrical form. The flatter shells of small size
(Vallonia, Zonitoides, etc.) were grouped under another name, with-
out distinguishing species. One of the Indian boys, who had never
noticed the snails before, was shown several species under some logs.
He began a search and soon found a Cochlicopa, which, differs markedly
from the species that had been shown to him, and he at once recog-
nized it as another kind of snail, but our informants had no distinct
name for it.

The mollusks of the region have no apparent economic value.
Conditions are not favorable in the Rio Grande Valley of northern
New Mexico for the larger clams, which would have a food value, and
none have been found.

There appear to be no published records of bivalve mollusks
(Pelecypoda) for the region. Calyculina and Pisidium have been
found in the Rio Grande drainage in Colorado, and the latter, if not
the former, probably occurs in our area in New Mexicc, wherever

1 Fewkes, J.W., Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo Ruins, T’wenty-second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn.,
part I, pp. 88-93, 187, 1904.

2 Fewkes, J.W., Preliminary Account of an Expedition to the Pueblo Ruins Near Winslow, Arizona,
in 1896, Smithsonian Rep. for 1896, pp. 529, 530, 535, 536, 1898.

HENDERSON
SAR ErON ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 63

there are perennial streams. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has a manu-
script list of New Mexico shells prepared by Rey. E. H. Ashmun,
in which Posidvum is listed from Santa Fe. In El Rito de los Frijoles
no aquatic shells were found, either bivalve or univalve. Indeed,
the scarcity of aquatic animal life, except water beetles and ‘‘water
boatmen,” may indicate that the water does not always flow in that
rivulet in very dry seasons. The only record of an aquatic mollusk
of any kind yet published is Physa, though Lymneza palustris Miller
from Taos, and L. desidisa Say (probably L. obrussa Say) and
Planerbis parvus Say, both from Santa Fe, are included in Ashmun’s
list.

Land snails are usually to be found along the bottom lands, in the
canyons, and throughout the mountains, under cottonwood and
aspen logs, not often among conifers. As the species are mostly tiny,
some of them smaller than an ordinary pin head, and most of them
much less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, it requires close
inspection to discover them. They may be packed with a little moss
or some green leaves and shipped alive to conchologists for identifi-
cation.

2

Ashmunella thomsoniana Ancey.

This species is recorded from Santa Fe Canyon and the Pecos
Valley by Pilsbry,! the localities being all east of the Rio Grande.
Two subspecies are credited to the Pecos drainage in New Mexico.
Other species are recorded from south of our area.

P*e’obe’e*, ‘little wood shell’ (p‘e, stick, wood; ’obe, shell; ’e’,
diminutive).
Ashmunella ashmum Dall.

The type locality of this species is Bland, not far from El Rito de
los Frijoles.2. The species is very abundant at several localities along
the Rito de los Frijoles. Five immature specimens from near the top
of the Jemez Mountains at Valle Grande, and four from about half-
way to the base of the mountains, may be referable to this form,
though probably belonging to the next. It is likely that the San Ilde-
fonso Indian name given to this form would be applied to the other
Ashmunella species, as they are so much alike that they would be sep-
arated only by a skilled conchologist looking for slight differences.

2
Ashmunella ashmum robusta Pilsbry. ,

This subspecies is somewhat larger than the preceding, and was
described as from the ‘‘Jemez Mountains near Bland, N. Mex., at
higher elevations than A. ashmuni.”’ *

1 Pilsbry, Henry A., Mollusca of the Southwestern States, I: Urocoptidee; Helicidee of Arizona and New
Mexico, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVu, p. 235, 1905.

2 Dall, William H., Report on the Mollusks Collected by the International Boundary Commission of the
United States and Mexico, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, XIX, p. 342, 1897. Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233.

5 Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233.

64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

Ashmunella townsend: Bartsch.

Described from Ruidoso, Lincoln County, New Mexico.!

pe te
Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll.

Three weathered specimens which appear to belong to some form
of O. strigosa Gould were found in the Jemez Mountains near Valle
Grande. Our Indian informants were not familiar with them and
had no name for them, but did not confuse them with Ashmunella.
Ashmun’s list, hereinbefore mentioned, includes Oreoheliz concen-
trata Dall, from near Bland, at an altitude of 10,000 feet.

"hele So

Pupilla muscorum Linné.
We found a single specimen at El Rito de los Frijoles.

gud GRATED
Pupilla blandi Morse.
Abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles and in the Jemez Mountains
near Valle Grande.
pa Reese
Bifidaria pellucida parvidens Sterki.
We found one in a canyon half-way to the top of Jemez Mountains,

near Valle Grande.

js eee
Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Vanatta.
The type locality is Bland, New Mexico.’

| Coat Res

Vertigo concinnula Cockerell.

We found two specimens of this species in the Jemez Mountains,
near Valle Grande. It was recorded from these mountains by Pilsbry
and Vanatta also.*

gitiselsy te

Cochlicopa lubrica Miller.
Common at El Rito de los Frijoles.

Y

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.

Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant
in the canyon at El Rito de los Frijoles.

1 Bartsch in Smithson. Misc. Coll., XLVI, pp. 13-14, 1904.

2 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanatta, Edward G., A Partial Revision of the Pup of the United States,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1900, p. 604.

3 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanatta, Edward G., op. cit., pp. 599-600.

N SON 7
9 eae ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 65

2

Vitrina alaskana Dall.
We found three small dead specimens in the Jemez Mountains, near
Valle Grande, and four at El Rito de los Frijoles.

estat a .
Euconulus trochiformis alaskensis Pilsbry.
Common at El Rito de los Frijoles, and one specimen found in the
Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande.
y
Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant
at El Rito de los Frijoles.

Dr ee ai tres

Pyramidula shimeki cockerelli Pilsbry.

At El Rito de los Frijoles only two specimens were found at the
ancient pueblo, while about two miles up the canyon from the pueblo
the species was abundantly represented.

Y
Succinea avara Say.

Only one specimen found at El Rito de los Frijoles. We dare
suspect that Yarrow’s record of S. stretchiana Bland at Tierra
Amarilla‘ may refer to this species.

2
Physa sp.

Yarrow ” recorded P. ancillaria Say from San Ildefonso, P. traskii
Lea from Santa Fe, ?P. D’Orbigniana Lea and P. warreniana Lea
from Abiquiu, and P. altonensis from Pescado. It is likely that these
identifications are partly or wholly wrong, but evidently one or more
species of Physa occur in the region.

Yarrow’s record of Pyramidula perspectiva Say at San Ildefonso *
is probably something else, possibly P. cronkhiter anthonyi.

P'y' pe’, ‘rabbit-brush louse’ (p‘y", rabbit-brush; p‘e’, head louse).
Pupilla sp.
The species were consistently called thus whether found on rabbit-
brush bushes or elsewhere. (See p. 59.)

We have attempted to record all the Tewa names for species of
Mollusea or their shells, and with this intent we have spent consider-
able time examining collections of shells with a number of Indians.

1 Yarrow, H. C., Report upon the Collections of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca Made in Portions of
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Explor. &
Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), V, p. 936, 1875.

2Tbid., pp. 939, 940, 941.

3 Tbid., p. 932.

66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

The Tewa were familar with mollusks living in their own country,
and also with shells of mollusks obtained from other tribes and used
for ceremonial or other purposes.

The general name for fresh-water snails is ’obe, a word applied also
to some kinds of marine mollusks and their shells. (See below.)

Slugs are called pubg, a name which is applied to any wormlike
animal. (See under the discussion of insects, page 60.)

Only the shells of marine mollusks are known, although our inform-
ants had quite a correct idea of what the living animals are like.

The following terms referring to shells were recorded: ’obe pi'’0’?,

‘red shell’ (obe, shell; pr", red); ’obe t'igiydr’*, ‘flat shell’ (obe, shell:
tigiy, flat and Sera rcp ’obe mapr’v’*, ‘spiral shell’ (obe, shell; mapi,
spiral, twisted); ’obe Ae 474, ‘thick shell? Cote, shell; ka, iene:
’obe ko’i’t, ‘rough shell’ Cobe, shell; £o-, rough); ’obe pas i, ‘rough
shell with surface cracked’ (obe, abel pa’, cracked, chennai
‘obe ywe'v?, ‘spiny shell’ (ode, shell; ywe', spiny, pice ; spiky,
spike, ic thorn). To pectens the term ’obe hegée wigewige’v’*,
‘shell wavy with little grooves’ (obe, shell; hegé, arroyito, rivulet,
groove; wigewige, wavy, undulating, sinuous) is applied. To pectens
and also to other bivalves with undulating edge the term ’obe pyuywe
seynuvv*, ‘beautiful zigzagged shell’ (obe, shell; puywe, beautiful to
look at; se nwi, Vitone el Cite; is applied.

The abalone Sheil is Paited? ejv. This is the kind of shell which the
Salt Old Woman used as a handkerchief, according to a Santa Clara
myth obtained by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco. The ’e77 which she
had was soft as a handkerchief. A large abalone shell is sometimes
called ’ejise’ xwe, ‘abalone vessel’ (’ej72, abalone; sx’ xwe, bowl-shaped
vessel). Abalone shells are ey referred Be with accompanying
color-denoting adjectives. Thus ’eji fse-’i’?, ‘white abalone shell’
(’e71, abalone shell; tsx*, white) ; e727 tsd-ywe: pi, ‘blue or green abalone
shell’ (’e77, abalone shell; tsd-ywe, blue, green); ’eji tse td’ aydv?,

‘yellow painted abalone shell’ (ez, abalbue shell; ése*, yellow; Wan.
painted).

A mussel shell and a razor clam shell were also onllgtlia et, how
correctly we are not certain. Beads made of abalone shell are
called ’eikwa’a, ‘abalone beads’ (’e7i, abalone; kwa’a, bead).

Cowrie shells, coffee shells, and the like, are called ’oga. Descriptive
adjectives are often added. The term ’oga is also applied to olivella
shells, whelk shells, and the like.

There is some kind of spiral univalve which is called tinint. Inspec-
tion of large collections of shells with the informants failed to reveal
what kind of shell this may be. The tinini are described as being
about an inch long. They are worn by the Kosa or Chifonetes on

HENDERSON r 7
al ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 67

certain occasions. Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco has seen them, but
has not identified them.

A kind of large, thick, flat shell, evidently a bivalve, is called
tsazamy. Not even all of the older people at San Ildefonso know
this shell or its name. Our informants were not sure with regard to
its color.

A kind of white, flat shell about 6 inches across is called tsx-t'a’,
‘white flat’ (fsx°, white; f'a’, flat and roundish). The tsz‘t'a was
sometimes worn on the breast of Tewa men. It was also cut up and
made into beads.

A kind of large spiral univalve from which beads were formerly
made is called po'tsunu.

A sort of shell described as white, cylindrical, 2 inches or more
long and about a quarter of an inch in diameter, is called tsx-wije.
These shells, which were highly valued, were strung and worn as
necklaces. Now only bone imitations of these shells are to be found
at the Tewa pueblos, but these are also called fse-wijé. The name
ise'wijé sounds like ‘white two’ (fse’, white; wijé, two), but this
makes no sense.

Hodge gives Kwdtsei-tdéa as a Shell Bead clan of San Ildefonso.
Kwa’a tse’i’* towad means ‘white bead clan’ (kwa’a, bead made of
any substance, not necessarily shell; fsx, white; fowd, person,

people).
THE LOWER INVERTEBRATES

Very little is known of the lower forms of invertebrate life of
northern New Mexico, and from an ethnological point of view such
forms are mostly unimportant. While some of the pathological Pro-
tozoa must have had an important bearing on the health of the ancient
peoples of this region, just as they affect the present population, as
active agents in the spread of disease, yet such minute objects could
not have been known to people who had no microscopes. It is not
likely that any of the other phyla below the Mollusca are well repre-
sented here, if they occur at all, except the worms and their allies,
and very little work appears to have been done with respect to them.
Verrill ' reported two unnamed varieties of leech, one at Taos and
one at San Ildefonso. We collected no specimens and so obtained
neither Indian names for nor Indian lore concerning them.

' Verrill, A. E., Report upon the Collections of Fresh Water Leeches Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1872, 1873, and 1874, U.S. Geog. Explor. & Surv.
W. of 100th Merid., Final Report, V, p. 965, 1875.

68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56
CORAL

Ku pi:, ‘red stone’ (ku’, stone; pi, red).
Red coral.

Red coral beads were obtained by the Tewa from tribes living in
the south. The beads were usually already made and strung when
the Tewa obtained them. The beads were called either £u: pi: simply,
or ku:pi'kwa'a, ‘red coral beads’ (ku, stone; pi, red; kwa’a, bead).
No other kind or color of coral seems to have been known to the
Tewa.

As Coral clans of various pueblos Hodge gives: San Juan, Kopi"-
tdéa; Santa Clara, Kupi-téda; San Ildefonso, Kupi-tdéa; Tesuque,
Kupi"-td6a; San Felipe, Ydscha-hdno (coral bead). Hodge, quot-
ing Fewkes, also gives Képeli-téwa as a Pink Conch Shell clan of
Hano. The Rio Grande Tewa know no such shell. (Can it be for
Ku pi?)

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6923]°—Bull. 56—14——6

,

72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56

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INDEX OF ZOOLOGICAL NAMES

E Page
Aéronautes melanoleucus (Baird).......------ 39
Agelaius pheniceus fortis Ridgway ---.------- 41
neutralis Ridgway ..-.---- 41
A lburnellus jemezanus Cope..-.-------------- 55
SPT he ac an SO SESE ECP OSE 55
IAT GUNS ss ee ner nee Se Cnr Oe eee ae eS 50
Ambystoma mavortium Baird -...------------ 52
higrinum (Green): 5.22.2... -- 52
irisruptum Cope.2-=-2----.--.--- 52
PRT BESTE U ANS ere tas = oe ye sie sine oe meine aia 52
Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur)......-.---.----- 56
trannies Gilard =. 2ess-5 = = 2 56
Amota modestatGirard:.7->---2.2-----2----=-- 49
Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub--..---.------ 33
PAINT acto cae =~ are a ors: 5'= openers Ae ee Ra 58
PANTPRILOPE: —. Jc. oc.0005 can kee tae fee aes Soe 2,3,15
Antilocapra americana (Ord.)..-------------- 15
A phelocoma woodhousei (Baird)-.-..--------- 39
A rusia chnysnetos (Linn.)- 2-22 ---~--2-2.<-- - 37
RACHID Sa coe: eck ease ce aseacsceagacece os 60
Archilochus alexandri (Boure. & Mul.)....----
ET LOLI (0 LR Rte 6, 61, 62, 64
QSIINUM Baa se sees ce steam ee teas 63, 64
mshiiene alle: pac soo. sen a Ses 63
robusta Pilsbry-..------ 63
thomsoniana Ancey ......------- 63
townsendi Bartsch: * 2. .--<---. <- 64
PAST FLO TIGMLENDS ike OLN.) oe See a ye iia 37
IDELSONAQITUE: (AGESSOU) © 5 ete ean mei = = 37
Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say)-.---------- 2
Asyndesmus lewist Wiley. 3. .-.---2---.---=- 38
PNUIERERONDAG 31.2, ~ <n Seine a oan yma k mint Sata os 6
OP SNR Se megpows se. aot cee setae saree cecece 5, 8, 24
Bezolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway)-..--- -- 44
DEIR: =o ane pe eet 5 Sere eee bee 9,10, 12
EUATIUROUUANS . o-s's3 32 Meee Sa seats SaUeY 52
TDA ee ee ee 1, 2,4, 5,8, 11,24
ES AN Rs ae. Saet cys eS SE Set Se. Se 2i
BE DRUGS! eee ote att eee pcs oS 59
BS ETE ee mcia aaa oso te Ay eee Se 60
Bernicia.orenta Steph: .-=--. < 2gs.seeass 33
Bifidaria peliucida parvidens Sterki...--.----- 64
alsa EP MUN KG 2.2... Sease ys <del eee 21 22
BIGHORN. See MOUNTAIN SHEEP.
DEVORE | AIR St eRe erg cae een ae 2, 4,6, 10, 33
ISO MNee be cul tac s «ey snot eee ak, Pod 3,4,18
Bison bison Cann, se: eee eed Les ee TS
LACK BIRDS. fo. « <falss ME. Sees Oe SR CE 5, 41, 46
Brania bernicla glaucogastra (Brehm)....-..-.- 33
canadensis canadensis (Linn.)......-- 33
Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone....-.-.---- 37
BuFrra.o. See BISON.
SP SLIOCOGTUEN EH ia ae ue 8 As se aan 53
lentiginosus woodhousei (Girard) ......-- 52

39 |

Page
GBA NE Ue Oh DL See ee Bek someon 58
Buteo borealis calurus Cassin ......--..------- 36
swainsont Bonaparte. ..--.-.---..----- 36
a BAW UNS 1a Pe) ee Ae = 59
Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors).. - - --- 33
Callospermophilus lateralis (Say).------------ 22
CONMCULITO Te re nee See ee ae ann a 62
(AQIS er Shere eee ere cetare eet ee oe ee 3
COANWLE Ye Ps 38S 2 fee fae ns tae ee ne 45
GantsiestoTs Merman 22. Soseea teense = 28
MUDIIS Sages oo 2 en ss ee 28
Cardinm:clavvan SGw =. #:.< \.6 7 5~ eee e ee 62
Carpodacus:cassiniBaird= 2 222-8222 Ae. 41
PLTIBUOTIS ASOT ORI tee 42
PTONEDIE SOY ot ona eeu eee a eaee 42
mexicanus frontalis (Say)..-..---- 41
GOSCUTUSINODIS. 2 se Soest ees 42
Castor canadensis frondator Mearns... --------- 21
CAT... ee hk cee es 29
Cathartes aura sepientrionalis Wied ......---- 36
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway... - 44
CAEL W ee ee OA See ens oe Sate se oom 2,9,01
(CE NIREP IE DIB ate PN res Sonal anes Beate oe 60
Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte)... --- 34
Ceratichthys sterletus Cope.........--.-.----- 56
ACHUD SCO THEGEIESIS Om es ariel P= Se anes = 16
1) rel pen te eo eae 15
MeENTUUNE NGISOMS- «2 mee cee oe ae 16
CHAPARRAL COCK....--- 8 he pha Re PIERS Sir
Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (Pallas). ...---- 33
[212 po) <G.N1B 3 50 pen at a See aN eg a a AY
WIGISARIE Ac ao eee cas aa etn eae eee oe 22
CRIGKION Ss ee woos septa ci ne ee ame ele 34,35
GHP MUNK! Scie s foe aes qe Gua esce aeae 8, 22
Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. - -- 42
Chordciles virginianus henryi Cassin... ....--- 38
Cinclus mezicinus unicoior Bonaparte --..-.- 46
Orel: Gh OM MEUTUS cae eh ee Se 2
tridecemlineatus Mitch........------- Zw
paliidus Allen. ....-- 21
variegatus grammurus (Say)...------ 21
Cnemidophorus gularis Baird & Girard... --- 50
octolincatus Baird ..........- 49
serlineaius (Linn.)......---- 49
tessellatus perplerus (Baird &
CGAL ee Reece ray Mears en 49
Cochiticn par semmerecsne oe ene kets canoe Oee 62
LUDCOVEUN ere fn Pee 64
Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors......-.--------- 38
COTES os ee eee eee Se Ds 2 sd Sees See 61
HARES OES Se te a eA 5 PE BS Sp ily 62
NS). gee ee een ea eh eae 62
MTRILEDS ene a2 sone a een eet 62
MEGUMUR IB ao a Ae ean TSS Ree Seed 62

74 INDEX

Page

GORAD (sc. < cs Gouin ok bene Soe ee es 10, 68
Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. 40
hesperis Ridgway ..... 40
cryptoleuctis2sehe ee eee Ua eel

Cough a-eseccrs eee 40

Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens Miller... ..-. 12
COTTONTATE: cast eeowtne ort ak ecieis acca testa 18
COUGAR J: t80 oeee mee ere oe ects emes 30
Cowesisels:ss4opeeceece..- ost eet ae 31
CON OTE ste eee en mo a ae 2 ee toe 5, 11,28
CRANE ty tee Medica sot = = cje/eacd dues <i s eee 33, 46
Crotalus confluentus confluentus (Say)... ---- 51
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger)...-.--- 47
GROW Rcos nce 5 ec cn Beene een a See eee 40
GCRUSBAGEANS 2 onc SO a oe eea eer eet 60
Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin)... - ---- 37
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied)...-.----- 41
Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). -- - - 39
OU GROCOTAD CASSIS < ot Ee a. SO eee 41
Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird) .......-....------ 21
DBE ¢jz-sosee nse esas 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,11, 16,17
(DEER-MOUSE. 22). 50-4 /cn8 So ce Ree ene ey 20521
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say). .-.----- 34
Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend).... 43
DIPPER. 3. eee ce ee Noster ae 46
DOG: has eis ee a aes 5, 6, 25
DONKEY iy Sees Lomas. wie fe ee 31
DOVE A. to. 2 Saree nets oD og ein 4,35
Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser - - - 38
monticola Anthony. .....-- 38

DUCK «22 tenth soa Poe ee See aE Se 4,5,33
AGB Ae ae coe ane oe eee near ees 4,6,36
Dy 01H Sania eRe Rats eee Eon 5A eRe aoe 56
SY EOP ANT ance a aan ee ee ty 32
OT hs See orotate re 1,2,3,4,15
Epimys norvegicus (Erxl.)-..-.-- Reber atizek a 21
SE OLO BILELLIMD TAIDOSe ae oles ae eet eee eee 61
Erethizon epixanthum Brandt....-...-..----- 18
Euconulus trochiformis alaskensis Pilsbry - - -- 65
Eumeces obsoletus (Baird & Girard).......--.- 49
Eutxnia eques aurata Cope......-.----------- 50
OF NGL BD A hse se see cers te 50

sirtalis dorsalis Baird & Girard..-.--. 50
Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say)......---------- 22
Felis hippolestes, Merriam 2. -.-.-.-----222---« 30
Fiber zibethicus osoyoosensis Lord. ......----- lg
pallidus Mearns.-.......------ 19

MCINGHISs so eeey, seen eee lesen eee aelereeg oe 41,42
LW tS) = 1 eee eter al ooh eR I 1,3, 10, 54
PUIOCKMRG Iss Se eae Re ee ee ose. eee ee 38
PNR orceaelece ele aii ee ese oe She anne 59
NR: Settee ea Stee sets clare see rete ein oy aE eee 5,29
RO GSS e ah sae = oi es eee ee ee 10, 52, 53
Geococcys caiijornianus (Lesson)....--------- 37
Geothiy nis trichas occidentalis Brewster..-.-... 43
GItA MONSTERS 4 SS on che ome eee 47
Gila pandora Cope..-..-. eisai Sapo ajn shoe otaie ere 55
GUTRVAGINEN. che 8g ata mar anita rie ois heels see a= . 31
Glaucidium gnoma pinicola Nelson.....---.-- 37
GLU CUN CRIS a. eo mar mele ee nee ee ee 61,62
GOAT Yr... occ lene tees oases ee eee Jon's 15
GOLDFINGH). 225. Ss 2s ae oe ee ae meme 4
GOPHIEE fon m cote sae cies sone os eee nars 19
GOOSE. 2 .202- cb eos eee meee Bie Soe Sra Fos eo 33

-

GRASSHOPPIR, «Sao ea 3 Soe aoe Oa eee ee
GROSBEAK
GROUSE tec ne ao a nea a. See ee
Gras canadensis\(Pinn.,)...0/.-- sea eee
GUINEA PIG

Halizetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.). 36,37

AGU OUR Seeks nie = 23s oe ea eee 62
ER AIRE Spo c aioe «bo eee oe ce ee ee 17
FAW: 3.2 oct eGo saree oo eee ee 4,6,36
IBRON (02-6 Jack 25) eee eee eee 46
Heterodon nasicus nasicus (Baird & Girard). . 50
Holbrookia maculata maculata (Girard)....... 47
LOMO SUDIONS- ifac aoe «Ee as oss a ee 9, 11,12
TT ORND in a. dsckon oteck, oie ae or 59
IMORNYHEAD),,'2 > << sn. 22 = peae> oe eee 56
FLORSE ss ake: 21 st inane ee eee 2,9, 11, 26,30
(PIO MIMINGBIRD a2).t. Sus es a ce ee eee 4,39
Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz..........-.---- 55
Hybopsis zstivalis (Girard)............--..--- 56
Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway...--.- 44
Hiynstlepis iris' Copess. a2 4. eee ee ee 55
INSECTS 2 = -2/sehc:esa, ee eee eee 56
INVERTEBRATES, LOWER-..----+:-!:+---2 ses . “67
Tridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)......--..------- 43
JACKRABBIT.\... 1. = (neue. boas na ees 7,17
AN o2e Sg oh SUS see, ee 4,39, 40, 41
JUNCOLL ast de tec aU ee 42
Junco phxonotus caniccps { ¥oodhouse)....- 42
dorsalis Henty 222-2 eaeaeeee 42

ISIVEDEER ones. cen anes a eee 46
Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood...-...-.-- 34
leucurus (Swainson). ....-.- 34

LARK SPARROW: 23220025 22h sere eee eee eee 42
IDERCH, ib) 5205 Soke ste 67
Lepus bairdi Hayden 0.228 0. obs os. ee 17
californicus terianus Waterhouse. ...-- 17
callotis-Wacler. 2:2. 2c~-5- sep eee 17
campestris Bach... 2.2.5 - sete see 17

LICH toh. ee betel cnc. oe eee 59
LIZARDS 3205 een OS tana 2 oe eee 10, 47
LLAMA ..... sette sates 6
LOCUST c<- Sn0 St. cose +2 2.5: ce eee 59
Lutra canadensis (Schreber)......-.---------- 23
sonora Rhoads.-2.22--...se 23

Lutreola vison energumenos Bangs...--------- 23
TAY TUN BY asd, wire sae eee ee oe 61
desidiosa Say... c= -f.5- << ee 63

obrussa Say....-:...820¢2) eee 63
malustris! Muller. 122-2. a eee nares 63

MACAW: 2. .<.-sastheds i255 coeeeeeee eee 45
MAGPIE: coco. deseo = 2 = eee ae 39
Marmota flaviventer (Aud. & Bach). .....---- 21
MARTEN. LiL. sha-.)- = 2522.2 oe 23
Martes caurina origenes Rhoads.......-.------ 23
MEADOWLABES i: .2/04 c ntece ee eee ee 5
Melaner pes erythrocephalus (Linn.)...---.--- 38
Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson .......-- 34
Melongena patula... 2... <2-. sb. Se- eee oe 62
Rod. & Sow... .-teeueeee 62

Melospiza fallat.. 3253221 2a eee 42
melodia montana Henshaw --..--.-- 42

Mephitis mesomelas varians Gray ...--------- 24

INDEX 715

> 7)
Ohm hw Ww

Page

PEP TA SO OR ay eee Se EI LR Le epee 61, 63

WHONOTSIS ee co okt Ree 65

gncillaria Say ss 5s%<s8 Saseks se eee 65

POT bigninnE eat 4... ea See 6a

ATO SIOR ER acs ho a eS «en ae ORS 65

CHOTRCRULIUT MSCS - 222 8 oe ost Se Se ee 65

Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine)...............-.- 39

Picicorvus columbinus 40

Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird.........-- 38

IBIGMON ae aan ses ORES Le toc ea che ne eees 4,45

SDINENSOMIRR ED ten Seen ace ce at Solace en 22

UDP OAT CHCUS Hera meee nee oS oe 43

maculatus montanus Swarth.......... 42

TREC IELO TY Sr yaa see bey See a = 43

TERR TAY {PEGS Sn oe ce teecn seep ee ee Sl eae oe aD 62, 63

Pityophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel) ...-.....--- aa e{0)

sayi mexicanus Dum. & Bib-._.._.. 50
Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridg-

SED YS) ee ee CEE acne ee EEE ot ores 44
EZUPNOTOUS DUTUUSI OY, «=e ean eee 63
ROOR=Wirt sea) ee nner ol ow nar 38
RORCUPIN Mas: Serer ee ieee re eee ee 18
ERATE V0 OG ar ep ye tes eee a 21
EP OGUOTGLOLOTy Wal. ron Fee = segs nee eee 25
IPRONGHOR NE Serge een 2 ee pac ene ale, 15
DAR MICEAN = Seery-Pic SA tant At eee Sas 34
TRAN re ete Eee Eee ee oe eet SS 5,30
PERL Doeebeerent et UE, oe Bol ua 62, 65

DlamapMonspeeer se.) oe = nk eee 64
MAES COMMA AL MIDNING ries 3 oe has ae 64
Putorius longicauda Merriam..........-..--- 23
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi.......- eran 65
BETSDECHIUE SAN. se osha o SNe 65
shimeki cockerelli Pilsbry...-..-. 65
UAT, Sees Oc ie Be ee ee 33
ROIS Leena le Oe eee UE A sedate casaline
REMOUOO NCE 26 ase See eae ete PR ne Ne: 25
Rana halecina berlandieri (Kaim) Cope.....-. 53
halecina (Kalm) Cope......_-. 53
pipiens Schreber........-. nppten TARE eS 53
virescens brachycephala Cope....---..-- 53
TSN, SRI td a 9 A Sy 8 SN a eee 8,19, 20, 21,32
VADIREGNARIES aes oa eee sees. Soke sede 45,51
IRAGWIEENG suaee ene Ae Pare ycins Jara iotis es cere 40
RR) RANE oes eet ee RN) Siete hs Ree eee 36
RED-WING.....---.--- Se Sr hee a SS 5, 41
RUISP EW Shera? oy OAs oat a. ee A a ee Rs 46
Rhinichthys cataract dulcis Givard.........-- 56
mucitlosus GOP. -32---~-. == <2. 56
Richardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope)..-.. 55
RO AD-RINND Re eee eee eee Oe a 37
VOB IN sie ster eee een os ee care See =e Se ol 4,44
SAGE HENS a2ee 4k oe eee nett omee Utes coe 34
SA AMIA NDR Gee ao hak ces ea nts he mice 10, 52, 58
Salmo mykiss spilurus Cope.........--------- 55
PEUTIICUSCODO os hee Haat roe oe 56
Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus [Say]... -------- 43
SVAIPS CK een ecteep ters es See Sop Sa Se ee 38
ISCOLOMIOT IOS PTPSLUCHIDS late cto dix, Here nya Rea oe 48
undulatus consobrinus (Baird &
CTA NE re a ee Sl 48
Scirus aber? WOodDOUSE .:... - 22.25.00... 22
Fremonti Aud. & Bach..... lees wae 22
MED INETICO RUS syste a Mel eee 23
SCORPION Se sent e lke tnrec na ee apt moe es 60
Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson) .......-.- 39
PUPS (CMMI lot yee ae eee 39

-
Page |
SMPRCTOLUS\ TOGA Merriam ee lee teinicie «se
Mimus polygiottos lewcopterus (Vigors).....-- 43
PMN 2s co ceus eens. eae en minom eect: = 2 a's 23 |
ECG CHER Dot ete eee. © eis ein tincin es 48
IMOLEUSKS seater settee sucae once ckeeecunes 61
MONKGE hee cee. cae ee eek onesies oe genes 12
WREST O Sh See Se OSS SOC ARe re chs 60
MOUNTAIN, DION. och Cl lece eee ese See 30
MIGUNTAIN SHEEP 22 222J.5es20oasees 1,3, 4,14, 15
LO LUTE RTO ee Sa ae 18,19, 20, 21
URGE Oe eee ape £1 BORE a eee eke Sate SRE 31
UCSD A re cre oso = serena Sates cae Sees 19
UES TLLSCHLLS LAN. ok cto asco elac aanoe = 21
Mustela americana Turton.....-.---.--2.---- 2:
arizonensis»Meams. - 225 222523 sees: -- 23
streatori leptus Merriam..-.........-.- 23
Myadestes townsendi (Aud.)....-......---.--- 44
Myotis lucifugus longicrus (True)...-..-..--- 12
REV ETARODS see 2s Gees ce ieee aa ee- ss CO
Neotome albiguia Hartley ....2.-.-.....------ 19
cinerea orolestes Merriam.......----- 20
mexicana fallax Merriam.........--- 20
GEM EL AAW Reco sb Sapo e tee ae 38
aVOUrOpie Gieccus GiTarde neat nae asset an)
lutrensis Baird ane Girard.........- 55
RUTILUSI CODES arcs een oe oe ene es a)
Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). ........----- 41
INGEN CLASS] Tk ee Ales A Ae a OR 40, +1
NUTHATCH -.-.. Sid SA a ae, Se es 4,44
Odocoileus americanus macrourus (Raf.).....- 17
emionwe CRat\ioeases20e5 fu sso eyse 16
PEO UN UML ee = See eet e Benet e cca 6
Re ts eee oa ay ee fi
DUPUCALISOW a 52 At tesa 5 se eae 6
UOTE CEG Re Sass Sk Sa ea ee ae 6
LOOMING) Septet ES oA RON Se Ee a 61
biplicata Sowerby. -.-.........-.----- 61
“SpA (te (te ONS ee eee ae 61,62
CONCENTTULE Dall. See te sole aoe & 64
strigosa depressa Ckll.......2...---. 64
Comldseees ss: eae sas. ar ; 64
MODIUISEGR ERIS <5 20-5). =. rae REIS oc ws eee a wks 23
Otus asio aikeni (Brewster).-.-..........-... 37
flammeolus flammeolus (IKaup) ..-.-..-. 37
Ovis canadensis Shaw........-- SER ee Pie me 14,15
UNG Shere, Sed ae so Ee ee 4,6,11,37
POTLOSTEMS JATTOUIU(COPG) ao .20 5-45 - 52<- f= 5s Sf
plebeius Baird & Girard .........- 5
Passerdomestiows (Winnie)! = 258 cece eee ee
PEFR COCKE a5 2 a cetashs sis se Roem een eee ee 4
Pectunculus giganteus Reeve ..........-...-- 62 |
MERLE Ct 15 SSS ee Schereee w eee —e 62
Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris) - 44
gambeli gambeli (Ridgway) ......- 44
Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway... ... 40 |
Perognathus apache Merriam................- 19
flavescens Merriam.............- 19
GVIES JB AITO Sas eee a 19
Peromyscus leucopus tornillo (Mearns)... ._.. 20
maniculatus rufinus (Merriam). . 20
Piet SOULOLO) 5 =. eae Neate os 20
Phalenoptiius nuttalli nuttalli (Aud.)........ 38
Phlwotomus abieticola (Bangs)..........-.--- 38
Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan.............-.- 49
douglassii hernandesi (Girard)... 48
ornatissimum(Girard). 48

1

76 INDEX

Page Tage
SHEERS 3 :5\o0: no bap arate tetas eee Aco ere mr U, || PPR oc iotep ee oto oes Cnn me eee ete 1,2, 4,6, 34
RSME DS i ee eS ui oatat arta eran ee ae Glo SLartitalans. se etss Scie Coe ee eee eer ee 62
Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway.....--.-----.- 45 WGTUNGs x eet Se oe a ee ee 61
Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns..-...--.----- 44 Krenier s322 2.0200 eee 62
pugmexa pygmexa Vigors.....-.-.------ 44~( (ROR DOM een eee see ea ses oes a eee 10,52

INE 6 os 0.0 nt eRe > ee a ie ee are 47,49
SUNK) hci sk ee. SE ee on | SUP OCODHAS 3. seen «=o 63
SrGso osha) ee Sy ae Fit SHEE 66 Urocyon cinereo-argentatews Schreber _......-- 29
SNe NA Re EN Oo 2 La) Ae a ea eee 2 5o. 63, 66 cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns ........ 29
SHUR EU een ee 5d by 44 a 10. 46,50 Ursus americanus: Pallas. .:..--.24...2.+2-e88 24
Ronin ATR dena Sond... ee A4 horribilis horrixus Baird. -:.......-.---- 24
RPARROW Se oem ts 2k times eee 4,42, 43 \O} is eeeiecentas ee ses5 occ 22 24
Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope ......----------- 52 | Uta levis Stejneger...-..- creer rece eee e teense 48
Speotyto cunicularia hypoge« (Bonaparte)... -- 37 ornata Baird & Girard.......-.-.....--- 48,50
SPERMOPHILE, STRIPED.......-.-----------+- 21 stansburiana Baird & Girard..........-.- 48

Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin)....----------- 38
Sor Re Se ee ae ene cece ona 10,60 | Vallonia......-...-.------- sheen eee eee eee eee 62
Spilogale gracilis saxatilis Merriam ...-------.- 24 cyclophorella Ancey.......---------- 64

denisnELO Wells, ene at Doe : 94 | Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Va-

Spizella breweri Cassin ....-..----..---------- 42 NAGA Ls e022 nese oc cca a eee 64
SQUIRRET Ie oe 2 22) 2 4,8, 91, 22 concinnula Cockerell...--.----.---.-- 64
Stellula calliope (Gould).......-.------------ 39 | Vitrina alaskana Dall........--.------------- 65
Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus).------- 37 Your Sine ne oe pein cieiele nienie in win an ania eee 19
Strombus galeatus Wood.....-..---.---------- gg | VULTURE....-...--.-----2-+22--+ +222 22---- 36
Succinea avara Say ate ee eae cleats ee ea WAHT! nce ee ib
id stretchiana Bland.....---.-.------«- 65 WARBRER ohlccc:1. 5. 43
ee a Gras cA kee ol fe | WABR = 20-0 =o Un eer eee 59
eines opi eo oi s
: pdebiclce: ) aapieesce alban relia. * : W BASIL. ss 22 sis SSea see eee 23
SS WLRD) (BERD) 2 sacs eres oe meee oe we a a AATEC 5 Se oral yp ae 5
Swirt (TIZRED) So teoenineer oar = ee AG TAT Dern Mee ee 4.1 98
SWINE Ee Se ene BY pe aaa eae phi Pe hs 9,32 WOODCHUGK..2. «+ 2.47222: 22 bs ee eee 21
Sylvilaqus auduboni néeomenican us Nelson....- BB Al see mp ROR ooo eon a en 38
warreni Nelson... .------ IB | WORMS. OAL T ) eo en 60
nuttalli pinetis (Allen)... ..-------- 1S | ura. ck ce Ld ei 43
Parndeams (abeehe) nn. | Xanocephatus zanthocephatus (Bonaparte).
TARANTULAS.......--:-------------------=-- 60" Gonary. OWZDEIROUG: 5 So sae 43

Tavidca tacks Scoreber.: 2222 _. o.... Sh. --.--8 24
Thamnophis eques (Reuss) .-..-.------------- 50 | Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson) ....-.-- 43
Thomomys aureus pervagus Merriam. ..------ 19 | Zamenis constrictor flaviventris (Say)....----- 50
ISEIROSED So oe eee eee eee ete ae es aes 44 VOLUSLUN) 2 22 epee ee 50
PM OUSEnta sec hoe eee aten g eee ee a4) “Fapus luteus... 520+ 25--3- eee 18
MOAUS eee vere RE ee SR tee Boh 10, 52,53 princeps Allen: 332, j:24-2ss =e we 18
AMOR TOISE Hi o- se cae te alae tee te te a NOM52) || (ZEB RAs oentme os 522 -een 5 So ee Sl
LOWES fotos 94: ona. Soe socemaa ne neato ce 42 | Zenaidura macroura margincila (Woodhouse). 35
Troglodytes aédon parkmani Audubon... - ----- BN St OTT OIE OS = mown ora oe a ee ee 62
PROUT Stee Beco cee cee enon. se ana ee 54 arboreus Say >. - 2 ees =< oe ee 65

ee 8

maple
mi bite
ee

a

THN

8 01421 8036