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| © Batomologit and Chief of Bureau, . s Sea OW ohn Seay Oana i 
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BURBAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


a Mente é ‘ ts 0. Hob anh Gratoabiohie and Chief of Buren: 3 i ; 
©. L. Martatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in sei on 
Ems t A Re S. CLIFTON, Chief Clerk — i. Fe 


. CHITTENDEN, in charge Be breeding piboremonte aint 
D. ‘HOPKINS, in charge of forest insect investigations. 
ba § HUNTER, in charge of cotton boll weevil inngstiaoliomes mend 
ihe M. WEBSTER, in eharge of cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. i 
ney ae L. QuarntANce, in charge of deciduous-fruit insect investigations. ae 
_. Frank Benton, in charge of: apicultural investigations. ) a ig 
"p: M. ROGERS, in charge of gipsy and brown- tail moth work. 
Gee AS W. MorgILL, engaged in white fly investigations. ie 
4 E. A. Scuwarz, D. W. CoQquimLLett, dba Pesca NaTHan, ‘Bure . 
' _Entomologists. 
_E. 8. G. Trrus, Avcust BuscK, OTro HEIDEMANN, R. Pp. Gaman J. 6s 
A. N. CaupELL, F. D. COUDEN, oe R. SASSCER, J. < Beatriz, Rah, 
Assistants. DS ee eae 
Me ‘LILLIAN L. HowEnstern, FREDERICK Knap, Artists. 7 
_ MABEL Cotcorp, Librarian. 
ae ee, E. Bourke, W. F. FISKE, A ee Wee, a; Fr Bonass, engage in 
xs as investigations. 


aes 


/ 


# ’ i Peete, Wir. caté Newnti,: Bi B cider, C. W. “FLYNN, a2 w. 
. ra oa soe CusHMAN, W. H. Gixson, engaged in cotton boll weevil invest 
; AG. I. REEvES, W. J. PHILLIPS, C. N. AINSLIE, engaged. in cereal we r 
insect investigations. 
FRED JOHNSON, A. A. GIRAULT, DUDLEY “Mourtos, engaged: in - decian 
insect investigations. ee] Ges 


ee 
E. F. ‘PHILLIPS, J. M. RANKIN, engaged 4 in -apicuttural investigations. ris 


2 

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te, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 61. 


THE LAWS IN FORCE AGAINST INJURIOUS 
INSECTS AND FOUL BROOD IN 
THE UNITED STATES. 


COMPILED BY 
nO. LOW AD, Ph. P., 
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau, 


AND 


A. KF. BURGESS; 


Secretary of the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors. 


ISSUED NOVEMBER 5, 1906. 


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WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1906. 


Pei eo Or TRANSMITTAL. 


U. S. DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, 
Bureau or ENToMoxoey, 
Washington, D. C., August 30, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit for publication a compilation of 
the laws and regulations now in force against injurious insects in the 
different States and Territories of the Union, for the information of 
persons engaged in the trade of hving plants, and of horticultural 
and agricultural associations. To the compilation proper is added 
a brief account of the preliminary and annual meetings of the Ameri- 
can Association of Horticultural Inspectors from 1897 to 1905. I 
recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 61 of the Bureau of 
Entomology. 
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, 
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. James WILson, ; 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


Preha € E. 


In 1895 a bulletin of this same general character was published 
under the title of Bulletin No. 33 of the Division of Entomology. At 
that time the recently discovered occurrence of the San Jose scale in 
the East had already induced vigorous discussion at agricultural and 
norticultural societies and conventions on the desirability of State 
legislation in this direction. The bulletin in question was of service 
as indicating the desirable provisions of such laws and their proper 
form. In 1898 another bulletin covering the same ground was pub- 
lished under the serial number 13, new series, of the Division of 
Entomology. The publication of this new bulletin was necessitated 
by the enactment of new laws and the very active interest in the sub- 
ject on the part of several States. Since 1898 other States have en- 
acted laws, and the laws already in existence have been amended. 
The Chief of the Bureau had in mind the publication of still another 
bulletin bringing the subject down to date, and had begun its prepa- 
ration. At a meeting of the American Association of Horticultural 
Inspectors, held in Washington, D. C., in November, 1905, a resolu- 
tion was adopted asking the Department of Agriculture to prepare 
the compilation here submitted. The delay in the collection and. 
arrangement of the laws has been necessitated by the lengthy corre- 
spondence involved, but to avoid the consequences of delay, on July 
5 a brief summary was prepared by Mr. A. F. Burgess, secretary of 
the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors, and published 
under his authorship as Circular No. 75 of the Bureau of Entomology. 
In preparing the following compilation the writer has been greatly 
assisted by Mr. W. F. Tastet, of the Bureau force. 
| Ee 0. 

5 


COW EEN TS: 


STATE AND TERRITORIAL LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS: Page. 
oy (EILE  2h 2 Sil Ee ee Ee CO ae a, Rel eg eae, Ween RES ESC S 9 
DT TEE TN Se RR ae ace le ae ee Rn de De a 12 
EDS 5a aaa aaa SRS pS. Fe. PRE ae ae ey SORRY Pl SECTS 13 
aR TEPER NORE Le ee de ace aa A hh Sal oor RS al 13 
pei en IIR Sgn ayn ee ah et BE te 9g ey Ma dct 22 
LET E REL DPE cp Se a SE Se SIO ae hs a eS IO RE) ESL! Pr 25 
CLR ETUE SE gph Sei oie Se es Ses mene ee ee eee he Se NARA 26 
NEC nie Pages ee ene Se Oe ee due ta ay 31 
eee mr are ey a etn ee te 31 
ETE a ee eat Pile TR cole ge apne UN A Ras oe NE RTE 39 
a i I RS ae ae a eS lL Sey eS ie pepe a RB 43 
[Sti | ee 1 ga BY le ep ta ea PR EE 47 
we LE ce pete Leh ce a pe ce EP 49 
i, SSS eee ro ae neers eh ein Se Ow Beer re SR ee ee eae 51 
ren erate ee mG pe Wey leet a ek, 2 ay SEE ee de 53 
vo LED LES? pte eee SS ee ee ne ON a fe BONS See Te eA Sees Se ee ee I Ee 53 
Mapepretnee ten net 258 tt So ee neds Rie She 5D 
OPIS LL a a ietrcd tennant Ota Oe Nee ne 60 
DU SUN) “be 2S ee eee ees ere, eed ee es 62 
“EE, LESS ROLE ES aU ee ge eee id ee BRED yee ie fore 66 
EE TE re aE ea pee ORs 2 Sg pe a a a ee SR NO 71 
co DEVE TES + Sh Rc pl ee a cere 76 
2 Rp LE SS see ek 2 we See a a Se 79 
sean rn ee eg eg ten A ER ee or Sa) a 80 
Maar ac oe SS Le 2 As aes Sob, Nae, ee | a 83 
sri ata fore tee RR ae ba a ee ee oe 90 
a Tae ee eee es meee 1A eine Ys 0 Se 90 
ESTES GUD ec eB eS ee 92 
MM Se Umno Drains IS Se Hs ee al 93 
BETS DL EE gio AS coca a Pe 98 
ET NSTEIPIINECES Sp sea ee 101 
UNM TEND Uae iur eens, me A eo a ee Ae de Se Cea 103 
ETE ga op ie a a Ep Oe aR en 109 
Te eS SS a eC Peer 110 
Sn MSD nae nA pence ch or ie he ei Re So 114 
Sree ote ora. Doel CH SY oa gee ORAL, ANE SE OnE ete, Se 5 119 
LE EDD DS HLA Gea? | EE aie i bo pet Se eRe RR UDRNR Ge eS Le ae as hele a ae 126 
LE CIDE al 21 Ce ce IE EL ka DT ON ees aa nr er 128 
ELTA CE nth ve 2 a Ses See ee i eg YN 130 
TTL SS) SOE ea eae ae creer Spe ns eS Sn nl 131 
EO SED) eee oe A ee ee 134 
WD SLES GS ae ree fe a 136 

7 


8 CONTENTS. 


STATE AND TERRITORIAL LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS—Continued. Page. 


WeRAS 22 222 ee ea eee 141 
Utah ....2..- 2225223 ee 147 
Vermont ......-—. 52 ee ee ee eee 153 
Virginia .___--.-+---.s--2 ee eee 153 
Washington -_-~- 222252532: 322238 2 ee ee 161 
West Virginia... 22.2 >See eee 168 
Wisconsin ._.-{20490. 25) See ee ee ee ees 171 
Wyoming. 22.22.2242 222 ee eee mee 173 
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS TO BE COMPLIED WITH BY NURSERYMEN OR 
OTHERS WHO MAKE INTERSTATE SHIPMENTS OF NURSERY STOCK__--___ 179 
STATE AND TERRITORIAL LAWS RELATIVE TO FouL Broop: 
California ) =— ~~. 222+ 2-2-2 -555- 2 5. ee 184 
Colorado ~~....-+----22 4.2422 ee 186 
PGANG? e2ec5 5256 eon nn ee ee ee ee et ee 
Michigan ___.+..--~2<.42+8) 33-3 eee 190 
Nebraska —....--.-20422 524225) ee 191 
New Mexico ___—. 22.2022 25222) 53 ee ee 192 
New York........2.2. 2.24255 2 eee 193 
Ohio ...2--.2226 22-2224) ) ee ee 194 
TeXAS 22.22 s2 oe eS ee 197 
Utah~__...____-.- 22 se ee 198 
Washington 2. -1.220c see eee 198 
Wisconsin... ee sete ussise Ub re 200 


REPORTS OF THE PRELIMINARY AND ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE AMERICAN 
ASSOCIATION OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS, 1897-1905: 


Preliminary meetings in Chicagou2... 2-222 -- eee 201 
First annual meeting... 04-23 335 ee eee 206 
Second annual meeting... 2242025250582 ese 209 
Third annual meeting 223003. 3 ee eee 214 . 
Fourth annual meeting..26.) 520 2s ee eee 216 


INDEX o2222- 2 occa Sate SS ee eee 221 


THE LAWS IN FORCE AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS AND FOUL 
BROOD IN THE UNITED STATES. 


g 


STATE AND TERRITORIAL LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
ALABAMA. 
No. 559. 


AN AcT to prevent and prohibit the importation of seed from cotton affected with Texas 
boll weevil. 


Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of Alabama, That no person shall 
import or bring into the State of Alabama any seed from cotton affected with 
what is known as the Texas boll weevil, nor the seed from any place where 
the cotton has been affected with said boll weevil. 

Src. 2. Any person who violates the provisions of section 1 of this act shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be fined not less than ten 
dollars ($10.00) and not more than five hundred dollars ($500.00). 

Approved Oct. 6, 1903. 


No. 121. CopE oF 1903. 


An Act to further protect horticulture, fruit growing, and truck gardening, and to 
exclude crop pests of all kinds in the State of Alabama. 


SEcTION 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of Alabama, That from and after 
the passage of this act the commissioner of agriculture and industries of the 
State of Alabama, the president of the Alabama State Horticultural Society, 
and the director of the experiment station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute 
shall, ex officio, constitute a board to be known as the State board of horticul- 
ture, of which the commissioner of agriculture and industries shall be chairman, 
which board shall have full power to enact such rules and regulations governing 
the examination, certification, sale, transportation, and introduction of trees, 
shrubs, cuttings, buds, vines, bulbs, and roots as they may deem necessary to 
prevent the further introduction, increase, and dissemination of insect pests 
and plant diseases. 

Sec. 2. That the professor of horticulture of the Alabama Polytechnic Insti- 
tute shall act as State horticulturist and as secretary of said board of horticul- 
ture under the provisions of this act, and it shall be the duty of the said board 
to promulgate rules and regulations in accordance with this act for the govern- 
ment of the said State horticulturist in the duties devolving upon him in execu- 
tion of the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 3. There is hereby annually appropriated the sum of ($1,500) fifteen hun- 
dred dollars, to be disbursed under the direction of the board of trustees of the 
Alabama Polytechnic Institute for the purpose of defraying the expense in the 
execution of this act. 

Sec. 4. The State horticulturist or a deputy duly authorized by the board of 


9 


10 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


horticulture shall have power under the regulations of the board of horticul- 
ture to visit any section of the State where such pests are supposed to exist. 
and to determine whether any infested trees or plants are worthy of remedial 
treatment or shall be destroyed, and he shall immediately report his findings 
in writing. giving reasons therefor, to the owner of the infested plantation, his 
agents, or tenant, and a copy of each report shall also be submitted to the 
said board. In case of objections to the findings of the State horticulturist, or 
his deputy, an appeal shall be made to the said board. who shall have power 
to summon witnesses and hear testimony on oath, and whose decision shall be 
final. An appeal shall be taken within ten days and shall act as a stay of pro- 
ceedings until it is heard and decided. 

Sec. 5. Upon the findings of the State horticulturist or his deputy in any 
case of infested trees or plants, the treatment prescribed by him shall be exe 
cuted at once (unless an appeal is taken). under his supervision. The cost of 
material and labor shall be borne by the owner: Provided. however, That in ease 
the trees or plants shall be condemned they shall be destroyed by the State 
horticulturist, and the expense of such action shall be borne by the owner. No- 
compensation shall be allowed for any planis that shall be destroyed. 

Sec. 6. In case any person or persons refuse to execute the direction of the 
State horticulturist or of the said board upon an appeal, a justice of the peace or 
probate judge of the county shall, upon complaint filed by the State horticul- 
turist or any freeholder, cite the person or persons to appear before him within 
ten days after notice being served, and that the said judge. upon satisfactory 
evidence, shall cause the prescribed treatment to be executed. and the expense 
thereof and cost of court shall be collected from the owner or owners of 
infested plants. 

Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale, sell, give away, or transport per- 
ennial planis, scions, buds, trees, shrubs, vines, or other plants, tubers, roots, 
cuttings, bulbs. known to be infested with dangerously injurious insects or plant 
diseases. Any person or persons violating this section shall, upon conviction, be 
fined not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars for each separate 
offense. 

Sec. 8 The said board of horticulture. its agents, or employés, are hereby 
empowered with authority to enter upon any premises in discharge of the duties 
herein described. Any person or persons who shall obstruct or hinder them or 
their agents in the discharge of these duties shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and, upon conviction therefor, shall be fined not less than ten nor more 
than one hundred dollars. 

Sec. 9. The board shall have the power also to adopt rules and regulations, 
not inconsistent with the laws and constitution of this State and the United 
States, for preventing the introduction of dangerously injurious crop pests of all 
kinds from without the State or regarding the dissemination of crop pests within 
the State, and for the governing of common carriers in transporting plants liable — 
to harbor such pests, to and from and within the State, and such sche: =a 
shall have the force of laws. 

Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That the members of said board, any two of 
whom shall constitute a quorum, in the absence of the third, shall, within thirty 
days of the passage of this act, and from time to time, draw up and promulgate 
through the press of the State the rules and regulations necessary to carry into 
full and complete effect the provisions of this act, carefully defining what 
diseases or maladies, both insect and fungus, shall constitute infectation in trees 
or plants within the meaning and purview thereof. 

Sec. 11. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, give 

- away, or ship within the State of Alabama any trees or shrubs or any other — 


ALABAMA. rt! 


plants commonly known as nursery stock, without having a certificate of guar- 
antee of the State horticulturist of Alabama. A copy of such certificate of guar- 
antee must accompany each box or package sold, given away, or shipped. Such 


certificate must be dated within twelve months. If upon examination such stock 


is found to conform to the requirements of the said board of horticulture, the 
State horticulturist must furnish a certificate to that effect. Any person or per- 
sons selling, giving away, or shipping hursery stock without the certificate of the 
State horticulturist shall be fined not less than fifty nor more than one hundred 
dollars. 

Src. 12. Each and every person, firm, or corporation residing and doing busi- 
ness outside of the State of Alabama, dealing in or handling trees, sHrubs, or 
other plants commonly known as nursery stock, shall file a copy of his or its 
certificate of his or its inspection furnished by the State horticulturist, nursery 
inspector, or other duly authorized official of his or its State or county with the 
secretary of the board of horticulture. Upon the filing of this certificate as 
above prescribed, and upon request of the person, firm, or corporation, a certi- 
ficate will be issued to the same, and official tags bearing copy of such certificate 
and seal of the board will be furnished the same at cost: Provided, however, 
That the aforesaid certificate of inspection shall be adjudged Satisfactory by 
the board. Each box, bundle, or package of nursery stock shipped into Ala- 
bama by any person, firm, or corporation shall bear one of these tags, and ship- 
inents of stock not thus tagged shall be liable to confiscation by the board of 


- horticulture through its agents or employés. 


Sec. 13. No transportation company or common carrier shall deliver any box, 
bundle, or package of trees, shrubs, or plants commonly known as nursery stock 
to any consignee residing within the State of Alabama when said box, bundle, 
or package does not bear the official tag or certificate of guarantee issued by the 
State horticulturist without previously notifying the State horticulturist of the 
particulars of the shipment as they may be required by the board, nor without 
duly warning the consignee of his risk in accepting said shipment. Failure on 
the part of any transportation company or common carrier to conform to these 
requirements shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and shall be punishable in each 
instance by a fine of not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars: Provided, 
That no common carrier shall be liable for damages to the consignee or con- 
signor for refusing to receive, transport, or deliver such trees, packages, or boxes, 
when not accompanied by the tag or certificate herein provided. 

Sec. 14. Any person, firm, or corporation receiving from any other firm, or 
corporation, any box, bundle, or package of trees, shrubs, or plants commonly 
known as nursery stock, which is not accompanied by a certificate of guarantee, 
or official tag issued by the State horticulturist to cover said stock, shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be fined not less 
than ten nor more than one hundred dollars. 

Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of the State horticulturist to make a quarterly 
report of his work, and of the expenditures under this act to the board of 
horticulture, and said board shall report annually to the governor of the State. 

Approved March 5, 1908. 


The board of horticulture met at Auburn, March 20, 1903, and in accordance 
with section 10 of the above act, the following insects and fullgous diseases were 
considered dangerous and to constitute infestation in trees and plants: 

(1) San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 

(2) The new peach scale (Diaspis amygdali). 


12 LAWS AGAINST INJ URIOUS INSECTS. 


When found in a nursery all infested stock to be burned. If San Jose scale 
is found in the immediate neighborhood, all stock must be fumigated or certifi- 
eate will be withheld. 

(3) Black knot (Plowrightia morbosa). 

(4) Crown gall (Dendrophagus globosus). 

When found in a nursery all diseased stock to be destroyed. otherwise stock 
may be shipped. 

(5) Peach yellows. 

(6) Peach and plum rosette. 

All infested trees and nursery stock to be destroyed. 

(7) Wooly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera). 

All badly diseased stock to be destroyed. Other stock to be fumigated or 
treated with kerosene emulsion. 

The following rules and regulations were adopted: 


RULES AND REGULATIONS. 


Rute 1. The State horticulturist is hereby charged with the enforcement of 
this act, and is directed to locate by personai visits, by correspondence, or in 
such other manner as he may deem best, to locate the above-named pests, so far 
as they exist in this State, and to take such action, in accordance with the above 
act, as he may deem necessary to control or eradicate the same. 

Rute 2. The State horticulturist shall have power to require all nursery 
stock sold within the State of Alabama to be treated with hydrocyanic-acid gas, 
when in his judgment the presence of any pest requires it, for the better pro- 
tection of the interests of the citizens of the State. Upon the failure of any indi- 
vidual, firm, or corporation to comply with this, the State horticulturist is hereby 
authorized to withhold his certificate. 

Rute 3. All certificates of examination shall expire prior to July 15 of the 
year after date of issue. 


Rute 4. All nurseries are to be examined between July 15 and November 15° 


of each year. 

RULE 5. Definition of “ nursery stock.’—In addition to fruit trees, the follow- 
ing, if offered for sale, are classed as nursery stock, and are subject to the regu- 
lations governing the examination and transportation of the same: Strawberry 
plants, vines, ornamental trees, and shrubs. 

Rute 6. All appeals from the decisions of the State horticulturist should be 
addressed to the chairman of the board of horticulture, at the capitol, Montgom- 
ery, Ala. 

Rute 7. All communications relative to the examination of orchards and 
nurseries should be addressed to the State horticulturist, Auburn, Ala. 

Rute 8. A deputy duly authorized by the board of horticulture shall have the 
Same power and authority as the State horticulturist in carrying out the provi- 
sions of this act under the direction of the State horticulturist. 


ARIZONA. 


“ Entomologically-lawless,” on authority of Prof. R. H. Forbes, Tucson, Ariz. 


; 
| 


CALIFORNIA. 13 


ARKANSAS. 


Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Arkansas: 

SEcTIoN 1. Whenever any trees, vines, bushes, scions, cuttings, buds, or any 
nursery stock are shipped into this State from another State, county, or province, 
every package or quantity thereof shall be plainly labeled on the outside with 
the name and address of the consignor, the name and address of the consignee, 
the contents, and a certificate showing that the contents have been inspected by 
a State or experiment station entomologist of the State from which the shipment 
was made; that the trees, vines, bushes, scions, cuttings, buds, or other nursery 
stock therein contained are free from San Jose scale, peach yellows, rosette, or 
other dangerously injurious insects, or contagious or infectious fungoid or other 
diseases, and whenever any trees, vines, bushes, scions, buds, cuttings, or other 
nursery stock is shipped into the State without such certificate plainly fixed on 
the outside of the package, box, or car containing the same, the fact must be 
reported to the consignor by the railway company or express company, or other 
person or persons, corporations, or companies carrying the same, and said pack- 
age, box, or car, or quantity thereof shall not be delivered to the consignée until 
the same shall bear the aforesaid certificate; and any railroad company, steam- 
boat company, or express company, person or persons, corporation or company 
who shall violate or evade the provisions of this section, or offer any hindrance 
to the carrying out of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not less than one hundred 
dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars, and such fine shall go into the gen- 
eral school fund of the State of Arkansas. 

Sec. 2. That the entomologist of the experiment station of the university at 
Fayetteville be, and he is hereby, made the State inspector for the State of 
Arkansas, and he shall, when requested to do so by owners of nursery stock 
grown in this State, such as described in section one of this act, visit and 
inspect said nursery, and if found to be free from all insects, contagious or 
infectious fungoids or other diseases, he shall issue certificates of inspection in 
accordance herewith; said inspector shall receive as fees for said inspection five 
dollars for each fifty acres or fraction thereof, and all traveling expenses to be 
paid by those having the stock inspected, it being the intention of this act to 
provide an inspection of nursery stock grown in the State of Arkansas, so that 
the same may be inspected so as to enable them to ship to other States, and this 
act is to conform to other State laws. 

Sec. 3. This act to take effect from and after its passage; all laws and parts 
of laws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. 

Approved May 20, 1903. 


CALIFORNIA. 


STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE. 
AN Act to create a State commission of horticulture. 


[Approved March 25, 1903. Amended March 20, 1905.] 


The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do 
enact as follows: 

SECTION 1. The office of State commissioner of horticulture of California is 
hereby created, It shall be the duty of the governor, within forty days after 


14 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


the passage of this act, to appoint a citizen and resident of this State to hold 
said office of State commissioner of horticulture, who must at the date of his 
appointment be a skilled horticulturist and entomologist. The term of office 
shall be for four years and until a successor is appointed and qualified. The 
governor may remove such commissioner from office at any time upon filing 
with the secretary of state a certificate of removal signed by the governor. In 
case of a vacancy in said office by death, resignation, removal from office, or 
other cause, the governor shall fill the vacancy for the unexpired term. The 
salary of said commissioner shall be two hundred and fifty dollars per month, 
and he shall be allowed in addition a sum not to exceed five hundred dollars 
yearly for traveling and incidental expenses necessary in the discharge of his 
duties herein provided for. Such commissioner may appoint a secretary, who 
shall be versed in horticulture and entomology, and who shall be an experienced 
compiler of reports, bulletins, and such publications as may issue from said com- 
mission from time to time, and who shall perform all such duties as may be 
required of him by such commissioner. Such secretary of the horticultural 
commissioner shall receive a salary of twenty-one hundred dollars per annum. 
In appointing such commissioner and his successor or successors it shall be the 
duty of the governor to disregard political affiliations and to be guided in his 
selection entirely by the professional and moral qualifications of the person s0 
selected for the performance of the duties of said office. The office of said 
commissioner shall be kept open every day except holidays and shall be in 
charge of the secretary during the absence of such commissioner. The main 
office of such commissioner shall be at the city of Sacramento. The secretary 
of state shall furnish and set aside in the capitol a room or rooms suitable for 
offices for said commissioner, and if the secretary of state shall make and file 
an affidavit with the said commissioner stating that it is not possible for him, as 
such secretary of state, to provide and set aside an office for said commissioner 
in the capitol or in any State building under his control, because there is no 
such office room or rooms available, then, and after the making and delivery of 
such affidavit to such commissioner, the said commissioner may rent rooms 
convenient and suitable for his offices under this act at a rental not to exceed 
five hundred dollars per year. Said commissioner may also keep and maintain 
an office in the city and county of San Francisco at a yearly rental not to exceed 
the sum of five hundred dollars, and may appoint a deputy commissioner, who 
shall be an expert entomologist and horticulturist. to have charge of said 
office under said commissioner, and to perform any and all duties which said 
commissioner may require of him under this act and shall fix the monthly 
compensation of such deputy at $200 per month. Such deputy shall hold his 
position during the pleasure of such commissioner and may be removed from 
his office or position at any time by said commissioner filing with the secretary 
of state a certificate signed by said commissioner so removing such deputy. 
Said commissioner may also appoint, by and with the approval of the governor, 
such temporary deputies from time to time as may be required for quarantine 
purposes under this act, and such temporary deputies shall receive such com- 
pensation per diem as may be specified in the writing so approving such ap- 
pointment. If there be not sufficient furniture and office appliances turned 


over to such commissioner by the State board of horticulture heretofore exist- rm 


ing to furnish and equip properly the office or offices for such commissioner at 
Sacramento and San Francisco aforesaid, the said commissioner may, by and 
with the approval of the governor, purchase for the use of his said office or 


offices such furniture and appliances as may be necessary therefor, and from — 


time to time, at an expense not to exceed a sum to be mentioned in such approval, 


CALIFORNIA. 15 


which expense, together with all other expenses authorized by this act, is hereby 
allowed for the purposes specified. [As amended March 20, 1905. ] 

Sec. 2. Upon taking office under this act such commissioner shall be entitled 
to receive and have turned over to him as such commissioner all the books, 
records, and property in the possession, charge, custody, or control of the State 
board of horticulture heretofore existing, and all such property shall be deliv- 
ered to such commissioner upon demand. Such commissioner shall be deemed 
- for such purposes the successor of said board. 

Sec. 3. Such commissioner shall collect books, pamphlets, and periodicals and 
other documents containing information relating to horticulture, and shall pre- 
serve the same; collect statistics and other information showing the actual con- 
dition and progress of horticulture in this State and elsewhere; correspond with 
horticultural societies, colleges, and schools, and with the county boards of hor- 
ticulture existing or that may exist in this State, and with all other persons 
necessary to secure the best results to horticulture in this State. He shall require 
reports from county boards of horticulture in this State, and may print the same 
or any part thereof as he may select, either in the form of bulletins or in his 
annual report, or both, as he shall deem proper. He shall issue and cause to be 
printed and- distributed to county boards of horticulture in this State, and to all 
other persons whom he may deem proper, bulletins or statements containing all 
-the information best adapted to promote the interest and protect the business 
and development of horticulture in this State. Such commissioner shall be 
deemed to be the State horticultural quarantine officer mentioned in chapter 
seventy-six of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, for the purpose of 
that act, and shall be empowered to perform the duties which under that act are 
to be performed by the State horticultural quarantine officer: Provided, That 
any inspection therein authorized, when made by such commissioner, must be 
with the approval of the governor and as provided by this act. 

Sec. 4. Said commissioner may, by and with the approval of the governor, 
establish, maintain, and enforce such quarantine regulations as may be deemed 
necessary to protect the nurseries, trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, 
scions, buds, fruit pits, fruit, vegetables, or other articles of horticulture, against 
contagion or infection by injurious disease, insects, or pests, by establishing such 
quarantine at the boundaries of this State or elsewhere within the State, and he 
may make and enforce, with the approval of the governor, any and all such rules 
and regulations as may be deemed necessary to prevent any infected stock, tree, 
shrub, plant, vine, cutting, graft, scion, bud, fruit pit, fruit, vegetable, or other 
article of horticulture from passing over any quarantine line established and pro- 
claimed pursuant to this act, and all such articles shall, during the maintenance 
of such quarantine, be inspected by such commissioner or by a deputy appointed 
in writing by said commissioner, with the approval of the governor, and he or 
the deputy so conducting such inspection shall not permit any such article to 
pass over such a quarantine line during such quarantine, except upon a certifi- 
cate of inspection signed by such commissioner or in his name by such a deputy 
who has made such inspection, unless such article has been immediately prior to 
such passage inspected by an officer or agent of the United States entitled to 
inspect the same, and such officer or agent has granted permission for such 
passage. All approvals by the governor given or made pursuant to this act shall 
be in writing and signed by the governor in duplicate, and one copy thereof shall 
be filed in the office of the secretary of state, and the other in the office of sai@é 
commissioner before such approval shall take effect. 

Sec. 5. Upon information received by such commissioner of the existence of 
_ any infectious disease, insect, or pest dangerous to any such article or to the 


16 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


interest of horticulture within this State, or that there is a probability of the 
introduction of any such infectious disease, insect, or pest into this State or 
across the boundaries thereof, he shall proceed to thoroughly investigate the 
Same, and may, by and with the approval of the governor, establish, maintain, 
and enforce quarantine as hereinbefore provided, with such regulations as may 
be necessary to circumscribe and exterminate or eradicate such infectious dis- 
eases, insects, or pests, and prevent the extension thereof, and is hereby author- 
ized to enter upon any grounds or premises, and inspect any stock, tree, shrub, 
plant, vine, cutting, graft, scion, bud, fruit pit, fruit, vegetable, or other article 
of horticulture, or implement thereof, or box or package pertaining thereto or 
connected therewith, or that has been used in packing, shipping, or handling 
the same, and to open any such package, and generally to do, with the least in- 
jury possible under the conditions to property or business, all acts and things 
necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 6. Upon the discovery of any such infectious disease, insects, or pests, 
such commissioner shall immediately report the same to all county boards of 
horticulture, together with a statement as to the best-known means or method 
for circumscribing, exterminating, or eradicating the same, and shall state 
therein specifically what treatment or method should be applied in each case, as 
the matter may require, with a detailed statement or prescription as to the 
method of making or procuring, and.of applying any preparation or treatment 
so recommended therefor, and the times and duration for such treatment, and if 
chemicals or articles be required other than those usually obtainable at any 
town, the place or places where they are most readily to be obtained; and upon 
the receipt of such statement by any county board of horticulture, or any member 
thereof, it shall be the duty of such county board of horticulture to distribute 
such statement in printed form to every person owning or having charge or pos- 
session of any orchard, nursery stock, tree, shrub, or article of horticulture 
within their county where it is supposed by said county board there is any 
danger to the interests of horticulture, and such a statement must be served with 
or be a part of the notice to be given to the owner or owners, or person or 
persons, in possession of any orchard, nursery, tree, shrub, or article of horti- 
culture, referred to, provided for, and required to be served in and by section 
two of chapter one hundred and eighty-three of the laws of eighteen hundred 
and ninety-seven, or any amendments which have been or may be made thereto. 

Sec. 7. Whenever it shall become necessary to establish quarantine under this 
act, if there be any authorities or officers of the United States having authority 
te act in such matter, or any part thereof, the said State commissioner of horti- 
culture shall notify such authority or officers of the United States. and coop- 
erate as far as possible with such authorities or officers of the United States 
wheresoever the jurisdiction of the United States extencs and is being exercised, 
and shall obtain, whenever desirable and possible, the assent of the proper 
authority or officers of the United States to the establishment or change of 
quarantine lines, so as to most effectively and speedily accomplish the purposes 
of this act. The said commissioner shall at once notify the governor of all 
quarantine lines established under or pursuant to this act, and if the governor 
“approve or shall have approved of the same or any portion thereof, the governor 
shall issue his proclamation proclaiming the boundaries of such quarantine, and 
the nature thereof, and the orders, rules, or regulations prescribed for the 
maintenance and enforcement of the same, and shall publish such proclamation 
in such manner as he may deem expedient to give proper notice thereof. : 

Sec. 8. The said State commissioner shall be ex officio a member of all county 
boards of horticulture existing or that may be created or exist in this State 


— 
Pa 


CALIFORNIA. 17 


pursuant to law, whenever he is present and acting with said county board 
within the county, where such county board exists, but when he is not so present 
in such county, acting with such county board, then the said county board shall 
have all the power and authority conferred on it by law, and may exercise such 
power by the action of the members of such county board or a majority thereof. 
The reports which county boards of horticulture are required by law to make, or 
which they may desire to make, shall, after the passage of this act, be made to 
the State commissioner of horticulture. 

Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of State printing to print and 
deliver to the State commissioner of horticulture; upon the written request of 
said commissioner, all such bulletins, orders, rules, regulations, statements, 
reports, and other printed matter, as the said commissioner may deem neces- 
sary to have and use for carrying out the purposes of this act, and it shall be 
the duty of the secretary of state to cause to be prepared and furnished to such 
State commissioner all stationery, paper, blank forms, envelopes, and writing 
material needful and convenient for use in the office of such commissioner. 

Src. 10. It shall be the duty of said State commissioner to report in the month 
of January in each even-numbered year to the governor, and in each odd-num- 
bered year to the legislature of this State, such matters as he may deem ex- 
pedient or as may be required either by the governor or legislature, and to 
include a statement of all the persons employed, and of moneys expended under 
this act, by itemized statement thereof. 

Sec. 11. Any person willfully refusing to comply with orders lawfully made. 
under and pursuant to this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon. con- 
viction shall be fined not to exceed five hundred dollars. 

Sec. 12. All moneys paid under this act shall be paid by the State treasurer 
from moneys appropriated for the support of the State commissioner of horti- 
culture, and expenses other than the salary of the commissioner, the compensa- 
tion of his clerk and deputy commissioner, as allowed and provided by this act, 
must be certified by the said commissioner and be approved by the State board 
of examiners before being audited or paid. Any moneys remaining of any 
appropriation heretofore made or that may be appropriated for the use or sup- 
port of .the State board of horticulture are hereby appropriated to the support 
of the State commission of horticulture, and are directed to be applied to the 
payment of claims and expenses under this act. 

Sec. 18. The sum of four thousand dollars is hereby appropriated for the use 
and support and to pay the expenses of the State commission of horticulture, 
for the fiscal years commencing July first, nineteen hundred and three, and July 
first, nineteen hundred and four, under this act. 

Sec. 14. Chapter sixty-three of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-three, 
ehapter seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-five, chapter eighty- 
six of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and chapter one hundred 
and ninety-four of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-one, are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec. 15. This act shall take effect immediately. 


CouNTY BOARDS oF HoRTICULTURE. 


[Following is the State law providing for the appointment of county boards 
of horticulture, prescribing their duties and defining their powers, as amended 
by the last legislature and approved March 20, 1905 :] 


7418—No. 61 M——2 


18 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


SEcTION 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the board of supervisors of any 
county, and signed by twenty-five or more persons, each of whom is a resident 
freeholder and possessor of an orchard, stating that certain or all orchards, or 
nurseries, or trees or plants of any variety are infested with any serious infec- 
tious diseases, or scale insects of any kind, injurious to fruit, fruit trees, vines, 
or other plants or vegetables, or that there is growing therein the Russian this- 
tle or salt wort (Salsoli kali, variety tragus), or other noxious weeds, codlin 
moth, or other insects that are destructive to trees, and praying that a commis- 
sion appointed by them, whose duty it shall be to supervise the destruction of 
said scale insects, diseases or Russian thistle or salt wort, or other noxious 
weeds as herein provided, the board of supervisors shall, within twenty days 
thereafter, appoint a board of horticultural commissioners, consisting of three 
members, who shall be qualified for the duties of horticultural commissioner. 
Upon the petition of twenty-five resident freeholders and possessors of an 
orchard, the board of supervisors may remove any of said commissioners for 
cause, after a hearing of the petition. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the county board of horticultural commis- 
sioners in each county, whenever it shall deem it necessary, to cause an inspec- 
tion to be made of any premises, orchards, or nursery, or trees, plants, vegeta- 
bles, vines, or fruits, or any fruit-packing house, storeroom, salesroom, or any 
other place or articles in their jurisdiction, and if found infested with infectious 
diseases, scale insects, or codlin moth, or other pests injurious to fruit, plants, 
vegetables, trees, or vines, or with their eggs or larve, or if there is found 
growing thereon the Russian thistle or salt wort, or other noxious weeds, they 
shall notify the owner or owners, or person or persons in charge, or in possession 
of the said places or orchards, or nurseries, or trees, or plants, vegetables, vines, 
or fruit, or article as aforesaid that the same are infested with said diseases, 
insects, or other pests, or any of them, or their eggs or larve, or that the Rus- 
sian thistle or salt wort or other noxious weeds is growing thereon, and they 
shall require such person or persons to eradicate or destroy the said insects, or 
other pests, or their eggs or larve, or Russian thistle or salt wort, or other nox- 
ious weeds within a certain time to be specified. Said notices may be served 
upon the person or persons, or either of them owning or having charge, or having 
possession of such infested place, or orchard, or nursery, or trees, plants, vegeta- 
bles, vines, or fruit, or articles, as aforesaid, or premises where the Russian this- 
tle or salt wort or other noxious weeds shall be growing, by any commissioner, 
or by any person deputed by the said commissioners for that purpose, or they 
may be served in the same manner as a Summons in a civil action. Any and all 
such places, or orchards, or nurseries, or trees, plants, shrubs, vegetables, vines, 
fruit, or articles thus infested, or premises where the Russian thistle or salt 
wort or other noxious weeds shall be growing, are hereby adjudged and de- 
clared to be a public nuisance; and whenever any such nuisance shall exist at 
any place within their jurisdiction, or on the property of any nonresident, or on 
any property the owner or owners of which can not be found by the county 
board of horticultural commissioners, after diligent search, within the county, or 
on the property of any owner or owners upon which notice aforesaid has been 
served, and who shall refuse or neglect to abate the same within the time speci- 
fied, it shall be the duty of the county board of horticultural commissioners to 
cause said nuisance to be at once abated, by eradicating or destroying said dis- 
eases, insects, or other pests, or their eggs or larve, or Russian thistle or salt 
wort or other noxious weeds. The expense thereof shall be a county charge, 
and the board of supervisors shall allow and pay the same out of the general 


CALIFORNIA. 19 


fund of the county. Any and all sum or sums so paid shall be and become a 
lien on the property and premises from which said nuisance has been removed 
or abated, in pursuance of this act, and may be recovered by an action against 
such property and premises. A notice of such lien shall be filed and recorded 
in the office of the county recorder of the county in which the said property and 
premises are situated, within thirty days after the right to the said lien has 
accrued. An action to foreclose such lien shall be commenced within ninety 
days after the filing and recording of said notice of lien, which action shall he 
brought in the proper court by the district attorney of the county in the name 
and for the benefit of the county making such payment or payments, and when 
the property is sold enough of the proceeds shall be paid into the county treas- 
ury of such county to satisfy the lien and costs; and the overplus, if any there 
be, shall be paid ‘to the owner of the property if he be known, and if not, into 
the court for his use when ascertained. The county board of horticultural com- 
missioners is hereby vested with the power to cause any and all such nuisances 
to be at once abated in a summary manner. 

Sec. 3. Said county boards of horticultural commissioners shall have power to 
divide the county into districts, and to appoint a local inspector to hold office 
at the pleasure of the commissioners, for each of said districts. The State 
board of horticulture may issue commissions as quarantine guardians to the 
members of said county board of horticultural commissioners and to the local 
inspectors thereof. The said quarantine guardians, local inspectors, or members 
of said county boards of horticultural commissioners, shall have full authority 
to enter into any orchard, nursery, place or places where trees or plants are kept 
and offered for sale or otherwise, or any house, storeroom, salesroom, depot, or 
any other such place in their jurisdiction, to inspect the same, or any part 
thereof. 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said county board of horticultural commission- 
ers to keep a record of their official doings, and to make a report to the State 
board of horticulture, on or before the first day of October of each year, of the 
condition of the fruit interests in their several districts, what is being done to 
eradicate insect pests, also as to disinfecting, and as to quarantine against insect 
pests and diseases, and as to carrying out all laws relative to the greatest good of 
the fruit interest. Said board may publish said reports in bulletin form, or may 
incorporate so much of the same in their annual reports as may be of general 
interest. 

Sec. 5. The salary of all inspectors working under the county board of horti- 
cultural commissioners shall be two dollars and fifty cents ($2.50) per day. In 
the case of the commissioners themselves, their compensation shall be four dol- 
lars per day, when actually engaged in the performance of their duties, and 
itemized necessary traveling expenses incurred in the discharge of their regular 
duties as prescribed in this act. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the county board of Horeuleueals commissioners 
to keep a record of their official doings and make a monthly report to the board 
of supervisors; and the board of supervisors may withhold warrants for sala- 
ries of said members and inspectors thereof until such time as said report is 
made. 

Src. 7. An act entitled “An act to protect and promote the horticultural inter- 
ests of the State,” approved March fourteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-one, 
and certain acts amendatory thereof, approved March nineteenth, eighteen hun- 
dred and eighty-nine, and March thirty-first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, 
are hereby repealed. 

Sec, 8, This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 


20 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


HorRTICULTURAL QUARANTINE LAW. 


An Act for the protection of horticulture, and to prevent the introduction into this 
State of insects, or diseases, or animals, injurious to fruit or fruit trees, vines, bushes, 
or vegetables. and to provide for a quarantine for the enforcement of this act. 


[Became a law, under constitutional provision, without governor’s approval, March 11, 
1899.] 


The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do 
enact as follows: 

SecTion 1. Any person, persons, or corporation who shall receive, bring. or 
cause to be brought into this State any nursery stock, trees, shrubs, plants, vines, 
cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, or fruit-pits, or fruit or vegetables, shall, within 
twenty-four hours after the arrival thereof, notify the State horticultural quar- 
antine officer. or the quarantine guardian of the district or county in which such 
nursery stock, or fruit or vegetables are received, of their arrival, and hold the 
Same without unnecessarily moving the same or placing such articles where they 
imay be harmful, fer the immediate inspection of such State horticultural quar- 
antine officer or guardian. If there is no quarantine guardian or State horti- 
cultural quarantine officer in the county where such nursery stock, or fruit, or 
vegetables are received, it shall then be the duty of such person, persons, or 
corporation to notify the State board of horticulture, who shall make imme- 
diate arrangements for their inspection. The State horticultural quarantine 
officer, the quarantine guardian, or such person or persons as shall be commis- 
sioned by the State board of horticulture to make such inspection or to repre- 
sert said board, are hereby authorized and empowered to enter into any ware- 
house, depot, or upon any dock, wharf. mole, or any other place where such 
nursery stock, or fruit, or vegetables, or other described articles are received, 
for the purpose of making the investigation or examination herein provided for. 

Sec. 2. Each carload, case, box, package, crate, bale, or bundle of trees, shrubs, 
plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, or fruit-pits, or fruit or vegetables, im- 
ported or brought into this State, shall have plainly and legibly marked thereon 
in a conspicuous manner and place the name and address of the shipper, owner, 
or person forwarding or shipping the same, and also the name of the person, 
firm, or corporation to whom the same is forwarded or shipped, or his or its 
responsible agent, also the name of the country, State, or Territory where the 
contents were grown. 

Sec. 3. When any shipment of trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, 
scions, buds, fruit-pits, or fruit or vegetables, imported or brought into this 
State, is found infested with injurious insects, or their eggs, larve, or pup. 
or reasonable cause to presume that they may be so infested, or infected with 
tree. plant. or fruit disease or diseases, the entire shipment shall be disinfected 
at the expense of the owner, owners, or agent. After such disinfection, it shall 
be detained in quarantine the necessary time to determine the result of such 
disinfection. If the disinfection has been so performed as to destroy all insects, 
or their eggs, and so as to eradicate all disease and prevent contagion, and in a 
manner satisfactory to the State horticultural quarantine officer, the quaran- 
tine guardian of the district, or the person commissioned by said board, the trees, 
vines, vegetables, seeds, or other articles shall then be released. [Amended 
February 19, 1903.] 

Sec. 4. When any shipment of trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, 
scions, buds, fruit-pits, or fruit or vegetables, imported or brought into this 
State, is found infested with any species of injurious insects, or their eggs, 
larve, or pup, not existing in the orchards, vineyards, gardens, or farms of 


=.=. es. hl Uc CU 
, 


CALIFORNIA. | 21 


California, such infested shipments shall be immediately sent out of the State, 
or destroyed, at the option of the owner, owners, or agent, and at his or their 
expense. 

Src. 5. No person, persons, or corporation, shall bring or cause to be brought 


- into the State any peach, nectarine, or apricot trees, or cuttings, grafts, scions, 


buds, or pits of such trees, or any trees budded or grafted upon peach stock or 
root that has been in a district where the disease known as ‘“‘ peach yellows ”’ or 
the contagious disease known as contagious “ peach rosette” are known to exist, 
and any such attempting to land or enter shall be refused entry and shall be 
destroyed or returned to the point of shipment, at the option of the owner, 
owners, or agent, and at his or other [their] expense. ; 

Src. 6. No person, persons, or corporations shall bring, or cause to be brought 
into this State any injurious animals known as English or Australian wild 
rabbit, flying fox, mongoose, or any animal or other animal or animals detri- 
mental to horticultural and agricultural interests. 

Sec. 7. Any person, persons, or corporation violating any of the provisions of 
this act is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Sec. 8. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 


PARIS GREEN. 


An Act to prevent fraud in the sale of Paris green used as an insecticide. 


[Beeame a law under constitutional provision, without governor’s approval, February 28, 
1901.] 


The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, 
do enact as follows: 

SEcTION 1. It shall be the duty of each and every manufacturer of Paris 
green (commercial aceto-arsenite of copper) to be used as an insecticide within 
this State, and of every dealer in original packages of said Paris green manu- 
factured outside of this State, before the said Paris green is offered or exposed 
for sale, or sold within this State as an insecticide, to submit to the director 
of the California Agricultural Experiment Station at Berkeley, samples of said 
Paris green, and a written or printed statement setting forth: first, the brands 
of said Paris green to be sold, the number of pounds contained in each package 
in which it is put on the market for sale, the name or names of the manu- 
facturers and the place of manufacturing the same; second, the statement shall 
set forth the amount of combined arsenic which the said Paris green contains, 
and the statement so furnished shall be considered as constituting a guarantee 
to the purchaser that every package of such Paris green contains not less than 
the amount of combined arsenic set forth in the statement. 

Sec. 2. Every purchaser of said Paris green in original packages which is 
manufactured outside of this State who intends to sell or expose the same for 
sale, and every manufacturer of said Paris green within this State, shall, after 
filing the statement above provided for with the director of the California 
Agricultural Experiment Station at Berkeley, receive from the said director 
a certificate stating that he has complied with the foregoing statement, . 
which certificate shall be furnished without charge therefor; said certificate 
when furnished shall authorize the party when receiving the same to deal 
in this State in the said Paris green. Any person who fails to comply with the 
terms of section one of this act shall not be entitled to such certificate and shall 
not be entitled to deal in said Paris green within this State. Nothing in this 


22 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


section shall be construed as applying to retail dealers selling said Paris green 
which has already been labeled and guaranteed. ’ 

Sec. 3. Paris green when sold, offered or exposed for sale, as an insecticide 
in this State shall contain at least fifty per centum of arsenious oxide and shall 
not contain more than four per centum of the same in the uncombined state. 

Sec. 4. The director of the California State Agricultural Station at Berkeley 
shall examine or cause to be examined different brands of Paris green sold, 
cffered or exposed for sale within the State, and cause samples of the same to 
be analyzed, and shall report results of analyses forthwith to the secretary of 
the State board of horticulture and to the party or parties submitting said sam- 
ples, and such report shall be final as regards its quality. 

Sec. 5. Any person or persons, firm, association, company, or corporation 
violating any of the provisions of this act, and any person who shall sell any 
package of Paris green or any part thereof which has not been labeled as herein 
provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than fifty 
dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, together with the costs of the suit 
in an action caused to be brought by the State board of horticulture through its 
secretary in the name of the people of the State of California. 

Sec. 6. The attorney-general of the State of California is charged with the 
prosecution of all such suits. 

Sec. 7. This act shall take effect immediately. 


COLORADO. 


AN AcT concerning horticulture, and to repeal sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of an act 
entitled ‘“‘An act to create State and county boards of horticulture, define their duties 
and compensation, to protect and promote the horticultural interests of the State, and 
to repeal an act to establish a bureau of horticulture, approved March 8, 1883,” 
approved April 5, 1898. 


Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Colorado: 

SEcTION 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the board of county commis- 
sioners of any county signed by thirty-five (85) freeholders, each one of whom 
shall be the owner of an orchard of at least two acres situate and growing in 
said county, stating that in their opinion a necessity exists for protecting the 
horticultural interests of said county, diminishing and destroying fruit pests 
and diseases and insects injurious to fruit trees, plants, vines, and shrubs, the 
said county commissioners shall appoint a competent, experienced horticulturist, 
a person who shall be known as the county horticultural inspector, who shall 
hold his office for a period of one year unless otherwise terminated by said 
board of county commissioners. It shall be the duty of the professor of 
entomology of the State Agricultural College at Fort Collins, in this State, to 
examine all persons applying for a license as a horticultural inspector, and if 
found competent and fully qualified to perform the duties of the office he shall 
issue to such applicant a license as a county horticultural inspector, which 
license shall certify to the competence of such applicant and shall authorize 
him to act as an inspector in any county in the State for a period of two years 
from its date. Said professor shall receive for such services a fee of five 
dollars from such applicant. No person shall enter upon the duties of the office 
of such inspector nor continue in the performance thereof unless holding such 
a license. Such inspector shall also give a good and sufficient bond before 
entering upon the duties of his office, in the sum of one thousand dollars, con- 
ditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of the office, the surety on 


COLORADO. pas 


which bond may be a good and responsible guarantee company, and shall be 
approved by the board of county commissioners. Said inspector shall have the 
power to appoint as many deputies as may be necessary, subject to the approval 
of the county commissioners, who shall act under the direction and with the 
authority of said inspector. Said inspector shall be paid for his services the 
sum of four (4) dollars per day, and said deputies two dollars and fifty cents 
per day, out of the county treasury, for as many days’ services rendered as the 
board of county commissioners shall, by resolution, authorize. It shall be the 
duty of such inspector and his deputies to keep a complete record of their offi- 
cial doings and to make a quarterly report thereof to the board of county 
commissioners of said county, who shall withhold the warrant for the salary 
of any delinquent inspector or deputy until such report is made. The inspector 
shall furnish each owner or manager of an orchard or vineyard within his 
jurisdiction such blanks as may be provided by the State board of horticulture, 
containing questions and inquiries as to the condition of his orchard or vine- 
yard and the extent to which the requirements of the inspector have been com- 
plied with. Such owner or manager shall fill out said blanks and return them 
to the inspector, who shall transmit them to the State board of horticulture. 
The board of county commissioners shall have the power to remove any in- 
spector or deputy who shall, in their judgment, fail to perform the duties of the 
office. 

Sec. 2. No person or persons, either as an owner, agent, servant, employee, 
or common carrier, shall bring or cause to be brought into any county in the 
State of Colorado having a county horticultural inspector, from any district, 
county, State, or foreign country, any trees, vines, shrubs, scions, cuttings, 
graftings, fruits, or fruit pits, without giving notice of their arrival at their 
destination, within twenty-four hours thereafter, to the horticultural inspector 
of said county; nor keep, sell, plant, expose for sale, deliver, give away, or 
otherwise distribute any of the articles mentioned in this section, or cause or 
permit the same to be done, except upon order of the county inspector and until 
they shall first have been inspected as hereinafter provided, and disinfected to 
the satisfaction of the said inspector. 

Sec. 3. Whenever the county horticultural inspector shall be notified of the 
arrival of any of the articles enumerated in section 2 of this act, he shall within 
forty-eight hours (48) make a careful inspection of the same, and if any such 
articles shall be found by him to be infested with any disease, live scale, or 
insect pests, detrimental or injurious to fruit trees or the product thereof, or 
to plant life, such infested articles shall be removed from the limits of the 
county within forty-eight hours thereafter, at the expense of the owner, agent, 
or shipper, or shall be destroyed. The owner, agent, or shipper shall have the 
right to elect as to the removal of such infested articles from the county, or to 
have the same destroyed by order and under the direction of said inspector. 

Sec. 4. The county horticultural inspector shall have the power to establish 
and maintain quarantine and inspecting stations within his county, whenever 
and wherever the same may be authorized by the board of county commis- 
sioners and of such character as they shall direct. 

Sec. 5. If the result of the inspection of the county horticultural inspector 
shall be to put any of the articles mentioned in section 2 of this act in quaran- 
_tine, such articles shall be exempt from removal from the county during the 
pendency of such quarantine regulations. Whenever said inspector shall deem 
it necessary to the safety of the horticultural interests of his county, he may 
hold in quarantine for information, subsequent inspection or disinfection, and 
final order relative thereto any of the articles enumerated in said section 2 


24 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


of this act for such reasonable time as in his judgment is necessary, without 
unreasonable delay. 

Sec. 6. Any person or persons who shall ship or bring or cause to be brought 
or shipped into any county of the State having a county horticultural inspector 
any of the articles mentioned in section 2 of this act, shall have placed upon 
or securely attached to each box, package, or separate parcel of such articles 
a distinct mark or label showing the name of the owner, agent, or shipper, the 
name of the grower, and any further evidence necessary to determine the 
locality where grown. 

Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of the county horticultural inspector in each 
county, whenever he shall deem it necessary, to make an inspection of any 
orchard, nursery, or trees, or any fruit packing house, storeroom, salesroom, — 
or other place or article within his jurisdiction, and if found infested with 
insects or pests or diseases injurious to fruit, fruit trees, vines, bushes, or other 
horticultural interests he shall notify the owner or owners, or person or per- 
sons in charge or in possesion of such trees, place, or other thing as aforesaid, 
that the same or any of them are infested with insects or their eggs or larve 
or with fruit or fruit-tree diseases, and shall give a formula for the treatment 
thereof, and such person or persons so notified shall eradicate or destroy the 
said insects or pests, or their eggs or larve, within a certain time to be speci- 
fied in said notice. Said notices may be served upon the person or persons, or 
either of them, owning or having charge or having possession of such infested 
place, trees, or other thing as aforesaid, by the inspector or any deputy in- 
spector. Any and all such places, trees, or other thing thus infested are hereby 
declared and adjudged to be a public nuisance. Whenever any such nuisance 
shall exist at any piace within his jurisdiction on the property of any non- 
resident, or on any property the owner or owners of which can not be found by 
the inspector after diligent search within the county, or on the property of any 
owner or owners upon which notice has been served, and who refuses or neglects 
to abate the same within the time specified or to follow the directions given 
by the said inspector for disinfecting the same, it shall be the duty of such 
inspector to cause the same to be at once abated by eradicating or destroying 
said insects or other pests, their eggs or larve, so far as practicable, and he 
may, if necessary, cut back, disinfect, fumigate, or burn said infested trees, 
vines, and shrubs, as well as other articles in the vicinity which are also 
infested, but the inspector shall not proceed to abate any such nuisance where 
his directions have been followed. 

The expense thereof shall be first paid by the county upon filing of proper 
vouchers therefor. Any and all sums so paid, together with the inspector’s 
salary while engaged upon said property, shall be and become a lien on the 
property and premises from which said nuisance has been removed or abated 
in pursuance of this act, upon the filing with the county clerk and recorder of 
the said county a sworn statement, showing the itemized amount of such sum 
or sums and a description of such property or premises. Such lien may be 
foreclosed by an action against such property and premises, which action shall 
be brought by the district attorney in the name and for the benefit of the county 
making such payment. When the property is sold the proceeds thereof shall 
be paid into the county treasury of such county to satisfy the lien and costs, 
and the overplus, if any, shall be paid to the owner by order of the board of 
county commissioners upon his applying therefor. 

Sec. 8. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to spray fruit trees 
while in bloom with any substance injurious to bees. 

Sec. 9, Any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty 


CONNECTICUT. 25 


of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprison- 
ment in the county jail for a period of not less than ten nor more than one . 
hundred days, or by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one 
hundred dollars. Any justice of the peace or district or county courts of the 
respective counties shall have jurisdiction to try any case arising under the 
provisions of this act. 

Sec. 10. Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of an act entitled “An Act to create state 
and county boards of horticulture; define their duties and compensation; to 
protect and promote the horticultural interests of the State and to repeal an 
act to establish a bureau of horticulture, approved March 8, 1883,” approved 
April 5, 1893, are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 11. In the opinion of the general assembly an emergency exists, therefore 
this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved April 16, 1897. 


CONNECTICUT. 


CHAPTER 238, GENERAL STATUTES OF CONNECTICUT. 


Section 4886. State entomologist; appointment.—Said board of control shall 
appoint a State entomologist to hold office during the pleasure of the board, 
who shall have an office at the experiment station, but shall receive no com- 
pensation other than his regular salary as a member of the station staff. He 
may appoint such number of deputies, not exceeding three, as he may deem 
necessary. 

Sec. 4387. Duties.—The State entomologist, either personally or through his 
deputies, shall visit any orchard, field, garden, nursery, or storehouse, on request 

ot the owner, to advise treatment against pests. He may inspect any orchard, 
fiei’, or garden, in public or private grounds, which he may know or have reason 
to suspect to be infested with San José scale or any serious pests or infectious 
diseases, when in his judgment such pests or infectious diseases are a menace to 
adjoining owners; and may order the owner, occupant, or person in charge 
thereof, in writing, to properly spray or give other suitable treatment, or to cut 
and destroy any such diseased trees or shrubs, if in the cpinion of the State 
_ entomologist such action is necessary, and the owner thereof shall not recover 
from nor be recompensed therefor by the State. If the owner of such orchard, 
field, or garden neglects or refuses to comply with the order of the said State 
entomologist, he shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. The State entomol- 
ogist may issue such bulletins of said experiment station as in his judgment are 
_ heeded to convey information about pests; may conduct experiments and inves- 
tigations regarding injurious insects and the remedies for their attacks; diffuse 
such information by means of correspondence, lectures, and published matter, 
and may employ such assistants in his office, laboratory, or in the field, and 
ourchase such apparatus and supplies as may be necessary. He shall keep a 
tailed account of expenses, and publish each year a report of such expenses 

and of the work done. 

Sec. 4388. Certificate of inspection of nursery stock.—All nursery stock shipped 

_ into this State from any other State, county, or province shall bear on each 
_ package a certificate that the contents of said package have been inspected by a 
State or Government officer, and that said contents have been thoroughly fumi- 
gated and appear free from all dangerous insects or disease. In case nursery 
stock is brought within the State without such a certificate, the consignee may 
return it to the consignor at the latter’s expense or may call the State entomologis” 


26 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


to inspect the same and deduct the costs of such inspection from the consignor’s 
bill for such stock. This section shall be deemed to be a part of every contract 
made in this State for the sale of nursery stock to be shipped into this State. 

Sec. 4389. Inspection of nurseries; penalty.—All nurseries or places where 
nursery stock is grown, sold, or offered for sale shall be inspected at least once 
each year by the State entomologist or one of his deputies, and if no serious pests 
are found a certificate to that effect may be given. If such pests are found, the 
owner shall take such measures to suppress the same as the State entomologist 
may prescribe. If such measures are not immediately taken by the owner of 
such nursery or place such certificate shall be withheld, and every nurseryman 
who does not hold such a certificate, after the first annual inspection, who shall 
sell or otherwise dispose of nursery stock, shall be fined not more than fifty dol- 
lars. The form of certificate and the season for inspecting nurseries may be 
determined by the State entomologist. The State entomologist or any of his 
deputies may at all times enter any public or private grounds in the performance 
of his duty. 

Sec. 4390. Appropriation.—The sum of three thousand dollars is appropriated 
to carry out the provisions of sections 4386, 4387, 4388, and 4389, which sum is 
to be paid quarterly to the treasurer of said station, who shall hold the same 
subject to the order of the State entomologist. 


DELAW ARE. 


CHAPTER 216. 


se 


AN AcT to provide and establish a State board of agriculture and to prescribe its powers 
and duties. 


Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the State of Dela- 
ware in general assembly met: : 

SEcTION 1. That when and as soon as this act becomes a law, the governor of 
this State shall appoint three commissioners of agriculture, by and with a 
consent of a majority of all the members elected to the senate, one of whom 
shall reside in each county of the State, and one of whom shall be of different 
,0litical faith from the other two, and one of whom shall be appointed and com- 
missioned for the term of one year, another one of whom shall be appointed 
and commissioned for the term of two years, and the remaining one of whom 
shall be appointed and commissioned for the term of three years, which said 
commissioners and their successors in office are hereby made a department to 
be known as the State board of agriculture, to continue and remain such for the 
term of eight years from the date of the qualifications of the commissioners 
first appointed, and to remain and continue such board after such term or 
period of years has expired and until said board shall -be abolished by the 
general assembly. The successors to the commissioners first appointed shall 
each be appointed for terms of three years when and as the terms of the first 
commissioners expire. The commissioners shall hold office until their succes- 
sors become duly qualified. If any vacancy occurs in the office of commissioner 
of agriculture before the expiration of any term of office hereby prescribed, each 
vacancy shall be filled by appointment by the governor for the remainder of the 
term: Provided, however, That in case such vacancy shall occur when the senate 
is not in session such vacancy shall be filled by the governor without confirma- 
tion by the senate until the end of the next session of the senate. 

Sec. 2, The commissioners of agriculture shall each receive as compensation 


DELAWARE. oF 


for their services the sum of four dollars per day and actual traveling expenses: 
Provided, They shall not exceed twenty days in each year, and an annual appro- 
priation of one thousand dollars annually, to be paid quarterly by the State 
treasurer out of any moneys appropriated by the general assembly for said 
board. At all meetings of said board a quorum for the transaction of any and 
all business that may come before the board shall consist of any two of the 
commissioners. The board shall meet at least once in every three months at 
such place or places as they may select. The first meeting of the board shall be 
held within ten days after the qualification of the commissioners, and at said 
meeting the board shall elect one of its members as president. ; 

Src. 3. The board of agriculture shall have and possess the power to abate, 
suppress, eradicate, and prevent, by such means as shall be prescribed and pro- 
vided by law or by rule, order, or regulation of said board, the San Jose scale, 
peach yellows, pear blight, and all other contagious and infectious and injuri- 
ously dangerous diseases of fruit trees, plants, vegetables, cereals, horses, cattle, 
and other farm animals; to devise such plans for securing immigration to this 
State of industrious and useful settlers as it may consider advisable, and to 
execute such plans in the manner prescribed by law; to make and adopt rules 
for the government of the board and the same to change, alter, and modify, from 
time to time, as the board may wish; to employ and discharge such inspectors, 
officers, employees, agents, and servants as in its opinion may be necessary to 
earry out the provisions of this act: Provided, however, That the remuneration 
or wages to be paid to any such inspectors, officers, employees, or agents in any 
vear shall not, together with the other expenses of the board, exceed the appro- 
priation annually made to the board by the general assembly in and for that 
year; to make rules for the proper government of all inspectors, officers, 
employees, agents, and servants who may be employed by the board. 

Sec. 4. That in order to abate and prevent, eradicate, and exterminate the 
diseases of fruit trees known as the San Jose scale, the peach yellows, the pear 
blight, and all other injuriously dangerous insect pests and plant diseases which 
may appear in this State, it shall be the duty of the board of agriculture to seek 
out and suppress in the manner herein provided all the injurious insect pests 
and diseases hereinbefore mentioned, and also any new diseases or pests destruc- 
tive to the agricultural and horticultural interests of the State, and also to con- 
duct experiments when necessary to accomplish that end; and upon knowledge 
of the existence of any of said diseases, or any new disease or insect pest in any 
of the fruit trees, plants, vines, shrubs, and grains of this State, to mark or tag 
in some conspicuous way all such trees, plants, vines, shrubs, or grains, and to 
notify in writing the owner or owners thereof or the tenant in possession of the 
premises in which the said trees, vines, plants, shrubs, or grains are found of the 
existence therein of said disease, or any new disease as aforesaid, and to pre- 
scribe the proper treatment and remedies therefor, and should such owner or 
owners of such infested trees, vines, plants, shrubs, or grains, or the tenant or 
tenants in possession of the premises whereon said trees, plants, vines, shrubs, er 
grains are found, neglect, fail, or refuse within ten days after receiving the 
notice aforesaid to apply the remedy or remedies prescribed by the board of 
agriculture and also in the manner and at the times as ordered and directed by 
the said board, then and in such case it shall be the duty of the said board, its 
_ agents, or servants, to cause the remedy or remedies prescribed to be applied at 
_ the expense of the owner or owners of such infested trees, plants, vines, shrubs, 
or grains, and said board shall have the power, when it deems it necessary, to 
cause the trees, plants, vines, shrubs, or grains so infested as aforesaid to be 
destroyed at the expense of the owner or owners thereof, or the tenant or tenants 


28 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


in possession as aforesaid, and the loss to fall upon such owner or owners, | 
tenant or tenants, as aforesaid. - 

The said board of agriculture, its agents, officers, or servants shall treat or 
have treated at the expense of the owner or owners in order to prevent the 
spread or dissemination of the aforesaid insects or diseases, or any new ones — 
which may appear, and all suspicious trees, vines, shrubs, plants, or grains found 
to be in a dangerous proximity to those infested as aforesaid. 

Sec. 5. That should any owner or owners of any trees, vines, shrubs, plants, 
or grains infested as aforesaid, or the tenant or tenants in possession of the 
premises whereon any such trees, vines, shrubs, or grains are found, or should 
any owner or owners of any trees, vines, shrubs, plants, or grains in dangerous 
proximity to those infested as aforesaid, fail, neglect, or refuse after thirty ; 
days’ notice by said board to pay all of the expenses incurred by the said board 
in treating or in destroying such infested trees, plants, shrubs, vines, or grains, - 
or those in dangerous proximity thereto, he or they shall be guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than double the 
amount of the expenses incurred by the said board in treating or destroying 
the trees, plants, vines. shrubs, or grains aforesaid, and shall also be liable in a 
civil suit to be brought in the name of the “State board of agriculture ” for the 
recovery of such expenses, together with all costs of suit. Said action may be 
brought before any justice of the peace of the county wherein such trees, plants, 
vines, shrubs, or grains mentioned herein are found, or in the superior court of 
the State of Delaware in any county. The right of appeal shall be the same as 
in other civil causes. ; 

Sec. 6. That in order to accomplish the purposes of this act, the said board 
of agriculture, its officers, employees, agents, and servants are hereby author- 
ized to enter upon any public premises, parks, cemeteries, or other premises, 
or upon any land of any person or persons, firm or firms, corporation or corpora- — 
tions within this State for the purpose of inspecting, examining, destroying, treat- 
ing, or experimenting upon the insects and diseases aforesaid. 

Sec. 7. That it shall be the duty of the board of agriculture to send at 7 
one of its officers, agents. or employees at least once a year into each county of 
the State for the purpose of examining and determining thereby the healthful- 
ness and general condition of the horticultural and agricultural interests. 

Sec. S. That the board of agriculture, whenever it shall receive reliable 
information, or shall otherwise know, that any dangerously injurious insect, 
pest, or disease exists in any tree, vine, shrub, plant, or grain, anywhere in the 
State, shall, in addition to the other duties, acts, and things herein prescribed — 
to be done and performed by it, warn the farmers and other persons residing 
in the hundred in which any such insect, pest, or disease exists, and also per- 
sons living near the infested places of the nature of such insect, pest, or disease, 
and the localities where it exists, and shall also furnish to the said farmers and 
said other persons any and all information and knowledge the said board may 
have or be able to procure of the remedies to be applied to suppress, abate, and 
eradicate the said insects, pests, or diseases. 

Sec. 9. That the said board of agriculture shall examine and inspect, or cause 
to be examined and inspected, at least once every year, at such time as it shall 
deem it best, any and all nurseries of trees, vines, shrubs, plants, grafts, cut- 
tings, and buds in this State subject to the aforesaid insects, pests, and diseases, 
and if found apparently free, so far as can be determined by inspection, from the 
insects, pests, and diseases aforesaid to make and issue and give to the owner or 
owners or persons in charge of the said nurseries a certificate of inspection in 
such form as said board may prescribe, certifying that such nurseries or prem- od 


a ie aos ee oe 


her ee ee et a Men 


‘- 


DELAWARE. 29 


-ises have been examined and inspected and are apparently free from all insects, 
pests, and diseases dangerously injurious to nursery stock. If any of the said 
insects, pests, or diseases shall be found in any nursery or orchard or on any 
_ premises within the State where said nursery stock is grown, the said board of 
agriculture, its officers, agents, or servants, shall cause to be destroyed or treated 
as hereinbefore provided, such portion of such nursery stock as, in the opinion 
of said board, may be necessary, and shall release all other stock grown upon 
said premises, and shall make and issue a certificate of inspection to the effect 
and in the manner as hereinbefore prescribed; and, if such infested nursery 
stock be destroyed as herein provided, then the owner or owners shall pay the 
costs thereof; and if he or they refuse or neglect to pay the same it shall be 
collected as provided in section 5 of this act. 

Src. 10. That it shall be unlawful for any nurseryman, broker, agent, dealer, 
or other person to sell or offer for sale, or ship, send out, or give away, by mail, 
express, freight, or otherwise, any trees, vines, plants, shrubs, buds, grafts, or 
euttings from any nursery or orchard mentioned in this act, or any premises 
within this State where said nursery stock is grown, without accompanying the 
same with a copy of the certificate aforesaid, printed upon a tag or label not 
easily destroyed, which shall be firmly attached or fastened in a conspicuous 
position upon each carload, box, bale, or package so sold or offered for sale, or 
shipped, sent out, or delivered. 

Sec. 11. That if any nurseryman, agent, broker, dealer, or other person shall 
sell or offer for sale or deliver within this State or ship, transport, or send out of 
this State, to any other State or Territory of the United States, or foreign pos- 
session thereof, or to the District of Columbia, any trees, plants, shrubs, vines. 
grafts, cuttings, and buds, commonly known as nursery stock, subject to the 
insects, pests, and diseases in this act mentioned, without attaching a copy of 
the certificate aforesaid, or shall deface or mutilate, or destroy said certificate, 
or wrongfully attach a certificate, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit and pay a fine of not more than five 
hundred dollars nor less than one hundred dollars, besides the costs of prosecu- 
tion, or be imprisoned for a term of not less than one month nor more than one 
year. oy. 

Sec. 12. That all trees, plants, vines, shrubs, buds, grafts, and cuttings, com- 
monly known as nursery stock, grown or handled by each and every nursery- 
man in this State, and subject to the aforesaid insects, pests, and diseases, shall 

be fumigated or treated by the nurseryman owning the same in the manner, 
method, and way prescribed by the said board of agriculture, which said board 
is hereby authorized and empowered to make and adopt rules and regulations, 
and the same to alter, change, and modify from time to time, as in its judg- 
ment is best for the proper fumigation or treatment of infected trees, plants, 
vines, shrubs, buds, grafts, and cuttings. If any person shall wilfully and 
knowingly violate any of said rules he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit and pay a fine of twenty-five dollars 
for each offense. ‘ 

Sec. 13. That when any trees, plants, shrubs, vines, buds, grafts, or cuttings, 
commonly known as nursery stock, are shipped, sent, or mailed into this State 
to any nurseryman, broker, dealer, agent, or other person in this State, every 
carload, bale, box, or package thereof shall be plainly labeled on the outside 
with the name of the consignor and the name of the consignee, and shall have 
attached or fastened thereto a certificate showing that the contents thereof have 
been examined by a duly qualified State or Government officer and found ap- 
parently free from all insect and fungous diseases dangerously injurious to 
Lursery stock, 


30 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Sec. 14. That whenever any trees, plants, vines, shrubs, buds, grafts, or cut- 
tings are shipped or sent into this State without the aforesaid certificate plainly 
attached or fastened on the outside of each carload, box, bale, or package the 
same shall be and they are hereby made, deemed, and considered public nuj- 
sances, to be abated in the manner hereinafter provided, and the agent of the 
transportation company or person or firm receiving the same shall not deliver 
said nursery stock to any one, but shall at once notify the said board of agricul- 
ture of such nuisances. The said board shall thereupon institute proceedings 
before any justice of the peace to abate such nuisances. The said justice of the 
peace shall summon all parties in interest before him, if they be known and can 
be summoned; if not, then such of them as can be summoned, to show cause 
why such nuisances shall not be abated; and at the trial or hearing of said 
eause, if the said justice of the peace shall determine that the provisions of 
this act have been violated, he shall order and direct that the nuisances be 
abated by the return of such nursery stock by the agent aforesaid receiving the 
same to the consignor, unless such consignor, his agent, or the consignee or his 
agent shall at his or their own expense forthwith have the nursery stock 
aforesaid inspected and examined by a duly authorized officer or employee of 
said board of agriculture, and said officer or employee shall certify to said justice 
of the peace that such nursery stock is apparently free from the disease men- 
tioned in this act, and tag every such carload, box, bale, and package so inspected. 
with his certificate; but if said agent, consignor, or ‘consignee or other person 
above mentioned shall fail or neglect to have said inspection made, or fail to re- 
turn such carload, box, bale, or package, then said justice shall order said nui- 
sances to be abated by totally consuming by fire the contents of every such ear- 
load, box, bale, or package by the officers, agents, or employees of said board of 
agriculture. No action shall be brought by any one to recover any damages for 
any loss sustained in carrying out the foregoing provisions, and any and all loss 
shall be borne by the person suffering the same. 

Sec. 15. That if any agent of a transportation company, firm, or person shall 
knowingly receive a carload, box, bale, or package of trees, plants, shrubs, 
vines, buds, or cuttings without a certificate attached, as hereinbefore provided, 
and shall fail to immediately notify the said board of agriculture, as hereinbe- 
fore provided, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction 
thereof shall forfeit and pay a fine of fifty dollars for each offense, besides the 
costs of prosecution. 

Sec. 16. That if any nurseryman, dealer, or agent shall sell, ship, or deliver 
any trees, vines, plants, shrubs, grafts, or cuttings into or in this State which 
are infested with any of the aforesaid diseases, and which upon inspection by 
the said board of agriculture or its officers or agents are found to be so infested, 
’ the said nurseryman, dealer, or agent shall forfeit the value of such nursery 
stock and shall not collect or receive the same from the purchaser or consignee ; 
and if the purchaser or consignee has theretofore paid for said stock, either 
in whole or in part, he shall have a right of action against such nurseryman, 
dealer, or agent to recover the sum or sums so paid in an action on the case. — 
All trees, vines, plants, shrubs, grafts, and cuttings so shipped, sold, or de- 
livered as aforesaid, and inspected and found infested as aforesaid, shall be 
deemed public nuisances, and shall be abated in the same way and manner as 
provided for in section 14 of this act. 

Sec. 17. The said board of agriculture shall submit annually to the governor 
a written report of its inspections, experiments, and investigations and a full 
account of the expenditures, together with such other matters as may be deemed 
advisable by the said board, and with such recommendations as the said board 
Shall consider proper to make, which the governor shall transmit to the general 


EL CU 


GEORGIA. a1 


assembly at each session thereof; and which said report shall be printed in 


‘pamphlet form for distribution in such number as the general assembly shall 


direct. 
Sec. 18. That all moneys appropriated by law to the said board of agriculture 


to carry out the provisions of this act except the salaries of the commissioners 


shall be paid by the State treasurer to the president of the said board upon the 
presentation to said State treasurer by said president of a bond for the sum 
of three thousand dollars, executed by him, and by good and sufficient sureties 
to be approved by the governor, conditioned for the faithful disbursement of 
said moneys according to law. The said president shall control, handle, and 
pay off such moneys. 

Src. 19. That it shall be the duty of the said board of agriculture to encourage 
and invite desirable immigration to this State, and for this purpose the said 
board may prepare, publish, and circulate circulars or pamphlets setting forth 
the agricultural, mechanical, and other resources of the State: Provided, That 
the amount annually expended under authority of this section shall not exceed 
the sum of one hundred dollars. 

Sec. 20. That any member of the said board of agriculture who shall be guilty 
of neglect of duty or of the violation of any of the provisions of this act shall, 
upon conviction thereof before any justice of the peace of this State, be fined 
for each offense an amount of not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty 
dollars, together with costs of each suit. 

Sec. 21. That all fines collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid 
to the president of the said board of agriculture by the officers collecting or 
receiving the same, within thirty days after such collection or receipt, which 
shall be used by the said president of said board in defraying the expenses of 
the board. 

Sec. 22. That the said board of agriculture shall have power to compel all 
growers of fruit to stamp or mark the baskets, boxes, packages, crates, parcels, 
or other receptacles used by them for the shipment of any fruit or fruits with 
his, her, or their name or names, initial or initials, or with some distinguish- 
ing device or mark which may be readily and easily read and seen on the same; 
and said board may adopt rules and regulations to carry this into effect. If 
any grower of any fruit or fruits shall neglect or fail, after ten days’ notice of 
said board, to comply with the provisions of this section, he or she or they shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit and pay 
a fine of five dollars. 


FLORIDA. 


There is no law in Florida relating to the control of injurious insects. 


GEORGIA. 


ACTS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA, APPROVED DECEMBER 21, 1897, 
DECEMBER 20, 1898, AND DECEMBER 21, 1900. 


Be it enacted by the general assembly of Georgia: 

SEcTION 1. That from and after the passage of this act, the commissioner of 
agriculture of the State of Georgia, the president of the Georgia State Horticul- 
tural Society, and the president of the Georgia State Agricultural Society shall, 
ex officio, constitute a board to be known as the State board of entomology, of 


32 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


which the commissioner of agriculture shall be chairman, which board shall have 
full power to enact such rules and regulations governing the inspection, certi- 
fication. sale, transportation, and introduction of trees, shrubs, cuttings, buds, 
vines, bulbs. and roots that they may deem necessary -to prevent the further — 
introduction. increase, and dissemination of insect pests and plant diseases. © 


Sec. 2. That the State entomologist appointed by the commissioner of agri- — = 


culture, under the provisions of the act cited above, approved December 21, 
1897. shall act as an inspector under the provisions of this act. and it shall be 
the duty of the said board to promulgate rules and regulations in accordance 
with this act for the government of the said entomologist in the duties devolving 
upon him in the execution of the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 3. That the salary of the said entomologist shall not exceed one thousand 
and five hundred dollars per annum, and that said salary shall be paid out of 
the funds in the agricultural department arising from the inspection of oils. — 
In addition to the above appropriation, the sum of three thousand and five hun- 
dred dollars per annum is hereby appropriated out of the funds in the agricul- 
tural department arising from the inspection of oils, for the purpose of defray- 
ing the expenses of the execution of this act, the equipment of a laboratory, the 
iraveling and other incidental expenses of the entomologist, and the issuing of 
reports and other publications. The board may also employ such assistants to 
the entomologist as may be deemed necessary. 

Sec. 4. The entomologist shall have power under the regulations of the board 
of control to visit any section of the State where such pests are supposed to 
exist, and shall determine whether any infested trees or plants are worthy of 
remedial treatment or shall be destroyed. And he shall immediately report his 
findings in writing, giving reasons therefor, to the owner of the infested planta- 
tion, his agents or tenants, and a copy of each report shall also be submitted to 
ihe said board. In case of objection to the findings of the inspector, an appeal 
shall be made to the said board, who shall have the power to summon witnesses 
and hear testimony on oath, and whose decision shall be final. An appeal must 
be taken within three days and shall act as a stay of proceedings until it is heard 
and decided. 

Sec. 5. Upon the findings of the inspector in any case of infested trees or 
plants, the treatment prescribed by him shall be executed at once (unless an 
appeal is taken), under his supervision: cost of material and labor shall be borne 
by the owner: Provided, however, That in case the trees or plants shall be con- 
demned, they shall be destroyed by the inspector, and the expense of such action 
shall be borne by the owner. No compensation shall be allowed for any plants 
that shall be destroyed. 

Sec. 6. In case any person or persons refuse to execute the directions of the 
inspector or of the said board after an appeal, the county judge or ordinary 
shall, upon complaint filed by the inspector or any freeholder, cite the person or 
persons to appear before him within three days’ notice after being served, and 
that the said judge or ordinary may hear and determine all these cases in vaca- 
tion; and, upon satisfactory evidence, shall cause the prescribed treatment to be 
executed, and the expense thereof and costs of court shall be collected from the 
owner or owners of infested plants. 

Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale, sell, give away or transport 
plants, scions, buds, trees, shrubs, vines or other plants, tubers, roots, cuttings, 
bulbs, known to be infested with dangerously injurious insects or plant diseases. 
Any person or persons violating this section shall upon conviction thereof be 
guilty of a misdemeanor. 


GEORGIA. ae 


Szc. 8. The said board of control, its agents or employees, are hereby em- 
powered with authority to enter upon any premise in discharge of the duties 
herein prescribed. Any person or persons who shall obstruct or hinder them or 
their agents in the discharge of these duties shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Sec. 9. The board shall have the power to also adopt rules and regulations, 
not inconsistent with the laws and constitution of this State and the United 
States, for preventing the introduction of dangerously injurious crop pests from 
without the State, and for the governing of common carriers in transporting 
plants liable to harbor such pests to and from the State, and such regulations 
shall have the force of laws. 

Sec. 10. It shall be unlawful for any grower, nurseryman, or corporation to 

ship within the State of Georgia any trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, bulbs, roots 
without having been previously inspected by either a State or experimental sta- 
tion entomologist or Government officer, within twelve months of the date of 
said shipment, and certificate of inspection to accompany each box or package. 
Violation of this clause will be considered as a misdemeanor and punishable as 
such. 
Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That the members of the said board, any two 
of whom shall constitute a quorum in the absence of the third, shall, within 30 
days from the passage of this act, draw up and promulgate through the press 
of the State the rules and regulations necessary to carry into full and complete 
effect the provisions of this act, carefully defining what diseases or maladies, 
both insect and fungus, shall constitute infestation in trees or plants within the 
meaning and purview hereof. 

Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, That any person or persons residing in the 
State of Georgia, dealing in or handling trees, etc., shall be compelled to have 
his or their stock inspected annually on or before the Ist of November of each 
year. If, upon such inspection, such stock is found to conform to the require- 
ments of the board of control, the inspector shall furnish a certificate to that 
effect. And any such person or persons making a shipment before the filing of 
such certificate with the chairman of the board of control shall be guilty of a 
misdemeanor. 

Sec. 13. Hach and every person residing in States or countries outside of the 
State of Georgia dealing in or handling trees, plants, cuttings, vines, shrubs, 
bulbs, and roots in this State, shall register his name or firm and file a copy of 
his or its certificate of inspection furnished by the entomologist, fruit inspector, 
or duly authorized government official of his State or country, with the chair- 
man of the board of control. Upon failure so to do, said stock shall be liable 
to confiscation under order of the inspector. 

Sec. 14. When two reputable citizens of any county in Georgia shall notify 
the board, from belief, that noxious insects or plant diseases exist in their 
county, the said inspector shall be directed to ascertain as speedily as possible 
by personal investigation, and in such other manner as he may deem expedient, 
the extent of the infection, and shall act with all due diligence to suppress and 
eradicate the said pests and give notice to the owner, tenant, or agent of such 
premises to treat such infested plants according to the methods he may pre- 
scribe, or destroy them within ten days from date of such notice, and if, after 
the expiration of such period of ten days, the infested plants have not been 
treated or the treatment has not been properly applied or is not effectual in 
ridding plants of the pests, the inspector shall cause such plants to be properly 
treated or destroyed as his judgment warrants. The cost of the work shall be 
covered by execution from the owner of the premises. 


7418—No. 61 M——3 


b4 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


QUARANTINE LAW AGAINST THE MEXICAN CoTToN BOLL WEEVIL. 


[Sections of an act of the general assembly of the State of Georgia, approved August 
15, 1904, and section 17 as amended August 23, 1905.] 


SecTION 15. It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly bring into the 
State of Georgia any living Mexican boll weevil, or any cotton bolls, squares, 
plants, or seeds containing the adult, pupal, larval, or egg stage of said Mexican 
boll weevil unless the person shall immediately upon its discovery at once destroy 
the same or turn over the same to the State entomologist. Violation of this sec- 
tion shall be punished as provided by section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia 
of 1895. 

Sec. 16. No cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls er cotton lint, in bales or 
loose, shall be brought into this State from any points in the States of Texas and 


Louisiana, or from any other point in any other State or country wherein the — 


Mexican boll weevil is known to exist, without having attached thereto in a 
prominent and conspicuous manner, a certificate signed by a duly authorized 
State or governmental entomologist stating that said cotton seed, seed cotton, 
cotton-seed hulls, or cotton lint, was grown in, and that the shipment of same 
criginated in, a locality where by actual inspection by said official, or his agent, 
the Mexican boll weevil was not found to exist. Any steamship, railroad, or 
express company or other common carrier, or any firm, person, or corporation 
bringing into this State any of the articles above mentioned without the specified 
certificate attached shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. In case any com- 
non carrier enumerated violates this secticn, then the general manager of such 
common carrier or the captain of such offending vessel shall be deemed guilty 
and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by section 1039 of the Penal 
Code cf Georgia of 1895. 

Sec. 17. No corn in the shuck, or shipment of household goods, furniture, ma- 
chinery, glassware, cr supplies cf any description which are packed or partially 
packed in or with cotton lint, cotton seed, seed cotton. hulls, seed cotton 
and cotton seed sacks, or corn in the shuck, shall be shipped into this State from 
points in Texas and Louisiana, or any other State cr country in which the Mexi- 
can cotton boll weevil is known to exist, without having attached thereto in a 
prominent and conspicuous manner the certificate provided for in section 16. 

Sec. 18. Transportation companies shall immediately notify the State ento- 
jnologist (Atlanta, Ga.,) when by oversight, negligence, or otherwise any ship- 
ments of the nature designated in sections 16 and 17, without a proper certificate 
attached, shall arrive at any station or wharf in this State, and it shall be his 
duty to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself or assistant, to investigate 
such shipment. If upon investigation he find the shipment to be of the nature 
herein designated he shall order same removed from this State. Upon failure 
- of the owner or shipper to remove same within forty-eight hours after notice 
has been sent him by wire, said shipment shall be seized and burned. 

Sec. 19. The State entomologist and his assistants shali have authority to 
enter, during reasonable business hours, any depot, warehouse, freight, wharf, 
transfer, steamship, or express office in this State and shall be allowed fuil 
access to all waybills, invoices, and bills of lading therein. when he or they may 
deem it necessary to determine the presence or record of any shipments of the 
nature designated in sections 16 and 17 of this act. The State entomologist 
and his assistants shall have authority to enter at any time, for the purpose of 
inspecting shipments therein, or for determining the nature of shipments 
therein, any express car or steamship when same is in transit or lying at dock 
or depot in charge of any employee or official of the company owning or oper- 


oa 


2 
* 
; 
i 
4 
E 
. 


Vs 


GEORGIA. 35 


ating same. Agents and employees of railroads shall be required to open for 
inspection any car, sealed or unsealed, at any siding, freight yard, or depot in 
this State, when so ordered by the State entomologist or his assistant. Any 
person who shall refuse to comply with the instructions of the State entomolo- 
gist or his assistants as herein specified, or who shall offer any hindrance or 
shall obstruct the State entomologist or his assistants in the discharge of their 
duties as herein specified shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon 
conviction shall be punished as provided by section 1039 of the Penal Code of 
Georgia of 1895. 

Sec. 20. The State entomologist, himself or assistants, shall have power to enter 
during ordinary business hours any premises, depot, warehouse, cotton mill, oil 
mill, or other building or place in this State where agricultural products are or are 
supposed to be, for the purpose of inspecting and determining whether any boll 
weevils are there present. In case of finding any material therein infested with 
the boll weevil he shall at once give instructions to the owner, agent, or tenant 
thereof to destroy, fumigate, or treat such infested material in such manner as 
in his judgment he may deem best. But in the event said material should be 
ordered destroyed, the owner shall be compensated as now provided by law in 
cases where property is condemned for public use. Failure of the agent, owner, 
or tenant to comply with said directions (unless an appeal be taken as provided 
for in section 4 of this act) or the removal of said infested material or any part 
thereof from the premises, shall be deemed a misdemeanor and shall be punished 
as provided by section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895. 


RULES AND REGULATIONS. 


1. In accordance with section 11 of said act, the following insects and fungous 
diseases are hereby declared, individually and severally, to constitute infestation 
in trees and plants, this list to be revised at the will of the board of entomology: 

The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 

The new peach scale (Diaspis pentagona). 

The woolly aphis of apple (Schizoneura lanigera). 
Black knot of plum and cherry (Plowrightia morbosa). 
The crown gall (Dendrophagus globosus). 

The Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). 
Rosette of peach and plum. 

Yellows of peach. 

2. The State entomologist is hereby charged with the enforcement of said act, 
and as inspector is directed to locate by personal investigation, correspondence, 
and in such other manner as he may deem best the above-named pests so 
far as they may exist in this State, and give proper directions and take such 
steps in accordance with the above-cited act as he may deem necessary to con- 
trol or eradicate the same. 

3. In accordance with section 5 of the above-cited act, the State entomol- 
ogist is hereby endued with power to condemn and destroy any infested trees, 
shrubs, or other plants that in his judgment are not worthy of remedial treat- 
ment, when such infestation is, or is likely to become, a menace to the agri- 
cultural interests of any section of the State, or when the owner or owners of 
infested premises shall refuse or neglect to properly execute the treatment pre- 
seribed for him or them. 

4. Any trees, shrubs, or other plants commonly known as nursery stock shipped 
within the State of Georgia without each box, bundle, or package (in each car- 


36 | LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


load or less than carload lot) being plainly labeled with the official entomolo- 
gist’s certificate to the effect that the contents of same have been inspected and 
found to meet with the requirements of the board of entomology in accordance 
with section 10 of the act cited above shall be liable to confiscation upon the 
order of the inspector. 

5. No trees, shrubs, or other plants commonly known as nursery stock shall 
be sold, delivered, or given away within the State of Georgia without being 
plainly labeled with the certificate of the State entomologist. 

6. Persons or firms within the State of Georgia growing for sale trees, cut- 
tings, shrubs, vines, or other plants commonly known as nursery stock shall 
make application to the State entomologist (Atlauta, Ga.) for inspection and 
certificate on or before July 1st of each year. Any person, corporation, or firm 
failing to make application to have his or their stock inspected as aforesaid, 
after receipt of notice of this rule, shall not be permitted to offer for sale in this 
State any of said stock not inspected: Provided, That such person, corporation, 
or firm may make written application to the State board of entomology to be 
relieved of his or their default and consequences, and offering to pay any addi- 
tional expense incurred by the State and its officers by reason of such failure. 
The board may upon a proper showing order an inspection of said nursery. 

7. In case some part of a nursery shall be found infested with San Jose 
seale no certificate shall then be granted: Provided, however, That isolated 
blocks of nursery stock not infested may be considered as separate nurseries 
and a certificate may be granted covering such stock after all stock in the 
infested block has been destroyed. 

8. Each and every box, bundle, or package of trees, shrubs, and other plants 
commonly known as nursery stock, shipped in carload lots or less than carload 
lots into the State of Georgia from any other State or country, shall be plainly 
labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the entomologist, fruit 
inspector, or other duly authorized official in the State or country in which 
said stock was grown, and also with the official tag of the Georgia State board 
of entomology hereinafter provided for; said tag to be valid only until July © 
1st following the date of certificate upon which it is based (see sections 9 and 
15 of the act cited above). Such shipments not so labeled shall be liable to 
confiscation upon the order of the inspector. 

9. Any person or persons residing in States or countries outside of the State 
of Georgia, dealing in or handling trees, shrubs, or other plants in this State, 
or shipping trees, shrubs, or other plants therein, shall file with the State erto- 
mologist (Atlanta, Ga.) a certified copy (or signed duplicate of original) of the 
certificate issued by the entomologist, fruit inspector, or other duly authorized 
official of the State or country in which said stock was grown. Such certificate 
for nurseries south of the northern boundary line of North Carolina, Tennessee, 
and Arkansas must be based upon an inspection made not earlier than July 1st, 
and for nurseries north of said line, upon an inspection made not earlier than 
June ist. Said person or persons shall also file with the State entomologist a 
signed statement in which said person or persons agree to fumigate with hydro- 
cyanic-acid gas all stock shipped into the State of Georgia. Such fumigation 
shall be in a manner approved by the State entomologist. Upon receipt and 
approval of the certificate and statement above mentioned, the certificate of 
the Georgia State board of entomology will be issued to the applicant without 
charge, and official tags bearing a facsimile copy of such certificate and the seal 
of the State board will be furnished the applicant at cost of printing, viz: 


Sixty cents for the first one hundred or part thereof and twenty-five cents for 
each additional hundred. 


GEORGIA. ot 
Ne 

10. No transportation company or common carrier shall deliver any box, 
bundle, or package of trees, shrubs, or other plants commonly known as nursery 
stock, shipped from any other State or country to any consignee at any station 
in the State of Georgia, unless each box, bundle, or package is plainly labeled 
with a certificate of inspection furnished by the official entomologist of the State 
or country in which said stock was grown, and also with the official tag of the 
Georgia State board of entomology hereinabove provided for. Such shipments 
of the nature designated above, originating in the State of Georgia, need only 
have the certificate of the State entomologist, and unless his certificate is 
attached to each and every box, bundle, or package cf trees, etc., they shall not 
be accepted for transportation. : 

11. Transportation companies shall immediately notify the State entomolo- 
gist (Atlanta, Ga.) when, by oversight, negligence, or otherwise, any ship- 
ment of.uncertified stock is received at any station or wharf in the State, and 
it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible to investigate and dispose 
of such stock, as provided for in the act cited above. 

12. All trees, shrubs, or other plants commonly known as nursery stock 
(with the exception of conifers and strawberry plants) offered for sale, sold, 
or given away in this State shall be fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas by 
the owner under the direction of the State entomologist. Eact and every 
nurseryman within this State growing nursery stock for sale shall construct 
and maintain upon his premises an air-tight fumigating house or box and shall 
maintain such fumigatorium in first-class condition for fumigating nursery stock 
between the first of August of each year and the first day of May following. 
Said fumigating house or box shall be regularly inspected by the State ento- 
mologist or his assistant in connection with the inspection of nurseries, and the 
owner of each nursery shall be required to demonstrate to the inspector that 
he has a practical working knowledge of fumigating methods. Upon failure 
of the fumigating house or box to pass a satisfactory inspection at the time 
the nursery is inspected each year, no certificate shall be granted until such 
fumigatorium has been placed in condition for properly fumigating nursery 
stock. The expenses of the inspector when making an inspection of such fumi- 
gating house after its repair or alteration shall in all cases be paid by the 
nurseryman. Upon failure of any nurseryman or dealer in nursery stock to 
comply with these requirements certificate shall be withheld or cancelled. 

18. Certificate tags of a standard size shall be secured through the State 
entomologist for attaching to all shipments and deliveries of nursery stock 
within this State. Such tags shall bear the printed seal of the State board of 
entomology and the facsimile signature of the entomologist, and shali be fur- 
nished to nurserymen holding proper certificates at the schedule of prices given 
in regulation 9. 

14. On and after January 1st, 1905, all nurserymen or dealers in nursery 
stock selling nursery stock within this State shall be required to thoroughly 
fumigate, in accordance with the directions furnished them by the State ento- 
mologist, all nursery stock which they may receive from points without the 
State before selling or delivering such stock within this State. 

15. Upon the inspection of any nursery, the owner of said nursery, when or- 
dered to do so by the State entomologist or by the inspector, shall file with the 
State board of entomology an affidavit to the effect that all nursery stock grown 
by him, or for him under contract, has been inspected, and that the inspectors 
have been advised of the location of all nursery stock owned,: controlled, or 
contracted for by him. Certificate shall be withheld until such affidavit is 
placed on file. 


38 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


16. The State entomologist is hereby authorized to publish in the form of 
bulletins, reports, or through the press of the State any matter pertaining to 
the distribution, life history, habits, and treatment of insect pests and fungous 
diseases, or other such matter that may be instructive or aid in the suppression 
of such pests. 

17. The board of entomology may appoint temporary deputy inspectors, when 
it appears to be necessary, to assist the entomologist in the enforcement of the 
act cited above, and such deputy inspectors shall have full power to enter en 
premises and inspect and report to the State entomologist. 

18. Appeals from the decision of the entomologist should be addressed to 
the commissioner of agriculture (Atlanta, Ga.), who will notify the appellant 
of the time and place of hearing such appeal. 

19. The State entomologist shall be secretary of the board, and all inquiries 
relative to the provisions of the above-cited act and subject-matter of the 
same should be addressed to him at Capito] Building (Atlanta, Ga.). 


REVISED REGULATIONS OF THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY RELATIVE 
TO THE QUARANTINE AGAINST THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


1. The shipment into the State of Georgia of cotton lint (loose, baled, fiat, or 
compressed), cotton seed, seed cotton, hulls, seed-cotton and cotton-seed sacks 
(which have been used), and corn in the shuck from points in the States of 
Texas and Louisiana is hereby forbidden, unless such shipment shall be accom- 
panied by the certificate of a State or governmental entomologist to the effect 
that such shipment originated in a locality where, by actual inspection, the 
Mexican cotton boll weevil was not found to exist. 

2. Shipments of household goods, furniture, machinery, glassware, or supplies 
cf any description from the States of Texas and Louisiana shall be admitted 
into the State of Georgia only when accompanied by a certificate (such certifi- 
cate to be attached to waybill), as mentioned in regulation 1, and provided for 
by an act of the legislature of the State of Georgia approved August 15th, 1904, 
provided any of the articles listed in regulation 1 are included in such ship- 
ment or used as packing for any part or all of same. ; 

3. Transportation companies shall immediately notify the State entomologist 
(Atlanta, Ga.) when, by oversight, negligence, or otherwise, any shipments of 
the nature designated in regulations 1 or 2 shall arrive at any station or wharf 
in this State without a proper certificate or affidavit attached; and it shall be 
the duty of the entomologist to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself or 
lis assistant, to investigate such shipments. If, upon investigation, he find 
such shipment to be in violation of regulations 1 and 2, he shall at once order 
same removed from this State. Upon failure of the owner or shipper to remove 
said shipment within forty-eight hours after notice has been sent him by wire 
said shipment shall be seized and burned. 

4. Shipments of the articles quarantined against by regulations 1 and 2 and 
by the acts of the legislature of the State of Georgia approved August 15, 1904. 
and August 25, 1905, shall be made through this State to points in other States 
only when in tight-closed cars. Such cars shall not be opened at any point while 
in transit through the State of Georgia. 

». Shipments of nursery stock, fruit, and truck into this State from points in 
the States of Texas and Louisiana shall be admitted only when none of the 
articles mentioned in regulation 1 are used in packing same, unless such ship- 
ment be accompanied by a certificate as mentioned in regulation 1. 


HAWAII. 39 


6. Shipments of live stock from points in the States of Texas and Louisiana 
into the State of Georgia are hereby absolutely prohibited when any of the 
articles quarantined against are used as bedding or feed for such live stock, un- 
less accompanied by the certificate of a State or governmental entomologist to 
the effect that the bedding or feed originated in a locality where, by actual 
inspection, the Mexican cotton boll weevil was not found to exist. 


HAWATI. 
Act 44. (Session LAws or 1903.) 
An Act to provide for the encouragement and protection of agriculture, horticulture, and 
forestry. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the Territory of Hawaii: 
SECTION 1. Whenever in this act the word “ board” is used, it shall refer and 
mean the board of commissioners of agriculture and forestry by this act pro- 


vided for. 
* * * * * * * 
Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the board: 
3 * * * k * * * 


(3) Rules and regulations. To make rules and regulations, and to amend 
the same from time to time in their discretion, subject to the approval of 
the governor, for and concerning the introduction, transportation, and prop- 
agation of trees, shrubs, and plants and the preservation, protection, extension, 
and utilization of forests and forest reserves, both natural and artificial; for 
the quarantine, inspection, fumigation, disinfection, exclusion, or destruction, 
either upon introduction into this Territory or at any time or place within the 
Territory, of any soil, nursery stock, tree, sugar cane, shrub, plant, flower, vine, 
cutting, graft, cion, bud, seed, root, fruit pit, fruit, vegetable, leaf, nut, or other 
vegetable growth or other substances, and any box, barrel, package, or packing 
material, or containers in which said articles,or any of them, have been trans- 
ported or contained which is or may be infected with or liable to assist in the 
transmission or dissemination of any insect, blight, scale, or disease injurious or 
liable to become injurious to trees, plants, or other vegetation of value. 

Included therein may be rules and regulations governing the shipping be- 
tween the different islands of this Territory of any or all of the nursery stock, 

_ trees, and other articles in this subsection hereinabove enumerated. 

And also with power to prohibit the importation into the Territory from any 
or all foreign countries, or other parts of the United States, or the shipment 
from one island within the Territory to another island therein, of any specific 
article or class of articles above enumerated which are liable to introduce 
or disseminate, or assist in the introduction or dissemination, of any insect, 
blight, scale, or disease injurious or liable to become injurious to trees, plants, 
or other vegetation of value. All rules and regulations made as aforesaid shall 


have the force and effect of law. 
* * ** * * * * 


(9) Superintendent of entomological department. To appoint a_ superin- 
_tendent of entomology, who shall have charge, direction, and control (subject 
to the direction and control of the board) of all matters relating to the exclu- 
sion or eradication of insects, scales, blights, and diseases injurious or liable to 
_hecome injurious to trees, plants, or other vegetation of value; and relating to 
the quarantine, inspection, disinfection, exclusion, or destruction of any plant, 
: article, or substance injurious or liable to become injurious to trees, plants, or 


aA 


’ 


40) LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


cther vegetation of value mentioned in or coming within the. scope of this att, 
and of such other matters as the board may from time to time direct, and who 
shall be paid such salary as may be appropriated by the legislature. 

The said superintendent of entomology shall be a trained and educated ento- 
mologist, who has made the subject of entomology as related to agriculture a 
special study ; and, if such a man is available, one who has had practical train- 
ing and experience in connection with entomology in a tropical country. 

* * * * * * * 

Sec. 18. No soil, nursery stock, tree, Sugar cane, shrub, plant, flower, vine, 
cutting, graft, cion, bud, seed, root, fruit pit, fruit, vegetable, leaf, nut, or moss 
shall be imported into the Territory of Hawaii except in the manner and upon 
the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, viz: 

(1) Labels. A label shall be affixed to the article desired to be imported, or 
if it is enclosed, to the box, barrel, case, package, or other container in which it 
is enclosed, which label shall set forth: 

(a) The name, number or amount, and description of the said article 
or articles. 

(b) The locality where the same was produced. 

(c) The port from which the same was last shipped. 

(d) The name of the shipper of said article or articles. 

(e) The name of the consignee of said article or articles. 

(2) Request for inspection. In addition to any requirements of the customs 
authorities concerning invoices or other formalities incident to importations 
into the Territory, the importer shall file a written statement with the board, 
signed by himself, or his agent or attorney, which shall set forth his desire to 
import certain articles into the Territory, which articles shall be described as 
follows, viz: 

(a) The name, number or amount, and description of the said article 
or articles. 

(b) The locality where the same was produced 

(c) The port from which the same were last shipped. 

(d) The name of the shipper thereof. 

(e) The name of the consignee thereof. 

The said statement shall also contain a request that the board examine, or 
cause to be examined, the articles described as aforesaid, and agreeing to be 
and become responsible for all costs, charges, and expenses incident to the in- 
spection, examination, fumigation, disinfection, quarantine, and care of said arti- 
cles desired to be imported. 

(8) Blanks. Suitable blanks shall be furnished by the board, upon which to 
make such requests, which blanks may provide for the insertion of other state- 
ments, and may contain other requirements which the board, in its discretion 
and under the authority herein contained to make rules and regulations, may 
direct. 

(4) Inspection. Immediately upon receipt of a request for inspection, in ac- 
cordance with the provisions hereinabove set forth, or as soon thereafter as 
reasonably practicable, an inspector of the board shall inspect the said article 
desired to be imported. 

(5) Place of inspection. The said inspection may, in the discretion of the 
said inspector, be made on the vessel importing the same, on the wharf adjacent 
thereto, or any other convenient place or places which he may indicate; but 
said article or articles shall in no case be removed from the vessel importing the 
Same except upon a written permit signed by said inspector. 

(6) Unpacking or removing. If, in the discretion of said inspector, it is nec- 


HAWAII. 4] 


essary, advisable, or proper, in order to more fully inspect the said articles, to 
unpack the said articles, or any of them, or to remove them, or any of them, to 
any other place or places, he shall have authority so to do at the expense of the 
importer. 

(7) Permit to import. If, upon inspection as aforesaid, or at any time there- 
after, if the said article or articles are held for further examination, the said 
inspector shall be satisfied that the said articles desired to be imported, or cer- 
tain of them, are free from insects, blight, scale, and diseases injurious, or liable 
to become injurious, to trees, plants, or other vegetation of value, he shall give 
the importer a certificate of inspection, setting forth the date of the jnspection 
or inspections, a description of the articles inspected, and permitting them to be 
imported into this Territory. 

(8) Disinfection or quarantine. If, in the opinion of said inspector, it shall 
be necessary or proper, for the better securing of the objects of this act, to fumi- 
gate, disinfect, or quarantine said article or articles, or any of them, he shall 
have authority so to do, at the expense of the importer. 

If, in the opinion of said inspector, it shall be necessary or proper to hold said 
article for continued observation or treatment, in order to be certain that no infec- 
tion as aforesaid exists, or that any infection which exists or may exist therein 
may be eradicated, said inspector may so hold said article or articles in quaran- 
tine for said purpose or purposes. 

(9) Destruction of plants, ete. If said inspector shall at any time, either 
upon said first inspection or at any time thereafter while the said article or 
articles are being held as aforesaid, find that the same or any of them, are 
infected with or contain any insect, blight, scale, or disease injurious, or liable 
to become injurious to trees, plants, or other vegetation of value, he shall, in 
his discretion, destroy the same or hold the same for further treatment. 

(10) What constitutes importation. The landing of any article as aforesaid, 
for the purpose of inspection or quarantine, shall not be, nor be construed to be, an 
importation for the purpose of giving to the article or articles so landed any | 
status, or the owner thereof any rights or privileges incident to the articles 
which have been imported into the Territory ; but in legal effect the articles so 
landed for purposes of inspection shall be construed to still be without the 
Territory, seeking entry into the Territory, and shall not, in whole or in part, 
be entitled to be imported into this Territory until a permit so to do, as 
aforesaid, shall have been issued by the board or officer or inspector thereof. 

(11) Heaceptions to right to import. Nothing in this act contained shall per- 
mit the importation of any article, or class of articles, or any article or class 
‘of articles from any particular place, if the same, or any of them, have, by 
special rule or regulation of the board, as hereinbefore provided, been prohibited 
from importation into this Territory. 

(12) Port of importation of plants. No nursery stock, soil, tree, sugar cane, 
shrub, plant, flower, vine, cutting, graft, scion, bud, seed, root, leaf, nut, moss, or 
other vegetable growth (except hay, grain, fruit, vegetables, and nuts for immedi- 
ate consumption) shall be imported into the Territory of Hawaii, saving and 
excepting through the port of Honolulu only. . 

Sec. 14. No soil, sand, or rocks or stone having soil adhering thereto, brought 
to this Territory as ballast or separate from the roots of plants, trees or other 
vegetation, except such as are suitable for, and intended to be used as or in the 
manufacture of fertilizer, or for building, mechanical, or monumental purposes, 
shall be allowed to be landed in this Territory. If any vessel comes to this 
Territory with soil, sand, rocks, or stones having soil adhering thereto on board 
as ballast or in bulk, and it is desired to remove the same, it shall, except as 
aforesaid, be dumped at sea. 


42 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


No soil or sand brought to this Territory in connection with or around the 
roots of plants, trees, or other vegetation, or rocks or stones with soil or sand 
adhering to them, shall be allowed to be imported into this Territory until the 
same shall have been removed to a suitable place for inspection and quarantine, 
and there held for such length of time as, in the discretion of the board or its 
officers or agents, shall be necessary to prove that it is not infected with insects, 
blights, scales, or diseases injurious to trees, plants, cr other vegetation of value. 

Sec. 15. The board shall, with the approval of the governor, adopt a reason- 
able scale of charges, which may be changed from time to time, for the inspec- 
tion, disinfection, fumigation, and quarantine authorized, required, or permitted 
by this act. Certificates and permits herein provided for concerning articles 
imported, or proposed to be imported, into this Territory, and the charges so 
provided for shall be paid for in advance before any certificate or permit is 
delivered or any of said articles are permitted to be landed. If thereafter fur- 
ther expense is incurred in the inspection, treatment, or quarantine of any of 
said articles, the charges therefor shall be paid before any of said articles shall 
be delivered. 

Sec. 16. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act, and any master 
of any vessel which shall bring into this Territory any article which the board 
shall at any time prohibit from being imported into this Territory; and the 
master of any vessel from which shall be landed any article in this act required 
to be inspected, until he shall have received a permit to land the said articles 
from the board or its officer or inspector, as herein provided, shall be guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $500, or impris- 
onment as aforesaid, in the discretion of the court. 

Sec. 17. Any person who shall feel aggrieved at any decision of any inspector 
of the board shall have the right to appeal from such decision to the board. 
The board shall give a prompt hearing to the appellant and the inspector upon 
such appeal, and decide the question at issue, which decision shall be final. 


RULES AND REGULATIONS PROHIBITING THE INTRODUCTION OF CERTAIN FRUITS 
AND ANIMALS INTO THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 


RULE I. 


SEcTION 1. For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the Territory 
of Hawaii of fruit flies, their larve or pup and other insects injurious or liable 
to become injurious to trees, plants, fruit, or other vegetation of value, all per- 
sons, companies, and corporations are hereby prohibited from introducing or 
importing into the Territory of Hawaii, or into any of its ports for the purpose 
of debarkation into the said Territory, any fresh fruit from East or West Indies, 
Asia, Australasia, Oceanica, Malaysia, Mexico, Central and South America. 

Sec. 2. If any fresh fruit shall be imported or introduced into the Territory of 
Hawaii, or into any of its ports, for the purpose of debarkation into said Terri- 
tory, contrary to law or this regulation, the same shall, in the discretion of the 
board of commissioners of agriculture and forestry, or its duly authorized agent, 
officer, or inspector, be immediately destroyed or deported at the expense of the 
importer or introducer, and the person or persons or corporation introducing or 
importing the same shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be liable to the 
penalty or penalties provided by law. 

Sec. 3. This regulation shall take effect from and after the approval thereof 
by the governor. 

Approved October 25, 1904. 


< 


IDAHO. 43 
RUE SLL. 


Section 1. For the purpose of preserving and protecting the forests and the 
agricultural and horticultural interests of the Territory of Hawaii, all persons, 
companies, and corporations are hereby prohibited from importing or introduc- 
ing into the Territory of Hawaii, or into any of its ports, for the purpose of 
debarkation into the said Territory, any live animal or animals known as 
“flying fox” (Pteropus) or “fruit-eating bat,” or any crustacean known as 
Sdand crab,” or any other animal, bird, reptile, or insect injurious, or liable to 
become injurious, to forests, trees, plants, or other vegetation of value. 

Sec. 2. If any animal, bird, reptile, or insect is imported or introduced into 
the Tesritory of Hawaii, or into any of its ports, for the purpose of debarkation 
into the Territory of Hawaii, contrary to law or this regulation, the same shall, 
in the discretion of the board of commissioners of agriculture and forestry, or 
its duly authorized agent, officer, or inspector, be immediately destroyed or 
deported at the expense of the importer or introducer, and the person or persons 
er corporation introducing or importing the same shall be guilty of a misde- 
meanor and shall be liable to the penalty or penalties provided by law. 

Sec. 3. This regulation shall take effect from and after the approval thereof 
by the governor. 

Approved October 25, 1904. 2 


IDAHO. 


AN AcT to create and define the duties of a State board of horticultural inspection and 
the appointment of a State horticultural inspector and deputies; to appropriate 
money for their expenses, and defining the duties thereof; to prevent the gift, sale, 
distribution, transportation, importation, or planting of infested trees, vines, plants, 
euttings, scions, grafts, pits, buds, or other articles, and to provide for the disinfec- 
tion or destruction of the same; to provide for the extirpation of insect pests or fun- 
gus diseases found on trees, shrubs, vines, plants, fruit; to provide penalties for fail- 
ure to comply with the provisions of this act. 


SEcTION 1. There is hereby created the State board of horticultural inspection, 
prhich board shall consist of five members as follows: The director of the ex- 
periment station and the professor of zoology of the University of Idaho shall 
be ex officio members of said board, and the other three members shall be ap- 
pointed by the governor of the State as soon as may be after the passage of 
es act, and shall hold their office for a term of three years, or until their suc- 
-cessors are appointed and qualified, and in making said appointments the goy- 
-ernor shall consider the recommendations of the State horticultural society as 
to the proper persons to appoint: Provided, That of the three members first 
Eippointed after the passage of this act, one shall hold his office for one year, one 
for two years, and one for three years from the date of his appointment. 

. Src. 2. Before entering on the duties of his office each member of said board 
shall take and subscribe the official oath prescribed for State officers, which 
“Gath shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state. 

Sec. 3. Said board shall meet immediately after the passage and approval of 
{ his act, when it shall elect a president and a secretary from its number, who 
“Shall hold their office during the pleasure of the said board. The secretary 
shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by the board, and shall recéive 
Such compensation as the board may establish, not exceeding $350.00 per annum. 
_ Said board shall meet annually at such times and at such places as it may 
‘determine. 


44 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. < 


Sec. 4. The board shall appoint a State horticultural inspector, whose juris- 
diction shall extend throughout the State, and shall fix his salary at not less 
than $900 per annum. They shall also divide the State into not more than ten 
districts, and the State horticultural inspector shall appoint, subject to the con-— 
firmation of the board, a deputy State horticultural inspector for each district so 
established if necessary. The persons so appointed shall be especially quali- 
fied for their position by reason of a practical knowledge of horticulture and 
the pests incident thereto. Their jurisdiction shall be limited to their respec- 
tive districts. Said inspectors shall hold their office during the pleasure of said 
board. Said board shall make an estimate of the amount of money available 
for each district for each year, and no inspector shall incur any expense in the 
discharge of his duties in excess of said estimate furnished him by said board. 
The aggregate sum of all the estimates furnished to the various inspectors in 
“iny one year must in no case exceed the amount available for carrying out this 
act for such year... 

Sec. 5. Each inspector so appointed shall receive as compensation for his 
services as such inspector the sum of five dollars per day for each day actually 
and necessarily employed in the discharge of his duties as prescribed in this 
act. Such compensation shall be paid out of the general fund of the State, upon 
warrants duly drawn by the State auditor, only after the bills presented for 
such services shall have been audited and approved by the secretary and a 
majority of said board and audited as other bills against the State of Idaho. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of said inspectors, or State inspector, either on 
their own motion, or upon the complaint of interested parties, to enter and make, . 
or cause to be made, inspection of any field, rights-of-way, of any irrigation 
eanals, or railways, public highways, fields, orchards, nurseries, fruit packing 
houses, storerooms, sales-rooms, depots, or other places where fruits are grown 
or stored, and of fruits, trees, vines, plants, shrubs, or other articles within the — 
State, supposed to be, or liable to be, infested with pests, or with their eggs or 
larvee, or infested with any contagious diseases injurious to fruits, plants, trees, 
shrubs, vines, as hereinafter provided. If upon any inspection there be found 
any disease, or pests, eggs, or larvz of any pests injurious to fruits, plants, 
trees, shrubs, or vines, the inspector shall notify the owner or owners, or the 
person or persons in charge or in possession of said places, fields, orchards, 
nurseries, trees, plants, shrubs, vines, fruits, or other articles as aforesaid ; the in- 
spector shall require such person or persons to eradicate or destroy said injurious 
pests or insects, or their eggs or larvze within a reasonable time, to be specified. 
Said notice shall be served in person or in writing on said person or persons, or 
either of them, owning or having in charge such infested places, rights-of-way. 
fields, orchards, nurseries, trees, shrubs, vines, plants, fruits, or other articles 
as visited by the inspector, or it may be served in the same manner as the sum- 
mons in a civil action. If the owner or owners, or person or persons in charge 
or in possession, of any highway, rights-of-way of canal or railways, fields, 
orchards or nurseries, or trees or plants, or other articles infested with any in- 
sect, or their eggs or laryz, or any disease injurious to any trees, fruits, vines, 
shrubs, plants, or any other articles infested, after having been notified, as 
above, to eradicate and destroy the same, shall fail, neglect, or refuse so to do, 
then any and all such places, public highways, rights-of-ways, fields, orchards, 
nurseries, trees, plants, vines, fruit, or other articles thus infested are adjudged 
and declared to be a public nuisance and shall be proceeded against as such; 
and whenever any such nuisance shall exist at any place in the State or on the 
property of any non-resident, or on any highway, rights-of-way, or fields as 
aforesaid, or on any property the owner or owners of which can not be found 


IDAHO. 45 


within the State or on any property where notice has been served as aforesaid 
and where the owner or those in possession shall refuse or neglect to abate such 
nuisance within the time specified, it shall be the duty of the district inspector 
within the county wherein the nuisance is to be abated, or State inspector, or 
either of them, and he is hereby empowered to cause said nuisance to be abated 
at once by eradicating or destroying all said pests or their eggs or larva, or by 
disinfecting or destroying all fruits, trees, vines, plants, shrubs, pits, scions, or 
other articles upon which said fungous diseases or pests or their eggs or larvee 
may be found. The expense of such proceedings shall be paid out of the gen- 
eral fund of the State in the same manner as set forth for paying said in- 
spectors. All sums so paid shall be collected from the parties owning said real 
estate on which said nuisance was situated by civil suit in the name of the 
board herein created, and it shall be the duty of the county attorney of the 
county in which said real estate is situated to bring suit, and said sum, when 
collected, shall be paid into the State.treasury. 

Sec. 7. The inspectors are hereby vested with all the necessary authority to 
enforce quarantine against any infested fields, lots, rights of way, orchards, 
purseries, trees, plants, buds, scions, or any other place or article within the 
State when the same may be liable to spread contagious diseases injurious to 
fruit or trees or fruit crops of any kind, and to provide necessary rules and 
regulations to govern the same. 

Sec. 8. No person, firm, or corporation shall hereafter engage in or continue 

in the business of importing and selling within the State any fruit trees, forest 
trees, vines, plants, shrubs, scions, pits, or other nursery stock without first 
making an application therefor to the State board of horticultural inspection, 
which said application in writing shall be accompanied with a good and satis- 
factory bond in the sum of one thousand dollars to be approved by the State 
board of horticultural inspection, conditioned for the faithful observance of all 
of the provisions of this act and of the laws of the State of Idaho by said appli- 
cant or applicants and their agents and representatives. As soon as said appli- 
cation is received and said bond approved, it shall be the duty of said board 
of horticultural inspection to issue a certificate to such applicant or applicants 
with the provisions of this section, and thereafter the said applicant or appli- 
cants shall be authorized and permitted to carry on said business within the 
State of Idaho. 
- Sec. 9. No person, firm, or corporation, after importing into the State any 
fruit trees, forest trees, vines, plants, shrubs, scions, pits, or other nursery 
stock, shall sell or offer for sale or dispose of the same without first thoroughly 
fumigating the same with hydrocyanic gas, unless said fruit trees, forest trees, 
vines, plants, shrubs, scions, pits, or other nursery stock be accompanied by a 
certificate from a competent person duly authorized by law in the State, Terri- 
tory, or District wherein said stock was grown showing that the said stock 
had been properly fumigated or disinfected by hydrocyanic gas before being 
shipped. 

Sec. 10. Any person, persons, firm, or corporation, his or their agents, who shall 
bring or import into the State fruit trees, forest trees, vines, plants, shrubs, 
scions, pits, or other nursery stock with intent to sell or dispose of the same 
without first making application to the State board of horticultural inspection, 
filing the necessary bonds, and securing the certificate provided for in section 
§ of this act, or who, having imported said fruit trees, forest trees, vines, plants, 
shrubs, scions, pits, or other nursery stock into the State with the intent to sell 
or dispose of the same, or any part thereof, without first notifying the State 
horticultural inspector or the deputy district inspector thereof, or having the 


46 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. ~ 


said fruit trees, forest trees, vines, plants, shrubs, scions, pits, or other nursery 
stock fumigated, as provided in section 9 of this act, or where found infested 
shall fail or refuse to destroy or disinfect the same, shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished as provided by 
section 14 of this act. 

Sec. 11. All peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, prune, almond, or other trees 
budded or grafted on peach stock or roots; all peach or other pits, cuttings, 
buds, or scions raised or grown in a district where -“ peach yellows” or “ peach 
rosette’’ is known to exist are hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, 
gift, distribution, transportation, or planting within the State of Idaho. Any 
person or persons, dealers, shippers, transportation companies, or their agents 
who shall be in the possession of any such property for any purpose shall, when 
required by the inspector, burn the same without delay. 

Sec. 12. Fruit of any kind, trees, plants, shrubs, cuttings, grafts, buds, seeds, 
scions, pits, or any articles of any kind grown in any foreign country or in any 
of the United States or Territories infested by any insect or insects or their 
eggs or larve, or by any fungous diseases or their germs known to be injurious 
to fruit or fruit trees, or other trees, plants, vines, shrubs, or other articles 
liable to spread contagion, are hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, 
gift, distribution, transportation, or planting in any county in this State, unless 
the same shall have been examined by the State inspector, or his deputy for 
such district, and, if found diseased or infested, shall have been thoroughly 
disinfected in such manner as may be required by the inspector, the owner to 
pay the expense of such disinfection. 

Sec. 18. Any person or persons shipping fruit trees, or trees of any eas 
shrubs, vines, scions, cuttings, or plants within the State shall affix to each 
package, bundle, or parcel containing the same a distinct mark, stamp, or label 
showing the name of the shipper or grower, the locality where grown, and the 
variety of said trees, shrubs, vines, grafts, scions, cuttings, plants, or buds; 


also any person or persons or corporation, his or their agents, selling or offering © 


for sale fruit of any kind, shall affix to each package a distinct mark or label 
showing the kind and quality of the same, the name of the shipper or grower, 
and the locality where grown. 

Sec. 14. Any person, persons, dealers or shippers, having in their possession 
any fruit, trees, vines, shrubs, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, seeds, pits, or other 
articles infested with any injurious insects or their germs, or with any fungus 
or other diseases injurious to fruit or fruit trees, shrubs, or other trees or plants, 
or who shall sell or offer for sale, gift, distribution, transportation, or planting, 
or who shall refuse to destroy or disinfect (as provided in this act or as ordered 
by the State inspector or by the deputy inspector in his district) the said fruit or 
trees, shrubs, vines, plants, cuttings, grafts, pits, scions, or other articles, or 
who shall refuse or neglect to attach a distinct mark or label as hereinbefore 
provided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof 
shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than three hundred dollars. 
All sums so collected shall be paid into the State treasury. 

Sec. 15. Each inspector shall make a detailed report of all his official acts to 
the secretary of said board on the first day of every month, which report shall 
be made under oath, and shall include a statement of the number of days actu- 
ally and necessarily employed and miles traveled as such inspector during said 
month, and a detailed statement of the amount due him or to other persons, 
for services or expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of this act. 
The secretary cf said board shall audit all such bills, and shall submit them by 
mail to each member of said board for approval and signature. If approved by 


. 


ee eS ee 


THLINOIS, , 47 


a majority of said board, said bill shall be transmitted to the State auditor, and 
they shall be paid as other claims against the State. 

Sec. 16. The members of the State board of horticultural inspection sball 
serve without compensation, but shall receive actual expenses incurred in 


attending meetings of the board. 


Sec. 17. All county officers shall be liable on their official bond for the proper 
performance of any duties imposed by this act. 

Sec. 18. Neglect or refusal to comply with the orders of the State inspector 
or his deputies, made in pursuance of the provisions of this act, shall constitute 
a misdemeanor, and shall be punished as provided for misdemeanors in section 
14 of this act. 

Sec. 19. Whereas there is great danger to the horticultural interests of the 
State of Idaho from pests and other causes for which no adequate remedy has 
been provided, an emergency existing, therefore this act shall take effect from 
and after its passage and approval by the governor. 

Sec. 20. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby 
repealed. 


ILLINOIS. 


Aw AcT to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of the San Jose scale and 
other dangerous insects and contagious diseases of fruits. 


Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in 
the general assembly, That it shall be the duty of the State entomologist of 
Illinois to inspect, or cause to be inspected by his duly appointed assistants, 
once each year all nurseries in the State of Illinois as to whether they are 
infested by dangerous insects or infected with contagious plant diseases. and, 
if upon such inspection such nurseries appear to be free from such dangerous 
insects or diseases, he shall, upon the payment of the expenses of inspection as 
certified by him, give to each owner of such nursery or nurseries a certificate 
to the facts, and shall file duplicate certificates with the director of the State 
agricultural experiment station and with the secretary of the State horticul- 
tural society, which certificates shall be at all times subject to public inspection. 
Whenever a nurseryman or seller of trees, vines, plants, or other nursery stock 


within this State shall ship or deliver any such stock he shall place and send 
- on each package so shipped or delivered a copy of a certificate, the original of 


which is signed by a State or Government inspector, stating that such stock 
has been inspected and has been found apparently free from dangerous insects 
or contagious plant diseases, and the use of such certificate in connection with 
nursery stock any and every part of which has not been inspected and certified 
as aforesaid shall render the owner of such stock liable to the penalties pre- 
scribed for a violation of this act. 

§ 2. It shall further be the duty of the State entomologist to inspect, or to cause 
to be inspected, from time to time, any nursery, orchard, fruit plantation, or 
other property or piace in this State which he shall have reason to suppose 
to be infested by dangerous insects or infected with contagious plant diseases, 
and for the purpose of such inspection he and his assistants are authorized, dur- 
ing reasonable business hours, to enter into or upon any farm, orchard, nursery, 
garden, storehouse, or other building or place used for the growing, storage, 
packing, or sale of trees, plants, or fruits; and if the State entomologist shall 
find by inspection as aforesaid that any nursery, orchard, or garden or other 


_ property or place is infested by the San José scale or other dangerous insect, or 


48 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


infected with contagious plant diseases, liable to spread or be conveyed to other 
premises, to the serious injury of the property thereon, he shall notify in writing 
the owner or the person in charge of such infested or infected property, and 
shall direct him, within a time and in a manner prescribed in such notice, to 
use such measures as shall prevent the conveyance or spread of such insects or 
disease to the property of others, and such infested or infected property shall 
not be removed after the owner or person in charge of the same shail have been 
notified in writing as aforesaid without the written permission of the entomolo- 
gist. If the person so notified shall refuse or neglect to treat and disinfect said 
premises or property in the manner and within the time prescribed in said 
notice, it shall be the duty of the State entomologist to cause such property or 
premises to be so treated, and he shall certify to the owner or person in charge 
of the premises one-half the amount of the cost of treatment, and if not paid to 
him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered, together with the 
cost of action, before any court in the State having competent jurisdiction: Pro- 
vided, That any orchard property found infested by the San José scale which 
the State entomologist has good reason to believe became so infested before the 
year 1899 shall be once thoroughly treated and disinfected by the entomolo- 
gist without charge to the owner of said infested property: And further pro- 
vided, That any part of such property which may, in the judgment of the ento- 
mologist, be so badly infested by the San José scale as to be worthless may be 
destroyed by him or his assistant without liability for compensation to the 
owner thereof, and if he should find that such orchard or fruit plantation or 
other property or place in this State is not so infested, that he shall be required 
to give the owners thereof a certificate to that effect without charge. 

§ 3. Whenever any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines are shipped into the State 
from some other State, country, or province, every package thereof shail be 
plainly labeled on the outside with the name of the consignor, the name of the 
consignee, and a certificate showing that the contents have been inspected by a 
State or Government officer, and that the trees, vines, shrubs, or plants therein 
contained appear free from all dangerous insects or diseases. Whenever any trees, 
shrubs, vines, or plants are shipped into this State without such certificate 
plainly fixed on the outside of the package, box, or car containing the same, the 
facts must be reported within twenty-four hours to the State entomologist by 
the railway, express, or steamboat company, or other person or persons carrying 
the same, and it shall be unlawful to deliver any such property until it has been 
inspected by the State entomologist or his assistants and by him or them certi- 
fied to be free from dangerous insects or contagious diseases. Any agent of any 
railway, steamboat, or express company, or other person or persons carrying 
such property as aforesaid, who shall fail to give such notice as above required 
shall be deemed guilty of a vielation of this act. When nursery stock is shipped 
into this State accompanied by a certificate, as herein provided, it shall be held 
prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated, but the State entomologist, by 
himself or his assistants, when they have reason to believe that any such stock 
is infested with dangercus insects, or is infected with contagious diseases, shall 
be authorized to inspect the same and subject it to like treatment as provided in 
section 2 of this act. 

§ 4. Any person violating or neglecting to carry out the provisions of this act, 
or offering any hindrance to the carrying out of this act. shall be adjudged guilty 
of misdemeanor, and, upon conviction before a justice of the peace, shall be fined 
not less than ten dollars and not more than one hundred dollars for each and 
every offense, together with all the costs of the prosecution, and shall stand 
committed until the same is paid. It shall be the duty of the State’s attorney 


ee 


INDIANA. 49 


to prosecute all violations of this act, and all amounts so recovered shall be paid 
over to the treasurer of the State. 

§ 5. The office of the State entomologist shall be established at the University 
of Illinois, the trustees of which shall provide for him and his assistants such 


_ office and laboratory rooms as may be necessary to the performance of their 


duties. He shall have power to appoint such qualified assistants as may be 
necessary to the execution of this act, who shall be competent, scientific, and 
practical entomologists, and to fix a reasonable compensation for their labor, 
and their acts, done in pursuance of his instructions, shall have the same 
validity as his own. He shall pay over to the State treasurer all the funds 
coming into his hands under the provisions of section 2 of this act, with an 
itemized statement of the sources whence received. He shall certify to the 
State auditor the amount of his expenses and of those of his assistants, and of 
the salaries of his assistants employed under this act, less the sums received 
under section 1 of this act, and the auditor shall thereupon draw his warrant 
upon the State treasurer for the amount, which shall be paid out of the funds 
provided for carrying this act into effect. The State entomologist shall make 
to the governor a biennial report of his operations under this act, together with 
a financial statement in detail as a part of his report as State entomologist, 
and he shall also make each year to the State Horticultural Society, at its 
annual meeting, a statement showing the Illinois nurseries inspected, the num- 
ber and kinds of certificates issued, the location and ownership of the premises 
treated or disinfected by him or his assistants, the kinds and amount of property 
destroyed by him in pursuance to this act, and such other facts concerning the 
operations of his office under this act as the executive committee of said horti- 
cultural society may request. 

§ 6. There is hereby appropriated to the State entomologist for the salaries 
,of assistants and for expenses incurred under this act the sum of eight thousand 
dollars ($8,000) for the years 1899 and 1900, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary. The auditor of public accounts is hereby authorized to draw his 
warrant upon the State treasurer against the sums herein appropriated upon 
the presentation of proper vouchers, and the State treasury [treasurer] shall 
pay the same out of any funds in the public treasury. 

§ 7. Whereas an emergency exists, therefore this act shall take effect and be 
in foree from and after its passage. 


Approved April 11, 1899. 


INDIANA. 
CHAPTER 138, GENERAL LAWS OF 1899. 


An Act to provide for the inspection of nursery stock and to prevent the dissemination 
of the San Jose scale and other dangerously injurious insects and plant diseases, and 
for the appointment of a State entomologist, defining his powers, prescribing his 
duties, and fixing his compensation; also defining the crimes for the violation of this 
act, and prescribing the punishment therefor, and making an appropriation for the 
same, and declaring an emergency. 

SecTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Indiana, 
That all nurseries in Indiana where trees, shrubs, vines, plants, or other nur- 
Sery stock are grown and offered for sale, shall be inspected by the State ento- 
mologist ac least once each year, not earlier than June 1 nor later than October 
1, at such times as he may elect, and he shall notify in writing the owners of 


7418—No. 61 m——-4 


50 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


such nurseries, the secretary of-the State board of agriculture, the director of 
the State agricultural experiment station, and the president of the State horti- 
cultural society of the presence of any San Jose scale or other destructively 
injurious insect or fungi on trees, shrubs, vines, plants, or other stock of such 
nurseries, and shall notify in writing the owner of any affected stock that he is 
required on or before a certain day to take such measures for the destruction of 
such insects or fungus enemies of nursery stock as have been shown to be ef- 
fectual for this purpose. 

Sec. 2. For the purpose of carrying this act into effect the governor is hereby 
authorized to appoint a State entomologist, who shall hold office for four years, 
unless sooner removed by the governor for cause, whose duty it shall be to inspect 
nursery stock and other plants, as provided for in this act, and the said State 
entomologist or his assistants are hereby empowered with authority to enter 
upon any premises and examine all plants whatsoever in discharge of the duties 
herein prescribed. 

Sec. 3. Any person or persons who shall obstruct or hinder said State ento- 
mologist or his assistant in the discharge of their duties shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than ten or 
more than twenty-five dollars. 

Sec. 4. [Refers to the compensation of the State entomologist. ] 

Sec. 5. The owner of any affected nursery stock shall, within the time speci- 
fied, take such steps for the destruction of San Jose scale or other destructively 
injurious insects or fungus enemies present as will exterminate the same, and it 
shall be a misdemeanor to ship or deliver any of such stock, punishable by a 
fine of twenty-five dollars ($25) for every such offense, the fine recoverable 
before a justice of the peace, or by indictment of the grand jury of the county 
in which the nursery is situated, or of that to which such stock may have been 
shipped. 

Sec. 6. Whenever a nurseryman or seller of trees, shrubs, vines, plants, or 
other nursery stock, who is a resident of this State, shall ship or deliver any 
such goods, he shall seid on each package so shipped or delivered a written or 
printed certificate stating that such stock has been examined by a State or Govy- 
ernment entomologist and found, to the best of his knowledge and belief, to be 
free from San Jose scale or other destructively injurious insects or fungus ene- 
mies. Failure to furnish such certificate or furnishing a false certificate shall 
render him liable to the penalty of a fine of twenty-five dollars ($25.00) for each 
and every shipment or delivery without such certificate. 

Sec. 7. When the State entomologist or his assistant examines any trees, 
shrubs, vines, plants, or other nursery stock in this State, under the provisions 
of this act, and finds such nursery stock apparently free from San Jose scale 
and other destructively injurious insect and fungus enemies, he is hereby author- 
ized and directed to make out and deliver, in writing, to the owner of such stock 
a certificate stating that he has inspected such stock and found the same to be 
apparently free from San Jose scale and other destructively injurious insect 
and fungus enemies, and he shall file similar certificate with the secretary of 
the State board of agriculture, the president of the State horticultural society, 
and the director of the State agricultural experiment station, which certificates 
shall at all times be subject to public inspection. 

Sec. 8. Whenever a nurseryman, fruit grower, or agriculturist in this State 
shall know or have good reasons to believe that his trees, shrubs, vines, or plants 
are affected with San Jose scale, yellows, rosette, or other destructive insects or 
fungus enemies, he shall have the privilege, and it shall be his duty. to notify 
the State entomologist, who shall proceed in person or by his assistant to ex- 


IOWA. Dil 


amine the same without delay and advise the proper remedies for the destruc- 
tion of such insect or fungus enemies that may be present. In case the owner 
or owners or persons in control of said affected trees, shrubs, vines, or other 
plants do not apply the proper remedies recommended by the said State entomolo- 
gist within a certain specified time, said owner or owners or persons in control 
of, shall be liable to a fine of not more than twenty-five dollars ($25) nor less 
than ten dollars ($10) and costs, in the judgment of the court, for every such 
offense, the fine to be recoverable in the same manner as that provided for in 
section 5 of this act: Provided, That in case of an objection to the findings of 
the State entomologist an appeal may be taken to the circuit court of the proper 
county, whose decision shall be final; said appeal must be taken within three 
days and shall operate as a stay of proceedings until it is heard and decided. 

Sec. 9.-Hvery package of trees, shrubs, vines, plants, or other nursery stock 
shipped into this State from another State shall be plainly labeled on the out- 
side with the name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, and a certifi- 
cate bearing the current year’s date, signed by a State or Government inspector, 
showing that the contents have been examined by him and that, to the best of 
his knowledge and belief, such stock is free from San Jose scale or other de- 
structive insect or fungus enemies. 

Sec. 10. Whenever any trees, shrubs, vines, or other plants are shipped into 
this State without such certificate plainly fixed on the outside of the package, 
box, or car containing the same, the fact must be reported within twenty-four 
hours to the State entomologist by the agent of the railway, express, or steam- 
boat company or other person or persons carrying or receiving the same, and 
any agent of any railway, express, or steamboat company or mail carrier, or 
- any other person or persons who shall violate the provisions of this section shall 
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined 
in any sum not less than twenty-five ($25) nor more than one hundred dollars 
($100) and costs, or imprisonment in the county jail not less than five (5) nor 
more than thirty (30) days, or may be so fined and imprisoned in the discretion 
of the court, and any such fines collected under the provisions of this act shall be 
paid over to the State treasurer. On notification of the receipt of such uncertified 
package or packages of trees, shrubs, vines, or other plants, the State entomologist 
shall examine or cause to be examined said package or packages at the expense 
of the express, railway, steamboat companies or other person or persons carry- 
ing the same, and if found to be free from all injurious insects and plant dis- 
eases, he may allow them to pass to their destination; otherwise he shall cause 
the same to be burned and destroyed. But in no case shall the agent of the rail- 
way or other transportation company allow said package or packages to pass out 
of his possession under penalty until the same has been duly inspected by the 
State entomologist or his agent. 

Sec. 11. [Refers to the appropriation for carrying the laws into effect.] 


IOWA. 


An Act to prohibit the bringing into the State of any nursery stock infested with the 
San Jose scale; to provide for the punishment thereof, and to prevent the spread of 
the scale within the State. [Additional to Title XII of the Code, pertaining to the 
police of the State. ] 

Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Iowa: 
Section 1. State entomologist—Assistants—Fees. The entomologist of the 

State experiment station is hereby constituted the State entomologist and 

charged with the execution of this act. He may appoint such qualified assistants 


59 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


as may be necessary, fix a reasonable compensation for their labor, and pay the 
same, and their acts shall have the same validity as his own. He shall, by him- 
self or his assistants, between the first day of June and the fifteenth day of 
September, in each year, when requested by the owner or agent, or where he has 
reasonable grounds to believe the scale exists, carefully examine any nursery, 
fruit farm,.or other place where trees or plants are grown for sale, and if found 
apparently free from the scale he shall issue his certificate stating the facts, and 
shall collect therefor a fee of not less than five dollars nor more than fifteen 
dollars, according to the amount of stock inspected. It shall be unlawful to 
sell or offer for transportation any nursery stock outside the county where said 
nursery stock is grown, unless accompanied by a copy of this certificate. 

Sec. 2. Quarantine—Treatment—Collection of cost. The State entomologist 
shall have authority, when requested by the owner or agent or when he has 
reasonable grounds to believe the scale exists, to enter upon any grounds, pub- 
lic or private, for the purpose of inspection, and if he finds any nursery, orchard, 
garden, or other place infested by the scale he may, by himself or his assistants, 
enter upon such premises and establish quarantine regulations. 

If, in his judgment, the scale may be eradicated by treatment he may, in 
writing, order such treatment, and prescribe its kind and character. In case 
any trees, shrubs, or plants are found so infested that it would be impracticable 
to treat them he may order them burned. A failure for ten days after the de- 
livery of such order to the owner or persons in charge to treat or destroy such 
infested trees or plants, as ordered, shall authorize the entomologist to perform 
this work by himself or his assistants, and to ascertain the cost thereof. He 
shall certify the amount of such cost to the owner or person in charge of the 
premises, and if the same is not paid to him within sixty days thereafter he 
shail certify the amount to the county auditor, who shall spread the same upon 
the tax books, to be collected as other taxes are, and turned over to the ento- 
mologist to become a part of the fund for carrying this act into effect. 

Sec. 3. Inspection of nursery stock shipped into State. Where nursery stock 
is shipped into this State, accompanied by a certificate, as herein provided, ‘it 
shall be held prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated, but the State ento- 
mologist, by himself or his assistants, when they have reason to believe such 
stock is infested with the scale, shall be authorized to-inspect the same and sub- 
ject it to like treatment, as provided in section two of this act. 

Sec. 4. Certificate of inspection—Penalties. It shall be unlawfui for any per- 
son, firm, or corporation to bring into the State any trees, plants, vines, cuttings, 
and buds, commonly known as nursery stock, unless accompanied by a eertifi- 
cate of inspection by a State entomologist of the State from which the shipment 
. Was made, showing that the stock has been inspected and found apparently free 
from the scale. Any person violating or neglecting to carry out the provisions 
of this act, or offering any hindrance to the carrying out of this act, shall be 
adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction before a justice of the 
peace shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dol- 
lars for each and every offense, together with all the costs of the prosecution, 
and shall stand committed until the same are paid. All amounts so recovered 
shall be paid over to the State entomologist and added to the fund herein pro- 
vided for carrying out the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 5. Compensation. The State entomologist shall be allowed and paid for 
his services while engaged in this work all his necessary traveling expenses and 
the sum of $5 per day. All funds coming into his hands shall be paid over to 
the State treasurer, with an itemized statement of the source whence received. 
He shall certify the amount of his expenses and per diem to the auditor of 


ae. ee 


KENTUCKY. 538 


state, who shall thereupon draw his warrant upon the treasurer of state for the 
amount, which shall be paid out of the funds provided for carrying this act 


‘into effect. 


Src.6. Appropriation. There is hereby appropriated out of any money not 
otherwise appropriated the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000), or so much 
thereof as may be necessary for carrying out the provisions of this act. 

Approved, April 12, 1898. 


KANSAS. ' 


There is at present no law in Kansas relating to the control of injurious 
insects. 


KENTUCKY. 


LAWS OF 1897. 


AN Act to provide for the inspection of nursery stock and to prevent the dissemination 
of noxious insects and fungi. 


§ 1. That all nurseries in Kentucky where trees, vines, plants, or other nur- 
sery stock are grown and offered for sale shall be inspected by the entomologist 
and botanist of the State agricultural station once each year at such time as he 
may elect, and he shall notify, in writing, the owners of such nurseries, the com- 
missioner of agriculture and statistics, the director of the State agricultural 
experiment station, and the president of the State horticultural society of the 
presence of any San Jose scale or other destructively injurious insects or fungi 
on the trees, vines, plants, or other stock of such nurseries, and shall also notify, 
in writing, the owner of any affected stock that he is required, on or before a 
certain day, to take such measures for the destruction of such insects or fungus 
enemies of nursery stock as have been shown to be effectual for this purpose. 
Said entomologist and botanist shall, for the purposes of this act, be, and he 
is hereby declared to be, the State entomologist, and shall serve without pay 
other than that he may receive as an officer of the State agricultural experi- 
ment station, but his expenses shall be paid as hereinafter provided. 

§ 2. The owner of this affected nursery stock shall, within the time specified, 
take such steps for the destruction of San Jose scale cr other destructively 
injurious insect or fungus enemies present as will exterminate the same, and it 
shall be a misdemeanor to ship or deliver any of such stock, punishable by a 
fine of fifty dollars for every such offense, the fine recoverable before a justice of 
the peace, or by indictment by a grand jury of the county in which the nursery 
is Situated, or of that to which such stock may have been shipped. 

- §3. Whenever a nurseryman or seller of trees, vines, plants, or other nursery 


’ stock, who is a resident of this Commonwealth, shall ship or deliver any such 


goods, he shall send on each package so shipped or delivered a written certificate, 
signed by him, stating that the whole and every part of such stock has been 
examined by a State or Government entomologist and found free from San Jose 
scale or other destructively injurious insect or fungus enemies. Failure to 
furnish such certificate, or furnishing a false certificate, shall render him liable 
to the penalty of a fine of fifty dollars for each and every such shipment or 
delivery without such certificate. 

§ 4. When the State entomolcgist examines any trees, vines, plants, or other 
nursery stuck in this State under the provisions of this act, and finds such 


54 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


nursery stock free from San Jose scale and other destructively injurious insect 
and fungus enemies. he is hereby authorized and directed to make out and 
deliver, in writing, to the owner of such stock a certificate stating that he has 
inspected such stock and found the same free from San Jose scale and other 
destructively injurious insect and fungus enemies, and he shall file similar 
certificates with the commissioner of agriculture and statistics and with the 
president of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College, which certificates 
shall at all times be subject to public inspection. 

§ 5. Whenever a nurseryman, fruit grower, or agriculturist in this Common- 
wealth shall know or have good reason to believe that his trees, vines, or plants 
are affected with San Jose scale, yellows. rosette, or other destructive insect or 
fungus enemies, he shall have the privilege, and it shall be his duty, to notify the 
State entomologist, who shall proceed to the premises designated and examine 
the same and suggest and recommend the proper remedies for the destruction of 
pie insect or fungus enemies as may be present. 

$6. Every package of trees, vines, plants, er other nursery stock shipped into 
aa State from another State shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the 
name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, the contents, and a certificate, 
signed by a State or Government inspector, showing that the contents have been 
examined by him. and that such stock is free from San Jose scale, or other 
destructive insect or fungus enemies. Whenever any trees, vines, plants, or 
other nursery stock are shipped into this State without such a certificate plainly 
fixed on the outside of each package, the fact may be reported to any justice of 
the peace of this Commonwealth, and said justice shall issue a summons for 
the consignee of such package, and the agent of the consignor, if he be known, 
to appear before him on a certain day, to be therein named, to show cause why 
such trees, vines, plants, or other nursery stock should not be seized, as being 
in violation of the provisions of this act, and on trial thereof, if said justice be 
satisfied that the provisions of this act have been violated, he shall order such 
agent or consignee to return such package of trees, vines, plants, or other stock 
immediately to the shipper or consignor, unless said consignee or agent shall 
forthwith, and at his own expense, have such trees, vines, plants, or other 
nursery stock examined by the State entomologist, or such person as he may 
appoint to make the examination, and he certifies to the justice of the peace 
that such nursery stock is free from San Jose scale or other destructive insect 
or fungus enemies. If such consignee or agent fail to have such inspection 
made, or fail to return such packages to the shipper or consignor thereof, then 
the justice of the peace shall order and direct the constable or sheriff to burn 
and destroy, at the expense of the agent or consignee, all such trees, vines, 
plants, or other stock as have been shipped into this Commonwealth in violation 
of law. 

§ 7. The sum of five hundred dollars annually, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary, is hereby .appropriated for the purpose of paying the expenses of 
the State entomologist in the performance of his @uties under the provisions of 
this act, and the auditor of public accounts is hereby directed to honor requisi- 
tions made by said State entomologist for expenses incurred in the performance 
of his duties, and the State entomologist shall make annual report to the 
treasurer of the amount expended. 

§ 8. Inasmuch as the insect known as the San Jose scale has appeared in 
some sections of this Commonwealth, and great.destruction of fruit and fruit 
trees is imminent, therefore an emergency is declared to exist. and the act shall 


take effect from and after its passage and approval by the governor. 
Approved May 20, 1897. 


LOUISIANA. 55: 
LOUISIANA. 
ACT NO: 6. 


An Act to provide for the establishment and organization of a State crop pest commis- 
sion and to define the duties and powers of the same; to fix penalties for the violation 
of any of the rules, orders, crdinances, and regulations thereof; to make it a misde- 
meanor for any person, firm, or ccrporation to bring into this State or have in pos- 
session, except certain persons, any living Mexican boll weevil in any of its stages, 
and providing a penalty therefor; to provide for the publication and distribution of all 
the proceedings and recommendations of said commission; to authorize said commis- 
sion to restrain, by injunction or otherwise, any violations, or threatened violations, of 
its orders, rules, ordinances, and regulations, and to prohibit any court of the State 
from bonding the same prior to trial on the merits; to make it the duty of the attor- 
ney-general and district attorneys to represent said commission and the sheriff to 
serve all papers for said commission; to provide for the payment of all fines and for- 
feitures for violations of the orders, rules, ordinances, and regulations of said com- 
mission to the State treasurer, and by him to be placed to the credit of said commis- 
sion ; to relieve said commission of the necessity of giving bond or security in any legal 
proceedings which it shall institute or defend in any court of justice in this State; to 
make an appropriation to carry out the provisions of this act and to repeal all laws or 
parts of laws inconsistent or in conflict with the same. 


SEecTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Louisiana, 
That a State crop pest commission for the State of Louisiana is hereby created 
and established, to consist of the governor as ex officio chairman, the comimis- 
sioner of agriculture, the director of the State experiment station, the station 
entomologist, and two experienced resident cotton planters, the latter to be 
appointed by the governor, and every four years thereafter, and who shall serve 
for four years and until their successors are duly appointed and qualified. The 
station entomologist and the two planters shall be commissioned and shall qual- 
ify in the same manner as provided by the constitution and laws of the State for 
all other officers. Said commission shall have its domicile at Baton Rouge and 
shall hold its first session .t said place immediately after the promulgation of 
this act, and at such other times and places as may be designated by said com- 
mission. At any meeting of said commission any three members shall consti- 
tute a quorum to transact business. The members of said commission, not 
salaried under the State government, shall receive the sum of five ($5) per day 
for each day consumed in going to and returning from any of the meetings of 
said commission, and while in attendance thereon, and necessary traveling ex- 
penses, which amount shall be paid by the State treasurer on the voucher of the 
member, approved by the governor, out of any funds to the credit of said com- 
mission. Said commission shall elect one of its members secretary, and shall 
appoint such other assistants as may be necessary to carry on the work of said 
commission, and shall fix their compensation. 

Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, etc., That for the purpose of carrying out the 
rules, ordinances, orders, and regulations of said commission, as hereinafter 
provided, the commissioner of agriculture shall be the active chairman of said 
commission, and as such shall see that all the rules, ordinances, orders, and 
regulations of the same are faithfully executed; and in addition to such duties, 
the active chairman shall have the power, during the interval between the 
meetings of said commission, and when the same is not in session, to issue all 
orders, and to take all necessary steps, by suit or otherwise, to execute the 
laws of the State on the subject-matter delegated to said commission, and to 
earry out the rules, ordinances, orders, and regulations of said commission made 
thereunder; and he may, in his discretion, call special meetings of said com- 
mission whenever, in his opinion, an emergency shall require it: Provided, 


56 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


That in all cases where two or more members shall demand the same it shall 
be his duty to convene the same in special session. 

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, etc., That said commission Shel have full and 
plenary power to deal with all crop and fruit pests and such contagious and 
infectious crop and fruit diseases as, in the opinion of the commission, 
may be prevented, controlled, or eradicated; and with full power and authority 
to make, promulgate, and enforce such rules, ordinances, orders, and regulations, 
and to do and perform such acts as, in their judgment, may be necessary to 
control, eradicate, and prevent the introduction, spread, or dissemination of 
the Mexican boll weevil in the State, and all other injurious crop and fruit 
pests and diseases as far as may be possible, and all the rules, ordinances, 
orders, and regulations of said commission shall have the force and effect of 
law so far as they conform to the general laws of the State and the United 
States. Said commission, in the exercise of the power and authority hereby 
delegated, shall have authority to prohibit the shipment or bringing into this 
State of any cotton seed or other articles of farm produce, or any other article 
of any nature or character whatsoever from any State, Territory, or foreign 
country, or consigned from points within any State, Territory, or foreign 
country, where the boll weevil or any other infectious or contagious crop or fruit 
disease exists, except under such rules and regulations as may be adopted by 
said commission. q 

Sec. 4. Be it further enacied, etc., That any firm, person, or corporation, 
except a duly recognized State or Federal entomologist, who shall bring)into 
this State, or have in possession, for any purpose, any living Mexican boll 
weevil, cotton boll, square, plant, or seed containing the Mexican boll weevil, 
whether adult or in the pupal, larval, or egg state, shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, hg fined not less than twenty-five nor 
more than one thousand dollars for each offense, or be imprisoned for not less 
than ten days nor more than six months. Prosecutions under the provisions of 
this section may be instituted and carried on in any parish where any person, 


firm, or corporation may be found with, or shown to have had in possession, 


any living Mexican boll weevil, cotton boll, square, plant, or seed containing the 
Mexican boll weevil, whether adult or in the pupal, larval, or egg state. 

Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, etc., That any person, firm, or corpanatna violating 
any of the rules, ordinances, orders, cr regulaticns of said commission shall be 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction thereof, be punishable by a 
fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than one thousand dollars, or impris- 
onment for not more than six months nor less than thirty days. AIl prosecu- 
tions under this act shall be commenced and carried on in any parish of the 
State affected by the violation of said orders, ordinances, rules, and regulations, 
and the said commission may enjoin any threatened or attempted violations of 
its rules, orders, ordinances, and regulations in any court of competent juris- 
diction, or take any other civil proceedings necessary to carry out and enforce 
the purposes of this act; and no court of this State shall have the right pre- 
yicus to final trial to set aside said injunction on bond. It shall be the duty of 
the attorney-general and the various district attorneys to represent said com- 
mission whenever called on to do so; and said commission in the discharge 
and enforcement of the duties and powers herein delegated may send for books 
and papers, swear witnesses, etc.; and it is hereby made the duty of the various 
sheriffs throughout the State to serve all papers, summons, etce., that may be 
delivered to them by said commission. 

Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, etc., That said commission at their first session 
shall prepare and publish a list of dangerous crop and fruit pests and infectious 
and contagious plant diseases known or suspected to be present within the State 


LOUISIANA. 57 


or liable to be introduced, and may at any subsequent meeting extend or amend 
said list. The commission shall also publish methods for exterminating such 
pests or infectious diseases as they may deem capable of being exterminated 
within the boundaries of the State, and for suppressing such as can net be 
exterminated and for preventing the spread of such pests or diseases within the 
State; and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge concerning contagious 
diseases or injurious pests affecting crops, plants, trees, etc., and the remedies, 
preventives, and disinfectants applicable thereto, the commission shall from 
time to time, as they may deem necessary, have printed and distributed bulletins 
containing such information, remedies, preventives, and disinfectants as they 
may approve, including also the rules, orders, ordinances, and regulations of 
said commission, which said bulletins shall be printed and distributed to al! 
interested persons under the direction and supervision of the Louisiana State 
board of agriculture and immigration. When the said commission has reason 
to suspect that any pest or plant disease listed by them as dangerous, exists in 
any parish of the State, they shall cause such suspicion to be verified by a person 
competent to determine the specific identity of such crop pests or disease of 
plant, and if such suspicion prove well founded, the inspector of said commission 
shall immediately take charge of said infected property and adopt such measures 
for the treatment or extermination of same as the commission may direct. 
Any duly authorized agent of the commission shall have authority to inspect any 
building, warehouse, depot, or place where any property is located, or premises 
or field supposed to be infested by any crop pest or disease listed and pub- 
lished as such by the said commission, and if, in the opinion cf the entomologist 
selected by said commission, it shall be necessary to destrey the~property so 
infested so as to prevent the further spread of said injurious crop pest or dis- 
ease, he shall have authority to destroy said property, and the commission shai 
have the right to fix a compensation to be awarded the owner thereof. If the 
owner should be dissatisfied with the amount allowed by said commission as 
compensation for the property destroyed, he shall have the right to appeal to 
the court of the parish in which such property is destroyed, but in no case 
shall any contest as to the value of the property to be destroyed suspend action 
by the commission in inforcing their rules, orders, ordinances, and regulations. 
Any one who shall seek to prevent any inspection under the direction of 
Said commission, cr who shall otherwise interfere with the agents or employes 
of said commission while in the performance of their duties, shall, upon con- 
viction, be fined net less than twenty-five dollars nor more than five hundred 
dollars for each offense, or may be imprisoned for not less than ten nor more 
than thirty days. Prosecution under the provisions of this section shall be 
instituted in any parish of the State in which the offense is committed. 

Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, etc., That all fines collected from prosecutions 
under the provisions of this act shall be paid to the State treasurer and by him 
placed to the credit of said commission. 

Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, eic., That said commission shall not be required 
to give any bond or security in any legal proceedings which it shall institute or 


defend in any court of justice in this State. 


Sec. 9. Be it further enacted, etc., That for the purpose of carrying out the 
- provisions of this act the sum of $25,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, 
is hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise appro- 
_ priated, and shall be paid by the State treasurer upon properly authenticated 
vouchers signed by the president or secretary of said commission. — 

Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, etc., That all laws or parts of laws in conflict 
or inconsistent with this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed. 

Approved December 15, 1903. 


58 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE STATE Crop PEST COMMISSION OF LOUISIANA. 


SEcTION 1. Be it declared, ordained, and ordered, That the following insects 
zre hereby declared to be dangerous crop and fruit pests: 

(a) The Mexican boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). 

(b) The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus): Provided, however, That 
this commission may, from time to time, declare other crop and fruit pests and 
diseases to be dangerous. 

Sec. 2. Be it further ordained and ordered, That in order to prevent the intro- 
duction of the Mexican boll weevil into the uninfested part of the State of 
Louisiana from the State of Texas and from the infested portion of. Louisiana, 
where the boll weevil is now known to exist, a quarantine is hereby declared 
to exist against the State of Texas and against the following parishes of 
Louisiana, to wit: Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Cameron, De Soto, Grant, Natchi- 
toches, Rapides, Red River, Sabine, Vernon, Winn. 

(a) That no cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls (except such cotton- 
seed hulls as are packed, shipped, and handled in a manner approved by this 
commission when formal permit for their shipment has been issued by this 
commission, such permit to accompany shipment when consigned to any point 
in the noninfested portion of Louisiana), or cotton-seed sacks or seed-cotton 
sacks shall be shipped into the uninfested portion of Louisiana from the State 
of Texas or from the infested parishes of Louisiana as above enumerated. 

(b) That the quarantine hereby declared may, from time to time as the neces- 
sity may arise, be extended to include counties in any State or Territory or 
parishes in the State of Louisiana, or elsewhere. 

All railroads, steamboats, express companies, and other common carriers 
entering the State of Louisiana from the State of Texas or from the infested 
parishes of this State are especially enjoined to comply with the requirements 
of this order and of the laws of the State of Louisiana governing same. 

Sec. 3. Be it further declared, ordained, and ordered, That no person, firm, 
or corporation, except a duly authorized State or Federal entomologist, shall 
bring into or have in his possession in the uninfested portion of the State of 
Louisiana, for any purpose whatever, any living Mexican boll weevil er cotton 
boll, square, plant, or seed containing the Mexican boll weevil, whether adult 
or in the pupal, larval, or egg state; and any such person, firm, or corporation 
violating this provision of the act of the legislature shall, on conviction, as 
prescribed by section 4 of Act No. 6 of the extra session of the legislature, ap- 
proved December 15, 1903, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars bor more 
than one thousand dollars for each offense, or imprisoned for not less than ten 
days nor more than six months. 

Sec. 4. Be it further declared, ordained, and ordered, That the experiment- 
station entomologist shall be the entomologist of this commission; and it is 
hereby made his duty, with the assistance of the inspectors hereafter provided 
for, to carry out and enforce the provisions of Act No. 6 of the extra session of 
the legislature of the State of Louisiana, approved December 15, 1903. In 
the enforcement of the said act of the legislature he shall have the right, and 
it is hereby made his duty whenever the public exigencies require it, to pre- 
vent the bringing into or carrying through the State of Louisiana of any of the 
property, articles, or things hereby quarantined against, and to condemn and 
cause the same to be destroyed, as well as condemn and cause to be destroyed 
all other property, premises, or fields in this State infested with the Mexican 
boll weevil or other seriously injurious insect or disease. 

The district attorneys throughout the State are hereby especially enjoined to 


LOUISIANA. 59 


aid and assist this commission in carrying out the provisions of Act No. 6 of 
the extra session of the legislature of this State, approved December 15, 1903, as 
is made their duty by section 5 of said act. 
Sec. 5. Be it further declared, ordained, and ordered, That, in addition to the 
entomologist of this commission, the executive committee of this commission 
may, and is hereby, given power and authority to appoint necessary assistant 
entomologists, who shall perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the 
entomologist of this commission, and who shall be under his supervision and con- 
trol, and shall be subject to removal or dismissal by the executive committee 
of this commission whenever, in its opinion, it may deem advisable to dispense 
with their services; such assistant entomologists shall receive and be paid such 
a salary as may be fixed by the executive committee, payable by the State treas- 
urer on the voucher of the secretary of this commission, approved by the goy- 
ornor, out of any funds to the credit of the commission. 
Sec. 6. Be it further declared, ordained, and ordered, That as many inspectors 
as may be necessary be appointed by the executive committee of this commis- 
sion ; such inspectors shall perform their duties under the direct supervision and 
control of the entomologist of this commission. Each inspector shall receive 
such a salary for his services as the executive committee may fix, payabie 
monthly by the State treasurer out of any funds to the credit of said commission, 
on the voucher of the secretary of the commission, approved by the governor. 
Inspectors shall be liable to removal or dismissal by the entomologist of this 
commission whenever, in his opinion, it may be advisable to dismiss or remove 
them. It is hereby made their duty to prevent the bringing into or through the 
State of Louisiana any of the articles, property, or things hereby quarantined 
against, and to prevent the shipment or removal, from any infested place in this 
State to any place in this State not infested, of any of the articles, property, or 
things which it is hereby declared shall not be removed; and, acting under the 
authority and control of the entomologist of this commission, and whenever 
deemed necessary by him, to destroy any and all such property, as well as any 
and all growing crops, fields, premises, and other property which may be infested 
with the Mexican boll weevil or other seriously injurious insect or disease. It 
is hereby further made their duty to cause the arrest of any and all persons 
guilty of violating any of the rules, orders, and regulations of this commission, 
as well as any of the provisions of Act No. 6 of the extra session of the legislature 
of the State of Louisiana, approved December 15, 1903. 

Sec. 7. Be it further declared, ordained, and ordered, That compensation, 

when paid for property destroyed, shall be fixed by this commission in the man- 
ner provided by section 6 of act No. 6 of the acts of the legislature of this 
State, approved December 15, 1903. 
Sec. 8 (as amended November 7, 1905). (a) No firm, person, or corpora- 
tion shall sell, ship, exchange, deliver or give away, within the State of Louisi- 
ana, any trees, vines, shrubs, buds, cuttings, or plants, or parts. of plants, known 
to be infested with the San Jose scale. 

(b) All nursery stock shipped into this State from any other State or country 
shall be prominently labeled with a certificate of inspection signed by the State 
entomologist or other duly authorized official of the State or country in which 
said stock was grown. Shipments not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation 
upon the order of the entomologist of the crop pest commission. 

(c) Transportation companies and their agents shall immediately notify the 
secretary of the crop pest commission (Shreveport, Louisiana), when by over- 
sight, negligence, or otherwise, any shipment of nursery stock without a proper 
certificate attached, shall arrive at any station or wharf in this State, and it 


60 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


shall be the duty of the secretary to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself 
or his assistant, to investigate and dispose of such shipment. - 

(d) The entomologist and his assistants shall have authority to inspect any 
shipment of nursery stock at any station or wharf in this State, and shall have 
authority to stop any nursery stock when in transit, for the purpose of inspect- 
ing the same, regardless of whether such stock shall bear a certificate of inspec- 
tion or not. The entomologist shall have authority to seize, condemn, and 
destrey any nursery stock infested with San Jose scale, or other seriously in-- 
jurious insect or disease, found within the confines of this State. 

(e) Each any every person, firm, or corporation growing nursery stock for 
sale in this State shall apply to the secretary of the crop pest commission for 
inspection on or before July 1 of each year. It shall be the duty of the secretary 
to inspect such nursery not later than November 1st. If upon such inspection 
the nursery stock and premises be found apparently free from the San Jose 
scale, and other seriously injuricus insects and pliant diseases, a certificate shall 
be given to that effect. On and after August 1, 1905, a copy of said certificate 
bearing the seal of the crop pest commission and the fac-simile signature of the 
secretary, shall be attached to each and every box, bundle, and package of 
nursery stock shipped within this State. Shipments of nursery stock not so 
labeled shall be refused for shipment by ali common carriers and their agents, 
and such stock, if found in transit or in the possession of any Common carrier by 
the entomologist or his assistants, shall be liable to confiscation. 

(f) No firm, person, or corporatien shall sell, give away, exchange, or deliver 
within this State any trees, vines. shrubs, or plants, commonly known as 
nursery stock, without same having attached thereto in a prominent manner, a 
copy of the certificate of inspection signed by the secretary of the State crop 
pest commission, or by the State entomologist, or other duly authorized official of 
the State or country in which said nursery stock was grown. 

(¢g) The entomologist of the commission shall have power to require any 
one in the State to fumigate his trees, shrubs, or plants with hydrocyanie acid 
gas or other substance, when, in his judgment, such treatment is necessary or 
advisable for the proper protection of the agricultural or horticultural interests 
of the State or of any section thereof. 

Sec. 9. Be it further declared, ordained, and ordered, That these rules and 
orders be, and the same are hereby, ordered to become operative and to take 
effect at once; and all previous rules and regulations, or parts thereof, in con- 
flict herewith are hereby repealed. The rules and regulations of the crop pest 
commission shall be published at such times and in such manner as the commis- 
sion may deem necessary and expedient. 

Adopted October 23, 1905. 


MAINE. 


Section 1. All nurseries or places where trees, shrubs, vines, and plants are 
grown or offered for sale shall be inspected at least once a year by a cOmpetent 
entomologist to be employed by the commissioner of agriculture; and if no dan- 
gerous insects or diseases are found a certificate to that effect shall be issued 
by the said commissioner of agriculture; said certificate shall contain also the, 
name of the entomologist and the date when said examination is made. 

The entomologist employed for this purpose shall report in writing imme- 
diately the results of his examination. 

Any proprietor or owner of nurseries or places where trees, shrubs, vines, and 
plants are found to be infected with dangerous insects or diseases shall be noti- 


MAINE. 6] 


fied of the same by the commissioner of agriculture at once; such proprietor, 
owner, or his agents are hereby prohibited selling or offering for sale such trees, 
shrubs, or plants unless the same have been fumigated or otherwise treated 
under the direction of the commissioner of agriculture, and such trees, shrubs, 
or plants shall bear a certificate of the same. Any violation of this requirement 
shall be fined not more than fifty dollars for each and every offense. 

Sec. 2. All nursery stock shipped into this State from any other State, country, 
or province shall bear on each box or package a certificate that the contents of 
said box or package have been investigated by a duly authorized inspecting 
officer, and that said contents appear to be free from all dangerous insects or 

diseases. In case nursery stock is brought into the State without such a certifi- 
cate the consignee shall return it to the consignor at the expense of the latter: 
_ Provided, however, That any box or package bearing a certificate of fumiga- 
tion, which shall be an affidavit made before a justice of the peace, that all 
stock sold by the consignor has been fumigated in a manner approved by the 
State nursery inspector of the State from which said nursery stock is shipped, 
the same may be accepted as though bearing a proper certificate of inspection. 

Sec. 3. Any transportation company that shall bring into this State any nurs- 
ery stock, such as trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, or buds, and any transportation 
company, owner or owners of nursery stock, or persons selling nursery stock 
as thus defined, who shall transport such stock or cause it to be transported 
within the State, the same not having attached to each box or package an 
unexpired official certificate of inspection or an affidavit of fumigation which 
shall meet the requirements specified in section one of this act, shall be guilty 
ofa misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof be subject to a fine not exceeding 
one hundred dollars for each offense. 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of agriculture to make full 
investigation of any locality when the presence of the brown-tail or gypsy moths 
or other injurious insects or plant diseases may be suspected. Should any person 
in the State suspect the presence of the brown-tail, the gypsy moth, the San 
Jose scale, or other injurious insects or diseases preying upon trees, shrubs, er 
vines in his possession or within his knowledge, he shall forthwith notify the com- 
missioner of agriculture to that effect; and it shall be the duty of said commis- 
sioner of agriculture to cause the said trees, shrubs, or vines to be inspected by 
a competent entomologist, who shall forthwith make a report of the results of 
his inspection. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of agriculture to dis- 
seminate information concerning the brown-tail moth, the gypsy moth, and other 
injurious insects or plant diseases. Wherever such insects or diseases may be 
found it shall also be the duty of said commissioner to at once proceed to 
exterminate or control all such insects and plant diseases as may come to his 
Knowledge within the limits of the means at his disposal. 

Sec. 5. For the purpose of inspecting any trees, shrubs, or plants supposed to 
_ be infected with dangerous insects or diseases, the authorized entomologist shall 
_ have the right to enter private or public grounds, and for the purpose of extermi- 
nating or controlling any dangerous insects or diseases that may be found infect- 
ing trees, shrubs, or plants the commissioner of agriculture and his employees 
and municipal officers and their employees shall have the right to enter private 
and public grounds. 

Sec. 6. For the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the 
sums of five thousand dollars for the year nineteen hundred and five and for the 
year nineteen hundred and six, or such part thereof as may be necessary, are 
hereby appropriated. 

Sec. 7. In case of violation of this act it shall be the duty of the commissioner 


Ary *s gare 


62 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


ef agriculture to enforce the penalties set down in sections one and three of 
this act. 

Sec. 8. The statute law entitled “An act for the protection a trees and shrubs 
from injurious insects and diseases ” is hereby repealed. 

Sec. 9. This act shall take effect when approved. 

Approved February 28, 1905. 


MARYLAND. 


LAWS OF MARYLAND, 1898, CHAPTER 289. 


An AcT to repeal sections 51, 52, 58, 54, 55, 56, 57, and 58 of Article XLVIII of the Code 
of Public General Laws, title “ Inspection,” subtitle *‘ Trees and nursery stock,” as desig- 
nated by chapter 290 of the Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland of 1896, and to 
reenact the same with amendments, under a new subtitle, to be known as “State 
horticultural department,’ and to add thereto eight new sections, to be designated 59, 
59a, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65, providing for the protection of the horticultural inter- — 
ests of the State by the suppression and extermination of the San Jose scale, peach- 
yellows, pear-blight, and other injurious insect pests and plant diseases, and to create 
the offices of ‘“‘ State entomologist,” ‘‘ State pathologist,’ and ‘‘ State horticulturist,” 
and to appropriate a sum of money therefor. 


SEcTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, That sections 
ol, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, and 58 of Article XLVIII of the Code of Public General 
Laws, title “ Inspection,” subtitle “Trees and nursery stock,” as passed by 
the general assembly of Maryland, session 1896, chapter 290, be, and the same 
are hereby, repealed and reenacted to read as follows 

51. That a State horticultural department be established for the State of 
Maryland; that its purpose is to suppress and eradicate the San Jose scale, 
peach-yellows, pear-blight, and other injuriously dangerous insect pests and 
plant diseases throughout the State of Maryland. 

52. That the professor of entomology, the professor of vegetable pathology, 
and the professor of horticulture of the Maryland Agricultural College and 
Experiment Station shall be the State entomologist, State pathogen: and State 
horticulturist, respectively. 

53. That the said horticultural department shall be under the control of the 
board of trustees of the Maryland Agricultural College and Experiment Station, 
to whom the officers created under this act shall be responsible; that the salary 
of the State entomologist and State pathologist shali be fixed by the said board of 
trustees, and the said board shall likewise fix the compensation of any assistant 
or assistants, employé or employés, and control a!l expenses thereof. That the 
expenses of said department shall be paid out of an appropriation hereinafter 
provided for, and that said board of trustees be invested with all powers neces- 
sary to carry into effect the provisions of this act; but no expenses shall be in- 
curred beyond the amount appropriated. 

54. That it shall be the duty of said State entomologist and State pathologist, 
their assistants, and employés, under the control of trustees of said college, to 
seek out and suppress all pernicious insect pests and contagious diseases herein- 
before mentioned as destructive to horticultural and agricultural interests of 
this State, and conduct experiments when necessary to accomplish that end. 

55. That in order to accomplish the purposes of this act the State entomolo- 
gist and the State pathologist, their assistants, and employés, or any other 
officer, assistant, or employé appointed by said board of trustees are hereby 
authorized to enter upon any public premises, parks, cemeteries, or other prem- 
ises, Or upon any land of any firm, corporation, or private individual within the 


MARYLAND. 63 


State of Maryland for the purpose of inspection, destroying, treating, or experi- 
menting upon the insects and diseases aforesaid. Should any insect or disease 
found by said State entomologist or State pathologist, or by any other officer 
appointed by said trustees, be, in their opinion, capable of eradication without 
the destruction of the tree or plant, then said officers are to treat or cause to be 
treated with proper remedies and appliances all such trees, vines, shrubs, plants, 
and grains. Further, said State officers shall treat or have treated, in order to 
prevent the dissemination of the afcresaid insects or diseases, any and all sus- 
picious trees, vines, shrubs, plants, and grains found to be in a dangerous prox- 
imity to those infested as aforesaid. 

56. That should any of the officers aforesaid, through their assistants ‘antl 
employes, or by any notification whatsoever, find any fruit trees, vines, shrubs, 
flants, or grains infested or diseased with the aforesaid insects or diseases, the 
aforesaid officers shall mark or tag in some conspicuous way all trees, vines, 
shrubs, plants, or grains infested with the aforesaid diseases and shall give 
notice in writing to the owner or owners, tenants, or person in charge of such 
premises of the condition thereof, and thereupon, if such person or persons so 
notified shall not within ten (10) days after notification, destroy or treat the 
Same in accordance with regulations and rules of said trustees, a copy of which 
will be sent on application to any person, then said trustees shall, through 
their officers, assistants, or employes, destroy or treat all such trees, plants, 
vines, shrubs, and grains, and the State officers shall file a statement of the 
expenses of such destruction or treatment with the trustees of said college, 
and said trustees shall transmit a copy of such statement and account of such 
expenditure, with the usual affidavit attached thereto to be made by the State 
officers, which shall be sufficient evidence to prove the claim to the State’s 
attorney of the county where the owner of such premises resides, and said 
attorney is directed to collect the same and account to the trustees of the Mary- 
land Agricultural College therefor. 

57. That it shall be the duty of said trustees to send the State entomologist, 
or the State pathologist, or their duly authorized assistants, at least once a 
year into each county of the State for the purpose of determining by inspection 
the healthfulness and general condition of the horticultural and agricultural 
interests. | 
_o8. That it is hereby also made the duty of the said board of trustees, 
through the State entomologist and the State pathologist, or their duly authorized 
assistants, to inspect at least once in every six (6) months all nurseries of trees, 
vines, shrubs, and plants subject to the aforesaid insects or diseases within the 
State, and if found free, so far as can be determined by inspection, from the 
aforesaid insects or diseases, to give to the owner or owners, or persons in 
charge of said nurseries, a certificate of inspection showing such nurseries or 
premises to be apparently free from such insects and diseases. If any of the 
aforesaid insects or diseases should be found in any nursery or orchard, or 
any premises within the State where nursery stock is grown, the aforesaid 

officers shall cause to be destroyed or treated such portion of such nursery 
_ stock or other trees or plants as in their opinion may be necessary, and shall 
release all other nursery stock grown upon said premises and issue a certificate 
of inspection to the owner or owners as herein provided for; and if such 
infested or diseased trees, vines, plants, or shrubs be destroyed by the afore- 
_ Said officers, then the owner shall pay the cost thereof, and if he refuse to pay 
the same it shall be collected as prescribed in section 56. No nurseryman, 
broker, agent, dealer, or other person shall be permitted to sell, ship, send out, 

or give away, by mail, express, freight, or otherwise, any trees, vines, shrubs, 


64 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


plants, buds, or cuttings from any such nurseries or premises without accom- 
panying the same with a copy of the said certificate printed upon a tag or 
label not easily destroyed, the same to be firmly attached in some conspicuous 
position upon each carload, box, bale, or package so sent out or delivered. 

Sec, 2. And be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, That the fol- 
lowing sections be, and the same are hereby, added to Article XLVIII of the Code 
of Public General Laws, title “ Inspections,” subtitle ‘‘ Horticultural depart- 
ment,’ to be designated as sections 59, 59 a, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65. 

59. That should any nurseryman, agent, broker, dealer, or other person send 
cut or deliver within the State, or transport to any other State or Territory, or 
the District of Columbia, trees, vines, shrubs, plants, buds, or cuttings subject 
to the attacks of insects and diseases above provided for without attaching a 
copy of said certificate, deface or destroy said certificate, or wrongfully attach 
2. certificate, he shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon con- 
viction before any. justice of the peace be fined a sum not less than ten dollars 
($10.00) or more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) and costs of prosecution 
for each and every offense, and stand committed until such fine and costs are 
paid, and the fines so collected shall be paid to the trustees of the said college, 
and be added to the funds herein provided for carrying out the provisions of 
this act. 

59 A. That all trees, plants, vines, shrubs, buds, or cuttings, commonly known 
as nursery stock, grown or handled by each and every nurseryman within this 
State, and subject to the attacks of the aforesaid insects or disease, shall be 
fumigated by the nurseryman owning the same with hydrocyanic-acid gas in 
buildings or enclosures inspected and approved by the aforesaid State officers 
under their discretion. 

60. That when any trees, plants, shrubs, vines, buds, or cuttings, commonly 
known as nursery stock, are shipped into the State from any other State or 
Territory or the District of Columbia to any nurseryman, broker, dealer, agent, 
or other person in this State, every carload, bale, box, or package thereof 
shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the name of the consignor, the 
name of the consignee, and a certificate showing that the contents have been 
inspected by a qualified State or Government officer, and that the trees, plants, 
vines, shrubs, or cuttings therein contained are apparently free from the insects 
and diseases herein provided for. Whenever any trees, plants, vines, shrubs, 
buds, or cuttings are shipped into this State from any other State or Territory 
or the District of Columbia without such certificate plainly fixed on the outside 
of each carload, box, bale, or package, the agent of the transportation company, 
firm, or person receiving same shall not deliver said nursery stock to the con- 
signee or agent representing the consignor, and said agent of the transportation 
company, firm, or person shall notify the State entomologist or State pathologist 
at the Maryland Agricultural College, and said State officer receiving such noti- 
fication shall immediately notify any justice of the peace of this State to issue 
a summons for the consignee and the agent or consignor, if he be known, of 
such carload, bale, box, or package of nursery stock to appear before him on a 
certain day to be named therein to show why such trees, plants, vines, shrubs, 
buds, or cuttings should not be seized as being in violation of the provisions of 
this act, and on trial thereof, if said justice be satisfied that the provisions of 
this act have been violated, said justice shall order said agent or consignee to 
return such carload, box, bale, or package of trees, plants, shrubs, vines, buds, 
or cuttings immediately to the shipper or consignor, unless said consignee 6r 
agent of the consignor at his expense shall forthwith have said nursery stock 
examined by the State entomologist and State pathologist of this State and such 


hl is eae 


MARYLAND. 65 


officers certify to such justice of the peace that said nursery stock is appar- 
ently free from the insects and diseases mentioned herein, and tag every such 
carload, box, bale, and package inspected by said officers with their certificate 
of inspection; and if said agent or consignee shall fail to have said nursery 


stock examined by said State officials or fail to return such carload, box, bale, 
_or package thereof, then said justice of the peace shall order and direct the 


constable or sheriff to burn and destroy all such trees, plants, shrubs, vines, buds, 
or cuttings that have been shipped into this State in violation of this act. 

61. That whenever any agent of a transportation company, firm, or person 
skall receive a carload, box, bale, or package of trees, plants, shrubs, , vines, 
buds, or cuttings without a certificate attached, as provided for in section 60 of 
this act, and shall fail to notify the State entomologist or State pathologist of 
this fact immediately upon the arrival of such nursery stock, and before deliver- 
ing the same to the consignee, said agent of the transportation company, firm, 
or person shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction 
before a justice of the peace, be fined a sum not less than ten dollars ($10.00) 
nor more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) and costs of prosecution for each 
and every offense, and stand committed until such fine and costs are paid; and 
the fines so collected shall be paid to the trustees of said college to be added to 
the funds herein provided for carrying out the provisions of this act. If any 
hurseryman, dealer, or agent sell, ship, or deliver any trees, plants, shrubs, or 
vines into or in this State, which is infested with San Jose seale, peach-yellows, 
pear-blight, or other injurious diseases, and upon examination by the State 
pathologist, State entomologist, cr their assistants, is condemned by being so 
infested, the said trees, plants, vines, and shrubs shall be destroyed, and the 
hurseryman, dealer, or agent shall forfeit the value of such stock, and shall not 
collect the same from the purchaser or consignee. 

62. That the State entomologist, State pathologist, and State horticulturist 
shall submit annually a written report on ocr before the first day of February of 
their inspections and investigations to the board of trustees, which shall be 
transmitted to the governor of the State and the general assembly, and pub- 
lished, as are the reports of other State organizations, and distributed among the 
people of the State as bulletins of the Maryland agricultural experiment station. 

63. That the report of the present State entomologist, including the work done 
by him up to the date of the passage of this act, shall be published and dis- 


tributed as indicated and provided for in section 62 of this act, as the first 


annual report of the Maryland state entomologist. 

64. That the sum of ten thousand dollars the first year, and eight thousand 
dollars annually thereafter be, and is hereby, appropriated in order to carry out 
the provisions of this act and properly provide for the above-described inspec- 
tions; to employ men qualified for their respective positions; to procure tke 
requisite facilities and equipment necessary for the proper performance of the 
duties herein incurred, and to offer means of support for investigation in addi- 
tion to the inspection work of the State officers, and the dissemination of 
information that will promote the horticultural and agricultural interests of 
this State. 

65. That the comptroller be, and that he is hereby, authorized to issue his 
warrant upon the treasurer of this State for the said sum of ten thousand dollars 
for the year eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and the sum of eight thousand 
dollars annually thereafter, out of any funds not otherwise appropriated; that 
the said sum of money shall be payable to the Maryland Agricultural College on 
or before the first of October of each fiscal year, and the first yearly payment 


71s No. 6 w———5 


66 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


shall be made during the fiscal year ending September first, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-eight. ; 

Sec. 3. And be it enacted, That this act shall take effect from the date of its 
passage. 

Approved April 9, 1898. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 
Acts OF 1902, CHAPTER 495. 


An Act to authorize the State board of agriculture to appoint a State nursery inspector 
and to provide for the protection of trees and shrubs from injurious insects and dis- 
eases. 


Be it enacted, etc., as follows: 

SecTiIon 1. The State board of agriculture shall annually appoint some person 
qualified by scientific training and practical experience, to be State nursery 
inspector, and he shall be responsible to the board for the performance of his 
duties as prescribed in this act. The said inspeetor may appoint such number 
of deputies, not exceeding three, as he may deem necessary or expedient. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State nursery inspector, either personally 
or through his deputies, to inspect at least once each year all nurseries or places 
in the State where nursery stock is grown, sold, or offered for sale, and if no 
dangerous insect or fungous pests are found therein a certificate to that effect 
shall be given. If such pests are found therein the owner of the stock shall 
take such measures to suppress the same as the State nursery inspector shall 
prescribe, and no certificate shall be given until the said inspector has satisfied 
himself by subsequent inspections that all such pests have been suppressed. 

Sec. 3. Any owners of nurseries or of places in the State where nursery stock 
is grown, sold, or offered for sale, who do not hold an unexpired certificate of 
inspection after the first annual inspection made after the passage of this act, 
who shall sell or otherwise dispose of nursery stock in the State, shall be sub- 
ject to a penalty of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dol- 
lars for each offence. 

Sec. 4. Any owners of nurseries or of places in the State where nursery stock 
is grown, sold, or offered for sale, who shall fumigate with hydrocyanic-acid gas 
all stock which they sell, using at least two-tenths of a gram of potassie cyanide 
to every cubic foot of space contained in the box, house, or other place wherein 
this fumigation is performed, which place shall be gas tight, and who shall 
expose the said stock to the fumes of this gas of the strength aforesaid for at 
least forty minutes, or who shall treat the stock which they sell by some other 
method approved by the State nursery inspector, and who shall make affidavit 
before a justice of the peace that all stock sold by them has thus been fumigated 
or treated, and who shall attach a copy of such affidavit to each package, box, 
or car of stock sold, shall be exempt from the provisions of sections two and 
three of this act. 

Sec. 5. All nursery stock shipped into this State from any other State, coun- 
try, or province shall bear on each box or package a certificate that the con- 
tents of said box or package have been inspected by a duly authorized inspect- 
ing officer, and that said contents appear to be free from all dangerous insects 
or diseases. In case nursery stock is brought within the State without such a 
certificate the consignee shall return it to the consignor at the expense of the 


MASSACHUSETTS. 67 


latter, or shall call the State nursery inspector to inspect the same: Provided, 
however, That any package or box bearing a certificate of fumigation which 
meets the requirements specified in section four of this act may be accepted 
as though bearing a proper certificate of inspection. 

Sec. 6. The State nursery inspector shall determine the season for inspecting 
nurseries and the forms of certificates to be given, but in no case shall he issue 
a certificate which shall continue in force after the first day of July next follow- 
ing the date of inspection. He or any of his deputies shall at all times have | 
the right to enter any public or private grounds in the performance of any duty 
required by this act. He and each of his deputies shall receive five dollars for 
each day’s Service required of them under this act, and the travelling and other 
expenses necessarily incurred in the said service. 

Sec. 7. A sum not exceeding one thousand dollars may be expended by the 
State board of agriculture in carrying out the provisions of this act. 
Approved June 19, 1902. 


CHAPTER 381. 


An Act to provide for suppressing the gypsy and brown-tail moths. 


Be it enacted, etc., as follows: 

SECTION 1. For the purposes of this act the pups, nests, eggs, and caterpillars 
of the gypsy and brown-tail moths and said moths are hereby declared public 
nuisances, and their suppression is authorized and required; but no owner or 
occupant of an estate infested by such nuisance shall by reason thereof be 

liable to an action, civil or criminal, except to the extent and in the manner and 
form herein set forth. 

Sec. 2. The governor, by and with the consent of the council, shall appoint a 
superintendent for suppressing the gypsy and brown-tail moths and shall deter- 
mine his salary. The governor may, with the consent of the council, remove 
said superintendent at any time for such cause as he shall deem sufficient. In 
ease of the death, removal, or resignation of the superintendent the governor 
shall forthwith appoint a successor. On or before the third Wednesday in Janu- 
ary in each year the superintendent shall make a report of his proceedings to 

_ the general court, which shall be a public document and shall be printed. Said 
report shall separate so far as is practicable the expenditures on work against 
the gypsy moth from those on work against the brown-tail moth in each city and 
town. : 

Sec. 3. The said superintendent shall act for the Commonwealth in suppress- 
ing said moths as public nuisances, in accordance with the provisions of this act. 
For this purpose he shall establish an office and keep a record of his doings and 
of his receipts and expenditures, and may make rules and regulations. He may 
employ such clerks, assistants, and agents, including expert advisers and in- 
spectors, as he may deem necessary and as shall be approved by the governor. 
He may make contracts on behalf of the Commonwealth; may act in cooperation: 
with any person, persons, corporation, or corporations, including other States, 
the United States, or foreign governments; may conduct investigations and accu- 
_mulate and distribute information concerning said moths; may devise, use, and 
require all other lawful means of suppressing or preventing said moths; may 
_ lease real estate when he deems it necessary, and, with the approval of the 
_board in charge, may use any real or personal property of the Commonwealth ; 
-Inay at all times enter upon the land of the Commonwealth or of a municipality, 
corporation, or other owner or owners, and may use all reasonable means in 

‘carrying out the purposes of this act; and, in the undertakings aforesaid, may, 


J maw ee 


par: 


68 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


in accordance with the provisions of this act, expend the funds appropriated 
or donated therefor; but no expenditure shall be made or liability incurred in 
excess of such appropriations and donations. 

Sec. 4. Cities and towns, by such public officer or board as they shall desig- 
nate or appoint, shall, under the advice and general direction of said superin- 
tendent, destroy the eggs, pup, and nests of the gypsy and brown-tail moths 
within their limits, except in parks and other property under the control of the 
Commonwealth, and except in private property, save as otherwise provided 
herein. When any city or town shall have expended within its limits city or 
town funds to an amount in excess of five thousand dollars in any one calendar 
year in suppressing gypsy or brown-tail moths the Commonwealth shall reim- 
burse such city or town to the extent of fifty per cent of such excess above said 
five thousand dollars. 

Cities or towns where one twenty-fifth of one per cent of the assessed valua- 
tion of real and personal property is less than five thousand dollars and where 
the assessed valuation of real and personal property is greater than six mil- 
lion dollars shall be reimbursed by the Commonwealth to the extent of eighty 
per cent of the amount expended by such cities or towns of city or town funds 
in suppressing the gypsy and brown-tail moths in any one calendar year 
in excess of said one twenty-fifth of one per cent. 

In the case of towns where the assessed valuation of real and personal prop- 


erty is less than six million dollars, after they have expended in any one cal-~ 


endar year town funds to an amount equal to one twenty-fifth of one per cent 
of their assessed valuation of real and personal property, the Commonwealth 
shall expend within the limits of such towns, for the purpose of suppressing 
the gypsy and brown-tail moths, such an amount in addition as the superintend- 
ent, with the advice and consent of the governor, shall recommend. Disburse- 
ments made by said last-named towns in excess of said one twenty-fifth of 
one per cent shall be reimbursed by the Commonwealth every sixty days; but 
in the case of all others the Commonwealth shall reimburse cities and towns 
annually according to the provisions of this act. 

No city or town shall be entitled to any reimbursement from the Common- 
wealth until it has submitted to the auditor of the Commonwealth itemized 
accounts and vouchers, showing the definite amount expended by it for the 
purpose of this act; nor shall any money be paid out of the treasury of the 
Commonwealth to cities or towns, pursuant to the provisions of this act, until 
said vouchers and accounts have been approved by the auditor of the Common- 
wealth. 

For the purposes of this section the years nineteen hundred and five and 
uineteen hundred and seven shall be considered half years, and, the valuation 
for the year nineteen hundred and four shall be taken as a basis. 

Sec. 5. When, in the opinion of the superintendent, any city or town is not 
expending a sufficient amount for the abatement of said nuisance, then the su- 
perintendent shal, with the advice and consent of the governor, order such 
city or town to expend such an amount as the superintendent shall deem neces- 
sary: Provided, That no city or town where the assessed valuation of real and 
personal property exceeds six million dollars shall be required to expend dur- 
ing any one full year more than one-fifteenth of one per cent of such valuation, 
and that no town where the assessed valuation of real and personal property is 
less than six million dollars shall be required to expend during any one full year 
more than one twenty-fifth of one per cent of such valuation. For the purposes 
of this section the valuation of the year nineteen hundred and four shall be 
used. 


ee 


MASSACHUSETTS. 69 


Any city or town failing to comply with the directions of the said superin- 
tendent in the performance of said work within the date specified by him shall 
pay a fine of one hundred dollars a day for failure so to do, said fine to be col- 
lected by information brought by the attorney-general in the supreme judicial 
court for Suffolk County. 

Sec. 6. The mayor of every city and the selectmen of every town shall, on 
or before the first day of November in each year, and at such other times as he 
or they shall see fit, or as the State superintendent may order, cause a notice to 
be sent to the owner or owners, so far as can be ascertained, of every parcel of 
jand therein which is infested with said moths, or, if such notification appears 
to be impracticable, then by posting such notice on said parcels of land, requir- 
ing that the eggs, pups, and nests of said moths shall be destroyed within a 
time specified in the notice. 

When, in the opinion of the mayor or selectmen, the cost of destroying such 
eggs, pupse, and nests on lands contiguous and held under one ownership in a 
city or town, shall exceed one-half of one per cent of the assessed value of said 
lands, then a part of said premises on which said eggs, pups, or nests shall be 
destroyed may be designated in such notice, and such requirement shall not 
apply to the remainder of said premises. The mayor or selectmen may desig- 
nate the manner in which such work shall be done, but all work done under 
this section shall be subject to the approval of the State superintendent. 

If the owner or owners shall fail to destroy such eggs, pupze, or nests in 

accordance with the requirements of the said notice, then the city or town, 
‘acting by the public officer or board of such city or town designated or 
appointed as aforesaid, shall, subject to the approval of the said superintendent, 
destroy the same, and the amount actually expended thereon, not exceeding 
one-half of one per cent of the assessed valuation of said lands, as heretofore 
specified in this section, shall be assessed upon the said lands; and such an 
amount in addition as shall be required shall be apportioned between the city or 
town and the Commonwealth in accordance with the provisions of section four 
of this act. The amounts to be assessed upon private estates as herein provided 
shall be assessed and collected, and shall be a lien on said estates in the same 
manner and with the same effect as is provided in the case of assessments for 
street watering. 
_ Sec. 7. If, in the opinion of the assessors of a city or town, any land therein 
has received, by reason of the abatement of said nuisances thereon by said 
superintendent or by said city or town, a special benefit beyond the general 
advantage to all land in the city or town, then the said assessors shall deter- 
mine the value of such specific benefit and shall assess the amount thereof upon 
said land: Provided, That no such assessment on lands contiguous and held 
under one ownership shall exceed one-half cf one per cent of the assessed 
valuation of said lands: And provided, That the owner or owners shall have 
‘deducted from such assessment the amount paid and expended by them during 
the twelve months last preceding the date of such assessment toward abating 
the said nuisances on said lands, if, in the opinion of the assessors, such amount 
has been expended in good faith. Such assessment shall be a lien upon the 
land for three years from the first day of January next after the assessment 
has been made, and shall be collected under a warrant of the assessors to the 
collector of taxes of such city or town, in the manner and upon the terms 
and conditions and in the exercise of the powers and duties, so far as they may 
be applicable, prescribed by chapter thirteen of the Revised Laws relative to 
the collection of taxes. 


70 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Real estate sold hereunder may be redeemed within the time, in the manner, 
and under the provisions of law, so far as they may be applicable, set forth in 
chapter thirteen of the Revised Laws for the redemption of land sold for taxes. 

A person aggrieved by such assessment may appeal to the superior court for 
the county in which the land lies, by entering a complaint in said court within 
thirty days after he has had actual notice of the assessment, which complaint 
shall be determined as other causes by the court without a jury. The complaint 


shall be heard at the first sitting of said court for trials without a jury after 


its entry: but the court may allow further time, or may advance the case for 
speedy trial, or may appoint an auditor as in other cases. The court may revise 
the assessment, may allow the recovery back of an amount wrongfully as- 
sessed which has been paid, may set aside, in a suit begun within three years 
from the date thereof. a collector’s sale made under an erroneous assessment, 


may award costs to either party and may render such judgment as justice and — 


equity require. 

If, in the opinion of the assessors, the owner of an estate upon which an 
assessment as aforesaid has been made is, by reason of age, infirmity, or poverty, 
unable to pay the assessment, they may upon application abate the same. Every 
city or town in rendering an account to the State auditor as provided for in 
section four of this act shall deduct from such amount as it has expended in 
excess of one twenty-fifth of one per cent or of five thousand dollars as provided 
in said section, the total amount it has received for work performed under sec- 
tion six of this act during the term covered by the account: Provided, Such work 


was performed under such conditions as require reimbursement in whole or in 


part by the State. 

Sec. 8.-To meet the expenses incurred under authority of this act there shall 
be allowed and paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth, during the period 
up to and including May first, nineteen hundred and seven, the sum of three 
hundred thousand dollars. Of this amount seventy-five thousand dollars may be 


expended during the calendar year nineteen hundred and five; one hundred and — 


fifty thousand dollars, and any unexpended balance of the previous year, may 
be expended during the calendar year nineteen hundred and six; and seventy-five 
thousand dollars, and any unexpended balance of the previous years, may be 
expended during the calendar year nineteen hundred and seven, up to and in- 
cluding May first. 

Sec. 9. An additional sum of ten thousand dollars in each of the years nine- 
teen hundred and five, nineteen hundred and six, and nineteen hundred and 
seven may, in the discretion of the State superintendent, be expended by him for 
experimenting with parasites or natural enemies for destroying said moths, and 
any unexpended balance of any year may be expended in the subsequent years. 

Sec. 10. Chapter two hundred and ten of the acts of the year eighteen hun- 
dred and ninety-one and sections one and two of chapter five hundred and forty- 
four of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and ninety-eight and section two 
of chapter fifty-seven of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and two are 
hereby repealed. 

Sec. 11. A person who wilfully resists or obstructs the superintendent or an 
official of a city or town, or a servant or agent duly employed, while lawfully 
engaged in the execution of the purposes of this act, shall forfeit a sum not ex- 
ceeding twenty-five dollars for each offence. 

Sec. 12. Valuations of real and personal property of the year nineteen hundred 
and four shall govern the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 15. This act shall take effect upon its passage. 

Approved May 8, 1905, 


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MICHIGAN. . cr 


MICHIGAN. 


Acy Gi. P..Ass1905; 


An Act to prevent the importation from other States and the spread within this State 

- of dangerous insects and dangerously contagious diseases affecting trees, shrubs, 
vines, plants, and fruits, and to repeal all acts or part [parts] of acts that contravene 
the provisions of this act. 


The people of the State of Michigan enact: 

SEcTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firm or corpora- 
tion, knowingly, to keep upon their premises, cr upon premises under their con- 
trol or charge, any trees or fruit infected with the diseases known as peach yei- 
lows, rosette, or little peach, or any part of a tree infected with the diseases 
known as black knot or pear blight, or any tree, shrub, plant, or vine infected 


with any other dangerously contagious disease, or infested with the San Jose 


scale, cankerworm, or any other dangerously noxious insect pest. It shall also 
be unlawful for any person or persons, firm or corporation, knowingly, to sell 
or offer for sale, or to give away, any tree, shrub, plant, or vine infected or 
infested with any dangerously infectious disease or noxious insect, or any fruit 
infected with peach yellows. 

Sec. 2. The State board of agriculture shall, upon the passage of this act, 
appoint some competent person to be known as State inspector of orchards and 
nurseries, who shall hold office for two years, and whose duties shall be as here- 
inafter prescribed. He shall have power to appoint such:number of deputy 
inspectors as may be necessary, subject to the approval of the State board of 
agriculture. Said deputy inspectors shall act under the orders of, and shall per- 
form such duties as may be directed by the State inspector of orchards and 
nurseries. The salary, or per diem, of the State and deputy inspectors shall be 
fixed by the State board of agriculture. 

Sec. 3. Any person or persons, firm or corporation, growing or offering for 
sale, in this State, any trees, shrubs, vines, or plants, commonly known as 
nursery stock, shall, on or before the first day of August in each year, apply to 
the Michigan State board of agriculture for the inspection of said stock under 


the provisions of this act and for a license for its sale. A license fee of five 


dollars shall be paid, and a bond for one thousand dollars, with sureties satis- 


factory to said board, and conditioned upon the compliance with the require- 


ments of this act, shall be filed. No nursery stock shall be shipped or delivered 
until it has been examined by the State inspector of orchards and nurseries, or 
a deputy inspector and has received a certificate as hereinafter provided. All 
growers or dealers in nursery stock shall, upon demand, file with the State board 
of agriculture a list of the persons to whom they have sold or delivered any 
nursery stock, giving the species, which list shall be for the sole use of the State 
inspector of orchards and nurseries and his deputies: Provided, That the pro- 
visions of this section shall not apply to persons engaged in fruit growing, who 
are not nurserymen, but desire to sell or exchange surplus fruit plants of their 
own growing: Provided further, That the provisions of this section shall not 
apply to farmers or other persons who may sell shade trees from their own wood 
lots. 

Sec. 4. No person or persons, firm, or corporation, residents of another State, 
Territory, province, or country, shall engage or continue in the business of selling 
or taking orders within this State for the sale of any trees, plants, shrubs, or 
vines, commonly known as nursery stock, without first obtaining from the State 
board of agriculture a license, as provided for in section three of this act, and 


72 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


filing a certificate of inspection :from a State or Government officer, or some per- 
son designated by the Michigan State board of agriculture. 

Sec. 5. The State board of agriculture shall, upon the receipt of the required 
fee and a satisfactory bond and certificate of inspection, issue a license to each 
applicant, whether a resident of this State or of another State, province, or 
country, permitting the sale of nursery stock by the holder, or by his accredited 
agents, for the period ending the thirty-first of July following the date upon 
which said license goes into effect. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the State inspector of orchards and nurseries 
to examine all nurseries in the State, at least once each year, for the presence 
of San Jose scale and other dangerously injurious insects and diseases. If 
found to be apparently free from such dangerous insects and diseases, a certi- 
ficate to that effect shall be given the owner, upon the payment of an inspection 
fee sufficient to defray the per diem of the inspector. Said certificate shall be 
void on the thirty-first day of July following. In case any dangerous insect or 
infectious disease is found upon any nursery stock the inspector shall order 
and enforce such treatment as may be deemed sufficient to exterminate such 
insects or diseases before granting a certificate. If a subsequent examination 
shall show the stock to be infected, or infested, the certificate may be revoked. 

Sec. 7. Whenever a nurseryman or other person shall ship or deliver withia 
this State, except for scientific purposes, any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, com- 
monly known as nursery stock, he shall place upon each car, box, bale, or other 
package a copy of a certificate of inspection, the original of which is signed by 
said inspector. Failure to do this, or the illegal use of said certificate by chang- 
ing, defacing, or placing it upon uninspected stock, or using the same after it 
has expired or been revoked, shall render the shipper or owner liable to the pen- 
alties prescribed for a violation of this act. Dealers in nursery stock purchased 
from other firms may, upon filing with the State inspector.of orchards and 
nurseries duplicate copies of the certificates of inspection issued upon the stock 
grown by said firms, and on the payment of a fee of one dollar, receive a certifi- 
cate showing that the stock has been inspected. Said certificate may be used 
for the shipment of nursery stock that has come to them accompanied by a 
certificate of inspection, but for no other. Nurserymen may ship under their 
own certificate of inspection any stock that has come to them later than the first 
day of the previous August accompanied by a certificate of inspection, and, if 
from another State, Territory, province, or county, by a certificate of fumiga- 
tion as required by this act. 

Sec. 8. If any nursery stock of species subject to the attack of the San Jose 
seale has been grown within one-half mile of where the San Jose scale exists, 
or has been known to exist within two years, it shall, before it is shipped or 
delivered, be fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas of the strength commonly 
used for such purpose for not less than thirty minutes. All trees, plants, 
shrubs, and vines of species subject to the attack of the San Jose scale shipped 
into this State from another State, Territory, province, or country, must be 
fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas in the usual manner, and each ear, box, or 
bale in which said nursery stock is shipped shall have upon it a certificate 
signed by the shipper stating that such fumigation has been given in addition . 
to the usual certificate of inspection. 

Sec. 9. The owner of any nursery trees, vines, shrubs, or plants, upon receiy- 
ing notice from the State inspector of orchards and nurseries that any or all of 
them are infected or infested with dangerous insects or diseases, shall, within 
the time specified in such notice, take such steps as will fully comply with the 
orders of the State inspector of orchards and nurseries, and he shall not ship or 


a. Sie SA ee 


MICHIGAN. 73 


deliver any such trees, vines, shrubs, or plants until after they have received 
such treatment and until they have been reexamined and a certificate of inspec- 
tion has been granted. 

Sec. 10. Whenever it shall happen that the State inspector of orchards and 


nurseries shall give the notice heretofore required to the owner of nursery stock 


for the destruction of the insects or diseases mentioned, and said owner shall fail 
cr neglect to take the measures necessary for the destruction thereof within 
the time mentioned in the notice given him, the State inspector of orchards and 
nurseries shall enter complaint against said owner and may seize and take pos- 
session of said infected or infested nursery stock. Such seizure may be made 
without a warrant. Said infected or infested nursery stock shall be disposed of 
in such manner as may be directed by the court before whom the offense i: 
tried, or by any court of competent jurisdiction. 

Sec. 11. Whenever any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, commonly known as 
nursery stock, are shipped into this State from another State, Territory, 
province, or country, every package thereof shall be plainly labeled on the out- 
side with the names of the consignor and consignee, and the character of the 
contents, and certificates shall be attached to each package showing that the 
contents have been inspected by a State and Government officer and that they 
have been fumigated in the usual manner with hydrocyanic-acid gas. If any 
trees, shrubs, vines, or plants, commonly known as nursery stock, are shipped 
into this State without such certificates being plainly fixed on the outside of 
the package, box, or car containing the same, the fact must be reported within 
twenty-four hours to the Michigan State board of agriculture, or its regularly 
appointed inspector, by the railway, express, or steamboat company or the 
person or persons carrying the same; and any agent of a railway, express, or 
steamboat company or any other person or persons who shall fail to comply 
with the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a. misdemeanor. 
The State inspector of orchards and nurseries shall have authority, when he has 
reason to believe that nursery stock that has been shipped into the State, or 
shipped by some nursery in the State, is infested or infected with dangerous 
insects and diseases, to examine the same, and, if found to be infected by any 
dangerously contagious disease or infested with dangerous insects, such stock 
may be seized without a warrant as a public nuisance. The shipper shall be 


notified of the seizure, and orders shall be given him to either destroy the stock 


or to give it effectual treatment. If this is not done within five days, complaint 
shall be made to some court having competent jurisdiction, and said infected 
or infested stock shall be disposed of in such manner as may be directed by 
said court. 

Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of the State inspector of orchards and nurseries, 
whenever it shall come to his knowledge that San Jose scale, cankerworm, 
peach yellows, rosette, little peach, black knot, or pear blight, or any other 
noxious insects or dangerously infectious diseases exist, or are supposed to 
exist, in any orchard, or upon any trees, shrubs, vines, plants, or fruits in this 
State, to investigate the case and if such dangerous insects or diseases are 


found he shall notify the owner, or his agent, in writing. The notice shall 


consist of a simple statement of the facts as found to exist, with an order to 
uproot and destroy in such manner as may be indicated all trees infected with 
yellows, little peach, or rosette, or to cut off and burn the portions infected with 
black knot and pear blight, or if attacked by San Jose scale or cankerworm, 
to effectually spray the trees, or to use such remedies as may be prescribed for 
other dangerous insects and diseases within five days, or such time from the 
date of the service of the notice as may be designated: Provided also, That no 


74 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


such spraying shall be done while said fruit trees or vines are in blossom, except 
in case of cankerworm. In the case of fruit infected with yellows the notice 
shall require its immediate destruction. Failure to comply with the require 
ments of said notice shall render the owner or agent liable to the penalties 
prescribed for the violation of this act. 

Sec. 13. In any township, village, or city in this State in which the imsects 
known as the San Jose scale, and cankerworm, or the diseases known as peach 
yellows, rosette, little peach, black Knot, and pear blight, or any other destruc 
tive insects or dangerously infectious diseases exist. or in which there is good 
reason to believe they exist. or danger may be apprehended of their introduc 
tion, it shall be the duty of the township board, or the village or city council, as 
soon as such information becomes known to such board or council, or any mem- 
ber thereof to appoint three competent freeholders of said township. village, or 
city, to be known as fruit and orchard inspectors, who shall hold office during 
the pleasure of said board or council: Provided, That inspectors already ap- 
pointed, and in office under similar and previous acts, shall continue in said 
office under this act until the expiration of the term for which they were 
appointed. 

Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of said inspectors, within ten days after appoint- 
ment, as aforesaid, to file their acceptance of the same with the clerk of said 
township, village. or city, and said clerk shall be ex officio clerk of said board of 
fruit and orchard inspectors, and he shall keep a record of the proceedings of 
said board in a book to be provided for the purpose, and shall file and preserve 
all papers pertaining to the duties and actions of said inspectors, or either of 
them, which shall be a part of the records of said township, village, or city. 

Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of the township, village, or city inspectors, or any one 
of them, whenever it comes to their notice that any of the dangerously injurious 
insects or diseases mentioned in section thirteen of this act exist, or are supposed 
to exist, within the limits of their township. village. or city, to proceed without 
delay to examine the trees. shrubs, vines, plants, or fruits supposed to be in- 
fested or infected. and if destructive insects or a dangerously infectious disease 
is found to exist, a distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the trees, shrubs, 
vines, or plants. and a written notice shall be served upon the owner or his 
agent. This notice shall be as provided for in section twelve of this act In 
case the owner refuses to accept the opinion of a single inspector regarding the 
nature of an insect or disease. or the remedy that shall be employed, he may 
within two days appeal to the other inspectors in the township, village, or city 
by serving a written notice of such appeal upon each of them. Upon receipt of 
such notice of appeal, it shall be the duty of each and every inspector, if he has 
not already done so, to examine the trees, shrubs, plants, or vines supposed to — 
be infested or infected, and if all or a majority of said inspectors agree that a 
dangerous insect or disease is present, they shall serve notice upon the owner or 
his agent as above. If the decision of the full board of inspectors is still unsatis- 
factory to the person in charge, he may, within twenty-four hours, make an ap- 
peal to the State inspector of orchards and nurseries, who shall at once investi- 
gate the matter and order the proper treatment, and his opinion and orders shall 
be final. If the members of a township, village, or city board of fruit and tree 
inspectors are unable to agree, or are in doubt, regarding the nature of an insect 
or disease, or the treatment that should be given, they may call upon the State 
inspector of orchards and nurseries for information and advice. In cases where 
an owner appeals to the full board of township. village, or city inspectors, or to 
the State inspector, and the findings of the original inspector are approved, the 
expense incurred as the result of the appeal shall be paid by the owner, and, in 


MICHIGAN. 15 


case of his refusal to do so, the amount shall be certified to the township board, 
or village or’ city council, which shall allow the same and assess it as a special 
tax upon the property. 

Sec. 16. In case the owner, or the person in charge of trees, shrubs, vines, or 


plants infested with a destructive insect or a dangerously contagious disease 


refuses or neglects to carry out the orders of the State inspector or of the town- 
ship, village, and city inspectors, within the period stated in the notice served 
upon him, the State, township, village, or city inspectors, respectively, shall 
employ such aid as may be necessary to carry out their orders and recommenda- 
tions. In case the owner refuses to reimburse them for the expense incurred, 
it shall be certified to the township board, or village or city council, who shall 
allow it and spread it as a special tax upon the property concerned. 

Src. 17. The State inspector of orchards and nurseries and his deputies, assist- 
ants, and employes shall have authority to enter upon any premises in the State 
for the purpose of examining the trees, shrubs, plants, and vines for the pres- 
ence of destructive insects and diseases, and, if any such insects or diseases are 
found, may, under the provisions of this act, take such steps as may be neces- 
sary to exterminate them. ‘Township, village, and city inspectors shall have the 
same authority within the limits of their respective jurisdiction. No damage 
shall be awarded for the destruction of any tree, shrub, plant, or fruit, or for 
injury to the same, if done by the inspectors and their assistants in accordance 
with the provisions of this act: Provided, It is deemed necessary in order to 
suppress dangerous insects and diseases. 

Sec. 18. The township, village, and city fruit and tree inspectors shall be 
allowed for services under this act two dollars for each full day and one dollar 
for each half day, and their per diem and other charges and disbursements here- 
under shall be audited by the township board, or village or city council. 

Sec. 19. Persons, firms, or corporations engaged in growing or selling plants 
commonly grown in greenhouses shall not be required to take out a license: 
Provided, They do not grow or handle nursery stock, and certificates of inspec- 
tion are not required under this act for the shipment of greenhouse plants. 

Sec. 20. Any person or persons, firm, or corporation who may fail to comply 
with any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor 
and shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars and not exceeding one 
hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than ten 


nor more than ninety days, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion 


of the court, and jurisdiction is hereby conferred in these cases upon any justice 


of the peace, or other competent court, of the township, village, or city. where 


ee es 


such trees, shrubs, or plants may be, or where such nursery stock or fruit is 
grown, sold, shipped, disposed of, or delivered, contrary to the provisions of this 
act. In all cases where a complaint is made under the provisions of any section 
of this act by any State, township, village, or city inspector said complainant 
shall not be required to furnish security for costs. 

Src. 21. The State inspector of orchards and nurseries shall have authority to 
employ such aid and obtain such apparatus and supplies as may be needed for 


_the proper performance of his duties, and the bills for the same and for the per 


diem and traveling and other necessary expenses of the State inspector, his 
deputies and assistants, shall be audited by the State board of agriculture, and 
the auditor-general shall draw his warrant for the payment of the same from 
the general fund of the State: Provided, That all moneys collected by the State 
board of agriculture under this act shall be paid into the State treasury. 

[See. 22 repeals acts 108 and 109, of 1895; act 187, of 1897.] 


76 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


MINNESOTA. 


An Act to prevent the introduction and spread of injurious insects and dangerous plant 
diseases in the State of Minnesota. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Minnesota: 

SECTION 1. The entomologist of the State experiment station is hereby con- 
stituted the State entomologist and charged with the execution of this act. He 
may appoint such qualified assistants as may be necessary, fix a reasonable com- 
pensation for their labor, and pay the same, and their acts shall have the same 
validity as his own. He shall, by himself or his assistants, between the first 
day of May and the fifteenth day of September in each year, when requested by 
the owner or agent, or when he has reasonable ground to believe that any inju- 
rious insect pests or dangerous and contagious plant disease exist, carefully 
examine any nursery, fruit farm, or other place where trees or plants are grown 
for sale, and if found apparently free from any injurious insect pests or danger- 
ous or contagious plant diseases, he shall issue his certificate stating the facts 
(good for one year unless revoked), and shall collect therefor a fee of five dol- 
lars ($5.00) per day and expenses. 

Src. 2. The State entomologist shall have authority, when requested by the 
owner or agent or when he has reasonable grounds to believe any injurious 
insect pests or dangerous and contagious plant diseases exist, to enter upon any 
of the grounds mentioned in section 1 hereof, public or private, for the purpose 
of inspection, and, if he finds any nursery, orchard, garden, or other place in- 
fested by any injurious insect pests or dangerous and contagious plant diseases, 
he may, by himself or his assistants, enter upon such premises and establish 
quarantine regulations. 

If, in his judgment, any insect pests or dangerous and contagious plant dis- 
eases may be eradicated by treatment, he may, in writing, order such treatment 
and prescribe its kind and character. In case any trees, shrubs, or plants are 
found so infested that it would be impracticable to treat them he may order 
them burned. A failure for 10 days after the delivery of such order to the 
owner or persons in charge to treat or destroy such infected trees or plants as 
ordered, shall authorize the entomologist to perform this work by himself or his 
assistants and to ascertain the cost thereof. He shall certify the amount of such 
cost to the owner or person in charge of the premises, and if the same is not 
paid to him within 60 days thereafter he shall certify the amount thereof to 
the county attorney, whose duty it shall be to proceed forthwith to collect the 
same of him in a civil suit and return the amount so recovered over to the State 
auditor to reimburse the State for the money expended. 

Sec. 8. When nursery stock is shipped into the State accompanied by a certi- 
ficate of inspection by a State entomologist from the State from which the ship- 
ment has been made, stating that the stock has been inspected and found to be 
free from any injurious insect pests or dangerous and contagious plant diseases, 
it shall be held prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated, but the State 
entomologist, by himself or his assistants, when he or they have reason to be- 
lieve that any such stock is nevertheless infested by any injurious insect pests 
or dangerous or contagious plant diseases shall be authorized to inspect the 
same and submit it to like treatment as that provided for in section 2 hereof, 
and if, by reason of the failure for 48 hours of the owners of such stock to com- 
ply with the treatment prescribed or to destroy the stock, if so ordered, the 
State entomologist or his assistants are required to perform the work them- 
selves, and it shall be the duty of the entomologist to certify the amount of the 
cost thereof to the owner or the person in charge of such stock so treated or 


ew, * 


MINNESOTA. | (a 


destroyed, and if the same is not paid to him within 10 days thereafter he shall 
certify the amount thereof to the county attorney of the county in which the 
stock may be found in an affidavit and it shall be the duty of the county attor- 
ney to file said affidavit with the village, city, or town clerk of the village, 
city, or town in which such stock may be, and the same shall thereupon consti- 
tute a lien thereon, which it shall be the duty of the county attorney to proceed 
to collect forthwith in a civil suit and to turn over the amount recovered by him 
in such suit to the State auditor to reimburse the State for the money expended. 

Sec. 4. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring into 
the State any trees, plants, vines, cuttings, and buds, commonly known as 
nursery stock, unless accompanied by a certificate of inspection by a State 
entomologist of the State from which the shipment is made, showing that the 
stock has been inspected and found apparently free from any injurious insect 
pests, or dangerous and contagious plant diseases. 

Src. 5. Any person violating or neglecting to carry out the provisions of this 
act, or offering any hindrance to the carrying out of this act, shall be adjudged 
guilty of a misdemeanor; and, upon conviction before a justice of the peace, 
shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each and every offense, 
together with all the costs of the prosecution, and shall stand committed until 
the same are paid. 

Sec. 6. All fees or other amounts collected or received by any person under 
the provisions hereof shall be by him forthwith turned into the State treasury 
to be paid over to the State auditor to be added to the fund provided for com- 
bating injurious insects in Minnesota, and all expenses incurred in enforcing 
the provisions hereof shall be paid out of said fund. 

Sec. 7. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after June 1, 1903. 


AN Act to prevent the destruction of grasses, grains, and other crops by grasshoppers. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Minnesota: 

SEcTION 1. Every tract or parcel of land in this State so infested in any year 
with the eggs of grasshoppers as to be so eminently dangerous to grasses, grains, 
or other crops growing, or to grow, in or upon lands situate in the vicinity of 
the tract or parcel so infested as to threaten the destruction of a great part of 


any of such grasses, grains, or other crops, shall from and after the date when 


it becomes the duty of the owner or lessee thereof to plow the same as provided 
in this act, and so long as the same remains unplowed and so infested, be 
deemed a public nuisance. 

Sec. 2. The board of county commissioners in any county in this State is 
hereby authorized at any regular or special session thereof to hear and consider 
complaints relative to any tract or parcel of land claimed to be infested with 
the eggs of grasshoppers and to fully investigate the facts in any such ease. 
The certificate of the State entomologist to the effect that he had made exam- 
ination of any such infested tract or parcel, or any portion thereof described by 
him, and that in his opinion such tract or parcel, or any portion thereof so 
described, is or is not so infested with the eggs of grasshoppers as to be greatly 
dangerous to grasses, grains, or other crops growing, or to grow, on lands situate 
in the vicinity of the tract or parcel so infested as to threaten the destruction 
of a great part of any thereof, shall be prima facie evidence of the facts therein 
stated at any such hearing of said board, or in any civil action authorized by, 
or arising from anything done pursuant to, this act. The person complaining 
shall cause notice to be served upon the owner of such tract, or bis‘lessee, at 


- 


78 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


least 10 days prior to the day of such hearing, describing therein the tract com- 
plained of, the nature of the complaint, and the session of the board when 
application will be made for such hearing, naming the first day of such session, 
whereupon the hearing may be had on said day, or upon such future day as the 
board shall then appoint therefor. Such notice may be served in the manner 
as provided in section 3 of this act for the service of a copy of the order therein 
authorized. 

Sec. 3. If the board of county commissioners shall, after the hearing and 
investigation authorized by the preceding section, be of the opinion that any tract 
or parcel of land, or any portion thereof, is so infested with the eggs of grass- 


‘hoppers to the extent contemplated by section one (1) of this act, it shall make 


and file its order to that effect, directing therein that the owner or lessee of such 
tract or parcel plow the same within the time therein stated, and cause a copy of 
such order to be served upon such owner, or his agent or lessee, within such 
time as the board shall direct, not less than 20 days from the date of said order. 
Such copy shall be served upon such owner or lessee, if he be a resident of the 
county, in the same manner that a summons is served in a civil action; and, if 
such owner or lessee resides in another county, service thereof may be made 
upon the agent of such owner or lessee, if any, residing in the county; and if 
the owner is not a resident of this State, or his residence is unknown, and he 
has no known agent or lessee in the county, then service may be made by publi- 
cation for two consecutive weeks in a legal newspaper printed at the county 
seat of such county, the last of which publications shall be made not less than 
10 days prior to the date when the plowing of any such tract or pareel is 
required to be commenced. 

The order of the said board authorized by this section may be in substantially 
the following form: 

Whereas, At a meeting of the board of county commissioners of 
county, held on the day of , 19 —, the said board did duly hear 
and investigate relative to a complaint that the tracts or parcels of land herein- 
after described are so infested with the eggs of grasshoppers as to be greatly 
dangerous to grasses, grains, or other crops growing, or to grow, on the lands 
situate in the vicinity of such tracts, as to threaten the destruction of a great 
part of such grasses, grains, or other crops; and 

Whereas, The said board is of the opinion that such danger exists, the said 
tracts being described as follows: 


(Here insert description. ) 


It is hereby ordered and described that the owner (or his lessee) of said tract 
or parcel of land shall, not later than the -——- day of 


, 190 —, begin. and 
with reasonable dispatch continue, the plowing of said tract or parcel, and ali 
thereof, and complete such plowing prior to the day of . 190 —. 

(Or, if all the lands complained of are not so infested, then describe the 
portions thereof found to be so infested and required to be plowed. ) 

The county auditor is hereby required to cause a copy of this order to be 
served upon the owner of the lands hereby required to be plowed, or his agent 
(or lessee), in the manner required by law for the service thereof. 


Chairman Board of County Commissioners, 
County. 


Attest: 


, County Auditor, 
Dated 


MISSISSIPPI. 79 


Sec. 4. If the owner, or his lessee, of any tract or parcel of land described in 
any order made pursuant to section 3 of this act, upon whom service of a copy 
of such order has been duly made, shall fail or neglect to substantially comply 
therewith, he shall be deemed to maintain a public nuisance within the meaning 
of this act, and to consent that the said tract or parcel of land may be plowed 
by the county, and the board of county commissioners, when informed of such 
failure or neglect, shall cause the land found by it to be so infected to be plowed, 
under the direction of the chairman of said board, and the expenses incurred by 
reason of such plowing shall be paid out of the county treasury, upon the war- 
rant of the county auditor, in favor of the person entitled to the same. 

Sec. 5. Whenever any tract of land shall have been plowed by the county, 
pursuant to the provisions of this act, and the plowing thereof shall be of value 
to the owner, or his lessee thereof, in the raising of any crops thereon during the 
season immediately following such plowing, such owner or lessee shall be liable 
to the county to the value of such plowing. Whenever the board of county com- 
missioners is of the opinion that any such liability has arisen by reason of such 
plowing, it shall determine the sum for which the owner or lessee is so liable, 
and direct the county auditor to demand the immediate payment thereof into 
the county treasury; and, if the same is not paid upon such demand, it is 
hereby made the duty of the county attorney to bring a civil action in the name 


- of such board against the party so in default for the recovery of the same, and 


interest thereon from the date of such demand, provided that the amount so 
determined by the board of county commissioners shall be prima facie evidence 
of the value of such plowing. 

Sec. 6. For the purposes of this act, the entomologist employed by the regents 
of the University of Minnesota, at the State experiment station, located at the 
capital of the State, shall be deemed the State entomologist. 

Sec. 7. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


An Act to make an appropriation for the years 1904 and 1905, for the purpose of pre- 
venting the introduction into the State of Mississippi of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, 
and to provide for the destruction and eradication of the same, whenever and wherever 
found in the State; establishing rules and regulations in relation thereto, and pro- 
viding for the enforcement of the same. 

SEecTIon 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Mississippi, That 
the entomologist of the Mississippi agricultural experiment station is empow- 
ered, and it shall be his duty to prevent in every possible and practicable way 
the introduction into this State of the Mexican boll weevil, its eggs, larve, or any 
other form of life through which it passes in development, should it make its 
appearance in this State, whenever and wherever found in this State. 

Sec. 2. The entomologist of the Mississippi agricultural experiment station 
shall have power to adopt rules and regulations governing the inspection, sale, 
and transportation of trees, plants, hays, cotton, cotton seed, cotton-seed hulls, or 
any other material or products of whatever nature or kind from districts or 
States known or suspected to be infested with the Mexican cotton boll weevil, 


and may require such articles and material to be disinfected or fumigated, ac- 
cording to his directions, or destroyed if found to be infected and their destruc- 


tion is deemed necessary, and it shall be unlawful for any person or persons, or 
any transportation company, to bring or cause to be brought into this State any 
article or articles that may serve to introduce the Mexican cotton boll weevil, 
contrary to the rules and regulations of the entomologist, and it shall also be 
unlawful for any person or persons residing without the State to send into the 


80 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. ae 


State by mail. express. or otherwise, any living specimens of the Mexican cotion — 
boll weevil, in any of its forms of development or egg state. and any person or — 
persons violating any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not less than fifty 
aca nor more than five hundred dollars. 
Sec. 5. That any person or persons coming into this State from any district or 
State nates to be infected by the Mexican cotton boll weevil. who shall be sus- 
pected of having on or about his person. clothes. household effects. or other 
property in his possession said Mexican cotton boll weevil in any of its forms, 
knowingly or unknowingly concealed or otherwise. shall be refused admittance 
into the State until he shall have undergone an examination of his person or 
property. or both, at the hands of the said entomologist er his authorized agents, _ 
and the said entomologist shall have power to make and enforce quarantine 
regulations against animals, and all persons suspected or found to be in posses- 
sion of clothes or other property infected by said Mexican cotton boll weevil. a 
Sec. 4. The entomologist of the Mississippi agricultural experiment station 
shall have power to appoint one or more deputies and assistants in each county 
or district. who shall have power to carry out and enforce such regulations and 
execute such plans as shall be made and adopted by the said entomologist, and 
it shall be the duty of the sheriff of each county of the State to cooperate with 
the said entomologist. and to execute in a summary way the orders and regula- 
tions of the said entomologist, or his agents and assistants, in relation fq the ~ 
prevention of the introduction and eradication of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, 
in the seizure of persons, animals, or property suspected of being infected with 
said boll weevil. b 
Sec. 5. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions above set out that the 
sum of ten thousand dollars. or so much thereof as may be necessary, for the ~ 
years 1904 and 1905, be appropriated, out of any moneys in the State treasury 
not otherwise appropriated. to be paid out by the treasurer of the State, on war- 4 
rants drawn by the said entomologist. approved and countersigned by _the : 
governor, and each warrant shall specify the purpose for which it is drawn and ~ 
the object for which the money is to be expended. The entomologist shall haye © 
full and plenary power and authority to make. promulgate. and enforce such 
rules. ordinances, and regulations. and to do and perform such acts as im his ~ 
judgment may be necessary to control, eradicate, and prevent the introduction, 4 
spread, « or dissemination of the Mexican cotton boll weevil in the State. 4g 
Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the entomologist of the Mississippi agricultural ~ 
Sees station to make a full and complete and itemized report of all his | 
doings and expenditures. under the provisions of this act, to the legislature of 
this State, at the session of 1906. published in pamphlet form. The entomologist — 
shall have power to inspect growing or field crops supposed to be infested with ; 
the boll weevil. and shall have authority to destroy said a and shall have ' 
a right to fix compensation. F 
Approved March 18, 1904. 


MISSOURL 
Session Acts oF 1901, Pace 134. 


An AcT to prevent the introduction and dissemination in Missouri of dangerous insect — 
pests and fungoid and other contagious or infectious diseases dangerously injurious 
to fruit trees, vines, bushes, or nursery stock, with an emergency clause. da 
Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Missouri as follows: — 
Secrion 1. Whenever any trees, vines, bushes, scions, buds, cuttings, or an ‘A 

nursery stock are shipped into this State from another State, country, | 


eae ee wes ey oe 


- MISSOURI. 81 


province, every package or quantity thereof shall be plainly labeled on the out- 
side with the name and address of the consignor, the name and address of the 
consignee, the contents, and a certificate showing that the contents have been 
inspected by a State or experiment station entomologist of the State from which 
the shipment was made; that the trees, vines, bushes, scions, cuttings, buds, or 
other nursery stock therein contained are free from the San Jose scale, peacn 
yellows, rosette, or other dangerously injurious insects or contagious or 
infectious fungoid or other diseases, and whenever any ‘trees, vines, bushes, 


scions, cuttings, buds, or other nursery stock are shipped into the State without 


such certificate plainly fixed on the outside of the package, box, or car containing 
the same, the fact must be reported to the consignor by the railway company, 
steamboat company, or express company, or other person or persons, corpora- 
tions, or companies carrying the same, and said package, box, or car, or 
quantity thereof shall not be delivered to the consignee until the same bear the 
aforesaid certificate, and any railway company, steamboat company, or express 
company, person or persons, or corporation, or company who shall violate or 
evade the provisions of this section, or offer any hindrance to the carrying out of 
this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof 
shall be fined any sum not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five 
hundred dollars, and such fines shall accrue to the benefit of the general revenue 
fund of the State of Missouri. 

Sec. 2. There being no adequate provision for the above control of the 
injurious insects and diseases of the agricultural and horticultural interests of 
the State, creates an emergency within the meaning of the constitution; there- 
fore, this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved March 12, 1901. 


ARTICLE III, CHAPTER 67, REVISED STATUTES OF 1899. 


Sec. 4725. Station established. There is hereby created and established a fruit 
experiment station in south Missouri. (New section.) 

Sec. 4726. Purposes of experiment station. The leading objects of said ex- 
periment station shall be to experiment with the different kinds of fruits, to wit, 
apples, peaches, berries of all kinds, grapes and small fruits of all kinds, and to 


ascertain the varieties that are the best adapted to this State; and to study 


the different diseases and insects to which said fruits, berries, and grapes are 
subject «and the remedies to prevent diseases and insects from injuring or 
infecting said trees and orchards, with power to destroy and remove any in- 
fected trees or orchards if necessary in the judgment of the manager and 
inspector of said experiment station, to keep the disease or insects or plague 
from scattering and infecting other trees or orchards, under rules hereinafter 
set out. (New section.) 

Sec. 4727. Board of trustees—Manager and inspector—A ppointment—Qudalifi- 
cations. ‘There is hereby created a board of trustees of the members and a 
manager and inspector. The manager and inspector shall be scientists and a 
graduate of some scientific college, and be versed in diseases of fruits, trees, 
and insects which infect them, and be versed in the different kinds of fruits, 
grapes, and berries. Said board of trustees shall be appointed by the governor, 
by and with the advice and consent of the senate; said trustees to hold their 
office for six years: Provided, That the governor shall first appoint three trus- 
tees, one for the term of two years, one for the term of four years, and one for 


7418—No. 61 M——6 


82 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


the term of six years; that as the term of office shall expire the successors shall 
be appointed for six years from the time of expiration of the term of the out- 
going member; the manager and inspector shall be appointed for a term of 
four years by the board of trustees: Provided, Either the trustees or manager 
and inspector, or any of them, may be removed for cause and successors ap- 
pointed. (New section.) 

Sec. 4728. Manager and inspector. Said manager and inspector shall be under 
the control of the board of trustees of the experiment station. (New section.) 

Sec. 4729. Services of manager, how obtained. It shall be lawful for any five 
freeholders, residents of this State, to go before any clerk of a court of record 
and demand the presence and services of said manager in the following manner: 


State of Missouri, County of aie 

To the manager of the fruit experiment station of the State of Missouri: 
We, the undersigned citizens, freeholders of the county of —, believe that 
there exists in this locality a dangerous infectious disease among the (here 
name the fruit trees, grapes, or berries) located on the farm or in the orchard 
or orchards of the following-named party, to wit: , located as follows, 
to wit: (Here describe the lands as near as possible). Therefore, we request the 
presence of the manager and inspector of the fruit experiment station. 


Which petition may be certified as follows: 


I hereby. certify that the above-named petitioners are known to me to be 
reputable citizens of this county. 


b 


Clerk of court of County, Mo. 


(New section. ) 

Sec. 4730. Duty of manager on receipt of petition. Such petition may be for- 
warded by mail or otherwise, as said petitioners may elect, to meet the manager 
and inspector of the fruit experiment station at the place where said station 
is located, who shall, as early as possible after the receipt of the same, go to 
the locality named and give such aid and instructions as he may think best for 
the prevention, cure, or eradication of the disease or insects with which he may 
find the trees, berries, vines, or orchards infected, and request said petitioners 
to report to him, in writing, the result of the treatment prescribed. (New 
section. ) 

Sec. 4731. Duties of manager, continued. Said manager and inspector may 
also, on information satisfactory to himself, visit any locality in this State with- 
out receiving any petition as provided for in the preceding section, where he 
may think his presence necessary to the protection of orchards, berries, small 
fruits, vineyards, grapes, and fruit-tree interests in the State, and make a thor- 
cugh investigation as to the health and condition of said fruit trees, berries, 
vines, and fruits of all kinds in that locality. (New section.) ' 

Sec. 4732. Proceedings when trees, etc., are found to be diseased. If upon in- 
vestigation said manager and inspector shall be satisfied that said fruit trees, 
grapevines, berry vines, or the fruit, berries, or grapes are diseased, and that the 
disease is liable to spread to other trees, vines, or orchards, or that the trees are 
infected with any kind of insects that are liable to destroy said trees, vines or 
fruits or make them worthless, and that the same is liable to spread to other 
trees, vines, orchards, or vineyards, he shall thereupon notify the county court. 
or any other authority having the jurisidiction of the county court, or any two 
judges thereof in vacation, of the county in which said diseased fruits, trees, 
vines, or fruits are located, setting forth the number and kind of trees, vines, or 


MONTANA. 83 


fruits infected and the nature of the disease or insect, with the name of the 
cwner, if known, if he resides in the county; if not, then to the person in charge 
of the diseased fruit trees, vines, or fruits to appear before said court on a day 
to be named in the notice. Said notice to be served not less than ten days before 
the hearing notifying said owner or person in charge to appear before the court 
and show cause, if any. why said diseased fruit trees or vines should not be dug 
up and burned, said notice to be served by the sheriff the same as ordinary 
summons, and notice to the person in charge shall be sufficient notice to the 
owner: Provided, The owner shall not be known, or be outside of the county. 
(New section. ) 

Src. 4733. Diseased trees, etc., to be destroyed on order of county court, when. 
Upon the parties hereinbefore specified being notified and appearing, if it shall 
appear to the court that said trees or vines are infected with any disease or insect 
that are likely to spread to other trees, vines, orchards, or vineyards, and that the 
same can not be eradicated, cured, or the insects killed, then the court shall 
make an order that the trees or vines so infected be dug up and burned, under 
ithe direction and supervision of the manager and inspector of said fruit experi- 
ment station, who may employ some person or persons to dig up and burn said 
irees or vines, for which services the laborers employed shall receive not to 
exceed $1.50 per day each for their services, to be paid out of the contingent 
fund of said fruit experiment station; and it is further provided, that the man- 
ager or inspector shall have the right to enter on any premises to investigate 
and inspect fruit trees, grapevines, or berry vines or the fruits, and also to 
enter said premises with such persons as he may employ to dig up and burn said 
trees, and shall not be guilty of trespass or any damages whatever while in the 
discharge of his duties. (New section.) 

Sec. 4734. Compensation of manager and trustees. The manager and in- 
spector shall receive a salary of two thousand dollars per annum and necessary 
traveling expenses, and the trustees shall each receive the sum of three hun- 
dred dollars per annum and necessary traveling expenses, all to be paid by the 
State of Missouri. (New section.) 

Sec. 4735. Commissioners to locate station. Upon the passage and taking 
effect of this article the governor shall appoint three commissioners to locate 
said experiment station, and may receive donations of either land or money for 
and in consideration of the location of the same at any one point; said commis- 
sioners to receive $5 per day and their traveling expenses for loeating said 
station. (New section.) 


MONTANA. 


An Act to create the Montana State board of horticulture. 


Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of the State of Montana: 

SECTION 1. There is hereby created a State board of horticulture, to consist of 
seven members, six of whom shall be appointed by the governor, one from each 
of the horticultural districts that are hereby created, and the State executive, 
who shall be an ex officio member of the board. No person shall, however, be 
appointed on said board, or employed by them, who shall be connected in any 
way with any nursery, or who shall be engaged in the sale or handling for profit 
of any nursery product. 

Src. 2. The State shall be divided into the following horticultural districts: 
The first district shall comprise the counties of Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, 
Sweet Grass, Carbon, Park, and Rosebud; the second district shall comprise 


84 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


the counties of Gallatin, Madison, Jefferson, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and 
Clark, Meagher, and Broadwater; the third district shall comprise the counties 
of Cascade, Fergus, Valley. Chouteau. and Teton; the fourth district shall com- 
prise the counties of Missoula, Granite, Powell, and Deer Lodge; the fifth dis- 
trict shall comprise the county of Ravalli, and the sixth district shall comprise 
the county of Flathead. 

Sec. 5. The members shall reside in the district for which they are appointed. 
They shall be selected with reference to their study of and practical experience 
in horticulture and the industries dependent thereon. They shall hold office for 
a term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and qualified: Pro- 
vided, however, That two of the board first appointed—to be determined by lot— 
shall retire at the expiration of two years. All vacancies in the board shall be 
filled by appointment of the governor, and shall be for the unexpired term. 

Sec. 4. The board is authorized to employ a secretary and prescribe his duties, 
who shall hold his appointment at the pleasure of the board. Before entering 
upon the discharge of his duties, each member and employe of the board shall 
take and subscribe to the oath of office, which said oath shall be filed with the 
secretary of state. 

Sec. 5. The board may call together and hold, in conjunction with horticul- 
tural societies, public meetings of those interested in horticulture and kindred 
pursuits, and may publish and distribute such proceedings and discussions as 
in its judgment may seem proper, provided the sum so expended shall not exceed 
the sum of $300 per annum. 

The board shall meet on the third Monday of February and September of each 
year, and as much oftener as it may deem expedient. 

Sec. 6. The office of the board shall be located at such place as the majority 
thereof may determine, and shall be in charge of the secretary during the 
absence of the board. 

Sec. 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious diseases among 
fruit and fruit trees, and for the prevention, treatment, cure, and extirpations 
of fruit pests and diseases of fruit and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of 
grafts, scions, and orchard débris, empty fruit boxes or packages, or other 
suspected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards, fruit, and 
fruit trees, said board may prescribe regulations for the inspection, disinfection, 
or destruction thereof, which regulation shall be circulated in printed form by 
the board among fruit growers and fruit dealers of the State, and shall be pub- 
lished at least ten days in two horticultural papers of general circulation in the 
State, and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each county in the 
State, one of which shall be at the county court-house thereof. 

For further prevention of the spread of diseases dangerous to fruit and fruit 
trees, it shall be unlawful for any person or persons, dealer or dealers, to allow 
or cause to be used the second time any crate, box, barrel, package, or wrapping 
once having contained fruit or nursery stock, and that the destruction of the 
same must be made in its entirety, and that the finding of such crate, box, bar- — 
rel, package, or wrapping in possession of any person or persons, dealer or 
Gealers, other than the consignee, shall be considered prima facie evidence of a 
violation of this act. 

Any member of the board or officer thereof is hereby authorized to seize and 
destroy by burning, without breaking such crate, box, barrel, package, or wrap- 
ping. wherever found, and to prosecute said violator or violators. 

Sec. 8. The said board shall elect from their own number, or appoint from 
without their number, to hold office at the pleasure of the board, one competent 
person in each district, to be known and act as inspector of fruit pests. Said 


eee aes. 


5 
; 


MONTANA. 85 


inspectors shall be selected with reference to their study and practical experi- 
ence in horticulture. It shall be the duty of said inspectors to visit the nurs- 
eries, orchards, stores, packing houses, warehouses, and other places where 
horticultural products and fruits are kept and handled within their respective 
districts and to see that the regulation of the State board of horticulture to 
prevent the spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants and the disin- 
fection of fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard débris, and empty fruit 
boxes and other material shall be fully carried out and complied with. Said 
inspectors shall have free access at all times to all premises where any trees, 
plants, fruits, or horticultural products or supplies are kept: or handled and 
shall have full power to enforce the rules and regulations of the State horti- 
cultural board and to order the destruction and disinfection of any or all trees, 
plants, fruits, or horticultural products or supplies found to be infected with 
any disease, as prescribed or designated by said board. 

The said board may appoint one or more, as necessary, competent persons, to 
be known as special inspectors, whose general powers and duties shall be regu- 
lated and prescribed by the member of the board for that district. Such spe- 
cial inspector shall receive such sum per day as the said board of horticulture 
may agree upon, provided such sum shall in no case exceed the sum of five dol- 
lars per day for the time actually employed. 

The said board shall appoint one person, to be known as inspector at large 
for the State, whose duties shall be prescribed by the board and who shail 
receive the sum of five dollars per day for the time actually employed. 

Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persons, corporation or corpora- 
tions who shall sell or deliver to any person or persons, corporation or corpo- 
rations any trees, plants, vines, scions, or grafts to notify the secretary of the 
board, whose duty it shall be to notify the inspector of said district wherein 
such vines, etc., etc., are to be delivered at least five days before said goods are 
to be delivered, giving the date and nursery or railroad station where said trees, 
plants, scions, etc., etc., are to be delivered, together with the name of the party 
or parties who are to receive the same. It shall be the duty of the inspector 
receiving said notice to inspect the said trees, plants, grafts, scions, etc. ete., as 
soon thereafter as practicable, and if the same be found free from any and all 
diseases or pests, as designated by said State board of horticulture, he shall so 


certify and shall attach such certificate to each lot or bill of trees, grafts, plants, 


scions, etc., which said certificate must contain a list of the said trees, grafts, 
scions, vines, or plants so inspected. But if any of the trees, grafts, scions, 
vines, or plants so inspected shall be found to be diseased or infested with any 
of the pests, as prescribed by the said board, then the inspector shall order the 
disinfection or destruction of said trees, grafts, scions, vines, ete., etc., ete. so 
diseased or infected, together with all boxes, wrapping, 6 packing pertaining 
thereto, and charge and collect the sum of ten dollars ($10) for the disinfection 
and inspection of each carload of said nursery stock and a proportionate sum 
for less than car lots, but in no instance for less than §2 for each separate 


‘inspection or disinfection, provided, that the State board of horticulture shall 


have power to designate certain places as quarantined stations, where all nurs- 
ery stock brought into the State shall be inspected and disinfected. 

For the inspection of fruits a fee of two cents per box or package, with a 
maximum fee of five dollars for each separate lot or car, shall be charged and 
collected. The inspectors shall collect such fees and shall not give certificates 
of inspection until the fees are paid. 

Sec. 10. If any person or persons in charge or control of any nursery, orchard, 
storeroom, packing house, or other place where horticultural products or sup- 


86 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


plies are handled or kept shall fail or refuse to comply with the rules and reg- 
ulations of the said State board of horticulture or shall fail or refuse to disin- 
fect or destroy any diseased or infected trees, plants, scions, vines, grafts, 
shrubs, or other horticultural supplies or products when ordered so to do by the 


inspector of such district he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon- 


conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not less than $25 nor more than 
$300. . 
Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of every owner or manager of every orchard, 


_— 


nursery, storeroom, packing house, or other place where horticultural products — 


or supplies are kept or handled, which shall become diseased or infected with 
any injurious insect or pest, to immediately, upon discovery of the existence of 
such disease or pest, to notify the inspector of said district of the existence of 
the same. It shall be the duty of such owner or manager at his own proper 
expense to comply with and carry out all the instructions of said inspector for 
the eradication of any disease or pest. If he shall fail to do so, he shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in 
any sum not less than $25 nor more than $300. 

Sec. 12. If any person or persons, corporation or corporations shall fail or 
refuse to forthwith comply with the instructions of said inspector, for the eradi- 
cation of any disease or pest, said inspector shall proceed forthwith to eradi- 
cate such disease or pest and the expense of the same shall become a charge 
and a lien upon the property of such owner. 

Sec. 13. Every person who, for himself or as agent for any other person or 
persons, corporation or corporations, transportation company or common Carrier, 
shall deliver or turn over to any person or persons, corporation or corporations, 
any trees, vines, shrubs, nursery stock, scions, grafts, without first having 
attached the inspector's certificate, as provided in section 9 of this act, shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in 
a sum not less than $25 nor more than $300. 

Sec. 14. No person or persons, corporation or corporations, shall be liable to 
any other person or persons, corporation or corporations, for any damage to any 
trees, vines, or shrubs, nursery stock, scions, or grafts by reason of the same 
being held to await the certificate of the inspector, as provided in section 9 of 
this act. 

Sec. 15. The inspectors of fruit pests appointed or elected by said board shall 
receive as compensation for their services such sum as the board may regulate, 
provided not to exceed five dollars per day for the time actually employed. 
The members of said board shall receive no compensation for their services, 
except actual expenses paid out. The secretary of said board shall receive the 
sum of $1,000 per annum for his services. 

Sec. 16. All bills for expenditures under this act shall be audited and passed 
upon by said board of horticulture, and if found legal and just shall be allowed, 
subject to the approval of the State board of examiners, and a warrant shall 
be drawn therefor upon the auditor of the State of Montana, who shall draw 
his warrant upon the State treasurer therefor. 

Sec. 17. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meetings of the 
board and procure records of the proceedings and correspondence, to collect 
books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other documents containing valuable informa- 
tion relating to horticulture, and to preserve the same; to collect statistics and 
other information showing the actual condition and progress of horticulture in 
this State and elsewhere; to correspond with agricultural and horticultural 
societies, colleges, and schools of agriculture and horticulture, and other per- 
sons and bodies as may be directed by the board, and prepare, as required by 


MONTANA. 87 


the board, reports for publication. He shall also act as assistant to and obey 
the directions of the inspectors of fruit pests under the direction of the board. 

Sec. 18. The board shall biennially, in the month of January, report to the 
legislature a statement of its doings and abstracts of the reports of the inspect- 
ors of fruit pests, and of the secretary. 

Sec. 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State board of horti- 
culture as set forth in this act, out of the moneys in the State treasury not 
otherwise appropriated, the sum of seven thousand dollars, $3,500, or so much 
thereof as may be necessary, for the year commencing December 1, 1904, and 
$3,500, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for the year commencing 
December 1, 1905. 

Sec. 20. All sums of moneys collected as fines for violations of any of the 
provisions of this act shall be turned into the State treasury for use in defray- . 
ing expenses of the board hereby created, and the appropriations hereby made 
shall be paid out of the fund to the extent of the money therein contained. 

Sec. 21. Every person who for himself, or as agent for any other person or 
persons, transportation company, or common carrier, shall deliver or turn over 
to any person or persons, corporation or corporations, any fruits without first 
having attached the inspector’s certificate, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor. 

Src. 22. No person, firm, or corporation shall engage or continue in the busi- 
ness of selling within the State or importing fruit trees, plants, or nursery 
stock into the State, without first having obtained a license to do business in 
this State, as in this act provided. 

Sec. 23. Any person, firm, or corporation may obtain a license to engage in 
the business of selling fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock into this State upon 
the payment of the sum of twenty-five dollars and by filing with the secretary 
of the State board of horticulture bond with sureties in the sum of one thousand 
dollars ($1,000), conditioned that the principals will faithfully obey the laws 
of the State of Montana and that the said principals will pay the cost of fumi- 
gation of all nursery stock or other materials or goods imported into or sold 
within the State by the said principal or his or their agent and the expense of 
destruction of any infected nursery stock. License granted under this act shall 
be for one year, provided, however, that such license may be revoked at any 
time for any violation of this act at the discretion of the board. 

Src. 24. It shall be the duty of every person, firm, or corporation licensed to 
do business under this act to notify the secretary of the State board of horti- 
culture of his intention to ship an invoice of fruit trees, plants, or nursery 
stock from one point to another in this State, or from any point without this 
State into this State. The said notice shall contain the name and address both 
ef the consignor and consignee, and the invoice of the goods to be shipped, the 
freight or express office at which the goods are to be delivered, and the name 
or title of the transportation company from whom the consignee is to receive 
such goods. 

Such notice shall be mailed at least five days before the day of shipment. 

Sec. 25. It shall be the duty of each person or corporation offering to sell, or 
selling and delivering, any nursery stock, fruit trees, plants, vines, scions, 
cuttings, etc., etc., within the State of Montana, to place on each and every pack- 
age so sold and delivered a label or card, containing the name and address of 
both the consignor and consignee and the invoice of the stock therein contained. 

Src. 26. Any person or persons who shall receive and accept any nursery 
stock, fruit trees, plants, vines, scions, cuttings, grafts, etc., etc., that have not 
been inspected by a duly appointed inspector of the State board of horticulture, 


88 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


and shall use or dispose of said nursery stock, fruit trees, vines, plants, scions, 
cuttings, grafts, etc., etc., without first notifying the inspector and furnishing him 
opportunity to examine, and if necessary fumigate the said nursery stock, will be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and will be subject to fine as further provided 
in this act. 

Sec. 27. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, and cuttings grown or growing 
within the State of Montana used for filling orders shall, after said stock shall 
have been taken from the nursery rows or grounds, and before the same shall 
have been packed for delivery, be inspected by a duly appointed inspector and 
shall be disinfected by fumigating or other method, when in his judgment such 
is necessary. After such inspection, if it be found that said nursery stock, treés, 
plants, vines, and cuttings are clean and free from insects and fungi pests, he 
shall issue his certificate to said nurseryman, and said certificate shall entitle 
him to use said stock so inspected and disinfected for filling orders for next 
current delivery. 

Nurseries shall give to the secretary of the board five days’ notice of the time 
when said stock shall be ready for inspection under the provision of this act. 

Sec. 28. Any person or persons, corporation or corporations, transportation 
companies or common carriers, violating any of the provisions of this act, shall 
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and fined in the sum of not less than twenty- 
five dollars ($25), nor more than three hundred dollars ($300). 

Sec. 29. All acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 30. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage 
and approval. 

Approved February 17, 1899. 


RULES OF THE MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 


Rute 1. It shall be the duty of the inspector after receiving notice of the 
arrival of any nursery stock, to immediately have the same inspected or fumi- 
gated and he shall, if he finds after inspection said nursery stock free from any 
and all diseases, place his certificate upon each and every package showing 
that the said nursery stock has been inspected or fumigated, giving name of 
the inspector, the date of inspection and place; but if the said nursery stock be 
found to be infected with any of the diseases or insects injurious to orchards as 
prescribed by the board of horticulture, other than the San Jose scale, woolly 
aphis, black knot of the plum and black knot of the cherry, the said diseased 
stock shall be properly treated, but if the said nursery stock shall be infected 
with San Jose scale, woolly aphis, black knot of plum, black knot of cherry, 
' crown gall, or root knot, then the inspector shall destroy the same by burning, 
together with all wrapping and packing, and shall issue a certificate to the ship- 
per or owner showing cause for destruction. 

RULE 2. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, and cuttings of any kind 
shipped into or brought into the State of Montana, before delivery to the pur- 
chaser shall be unpacked from the boxes, and in case of baled or burlapped 
shipments these coverings shall be removed and stock shall be inspected and 
fumigated at Miles City, Billings, Dillon, Missoula, Kalispell, Great Falls, or 
Glasgow, which points are hereby designated as quarantine stations. 

All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, and cuttings brought into Montana by 
any transportation company shall be inspected and fumigated at the point of 
delivery, provided said point of delivery shall be one of the above-designated 
quarantine stations; but if any shipments shall be filled for delivery at any 
other points in Montana, they shall be inspected or fumigated at the quarantine 


~*~ 


MONTANA. | 89 


station on the line of such transportation company next preceding or nearest 
the point of delivery to which they are billed. 

All such nursery stock, plants, trees, vines, cuttings brought into the State of 
Montana by wagon shall be inspected and treated at the nearest quarantine 
station, as hereinbefore mentioned, to the point where such nursery stock, trees, 
plants, vines, and cuttings enter the State. 

The certificate of the inspector making such examination and inspection shall 
exonerate the shipper and consignee from any and all penalties provided by law. 

RULE 3. Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees, vines, plants, and cut- 
tings who shall desire to have such nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, and 
cuttings inspected and fumigated at points in Montana other than the regular 
quarantine stations, may have such inspection and fumigation made at any 


point designated by such importer or owner; provided, however, that such 


importer or owner shall pay all charges of inspection and fumigation and all 
expenses of the officer employed in such inspection and fumigation, such charges 
and expenses to be paid before the certificate is granted. 

Rute 4. The inspector at large shall have authority to employ labor to assist 
the inspectors in any district whenever, in the judgment of the inspector at 
large, such assistance is necessary. 

Rute 5. It shall be unlawful for any person to spray any tree, plant, or shrub, 
when the same is in bloom, with any substance injurious to bees or honey. 

RULE 6. All special inspectors shall be appointed by the inspector at large, 


and shall hold office at his pleasure. Such appointments shall be approved by 


the member of the board for the district in which the same are made. All 
inspectors shall report to the secretary and inspector at large at least once a 
month, or as often as directed by said secretary and inspector at large. 

RUuLE 7. All inspectors shall, as directed, report to the secretary of said board 
a complete statement of his doings, upon the proper blanks furnished for that 
purpose, together with an itemized bill for his labor for the time actually 
served by him durt»g such week, which bill, when properly audited by the 
member of the State board of horticulture for the district in which said inspector 
shall labor, be again audited by the president and secretary of the State board 
of horticulture and forwarded to the State board of examiners for payment. 

Rute 8. All inspection and fumigation shall be under the charge and super- 


vision of the inspector at large, and all inspectors shall be responsible to him. 


RuLE 9. The inspectors appointed by this board and the special inspectors 
appointed by the inspector at large are authorized to inspect in their respective 
districts any and all nursery stock, trees, plants, shrubs, vines, and fruits, and to 
collect the fees prescribed in the law from the owner or person in control of such 
nursery stock or fruits wherever found. AI fruits inspected and found free of 
any disease or infection shall be branded “ Inspected and passed,”’ together with 
the date of the inspection and number of district in which inspected, but if found 
to be infested with any injurious insects or disease shall be condemned and 
destroyed by burning by the inspector without exception. 

Rute 10. The inspector in all districts shall receive as compensation for the 
inspection of fruits and nursery stock the sum total of all fees collected for such 
inspection: Provided, however, That the same shall not exceed the sum of $5.00 
per day for each day’s work devoted to inspection, and all fees in excess of said 
sum shall be transmitted with the report of the inspector to the secretary. 

Rue 11. The inspector at large shall have authority to go or send a compe- 
tent person outside of the State to inspect any fruits or nursery stock to be 
shipped into the State whenever the party asking for such inspection shall defray 
the entire expense of such proceeding. 


90 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


By fumigation it is to be understood treatment by hydrocyanic gas. This 
treatment shall be done as follows: All nursery stock to be treated should De 
placed in an air-tight tent or box. For every one hundred cubic feet of space in 
box or tent, take one ounce, avoirdupois weight. and fused potassium cyanide, 
ninety-eight per cent strength, preferably in lumps about the size of a walnut; 
one and one-half ounces commercial sulphuric acid, best grade, and two and one- 
fourth fluid ounces of water. First: Piace the water in a three-gallon vessel 
(which may be glazed earthenware); to this add the acid and finally the 
potassium cyanide. (The cyanide would be better enclosed in a small paper bag 
in which a hole is torn.) Immediately close the doors or openings, taking all pre- 
cautions against inhaling the gas, as it is one of the most violent poisons known. 
After leaving box or tent closed for forty minutes open all doors and allow at 
least one hour for thorough ventilation before attempting to remove stock. No 
injury is caused to nursery stock if the gas is left in for more than forty minutes. 


NEBRASKA. 


There is no law in Nebraska relating to the control of insects. 


NEVADA. 


An Act to protect and promote the horticultural interests of the State and to destroy — 


insect pests in orchards and elsewhere. 


SecTIon 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the board of county commis- 
sioners of any county and signed by twenty or more persons who are resident 
freeholders and possessors of an orchard, or both, stating that certain or all 
orchards or nurseries, or trees of any variety. are infested with scale insect of 
any kind injurious to fruit, fruit trees. or vines, or are infested with codlin 
moth or other insects or pests that are destructive to trees or vines, and praying 
that a commissioner be appointed by them whose duty it shall be to supervise 
the destruction of such insects or trees as herein provided, the beard of 
county commissioners shall, within twenty days after the presentation of 
such a petition, select and appoint a commissioner for the county. who shall 
be known as the county horticultural commissioner. The said commissioner 
shall serve for a period of two years from and after the date of his appoint- 
ment and qualification or unless he shall be sooner removed by order of said 
board of county commissioners. ; 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the county horticultural commissioner in each 
county, whenever he shall deem it necessary, to make or cause to be made an 
inspection of any orchard or nursery or trees or any fruit-packing house, 
storeroom, salesroom, or any other place in his jurisdiction, and if found 
infested with scale bug, codlin moth, or other insect pests injurious to fruit, 
fruit trees, trees, or vines, he shall notify the owner or owners, or person or 
persons in charge or possession of said trees or place, as aforesaid, that the same 
are infested with the said insects, or any of them, or their eggs or lary, and 
be shall require such person or persons to disinfect or destroy the same within 
a certain time, to be specified. If within such specified time such disinfection 
or destruction has not been accomplished, the said person or persons shall be 
required to make application of such treatment, for the purpose of disinfection 


~~. —“—echinn 
“cs ll I ies 


NEVADA. 9] 


or destruction of such insect pests, scale bug, or codlin moth, as may be pre- 
scribed by such commissioner. 

Src. 38. The notice provided for in section 2 shall be a written notice and may 
be served upon the person or persons owning and having charge or possession 
of such infested trees or places or articles as aforesaid by the commissioner or 
by any person deputed by him for that purpose; or they may be served in the 
Same manner aS a Summons in a civil action. If the owner or owners, or any 
person or persons in charge or possession of any orchard or nursery or trees 
or places or articles infested with the said insects, or any of them, or their 
larve or eggs, after having been notified as above to destroy the same or make 
application of treatment as directed, shall fail, neglect, or refuse to do so, he 
or they shall be deemed guilty of maintaining a public nuisance, and any such 
orchards, nurseries, trees, or places, or articles thus infested shall be adjudged 
and the same is hereby declared to be a public nuisance, and may be proceeded 
against as such. If the owner or owners, person or persons aforesaid be found 
guilty, the court shall direct the aforesaid county horticultural commissioner 
to abate the nuisance. All the expenses or liabilities incurred in such pro- 
ceeding, together with the costs, shall or may be a lien upon the real property 
of the defendant or property proceeded against. 

Sec. 4. Said horticultural commissioner shall have power to divide the county 
into districts and to appoint a local inspector for each of said districts, who shall 
be known as “ district horticultural inspectors,’ who shall serve without com- 
pensation, and who shall be subject to the supervision and control of the county 
horticultural commissioner, and whose authority may at any time be revoked. 
The county horticultural commissioner or his local inspectors shall have full 
power and authority to enter into any orchard, nursery, or place or places 
where trees or plants are kept and offered for sale or otherwise, or any house, 
storeroom, salesroom, depot, or any such place in their jurisdiction to inspect 


* the same or any part thereof. 


Sec. 5. The county horticultural commissioner shall be paid for each day 
actually engaged in the performance of his duty under this act, which amount 
or amounts shall be payable out of the county treasury of his county. The 
amount of compensation shall be fixed and determined by resolution of the 
board of county commissioners prior to the time of appointing such county hor- 


_ ticultural commissioner. 


Sec. 6. Before the person appointed as county horticultural commissioner en- 
ters upon the discharge of his duties, or at any time thereafter, the board of 
county commissioners may require a bond of such appointee, which bond shail 
be conditioned for the true and faithful performance of the duties of such 
appointee hereunder and which bond shall be in an amount, with sureties, to be 
fixed and approved by said board of county commissioners. 

Sec. 7. If the county horticultural commissioner of any county shall fail or 
neglect to perform the duties of his office as required by this act he may be re- 
moved, and the district attorney of such county may institute a civil action to 
recover from the sureties on such bond all damages occasioned by such failure 
or neglect, or any person aggrieved thereby shall have a right of action upon 
such bond against the sureties thereon. In case of removal of such county 
horticultural commissioner or of vacancy, occasioned by death, resignation, or - 
otherwise, the county commissioners may fill such vacancy thus formed by 
appointment. 

Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the county horticultural commissioner to keep a 
true and accurate record of his and his local inspectors’ official acts hereunder 
and to make a quarterly report to the boari of county commissioners, and they 


92 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


may withhold any compensation due such commissioner until such time as such 
report is made. 

Sec. 9. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with the above are hereby re- 
pealed. 

Effective March 13, 1903. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


An Act to authorize the State board of agriculture to appoint a State nursery inspector 
and to provide for the protection of trees and shrubs from injurious insects and 
diseases. 


Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in general court 
convened: 

SEcTION 1. The State board of agriculture shall annually appoint some person, 
qualified by scientific training and practical experience, to be State nursery 
inspector, and he shall be responsible to the board for the performance of his 
cuties as prescribed in this act. The said inspector may appoint such number of 
deputies, not exceeding two, as he may deem necessary or expedient. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State nursery inspector, either personally or 
through his deputies, to inspect at least once each year all nurseries or places 
in the State where nursery stock is grown, sold, or offered for sale, and if no 
aangerous insect or fungous pests are found therein a certificate to that effect 
shall be given. If such pests are found therein the owner of the stock shall take 
such measures to suppress the same as the State nursery inspector shall pre- 
scribe, and no certificate shall be given until the said inspector has satisfied him- 
self by subsequent inspections that all such pests have been suppressed. 

Sec. 38. Any owners of nurseries or of places in the State where nursery stock 
is grown, sold, or offered for sale, who do not hold an unexpired certificate of 
inspection after the first annual inspection made after the passage of this act, 
who shall sell or otherwise dispose of nursery stock in the State, shall be subject 
to a penalty of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars for 
each offence. 

Sec. 4. Any owners of nurseries or of places in the State where nursery stock 
is grown, sold, or offered for sale, who shall fumigate with hydrocyanie acid gas 
all stock which they sell, using at least two-tenths of a gram of potassic cyanide 
to every cubic foot of space contained in the box, house, or other place wherein 
this fumigation is performed, which place shall be gas tight, and who shall 
expose the said stock to the fumes of this gas of the strength aforesaid for at 
least forty minutes, or who shall treat the stock which they sell by some other 
wnethod approved by the State nursery inspector, and who shall make affidavit 
before a justice of the peace that all stock sold by them has thus been fumigated 
or treated, and who shall attach a copy of such affidavit to each package, box, or 
ear of stock sold, may be exempt from the provisions of sections two and three 
cf this act. 

Sec. 5. All nursery stock shipped into this State from any other State, country, 
or province shall bear on each box or package an unexpired certificate that the 
contents of said box or package have been inspected by a duly authorized 
inspecting officer, and that said contents appear to be free from all dangerous 
insects or diseases. In case nursery stock is brought within the State without 
such certificate the consignee shall return it to the consignor at the expense of 
the latter, or shall call the State nursery inspector to inspect the same: Pro- 
vided, however, That any package or box bearing a certificate of fumigation 


ee Ng Aen 


NEW - JERSEY. 93 


which meets the requirements specified in section four of this act may be 
accepted as though bearing a proper certificate of inspection. 

Sec. 6. The State nursery inspector shall determine the season for inspecting 
nurseries and the forms of certificates to be given, but in no case shall he issue 
a certificate which shall continue in force after the first day of July next fol- 
lowing the date of inspection. He or any of his deputies shall at all times have 
the right to enter any public or private grounds in the performance of any duty 
required by this act. The cost of said inspection shall not exceed $300 annually. 

Sec. 7. All parties violating this act shall be prosecuted by the secretary of the 
State board of agriculture. 

Sec. 8. This act shall taxe effect upon its passage. 

Approved March 4, 1903. 


g 


NEW JERSEY. 


CHAPTER 249, LAWS, SESSION oF 1903. 


An Act to prevent the introduction into and the spread of injurious insects in New 
Jersey, to provide a method for compelling their destruction, to create the office of 
State entomologist, to authorize inspection of nurseries, and to provide for certificates 
of inspection. 


Be it enacted by the senate and general assembly of the State of New Jersey: 

1. All gardeners, horticulturists, farmers, nurserymen, and other growers of 
or dealers in plants of any kind, upon their own or upon leased lands or prem- 
ises, shall free and keep freed all plants, shrubs, trees, vines, cuttings, scions, 
buds, stocks, or other plant parts grown, cultivated, or dealt in by them from 
all injurious insects that might spread from the plants infested to others on the 
public highways or upon lands adjoining or belonging to others; all plants, 
shrubs, trees, or parts of such so infested are hereby declared to be a nuisance, 
to be abated as herein prescribed, and their maintenance after notice given as 
hereinafter set out is hereby declared a misdemeanor, punishable as hereinafter 
provided. 

2. For the purposes of this act the entomologist of the State experiment sta- 
tion is hereby declared to be the State entomologist, to serve as such at such 


compensation as may be prescribed by the executive committee of the State 


board of agriculture, and said committee, which is hereby charged with the 
execution of this act, may appoint an assistant or deputy to the State entomolo- 
gist, at such compensation as it may fix; said executive committee may also 
appoint such temporary assistants and inspectors aS may be needed to carry 
out the provisions of this act, at such compensation as it may deem reasonable. 

3. The term nursery as used in this act shall include any and all lands, 
premises, and buildings upon, on, or in which plants, trees, shrubs, or vines of 
any kind, whether for fruit, shade, or ornament, are grown for sale within the 
State or for shipment to other States or countries; the term nursery stock as 
used in this act shall be held to include any and all plants, shrubs, trees, and 
vines grown for sale, as well as buds, grafts, stocks, scions, and other parts of 
plants, shrubs, trees, and vines that may be sold for propagation; but it shall 
not apply to herbaceous annuals nor to plants, flowers, vines, or cuttings grown - 
under glass and commonly known as florists’ stock; the term nurseryman as 
used in this act shall be held to include any person, firm, copartnership, or cor- 
poration growing plants, trees, shrubs, or vines for sale, or dealing in such 
stock, whether he or they be owners, lessees, or tenants of or on the premises 
upon which such stock is grown or offered for sale. 


94 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


4. It shall be unlawful for any nurseryman within the State to sell or offer 
for sale any nursery stock or to deliver the same within the State until it has 
been inspected by the State entomologist or his deputy, and until a certificate 
has been issued to him in accordance with the provisions of this act; it shall 
be the duty of every nurseryman growing stock within this State, and of every 
dealer in nursery stock, to attach to every car, box, bale, or parcel of stock sent 
out or delivered by him a written or printed copy of the certificate issued to 
him by the State entomologist. together with a written or printed copy of a 
declaration signed by such nurseryman, stating that the stock contained in such 
car, box, bale, or parcel was part of that covered by such certificate, and that 
the conditions upon which such certificate was issued have been fulfilled: such 
statement shall be considered a warranty as to the source of said stock, for a 
breach of which a certificate may be withdrawn by the State entomologist. 

5. All nurserymen growing or dealing in nursery stock within this State must 
erect and maintain upon the nursery upon which their stock is grown, or in 
connection therewith, a structure suitable for fumigating nursery stock with 
hydrocyanic acid gas, which shall be inspected by the State entomologist, whose 
duty it shall be, if he finds the building properly constructed for the purposes, 
te mark upon the same the amounts of the materials to be used for the fumiga- 
tion of the stock grown upon such nursery; said entomologist shall also direct 
the manner in which fumigation is to be done and the length of time during 
which the stock is to be exposed to the action of the gas. 

6. It shall be unlawful for any nurseryman to send out or ship from his 
nursery any stock not thoroughly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas to any 
point within or without the State, unless such nurseryman holds a certificate 
from the State entomologist that the stock grown upon such nursery is free 
from dangerously injurious insect pests or those liable to become so: Provided, 
That this requirement shall not apply to evergreens, conifers, herbaceous plants, 
or to plants grown under glass only and known as florists’ stock. 

7. It shall be the duty of the State entomologist to examine and inspect, or 


cause to be examined and inspected, at least once in each year, at such time or | 


times as he may determine, with or without notice to the nurseryman, all nurs- 
eries within the State, to ascertain whether the stock grown thereon is free 
from dangerously injurious insects and from such as, in his opinion, are likely 
to become so when transplanted or set out into orchard, vineyard, field, or 
garden, and every nurseryman within the State shall have the right to demand 
that such inspection be made in case his nursery has not been inspected prior 
to the first day of October in any year. No fee or other charge for inspections 
shall be made against any nurseryman. 
8. After any nursery has been inspected it shall be the right of a nurseryman 
to demand of the State entomologist a certificate stating the condition of the 
stock on the inspected premises, and it shall be the duty of the State entomolo- 
gist to give a certificate in accordance with the facts found. If the inspection 
shows the presence of dangerously injurious insects or of such as are likely to 
become so, the entomologist shall require of the nurseryman that he destroy 
the infested stock and that he treat that exposed to infection in such manner 
as may be necessary to render such insects harmless and the stock safe. If 
the inspection shows that a nursery is apparently free from dangerously injuri- 
ous insects or from such as are liable to become so, the State entomologist shall 
issue his certificate to that effect, specifying in such certificate the date up to 
which it shall remain valid: Provided, That he may impose as a condition that 
the nurseryman comply with the requirements of section six of this act, and this 
condition must be accepted in writing by such nurseryman. Any nurseryman 


NEW JERSEY. 95 


whose premises have been found infested may, after he has complied with the 
requirements made by the State entomologist, apply for a reinspection of his 
stock, and the State entomologist shall, if he finds the conditions fulfilled and 
the stock apparently clean, issue his certificate to that effect upon such condi- 
tions aS may be deemed necessary for the protection of purchasers; such condi- 
tions must be in writing and must be accepted by the nurseryman in writing. 

9. It shall be the privilege of any nurseryman or dealer to ship under the cer- 
tificate issued to him nursery stock grown for him elsewhere or purchased 
by him from other States or countries: Provided, That all such stock be received. 
under a certificate satisfactory to the State entomologist that it had been in- 
spected where grown and found to be apparently free from dangerously inju- 
rious insects or such as were liable to become so; and no such stock shall be 
sold within the State or shipped until the certificate accompanying it shall have 
been submitted to the State entomologist and approved by him. 

10. Any nurseryman who sells or ships to points within the State without a 
certificate of inspection made, or without fumigation as prescribed in section six. 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of fifty dollars 
for every sale or shipment made in violation of sections four and six of this act; 
any nurseryman to whom a certificate has been issued, who shall use the same 
on stock not actually inspected, or who shall in any way fail to comply with the 
conditions upon which such certificate was issued or the requirements of this 
act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of one hun- 
dred dollars for each offense, and his certificate may be withdrawn and cancelled, 
in the discretion of the State entomologist. 

11. All nursery stock shipped into this State from any foreign state or country 
must be accompanied by a certificate, dated not more than six months prior to 
the date of such shipment, or by a written or printed copy of such certificate. 
attached to each car, box, bale, or parcel thereof, stating that the stock to which 
such certificate is attached has been inspected by an officer duly authorized by 
the laws of the State where such stock was grown and that the same was 
found to be free from dangerously injurious insects or from such as might be 
liable to become so when introduced into nursery, vineyard, farm, or garden; 
any such certificate shall be accompanied by a written or printed statement from 
the nurseryman shipping the same declaring that such stock is part of that 
which was inspected by or under the direction of the officer signing the certifi- 
eate, and he shall further state whether or not such stock has been fumigated 
with hydrocyanic acid gas; any car, box, bale, or parcel of nursery stock shipped 
into this State, unaccompanied by a certificate as above required, may be seized 
and detained by the State entomologist or under his direction wherever found, 
whether in the hands of a common carrier or in the hands of the consignee or 
his agent, and such stock may be held and detained until the same has been 
inspected and found free from dangerously injurious insect pests and from such 
as in the judgment of said entomologist are liable to become so. In case any 
stock so examined is found to be infested as above described, it shall be the 
duty of the State entomologist, and he is hereby empowered, to destroy such 
infested stock, and he shall require such as may not be actually infested to be 
submitted to such treatment as he may deem necessary to make it safe and the 
insects that may be harbored in or on it harmless; it shall be also the duty of 
said entomologist when, in his opinion, there is reason to doubt the truth of any 
_ certificate or a nurseryman’s statement thereunder found attached to any car, 
box, bale, or parcel of stock shipped into this State to detain such box, bale, or 
parcel of stock until the same has been inspected under his direction and in 
case such stock is found to be infested it may be treated as uncertified and all 


96 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


future shipments received from the same nurseryman may be thereafter re- 
garded and treated as uncertified. 

12. It shall be the duty of the State entomologist lice complaint is 
made to him that any person, firm, or corporation is maintaining a nuisance as 
prescribed in section one of this act, to investigate or cause to be investigated, 
as soon as conveniently possible, the truth of such charge; if after such inves- 
tigation he decides that such a nuisance exists, he shall notify, in writing, the 
owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance complained of, of 
the fact that such nuisance exists; he shall include in such notice a statement 
of the conditions constituting such nuisance, an order that the same be abated 
within a specified time, which shall not be less than ten days from the date of 
such notice nor less than eight days from the date of its service as herein pre- 
scribed, and a direction, written or printed, pointing out such methods as should 
be taken to abate the same; such notice and order may be served personally or 
by depositing the same in the post-office, properly stamped, addressed to the 
owner or occupant of the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, 
and the directions for treatment may consist of a printed circular, bulletin, or 
report of the State or college experiment station or an extract from the same; 
in case the notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any growing 
plant, shrub, ox tree shall be taken out and destroyed, and the owner or grower 
of such plant, shrub, or tree shall consider himself aggrieved thereby, he shall 
have the privilege of appealing, within three days after the receipt of the 
notice, to a committee of appeal, consisting of three members of the State 
board of agriculture to be appointed by the executive committee of said board 
for that purpose; the appeal must be in writing, directed to the secretary of 
the State board of agriculture at Trenton, and must contain a statement of the 
reasons why the order of the State entomologist is deemed unjust; written notice 
of such appeal served by mail upon the State entomologist shall operate to 
stay all proceedings until the decision of the committee of appeal, who may, 
after investigating the matter, reverse, modify, or confirm the order of the 
State entomologist; such decision shall then become the order of the State 
entomologist, who shall serve the same as hereinbefore set out and shall fix the 
time within which such decision must be carried out; the compensation and 
expenses of such committee of appeal shall be fixed by the executive committee 
of the State board of agriculture. 

13. It shall be the privilege of any farmer, horticulturist, or other grower of 
fruits within this State to request an examination of his trees or other fruit- 
bearing plants, to determine whether or not they are infested by any dangerously 
injurious insect pest, and it shall be the duty of the State entomologist to exam- 3 
ine or cause to be examined such trees or other fruit-bearing plants with all 
convenient despatch; in case such trees or plants are found to be so infested, 
it shall be the duty of the State entomologist to inform the owner as to the best 
inethods of treating such trees and plants that they may be preserved, if possi- 
ble, and the spread of such insects checked; this section shall be held to apply 
only to such insects as may endanger the life of the infested trees or plants 
and may spread from such as are already infested to others in their vicinity. 

14. Any person, firm, or corporation failing to obey an order of the State 
entomologist made and served as prescribed in section twelve, within the period 
of time therein specified, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable 
to punishment by a fine of fifty dollars besides the costs of the suit; and if 
the order of the State entomologist commanded the destruction of any trees, — 
shrubs, plants, or nursery stock, the judgment of the court imposing the fine 
shall include also an order to the officer enforcing its judgments to seize and 
destroy the specified trees, shrubs, plants, or nursery stock, in accordance with 


NEW JERSEY. 97% 


the order, which the said officer shall thereupon be fully authorized to do; fines 
recovered under this act shall be collected and chargeable as are other judg- 
ments of the court imposing the same. : 

-15.¢ All proceedings to enforce the provisions of this act shall be brought in 
the name of and prosecuted by the State board of agriculture through the 
committee of appeal appointed by the executive committee of the board, «as 
prescribed in section twelve of this act, and in any court of competent juris- 
diction in the county in which the offense complained of shall have been coni- 
mnitted ; action by said committee shall be based upon a report from the State 
entomologist, certifying the character of the offense committed and the proof 
supporting the charge; all fines and costs shall, after deducting therefrom the 
necessary costs of prosecution, be paid into the treasury of the State, accom- 
panied by a statement showing the amount collected and the cost of collecting 
the same. 

16. For the purpose of making the inspections, examinations and investiga- 
tions specified in this act, and to enforce the provisions of the same, the State 
entomologist and his duly appointed deputy may enter upon any lands, open 
or inclosed, upon which such inspections, examinations, and investigations are 
necessary or where any nuisance as defined in section one of this act is main- 
tained or charged, and into any storehouse or building containing nursery stock 
which he is herein directed or entitled to inspect, and any interference with or 
obstruction made to the entomologist or his deputy while engaged in the per- 
formance of the duties herein imposed shall subject the offender to punishment 
as a disorderly person under the general laws of this State upon a charge made 
against him by the officer interfered with. 

17. The sum of three thousand dollars annually is hereby appropriated to the 
State board of agriculture for the purposes of this act: Provided, That no pay- 
ment shall be made pursuant to this act until the amount thereof shall have 
been included in the annual appropriation bill. 

18. Chapter one hundred and four, laws of one thousand eight hundred and 
ninety-eight, bearing the same title as the present act, is hereby repealed. 

19. This act shall take effect immediately. 

Approved April 14, 1908. 


An Act to amend an act entitled “An act to prevent the introduction into and the 
spread of injurious insects in New Jersey, to provide a method for compelling their 
destruction, to create the office of State entomologist, to authorize inspection of 
nurseries, and to provide for certificates of inspection,’ approved April fourteenth, 
one thousand nine hundred and three. 

Be it enacted by the senate and general assembly of the State of New Jersey: 

1. Section fifteen of the act to which this is an amendment is hereby repealed 
and the following substituted : 

15. Proceedings to enforce the provisions of this act shall be brought in the 
name of and prosecuted by the State board of agriculture, through the committee 
of appeal appointed by the executive committee of the board, as prescribed in 
section twelve of this act; every district court and every justice of the peace in 
any city or county, and every police justice or recorder in any city, is hereby 
empowered, on complaint under oath or affirmation made accerding to law that 
any person or persons has or have violated any of the provisions of this act, to 
issue process in the name of the State board of agriculture of the State of New 
Jersey as prosecutor, for the use of the State of New Jersey; said oath or 


a See act approved March 22, 1904, for amendment of this section. 
7418—No. 61 M——7 


98 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


affirmation may be made upon information and belief by any member of said 
committee of appeal and the complaint shall be based upon a report from the 
State entomologist certifying the character of the offense committed and the 
proof supporting the charge; said process shall be in the nature of a summons, 
returnable in not less than one nor more than ten entire days, and shall state 
what section of the law is alleged to have been violated by the defendant or 
defendants: at the return of said summons or at any time to which the trial 
shall have been adjourned the said district court, justice of the peace, police 
justice. or recorder, shall proceed summarily to hear the testimony and to 
determine and give judgment in the matter without the filing of any pleadings, 
either for the prosecutor for the recovery of the fine or penalty incurred, with 
costs, or for the defendant or defendants ; if such judgment be for the prosecutor 
as aforesaid it shall state the character of the complaint, the section of this act 
under which the proceedings were taken, the date of the trial, the names of the 
witnesses who testified for the prosecutor, the names of the witnesses who 
testified for the defendant, the amount of the fine or penalty for which judgment 
is given, which shall be the sum specified in the section of this act under which 
the proceedings were taken and the judgment obtained, the amount of costs 
assessed against the defendant which shall be the costs allowed by the provisions 
of the act entitled ““An act concerning district ceurts,” approved June fourteenth, 
in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight; such other or further 
orders to the officer authorized by law to enforce such judgment as are pro- 
vided for in section fourteen of this act, and that execution do issue against the 
goods and chattels of said defendant for the amount of said fine or penalty and 
costs: said judgment shall be signed by the judge of the district court, justice 
of the peace, police justice, or recorder giving the same; the officers to serve any 
process or execution issued as aforesaid shall be the county constables, and 
within the jurisdiction of any district court shall include the sergeant-at-arms 
thereof, which service and execution shall in all cases be made in the same man- 
ner and under the same liabilities that other processes and executions issued 
out of the district courts of this State are served and executed under and by 
virtue of the act concerning district courts cited above; all fines or penalties and 
costs shall be paid by the officer collecting the same to the treasurer of the State 
board of agriculture who shall, after deducting therefrom the necessary costs of 
prosecution, pay the balance into the treasury of the State, accompanied by a 
statement showing the amount collected and the cost of collecting the same; said 
officer executing the judgment shall also, if it contains an order to seize and 
destroy trees, shrubs, or other plants. make return to the court from which the 
execution issued, stating that the order has been carried out, or if it has not 
- been carried out, the reasons why the judgment of the court could not be 
enforced. 
2. This act shall take effect immediately. 
Approved March 22, 1904. 


NEW MEXICO. 


CHAPTER 107, LAws oF 1903. 


An AcT to create county boards of horticultural commissioners in the Territory of New 
Mexico, and to promote the horticultural interests in said Territory. 
Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of the Territory of New Merico: 
SEcTION 1. Within twenty days after the passage of this act it shall be incum- 
bent upon the county commissioners of each county of New Mexico, on petition 


NEW MEXICO. - 99 


of ten tax-paying citizens of said county, to select three competent persons, fruit 
growers or owners of orchards, residents of such county, who shall be known 
as the county board of horticultural commissioners. ‘lhe board of county com- 
missioners shall fill any vacancy that may occur in said board by death, resigna- 
tion, or otherwise, and appoint one horticultural commissioner each year, or 
thereabouts, one month, or thereabouts, previous to the expiration of the term of 
office of any member of the said county board of horticultural commissioners. 
Said county board of horticultural commissioners shall serve for a term of three 
years from date of appointment, except the commissioners first appointed, one 
of whom shall serve for one year, one of whom for two years, and one of whom 
for three years, from date of appointment. The commissioners first appointed 
shall themselves decide by lot or otherwise who shall serve for one year, who 
shall serve for two years, and who shall serve for three years, and shall notify 
the board of county commissioners of the result of their choice. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the county board of horticultural commissioners 


in each county, whenever it shall deem it necessary, to cause an inspection to 


be made of any orchard, or nursery, or trees, or any fruit packing house, store- 
room, sales-room, or any other place in their jurisdiction, and if found infested 
with seale bug, codlin moth, or other insect pest injurious to fruit, trees, and 
vines, they shall notify the owner or owners, or person or persons in charge or 
possession of said trees or place aforesaid that the same are infested with said 
insects, or any of them, or their eggs or larve, and they shall require such per- 
son or persons to disinfect or destroy the same within a certain time, to be speci- 
fied: Provided, That no spraying of trees while in bloom shall be required to 
be done. If within such time such disinfection or destruction has not been 
accomplished, the said person or persons shall be required to make application 
of such treatment, for the purpose of destroying them, as said commissioners 
may prescribe. Said notices may be served upon the person or persons owning 
or having charge or possession of such infested trees, or places, or articles as 
aforesaid, by any commissioner or by any person deputed by the said commis- 
sioners for that purpose, or they may be served in the same manner as a sul- 
mons in a civil action. If the owner or owners, or persons in charge or posses- 
sion of any orchard, or nursery, or trees, cr places, or articles infested with said 
insects, or any of them, or their larve or eggs, after having been notified as 


above to destroy the same or make application of treatment as directed, shall 


fail, neglect, or refuse to do so, he or they shall be deemed guilty of maintain- 
ing a public nuisance, and any such orchards, nurseries, trees, or places, or arti- 
cles thus infested shall be adjudged and the same is hereby declared a public 
nuisance, and may be proceeded against as such. If found guilty, the court 
shall direct :the aforesaid county board of horticultural commissioners to 
abate the nuisance. The expenses thus incurred shall be a lien upon the real 


property of the defendant. 


Src. 3. The said county board of horticultural commissioners shall have power 
to divide the county into districts and to appoint a local inspector for each of 
said districts. The board of county commissioners of each county shall issue 


commissions as quarantine guardians to the members of said county board of 


horticultural, commissioners, and to the local inspectors thereof. The said 
quarantine guardians, local inspectors, or members of said county boards of 
horticultural commissioners, and to the local inspectors thereof. The said 
chard, nursery, or place or places where trees or plants are kept and offered 
for sale, or otherwise, or any house, storeroom, sales room, depot, or any other 
such place in their jurisdiction, to inspect the same, or any part thereof. 

Src. 4. It shall be the duty of said county board of horticultural commis- 


100 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


sioners to keep a record of their official doings and to make a report to the 
board of county commissioners on or before the first day of October of each 
year of the condition of the fruit interests in their several districts, what is 
being done to eradicate insect pests, also as to the disinfecting and as to quar- 
antine against insects, pests, and diseases, and as to carrying out all laws 
relative to the greatest good of the fruit interest. Said board of county com- 
missioners shall incorporate so much of said report-aS may be of general inter- 
est in their annual report, which they shall make to the governor of said Terri- 
tory on or before the first day of December of each year. » 

Sec. 5. Hach member of the county board of horticultural commissioners, and 
each local inspector, shall be paid for each day actually engaged in the per- 
formance of his duties under this act, payable out of the county treasury of this 
county, Such compensation as shall be determined by resolution of the board of 
county commissioners of the county before entering into the discharge of his or 
their duties. 

Sec. 6. Said county board of horticultural commissioners shall have power 
to remove any local inspector who shall fail to perform the duties of his office. 
Jf any member of the county board of horticultural commissioners shall fail 
to perform the duties of his office, as required by this act, he may be removed 
from office by the board of county commissioners and the vacancy thus formed 
may be filled by appointment by said board of county commissioners. In addi- 
tion to the annual report required by section 5 of this act, the county board of 
horticultural commissioners shall make a monthly report of their doings to the 
board of county commissioners, and the board of county commissioners may 
withhold warrant for their salary or compensation of said members and in- 
spectors thereof until such time as said report is made. 

Src. 7. The county board of horticultural commissioners may receive, manage, 
use, and hold donations and bequests for promoting the objects of its formation. 
Tt shall meet semiannually, and as much oftener and at such places as it may 
deem expedient, to consult and adopt such measures as may best promote. the 
horticultural industry of the county. It may, but without expense to the county. 
select and appoint competent and qualified persons to lecture in the county for 
the purpose of illustrating practical horticultural topics and imparting instruc- 
tion in the methods of culture, pruning, fertilizing, and also in the best methods 
of treating diseases of fruits and fruit trees, cleansing orchards, and exter- 
minating insect pests. The county board of horticultural commissioners shall 
at their first meeting select from among themselves a chairman, a secretary, and 
a treasurer, who shall furnish bond to the county commissioners in the sum of 
five hundred dollars ($500.00) for the faithful discharge of his duties. 

Sec. 8. The chairman shall preside at all meetings of the board, shall counter- 
sign all checks for moneys paid out, and shall sign all contracts to which the 
county board of horticultural commissioners is a party: Provided, The same 
shall have been approved. by the board. He shall have power to call a meeting 
of the board at any time he deems it necessary, whenever requested by a ma- 
jority of the board, or when requested in writing by six of the resident fruit 
growers. 

Sec. 9. The secretary shall attend all meetings of the board and preserve rec- 
cords of its proceedings and all its correspondence, collect and preserve such 
books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other documents as may be of interest to the 
horticulturalist, and to correspond with agricultural and horticultural societies 
and colleges and what other persons and bodies as he may be directed by the 
board. He shall also prepare such reports as are required by the board and 
perform such other duties as will pertain to the office. 


NEW YORK. 101 


Sec. 10. The duties of the treasurer shall be to receive and safely keep all 
moneys of the board. He shall pay out the same only for bills approved by the 
board and shall render a detailed account to the board before the first of Octo- 
ber of each year, or as often as may be required by the board, showing the 
amount of money received by the board and paid out by him. At the expiration 
of his term of office he shall turn over to his successor in office all moneys, 
books, and papers of the board. He shall give bond in sum as provided for. 

Approved March 19, 1903. . 


NEW YORK. 
AGRICULTURAL LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, AS AMENDED TO JULY, 1905. 
ARTICLE VI. 


§ 82. The prevention of disease in fruit trees and the extirpation of insect 
pests that infest the same. No person shall knowingly or wilfully keep any 
peach, almond, apricot, or nectarine trees affected with the contagious disease 
known as yellows. No person shall knowingly or wilfully keep any peach tree 
affected with the disease known as little peach. Nor shall any person know- 
ingly or wilfully keep any plum, cherry, or other trees affected with the con- 
tagious disease or fungus known as black knot, nor any tree, shrub, or plant 
infested with or by the San José scale or other insect pest dangerously injuri- 
ous to or destructive of the trees, shrubs, or other plants; every such tree, 
shrub, or plant shall be a public nuisance, and as such shall be abated, and no 
damage shall be awarded for entering upon premises upon which there are trees, 
shrubs, or plants infected with yellows, little peach, or black knot, or infested 
with San José scale, for the purpose of legally inspecting the same; nor shall 
any damage be awarded for the destruction by the commissioner of agricul- 
ture, or his duly authorized agents or representatives, of such trees, shrubs, or 
plants, or altogether destroying such tree, if necessary to suppress such disease, 
if done in accordance with the provisions of this article, except as otherwise 
herein provided. Every person, when he becomes aware of the existence of 
such disease or insect pest in any tree owned by him, shall forthwith report 
_the same to the commissioner of Agriculture at Albany, New York, and the said 
commissioner shall take such action as the law provides. If in the judgment 
of said commissioner of agriculture or the person or persons representing him, 
the trees, shrubs, or other plants so infected, infested, or diseased should be 
destroyed, then such destruction shall be carried on and completed under the 
supervision of the commissioner of agriculture or the person or persons duly 
appointed by him and authorized so to do, without unnecessary delay; but the 
ewner of the trees, shrubs, or plants shall be notified immediately upon it 
being determined that such trees, shrubs, or plants should be destroyed by a 
potice in writing signed by said commissioner or the person or persons represent- 
ing him, which said notice in writing shall be delivered in person to the owner 
of such trees, shrubs, or plants, or left at the usual place of residence of such 
owner, or if such owner be not a resident of the town, by leaving such notice with 
the person in charge of the premises, trees, shrubs, or plants, or in whose posses- 
sion they may be; such notice shall contain a brief statement of the facts found 
to exist whereby it is deemed necessary to destroy such trees, shrubs, or plants, 
and shall call attention to the law under which it is proposed to destroy them, 
and the owner shall within ten days from the date upon which such notice shall 
have been received remove and burn all such diseased or infested trees, shrubs, 


102 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


or plants. If, however, in the judgment of the commissioner of agriculture any 
trees, shrubs, or plants infected with any disease or infested with dangerously 
injurious insects can be treated with sufficient remedies he may direct srch treat- 
ment to be carried out by the owner under the direction of the commissioner's 
agent or agents. Any person refusing or failing to comply with the directions of 
the commissioner of agriculture or his duly authorized agents in carrying on the 
work of extirpating dangerously injurious insect pests and fungus or other dis- 
eases shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. In case of objections to the findings of 
the inspector or agent of the commissioner of agriculture an appeal shall be 
made to the commissioner of agriculture, whose decision shall be final. An 
appeal must be taken within three days from service of said notice, and shall act 
as a Stay of proceedings until it is heard and decided. When the commissioner 
of agriculture, or the person or persons appointed by him, shall determine 
that any tree or trees, shrubs, or other plants must be treated or destroyed 
forthwith, he may employ all necessary assistants for that purpose, and such 
person or persons, agent or agents, employee or employees may enter upon any 
or all premises in any city or town necessary for the purpose of such treatment, 
removal, or destruction. (As amended by chapter 20 of the laws of 1903.) 

§ 85. Appointment and duties of the agent of the commissioner of agriculture. 
When the commissioner of agriculture knows and has reason to believe that any 
such contagious disease exists, or that there is good reason to believe it 
exists, or danger is justly apprehended of its introduction in any town or city 
in the State, or that any dangerously injurious insect pest exists within this 
State, and has reason to believe that danger may be justly apprehended from 
its existence, he shall forthwith send some competent person and such agent 
or agents as he may deem necessary to assist in extirpating said pest or pests, 
disease or diseases, and the said commissioner of agriculture is hereby authorized 
and empowered to take such steps and do whatever may be deemed necessary to 
so control or prevent the spread or extirpate said pest or pests, disease or dis- 
eases, and he shall cause an examination to be made at least once each year, 
prior to September first, of each and every nursery or other place where trees, 
shrubs, or plants, commonly known as nursery stock, are grown for sale, for 
the purpose of ascertaining whether the trees, shrubs, or plants therein kept 
er propagated for sale are infected with any such contagious disease or dis- 
eases or infested with such pest or pests. If after such examination it is found 
that the said trees, shrubs, or other plants so examined are free in all re 
spects from any such contagious or infectious disease or diseases, dangerously 
injurious pest or pests, the said commissioner or his duly authorized agent or 
other person designated to make such examination shall thereupon issue to the 
owner or proprietor of the said stock thus examined a certificate setting forth 
the fact that the stock so examined is apparently free from any and all such dis- 
ease or diseases, pest or pests. Should any nurseryman, agent, or dealer or 
broker send out or deliver within the State trees, vines, shrubs, plants, buds, or 
cuttings, commonly known as nursery stock, and which are subject to the 
attacks of insects and diseases above provided for, unless he has in his pos- 
session a copy of said certificate, dated within a year thereof, deface or destroy 
such certificate, or wrongfully be in possession of such certificate, he shall be 
guilty of a misdemeanor. All nursery stock consigned for shipment, or shipped 
by freight, express, or other means of transportation, shall be accompanied 
by a copy of said certificate attached to each car, box, bale, bundle, or package. 
Any person consigning for shipment or shipping nursery stock as above without 
such certificate attached shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. All transportation 
companies within this State receiving or carrying nursery stock from any point 


NORTH CAROLINA. 108 


without the State to any point within the State shall immediately, upon receiv- 
ing such consignments, notify the commissioner of agriculture of the fact that 
such consignment is in their possession, giving the name of the consignor and . 
consignee and the point of destination of such consignment. All trees, plants, 
shrubs, buds, or cuttings, commonly called nursery stock, grown in any nursery 
in this State in which San José scale has been found within two years of the 
date of the dissemination of said nursery stock or grown in said nursery within 
one-half a mile of where said scale was found, and also all nursery stock from 
outside of this State disseminated or planted in this State after the first day of 
July, nineteen hundred and two, must be fumigated with hydrocyanic gas in such 
manner as may be directed by the commissioner of agriculture of this State. 
Such fumigation must be done by the grower, consignor, or consignee of such 
‘stock before planting, dissemination, or reshipment, except such trees, shrubs, 
plants, buds, or cuttings grown in this State as are planted by the grower or 
propagator for himself or such as from its nature or state of growth would be 
exempt; in such cases the said commissioner shall declare such trees, shrubs, 
plants, buds, or cuttings free from such treatment. AI] nursery stock brought 
into this State from outside of this State must be accompanied by a certificate 
from the consignor that it has been fumigated as aforesaid. Should any such 
stock arrive without such certificate, the transportation company delivering it 
shall at once notify the said commissioner to that effect. The consignee shall 
also at once notify him of that fact and shall proceed to fumigate said stock, as 
directed by the commissioner of agriculture, without delay. Should any nursery 
stock purchased within one year be found infested with San Jose scale on the 
premises of any nurseryman, it shall not be considered such an infestation as 
to require the fumigation of other stock not so purchased. The words ‘“ nur- 
sery stock,” wherever used in this article, shall apply to and include all trees, 
shrubs, plants, buds, willow grown for nursery, baskets, or other commercial 
purposes, or cuttings, whether grown in a nursery or elsewhere, so far as it 
relates to fumigation. The provisions of this and the preceding section shall 
not apply to florists’ greenhouse plants, flowers, or cuttings, commonly known 
as greenhouse stock, and no certificate shall be required for shipment of native 
stock collected in the United States not grown in nurseries, nor to stock so 
shipped into the State that its sale and shipment become either interstate-com- 
merce traffic or commerce with foreign nations. (As amended by chapter 519 
of the laws of 1902. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 


CHAPTER 264, Laws oF 1897. 


An Act to prevent the introduction and dissemination of dangerous insect, fungous, and 
weed pests of crops. 


The general assembly of North Carolina do enact: 

SecTIon 1. That for the purpose of this act the State commissioner of agri- 
culture, the director of the North Carolina agricultural experiment station, and 
the president of the North Carolina State horticultural society are hereby con- 
‘stituted a commission for the extermination of noxious insects, fungous diseases, 
and weeds which are affecting or may affect crops. They are empowered to 
_ elect one of their number chairman, and to adopt rules and regulations for their 
own government, such as may be requisite for carrying out the provisions of 
this act. The members of the said commission shall receive no salary, and shall 


104 - LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


be allowed only such expenses: as have been specifically incurred and necessary 
in attending the meetings of the commission. 

Sec. 2. The members of the commission aforesaid shall hold a meeting 
within thirty days after the ratification of this act, and shall prepare and pub- 
lish a list of dangerous crop pests, known to be present within the State or 
liable to be introduced, and may at any subsequent meeting extend or amend 
said list. The commission shall also publish methods for exterminating such 
pests as they may deem capable of being economically exterminated within the 
boundaries of the State, and for repressing such as can not be economically 
exterminated, and for preventing the spread of such pests within the State. 
They may also adopt regulations, not inconsistent with the laws and constitution 
of this State and the United States, for preventing the introduction of dangerous 
crop pests from without the State, and for governing common Carriers in trans- 
porting plants liable to harbor such pests to and from the State, and such 
regulations shall have the force of laws. 

Sec. 8. No person, firm, or corporation shall knowingly and wilfully keep 
upon his or their premises any plant infested by any dangerous crop pest listed 
and published as such by the said commission, or permit dangerous weed pests 
to mature seed or otherwise multiply upon their land except under such regu- 
lations as the commission may prescribe. Every such infested plant and 
premises are hereby declared a public nuisance. The owner of such plants or 
premises shall, when notified to do so by the commission, take such measures as 
may be prescribed to eradicate such pests, and if such action is not taken, or is 
improperly executed within ten days after being so notified, the commission 
shall cause said premises to be freed from such pests by the best available 
method, and the cost of such work shall be a lien against such premises, and 
may be recovered, together with cost of action, before any court in the State 
having competent jurisdiction. Said notice shall be written and mailed to the 
usual or known address, or left at the ordinary place of business of said owner 
or his agent. No damage shall be awarded the owner of such premises. for 
entering thereon and destroying or otherwise treating any infested plant or crop, 
when done by the order of the commission. 

Sec. 4. When said commission has reason to suspect that any pest listed by 
them as dangerous exists in any county in the State, they shall cause such sus- 
picion to be verified by a person competent to determine the specific identity of 
such pests of crops, and if such suspicion prove founded upon fact, shall further 
appoint, for a designated time and duty, a competent person their agent to in- 
spect such infested premises and to take such measures for treating the same as 
the commission may direct. Any duly authorized agent of the commission shall 
have authority to enter upon and inspect any premises between the hours of 
sunrise and sunset during every working day of the year. Any one who shall 
seek to prevent such inspection, or who shall otherwise interfere with any agent 
of the commission while in performance of his duties, shall, upon conviction, be 
fined not less than $5 nor more than $50 for each offense, or may be imprisoned 
for not less than ten nor more than thirty days. 

Sec. 5. For the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this act, the sum of 
$500 per annum, or so much thereof as is necessary, is hereby appropriated, out 
of any funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, and shall be paid by 
the State treasurer upon properly authenticated vouchers signed by the chair- 
man of the commission. 

Sec. 6. The said commission shall report to the governor, for transmission to 
the next general assembly, its acts and disbursements under the provisionsS of 
this act. Such a report, together with all such circulars as may be issued by the 


NORTH CAROLINA. 105 


said commission for the purposes of this act, shall be printed in editions of one 
thousand copies by the public printer, and be paid for as other public printing. 

Sec. 7. All laws and clauses of laws inconsistent with this act are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec. 8. This act shall take effect from and after its ratification. 

Ratified the 5th day of March, A. D. 1897. 


RULES CONCERNING NORTH CAROLINA NURSERIES. 

Definition of “nursery stock.”—In these rules * * * the term “nursery 
stock’ is construed to include all fruit and nut trees, currant and gooseberry 
plants, and all such shade and ornamental trees as shed their leaves in winter 
(i. e., deciduous trees), whether they be grown especially for sale or taken from 
the forest. It also includes all buds, grafts, scions, and cuttings from same. 

It does not include palms, ferns, rubber plants, evergreens (including pines, 
cedars, and junipers), hedge plants, cut flowers, and such other plants as are 
commonly known as florists’ stock, whether they be grown for sale or taken from 
the forest. Nor does it include wild herbaceous plants which may be collected 
and sold as botanical specimens or for medicinal uses. 

Exceptions.—Raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry plants, grapevines, rose- 
bushes, euonymus, magnolias, and osage orange are not here included under the 
term “nursery stock,” but if known to be infested with the San Jose scale or 
_ other similarly serious pests will be subject to same rules as regular nursery 
stock which is infested. 

Special note.—Persons within the State of North Carolina who grow plants of 
the kinds named as “ exceptions ” in the preceding paragraph, and who ship such 
stock into other States, must make application to this commission to have their 
premises inspected each year, for some other States prohibit the sale of such stock 
within their borders unless it has been inspected. But those who grow such 
plants for sale only in North Carolina need not have their premises inspected 
unless this commission shall so decide. 

Definition of “nursery.’—Any place upon which is grown, for purposes of 
sale, barter, or exchange, any of the plants or parts thereof which have been 
defined as nursery stock, shall be considered as a nursery, no matter how few 
may be the number of plants. This does not include those who grow stock 
solely for their own use. 


RULE 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, exchange, 
barter, or give away any such plants or parts of plants above described as nur- 
sery stock, and which are grown within the State of North Carolina, unless in 
possession of a valid certificate of inspection previously obtained from this 
commission. 

Rute 2. Every carload, box, bale, package, or delivery of nursery stock (even 
if it be only a single tree) which is sold, exchanged, bartered, or given away by 
any person, firm, or corporation whose place of business is in North Carolina, 
shall be accompanied by a valid copy of the certificate of inspection plainly and 
securely attached. And any nursery stock being shipped for delivery which is 
not accompanied by such copy of certificate is declared to be a public nuisance 
and is liable to be destroyed without compensation to the consignor. And no 
agent of any transportation company or common earrier can accept for trans- 
portation, within the State of North Carolina, any shipment of stock not accom- 
panied by such copy of certificate, plainly and securely attached. 


106 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Rute 3. If any trees, plants, or parts thereof, being shipped for delivery at 
any point in North Carolina, whether or not included under the term nursery 
stock, and whether or not accompanied by a certificate of inspection, are found 
by any agent of this commission to be infested with living San Jose scale, such 
entire shipment is declared to be a public nuisance and is liable to destruction 
without compensation to the consignor. 

RULE 4. Each nursery in the State shall be inspected at least once each year 
by the entomologist or his assistants or other authorized officer, in order to de- 
termine whether insect or other pests of such nature as to be a-serious menace 
to the purchaser are present on the stock offered for sale. If the stock is appar- 
ently free from such serious pests and otherwise in good condition, and the per- 
son, firm, or corporation is apparently conducting his or its business in an hon- 
orable manner, a certificate of inspection of nursery stock shall be issued. 

RULE 5. In case nursery stock in any nursery in the State be found to be in- 
fested with such pests as to render the sale of the plants a serious menace to the 
welfare of the purchaser, the certificate of inspection shall not be issued until the 
premises have been so treated that the salable stock to be covered by the certificate 
shall be apparently free from the pest or pests indicated, and the treatment to 
be applied shall be such as the entomologist or other officer making the inspec- 
tion shall prescribe. 

RuLeE 6. When it is required that infested nursery stock shall be destroyed, 
fumigated, or otherwise treated, the statement of the person, firm, or corporation 
that such treatment has been given may be accepted as evidence that the require- 
ment has been fulfilled, but the certificate may be withheld pending investigation, 
should the entomologist or other authorized officer have reason to doubt the 
thoroughness of the work done or the truthfulness of the statement. 

Rute 7. All trees, buds, grafts, scions or cuttings of apple, apricot, cherry, 
peach, pear, plum, and quince which shall be sold, exchanged, bartered, or given 
away, and which are grown within the State of North Carolina, shall be fumi- 
gated with hydrocyanic-acid gas shortly before shipment or delivery in a tight 
box or room suitable for the purpose, in accordance with directions furnished 
by the entomologist or other authorized officer. 

Rute 8. This commission reserves the right to permanently withdraw the cer- — 
tificate of any person, firm, or corporation within the State ef North Carolina 
which shall make any false statement concerning treatment of nursery stock, 
for any violation of the above rules, for any false statement to customers regard- 
ing fumigation of stock, or for fraudulent practices carried on through the use 
of the certificate of this commission. False and preposterous claims of any 
kind evidently made to deceive the customer may be considered as evidence of 
fraud. 


RULES GOVERNING THE TRANSPORTATION OF NURSERY STOCK IN NorRTH CAROLINA. 


[Definition of “‘ nursery stock,” ete., same as under preceding heading. | 


RvuLeE 1. No transportation company or common carrier shall deliver to any 
consignee in this State any carload, box, bale, package, or specimen of nursery 
stock unless same shall have plainly attached thereto a valid certificate of 
inspection made in favor of the consignor, stating that the premises of the con- 
signor have been inspected and that the salable stock growing thereon was 
apparently free from the San Jose scale or other dangerous insect or contagious 
disease and otherwise in good condition. 

RULE 2. If any nursery stock be presented to any transportation company or 


NORTH CAROLINA. 107 


common carrier at any point within the State of North Carolina or for delivery 
in said State, and such stock be not accompanied by a valid certificate of inspec- 
tion plainly and securely attached, the company or its agent shall refuse same 
for transportation, and shall at once report the case to the entomologist, stating 
the name of the consignor, consignee, and nature of the stock, and the ento- 
mologist shall advise as to the course to be followed. Such a shipment is 
declared to be a public nuisance, and may be destroyed by any agent of this 
commission or on his written order, without compensation to the consignor. 

Rue 3. Any trees or plants being shipped to or from any point in North 
Carolina, whether or not they be of the kinds above defined as nursery stock, 
and whether or not they be accompanied by a certificate of inspection,’ are 
hereby declared to be a public nuisance if found by any agent of this commission 
to be infested with the San Jose scale or other dangerous insect or contagious 
disease, and such stock may be destroyed by any agent cf this commission or 
by his written order, without compensation to the consignor. 


RULES AND SUGGESTIONS APPLYING TO NURSERIES OUTSIDE OF NoRTH CAROLINA 
WHICH DO BUSINESS IN THE STATE. 


Rute 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, exchange, 
barter, or give away within the State of North Carolina any such plants 
as are above defined as nursery stock unless such person, firm, or corporation 
is in possession of a valid certificate of inspection issued by. the properly au- 
thorized officer of the State where such stock is grown, and such certificate must 
state that the premises of such person, firm, or corporation have been inspected 
and that the growing of salable stock covered by the certificate is apparently 
free from San Jose scale. 

RULE 2. Every carload, box, bale, or package (even if it be only of a single 
tree) of nursery stock which is sent into the State of North Carolina for deliv- 
ery must be accompanied by a valid copy of the certificate of inspection, which 
shall be plainly and securely attached. This shall be construed to mean that a 
shipment, no matter how large, if sent in one lot at one time and to one con- 
_Signee, may be covered by a single copy of the certificate. And any shipment of 
nursery stock not accompanied by such a certificate is declared to be a public 
- nuisance and is liable to be destroyed without compensation to the consignor. 

Rw.e. 3. If any trees, plants, or parts thereof, being shipped for delivery at 
any point in North Carolina, whether or not included under the term “ nursery 
stock,” and whether or not accompanied by a certificate of inspection, are 
found by any agent of this commission to be infested with living San Jose scale, 
such entire shipment is declared to be a public nuisance and is liable to destruc- 
tion without compensation to the consignor. 

Rute 4. Every person, firm, or. corporation outside of the State, and who 
desires to do business within the State of North Garolina, is required to file 
with the entomologist a copy of the certificate of inspection, which shall be valid 
for the ensuing season, and upon filing such certificate with the entomologist 
such person, firm, or corporation is at once qualified to ship nursery stock into 
the State. 

RuLeE 5. This commission reserves the right to forbid transportation companies 
cr common earriers from delivering within the State of North Carolina the 
stock of any person, firm, or corporation if it has reeson to believe that the 
‘trade of such party is being fraudulently conducted. False and preposterous 
claims evidently made to deceive the purchaser may be considered as evidence 
of fraud. 


108 LAWS. AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


QUARANTINE AGAINST THE MEXICAN CoTToN BOLL WEEVIL. 


[The following regulation has been adopted by the North Carolina crop pest 
commission as a protection against the Mexican cotton boll weevil:] 

Section 1. The following counties in Texas and parish in Louisiana are con- 
sidered to be localities infested with boll weevil: In Texas the counties of An- 
derson, Angelina, Aransas, Atascosa, Austin, Bastrop, Bee, Bell, Bexar, Blanco, 
Bosque, Bowie, Bransoria, Brazos, Brown, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, 
Cameron, Camp, Cass, Chambers, Cherokee, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Comanche, 
Cooke, Coryell, Dallas, Delta, Denton, Dewit, Duval, Eastland, Ellis, Erath, 
Falls, Fannin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Franklin, Freestone, Galveston, Gillespie, 
Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, Gregg, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hamilton, Hardin, 
Harris, Harrison, Hays, Henderson, Hidalgo, Hill, Hood, Hopkins, Houston, 
Hunt, Jack, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Karnes, Kaufman, Kendall, 
Lamar, Lampasas, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Live Oak, Llano, 
Madison, Marion, Matagorda, McLennan, McMullen, Milan, Mills, Montague, 
Montgomery, Morris, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Palo 
Pinto, Panola, Parker, Polk, Rains, Red River, Refugio, Robertson, Rockwall, 
Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, San Patricio, San Saba, Shelby, 
Smith, Somervell, Starr, Stephens, Tarrant, Titus, Travis, Trinity, Tyler, 
Upshur, Van Zandt, Victoria, Walker, Waller, Washington, Wharton, William- 
son, Wilson, Wise, and Wood. In Louisiana, Sabine Parish. Also all other 
counties or parishes in which the boll weevil shall hereafter be found. 

Sec. 2. The introduction into North Carolina from any county or parish 
where the cotton boll weevil is known to exist (as enumerated in section 1) of 
cotton, cotton seed, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed sacks (which 
have been used), and corn in the shuck, is absolutely prohibited at all seasons. 

Sec. 3. Except during the months of July, August, and September, the follow- 
ing articles are subject to restrictions set forth in section 2, namely: Hay, 
straw, sacked wheat, sacked oats, sacked shelled corn, sacked cowpeas, and 
unbaled Spanish moss. During the months of July, August, and September 
these articles are not restricted. 

Sec. 4. The following articles are not restricted in their importation into 
North Carolina at any time (provided that none of the articles enumerated in 
sections, 2 and 3 are used in packing), namely: Fruit, truck, rice, and rice 
grain products; but, if they be packed with such articles as are enumerated in 
sections 2 and 3, then the restrictions set forth in sections 2 and 3 will apply. 

Sec. 5. All shipments of household goods into North Carolina from the locali- 
ties enumerated in section 19 are prohibited, unless they be accompanied by an 
affidavit, attached to the way-bill, to the effect that the shipment contains no 
cotton, cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed sacks, corn in 
the shuck, straw, hay, or loose Spanish moss; except during the months of 
July, August, and September, when hay, straw, Spanish moss, and shucks may 
be used in packing. 

Sec. 6. Shipments of all such articles as are quarantined against in the fore- 
going sections, which are passing through but are not for delivery in this 
State, must be made in tight, closed box cars. 

Sec. 7. In this State no transportation company or other common carrier 
shall use for bedding or feed for live stock any of the articles mentioned in 
sections 2 and 3, except during the months of July, August, and September, 
when hay, straw, wheat, oats, shelled corn, cowpeas, shucks, and Spanish moss 
may be used. 

Sec. 8. No person, firm, or corporation, except a duly recognized State or Fed- 
eral entomologist, shall bring into this State, or have in their possession for any 


NORTH DAKOTA. 109 


-purpose whatever, any living Mexican cotton boll weevil or cotton boll, square, 
plant, or seed containing said insect, whether in the adult, egg, larval, or pupal 
state. 

Src. 9. This commission reserves the right to take such action as it deems 
best to eradicate or control the Mexican cotton boll weevil, should this pest 
appear in the State. 

Src. 10. Any person, firm, or corporation, transportation company, or common 
earrier which shall willfully violate these regulations shall be guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and on conviction shall be punished according to law. And any ship- 
ment made in violation of these regulations is liable to seizure by order of this 
commission or its agents, and destroyed by them or shipped without the State 
to the point from which such shipment originated. 


NORTH DAKOTA. 
[Law RELATING TO GRASSHOPPERS (1897).] 


No. 1705. Notice, how and when served. Where the owner of the land on 
which said board shall have decided plowing must be done for the purposes 
herein specified cannot with reasonable diligence be served with notice within 
the State, it shall be sufficient to serve the said notice by publication thereof for 
two successive issues in the official newspaper nearest said tract. 

No. 1706. Must plow in five days. If the owner or incumbrancer, if any, 
shall fail to plow said tract or tracts as ordered and directed by said board of 
county commissioners within five days after notice as herein provided, then in 
that event said board of county commissioners shall cause said tract or tracts 
to be plowed, or so much thereof as may be by them deemed necessary, and 
audit and pay for said work out of the general fund of said county upon war- 
rant as in other cases made and provided. 

No. 1707. Hxpense a lien upon land. Immediately after the said accounts are 
audited and paid by said county commissioners it shall be the duty of the 
‘county auditor to certify to the county treasurer the amount so expended upon 
each piece and parcel of land, which certificate shall contain the name of the 
record owner or incumbrancer of said tract, a true description of said land, the 
amount paid by the county for plowing done thereon, and the county treasurer 
shall thereupon enter said amount against said land as taxes are entered 
against land, and the said amount shall constitute a lien upon said land prior to 
all other incumbrances, and shall bear interest at the rate of seven per cent per 
annum from date of entry by the county treasurer, and collection thereof may 
thereafter be made and enforced in the same manner as delinquent taxes are 
enforced and collected against real property. 

No. 1708. Payment out of general fund. When the board of county commis- 
Sioners shall deem the plowing of State land necessary for the purposes herein 
specified, they shall order the same done, and payment therefor may be made 
out of the general fund of the county upon warrant as in other cases provided : 
Provided, however, That no growing crops shall be destroyed under the pro- 
visions of this article: Provided further, That where the board of county com- 
missioners shall deem it necessary to cause plowing upon Government land 
held by resident claimants, or other means to cause the destruction of grass- 
koppers and Rocky Mountain locusts, said claimant shall be liable to the county 
in a civil action for all moneys necessarily expended in carrying out the direc- 
tions of the board of county commissioners for the purposes herein specified. 


110 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


OHIO. 


Section 1. The Ohio State board of agriculture is hereby empowered and 
directed to make such regulations as may be deemed necessary for the control of 
dangerously injurious insect pests and plant diseases, and for the prevention of 
the spread of San Jose scale, peach yellows, black knot, and any other danger- 
ously injurious insect pests or plant diseases, which are hereby declared a public 
nuisance, and are liable to be transmitted on nursery stock. Said board is hereby 
euthorized to establish a division of nursery and orchard inspection in the Ohio de- 
partment of agriculture, and to appoint a competent entomologist as the chief 
inspector of said division, and the necessary assistants, who shall, under the 
direction of the board have charge of the inspection of nurseries and orchards, 
as hereinafter provided; he may investigate, or cause to be investigated, out- 
breaks of dangerously injurious insect pests or plant diseases, and recommend. 
suitable measures. to be taken for their eradication or control; he is empowered 
to devise and test practical remedies for their suppression, and publish the 
results of these investigations and such other information as may be deemed 
necessary. | 

Sec. 2. Every nurseryman or other person in the State of Ohio who is engaged 
in growing trees, shrubs, plants, and vines for sale, except such as are herein- 
after specified, shall on or before the first day of July of each year place on file 
in the office of the Ohio department of agriculture an application for the inspec- 
tion of his nursery stock and premises. Failure to file such application, or the 
disposal of uninspected stock, either by sale or gift, shall render the owner 
liable to the penalty provided for in section 8 of this act. The chief inspector 
shall examine, or cause to be examined, before September 15th of each year, or 
as often as may be deemed necessary by said board, the nurseries and premises 
ef all parties whose applications for inspection have been filed. If upon such — 
examination the nursery stock and premises appear to be free from San Jose 
scale, peach yellows, black knot, and other dangerously injurious insect pests 
or plant diseases, a certificate of inspection shall be given to the owner or lessee 
stating the facts, and said certificate shall be issued before September 15th and . 
shall be valid for one year from that date unless sooner revoked for cause. If 
any dangerously injurious insect pests or plant diseases are found on nursery 
stock or premises, the chief inspector shall order and enforce such treatment as 
shall be deemed sufficient before granting a certificate of inspection. Upon the 
written request of the owner or lessee’ of any nursery premises that has been 
regularly inspected in accordance with the provisions of this section, the said 
board, through the chief inspector, may issue a certificate of fumigation, pro- 
vided that all the requirements of the said board have been complied with, and 
that the said fumigation shall be in accordance with the directions and under 
the supervision of an authorized assistant inspector appointed by said board. 
The provisions of this act shall not apply to greenhouse plants and cuttings 
thereof, bulbs, flowers, and vegetable plants. 

Sec. 3. Every agent, dealer or any other person, not engaged in growing 
trees, shrubs, plants, or vines for sale, who sells or delivers such stock, shall 
before delivering the same annually place on file in the office of the Ohio depart- 
ment of agriculture a statement made under oath, before an officer qualified to 
administer oaths in the locality where he may reside, or if a nonresident of the 
State in the locality where the said stock is sold or delivered, that the said stock 
has been duly inspected and was received by him accompanied with a valid 
official certificate of inspection or fumigation. Said statement shall also desig- 
nate the name of the grower or growers from which such stock was obtained 
and the name of the owner or owners of the certificate or certificates under 


OHIO. 111 


which the same is sold or delivered. The premises of any such person or per- 
sons as aforesaid shall be subject to inspection and to such regulations as may 
be deemed necessary by the Ohio State board of agriculture for the prevention 
of the spread of dangerously injurious insect pests or plant diseases. Failure 
to file such sworn statement, or the sale or delivery of such stock after the 
certificate under which it was bought has become invalid shall render the agent 
or dealer liable to the penalties prescribed in section & of this act. The pro- 
visions of this section shall not apply to any person or persons who sell or 
deliver such stock from nurseries within this State that hold a valid certificate, 
which is provided for in this act, if the said stock is delivered direct from, the 
nursery to the grower in the original package. 

Sec. 4. Whenever a nurseryman, or any other person, shall ship, or deliver, 
within this State, except for scientific purposes, trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, 
commonly known as nursery stock, not excepted in section 2 of this act, he 
shall place upon each carload, box, bale, or other package, a copy of certificate 
provided for in section 2 of this act, and signed by the chief inspector, stating 
that the said stock is apparently free from dangerously injurious insect pests 
and plant diseases. The illegal use of said certificate, by changing, defacing, or 
placing it on uninspected stock, or using the same after the date of expiration 
or revocation, shall render the owner or shipper liable to the penalties pre- 
scribed for a violation of this act. 

Sec. 5. Every package of trees, shrubs, plants, or vines shipped into this 
State from any other State, Territory, country, or, province, shall be plainly 
labelled on the outside with the names of the consignor -and consignee and a cer- 
tificate stating that the contents have been inspected or fumigated by a State or. 
Government officer, and that the trees, shrubs, plants, or vines therein contained 
are apparently free from dangerously injurious insect pests and plant diseases. 
If any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines shall be shipped into this State without such 
certificate plainly affixed on the outside of the package, box, or car containing the 
same, the facts must be reported within twenty-four hours to the chief inspector, 
or a regularly appointed assistant, by the railroad, express, or steamboat com- 
pany, or by any other person or persons carrying the same, and it shall be unlaw- 
ful to deliver such property until it has been examined by a regularly appointed 
inspector, and by him certified to be apparently free from dangerously injurious 
insect pests and plant diseases. Any agent or common carrier, or persons carry- 
ing such property as aforesaid, who shall fail to give such notice as is hereby 
required, shall be deemed guilty of a violation of this act. When nursery stock 
is shipped into this State accompanied by a certificate, as herein provided, it 
shall be held as prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated, but the chief 
inspector, when he has reason to believe that any such stock is infested or 
infected, as hereinbefore described, is hereby authorized to cause the same to be 
examined. In case the same is found to be infested or infected by dangerously 
injurious insect pests or plant diseases, it shall be seized and the shipper shall 
be immediately notified, and after ten days from such seizure it may be declared 
a public nuisance and destroyed. 

Sec. 6. Upon the petition of any freeholder or lessee within the State of Ohio, 
the chief inspector may cause to be examined any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, 
either on the premises of said petitioner, or in dangerous proximity thereto, as to 
the presence of dangerously injurious insect pests or plant diseases, and shall by 
himself, or through his assistants, have the right, within reaonable hours, to 
euter upon any premises in the prosecution of the duties defined in this act. If 
the examination discloses the presence of San Jose scale, peach yellows, black 
knot, or any other dangerously injurious insect pests or plant diseases, the chief 
inspector shall notify the owner or lessee of the premises in writing of the facts 


112 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


by mailing such notice to his usual post-office address. He shall also state the 
limit of time within which treatment must be applied by the owner or lessee, in 
accordance with the directions issued by the Ohio State board of agriculture, and 
specify such trees, shrubs, plants, or vines as must be destroyed, also when they 
shall be declared a public nuisance, provided the aforesaid orders are not com- 
plied with. Should the owner fail to apply the treatment required in said notice 
in a satisfactory manner, and within the time specified, such treatment may be 
carried out under the direction of the chief inspector, and the entire cost of such 
treatment shall be certified to the county auditor of the county in which the 
property is located, and the same shall become a lien on the premises and shall - 
be collected by the county treasurer as other taxes, and when collected shall be 
paid to the Ohio State board of agriculture. The owner of any premises as 
hereinbefore mentioned shall, in addition, be deemed guilty of a violation of 
this act, by reason of failure to comply with the requirements of said notice and 
shall be liable to the penalty provided. 

Sec. 7. Whenever the chief inspector, or any duly appointed assistant in- 
spector, Shall order any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines growing in this State, or 
any nursery stock that has been shipped in from outside the State, to be de- 
stroyed, and the owner shall fail, for ten days after notice of such order, to 
destroy the same, as directed by such order, such failure shall be deemed a 
demand on the part of the owner to have judicially determined the right to 
enforce such destruction, and shall act as a stay upon the proceedings until such 
judicial determination shall be had; and, in such case, the chief inspector, or 
any duly appointed assistant inspector, shall commence, without delay, an action 
in the probate court of the county in which the trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, or 
nursery stock are located, by filing an affidavit therein, setting forth that the 
trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, or nursery stock are infested or infected with 
dangerously injurious insect pests or plant diseases, a description of the prem- 
ises whereon the same are located, the name of the owner or lessee of such 
premises, and of all persons having an interest in such premises or trees, shrubs, 
plants, or vines, and, if the same are nursery stock, the name of the person, 
firm, or corporation in whose possession the same are found, and that ten days 
have elapsed since orders have been made for the destruction of the same, and 
that such orders have not been obeyed. Upon such affidavit being filed the pro- 
bate judge shall issue a summons for all persons named in such affidavit; which 
shall contain a copy of said affidavit, commanding them to appear at a time 
to be fixed therein, not exceeding five days from the date thereof, to answer 
such complaint; such summons shall be directed to, and served by, the sheriff 
of the county, and may be served by him in any county in this State, and shall 
be served and returned, as directed by said probate court. At the time fixed 
in such summons, if the jury be not waived, said court shall order a jury to 
be drawn, and such jury shall be drawn, summoned, and impaneled, as in other 
civil cases in probate courts, and the State of Ohio shall be plaintiff and the 
persons named in the affidavit shall be defendants, and no pleadings other than 
such affidavit shall be required, and the issue shall be whether said trees, shrubs, 
plants, or vines, or nursery stock are infested or infected with dangerously 
injurious insect pests or plant diseases, and all proceedings shall be had in the 
trial of such complaint as are provided for the trial of civil cases in probate 
courts. If the jury shall find that the orders for the destruction of the trees, 
shrubs, plants, or vines, or nursery stock, shall be obeyed, it shall return a ver- 
dict finding the issues with the plaintiff, but if it should fail to so find, it shall 
return a verdict finding the issues with the defendant, or defendants; and if 
the issues are found with the plaintiff, the court shall enter judgment against 
the defendant, or defendants, for costs, and cause execution to be issued there- 


OHIO. EPS 


for, and shall issue an order to the chief inspector, or assistant inspector, to 
enforce the orders by him made; but if the issues are found with the defend- 
ant, or defendants, the action shall be dismissed and the orders for destruction 
annulled, and the costs shall be ordered paid by the Ohio State board of agricul- 
ture, and paid by it out of any funds appropriated for carrying out this act. In 
the matter of taxing and apportioning costs, the court shall have the same 
equity powers as are now conferred upon courts of common pleas. 

Sec. 8. Any owner or lessee who shall fail, neglect, or refuse to treat infested 
or infected trees, shrubs, plants, or vines within the time, and in the manner, 
prescribed in said notice, and any person who shall be ordered to destroy .any 
trees, shrubs, plants, or vines, or nursery stock, and shall fail, neglect, or refuse 
to destroy the same, as ordered, within ten days after the probate court shall 
have issued its order to the chief inspector or assistant inspector, to enforce the 
orders by him made, and any person who shall fail, neglect, or refuse to com- 
ply with, or obey, any order made pursuant to the provisions of this act, or who 
shall fail, neglect, or refuse to comply with any of the requirements or provi- 
sions hereof, or who shall violate or neglect to carry out, or offer any hindrance 
to the carrying out of any of the provisions of this act, shall be adjudged 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less 
than ten dollars or more than one hundred dollars for the first offense; and 
not less than fifty dollars or more than three hundred dollars for any subse- 
quent offense, and the cost of prosecution, and stand committed until the same 
are paid. It shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney of the county to con- 
duct all prosecutions under this act, and all fines recovered shall be paid to the 
Ohio State board of agriculture. The probate court of each county in this State 
shall have original and final jurisdiction in all the prosecutions under any of 
the provisions of this act, and, for the trial of the same, such courts shall always 
be open regardless of the terms fixed in said courts for the trial of criminal 
cases, and the complainant shall not be required to give security for costs. 

Sec. 9. The Ohio State board of agriculture shall make an annual report to 
the governor of the State concerning the operations of the division of nursery 
and orchard inspection, which shall give the number of nurseries inspected, the 
number of certificates issued, the number of trees treated and destroyed by 
the direction of the chief inspector, and such other information as may be 
deemed necessary. 

Sec. 10. Said act passed May 10, 1902, entitled “An act to amend an act passed 
April 14, 1900, entitled ‘An act to prevent the introduction and spread of the 
San Jose scale and other dangerous insects and dangerously contagious dis- 
eases affecting trees, shrubs, vines, plants, and fruits,” is hereby repealed; 
and that this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. _ 


REGULATIONS OF THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONCERNING THE 
INSPECTION, CERTIFICATION, AND FUMIGATION OF NURSERY STOCK. 


In compliance with the nursery and orchard inspection law of Ohio, all appli- 
cations for nursery inspection must be placed on file in this office on or before 
July 1 of each year. 

As the law exempts “greenhouse plants and cuttings thereof, bulbs, flowers, 
and vegetable plants’ from inspection, no certificates on stock of this character 
‘will be issued unless the cost of inspection is paid by the owner. 


7418—No, 61 Mm——8 


114 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Certificates of inspection will not be issued covering the stock or the premises 
upon which nursery stock is grown, if any of the insect pests or plant diseases 
named in the above-mentioned act are found to be present thereon, until all 
infested or infected trees, shrubs, plants, and vines have been treated as pre- 
scribed by the division of nursery and orchard inspection of the Ohio depart- 
ment of agriculture. If San Jose scaie or peach yellows are found, the affected 
trees, shrubs, plants, and vines must be destroyed, and, as an additional pre- 
caution, if San Jose scale is found in the nursery or in dangerous proximity 
thereto, fumigation of the stock will be required. Said fumigation will be con- 
ducted under the direction of an assistant inspector. 

After certificates of inspection have been granted should any trees, shrubs, 
plants, or vines be found to be infected by crown gall or other dangerous plant 
disease or diseases, or infested with insects affecting the roots, the same must 
be burned by the nurserymen, and failure to comply with this regulation may be 
deemed sufficient cause for the revocation of said certificates. 

Applications for certificates of fumigation must be made on special blanks, 
which will be furnished on request. Such certificates will be granted after the 
regular nursery inspection has been made and the requirements of the division 
of nursery and orchard inspection have been complied with, and in all cases the 
stock will be fumigated under the immediate supervision of an assistant 
inspector, as is required by law. 

All potassium cyanide for fumigating purposes will be furnished through this 
office at cost, put up in charges ready for use. Fumigating houses should be 
thoroughly repaired before the inspection is made. 

For the convenience of nurserymen doing business in other States, duplicate 
certificates will be issued on request and sent to the official inspectors in the 
States where such are required to be filed. 

Nurserymen and growers are cautioned to allow no stock to be sent out from 
their grounds unless accompanied with copies of their certificates for the cur- 
rent year, as provided by law. 


OKLAHOMA. 


An Act relating to insects and diseases which are injurious to growing crops, nursery 
stock, fruit or shade trees, bushes, shrubbery and vines, grains, fruits, and vegetables, 
providing for the establishment and maintenance of quarantine regulations for the pur- 
pose of preventing the introduction and dissemination of same, for the inspection of 
nurseries and the regulation of nursery agents, prescribing penalties for the violation 
of such provisions, and for other purposes. 


Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of the Territory of Oklahoma: 

Section 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to 
sell or offer to sell any nursery stock, fruit trees, bushes, or vines or any fruits, 
grains, seeds, or vegetables, for the purpose of planting or otherwise, if the same 
are infested with injurious insects or infected with contagious plant diseases. 

Src. 2. It shall be the duty of the board of agriculture to prevent the intro- 
duction and dissemination of injurious insect pests and contagious plant dis- 
eases, whether said injurious insects or plant diseases are known to exist in 
this Territory or elsewhere, and for this purpose the board of agriculture is 
hereby authorized and empowered to establish, maintain, and enforce such quar- 
antine rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to prevent the importa- 
tion or exportation of diseased or infested nursery stock, fruits, grains, seeds, 
or vegetables. 

Src. 3. When the said board of agriculture shall have formulated and adopted 


OKLAHOMA. ne 


the quarantine rules and regulations as provided in section two (2) of this act 
the governor of the Territory of Oklahoma, when advised and requested by 
the said board of agriculture, shall issue a proclamation setting forth and pro- 
claiming the orders, rules, and regulations so prescribed by said board of agri- 
culture and declaring the same to be in force and in effect, and the issuance of 
said proclamation shall be due and public notice of its provisions, and no fur- 
ther notice or publication of the same shall be necessary. 

Src. 4. Each nursery located in the Territory of Oklahoma in which fruit 
or shade trees, bushes and vines, or ornamental shrubbery are grown for 
sale, shall, at least once each year during the growing season, be ‘Sub- 
ject to inspection by a competent entomologist acting under the direction of 
the board of agriculture, and if it shall appear from the report of the 
said entomologist that such nursery stock is free from infestation by injurious 
insect pests and from infection by contagious plant diseases the said board of 
agriculture shall issue to the person or persons owning or operating such nurs- 
ery a certificate to that effect. If it shall appear from the report of said ento- 
mologist that, upon careful examination, such nursery stock has been found 
to be infested with injurious insect pests or infected with contagious plant 
diseases, it shall be the duty of the said board of agriculture to prohibit the sale 
or planting such nursery stock in the Territory of Oklahoma until said nursery 
stock shall have been properly dipped, fumigated, sprayed, or otherwise disin- 
fected as directed by said board of agriculture. It shall furthermore be the 
duty of the board of agriculture to require the owner or owners of each nursery 
located in Oklahoma to send out a copy of said certificate with each shipment 
of nursery stock which has been sold to be planted in Oklahoma: Provided, That 
there shall be paid by the owner or operator of such nursery a fee as herein- 
efter provided, together with necessary traveling expenses incurred in making 
such inspection: Provided further, That the entomologist or assistant entomolo- 
gist of the Oklahoma agricultural experiment station shall be detailed for serv- 
ice as inspector of nurseries when not inconsistent with the performance of 
his regular duties. 

Sec. 5. The importation, transportation, and sale of fruits, grains, seeds, or 
vegetables which may be infested with injurious insect pests or infected with 
contagious plant diseases or containing seeds of any noxious or injurious plants 
shall be subject to such quarantine regulations as may be prescribed and estab- 
lished by the board of agriculture, acting under the authority and power granted 
in sections two (2) and three (3) of this act. 

Src. 6. Any person, firm, or corporation which owns or operates a nursery in 
any other State or Territory, and which desires to sell from the same, either 
directly or indirectly, or by agent, any trees, vines, bushes, or other nursery 
stock within the limits of the Territory of Oklahoma, shall first procure a per- 
mit from the board of agriculture authorizing such nursery, or its duly consti- 
tuted representatives, to do business in the Territory. As conditions precedent: 
to the issuance of such permit the board of agriculture shall require a certifi- 
cate of inspection from a competent entomologist, duly authorized to act as an 
inspector in the State or Territory where such nursery is owned and operated, 
and the board of agriculture may, furthermore, require such references and eyvi- 
dences of integrity as may seem to be necessary to establish the responsibility 
and good faith of the applicant. 

Sec. 7. The board of agriculture shall be and hereby is duly authorized to 
require that any or all nursery stock which is shipped into Oklahoma from any 
other State or Territory shall be accompanied by a duplicate of certificate of 
_hursery inspection which may be required by law in such State or Territory, 


116 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


and said board of agriculture may furthermore require that any or all nursery 
stock shipped in from any other State or Territory shall be subject to reinspec- 
tion; and if upon such reinspection it shall be found that such nursery stock 
is infested with injurious insect pests or infected with contagious plant dis- 
eases, it shall be the duty of said board of agriculture to prohibit the sale, de- 
livery, or planting of such nursery stock within the limits of the Territory of 
Oklahoma until the same shall have been dipped, fumigated, sprayed, or other- 
wise disinfected as directed by said board of agriculture; and it shall be unlaw- 
ful for any nursery agent or the agent of any common carrier to deliver any 
nursery stock which may have been shipped in from any other State or Terri- 
tory until the same shall have been inspected or released as directed by said 
board or its duly authorized inspectors at the discretion of said board. 

Sec. 8. Any person who, acting as agent or solicitor within the limits of the 
Territory of Oklahoma, sells, or offers to sell, trees or any other nursery stock . 
for any person, firm, or corporation which may be engaged in the nursery busi- 
ness shall be required to carry a letter or certificate from his principal, setting 
forth the fact that he is duly authorized to represent such nursery and that a 
guarantee is made that any written contract entered into by him as agent will 
be fulfilled if the same is accepted by said nursery and unless notification to 
the contrary be made in writing to the purchaser within thirty days after such 
order or contract is made. In addition to the foregoing, each agent or solicitor 
who sells or offers to sell trees or other nursery stock that may have been 
grown in any other State or Territory shall be required to procure and carry 
a duplicate of the permit issued to his principal. 

Sec. 9. It shall be unlawful to wilfully misrepresent nursery stock which is 
offered for sale or refuse to state where the same was propagated or the man- 
ner of propagation, or to sell, offer for sale, or deliver nursery stock which is 
untrue to name, or to sell seeds which have been adulterated or seeds which 
by reason of age have become deficient in vitality and germinating power, or 
containing seeds of any noxious or injurious plants. 

Sec. 10. The violation of the provisions of any of the foregoing bee ios of 
this act shall be deemed a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of hot less than 
fifty dollars nor more than three hundred dollars and in addition any person, 
firm, or corporation engaged in the nursery business or any nursery agent or 
solicitor who violates the provisions of section nine (9) of this act shall forfeit 
the right to do business in the territory which may be held by such party or 
parties and such agent or solicitor shall be disqualified to receive a permit to 
act as agent for any other nursery which operates in the territory. 

Sec. 11. The board of agriculture shall collect as a fee for issuing a permit to 
nurseries to do business in the Territory, as provided in section six (6) of this 
act, the sum of five dollars and, as a fee for each agent’s duplicate of such per- 
mit, the further sum of one dollar. It shall be the duty of the board of agri- 
culture to regulate the amount of nursery inspection fees, and the fees for 
reinspection of the nursery stock that is shipped in from any other State or 
Territory, apportion traveling expenses of inspector and collect the same before 
issuing certificates of inspection. All moneys so received shall be paid over to 
the treasurer of the said board, to be placed in separate fund, which shall be 
known as the inspection fund, to be used at the discretion of said board, and 
said board shall render an annual report to the governor, giving a detailed 
statement of all receipts and expenditures under the provisions of this section. 

Sec. 12. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 13. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after May Ist, 
1905. 

Approved March 18, 1905. 


OKLAHOMA. 117 
RULES AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING NURSERY STOCK. 


The following insects and fungus diseases are considered injurious and are 
hereby declared to constitute infestation or infection when found on trees, 
plants, or other nursery stock or seeds: 

1. San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 

2. The new peach scale (Diaspis amygdali). 

When found in a nursery all infested stock to be burned. 

If San Jose scale is found in the immediate neighborhood, all stock must be 
fumigated or certificate will be withheld. 

3. Black knot (Plowrightia morbosa). : 

4. Crown gall (Dendrophagus globosus). 

When found in a nursery all diseased stock to be destroyed, otherwise stock 
may not be shipped. 

5. Peach yellows. 

6. Peach and plum rosette. 

All infested trees and nursery stock to be destroyed. 

7. Wooly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera). 

All badly diseased stock to be destroyed; other stock to be fumigated or 
treated with kerosene emulsion as directed. 

8. Peach tree borer. 

9. The Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). 

Rute 1. All nursery stock shipped into this Territory from any other State or 
Territory shall be plainly labeled or tagged with a copy of the certificate of in- 
spection, signed by the State entomologist or duly authorized official of the State 
or Territory in which such nursery stock shall have been grown, duly certified 
over the fac simile signature of the secretary of the board of agriculture. All 
consignments of nursery stock not so labeled or tagged shall be liable to seiz- 
ure and confiscation by the duly authorized entomologist or inspector of the 
board of agriculture. 

Rute 2. The inspector and his assistants shall have authority to inspect 
any shipment of nursery stock at any station in this Territory, and shall have 
authority to stop any nursery stock when in transit, for the purpose of inspect- 
ing the same, regardless of whether such stock shall bear a certificate of in- 
spection or not. The inspector shall have authority to seize, condemn, and 
destroy any nursery stock infested with San Jose scale or other seriously in- 
jurious insect or disease found within the confines of this Territory. 

RULE 38. Hach and every person, firm, or corporation growing nursery stock 
for sale in this Territory shall apply to the secretary of the board of agricul- 
ture for inspection on or before June 1st of each year. It shall be the duty of 
the secretary to cause inspection of such nursery not later than September 1st. 
If upon such inspection the nursery stock and premises be found apparently 
free from San José scale and other seriously injurious insects and plant 
diseases, a certificate shall be given to that effect. On and after July Ist,. 
1905, a copy of said certificate, bearing the facsimile signature of the secretary, _ 
shall be attached to each and every box, bundle, and package of nursery stock 
shipped within this Territory. Shioments of nursery stock not so labeled shall 
be refused if found in transit or in the possession of any common earrier by 
the entomologist or his assistants, shall be liable to confiscation and destruction. — 

Rute 4. Transportation companies and their agents shall immediately notify 
the secretary of the board of agriculture (Guthrie, Oklahoma) when, by over- 
Sight, negligence, or otherwise, any shipment of nursery stock without a proper 
certificate attached shall arrive at any station in this Territory, and it shall 


118 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


be the duty of the secretary to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself or 
a duly authorized inspector, to investigate and dispose of such shipment. 

Rute 5. The inspector of the board of agriculture shall have power to require 
any nurseryman in the Territory to fumigate his trees, shrubs, or plants with 
hydrocyanie acid gas or other substance when, in his judgment, such treatment 


: 
: 


is necessary or advisable for the proper protection of the agricultural or horti- — 


-cultural interests of the Territory or any section thereof. 

Rute 6. In addition to fruit trees the following shall be classed as nursery 
stock if offered for sale and shall be subject to the regulations governing the 
inspection and transportation of the same: Strawberry plants, vines, ornamental 
trees and shrubs, and field-grown roses. 

Rute 7. All nursery stock grown in States or Territories where there is no 
nursery-inspection law shall be inspected by the entomologist of the board of 
agriculture before the same can be delivered to the consignee. 

Rute 8. All fees for inspection shall be determined upon a basis of the actual 
cost of the same. 

RwLE 9. Tags or labels for use as prescribed in rules 1 and 3 may be procured 
from the secretary of the board of agriculture at actual cost, the prices being 
as follows, to wit: Seventy-five cents for the first hundred and 30 cents for each 
additional hundred, postpaid, or, in larger lots, by express at purchaser’s ex- 
pense, per 500, $1.75; per 1,000, $2.50; cash to accompany order in all cases. 


RULES AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING COTTON SEED. 


RULE 1. For the purpose of preventing the introduction of the Mexican cotton 
boll weevil into the Territory of Oklahoma from the State of Texas, where the 
same is now known to exist, a rigid quarantine is hereby declared against the 
following counties in the State of Texas, to wit, Anderson, Angelina, Aransas, 
Atascosa, Austin, Bastrop, Bee, Bell, Bexar, Blanco, Bosque, Bowie, Brazos, 
Brazoria, Brown, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Camp, Cass, 
Chambers, Cherokee, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Comanche, Cooke, Coryell, Dallas, 
Delta, Denton, Dewitt, Duval, Eastland, Ellis, Erath, Falls, Fannin, Fayette, 
Fort Bend, Franklin, Freestone, Galveston, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, 
Gregg, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hamilton, Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Hays, Hender- 
son, Hidalgo, Hill, Hood, Hopkins, Houston, Hunt, Jack, Jackson, Jasper, 
Jefferson, Johnson, Karnes, Kaufman, Kent, Lamar, Lampasas, Lavaca, Lee, 
Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Live Oak, Llano, Madison, Matagorda, Marion, 
McLennan, McMullen, Milam, Mills, Montgomery, Morris, Nacogdoches, Navarro, 
Nueces, Newton, Orange, Palo Pinto, Panola, Parker, Polk, Rains, Red River, 
Refugio, Robertson, Rockwell, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, San 
Patricio, San Saba, Shelby, Smith, Somervell, Starr, Stephens, Tarrant, Titus, 
Travis, Trinity, Tyler, Upshur, Van Zandt, Victoria, Waller, Walker, Washington, 
Wharton, Williamson, Wilson, Wise, Wood, and also against the following 
parishes in Louisiana, Sabine, Vernon, Calcasieu, and De Soto, as well as 
against all other counties of Texas or parishes of Louisiana where the said 
Mexican boll weevil may be known to exist; and in order to prevent the intro- 
cuction into the Territory of Oklahoma of the said Mexican boll weevil it is 
hereby declared : 

RvuLeE 2. That no cotton seed, cotton-seed hulls, seed cotton, and cotton-seed 
sacks (which have been used), cotton pickers’ sacks, corn in the shuck, unsacked 
corn, unsacked oats, unsacked wheat, unsacked oats, and unsacked cowpeas shall 


OREGON. 119 


at any time be brought into the Territory of Oklahoma from the infested counties 
ot Texas or parishes of Louisiana. 

Rute 3. That the following commodities are not restricted at any time, pro- 
vided no quarantined articles are used in packing: Fruit, truck, rice, and rice- 
grain products. 

Rute 4. That all shipments of household goods from infested areas shall be 
prohibited, unless accompanied by an affidavit, attached to the waybill, to the 
effect that the shipment contains no cotton, cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed 
hulls, and cotton-seed sacks, cotton-pickers’ sacks, corn in the shuck, hay, straw, 
or loose Spanish moss, either as packing or in any other way, unless the ship- 
ment be made during the months of July, August, and September, when hay, 
straw, corn shucks, or Spanish moss may be used for packing. Such shipments 
may, however, be subject to inspection at the discretion of the entomologist of 
the board of agriculture. 

Rute 5. That through shipments of quarantined articles shall be made in 
tightly closed box cars and shall not be unloaded while in transit through the 
Territory. 

Rule 6. That shipments of baled cotton into Oklahoma shall be made in 
tightly closed box cars. 

_ Rote 7. That no common carrier shall use for bedding or feed for live stock 
any of the quarantined articles, except during July, August, and September, 
when hay, straw, Spanish moss, or corn shucks may be used. 

Rute 8. That the quarantine hereby declared may from time to time be ex- 
tended so as to include other counties of the State of Texas or parishes of 
Louisiana. 

Rute 9. That no person or persons, except a duly recognized entomologist, 
shall bring or cause to be brought into the Territory, by mail, express, or other- 
wise, any living specimens of the Mexican cotton boll weevil in any of its forms 
of development or egg state. 

Rute 10. All railroads, express companies, and other companies and other 
common carriers, and all private vehicles, etc., entering the Territory of Okla- 
homa from the States of Texas or Louisiana, or passing through the Territory 
of Oklahoma from any of the infested districts of the State of Texas or Louisi- 
ana are especially enjoined to comply with the requirements of this order and 
of the laws of the Territory of Oklahoma governing the same. 


OREGON. 
LAWS oF 1899. 


An Act to amend an act entitled “‘An act to create a State board of horticulture and 
appropriate money therefor, approved February 25, 1889, and an act amendatory 
thereof, entitled ‘An act to amend an act entitled an act to create a State board of 
horticulture and appropriate money therefor,’ approved February 25, 1889, approved 
February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon, and an act 
amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled ‘An act to create a State 
board of horticulture and appropriate money therefor,’ approved February 25, 1889, 
and an act amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled ‘An act to 
create a State board of horticulture and appropriate money therefor, approved Feb- 
ruary 25, 1889,’ approved February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry 
in Oregon,” approved February 23, 1895. 


Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of the State of Oregon: 

* * +: * + + * 
Sec. 2. The members shall reside in the districts for which they are respec- 
lively appointed. They shall be selected with reference to their knowledge of 


120 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


and practical experience in horticulture and the industries connected therewith, 
and shall be engaged in practical horticulture during their incumbency of the 
office of commissioner. They shall hold office for the term of four years, and 
until their successors are appointed and have qualified, unless removed by the 
appointing board for failure to perform their duties. It shall be the duty of the 
president to visit at least once a year every district, and examine the orchards, 
nurseries, and work of the district commissioners, and ascertain whether or not 
the law and regulations of the board are being properly executed. He must 
personally inspect most of the orchards during the fruit-growing season, see 
that the regulations of the board regarding spraying are being faithfully exe- 
cuted wherever insects, pests, or disease injurious to tree or fruit are to be 
found. He must visit the principal fruit-shipping points during the shipping 
season, inspect the fruit shipped, and prevent the shipment of insect and pest 
infested fruit. He shall give notice through the public press one week in 
advance of his visit to each county, giving the time and place of his visit, 
where he shall receive complaints of fruit growers, and distribute to them 
printed and oral instructions regarding destruction of pests, and other informa- 
tion, including proper methods of handling, packing, and shipping fruits. It 
shall also be his duty to visit, when possible, if requested by an association or a | 
number of fruit growers, the meetings of such associations of fruit growers, 
and aid them in the organization of proper associations beneficial to the growing 
and marketing of fruits. The president shall preside at all meetings of the 
board, and may call special meetings whenever an emergency may require it. 
He shall make an annual report to the appointing board of the general condi- 
tion of the fruit interests of the State and success of the commissioners in the 
work of exterminating pests and executing the law. 

Src. 15. Inasmuch as the provisions of this act are of immediate importance 
to the horticultural interests of this State, this law shall take effect from and 
after its approval by the governor. 

Approved February 17, 1899. 


An Act to protect the fruit and hop industry of Oregon. 


Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of the State of Oregon: 

Section 1. It shall hereafter be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation, 
owning or operating any nursery, fruit orchard of any kind, hopyards, flower 
gardens, or ornamental trees to throw any cuttings or prunings from any fruit 
trees, nursery stock, ornamental trees, or hop vines into any public road, high- 
way, lane, field, or other inclosure, or into any water course of any kind; but 
shall destroy such cuttings or prunings with fire within thirty days from the 
time such cuttings or prunings are made. 

Sec. 2. It shall hereafter be the duty of any person, firm, or corporation 
owning or operating any such nursery, fruit orchard, hopyard, flower garden, or 
ornamental trees, and knowing such to be infected with any kind of insects, 
pests, or disease, to immediately spray or destroy the same in such manner as 
the fruit commissioner for his district may direct. 

Sec. 3. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation doing business 
in the State of Oregon to sell Paris green, arsenic, London purple, sulphur, or 
any spray material or compound for spraying purposes in quantities exceeding 
one pound without providing with each package sold a certificate, duly signed 
by the seller thereof, guaranteeing the quality and per cent of purity of said 
materials. 

Sec. 4. Any person, firm, or corporation selling any of the above materials 
which do not conform with the certificate furnished therewith shall be deemed 


OREGON. 121 


guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine 
of not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars nor more than one hundred ($100) 
dollars. 

Sec. 5. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to import 
or sell any infested or diseased fruit of any kind in the State of Oregon. 

Sec. 6. Every person who packs or prepares for shipment to any point without 
the State, or who delivers or causes to be delivered to any express agent or 
railroad agent or other person, or to any transportation company or corporation 
for shipment to any point without the State any fruit or fruits, either fresh, 
cured, or dried, that is infected with insects, pests, or diseases injurious to trees, 
shrubs, plants, fruits, or vegetables is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Sec. 7. Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of 
this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, 
shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars nor more 
than one hundred ($100) dollars. 

Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of the State board of horti- 
culture of the district in which a violation of this act occurs to present the 
evidence of the case to the district attorney, whose duty it shall be to prosecute 
any person guilty of a violation of this act, which prosecution may be brought 
in any of the justice courts of this State. 

Sec. 9. Inasmuch as the horticultural interests of this State demand imme- 
diate attention, this act shall be in full force and effect from and after its 
approval by the governor. 

Approved 


QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. 


Rute 1. All consignees, agents, or other persons shall, within twenty-four 
hours, notify the quarantine officer of the State board of horticulture, or a duly 
commissioned quarantine guardian, of the arrival of any trees, plants, buds, or 
scions at the quarantine station in the district of final destination. 

Rute 2. All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions imported or brought 
into the State from any foreign country, or from any of the States or Territo- 
ries, are hereby required to be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine station 
in the district of final destination; and if such nursery stock, trees, plants, cut- 
tings, grafts, buds, or scions are found to be free of insect pests and fungous 
diseases, the said quarantine officer or duly commissioned quarantine guardian 
shall issue a certificate to that effect; and, furthermore, if any of said trees, 
plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found infested with insect pests, 
fungi, blight, or other diseases injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or other trees 
or plants, they shall be disinfected and remain in quarantine until the quaran- 
tine officer of the State board of horticulture or the duly commissioned quaran- 
tine guardian can determine whether the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, 
buds, or scions are free from live injurious insect pests, or their eggs, larve, 
or pup, or fungous diseases, before they can be offered for sale, gift, distribu- 
tion, or transportation. All persons or companies are hereby prohibited from 
carrying any trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions from without the 
State to any point within the State beyond the nearest point on its line or 
course to the quarantine station in the district of ultimate destination, or from 
any point within the State to any point therein, until such trees, plants, cuttings, 
grafts, buds, or scions have been duly inspected, and, if required, disinfected :1s 
hereinbefore provided; and all such shipments must be accompanied by the 
‘proper ‘certificate of the inspecting officer: Provided, however, That after such 


1292 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


persons or company have given the proper officer four days’ notice, he ov they 
shall not be required to hold such shipments further without directions from 
such officer. 

Rute 3. All peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, or almond trees, and all other 
trees budded or grafted upon peach stocks or roots, all peach or other pits, and 
cl peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, or almond cuttings, buds, or scions, raised or 
grown in a district where the “peach yellows” or the “ peach rosette” are 
known to exist, are hereby prohibited from being imported into or planted or 
cffered for sale, gift, or distribution within the State of Oregon. 

Rute 4. All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits arriving 
from any foreign country found infested with insect pests or their eggs, larve, 
or pup, or with fungi, or other disease or diseases hitherto unknown in this 
State, are hereby prohibited from landing. 

Rute 5. Fruit of any kind grown in any foreign country, or in any of the 
States or Territories, found infested with any insect or insects, or with any 
fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit or fruit trees, or to 
other trees or plants, is hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, gift, or 
distribution within the State. 

RULE 6. Any boxes, packages, packing material, and the like infested with 
insect or insects, or their eggs, larve, or pups, or by any fungi, blight, or other 
disease or diseases known to be injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or to other 
trees or plants, and liable to spread contagion, are hereby prohibited from being 
offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transportation until said material has been 
disinfected by dipping it in boiling water and allowing it to remain in said 
boiling water not less than two minutes; such boiling water used as such disin- 
fectant to contain, in solution, one pound of concentrated potash to each and 
every ten gallons of water. 

Rute 7. All trees, plants, grafts, cuttings, buds, or scions may be disinfected 
by dipping in a solution of three-fourths of a pound of whale-oil soap (eighty 
per cent) to each and every gallon of water; said whale-oil soap solution shall 
be kept at a temperature of 100 to 150 degrees. Said trees, plants, cuttings, 
grafts, buds, or scions shall remain in said solution not less than two minutes. 
After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions have been disinfected, 
they shall remain in quarantine fourteen days, unless otherwise directed by the 
inspecting officer, for subsequent inspection, and if deemed necessary by the 
quarantine officer of the State board of horticulture, or a duly commissioned 
quarantine guardian, for further disinfection. 

Rute 8. All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions may be disinfected 
by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as follows: Said trees, plants, cut- 
tings, grafts, buds, or scions shall be covered with an air-tight tent or box, and 
for each and every 100 cubic feet of space therein one ounce of (C. P.) cyanide 
of potassium (ninety-eight per cent), one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid, and two - 
fiuid ounces of water shall be used. The cyanide of potassium shall be placed 
in an earthenware vessel, the water poured over the said cyanide of potassium, 
afterward adding the sulphuric acid, and the tent or box to be immediately 
closed tightly and allowed to remain closed for not less than forty minutes. 
After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, or scions have been treated with hydro- 
eyanie acid gas as above directed, they shall remain in quarantine for fourteen 
days, unless otherwise directed by the inspecting officer, for subsequent inspec- 
tion, and if deemed necessary by a member of the State board of horticulture, 
or the quarantine officer of said board, or a duly commissioned quarantine 
guardian, for subsequent disinfection. 

RULE 9. All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions imported or brought 


OREGON. 123 


into the State shall be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine station in the 
district of final destination, and if found infested with any injurious insects 
or diseases which can not be destroyed by the remedies required in rules 7 and 
8 of these regulations, are hereby prohibited from being planted or offered for 
sale, gift, or distribution and shall be proceeded against as a nuisance. 

Rute 10. If any person or persons having in their possession trees, plants, 
cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits infested with an insect or insects, 
or with any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit trees, 
or to any other trees or plants, shall refuse or neglect to disinfect the said trees, 
plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits, as is required by rules 7 and 
8 of these regulations, after having been notified to do so by a member of’ the 
State board of horticulture, the quarantine officer of said board, or a duly 
commissioned quarantine guardian, the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, 
scions, seeds, or pits shall be declared a public nuisance and shall be proceeded 
against as provided by law. 

RULE 11. Animals known as flying fox, Australian or English wild rabbits, or 
other animals or birds detrimental to fruit or fruit trees, plants, etc., are pro- 
hibited from being brought or landed in this State, and, if landed, shall be 
destroyed. 

Rute 12. Quarantine stations: For the first district, comprising the counties 
of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tilla- 
mook, shall be Portland. W. K. Newell, quarantine officer, or any member of 
the board or the secretary thereof. For the second district, comprising the 
counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Linn, Lincoln, and Lane, shall be Salem. L. T. 
Reynolds, quarantine officer, or any member of the board or the secretary 
thereof. For the third district, comprising the counties of Josephine, Coos, 
Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Lake, and Klamath, shall. be Ashland. A. H. Carson, 
quarantine officer, or any member of the board or the secretary thereof. For 
the fourth district, comprising the counties of Morrow, Wasco, Gilliam, Crook, 
and Sherman, shall be The Dalles. Emile Schanno, quarantine officer, or any 
member of the board or the secretary thereof. For the fifth district, comprising 
the counties of Umatilla, Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney, 
shall be Milton and Pendleton. Judd Geer, quarantine officer, or any member 
of the board or the secretary thereof. At all stations such other quarantine 
officers as may be from time to time appointed by the board, notice whereof 
will be given, and complete lists of whom may be obtained from the secretary 
or any member of the board. 

RULE 13. Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees or cuttings, grafts, Budd 
or scions, desiring to have such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, 
buds, or scions inspected at points other than regular quarantine stations, may 
have such inspection done where required: Provided, however, That such im- 
porters shall pay all charges of inspection; such charges and expenses to be paid 
before a certificate is granted. Transportation companies or persons and con- 
signees or agents shall deliver and cause to be detained all nursery stock, trees, 
plants, and fruit at one or the other of the quarantine stations, for inspection, 
as provided by the rules and regulations of the board. 

Rue 14. The fee for the inspection of apple, pear, plum, peach, nectarine, 
prune, cherry, apricot, nut-bearing trees, and alt other trees, shrubs, or plants, 
shall be as follows: Thirty cents per hour, including the time from leaving 

home, inspection, and return home of the inspector, and actual traveling and 
other expenses. On all fruits the fee for inspection shall be $1.00 on any sum 
“up to $35.00, and $2.00 on any sum over that amount, and $5.00 for carload lots. 

RULE 15. All persons growing nursery stock, trees, and plants for sale, or to 


124 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


be offered for sale, are hereby required to report to the commissioner of the dis- 
trict in which said nursery stock, trees, or plants are grown, for inspection dur- 
ing the months of September, October, or November of each and every year; 
and the commissioner of such district, or his duly appointed deputy, shall in- 
spect such nursery stock, trees, or plants prior to shipment and delivery. When 
said nursery stock, trees, or plants are found by said inspecting officer to be 
worthy of a certificate, setting forth the freedom of such nursery stock, trees, or 
plants from live, injurious insect pests, their eggs, larve, pupz, or fungous 
disease, the said inspecting officer shall then issue to the owner or owners of said 
nursery stock, trees, or plants a certificate of inspection. The condition under 
which this certificate is granted is, that the party or parties receiving such cer- 
tificate shall be compelled to disinfect by fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, 
as described in rule 8, all pear and apple trees, or other stock grown on apple 
roots, after lifting the same and before delivery to purchaser or carriers; and, 
in case such fumigation is neglected, said certificate of inspection shall be void 
and of no effect. 

Passed at a meeting of the State board of horticulture at Portland, Oregon, 
April 3, 1895, and amended at a regular meeting of the State board of horticul- 
ture at Salem, Oregon, October 15, A. D. 1895. 


Law oF 1905. 


An Act to provide for the appointment of county fruit inspectors and to amend sections 
4178 and 4185 of the Codes and Statutes of Oregon as compiled and annotated by 
Charles B. Bellinger and William W. Cotton. 


Be it enacted by the people of the State of Oregon: 


SEcTION 1. That upon a petition of not less than twenty-five residents and fruit 
growers of any county in this State the county court of said county shall appoint 
a county inspector whose duty it shall be to inspect the apple and other-fruit 
orchards of said county and to enforce the laws now in force and that may be 
hereafter in force in this State applicable to the fruit industry and to the grow- 
ing, handling, and selling of fruit, fruit trees, and other nursery stock: Pro- 
vided, That the inspector so to be appointed shall be recommended and certified 
to be competent for such position by the State district commissioner of the State 
board of horticulture for the said county, and said county inspector shall hold 
his office during the pleasure of said county court. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State district commissioner to instruct and 
educate the county inspectors as to the laws and quarantine regulations of this 
State and the rules and regulations of the State board of horticulture. 

The county inspector shall perform his duties under the general supervisions 
of the State district commissioner for said county, to whom he shall make 
reports in the manner prescribed by the State board of horticulture. 

Sec. 3. Such county inspector shall be paid for his services by the said county 
a sum not exceeding $3 per day and pay his own personal expenses for each and 
every day actually employed in the performance of his duties as herein pro- 
vided, and the said county inspector shall report monthly to the said State dis- 
trict commissioner the time for which he is entitled to pay during the month 
next preceding and the said State district commissioner shall certify the same 
to the county court before such compensation shall be paid to said county 
inspector. 

Sec. 4. If any county for any reason fails to appoint a county inspector as 


herein provided, then the inspector of any adjacent county may perform such 


: OREGON. 125 


services, and his compensation and the necessary expenses incurred in the per- 
formance of his duty shall be charged against the county where the service is 
performed, as if he had been appointed by the county court of said county. 

Sec. 5. The State district commissioner of horticulture shall hear and 
promptly decide all appeals from the county inspectors in his district, and his 
decision shall have full force and effect until set aside by the courts of the State. 

All appeals from county inspectors to the district commissioners shall be 
under the form and regulations as prescribed by the State board of horticulture. 

Sec. 6. That section 4178 of the Codes and Statutes of Oregon, as compiled 
and annotated by C. B. Bellinger and William W. Cotton, be, and the same is 
hereby, amended to read as follows: 

Sec. 4178. Said board shall employ without their number a secretary, who 
shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred upon him by this 
act, and whose compensation shall not exceed $100 per month, to be paid in the 
same manner as other State officers. Said board shall also elect from their own 
number a treasurer. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties each 
member of the board shall make and subscribe an oath to support the Constitu- 
tion of the United States and of the State of Oregon, and to diligently, faith- 
fully, and impartially discharge the duties of his office, which said oaths shall 
be filed with the secretary. The secretary shall make and subscribe a like 
eath, which shall be filed with the treasurer of the board. 

Sec. 7. That section 4185 of the Codes and Statutes of Oregon, as compiled 
and annotated by C. B. Bellinger and William W. Cotton, be and the same is 
hereby amended to read as follows: 

Src. 4185. It shall be the duty of the several members of the board and of 
the secretary or the county inspectors under their direction, whenever they 
shall deem it necessary, to cause an inspection to be made of any orchards, 
nurseries, trees, plants, vegetables, vines, or any fruit-packing house, storeroom, 
salesroom, or any other place within their districts, and, if found infested with 
any pests, disease, or fungous growth injurious to fruits, plants, vegetables, 
trees, or vines, or with their eggs or larve, liable to spread to other places or 
localities, or of such nature as to be a public danger, they shall notify the 
owner or owners, or persons in charge of or in possession of such articles, 
things, or places, that the same are so infested, and shall require said persons 
to eradicate or destroy said insects or pests or their eggs or larve or to treat 
such contagious diseases within a certain time to be specified in said notice. 
Said notices may be served upon the person or persons, or any of them, owning, 
having charge, or having possession of such infested place, article, or thing, by 
any member of the board or by the secretary thereof or by any person deputed 
by the said board for that purpose, or they may be served in the same manner 
as a Summons in an action at law. Such notice shall contain directions for the 
application of some treatment approved by the commissioners for the,eradication 
or destruction of said pests or the eggs or larve thereof, or the treatment of 
contagious diseases or fungous growths. Any and all such places, orchards, 
nurseries, trees, plants, shrubs, vegetables, vines, fruit, or articles thus infested 
are hereby declared to be a public nuisance; and whenever any such nuisance 
shall exist at any place in the State on the property of any owner or owners 
upon whom or upon the person in charge or possession of whose property notice 

has been served as aforesaid, and who shall have failed or refused to abate the 
same within the time specified in such notice, or in the property of any non- 
resident or any property not in the possession of any person and the owner or 
owners of which can not be found by the resident member of the board or the 
secretary or county inspector after diligent search within the district, it 


126 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


shall be the duty of the board or the member thereof in whose district said 
nuisance shall exist, or the secretary or county inspector under his or their 
directions. to cause such nuisance to be at once abated by eradicating or destroy- 
ing said insects or pests, or their eggs or larve, or by treating or disinfecting 
or destroying the infested or diseased articles. The expense thereof shall be a 
county charge, and the county court shall allow and pay the same out of the 4 
general fund of the county. Any and all sums so paid shall be and become a 
lien on the property and premises from which said nuisance shall have been 
removed or abated in pursuance of this act, and may be recovered by a suit 
in equity against such property or premises, which suit to foreclose such liens 
shall be brought in the circuit court of the county where the premises are 
situate by the district attorney in the name and for the benefit of the county 
making such payment or payments. 

The proceedings in such cases shall be governed by the same rules, as far as 
may be applicable, as suits to foreclose mechanics’ liens, and the property shall 
be sold under the order of the court and the proceeds applied in like manner. 
The board is hereby invested with the power to cause such nuisance to be abated 
in a Summary manner. 


\ 


PENNSYLVANTIA. 


An Act to provide for the protection of trees, shrubs, vines, and plants against destruc- 
tive insects and diseases; providing for the enforcement of this act, the expenses con- 
nected therewith, and fixing penalties for its violation. 

SecTIon 1. Be it enacted, éc., That no person shall knowingly or wilfully 
keep any tree, shrub, vine, or plant in any nursery, orchard, or public or private 
grounds in this Commonwealth, nor knowingly or willingly send out from such 
nursery any tree, shrub, vine, or plant affected with San Jose scale, or other 
insects or diseases, such as crown-gall, black-knot, or peach-yellows, destructive 
of such tree, vine, shrub, or plant. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the secretary of agriculture, through the eco- 
nomic zoologist, or such other agent or agents as he may select, to cause an 
examination to be made, at least once each year, of each and every nursery in 
this State where trees, shrubs, vines, or plants are grown; and he may also, by 
himself or agent, make inspection of any orchard, or other grounds or place, in 
this State, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the trees, shrubs, vines, or 
plants therein kept are infested with San Jose scale or other insect pests, or dis- 
eases destructive of such trees, shrubs, vines, or plants. If, after such examina- 
tion of any nursery, it be found that the said trees, shrubs, vines, or other 
plants, so examined, are apparently free in all respects from any such danger- 
ously injurious insects or diseases, the secretary of agriculture, or his duly 
authorized agent, or other person designated to make such examination, shall 
thereupon issue to the owner or proprietor of the said stock thus examined a 
certificate setting forth the fact of the examination and that the stock or trees 
se examined are apparently free from any and all such destructive insects and 
diseases. 

Sec. 3. Should any nurseryman, agent, dealer, or broker send out or deliver 
within the State trees, vines, shrubs, plants, buds, or cuttings, commonly known 
as nursery stock, and which are subject to the attacks of the insects and dis- 
eases disignated in this act, unless he has in his possession a copy of said certifi- 
cate, dated within the year thereof, or wrongfully be in possession of said cer- 
tificate, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be pun- 
ished in accordance with the provisions of section eight of this act. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 127 


Sec. 4. All nursery stock, as designated in this act, sent out by any nursery- 
man, agent, dealer, or broker within this State, shall be accompanied by a copy 
of said certificate attached to each box, bale, or package. A certificate issued 
by an Official of the United States, setting forth the fact that the nursery stock 
has been fumigated and is free from any and all such destructive insects and 
diseases, shall be accepted in lieu of the State inspection. Transportation com- 
panies are required to reject all nursery stock not accompanied with a certifi- 
eate of inspection, and also to reject all such stock entering this State without 
a certificate of fumigation. 

Src. 5. Whenever any trees, shrubs, vines, or plants are shipped into ‘the 
State from some other State, country, or province, every package thereof shall 
be plainly labeled on the outside with the name of the consignor, the name of 
the consignee, and a certificate showing that the contents have been inspected 
by a State or Government officer, and that the trees, vines, shrubs, or plants, 
excepting conifers and herbaceous plants, therein contained, are properly fumi- 
gated and appear free from all dangerously destructive insects and diseases. 
When nursery stock is shipped into this State, accompanied by a certificate 
as herein provided, it shall be held to be prima facie evidence of the facts 
therein stated; but the secretary of agriculture, by himself or his assistants, 
when they have reason to believe that any such stock is infested with dangerous 
insects or diseases, shall be authorized to inspect the same and subject it to 
like treatment as provided in sections six and seven of this act. 

Sec. 6. If, after examination or upon information given in writing to the 
secretary of agriculture, it is found that any nursery stock, trees, or shrubs, 
either in a nursery or elsewhere, or sent forth to deliver in this State, are 
found to be infested with San José scale or other destructive insects or dis- 
eases, it shall be the duty of the secretary of agriculture, by himself or his duly 
authorized representative or agent, to take means to control, prevent the spread 
of, or secure the extermination of such insects or diseases, and shall have power 
to enter upon the premises and order the examination and treatment or de- 
struction of such dangerously injurious insects or diseases, or the nursery 
stock or trees and shrubs infested therewith, giving written notice to the owner 
or person in charge of the premises or nursery stock so infested. Such notice 
shall contain a brief statement of the facts found to exist, and descriptions of 
methods whereby it is deemed necessary to treat or destroy said trees, shrubs, 
vines, or plants, and shall call attention to the law under which it is proposed 
to treat or destroy them. In case of objection to the findings of the inspector 
or agent of the secretary of agriculture, an appeal shall be made to the said 
secretary of agriculture, whose decision shall be final. An appeal must be 
taken within six days from the service of said notice, and shall act as a stay of 
proceedings until it is heard and decided. 

Sec. 7. When the secretary of agriculture, or the persons or person appointed 
by him, shall finally determine, in accordance with the provisions of this act, 
that any trees, shrubs, vines, or other plants must be treated or destroyed, he 
shall notify in writing the owner or the person in charge of said infested stock, 
trees, vines, or shrubs, and shall direct him, within a time and in a manner 
prescribed in such notice, to treat or destroy such infested property. If the 
person so notified shall refuse or neglect to treat, destroy, or disinfect said trees, 
vines, or shrubs in the manner and within the time prescribed in the said notice, 
the secretary of agriculture shall cause such property to be so treated, and may 
employ all necessary assistants for that purpose; and such person or persons, 
agent or agents, employe or employes may enter on all premises in any township, 
borough, or city necessary for the purpose of such treatment, removal, or 


128 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


destruction, and he shall certify to the owner or person in charge of the prem- 
ises the amount of the cost of said treatment, rethoval, or destruction, and if 
not paid to him within sixty days thereafter, the same may be recovered, 
together with the costs of action. 

Sec. 8. Any person violating the provisions of this act, or offering any hin- 
drance to the carrying out of this act, shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and, upon conviction before a magistrate or justice of the peace, shall be fined 
not less than ten dollars and not more than one hundred dollars for each and 
every offense, together with all the costs of the prosecution, and shall stand 


committed until the same is paid. All necessary expenses under the provisions _ 


of this act shall, after approval in writing by the secretary of agriculture and 
auditor-general, be paid by the State treasurer upon warrant of the auditor- 
general in the manner now provided by law: Provided, That not more than 
thirty thousand dollars shall be so expended for this purpose in any one year. 

Sec. 9. All penalties and costs recovered for the violation of any of the pro- 
visions of this act shall be paid to the secretary of agriculture, or his agent, and 
by him immediately covered into the State treasury, to be kept as a fund for 
the use of the department of agriculture in the enforcement of this act, and 
may be drawn out upon vouchers signed by the secretary of agriculture and 
approved by the auditor-general, and shall not merge with the general fund at 
the close of any fiscal year. 

Sec. 10. The provisions of this act shall not apply to florists’ greenhouse 
plants and flowers, known as greenhouse stock, of varieties not attacked by 
San José scale or other injurious insects or diseases, nor shall they apply to 
ornamental trees and shrubs of varieties not liable to infestation with San José 
scale and liable to injury by fumigation. 

Sec. 11. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act 
be, and the same are hereby, repealed. 

Approved the 31st day of March, A. D. 1905. 


PORTO RICO. 


A Bit to provide for the protection against the importation of plant diseases or insects 
harmful to plants. 

Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of Porto Rico: 

SEcTION 1. No coffee tree or plant, or any portion thereof, or the seeds of same 
(except roasted coffee for domestic consumption), and no rooted citrus plants 
or cuttings, and no cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton lint, loose or in bales, shall be 
brought into the island of Porto Rico from any State or Territory or other 
country whatsoever without having attached thereto, in a prominent and con- 
spicuous place, a certificate under oath signed by a duly authorized State or 
Government entomologist, stating that such trees, plants, roots, seed hulls or seed 
or any and all portions thereof are free from disease: Provided, That in the 
case of cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls, or cotton lint, such certificate 
shall state in addition that the shipment originated in a locality where, by 
actual inspection by said attesting official or his agent, the Mexican boll weevil 
was not found to exist. 

Sec. 2. None of the provisions of this act shall be construed as preventing the 
importation by the United States agricultural experiment station, without such 
certificate, of any trees, plants, shrubs, cuttings, seeds, roots, or bulbs required 
by it for experimental and official use, providing that such station notify the 
governor in writing of all shipments so made, 


PORTO RICO. 129 


Src. 3. The cities of San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez are hereby designated as 
ports of entry for any and all of said articles, and it shall be unlawful to enter 
the same at any other port or place. 

Sec. 4. The governor is authorized to appoint suitable persons as inspectors, 
and shall from time to time issue such further and additional rules and regula- 
tions aS may in his opinion be necessary for the guidance of said inspectors and 
the carrying out of the purpose of this act. Such inspectors shall have full 
power and authority to enter during reasonabie hours any depot, warehouse, 
freight wharf, transfer, steamship, or express office, or other building or prem- 
ises, and shall be allowed full access to all way bills, manifests, invoices, or bills 
of lading therein, whenever, in the opinion of said inspector, the same is neces- 
sary to determine the presence or record of any shipment of the nature desig- 
nated in this act. 

Sec. 5. No steamship, railway, express company, or other common carrier, or 
any person, firm, or corporation shall bring into the island of Porto Rico any of 
the articles above mentioned without the specified certificate attached, and each 
of such shipments shall be fully set forth in the manifest, way bills, invoices, or 
bills of lading of the importing company, specifying where and from whom such 
shipment was received and to whom consigned. Upon the arrival at any of the 
ports of entry herein designated, such common carrier shall notify the inspector 
of the arrival of such goods, and the same shall be held by said common carrier 
until the inspector has investigated such shipment and give written permission 
for its removal. In case any common carrier violates the provision of this sec- 
tion, then the general manager of such common carrier or the captain of such 
offending vessel shall be deemed guilty, and, upon convicton, punished in the 
manner hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 6. Every transportation” company, common carrier, person, firm, or 
corporation shall immediately notify the inspector at the nearest port of entry, 
when by oversight, negligence, or otherwise any shipments of the nature desig- 
nated in section 1 of this act, without a proper certificate attached, shall arrive 
at any station or wharf owned or operated by said company within the island of 
Porto Rico, and it shall be the duty of such inspector to proceed as speedily as 
possible to investigate such shipment. If, upon investigation, he find the ship- 
ment to be of the nature herein designated, and to have been made without hay- 
ing first procured the proper certificate, he shall order the same removed from 
the island of Porto Rico, and upon failure of the owner or shipper to remove 
same within forty-eight hours after notice to do so said shipment shall be seized 
and burned. 

Sec. 7. Any person or persons, firm, corporation, company, or common e¢ar- 

rier violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished as provided for in sec- 
tion 16 of the Penal Code of Porto Rico of 1902; and any person who shall refuse 
to comply with the instructions of an inspector, or shall hinder or obstruct, or 
offer to hinder or obstruct, any inspector in the discharge of his duties, shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished as pro- 
vided for in said section 16, above referred to. 
* Sec. 8. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, there is 
hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appro- 
priated, for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1906, the sum of five hundred dol- 
lars ($500.00) or so much thereof as may be necessary. 

Sec. 9. This law shall take effect on and after May first, 1905. 


7418—No. 61 m——9 


= 


130 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
RHODE ISLAND. 


CHAPTER 1159. 


An Act to authorize the State board of agriculture to appoint a State nursery inspector, 
and to provide for the protection of trees and shrubs from injurious insects and 
diseases. 

It is enacted by the general assembly as follows: 

Section 1. The State board of agriculture may annually appoint some person, 
qualified by scientific training and practical experience, to be State nursery in- 
spector, who shall be responsible to the board for the performance of his duties 
as prescribed in this act. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State nursery inspector to inspect, under 
the direction of said board, all nurseries or places in the State where nursery 
stock is grown, sold, or offered fer sale, and if no dangerous insect or fungus 
pests are fund therein a certificate to that effect shall be given. If such pests 
are found therein the owner of the stock shal! take such measures to suppress 
the same as the State nursery inspector shall prescribe, and no certificate shall 
be given until the said inspector has satisfied himself by subsequent inspection 
that all such pests have been suppressed. 

Sec. 3. Owners of nurseries or of places in the State’ where nursery stock is 
grown, sold, or offered for sale, who do not hold an unexpired certificate of in- 
spection after the first annual inspection made after the passage of this act, 
who shall sell or otherwise dispose of nursery stock in the State shall be sub- 
ject to a penalty cf not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars for each offence. 

Sec. 4. Owners of nurseries or of places in the State where nursery stock 
is grown,. sold, or offered for sale, who shall fumigate with hydrocyanie acid 
gas all stock which they sell, using at least two-tenths of a gram of potassic 


cyanide to every cubic foot of space contained in the box, house, or other place | 


wherein this fumigation is performed, which place shall be gas tight, and who 
shall expose the said stock to the fumes of this gas of the strength aforesaid 
for at least forty minutes, or who shall treat the stock which they sell by some 
other method approved by the State nursery inspector, and who shall make 
affidavit before an officer authorized to administer oaths that all stock sold by 
them has thus been fumigated or treated, and who shall attach a copy of 
such affidavit to each package, box, or car of stock sold, shall be exempt from 
the provisions of sections two and three of this act. 

Sec. 5. All nursery stock shipped into this State from any other State, coun- 
try, or province shall bear on each box or package a certificate that the contents 
of said box or package have been inspected by a duly authorized inspecting 
officer and that said contents appear to be free from all dangerous insects or 
diseases. In case nursery stock is brought within the State without such a cer- 
tificate the consignee shall return it to the consignor at the expense of the 
latter: Provided, however, That any package or box bearing a certificate of 
fumigation which meets the requirements specified in section four of this act 
may be accepted as though bearing a proper certificate of inspection. 

Sec. 6. The State nursery inspector shall at all times have the right to enter 
any public or private grounds in the performance of any duty required by this 
act. He shall receive from the annual appropriation of the State board or 
agriculture such compensation as said board may determine, 

Sec. 7. This act shall take effect upon its passage. 

Passed April 13, 1904, : 


-F. ewes 


SOUTH CAROLINA. St 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 


An Act to amend an act to create a State board of entomology, to define its power and 
prescribe its duties and provide for the inspection of fruit trees, vineyards, and vege- 
table farms, to prevent contagious diseases, and destroy destructive insects in orchards, 
vineyards, and other places in the State. 


Section 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of South Caro- 
lina, That on or before April 1st, 1901, and every two years thereafter, the board 
of trustees of Clemson College shall designate three members of the said board 
who shall constitute and be known as the State board of entomology and who 
shall be charged especially with the execution of the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 2. That the said board is hereby authorized and empowered to make such 
rules and establish such regulations consistent with the laws of this State and 
of the United States for the government cf the inspection, certification, sale, 
transportation, and introduction of trees, plants, shrubs, cuttings, buds, vines, 
‘bulbs or roots that the said board may deem necessary or advisable to prevent 
the introduction or dissemination of destructive insects and plant diseases. 

Sec. 3. That_the said board shall have power to appoint an entomologist, who 
shall be a skilled horticulturist, and an assistant entomologist if, in their judg- 
ment, it shall be impracticable for the entomologist so to be appointed to dis- 
charge the duties hereby devolved upon him; and such entomologist shall act as 
an inspector under the provisions of this act; and it shall be the duty of said 
board to promulgate rules and regulations in accordance with this act for 
the guidance of said entomologist and his assistant, if one shall be appointed, 
in the duties devolving upon him under the provisions hereof. 

Sec. 4. That the said board shall fix the salary of said entomologist and of 
bis assistant, if one shall be appointed. The said salary shall be paid out of the 
funds now provided by law for the uses of Clemson College. And in addition 
to said salaries such expenses as the said board may allow for traveling and 
other incidental expenses of the entomologist and his assistant and the issuing © 
of reports or other publications shall be paid out of the funds provided for the 
uses of Clemson College. 

Sec. 5. That the said entomologist, or his assistant, is hereby authorized and 
empowered to enter upon any premises in this State for the discharge of the 
duties hereby prescribed, or that may be prescribed by said board, and any per- 
son or persons who shall pester or hinder him in the discharge of such duties 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be pun- 
ished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or by imprisonment in the 
county jail not exceeding thirty days. 

Sec. 6. The entomologist shall have power under the regulations of the said 
board to visit any section of the State where insects injurious to or destructive 
to plants are believed to exist and shall determine whether any infested trees 
or plants or vineyards are worthy of remedial treatment or should be destroyed, 
and he shall report his findings in writing to the owner of the premises where 
such trees or plants or vineyards are situated, or to his agent or tenant, and a 
copy of his report shall also be submitted to the said board. In case of objec- 
tion to the finding or report of the inspector, an appeal may be had to the 
said board, who shall have the power to summon witnesses and hear testimony 
on oath, and whose decision shall be final. Upon the finding of the inspector iu 
any case of infested trees or plants or vineyards, the treatment prescribed by 
him shall be executed by the owner of the premises unless an appeal is taken, 
and the cost of material incident to such treatment shall be borne by the own- 
ers of the premises: Provided, however, That in case the trees or plants or 


132 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


vineyards shall be condemned by the inspector, they shall be destroyed, by his 
direction, by the owner of the premises, and the expense of said action shall 
be borne by the owner of the premises: Provided, That failure or refusal on 
the part of the owner of the premises to execute the treatment prescribed by 
the entomologist. or to destroy trees, plants, or vineyards, as directed by him, 
shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, such owner shall 
be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the 
county jail not exceeding thirty days: And provided further, That the provi- 
sion in reference to destroying plants shall not refer to cotton, corn, grain, or 
such other field plants as are not subject to sale and transportation. No com- 
pensation shall be paid to the owner of the premises for any plant that shall 
thus be destroyed. 

Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful to sell or offer for sale or transport within this 
State plants, buds, trees, shrubs, vines, tubers, roots. or cuttings that have not 
been inspected or bear the inspection tag of the said entomologist, and any 
person or persons violating the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not exceeding 
one hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty 
days. 

Sec. 8. It shall be unlawful for any grower of fruit trees, nurserymen, or 
corporation to ship within this State any trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, bulbs, or 
roots without having the same previously examined by said entomologist, or by his 
assistant, within six months next preceding date of such shipment—a certificate 
of such inspection in such form as may be adopted by said board to accompany 
each box or package. Any person ocr corporation violating the provisions of 
this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction 
thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or be 
imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding thirty days. 

Sec. 9. That all fruit growers. nurserymen, or corporations residing in this 
State dealing in or handling fruit. trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, bulbs, or roots 
shall be compelled to have his or their or its stock inspected annually on or 
before the 1st day of November of each year. If upon such inspection such 
stock is found to conform to the requirements of said board, the inspector 
shall furnish a certificate to that effect: or if such stock does not conform to the 
requirements of said board then the said inspector may cause the same to be 
destroyed at the expense of the owner thereof. 

Sec. 10. That all persons or corporations residing without the limits of the 
State dealing in trees, plants, cuttings, shrubs, vines, or roots shall register his, 
their, or its name and file a copy of his, their, or its certificate of inspection 
furnished by the entomologist or inspector or duly authorized official of the 
State in which he, they, or it resides with the chairman of the said board, 
which shall state that in addition to inspection the nursery stock has been 
fumigated under the direction of the official issuing the certificate. Upon 
failure to comply with this requirement, any of said articles that may be 
shipped into this State may be confiscated or destroyed by the authority of the 
said board. 

Sec. 11. Upon filing the proper certificate, as above prescribed, and upon 
request of any person or persons residing without the limits of this State, deal- 
ing in or handling trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, bulbs, or roots in this State, 
the certificate of the said board of entomology will be issued to the same with- 
out charge, and official tags bearing the fac simile copy of such certificate and 
the seal of the board of entomology will be furnished such applicants at cost. 

Sec. 12. No transportation company or common carrier shall deliver any 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 1338 


box, bundle, or package of trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, buibs, or roots shipped 
by parties residing without the limits of this State to any consignee at any 
station in this State unless each box, bundle, or package is plainly labeled with 
a certificate of inspection furnished by the official entomologist of the State in 
which said stock was grown and also with the official tag of this board herein 
provided for. Any person or persons violating the provisions of this section 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be fined 
in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. For the enforcement of this 
section the sheriff of each county in the State is hereby authorized and 
empowered, and it shall further be his duty, to seize such goods that do not 
bear the official tag of this board and hold the same until inspected and pro- 
nounced by the entomologist, whom he shall notify at once, to be free from the 
diseases and insects declared to be injurious by the said board. 

Sec. 13. When two or more reputable citizens of any county in this State 
notify the chairman of the State board of entomology that noxious insects or 
plant diseases exist in their county it shall be his duty to have the entomologist 
promptly investigate the matter and take such steps as authorized and pre- 
scribed in this act and by the State board of entomology. 

Sec. 14. This act shall take effect from and after its passage. 

Approved the 23d day of February, A. D. 1908. 


RULES AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED BY THE STATE BOARD OF HNTOMOLOGY. 


1. The entomologist at Clemson College, who shall be known as State ento- 
mologist, shall direct the work required under this act. He shall inspect every 
nursery in the State before the first day of November of each year. All nursery- 
men and dealers of nursery stock residing within and without the State who do 
business within the limits of the State of South Carolina, must not sell, trans- 
port, or give away any nursery stock, unless the same is accompanied by a certi- 
ficate from the State board of entomology declaring the same to be apparently 
free from insects and plant diseases herein listed as dangerously injurious. All 
such certificates are invalid after the first day of June of each year and must be 
renewed before the first day of November of that year. When nursery premises 
are found to be infested, the certificate of freedom from injurious insects and 
plant diseases will be withheld until the instructions of the entomologist for the 
treatment of same have been obeyed. Infested orchards shall be treated when- 
ever discovered. The owners of infested nurseries or orchards shall pay all cost 
for such treatment, except the traveling and hotel expenses of the entomologist. 

The entomologist shall exercise all due diligence to see that the law is complied 


with, and he shall publish, from time to time. circulars and reports relating to 


the inspection work, and bulletins containing an account of the habits of and 
treatment for the injurious insects and plant diseases. 

In the office of the entomologist, there shall be kept, on file, a list of nursery- 
men and dealers of nursery stock, living within and without the State, and doing 
business within the State, and a list of localities within the State where the San 
Jose scale and other dangerously injurious insects and plant diseases have been 
found. 

All correspondence relating to the inspection, certification, and treatment of 
trees, plants, and all kinds of nursery stock should be addressed to the State 
entomologist, who shall also act as secretary to the State board of entomology. 

2. The following insects and plant diseases are declared by the State board of 
entomology to be dangerously injurious and the introduction of the same is 


134 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


hereby forbidden, and to be prevented, as far as possible, in accordance with the 
law: 
San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), woolly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera), 


black knot of plum and cherry (Plowrightia morbosa), fire blight of pear and — 


apple (Micrococcus amylovorus), peach yellows, the plum and peach rosette, and 
crown gall. 

The certificate of inspection is invalid unless accompanied by a certificate 
of fumigation. 


No. 265. 


AN Act to guard against the introduction of Mexican boll weevil into this State. 


Whereas a pest commonly designated as the Mexican boil weevil is a great 
actual evil in the State of Texas and is a menace to the whole cotton belt, and 
is ascertained to be capable of dissemination in cotton seed; therefore: 

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly cf the State of South Car- 
olina, That on and after the approval of this act by the governor, it shall be 
unlawful to import into this State any living specimen of the Mexican boll 
weevil or to import into this State any cotton seed, oats, or prairie hay from 
points affected by said weevil in the State of Texas, or from any other point 
or points any such seed or hay that has been shipped originally from any point 
or points affected by said weevil in the State of Texas. 

Sec. 2. That every person and every agent of any firm or corporation violat- 
ing the provision of section 1 of this act shall, on conviction, be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor and shall be subjected to a fine not to exceed one hundred 
dollars or imprisonment not exceeding thirty days; and all such weevils shall 
be seized and destroyed; and all such imported cotton seed, oats, or prairie hay 
shall be deemed contraband, and seized and destroyed upon the conviction of 
the person or agent violating section 1 of this act. 

Approved the 25th day of February, A. D. 1904. 


SOUTH DAKOTA. 
CHAPTER 131. 


AN Act to prevent the introduction and spread of injurious insects and dangerous plant 
diseases in the State of South Dakota. 


Be it enacted by the iegislature of the State of South Dakota: 

§ 1. The entomologist of the State experiment station is hereby constituted 
the State entomologist and charged with the execution of this act. He shall, 
between the first day of June and the fifteenth day of September of each year, 
when requested by the owner or agent, or when he has reasonable grounds to 
believe that any injurious insect pests or dangerous and contagious plant dis- 
eases exist, examine any nursery, fruit farm, or other place where trees or 
plants are grown for sale, and if found apparently free from any injurious 
insect pests or dangerous plant diseases he shall issue his certificate stating 
the facts (good for one year unless revoked), and shall collect therefor a fee 
sufficient to cover his expenses. 

§2. The State entomologist shall have authority, when requested by the 


ES 


SOUTH DAKOTA. 135 


owner, agent, or purchaser, or when he has reasonable grounds to believe that 
any such injurious and dangerous pests exist, to enter upon any of the grounds 
mentioned in section one hereof, public or private, for the purpose of inspection, 
and if he finds any nursery or orchard, garden, or other place inspected [in- 
fected] by any such injurious and dangerous pests, he may enter upon such 
premises and establish quarantine regulations. If in his judgment any such 
injurious and dangerous pestS may be eradicated by treatment, he may, in 
writing, order such treatment and prescribe its kind and character. In case 
any trees, shrubs, or plants are found so infested that it would be impracticable 
to treat them he may order them burned. A failure for ten days .after the 
delivery of such orders to the owner or person in charge to treat or destroy 
such infected plants or trees, as ordered, shall make it the duty of the ento- 
mologist to perform this work, and to ascertain the cost thereof, and he shall 
certify the amount of such costs to the owner or person in charge of the prem- 
ises, and if the same is not paid him within sixty days thereafter he shall cer- 
tify the amount thereof to the State’s attorney of the county in which the said 
infested trees or plants are found, whose duty it shall be to proceed forthwith to 
collect the same of him in a civil suit, and to turn the amount so recovered over 
to the State auditor to reimburse the State for the money so expended. 

§ 3. When nursery stock is shipped into the State, accompanied by a certificate 
of inspection by a State entomologist from the State from which said nursery 
stock was shipped, stating that the stock has been inspected and found to be 
free from any injurious insect pests and dangerous and contagious plant 
diseases, it shall be held prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated; but 
the State entomologist, when he have reason to believe that any such stock is 
nevertheless infested by any such injurious and dangerous pests, shall be 
authorized to inspect the same and submit it to like treatment as that provided 
for in section two hereof; and if, by reason of the failure for forty-eight hours 
of the owner of such stock to comply with the treatment prescribed or to destroy 
the stock if so ordered, the State entomologist is required to perform the work 
himself, and it shall be the duty of the entomologist to certify the amount of 
the cost thereof to the owner or person in charge of such stock so treated or 
destroyed, and if the same is not paid to him within ten days thereafter he 
shall certify the amount thereof to the State’s attorney of the county in which 
the stock may be found in an affidavit, and it shall be the duty of such county 
attorney to file such affidavit with the register of deeds of the county in which 
said stock may be, and the same shall thereupon constitute a lien thereon, 
which it shall be the duty of such State’s attorney to proceed to collect forthwith 
in a civil suit and to turn over the amount so recovered by him in such suit to 
the State auditor to reimburse the State for the money so expended. 

§ 4. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring into 
this State any trees, plants, vines, cuttings, or buds, commonly known as 
nursery stock, unless accompanied by a certificate of inspection by a State 
entomologist of the State from which the shipment is made, showing that the 
stock has been inspected and found apparently free from any injurious insect 
pests or dangerous and contagious plant diseases. 

§5. Any persons violating or failing to carry out the provisions of this act 


or offering any hindrance to the same shall be adjudged guilty of a misde- 
_Meanor, and upon conviction before any court having proper jurisdiction, 
_ shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for 


Fc 
. 
: 


each and every offense, together with all the costs of the prosecution, and shall 
stand committed until the same is paid. 
Approved March 6, 1905. 


q 


136 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
TENNESSEE. 
CHAPTER 442. 


An Act to create a State entomologist and plant pathologist; to provide quarantine rules 
and other rules and regulations regarding the sale, transportation, and delivery of 
trees, shrubs, vines, plants, or plant products so as to prevent the dissemination of 
injurious insect pests, also to amend said acts so as to make it unlawful for any person, 
firm, or corporation to knowingly grow, sell, offer for sale, or give away, transport, 
keep, or permit to be kept, any plants, trees, shrubs, vines or any part of a plant 
infected with injurious insects, insect pests, and contagious plant diseases, and to 
otherwise provide for the duties and powers of said State entomologist and plant 
pathologist and to regulate the sale and transportation and inspection of trees, plants, 
roots, bulbs, plants, and plant products. 

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Tennessee, 
That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation knowingly to 
grow, sell, offer for sale, give away, transport, keep, or permit to be kept upon 
his or their premises any plants, trees, shrubs, vines, or any part of a plant 
infested with injurious insect pests and contagious plant diseases. 

Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That within thirty days after the passage of 
this act the commissioner of agriculture shall appoint a competent entomologist 
and plant pathologist, subject to the approval of the governor, and necessary 
assistants, who shall, under the authority of said commissioner, be charged 
with the duty of inspecting trees, vines, shrubs, plants, or_any part thereof as 
prescribed in this act. 

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the commissioner of agriculture and said 
State entomologist and plant pathologist, who shall constitute and be designated 
as the “State board of entomology,” shall have plenary power to enact such 
rules and regulations for the enforcement of the provisions of this act as may 
be necessary to prevent, control, and eradicate the further introduction, increase, 
and dissemination of insect pests and fungus diseases, which otherwise would 
threaten the fruit and other agricultural interests of this State. 

Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the State entomol- 
ogist and plant pathologist, or his assistants, to inspect annually, or oftener, 
if necessary, all greenhouses and nursery stock grown within the bounds of the 
State prior to September 1st of each year, and he or they shall issue a certificate 
of freedom from insect pests and plant diseases to the owner or lessee of any 
greenhouse or nursery, or other persons who give away, sell, or transport nur- 
sery stock, found entitled to the same. All certificates of inspection shall be 
given not later than November 1st of each year, and shall become yoid after 
August 1st of the year following. A duplicate copy of each certificate shall be 
filed by the State entomologist and plant pathologist with the commissioner of 
agriculture not later than thirty (380) days from the time of issue. 

Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the State entomol- 
ogist and plant pathologist, acting under the authority of the State board of 
entomology, or his assistants or authorized agents, to visit any section of the 
State and examine any or all fruit-bearing, ornamental, or shade trees, or any 
field truck crep or garden crops, or any plants or parts thereof, of any descrip- 
tion whatsoever, and determine whether infectious diseases exist or not. If 
discovery is made of injurious insect pests or fungus diseases, a report in writ- 
ing of such finding shall be made to the owner of the infested plantation, his 
agents or tenants, and a copy of such report shall be filed with the State board 
of entomology. If any objections are made against the findings of the State 
entomologist and plant pathologist or any of his authorized assistants, such 


TENNESSEE. 137 


objections must be made in writing within ten (10) days of the finding to the 
said board, who shall have power to Summon witnesses and hear testimony on 
oath, and whose decision Shall be final. Any person or persons who shall inter- 
fere with the duties of said entomologist and said board, as prescribed in this 
section, shall be considered guilty of a misdemeanor, and he or they shall be 
fined not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars nor more than fifty ($50) dollars 
for each offense. 

Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That upon discovery by the State entomologist 
and plant pathologist of dangerous insect pests and fungus diseases, whether in 
greenhouses and nurseries. or in private or public domain, the treatment pre- 
seribed by the State entomologist and plant pathologist shall be executed at 
once (provided there is no appeal), and under his supervision. If the case in 
question is worthy of remedial treatment, the cost of the material and the labor 
shall be borne by the owner. In case infested stock is not worthy of remedial 
treatment, such infectious plants shall be placed under the jurisdiction of the 
board of control. 

Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That it shall be unlawful for any grower, nur- 
seryman, florist, dealer, or corporation to ship, sell, or deliver within the State 
any trees or plants of whatever description without having been previously 
inspected by the State entomologist and plant pathologist, or his authorized 
assistants, and a certificate of inspection, which is a facsimile signature of the 
original certificate, placed upon each bundle, package, bale, box, or carload of 
shipment. 

Any violation of said certificate by changing, defacing, or placing it on unin- 
spected or infested stock, or using the same after date of expiration or revoca- 
tion, shall render the owner or shipper liable to a fine of not less than one 
hundred ($100) dollars nor more than one hundred and fifty ($150) dollars for 
each offense: Provided, That the provisions of this act shall not apply to farmers 
or small growers who may sell plants, flowers, or shrubs in their own counties. 

Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That each and every individual, firm, or cor- 
poration residing in other States, Territories, provinces, ete., dealing in or 
handling trees, plants, vines, shrubs, bulbs, roots, cuttings, etc., before shipping 
into the State shall register his name, firm, or corporation and file a copy of 
his or its certificate of inspection, furnished by the entomologist, fruit inspector, 
or duly authorized government official of his State, country, or province, with 
the secretary of the State board of entomology. AI] packages, boxes, bales, 
earloads of plants, commonly known as greenhouse or nursery stock, imported 
into the State shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the names of the 
consignor and consignee, and a certificate showing that the said contents had 
been inspected by a reputable State or Government official. Upon the failure 
of any person or persons to subscribe to the declarations set forth in this sec- 
tion, said stock shall be confiscated under the order of the State entomologist 
and plant pathologist. 

Sec. 9. Be it further enacted, That the Tennessee State board of entomology 
shall have the power to adopt such quarantine rules and other regulations, not 
inconsistent with the constitution of the State and United States, as they may 
deem necessary to prevent the introduction of dangerously injurious fruit or crop 
pests or diseases from without the State, and to govern common earriers in 
transporting shipments liable to harbor such pests or diseases to or from the 
State, and such regulations shall have the force of law. 

Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That any agent, common earrier, railroad, 
Steamboat, or express company found delivering within the bounds of the State 


138 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


any plants, trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, bulbs, roots, etc., under conditions 
ctherwise than that provided in this act, shall be found guilty of a misdemeanor 
and fined not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars nor more than fifty ($50) 
dollars for the first offense and one hundred ($100) dollars for each offense 
thereafter. 

Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That all nursery stock sold, shipped, or deliy- 
ered within this State or shipped into this State from other States shall be 
treated or fumigated as may be required by the regulations of the Tennessee 
State board of entomology hereinbefore provided for. 

Sec. 12. Be it further enacted; That upon knowledge coming from any county 
within the State to the board of control that noxious insect pests or plant dis- 
eases exist in said county, or in close proximity in an adjoining county, the 
State entomologist and plant pathologist shall be empowered by said board to 
investigate as speedily as possible the supposed infectious district; and if, upon 
examination, dangerous insect pests or infectious plant diseases are disclosed, 
such infected premises shall be treated in accordance with this act, as pre- 
scribed in sections 5 and 6. 

Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, That the State entomologist and plant patholo- 
gist shall submit to the State board of entomology a monthly report of work 
done. He shall also submit an annual report on or before the first of February 
of each year to the governor of the State, embracing a review of inspections and 
investigations made and the condition of the State relative to insect pests and 
plant diseases, which shall be published, as are other State reports, for general 
distribution. 

Sec. 14. Be it further enacted, That the sum of two thousand ($2,000) dollars 
annually be, and is hereby, appropriated to the State board of entomolegy in 
order to carry out the provisions of this act—namely, to employ a competent 
State entomologist and plant pathologist; to procure the requisite facilities 
and equipment necessary for the proper discharge of duties herein incurred; 
to support a reasonable amount of investigation in addition to the inspection 
work of the State, and to publish the results of observations and investigations 
made in bulletin form, which may disseminate information that will prove use- 
ful to the agricultural and horticultural interests of the State. 

Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That the comptroller of the State be, and is 
hereby, authorized to issue his warrant upon the State treasurer for the sum of 
two thousand ($2,000) dollars annually out of any funds not otherwise appro- 
priated; that the said sum of money shall be made payable quarterly to the 
State board of entomology and only upon the presentation of the proper 
vouchers. 

Sec. 16. Be it further enacted, That the State board of entomology shall have 
power to adopt such rules and regulations governing insect and plant pests 
within the bounds of the State as are not inconsistent with the constitution of 
the State and the United States; that said board shall, within sixty (60) days 
from the passage of this act, draft and publish through the State press all rules 
and regulations necessary to carry into full and complete effect the embodiment 
of this act, cautiously and wisely outlining the diseases and maladies caused by 
both insect and fungus, and explaining what constitutes infectious plant diseases 
in the eyes of the law. 

Sec. 17. Be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect from and after 
its passage, the public welfare requiring it; and that all laws or parts of laws in 
conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 

Approved April 17, 1905. 


vs Pl 


TENNESSEE. 139 
AMENDED RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


1. The following insects and fungous diseases are declared to constitute 
infestation in trees and plants: 
The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 
The new peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona). 
The woolly aphis of apple (Schizoneura lanigera). 
The Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). 
Black knot of cherry and plum (Plowrightia morbosa). 
Crown gall. 
Rosette of peach and plum. 
Yellows of peach. 

2. Every person, firm, and corporation desiring to conduct the business of a 
nursery or to sell fruit and ornamental trees and plants, commonly known as 
nursery stock, shall apply to the State entomologist, Knoxville, Tenn., on or 
before July 1, 1906, and annually thereafter, for the inspection of their nursery 
‘stock; and they shall inform the State entomologist of the location of the 
nursery or nursery stock to be inspected, its acreage, extent, and amount, so that 
arrangements can be made for the prompt inspection of said stock. 

3. Nursery stock is construed to include all fruit, shade, ornamental, and nut 
trees, bush fruits, grapevines, and strawberry plants, and all buds, grafts, cions, 
and cuttings from same. 

4. In accordance with section 11 of the law, all trees, buds, grafts, scions, or 
euttings of apple, apricot, cherry, peach, pear, plum, and quince, which shall be 
sold in the State of Tennessee, shall be fumigated shortly before shipment or 
delivery with hydrocyanic acid gas. ; 

At the time of the nursery inspection the fumigating house or box shall also 
be inspected, and must be found in a satisfactory condition ; otherwise no certifi- 
cate can be granted. 

5. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, exchange, barter, or 
give away any nursery stock grown within the State of Tennessee, unless in 
possession of a valid certificate of inspection previously obtained from the State 
board of entomology. 

6. The State entomologist, or his assistants, shall, on or before September 1 
of each year, inspect all nurseries and nursery stock within the State, and if 
found free of infestation a certificate of inspection shall be issued covering same, 
good until August 1 of the year following. 

7. If infestation is found in any nursery, greenhouse, or nursery stock, the 
certificate shall be withheld until the premises have been so treated that the 
salable stock to be covered by said certificate shall be free from such infestation ; 
and such treatment shall be prescribed by the entomologist making the inspee- 

tion. 

In case part of a nursery shall be found infested, no certificate shall be 
granted, but isolated blocks of nursery stock not infested may be considered as 
separate nurseries, and a certificate covering such stock may be issued after all 
the infested blocks have been treated as ordered by the inspector. If in the 
judgment of the inspector infested stock is in so bad a condition as to be 
~wnworthy of remedial treatment, it shall be destroyed, subject to appeal, as pro- 

_ vided by law. 
Z 8. On complaint to the State entomologist by any citizen that infestation exists 
; in any orchard, garden, or other grounds, said grounds shall be inspected by the 
¢ entomologist or his assistant. If the infested plants can be saved by remedial 
; action the inspector shall prescribe treatment, but if the infestation is so great 
that, in the judgment of the inspector, the plants are not worth treatment, they 


140 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


shall be destroyed at the expense of the owner. Appeal can be made to the State 
board of entomology, as provided by law. 

9. Every carload, box, bale, package, or delivery of ages stock which is 
sold, exchanged, etc., by any person, firm, or corporation Within the State of Ten- 
nessee, shall be accompanied by a copy of the certificate of inspection plainly and 


securely attached. This means that every individual sale or bill shall bear a 


copy of the certificate. Any nursery stock not thus marked is liable to be 
destroyed without compensation to the consignor, who is further liable to a fine 
of not less than $100.00. No transportation company, or agent thereof, may 
accept for shipment any nursery stock not accompanied by a copy of certificate 
of inspection. 

10. Any person, firm, or corporation without the State of Tennessee, desiring 
to do business within this State shall file with the State entomologist, who is 
also secretary of the board, at Knoxville, Tenn., a copy of his certificate of 
inspection issued by the proper official of his State. And every shipment of 
nursery stock shipped into the State of Tennessee must be accompanied by a 
copy of such certificate of inspection. 

11. Shipments of nursery stock not properly labeled shall be refused for 
shipment by all common carriers and their agents. Transportation companies 
and their agents shall immediately notify the State entomologist and plant 
- pathologist, Knoxville, Tenn., when by oversight, negligence, or otherwise any 
shipment of nursery stock without a proper certificate attached shall arrive at 
any station or wharf in this State, and it shall be the duty of the entomologist 
and plant pathologist or his assistant as speedily as possible to investigate and 
dispose of such shipment. 

12. In accordance with section 9 of the law, and in order to prevent the im- 
portation of the Mexican cotton boll weevil into Tennessee from the State of 
Texas and the infested portion of Louisiana, a quarantine is hereby declared 
against the following counties of the State of Texas: 


sO 


Anderson, Duval, Johnson, Red River, 
Angelina, Eastland, Karnes, Refugio, 
Aransas, Ellis, Kaufman, Roberson, 
Atascosa, Erath, Kent, Rockwell, 
Austin, Falls, Kendall, Rusk, 
Bastrop, Fannin, Lamar, Sabine, 

Bee, Fayette, Lampasas, San Augustine, 
Bell, Fort Bend, Lavaca, San Jacinto, 
Bexar, Franklin, Lee, San Patricio, 
Blanco, Freestone, Leon, San Saba, 
Bosque, Galveston, Liberty, Shelby, 
Bowie, Gillespie, Limestone, Smith, 
Brazoria, Goliad, Live Oak, Somervell, 
Brazos, Gonzales, Llano, Starr, 
Brown, Grayson, Madison, Stephens, 
Burleson, Gregg, Marion, Tarrant, 
Burnet, Grimes, Matagorda, Titus, 
Caldwell, Guadalupe, McLellan, Travis, 
Calhoun, Hamilton, McMullen, Trinity, 
Cameron, Hardin, Milam, Tyler, 
Camp, Harris, Mills, Upshur, 
Cass, Harrison, Montague, Van Zandt, 
Chambers, Hays, Montgomery, Victoria, 
Cherokee, Henderson, Morris, Walker, 
Collin, Hidalgo, Nacogdoches, Waller, 
Colorado, Hill, Navarro, Washington, 
Comal, Hood, Nueces, Wharton, 
Comanche, Hopkins, Newton, Williamson, 
Cook, Houston, Orange, Wilson, 
Coryell, Hunt, Palo Pinto, Wise, 
Dallas, Jack, Panola, Wood, 

Delta Jackson, Parker, 

Denton, Jasper, Polk, 

Dewitt, Jefferson, Rains, 


and the following parishes of Louisiana: Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Cameron, 
De Soto, Grant, Sabine, St. Landry, and Vernon, as well as those portions of 
Red River, Natchitoches, and Rapides parishes lying west of the Red River. 


TEXAS. 141 


(a) No cotton lint (loose, baled, flat, or compressed), cotton seed, seed cot- 
ton, cotton-seed hulls, seed-cotton or cotton-seed sacks (which have been used), 
or corn in the shuck shall be shipped into Tennessee from the infested coun- 
ties of Texas and parishes of Louisiana, as above enumerated. 

(b) Shipments of household goods from the infested areas of Texas and 
Louisiana shall not be admitted into Tennessee unless accompanied by an affii- 
davit attached to the waybill, to the effect that the shipment contains no cotton 
lint, cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls, seed-cotton or cotton-seed sacks, 
or corn in the shuck. 

(c) It shall be unlawful for anyone in Tennessee to have in his possession 
jive Mexican cotton boll weevils. The public is urged to recognize the danger 
of introducing unwittingly live boll weevils for inspection, observation, or ex- 
periment. 

Adopted February 12, 1906. 


TEXAS. 


An Act to prevent the keeping of certain fruit trees affected with yellows, crown gall, 
black knot, or any tree, shrub, or plant infested with or by San Jose scale or other 
dangerous, injurious, or destructive pest; and declaring such affected and infested 
trees, shrubs, and plants a public nuisance, and making it the duty of the commis- 
sioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history to seek out and destroy such 
trees, shrubs, and plants, or cause the same to be done, or to have such affected or 
infested trees treated; and providing the manner of such destruction and treatment, 
and for an investigation by the commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and 
history when he believes, or has reason to believe, that any such diseases or pests may 
exist in this State, and providing the manner of combating such diseases and pests, 
and the prevention of their spread and dissemination; providing for the examination 
of nurseries and giving certificates to that effect; regulating the importation of trees, 
shrubs, and plants from without the State; forbidding the selling, consigning, or 
shipping of nursery stock without such certificates; providing for the fumigation of 
certain trees, shrubs, and plants; providing penalties, and making an appropriation, 
and declaring an emergency. 


SEcTION 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Texas, No person 
in this State shall knowingly or willfully keep any peach, almond, apricot, or 
nectarine trees affected with the contagious disease known as yellows. Nor 
shall any person keep any peach, plum, or other tree affected with crown or 
root gall, nor shall any person knowingly or willfully keep any plum, cherry, 
or other trees affected with the contagious disease or fungus known as black 
knot, nor any tree, shrub, or plant infested with or by the San Jose scale or other 
insect pest dangerously injurious to or destructive of trees, shrubs, or other 
plants; every such tree, shrub, or plant shall be a public nuisance, and as such 


‘shall be abated, and no damage shall be awarded for entering upon premises 


upon which there are trees, shrubs, or plants infected with yellows, black knot, 
crown gall, or other infectious dangerous disease, or infected with San Jose 
scale or other dangerous insect pest, for the purpose of legally inspecting the 
Same, nor shall any damages be awarded for the destruction by the commis- 
sioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history, or his duly authorized 
agents or representatives, of such trees, shrubs, or plants, or altogether destroy- 


ing such trees if necessary to suppress such disease, if done in accordance with 


the provisions of this article, except as otherwise herein provided. Every per- 


Son, when he becomes aware of the existence of such disease or insect pest in any 


( 


tree owned by him, shall forthwith report the same to the commissioner of agri- 
culture, at Austin, Texas, and the said commissioner shall take such action as 


the law provides. If in the judgment of said commissioner, or the person or 


142 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


persons representing him, the trees, shrubs, or other plants so infected, infested, 
or diseased should be destroyed, then such destructicn shall be carried on and 
completed under the supervision of said commissioner, or the person or persons 
duly appointed by him and authorized so to do, without unnecessary delay ; 
but the owner of the trees, shrubs, or plants shall be notified immediately upon 
its being determined that such trees, shrubs, or plants should be destroyed 
by a notice in writing signed by said commissioner, or the person or persons 
representing him, which said notice in writing shali be delivered in person to 
the owner of such trees, shrubs, or plants, or left at the usual place of residence 
of such owner, or if such owner be not a resident of the locality, to notify by 

4 leaving such notice with the person in charge of the premises, trees, shrubs, or 
plants, or in whose possession they may be; such notice shall contain a brief 
statement of the facts found to exist, whereby it is necessary to destroy such 
trees, shrubs, or plants, and shall call attention to the law under which it is 
proposed to destroy them, and the owner shall within ten days from the date 
upon which such notice shall have been received remove and burn all such 
diseased or infected trees, shrubs, or plants. If, however, in the judgment 
of said commissioner, or person representing him, any trees, shrubs, or plants 
infected with any disease or infested with dangerously injurious insects can 
be treated with sufficient remedies, he may direct such treatment to be carried 
out by the owner under the direction of the commissioner’s agent or agents. 
In case of objections to the findings of the inspector or agent of the commis- 
sioner, an appeal may be made to the commissioner, whose decision shall be 
final. An appeal must be taken within three days from service of said notice, 
and shall act as a stay of proceedings until it is heard and decided. When the 
commissioner, or person or persons appointed by him, shall determine that any 
tree or trees, shrubs, or other plants must be treated or destroyed forthwith, he 
may employ all necessary assistance for that purpose, and such person or per- 
sons, agent or agents, employé or employés may enter upon any or all premises 
necessary for the purpose of such treatment, removal, or destruction. But 
such commissioner, or the person representing him, shall, before such treat- 
ment or destruction, first require the owner or person in charge of such trees, 
shrubs, or plants to treat or destroy same, as the case may be, and upon 
the refusal or neglect upon the part of said owner or persons in charge to so 
treat or destroy such trees, plants, or shrubs, then such commissioner or person 
or persons representing him shall treat or destroy such trees, shrubs, or plants, 
and all reasonable charges and expenses thereof shall be paid by such owner or 
person in charge of said trees, shrubs, or plants, and shall constitute a legal 
claim against such owner or person in charge, which may be recovered in any 
court having jurisdiction, upon the suit of such commissioner or the county 
attorney of the county where the premises are situated, together with all costs, 
including an attorney fee of ten dollars, to be taxed as other costs. 

Sec. 2. When-such commissioner knows or has reason to believe that any such 
contagious disease exists, er that there is good reason to believe it exists, or 
danger is justly apprehended of its introduction in any locality in the State, or 
that any dangerously injurious insect pest exists within this State, and has 
reason to believe that danger may be justly apprehended from its existence, he 
shall forthwith send some competent person and such agent or agents as he 
may deem necessary to assist in extirpating said pest or pests, disease or dis- 
eases, and the said commissioner is hereby authorized and empowered to take 
such steps and do whatever may be deemed necessary to so control or prevent 
the spread, and to extirpate said pest or pests, disease or diseases, and he 
shall cause an examination to be made at least once each year prior to Noyem- 


TEXAS. at 1438 


ber first of each and every nursery or other place where trees, shrubs, or plants, 
commonly known as nursery stock, are grown for sale, for the purpose of ascer- 
taining whether the trees, shrubs, or plants therein kept or propagated for 
sale are infected with any such contagious disease or diseases or infested with 
such pest or pests. If after such examination it is found that the said trees, 
shrubs, or other plants so examined are free in all respects from any contagious 
or infectious disease or diseases, dangerously injurious pest or pests, the said 
commissioner, or his duly authorized agent or other person designated to 
make such examination, shall, upon the payment of the fees hereafter provided, 
issue to the owner or proprietor of the said stock so examined a certificate 
setting forth the fact that the stock so examined is apparently free from any 
and all such disease or diseases, pest or pests. Should any nursery agent or 
dealer or broker send out or deliver within the State trees, vines, shrubs, plants, 
buds, or cuttings, commonly known as nursery stock, and which are subject to 
the attacks of insects and diseases above provided for, unless he has in his 
possession a copy of said certificate dated within a year thereof, deface or 
destroy such certificate, or wrongfully be in possession of such Certificate, he 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a 
fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars. 
All nursery stock consigned for shipment or shipped by freight, express, or 
cther means of transportation shall be accompanied by a copy of said certificate 
attached to each car, box, bale, bundle, or package. Any person selling or 
consigning for shipment, or shipping nursery stock as above, without such cer- 
tificate attached, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a 
fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars. 
All trees, plants, shrubs, buds, or cuttings, commonly called nursery stock, 
grown in any nursery in this State in which San Jose scale has been found 
within two years of the date of the dissemination of said nursery stock, or grown 
in said nursery within one-half a mile of where said scale was found, and also 
all nursery stock from outside of this State disseminated or planted in this 
State, after the first day of November, 1905, must be fumigated with hydro- 
eyanic gas in such manner as may be directed by the commissioner of this State. 
Such fumigation must be done by the grower, consignor, or consignee of such 
stock before planting, dissemination or reshipment, except such trees, shrubs, 
plants, buds, or cuttings grown in this State as are planted by the grower or 
propagator for himself, or such as from its nature or state of growth would be 
exempt ; in such cases the commissioner shall declare such trees, shrubs, plants, 
buds, or cuttings free from such treatment. AIl nursery stock brought into this 
State from outside of this State must be accompanied by a certificate from the | 
consignor that it has been fumigated as aforesaid. Whenever any trees, shrubs, 
plants, or other nursery stock are shipped into this State from another State, 
eg or province, every package thereof shall be plainly labeled on the 
eeeide with the name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, the contents, 
and, in addition to the certificate of fumigation above provided for, by a cer- 
lficate showing that the contents have been inspected by a State or Government 
officer, and that the trees, shrubs, plants, or other nursery stock therein con- 
tained appear to be free from all injurious insects or diseases. 

i Sec. 3. Whenever any nursery stock is shipped into this State without such 
certificate, the fact shall be reported to said commissioner within twenty-four 
hours by the railroad, express, or other transportation company, or other per- 
son or persons carrying the same; and any agent of any such railroad, express, 
oe Ber a company, or any person or persons who shall violate the 


144 ; LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


ceiving such stock shall, before selling, using, or disposing of same, fumigate 
such stock in accordance with the rules of said commissioner, with hydrocyanie 
gas, or procure a certificate from said commissioner that he has examined such - 
stock and found the same to be apparently free from San Jose scale and other 
insect pests, and from all dangerously infectious diseases; and any one violat- 
ing the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars. “The words “ nursery 
stock ” wherever used in this article shall apply to and include all trees, shrubs, 
plants, or buds grown for nursery, basket, or other commercial purposes, or 
cuttings, whether grown in a nursery or elsewhere, so far as it relates to fumi- 
gation. The provisions of this and the preceding sections shall not apply to 
florists, greenhouse plants, flowers, or cuttings commonly known as greenhouse 
stock. 

Sec. 4. Should any trees, shrubs, plants, or other nursery stock be shipped 
into this State under the certificate required in section 2 of this act without 
being first fumigated as required therein, or without having been inspected as 
required in section 2, or should it be made to appear that any such certificate 
is false, and that the nursery stock to which it relates is not free from insect 
pests or dangerous contagious diseases, such certificate shall be disregarded, 
and such trees, shrubs, plants, or nursery stock shall be held to have been shipped 
without such certificate as far as their sale, use, or disposition is concerned, 
and said commissioner shall when deemed necessary cause any trees, shrubs, 
plants, or other nursery stock shipped into this State from without the State 
to be examined, and where necessary have such trees fumigated or destroyed ; 
and when it comes to the knowledge of said commissioner that any person, 
firm, or. corporation is shipping into this State, or is about to ship any trees, 
plants, shrubs, or other nursery stock under a false certificate, such commis- 
sioner shall forbid such shipment and give warning to the public of same. 

Sec. 5. The commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history 
shall make such rules and regulations as may be deemed proper for carrying 
into effect this act, not inconsistent with same, and for the inspection of nur- 
series, and may call into service the State entomologist when not otherwise en- 
gaged, and also such other person or persons as may be necessary, and he shall 
fix and collect any reasonable fees for inspecting nurseries, to be paid by the 
rerson or persons for whom such inspection is made. 

Sec. 6. If said commissioner or any of his agents or employes give a false 
certificate, or a certificate without an actual examination of the nursery stock 
for which such certificate is given, to any owner, proprietor, or lessee of any 
nursery, or to any other person for use under the provisions of this chapter, he 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished 
by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dol- 
lars for each offense. 

Sec. 7. That the sum of one thousand dollars or so much thereof as may be 
necessary is hereby appropriated out of any funds in the State treasury not 
otherwise appropriated to carry out the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 8. The fact that there is no law in this State to prevent the introduction, 
dissemination, and spread of San Jose scale and other dangerous insect pests © 
and contagious dangerous diseases, and that the fruit industry, one of the most 
important in this State, is seriously menaced and threatened with irreparable 
loss and injury, creates an emergency, and an imperative public necessity re- — 
cuiring the constitutional rule requiring bills to be read on three several days | 
be suspended, and is hereby suspended, and that this act take effect and be in | 
force from and after its passage, and it is so enacted. 

In effect now. 


TEXAS. 145 
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE COM MISSIONER OF AGEICULTURE. 
PESTS AND DISEASES DANGEROUS, INJURIOUS, OR DESTRUCTIVE. 


(1) In accordance with section 1 of the above-cited act the following insect 
pests and fungous diseases are hereby declared injuriously infective and con- 
tagious; this list to be revised at the will of the commissioner of agriculture: 

San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 

Wooly aphis of apple (Schizoneura lanigera). 

The new peach scale (Diaspis pentagona). : 
Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). 

Citrus white fly (Aleyrodes citri). 

Purple scale (Mytilaspis citricola). 

Crown or root gall. 

Yellows of peach. 

Rosette peach and plum. 

Black knot plum and cherry. 

(2) The inspector is hereby charged by the commissioner of agriculture of 
Texas with the enforcement of said act, and as inspector is directed to locate 
by personal investigation, correspondence, and in such other manner as he may 
deem best the above-named pests, so far as they may exist in this State, and 
give such directions and take such steps in accordance with the above-cited act 


as he may deem proper and necessary to control or eradicate the same. 


POWER OF COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, HIS AGENT OR AGENTS, TO DESTROY 
INFESTED PLANTS. 


(3) In accordance with section 2 of the above-cited act, the inspector is 
hereby empowered to treat or condemn and destroy any infested trees, shrubs, 
or other plants when such infestation is or is likely to become a menace to the 
agricultural interests of any section of the State and when the owner or 
owners of infested premises shall refuse or neglect to properly execute the treat- 
ment prescribed for him or them after having been notified, as provided in sec- 
tion 1 of said act. 


CERTIFICATE—HOW PROCURED. 


(4) When a nursery has been inspected by the commissioner of agriculture, 
his agent or agents, and the inspection fee paid, a certificate will then be 
issued by the commissioner of agriculture, setting forth therein that the stock 
at the nursery and the premises of the person or persons for whom the inspec- 
tion was made was carefully examined in compliance with the law, and that 
it was apparently free from dangerously injurious insects and contagious dis- 
eases; each and every certificate thus issued is good for one year from date 
thereof. 

INSPECTION FEE. 


(5) In accordance with section 5, empowering the commissioner of agricul- 


_ ture to fix and collect any reasonable fees for inspecting nurseries to be paid by 


the person or persons for whom such inspection is made a fee of $5.00 per day 
and necessary traveling expenses is to be charged, and must be paid before 
such certificate, as provided for in rule 4, can be issued. 


7418—No. 61 Mm——10 


146 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
DISPOSITION OF INFESTED NURSERY STOCK BEARING CERTIFICATE. 


(6) If any nursery stock shipped into the State of Texas under certificate 
required in section 3 is not free from insect pests or contagious diseases, the 
certificate shall be disregarded, and the nursery stock shall be held to have been 
shipped without certificate, and will be disposed of as provided for in section 4; 
and when it comes to the knowledge of the commissioner of agriculture that 
any person, firm, or corporation is shipping into this State, or is about to ship, 
any trees, plants, shrubs, or other nursery stock under false certificate, such 
commissioner shall forbid such shipments and give warning to the public of the 
same. ; 


NURSERYMEN TO APPLY FOR INSPECTION BEFORE JULY 1. 


(7) Persons or firms in the State of Texas growing for sale trees, cuttings, 
shrubs, vines, or other plants commonly known as nursery stock shall make 
application to the commissioner of agriculture for inspection and certificate on 
or before the 1st of July of each year, except for year 1905; application for this 
year on or before August 15th. Any person, corporation, or firm failing to make 
application to have his or their stock inspected as aforesaid after receipt of 
notice of this rule shall not be permitted to offer for sale in this State any of 
said stock not inspected: Provided, That such person, corporation, or firm may 
wake written application to the commissioner of agriculture to be relieved of 
his or their default and consequences, and offering to pay any additional ex- 
pense incurred by the State and its officers by reason of such failure. The 
commissioner of agriculture may, upon a proper showing, order an inspection of 
said nursery. 


OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE AND TAGS—HOW SECURED OUT OF THE STATE. 


(8) Any person or persons residing in States or countries outside of the State 
of Texas, dealing in or handling shrubs, trees, or other plants in this State, or 
shipping trees, shrubs, or other plants therein, shall file with the commissioner 
of agriculture of Texas a certified copy (or a signed duplicate of original) of 
the certificate issued by the entomologist, fruit inspector, or other duly author- 
ized official of the State or country in which said stock was grown. Such cer- 
tificate for nurseries south of the nerthern boundary line of North Carolina, 
Tennessee, and Arkansas must be based upon an inspection made not earlier 
than July 1st, and for nurseries north of said line upon an inspection made not 
earlier than June 1st. 


COMMON CARRIERS MUST REPORT UNCERTIFIED STOCK. PENALTY FOR NEGLECT. 


(9) Any nursery stock shipped into the State of Texas without certificate 
as provided for in section 3 shall be reported to the commissioner of agricul- 
ture within 24 hours by the railroad, express, or other transportation company 
or other person or persons carrying the same. Any agent of any such railroad, 
express, or other transportation company, or any person or persons who shall 
violate the provisions of this act, shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
$50.00 nor more than $200.00 for each offense. 


DISPOSING OF UNCERTIFIED STOCK BY CONSIGNEE. PENALTY FOR NEGLECT. 


(10) The consignee or person receiving uncertified nursery stock shall, before 
selling, using, or disposing.of same, fumigate such stock, in accordance with 


UTAH. 147 


the rules and directions of the commissioner of agriculture, with hydrocyanic 
acid gas, or procure a certificate from said commissioner that he had examined 
such stock and found the same to be apparently free from dangerously injuri- 
ous insect_pests and infectious diseases; any one violating the provisions of 
this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00 nor more than 
$200.00. (In effect November 1st, 1905, and after.) See section 3 of this act. 

(11) The words “nursery stock” wherever used in connection with this act 
shall apply to and include all trees, shrubs, plants, cuttings, or buds grown for 
lursery, basket, or other commercial purposes, or cuttings, whether grown in a 
nursery or elsewhere, so far as it relates to fumigation. The provisions of ,this 
and Rule 10 shall not apply to florists, greenhouse plants, flowers, or cuttings, 
commonly known as greenhouse stock. 


WHAT STOCK TO FUMIGATE. 


(12) All trees, shrubs, or plants commonly known as nursery stock, with the 
exception of conifers, offered for sale, sold, or given away in this State shall be 
fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas by the grower, under the direction of the 
commissioner of agriculture, provided that the San Jose scale has been found 
within two years of the date of the dissemination of the said nursery stock, or 
grown in said nursery within one-half mile of where said scale was found. 
Upon failure of any grower or growers to comply with this requirement, certifi- 
eate shall be withheld or canceled and the case disposed of as provided in sec- 
tion 1 of said act. 


APPEALS FROM DECISION OF INSPECTOR. 


(13) Appeals from the decision of the inspector or agent shall be addressed 
to the commissioner of agriculture within three days from the service of the 


notice of such decision, and said commissioner will notify the appellant of the 


time and place of hearing such appeal. The decision of the commissioner of 


- agriculture shall be final. 


m 


, 
> 


UTAH. 


CHAPTER 98, SESSION LAWS oF 1905. 


Aw AcT creating a State board of horticulture, providing for county fruit-tree inspectors, 
defining their duties, providing for the publication and distribution of their reports, 
defining the duties of orchardists and nurserymen, and repealing chapter 104, laws 
of Utah, 1903. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Utah: 
Section 1. A State board of horticulture is hereby created consisting of five 
members, one of whom shall be the director of the Utah Agricultural College 


_ Experiment Station, and the other four shall be appointed by the governor, 


by and with the consent of the senate, one from each of the four horticultural 
districts, which are hereby constituted as follows: 

> First. The counties of Boxelder, Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber shall be 
_ known as district No. 1. 

a Second. The counties of Davis, Salt Lake, Tooele, Summit, and Wasatch 


Shall be known as district No. 2. 
a Third. The counties of Utah, Juab, Carbon, Emery, Uintah, San Juan, Grand, 
‘Sanpete, and Sevier shall be known as district No. 3. 


148 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Fourth. The counties of Millard, Beaver, Piute, Wayne, Iron, Garfield, Kane, 
and Washington shall be known as district No. 4. ; & 

Sec. 2. Upon approval of this act the governor shall appoint four members, 
no more than three of whom shall belong to one political party, and their term 
of office shall be four years and until their successors are appointed and quali- 
fied. The members appointed from each district shall be residents of the dis- 
trict from which they are appointed and shall be specially qualified by prac- 
tical experience and study in connection with the industries dependent upon 
horticulture. Their term of office shall begin within 30 days after appointment. 

Sec. 3. Said board shall have an office at the State capital, which shall be ~ 
maintained at the expense of the State, and within 30 days after their appoint- 
ment they shall meet and organize by electing a president and secretary from 
their number. The State treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of the board. 

Sec 4. The board shall meet semiannually, and as much oftener and at such 
places as it may deem expedient, to consult and adopt such measures aS may 
best promote the horticultural industries of the State. It may hold institutes 
and horticultural meetings, and may appoint competent and qualified persons 
to lecture in each of the horticultural districts named in section 1 of this act 
for the purpose of illustrating practical horticultural topics and imparting 
instruction in the methods of culture, pruning, fertilizing, and also in the best 
methods of treating the diseases of fruit and fruit trees, etc., cleansing orchards, 
and exterminating insect and other pests. They shall also confer with and 
instruct the county fruit-tree inspectors provided for herein in relation to their 
duties, as occasion may require, and shall have general supervision over the 
enforcement of the provisions of this act. . 

Sec. 5. The secretary, besides being a practical horticulturist, shall be espe- 
cially qualified for his office by experience and education to compile and correct 
reports and essays, to present in a logical order all the information to be pub- 
lished by the board. It shall be his duty to attend all meetings of the board 
and to prepare and preserve all reports of its proceedings and correspondence, ' 
to collect books, pamphlets, and periodicals and other documents containing 
information relating to horticulture and to preserve the same, to collect statis- 
tics and other information showing the actual condition and progress of horti- 
culture in this State and elsewhere, and prepare, as required by the board, 
reports for publication, and shall distribute by mail or otherwise the bulletins, 
reports, and other publications of the board to the fruit growers of the State 
and others who may request them, and to perform all such other duties as may 
be prescribed by the board. 

Sec. 6. The compensation of each appointed member of the State board of 
horticulture shall be $400 per annum, excepting the member designated to act 
as secretary, provided for herein, who shall receive aS compensation the sum 
of $1,200 per annum, who shall devote all his time and attention to the board 
and shall not be engaged in any other business. In addition to such compen- 
sation each member of the board shall receive the amount of his actual and 
necessary traveling expenses when on official business. The salaries and other 
expenses as provided herein shall be paid as provided in case of other State 
officers: Provided, That before entering upon the discharge of his official duties 
each member shall make and subscribe to the constitutional oath of office. 

Sec. 7. The office of the board shall be in charge of the secretary and shall 
be open for the transaction of business each day during the year, excepting 
Sundays and legal holidays and excepting such time as the secretary of the 
board may be in the active discharge of his duties outside of said office: Pro- 
vided, That the necessary office expenses shall be paid from the funds herein- 
after appropriated as other expenses are paid. 


UTAH. 149 


Src. 8. The State treasurer is hereby authorized to receive gifts, donations, 
or bequests of money or property for the promotion of the horticultural interests 
of Utah and to disburse the same upon the warrants of the State auditor, 
which said warrants shall be drawn only upon order of the majority of said 
board of horticultural commissioners and for the purpose named in this title. 

Sec. 9. The State board of horticulture is hereby vested with all necessary 
authority to enforce quarantine against any infested fields, lots, orchards, 
nurseries, trees, plants, shrubs, vines, buds or scions, fruits, or any place or 
articles within the State when the same may be liable to spread contagious 
diseases injurious to fruit or trees, or fruit crops of any kind, and to provide 
necessary rules and regulations to govern the same. : 

Sec. 10. For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the State or 
spread of contagious diseases, insect pests, or fungus growth among fruit, shade, 
and ornamental trees, and for the prevention, treatment, cure, and extirpation 
of fruit and tree pests and diseases of fruit, and fruit, shade, and ornamental 
trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions, orchard débris, fruit boxes, and 
packages, and other material or transportable articles harbouring or containing 
infectious diseases or insect pests dangerous to orchards, fruit, or trees of any 
kind, said board shall make regulations for the quarantining and disinfection 
thereof, which said regulations shall be circulated by the board in printed form 
among the fruit growers, fruit dealers, and nurserymen of the State, by publish- 
ing the same at least four successive times in some newspaper having a general 
circulation in the State, and by posting copies thereof in three conspicuous 
places in each county, one of which shall be at the county court-house. Such 
regulations, when so circulated and promulgated, shall be held to impart notice 
of their contents to all persons within the State and shall be binding upon them. 
A wilful violation or violation by neglect of any quarantine or other regulation 
of said board necessary to prevent the spread and introduction into the State of 
fruit or tree diseases or insect pests, or the shipment, sale, or distribution of any 
article so infected as to be dangerous to the fruit-growing interests of the State, 
or the spread of dangerous diseases among trees or orchards, shall be deemed a 
misdemeanor. 

Src. 11. For the purpose of disseminating knowledge concerning contagious 
diseases or injurious pests affecting trees, plants, vines, or fruit, and the reme- 
dies, preventives, and disinfectants applicable thereto, the board shall from 
time to time, as it may deem necessary, have bulletins printed containing such 
information, remedies, preventatives, and disinfectants as it may approve, to- 


gether with the rules and regulations formulated by it in accordance with sec- 


tion 10 of this act; which bulletins shall be circulated «among the fruit growers, 
fruit dealers, shippers, transportation companies of horticultural products and 
their agents within the State. 

Sec. 12. Within 30 days after this law goes into effect, the board of county 
commissioners of the several counties shall appoint one horticultural inspector 
and as many deputies as deemed necessary to carry out the provisions of this 
act; said inspectors and their deputies shall be competent, experienced, and 
practical horticulturists. Such inspectors shall hold office for a term of two 
years, and until their successors are appointed and qualified, unless sooner re- 
moved for cause. They shall qualify by taking and subscribing the constitu- 
tional oath, which shall be filed with the county clerk; said inspectors shall be 
paid out of the county treasury for the time and services actually rendered, at 
such rate per day as the board of county commissioners shall fix, not to exceed 
$3 per day for inspectors, and $2 for deputies, with reasonable transportation 
expenses. The county inspector or inspecters shall carry out the provisions of 


ESS Ae 3 
_* } 


150 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


this act and the regulations of the State board of horticulture, and perform 
such other labors as the county commissioners may direct for. the extirpation of 
fruit and other pests and diseases: Provided, That it shall not be lawful to 
spray with any arsenical or other poisonous material any tree or shrub when 
the same is in bloom: Provided further, That in the event of any county in- 
spector failing or refusing to properly perform his Cuties, nothing in this act 
shall be construed to prevent the member of the State board of horticulture for 
the district in which such county inspector may be derelict from enforcing in 
said county the provisions of this act and the rules and regulations of the State 
board of horticulture. 

Sec. 18. The county fruit-tree inspector, or his deputies in each county, shall 
make an inspection of every orchard, nursery, vineyard, and fruit packing or 
cold storage house, storeroom, or sales room, warehouse, or any other place, or 
article connected with horticulture within their jurisdiction at least once every 
year, and as much oftener as may be deemed necessary for the protection of 
the fruit interests of the county. and if found infected with pests or diseases 
injurious to fruit or fruit trees, vines, shrubs, plants, ornamental or shade 
trees, they shall notify the owner or owners, person or persons, in charge or 
possession of the fruit, trees, vines, shrubs, or places or articles as aforesaid that 
the same, or any of them, are infected with disease, insects, or their eggs or laryze, — 
and they shall require such persons to remove or disinfect the same and make 
application of such treatment for the purpose of destroying them as prescribed 
by the State board of horticulture, within a certain time, to be specified in said 
notice. Said notice may be served upon the person or persons owning or hay- 
ing charge of such infested trees, fruits, or places or articles aforesaid by any 
inspector, or they may be served the same as a Summons in a Civil action. If 
the owner or owners, person or persons, in charge or possession of orchards or 
nursery trees, ornamental or shade trees, fruits, places, or articles infected with 
said diseases, insects, or any of them, their larve, or eggs, after having been 
notified as above by said inspector to destroy the same or make application of © 
treatment as directed, shall fail, neglect, or refuse so to do, they shall be 
deemed guilty of maintaining a public nuisance and shall be punished by fine, 
not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars, and any such orchards, 
nurseries, trees, or places or articles thus infected, shall be adjudged, and the © 
same is hereby, declared a public nuisance, and shall be punished by fine, not 
less than five nor more than one hundred dollars; and any such orchards, 
nurseries, trees, or places or articles thus infected shall be adjudged, and the ~ 
same is hereby declared a public nuisance and shall be proceeded against as 
such. It shall be the duty of the county inspector in whose county said nuisance : 
shall exist to cause such nuisance to be abated at once by eradicating or de- 
stroying said disease, insects, or pests, or their larve or eggs, by treating or 
disinfecting the infected or diseased fruit trees, plants, places or articles as — 
aforesaid, and the costs thereof shall be assessed against the owner or owners, 
person or persons, in charge of said property or premises, and if not paid 
within 10 days from demand the said expense shall become a county charge 
and the board of county commissioners shall allow and pay the same out of the 
general fund of the county.. Any and all sums so paid shall be and become a 
lien on the property and premises from which said nuisance has been removed — 
or abated in pursuance of this act and may be recovered by an action against 
the owner or owners of such property or premises: Provided, That all formulas 
for disinfection or eradication of said diseases or insect pests shall be as pre- 
scribed by the State board of horticulture, but the time and place of application 
shall be left to the discretion of the county inspectors. 


UTAH. | 151 


Src. 14. For the extirpation of serious, noncurable tree diseases, such as 
pear blight, crown gall, peach yellows, peach rosette, upon discovery of said 
Giseases the county fruit-tree inspector shall notify the owner or owners, per- 
son or persons in charge or possession of said trees or shrubs, of such fact, and 
shall require such persons to extirpate the said disease by destroying the affected 
trees or shrubs by burning within a certain time, to be specified in said notice, 
said notice to be served upon the person or persons owning or having charge 
ef such infected trees as aforesaid by any inspector, or they may be served the 
same aS a Summons in a civil action. If the owner or owners, person or per- 
sons in charge or possession of said trees or shrubs, after having been notified 
as above by said inspector to destroy the same as directed, shall fail, neglect, or 
refuse so to do, they shall be deemed guilty of maintaining a public nuisance, and 
the case shall be reported to the county attorney, who shall file a complaint, and 
it shall be speedily adjudicated; and if charges are found correct the court 
shall order the same destroyed or removed, the costs to be paid within ten days 
by the owner or person in charge; if not, it shall be paid by the county, and 
it shall be collected by the county attorney, with costs, and paid into the county 
treasury. 

Src. 15. The county inspector shall make monthly: reports to the county com- 
missioners and to the secretary of the State board of horticulture on forms pre- 
scribed by the said board. Said reports shall embrace the labors of the county 
inspector and his deputies for the month and statistics showing the general con- 
dition of horticulture within the county, together with such statement of facts 
and recommendations as he may deem useful to the horticultural interests of 
the county. The secretary of the State board shall make a biennial report to 
the secretary of state the first day of December preceding the meeting of the 
State legislature, and the secretary of state shall cause 5,000 copies of the same 
to be published in a pamphlet or book form for. distribution as other State 
publications. 

Sec. 16. It shall be the duty of every owner, possessor, or occupier of any 
orchards, nursery, garden lot, or land where fruit trees are grown within this 
State to remove from said land and destroy by burning all diseased or decayed 
branches of fruit trees affected with pear blight and to burn and destroy all dead 
trees and trees affected with peach rosette or peach yellows. 

Sec. 17. It shall not be lawful for any nurseryman, corporation, or private 
individual to import into this State or to ship in the State any trees, shrubs, or 
vines, unless the same are properly certified to by a professor of entomology 
of a Government experiment station, or an officer of a State board of horticul- 
ture or a regular examiner and appointed county inspector, operating in the 
regular discharge of their duties, as having been fumigated or disinfected by 
hydrocyanic acid gas before shipment. Importations of trees or shrubs unac- 
companied by such certificate of fumigation shall be held in quarantine at 
owner’s risk until so fumigated, at the cost of the importer. Said fumigation 
shall be made to the satisfaction of the county fruit-tree inspector or of the 
member for that district of the State board of horticulture. 

Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of any and all owners of any nursery or nurseries 
or nursery stock to disinfect by the use of hydrocyanic gas all their nursery 
stock for the destruction of insects or diseases injurious to fruit trees or shrubs 
before removing the same, or any of it, from their premises for sale, gift, dis- 
tribution, or transportation. 

Sec. 19. The State board of horticulture shall have power to authorize the 
holding of State horticultural exhibitions, and shall determine the time and 
- place for holding said exhibitions, with power to arrange for premiums and 


152 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


awards, and perform such other duties as may be necessary in conducting such 
exhibitions. : 

Sec. 20. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, $8,000 is 
hereby appropriated oui of any money in the State ireasury not otherwise 
appropriated ; $4.000, or so much thereof as may be necessary. to be pall in the 
year 1905 and $4.000 in the year 1906. 

Sec. 21. That chapter 104 of the session laws of Utah, 1903, is hereby Fe 
pealed. 

Sec. 22. This act shall take effect upon approval 

Approved March 9, 1905. 


Rttes, FoRMULAS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS PROMULGATED BY THE STATE Boarp 
oF HORTICULTURE. 


Route 1. It shall be the duty of every owner, possessor, or occupant of an 
erchard or land where trees. vines. or shrubs are grown within this State to — 
remove from said land and destroy by burning all diseased or decayed branches 
or trees, rubbish, and débris harboring insects or fungous growth. and to Keep 
their orchards clean of all decayed and fallen fruit. 

Rute 2. The owner or owners of any nursery or nurseries shall disinfect all © 
their nursery stock before the removal of the same from their premises for 
sale, gift, distribution, or transportation by the use of hydrocyanic acid gas, as 
given in Formula No. + 

Rute 3. Importaiions of trees or shrubs. and shipments of home-grown nur- 
sery stock unaccompanied by a certificate of fumigation as required by rule 2. 
shall be held in quarantine at owner's risk until so fumigated at the cost of the 
importer or grower. Said fumigation shall be made to the satisfaction of the 
county horticultural inspector or of the member for that district of the State 
board of horticulture. 

Note.—Rules 2 and 3 are promulgated because of the undoubted fact that 
scale insects may infest nursery stock and still escape any inspection that if is — 
practicable to make. 

Rute 4 Any member of the State beard of horticulture. or county horticul- 
tural inspector, may give a certificate stating that any nursery stock within his 
district or county has been fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas when it shall 
be proved to the satisfaction of such officer that said stock has been so treated: 
but no certificate shall be given by any officer stating that any nursery stock is 
free from insects er diseases. 

Rute 5. It shall be the duty of each county horticultural inspector to examine — 
all nursery stock received in his county or district and see that it is accom 
panied by a certificate of fumigation as required by sections 17 and 18 of the 
State horticultural law (chapter 98, Session Laws of Utah, 1905). 

Rute 6. All imporiations or shipments of trees. shrubs, or vines shall be 
inspected for crown or root gall and pear blight. and all such infected trees, 
shrubs, or vines shall be destroyed by burning. 

RULE 7. It shall be the duty of every owner or possessor of any trees, shrubs, | 
or vines found to be infested with any injurious insects.or infected with fungus 
or other diseases to disinfect the same by sprayirg or other treatment as pro-— 
vided hereinafter. 

Rute 8. All trees, shrubs, or vines found to be infested with the San Jose 
scale shall be treated as hereinafter provided. (Kerosene emulsion. double 
strength, in summer, and lime-sulphur mixture as a winter spray.) 


VIRGINIA. 153 


Rute 9. Any and all fruit trees, whether in orchard or nursery, within the 
State found to be infected with diseases known as peach yellows or peach 
rosette or crown gall shall be destroyed by burning as soon as such diseases 
may be determined to exist. Destruction of such infected trees shall be car- 
ried out upon the order of any member of the State board of horticulture or of 
any county horticultural inspector, as provided by the horticultural law of Utah. 

Rute 10. It shall be the duty of every owner or possessor of any orchard 
found to be infected with the disease known as pear blight or fire blight to 
disinfect the same by cutting out and burning all affected branches, and the 
whole tree, if badly infected. Limbs should be cut off a foot below the part 
affected. The knife and saw used in cutting out the diseased limb must be 
disinfected with kerosene or a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, and in addi- 

tion the stub remaining on the tree should be disinfected with the same mate- 
rial, to prevent the further spread of the disease. The pear blight is a most 
pernicious and discouraging disease, for which no remedy has thus far been dis- 
covered, and the board suggests that it will be more economical to take out all 
badly affected trees, both root and branch, than to try to save them by pruning. 

Rute 11. It shall be the duty of the county horticultural inspector to see 
that the provisions of these regulations and of the horticultural law are put in 
force and effect within his jurisdiction. 

Rute 12. Disinfection as provided by these regulations shall be to the satis- 
faction of the county horticultural inspector or of the member of the State 
horticultural board having jurisdiction. 

Rute 13. To make effective the horticultural law of the State and the regu- 
lations of the board of horticulture respecting importations and shipments of 
nursery stock it shall be the duty of express and transportation companies or 
their agents to at once report the arrival of any shipment of nursery stock to 
the county horticultural inspector having jurisdiction, either by mail or tele- 
phone, to give this officer opportunity to make any necessary inspection, as 
required in rules 5 and 6, and shall hold the stock in quarantine till such inspec- 
tion is made: Provided, That no shipment of nursery stock shall be held longer 
than 24 hours after notice of its arrival has been sent to the county horticul- 
tural inspector. 

Adopted in regular meeting of the board of horticulture, held in Salt Lake 

_ City, April, 1905. 


VERMONT. 


There is no law in Vermont relating to the control of injurious insects. 


~~ 


- VIRGINIA. 


a ene Ae ee 


AN Act to amend and reenact an act entitled ‘‘An act to create and maintain a State 
- board of crop pest commissioners, and to define its duties and powers,” approved March 
, 5, 1900. 

a 

a 

1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of Virginia, That an act entitled “An 
— act to create and maintain a State board of crop pest commissioners, and to 
_ define its duties and powers,” approved March fifth, nineteen hundred, be 
- amended and reenacted so as to read as follows: ; 

- Section 1. The board of control of the Virginia agricultural experiment sta- 
tion.is hereby created a State board of crop pest commissioners, with power and 


154 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


duties as hereinafter provided. It shall be the duty of the said board to appoint 
a competent person as State entomologist and plant pathologist, hereinafter called 
State entomologist, and such assistants as may be necessary, who shall, acting 
under the authority of the said board, be charged with and perform such duties ~ 
as are hereinafter specified. The board of crop pest commissioners shall from - 
time to time, after due consideration, prepare a list of such dangerously inju- 
rious insect pest and diseases of plants aS may properly, within its judgment 
and the judgment of the State entomologist, be controlled or eradicated, and 
they shall cause such list to be published, along with particular specification 
as to the nature and appearance of and the manner in which the said pests are 
generally disseminated. The board of crop pest commissioners shall at the 
same time provide rules and regulations under which the State entomologist 
shall proceed to investigate, control, eradicate, and prevent the dissemination 
of the said pests as far as may be possible, and these rules and regulations shali | 
have the full force and effect of law so far as they conform to this act and the 
general laws of this State and of the United States; and any person, firm, or 
corporation who fails or refuses to comply with the order or directions issued 
in writing, under regulations provided by the board of crop pest commis- 
sioners, Shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of not less than ten 
($10.00) nor more than twenty-five ($25.00) dollars for each such failure or 
refusal: Provided, That all prosecution under this act shall be by indictment, 
presentment, or information in the circuit court of the county or corporation 
court of the city in which the person, firm, or corporation proceeded against is 
then resident. 

Sec. 2. The board of crop pest commissioners shail have power toa provide 
quarantine rules and regulations concerning the sale and transportation of all 
plants or parts of plants, commonly known as nursery stock, within the State. 
They shall also have power to provide like rules and regulations in regard to 
all plants or parts of plants, commonly known as nursery stock, entering this 
State from without, and these rules and regulations shall be enforced by the 
State entomologist or his duly authorized assistants. : 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of this board to provide for the annual inspection 
of all nursery stock grown within the State prior to October first of each year, — 
by the State entomologist or his assistants, who shall issue a certificate of free: 
dom from insect pests and plant diseases to the owners of all nurseries found 
entitled to the same, and they shall further provide regulations under which 
nursery stock brought into the State may be sold under the above-provided 
certificates, and in accordance with the further provisions of this act. It 
shall be unlawful after the promulgation of the rules and regulations provided 
for in this act for any person, persons, corporation, or common carriers to trans- 
port by land or water plants or parts of plants, commonly known as nursery — 
stock, in violation of the same, and every such offence shall constitute a mis- 
demeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, the person, persons, firm, or corpora- — 
tion, or common carrier so convicted shall be fined in the sum of not less 
than fifty ($50) dollars nor more than one hundred ($100) dollars for each 
and every violation of this act. j 

Sec. 4. The State entomologist or any of his assistants, or a local inspector — 
as hereinafter provided for, shall have power under the rules and regulations of 
said board to determine the nature and method of the treatment to which any — 
infested plants shall be subjected, and he shall report his findings in print or 
writing, giving reasons therefor, to the owner of the infested plants, his agents — 
or tenants, and a copy of such report shall be submitted to said board, and there | 
shall accompany each and every such report specific directions as to the treat- 


VIRGINIA. 155 


ment of the infested plants, which directions may be in print or in writing. In 
case of objection to the findings of the State entomologist, or an assistant or 
local inspector, an appeal shall lie to the said board, whose decision shall be 
final; such appeal must be taken within seven days from the receipt of the re- 
port, and shall act as a stay of proceedings until it is heard and decided. 

Sec. 5. Upon the receipt of the report of the State entomologist, an assistant, 
or local inspector, the treatment prescribed shall be executed at once (unless an 
appeal is taken) under the supervision of the local inspector, the cost of material 
and labor to be borne by the owner of the premises. 

Src. 6. In case any person, firm, er corporation fail or refuse to execute the 
directions of the State entomologist, an assistant, or local inspector, or of the 
said board after an appeal, the judge of the circuit court of the county or corpo- 
ration court of the city in which such person, firm, or corporation are then 
residents shall, upon complaint filed by the State entomologist, or an assistant 
or local inspector, or by any freeholder, cite the person, firm, or corporation to 
appear before him at the first regular session of the circuit or corporation court or 
in vacation, and upon satisfactory evidence of such failure or refusal shall cause 
the prescribed treatment to be executed, and the expense thereof and cost of 
court shall be collected by execution from the owner or owners of the infested 
plants, and any judgment of the court entered against any person, persons, firm, 
or corporation in any such cause shall be a lien upon all real estate owned in 
whole or in part by any such person, persons, firm, or corporation. 

Sec. 7. The said board of crop pest commissioners, its agents or employees, 
are hereby empowered with authority to enter upon any premises and to 
examine all plants and trees whatsoever in discharge of the duties herein pre- 
scribed. Any person, persons, firm, or corporation who shall obstruct or hinder 
them or their agents in the discharge of their duty shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than twenty 
($20.00) dollars nor more than fifty ($50.00) dollars for each such offence. 

Sec. 8. It shall be unlawful to deliver or give away within the boundaries 
of this State plants or parts of plants commonly known as nursery stock which 
have not been duly inspected in accordance with the provision of this act and 
earry plainly attached to each car load, box, bail, and package a copy of a 
certificate as herein provided, except that in case of nursery stock shipped into 
the State from without, the board of crop pest commissioners shall provide by 
regulation for the acceptance of proper certificates from other States, and when 
so accepted shall issue an official tag designating the fact, and nursery stock 
carrying the same may be reshipped under the certificate above provided for. 

“Each and every vidlation of this section shall constitute a misdemeanor, and 
- upon conviction thereof every person, persons, firm, or corporation so convicted 
shall be fined in a sum of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) dollars nor more 
_ than fifty ($50.00) dollars. This section shall not be so construed as to affect 
_ the action of common carriers in the transportation of nursery stock under the 
provisions of interstate commerce. 

Sec. 9. Upon a petition signed by ten freeholders of any city, county, or 
magisterial district, it shall be the duty of the State entomologist, in person or 
by an assistant, to make a preliminary investigation of the locality from which 
the petition is received, to ascertain if any trees or plants be infested with the 
insect known as the San Jose scale. If, upon such preliminary investigation, it 
_ shall appear that the San Jose scale is present in the territory examined, the 
_ State entomologist shall appoint a local inspector, and order a full inspection 
‘ of such city, county, or magisterial district to discover and locate all infested 
_ bremises ; ; and the local inspector shall report the results of such further inspec- 


156 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


tion to the owners of all infested premises, and to the board of supervisors of 
the said county or the city council of said city, giving the location of all said 
infested trees and plants, and the extent of infestation in each case, and make 
specific recommendations in accordance with the instructions furnished him by 
the State entomologist, which instructions may be printed or written. 

Sec. 10. The board of supervisors of any county or city council of any city 
in which a local inspector has been appointed shall fix the compensation of 
such local inspector, whose pay, however, shall not in any case be less than 
one dollar and fifty cents for each day’s work, and said local inspector shall 
file before the said board of supervisors or city couucil from time to time an 
itemized account of the expenses and costs incurred in the performance of his 
duties, and a statement of the days actually occupied in the performance of the 
duties hereinbefore prescribed, and the same shall be allowed him and paid as 
other claims against the county or city, not to exceed two hundred and fifty 
dollars in any one year. But the board of: supervisors of any county or the 
council of any city may appropriate any sum in excess of two hundred and fifty 
dollars which it may deem proper. The sum appropriated in any year in 
excess of the actual requirements of such year shall not be considered as an 
appropriation for any subsequent year. 

Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of the State entomologist, either in person or by 
an assistant or local inspector, to supervise and direct the execution of any 
recommendations made under the provisions of section two of this act, and all 
expenses of treatment, control, and eradication of any infested trees or plants 
shall be borne by the owner of the premises upon which the same are located, 
as provided for in sections four and five of this act. 

Sec. 12. From and after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and 
three, it shall be unlawful for any person, persons, firm, or corporation, either 
for himself or as agent for another, to offer for sale, sell, deliver, or give 
away, within the bounds of this State, any plants or parts of plants commonly 
known as nursery stock, unless such person, persons, firm, or corporation shall 
have first procured from the auditor of public accounts a certificate of regis- 
tration, which certificate shall contain such rules and regulations concerning 
the sale of nursery stock as the board of crop pest commissioners may pre- 
scribe and be approved and countersigned by the State entomologist, who 
shall have full power and is hereby authorized and required to cancel and with- ~ 
draw any certificate upon satisfactory evidence that any of the rules and regu- 
lations governing the sale of nursery stock within this State have been violated 
by the holder of the same. The auditor of public accounts shall not issue any 
certificate of registration except upon the payment of the sum of twenty dol- 
lars, and shall forward all certificates to the State entomologist for his ap- 
proval before allowing the same to the party making application therefor, and 
all such certificates as may be granted shall expire and become null and void 
one year from date of issue thereof, and any person, persons, firm, or corpora- 
tion, either for himself or as an agent for another, who shall sell, offer for sale, 
deliver, or give away any plants or parts of plants commonly known as nursery 
stock Without having in his possession a certificate of registration as herein 
provided for, or without exhibiting a copy of the same to each and every person 
te whom he shall sell or offer-to sell, deliver, or give away any such plants, or 
parts of plants, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction 
thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty ($20.00) dollars 
nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars for each such offence. 

Sec. 15. The auditor of public accounts shall set aside and reserve all moneys 
coming into his hands in pursuance of the provisions of section twelve of this ; 


VIRGINIA. LOT 


act, and shall from time to time draw his warrant for the same in favor of the 
State entomologist in payment for services and expenses incurred in the inspec- 
tion of the various nurseries in this State, and the inspection of nursery plants 
sold by agents representing nurseries from without this State. 

Sec. 14. There is hereby appropriated from any moneys in the State treasury 
not otherwise appropriated the sum of six thousand ($6,000.00) dollars per 
annum for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the execution of this act, 
and the auditor of public accounts of the Commonwealth is hereby directed to 
draw his warrant upon the treasury of the same for this sum or such part 
thereof as may be necessary until the said sum of six thousand ($6,000.00) dol- 
lars per annum be expended, upon the filing with him of properly itemized 
vouchers certified by the chairman of said board of crop pest commissioners. 
The said board shall cause to be made a biennial report to the governor of the 
State, giving in detail its operation and expenditures under this act. 

2. The acts of assembly known as the San Jose scale law, approved March 
fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, and amended and approved February 
twenty-eighth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and as further amended by an 
act approved March twenty-eighth, nineteen hundred and two, and all other 
acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. 

3. This act shall be in force from its passage. 

Approved May 9, 1903. 


RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 
ASSISTANTS, LocAL INSPECTORS, AND EMPLOYEES OF THE STATE BOARD OF CROP 
PEST COMMISSIONERS, AS AUTHORIZED By ACT oF ASSEMBLY APPROVED MAY 
9, 19038. 


1. By virtue of authority conferred by the above-cited act, the following 
rules and regulations are hereby adopted and promulgated by the State board 
of crop pest commissioners, and the State entomologist and pathologist and such 
assistants and local inspectors as may be hereafter appointed are authorized and 
directed to enforce the same. 

2. List of insects and fungous parasites. The following list of insect pests 
and plant diseases are hereby declared to be dangerously injurious, and it is 
ordered by this board that they shall hereafter come within the scope of opera- 
tions under the crop-pest law: 

Insects—San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Woolly aphis (Schizo- 
= neura lanigera), in nurseries only. 

E Fungi.—Crown gall, in nurseries only. Peach yellows. Black knot of plum 
. and cherry (Plowrightia morbosa). Fire blight of pear and apple (Wicro- 
: coccus amylovorus) in nurseries only. 

if This board reserves the right to alter, amend, and change this list as the 
exigencies of the work may warrant. 

J 3. Quarantine against diseased nursery stock. It is hereby declared that 
e dating from September ist, 1903, no person, persons, firm, or corporation owning 
_ or operating a nursery within the State of Virginia shall sell, transport, or give 
a @way any fruit trees, or other plants commonly known as nursery stock, when 
= infested with the San Jose scale, woolly aphis, crown gall, peach yellows, black 
oe knot of the plum and cherry, or fire blight of pear, as specified under section 2 
i 

4. Dealing with peach yellows and black knot in orchards. It is hereby de- 


158 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


communicable character that. wherever discovered in orchards in this State 
they shall be destroyed or treated within a reasonable time in accordance with 
the directions of the State entomologist, assistants, or local inspectors, acting 
under orders of this board. 

5. Infested nursery premises—how dealt with. Any nursery premises within 
this State which shall upon inspection prove to be infested with any one or 
more of the insect pests or plant diseases specified in section 2, shall not be 
entitled to a certificate of freedom from disease and insect pests until they shall 
have satisfactorily carried out the directions of the State entomologist or an 
assistant acting under orders cf this board. 

Every person, persons, firm, or corporation doing business in this State as 
growers or handlers of nursery stock are hereby notified that they must not 
sell, transport, or give away the same unless accompanied by a certificate of 


inspection from the State entomologist, or an assistant acting under the orders — 


of this board, declaring the same to be apparently free from San Jose scale — 
and other dangerously injurious insect pests and plant diseases. : 

6. On the certification of nursery stock from other States. All nursery stock 
entering this State from without must be accompanied by a certificate of inspec- 
tion, satisfactory to the State entomologist, both as to form and the authority 
of the person making the same, which certificate shall certify substantially as 
above required in case of State nurseries. As a guide to transportation com- 
panies, as to whether a certificate is valid or not under this law, the State ento- 
mologist shall furnish to all nurserymen in other States doing business in this 
State, official tags upon request, if the certificate of inspection of the party or 
parties applying for the same is found to be correct and in proper form, and the 
said parties shall have procured the State certificate of registration as required 
in section 12 of the act of assembly. These tags shall be charged for at cost. 

7. Regulating the transportation of nursery stock. All transportation com- — 
panies doing business in this State, both by land and water routes, are hereby 
notified that on and after September 1st, 1903, they must not, under penalty 
prescribed in section 3 of above act, transport plants, commonly known as nur- 
sery stock, within the bounds of this State, to be delivered at any point therein, 
except the same are accompanied by, and have plainly attached thereto, a cer- 
tificate as provided for in section 8 of these rules, and in case of nursery stock 
entering this State from without for delivery in the State, such nursery stock 
must carry in addition to the official certificate of the State whence the ship- 


ment originated, the official tag of the State entomologist of Virginia, as speci- — 


fied in section 6 above. 

8. The inspection and certification of nurseries. It shall be the duty of the ~ 
State entomologist, or an assistant appointed by this board, to inspect all nur- : 
sery premises in this State at least once each year, and issue to each a certifi- 
cate in proper form if found entitled to the same. On the discovery of any, ~ 
infested nursery, the State entomologist shall pursue such methods as are nec- 4 
essary to eradicate the injurious insects and plant diseases specified in section 2 — 
of these rules and regulations, and when accomplished a certificate shall be ~ 
issued in due form. Certificates of nursery inspection shall in all cases be © 
signed by the State entomologist, or by an assistant authorized by the board of 
crop pest commissioners. The State entomologist is hereby authorized to grant 
special certificates to dealers in nursery plants, upon satisfactory evidence that — 
they are handling only properly inspected stock. . 

9. Resale by nurserymen of certified stock. All nursery stock purchased out-— 
side the State and brought into this State for resale by a duly authorized nur- 
seryman may be sold under the official certificate of the State entomologist, or — 


VIRGINIA. 159 


that of an assistant appointed by this board, if the said nursery stock was 
purchased under the official tag specified in section 6 of these rules and regula- 
tions, but this regulation shall not operate to prevent reinspection of all such 
stock at the discretion of the State entomologist, and condemnation of the same 
if found infested with any of the insect pests or plant diseases specified in sec- 
tion 2 above. 

10. As to local inspection for the San Jose scale. The State entomologist is 
hereby directed to furnish to the authorities of each city and county, as promptly 
as may be, a full statement of the conditions prevailing in the several cities 
and counties of the State as shown by the records of the State board of.crop 
pest commissioners, in relation to the infestation of orchards and gardens with 
San Jose scale. And he is also directed to furnish the same statement to all 

_ interested individuals in the several cities and counties of the State who may 
apply therefor, to the end that those who are concerned in the protection of the 
fruit industry from the ravages of this insect pest may take such action under 
the provisions of the crop pest law as they deem necessary. When a sufficient 
number of the freeholders of any city, county, or magisterial district petition 
for a local inspection as provided for in section 9 of the crop pest law, the 
State entomologist is directed to satisfy himself as to the needs of inspection 
in the community of which the petitioners are residents, either by making an 
investigation in person, or by an assistant; or by consultation of the records in 
the office of the crop pest commission, and to proceed, in conjunction with the 
proper local authorities and the petitioning freeholders, to execute the law as 
» fully as is practicable. 

11. On the appointment of local inspectors. In the appointment of local 
inspectors, as provided for in section 9 of the crop pest law, the State entomolo- 
gist is directed to advise with the local people as to their wishes in this matter, 
and to satisfy himself that the persons selected for appointment are competent 
to execute the work required, in an accurate and proper manner, before issuing 
commissions to local inspectors. The commissions of local inspectors shall be 
signed by the chairman of the board, and countersigned by the secretary; and 

they shall be revocable at any time by the State entomologist, when the person 
_ holding the same does not appear to be accomplishing the work for which he has 
been appointed. 

| 12. In regard to instruction and duties of local inspectors. The State ento- 
- mmologist shall in person, or by an assistant, give such instruction and assistance 
; to local inspectors as may be necessary, so that they may be enabled to accom- 
3 plish their duties in an accurate and expeditious manner; and he shall provide 
ig forms of records to be kept concerning all the premises inspected, and a special 
: form of report concerning each and every premise found to be infested, which 
x records of infested premises shall be made out in duplicate by the local inspector, 
and one copy filed with the State entomologist and the other filed with the 
_ clerk of the city council or the clerk of the board of supervisors of the county, 
of whatever city or county he may be serving as local inspector. The local 
inspectors shall, in the manner directed by the State entomologist, tag or mark 


infested trees and plants so that the same may be readily recognized, but he 


sat in no wise issue orders concerning the treatment of infested premises 

until he has submitted the report of the inspection of the same, accompanied by 
‘specimens, to the State entomologist, and has received from him a confirmation as 
o the statements made in his report, and has been directed by the State ento- 
ologist as to the action that he shall take in regard to any case of infestation. 
13. Issuance of recommendations as to treatment of infested plants. Upon the 
eceipt of the reports of local inspectors the State entomologist shall issue at 
mce directions to all those persons having infested premises, specifying pre- 


160 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


cisely the nature and manner -of treatment to be pursued in order to control and — 
eradicate the San Jose scale, and in each and every recommendation particular 
specifications shall be given as to the materials to be used and the manner of 
their application, and a copy of each such recommendation shall be furnished 
the local inspector for his guidance in executing the further directions which 
it may become necessary for the State entomologist to send him. The local 
inspectors shall report in full once each week to the State entomologist, and 
shall report once a month to the city council or the county supervisors of the 
city or county for which they are appointed, and shall submit a journal show- 
ing the premises inspected each day, with such general data concerning the same 
as directed by the State entomologist, and, as above directed, duplicate copies 
of reports upon each infested premise. Upon vacation of his office by a local 
inspector for any cause, he shall turn over to the city council or county board 
of supervisors the duplicate copies of all recommendations issued by the State 
entomologist. 

14. Directed to prescribe treatment. The State entomologist is hereby di- 
rected to prescribe the nature and method of treatment of all plants whatso- 
ever affected by the insect pests or plant diseases specified in section 2 of these 
regulations, and he is hereby charged with such investigations as to the nature 
and habits of these insect and fungous parasites, and the remedial measures 
therefor, as will enable him to give the best possible service to the people. 

15. Appeal from orders in relation to treatment. Any appeal from the orders 
or directions of an officer acting under this board in dealing with the subjects 
specified in sections 4, 6, 13, and 14 of these regulations shall be made in writ- 
ing, and shall be addressed to the secretary of the board within seven days 
upon receipt of a written order to destroy or treat plants as specified under sec- 
tions 4, 18, and 14 of these regulations. The person, persons, firm, or corpora- 
tion making an appeal shall be granted a speedy hearing by the board of crop 
pest commissioners, and accorded every opportunity to introduce material eyi- 
dence relating to the facts alleged in the order of the officer requiring the de- 
struction or treatment of plants. 

16. In relation to finances. It is hereby ordered by the board of crop pest 
commissioners that all disbursements under this act shall be made by the treas- 
urer upon certified bills as follows: All bills for supplies and merchandise of 
every description shall be certified to the treasurer by the officer or employee 
authorized by the board to make the expenditure in question, presumably by 
the State entomologist unless otherwise specified; and all bills for travelling ex- 
penses either of officers or employees shall be paid by the officer or employee 
euthorized by the board to perform such duties requiring travel, and shall be 
repaid to such officer or employee by the treasurer, upon the presentation of an 
itemized bill duly certified by the State entomologist and approved by the secre- 
tary of the board. The State entomologist is hereby directed to collect from 
time to time the fees derived under section 12 of the crop pest law, and pay the 
same over to the treasurer of this board, and this officer shall account for such 
money so received in the same manner as for the appropriation received under 
section 14 of this act. 

Such salaries and compensation for labor as are authorized by the board 
shall be paid by the treasurer on a regular monthly pay roll. 

Officers or employees making bills for travelling expenses must state therein: 
For livery hire, the date and points between which the same was used; for 
railroad fare, the dates and points between which the trip was made; in hotel 
bills, the date and time for which paid must be given; and all items ef an inci- 
Cental nature must show the service or purpose for which payment was made. 

Adopted May 30, 1908. 


WASHINGTON. 161 


WASHINGTON. 


An Acr to promote the fruit-growing and horticultural interests of the State of Wash- 
ington; to provide for the appointment of a commissioner of horticulture; to repeal 
certain laws in conflict therewith, and to provide penalties and punishment for its 
violation, with the amendments to sections four, five, six, seven, eight, twelve, four- 
teen, and fifteen, approved March 16, 1905, by Albert BH. Mead, governor. 

Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Washington: 

SecTIon 1. That a commissioner of horticulture shall be appointed by the 
governor for the State of Washington. It is hereby provided, prior to the ap- 
pointment, the applicant must furnish a certificate from the faculty of the 
eollege of agriculture that he is a skilled horticulturist; on such certificate the 
governor may make the appointment. Before entering upon the discharge of 
his duties, the said commissioner shall take and subscribe an oath to support 
the Constitution of the United States and the constitution and laws of the 
State of Washington, and to faithfully discharge the duties of his office, which 
said oath, together with the aforesaid certificate, shall be filed with the secre- 
tary of state. The said commissioner shall keep his office at Tacoma, which 
office shall be open to the public during normal office hours every day excepting 
Sunday and legal holidays and days when he may be necessarily absent at- 
tending to official duties in other parts of his district. 

Sec. 2. The objects for which said commissioner is appointed are to maintain 

- and exercise a supervisory directory over the horticultural industries of the 
State, to enforce the laws relative to the importation, transfer, and sale of 
_ fruit, fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock within the State, and give such in- 
structions to fruit culturists regarding cultivation and extermination of fruit 
pests as the nature of the case may demand. The official term of the said 
commissioner of horticulture shall begin on the first day of April, 1905, and con- 
linue for four years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified. Said 
commissioner shall receive annually in full consideration for his official services 
the sum of two thousand dollars, to be paid monthly as other State officers, 
and for incidental expenses of his office—such as necessary traveling fare, 
stationery, and postage—the sum of one thousand dollars annually, and for 
_ office rent and bulletins one thousand dollars annually. Said sums shall be 
paid on warrants drawn by the State auditor on the presentation of proper 
_ youchers therefor. The term of the present commissioner of horticulture shal! 
_ expire April 1, 1905. When from illness or other cause the commissioner of 
> horticulture is temporarily unable to perform his duties, he may appoint some 
- qualified person to discharge the duties of such office until such disability is re- 
moved. Said appointment shall, be in writing, signed by the commissioner of 
horticulture, and filed in his office. The appointment of such deputy may be 
“revoked by the commissioner of horticulture at will. The commissioner of 
horticulture shall be responsible for the acts of his deputy: Provided, That no 
“charge or claim shall ever be made against the State or any of its funds for 
compensation to such deputy. 
_ Sec. 3. Said commissioner may be removed from office at any time for cause, 


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and regulations as prescribed in section 1 of this act for full-term appointment. 
4 Sec. 4 (as amended by act of 1905). Fruit culturists in any county in this 
‘State are hereby authorized and empowered to organize into a horticultural 


T418—No. 61 m——11 


162 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


society, and the better to promote and protect the horticultural interests of the 
county, the society will nominate three qualified persons for county inspector of 
fruit, fruit trees, orchards, plants, boxes, barrels, and other packages in which 
fruit or fruit trees have been shipped. The nomination shall be made to the 
board of commissioners (of the county wherein said society is organized), who 
are hereby authorized and required to appoint such person as county fruit 
inspector for a term of two years, deliver to him a certificate of appointment, 
and mail a duplicate copy of said certificate to the commissioner of horticulture: 
Provided, however, That county inspectors shall be required fo pass a satis- 
tactory examination before the State horticultural commissioner, or the faculty 
of the agricultural college, before they are authorized to perform the duties of 
their office. In counties where no horticultural society exists, the county com- 
missioner shall select and appoint a suitable person to act as county inspector, 
and report their action to the commissioner of horticulture for confirmation. A1!l 
county fruit inspectors shall be entitled to such pay for their services as the 
board of county commissioners of the county in which their work was performed 
may direct. Any county inspector shall be removed by the commissioner of 
horticulture for incompetency, neglect of duty, or other sufficient cause, upon 
complaint filed with him signed by the proper officers of the horticultural society 
in the county in which such inspector is sought to be removed: Provided, That 
no such removal shall be made without giving such inspector a hearing and ten 
days’ notice of the time and place thereof, such hearing to be had before the 
commissioner of horticulture. In order to furnish to the office of the commis- 
sioner of horticulture information regarding the condition of orchards through- 
out the State, and to determine the compensation of such county inspectors, they _ 
shall make monthly reports to the commissioner of horticulture under oath upon 
blanks furnished by said commissioner. All county fruit inspectors shall make 
a monthly report to the county commissioners of their county, setting forth the 
number of days’ work performed and character thereof, and make oath to the - 
correctness of such statement and furnish necessary vouchers upon which the 
county commissioners shali determine the accuracy of their accounts; such 
monthly report and rendition of account shall be sworn to by the county inspector 
before the clerk of the county court. Any county inspector who shall in said 
report under oath falsely state the number of days’ work he has actually per- 
formed in any month, shall be deemed guilty of perjury and upon conviction 
thereof shall be liable to the penalty provided by law therefor. 

Sec. 5 (as amended by act of 1905). No person, firm, corporation, or tree dealer 
shall engage or continue in the business of selling as agent, solicitor, or other- 
wise within the State or importing fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock into the 
State without having first obtained a license to carry on such business in this 
State, as in this act provided. 

Sec. 6 (as amended by act of 1905). Any person, firm, corporation, or tree 
dealer, agent, or solicitor may obtain a license to engage or continue in the busi- 
ness of selling and importing fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock into this State 
by submitting his application therefor to the commissioner of horticulture, to- 
gether with a satisfactory bond of one thousand dollars made in conformity 
with the laws of the State of Washington. All bonds submitted shall be made 
in conformity with the laws of the State of Washington, such bond to be ap- 
proved by and filed with the said commissioner, conditioned that the principal 
and his or their agents will faithfully obey the provisions of this act, the laws 
of the State of Washington, and that the said principal pays the costs of inspec- 
tion and destruction of all infected nursery stock, or other material or goods 
imported into and sold within such district of this State by said principal, his — 


WASHINGTON. 163 


or their agent. Any person or persons shall have legal recourse against the 
bond for any damages accruing from the sale of or delivery of infected nursery 
stock. All licenses issued by tbe commissioner of horticulture shall bear the 
name of the solicitor, agent, or salesman and shall not be transferable. Any 
solicitor or agent falsely representing any nursery, firm, corporation, or tree 
dealer shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and subject to a fine of not less 
than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars, and such conviction shall ipso 
facto work a forfeiture of his license. Any license granted to any person, firm, 
corporation, or tree dealer shall be suspended in its operation by the commis- 
sioner of horticulture upon the report of any inspector that said person, firm, 
corporation, or tree dealer has introduced infected stock into the State of Wash- 
ington, and if upon examination by the commissioner such report of the inspector 
shall be found to be supported by facts, such license shall at once be revoked. 
The license fee for nurserymen and tree dealers shall be five dollars, and for 
their agents or salesmen, who shall be furnished an authentic copy, two dollars 
and fifty cents. Said money shall be collected by the State horticultural com- 
missioner and paid to the treasurer of the State of Washington. All licenses 
shall expire on the first day of April, 1905, and on the first day of April every 
second year thereafter. 

Sec. 7 (as amended by act of 1905). It shall be the duty of every person, firm, 
corporation, or tree dealer licensed to do business under this act to notify the 
horticultural commissioner of his intention to ship an invoice of fruit trees, 
plants, or nursery stock from one point to another within the State, or to import 
‘an invcice of similar goods from without to any point within the State, whether 
for the purpose of sale or for personal use. Such notice shall contain the name 
and address of both consignor and consignee and a descriptive invoice of the 
goods to be shipped, the freight or express office at which the goods are to be 
delivered, and the name or title of the transportation company from which the 
consignees received such goods. A copy of such notice shall also be mailed to 
the county fruit inspector in the county in which the point of destination is 
located. Such notices shall be mailed not later than the date of such shipment. 
Upon receipt at destination of any invoice of fruit trees, plants, or nursery 
stock, it shall be the duty of the freight agent, express agent, or other trans- 
portation company’s employee having such invoice of fruit trees, plants, or 
nursery stock in charge to notify the county fruit inspector within whose juris- 
diction said invoice is received of the receipt of said invoice, naming consignor 
and consignee, and that said invoice is ready for inspection, notification to be 
; by telegraph or telephone, and to hold said invoice for inspection by the county 
fruit inspector before delivering said invoice of fruit trees, plants, or nursery 
stock to the consignee, excepting that said invoice need not be held more than 
wenty-four hours after notification is made to the county fruit inspector. 
The said inspection not to be made by the county fruit inspector until the 
freight, express, or other transportation charges are paid, unless the freight 
“agent, express agent, or other transportation company’s employee in charge of 
os invoice consents to said inspection being made before said charges are 


164 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


to purchase from him, any fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock belonging to any 
person or firm not licensed under the provisions of this act shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor and fined in any sum not less than fifty dollars nor 
exceeding one hundred dollars. All fines imposed for the violation of the pro- 
visions of this act shal! be paid to the treasurer of the county wherein the viola- 
tion was committed and be placed to the credit of the general fund of such 
county. 

Sec. 10. For the purpose of preventing the introduction and spread of conta- 
gious diseases, fruit pests, spores, and fungus growth among fruit trees and 
plants and other nursery stock and for the disinfecting and cure of fruit dis- 
eases, pests, spores, and fungus growths, the commissioner of horticulture shall 
prescribe such remedies as he shall deem best, describe and formulate such 
remedies with their proper mode of application, with such additional instruc- 
tions as he may deem necessary, into a circular or bulletin, which he shall have 
printed and distributed to the several county horticultural societies and 
inspectors of the State. He shall include also in said bulletin the rules and 
regulations under which a person, firm, or corporation may lawfully sell, import 
into this State, and sell or authorize to be sold fruit trees, plants, or nursery 
stock, and the penalty to be incurred for the violation of these rules. He shall 
prepare also a poster which shall contain said rules, regulations, and penalties, 
which shall be distributed with said bulletin. County inspectors are directed 
to put up such posters in not less than three conspicuous places in their county, 
one of which places must be in front of the couuity court-house. The commis- 
sioner of horticulture shall hear and promptly decide all appeals from the 
county inspectors, and his decision shall have full force and effect until set 
aside by the courts of the State. In all cases of appeal he shall disregard 
technicalities and decide each and every case on its merits. All appeals from 
county inspectors to commissioners shall be under forms and regulations pre- 
scribed by the commissioner. The commissioner shall approve or reject all 
bonds required by law to be submitted to him, and he shall file and safely keep 
all bonds and other papers by law required to be filed with him, and shall, 
upon the expiration of his term of office, turn over the same to his successor. 
He shall examine all fruit, specimens of fruit trees, shrubbery, or plants sub- 
mitted to him for examination; enter the name of the person presenting such 
specimens of fruit trees, shrubs, or plants for examination, and the result of 
his examination in a register to be kept by him for that purpose, and send a 
copy of such result to the person asking for the examination. He shall from 
time to time, as he may deem for the best interests of the horticultural indus- 
tries of the State, publish bulletins which shall be sent free to the various 
county horticultural societies of the State; such bulletins to contain a brief 
résumé of the discoveries of science of interest to horticulture, or any other 
matter which the commissioner shall deem of importance to such interest. And 
unless there be urgent or special need therefor no bulletin shall contain any 
matter that has appeared in any previous bulletin. 

Sec. 11. County fruit inspectors who shall be appointed under and by au- 
thority of this act are hereby authorized, directed, and empowered to enforce 
the provisions of this act to prevent the introduction and spread of fruit tree 
and plant diseases, insect pests, fungi spores, eggs or larvee of insects injurious 
to the fruit industries of his county or of this State. 

Sec. 12 (as amended by act of 1905). Whenever from any cause there shall be 
an absence of an inspector in any county the county commissioners of such 
county shall be notified by the commissioner of horticulture to appoint a county 


WASHINGTON. 165 


fruit inspector. And in case of their failure to do so the commissioner of horti- 
culture shall have power to order an inspector from any adjoining county in 
his district to perform the duties required by this act in the county needing the 
services of such inspector, and the expense of such inspection shall be charge- 
able to and paid for by the county in which the said services are rendered in 
the manner hereinbefore provided. Whenever any county fruit inspector re- 
quires assistance in the discharge of his duties he shall make written applica- 
tion to the county commissioners for the temporary appointment of an assistant, 
stating the length of time for which such assistant will be required, and all 
appointments of such assistant shall be left discretionary to the board of county 
commissioners. Assistant county inspectors shall have the same powers to per- 
torm the same duties as county inspectors, and such assistant shall be entitled 
to the same compensation and to be paid in the same manner as county 
‘Inspectors. A 
Sec. 13. It is hereby made the duty of the county fruit inspector, if, from his 
personal observation, complaint, or other credible information, he has reason to 
suspect that any person, company, or corporation has an orchard, tree, or 
nursery of trees, vines, or garden, fruit packing house, storeroom, or that any 
other place or material in his county is infected with or is a repository for 
eggs, larve, or any noxious insects injurious to fruit and plants, or that any 
trees, fruits, or plants are in transit to his county from outside this State or 
are about to be disseminated or distributed within his county which are known . 
to be or are suspected to be from localities that are infested with any disease 
or pest injurious or that may become injurious to the fruit interests of his 
county or State. He shall without delay inspect the premises, property, or 
material so suspected, and if the same is found to be infected as aforesaid, he 
shall notify the owner, his agent, or the person in charge of the same not to 
-remove or allow the removal of such property until the same has been disin- 
fected, prescribing the manner of disinfection, and shall direct the owner, agent, or 
person having such property in his charge to treat and disinfect the said premises 
and property within five days. If any person so notified shall permit the re- 
moval of or fail to disinfect such property or premises in the manner and in 
the time prescribed in said notice, the person so notified and failing to disinfect 
the infected property or premises, or who shall permit the removal of the same 
prior to disinfection, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con- 
viction thereof shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100 and the cost 
of action in court, which fine and costs shall be a judgment lien upon said 
_ premises or property. After the expiration of ten days and a failure on the part 
of the owner or person in charge to disinfect the said premises or property as 
aforesaid, then to prevent the spread of insect pests or disease it will be the 
— duty of the county inspector to enter on such premises or property and disin- 
_ fect the same. The cost of such disinfection shall be a lien against said property 
" or premises, the payment of which shall be collectible with the costs in any court 
of this State. 
a Src. 14 (as amended by act of 1905). Any person or persons who shall bring 
into the State, have in their possession, or offer for sale or distribute or give 
away, fruit trees, shrubs, fruit, or other material infested with any kind of 
insect pest injurious to fruit, fruit trees, or plants shall be guilty of a misde- 
“meanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less 
_ than fifty dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in 
_ the county jail not less than sixty days nor more than one year: Provided, 
_ That for each repeated offense the person or persons convicted may be pun- 


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166 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
: 
ished by a fine of not less than two hundred dollars nor more than eight hun- 
dred dollars, or by imprisonment not to exceed two years. Any person or per- . 
sons who shall sell, offer for sale, distribute, or give away any tree or trees, 
root or roots, grass, cuttings, or scions infected with insect pests, spores, or | 
fungus growth shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction 
thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than 
two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than fifteen — 
days nor more than thirty days. A repetition of the offense shall subject the — 
offender to increased penalty not over the maximum above stated. Any nursery : 


; 


trees, shrubs, or plants which have been shipped from and to any place within 
the State for distribution or for planting and which are infected with any — 
injurious insect, larvze, or fungus growth shall be disinfected under the direc- : 
tion of the inspector of the county where such trees and plants are taken, and — 
the cost of such disinfection shall be charged to the owner of said articles and — 
shall be a lien on such trees, shrubs, or plants until paid, and the person in 
possession of such:articles being held subject to lien shall have a legitimate © 
claim against the party from whom he received the articles for reimbursement 
of ccsts, including cost of collection, and shall have recourse against the bond 
of the person furnishing the articles, and such claim may be enforced in any 
court of competent jurisdiction of the State. That any agent, tree dealer, or 
salesman who shall solicit orders for fruit trees or nursery stock shall leave 
with the person giving such order a duplicate of the same, and attach thereto 
a certificate to be signed by such salesman or agent, naming the nursery from | 
which such nursery stock will be supplied and its location. ‘ 

Sec. 15 (as amended by act of 1905). The county fruit inspector shall, in the : 
performance of his duties as such inspector, have on any day except Sunday — 
free access to orchards, nurseries, gardens, hop fields, packing houses, fruit 
sheds, and storerooms where fruit may be kept; fruit boxes, full or empty, or — 
any other material or place suspected of being infected with insect pests or 
diseases injurious to the fruit interest of the State. If he find any nursery. 
orchard, garden, or other place or material infected with insects or fungus 
growth, larvze, or spores injurious to the fruit interests, he shall forthwith 
notify in writing the owners, occupants, or persons in possession thereof that the 
same is infected, prohibit their removal, and direct the manner in which the 
same shall be disinfected. If the owner, occupant, or person in possession of 
said orchard, garden, storeroom, fruit stand, or other place, or infected mate-— 
rial shall not within ten days disinfect the same in the manner by the county 
inspector provided or shall not have appealed from the decision of the county 
inspector to the commissioner of horticulture, if the premises infected be an 
orchard, or nursery of fruit trees, a garden, fruit stand, or storeroom, and the) 
person or persons in charge thereof have neglected or refused to disinfect th 7 
said premises within the time specified in said notice nor have appealed as afore- 
said, then the county inspector shall enter on and disinfect part or all of said 
premises so neglected, and the cost thereof shall be a legimate [legitimate] 
charge and lien, with interest until paid, upon the real property of the owner 
oi such premises so disinfected; such lien shall be collectible with costs in suit 
in any of the courts of the State as other lawful claims are collectible. If the 
infected property be transportable material, the county inspector shall notify 
the person in charge thereof not to remove the same and to disinfect the same 
within twenty-four hours and describe the manner of disinfection. If the 
person in charge of said infected material neglect or refuse to disinfect > 
same as notified or fail to appeal, then the inspector shall destroy such infected 


. 


SPE He Ee 


: 


ty 
. 
i. 


WASHINGTON. 167 


material or fruits, fruit boxes, baskets, wrappings, portable fruit stands by 
burning the same. If an appeal be taken, the inspector shall, after twenty-four 
hours’ notice take immediate possession of such movable property and safely 
keep them until the appeal be decided. If the decision of the commissioners 
be in favor of the appellant, the property shall be returned to him; on an 
adverse decision the property must be destroyed by the inspector. All appeals 
from the action or demand of the county inspector shall be taken to the State 
commissioner of horticulture. That no county fruit inspector shall act as solic- 
itor or agent for the sale or distribution of any nursery stock, supplies, or 
machinery for use in orchards, nor engage in the purchase or marking of fruit 
from any orchard save his own. When satisfactory evidence that any county 
fruit inspector has violated the provisions of this section, the horticultural 
commissioner shall remove such inspector and report the removal to the county 
commissioners of his (the inspector’s) county. 

Src. 16. The said commissioner of horticulture shall be allowed seven hundred 
dollars ($700) per annum for the employment of one office clerk, who shall be 
continually in the office of the commissioner during normal office hours, and 
whose salary shall be paid monthly. 

Sec. 17. There shall be kept and maintained in the office of the commissioner 
in the city of Tacoma an exhibit of the fruits of the State of Washington, and 
for the maintenance of such exhibit an annual appropriation of three hundred 
dollars ($300) per annum is hereby made, to be paid out upon warrants drawn 
by the State auditor upon the presentation of proper vouchers. 

Sec. 18. An annual “inspector’s institute” shall be held during the month 
of January at the agricultural college at Pullman. The commissioner of 
horticulture shall fix the date of convening of such institute and by written 
notices direct the attendance of all county inspectors. The commissioner shall 
preside over and formulate the proceedings of the institute, which shall con- 
tinue for four days. As the purpose of these institutes is improvement and 
conference and study of insects, of experimentation by the scientist of the col- 
lege along entomologist and horticultural lines, it is required that all county in- 
spectors shall attend such institute meetings unless prevented by illness. Fail- 
ure to attend on the part of any inspector shall work a forfeiture of his office, 
and it shall be the duty of the commissioner to inform county commissioners of 
the absence of their inspectors. Inspectors attending institutes shall be allowed - 


' their actual traveling expenses and hotel bills on vouchers endorsed by the 


commissioner or chairman of institute, said expenses to be paid by the respective 
counties. . 

Sec. 19. Any person offering any hindrance to the carrying out of this act 
or in any manner preventing or hindering any inspection herein provided for 
shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than 
two hundred dollars, together with the costs. 

Src. 20. [Refers to appropriation. ] 

Sec. 21. A certain act approved March 17, 1897, and entitled “An act to pro- 
mote and protect the fruit-growing and horticultural interests of the State of 
Washington, to provide for the appointment of commissioner of horticulture 
and to repeal certain laws in conflict therewith,” and all other laws or parts of 
laws inconsistent with or in conflict with the provisions of this act, are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec. 22. An emergency exists, and this act shall take effect and be in force 
from and after its approval by the governor. 


168 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
WEST VIRGINIA. 
CHAPTER 33, Acts oF 1901. 


An Act to prevent the introduction and spread of the San Jose scale and other danger- 
ous insects and dangerously contagious diseases affecting trees, shrubs, vines, plants, 
and fruits. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of West Virginia: 

1. That the director of the West Virginia agricultural experiment station, im- 
mediately on the taking effect of this act, shall appoint a competent person or 
persons who shall, under the direction of the said director, perform the duties 
hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 2 (as amended by chapter 49, Laws of 1903). It shall be the duty of the 
director, either in person or through his assistants, to seek out and devise 
means of suppressing and eradicating throughout the State the San Jose scale 
and other dangerous insects, and tree, shrub, vine, or plant diseases. Black 
knot and peach yellows are hereby declared to be dangerous within the meaning 
of this act, and trees, shrubs, vines, or plants affected with either of these dis- 
eases shall be subject to its provisions. The mention of San Jose scale, peach 
yellows, and black knot, in this section, shall not be held to exclude other 
insects or diseases, which may be found to be dangerous, from the provisions of 
this act. Said director in person, or through his assistants, shall examine once 
in each year, not later than September fifteenth, all nurseries in the State of 
West Virginia, as to whether they are infested with San Jose scale or other 
dangerous insects, or infected with dangerous contagious tree, vine, shrub, or 
plant diseases; and if upon inspection such nurseries appear to be free from 
such insects or diseases, the director shall give each owner of such nursery or 
nurseries a certificate to the facts. Nurserymen must furnish transportation 
to and from railway station and facilities for reaching their growing stock to 
such person or assistant selected by the director to make said inspection. This 
certificate shall be void after September fifteenth of the year following. A 
duplicate of each certificate, together with a statement of amount received there- 
for, shall be filed by said person or assistant with said director within ten 
days of its issue, and neglect to file such duplicate of certificate and statement 
shall be treated as a misdemeanor. If any dangerously injurious insects or 
infectious diseases are found on the premises of any nursery or nursery stock 
the director may order and enforce such treatment of said nursery stock as he 
may deem sufficient, in addition to a thorough inspection, before granting a cer- 
tificate. 

Whenever a nurseryman, or any person shall ship or deliver within this State, 
except for scientific purposes, trees, shrubs, plants, or other nursery stock, he 
shall place upon each carload, box, bale, or package a copy of a certificate, the 
original of which is signed by a State or Government inspector, stating that such 
stock has been inspected and has been found apparently free from dangerous 
insects and dangerously contagious tree, shrub, vine, and plant diseases. The 
illegal use of said certificates by changing, defacing, or placing it on unin- 
spected stock, or using the same after date of expiration or revocation, shall 
render the owner or shipper liable to the penalty prescribed for a violation of 
this act. No person growing for sale any trees, shrubs, vines, or plants, shall 
deliver the same without applying to the director for the certificate provided 
for in this act. : 

No person growing for sale, or having in his possession with intent to sell, 
any trees, shrubs, vines, or plants, shall deliver the same before having thor- — 


WEST VIRGINIA. 169 


oughly fumigated the same according to rules prescribed by said director or 
other State and Government inspector. 

Src. 3 (as amended by chapter 49, laws of 1903). It shall further be the 
Guty of said director, through his assistants, to cause the examination of all 
erchards, gardens, and other premises, either public or private, which they shall 
have reason to suppose to be infested or infected with any dangerously inju- 
rious insects or infectious diseases liable to spread or to be conveyed to other 
premises, and for this purpose said director and his assistants are authorized, 
during reasonable business hours, to enter into or upon any farm, orchard, nurs- 
ery, garden, storehouse, or other building or place used for growing, storing, 
packing, or sale of nursery and other horticultural products. If said director 
or his assistants shall find on inspection, as aforesaid, that any nursery, or- 
chard, garden, or other property or place is infested or infected with such dan- 
gerously injurious insects or infectious diseases, liable to spread or to be con- 
yeyed to other premises, to the serious injury of the property thereon, the same 
shall be declared a public nuisance; and he shall notify, in writing, the owner 
or persons in charge of such infested or infected property, and shall direct him, 
within a time and in a manner prescribed in such notice, to use such means as 
shall prevent the conveyance or spread of such insects or diseases to the prop- 
erty of others; and such infested or infected property must not be removed 
from the premises after the owner or person in charge of the same shall have 
been notified, as aforesaid, without the written permission of said director or 
his assistants. If the person so notified shall refuse or neglect to treat and 
disinfect said premises or property, in the manner and within the time pre- 
seribed, it shall be the duty of the director to cause such premises or property 
to be so treated, and they shall certify to the owner or person in charge of such 
premises the cost of the treatment. If said sum is.not paid to them within 
sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered, together with the cost of 

action, before any court in the State having competent jurisdiction. 

Any tree, plant, shrub, et cetera, which may, in the judgment of the director 
or his assistants, be so badly infested or infected as to render expense of treat- 
ment unjustifiable, shall be declared a public nuisance, and may be destroyed 
by them or their assistants without liability for compensation to the owner 
thereof. Right of appeal from the decision or requirements of the assistants 
may be made to the said director within three days after notice of such decision 
or requirements has been served, and the decision of the director shall be final. 

_ Sec.4 (as amended by chapter 49, Laws of 1903). Every package of trees, 
' shrubs, vines, or plants shipped into this State from any other State, Territory, 
country, or province, shall be plainly labelled on the outside with the names of 
| the consignor and consignee, and a certificate showing that the contents have 
- been inspected by a State or Government officer, and that the trees, shrubs, 
‘vines, or plants therein contained have been fumigated, according to rules pre- 
i scribed by the State or Government officer, and appear to be free from all dan- 
' gerous insects and dangerously infectious diseases. If any trees, shrubs, vines, 
| or plants are shipped into this State without such certificate plainly affixed on 
| the outside of the package, box, or car containing the same, the consignee 
_ thereof shall not receive, use, or distribute the same until the consignor shall 
_ have affixed thereto the certificate of inspection required by this act. When 
| hursery stock is shipped into this State accompanied by a certificate, as herein 
| provided, it shall be held prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated. But 
a director or his assistants, when they have reason to believe that any such 


ty 


_ Stock is infested or infected, as heretobefore described, shall be authorized to 


170 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


of the aforesaid insects or plant diseases, such stock shall be held subject to 
order of shipper, not to exceed ten days, before being declared a public nui- 
sance and destroyed. All expenses incurred by the director or his assistants in 
carrying out the provisions of this act shall be paid out of the funds appro- 
priated by this act. : 

Sec. 5. Any person violating or neglecting to carry out the provisions of this 
act, or offering any hindrance to the carrying out of this act, shall be adjudged 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction before any justice of the peace 
shall be fined not less than ten dollars and not more than one hundred dollars 
for each and every offense, together with all the costs of the prosecution, and 
shall stand committed until the same is paid. It shall be the duty of the prose- 
cuting attorney to prosecute all violations of this act and all amounts so recoy- — 
ered shall be paid over into the State treasury. 

Sec. 6. The director shall make an annual report to the governor of the State, a 
copy of which shall be sent to the West Virginia Horticultural Society at its 
annual meetings, showing the number of nurseries inspected, the number of — 
certificates issued, the number of trees treated or disinfected by them or their : 
assistants, the kinds and amount of property destroyed by them in pursuance — 
of this act, and such other facts concerning the operation of their office under — 
this act*as the said director may deem necessary. 

Sec. 7. The provisions of this act shall not apply to florists’ greenhouse plants, 
bulbs, flowers, and cuttings commonly known as greenhouse stock. 

Sec. 8 (as amended by chapter 49, laws of 1903). The said assistants shall © 
make to said director an itemized statement of their expenses and the amounts 
paid for such assistants employed in prosecuting the work under this act, which, 
when certified by the said director, shall be paid out of the State treasury 
upon the warrant of the auditor of the State. 

Sec. 9. [Makes appropriations for year 1901. ] 
Sec. 10. The act heretofore passed at the present session of the legislature is 
hereby repealed. 

Passed by the legislature of West Virginia, February 16, 1901, and became 
effective ninety days from its passage. 


CHAPTER 61 OF THE ACTS OF 1905. 


An Act to amend and reenact chapter 48 of the acts of 1903, relating- to the sale of fruit 
trees, vines, and shrubbery, and to add thereto sections 3 and 4. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of West Virginia: 

1. That chapter forty-eight of the acts of nineteen hundred and three 
amended and reenacted so as to read as follows: 

Section 1. That every dealer in and grower of fruit trees, vines, and shrub- 
bery, whether in or out of this State, who employs traveling salesmen or agents 
for the sale of fruit trees, vines, or shrubbery in this State shall, before he is 
authorized to do business, take out a license in some county in this State, saié 
license to be issued by the assessor in like manner as other licenses, and he shal 
pay to the sheriff of the county wherein said license is issued the license fee 
which is hereby fixed at ten dollars per annum. Every such dealer or grower, 
as hereinbefore mentioned, whether such dealer be an individual, firm, or corpo- 
ration, shall file with the clerk of the county court in each county where suck 
individual has traveling salesmen or agents a list of all agents or traveling sales 
men in said county representing such dealer or grower, which list when fileé 
shall be open to public inspection. 


WISCONSIN. V7 


Src. 2. No person shall act as agent or traveling salesmen in this State for 
any firm, person, or corporation engaged in growing, selling, or handling fruit 
trees, vines, or shrubbery until such firm, person, or corporation shall have com- 
plied with all the provisions of the foregoing section and taken out the license 
in some county of this State therein provided for. Any person violating this 
section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined not less than twenty-five dol- 
lars nor more than one hundred dollars upon conviction, and may be confined in 
jail not to exceed six months, in the discretion of the judge or justice before 
whom the case is tried. The license hereinbefore provided for shall authorize 
such person to transact business in any county of the State upon the filing of 
the lists of agents or traveling salesmen employed therein, together with a cer- 
tified copy of the license with the clerk of the county court. Every person act- 
ing as agent or traveling salesman for any person, firm, or corporation engaged 
in growing or selling fruit trees, vines, or shrubbery shall take from his em- 
ployer a certificate showing that he is the authorized agent or salesman of such 
person, firm, or corporation. and shall exhibit the same to any person who de- 
mands to see said certificate, and any person who fails to do so, before acting 
as salesman or agent for any person, firm, or corportion engaged in growing or 
selling any fruit trees, vines, or shrubbery, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and be fined ten dollars upon conviction. 

Sec. 3. Any person, firm, or corporation that shall label any trees or vines any 
false or fictitious name or variety, or who shall substitute, without the permis- 
sion of the purchaser, trees from any nursery other than the one wherein it was 
represented the stock sold was grown, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two 
hundred dollars, and shall, in addition thereto, forfeit the license held and shall 
thereafter be precluded from doing business in this State. 

Sec. 4. If any person acting as agent or traveling salesman for any person, 
firm, or corporation sell any trees, vines, or shrubbery upon a certificate of 
agency, and afterward, without the consent of the purchaser, procure them of 
and supply them from the nursery of some person or place other than that such 
agent or salesman professed to represent, he shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor and fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred 
dollars. 


WISCONSIN. 
CHAPTER 180. 


An Act to prevent the introduction or spread of San Jose scale and other injurious 
insect and fungus diseases, and making an appropriation therefor. 


The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do 
enact as follows: 

Section 1. The director of the agricultural experiment station of the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin is hereby authorized to inspect, through his agent, any 
nursery or any fruit or garden plantation or any unplanted or heeled-in nurs- 
ery stock in this State that he has reason to suspect is infested by San Jose 
scale or other injurious insects and fungus diseases, and for this purpose his 
agent shall have free access to and egress from any field, garden, packing 


a ground, building, cellar, or other place where the duties of carrying out the 


provisions of this act shall call him, and any person attempting to hinder such 


me inspection by misrepresentation or otherwise shall be liable to the payment of 


: 
x 


a penalty or forfeiture as hereinafter provided. 


172 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Src. 2. In case the agent of the said director shall find present on any nursery 
premises, or packing ground, or in any cellar or building used for the storage 
of nursery stock, or on any fruit or garden plantation any of the aforesaid 
San Jose scale or other injurious insects and fungus diseases he shall notify the 
owner, or the person having charge of such premises for the owner, in writing, 
to that effect, and if such owner, after receiving such notice, shall ship or 
deliver any trees, vines, shrubs, or plants affected by such San Jose scale or 
other injurious insects and fungus diseases he shall be subject to the payment 
of a penalty or forfeiture as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 38. Whenever any trees, shrubs, plants, or vines are shipped into this 
State from another State, country, or province without a certificate plainly 
fixed on the outside of the package, box, or car containing the same, showing 
that the contents had been inspected by a duly appointed State or Government 
officer, and that they appear free from San Jose scale and other injurious 
insects and fungus diseases, the fact must be promptly reported to the said 


director by the railway, express, or steamboat company or other persons car- - 


rying the same, with the statement of the source whence such articles came, 
and the party to whom they are addressed; and any railway, steamboat, or 
express company or person who shall violate the provisions of this section shall 
be subject to the payment of a penalty or forfeiture as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 4. Any person growing or offering for sale in this State any nursery 
stock that is known to be infected with San Jose scale or other injurious 
insects and fungus diseases shall, upon demand of the said director, furnish 
within twenty days a list of all persons, as far as to him known, to whom he 
has sold or delivered any such stock, together with the post-office address of 
each of such persons, so far as to him known; such information shall be pre- 
served and be for the sole use of the said director and his agent in carrying 
out the provisions of this act. And any person violating the provisions of this 
section shall be liable to the payment of a penalty or forfeiture as hereinafter 
provided. : 

Sec. 5. The said director shall cause to be issued to the owner of any nursery 
in this State, after the nursery stock therein has been properly inspected and 
found to be apparently free from San Jose scale or other injurious insects and 
fungus diseases, an official certificate to that effect, good for a period not to 
exceed one year, upon a payment to the said director the sum of five dollars 
for each ten acres of land owned or leased by such nurseryman in this State 
that is devoted wholly or in part to nursery stock, grown for sale purposes, and 
such owner may apply to said director for inspection of his premises for the 
purposes of securing such certificate, and the said director shall cause such 
inspection to be made within three months after receiving the application, 
unless such inspection shall be delayed by winter weather, but no such certifi- 
eate shall be issued covering only a part of the nursery stock owned by one 
person, nor to cover nursery stock received after such inspection was made; 
and any such certificate may be cancelled by the said director upon the dis- 


covery in such nursery of the San Jose scale or other injurious insects and fun- — 


gus diseases. 
Src. 6. Any nurseryman holding a valid certificate, issued as prescribed in 
section 5 of this act, may apply to the said director for official labels or tags. 


for which the said director may charge a sum not to exceed thirty cents per — 


hundred, which labels or tags shall certify that the packages or bundles of 


nursery stock to which they are attached are from nursery stock that has been 


officially inspected and found apparently free from San Jose scale or other 


injurious insects and fungus diseases; but no such tags or labels shall be used — 


1 ra 
nt 


ee |? 


WYOMING. tes 


for stock not covered by the aforesaid certificate nor after such certificate has 
expired or been cancelled; and no person shall attempt to imitate or counterfeit 
such tags or labels. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be 
liable to the payment of a penalty or forfeiture as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 7. In case any person shall violate any of the provisions of this act, he 
shall be liable for the payment of a penalty or forfeiture of not less than twenty- 
five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each and every such viola- 
tion. Such penalty or forfeiture may be sued for and recovered in a civil 
aetion, as provided in chapter 142 of Sanborn & Berryman’s annotated statutes. 

Sec. 8. The director of the experiment station shall make a report to, the 
secretary of state on the last week day of May of each year of all operations 
carried out under the provisions of this act, and shall turn over all moneys 
received by him or by his agents in carrying out its provisions to the State 
treasurer, to be by him credited to the general fund. 

Src. 9. The director’s agent shall be compensated for time actually and neces- 
Sarily expended in carrying out the provisions of this act, but such compensa- 
tion shall in no case exceed three dollars per diem and necessary traveling ex- 
penses, but the said director of the experiment station shall receive no com- 
pensation for carrying out the provisions of this act. 

Src. 10. All expenses incurred under the provisions of this act shall be ap- 
proved by the director of the experiment station and be audited by the secre- 
tary of state, and the secretary of state shall draw his warrant for the same 
upon the State treasurer, who shall pay the same out of the general fund, and 
for this purpose the sum of three hundred dollars, or as much thereof as may 
be necessary, is hereby annually appropriated. 

Sec. 11. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after June first, 

ogo. 

Approved April 14, 1890. 


WYOMING. 


CHAPTER 50. 


An AcT to create the Wyoming State board of horticulture, to prescribe its powers and 
duties, and to appropriate money therefor. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Wyoming: 

SEcTION 1. There is hereby created a State board of horticulture, to consist 
of six (6) members, four of whom shall be appointed by the governor, one from 
each of the horticultural districts that are hereby created, the professor of 
botany and zoology of the State University and the State executive shall be 
_ ex officio members. 
le Sec. 2. The State shall be divided into four horticultural districts, whose 
| boundaries shall be the same as the boundaries of the water districts of the 
pe tate. 

IM Sec. 3. The members shall reside in the district for which they are appointed. 
| They shall be selected with reference to their study of and practical experience 
in horticultural and the industries dependent thereon. They shall hold office 
for a term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and qualified : 
_ Provided, however, That two of the board first appointed (to be determined by 
_ lot) shall retire at the expiration of two years. All vacancies in the board shall 
| be filled by appointment of the governor, and shali be for the unexpired term. 

_ Sec. 4. The board is authorized to employ a secretary and prescribe his duties, 
who shall hold his appointment at the pleasure of the board. Before entering 


1%4 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


upon the discharge of his duties each member and employee of the board shall 
take and subscribe to the oath of office, which said oath shall be filed with the 
secretary of state. 

Sec. 5. The board may call together and hold, in conjunction with horticul- 
tural societies, public meetings of those interested in horticulture and kindred 
pursuits, and may select books, pamphlets, and other documents containing 
information relating to horticulture; to collect statistics and general informa- 
tion showing the actual condition of horticulture in this State and elsewhere, 
and may publish and distribute such proceeding and information as in its 
judgment may seem proper, provided the sum so expended shall not exceed the 
sum of $200.00 per annum. 

Sec. 6. The office of the board shall be located at such place as a majority 
thereof may determine, and shall be in charge of the secretary during the 
absence of the board. 

Sec. 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious diseases 
among fruit and fruit trees, and for the prevention, treatment, cure, and extir- 
pation of fruit pests, and diseases of fruits and fruit trees, and for the disin- 
fection of grafts, scions, and orchard débris, empty fruit boxes and packages. 
and other suspected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards, 
fruit, and fruit trees, said board may prescribe regulations for the inspection, 
disinfection, or destruction thereof, which regulation shall be circulated i 
printed form by the board among fruit growers and fruit dealers of the State, 
and shall be published at least ten days in two horticultural papers of general 
circulation in the State, and shall be posted in three or more conspicuous 
places in each county in the State, one of which shall be at the county court- 
house thereof. 

Sec. 8. The said board shall select from their own number, or appoint from 
without their number, to hold office at the pleasure of the board, one competent 
person in each district, to be known as, and act as, inspector of fruit pests. 
Said inspectors shall be selected with reference to their study and practicat 
experience in horticulture. It shall be the duty of the inspectors to visit the 
nurseries, orchards, store packing houses, warehouses, and other places where 
horticultural products and fruits are kept and handled within their respective 
districts, and see that the regulations of the State board of horticulture to pre- 
vent the spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants, and the disin- 
fection of fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard Gébris, empty fruit boxes. 
and other material shall be fully carried out and complied with. Said in- 
spectors shall have free access, at all times, to all premises where any trees, 
plants, fruits, or horticultural products or supplies are kept or handled, and 
shall have full power to enforce the rules and regulations of the State board of 
horticulture, and to order the destruction, spraying, and disinfection of any 
or all trees, plants, fruits, pits, or horticultural products or supplies found to 
be infected with any diseases as prescribed or designated by said board. 

Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persons, corporation or corpora- 
tions, who shall sell or deliver to any person or persons, corporation or corpora- 
tions, any trees, plants, vines, scions, grafts, or pits, to notify the inspector 
of said district wherein such trees, plants, vines, et cetera, are to be delivered 
at least five days before said goods are to be delivered, giving the date and nur- 
sery or railroad station where said trees, plants, scions, etc., are to be delivered, 
together with the name of the party or parties who are to receive the same. 
It shall be the duty of the inspector receiving said notice to inspect the said 
trees, plants, grafts, etc., as soon thereafter as practicable, and at the point 
where the same are to be delivered, and if the same be found free from any and 
all diseases or pests as designated by said State board of horticulture he shall 


WYOMING. 175 


so certify and attach such certificate to each lot or bill of such list of said grafts, 
scions, plants, or vines so inspected. But if any of the trees, grafts, scions, vines, 
er plants so inspected shall be found to be diseased or infested with any of the 
pests as prescribed by said board, then the inspector shall order the disinfection 
or destruction of such trees, grafts, scions, vines, etc., so diseased or infected, 
together with all boxes, wrapping, or packing pertaining thereto. 

Sec. 10. If any person or persons in charge or control of any nurseries, or- 
chard, storeroom, packing house, or other place where. horticultural products or 
supplies are handled or kept, shall fail or refuse to comply with the rules and 
regulations of the said board of horticulture of this State or shall fail or refuse 
to disinfect or destroy any diseased or infected trees, plants, vines, scions, 
grafts, shrubs, or other horticultural supplies or products, when ordered to do so 
by the inspector of such district, he shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, 
and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than twenty 
dollars ($20.00) nor more than two hundred dollars ($200.00). 

Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of every owner or manager of orchards, nur- 
series, storerooms, packing houses, or other place where horticultural supplies 
are kept or handled which shall become diseased or infected with any injurious 
insect or pest, to immediately upon the discovery of the existence of such 
disease or pest, to notify the inspector of said district of the existence of 
same. It shall be the duty of such owner or manager, at his own proper ex- 
pense, to comply with and carry out all the instructions of said inspector for 
the eradication of said pest or disease. Any person who shall fail or refuse 
to comply with the instructions of said inspector, for the eradication of any 
‘disease or pest, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, and, upon conviction 
‘thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than twenty dollars ($20.00) nor more 
than two hundred dollars ($200.00). 

Sec. 12. If any person or persons, corporation or corporations shall fail or 
refuse to forthwith comply with the instructions of said inspector for the eradi- 
cation of any disease or pest, said inspector shall proceed forthwith to eradicate 
said disease or pest and the expense of the same shall become a charge and lien 
upon the property of said owner. 

_ Sxc. 13. Every person who for himself or as an agent for any person or per- 
‘sons, corporation or corporations, transportation company or common carrier , 
‘ hall deliver or turn over to any person or persons, corporation or corporations 
my trees, vines, shrubs, nursery stock, scions, grafts, or pits without first having 
attached the inspector’s certificate, as provided in section 9, this act, shall be 
‘deemed guilty of misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in 
any sum not less than twenty dollars ($20.00) nor more than two hundred 
dollars ($200.00). 

 SEc. 14. No person or persons, corporation or corporations shall be liable to 
ny other person or persons, corporation or corporations for any damage to the 
rees, vines, shrubs, nursery stock, scions, or grafts by reason of the same being 
held to await the certificate of the inspector, as provided in section 9 of this act. 
; q Sec. 15. The inspectors of fruit pests, appointed or elected by said board, shall 
eceive as compensations for their services such sums as the board may regu- 
e, provided that it is not to exceed five dollars ($5.00) per day for the time 
ictually employed. The members of said board shall receive no compensation 
or their services except actual expenses paid out. The secretary of said board 
hall receive such sum for his services as the board may designate. 

Sec. 16. All bills for expenditures under this act shall be audited and passed 
Ipon by said board of horticulture, and if found legal and just shall be allowed, 


U) 


subject to the approval of the State examiner, and a warrant shall be drawn 


176 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


therefor upon the auditor of the State of Wyoming, who shall draw his war- 
rant upon the State treasurer therefor. 

Sec. 17. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meetings of the 
board and procure records of the proceedings and correspondence, to collect 
books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other documents containing valuable infor- . 
mation relating to horticulture, and to preserve the same; to collect statisties 
and other information showing the actual condition and progress of horticulture 
in this State and elsewhere; to correspond with agricultural and horticultural 
societies, colleges, and schools of agriculture and horticulture, and other persons 
and bodies as may be directed by the board, and prepare, as required by the 
board, reports for publication; he shall also act assistant to and obey the 
directions of the inspectors of fruit pests, under the direction of the board. 

Sec. 18. The board shall biennially, in the month of January, report to the ~ 
legislature a statement of its doings and abstracts of the reports of the inspect- 
ors of fruit pests and of the secretary. 

Sec. 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State board of hor- 
ticulture, as set forth in this act, out of the money in the State treasury not 
otherwise appropriated, the sum of three thousand dollars ($3,000.00), or as 
much thereof as may be necessary. For the year commencing March, 1905, 
fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500.00), or as much thereof as may be necessary for 
the year commencing March Ist, 1906. 

Sec. 20. All sums of moneys collected as fines for violations of any of the pro- 
visions of this act shall be turned into the State treasury for use in defraying 
the expenses of the board hereby created, and the appropriations hereby made 
shall be paid out of the fund to the extent of the money therein contained. 

Sec. 21. No person, firm, or corporation shall engage or continue in the busi- — 
ness of selling within the State, or importing fruit trees, plants, or nursery | 
stock into the State without first having obtained a license to do business in the 
State, as in this act provided. 

Sec. 22. Any person, firm, or corporation may obtain a license to engage in 
the business of selling fruit trees, plants, or nursery stock in this State upon — 
the payment of the sum of twenty-five dollars ($25.00) and by filing with the 
secretary of the State board of horticulture bonds for securities in the sum of 
five hundred dollars ($500.00) conditioned that the principal will faithfully © 
obey the law of the State of Wyoming and that said principal will pay the cost — 
of fumigation of all nursery stock or other materials or goods imported into or 
sold within the State by the said principal or principals or his or their agent, 
and the expense of destruction of any infected nursery stock. Licenses granted 
under this act shall be for a period of two years: Provided, however, That — 
such license may be revoked at any time for any violation of this act at the 
discretion of the board. 

Sec. 23. Any person or persons, corporation or corporations, transportation 
companies or common carriers violating any of the provisions of this act shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and fined in the sum of not less than twenty 
dollars ($20.00) nor more than two hundred dollars ($200.00). 

Sec. 24. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved February 15, 1905. 


REGULATIONS. 


1. It shall be the duty of all persons or corporations engaged in the growing 
of nursery stock in the State of Wyoming, for sale or distribution, to notify the 
secretary of the board of their purpose to engage in said business. The secretary 


WYOMING. 177 


shall then each year, between the fifteenth day of July and the fifteenth day of 
September (at his convenience) carefully inspect all the nursery stock of said 
persons, firms, or corporations, and if said stock is found apparently free from 
San Jose scale and all other seriously dangerous insects and diseases, shall issue 
license without cost and a certificate of inspection authorizing the owner or 
owners thereof to dispose of and distribute the same at any time prior to the 
first day of July of the next succeeding year. 

Inspection skall be without cost to the owners of such premises and nursery 
stock, unless it be found that said stock be so infested or diseased as to require 
disinfection, fumigation, or other treatment, or the destruction of the stoek, in 
which case the directions of the inspector shall be carried out by the owner at 
his own cost, aS contemplated by the act authorizing these regulations. 

2. No person or corporation, either within or without the State, shall deliver or 
ship out from his nursery or place of business, for delivery ,within Wyoming, 
nursery stock of any kind contemplated by this act which does not have attached 
(in plain sight) to the stock or the bundle in which it is contained the author- 
ized shipping tag of the board, certified by the fac simile signature of the 
secretary. 

3. All persons, firms, or corporations complying with sec. 22 of this act shall, 
in addition thereto, file with the secretary a certified certificate showing that the 
stock from which it is proposed to ship into Wyoming has been inspected by the 
proper State, district, or county official of the State in which such person, firm, 
or corporation is located, and that it has been found apparently free from San 
Jose scale and all other seriously dangerous insects and diseases. Such certifi- 
eate shall be held as prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated, and no 
further inspection will be required. But the board expressly reserves the right, 
when for any cause it may deem it wise to do so, to reinspect any shipments 
that may reach the State. In case any shipment is found not in accordance 
with the requirements of this act and the regulations of the board, as certified in 
the filed certificate of the shipper, the board may proceed against such shipper 
as provided in this act, and may revoke his license to do business in Wyoming. 

4. Licenses and certificates issued to persons, firms, and corporations (whether 

_ within or without the State) cover only stock grown in their own grounds or 
nurseries, and no stock secured from other growers may be distributed in this 
State, unless it be secured from such as hold similar licenses and certificates, 
and then only on application to the secretary for permit to use such stock. 
(List of those possessing licenses will be supplied to anyone on application.) 
All shipping tags must bear the name of the consignee as well as that of the con- 
signor, and must plainly indicate the contents of the shipment to which it is 
attached. . 

. 5. All persons, firms, or corporations (whether within or without the State) 
holding licenses or certificates authorizing them to do business in Wyoming, 
5 shall make monthly reports to the secretary of this board embodying the fol- 
- lowing facts: 

_ (1) The number and date of deliveries or shipments made within or into the 
hy State. 

oe (2) The number of each kind of tree, shrub, or other plant so delivered or 
_ shipped. 

(3) The consignors and their several addresses, and such other facts as may 


| 


ty 


6. Blank bonds, certificates, reports, and shipping tags will be supplied free 
7418—No. 61 m——12 


178 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


by the board, through the secretary, except that for the tags the actual cost of ~ 


tie aaa tags will be charged. 

. It shall be the duty of the secretary to supply to nursery men and others, 
on Aa printed directions for disinfecting nurseries and orchards or fumi- 
gating nursery stock with hydrocyanic-acid gas, and to supply such other avail- 
able information as may be of service in securing freedom from dangerous 
insects and diseases in the orchards of the State, and in the nurseries holding 
the license of the board. 

8. No person, firm, corporation, or transportation company shall receive for 
shipment into this State any nursery stock in bundle, package, box, or in any 
other form unless it bear in plain sight the authorized shipping tag of this board 
as certified by the fac simile signature of the secretary. Such shipment must bear 
the name of the consignee, as well as that of consignor, and must plainly indi- 
cate the character, of the contents. 

If through the negligence of agents or others any nursery stock be received 
for delivery at any station in Wyoming without the proper shipping tag, it 
shall be the duty of the agent at said station to notify the secretary of the 
board and to hold the shipment subject to his directions. 

9. The term “ nursery stock ” in this act shall be interpreted to mean all fruit 
and shade trees (except evergreens), and all shrubs and other plants commonly 
known as “small fruits.” 

10. The following insects and diseases, and such others as may from time to 
time be designated by the board, are within the meaning of this act designated 

s “ dangerous: ” : . 
1. San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). 
2. The woolly aphis of apple (Schizoneura lanigera). 
3. Oyster-shell bark-louse (Mytilaspis pomorum). 
4, Plum-knot of plum and cherry (Plowrightia morbosa). 
5. Crown gall (Dendrophagus globusus). 

11. The professor of botany and zoology in the State university, who is at 
present the secretary of the board, shall act as its chief inspector of fruit pests. 
The four appointive members of the board are the inspectors for their respective 
horticultural districts. Each in his own district may be delegated by the chief 
inspector to reinspect any shipment into the State upon its arrival if, for any — 
reason, it may be deemed necessary in order to protect the interests of the State. | 
It shall be their further duty to keep themselves informed, as far as possible, 
concerning the operation and enforcement of the regulations of the board and 
to communicate such information to the secretary, each cooperating in the full- © 
est measure in order that the greatest impetus and service may be rendered to : 
the horticultural interests of Wyoming. 

12. In order that the benefits contemplated by this act may accrue to the 
State in the fullest measure, fruit growers and owners of even the smallest — 
orchards are earnestly requested to report to the secretary of the board the 
conditions of their orchards. If insects or fungous diseases have found entrance, ~ 
it will be the duty of the secretary to cooperate with the owner for the exter- 
mination or eradication of such insects or diseases. To that end printed direc- 
tions for the treatment of infested or infected trees will be sent, and all other 
available information will be supplied. 


SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS TO BE COMPLIED WITH BY 
NURSERYMEN OR OTHERS WHO MAKE INTERSTATE SHIP- 
MENTS OF NURSERY STOCK.? 


For the information of nurserymen or other persons who desire to’ ship 
nursery stock to points outside the States in which their nurseries are located, 
a brief statement of the requirements is given herewith. Changes are con- 
tinually being made on account of the enactment of new laws or the amendment 
of old ones, and modifications of the regulations of different States are made 
from time to time by the authorities in charge of the enforcement of the 
laws. For the convenience of nurserymen who may wish to write to the offi- 
cials in charge of inspection work the names and addresses of the latter are 
given. 

Alabama.—Persons shipping stock into the State must file a signed duplicate 
certificate of inspection and obtain official tags, which must be placed on each 
shipment, in addition to a copy of the certificate. Cost of tags, 60 cents per 
hundred, or $2.25 per thousand. Five cents per hundred must be added for 
postage. Mr. R. S. Mackintosh, State horticulturist, Auburn, Ala. (Act of 
1903. ) 

Arizona.—No nursery-inspection law. 

Arkansas.—Shipments must bear a certificate of inspection. Mr. C. F. 

Adams, State inspector, Fayetteville, Ark. (Act of 1903.) 
_ California—Shipments of stock sent into the State are subject to inspection 
and must bear the name of the consignor and consignee and a statement of 
where the stock was grown. Notice of shipments should be made to Hon. 
Ellwood Cooper, commissioner of horticulture, Sacramento, Cal. 

Colorado.—Stock subject to inspection by county inspectors, who are ap- 
pointed by the State board of horticulture, Denver, Colo. (Amended. act of 
1897.) 

- Connecticut.—Shipments of stock into the State must bear certificates of in- 
_spection issued by a State or Government officer, and a statement by the owner 
that they have been thoroughly fumigated. Dr. W. E. Britton, State entomol- 
ogist, New Haven, Conn. (Amended act of 1903.) 
| Delaware.—Shipments into the State must be accompanied with official cer- 
_ tificates of inspection. Mr. Wesley Webb, Dover, Del. (Amended act of 1901.) 
Florida.—No law. Inspections made and certificates issued to local nursery; 
inen by Prof. HE. H. Sellards, entomologist, Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Lake City, Fla. 
_ Georgia.—Shipments into the State must be accompanied with certificates 
of inspection and copies of the official tags of the State board of entomology. 
_ These may be obtained by submitting a duplicate of the official certificate of 
inspection and a statement that all stock shipped into the State will be prop- 
_ erly fumigated. Tags are furnished at cost. Mr. R. I. Smith, State ento- 
mologist, Atlanta, Ga. (Act of 1900.) 


i «Drafted by Mr. A. F. Burgess, secretary of the American Association of Horticultural 
_ Inspectors, from the foregoing collection of State and Territorial laws against injurious 
_ insects. (Published in separate form as Circular No. 75 of this Bureau.) 


179 


180 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Hawaii.—Shipments are subject to the regulations of the board of commis- 
sioners of agriculture and forestry and are subject to inspection and quarantine 
on arrival at Honolulu, which is the only port where they are allowed to be — 
landed. For application blanks for inspection and special information, address — 
Hon. C. 8. Holloway, secretary, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

ZIdaho.—Persons desiring to sell or ship stock into this State must file a bond 
in the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000) with the State board of horticul- 
ture, conditicned on the faithful compliance with the requirements of the law, — 
and secure a permit to do business in the State. Shipments must bear official 
certificates of fumigation, and the name of the grower and consignee must 
uppear on the package. Mr. A. F. Hitt, State horticultural inspector, Boise, 
Idaho. 

Iilinois.—Shipments into the State must be accompanied with certificates of 
inspection. Dr. S. A. Forbes, State entomologist, Urbana, Ill. (Act of 1899.) — 

Indiana.—Shipments sent into the State must be accompanied with certifi- 
cates of inspection for the current year. Prof. J. Troop, State entomologist, 
Lafayette, Ind. (Act of 1899.) 

Jowa.—Shipments sent into the State must be accompanied with official cer- 
tificates of inspection. Prof. H. E. Summers, State entomologist, Ames, Iowa. — 
(Act of 1898.) 

Kansas.—No. law. Inspections of local nurseries made and certificates issued 
by Prof. E. A. Popenoe, State nursery inspector, Manhattan, Kans. 

Kentucky.—Shipments into the State must be accompanied with official cer- — 
tificates of inspection. Prof. H. Garman, State entomologist, Lexington, Ky. 
(Act of 1897.) 

Louisiana.—Shipments sent into the State must be accompanied with certifi- 
cates of inspection. Mr. Wilmon Newell, State entomologist, Baton Rouge, La. 
(Act of 1903.) . 

Maine.—Shipments sent into the State must bear official certificates of inspec- — 
tion or affidavits that the contents have been fumigated in a manner approved > 
by the State inspector at the shipping point. Hon. A. W. Gilman, commissioner - 
of agriculture, Augusta, Me. (Act of 1905.) 

Maryland.—Stock sent into the State must bear the name of the consignor 
and consignee and a certificate of inspection. Duplicate certificates should be 
filed with the State entomologist.. Prof. T. B. Symons, State entomologist ; 
Prof. J. B. S. Norton, State pathologist, College Park, Md. (Act of 1898). 

Massachusetts.—Stock sent into the State must bear a certificate of inspec- 
tion or an affidavit of fumigation. Dr. H. T. Fernald, State nursery inspector, 
Amherst, Mass. (Act of 1902.) 

Michigan.—Nurserymen selling stock in this State must pay a license fee of 
five dollars ($5) and furnish a bond of one thousand dollars ($1,000), with 
satisfactory sureties. Shipments must be accompanied with certificates of in- 
spection, and if of species subject to the attack of the San Jose scale certificates 
by the nurserymen that the stock has been properly fumigated. Prof. L. R. 
Taft, State inspector of orchards and nurseries, Agricultural College, Mich. 
(Act of 1897.) 

Minnesota.—Stock shipped into the State must bear a certificate of inspe 
tion. Prof. F. L. Washburn, State entomologist, St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Act 
of 1903.) 

Mississippi.m—No nursery-inspection law. 

Missouri.—Stock shipped into the State must be accompanied with official 
certificates of inspection. Prof. J. M. Stedman, State entomologist, Agricultural 
experiment station, Columbia, Mo. 


SUMMARY. 181 


Montana.—Before selling stock in the State a license must be secured, which 
will be issued on the payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars ($25), and a bond 
of one thousand dollars ($1,000) must be filed. Stock shipped into this State 
will be unpacked and fumigated at quarantine stations. Previous notice of all 
shipments should be sent to Mr. Fred Whiteside, secretary, State board of hor- 
ticulture, Butte, Mont. (Act of 1899.) 

Nebraska.—No nursery-inspection law. Local nurseries inspected and cer- 
tificates issued by Prof. Lawrence Bruner, acting State entomologist, Lin- 
coln, Nebr. 

Nevada.—No law. ' 

New Hampshire.—Stock shipped into the State must bear a certificate of 
inspection or a statement containing an affidavit that it has been properly 
fumigated. Prof. E. D. Sanderson, State nursery inspector, Durham, N. H. 
(Act of 1903.) 

New Jersey.—Stock shipped into the State must be accompanied with a cer- 
tificate of inspection and a statement from the shipper that it is a part of the 
stock inspected and whether it has been fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas. 
Dr. John B. Smith, State entomologist, New Brunswick, N. J. (Act of 1903.) 

New Mezico.—No law relating to nursery inspection. 

New York.—Nursery stock shipped into the State must be accompanied with 
an official certificate of inspection and must be fumigated before being sold or 
planted. Hon. Charles A. Wieting, commissioner of agriculture, Albany, N. Y. 
(Act of 1908.) 

North Carolina.—Shipments sent into this State must bear official certificates 
of inspection, and should be fumigated and a statement to that effect signed and 
attached by the consignor. Duplicate certificates must be filed with the State 
entomologist. Franklin Sherman, jr., State entomologist, Raleigh, N. C. (Act 
of 1897.) 

North Dakota.—No law. 

Ohio.—Shipments must be accompanied with official certificates of inspection 
er fumigation. Agents and dealers must file sworn statements as to the 
sources from which their stock is obtained. Mr. A. F. Burgess, chief inspector, 
department of agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. 

Oklahoma.—The owners of nurseries who wish to ship stock into the Terri- 
tory are required to make an application for a permit. A statement is then 

secured from the inspector who examined the stock, and if this is satisfactory 
Bea permit is issued. Shipments must be accompanied with copies of the official 
certificate and the official tags of the Oklahoma board of agriculture. Tags are 
_ furnished for 75 cents for the first hundred and 30 cents for each additional 
| bundred. Agents are required to carry a copy of the permit of their principals 
P and a statement from said principals that they are authorized to transact busi- 
ie ness. Hon. C. A. McNabb, secretary, board of agriculture, Guthrie, Okla. 
(Act of 1905.) 

Oregon.—Stock subject to inspection on arrival at quarantine stations. Mr. 
‘ George H. Lamberson, secretary, State board of horticulture, Portland, Oreg. 
_ (Amended act of 1905.) 

; Pennsylwania.—All shipments entering the State must be accompanied with 
| certificates of inspection and certificates of fumigation. Prof. H. A. Surface, 
ve 

i 


State zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. (Act of 1905.) 

Porto Rico.—Nursery stock will be received only through three ports of entry, 
hRamely, San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez, and must be accompanied with an 
“official certificate of inspection. It is subject to inspection by local inspectors 
on arrival at said ports of entry. Inspectors are appointed by the governor. 


182 LAWS AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS. 


Rhode Island.—Shipments must be accompanied with certificates of inspec- 
tion or affidavits of fumigation. Mr. A. E. Stene, State nursery inspector, 
Kingston, R. I. (Act of 1904.) 

South Carolina.—A duplicate certificate of inspection must be filed with the 
State entomologist and an official tag of the State board of entomology secured 
by nurserymen desiring to ship stock into the State. This tag and an official 
certificate of fumigation must be attached to all shipments. Prof. C. E. Cham- 
bliss, State entomologist, Clemson College, 8. C. (Act of 19038.) 

South Dakota.—Shipments must be accompanied with certificates of inspec- 
tion. Prof. W. A. Wheeler, State entomologist, Brookings, S. Dak. (Act of 
1905. ) 

Tennessee.—Stock shipped into the State must bear a certificate of inspection. 
Duplicate certificate must be filed with Prof. H. A. Morgan, State entomologist, 
Knoxville, Tenn. (Act of 1905.) 

Texas.—Duplicate certificates of inspection must be filed, and all shipments 
must bear certificates of inspection. Hon. W. J. Clay, commissioner of agricul- 
ture, Austin, Tex. (Act of 1905.) 

Utah.—Stock shipped into the State must bear a certificate stating that it has 
been properly fumigated before shipping. Hon. C. A. Hickenlooper, secretary, 
State board of horticulture. Salt Lake City, Utah. (Act of 1905.) 

Vermont.—No law. 

Virginia.—Duplicate certificates of inspection must be filed by nurserymen 
shipping stock into the State and official tags obtained from the board of crop 
pest commissioners; also a registration fee of twenty dollars ($20) must be 
paid. Tags furnished at cost. Mr. J. L. Phillips, State entomologist, Blacks- 
burg, Va. (Amended act of 1903.) 

Washington.—Before soliciting or engaging in selling nursery stock in this 
State a bond of one thousand dollars ($1,000) and a license fee of five dollars 
($5) must be paid by nurserymen and a license fee of two dollars and fifty 
cents ($2.50) by agents and dealers. Notice must be sent previous to the ship- 
ment of stock, giving the names of the nurserymen and the places at which it 
is to be delivered. Mr. A. Van Holderbeke, commissioner of agriculture, 
Tacoma, Wash. (Amended act of 1905.) 

West Virginia.—All stock shipped into the State must be accompanied with 
an official certificate of inspection and a statement by the nurseryman that it 
has been properly fumigated. Agents or dealers who sell stock must secure a 
license from the assessor in the county where the stock is sold and pay a fee 
of ten dollars ($10) to the sheriff of the county. Prof. J. H. Stewart, director 
agricultural experiment station, Morgantown, W. Va. (Amended acts of 1903 
and 1905. ) 

Wisconsin.—Stock shipped into the State must bear an official certificate of 
inspection. Prof. E. P. Sandsten, agricultural experiment station, Madison, 
Wis. (Act of 1899.) 

Wyoming.—Any person or firm wishing to do business in the State must first 
obtain a license. Licenses are issued on application for a period terminating 
on July 1 of the next succeeding inspection year (approximately two years). 
All applications must be accompanied by the license fee ($25), a bond in the 
sum of five hundred dollars ($500) conditioned that the principal will faith- 
fully obey the law cf the State of Wyoming, and by a certified certificate of in- 
spection from an authorized inspector in the State from which shipments are to 
be made. On receipt of these the secretary of the State board issues authorized 
shipping tags (at cost). Nursery stock may not enter the State and transporta- 
tion companies may not deliver unless such tags be attached to each and every 


SUMMARY. 188 


box, bundle, or bale. The presence of the shipping tag shall be taken as prima 
facie evidence of inspection, and no further inspection is required, though the 
board reserves the right to reinspect, if for any cause it may deem it wise to 
do so. For circular of detailed information address Prof. Aven Nelson, secre- 
tary, State board of horticulture, Laramie, Wyo. . (Act of 1905.) 

Canada.—Shipments of stock into Canada are unpacked and fumigated by 
Government inspectors and must arrive within the time specified at the follow- 
ing ports of entry: St. John, New Brunswick; St. Johns, Quebec; Niagara 
Falls and Windsor, Ontario; Winnipeg, Manitoba, from March 15 to May 15 
and from October 7 to December 7. At Vancouver, British Columbia, from 
October 15 to March 15. Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion entomologist, Ottawa, 
Ontario. 


STATE AND TERRITORIAL LAWS RELATIVE TO FOUL BROOD. 
CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTER XXIV. 


An AcT to promote the apicultural interests of the State of California by providing 
county inspectors of apiaries, and defining their duties, and providing for their com- 
pensation, and repealing the act entitled “An act to authorize the board of super- 
visors of the several counties of this State to appoint inspectors of apiaries, and pro- 
vide for their compensation, and defining their duties, and for the further protection 
of bee culture,’’ approved March 13, 1883. 


The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do 
enact as follows: . 

SECTION 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the board of supervisors of 
any county, signed by ten or more persons, each of whom is a property holder 
resident of the county, and possessor of an apiary or place where bees are kept, 
stating that certain or all apiaries within the county are infected with the 
disease known as “foul brood,” or any other disease which is infectious or 
contagious in its nature, and injurious to the bees, their eggs or larvae, and pray- 
ing that an inspector be appointed by them, whose duty it shall be to supervise 
the treatment of said bees and apiaries as herein provided. the board of super- 
visors shall, within twenty (20) days thereafter, appoint a suitable person, who 
shall be a skilled bee keeper, inspector of apiaries. Upon petition of ten per- 
sons, each of whom is a resident property holder and possessor of an apiary, the 
board of supervisors may remove said inspector for cause, after a hearing of 
the petition. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the inspector in each county to cause an inspec- 
tion to be made, when he deems it necessary, of any or every apiary, or other 
place within his jurisdiction in which bees are kept, and if found infected with 
foul brood, or any other infectious or contagious disease injurious to the bees, 
or their eggs, or larve, he shall notify the owner or owners, person or persons 
in charge, or in possession of said apiaries or places where bees are kept, that 
the same are infected with foul brood, or any other disease infectious or con- 
tagious in its nature, and injurious to bees, their eggs or laryze, and he shall 
require such person or persons to eradicate and remove such disease or cause 
of contagion within a certain time to be specified. Said notice may be served 
upon the person or persons, or either of them, owning or having charge, or 
having possession of such infected apiaries, or places where bees are kept, by 
any inspector, or by any person deputized by the said inspector for that pur- 
pose, or they may be served in the same manner as a Summons in a Civil action. 
Any and all such apiaries, or places where bees are kept, found infected with 
foul brood, or any other infectious or contagious disease are hereby adjudged 
and declared to be a public nuisance; and whenever any such nuisance shall 
exist at any place within his jurisdiction, or on the property of any nonresident, 
or on any property the owner or owners of which cannot be found by the 
inspector, after diligent search, within the county, or upon the property of any 


184 


CALIFORNIA. 185 


owner or owners upon whom notice aforesaid has been served, and who shall 
refuse or neglect to abate the same within the time specified, it shall be the duty 
of the inspector to abate the same, either by treating the disease or by destroy- 
ing the infected hives, together with their combs and bees therein. The expense 
thereof shall be a county charge, and the board of supervisors shall allow and 
pay same out of the general fund of the county. 

Src. 3. It shall be the duty of the county inspector of apiaries to keep a record 
of his official acts and doings, and make a monthly report thereof to the board 
of supervisors; and the board of supervisors may withhold warrants for salary 
of said inspector until such time as said report is made. ' 

Sec. 4. The salary of the county inspector of apiaries shall be three dollars 
per day when actually engaged in the performance of his duties. 

Sec. 5. An act entitled “An act to authorize the board of supervisors of the 
several counties of this State to appoint inspectors of apiaries, and provide for 
their compensation, and defining their duties, and for the further protection of 
bee culture,” approved March thirteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-three, is 
hereby repealed. 

Src. 6. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved February 20, 1901. 


CHAPTER VI. 


An Act to amend section four of an act entitled “‘An act to promote the apicultural 
interests of the State of Caiifornia by providing county inspectors: of apiaries, and 
defining their duties, and providing for their compensation, and repealing the act 
entitled ‘An act to.authorize the board of supervisors of the several counties of this 
State to appoint inspectors of apiaries, and provide for their compensation, and de- 
fining their duties, and for the further protection of bee culture,’ approved March 18, 
1883,” said first-named act having been approved February 20, 1901, and adding five 
new sections to said act, to be numbered and designated as sections seven, eight, nine, 
ten, and eleven, and providing for making the violation of certain sections thereof 
a misdemeanor. 

The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do 
enact as follows: 

SEcTION 1. Section four of an act entitled “An act to promote the apicultural 
interests of the State of California by providing county inspectors of apiaries, 
and defining their duties, and providing for their compensation, and repealing 
the act entitled ‘An act to authorize the board of supervisors of the several 
counties of this State to appoint inspectors of apiaries, and provide for their 
compensation, and defining their duties, and for the further protection of bee 
culture,’ approved March thirteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-three,” ap- 
proved February twentieth, nineteen hundred and one, is hereby amended so as 

_ to read as follows: 

Sec. 4. The salary of the county inspector of apiaries shall be four dollars 

per day when actually engaged in the performance of his duties, and itemized 
_hecessary traveling expenses incurred in the performance of his duties as pre- 
- Scribed in this act. j 
; Sec. 2. There is hereby added to said act five new sections, to be numbered 
and designated as section seven, section eight, section nine, section ten, and 
_ section eleven, and to read as follows: 
“Sec. 7. The inspector of apiaries may, in his discretion, order the owner 
_ or owners or other person in charge of bees kept in box or other immovable or 

‘stationary coiwb hives in apiaries infected with foul brood or any other in- 

| fectious or contagious disease or within a radius of three miles of such diseased 


te 


186 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


apiaries to transfer such bees to movable-frame hives within a reasonable time, 
to be specified in such order or notice, and in default of such transfer by the 
owner or owners or other person in charge of such bees, the inspector may 
destroy, or cause to be destroyed, all such hives, together with their contents, and 
the expense thereof shall be a county charge, as provided in section two of this 
act. 

“ Sec. 8. Any person or persons who shall import bees into the State of Cali- 
fornia, which said bees are not accompanied with a certificate from a duly 
authorized inspector of apiaries or bee inspector, certifying that such bees 
are free from foul brood and other infectious or contagious diseases, or who 
shall import bees from another county within this State not having a bee in- 
spector into a county having a bee inspector, shall immediately upon the receipt 
cf such bees cause them to be inspected by a duly authorized inspector of 
apiaries, and if such bees are found to be infected with foul brood or other 
infectious or contagious disease such inspector shall proceed to have such dis- 
ease eradicated as provided in section two of this act. Any person violating 
the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. e 

“ Sec. 9. It shall be unlawful for any person owning or controlling bees within 
this State which are known to be infected with foul brood or other infectious 
or contagious disease to remove said bees to a new location without first giving ~ 
ten days’ notice to the county inspector of apiaries, stating when and where he 
intends moving said bees. Any person violating the provisions of this section 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 

“Sec. 10. Any person or persons whose apiary is infected with foul brood or 
any other infectious or contagious disease, and who sells, or offers for sale, from 
such infected apiary and bees, hives, bee fixtures, or appurtenances, or who shall f 
expose in his bee yard or elsewhere any infected comb honey, beeswax, or — 
other infected thing, or who conceals the fact that his apiary is so infected shall — 
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 

“Sec. 11. Any person or persons who shall resist, impede, or hinder in any ~ 
way the inspector of apiaries in the discharge of his duties under the provi- 
sions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.” 

Sec. 3. This act shall take effect immediately. 

Approved February 10, 1903. 


COLORADO. 


SecTion 1. Upon the written application, under oath, of the president or sec- — 
retary of the Colorado State Bee Keepers’ Association, or of any five actual bee 
keepers residing in any county in this State, alleging upon information and be- 
lief that the disease known as foul brood, or any other contagious or infectious 
disease, exists among the bees in said county, or that infected articles are kept” 
in said county, and that there is danger ihat such disease will spread to other 
apiaries, being made to the county court of said county, or to the judge thereof 
at chambers, the said court or judge shall, by order to be entered in the records 
of said court, appoint some competent, actual bee keeper residing in said county 
to be county inspector of bees; and the applicants shall state in this application 
the names of the actual bee keepers of the county, so far as known to them. 

Sec. 2. The person so appointed shall, within five days after his appointment, 
file with the clerk of such court his written acceptance of the office, and the 
usual oath of office; or in default thereof, the judge or court shall, in the same 
manner, make new appointments until the said office is filled. The inspector 


COLORADO. 187 


shall hold his office during the pleasure of the court, and until his successor is 
appointed and qualified. 

Src. 3. Every bee keeper or other person who shall be aware of the existence 
of foul brood, either in his own apiary or elsewhere, shall immediately notify 
the county inspector of bees, if there be ene, and if not, the secretary of the 
Colorado State Bee Keepers’ Association, of the existence of such disease, and 
in default of so doing shall, on summary conviction before a justice of the 
peace, be liable to a fine of five dollars and costs. 

Sec. 4. On receiving notice from any source of the existence, in any apiary in 
his county, of the disease known as foul brood, or any other infectious or con- 
tagious disease of bees, the county inspector of bees shall forthwith inspect each 
colony of bees and all hives, implements and apparatus, honey and supplies on 
hand or used in connection with such apiary, or otherwise distinctly designate 
each colony and apiary which he believes infected, and notify the owner or 
person in charge of said bees thereof, in writing or otherwise, and the owners 
of said bees, or person in charge thereof, shall, within five days thereafter, 
practically and in good faith apply and thereafter fully and effectually carry 
out to and upon such diseased colonies such treatment as may have been pre- 


‘scribed by the Colorado State Bee Keepers’ Association for such cases; also 


thoroughly disinfect, to the satisfaction of such inspector, all hives, bee houses, 
combs, honey, and apparatus that have been used in connection with any such 
diseased colonies; or, at his election, the said owner or person in charge of such 
bees may, within the same time, utterly and completely destroy said bees. 


hives, house, comb houses, honey, and apparatus by tre, or bury the same in 


the ground with a covering of not less than two feet of earth. 

Sec. 5. After inspecting infected hives or fixtures, or handling diseased bees, 
the inspector shall, before leaving the premises or proceeding to any other 
apiary, thoroughly disinfect his own person and clothing, and shall see that any 
assistant or assistants with him have also thoroughly disinfected their person 
and clothing. 

Sec. 6. The inspector shall have full power, in his discretion, to order any 
owner or possessor of bees dwelling in box hives in apiaries where the disease 
exists (being mere boxes without frames) to transfer such bees to movable 
frame hives within a specified time, and in default of such transfer the in- 
spector may destroy, or order the destruction of, such box hives and the bees 
dwelling therein. 

Sec. 7. Should the owner or possessor of diseased colonies of bees, or any por- 
tion of said colonies, be they queens or workers, or of any affected appliances of 


_bee keeping, knowingly sell or barter, or give away, or move or allow to be 


moved, such diseased colonies, or portion of colonies, or infected appliances, he 


_ Shall, on conviction before any justice of the peace, be liable to a fine of not 
_ less than $50 nor more than $100, or to imprisonment in the county jail for any 
( term not exceeding two months. 


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Sec. 8. Should any person whose bees have been destroyed or treated for foul 
brood sell, or offer for sale, any bees, hives, or appurtenances of any kind, after 
such destruction or treatment, and before being authorized by the inspector to 
do so, or should he expose, in his bee yard or elsewhere, any infected comb 
honey, or other infected thing, or conceal the fact that said disease exists among 
his bees, he shall, on conviction before a justice of the peace, be liable to a fine 
of not less than $20 nor more than $50, or to imprisonment in the county jail for 
a term not exceeding two months and not less than one month. 

Sec. 9. When an owner or possessor of bees shall disobey the directions of 
the said inspector, a justice of the peace may, upon the’ complaint of the said 


188 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


inspector, cause a sufficient number of special constables to be sworn in, and 
such special constables shall proceed to the premises of such owner or possessor © 
and assist the inspector to seize all diseased colonies and affected appurtenances 
and burn them forthwith, and, if necessary, the said constables may arrest the 
said owner or possessor and bring him before a justice of the peace, to be dealt 
with according to the provisions of the preceding sections of this act. ~S 

Sec. 10. Before proceeding against any person before any justice of the peace, 
the said inspector shall read over to such person the provisions of this act, or 
shall cause a copy thereof to be delivered to such person. 

Src. 11. The said inspector shall include in his annual report to the presi- 
dent of the Colorado State Bee Keepers’ Association, a statement of his work 
during the preceding year, which statement shall include: First, the number of 
colonies inspected; second, the number of colonies diseased; third, the number 
of colonies destroyed by fire or otherwise; fourth, the names of the owners and 
the localities where found; fifth, the amount paid him for his services and 
expenses for the preceding year. 

Sec. 12. The county inspector of bees of each county shall receive a per diem 
allowance of four dollars for each full day, and two dollars for each half day, 
necessarily and actually employed in the discharge of his duties under this 
act, together with his necessary and actual expenses while so employed, to be 
audited, allowed, and paid by the county officers in the same manner as other 
claims against the county. 

Sec. 13. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec. 14. In the opinion of the general assembly an emergency exists, and this 
act Shall take effect from and after its passage. 

Approved April 6, 1891. 


IDAHO. 


AN Act to suppress infectious and contagious diseases of bees, to provide for an inspector 
of bees, defining his powers and duties, and to define certain misdemeanors, and pro- 
viding punishment therefor. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Idaho: 

SecTION 1. The State horticultural inspector shall be ex officio State bee 
inspector, whose duties it shall be, either by himself or duly qualified and com- 
petent deputies, to examine bees of the State and to treat, condemn, and utterly 
destroy by fire or by burying at least two feet under ground all bees, honey,. 
and fixtures found to be affected with foul brood or other infectious or con- 
tagious disease. 

Sec. 2. Upon the application of the president and secretary of any bee asso- 
ciation or upon petition of three bee keepers of any horticultural inspection dis- — 
trict in the State, the State bee inspector may appoint deputy bee inspectors for 
the district from which such application or petition comes; and such deputy — 
shall have the same powers and duties within his district as the State bee 
inspector, and the tenure of his office shall be concurrent with that of the State — 
bee inspector, unless sooner dismissed. | 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the State bee inspector or his deputy upon re-— 
ceiving information from any source of the existence, in any apiary in his dis- 
trict, of the disease known as foul brood, or any other infectious or contagious 
disease of bees, to forthwith inspect each colony of bees and all hives, imple- 
ments and apparatus, honey, and supplies on hand or used in connection with 


IDAHO. 189 


such apiary, or otherwise distinctly designate each colony and apiary which he 
believes infected, and notify the owner or person in charge of said bees thereof, 
in writing or otherwise, and the owners of said bees, or the person in charge 
thereof, shall, within five days thereafter, practically and in good faith, apply 
and thereafter fully and effectually carry out to and upon such diseased colo- 
nies such treatment as may have been prescribed by the inspector of bees for 
such cases; also thoroughly disinfect, to the satisfaction of such inspector, all 
bee hives, combs, honey, and apparatus that have been used in connection with 
any such diseased colonies; or, at his election, the said owner or person in 
charge of such bees may, within the same time, utterly and completely destroy 
such bees, hives, house, comb houses, honey, and apparatus by fire, or bury the 
Same in the ground, with a covering ‘of not less than two feet of earth. 

Sec. 4. Every bee keeper or other person who shall be aware of the existence 
of foul brood, either in his own apiary or elsewhere, shall immediately notify 
the inspector of bees of the existence of such disease, and in default of so doing 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of not more than 
five dollars and costs. 

Src. 5. The inspector of bees shall have the right to enter the premises of any 
bee keeper where bees are kept and inspect such bees; and any person resisting 
or refusing to allow such inspection by said bee inspector shall be guilty of a 
misdemeanor, and may be then and there arrested by the said bee inspector or 
person deputized by him, and brought before a justice of the peace, and upon 
conviction shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than twenty-five 
_ dollars. 

Sec. 6. If any owner or keeper of bees knows of, or after being notified by 
the bee inspector that foul brood or other infectious or contagious disease exists 
in any of the hives in the apiary owned by or in charge of said person and shall 
fail to comply within ten days from receiving said knowledge, and the date of 
receiving instructions from the bee inspector to cure or destroy the bees or 
hives or their appliances, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction thereof such person shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor 
more than twenty-five dollars. 

Sec. 7. When the owner or possessor of bees shall disobey the directions of 
said inspector in curing or destroying any diseased bees, honey, hives, or 
appliances, they shall become unlawful and a public nuisance, and the said 
bee inspector shall at once destroy said bees, honey, hives, or appliances and 
may deputize such additional persons as he may find necessary to effect such 
destruction. 

Sec. 8. Should any person whose bees have been destroyed or treated for foul 
brood sell or offer for sale any bees, hives, or appurtenances of any kind after 
such destruction or treatment or before being authorized by the inspector to do 
so, or Should he expose, in his bee yard or elsewhere, infected comb, honey, 
or other infected thing, or conceal the fact that said disease exists among his 
bees, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of not less 
than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars. 

Sec. 9. Any person, persons, company, or corporation who shall bring into the 
State of Idaho any apiary, colony, or colonies of bees shall immediately notify 
the State or deputy inspector of bees of such fact, stating where any such 
| colony or colonies are being kept, and it shall be the duty of the State or 
_ deputy inspector to proceed to examine such colony or colonies and ascertain 
whether or not they are free from foul brood or other infectious or contagious 
| disease. Any person, persons, company, or corporation who shall fail to notify 

the State or deputy bee inspector, as required by this section, for a period of 


190 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


ten days after the arrival within the State of Idaho of such colony or colonies 
of bees shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of not less 
than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. 

Sec. 10. The inspector shall have full power, in his discretion, to order any 
owner or possessor of bees dwelling in box hives in apiaries where the disease 
exists (being mere boxes without movable frames) to transfer such bees to moy- 
able frame hives within a specified time, and in default of such transfer the 
inspector may destroy or order the destruction of such box hives and the bees 
dwelling therein. 

Sec. 11. After inspecting infected hives or fixtures or handling diseased bees 
the inspector shall, before leaving the premises or proceeding to any other api- 
ary, thoroughly disinfect his own person and clothing, and shall see that any 
assistant or assistants with him have also thoroughly disinfected their persons 
and clothing. 

Sec. 12. The State bee inspector shall make an annual report to the governor 
of Idaho, giving the number of apiaries visited, the number of diseased apiaries 
found, the number of colonies treated, also the number of colonies destroyed — 
and statistics bearing on the bee industries. 

Sec. 13. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 14. Whereas an emergency existing therefor, this act shall take effect 
and be in force from and after its passage and approval. 


MICHIGAN. 


Act 66, 1901, PAGE 97. . 


The people of the State of Michigan enact: 

Section 1. The dairy and food commissioner, upon receipt of a certified copy — 
of the record of the Michigan State Bee-Keepers Association by the secretary — 
of said association, showing that a majority of the members of said association 
recommended the appointment of an inspector of apiaries, shall appoint a State 
inspector of apiaries. Said inspector shall be responsible to the dairy and food 
commissioner, and shall comply with such rules and regulations as the dairy — 
and food commissioner shall from time to time prescribe for the carrying out — 
of the work of said State inspector. 

Sec. 2. The dairy and food commissioner shall, when notified in writing by 
the owner of an apiary or by three disinterested taxpayers in the vicinity of 
the apiary, cause the inspector to examine such apiaries as are reported and — 
all others in the same locality not reported, and ascertain whether or not the © 
disease known as foul brood or other contagious disease exists in such apiaries, — 
and if satisfied of the existence of foul brood he shall give the owner or care- © 
taker of the diseased apiaries full instructions how to treat said case as in the 
inspector’s judgment seems best. 

Sec. 3. The inspector, who shall be the sole judge, may visit all diseased 
apiaries a second time and, if need be, burn all colonies of bees and combs that — 
may be found not cured of foul brood or other contagious diseases. 

Sec. 4. If the owner of a diseased apiary, honey, or appliances shall know- 
ingly or wilfully sell, barter, or give away any bees, honey, or appliances, or 
expose other bees to the danger of said disease, or refuse to allow said inspector 
to inspect such apiary, honey, or appliances, said owner shall on conyiction 
before a justice of the peace be liable to a fine of not less than fifty dollars 


NEBRASKA. 3 191 


nor more than one hundred dollars, or not less than one month’s imprisonment 
in the county jail nor more than two months’ imprisonment. 

Sec. 5. In addition to such individual reports as are required under this act 
by the inspector of apiaries, he shall make an annual report to the dairy and 
food commissioner, giving the number of apiaries visited, the number of 
diseased apiaries found, the number of colonies treated, also the number of 
colonies destroyed by fire, and an itemized account of his transportation ex- 
penses, with affidavit annexed thereto. 

Sec. 6. There is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the State treasury 
not otherwise appropriated, a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars per,year 
for the suppression of foul brood among bees in Michigan. The inspector shall 
receive three dollars per day and actual transportation expenses for actual time 
served, which sum shall not exceed the money hereby appropriated, to be paid 
by the State treasurer upon warrants drawn by the auditor-general and ap- 
proved by the dairy and food commissioner. 

Src. 7. Act number one hundred forty-one of the public acts of eighteen hun- 
dred eighty-one, being sections fifty-six hundred sixty-three, fifty-six hundred 
sixty-four, fifty-six hundred sixty-five, fifty-six hundred sixty-six, fifty-six 
hundred sixty-seven, fifty-six hundred sixty-eight, fifty-six hundred sixty-nine, 
and fifty-six hundred seventy of the compiled laws of eighteen hundred ninety- 
seven, is hereby repealed. 

This act is ordered to take immediate effect. 


NEBRASKA. 
CHAPTER 82.—BEES. 


SecTIon 1. It shall be unlawful for any person to keep or have in possession 
in this State any honeybees, brood comb,’ or honey known to possess or be in- 
fected with the disease known as “foul brood,” or with any other infectious or 
contagious disease peculiar to bees and honey, contrary to the provisions of this 

act, or to keep or to have in possession any beehive or other receptacle in which 
foul brood, diseased bees, or infected honey is known to have been kept. 

Every person violating any provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall pay a fine of not less than 
ten dollars nor more than one hundred for each offense, or be confined in the 
county jail not more than thirty days.. 

Src. 2. Any honeybees, brood comb, or honey owned or kept or found in this 
State known to be affected with foul brood or other infectious or contagious dis- 
ease, and any beehive or receptacle in which any bees, brood comb, or honey 
shall have been kept, known to have been infected with any infectious or con- 
_tagious disease, shall be destroyed immediately and completely by burning, by 
_ the owner thereof or the person or persons in whose possession the same 
may be. 

Sec. 3. Every person owning or having in his or her possession, or under his 
or her control, any honeybees, brood comb, honey, beehive, or receptacle or ap- 
_ paratus known to be infected with any infectious or contagious disease peculiar 
Ee honeybees or honey, or in which any diseased bees or infected honey shall 

_have been kept, who shall not immediately cause the same to be destroyed as 
: "provided in section 2 of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
‘upon conviction thereof shall pay a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more 
_ than one hundred dollars for each offense, or be imprisoned in the county jail 
not more em thirty days for each offense. 


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Sec. 4. Every person owning or keeping honeybees in this State shall cause — 
all bees owned or kept by him or her to be inspected at his or her own expense . 
as hereinafter provided. Every person neglecting or refusing to cause all 
such bees to be duly inspected as hereinafter provided shall be deemed guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and shall pay a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than 
one hundred dollars for each offense upon conviction thereof: Provided, That if 
upon inspection of any colony or colonies of bees the disease of foul brood or 
other infection or contagion shall be found to exist, and such inspector shall be 
of the opinion that by proper treatment such disease or contagion or infection 
may be removed, he shall so certify officially in his certificate of inspection, and 
the owner or owners of such bees shall be entitled to keep such bees for the 
period of six months for treatment, and at the expiration of said time, if such 
disease, infection, or contagion shall not be eradicated, such bees shall be de- 
stroyed, as hereinbefore provided, and any person or persons haying in pos- 
session any brood, comb, beehives, honey, or apparatus used in connection with 
bee culture, found in like manner to be infected with foul brood or infectious or — 
contagious disease, such person shall be allowed the period of thirty days to — 
disinfect the same, but no longer, and if at the end of said period of thirty days 
said disinfection shall not have been complete, such brood, comb, beehive, honey, 
or apparatus shall be destroyed as hereinbefore provided. 

Sec. 5. Every person engaged in beekeeping in this State, either as owner, | 
agent, or lessee, in infected districts, shall cause to be inspected at least once in 
each year each and every brood or colony of bees, brood comb, and honey in his © 
or her possession or under his or her control, and procure a certificate of such | 
inspection showing the true condition of each and every one of the above-named | 
articles in his or her possession as to the existence of foul brood or other infec- 
tious or contagious disease, in duplicate, one of which duplicates shall be left — 
with such person and the other shall be filed in the office of the county clerk of © 
the county where such bees or honey or brood comb is kept. 

Sec. 6. Upon the application of the Nebraska State Beekeepers’ Association, | 
or other person or persons interested in bee culture residing in any county in 
this State, the governor may appoint a suitable person, resident of said county, 
inspector of bees and honey for said county, who shall be sworn to perform the — 
duties of such office faithfully and impartially, whose duty it shall be to in- 
spect all bees, brood combs, honey within his said county when called upon for 
said purpose, and shall be entitled to receive the sum of two dollars for each — 
day or part of a day necessarily employed in making such inspection, to be paid — 
by the owner or agent or lessee in whose possession such bees, brood comb, or ~ 
honey may be when inspected. Such inspectors shall make certificates in dupli-— 
eate, and shall give one to the owners or persons in charge of such bees, or 
brood combs, or honey, and file the other in the office of the county clerk as 
aforesaid. F 

Took effect June 6th, 1885. 


192 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 
q 
4 
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: 


NEW MEXICO. 
CHAPTER 43. 
An Act relating to foul brood and other contagious diseases among bees. 


Be it enacted by the legislative assembly of the Territory of New Mesxico: 

SEcTION 1. That hereafter all bee keepers, owners, and possessors of bees, 
apiaries, bee hives, and apparatus pertaining to bees, bee keepers, apiaries, 1 
bee hives shall keep the same properly protected and disinfected and free fre 


ii 


NEW YORK. 1938 


all foul brood or other contagious diseases, and shall be required to keep all 
bees, bee hives, bee houses, apiaries, combs, honey, and apparatus free from all 
foul brood or other contagious diseases. 

Sec. 2. That any person or persons who have in their possession or under 
their control any bees, bee hives, bee houses, combs, or apparatus pertaining to 
bees or apiaries and who shall allow the same to become infected or diseased 
with any foul brood or contagious diseases, and who shall wilfully and know- 
ingly permit them to remain in such condition, shall be deemed guilty of mis- 
demeanor and upon trial and conviction before any justice of the peace may 
be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars or more than fifty dollars, or by 
imprisonment in the county jail not more than 30 days, or by both such fine and 
imprisonment. 

Sec. 3. That any person competent to testify as a witness may, upon informa- 
tion and belief, make complaint before any justice of the peace in any county 
in this Territory in which such foul brood or contagious diseases among bees 
is found to exist, and upon such written complaint being made in writing and 
_ duly sworn to as required by law the justice before whom such complaint is 
made shall issue a warrant for the arrest of the offender and shall fully inquire, 
examine into, and try said cause as now provided for the trial of misdemeanors 
before a justice of the peace. 

Sec. 4. That upon the trial of said cause, that any bees, bee hives, combs, 
honey, or apparatus connected with said apiary or bee keeper that be found by 
_ said justice of the peace before whom such trial is had to be diseased or infected 

with foul brood or any other contagious diseases shall by such justice of the 

peace be declared to be a nuisance and shall be condemned as such and an order 
_ or writ issued for the destruction of such nuisance, and upon the issuing of such 
order and such writ directed to any constable or sheriff of such county such 
- constable or such sheriff to whom such order or writ is directed and delivered 
_ shall forthwith execute the same by burning, destroying, and putting out of ex- 
a istence all such bees, bee hives, bee houses, comb, honey, or apparatus so de- 
clared to be and condemned as a nuisance. 
_ Sec. 5. Justices of the peace in their respective counties shall have jurisdic- 
tion in all causes arising under the provisions of this act, and their costs in 
_ cases under this act shall be taxed up and assessed as cases in other cases of 
_ misdemeanor before justice of the peace. ; 
4 _ Sec. 6. All acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed, and 
this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 
Approved March 9, 1905. 


NEW YORK. 
_ AcricutturRAL LAw oF THE STaTe or NEw YoRE, AS AMENDED TO JULY, 1905. 
ARTICLE VI. 


§ 80. The prevention of diseases among bees. No person shall keep in his 
_ apiary any colony of bees affected with a contagious malady known as foul 
_ brood or black brood; and every bee keeper, when he becomes aware of the 
existence of either of such diseases among his bees, shall immediately notify 
the commissioner of agriculture of the existence of such disease. (As amended 
_ by chapier 214 of the Laws of 1902.) 


7418—No. 61 m——18 


194 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


§ 80a. [Defining honey. ] 

§ 80b. [Relative to selling a commodity in imitation or semblance of honey.] 

§ 81. Duties of the commissioner. The commissioner of agriculture shall im- | 
mediately upon receiving notice of the existence of foul-brood or black brood 
-among the bees in any locality send some competent person or persons to exam- 
ine the apiary or apiaries reported to him as being affected and all the other 
apiaries in the immediate locality of the apiary or apiaries so reported; if foul 
brood or black brood is found to exist in them, the person or persons so sent by 
the commissioner of agriculture shal lgive the owners or caretakers of the dis- 
eased apiary or apiaries full instructions how to treat said cases. The com- 
missioner of agriculture shall cause said apiary or apiaries to be visited from 
time to time as he may deem best, and if, after proper treatment, the said bees 
shall not be cured of the diseases known as foul brood or black brood then he 
may cause the same to be destroyed in such manner as may be necessary to pre- 
vent the spread of the said diseases. For the purpose of enforcing this act the 
commissioner of agriculture, his agents, employees, appointees, or counsel, shall 
have access, ingress, and egress to all places where bees or honey or appliances 
used in apiaries may be which it is believed are in any way affected with the 
said disease of foul brood or black brood or where it is believed any commodity 
is offered or exposed for sale in violation of the provisions of this act. No 
owner or caretaker of a diseased apiary, honey, or appliances shall sell, barter, 
or give away any bees, honey, or appliances from said diseased apiary which 
shall expose other bees to the danger of said diseases, nor refuse to allow the 
said commissioner of agriculture, or the person or persons appointed by him, to 
inspect said apiary, honey, or appliances and do such things as the said commis- 
sioner of agriculture or the person or persons appointed by him shall deem nec- 
essary for the eradication of said diseases. Any person who disregards or vio- 
lates any of the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall 
be punished by a fine of not less than thirty dollars nor more than one hundred 
dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than one month nor 
more than two months, or by both fine and imprisonment. (As amended by 
chapter 214 of the Laws of 1902.) 


OHIO. 


An AcT to provide for county inspectors of apiaries and defining their duties, and pro- 
viding for their compensation, for the purpose of curing and avoiding foul brood or 
other diseases among bees and their hives. 


Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Ohio: 

SEcTION 1. That whenever a petition is presented to the board of county 
commissioners of any county in the State of Ohio, signed by three or more per- 
sons, all of whom are residents of said county, and possessors of an apiary or 
place where bees are kept, stating that certain apiaries within said county are 
infected with the disease known as foul brood, or any other disease which is 
injurious to bees or their larvee, praying that an inspector be appointed by said 
board of county commissioners, said board of county commissioners shall within 
five days after the presentation of said petition appoint a person as bee inspector 
who is resident of said county who shall be a skilled bee keeper, having thor- 
ough knowledge of foul brood and other diseases injurious to bees and their 
larvze and the treatment of same. ; 

Src. 2. The person so appointed shall, within five days after his appointment, 
file with the said board his written acceptance of the office, or, in default thereof, 


OHIO. 195 


or in case of vacancy, the board shall in the same manner make new appoint- 

ments until the said office is filled. The inspector shall hold his office for two 
years and until his successor is appointed and qualified, except when upon peti- 
tion of ten persons (each of whom is a resident of said county and possessor of 
an apiary), to the board of county commissioners of said county, may remove 
said inspector for cause, after a hearing of petitioners. 

Sec. 3. Any bee keeper or other person who shall have cause to believe that 
an apiary in his county is affected with foul brood or other disease, either in 
his own apiary or elsewhere, shall make affidavit stating that on information or 
belief, he believes that certain apiaries, describing the location, naming the 
owner or keeper, is affected with foul brood or other disease, and his ground for 
such belief. On receiving said affidavit from any source of the existence in 
any apiary in his county, of the disease known as foul brood, or any other 
infectious or contagious disease of bees, the county inspector of bees shall forth- 
with inspect each colony of bees and all hives, implements and apparatus, 
honey and supplies on hand or used in connection with such apiary, and dis- 
tinctly designate each colony or apiary which is infected, and notify the owner 
or person in charge of said bees thereof, in writing, and the owners of said 
bees, or the persons in charge thereof to practically and in good faith apply, 
and thereafter fully and effectually carry out to and upon such diseased colonies, 
such treatment as may have been prescribed by the said inspector for such 
cases; also thoroughly disinfect, to the satisfaction of the inspector, all hives, 
beehouses, combs, honey, and apparatus that have been used in connection with 
any such diseased colonies; or, at his election, the said owner or person in 
charge of such bees may within the same time utterly and completely destroy 
said bees, hives, houses, comb houses, honey, and apparatus by first killing the 
bees (by the use of sulphur fumes, when the bees are in the hives for the 
night), by fire, or bury the same in the ground with a covering of not less than 
two feet of earth. 

Sec. 4. The inspector of bees shall have the right to enter the premises of 
any bee keeper, where the bees are kept, and inspect such bees, and any person 
resisting or refusing to allow said inspection by said bee inspector shall be 
guilty of a misdemeanor and may be then and there arrested by said bee 
inspector or person deputized by him and brought before a justice of the peace, 
and upon conviction shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than 
twenty-five dollars. 

Sec. 5. After inspecting, working with, or handling infected hives or fixtures, 
or handling diseased bees, the inspector or other person shall, before leaving 
the premises, or proceeding to any other apiary, thoroughly disinfect his own 
person and clothing, and shall see that any assistant or assistants with him 

have also thoroughly disinfected their clothing and person. 
_ Sec. 6. The inspector shall have full power in his discretion to order any 
owner or possessor of bees dwelling in box hives in apiaries where the disease 
exists (being mere boxes without frames) to transfer such bees to movable 
frame hives within a specified time, and in default of such transfer the same 
shall become unlawful and the inspector may destroy or order for destruction 
_of such box hives and the bees dwelling therein as a public nuisance. 
| Sec. 7. Should any owner of, or keeper of, or other person having diseased 
bees or their larve, or of any affected hives of combs, appliances, or utensils 
for bee keeping, sell or barter or give away the same, or allow the same or any 
| part thereof to be moved, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction such person shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more 
than twenty-five dollars. 


196 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


Sec. 8. Should any person whose bees have been destroyed or treated for 
foul brood sell, or offer for sale, any bees, hives, or appurtenances of any kind 
after such destruction or treatment, and before being authorized by the 
inspector to do so, or should he expose, in his bee yard or elsewhere, any 
infected comb honey or other infected thing, or conceal the fact that such dis- 
ease exists among his bees, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction such person shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more 
than twenty-five dollars. 

Sec. 9. If any owner or keeper of bees knows of or after being notified by 
the bee inspector that foul brood or other infectious or contagious disease 
exists in any of the hives in the apiaries owned or in charge of said persons 
and shall fail to comply within ten days from receiving said knowledge and the 
date of receiving instructions from the county inspector to cure or destroy the 
bees or hives, or their appliances, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction thereof such person shall be fined not less than ten dollars 
nor more than twenty-five dollars. 

Sec. 10. When the owner or possessor of bees shall disobey the directions of 
said bee inspector in curing or destroying any diseased bees, honey, hives, or 
appliances shall become unlawful and a public nuisance, and the said bee in- 
spector shall at once destroy said bees. honey, hives, or appliances, and may 
deputize such additional persons as he may find necessary to effect said de- 
struction. 

Sec. 11. The inspector shall make a monthly report in writing, under oath, to 
the board of county commissioners, in which report he shall state the days and 
number of hours in the preceding month spent by him in the actual discharge 
of his duties, and shall in said report state the name of the owner or keeper. 
and the location of the apiary upon which such time was spent in curing or de- 
stroying said bees, together with an itemized account, showing the dates and 
amounts for what incurred, money spent for any discharge of his duties, and to 
whom the same was paid, and for what services and considerations such indebt- 
edness was incurred, and accompany said report with the affidavits given him 
under and in pursuance of section 3 of this act, and make full and complete re- 
port of all he did and results of his treatment of any apiary. 

Sec. 12. After the inspector of bees in any county shall make report, as pro- 
vided in the preceding section, said county commissioner shall allow to said in- 
spector of bees two dollars for a full day, and one dollar for each half day, 
necessarily and actually employed in the discharge of his duties under this act, 
together with his necessary and actual expenses while so employed, to be audited, 
allowed, and paid by the county treasurer upon the warrant of the county 
auditor. 

Sec. 12 a. There shall be levied annually on the owner of each colony of bees 
in each county in the State an annual tax of one (1) cent for each colony owned, 
which levy shall be placed on the tax duplicate of the county by the auditor of 
such county at the time of the levy of other taxes each year, and such levy 
shall be predicated upon the returns for taxation as made to such auditor by the 
assessors having jurisdiction in the premises for the return of personal property 
for taxation; such assessors shall be provided with blanks necessary to procure 
such returns from owners of colonies of bees, who shall on demand be required 
to list the same for taxation for the purposes of this act, as in other cases of 
listing and valuation of personality for taxation. The county treasurer shall 
collect the amount of said tax so assessed in the same manner and at the same — 
time he collects other taxes, and the same shall be certified to him by the county 
auditor in the same manner as other taxes for collection. The amount so col- 


TEXAS. 197 


_ lected shall constitute a special fund, to be disposed of in the payment of the 


salary and actual expenses of the inspector of bees appointed in pursuance of 
the provisions of the act of April 15, 1904, aforesaid. 
Original act approved April 21st, 1904. Amended act approved March 17th, 


1906. 


TEXAS. 


An Act to provide for the protection of honeybees against foul brood and other con- 
tagious diseases, and providing that all bee keepers report to the State entomiologist 
when infectious diseases exist, providing for collecting the expense of eradicating the 
disease and fixing the charges upon the owner or agent of the bees, providing for the 
extermination of all contagious diseases, and providing penalties for the violation of 
any of the provisions of this act. 

SecTIon 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Texas, If any owner 
of or any person having control or possession of any honey bees in this State, 
knows that any bees so owned or controlled are affected with foul brood or any 
other contagious disease it shall be and is hereby made his duty to at once 
report said fact to the State entomologist, setting out in his said report all the 
facts known with reference to said infection. The State entomologist shall have 
full power in his discretion to order any owner or possessor of bees dwelling in 
hives without movable frames, or not permitting of ready examination, to 
transfer such bees to a movable frame hive within a specified time. In default 
of such transfer the State entomologist may destroy, or order destroyed, such 
hives, together with the honey, combs, frames, and bees contained therein, with- 
out recompense to the owner, lessee, or agent thereof. 

Sec. 2. The State entomologist shall prescribe such rules and regulations as 
may in his judgment seem necessary for the eradication of all contagious dis- 
eases of bees, and if at any time the entomologist finds, or has reason to believe, 
that the owner or keeper of any bees, or the owner of any apiary, has refused 
or is refusing to comply with all or any such rules and regulations, then and 
in that event the State entomologist is hereby authorized to inspect said bees, 
and, if necessary, burn diseased colonies, appliances, and honey, and do any and 
all things necessary in the premises to eradicate foul brood or any other infec- 
tious disease of bees. 

Sec. 8. When any owner or possessor of bees shall fail to carry out the 
instructions of the State entomologist as set forth in sections 1 and 2 of this 
act, the State entomologist or his assisant shall carry out such destruction or 
treatment, and shall present to the owner of said bees a bill for the actual cost 
of such destruction or treatment. In the failure of the owner or possessor 
of such bees to pay said bill within thirty days after the delivery of same to 
himself, tenant, or agent, or within thirty days after mailing same to his usual 
post-office address, the State entomologist shall certify to the county attorney 
of the county wherein such bees are located the amount and items of such bill, 
and the county attorney shall file suit for the recovery of said account. All 
moneys recovered by the county attorney for such destruction or treatment 
shall be paid into the hands of the county treasurer, to become a part of the 
fund for carrying out the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 4. If any owner or keeper of any diseased colonies of bees shall barter 
or give away any infected bees, honey, or appliances, or shall expose any other 
bees to the danger of infection of the disease, or shall refuse or neglect to make 
report as provided in section 1 of this act, he shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not exceeding 
two hundred dollars, 


198 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


Sec. 5. The fact that the season when young colonies of bees will have the 
mother colonies is near at hand, and that there is no existing law properly 
governing colonies affected with foul brood creates an emergency, and an impera- 
tive public necessity requiring the suspension of the constitutional rule requir- 
ing bills to be read on three several days, and the same is so suspended, and 
this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage; and it is 
so enacted. 

Became a law April 21, 1903. 


UPA: 


LAW OF UTAH FOR THE PROTECTION AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE BEE INDUSTRY. 


SEcTION 1. The board of county commissioners of the several counties shall, 
when petitioned by a majority of the bee keepers thereof, appoint one or more 
qualified persons inspectors of bees for their respective counties. 

Sec. 2. Such inspectors shall hold their office for two years and until their 
successors are appointed and qualified. They shall qualify by taking and sub- 
seribing their official oath and by giving bonds to be approved by their respec- 
tive boards of county commissioners, which oath and bonds shall be filed with 
the county clerk. 

Sec. 3. Inspectors shall be paid out of the county treasury for services actu- 
ally rendered at such rate per day as the board of county commissioners may 
fix. The assessor of. each county is hereby required to assess each colony of © 
bees in his county in the same manner as other assessments are made. All 
taxes shall be assessed and collected thereon in the manner provided by law for 
the collection and payment of county taxes. 

Sec. 4. All hives of bees in each county shall be carefully inspected at least 
once each year by a county or district inspector, where such inspector has been 
appointed, and, at any time upon complaint that disease exists among bees of 
any person, the inspector to whom complaint is made shall immediately inspect 
the bees said to be infected. The inspector shall have authority to take charge 
and control of diseased bees and their hives, and the tools and implements used 
in connection therewith for treatment, or destroy such bees, broods, or hives 
and their contents, or implements, as may be infected: Provided, That any 
owner questions a decision of the inspector he may appeal to three arbitrators 
selected from among the bee keepers of the county, one of whom shall be chosen 
by the owner, the second by the inspector, and the third so chosen, whose de- 
cision, concurred in by at least two of their number, shall be conclusive as to 
the condition of the bees at the time of such examination. 

Sec. 5. Any person who shall hinder or obstruct, or attempt to hinder or ob- 
struct, a duly appointed inspector from the performance of any duty required 
by this title, shall, on conviction thereof before a justice of peace having juris- 
diction, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined for the first — 
offense not less than five nor more than twenty-five dollars, and for any addi- | 
tional offenses any sum not exceeding fifty dollars. 

Approved March 11th, 1897. To take effect January 1, 1898. 


WASHINGTON. 


Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Washington: ‘a 
SEcTION 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the board of county commis- 
sioners of any county signed by ten or more persons, each of whom is a property 


WASHINGTON. 199 


holder resident of the county and possessor of an apiary or place where bees 
are kept, stating that certain or all apiaries within the county are infected with 
the disease known as “foul brood,” or any other disease which is infectious or 


contagious in its nature and injurious to bees, their eggs, or larve, and praying 
that an inspector be appointed by them, whose duty it shall be to supervise 


the treatment of said bees and apiaries as herein provided, the board of 
county commissioners shall, within twenty days thereafter, appoint a suitable 
person, who shall be a skilled bee keeper, inspector of apiaries. The said board 
of county commissioners may remove said inspector at any time for cause. 

Src. 2. It shall be the duty of the inspector in each county to cause an inspec- 
tion to be made when he deems it necessary of any or every apiary, or other 
place within his jurisdiction in which bees are kept, and if found infected with 
foul brood or any other infectious or contagious disease injurious to the bees or 
their eggs or larve he shall notify the owner or owners, person or persons in 
charge or in possession of said apiaries or places where bees are kept that the 
same are infected with foul brood or any other disease infectious or con- 
tagious in nature and injurious to bees, their eggs, or larve, and he shall re- 
quire such person or persons to eradicate and remove such disease or cause of 
contagion within a certain time, to be specified. Said notice may be served 
upon the person or persons, or either of them, owning or having charge or hay- 
ing possession of such infected apiaries or places where bees are kept by any 
inspector or by any person deputized by the said inspector for that purpose, 
or they may be served in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. 
Any and all such apiaries or places where bees are kept found infected with 
foul brood or any other infectious or contagious disease are hereby adjudged 
and declared to be a public nuisance, and whenever any such nuisance shall 
exist at any place within his jurisdiction or on the property of any nonresident 
or on any property the owner or owners of which can not be found by the 
inspector, after diligent search, within the county, or upon the property of any 
owner or Owners upon whom notice aforesaid has been served, and who shall 
refuse or neglect to abate the same within the time specified, it shall be the 
duty of the inspector to abate the same, either by treating the disease, or by 
destroying the infected hives, together with their combs and bees therein. The 
expense thereof shall be a county charge, and the board of county commissiéners 
shall allow and pay the same out of the general fund of the county. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the county inspector of. apiaries to keep a 
record of his official acts and doings and make report thereof to the board of 
county commissioners when required by said board. 

Sec. 4. The salary of the county inspector of apiaries shall be three dollars 


per day when actually engaged in the performance of his duties: Provided, 


That the expenditures under this act in any county shall not exceed the sum 
of one hundred dollars per annum. 

Src. 5. The inspector of apiaries may, in his discretion, order the owner or 
owners or other person in charge of bees kept in box or other immovable or 
stationary comb hives in apiaries infected with foul brood or other infectious 
or contagious disease or within a radius of three miles of such diseased apiaries 
to transfer such bees to movable frame hives within a reasonable time, to be 
specified in such order or notice, and in default of such transfer the owner 
or owners or other person in charge of such bees, the inspector may destroy or 
cause to be destroyed all such hives together with their contents, and the ex- 
pense thereof shall be a county charge, as provided in section 2 of this act. 

Src. 6. It shall be unlawful for any person owning or controlling bees within 
this State which are known to be infected with foul brood or other infectious 


200 LAWS AGAINST FOUL BROOD. 


or contagious disease to remove said bees to a new location without first giving 
ten days’ notice to the county inspector of apiaries, stating when and where he 
intends moving said bees. Any person violating the provisions of this section 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. i 

Sec. 7. Any person or persons whose apiary is infected with foul brood or 
other infectious or contagious disease and who sells or offers for sale from such 
infected apiary any bees, hives, bee fixtures, or appurtenances, or who shall 
expose in his bee yard or elsewhere any infected comb honey, beeswax, or 
other infected thing, or who conceals the fact that his apiary is so infected 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Sec. 8. Any person or persons who shall resist, impede, or hinder in any way 
the inspector of apiaries in the discharge of his duties under the provisions of 
this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Sec. 9. An emergency exists, and this act shall take effect immediately. 


WISCONSIN. 
WISCONSIN STATUTES, 1903, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 188. 


SecTION 1494,f. Inspection of apiaries—Inspection, appointment, duties, 
compensation. The governor may appoint for a term of two years a State in- 
spector of apiaries. Said inspector shall, when notified of existence of disease 
known as foul brood among apiaries, examine all such as are so reported and 
all others in the same locality and ascertain whether or not such disease exists, 
and, if satisfied of its existence, shall give the owner or person who has care of 
such apiaries full instructions as to the manner of treating them. 

Within a reasonable time after making such examination the inspector shall 
make another examination thereof, and if the condition of any of them is such 
as in his judgment renders it necessary he may burn all the colonies of bees and 
all the comb necessary to prevent the spread of the disease. 

Such inspector shall, before such burning, give the notice provided for in 
and otherwise proceed pursuant to the provisions of section 1492, b. The in- 
spector shall make at the close of each calendar year a report to the governor, 
stating the number of apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, 
the number of colonies of bees destroyed, and of the expenses incurred in the 
‘performance of his duties. Said inspector shall receive four dollars for each 
day actually and necessarily spent in the performance of his duties and be re- 
imbursed the money expended by him in defraying expenses: Provided, That 
the total expenditure for such purpose shall not exceed seven hundred dollars 
per year. 

Approved May 11, 1903. 


WISCONSIN STATUTES, 1903, VOLUME 2, CHAPTER 187. 


Section 4605, a. Sale of a diseased apiary, etc. Any owner of a diseased 
apiary, of honey made or taken from such an apiary, or appliances taken from 
such an apiary, who shall sell, barter, or give away any such apiary, honey, or 
appliances, or bees from such an apiary, expose other bees to the danger of 
contracting such disease, or refuse to allow the inspector of apiaries to inspect 
such apiary, honey, or appliances shall be fined not less than fifty dollars nor 
more than one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not less than: 
one month nor more than two months. (Section 4, chapter 150, 1897.) 


REPORTS OF THE PRELIMINARY AND ANNUAL MEETINGS OF 
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECT- 
ORS, 1897-1905. 


PRELIMINARY MEETINGS IN CHICAGO. 


In a circular letter prepared at the office of the Illinois State entomologist, 
dated January 7, 1897, announcement was made of the discovery of the San 
Jose scale at fifteen different points in Illinois, and the opinion was expressed 
that it was likely that other States would be found similarly infested if a system 
of search and inspection similar to that of Illinois were instituted. It was 
further said that— 

“The situation is so grave in Illinois that our State Horticultural Society has 
taken the subject up with great energy, and has prepared a bill for introduction 
to the State legislature, which has just begun its session, proposing measures 
of prevention and defense not only against the San Juse scale, but against in- 
sect and fungous pests in general destructive to horticultural products. * * #* 
There is a strong probability that this bill, or some substitute for it, will be 
passed by our legislature, probably with an emergency clause. Would it not 
be practicable and desirable for those of us who are officially interested and most 
responsible in the premises to meet at an early day for conference and for a 
comparison of ideas and plans with reference to this matter? I am sure that 
we should, in this State, be very glad indeed to have the benefit of the judgment 
of those similarly situated. 

“TI am sending this letter to Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
Iowa, and Missouri. Would you be willing to meet representatives from any 
two or more of these States, either at Champaign or Chicago, as might be most 
convenient for those proposing to confer? An early reply will be appreciated. 

“Sincerely, yours, 
“S. A. FORBES.” 


This letter was addressed to Prof. E. S. Goff, Madison, Wis.; Prof. Otto 
Lugger, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; Prof. Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa; Prof. 
J. M. Stedman, Columbia, Mo.; Prof. L. R. Taft, Agricultural College, Mich. ; 
Prof. James Troop, Lafayette, Ind., and Prof. F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio. 

; Sequent to this correspondence a meeting was called for Chicago, January 29. 
1897. 

At this conference, according to a circular report issued from the Illinois 
State entomologist’s office, February 15, 1897, the following eight North-Central 
States were represented, either by their official entomologists or by their ex- 
periment station horticulturists, namely, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Measures were discussed to be taken by 
the separate States “for the inspection of orchards, nursery stock, and the 
like, and especially for the detection and destruction of the San Jose scale 
wherever there is reason to suppose that it may have been introduced. It was 
the common judgment of this conference that both State and national legislation 
looking to these ends has become imperative.” 


201 


202 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


The following resolutions were adopted at this meeting: 

“Resolved, That we recommend to the people of our respective States that, 
in purchasing stock from other than home nurseries, they require a certificate 
of inspection from such nursery specifying that such stock has been inspected 
by an official inspector or has been grown on grounds duly mie and speci- 
fying the result of such inspection. 

“Resolved, That we indorse the call of the Ohio State Horticultural Society 
for a national convention to consider and recommend the most appropriate Fed- 
eral and State legislation for preventing the introduction and spread of noxious 
insects and fungi in the United States.” 

April 3, 1899, the following circular letter was issued to the proper officers 
in the States of Michigan, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa: 

“The recent passage by the State legislatures of Indiana and Illinois of laws 
requiring inspection of nursery stock with reference to injurious insects and 
fungous diseases leads me to suggest the desirability of a conference among 
inspectors of a number of adjacent States with a view to establishing common 
methods, discussing objects of inspection, forms of certificates, and other mat- 
ters of common interest on which it would be well to have an exact understand- 
ing. * * * J[ think we could probably bring about a meeting in Chicago of 
representatives of these States, since a similar meeting held two years ago — 
seems to have had a good deal of influence in securing common and intelligent : 
action leading to the establishment of inspection laws in these States. | 

“ Very truly yours, 
“'S. A. FOoRBEs.” 


Replies being generally favorable, a meeting was called to be held in Chicago 
April 29. At this conference the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, and 
Illinois were represented by their State entomologists or others charged with 
the duty of horticultural inspection. The following general conclusions were 
unanimously agreed upon: : 

“An inspector’s certificate to nurserymen must usually be based upon a gen- — 
eral inspection of trees still standing in the nursery rows, and this fact should ~ 
be shown in the certificate. Where injurious insects or fungous disease are | 
found sufficient to make a certificate inadmissible, but are capable of being q 
suppressed by fumigation or other procedure, the certificate should be withheld — 
until such steps have been taken as to satisfy the inspector that no further 
danger exists. For example, if dangerous insects are found upon the roots of P 
nursery stock, no certificate should be issued until the plants have been fumi- — 
gated. If adjacent grounds are infested with dangerous insects or plant dis- — 
ease so near the nursery premises as to make them especially subject to invasion ~ 
from without, fumigation of all specially exposed nursery stock should be 
required as a condition of the issuance of a certificate, even though the premises — 
themselves may not be found infested at the time of inspection. The word © 
‘dangerous’ used in connection with insects and plant diseases is understood 
to mean, in this connection, dangerous to the property of customers—likely to 
be transported with nursery stock to the injury of customers. ; 

“It should be the policy of departments of inspection to encourage and 
stimulate the thorough practice of fumigation as a substitute for inspection 
whenever practicable, with a view to hastening the time when a general 
requirement may be established for the fumigation of all nursery stock before 
sale and delivery. 

“Inspections should be made between August 1 and November 1, and certifi- 
cates should expire the first of the following June. If nurserymen desire 


PRELIMINARY MEETINGS. 203 


make shipments between June 1 and August 1, arrangements must be made by 
- them for special inspections during this period. 

“The following was adopted as the general form of the certificate: 

“This is to certify that the nursery premises and growing stock of , 

‘situated in , have been inspected according to the provisions of the law 

_ [here insert title of act under which inspections are made], and no indications 
have been found of the presence of the San Jose scale or other dangerous [or 
dangerously injurious] insects or plant disease. This certificate is invalid after 

June 1, 189—. 

“ Date, 

“Each inspector should prepare a list of official inspectors of other States 
and Territories whose certificates will be accepted by him as valid, and this 
list should be sent by each inspector to all nurserymen within his own State 
whose premises have been inspected and certified, with information that they 
will be at liberty to attach the certificate of their own State inspector to all 
nursery stock received by them bearing the official certificate of any one of the 
inspectors on the above-mentioned list. This arrangement is supposed to relieve 
hurserymen from the impracticable requirement of sending with each lot of 
stock disposed of a copy of each original certificate which this stock may have 
borne. These lists of accredited inspectors may also be furnished to dealers 
in nursery stock who do not themselves own nursery premises, provided the 

State inspector is satisfied of their honesty and responsibility. . 

“The presence of the San Jose scale, of peach yellows, of rosette, and of the 
black-knot of the plum should be regarded in all cases as ground for withhold- 
ing a certificate until premises have been completely freed from them. The 
presence of the woolly aphis, of the oyster-shell scale, of the scurfy scale, of 
anthracnose, and of other common and wide-spread injurious insects and diseases 
should not be regarded as a bar to a certificate unless they are exceptionally 
abundant, so as to affect the value of the stock and to render likely an unusual 
increase or more general introduction of these insects and diseases, provided 
such infested or infected nursery stock is sold and shipped. 

“Inspections should include not only the nursery stock to be certified, but also 
stock left over from previous years, old trees, and the like, together with sur- 

_ rounding premises in general.” 

In response to numerous requests, steps were taken December 1, 1900, toward 
still another conference, in consequence especially of difficulties and inconsis- 
tencies in administration which had appeared, some of them threatening trouble 
between the responsible officers in different States. ‘‘ For example, the law in 

_ one State requires that all inspections shall be finished not later than August 15, 
and the official inspector in another State has given general notice that any cer- 
 tificate dated earlier than August 15 will be disregarded in his State.” 
This call was made to include representatives of Kansas, Colorado, Tennes- 
see, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New York, Nebraska, Michigan, Kentucky, and 
Iowa, and the meeting was held in Chicago January 4, 1901. The proceedings 
Ng of this meeting were reported by circular letter distributed January 14, and 
_ were as follows: 

“At a conference of horticultural inspectors of the States of New York, 
_ Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, and Tennessee held at the Palmer 
or House, Chicago, January 4, 1901, the general subject of the methods and ob- 
Py jects of nursery inspection was broadly discussed, with special attention to cer- 
_ tain details in which a comparison of views was thought to be particularly 
desirable. 

: “1. Difficulties having been made by certain State officials with respect to 


4 
’ 
. 

ry ; 


204 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


the acceptance of inspection certificates from other States, this subject wd 
discussed at length, and the opinion was unanimously expressed by the confer- 
epce that State inspectors should accept the inspection certificates of other 
States issued by authorities legally constituted for that purpose, as prima facie 
evidence of the facts therein set forth. It was not intended by this statement — 
to prevent or discourage a supplementary inspection of certified stock if, in the ~ 
judgmeut of any inspector, special conditions might make this necessary. 

“2. On comparison of the practice of different State inspectors, wide differ- 
ences were found in the time during which nursery inspections are made, due 
principally to differences in local condition or business methods in different 
parts of the country. After full discussion it was decided that the period of 
inspection should be determined in each State at the discretion of the inspector ; 
but it was agreed that all peach stock should be inspected as late in the season 
as practicable, particularly where the surroundings were such as to cause sus- 
picion of the occurrence of the San Jose scale, or where the origin of the buds 
was either suspicious or unknown. In such cases, if the nursery was inspected 
early a late supplemental inspection of the peach stock should be made. 

“3. With respect to a nursery some sections of the stock of which is so in- 
fested or infected as to make its sale objectionable, but not in a way to damage 
or endanger the remainder of the stock, the practice adopted in Illinois was 
approved and recommended to all inspectors. Under this practice a nursery- 
man, some of whose stock is infected, for example, with the crown-gall, the 
remainder of it being free, is given a certificate which reads as follows: ‘ This 
is to certify that the nursery stock which bears this certificate, grown upon the 
nursery premises of , Situated , has been,’ ete. This certificate is 
issued with the limitation, expressed in writing, that it is not applicable to any 
of the stock to which objection is made, and on the written promise of the nurs- 
eryman receiving it that it shall not be so applied. 

“4. With respect to a ferm of certificate for dealers in nursery stock who do 
not own nursery premises, but wish a certificate from their own State inspector 
available for their shipments, the Iowa practice was approved, under which a 
dealer’s certificate is issued as follows: ‘ This is to certify that the nursery stock — 
for sale by at , has been inspected,’ etc. Previous to issuing such 
a certificate the Iowa inspector requires a statement from the dealer, certified 
before a notary, showing all persons from whom said dealer has purchased 
stock, and containing a promise that if stock is afterwards purchased from other ~ 
persons than those on this certified list the inspector will be notified forthwith, 
and opportunity given him to inspect such stock before sale, if so desired. 

“5. It appeared, upon a comparison of the laws and practices of different 
States, that ornamental trees, shrubs, and vines were generally included in the 
inspection, if grown for sale, and that strawberry plants were also inspected, if 
held for sale, in New York, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, and Michigan, but not 
in Indiana and Illinois. In States having a considerable business in the sale of 
cuttings it was deemed necessary that vineyards from which such cuttings were 
sold should be inspected and certified as nurseries. 

“6. It was generally agreed with respect to the woolly aphis that gradually 
increasing pressure should be brought to bear for the reduction of this insect in 
nurseries, but that no uniform practice could be established because of wide 
differences in its abundance in different States. The New York practice of re- 
quiring the rejection and destruction of trees sufficiently infested to show knots 
on the roots was commonly approved. It was also thought well to require in- 
secticide treatment, with kerosene emulsion, of roots of nursery trees whiten 
by this insect. A similar policy of gradually increasing pressure of requi 


PRELIMINARY MEETINGS. 905 


ment was also recommended with respect to the scurfy scale, particularly in 
those States where it is not now generally and uniformly distributed. It was 
held at present to be unwise to require the destruction of trees exposed to in- 
fection with crown-gall, but not visibly so infected. Trees actually bearing this 
gall, either at the crown or on the roots, were regarded as unmerchantable. 

“7. After full discussion it was voted unanimously to organize as a society 
of official horticultural inspectors, membership to be open to those officially 
connected with the work of horticultural inspection in the various States of the 
Union and in Canada. Prof. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois, was elected president 
for one year and until the next regular meeting thereafter. It was further 
voted that the first meeting of the new society should be held in connection with 
the annual convention of the Association of Colleges and Experiment Stations, 
to which time the society adjourned.” 

Following upon this last of the series of Chicago meetings, a call was issued 
October 28, 1901, for a more general meeting, as follows: 

“At a meeting of official horticultural inspectors of several States, held in 
Chicago, January 4, 1901, a permanent organization was effected and steps were 
taken preliminary to a general conference of such inspectors for the United 
States and Canada, to be held in Washington in connection with the meeting 
of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 

“The undersigned, as chairman of the Chicago conference, was directed to 
announce this meeting in due time and to act as an executive committee in 
making arrangements for it. A preliminary statement to the above effect was 

issued January 24, and I have now to add that a meeting of the Society of 
Official Horticultural Inspectors will be held at the Ebbitt House, in Wash- 
ington, D. C., commencing at 7.30 p. m., Monday, November 11. All official 
inspeetors of nurseries and other horticultural property and all other officers 
responsible for nursery and orchard inspection are eligible to membership in 
this society and are cordially invited to attend this conference. 

“The meeting will be devoted to a discussion of matters of general interest 
relating to the inspection of nurseries and orchards and to the control of dan- 
gerous fungous and insect pests, including, of course, the San Jose scale. No 
formal programme will be prepared in advance, and any member of the con- 
ference should feel at liberty to propose for discussion any subject within 
these very general limits. Certain topics are, however, of such general and 
considerable importance that it will be well to come prepared to discuss them, 
and I take the liberty of suggesting, consequently, the following list as per- 
tinent to the conference proposed : 

“1. Within what limits of time may nurseries properly be inspected, and 
what period should the annual certificate be made to cover? 

“2. What should be the usual form of the certificate? 

“3. What should be the procedure, or form of certificate, in case some part 
of a nursery is affected by a dangerous fungous or insect pest not of a kind to 
involve other parts not so affected—if crown-gall, for example, occurs on cer- 
tain peach stock, no other varieties of trees in the nursery being so diseased? 

i “4. What should be the common policy of State inspectors with reference to 
stock officially inspected and certified in other States? 

“5. How wide an application should be given to the term ‘ nursery stock?’ 
Should it include herbaceous plants grown out of doors? Should it ever cover 
greenhouse stock? . 

“6. What nursery pests should be regarded as dangerous enough to influence 

_ or prevent the granting of a certificate? 

| “7. May provision be made for the publication of a practical article on the 


206 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


principal nursery pests of the country, available for all horticultural inspectors 
and distributed to all nurserymen and others immediately interested? 

“8S. What measures should be taken by horticultural inspectors for the 
regulation of the business of dealers not owners of nursery premises nor grow- 
ing their own stock for sale? 

“9. Is National legislation covering nursery inspection desirable and prac- 
ticable? 

“10. What, in the judgment of the conference, is the best insecticide pro- 
gramme for orchards infested with the San Jose scale—first, for the official 
entomologist charged with the destruction of the scale; second, for the private 
owner seeking to suppress the scale or to keep it in check? 

“11. What insects or fungous pests of the orchard should be regarded as 
suficiently dangerous to the property of others to require suppression by 
individuals in the general interest? 

“12. What is a sound public policy with respect to the division between the 
State and the property owner of the costs of a practical operation for the 
control of horticultural pests? 

“Those proposing to attend this conference are respectfully requested to 
send notice of such intention to the undersigned at Urbana, Ill, until November 
8. and thereafter to the Ebbitt House, Washington. Special suggestions with 
regard to topics for discussion will also be very welcome. 

“S. A, FORBES.” 


Frrst ANNUAL MEETING. 


A general meeting of the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors 
for the United States and Canada was called to order at the Ebbitt House, 
Washington, D. C., November 11, 1901, at 7.30 p. m., by the chairman, Mr. §S. A. 
Forbes, of Illinois. Mr. Fernald, of Massachusetts, was chosen secretary. 

Those present during the sessions were: 

Connecticut. W. E. Britton: Delaware, W. Webb: Georgia, W. M. Scott, W. 
Fiske: Illinois, S. A. Forbes; Indiana, J. Troop; Iowa, H. E. Summers; Mary- 
land, A. L. Quaintance, J. B. S. Norton, Professor Blodgett; Massachusetts, 
H. T. Fernald: Missouri, J. M. Stedman; New Jersey, J. B. Smith; New York, 
G. A. Atwood: North Carolina, F. Sherman; Ohio, F. M. Webster; Pennsylva- 
nia, J. Hamilton, E. B. Engle; Virginia, W. B. Alwood, J. L. Phillips; Wiscon- 
sin, W. A. Henry. W. G. Johnson and E. D. Sanderson were also present at a 
part of the meetings as visitors. 

On the motion of Mr. Alwood, of Virginia, it was voted that a committee of 
three be appointed by the chair to report as soon as possible on the advisa- 
hility of forming a permanent organization. The president appointed Messrs. 
Smith, Webster, and Summers. 

On the motion of Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, the question, “ Within what 
limits of time may nurseries properly be inspected, and what period should the 
annual certificate be made to cover?” was taken up. After much discussion it 
was voted, on the motion of Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, that the resolution — 
adopted by the meeting of horticultural inspectors in Chicago on January 4, 
1901, bearing on this point be adopted by the society, as follows: That the — 
period of inspection should be determined in each State at the discretion of the 
inspector, but it was agreed that all peach stock should be inspected as late in 
the season as practicable, particularly where the surroundings were such as to 
cause suspicion of the occurrence of the San Jose scale, or where the origin of 
the buds was either suspicious or unknown. In such cases, if the nursery was 


FIRST ANNUAL MEETING. 207 


inspected early, a late supplemental inspection of the peach stock should be 


made. 

On the motion of Mr. Alwood, of Virginia, it was voted to be the sense of this 
conference that a certificate ought not.to extend beyond the commencement of 
the breeding period of the San Jose scale. On the motion of Mr. Webster, of 
Ohio, the question was taken up and discussed and was still under consideration 
when the meeting adjourned till November 12 at 9 a. m. 

November 12—9 a. m. The meeting was called to order by the chairman. 
The reading of the minutes was omitted. Mr. Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, of- 
fered the following resolution, which was adopted: ; 

“Resolved, That in order to arrive at a common understanding as to the best 
insecticides to use for the destruction of the San Jose scale in the orchards and 
nurseries of this country, and in order to secure definite directions for their 
application, a committee consisting of Messrs. Smith, of New Jersey ; Webster, 
of Ohio; Fernald, of Massachusetts; Alwood, of Virginia, and Atwood, of New 
York, is hereby appointed to prepare a recommendation to be submitted to this- 
association for its consideration.” 

On the motion of Mr. Fernald, of Massachusetts, the question, “‘ What nursery 
pests should be regarded as dangerous enough to influence or prevent the grant- 
ing of a certificate?” was taken up. After considerable discussion it was 
voted, on the motion of Mr. Alwood, of Virginia, ‘‘ that each official inspector 
submit a list of those insects and diseases which he thinks should always 
bar nursery stock from receiving an official certificate and a secondary list of 
insects and diseases of less importance, with terse statements of how he deals 
with them.” 

It was voted, on the motion of Mr. Alwood, of Virginia, that when this meet- 
ing adjourns it adjourn to meet in joint session with the entomological section 
of the general association at 2 o’clock this afternoon and that a further session 
be held at 7 p. m. 

The question of the legal right of inspectors to enter private property and 
enforce treatment against the wishes of the owners was then discussed. 

The tendency of the discussion—participated in by Messrs. Atwood, of New 
York; Smith, of New Jersey; Alwood, of Virginia, and Hamilton, of Pennsyl- 
vania—was to the conclusion that in those States at least it would be illegal 
to force entry and destroy property without due process of law; any law giv- 
ing such-power to any individual would be unconstitutional. The topic ‘‘ What 
should be the common policy of State inspectors with reference to stock offi- 
cially inspected and certified in other States?”’ was taken up and was under 
discussion when the association adjourned. 

November 12—7.15 p. m. Meeting called to order by the chairman. Com- 


“mittee on advisability of permanent organization reported a recommendation 


v; 
} 


that a permanent organization be not formed, but that another meeting be held 


in connection with the next meeting of the American Association of Agricultural 


, 

| 
‘ 
2 
< 
. 


| 
; 


ry 
a 


Colleges and Experiment Stations, and this report was adopted. 

On the motion of Mr. Summers, of Iowa, it was voted that when this meeting 
adjourns it adjourn till 9 a. m. November 13, and that the first order of business 
be the selection of a chairman for the next year. The report of the committee 
on the resolution offered by Mr. Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, was made as fol- 
lows: 

“The committee, after due consideration, finds itself able to agree upon the 


following recommendations for treatment: 


; 
i 
Hf 


he 
iy 


“1. For nurseries: Proper fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas after 


. inspection. 


‘enn 


yh 
a 
ore 


208 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


“2. For orchards: Late summer and fall treatment with dilute solutions of 
insecticide soaps, oils, or other effective insecticides to kill young scales; 
winter treatment with insecticide soaps or oils sufficiently strong to kill the 
scale and which have been proved safe to trees of all kinds in the region where 
the application is to be made.” 

The report of the committee was adopted. 

Further discussion of the fourth topic (common policy of State inspectors) 
was laid upon the table till the next session. 

On the motion of Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, the topic “‘ What should be the 
procedure, or form of certificate, in case some part of a nursery is affected by 
a dangerous fungus or insect pest not of a kind to involve other parts not so 
affected?’ was taken up for consideration. It was voted, on the motion of Mr. 
Summers, of Iowa, that it is the sense of this body that but one form of cer- 
tificate be used as a rule, so worded as to be applicable to stock sold from nurs- 
eries after some portions have been thrown out as not included in the certifi- 
eate. The topic “ What should be the usual form of the certificate? ’’ was then 
considered at length. On the motion of Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, it was voted 
that it is the sense of this meeting that every certificate should specify the 
date of the completion of the inspection. On the motion of Mr. Summers, it 
was voted that it is the sense of this meeting that the certificate should be 
worded in the impersonal form. On the motion of Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, 
it was voted as the sense of the meeting that no insect or fungus should be 
specifically named in the certificate, but that that portion should read “free 
from dangerously injurious insects and: diseases,” etc. 


The secretary stated that he would prepare and send copies of the record of — 


these meetings to all of those present who desired to receive them. 

The meeting then adjourned. 

November 13.—9 a. m. The meeting was called to order by the chairman. ~ 
The minutes of the previous meeting were read, corrected, and approved. 

On the motion of Mr. Summers, of Iowa, Dr. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois, was 
unanimously chosen as chairman of this body for the next meeting, to be held 
in the fall of 1902. 

The topic, “Is national legislation covering nursery inspection desirable and 
practicable?’ was then discussed. On the motion of Mr. Alwood, of Virginia, 
it was— 

“Resolved, That it is the sense of this body that the bill providing .for na- 
tional control of interstate commerce in nursery stock which has been fre- 
quently indorsed by entomologists, nurserymen, and orchardists and favorably 
reported in both branches of Congress, should be enacted into a law.” 

“May provision be made for the publication of a practical article on the prin- 
‘ cipal nursery pests of the country, available for all horticultural, inspectors 
and distributed to all nurserymen and others immediately interested?” was 
next taken up. It was voted, on the motion of Mr. Smith, of New Jersey, that 
the United States Department of Agriculture be asked to publish such a docu- 
ment. 

The topic, “ How wide an application should be given to the term ‘ nursery 
stock ;’ should it include herbaceous plants grown out of doors; should it 
ever cover greenhouse stock?” was next considered. On the motion of Mr. Sum- 
mers, of Iowa, it was voted that it is the sense of this body that strawberry — 
plants should be regarded as nursery stock and included. It was also voted 
that grape cuttings be included as a part of stock necessary to inspect. 

On the motion of Mr. Scott, of Georgia, it was voted that general ornamental 
stock grown out of doors be included in all inspections. The topic, “ What meas- 
ures should be taken by horticultural inspectors for the regulation of the busi- 


SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 209 


ness of dealers, not owners of nursery premises nor growing their own stock 
for sale?” was then discussed and the present practice in a number of States 
was explained, but no action was taken on the matter. 

It was voted, on the motion of Mr. Scott, of Georgia, that when the meeting 
adjourns it adjourns to meet not as horticultural inspectors, but with the ento- 
mological division of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and 
- Experiment Stations. 

The topic, “ What is a sound public policy with respect to the division between 
the State and the property owner of the costs of a practical operation for the 
control of horticultural pests?” was then discussed. On the motion of Mr. Scott, 
of Georgia, it was voted that it is the sense of this body that in all cases when 
the State makes any provision for the inspection of nurseries these inspections 
should be conducted absolutely without cost to the nurserymen. 

The meeting then adjourned. 


SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 


The opening session was called to order in the Kimball House, October 6, 
1902, at 7.30 p. m., by the chairman, Mr. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois. Mr. Scott, 
of Georgia, was chosen secretary for the Atlanta meeting. 

The following inspectors and entomologists were present at the meeting: 

Florida, H. A. Gossard; Georgia, W. M. Scott, W. F. Fiske, and J. C. Brid- 
_well; Illinois, S. A. Forbes; Massachusetts, H. T. Fernald; New Jersey, John B. 
Smith; New York, M. V. Slingerland and V. H. Lowe; Ohio, A. F. Burgess; 
Pennsylvania, John Hamilton, George C. Butz, and E. B. Engle; South Carolina, 
Charles E. Chambliss; Virginia, J. L. Phillips. 

On motion of Mr. Gossard, it was voted to take up the topics suggested by 
the chairman in the order given. 

The chairman suggested the advisability of a committee to formulate con- 
clusions from the discussions, whereupon Mr. Smith suggested that the sec- 
retary or a member could perform this office by offering a resolution at the 
conclusion of the discussions upon each topic. The latter plan was adopted. 

On motion of Mr. Smith it was voted to have a morning session the following 
day (October 7) as horticultural inspectors and in the afternoon of that day 
to meet as entomologists with the section on entomology, American Association 
of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, under the officers of that 
— body. 

The first topic on the list—‘ Interstate comity with respect to the certifica- 
tion of nurseries’”—was then taken up. The discussion of this topic was 
_ participated in by Messrs. Forbes, Smith, Burgess, Hamilton, Gossard, Fernald, 
Phillips, and Scott. The tendency of the discussion is expressed in the follow- 
ing resolution by Mr. Smith, which was adopted without a dissenting vote: 
“Resolved, That the examining or certifying officer of each State accept at its 
| face value the statements made in certificates duly granted under the laws of 
other States, so far as the laws of his own State admit, unless information at 
hand creates a reasonable doubt as to the regularity of the certificate or its 
| application.” 

Topic 2—‘‘ Exchange of communications with reference to receipt of diseased 
-fursery stock originating in other States.” The discussion of this topic was 
brief, as all present appeared to be of the same mind, viz: 

“That the inspectors of the several States should freely and frankly exchange 


7418—No, 61 m——14 


210 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


communications with regard to nursery infestation, and that each should notify 
every other of such cases of infestation and attempts at evasion of the laws as 
might from time to time come to his notice.’—Resolution by the secretary unani- 
mously adopted. The session then adjourned until morning. 

October 7—9 a. m.—The meeting was called to order by the chairman, and the 
third topic was discussed. 

: Topic 3—“‘ Interstate cooperation for the control of horticultural pests whose 
area of distribution extends across State lines.’’. In the discussion of this 
topic several cases were cited in which it was shown that cooperation was nec- 
essary to produce the desired results. This question was disposed of by the 
adoption of the following resolution offered by Mr. Fernald: 

| “Resolved, That interstate cooperation for the control of horticultural pests 
whose area of distribution extends across State lines is most desirable and 
should be as complete as the laws of the States concerned will permit, and that 
in the treatment of any particular pest preference should be given to such cases.” 
; Topic 4—‘“‘Is it desirable that nurserymen should pay any part, or all, of the 
expenses of nursery inspection required by law, either directly or as a fee for a 
certificate?”’ Mr. Smith and others thought that nurserymen should not pay a 
fee for or bear the expense of the ordinary inspection, but in cases where extra 
inspections were made for the special benefit of the owner he should pay the ex- 
pense thereof. Mr. Fernald agreed, but thought that the nurserymen should be 
required to take out a license at a small fee as a matter of record in the office 
of the inspector. Mr. Butz thought it advisable to charge a small fee for tree 
to tree examinations in cases of infestation, if the owner of the infested nursery 
desired it. Mr. Smith’s plan was to advise the owner to clean up his nursery 
before the inspection is made. Mr. Hamilton thought that in justice to the 
nurserymen no charge should be made for the inspection. Mr. Burgess thought 
it inconsistent to make free inspections of nursery stock and charge fees for the 
inspection of other commodities, such as oil and fertilizers. 

The discussion was concluded by the adoption of the following resolution of 
Mr. Smith: é 

* Resolved, That it is the sense of this body that the nurserymen should not be 
required to pay the expense of the ordinary inspection of nursery stock.” 

Topic 5—‘“Is it desirable that the entire cost of insecticide or fungicide 
measures required by law should be borne by the owner of the affected prop- 
erty?” In the discussion of this topic the consensus of opinion was that the 
State should not bear the cost of the treatment of private premises, and the fol- 
lowing resolution by the secretary was adopted: 

“ Resolved, That the entire cost of insecticide or fungicide measures required 
by law should be borne by the owner of the affected property.” 

Topic 6 was passed over for later consideration. 

Topic 7—‘‘ Lists, reported by members, of nursery pests in their States whose 
continued presence will prevent the certification of a nursery.” Mr. Smith’s 
practice in New Jersey was to withhold certificate from nurserymen whose 
premises were found infested with San Jose scale, at least until all infestation 
was eliminated. Stock actually infested with black knot was not certified. 
Yellows could not be detected on nursery stock and was hardly considered as a 
factor in the inspection. Crown gall was inspected for, so far as possible, after 
the stock was dug and visibly diseased plants discarded. Woolly aphis—badly 
infested stock was destroyed. The occurrence of Aspidiotus ancylus, A. forbesi, 
and Chionaspis furfurus would not bar the stock. The occurrence of any scale 
insect on imported stock would prevent certification, and the presence of Diaspis 
pyricola especially would act as a bar. 


SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. OFT 


The session then adjourned to meet as entomologists with the Entomological 
Section of che American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment 
Stations at 2 p. m. 

October 7—8 p. m. The meeting was again called to order by the chairman 
and the discussion of topic 7 continued. 7 

Mr. Fernald reported that in Massachusetts no certificate would be granted 
so long as the San Jose scale, Diaspis pentagona, Aspidiotus, ostreeformis, 
gypsy month, brown-tail moth, yvellows, rosette, or black knot is found infest- 
ing the stock. Crown gall, he stated, had not so far been found in Massa- 
chusetts. ; 

Mr. Gossard reported that it was his practice in Florida to withhold certifi- 
cate from the owner of premises infested with San Jose scale until the proper 
steps had been taken to get rid of the pest by fumigation or otherwise. Diaspis 
pentagona occurred in the State, but so far had not been found in the nurseries. 
Citrus plants are commonly infested with various scale insects, but no definite 
action had yet been taken with respect to such cases. White fly was generaily 
distributed as to render restrictive measures against it impracticable, but treat- 
ment was recommended. 

In case of crown gall the owners were instructed to destroy all affected plants, 
and root-knot infestation was also rejected. 

Mr. Hamilton stated that the prevailing rule in Pennsylvania was to grant 
a certificate when the nursery was found apparently free from San Jose scale, 
and to withhold the same when this pest was found. Mr. Butz, of the same 
State, explained further that in cases of crown gall, woolly aphis, and some 
other of the more injurious pests the nurserymen were requested to discard 
badly affected stock. 

Mr. Burgess reported that in Ohio the presence in a nursery of the San Jose 
seale, black knot, or peach yellows was sufficient ground for withholding cer- 
tificate, and that plants infested with woolly aphis or affected with crown gall 
were caused to be destroyed. He stated that the oyster-shell scale was doing 
considerable damage in Ohio, and so far as practicable its dissemination on 
hursery stock was prevented. 

Mr. Phillips reported that the practice in Virginia was to withhold certificate 
from nurseries in which San Jose scale, black knot, or peach yellows was found 
until the trouble was effectually eliminated. Peach yellows had not so far been 
found in the nurseries, but diséased orchard trees in the neighborhood of a 
nursery were caused to be destroyed before a certificate was granted. The 
same was true of black knot. He stated further that severe cases of crown 
gall, woolly aphis, and pear blight were not admitted under certificate. Plants 
actually showing the presence of such pests were rejected. 

Mr. Forbes required the Illinois inspectors to send in a statement of every 
pest found in the nursery, and before a certificate was granted he required 

_ the elimination of the San Jose scale and black knot. Precautions were taken 
_ to avoid sending out borers, woolly aphis, crown gall, and pear blight. Plants 
_ infested with woolly aphis to the extent of causing warty formations on the 
| roots were discarded, and so also were plants visibly affected with crown gall. 
h Crown gall was common on apple in Illinois, but was not found on peach. 
| Noticeable infestation of the scurfy scale and bad cases of oyster-shell scale 
_ were rejected. 

" Mr. Engle, of Pennsylvania, suggested that in these discussions one important 
_ insect—the black peach aphis—had been overlooked, and that, in his opinion, . 


n 


| all inspectors should rule against this pest. 
h Mr. Scott stated that in Georgia the presence of the San Jose scale, Diaspis 
ce pentagona, black knot, or rosette would prevent the certification of a nursery; 


212 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


that stock seriously affected with crown gall, root knot, or woolly aphis was 
not allowed to be sent out under certificate, and that stock infested with the 
cherry scale, scurfy scale, or oyster-shell scale was caused to be properly treated 
before it was sent out. It had been his practice in suspicious cases to have the 
stock inspected on the heeling grounds for crown gall, woolly aphis, and scale 
insects. 

Referring to the statement by Mr. Forbes that in Illinois crown gall was 
found only on apple, Mr. Phillips stated that the same was true in Virginia. 
Mr. Scott stated that in Georgia this disease was equally common on peach 
and apple, while Mr. Smith’s observation was that in New Jersey it was con- 
fined entirely to the peach, and Mr. Gossard stated that the same was true for 
Florida. 

The discussion of this topic being concluded, Mr. Smith moved that the 
chairman appoint a committee of three, including himself, to whom shall be 
intrusted the duty of comparing all existing laws concerning insect control 
in nursery or orchard, who shall suggest*points to be covered in State legisla- 
tion, and who shall formulate suggestively uniform State and Federal legis- 
lation to regulate nursery inspection, interstate traffic, and orchard control. 
Report to be made at the next meeting of this body. 

At the suggestion of Mr. Fernald the motion was so amended as to couple the 
word “disease” with that of “insect.” The motion was then adopted as 
amended. 

Topic 9.—‘*A statement by each member of the procedure taken in his State 
in cases of nursery infestation with scale or other dangerous pests.” Mr. Scott 
stated that the Georgia law prehibited the certification of a nursery when any 
portion of it was found infested with San Jose scale or like pests, and that he 
had disposed of such cases according to the individuality of the nurseryman 
as well as the circumstances attending the case, in the following manner: 

Case 1.—A portion of a large nursery was found infested with San Jose scale, 
and, as agreed to by the owner, its customers were notified of the exact condi- 
tions, with assurance that the stock actually infested would be burned and the 
remainder fumigated under supervision. To the surprise of both the owner and 
himself not a single order was countermanded, and practically the entire stock 
was disposed of at the customary prices. 

Case 2.—Upon the inspection of a certain nursery a single specimen of San 
Jose scale was found upon a plum leaf, and in spite of a most careful examina- 
tion no further infestation could be found at that time. A second inspection at 
the heeling grounds revealed a slight infestation of a dozen or more trees, 
which were thrown out. The owner would not agree to the notification of his 
customers as in case 1, and a certificate to cover the contents of each box was 
issued after a list to whom the stock was intended to be shipped was furnished. 
Other cases were treated similarly. 

Case 3.—In this case the nursery was located in a section where practically 
all the orchards were infested, and the fruit interest was sufficiently great to 
demand all the stock grown in this nurséry. The certificate issued set forth the © 
facts, viz, that San Jose scale was found in a portion of the nursery and that — 
the proper steps had been taken to eliminate it. Under this certificate all the 
stock (except apples, which they made no attempt to sell) was disposed of at 
market prices. 

In Pennsylvania Mr. Hamilton required under affidavit the attachment of a 
statement of fumigation to each shipment. 

In Florida Mr. Gossard requires a thorough cleaning up by destruction of 
trees actually infested and the fumigation of the remainder. 


SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 913 


In Illinois Mr. Forbes did not require the fumigation of the entire stock when 
scale was found in an isolated portion of the nursery unless the indications 
were that there had been a general spread of the scale. However, fumigation 
was required for the infested portions or for the entire stock when the infesta- 
tion was general. 

In New Jersey Mr. Smith required the fumigation of the entire stock when 
scale was found in the nursery, but under no circumstances did he allow ship- 
ments of stock from infested nurseries to go outside the State. However, he 
did not restrict the sale of such stock within the State. 

In Ohio Mr. Burgess destroyed all infested stock and requires the fumigation 
of such as is dangerously near. ; 

In Massachusetts Mr. Fernald gave the owner the option of fumigating or 
destroying the infested stock and in cases of general infestation a fumigation 
affidavit was required. 

Mr. Fernald then offered the following resolution: 

'“ Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting nursery stock fumigated 
according to accepted requirements should be considered as satisfactory as 
stock sold under certificates of inspection only.” 

Mr. Phillips thought that the adoption of this resolution might give fumiga- 
tion a stronger indorsement than it deserved unless it was intended that inspec- 
tion should always be coupled with it. He related an instance in which a bundle 
of infested stock was placed at the back. end of a fumigating house opposite the 
point where the gas was generated. The house was then filled and charged, 
with the result that the scales came through unharmed. Mr. Scott wished to 
know if the resolution carried the meaning that fumigation should take the 

place of inspection. Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Fernald explained that the resolu- 
- tion was not to be so construed. After very little further discussion the resolu- 
tion was adopted without a dissenting vote, and the session then adjourned to 
reassemble immediately after the adjournment of the section on entomology of 
the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations on 
_ the 8th.’ 
: October 8—12 m. After calling the meeting to order the chairman asked 
if it were desirable to continue the organization, whereupon Mr. Smith stated 
that in his opinion no organization of entomologists was accomplishing so much 
_ as this one and that the work had only begun. He moved that the association 
meet next year at the same time and place as the American Association of 
| Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. The motion was carried and 
Mr. Fernald nominated Mr. Forbes chairman for next year. Mr. Forbes was 
_ unanimously reelected. He accepted on condition that a vice-chairman be 
elected, so that in case of his enforced absence from the meeting the chair would 
be filled. Mr. Smith was put in nomination and elected vice-chairman. 
} The chairman then read a letter from Mr. Atwood, of New York, giving a 
_ statement of the practices in that State with reference to the topics under dis- 
} cussion at this meeting. 
‘Topic 8—“ Statements by members of their recent experience and observations 
4 with respect to the relative practical values of insecticides for the San Jose 
i seale.” This topic was treated by Mr. Smith in a paper before the section on 
- entomology, the discussion of which was continued by the horticultural inspect- 
ors after the adjournment of that section. 

Mr. Fernald then reported upon some experiments which he recently made in 
Massachusetts and which represented the most extensive work against the San 
- Jose scale ever done in New England. The discussions were participated in 

_ by nearly every one present, were quite lengthy, and tended to show that the 


214 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


petroleum oils, whale-oil soap, and lime-salt-sulphur wash constituted the stand- 
ard remedies for the San Jose scale in orchards. 
The meeting then adjourned. 


THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 


The association met at 9 a. m., Tuesday, November 17, 1903, at the Shoreham. 
In the absence of the chairman, Prof. S. A. Forbes, the body was called to order 
by the vice-chairman, Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey. J. B. S. Norton, of 
Maryland, was elected secretary. 

The following inspectors and entomologists were in attendance at the meet- 
ing: R. S. Mackintosh, Alabama; W. E. Britton, Connecticut; Wesley Webb, 
Delaware; H. E. Summers, Iowa; J. B. S. Norton, T. B. Symons, Maryland; 
F. C. Washburn, Minnesota; C. M. Weed, New Hampshire; J. B. Smith, New 
Jersey; E. P. Felt, G. A. Atwood, New York; A. F. Burgess, Ohio; H. A. Sur- 
face, E. B. Engel, Pennsylvania ; W. B. Alwood, Virginia; W. E. Rumsey, F. ro! 
Johnson, West Virginia. 

The United States Department of Agriculture was also represented by Messrs. 
Scott, Hopkins, Wilcox, Piper, Marlatt, and Kotinsky, and W. G. Johnson, of 
the American Agriculturist, was also present. 

The time for further meetings was set at 9 a. m. and 2 p. m., when not con- 
flicting with the meetings of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and 
Experiment Stations, until the business of the association was completed. 

The report ‘of the previously appointed committee on legislation was given 
by Doctor Smith. The committee made no formal report, but reported progress. 

The questions announced on the ——— were taken up for discussion, as 
follows: 

Question 1—‘‘ What provisions in our inspection law will be likely to prove 
unconstitutional if attacked?” 

The question was discussed by Messrs. Atwood, Scott, Norton, Rumsey, Bur- 
gess, Washburn, and Alwood, and Doctor Alwood was appointed to draft resolu- 
tions on the question discussed. 

The subjects of fumigation, license, destruction of property, and discrimina- 
tion against parties in other States were taken up and discussed. 

Adjournment. 

The next session was held at 2 p. m., Tuesday. The following resolutions 
were reported by Doctor Alwood, and were adopted: 

“Resolved, That it is the opinion of the American Association of Horticul- 
tural Inspectors that no State law should contain any provision which in any 

way discriminates against nurserymen of other States. 

. “Resolved, further, That no State should make fumigation or other treat- 
ment of nursery stock a condition precedent to.its admission into that State; 
but that a requirement that no stock shall be distributed within the State until 
it has been fumigated or otherwise treated is just and proper whenever a similar 
requirement is made of local nurserymen.” 

Question 2 on the programme—*‘ The attitude of nurserymen’s associations 
toward inspection laws’”’—was taken up for discussion. The reports of the 
National Nurserymen’s committee on the subject were read as published in the 
National Nurseryman. ; 

The subject was discussed by Messrs. Smith, Alwood, Seott, Atwood, Norton, 
and Burgess. | 

The discussion showed a general tendency of nurserymen and inspectors to 
cooperate in the suppression of insect pests and plant diseases, although some ] 
friction frequently arises. 


THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 915 


The question of the part which is taken by professional scientists in connec- 
tion with the enforcement of inspection laws was discussed, and the following 
resolution adopted : 

“Resolved, That in the opinion of the American Association of Horticultural 
Inspectors the specialists employed under the crop-pest laws of the several 
States ought not to be required to attend to the details of prosecution, either 
civil or criminal, which may arise through violation of these laws.” : 

The third question—* To what protection is a nurseryman entitled as against 
scale infested surroundings?”—was discussed by Messrs. Symons, Alwood, 
Smith, Britton, Weed, Norton, Scott, Wilcox, Summers, and Piper. ' 

The trend of the discussion was that it is hardly feasible to attempt to keep 
nursery stock free from scale with infested surroundings, but that the authori- 
ties in charge of the suppression of these insects should protect the nurserymen 
as much as possible against infested surroundings, and in some States the prac- 
tice has been to commence cleaning up infested orchards and premises around 
nurseries. It was thought that while it is necessary that nursery premises 
should be kept more clean than others the nurserymen deserve protection from 
infestation from adjoining premises. 

Adjournment. 

The next session met at 9.15 a. m., pueda 

Question 4—‘‘ What is the status of fumigation in justifying the sale of 
hursery stock exposed to infestation?’’—was discussed by Messrs. Engel, Brit- 
ton, Mackintosh, Norton, Webb, Summers, Smith, Atwood, Burgess, Surface, 
Rumsey, Johnson, Symons, Weed, and Felt. 

It was the expression of the members that fumigation was the best safeguard 
we now have against infestation, but many thought an inspection by which 
visibly infested trees would be thrown out was advisable, since fumigation can 
not always be made absolutely effective. Special care should be taken that 
the materials used in fumigation are of the proper strength, and if possible 
they should be used under the supervision of competent authority. 

The question of the effectiveness of fumigation against woolly aphis was 
discussed, with the decision that it was a perfect safeguard except against 
the eggs of this insect, which are not killed by it. 

The question of what should be done in infested orchards was discussed. 


3 showing a wide range of recent experience in the East with the lime and sulphur 
wash which is now being much recommended as the most effective treatment for 


scale in orchards in the East. 

The effectiveness of this treatment aa the leaf curl and other fungus 
diseases was brought out. 

A motion was carried to continue the organization under the following offi- 
eers: S. A. Forbes, chairman; John B. Smith, vice-chairman, and J. B. S. Norton, 
secretary. 

Adjournment. 

The next session was held at 4 p. m. Various questions concerning San Jose 
scale, and the use of the lime and sulphur wash were discussed by Messrs. Wash- 
burn, Weed, Surface, Scott, Piper, Smith, Summers, Felt, and Alwood. 

A motion was carried that the association advise the use of the formula 1-2-4 
in fumigating with hydrocyanic-acid gas. 

The following resolutions were adopted: 

“Whereas during recent years the dissemination of certain species of insects 
and fungi on nursery stock has resulted in the rapid spread of injurious insect 


pests and plant diseases ; and 


“Whereas many of the States of the United States and the Dominion of 


216 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


Canada have now passed laws. designed to protect purchasers of nursery stock 
from injury and loss by reason of infested or diseased nursery plants; and 

“Whereas the enforcement of these laws has been in some instances con- 

sidered hurtful to the interests of nurserymen and has led to some antagonism : 
Therefore, 
_ “Be it resolved by the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors, 
That while they consider that the enforcement of reasonable crop pest laws is 
imperatively needed, both for the protection of the nurserymen and the fruit 
growers, they also believe that it is now possible, in view of the large experi- 
ence and data at our command, so to frame the inspection laws and regulations 
for their execution as to protect the interests of both the nurserymen and the 
fruit growers; Therefore, 

“Be it further resolved, That we invite such conference with the official 
nurserymen’s associations as will lead to better relations, and so far as practic- 
able to uniformity of practice on the part of the official inspectors.” 

Mr. Kotinsky, of the Division of Entomology, presented a review of a 
Kussian paper on the inoculation of trees for the prevention of attacks by 
insects and other fungi. 

Adjournment sine die. 


FourtTH ANNUAL MEETING.@ 


The association met with the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experi- 
ment Stations at the Shoreham, Washington, D. C., November 14-16, 1905. 

The meeting was attended by 33 persons, 22 States and the District of Colum- 
bia being represented. Those present were: 

R. S. Woglum, Raleigh, N. C.; S. A. Forbes, Urbana, Ill.; H. E. Summers, 
Ames, Iowa; Wesley Webb, Dover, Del.; W. E. Rumsey, Morgantown, W. Va. ; 
Wilmon Newell, Shreveport, La.; J. B. 8. Norton, College Park, Md.; O. EH. Stene, 
Kingston, R. I.; L. R. Taft, Agricultural College, Mich.; E. P. Taylor, Urbana, 
Ill.; George G. Atwood, Albany, N. Y.; L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; 
P. L. Hulsted, Blauvelt, N. Y.; C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Colo.; J. L. Phil- 
lips, Blacksburg, Va.; A. L. Quaintance, E. V. Wilcox, Washington, D. C.; 
R. I. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.; E. P. Sandsten, Madison, Wis.; James Troop, 
Lafayette, Ind.; John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; R. W. Braucher, 
Neoga, Ill.; Fred E. Brooks, F. C. Johnson, Morgantown, W. Va.; Gordon M. 
Bentley, Knoxville, Tenn.; E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; A. F. Burgess, 
Columbus, Ohio; A. B. Gahan, College Park, Md.; C. L. Marlatt, Washington, ~ 
D. C.; Charles E. Chambliss, Clemson College, S. C.; H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, — 
Pa.; T. B. Symons, College Park, Md.; R. S. Mackintosh, Auburn, Ala. 

The meeting was called to order at 10.20 a. m., Tuesday, by Chairman Forbes. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read by the chairman and ap- 
proved. 

On motion representatives of the National Nurserymen’s Association were 
allowed access to the meetings and all discussions of general interest. 

Mr. Albertson, president of the American Association of Nurserymen, re- 
sponded in a few words and, thanking the association, asked for a hearing later. 

The topics announced for discussion were taken up. 

The first discussion was on uniformity in nursery inspection laws and require- 
ments concerning fumigation. 

The discussion resulted in the adoption of the following resolution: 


“No meeting of the association was held in 1904. 


FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. ry 


“ Resolwed, That it is the sense of those present that all nursery stock be 
fumigated before being planted.”’ 

An amendment to except regions where San Jose scale is believed to be 
absent was lost. \ 

After adjournment the association met at 4 p. m. and took up the discussion 
of the license system for nurserymen. The discussions were participated in by 
Mr. Albertson and Col. C. L. Watrous, representing the American Association of 
Nurserymen. The following resolutions were adopted: 

“Resolved, That the former action of this association, that nurserymen 
should not be required to pay the ordinary expenses of inspection, be reaffitmed. 

“Resolved, That it is the sense of those present that it is unjust for the 
authorities of any State to charge a license fee of nonresident nurserymen. 

“* Resolved, That it is the sense of those present that it is undesirable to estab- 
lish a license system for resident nurserymen of a State.” 

The tag system for outside nurserymen as required by some States was dis- 
cussed—in particular, the hardships to nurserymen from lack of uniformity in 
the same—and a committee, consisting of Messrs. Taft, R. I. Smith, Sanderson, 
Burgess, and Mackintosh, was appointed to consider the question of uniformity 
of tags and report at this meeting. 

The question was asked in sending out duplicate certificates as required by 
some States whether the inspecting officer furnish them or the nurserymen. 
Discussion showed that both systems were used in different States. 

After adjournment the association met again at 7.30 p. m. 

The distribution of San Jose seale in the nurseries and orchards was dis- 
cussed for the respective States by the various representatives present, each 
giving an account of his methods of inspection and granting certificates and 
procedure in case infestation is found. 

After adjournment, met again at 9 a. m., Wednesday. 

A motion was carried to proceed to election of officers at the opening of the 
afternoon session. 

The secretary was directed to have published all formal action taken at this 
meeting in the National Nurseryman and send abstracts to the members of 
the association. 

The committee on uniform tags gave its report, and on motion the discussion 
was made the second order for the afternoon session. 

The question of recent additions to our knowledge of insecticide measures 
against the San Jose scale was discussed. The general opinion was that the 
lime-sulphur wash is the cheapest and best, though some had good results with 
recent patent compounds. 

The time for nursery inspection was discussed, and showed considerable 
variation. No new action was taken on this subject. 

A committee of three was appointed to design a form for a uniform certifi- 
eate and to prepare a list of pests to be considered in nursery inspection and 
report at the afternoon session. 

! After discussion of what constitutes a nursery the following resolution was 
_ adopted : 

“Resolved, That a nursery, in the inspector’s sense, is a place where hardy 
fruit and ornamental trees, vines, shrubs, or plants are grown for sale or dis- 
_ tribution.” 

The attitude of commercial fruit growers toward inspection work for control 
_ of San Jose scale was discussed, and showed much interest toward keeping 
_ down the pest and preventing its introduction, but no alarm in regions where 
_ the scale has long been introduced and methods of control have it well in hand. 


218 MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS. 


4 i : 
eS ee eS ee 


Information from various persons present showed that orchard inspection is 
carried on in six States. i 

On inquiry it did not develop that the scale has had much influence on prun- 
ing methods. 

A paper by Prof. H. T. Fernald on “Inspection for gypsy and brown-tail 
moths ” was read by the secretary. 

Adjournment to 1.30 p. m. ‘ . 

On reassembling the election of officers resulted in the following: S. A. 
Forbes, chairman; John B. Smith, vice-chairman; A. F. Burgess, secretary. 

The report of the committee on uniform tags was taken up and adopted, as 
follows: 

“Resolved, That a committee of three be elected by ballot by this association 
to have charge of the issuing of one tag good to admit nursery stock into all 
States requiring tags. Said committee to elect a secretary, who shall secure a 
statement from the official inspectors of the State of each nursery wishing to 
do interstate business as to the exact conditions of the said nursery, and, if sat- 
isfactory, to issue the nurserymen the official tags of the committee at such cost 
as the committee may decide. In case the conditions of such nursery are such 
as to make allowing his interstate business doubtful the statement of the con- 
dition must be submitted to all members of the committee. The committee 
also recommends that a designated color of tags or certificates be used by this 
committee, and a separate color by all State inspectors for all other shipments 
of nursery stock not using interstate tags for each shipping year. And we 
recommend the adoption of this measure by all boards of control or States 
involved.” 

The specified committee was then elected by ballot, those receiving the 
highest number of votes being chosen, viz: S. A. Forbes, L. R. Taft, and A. F. 
Burgess. ‘ 

Professor Taft having resigned, R. I. Smith was elected in his place on the © 
committee. ‘ 

On motion, the association voted to adjourn at the end of the Thursday 
morning session. 

The following resolution was bpeticho with instructions that the Secretary 
appoint the secretary and two others as the stated committee: 

“Resolved, That the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors, 
through its secretary, respectfully requests the honorable Secretary of Agri- 
culture that a revision of Bulletin No. 13, New Series, Division of Entomology, 
be published, giving brief explicit directions to nurserymen as to the method of 
compliance with the laws or regulations of each State, and the regulations of 
States in addition to their laws, and that the previous and present proceedings 
of this association be published in this bulletin, the same to be edited by a 
committee of this association and published under the supervision of the Chief 
of the Bureau of Entomology.” 

After discussion of crown gall the following resolution was adopted: 

“Resolved, That it is the sense of those present that in the present state of 
our knowledge regarding crown gall it is advisable that all nursery trees and 
plants showing evidence of this disease at digging time should be destroyed.” 

The treatment for woolly aphis in the nursery was discussed. Most inspect- 
ors require them to be thrown out; some practice dipping. 

The following resolution was adopted: 

“Resolved, That the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors urg 
ample appropriations by Congress to control the spread of the gypsy moth; and 

“Resolved, That this be communicated to the honorable Secretary of Agri 


f 


FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. , 919 


culture and to the chairmen of the Committees of Agriculture of the House of 
Representatives and Senate of the United States by the secretary of this asso- 
ciation; and 

“Resolved, That a committee of this association be appointed, which shall 
cooperate in drafting and aid in every way possible the passage of such legis- 
lation, and report at the next meeting of this association.” 

After which, adjournment was taken to 9 a. m., Thursday. 

On Thursday morning, after discussion, the report of the committee on uni- 
form certificate was adopted, as follows: 

“Resolved, That the following form shall be the uniform certificate for adop- 
tion : 

“*«MThis is to certify that, in accordance with chapter , the nursery stock 
for sale by , of ; has been inspected by a duly authorized 
‘inspector and has been found apparently free from dangerously injurious 
insects and plant diseases.” 

“*Tnvalid after July 1, 190—.’”’ 

On motion, the committee was continued to prepare a uniform list of pests. 

_ Professor Forbes reported, for the recently elected tag committee, the great 
difficulties of putting into practice the required duties of the committee. 

The following resolutions were adopted, after which the association ad- 
journed : 

“Resolved. by the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors, That 
whereas a committee of the American Association of Nurserymen has at this 
-Ineeting requested that a delegation from this association be instructed to attend 
the annual meeting of the said Nurserymen’s Association, at Dallas, Tex., June 
13-15, 1906, to consider matters of vital common interest relative to the regu- 
lations concerning the control of nursery stock, the appointment of Professor 
Newell, of Louisiana; Professor Smith, of Georgia, and Professor Mackintosh, 
of Alabama, be made to form such a delegation, and that the proper boards in 
their respective States be informed of this action, with the recommendation that 
provision be made by them for the expense incident in attending the aforesaid 
meeting. 

“ Resolved, That the time and place of our next meeting be left to the officers 
of this association.” 


EN Dib. 


Page. 

eset? (see aiso White fly). 2 25) 145 

mMtnOnOMmuUsS grandis (see also Boll weevil)____________.____ 35, 58, 117, 139, 145 

Anthracnose _____--- EDs Bis SM he Ce Se ka ee ee 203 

SE MUCUS 1 Nae ply See eh ey Ne ee 211 

muolwn (see also Schizoneura lanigera)__.______ 2 a 88, 

157, 203, 204, 210, 211, 212 215, 218 

ET ee ee Se er es 9 ee ee Se Res Bs Se 120-121 

SE LIOUUS GHCYUUS — gi ee a op es so Lage! eee 

forbesi (see also Scale, fone) EO eee, Ws 1 OMMEY Bia Bee yop ERR ee te 210 

MSMEN ETON Scere cette es eet AE en ee eae Se 211 

mermiciosus (see atso Seale, San Jose))_...---- 2. ee 11-12, 

35, 58, 117, 134, 139, 145, 157, 178 

rice pis pentagona (see also Diaspis pentagona and Diaspis amygdali). 139 
Bat, fruit-eating. (See Pteropus and Flying fox.) 

PP eeeeMOnpdcainst Sprays. 24, 89 

Black brood. (See Foul brood.) 
Mam PESCesaIsO, FlOInMgRUd MOr0OSd) 2a. ee kk 73-74, 


88, 101, 110, 111, 126, 141, 145, 157-158, 168, 203, 210, 211 
Blight, fire. (See Blight, pear; also Micrococcus amylovorus.) 
mean (see also Micrococcus amylovorus) __-2.-=---222 22. en 
27, 62, 65, 73-74, 151, 152, 153, 211 


Boll weevil (see also Anthonomus grandis) ________-_-_-_- 2-5 eee 9, 34-35, 
38-39, 55-60, 78-80, 108-109, 118-119, 128, 134, 139, 140-141 

EYE TCE ESE so ES Scop 61, 67-70, 211, 218 

0 RES LISES0 vcs Bee eh. he Oe Sa 71, 73-74 

Cherry scale. (See Scale, cherry. ) 

Ronisiis furjurus (see also Scale, scurfy)_.. + -----~- 2222+ 210 


EP IMMInCIINN MAINO PMs a ee ek 18, 90-91, 99 
Cotton boll weevil. (See Boll weevil and Anthonomus grandis.) 

Teen ROTLM ee ne ee te a ee a 43 
Crown gall (see also Dendrophagus globosus and Root gall)________-_____ 88, 


126, 134,139, 141, 145,151, 152, 153,157, 205, 210, 211, 212, 248 
Be ricic globosus (see also Crown gall and Root gail) 2 6b, 3b, 417, 178 
Diaspis amygdali (see also Diaspis pentagona and Aulacaspis penta- 
| SOLES) eet EI a SE SEY SA ee ee eee ee Nee Fo 11-12, 117 
pentagona (see also Diaspis amygdali and Aulacaspis penta- 
OE) Le) ee ea ea ART ie EADIE fa eed ae a eS SST Ee On Bee Oe TP 30, 145, 211 
CSRS Ee SS oes Sg 2 ae Sa ea SE SRE eee Pal Se a ee 210 
Fire blight. (See Blight, pear; also Micrococcus amylovorus. ) 
‘Flying UES eC SOME EEO INU S)) sex) Ee hie eg ek 21, 128 
'Fruit-eating bat. (See Pteropus.) 
INE tee heed ey ae Ne ok Le, eg be oe 42 
EMA GRIMEPE ete els Place Lo Ree ck A ee A oleh oe ah sa ae ak 184-200 
/Grasshopper _________ SSS RAY OUI See DS eR Eine ns COE E 77-79, 109 
Bey psy EDDC, 2, cg SEs 2 RE ae eS) de en eg eee meee 5 61, 67-70, 211, 218 
Sieirocyanic-acid REET ate eh Se Dee 1 ae eee Le Ll Sp ea hae © oN 207, 215 
IIT SOM ke! i a ke ele oF Sth ey ee Ue sn 152, 204 


Land crab. (See Crab, iand.) 


bh - @ Also mentioned on many pages of this bulletin in various State laws relating 
to fumigation. 


221 


yyy INDEX. 


Page. 
Leaf curl ___._... - 23 Se eee eee 215 
Lime-suliphur wel _..<260 <3) WJ a eee ee 152, 214, 215, 217 
London purple «2-0 oe ee ee eee 120-121 
Micrococcus amylovorus (see also Blight, pear) ________________________ 157 
Monsvonpe 9080! ns ot ee ee eee yA | 
Mytilaspis citricola __—.. 5 Se Eee 145 
pomorum (see also Scale, oyster-shell)__-_ ===> 178 
Oils, Insecticide ..._—>_— SE eee 208 
petrolemm—. 9 = Se ei ee ee eee 214 
Oyster-shell bark louse. (See Mytilaspis pomorum and Secale, oyster- 
shell.) 
scale. (See Scale, oyster-shell; also Mytilaspis pomorum,) 
Paris Seem. 6s 2 ete ed te ee eee 21-22, 120-121 


Peach and plum rosette. (See Rosette.) 
aphis, black. (See Aphis, black peach.) 


FRERRE NOS CPS Te Bh So SE ee ee ee 73-74, 101 
rosette. (See Rosette.) 
tree borer 2 eee 117 


yellows. (See Yellows.) 
Pear blight. (See Blight, pear; also Micrococcus amylovorus.) 
Plum and peach rosette. (See Rosette.) 


Plowrightia morbosa (see also Black Knot)_--_----~ 12, 35, 117, 134, 139, 157, 178 
Pteropus (see also Flying fox). > +. eee 43 
Purple scale. (See Mytilaspis citricola.) 

Rabbits, English or Australian... eee 21, 123 
Root gall. (See Crown gall and Dendrophagus globosus.) 


Weep ne) tt ne ee le ee 88, 211 
Weasebte 1 ee eee 12, 13, 
21, 35, 46, 50-51, 54, 73-74, 81, 117, 122, 134, 139, 145, 151, 153, 203, 211 © 
Russian thistle. (See Salsoli kali, var. tragus.) ae 
Salsols kali, var. tTragus — — 222.22. ee Eee 18 
Salt wort. (See Salsoli kali, var. tragus.) 
San Jose scale. (See Scale, San Jose; also Aspidiotus perniciosus.) 
“Seale bug” LU 4 1 90s ee eee 90-91, 99 
Seale, cherry (see also Aspidiotus forbest)..._._ -___.___- > eee 212 
new peach. (See Diaspis amygdali, Diaspis pentagona, and Aula- ; 
caspis pentagona.) 
oyster-shell (see also Mytilaspis pomorum)_—~~~~---_---__ 208, 211, 2 
purple. (See Mytilaspis citricola.) 
San Jose (see also Aspidiotus perniciosus)_ 13, 25, 27, 47-49, 49-51, 51 
53-4, 58-60, 61, 62, 65, 71-74, 81, 88, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 11 
114, 126-128, 133-134, 141, 143-144, 145, 147, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160, 168, 
171-173, 177, 178, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213-214, 217 
scurfy (see also Chionaspis furfurus)____-_-____________ _203, 205, 211, 212 
Schizoneura lanigera (see also Aphis, woolly)__ 12, 35, 117, 134, 139, 145, 157, 1 
Seurfy scale. (See Scale, scurfy; also Chionaspis furfurus.) 
Soaps, insecticide___..... eee 
Suipltur ..... 0) 20 ee ee ee eee 
White fly (see also Aleyrodes citri)___......__--—_ 2 Eee 
Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly: also Schizoneura lanigera.) "| 
Yellows... 12, 13, 21, 27, 35, 46, 50-51, 54, 62, 65, 71, T3—74, 81, 101, 110, 111, 114 
117, 122, 126, 134, 139. 141, 145, 151, 153, 157-158, 168, 203, 210, 2 


O 


a har 


_ BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 62, 


L, O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. peer Hake ro oe wa A ; fh obeys 
pa he PRED 


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PSN JOSE O CHINESE, SCALE 


a iG 2 


a Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence OG Bigfe be BK zi or, r, ey 


q es Lee f = ‘ in 
bee Caer) cc N i Y nd r X 
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_Issuep Decemper 5, 1906. _ 


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. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. | 


y 


.: . BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. © *2 <= 


L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in statis 7 of Cit 
R. S. CriFton, Chief Clerk. 


F. H. Ca HITTENDEN, in charge of breeding experiments. . : 

A. D. Hopxrns, in charge of forest insect investigations. A mee 
W. D. Hunter, in charge of cotton boll weevil investigations. Pediat ie 
F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. ie ep ' 
A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous-fruit insect investigations. ; ee i 


Frank Benton, iv charge of apicultural investigations. “Ay 
D. M. Rocers, in charge of gipsy and brown-tail moth work. Pee ae 
A. W. Morritt, engaged in white fly investigations. 2 By A aay 
E. A. Scowarz, D. W. Coqurtiett, TH. PERGANDE, NATHAN Basis Bop iw Ento- 
mologists. eae 
E. 8. G. Titvs, Aveust Buscx, Orro Hememann, R. P. Curr, J. G. Santen N 
Catpe.t, F. D. Coupen, E. R. Sasscer, J. H. Bearrre, I. J. Coxprr, Assistan te \ 
Lititian L. Howenstern, FREDERICK Knap, Artists. se Fk, die +m 
Mase Cotcorp, Librarian. OS Se ee 
H. E. Burke, W. F. Fisxe, J. L. Wess, J. F. Srrauss, engaged in Foret be 1 
gations. Lets 
W. E. Hinps, J. C. Crawrorp, W. A. Hooxer, W. W. Yorners, at on “Mor x 
W. D. Pierce, F. C. Bisnorp, C. R. Jones, F.C. Prarr, C. E. pestis J.D. 
MircHenL, Witmon Newe.t, J. B. Garrett, C. W. Frynn, A: W. BoE \ 
CusHMAN, W. H. Grtson, engaged in cotton boll weevil investigations. —— 2 
G. I. Reeves, W. J. Puivures, C. N. Arysiie, engaged in cereal and forage-plant in Tse! 
investigations. x ke ; 
' Frep Jonnson, A. A. GIRABLE, Vitis Movtton, engaged in deciduons-fruit in : 
investigations. ge 
E. F. Pamuirs, J. M. Ranxin, engaged in apicultural investigations. re . 
C. J. Griuiss, T. A. Ketener, W. A. KEeLeneER, engaged in silk inaealigaai ones 


i 


ak 


Be DEPARTMENT! OF AGRICULLURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 62. 


L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


i BY 
FA 


© J. IM ALR EACLE: 


Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. 


ISSUED DECEMBER 5, 1906. : 


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WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
ed O:O% 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U. S. DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, 
BurREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., August 31, 1906. 

Str: I have the honor to submit for publication a manuscript enti- 
tled ‘‘ The San Jose or Chinese Scale,” which is a thoro revision of 
the previous publications on this subject issued by the Department, 
namely, Bulletins Nos. 3 and 12, new series, of this office. In spite 
of the large number of articles which have been published concerning 
this insect in experiment station bulletins and in journals and maga- 
zines, there is a distinct need for a comprehensive treatment of this 
most important subject, and this need, I think, has been met in an 
excellent way by Mr. Marlatt in this manuscript. I recommend that 
it be published as Bulletin No. 62 of this Bureau. 


Respectfully, 
L. O. Howarp, 


Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. James WILson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. — 


4 


ee CR. 


Bulletin No. 3 (new series) of this office, giving a full account of the 
San Jose scale, was presented for publication, under the joint author- 
ship of Doctor Howard and the writer, November 29, 1895, and 
included the results of two years of very thoro study of the San Jose 
scale. Two years later Doctor Howard issued, as Bulletin No. 12 (new 

_ series), a record of the work to the end of 1897, more particularly giv- 
ing an account of the spread of the San Jose scale in the United States 
~ during the intervening period and the results of remedial work by this 
_ office and the different experiment stations, together with additions to 
_ the bibliography. It has now been more than ten years since the 
i publication of the larger bulletin giving the full life history of this 
scale pest, and it seems advisable to issue a new general publication 
to include in one bulletin the considerable additions which have been 
made to our information on the subject. 

The portion of Bulletin 3 giving the life history of the insect was 

_ worked out with great minuteness and is reproduced with little change. 
The facts relating to the original home of the insect, as discovered by 
the writer in 1901 in the course of explorations in China and Japan, 
are incorporated in this bulletin, and the distribution of the insect has 
been brought down to date. 

_ The literature of the last ten years relating to the San Jose scale is 
.of enormous volume, probably exceeding that relating to any other 
insect pest. Most of this literature relates, however, to the strictly 

economic phase of the subject—namely, distribution, injury to plants, 
and the means of control—together with legal enactments of various 
foreign countries and of the several States of the Union. The listing 

_ of all the publications on the San Jose scale subsequent to its appear- 

| ance in the East in 1893 would make a bulletin of itself and would 

_ probably serve no very useful purpose, and therefore no bibliography 

_ is given in this publication. The earlier writings on this insect are, 

_ however, recorded in Bulletins 3 and 12. 

The early experimental work with remedies given in Bulletin 3 is 

omitted, and no effort has been made to summarize the enormous 

_ body of reports on work with remedies recorded in the publications 

| of different experiment stations in this country. The results of the 
later work with remedies conducted by this Bureau are to be found 


3 


—_oc. Se 


4 PREFACE. 


in the five different editions of Circular 42, relating to the control of 
the San Jose scale, and in the two editions of Circular 52, relating to 
the lime, sulfur, and salt wash, and also in several articles in the 
miscellaneous bulletins of the Bureau. 

Inasmuch as a good deal of the present bulletin has been rewritten, 
and as most of the added matter is from articles published by the 
writer, at the suggestion of Doctor Howard this publication is issued 
as a new bulletin of the Bureau series and under single authorship. 
Considerable matter, however, from Bulletin 3, notably that relating 
to life history and habits, has been used, as already indicated, with 
little change; this publication is largely, therefore, a compilation, with 
- the aim of bringing the subject down to date and making it complete 
and available as a means of present information on the habits and 
status of this important scale insect pest. 

The portion on true parasites (pp. 58-62) was kindly prepared by 
Doctor Howard, who has long been the authority on this group of 
parasitic four-winged flies. 


C. li We 


CONE NTS: 


Denny Clr ene ee te She So ae Ws Si aie oe os oe we ae ed 
Petar Ol tae, problem) <4. 02. 28 2) 2.6. 2.2 5-225. +522 s- ls se anes ~s 
Bre NeImRINGRONGCCl™ |. eae oe 22 Se pe Sas oe ee ee el eee ete 
xeon NtromslmMyeCasterm, ASIA:s. oo. 8.2.55 od se2 lt lect eae e ee tees sees 
PeamloraiionsimJapatie 222 ace eet cee 5 PE 
PRaMOnanm@me tm COMMMes 26> cee IS. elke le one ee Lae ae eaeeeate 

record of the spread of the insect..........-.-..-...-...----.- A seh ies 
Peroni Camtornia and the Wests... 2. .2..5-. 220s. 222222 2 2 be 

SE SSTUCDENE TED HSE Sa BUY (Te lame a re 
PEemMeipal sources of imtestation in the Mast _....-....t-.-..--------2-+-- 
Summary, by States and Territories, of distribution and present condition. 
The relation of climate to spread -.-.-----.-- SE A eens Ot see ee ens ey 
enn TMIOMCMMNISEORY <2). 0s ase 2 8 2s Stee also eo ke Sas ee eens ee 
ME smineNONMes@aMave 2 ee an cee odes e cos Peep ee 
iberae rieia amen ete ye ee oie ee et Soe hee ode hee Sg 
Simnsiwimts and. the SaniJosescale {2.2 02..622.. 22221-22007. fe ek. 

Meteo era eee ret ee GL a ee oe a ee ee 
Wesenpions of scale and insect........5----.---2+.5--2-.----- ey aaa? yee 
Syoremaue position and relationships... .....--2.-.----.05.---22s22--+- 5. 

So eJ0S GE CISC TON GO S(O 2 May tet a a ee a ee ey ge nas 


Peeaiaracites GD yl. Os lloward ) 2.22005. 2 ches enon se Sods ee oie 5 Se 
aera tecous INSeCt ClleMmles: = +... 2s: 32.022 o5.0 832 oka Se eee ee deke 


The Asiatic-ladybird enemy of the San Jose scale...........-.....-- 
Fungous and other diseases of the San Jose scale..............--.---.---- 
Mem wonuconwollime the San Jose scale ._---:.--.:+-4--2.24-----+s2+e<-4-6-~ 
Insecticide applications ........---- gp SRST Bs NEE ene ORL MeN ree Oy a 
eiiemhinLe conv Wash 2 2ui. 2s bebe oye nek oelee os. cds bee obec 
finevsoap treatments. — 2275.00 22.222: Res See Se Oe oe eS 

- ELC SINS MEE INOS IC) Gere ON ae at ee ae ee RR A Ra 
seierollowater treatment)! 2224 05-2.. 2k fide 2 lee isk oat tie, Be oe a 
BeriOlowm-coap CMUISIONS. Hee ail ek. al A eae oe Bde eee ee 
PmmncIOMLOr MUrsery Stock. hoon 5 ews tie gf eein doc mue aban ecesh are. 
Weeislation against the San-Jose scale..._..-.-.-..------------.- Pg Ana et 
nnn reais 0c. oe hee es So Sc tee Soe deh a TESLA oe ae 


Puate I, 


iT: 


ATE 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


; e 


PLATES. 


The San Jose scale and its work: Fig. 1.—Peach tree with top killed 
by the scale. Fig. 2.—Peach twig, moderately infested, showing 
male and female scale. Fig. 3.—Peach limb badly infested with 
Scale % st a.8 bee ee eee (etait er 

Map of China and Japan, to illustrate geographical position in relation 
to native home and distribution of San Jose scale. ...------------ 

Fig. 1.—Japanese apple orchard, showing trellis method of training. 
Fig. 2.—Old native pear orchard of Japan, showing method of 
traimine oi 2ecclo sec). sabe ae 2k 2 es. ee 


. Fig. 1.—Pony fruit cart in which products of the hill country are 


brought into Pekin, China. Fig. 2.—Portion of street devoted to 
sale of fruits in Pekin, China_..---.- eecubuestcessce ee 


. Life zones of the United Statesz ..... 22. 22. 4223-24. =e 
. Fig. 1.—Large apple trees with lower limbs killed by the San Jose 


scale, Youngstown, N. Y. Fig. 2.—Apple infested with San Jose 
Stale... se. cecil cece C2. cdc ee So eee 


. Pupating larve of Chilocorus similis on the terminals of twigs in 


Department orchard - . 22.2.0. o..2. .c2.52-452 5082452 


. Cages used in breeding Asiatic ladybird (Chilocorus similis) ...--.--- 
. Steam plants for cooking lime-sulfur wash. .--- 1a sodees cs 


TEXT FIGURES. 


Fic. 1. Map of the United States, showing localities known to have been 


infested with the San Jose scale up to 1896.......-..-.-_ spose 


. Aspidiotus perniciosus: appearance of scale on bark...-...------------ 
. Aspidiotus perniciosus: young larva and developing scale ..----..----- 
. Aspidiotus perniciosus: development of male insect.......------------ 


. Aspidiotus perniciosus: adult female -... . 2.2. -2..---2.22-+5 eee 
. Aspidioliphagus citrinus 20. .22 202 2.2 ets os 


2 
3 
4 
5. Aspidioius perniciosus: adult male 2.2.0... -.225. J) 2 eer 
6 
‘| 
8 


. Prospalta‘aurantt 2225. 2222-2 See ee eee 
9. Ablerus chsiocampaz: female 2... 2-22)... 2... -- gt 22 2 eee 
10. Microweisea ( Pentilia) misella: adults, larvee, pupee.------------------ 
11. Chilocorus similis: oviposition and early larval stages......-.--------- 
12. Chilocorus similis: later larval stages, pupa, adult ..........----....-- 


6 


Page. 


12 


12 


go oe 


THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


yg INTRODUCTION. 


The San Jose scale is now known to be of Chinese origin. Its name 
is derived from its first point of colonization in America, namely, at 
- San Jose, Cal., and is, in a sense, undesirable, as giving an unmerited 
notoriety to the district in California which had the misfortune of 
being the accidental place to first harbor it. A more appropriate des- 
ignation is the Chinese scale, but itis improbable that a new name will 
ever be adopted for an insect which has become so thoroly well known 
and exploited under its original designation. 

Probably no other insect has had so much notoriety as has this spe- 
cles, and certainly none has assumed so great an international impor- 
tance, as indicated by the vast amount of interstate and foreign 
legislation which has been enacted relative to it. In all the earlier 
publications of this office, beginning with Comstock’s original descrip- 
_ tion and note in the Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1880, 
_ the very great economic importance and capacity for harm of this 
scale insect has been commented upon and the fact that there is per- 
haps no insect capable of causing greater damage to fruit interests in 
the United States than the San Jose or pernicious scale. 

: It is inconspicuous and often for a time passes unnoticed or unrecog- 
nized. Meanwhile its enormous fecundity enables it to overspread the 
trunk, limbs, foliage, and fruit of the tree attacked (Pls. I, V1), so 
_ that it is only a question of two or three years, unless proper remedial 
_ steps be taken, before the condition of the plant becomes hopeless or 
_ its death is broughtabout. In capacity for harm this species probably 
_ exceeds any other scale insect known, and it attacks practically all 
| deciduous plants, both those grown for fruit and the ornamentals. Its 
| economic importance 1s further increased by the ease with which it is 
distributed over wide districts thru the agency of nursery stock, 
and the difficulty and, as arule, impossibility of exterminating it where 
once introduced. Its capacity for evil, which was recognized in its 
earlier work on the Pacific coast, was at once even more strikingly 
demonstrated on its first appearance in the East, and before measures 
of control were undertaken it was much more disastrous in peach 
| orchards of Maryland, New Jersey, and other eastern and southern 
States than in California and the West. 

fi 


ee 


8 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROBLEM. -. 


The estimates given in our early publications of the seriousness of 
this pest have been more than borne out by the experience of the last 
ten years. Since its appearance on the Atlantic seaboard in the early 
nineties it has, in spite of all efforts at control in nurseries and by 
State quarantine, spread well over the eastern and middle United 
States and into Canada, so that there are now very few regions where 
fruit growing Is at all important in which it has not gained permanent 
foothold. Maine and a few of the middle western States have not so 
far reported this scale insect, but it is only a question of time when 
it will complete its extension over the entire fruit-growing areas of 
North America within its climatic range. 

Nevertheless the San Jose scale has not been an unmitigated scourge, 
and the active investigations by the Bareau of Entomology of the 
United States Department of Agriculture and the entomologists of the 
State experiment stations have demonstrated the practicability of 
several means of control, and particularly of the lime-sulfur wash; so 
that the fears aroused by this scale insect are rapidly subsiding and it 
no longer is considered as an insurmountable obstacle to the growth 
of deciduous fruits. In the case of certain fruits, as, for example, the 
peach, it has been found that®the lime-sulfur wash has a very great 
value as a fungicide, and so much so that some growers are recom- 
mending its use whether the San Jose scale be present in the orchard 
or not. Furthermore, the presence of this scale has led to much more 
careful methods on the part of nurserymen and in the planting and 
care of stock, thus raising the standard and giving the intelligent and 
conscientious, painstaking grower a distinct advantage over his care- 
less neighbor. The results in the East, in other words, are following — 
rather closely on the experience in California and elsewhere on the — 
Pacific coast, where the San Jose scale, long looked upon as the worst 
menace of the deciduous-fruit interests, is now not necessarily so 
regarded, and the same benefits have come to California fruit growing 
by the use of better methods of planting, pruning, and care. 

This does not mean that the San Jose scale is to be Jookt upon as 
a blessing. The benefits of spraying are not always uniform, and are 
less perhaps in the case of the apple than they are with the peach, 
pear, and the smoother barked fruit trees. The necessity of annual 
spraying of the trees is now clearly shown, and this amounts to a — 
very large annual cost, partly offset, as already indicated, by the fun- — 
gicidal value of the standard lime-sulfur application. Nevertheless, 
neither the injuries from the scale nor the cost of treatment have put — 
more than a temporary check upon the advance of the fruit industry, — 
and great confidence is being exprest by the larger commercial growers — 
who follow out the remedies with greatest thoroness and in the most 


E 


PLATE l. 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 


THE SAN JOSE SCALE AND ITS WORK. 


Fig. 1.—Peach tree with top killed by the scale. Fig. 2.—Peach twig, moderately infested, showing male and female seale. Fig, 3.—Peach 


limb badly infested with scale. Fig. 2, enlarged 4 times; fig. 3, enlarged twice. (From Quaintance. 


) 


TT <<< CT 


PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROBLEM. a 


practical manner, and who consequently get the best results. It is 
now largely a matter of getting the owners of small orchards to 
follow a regular annual system of spraying their trees. 

The presence of San Jose scale has not only resulted in a consider- 
able increase of information as to remedies and to improvements in 
the methods of culture which directly relate to itself, but it has been 
a stimulus to improved methods and more efficient means of control 
of other common destructive insects, has demonstrated the necessity 
of watchfulness against the introduction of similar pests from foreign 
sources, and has led to active efforts in the direction of quarantine 
and inspection on the part of practically all of the several States of 
the Union. 

The control of the San Jose scale by parasitic and predaceous ene- 
mies is increasing all the time, but there seems to be no likelihood that 
either such natural enemies as are now in this country or those which 
may hereafter be imported will ever do more than merely lessen the 
abundance of the scale. In other words, from past experience and 
from a large acquaintance with other similar scale pests it is extremely 
improbable that even under the most favorable circumstances will such 
_ natural enemies reduce this scale as much as would one thoro treatment 
with the lime-sulfur wash or other standard remedy. The insect 
enemy of the scale can only exist when it has scale food; hence a nor- 
mal balance is very soon reached in which the scale and natural enemy 
’ fluctuate in relative abundance. A complete extermination of the 
scale insect or host will rarely if ever be accomplished, and there will 
probably always be enough scale present to cause spotted and unmark- 
etable fruit. This does not mean that such enemies are not going to 
be helpful. They will decrease the virulence and destructiveness of 
the scale, but to get clean fruit it will probably be always necessary 
to spray. A very few scale on a tree will cause spotted fruit even 
when they may not be abundant enough to do the tree itself material 
injury. The fact that a large, succulent scale insect like the fluted 
scale of California has been controlled by a ladybird enemy does not 
‘necessarily allow one to hope for the same result with the San Jose 
scale. The ladybird and other enemies introduced into California to 
control scales similar to the San Jose scale have not succeeded in the 
same measure at all. This statement is made to correct hopes which 
may be aroused by certain popular articles which have recently 
appeared on the subject of parasites. : 

In brief, therefore, the San Jose scale must be recognized as a per- 
manent condition to be met in the growth of deciduous fruits. The 
_ greatest care should always be taken in the purchase of nursery stock 
_to see that it is absolutely free from infestation, and preferably also 
that it carries with it a certificate of fumigation. Orchards should be 
sprayed according to well-established methods annually as soon as the 


10 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


first sign of infestation isfound. Fruit growers and others interested 
have come to accept this conclusion and are facing the San Jose-seale 
problem as one to be regularly dealt with, as with other established 
insect enemies of fruits. The range of food plants of this seale isso 
great that local extermination is out of the question, and it is reeog-— 
nized as useless to destroy orchards or new stock because of slight 
infestation. The San Jose scale will have so soon gained foothold on 
many ornamental and wild plants that such destruction of orchards 
would be of no avail, and new stock would be very quickly reinfested 
from near-by sources. 


ORIGIN OF THE INSECT. 


' The San Jose scale was first established in this country in the early 
seventies at San Jose, Cal., in fhe grounds of Mr. James Lick- 

Following the studies of Professor Comstock of this pest in Cali- 
fornia in 1880, efforts have been made to determine whence the original 
infestation came; in other words, to locate the native home of this 
insect. The importance of discovering the origin of this seale arises 
from the now well-known fact that where an insect is native it is nor- 
mally kept in check and prevented from assuming any very destructive 
features, or at least maintaining such conditions over a very long time, 
by natural enemies, either parasitic or predaceous insects or fungous 
or other diseases. Mr. Lick, in whose orchard the scale first appeared, 
was a great lover of plants, and imported trees and shrubs for the 
ornamentation of his grounds from foreign countries, and it was very 
naturally inferred that in some of these importations he had intro- 
duced this insect. Before this investigation started, however, Mr. 
Lick had died, and it was impossible to trace his importations. That — 
the scale was not European in origin was evident; otherwise it would ~ 
undoubtedly have come to this country long before with the numerous 
importations of stock from Europe. Its original home was therefore — 
naturally placed in some eastern country. In the course of the inyes- 
tigation it was found that the San Jose scale occurred in the Hawaiian ~ 
Islands, in Chile, in Japan, and in Australia.* In the case of the © 
Hawaiian Islands it was conclusively shown, however, that it had been — 
carried there on stock from California. The evidence relating to Chile | 
and Australia was of a similar nature—namely, that it had come to } 
those countries comparatively recently on imported stock. Its oceur-— 
rence in Japan was not discovered until 1897,and the evidence was far — 
from being conclusive that it was indigenous in that country; never-— 
theless the belief that Japan was the source of this scale came to be 
rather generally accepted. The objections to it were voiced by Docte 
Howard and the writer in an article read before the Association of 


@See Bul. No. 3, new series, Div. Ent., U.S i ine Agric., pp. 10-12, 1896. 


EXPLORATIONS IN JAPAN. TA 


Economic Entomologists in 1899,“ showing that at best the evidence 
left the question open. That this scale insect probably had its original 
home in China or Japan seemed, however, to be pretty conclusively 
indicated by the process of exclusion of other countries. Mr. 
Koebele’s investigations of the Asiatic tropical regions and Australia 
and New Zealand had been fairly thoro, yet without finding it on native 
plants, and, furthermore, it was not known to occur in South Africa. 
The evidence pointing toward Japan and China was further empha- 
sized by the fact that the San Jose scale is, by its relationship and dis- 
tribution, an insect of the temperate regions rather than of the Tropics. 


EXPLORATIONS IN EASTERN ASIA. 


With the hope of settling the disputed point of the origin of the 
San Jose scale, and, if the native home of the species were discovered, 
to study, collect, and import beneficial insects to control this pest in 
America, the writer, in 1901-2, made a trip of exploration in Japan, 
China, and other Eastern countries, lasting over a year. The accom- 
panying map (Pl. IJ) illustrates the regions explored. Six months 
were devoted to a very thoro exploration of the different islands of 
the Japanese Empire, and three months to China, with shorter periods 
in other regions. The explorations in China and Japan are the only 
ones which bear especially on the San Jose scale problem. 


EXPLORATIONS IN JAPAN. 


During the time spent in Japan, from April to September, 1901, 
the writer visited some forty-two provinces, and explored all the prin- 
cipal islands, representing a stretch in latitude the equivalent of from 
northern Maine to Florida. Altogether these explorations enabled 
him to make a pretty correct judgment onthe San Jose scale problem 
in Japan. Japan is not especially a horticultural country. Her com- 
paratively enormous population of 46,000,000 compels the growth of 
cereals and other necessities of life wherever possible. Very little 
land, therefore, is devoted to fruit raising, and fruits are considered 
as luxuries. Nevertheless, practically every dwelling house in Japan 
has a little dooryard or kitchen garden in which are single examples 
of cherry, plum, peach, persimmon, and other trees. Furthermore, 
the roadways and temple grounds and streets are lined with cherry 
and plum trees, planted for bloom and ornament and not for fruit. 
_ There are orchard districts in Japan of limited extent. In northern 
| and central Japan there are a few peach orchards and a few orchards 
_ of native pears, and in southern Japan small orchards of orange, 
| pomelo, walnut, and other fruits. In old Japan the chief deciduous 
| fruit is a native pear grown in small patches of from a fraction of an 


See Bul. No. 20, new series, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agric., pp. 36-39, 1899. 


12 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE.’ 


acre to 2 or 3 acres in extent. These are trained low on over- 
head trellises (Pl. LIT), and at a short distance look like vineyards. 
There are several districts where such orchards occur in considerable 
numbers. These orchards are very ancient, many of them having 
trees more than one hundred years old. If the San Jose scale were 
native to Japan it would occur in these pear orchards, the pear being 
one of the favorite food plants of this scale insect. 

In northern Japan, including the island of Hokkaido, and the northern 
end of the main island, Hondo, apple raising has been introduced in 
modern times very much on the lines followed in this country. Prior 
to the opening of Japan to foreign commerce and exploration the 
apple as an edible fruit was unknown in that country. The orchards 
in northern Japan are chiefly, therefore, of American origin and rep- 
resent American varieties. Most of the stock came from California, 
and much of it was undoubtedly infested with San Jose scale when it 
was received. There is, therefore, thruout these northern apple 
orchards a mild infestation with this scale. The Japanese are very 
enthusiastic in their efforts to gain all the benefits of western civiliza- 
tion, and this is shown in horticultural as well as in other fields. The 
three leading nurseries, therefore, of Japan have been very active dur- 
ing the last twenty or thirty years in importing the different varieties 
of pear, peach, and apple from America, and all three of these nursery 
districts have become infested with San Jose scale, evidently from such 
importations from California, where the scale has been widely dis- 
tributed for thirty years. Outside these nurseries, however, in cen- 
tral and southern Japan, the San Jose scale did not occur, except where 
it had been introduced on new stock from the nurseries referred to. 
The old native pear orchards were free from scale, except where 
replants had been made of American varieties, or new native stock, to 
fillin breaks in the orchards. The infestation was very often just 
beginning and immediately surrounded the replants. In all Japan, 
therefore, in the little house gardens and temple grounds where were ~ 
cherry, plum, and other trees suitable for San Jose scale, this insect 
did not occur, except where the evidence was very plain of its recent — 
introduction as indicated. Without going into details of the evidence, — 
it is sufficient to say that the conditions in Japan are essentially the 4 
same as in thiscountry. The San Jose scale is a recént comer. It_ 
was, in fact, not known in Japan prior to the year 1897, when its” 
presence there was first determined, but it has now been scattered 
pretty widely by nursery stock, exactly as in this country, and occurs 
under similar conditions; in other words, only where it has been- 
recently introduced. The investigation showed very distinctly that: 
Japan could not be considered responsible for the San Jose scale. 

The results and conclusions arrived at by the writer were after- 
wards fully confirmed by a very thoro and painstaking explora- 


ES = ES Tee a ee 


PLATE II. 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology, U. 


\ 
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CHINA AND JAPAN 


ILLUSTRATE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 
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SANJOSESCALE. 


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Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. 


FIG. 1.—JAPANESE APPLE ORCHARD, SHOWING TRELLIS METHOD OF TRAINING. 
(AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATION.) 


pe 
‘ 


Friends, 


aes tt ttm 


Fig. 2.—OLD NATIVE PEAR ORCHARD OF JAPAN, SHOWING METHOD OF TRAINING. 
(AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATION. ) 


EXPLORATIONS IN CHINA. . 13 


tion of the entire Japanese Empire conducted by Japanese entomolo- 
gists under the authority of the Imperiai Agricultural Experiment 
Station in Japan. The publication giving the results of this investiga- 
tion” isa very interesting and valuable contribution to our knowledge 
of the subject, and is illustrated by numerous maps and figures. 


EXPLORATIONS IN CHINA. 


Investigations up to this point, while freeing Japan from the onus 
of giving the San Jose scale to the world, left the problem unsettled 
as to the original home of this insect. China remained as the most 
likely place of origin, and the writer proceeded to China to continue 


his explorations there. While in Japan a good deal of information 


was gained relative to fruit conditions in China, from English, Ger- 
man, and American residents who were spending the summer months 
in Japan to escape the rather trying climate of China. In brief, it 
may be stated that deciduous fruits are grown from the Shanghai 
region northward, the peach being practically the only fruit grown to 
any extent about Shanghai. The great apple district of China is the 
region lying back of the city of Chifu in the north. This apple- 


growing industry was started many years ago by a missionary, Doctor 


Nevius, and has assumed very considerable proportions and covers a 
good deal of the province of Shantung. Below Shanghai the orange 
and other subtropical fruits replace the deciduous varieties. North 
of Chifu native fruits only are grown, consisting of the native pear 
and peach, and such wild fruits as wild crab apples and an edible haw 
apple. 

A very considerable exploration of the country lying immediately 
back of Shanghai was made in the course of a long house-boat trip. A 
great many peach orchards were examined and a good deal of mis- 
cellaneous fruit and other plants growing about house yards were 
inspected. Nowhere was there ‘any evidence of the San Jose scale, 
nor were scale insects of any sort much to be seen. ‘The ciimate of 
this region is unfavorable for such insects and they are normally 


killed out by fungous disease. The writer afterwards proceeded by 


boat to Chifu—a five-day ocean trip from Shanghai, and made a con- 
siderable exploration thruout the apple orchards of this region on 
horseback, visiting, among others, the original orchards planted by 


' Doctor Nevius. In all these the San Jose scale was found scatteringly 


present, not, however, doing any special damage, and probably not 


| enough to be noticed, if its possibility for evil was not so well estab- 


a@The San Jose scale in Japan. Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo, 


14 . THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


stock was obtained from California, and doubtless from nurseries — 
which were infested with the scale. | | 

The journey of exploration was continued northward to Tientsin and 
Pekin. In this region the San Jose scale was found on native plants 
also, including the flowering peach, a tree grown for ornament solely, 
and not for fruit, and notably on the native fruits in the markets in 
these cities. 

The markets of Pekin were of especial interest in this connection. 
Pekin is the center and market for all the region lying to the north 
and west, and the streets (Pl. IV, fig. 2) devoted to the sale of fruits 
and other products in the Chinese city are one of the great show 
places. The fruit and nut products are brought into Pekin in little 
two-wheeled carts (Pl. IV, fig. 1), or more generally on camelback, 
great caravans of heavily loaded camels and streams of carts constantly 
entering the city with the products of the outlying provinces. One 
finds, therefore, in the markets of the Chinese city the fruit products ~ 
of all northern China, and can study them at ease. All the district 
lying between Pekin and the great wall, north and west and east, has © 
been most carefully explored and mapped by the foreign military 
authorities. From various individuals employed in this minute sur- 
vey a great deal was learned relative to the fruit growing in the dis- 
trict indicated. Much of the fruit found in the markets of Pekin 
comes from the hill region leading up to the mountains separating 
China from Mongolia and Manchuria. These fruits are native apples, 
pears, and peaches, and the little haw apple already mentioned. Great 
quantities of these fruits were examined in the market, with the excep- 
tion of the peach, which was then out of season, and later similar 
examinations were made at Tientsin. A very scanty but general infes- 
tation with San Jose scale was found on the different fruits examined. 
Perhaps one apple in a hundred would have a few of these scales about 
the blossom end and the same proportion was true of the haw apple 
and the native pear. Thruout the region where these fruits are grown 
there has been no introduction of foreign stock. The occurrence of the 
San Jose scale on these two fruits was conclusive evidence that in the 
region whence they came the San Jose scale is native. The scattering 
occurrence of the scale also indicated, as would be anticipated, that 
this pest in its native home is kept in check by natural means. 

The investigations made at Shanghai, and later southward to Hong- — 
kong, the Malay Peninsula, and Java, indicated that the San Jose 
scale in eastern Asia can not survive below Shanghai. g 

The sp>cial dist:i t where it is native and thrives is a fairly well 
shut-off r»¢'on, w-ch probably accounts for the failure of this insect 
to beco:.ea world pest ages ago. This district is the region leading 
up to the mountains and comprising the northern and northeastern 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. 


FIG. 1.—PONY FRUIT CART IN WHICH PRODUCTS OF THE HILL COUNTRY ARE BROUGHT 
INTO PEKIN, CHINA. (AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATION. ) 


FiG. 2.—PORTION OF STREET DEVOTED TO SALE OF FRUITS IN PEKIN, CHINA. 
(AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATION. ) 


[In foreground, fruit samples; in background, storehouses, also dromedaries employed to bring 
products from remote provinces. ] 


3 
ms 
f> as 
* ‘ ! 
- ‘+ 
Wer : 
. - 
Te aaa 
oa at ad 
— ® 
~ AR 


HISTORY IN CALIFORNIA AND THE WEST. £5 


frontiers of China proper. Beyond the great wall on the north and 
west lies Mongolia, consisting chiefly of the vast Desert of Gobi. To 
the northeast, and separating the region from Manchuria and Korea, 
is the eastern Gobi Desert. To the south and east lies the great alluvial 
plain, the product of centuries of mud carried down by the Yellow 
River, a region where cereals only are grown. ‘These are all effective 
barriers, and especially so when considered in connection with the 
political conditions of the past. We have, therefore, as the original 
home of this insect a naturally shut-off area from which it could not | 
easily escape under the conditions prevailing up to our own times. 
The means by which the San Jose scale came from China to America 
is a matter of interest. As previously stated, it is believed that this 
pest reached California on trees imported by the late James Lick. 
It is the writer’s belief that Mr. Lick imported from China, possibly 
thru Doctor Nevius, with whom he was probably in correspondence, the 
flowering Chinese peach, and brought with it the San Jose scale to his 
premises. Undoubtedly this scale insect came to this country in some 
such way on ornamental stock from China. 


| RECORD OF THE SPREAD OF THE INSECT. 


No attempt will be made to trace the details of the later extension 
of the San Jose scale, but the earlier history of this scale in the 
United States is well worthy of record as is alsoa summary at least of 
the means by which it became so widely and disastrously distributed 
so shortly after its first appearance on the Atlantic side of the 
Continent. 


HISTORY IN CALIFORNIA AND THE WEST. 


The spread of the San Jose scale from the point of original infesta- 
_tion in the San Jose Valley was somewhat rapid, its area increasing in 
every direction, but more rapidly toward the north and the west. By 
1873 it had become a serious pest in orchards which had direct con- 
nection with that of Mr. Lick, and in 1880, when Professor Comstock 
studied it, he reported that he had never seen any other species so 
abundant and injurious as this was in certain orchards. As reported 
by Mr. Coquillett, it had extended as far west as San Francisco by 
~ 1883, but it had not reached important deciduous-fruit districts in 
southern California three years later. Prior to its reaching the East 
in 1886 or 1887 it had slowly extended its range on the Pacific coast 
and in States west of the Rocky Mountains, including California, 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the north, and Nevada, Arizona, 
and New Mexico onthe south. In the early nineties it had penetrated 
into British Columbia. 7 

8449—No. 62—06——2 


16 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


HISTORY IN THE EAST. 


The general records of the discovery of the insect in the East are 
reproduced, with slight changes, from Bulletin 3. 


The occurrence of the San Jose scale in the East was first discovered _ 


early in August, 1893, in the grounds of Dr. C. H. Hedges, of Char- 
lottesville, Va. An infested pear had been sent by Doctor Hedges to 
Mr. Galloway, chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and 
Pathology of the Department of Agriculture, on the supposition that 
it was affected by a fungous disease. The fruit was submitted to the 
then acting entomologist, Doctor Howard, who immediately recognized 
the injury as due to the San Jose scale, and the startling and deplor- 
able fact was established of the introduction into eastern orchards of 
this worst scourge of deciduous trees of the Pacific Slope, as well as 
the fact that it was evidently able to maintain itself in a supposedly 
less favorable climate. The importance of this discovery was at once 
realized, and two agents of the Bureau, Messrs. Schwarz and Coquil- 
lett, were detailed to make a thoro investigation. In conjunction with 
the State board of agriculture of Virginia and under the supervision 
of Mr. Coquillett a thoro fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas was 
given to the infested trees and plants. 

The introduction of the scale was subsequently traced to currant 
bushes purchased from a New Jersey firm. 

In March, 1894, the presence of the scale was determined by Doctor 
Howard, at Riverside, Charles County, Md., in a rather large orchard 
situated on the river front, and including over two thousand peach 
and several hundred apple trees. This orchard was visited by the 
writer, who found that many of the trees were infested with the San 
Jose scale, large numbers having already perished. The infested stock 
was again in this instance traced to a New Jersey nursery. This 
orchard, on account of its proximity to Washington and the facilities. 
thus afforded for experiment, was used by the Bureau in the testing 
of various washes for this scale. 

‘During the same month (March, 1894) specimers of the San Jose 
scale were received from De Funiak Springs, Fla., thru the ento- 
mologist of the Florida Experiment Station, Mr. P. H. Rolfs. The 
late Mr. H. G. Hubbard, one of the assistants of the division, visited 
the infested locality and found the scales confined chiefly to peach 
and plum, occurring, however, in small numbers on Kieffer pear, 
pecan, and persimmon. Many thousands of trees were found to be 
infested, including nearly every orchard within a radius of 5 or 6 
miles. The source of the infestation in this case was not definitely 
ascertained, but it was evident after examination that some infested 
nursery had sent a shipment of trees, and the indications were that 


PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF INFESTATION IN THE EAST. ay 


there had been repeated importations, the first indication of injury 
having been noted six years before. 

On receipt of the Florida specimens Doctor Howard concluded that 
as the scales had been found in three such widely separated locali- 
ties, and as the information gained from the owners of two of the 
affected orchards led to the supposition that the original stock had 
been obtained from a large eastern nursery, the probabilities were 
strong that the scale had established itself in many eastern points 
during the preceding five orsix years. He therefore immediately pre- 
pared a circular of warning and had nearly 12,000 copies mailed early 
in April to all eastern agricultural newspapers and to very many eastern 
fruit growers. As a result of the issuing of this circular many new 
localities for the scale were ascertained, a widespread interest in the 
subject was aroused, and careful investigations were made in all the 
States to which there was any likelihood that the insect had been 
carried by nursery stock or other means. 

By the end of August, 1894, the scale was known to occur in the 
following localities in the East: In a rather widely. extended district 
in Florida, one locality in Virginia, three in Maryland, one in Indiana, 
twe in Pennsylvania, many in New Jersey, and one in New York, on 
the east bank of the Hudson River alittle below Albany. Very shortly 
afterwards, during the same summer, it was found on Long Island, 
occurring both in orchards and nurseries. JLater in the fall the scale 
was found at three new localities in Maryland, and still later specimens 
were received from the extreme southern part of Georgia. In Decem- 
ber Professor Webster reported receiving the scale from a large 
orchard district in southern Ohio, and a little later specimens were 
received from Jefferson County, Ind. The scale was found also near 
New Castle, Del., in January, 1895, and additional localities were dis- 
covered during the following spring and summer of 1895 in some of 
the States mentioned, as also in Alabama, Louisiana, and Massachu- 
setts. In nearly every instance the source of infestation in the East 
was the same, namely, one or the other of two important New Jersey 
nurseries. 


PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF INFESTATION IN THE EAST. 


As stated, nearly all the eastern occurrences of the San Jose scale 
were traced to two large New Jersey nurseries, from which infested 
stock had unwittingly been sent out broadcast for certainly six or seven 
years. The damage thus done to the fruit interests of the East by 
these nurserymen can hardly be estimated, and yet it must be admitted 
that they were, in a measure, blameless, since they were undoubtedly 
entirely unaware of the dangerous character of the scale insect which 
infested their stock. We can hardly avoid the conclusion, however, 


18 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


that they were aware that they were distributing diseased stocks since — ‘ 


to deny this presupposes that the stock received no examination. If 
the scale was noticed it was doubtless supposed to be one of the com- 
mon eastern species, which, while bad enough, are of little importance 
compared with the San Jose scale. 

The two nurseries responsible for the original eastern introduction 
of the scale became infested in the same way. Either in 1886 or 1887, 
in the endeavor to secure a thoroly curculio-proot plum, both of these 
nurseries introduced from California an improved Japanese variety, 
the Kelsey, obtained from the San Jose district. We have the state- 
ment from the proprietors of one of the nurseries that the plum trees 
in question were secured in the spring of 1887 from San Jose, Cal., 
and were shipped thru the agency of a Missouri nursery company, which 
acted in this instance apparently as a mere transmitting agent. The 
trees were unquestionably thoroly infested when received, did not 
thrive, and in both cases most of them were ultimately taken out and 
destroyed. The stock, however, had been multiplied by nursery 
methods, and from the original stock, and that subsequently obtained, 
the scale spread more or less completely thruout both of the nurseries 
in question. Both of these firms, when the nature of the infestation 
was brought to their attention and the seriousness of the damage they 
were doing was made apparent to them, undertook measures to 
exterminate the scale. | 

In addition to the two prominent nurseries mentioned, several smaller 
nurseries in the East were found to barbor this scale. Some of these 


had been recentiy infested, but in others the infestation was of long 


standing. Three nurseries of the latter class were located on Long 
Island, and apparently received their original scales from New Jersey; 
one in Florida, reported by Prof. P. H. Rolfs, and two in Georgia 
apparently received infested stock from eastern sources, and one or 
more each in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama became infested 
with the scale thru pear stock coming from Lewiston, Idaho. In Mas- 
sachusetts there were infested nurseries at Cambridge and Bedford, 
the origin of the scale in these cases being obscure; and a nursery in 
Missouri was under suspicion as’ having been the agency thru which 


the original infested Japanese plums were transmitted to eastern — 


nurseries. Two infested nurseries were known to exist in Maryland 
also. 


SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES, OF DISTRIBUTION 
AND PRESENT CONDITION. 


The detailed facts relating to the first introduction of the San Jose 
scale into the several States are given in Bulletins 3 and 12, and with — 


greater minuteness in the yarious publications of the experiment sta- 
tions of the several States involved. The distribution has now become 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 19 


so general in most of the States where the San Jose scale has occurred 
for a number of years that it is impracticable to indicate the different 
points of infestation, and even im the States worst infested many 
orchards are free from the scale; but if an attempt was made to graph- 
ically picture the distribution on a map, the points of infestation 
would be so numerous as to give the appearance of absolutely complete 
infestation. The publications cited may be referred to, therefore, 
for the more detailed and complete records. A mere statement of the 
present general status of the San Jose scale in the several States in 
which it occurs will now be given. ‘This statement is based on replies 
to a circular letter of inquiry sent to State entomologists and experi- 
ment station officers in May of this year. 


Fie. 1.—Map of the United States, showing localities known to have been infested with the San Jose 
: scale up to 1896. (Original.) 


It is interesting for comparison to reproduce the map (fig. 1) show- 
ing the known distribution at the time of the publication of Bulletin 3 
in 1896, when the scale was reported in only 20 States and in compara- 
tively few localities in each, with the single exception of New Jersey, 
which had been most energetically inspected by Dr. John B. Smith 
and found to be very generally infested. Bulletin 12 records the scale 
occurring in 33 States and also in the District of Columbia and Canada, 
and in very many new localities in all of the States previously recorded 
as harboring the scale. The number of actual records of the San 
Jose scale now available are many hundredfold what they were at the 
time of the publication of Bulletin 12 at the begining of the year 
1898. 

There are still a few States in which the San Jose scale does not 
_ now occur or has not been reported, namely, Colorado, Maine, Minne- 


20 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


sota, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. a 
It probably occurs in some of these States, however, altho it has so — 
far escaped notice. 

ALABAMA. 


The occurrence of the San Jose scale in Alabama was first indicated 
in April, 1885, by material received from Prof. J. W. Hoffman, of 
the Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee. As now reported by Mr. R. S. 
Mackintosh, State horticulturist, the infestation is scattering thruout 
the State; but chiefly along some of the main railroad lines, and most 
of the infested orchards became so before people knew about the 
scale and before the adoption of quarantine measures to prevent its 
introduction and spread. 

ARIZONA. - 


The San Jose scale has been present in Arizona in the older orchards 
of the Salt River Valley for more than twenty years. Director R. H. 
Forbes, of the agriculturel experiment station, now reports that this 
scale insect has rather dropt out of sight, probably because of the 
succession of excessively hot dry years from 1899 to 1904, inclusive. 
During this period a large proportion of the deciduous fruit trees, 
including almonds, peaches, pears, apricots, and apples, perished, | 
apparently from lack of irrigating water and partly from the effect of 
extremely high temperature and dryness. 


ARKANSAS. 


The presence of the San Jose scale in this State is recorded in Bul- | 
letin 12 (1898), on material reported by Professor Stinson. Mr. C. F. — 
Adams, the entomologist of the agricultural experiment station, now — 
states that the spread of this insect is still not very general; that it — 
has been reported from several counties, and that he has seen it in two © 
florists’ establishments, but has not found it in any of his nursery 
inspection. a 

CALIFORNIA. 


The San Jose scale has, of course, long been generally disseminated — 
thruout the State. Prof. C. W. Woodworth, entomologist of the — 
agricultural experiment station, now reports that it does not occur at — 
Berkeley, but probably occurs everywhere else in the State where fruit © 
trees are grown, except in isolated plantings in the foothill regions. — 
Usually it is not seriously troublesome, tho it may increase rapidly at 
any time and become a pest. The uniform treatment with the lime, 
sulfur, and salt wash keeps it in check, and parasitism is often fairly 
efficient. In some districts, as about San Jose, where it has almost 
disappeared, the result may be due both to parasitism and to some 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 21 


obscure form of disease as well as to the lime-sulfur treatment. In 
southern California it is particularly troublesome in apple orchards. 
The principal variety of apple grown is the White Pearmain, and the 
comparatively rough bark of this variety makes it difficult to get very 
satisfactory results from the lime-sulfur wash. The varieties of apple 
commonly grown in northern California—for example, Newton Pippin 
and Yellow Bellflower—are smooth barked, and better results with the 
wash are gained. Taking the State as a whole, Professor Woodworth 
says that it will be readily found in at least 25 per cent of the or- 
chards, in injurious numbers in probably 10 per cent in any one year, 
and that from 25 per cent to 40 per cent of the orchards are sprayed 
with the lime, sulfur, and salt wash every year. 


COLORADO. 


The San Jose scale has apparently not yet obtained foothold in 
Colorado, but it has been sent to us from Colorado on fruit imported 
from California. The probable explanation is that the fruit regions 
of Colorado are above the climatic range of this scale insect. 


CONNECTICUT. 


The San Jose scale is recorded for at least five localities in Bulletin 
12. The increase of this scale in Connecticut has been pretty rapid, 
and Mr. W. E. Britton, State entomologist, expresses the belief that 
there is now no town in the State which is not infested, tho he may 
not have records from quite all of the towns. It is found very gen- 
erally, at any rate, in all of the larger cities, which are thoroly 
infested. Practically all of the larger orchards are infested, tho per- 
haps only slightly. He says that there are many orchards and trees 
_which are still exempt, but that there is no general region of the State 
where the scale can not be found. | 


DELAWARE. 


Delaware, as recorded in Bulletins 3 and 12, became generally 
infested very early. Mr. Wesley Webb, secretary of the State board 
of agriculture, now informs us that the San Jose scale occurs in all 
parts of Newcastle County and in approximately one-half of the 
orchards. In ‘Kent County there are many young peach orchards, 
and more than one-h='{avvshem are infested to a greater or less extent, 
a large proportion of them, however, only slightly so. In the western 
half of Sussex County, along the railroad from Farmington to Delmar, 
nearly half of the orchards are somewhat infested, while in the east- 
ern half of the county from Lincoln southward there are but few 

orchards, and these are comparatively free from scale. 


22 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


The occurrence of the San Jose scale in the District is reported in 
Bulletin 12, and it is now pretty generally distributed on fruit trees 
in the city of Washington and its suburbs. _ 


FLORIDA. 


The occurrence of the San Jose scale in Florida was brought to our 
attention in March, 1894, as recorded in Bulletin 3, and additional 
localities soon followed. Mr. E. W. Berger, assistant entomologist. 
of the State experiment station, reports that the present distribution 
is extensive, the scale occurring in some twenty-odd counties, or 
wherever peaches are grown. | | 


GEORGIA. 


The early. records of Georgia infestation beginning in 1894 are 
given in Bulletins 3 and 12. The San Jose scale in 1894 had a pretty 
strong foothold in this State. The recent conditions in Georgia are 
indicated on a map prepared by Mr. Newell and published in the pro- 
ceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Georgia State 
Horticultural Society, in 1904. This map indicates very general 
infestation thruout the State, including most of. the counties where 
fruit growing is of any importance. Prof. Hugh N. Starnes, in a 
letter transmitting this report, states that the large increase indicated 
on this map does not mean that infestation is still progressing, but_ 
merely that it has been more definitely located and the present State 
laws looking to the control of this pest are ample in their provisions and 
are being rigorously enforced. Mr. Newell reports in this connection 
that during 1904 out of a total of 218 nurseries inspected, only 9 were 
found infested, and that this is a very considerable reduction from the 
percentage of infestation shown by records of previous years. 


IDAHO. 


The infestation in this State is directly from western sources and is 
of long standing, at least in the limited area about Lewiston, where 
the oldest orchards are located. Mr. L. F. Henderson, the entomolo- 
gist of the State experiment station, reports on the present situation 


under date of May 29 as follows: a 


The scale is very prevalent along the lower river bottoms, such as Lewiston on 


Clearwater, Juliaetta and Kendrick on Potlatch River (a tributary to Clearwater), 4 


up and down the Snake at Weiser, Payette, Caldwell, Nampa, as far as Glenns Ferry, 
possibly farther. Its eastern limit seems about Mountain Home, as I do not know of © 
it at Shoshone. It does [not?] exist on the upper Snake, as Blackfoot, nor in the 
extreme southeast, as Montpelier. The elevation of this district seems too high for it, 
as it varies from 4,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. The altitude seems also too high about 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 23 


Moscow and Rathdrum, tho this altitude (2,500 feet) is not more than at Weiser and 
Boise. Possibly greater rainfall in these last districts discourages it. At any rate, 
while it has existed at Lewiston for fifteen years, it has not ascended to Genesee, 12 
miles distant, but nearly 1,800 feet higher. 

_ In many places it is being well controlled in the orchards, where careful and sys- 
tematic spraying with lime-sulfur spray is done. 


ILLINOIS. < 


The San Jose scale. was located in Illinois in 1896 by Professor 
Forbes, who, at the end of the following year, had found the scale in 
22 colonies in 11 counties, as reported in Bulletin 12 of this Bureau. 
In a recent letter Professor Forbes gives the details of the present 
infestation, which may be briefly summarized as follows: One-half of 
the counties (51 of the 102) of the State are now known to be more or 
less infested, but 43 per cent of the infested orchards are included in 
2 of these counties and 80 per cent in 5 counties, and in 30 of the 
counties listed the average number of infested orchards is but 33. 
In four of the counties the infestation. is found only in one or more 
towns and not in orchards. It will be seen from this statement that 
while the San Jose scale is pretty widely scattered thruout the State, 
as it is also in adjoining States, it is far from having gained a gen- 
eral foothold save in a few counties, and even in the worst counties_ 
infestation is not yet general. In no States has inspection and reme- 
dial work been carried out more thoroly than in Illinois, and this 
accounts for the rather favorable conditions, in view of the fact that 
probably nearly all of the mero otis and districts have been 


located. 
INDIANA. 


The first case of infestation was brought to our attention in May, 
1894, and subsequent records are indicated in Bulletins 3 and 12. As 
indicated in a map sent by Prof. J. Troop, horticulturist of the State 
experiment station, the scale is now distributed over the entire State, 
occurring, however, in less than half of the counties. It occurs in 
all the Ohio River counties, and Vanderburg is indicated as the one 


worst infested. 
IOWA. 


Iowa hitherto has been one of the western States supposedly free 
from the San Jose scale. The State entomologist, Mr. H. E. Summers, 
reports that he now knows of but one infested point in the State, con- 
fined to a single orchard in Louisa County. Some other cases of 
introduction of the scale were discovered a few years ago, but were 
treated in sucha thoro way that reinspection during the last three 
years has shown no further development of scale. No San Jose scale 
has been found in any nursery in the State. 


24 ‘THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 
_ KANSAS. 


Kansas has long belonged to a group of middle western States free 
from the San Jose scale. During the present year, however, this scale — 
insect has been sent to us for determination from Dodge City on apple — 
twigs, which is the first and only record so far for this State, on the — 
authority of Prof. E. A. Popenoe, entomologist of the State experi- — 
ment station. A general examination of the orchards of the State has — 
been begun, however, and additional records will probably be dis- — 


covered. 
KENTUCKY. 


But one record of the San Jose scale was known in Kentucky at the 
time of the publication of Bulletin 12. Professor Garman, State ento- 
mologist, now reports that the scale is still not generally distributed — 
in the State, and the credit for this he believes is due to the prompt — 
institution of nursery inspection shortly after the San Jose scale came — 
into prominence in the East. Within the past four or tive years, how- — 


ever, he reports an increase inthe number of infested localities, par- 


ticularly in northern counties, and is inclined to believe that in some 4 
cases the stock condemned on the other side of the river is brought 
over and distributed on the Kentucky side. The infestation is con- — 
fined to the river counties and some half a dozen interior counties, all — 
lying rather above the median line of the State. . 


LOUISIANA. 


The early records of infestation in Louisiana are given in detail in — 
Bulletin 3, and the scale is supposed to date in this State from about q 
1891, as there recorded. The present situation as given by Mr. 
Wilmon Newell, the entomologist of the State experiment stations, — 
indicates 12 distinct localities of occurrence, ranging from the north- — 
ern line of the State to New Orleans. These points are widely sepa- — 
rated, and the State is comparatively free from the scale. Mr. Newell — 
states that no very thoro inspection of all the orchard sections of — 
the State has been made, but that from the work already done he © 
believes that not over 5 per cent of the orchards, at the outside, are — 
infested. But one small nursery is known to be infested, and the — 
owner of this nursery is not permitted to place his stock on the market. — 


MAINE. 


The San Jose scale has never been reported from Maine, and this is i 
confirmed in a recent letter from Miss Edith M. Patch, the entomolo- — 
gist of the State experiment station. | 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 25 
MARYLAND. 


Maryland early became one of the eastern States worst infested by 
the San Jose scale, and one that suffered most, perhaps, from this 
pest. It also received the most energetic early work in efforts at 
extermination and control. The present situation, as indicated by 
Mr. T. B. Symons, State entomologist, shows the San Jose scale to be 
generally distributed over the entire State, with the exception of the 
two extreme western counties, Garrett and Allegany, the former hav- 
ing the San Jose scale at 2 points and the latter at 15. By-the method 
of employing State inspectors in the various counties, 1,500,000 trees 
of various kinds have been inspected each year for the past four years, 
and from the records thus gained 18 per cent of the fruit trees in- 
spected are infested, and 65 per cent of the orchards, and this estimate 
is believed to be moderate. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


The presence of the San Jose scale was determined in Massachusetts 
as early as April 25, 1895, as recorded in Bulletin 3. Additional rec- 
erds are given in Bulletin 12. Prof. H. T. Fernald, summing up the 
present situation, says that he was forced to give up the effort of 
keeping a complete lst of localities known to be infested in 1900, 
finding that the scale was practically everywhere in Massachusetts 
east of the Connecticut River. At the present time it may be found 
in almost every town to the western boundary of the Connecticut 
Valley, say 15 miles west of the river on the average. In Berkshire 
County, which lies west of this, he has no records, but he would not 
be surprised to find it somewhere in that region, particularly along 
the Housatonic Valley. As to percentage of infestation, he says that 
about one-third of the orchards are infested to a greater or less degree, 
and the infested orchards are particularly the more recently planted 
ones. In the older orchards infested replants may occasionally be 
found. Many of the cases of infestation, however, are of ornamental 
trees and shrubs in house lots. He states that from such places as 
the Arnold Arboretum and the Metropolitan Park system around 
Boston, which have had the scale for nearly fifteen years, it has 
spread in all directions, and that in Massachusetts it is less an orchard 
problem than one of ornamental plants. 


MICHIGAN. 


Michigan was not known to be infested at the time of the publica- 
tion of Bulletin 3, but Professor Barrows, in August, 1897, reported 
14 localities in 10 counties, the evidence showing that the scale had 
been present in the State since 1890. The present situation is indi- 
cated on a map prepared by the entomologist of the State experiment 


26 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


station, Mr. R. H. Pettit, with the assistance of Professor Taft, and 
shows scattering infestation thruout the southern third of the State, 
the points farthest north in the interior away from the influence of 
Lake Michigan being at Ithaca and Otter Lake, which are both rather 
beyond the anticipated range of the scale insect. It is not shown, 
however, that the extreme points in the range are points of permanent 
infestation. | ee 
MINNESOTA. 


The San Jose scale has not been reported from Minnesota. 


MISSISSIPPI. | 


Mississippi apparently became infested with the San Jose scale at 
the same time (1891) and from the same material which carried this 
pest to Louisiana. Mr. Glenn W. Herrick, professor of biology, 
Agricultural College, Miss., now reports the scale from 16 localities in 
15 counties. It is probable, however, that in portions of Mississippi 
and Louisiana the San Jose scale will not become nearly as serious a 
pest as in northern localities, on account of the action of fungous 
diseases. 

MISSOURI. 

The occurrence of the San Jose scale in 16 localities, as reported by 
Professor Stedman, is noted in Bulletin 12. Mr. Stedman now states 
that the San Jose scale has practically overrun the whole of St. Louis ~ 
County, and that there is a bad case of infestation south of Independ- 
ence, another just west of Cape Girardeau, and one near Charleston. 


MONTANA. 


The San Jose scale has never been reported from Montana. Mr. 
R. A. Cooley, the State entomologist, reports that during his seven 
years in Montana he has been in touch with all parts of the State, and 
feels sure that if the San Jose scale occurred there he would have 
known of it. A few reported cases investigated have turned out to 
be of other species. 


— 


NEBRASKA. 


The San Jose scale has so far not been found in Nebraska, as reported 
by Prof. Lawrence Bruner, ‘‘ except on fruit that has been shipped 
in, principally from Colorado.” In view of its nonoccurrence in 
Colorado, the fruit referred to must have come from California or 


elsewhere. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


It was early hoped that the San Jose scale would not be able to 
infest much of the fruit regions of New England, but this hope seems 
to be diminishing, and Prof. Clarence M. Weed reports the San Jose 
scale as far north as the White Mountain region in New Hampshire, 


ee ee aE eee 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 27 


to an extent that it is seriously destructive. The records of infes- 
tation show the occurrence of this insect in New Hampshire in the 
eastern part of Manchester, in Dover Point, and Intervale, and in 


nurseries at Dover, Epping, and Seabrook; also in trees from these 
nurseries at Rollinsford, Lee, and Durham. Mr. E. D. Sanderson, 


the present entomologist of the State experiment station, adds two 
additional localities, one in Newington and the other at North Dan- 
ville. Mr. Sanderson reports that no orchard inspections have been 
made, and that as practically all of the nursery stock comes originally 
from outside of the State, many of the younger orchards are probably 


infested. 
NEW JERSEY. 


New Jersey, responsible for much of the original distribution of 
the San Jose scale in the East, early became generally infested, as 
recorded in Bulletins 3 and 12. Dr. J. B. Smith, State entomologist, 
reports that this scale now occurs thruout the State and probably in 
90 per cent of the orchards. In a general way, he says, those dis- 
tricts that are longest infested are in a better condition than those 
that have become more recently infested, because growers in the first 
instance have learned how to deal with the insect to the best advantage. 


NEVADA. 


The oecurrence of the San Jose scale in Nevada is noted in Bulletin 
12 in gardens in the city of Reno. We have records also from Carson 
City dating from 1903 and 1904. Prof. J. E. Stubbs, director of the 
State experiment station, writes that the insect is fairly under control 
in the State. In 1904, he says, and prior to that time, its ravages in 
three or four counties were considerable, and farmers complained that 
they were losing their fruit on account of it. At the session of the 


legislature held in 1903 a law was past giving authority to the sev- 


eral counties to appoint an inspector of trees, especiatly fruit trees. 

In Washoe, Ormsby, Humboldt, Elko, and Lincola counties these 

inspectors are said to have done pretty good work and to have 

checked the scale by spraying; especially was this true in the counties 

of Washoe and Ormsby. 
: NEW MEXICO. 

The distribution of the San Jose scale in New Mexico has probably 


changed very little since the publication of Bulletins 3 and 12, and no 
late records have been received from this Territory. 


NEW YORK. 


The presence of the scale in New York was determined in August, 
1894, und the early records are noted in Bulletins 3 and 12. The 
present condition of this scale insect in New York has been reported to 


28 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


us by Messrs. M.V. Slingerland and E. P. F elt. Mr. Slingerland gives a 4 


long list of the infested localities received at the Cornell experiment sta- 


tion, and reports that in general Long Island, the Hudson River Valley, 
and Niagara County seem to be the worst-infested sections. Mr. Felt’s 
records were made after consultation with Mr. Atwood, of the State 
department of agriculture, who has direct charge of nursery-inspec- 
tion work. The following counties are reported as badly infested, 
either because of the pest being generally distributed thruout the entire 
county or else because of its inflicting considerable damage in cer- 
tain restricted areas: Albany, Cayuga, Chemung, Columbia, Dutchess, 
Erie, Kings, Nassau, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans, Putnam, Queens, ~ 
Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, Wayne, Westchester, and — 
Yates. It is also known to occur in the following counties: Broome, — 
Chautauqua, Delaware, Fulton, Greene, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, 
New York, Oneida, Orange, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Sen- 
eca, Steuben, Tompkins, Ulster, and Washington. Mr. Felt reports 
that the scale may be safely said to be present in most sections where 
fruit interests are at all extensive, tho not always generally distributed. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 


The first records of the occurrence of the San Jose scale in North 
Carolina are given in Bulletin 12. Mr. R. S. Woglum, acting 
entomologist of the North Carolina department of agriculture, has 
submitted a map indicating general infestation thruout the State, 
represented by over fifty counties, in which the number of points 
infested range from 1 to 42. These points are definitely known either 
from personal observation or else from the receipt of specimens on 
plants. West of the Blue Ridge Mountains the region is quite free 
from the scale, only four infested localities being known. 


NORTH DAKOTA. 
No San Jose scale. 
OHIO. 


The early conditions in Ohio, as determined by Prof. F. M. Webster, 
are reported in Bulletins 3 and 12. Mr. A. F. Burgess, chief State 
inspector, gives the following summary of the present conditions: 


Counties having no infested orchards .--...-.---.------------ 26 
Counties with 1 infested orchard locality..-..-...-- =e Bee 27 
Counties with 2 infested orchard localities ...-.....--..------ 10 
Counties with 3 infested orchard localities -........---------- 10 
Counties with more than 3 infested orchard localities or hay- 

ing large infested areas or numerous small outbreaks ---..-- 15 


The majority of the larger cities of the State are more or less — 
infested. 
These points of infestation cover the State pretty generally. 


ee 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 29 
OKLAHOMA. 


The first records of the San Jose scale in Oklahoma were received 


in 1904, on Japan plum from Mulhall. We have since received it, in 


1905, on peach from Stillwater and El Reno. Mr. J. F. Nicholson, 
entomologist of the agricultural experiment station, reports that the 
scale has been found toa limited extent in five places in the Territory, 
namely, Mulhall, Shawnee, El Reno, Wellston, and Chandler. All of 
these cases are trees in city gardens. 


OREGON. 


Mr. A. B. Cordley, referring to present conditions in Oregon, states 


- that to enumerate the localities where the San Jose scale is found would 


be practically to include all places where fruit is grown. He says that 
it occurs in a very large proportion of the orchards in western Oregon, | 
from Ashland to Portland, particularly those along the lines of rail- 


- roads or in the vicinity of towns, there being scattered orchards back 


toward the foothills which the San Jose scale has not yet reached. It 
occurs also between Portland and Astoria, along the Columbia River; 
is present in the Hood River Valley; in the Waila Walla Valley in the 
vicinity of Milton and Freewater, and in the Grande Ronde Valley in 
the vicinity of Vale and Ontario. There are, however, large areas of 


central and southern Oregon, remote from the railroads, where little 


fruit is grown, that the scale has not yet reached. It is noted, how- 
ever, that the scale does no great injury except in small farm orchards 
or those that are neglected, and that in all the large orchards the lime, 
sulfur, and salt mixture as a winter spray is in general use. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


The San Jose scale became early established in Pennsylvania from 
New Jersey nurseries, but the subject of San Jose scale control was not 
taken up as early in this State as in neighboring States, so that the 
conditions at the outset were not well known. Both Prof. H. A. Sur- 
face, economic zoologist of the State, and Mr. George C. Butz, the 
horticulturist of the agricultural experiment station, agree in the state- 
ment that the San Jose scale is now so widespread in Pennsylvania 
that there is scarcely a county that has not points of infestation. It 
occurs in practically all the important fruit regions of the State, and 
in many private and public grounds, especially in the portion of Penn- 
sylvania lying east of the Allegheny Mountains. Mr. Butz reports 
that probably 20 per cent of the orchards are more or less infested. 
Professor Surface has, with the assistance of 30 inspectors, taken up 
active warfare against the scale, inspecting orchards and nurseries and 
trees in parks and giving demonstrations in methods of suppressing 
it. He states that he has not found the scale in the three northeastern 


ib 


30 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


counties of the State, nor in some of the counties northwest of the — 
center of the State, such as Cameron, Elk, Forest, McKean, and — 
Warren. | 

RHODE ISLAND. 


No records from Rhode Island had been received up to the time of 
the publication of Bulletin 12, in 1898, but Mr. A. E. Stene, of the © 
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, states that the scale has — 
now spread over almost the entire State, and nearly every orchard ~ 
where planting has been done in the last ten years is more or less 
infested. There are a few old orchards where no new trees have 
recently been set that are still free from the scale. It is believed that 
four-fifths of the orchards in the State are infested. 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 


But a single record for South Carolina had been received up to 
the time of the publication of Bulletin 12, largely, as there indicated, 
for the reason that there had been no State entomologist, and no 
work of inspection had been done. The records which have come 
to this office from South Carolina now number 10, and represent 7 
different localities distributed miscellaneously over the State. Natu- 
rally, very few of the actual records would come to us, and the indi- 
cations are that the State is pretty generally infested. Mr. C. E. 
Chambliss, the entomologist of the experiment station, now reports 
24 infested iocalities, all of which had the scale prior to 1900. 


SOUTH DAKOTA. 


No San Jose scale has yet been reported from South Dakota. Mr. 
W. A. Wheeler, the entomologist of the experiment station, states that 
he has inspected nurseries of South Dakota for two years, and has not 
found the San Jose scale in any nursery. It has been introduced with 
stock received by the college from other States, but has always been 
speedily disposed of when received, and so far is not known to infest 
any of the orchards. 

TENNESSEE. 


A single locality was recorded for the San Jose scale in the eastern 
portion of the State in Bulletin 12. Since that time the number of 
records for the San Jose scale which have come to this office for deter- 
mination has increased to 14. These are distributed generally over the 
State, and indicate rather widespread infestation, and naturally very 
much more than is shown by the material which has been sent to the 
Department. 

A recent letter from Mr. G. M. Bentley, assistant entomologist, 
gives the information that no complete survey of the State has been 


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION AND PRESENT CONDITION. 2 ae 


made, but, roughly speaking, 30 per cent of the nurseries are more or 
less infested, and in eastern Tennessee the San Jose scale is very gen- 
erally present; but the section of the State, notably Franklin County, 
where most of the nurseries are located, is free from the pest. The 
extreme western part of the State, in the Memphis section, is also 
pretty badly infested. No general orchard inspection of the State has 
_ been made. 

TEXAS. 


Eight localities were reported for Texas in Bulletin 12. T he scale 
is now fairly widely distributed in the State, the records of this office 
numbering 19, some of these, however, representing the same district. 
The localities cover, generally speaking, the eastern half of the State, 
namely, the nonarid portion where fruit growing is followed to a 
greater or less extent. Prof. A. F. Conradi, the State entomologist, 
has records of the insect’s occurrence in Bexar, Brazonia, Calhoun, 
Cherokee, Comal, Comanche, Eastland, Erath, Galveston, Harris, 
Harrison, Hopkins, Hunt, Valverde, Wharton, and Wood counties. 


UTAH. 


No San Jose scale was recorded for Utah in either Bulletin 3 or 12. 
In 1899 it was sent to us for determination from both Ogden and 
Logan. Mr. E. D. Ball, the entomologist of the State experiment 
station, reports that he is unable to give the exact localities of the 
occurrence of this insect, but states that it is pretty widely spread in 
the central section of the State, doing, however, little damage. It 
seems to be controlled by the twice-stabbed ladybird. The commer- 
cial orchards, as a rule, are practically free. A good deal of spraying 
has been done with the standard lime-sulfur wash. 


VERMONT. 


The occurrence of the San Jose scale in Vermont was brought to 
our notice in 1899. Mr. William Stuart, horticulturist of the State 
experiment. station, says that it is now known to occur in only two 
localities, namely, Charlotte, Chittenden County, and Orwell, Rutland 
County; in both instances occurring in only one orchard. 


VIRGINIA. 


The details of the early records in Virginia are given in Bulletin 3 and 
in Bulletin 12. A great many new records have been received from — 
Virginia and more material has come to this Bureau for determination 
from Virginia than from any other State except Pennsylvania. Mr. 
J. L. Phillips, State entomologist, in reply to our circular letter refers 


8449—No. 62—06——3 


82 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


to his publications, in which it appears that the San Jose seale is 
recorded from 78 counties. Many orchards in all of the counties are 
still free from the scale, but infestation is very general thruout the 
State. 


WASHINGTON. 


The State of Washington was early infested with the San Jose scale 
from California, and at the time of the publication of Bulletin 3, in 
1896, the fruit-growing regions were pretty well dotted with this pest. 
Mr. A. L. Melander, assistant entomologist, submits a map which is 
about to be published in a bulletin showing the distribution of this 
insect. It indicates the occurrence of the scale in the western settled 
-section of the State, where fruit growing Is important, following the 
river valleys, but with some important scattering districts on the west 
side of the mountains, where it seems to have a precarious foothold. 
It is little dreaded by orchardists, and fruit trees are commonly sprayed 
with the lime, sulfur, and salt wash in February, and one treatment 
is reported to be effective for several years. é 


WISCONSIN. 


Wisconsin is, on the authority of Mr. E. P. Sandsten, horticulturist 
of the State experiment station, now free from the San Jose scale. 
The only occurrence of this pest in the State was three years ago, in 
the extreme southern part, and it was here stamped out by the prompt 
adoption of radical measures. see 


WYOMING. 


Mr. B. C. Buffum, director of the agricultural experiment station, 
reports that the San Jose scale has not yet appeared in Wyoming. 
There are but few orchards in bearing, and these are believed to be 
free from this pest. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 


~The San Jose scale was first noticed in West Virginia in 1896. 
Many examples of the San Jose scale in this State have been sent to 
this office for determination, showing the scale to be very generally 
distributed. ; | 

The recent reports of the West Virginia experiment station, notably 
those for 1903-4 and 1904-5, and later records received from the 
entomologist of the experiment station, Mr. W. E. Rumsey, indicate _ 
very general infestation thruout the State, conditions being similar 
to those in Virginia. Nevertheless, while there are hundreds of 
infested orchards and several infested nurseries, the great mass of the 
orchards and nurseries are still free from scale. A very careful 
nursery and orchard inspection is maintained in West Virginia, and 


THE RELATION OF CLIMATE TO SPREAD. 393 


the actual conditions of infestation are perhaps as well known in this 
State as in any other. In many localities the scale is held in check by 
this careful system of inspection and by the promt and thoro 
adoption of the remedial treatment. 


CANADA. 


On the authority of Dr. James Fletcher, the Dominion entomolo- 
gist, the San Jose scale infestation in the eastern portion of Canada is 
confined to the Niagara Peninsula and counties along the north shore 
of the west end of Lake Erie. It has also been found in several locali- 
ties in British Columbia, having reached this province in its northward 
migration along the Pacific slope. - 


THE RELATION OF CLIMATE TO SPREAD. 


This subject was rather carefully considered in both Bulletins 3 and 
12, in connection with the climatic districts or life zones established 
by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, within which particular animals thrive 
and outside of which they fail to establish themselves. These 
life zones as thus limited have a special value in indicating the 
probable spread of many injurious insects, and seem to be par- 
ticularly significant in the case of the San Jose scale. These life zones 
are: The tropical, occupying small areas in Florida and southern Texas; 
the lower and upper austral, covering the bulk of the United States; 
and the transition zone, coming between the last and the boreal zone 
of Canada northward. These zones will be better understood by refer- 
ence to the accompanying map (PI. V). The early records led to the 
belief that the San Jose scale would be practically limited to the upper 
and lower austral zones, and that the important fruit districts in the 
_ northern United States and in elevated mountain regions, represented 
by the transition zone, would be slightly if any infested. In the main, 
the records of the a ontion of the San Jose scale have wecabard 
this helief. Nevertheless, the scale has, in a number of instances, 
appeared well into the transition zone as fixt by Doctor Merriam, 
notably in Massachusetts, in New York, in Michigan, and a few other 
points; but in most of these cases the evidence gained from the rela- 
tion of other animals and plants would indicate that the transition and 
upper austral zones were not correctly charted, so that in general the 
belief in the immunity of the transition zone holds. 

As pointed out by Doctor Howard in Bulletin 12, the coastal law 
which brings about the intermingling of northern and southern forms 
will probably justify the eastern Massachusetts occurrences. Other 
occurrences in Massachusetts are justified by the river-valley law in 
relation to the Connecticut River, and Doctor Merriam admits that his 
line across the southern peninsula of Michigan is not very accurately 


o4 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


drawn. Special topographical conditions and protecting mountains 
will probably account for other divergences. 

In the lower austral and tropical regions the San fdee scale, as 
pointed out by Doctor Howard, may not prove as injurious as in the 
upper austral, and this follows the general rule regarding armored 
scale insects in warm countries. Armored scales rarely appear or 
thrive in the moist Tropics, as shown by the explorations of the writer 
in the East and West Indies. Fungous diseases, which thrive in warm 
and moist climates, are the principal agency in keeping such scale 
insects in check, and in the case of the San Jose scale the common 
scale fungus Spherostilbe coccophila has already done good work in 
Florida and other portions of the lower austral zone. Moisture is a 
prerequisite in the case of this disease, and little benefit comes from 
it in the drier portions of this zone. Too much stress, however, should 
not be put on zonal limitations, and there may always be outbreaks 
of longer or shorter standing in the borders of the transition region. 


HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY. 


NATURE OF THE DAMAGE. 


The San Jose scale, as already stated, occurs on all parts of the 
plant—limbs (Pl. I; Pl. VI, fig. 1), leaves, and fruit (Pl. V1, fig. 2). 
As the plant becomes badly infested the scales lie very close together 
on the limbs, frequently overlapping, sometimes with several young 
ones clustering over the surface.of an old mature scale. The gen- 
eral appearance which they present is of a grayish, very slightly 
roughened, scurfy deposit. The natural rich reddish color of the 
young limbs of peach, pear, and apple is quite obscured when these 
trees are thickly infested, and they have then every appearance of 
being coated with ashes. When the scales are crusht by scraping, 
a yellowish, oily liquid will appear, resulting from the mashing of 
the soft, yellow insects beneath the scales. Examined under a hand 
lens during the summer, numbers of the little orange-colored larve 
will be seen running about, and the snowy white young scales will be 
interspersed with the old brown or blackened mature scales. The 
appearance presented at this time under the lens is shown in fig. 2. 
Very frequently the scale has a marked tendency to infest the extrem- 
ities of the branches and twigs. This is particularly noticeable with 
pear. As usually found on peach, the scale is massed often more 
densely on the older growth, and works out more slowly toward the 
new wood. 

The leaves are much less apt to bear scales, but in severe cases the 
upper surface particularly becomes infested, the scales frequently rang-_ 
ing in two or more quite regular rows on either side of the midrib, 


BuL.62, Bureau oO 


130° 


) 


Upper Aus tra] 


Lower Austral 


Gulf Strip of 
Lower Austral 


Tropic al 


dotted._parts of the Austral Zones east 

p Great Plains wrdicaute the ecctent of the 

a dantstons of these Zones, Jenowr respec: 

asthe Alleghantar,Carounian and As- 

barvran faunas. Theundotied parts of te 

Zones are known as He TranrstQwon;,. 
Sonoran and Lower Sonoran . 


Corrected to Decembe ANDREW. 8. GRAHAM CO,, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHERS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


— ee 


ia, e.\ 


x 
; * 


BuL.62, Bureau of EntomoLocy, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. PLATE V. 


Transition 


Upper Austra) 


Lower Austral 


Gulf Strip of 
Lower Austral 


Tropical 


The dotted parts of the Austral, Zones cast 
of the Great Plains wulicute the ecctiat of thé 
howd divisions of these Zones, Jenown respec 
auvedy asthe Alleghonian Carounian and Aus 
woriparian Fuunas. Theundotted, parts of Vie 
sam Zones are known as We Transition, 
Upper Sonoran and Lower Sonoran . 


ANDREW, 8. GRAHAM CO, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHERS, WASIIINGTON, 0. C 


ses ark eae ae ee LIFE ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES 
BY 


PLATE VI. 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 


Fic. 1.—LARGE APPLE TREES WITH LOWER LIMBS KILLED BY THE SAN JOSE SCALE, 


2) 


(ORIGINAL 


Wy 


YOUNGSTOWN, N 


SLIGHTLY ENLARGED (ORIGINAL). 


Fic. 2.—APPLE INFESTED WITH SAN JOSE SCALE. 


« s ' 
NATURE OF THE DAMAGE. 35 


The male seales are more numerous on the leaves than the females. 
| The infested leaves turn purplish brown. 

The San Jose scale was formerly supposed to differ from all others 
in the peculiar reddening effect which it produces upon the skin of the 
_ fruit and oftender twigs. This, however, sometimes occurs with other 
seales, but is a particularly characteristic feature of this insect, and 
renders it easy to distinguish. The encircling band of reddish dis- 
coloration around the margin of each female scale is very noticeable 


thee mY 


¥ g 
Be 


¥ 


Mere Se ee 


tk le 
er 


\ 


Pe aN ee re SR TaD Oy 


“‘.* 25 


be 


3 
Bs Fic. 2.—Appearance of San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus) on 
af bark: a, infested twig, natural size; b, bark as it appears under 
= hand lens, showing scales in various stages of deyelopment and 
young larve. (From Howard and Marlatt.) 
- _ on fruit, especially pears. This appearance, however, sometimes so 


closely resembles the small spots on fruit produced by acommon fungus, 
Entomosporium maculatum Lev., as to require close examination with 
a lens to distinguish it. Fruit severely attacked becomes distorted, 
rough, and pitted, frequently cracking, and may eventually fall prema- 
turely or at least become unmarketable. | 

The cambium layer of young twigs where the scales are massed 
together is usually stained deep red or purplish, and when the scale is 
only scatteringly present the distinctive purplish ring surrounding each 


36 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


is almost as noticeable on young twigs as on fruit, and is of the greatest _ 
service in facilitating the inspection of trees which have been subject 
to possible contagion. Thealmost microscopic young scale might easily 
elude the most careful search, but the striking circling ring makes it 
a comparatively conspicuous object without the aid of a glass. 

If the tree survives‘the attack the infested wood eventually becomes 
knotty and irregular, partly from the sapping of the juices by the insect 
and also without doubt largely from the poisoning of the sap of the 
cambium layer by the punctures of the insect, as indicated by the dis- 
coloration. Young peach trees will ordinarily survive the scale only 
two or three years. Pears are sometimes killed outright, but generally 
maintain a feeble, sickly existence, making little or no growth fora 
somewhat longer period. 


FOOD PLANTS. 


The San Jose scale may attack almost any deciduous plant, including - 
fruits, ornamentals, and the various shade trees. Food-plant lists 
were published in Bulletins 3 and 12 of this Bureau, and several sub- 
sequent writers have given lists, with important additions. The most 
careful investigation of the subject, relating particularly to ornamental 
trees and shrubs, but also to fruit trees, as these are often planted for 
ornament, was that conducted by the State entomologist of Connecti- 
cut, Mr. W. E. Britton, who sent out a circular letter to the entomol- 
ogists and horticultural inspectors of the various States asking for 
data under three headings, namely: (1) Plants commonly infested; 
(2) those occasionally or -rarely infested; (3) those not infested. 
Forty-five replies were received, and from these and other records his 
list was prepared. This list I have reproduced, together with his 
following explanatory paragraphs.“ 


List or Harpy TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES. 
COMMONLY OR BADLY INFESTED. 


Acacia sp. Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, Va. 

Akebia sp. Felt, N. Y. 

Akebia quinata Decaisne. Alwood, Va. 

Amelanchier canadensis Medic., and other species. Shad-bush, Juneberry. Britton, 
Koehler, Conn.; Alwood, Va. 

Citrus trifoliata Linn. Scott, Ga.; Alwood, Va.; Gossard, Fla. 

Cornus alba Linn. var. sibirica Lodd. Britton, Conn. 

Cornus baileyi Coult & Evans. Gould (in N. Y.). 

Cornus sanguinea Linn. Britton, Conn. 

Cotoneaster sp.? Britton, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; Card, R. I. 

Cotoneaster ee Lindl. Alwood, Va. 


a Eon of the Goauaeat hoeciionee Experiment Station, 1902, Part II, a 
Report of the Entomologist, pp. 132-138. 


PLANTS COMMONLY OR BADLY INFESTED. ot 


Crategus sp? Hawthorn. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N.Y.; Alwood, Va.; Smith, 
N. J 

Crutzgus cordata Soland. Koehler, Conn. . 

Crategus oxyacantha Linn. English hawthorn. Britton, Koehler, Conn. 


— Crategus coccinea Linn. Koehler, Conn. 


Crategus crus-galli Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Cydonia vulgaris Pers. Common quince. Britton, Conn.;. Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, 
Va. 

Cydonia japonica Pers. Japanese or flowering quince. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; 
Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Johnson, Md. 

Fagus sylvatica Linn. var. purpurea Ait. European purple-leaved beech: Smith, 
IN sol. 

Juglans sieboldiant Maxim. Japanese walnut. Britton, Conn.; Alwood, Va.; Sher- 
man, N. C.; Smith, N. J. 

LTigustrum vulgare Linn. Common privet. Alwocd, Va. 

Populus sp. Poplar. Britton, Conn.; Smith, N. J.; Sanderson, Del.; Felt, N. Y. — 

Populus deltoides Marsh. Carolina poplar. Britton, Conn.; Rolfs & Quaintance, 
Fla.; Alweod, Va. 

Populus nigra Linn. var. italica Du Roi: Lombardy poplar. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; 
Rolfs & Quaintance, Fla.; Alwood, Va. : 

Prunus amygdalus Stokes. Almond. Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va. 

Prunus armeniaca Linn. Apricot. Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Smith, N. J. 

Prunus avium Linn. Sweet cherry. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, 
Va.; Smith, N. J.; Cockerell, N. Mex. 

Prunus pumila Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Prunus pumila var. besseyi Waugh. Sand cherry. Alwood, Va. 

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., var. atropurpurea Dipp. (P. pissardi). Purple-leaved plum. 
Britton, Conn.; Felt, N. Y. 

Prunus domestica Linn. European plum. Britton, Conn.; Alwood, Va. 

Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild goose plum. Alwood, Va. 

Prunus japonica Thunb. Flowering almond. Britton, Conn.; Felt, N. Y. 

Prunus maritima Waugh. Beach plum. Koehler, Britton, Conn. 

Prunus persica Sieb. & Zucc. Peach. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, 
N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Cockerell, N. Mex. 

Prunus triflora Roxbg. Japanese plum. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; Alwood, Va. 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. Koehler, Conn. 

Prunus virgimana Linn. Chokecherry. Koehler, Conn. 

Ptelea trifoliata Linn. Hop tree. Fernald, Mass. 

Pyrus communis Linn. Pear. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; 
Alwood, Va.; Cockerell, N. Mex. 

Pyrus sinensis Lindl. Sand pear, including Kieffer. Alwood, Va. 

Pyrus baccata Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Pyrus malus Linn. Apple. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, 
Va.; Doten, Nev.; Cockerell, N. Mex. 

Pyrus sp. Crabapple. Britton, Conn. 

Ribes oxyacanthoides Linn. Gooseberry. Britton, Conn.: Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; 
Alwood, Va.; Troop, Ind. 

Ribes aureuwm Pursh. Missouri or flowering currant. Lintner, N. Y. 

Ribes rubrum Linn. Currant. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y. 

Ribes nigrum Linn. Black currant. Alwood, Va. 

Rosa sp. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Cockerell, N. Mex.; Bur- 
gess, Ohio; Troop, Ind.; Gould, Md.; Scott, Ga. 

Rosa carolina Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Rosa lucida Ehrh. Koehler, Conn. — 


38 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


Rosa virginiana Mill. Koehler, Conn. : 

Rosa rugosa Thunb. Britton, Koehler, Conn. 

Salix sp. Willow. Britton, Conn.; Felt, N. Y.; Sanderson, Del. 

Salix lucida Muhl. Koehler, Conn. 

Salix pentandra Linn. Laurel-leaved willow. Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va. 

Salix vitellina Linn. Koehler, Conn. : 

Salia babylonica Linn. Weeping willow. Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va 

Salix humilis Marsh. Koehler, Conn. 

Salix incana Schrank. Koehler, Conn. 

Sorbus sp. Mountain ash. Felt, N. Y.; Hunter, Kans. 

Sorbus americana Marsh. American smonnaan ash. Briton Koehler, Conn.; 
Alwood, Va. ; 

Sorbus aucuparia Linn. European mountain ash. Britton, Koehler, Conn. 

Sorbus melanocarpa C. Koch. (Aronia nigra Koehne). Black chokeberry. Koehler, 
Conn. | 

Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry. Felt, N. Y.; Smith, N. J. 

Syringa vulgaris Linn. Common lilac. Burgess, Ohio; commissioner of agriculture, 
N.Y: Troop; Ind. > Alwood; Vaz 

Syringa persica Linn. Persian lilac. Britton, Conn. 

Tilia sp. Basswood, linden. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, commissioner of agriculture, 
INE: 

Tilia americana Linn. American linden or basswood. Britton, Conn.; Alwood, Va. 

Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage orange. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; 
Alwood, Va. 

Ulmus sp. Elm. Lintner, N. Y.; Webster, Ohio; Troop, Ind. 

Ulmus americana Linn. Americanelm. Britton, Koehler, Conn.; Alwood, Va. 

Ulmus campestris Smith. English or European elm. Britton, Conn.; Felt, N. Y.; 
Smith, N. J. 


3 


OCCASIONALLY OR RARELY INFESTED. 


Acer sp. Maple. Webster, Burgess, Ohio; Fernald, Mass.; Butz, Pa.; commissioner 
of agriculture, N. Y. Ba: ; 

Acer saccharinum Linn. Silver maple. Gould, Md.; Alwood, Va.; Hunter, Kans.; 
Felt, N. Y. 

Acer saccharinum. Weir’s cut-leaved. Felt, N. Y. 

Acer platanoides Linn. Norway maple. Gould, Md. 

Actinidia arguta Miq. (A. polygama). Alwood, Va. 

Atsculus hippocastanum Linn. Horse-chestnut. Felt, commissioner of agriculture, 
N. Y.; Burgess, Parrot, Green, Ohio. 

Alnus sp. Alder. Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, Va. 

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Virginia creeper. Alwood, Va. 

Betula sp. Birch. Felt, N. Y. 

Betula alba Linn. Cut-leaved white birch. Britton, Conn.; Rolfs & Quaintance, Fla. 

Buxus sp. Box. Britton, Conn. : 

Castanea americana Raf. Chestnut. Rolfs & Quaintanece, Fla.; Alwood, Va.; 
Felt, N. Y. 

Catalpa sp. Rolis & Quaintance, Fla. 

Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Common catalpa. Alwood, Va. 

Ceanothus americanus Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Celtis occidentalis Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zuce. Britton, Conn. 

Citrus aurantium Linn. Gossard, Fla. 

Cornus alternifolia Linn. Koehler, Conn. 

Cornus stolonifera Michx. Koehler, Conn. 


PLANTS OCCASIONALLY OR RARELY INFESTED. 39 


Cornus circinata L’ Hérit. Koehler, Conn. 


—. Cornus amomum Mill. Koehler, Conn. 


Ae wore Ph easy if tnit -— Oe 


Cornus candidissima Marsh. Koehler, Conn. 
Cornus florida Linn. Commissioner of agriculture, Felt, N. Y.; Britton, Conn. 


Cornus florida. Red flowering. Alwood, Va. 


Deutzia sp. Fernald, Mass. 

Diospyros virginiana Linn. Persimmon. Lintner, N. Y. 

Hlxagnus sp. Felt, N. Y. 

Flzagnus longipes Gray. Silver thorn. Commissioner of agriculture, N. Y.; Scott, 
Ga. 

Eucalyptus sp. Felt, N. Y. ; 

Euonymus sp. Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va. 

mieuscarico Linn. . Vie. Felt, N. Y. 

Forsythia sp. Commissioner of agriculture, N. Y. 

magus sp. Ash: Felt, N. Y.; Butz, Pa. 

Fraxinus americana Linn. White ash. Hunter, Kans. 

Gleditschia triacanthos Linn. Honey locust. Britton, Conn.; Sanderson, Del.; com- 
missioner of agriculture, N. Y.; Johnson, Md. 

Fibiscus syriacus Linn. Shrubby althea. Smith, N. J. 

Hicoria pecan Britt. Pecan nut. Lintner, N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Scott, Ga. 

Juglans nigra Linn. Black walnut. Alwood, Va.; Rolfs & Quaintance, Fla. 

Juglansregia Linn. Persian or English walnut. Alwood, Va.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; 
Sanderson, Md. 


_ Kalmia latifolia Linn. Mountain laurel. Felt, N. Y. 


Kerriajaponica DC. Globe flower. Japanese rose. Felt, N. Y. 

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. California privet. Britton, Koehler, Conn. 
Lonicera sp. Honeysuckle. Felt, N. Y. 

Morus sp. Mulberry. Alwood, Va.; Burgess, Ohio; Johnson, Md.; Scott, Ga. 
Morus sp. Tea’s weeping mulberry. Taft, Mich. 

Physocarpus opulifolius Maxim. Koehler, Conn. 

Picea alba Link. White spruce. Fernald, Mass. 

Prunus cerasus Linn. Sour cherry. Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Burgess, Ohio. 
Photinia villosa DC. Koehler, Conn. 

Rhodotypos kerrioides Sieb. & Zuce. Koehler, Conn. 

Rhussp. Sumac. Rolfs & Quaintance, Fla.; Alwood, Va.; Felt, N. Y. 


_ Rhus cotinus Linn. Smoke bush. Commissioner of agriculture, N. Y. 


Robinia sp. Locust. Sanderson, Del.; Burgess, Webster, Ohio; Johnson, Md. 

Rubus strigosus Michx. Red raspberry. Alwood, Va.; Lintner, Felt, N. ¥.; John- 
son, Md. 

Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey (R. villosus). Common blackberry. Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; 
Johnson, Md. . 

Rubus villosus Ait. (R. Canadensis)... Dewberry. Felt, N. Y. 

Sambucus sp. Elder. Commissioner of agriculture, N. Y.; Fernald, Mass.; Webster, 
Ohio. ; ; 

Sassafras officinale Nees. Sassafras. Sanderson, Del. 

Sorbaria sorbifolia A. Braun (Spirea sorbifolia L.). Britton, Conn. 

Spirea sp. Britton, Conn.; Lintner, Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, Va. 

Thuya occidentalis Linn. Arborvite. Fernald, Mass. 

Viburnum sp. Britton, Conn.; Alwood, Va. 

Viburnum cassinoides Linn. Britton, Koehler, Conn. 

Viburnum opulus Linn. Koehler, Conn. 


| Vitissp. Grapes. Britton, Conn.; Felt, N. Y.; Alwood, Va.; Butz, Pa.; Rolfs & 


Quaintance, Fla.; Johnson, Md. 


40 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


NOT INFESTED. 


Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree of heaven. 
Amorpha fruticosa Linn. 

Andromeda sp. 

Aralia spinosa Linn. Hercules’ club. 

Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Dutchman’s pipe. 
Asimina triloba Dun. Papaw. 

Baccharis halimifolia Linn. Groundsel tree. 

Benzoin odoriferum Nees. (Lindera benzoin Blume). Spicebush. 
Berberis (all species). Barberry, including Mahonia. 
Bignonia sp. Trumpet vine. 

Calycanthus floridus Linn. Carolina allspice, sweet-scented shrub. 
Carpinus sp. Hornbeam. 

Cedrussp. Cedar. 

Celastrus scandens Linn.. Bittersweet. 

Cephalanthus occidentalis Linn. Buttonbush. 

Cercis canadensis Linn. Judas tree, redbud. 
Chamedaphne calyculata Mcench. (Cassandra). Leather leaf. 
Chionanthus virginica Linn. Fringe tree. ; 
Cladrastis tinctoria Raf. Yellowwood. 

Clethra alnifolia Linn. Sweet pepper bush. 

Corylus sp. Filbert, hazelnut. 

Daphne mezereum Linn. 

Diervilla sp. Weigela. 

Dirca palustris Linn. Leatherwood, moosewood. 
Exochorda grandiflora Lindl. Pearlbush. 
Gaylussacia sp. Huckleberry. 

Genista tinctoria Linn. Dyer’s greenweed. 

Ginkgo biloba Linn. Maidenhair tree. 

Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. Kentucky coffee tree. 
Halesia tetraptera Linn. Silver bell, snowdrop tree. 
Hamamelis virginiana Linn. Witch hazel. 

Hedera helix Linn. English ivy. 

Aiicoria sp. (excepting H. pecan Britt). Hickory. 
Hydrangea (all species). 

Hypericum moserianum André. Gold flower. 

Tlex sp. 

Itea virginica Linn. Virginian willow. 

Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. Yellow jasmine. 
Juglans cinerea Linn. Butternut. 

Juniperus sp. Juniper. 

Kelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Varnish tree. 
Laburnum vulgare Griseb. Golden chain. 

Larix sp. Larch. 

Liquidambar styraciflua Linn. Sweet gum. 
Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Tulip tree. 

Lycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony vine. 
Magnolia (all species). 

Myrica cerifera Linn. Wax myrtle. 

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Tupelo, pepperidge, black gum, sour gum. 
Ostrya virginica Willd. Hornbeam, iron wood. 
Paulownia imperialis Sieb. & Zuce. 


+ = oe ow 


PLANTS NOT INFESTED. 4] 


Phellodendron sp. 


Philadelphus coronarius Linn. Mock orange, syringa. 
Pinus sp. Pine. 
Platanus occidentalis Linn. American plane, buttonwood. 


- Potentilla fruticosa Linn. 


Quercus (all species). Oak. 

Retinispora (all species). Japan cypress. 

Rhamnus sp. Buckthorn. 

Rhododendron sp. 

Sciadopitys verticillata Sieb. & Zucc. Umbrella pine. 
Shepherdia sp. ' 
Smilax sp. . 
Sophora japonica Linn. Japan pagoda tree. 

Staphylea sp. Bladder nut. 

Stephanandra flexuosa Sieb. & Zuce. 

Styrax japonica Sieb. & Zuce. 

Tamarix sp. 


_Taxodium distichum Rich. Bald cypress. 


Taxus sp. Yew. 

Tecoma radicans Juss. Trumpet creeper. 
Tsuga canadensis Carr. Common hemlock. 
Vaccinium sp. 

Wistaria sp. 

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. 

Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly ash. 


Certain species have been reported as seriously infested in one part of the country 
and as exempt in other localities. Such plants have been placed in list No. 1. 
Quince is reported as being rarely infested, by Felt, of New York, and by Smith, of 
New Jersey. Sanderson writes that willows and poplars are not commonly infested 
in Maryland and Delaware, but in Connecticut willow hedges have been seriously 
infested, and young willow and poplar trees in nurseries have been thoroly incrusted 


‘by the scales. Cockerell reports that osage orange is not infested in New Mexico 
‘tho much grown, and that Catalpa, elm, and walnut have not been found infested. 


Apricot, quince, and poplar are also reported as not being infested in New Mexico. 
Alwood, of Virginia, Burgess, of Ohio, and Felt, of New York, place the sour cherry 
(P. cerasus) in list No. 2, tho I have never found it infested in Connecticut. Burgess 
suggests that Kieffer pear be placed in the same list, but itis reported by Alwood as 
being badly infested in Virginia. Linden was placed in list No. 1 by the commis- 
sioner of agriculture of New York, while the hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata) was placed 
in the same list by Fernald of Massachusetts. Elm was placed in list No. 1 by 
Webster in Ohio and Troop of Indiana. Smith, of New Jersey, finds European elm, 
purple-leaved beech, and Japanese walnut badly infested, while the common quince, 
cherry (except on Japanese stock), apricot, and poplar are not commonly infested. 
He has not seen the scale on birch, linden, persimmon, Catalpa, Acacia, or Buxus. ° 
Alwood, of Virginia, puts the common privet (Z. vulgare) in list No. 1, while Koehler, 
in Connecticut, mentions it as one of the plants upon which he has not found the 
scale, tho growing near infested plants. Gossard, of Florida; Scott and Fiske, of 


g Georgia, report Citrus trifoliata as being badly infested, while Alwood, of Virginia, 
_ places this plant in list No. 2. C. aurantiwm the common orange, is rarely infested, 


according to Gossard. 

In Connecticut the most commonly infested plants are apple, pear, peach, Japan 
plum, and currant among the fruits, tho sweet cherry, European plum, quince, and 
gooseberry are sometimes seriously injured. 


42 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


The most commonly infested ornamentals are purpleleaved plum, Craizgus, Ja une - 
nese quince, mountain ash, red-twigged dogwood, and Rosa rugosa. Poplar, willoms4 
Persian lilac, Cotoneaster, elm (both American and European), and osage orange — 
have been found thoroly incrusted by the insects, especially when growing — 
infested trees. 


Of the plants which are reported as noninfested in this list 
probably many of them may be subject to slight or occasional — 
infestation. Notwithstanding the San Jose scale’s wide range of food — 
plants, strangely enough certain varieties of pear seem to be almost 
never attacked, and are practically exempt from injury. This holds © 
true also, to a less extent. with different varieties of other fruits. — 
The striking illustrations are the Leconte and Kieffer varieties of — 
pears, and the reason for this immunity is difficult toexplain. Differ-— 
ences in the density and texture of bark could hardly account for ik, 3 
because that would scarcely protect new and comparatively tender 
growth. A notable instance of the immunity of the Leconte pear is — 
seen in the little grove connected with the insectary of this Depart— 
ment. This grove has been thickly planted to pear and apple trees, so” 
that the branches are interlacing all the time, and it has been pretty — 
badly infested with the San Jose scale off and on for ten years, and 
yet the 10 or 12 Leconte trees have been clean the whole time, while ~ 
the rest, representing different varieties of pear, apple, peach, and 7 
plum, have died out or have been replaced, some of them over and 
over again. — 

CITRUS FRUITS AND THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


The susceptibility of the orange and lemon and other citrus plants" 
to the San Jose scale is a matter of great interest to citrus growers. — 
In catalogs of the food plants of the San Jose scale the orange and 
lemon and other citrus fruits are listed, notably in Mrs. Fernald’s 
Catalog of Coccide. The facts on which this statement is based are- 
rather meager, and, when examined, do not warrant any grave fears 
of injury to the ordinary cultivated citrus fruits. It is well know 
that the San Jose scale will infest rather freely the trifoliate orange, 
a hedge plant somewhat closely related to the orange and lemon. — 
Some trifoliate trees, for example, on the Department grounds, are” | 
now rather thickly covered by the San Jose scale, but even in the case — 
of this hedge plant the infestation is, as a rule, not serious, and, — 
according to Mr. Gossard, the plant seems to throw the scale off as it — 
grows. The first undoubted example of San Jose scale on orange was — 
on certain hybrid sorts produced by crossing the trifoliate orange 
with the sweet orange, and was received in 1903 from Mr. Gossa ds 
from Florida. Mr. Gossard stated that ina single instance where a 
small sweet orange tree interlaced with the brmiclie of a badly 
infested trifoliate orange the former had matured perhaps half a dozen 
San Jose scales. : 


-_— 
- 


oa 


ae 


_— 
oo 


et hk ye eS 


LIFE HISTORY. 43 


The second undoubted record is of material sent to Doctor Howard 
for determination by Dr. James Fletcher, entomologist of the Canadian 
Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, who reported that the infested 
oranges sent had been forwarded to him from British Columbia and had 
been imported from Japan. These oranges, evidently of a mandarin or 
tangerine type, showed undoubted infestation with the San Jose scale. 
It is therefore evident that this scale insect may occasionally infest 
the orange, but the long coexistence of the San Jose scale and orange 
culture in southern California would seem to indicate the practical 
immunity of the orange tree from this scale pest. An earlier record 
of the San Jose scale on a citrus plant, by Mr. Cockerell, has always 
been under the question of a misidentification of the food plant. 


LIFE HISTORY. 


In common with all the armored scales, the life round of this insect, 
with the exception of a few hours of active larval existence and an 
equally brief winged existence in the case of the mature male, is past 
under the protection of a waxy scale. This scale covering conceals 
the real insect beneath and prevents any easy observation or study of 
its life history. The San Jose scale has been under most careful 
observation by Mr. Pergande on potted plants in the insectary, and its 
history, which has hitherto been very imperfectly worked out, has been - 
thoroly and carefully elaborated. 

The winter is past by the insects in a half-grown condition under 
small black protecting scales, mere points, just visible to the naked’ 
eye. The male scales are normally vastly in excess of the females, 
often representing 95 or more per cent. Early in April, in this lati- 
tude, the males transform to pupe and emerge, and this gives the 
appearance of a sudden death of the great majority of these overwin- 
tered insects on the bark, and has led to some confusion in interpret- 
ing the effect of washes. The females at this period have arrived 
at the stage of impregnation, and the delicate two-winged males dis- 
appear after a few days. About a month later, varying with the cli- 
mate, the overwintered females come to full maturity and begin to 
give birth to a new generation, continuing to produce young fora 
period of upward of six weeks, when they reach the limit of produc- 


_tion of young and perish. 


_ The adult female gives birth immediately to living young, differing 
in this respect from most other scale insects. Ordinarily eggs are 
deposited beneath the scale, which in the course of a longer or shorter 
time hatch, and the young larve make their escape and migrate to 
different parts of the plant. In the case of some scale insects the 
female fills its scale with eggs in the fall and perishes, the eggs win- 


tering over and hatching the following spring. In others the insect 


44 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


hibernates in the nearly mature condition, as does the San Jose seale, 
and deposits eggs in the spring or early summer. The viviparous — 
habit, or the giving birth to the living young, possest by the San Jose — 
scale, finds a parallel in many other insects and frequently in aphides. — 
In the case of the San Jose scale the eggs are fairly well formed, — 
a few at a time, within the body of the mother. What takes the place 
of the eggshell consists of a very delicate and thin membrane—the © 
amnion—which incloses the developing larva and which at the moment — 
of birth is cast off, and remains attached to or partly within the ovi- 
duct. The amnion is probably pushed out by the next larva in turn. 


Fic. 3.—Young larva and developing San Jose scale ( Aspidiofus perniciosus): a, ventral view of 
larva, showing sucking beak with setz separated, with enlarged tarsal claw at right; b, dorsal view 
of same, still more contracted, with the first waxy filaments appearing: c,dorsal and lateral Views — 
of same, somewhat contracted, illustrating further development of wax secretion; d, later stage of : 
same, dorsal and lateral views, showing matting of wax secretions and first form of young scale. 
_All greatly enlarged (from Howard and Marlatt). 


The difference between this mode of birth and the ordinary method 
thru the medium of true eggs is simply that what corresponds with — 
the egg is retained by the female until the larva is developed, instead __ 
of development of the larva progressing after the egg leaves the 
parent. 

The emergence of the young from the female over a period of six 
weeks leads to a very confusing intermingling of generations and 
renders it difficult to make observations on the life history except by 
isolating and watching individuals. By means of such isolation of 
individuals, however, we have been able to most carefully trace the © 


LIFE HISTORY. _ 45 


different generations. The course of the development of a single 
generation follows: 

- After being expelled the larva remains motionless for a little while, 
with antenne and legs folded beneath the body. It soon hardens 
enough to run about, and, forcing its way out from beneath the pro- 
tecting scale of the mother, scurries over the plant to find a suitable 
place to settle. 

The newly born larva (fig. 3, @) is an almost microscopic creature of 
pale orange-yellow color, with long oval body, and with the customary 
six lees and two feelers. ‘The long thread-like proboscis with which 
the juices of the plant are sucked up is doubled on itself and lies in an 


invagination of the body wall, the tip only projecting. 


After crawling about for a few hours the young larva settles down 
and slowly works its long bristle-like sucking beak thru the bark, 
folds its antenne and legs beneath its body, and contracts to a nearly 
circular form. The development of the scale begins even before the | 
larva becomes fixt. The secretion starts in the form of very minute 
white fibrous waxy filaments, which spring from all parts of the body 
and rapidly become more numerous and dense (fig. 3, 6, c). At first the 
orange color of the larva shows thru the thickening downy white 
envelop, but within two days the insect becomes entirely concealed by 
the white or pale grayish yellow shell or scale, which now has a promi- 
nent central nipple (fig. 3, @), the younger ones often possessing instead 
a central tuft. The scale is formed by the slow matting and melting 
_ together of the filaments of wax. During the first day the scale appears 
like a very microscopic downy hemisphere. The matting of the secre- 
tion continues until the appearance of down and individual filaments is 
entirely lost and the surface becomes smooth. In the early history of 
the scale it maintains its pale whitish or grayish yellow color, turning 
gradually darker gray, the central og remaining lighter colored 
usually thruout development. 

The male and female scales are exactly cade in size, color, and shape 
until after the first molt, which occurs twelve days qe the emergence 
of the larva. With aie molt, however, the insects beneath the scale 
lose all resemblance to each other. The males (fig. 4, )are rather larger 
than the females and have large purple eyes, while the females have lost 
their eyes entirely. The legs and antenne have disappeared in both 

-sexes. The males are elongate and pyriform, while the females are 
almost circular, amounting practically to a flattened sac with indistinct 
segmentation, and without organs, except a long sucking bristle 
springing from near the center beneath. Thecolor of both sexes is light — 
lemon-yellow. The scales at this time have a decidedly grayish tint, 
overcast somewhat with yellow. 

Kighteen days from birth the males change to the first pupal condi- 
tion (pro-pupa) (fig. 4, 5), and the male scales assume an elongate oval, 


46 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


sometimes slightly curved, shape, characteristic of the sex, the exuvia. a 


or cast larval skin showing near the anterior end. 


The male pro-pupe are very pale yellow, with the legs and antennz a 


(which have reappeared), together with the two or three terminal seg- 
ments, colorless. The eyes are dark purple and placed close together. 


The antennex are stout and bent closely along the edge of the body as 


far as the first pair of legs, where they curve slightly inward. Promi- 
nent wing pads extend along the sides of the body. The terminal 
segment bears two short spines. 

The female undegroes a second molt about twenty days from the 
larva. At each molt the old skin splits around the edge of the body, 
the upper half adhering to the covering scale and the lower forming a 
sort of ventral scale next to the bark. This form of molting is com- 
mon to scales of this kind. | 


Fic. 4.—Development of male San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus): a, ventral view of larva after 
first molt; b, same after second molt (pro-pupa stage); ¢ and d, true pupa, ventral and dorsal views. 
All greatly enlarged (from Howard and Marlatt). 


The covering scales at this stage are of a more purplish gray, the 
portion covering the exuvie inclining to yellowish. The male scales 
are more yellowish than the female. The effect of the sucking of the 
insects is now quite apparent on the young growth, causing the bark 
to assume a purplish hue for some distance around the central portion, 
contrasting strongly with the natural reddish green of the uninjured 
bark. With the second molt the females do not change materially 
from their former appearance, retaining the pale yellow color with a 
number of transparent spots around the edge of the body. The suck- 
ing bristles are extremely long, two or three times the length of the 
body of the insect. The’only distinctive features are in the last seg- 
ment and are noted in the technical description. 

About twenty days after birth the male insect transforms to the 
true pupa. With the first molt the shed larval skin is retained beneath 
the scale as in the case of the female; with the later moltings the shed 
skins are pushed out from beneath the scale. The scale after the 


heh ie ten 3 nl 


LIFE HISTORY. | 47 


second molt presents on the inside two longitudinal ridges running 
from one end to the other, touching the sides of the pupa, and which 


apparently enable the insect to move backward or forward and assist 


the imago in pushing itself out. 

The true pupa (fig. 4, c,d) is pale yellow, sometimes purplish, darkest 
about the base of the abdomen. The head, antenne, legs, wing pads, 
and style are well formed, but almost colorless. The antennz reach 
as far back as the second pair of legs and are not curved under, as 
formerly, but lie close to the sides of the body with the ends free. 
The first pair of legs is held forward, reaching slightly beyond the 
eyes, the middle femora projecting somewhat beyond the margin of 
the abdomen. The hind legs are inclined backward and reach to the 
end of the body. The style is rounded at tip, conical, and about as 
long as the posterior tibie. 


Fic. 5.—Aspidiotus perniciosus: adult male, greatly enlarged (from Howard and Marlatt). 


From four to six days later, or from twenty-four to twenty-six days 
from birth, the males mature and back out from the rear end of their 
scales, having previously, for a day or two, remained practically 
developed but resting under the scale. They seem to issue chiefly by 


night or in the evening. 


The mature male (fig. 5) appears as a delicate two-winged fly-like 
insect with long feelers and a single anal style projecting from the end 


of the body; orange in color, with a faintly dusky shade on the pro- 


thorax. The head is darker than the rest of the body, the eyes are 


_ dark purple, and the antenne, legs, and style are smoky. The wings 


are iridescent with ‘yellow and green, very faintly clouded. 
Thirty days from birth the females are full grown and the embryonic 
young may be seen within their bodies, each inclosed in a delicate 
8449—No. 62—06—4. 


48 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


membrane. At from thirty-three to forty days the larvee again begin a 
to make their appearance. . } 
The adult female, prior to the development of the young, measures 1 
millimeter in length and a little less in breadth, and is pale yellow, with 
transparent spots near the margin of the body (fig. 6). 

The length of a generation is determined by the female and, as 
shown by the above record, covers a period of from thirty-three to 
forty days. Successive generations were followed carefully thruout 


Fic. 6.—Adult female San Jose scale ( Aspidiotus perniciosus) before development of eggs: a, ventral 
view, showing very long sucking setz; b, anal plate, grote: characteristic ornamentation of edge. 
Greatly enlarged (from Howard and Lag 


bite summer, and it was found that at Washington four full generations 
are regularly developed, with the possibility of a partial fifth genera- 
tion. Ona number of potted trees a single overwintered female was 
left to each tree. After the full progeny of this individual had gone 
out over the tree, all were removed again, except one of the oldest and 
fertilized females. This method was continued for each generation 
thruout the breeding season. Some interesting records, tabulated 
below, were thus obtained, which indicate the fecundity of the females 
as well as the number of generations. 


LIFE HISTORY. 49 


Record showing fecundity of San Jose scale. 


| | | 
Number of tree. | Males. | Females.| Total. Number of tree. Males. | Females.} Total. 
| Progeny of overwintered Progeny of third genera- 
Sematles. tion. 
1 ooo se panes Ue 34 | ALO Gy lees vere ee ine 110 | 307 417 
| 2 tao | 77 43 a LPADY io Pets eerie ee Satie ok ae eu 122 464 586 
3) dod 66.0056 ene ee 138 60 AGSY || Moma ome etwas ck, = 190 284 474 
dios the eee ' 18 22 ZAKO | jie Le aL cg 2 eee ak ae 187 400 | 587 
8D) eos 9 Cen Oe ee ere 98 60 | Eo | ets ee nae cg at 174 280 454 
@ coded eee aoe ee 33 25 DO Ossett ee wea ety 107 274 354 
eae ke on See | NSA ee Ree atic 13 Progeny of fourth genera- 
Progeny of second gener- tion. 
ation. eg esp ts cars I ie ee ee 242 | 319 561 
ll. SS eee | 300 235 DOOM| |Meat Deere afte. cee 112 | 230 342 
oY 55. bo sconce ne ee 276 | 226 DOD omiecr ee ratan hey reenter ced 92 | 170 262 
ee fl 325 | 92 LB C2 cheba oe Pope Ue ae 210 | 344 554 
bok oe ee a a eae 192 | 120, | NLD nl eae epee See ec Se 242 | 343 585 
D oot Glee 415 | 151 55D 4 IL ements See eee ae 156 293 449 
so tee conon 206 124 330 


Perhaps the most notable feature of the foregoing records is the 
result obtained from the overwintered females. It will be seen that 
the males greatly predominate in this generation, and that the numbers 
of both sexes are insignificant compared with the progeny of the later 
generations. The males still predominate in the second generation, 
but in the third and fourth generations the females considerably out- 
number the males, in one instance the females from a single mother 
reaching the astonishing number of 464, which, with 122 males from 
the same parent, makes the progeny of this female 586 insects. Tak- 
ing 200 females as an average of the different generations for the 
year, the product of a single individual from spring to fall amounts to 
1,608,040,200 females. In one instance we have over 415 males from 
a single female, and while the number of males would average some- 
what less than the females, taking the summer thru, yet, having 
underestimated the females, the males may be estimated at the same 
number, giving a total of 3,216,080,400 descendants from a single 
insect in a single season. It is not to be expected, of course, that all 
the individuals from a scale survive and perform their function in life, 
but under favorable conditions, or in the case of a tree newly infested 
or not heavily incrusted, the vast majority undoubtedly go thru their 
existence without accident. Neither the rapidity with which trees 
become infested nor the fatal effect which so early follows the appear- 
ance of this scale insect is therefore to be wondered at. 

Owing to the long period during which the female is continuously 
producing young the different generations or broods in the course of the 
summer are not distinctly marked and merge insensibly into each other— 
so much so that at almost any time there will be found young larve 
funning about over the trees and scales in all stages of development. 
Still, at certain times the young will be noticeably more abundant, 


indicating periods when the majority of each generation are producing 


young. In this latitude the first young appear, as noted, by the middle 


50 - THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. a 


of May; at Amherst, Mass., they were first noticed June 12, and in 
Arizona they are recorded as appearing in March. The larve are con- 
tinuously present on the trees until further hatching is prevented by 
severe frosts. In 1894, as we have already shown on page 289 of Vol- 
ume VII of Insect Life, the first frosts at Washington occurred in the 
latter part of October and the hatching of the young ceased before the 
Ist of November. October 24, 1894, however, Doctor Howard saw 
recently settled larve, not more than 5 days old, at Lewisburg, Pa. In 
1895 the October frosts were insignificant, and in this neighborhood 
no severe frost occurred until about the 1st of December. The result 
was that young larve were found at Washington until late in Novem- 
ber, while on twigs received from Chestertown, Md., November 13 and ~ 
November 27, the young were more or less abundant. The cold spell 
of the last week in November and the first week in December put a 
stop to development here. This same cold spell was of very wide 
extent. As far to the southwest as San Antonio, Tex., the thermom- 
eter dropped to 31° on December 3. A similar, or even lower, tem- 
perature was noted at New Orleans, yet on December 16 Doctor 
Howard found newly hatched young, less than 24 hours old, upon a 
plum tree at Audubon Park, New Orleans. 

In autumn, or when further development is stopt by cold weather, 
hibernation is begun by scales in all stages of development, from the 
white, minute, down-covered recently hatched young to the mature and 
full-grown females and males. Unquestionably many young perish 
during the winter, and normally in spring quite a percentage of the — 
smaller or half-grown scales will be found to have perished. It is — 
very probable that many females have union with the males in the fall, 
but the majority of them are unquestionably immature, and are fertil- 
ized in this latitude early in April by overwintered males which, as we 
have noted, appear nearly a month before the first young of the spring 
brood. 

The actual rate of the production of young at different periods of 
the life of the adult female has not been determined with accuracy. 
As the average reproducing period of the adult female is six weeks, 
and as the average number of young from each female is about 400, | 
there must be born from 9 to 10 young every twenty-four hours. The 
great labor of watching an individual female and removing every 
twenty-four hours the young she has given birth to during that period 
has not been entered upon. Sufficient observations have been made, 
however, to indicate that the main period of reproductive activity is 
the second or third week after the female has reached maturity. At. — 
first the young are born with less frequency, and there is a correspond- A 
ing reduction in reproductive activity toward the end of the life of the 
individual. The young are born indifferently by day or by night, per- 
haps more during the day than during the night. In the morning, 


w 
— 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SCALE AND INSECT. 51 


however, examination of the trees under observation always shows 
many migrating young which must have been born during the night, 
while observations at nightfall show always as many, and frequently 
more, which have been born during the day. 

The gradual production of the young by the female has an Snap Dal 
bearing on the question of retnedies, and the old washes, which aimed 
at the destruction of the young as soonas they emerge from the females, 
are rendered almost valueless because, to make them effective, it is 
necessary to repeat them many times during a period of six weeks. 
Within two or three days after hatching the young larve will have 
formed a scale which will be impervious to these weaker washes. 

The larva does not ordinarily travel far from the parent insect, and 
usually rests within a few inches of the old scale or at the first avail- 
able point. They will not, so far as observed, travel very far from 
the base of the tree, and in the potted trees none were observed to go 
more than 2 inches from the base of the trunk. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SCALE AND INSECT. 


Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, very slightly 
raised centrally, and varies in diameter from 1 to 2™™, averaging about 
1.4™. The exuvia is central or nearly so. The large, well-developed 
scales are gray, excepting the central part covering the exuvia, which 
varies from pale to reddish yellow, altho in some cases dark colored. 
The scale is usually smooth exteriorly or sometimes slightly annulated, 
and the limits of the larval scale are always plainly marked. The 
natural color of the scale is frequently obscured by the presence of 
the sooty fungus (/umago salicina). 

Scale of male.—The mature male scale is oblong-oval, nearly twice as 
long as wide, and averaging in length about half the diameter of the 
female scale. The position of the larval scale is marked by a nipple- 
like prominence located between the center and the anterior margin 
of the scale. The scale of the male is usually darker than that of the 
female, sometimes black, but often gray, the larval scale covering the 
exuvia very frequently hah yellow, as with the female. Not uncom- 
monly the circular scale, formed prior to the first molt, is black, while 


the later additions, giving it its oblong shape, are gray. 


The scale covering of the hibernating insects in winter is black, and 
on the bark in summer also the scele covering is dark or often black- 
ened by the sooty fungus referred to. But the normal color of the 
scale of both female and male is light, and on the leaves of pear, for 
example, the male scales are often a very light buff, and present such 
a marked contrast to the winter appearance that no one would suspect 
them of belonging to the same insect. 

figg.—The egg is never (or rarely) extruded as such by the female, 
and as it exists within the body of the mother is a mere amniotic mem- 


52 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE, / 


brane, and the forming embryo showing through gives it a yellowish- 


white color. The embryo with the envelop measures about 0.2"™ long 


by 0.1™™ wide. 
Newly hatched larva.—The young larve of both sexes are alike, and 


are pale orange in color, with long oval bodies. They measure in leneth a 


about 0.24™™" by 0.1™" in width. The sucking bristles are normally 
doubled on themselves, but when unfolded are nearly three times the 
length of the body. The antenne are apparently five-jointed, the last 
two joints being much longer than the others, slender, subequal in 
length, and both finely and distinctly annulated. The last joint bears 
-asmall nipple-like projection near the tip. The head is somewhat con- 
cave in front, and the eyes are nearly transparent and slightly purplish. 
The terminal segment of the abdomen foreshadows in structure the 
plates and spines of the adult female. The large central plates each 
terminate in a long hair. The tarsus is represented by apparently a 
single, strong, slightly curved claw. The tip of the tibia bears exteri- 
orly two rather long capitate hairs, and two similar hairs project also 
from the inner extremity. Other details of structure are shown in the 
illustration. 

Larva of the second stage.—After the first molt the difference? in the 
sexes becomes apparent, altho the covering scales are still identical. 

The female insects are somewhat smaller than the males at this stage. 
The eyes, legs, and antenne in this sex have entirely disappeared. The 
form is almost circular, flattened. The color is yellow, with irregular 
transparent spots appearing in different parts of the body. 

The males are somewhat larger than the females, elongate, pyriform: 
The eyes are prominent, purple in color. The legs and antenne, as 
with the females, are wanting. The general color of the body is 
yellow, with the irregular transparent spots noted in the case of the 
female. The greatest diameter in both sexes is less than one-half a 
millimeter, and in the characteristics of the terminal segment bath 
agree, practically, with the adult female. 

Male pro-pupa.—W ith the second molt the male assumes a form 
foreshadowing’ the true pupa, which may be called the pro-pupa.? 
The form is elongate oval; length 0.5"™. The color is very pale 
yellow, with the antennz, limbs, and wingpads, and two or three ter- ~ 
minal segments of the abdomen, colorless. The legs and antenne, as — 
noted, have reappeared, and also prominent pads foreshadowing the — 
wings of theadult. The eyes are dark purple and placed close together. 
The antenne are very stout, and curved closely around the edge of — 
ae body ¢ s far as the anterior legs, where they bend inward. The — : 


a The existence of a pro-pupa or a fhe ee stage in the Coccidee analogous to 
the first pupal stage of higher Hemiptera has also been affirmed by Dr. Fr. Loew. 
(Wiener Entom. Zeit., Jan., 1884, p. 13.) 


DESCRIPTIONS OF INSECT. 53 


wingpads are stout and almost entirely cover the abdomen. The ter- 
minal segment is still broad and flattened and bears two short spines, 
but the other characters have disappeared. 

True pupa of male.—The true pupa resembles the previous stage, 
except that the members are longer and slenderer, and the prominent 
anal style has appeared. The pupa is pale yellow and purplish in 
color, darkest about the base of the abdomen, the head, antenne, legs, 
wing sheaths, and style being almost colorless and transparent. The 
eye spots are dark purple. The antenne extend nearly to the middle 
femora, and are not curved under the body as formerly, but are applied 
close to the sides with the apex free. The anterior legs are held for- 
ward, reaching slightly beyond the eyes. The middle femora rest 
transversely to the body, projecting somewhat beyond the margin of 
the abdomen, while their tibize form with them a right angle and reach 
nearly to the apex of the hind femora. The latter incline posteriorly, 
while the hind tibize are applied close to the sides of the body, except 
toward the tip, and reach nearly to the base of the style. The styleis 
rather stout, conical, obtusely pointed at tip, and about as long as 
posterior tibia. Length, 0.8"™, including style, which measures about 
lp. 

Mature male.—The general color is orange with a faint duskiness on 
the prothorax. The head is somewhat darker than the rest of the 
body. The eyes are dark purple, almost black. The antenne are 
yellow, somewhat obscure or smoky. The legs and-style are dusky, 
the latter paler than the former. The thoracic shield is regularly 
ovoid, compressed anteriorly, dusky in color, with margin brown, more 
distinctly so anteriorly; transverse band narrow, brown. Antenne 
10-jointed, two basal joints shortest, second nearly globular, inserted 
in the first; joints 4 and 5 subequal, longer than any of the others; 
joint 6 next in length, and joints 3, 7, and 9 shorter and subequal; 
joint 10 still shorter, conical. Antennse somewhat hairy and nearly as 
long as the body of the insect. Wings faintly dusky, iridescent with 
yellow and green. Length of body about 0.6™"; style, 0.25™™. 

Female, third stage.—After the second molt the females still appear 
pale yellow as before, with various larger and smaller transparent spots 
around the border of the body. The form is nearly circular, with 
greatest diameter averaging 0.56". The sucking bristles are very 
prominent and long, three times the length of the insect. The last 
seement in this stage has practically the characters of the mature female, 
as follows: There are two pairs of lobes, the terminal ones largest and 
nearly three times as broad as the other lobes. Terminal lobes are 
rounded at the apex and are distinctly notched near the middle of the 
external edge. The second pair of lobes is smaller and narrower, and 
is also notched externally. Between the first and second lobe on either 


54 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


side is a small spine, and two or three such spines are just back of the 
second lobe, while back of these are three stout teeth curving anteri- 
orly. A still smaller blunt tooth sometimes occurs near the middle of 
the lateral margin. The segmentation of the body at this stage is 
quite distinct. 7 

Mature female.—After reaching maturity the embryonic young are 
at first not visible, but later the body becomes filled with them. The 
mature female measures 0.8"™ wide by about 1”™ long.@ 

The following description of this stage is reproduced from Comstock: 


The body of the female is yellowish and almost circular in outline; the segmenta- 
tion is distinct, tho not conspicuous. The last segment presents the following 
characters: 

There are only two pairs of lobes visible; the first pair converge at tip, are notched 
about midway their length on the lateral margin, and often beara slight notch on 
the mesal margin, near the tip. The second pair are notched once on the lateral 
margin. 

The margin of the ventral suriace of the segment is deeply incised twice on each 
side of the meson, once between the bases of the first and second lobes, and again 
laterad of the second lobe. On each side of each of these incisions is a club-shaped 
thickening of the body wall. 

There are two inconspicuous simple plates between the median lobes, and on each 
side similar plates extending caudad of the first incision, three small plates serrate 
on their lateral margin caudad of the second incision, and the club-shaped thicken- 
ings of the body wall bounding it, and three wide prolongations of the margin 
between the third and fourth spines. These prolongations are usually fringed on 
their distal margins. There are also, in some, irregular prolongations of the margin 
between the fourth spine and the penulumate segment. 

The first and second spines are situated laterad of the first and second lobes, 
respectively; the third spine laterad of second incision, and the fourth spine about - 
one-half the distance from the first lobe to the penultimate segment. 


SYSTEMATIC POSITION AND RELATIONSHIPS. 


The San Jose scale was described by Professor Comstock from 
material collected in 1880 in Santa Clara County, Cal., on apple, pear, 
plum, and other fruit trees.? The relationships of this scale insect 
have been discust by various authors, notably by Prof. T. D. A. Cock- 
erell, without, however, reaching a very good solution, in the judg- | 
ment of the writer. Without going into a detailed technical discus- 
sion, the San Jose scale is quite as closely allied in structure, scale 
covering, and habit with the Aonidiella group as it is with the group 
including ancylus and ostreeformis. It is a very distinct and well- 
marked species, however, and is always easy of identification after one 
becomes once familiar with its principal characteristic structural fea- 
tures, and it is one of the few scale insects which can ordinarily be 


@ Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 304. 
> Report of the Entomologist, in the Report of Commissioner of Agriculture for 
1880 (1881), pp. 304, 305. 


SYSTEMATIC POSITION AND RELATIONSHIPS. 55 


safely identified from the appearance of the scale covering and with- 
out being prepared for microscopical study. 

Three varieties of the San Jose scale have been designated, none of 
which are valid. Of these Aspidiotus perniciosus var. albopunctatus 
Ckll. was described from twigs of a supposed orange seedling sent 
from Japan and stopt by Mr. Craw in his quarantine work in San 
Francisco. The twigs are thorny and may possibly be of the trifoliate 
orange or of some orange seedling, but whether of ordinary orange 
or tangerine or some other horticultural variety can not be determined. 
From the extreme unlikelihood of the San Jose scale attacking ordi- 
nary orange, the probability is very strong that these seedlings were 
either trifoliate or of the mandarin or tangerine types. At any rate, 
the scale itself is typical San Jose scale, and there is no basis what- 
ever for tl e separation of these specimens asa variety. The character 
on which the variety was founded, namely, the white dot surrounded 
by a black ring marking the exuvia, is a feature which may be very 
commonly found in the San Jose scale from any source. 

The other variety established by Mr. Cockerell is his Aspédiotus 
perniciosus var. andr omelas, first described in California Fruit Grower, 
June 5, 1897, on a plant beled ** Phetenia glauca,” from Japan, ae 
eletred Lae Mr. Craw. This variety is also based on the character 
of the covering scale, and is described as wholly black without any 
_ light dot and ring, a condition which is easily produced by rubbing or 
otherwise accidentally and may occur anywhere. 

A third synonym of the San Jose scale is Maskell’s species Asp- 
diotus fusca, described in the New Zealand Transactions, Volume 
XX VII, page 43, 1894, figures 6-9, Plate I. This insect was described 
from material collected in Australia on peach; and from Maskell’s own 
figures and account of it, and also from the study made by Leonardi 
in Italy, and from the later note on the subject by Maskell himself in 
the Canadian Entomologist, it is evident that this species was based 
on material representing the last stage of the female of perniciosus, 
but before the secretionary supplement had been much if any devel- 
oped, so that the second exuvium was still larger than the newly 
molted insect. This point can not, of course, be fully determined 
without an examination of type material, but ae is very little doubt 
in the writer’s mind of the correctness “i this reference. 

A fourth variety is Aspidiotus perniciosus var. eucalypt Fuller. 
A study of material received from Fuller of this variety indicates that 
it should not be referred to the San Jose scale at all, but is a good 
distinct species belonging to the genus Aonidiella, and the name 
becomes Aonidiella eucalypti Fuller. 

No valid varieties or subspecies of the San Jose scale have therefore 
been found, and all of the points of infestation now known can be 
traced directly to the Chinese origin of the scale. 


56 ; THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION. 


From an economic standpoint the important considerations in the 
means of spread of this insect are those which affect its wide distribu- 
tion from one part of the country to another. The transportation by 
nursery stock or scions or budding and grafting material, as indicated 
in the foregoing account of this insect, is unquestionably the usual 
and principal means of carrying the insect to a distance. The impor- | 
tance of this means of distributing various insects has only been fully 
realized in this country in the last few years, but the present instance 
and some other notable ones of like nature have emphasized the great 
danger incurred not only in the indiscriminate introduction of plants 
from foreign sources, but also in the carriage of plants from one part 
of the country to another without competent inspection. 

The San Jose scale is also frequently carried about on fruit, par- 
ticularly of the apple and pear. The young scale insect goes out on 
the fruit, and in the case of badly infested trees there is usually a good 
deal of scale on the fruit particularly, massed at the blossom and stem 
ends. The scale may go on breeding on such fruit and the young may 
be found crawling about on the fruit and in the boxes. Such fruit is 
commonly shipped to remote points, and infested fruit may be found 
quite commonly in the markets of this country; and when attention 
was drawn to the San Jose scale by its first developing in the East, 
infested fruit from California could be found in almost any of the 
fruit markets of the principal eastern cities. 

The shipping of infested fruit from California had been going on 
for a great many years, and in spite of its wide dissemination in this 
country, and to some extent abroad, there is not, so far as the writer 
knows, a single authenticated instance of the scale having been estab- 
lished from such-material. The possibility of it, however, undoubt- 
edly exists, but the danger seems to be inconsiderable. The fruit is 
eaten in such places and the parings and waste material are usually 
disposed of in such a way that it would be very exceptional indeed for 
such fruit, or the young scale that might hatch on them, to get access 
to trees on which the scale could make lodgment. It would practi- 
cally be necessary for the parings to be tied to a tree, or the fruit to 
be placed in the crotches of the tree, to secure infestation, and it is 
the belief of the writer that infestation from this source can be prac- 
tically ignored. This has an important bearing on the legislation 
against American fruits enacted by various foreign countries, and cer- 
tainly the history in this regard in the United States is well worth 
considering where such fruit was shipped about for years prior to the 
San Jose scale scare without restrictions. The wide distribution, 
therefore, of the San Jose scale is substantially limited to its carriage 
on nursery stock and cuttings. 


MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION. | 57 


The local spread of the insect from orchard to orchard and from 
tree to tree must also be brought about thru the agency of means 
other than those under the control of the insect itself. The female is 
wingless and after once becoming fixt can not move. The young lice, 
as before stated, are active, crawl rapidly, and may reach other trees, 
but this is rare unless the limbs interlace, since we have shown by 
breeding-cage experiments that the larve normally crawl but a few 
inches. Such spread, however, is comparatively insignificant except 
in the case of nursery stock, which is grown close together. It is 
possible that strong winds may carry the young bodily from one tree — 
to another, or they may be floated on water to distant points, particu- 
larly in irrigated districts, but the principal method of the spread of 
these young lice is by means of other insects and by birds. The active 
young lice soon crawl upon any small winged insect, particularly if 
the latter be of a dark color, and may thus be carried considerable 
distances. They are frequently found crawling upon ants, which are 
great travelers. It is extremely probable that they also crawl upon 
the feet of birds, and may be transported by these carriers for many 
“miles. : 

Some interesting observations have been made by Mr. Schwarz upon 
the transporting of these scale larve by other insects. A little black 
ladybird, Microweisea (Pentilia) misella Lec., which was very active 
in devouring scale larvee, was unfortunately equally efficient in trans- 
porting many of these young lice to other parts of the tree or to other 
trees; in fact, it was difficult to find a single beetle which did not carry 
on its back at least one larva of the San Jose scale, and sometimes three 
or four were found upon a single wing cover of a beetle. The small 
black ant, Jonomorium minutum Mayr, was-particularly abundant 
upon pears, attracted by the juices emerging from cracks, and almost 
every one of these insects carried on its back one or more specimens 
of the young scale insects. Specimens of the little chrysomelid beetle 
—Typophorus canellus Fab. were also found upon the trees. Both red 
and black specimens of this beetle occurred, and the interesting obser- 
vation was made that while Aspidiotus larve crawled freely on the 
black individuals, no specimens were to be found upon the red ones. 
The same peculiarity was found to hold true with the ants. The red 
ant, Hormica schaufussi Mayr, was abundant upon the pears, but no 
specimens were found bearing Aspidiotus larvee, while, as just stated, 
the little black Monomorium was always found carrying them. 

As illustrating this transportation of the scale by birds or insects 
the experience at Riverside, Md. (Bul. 3, p. 25), may be cited, and 
Professor Smith reports a similar instance in New Jersey, in letter of 
January 13, 1896. 

In spite of the abundance of insects which may transport the larve 
the progress of the scale from infested trees to noninfested trees is 


58 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


slow where trees are moderately widely separated, and usually an 
entire orchard will not become affected from a single original point 
for several years. ere 

Occasionally the young scales may be locally transported by men or 
teams. An interesting case in point is given by Professor Rolfs. He 
states that some melons growing in an infested orchard were given by 
the owner to a friend, who took them away from the orchard in his 
wagon. <A year later the scale developed on a tree under which the — 
team had been hitched while the melons were unloaded. As this 
orchard was entirely free from the scale originally, it seems to be a 
reasonable inference that the young had crawled upon the wagon, 
harness, or melons, were conveyed a distance of 3 miles, and suc- 
ceeded in gaining access to a tree which probably touched the wagon 
or team during the interval of unloading. 


PARASITES AND OTHER NATURAL ENEMIES. 


The following paragraphs, under the heading ‘*True parasites,” 
were prepared for this bulletin by Dr. L. O. Howard. 


7 TRUE PARASITES. 


Some eight species of true parasites have been reared from the San 
Jose scale in this country. Nearly all of these are widespread, occur- 
ring on the Pacific coast, and generally also in the East, and are found 
also in other parts of the world. None of them are specific enemies 
of the San Jose scale in the sense that they are limited to this species 
of scale, but all of them are general parasites on other armored scale 
insects. They are as follows: 

Aphedinus fuscipennis Howard. 
Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron. 
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Howard. 
Anaphes gracilis Howard. 
Physcus varicornis Howard. 
Prospalta aurantii Howard. 
Ablerus clistocampxe Ashmead. 
Lhopoideus citrinus Howard. 

Of these Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, Prospalta aurantii, Aphelinus 
Juscipennis, and Aphelinus mytilaspidis are of very wide distribution. 
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, for example, originally described from Cali- 
fornia in 1891, is now found in many other portions of the United 
States, in the West Indies, Italy, Austria, Ceylon, China, Formosa, 
Japan, Cape Colony, Queensland, South Australia, and Hawati, and 
this remarkable distribution is practically followed by the other three. 

The most important of these parasites is the little Apheinus fuset- 
pennis. It was reared in large numbers by Mr. Coquillett, in Califor- 
nia, Many years ago, where it was found to breed thruout the year, 


bi 
1 


Ps 


TRUE PARASITES. 5Y 


specimens being reared as late as November 10. It was subsequently 
reared many times by Mr. Alexander Craw, Mr. KE. M. Ehrhorn, and 
others, in California. In the East it attacked the San Jose scale at 
the very outset, having previously existed in this part of the country 
as a parasite of other species of Diaspine. It was reared in this 
office from material collected at Riverside, Md., and Charlottesville, 
Va., and also from the material collected in the first. orchards found 
infested, by Prof. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey. Professor Forbes has 
reared it in Illinois from the San Jose scale, and it has often been 
reared in Washington. That this insect has been steadily on the 
increase seems likely, but it is also probable that there is a certain 


-periodicity in its increase. In Bulletin No. 57 of the Maryland Agri- 


cultural Experiment Station, published in August, 1898, Prof. W. G. 
Johnson stated that he did not think it possible to secure any tmme- 
diate beneficial results from this parasite in the State of Maryland. 
He said that in all his efforts to secure them in his breeding cages he 
had been obliged to inclose hundreds of thousands of scales to obtain 
one parasite. Less than two years later, however,“ he stated that in a 
new locality for the San Jose scale, near Easton, Talbot County, Md., 
he found the parasites in enormous numbers. A quantity of small 
branches incrusted with the scale were brought to his laboratory and 
inclosed in breeding tubes. Much to his surprise these tubes were 
swarming with parasites a few days later. From one tube 1,114 spec- 
imens of Aphelinus fuscipennis were taken, while a second tube gave 
432, a third 1,478, and a fourth more than 1,000. ‘lhe other scale 
insects infested by this parasite are Aspzdiotus rapax Comst., Aspidio- 
tus euonymi Varg., Lepidosaphes gloverit Pack., and Lepidosaphes 
ulme L. 

Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron is another important parasite which 
was reported in earlier publications as attacking the San Jose scale in 
California, where it was reared in Santa Clara County by Mr. E. M. 
Ebrhorn. It is also a common and widespread species, and infests, 
aside from the San Jose scale, Lepidosaphes ulini, Chionaspis pini folie 


Fitch, and /aspis caruelt Targ. In the East it is the commonest 


parasite of the oyster-shell scale of the apple. It has only recently 
been found to attack the San Jose scale, and it is an encouraging fea- 
ture that this and other eastern species fae at last found a host satis- 
factory to themselves in Aspzdiotus perniciosus. It was last year 


(1905) reared at this office from San Jose scale collected at Washington, 


D. C., by Mr. A. A. Girault, and at Youngstown, N. Y., by Mr. A. L. 
eintazce. 

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Howard (fig. 7) is one of the most impor- 
tant parasites of armored scales in California, to which State it was 
evidently imported from oriental regions. - California it has been 


4 Bull. No. 26, new series, Division of Entomology, U. 8. Dept. of Agr., pp. 73, 74. 


60 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


repeatedly reared from the San Jose scale, but it is also known to — 
attack Chrysomphalus ficus Ashm. and C. aurantii Mask. variety 
citrinus Coq. It has made its way to the East and has been reared 
from the San Jose scale received from Hampton, Fla., where it was 
collected by Mr. A. L. Quaintance. This species seems to be found 
only in the warmer countries, and has not been found north of Florida 
in the East as yet. 

Anaphes gracilis Howard, which was reported in Bulletin No. 3 as 
originally reared from specimens collected at Riverside, Md., and 
later from twigs received from Charlottesville, Va., has not again 
been reared in this office from the San Jose scale, and the doubt 
exprest in our original note may be valid, namely, that this species- _ 
may have been a parasite of some other scale insect, probably the A 
oyster-shell scale, present on the twigs at the same time. The type 
of the species was reared from the oyster-shell scale of the apple, and 
it is quite likely to be an egg parasite only. 


Fic. 7.—Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, greatly enlarged (from Howard). 


The four species just mentioned were recorded in Bulletin No. 3. 
During the summer of 1905 three other species have been reared by 
Messrs. Quaintance and Girault. These are as follows: 3 

Physcus varicornis Howard was reared from material collected by — 
Mr. Quaintance, May 30, 1905, at Hampton, Fla. There remains a ~ 
little doubt as to the parasitism of this species on perniciosus, as 
according to the note there may possibly have been other hosts present. 
The known hosts of this species are Aspidiotus ancylus Putn., Chion- 
aspis quercus Comst., and Chionaspis americana Johnson. 

Prospalta aurantii Howard (fig. 8) was reared from the San Jose 
scale July 31, 1905, from material collected from an infested pear tree 
on the grounds of the Department of Agriculture, at Washington. a 
This parasite affects no less than nine distinct species of scale insects, — 
and has been reared from material collected in California, Florida, 4 
District of Columbia, New York, New Mexico, and Lllinois. a 


om 


a 


a: 


* 


TRUE PARASITES. 61 


Ablerus clisiocampe Ashm. (fig. 9) was reared in the summer of 
1905 by Messrs. Quaintance and Girault from-the San Jose scale 
occurring upon pear upon the Department grounds, at Washington. 


Stem jase 


S 


See re ag 
== eS LISTS IO Eg aay, ee 
Sa x ite 3 Page See eet See 
Zy; ee See ZS 

UH er as SS 

Yy - eis a eS \\ 


Zann) 


/ 


Fic. 8.—Prospalta aurantii, greatly enlarged (from Howard). 


It was also reared from Diaspis pentagona Targ., occurring upon 
the grounds of the Department. It affects also Chionaspis furfurus 
Fitch, and is known to occur in North Carolina, in Illinois, and in the 
District of Columbia. 


Fic. 9.—Ablerus clisiocampe, female, greatly enlarged (from Howard). 


Lhopoideus citrinus How. was reared in 1885 by Mr. Albert 
Koebele at Truckee, Nevada County, Cal., from Aspidiotus pernicio- 
sus on pear, and was described by the writer in the proceedings of the 
U.S. National Museum, No. 1142, October 4, 1898. This record was 


62 . THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


overlooked in earlier publications from this Bureau, and the species 
has not since been reared from any scale in any part of the country. 
The Koebele 1885 specimens are unique so far as known. 


PREDACEOUS INSECT ENEMIES. 


NATIVE AND INTRODUCED ENEMIES OF OTHER SCALE-INSECTS. 


Practically all of the scale-feeding Coccinellide, or ladybirds, may 
feed on the larve or older specimens of the San Jose scale. A dozen 
or more different species of ladybirds have been recorded in this coun- 
try as attacking this scale insect. Our most important native scale-— 
feeding ladybird ( Chzlocorus bivulnerus Muls.), commonly known as 
the twice-stabbed ladybird, and represented by one species or by a 
number of closely allied forms in different sections of the country, 
has not proven very efficient against the San Jose scale, at least in the 
East, altho commonly found in infested orchards. Its presence in 
eastern orchards, however, may often be accounted for by its being 
attracted by other native scale insects present in the same orchards. 
It is a slow breeder, having in the North at least but one brood 
annually, and seems to give very little promise of being of any great 
value as a means of controlling the San Jose scale in these sections of 
the United States. In California and elsewhere on the Pacific coast, 
but particularly in the Pacific coast region, the twice-stabbed ladybird 
is a much more active and important means in keeping the San Jose 
scale in check. It has been reported as multiplying enormously in 
infested orchards in California and almost effecting the extermination 
of this scale. Such a report was sent to us by Mr. N. W. Motheral 
relative to orchards in Tulare County, Cal.¢ 

A large number of Coccinellide imported by Mr. Koebele into Cali- 
fornia and colonized there have been reported as attacking the San 
Jose scale. The following species have been observed to have devel- 
oped this habit: RAizobius debilis Black, Orcus australasie Boisd., 
Rhizobius lophanthe Blaisdell, Oreus chalybeus Boisd., and Miero- 
weisea” ( Pentilia) misella Lec. The last named of these only is of any 
importance as a means of controlling the San Jose scale.¢ Another 


a See Insect Life, Vol. V, p. 53. ‘3 

bSee Cockerell, Can. Entom., Vol. XX XV, No. 2, p. 38, February, 1903. s, 

¢ The efficiency against scale insect pests of citrus trees of certain of Mr. Koebele’s 
importations of foreign ladybirds into California led the State Horticultural Society 
of New Jersey to secure in 1896 from the State legislature an appropriation of $1,000 — 
for the purpose of importing into the State of New Jersey the natural enemies and. 3 
parasites from other States and countries. Acting under this appropriation, Dr. 
John B. Smith, entomologist of the experiment station of New Jersey, visited Cali- 
fornia and sent a large quantity of several species of Australian ladybirds to various 
places in New Jersey, and some to Washington, D. C. Subsequent records of these 
importations indicated that they were all unsuccessful, and not a sign of the imported 
insects could be found in 1897. (See Report of Entomologist, New Jersey, 1897.) 


“ ENEMIES OF OTHER SCALE-INSECTS. 63 


and very interesting species of Microweisea, recently described, also 
attacks the San Jose scale, and is referred to below. 

Phizobius lophanthx was originally described from specimens found 
preying upon the San Jose scale at San Diego, Cal., but belongs to a 
lot. which was introduced by Mr. Koebele on his first Australian trip 
(1888-89) and subsequently lost sight of, and was described by Doctor 
Blaisdell under the supposition that it was a new California species. 

Of our native predaceous insects attacking the San Jose scale, the 
most useful and interesting is the little coccinellid Wicroweilsea misella 
(fig. 10), which in both the larva and beetle state feeds upon this 
scale. It has a very wide range, occurring thruout the East and also 


Fic. 10.—Microweisea (Pentilia) misella: a, beetle; b, larya; c, pupa; d, blossom end of pear, showing 
scales with larvee of Microweisea feeding on them, and pupz of Microweisea attached within the 
calyx. All greatly enlarged (from Howard and Marlatt). 


in California, and began to attack the scale in numbers in the East in 


the first infested orchards discovered. This beetle was figured and 


its habits briefly indicated in Bulletin 8. The parent beetles prefer 
the full-grown female scales, and may frequently be observed stand- 
ing astride the scale, almost on end, pushing their heads under the 
margin of the protecting scale to get at the soft, yellow insect 
beneath. The larvee of these beetles seem to feed more abundantly on 
the young scales. Their mode of attacking the older scales was not 
observed. The egg of this particularly useful coccinellid has not been 
found, but a favorite place for pupation was discovered within the 
calyx of the pears. This cavity is often literally filled with a mixture 
8449—No. 62—06——5 


64 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. ~ 


of young and old scale-insects, and frequently contains full-grown 
Pentilia larvee, their pupe, and freshly issued beetles. (See fig. 10.) 

This beetle was originally believed to be essentially an eastern species, 
and the fact that it attacked the San Jose scale so efficiently at the very 
outset was an interesting entomological experience, and led Doctor 
Howard to suggest its immediate introduction int» California, and one 
colony was sent, in 1894, to Professor Woodworth, at Berkeley. Our 
account of this useful beetle having come to the attention of Mr. J. E. 
McIntyre, of Lespe, Cal., he urged us to procure for him some living 
specimens. Having already sent material to Mr. Woodworth, we were 
not immediately able to get a supply of the insects for a sending, but 
at this juncture we received from Mr. G. W. Harney, of Marysville, 
Cal., some beetles for determination, which proved to be Microweisea 
misella. He reported that in the mountainous regions of Yuba County 
many apple trees had been very badly infested with A. perniciosus, and 
that hundreds of these little Jadybirds were found preying on the scale. 
The occurrence of this ladybird in California as thus determined, and 
the fact that it there had the same useful habit, was a most interesting 
discovery. We immediately had Mr. McIntyre’s request transferred 
to Mr. Harney for attention. It is more than likely that this little 
beetle is already widely distributed over the Pacific slope, and it may 
prove to have a continental distribution instead of being restricted to 
the East, as originally supposed. 

Another species of about the same size as Microweisea misella, but 
dark wine-red in color and representing a distinct species, has been 
under observation for some time by Mr. Frederick Maskew in south- 
ern California, and at the time of the writer’s visit to California in the 
autumn of 1903 his attention was called to this scymnid, and some 
material was collected and submitted to Mr. E. A. Schwarz, who pro- 
nounced it to be an undescribed species. Mr. Maskew states that this 
little seymnid is always associated with the San Jose scale, and seems 
to be doing pretty good work against it. Mr. Schwarz has published 
a description of it under the name Pseudoweisea suturalis.% 

A small predaceous beetle, Collops quadrimaculatus Fab., was 
observed by Mr. Schwarz at Charlottesville, Va., feeding on the larvee 
of the San Jose scale. This beetle belongs to the family Malachiide, 
concerning the life history and food habits of which very little is 
known. Evidently these beetles are in part at least predaceous, as 
evidenced by this observation by Mr. Schwarz.. This beetle is, how- 
ever, not abundant enough apparently to have any practical value as 
2 means of controlling the San Jose scale. 


«Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VI, No. 2, April, 1904, pp. 118, 119 (issued May 21, 
1904). The name Pseudoweisea was used by mistake for Microweisea.—ED. 


| THE ASIATIC-LADYBIRD ENEMY OF THE SCALE. 65 


THE ASIATIC-LADYBIRD ENEMY OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


Thruout the region investigated in China and Japan (see pp. 11-15), 
wherever the San Jose scale occurred, apparently the chief natural 
agency in keeping it in check was a small ladybird, Chilocorus similis 
Rossi (figs. 11, 12, and Pl. VI1), which feeds upon the scale vora- 
ciously. This beetle is almost identical in appearance with the twice- 
stabbed ladybird of this country, Chzlocorus bivulnerus, in the adult 
stage, but in the larval stage differs from it distinctly in coloration. 


Fie. 11.—Asiatic ladybird (Chilocorus similis), oviposition and early larval stages: a, beetle in act of 
thrusting egg beneath scale; 5, scale slightly raised, showing edge of egg beneath; c, scale lifted 
from bark, showing manner of attachment of egg to the inner surface; d, view of egg in the scale; 
é, egg magnified to show sculpturing; /, three eggs placed under flap of bark; g, same, natural size; 
h, 7, dorsal and lateral views of newly hatched larva; j, larva, first stage, feeding on mature and 
young scales. All enlarged except g (author’s illustration). . 


The Asiatic species has a skin of a reddish or flesh tint, with black 
spines, while the general color of the larva of the native species is a 
dull gray, which, with black spines common to both, gives the latter a 
very much darker appearance. There are also certain minute struc- 
tural characters which can be made out only with the use of the 
microscope. There is, furthermore, a very distinct difference in the 
habits of the two species, the Asiatic ladybird going through an indefi- 
nite number of generations—four. or five annually, depending upon 
the climate and latitude—and the American species having much fewer 


66°. THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


and often but a single generation annually. The slowness of breeding ~ 


of the American species is a very great bar to its usefulness in the 
latitude which includes the principal deciduous-fruit interests of the 
United States. 

These facts were thoroly demonstrated from the breeding records 
of the material sent from China and Japan. Several sendings were 
made by the writer, but unfortunately most of the specimens died in 
transit or during the first winter. Two individuals, however, sur- 
vived, and during the first summer, that of 1902, from these two some 
5,000 or more beetles were secured. The breeding was first carried 


Fic. 12.—Asiatic Jadybird (Chilocorus similis), later larval stages, pupa, and adult insect: a, second 
larval stage; b, cast skin of same; c, full-grown larva; d, method of pupation, the pupa being 
retained in split larval skin; e, newly emerged adult not yet colored; /, fully colored and perfect 
adult. All enlarged to the same scale (author’s illustration). 


a“ 


on in cages (Pl. VII), but afterwards the beetles were liberated in the 
small experimental orchard attached to the insectary of the Bureau. 
A good many colonies were sent out to different States, both north 
and south, in the summer of 1902, many more in the summer of 1903, 
and a few additional colonies in 1904. Many of these colonies were 
liberated under rather unfavorable conditions, or, in other words, 
where there were very few infested trees, and the beetles probably 
became scattered and lost. The best success came with certain colo- 
nies sent to Georgia, and especially the notable case of the colony at 
Marshallville. This last was in an orchard containing some 17,000 


7 


x ee a 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. 


PUPATING LARVA OF CHILOCORUS SIMILIS ON THE TERMINALS OF TWIGS IN 
DEPARTMENT ORCHARD. (AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATION.) 


PLATE VIII. 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 


CaGes USED IN BREEDING ASIATIC LADYBIRD (CHILOCORUS SIMILIS). 


(AUTHOR’S ILLUSTRATION. ) 


THE ASIATIO-LADYBIRD ENEMY OF THE SCALE. 67 


peach trees, covering about 75 acres, and adjoined a very much larger 
orchard belonging to the same owner, containing 250,000 trees. The 
ladybirds were liberated in August, 1902, in the smaller orchard. An 
examination of this orchard in July, 1903, indicated that the beetles 
were rapidly spreading, and that they would soon cover the smaller 
orchard. An estimate at this time of the number of ladybirds in all 
stages placed the total at somewhere between 25,000 and 40,000, and 
from observations breeding evidently continued at this point up to 
January. There was therefore in this latitude at least a very ‘flatter- 
ing outlook for good results from the imported beetle. 

None of the colonies sent to northern States, that is, north of the 
District of Columbia, became established nor gave any useful results, 
and subsequent experience, and particularly the elaborate tests con- 
ducted by Dr. J. B. Smith, in New Jersey, would indicate that there 
is very little likelihood of usefulness from this beetle for northern 
fruit regions. That it may be established in the South was fully 
demonstrated by the experience noted in Georgia and by the experience 
in the orchard attached to the insectary of this Bureau, and in some 
other similar experiments where the results were perhaps less marked. 

At the time that this beetle began to demonstrate its probable con- 
siderable usefulness in Georgia and elsewhere in the South, the prac- 
tical value of the lime, sulfur, and salt wash became fully established, 
and all commercial orchards were regularly subjected to spraying 
operations with this mixture. The result was that the scale food of 
the imported beetle was almost completely destroyed, and this was 
true in the principal orchards where it was doing its best work. As 
a consequence all of the beetles starved or their numbers were greatly 
reduced. 

The local stock of ladybirds in Washington practically disappeared 
_ with the gradual extermination of the scale food, and by the action of 
a native parasite which began to attack it after the first year. This 
_ parasite is one that we had previously reared from native ladybirds 
and had supposed it to be a secondary parasite; but the fact that it is 
a primary parasite became fully demonstrated, and it attacked the 
Washington colony with such vigor as to practically exterminate it. 
Fortunately this same parasite does not seem to have been equally 
active in the case of the southern colonies, but it will undoubtedly 
always be a bar to great usefulness from this and allied ladybirds.@ 

A very serious difficulty in the introduction and establishment of a 
predaceous insect like this Asiatic ladybird beetle, which has rather 
limited powers of flight and is not carried about on nursery stock as 
are true parasites, is the very scattering nature of infestation in this 
_ country. In spite of the fact that the San Jose scale has become so 


a@See Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 138, 189, 1903. 


68 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


widely distributed and is doing so much damage to orchards, it is still 
far from being universally present, and occurs after all in a very scat- 
tering way in orchards here and there, with often 20 or 30 miles 
between places of infestation. In Japan and China, where the Chilo- 
corus occurs rather generally, it finds food for itself in every country 
and city dooryard, either the San Jose scale, or, in Japan particularly, 
the white peach scale (Diaspis pentayona), on which it also feeds. 
The stock of ladybirds, therefore, is always kept up in greater or less 
numbers, ready to take hold of any unusual scale increase. In this 
country, if the local food supply is stopt by spraying operations or 
exhaustion, the ladybird necessarily dies, and very rarely will go far 
enough to find another infested orchard and a new food supply.  Ulti- 
mately, when the San Jose scale occurs everywhere, predaceous lady- 
birds like the Asiatic species will undoubtedly become much more 
useful than they are under present conditions. 

Neither the Asiatic ladybird nor any other predaceous insect—and 
this is true also of the chalcidid parasites, tho perhaps in a less degree— 
can ever be expected to so thoroly exterminate the San Jose scale as 
to give sufficient protection for commercial orchard purposes, where 
absolutely clean or unspotted fruit is an essential. Predaceous and 
parasitic insects can only survive in connection with their host species, 
and therefore ultimately there must be a natural balance which will 
fluctuate from year to year or period to period, in which alternately 
the parasite and the host insect get the upper hand, but both neces- 
sarily being continuously present. Where substantially clean fruit 
must be had, as for shipping and export purposes, spraying or some 
other direct means of control must be practised; and now that an 
inexpensive tree wash for the San Jose scale has been discovered, it 
is very much to the advantage of everyone to spray regularly, rite 
than trust to control by natural enemies. 

The importation of the Asiatic ladybird and the action of other pre- 


daceous enemies and of parasites can not, however, work anything but | 


good. These feed upon or parasitize and destroy scale insects and 
will ultimately greatly reduce the virulence of the attacks of the San 
Jose species. The larva of the Asiatic ladybird was observed to eat 
the young of the San Jose scale at the rate of five or six insects to the 
minute, and even on an average of but one a minute a total of 1,440 
scale insects per day would be destroyed. The appetite of these larve 
seems to be never satisfied, and they are eating practically all of the 
time. The adults also feed actively on the scale. In addition to their 
greater or less efficiency in generally checking the rapid multiplication 
of the San Jose scale, they and other natural enemies will ultimately 
be of special service in the control of the scale in private grounds and 
in small orchards and gardens the owners of which would not, under 
ordinary circumstances, practise regular spraying operations. 


ee Se I ee ee 


poe 
oreo 


ig) ag 


FUNGOUS AND OTHER DISEASES. 69 


It is evident, from the records of true parasites given at the outset, 
that native parasites are beginning more and more to attack the San 
Jose scale. The native predaceous beetles will follow suit, and un- 
doubtedly as years go on the seriousness of San Jose scale infestation 
will diminish, as, in fact, it has already done in California and perhaps . 
noticeably also already in some sections in the East. 


FUNGOUS AND OTHER DISEASES OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


Scale insects are more or less subject to control by fungous and 
other diseases, and the San Jose species is no exception to this rule. 
Control by these agencies is particularly efficient in the moist Tropics, 
so much so that most scale insects are practically wanting in such 
regions. The armored scales, such as the San Jose scale, are rarely to 
be met with in tropical regions in any numbers, and where found are 
diseased in a large percentage of cases. ‘The mealy bugs, however, 
are comparatively immune. The efficiency of these diseases as a means 
of control lessens as one leaves the Tropics, but in the subtropical 


regions of the United States, and even in the temperate regions, the San 


Jose scale has in many instances been very generally exterminated by 
disease. Several of these diseases are obscure and have never been 
scientifically studied, nor have they developed any fruiting stage so 
that they could be studied with any degree of accuracy. 

In the early work with the San Jose scale in California, Mr. Coquillett 
reports the death of the San Jose scale from an unaccountable cause, 


supposedly disease, in Pasadena County, Cal., on pear trees which 


had not been treated with any kind of insecticide. Specimens of 
twigs covered with dead scales were submitted to the Bureau of 
Plant Industry for examination. No specific disease germ could be 
discovered, but this does not preclude the explanation of some definite 
disease as the cause of the death of the scales. Similar cases have 
come up in the East several times, the first perhaps occurring at River- 
side, Md., in the early history of the scale, where, without treatment, 
the scale died in a very large percentage thruout a considerable orchard. 
A number of similar cases were reported by Doctor Howard in Bul- 
letin 12, one from Tifton, Ga., where a careful count of the scales 
showed that on one twig out of 183 scales 4 were living; on a second, 
out of 723 scales 2 were living, and on a third, out of 579 scales 28 
were living, giving 34 living scales out of 1,485, a mortality rate of 
97.7 per cent. A similar case was reported also from Wadley, Ga., 
by Professor Starnes, and Professor Alwood has noted the same con- 
ditions at Vienna, Va. Doctor Howard also records the fungus- 
infested scale reported by Doctor Fletcher at Fruitland, Ontario, altho 
here the fungus or disease is probably a different one. 

A more promising and important disease of the San Jase scale is 
the cosmopolitan scale-insect parasitic fungus Spherostilba coccophila, 


70 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


which Professor Rolfs, of the Florida experiment station, identified 
and discust at length in Bulletin 41 of that station, published in 
1897. This disease is common to other species of scale insects, is 
widely distributed in Florida and elsewhere in the Southern States, 
and was found to attack the San Jose scale in Florida very efficiently. 

As outlined by Professor Rolfs, a San Jose scale attacked by this 
fungus is usually transformed into a mass of mycelia before there is 
any external appearance of change. When the body of the insect has 
been consumed a bright, orange-colored protuberance forms at the 
base of the scale, or at times it breaks thru the protecting cover of the 
insect. This orange-colored protuberance is the most conspicuous 
"part of the fungus and the only portion visible to the unaided eye. 
It varies in size from an eighth to a fortieth of an inch. Those that 
average about one-sixteenth of an inch are most abundant under fayvor- 
able conditions. These protuberances are the spore-bearing bodies, 
and contain spores in great numbers. These orange-colored spore- 
bearing bodies are developed and mature within six weeks from the 
time of infection, and countless numbers of spores are liberated from 
them during rains and are washed down the trees and sometimes to 
the ground. Other and smaller spore bodies are eventually produced 
from the germination of these, and are carried about by the air or 
other means, and thus extend the infection. The biology of this 
fungus is rather technical and complicated, and need not be gone into 
in detail.¢ 

Professor Rolfs demonstrated experimentally that this fungus could 


be transferred from tree to tree artificially. His process was to inocu-. 


late acid bread with pure cultures of the fungus, and three weeks later 
to break up a piece of bread about an inch square in cold water, and 
apply toa scaly tree by means of a sponge or cloth or by spraying. 
The applications were made in midsummer, and the observations as to 
results late in February. Out of eight experiments four were success- 
ful, three unsuccessful, and one doubtful, the tree having in the mean- 


time died. A good deal of interest was aroused by this publication — 


of Professor Rolfs’s, and experiments with this fungus were made in 
Georgia and by entomologists to whom cultures were distributed in 
the North and West. The results from these experiments in the more 
northern regions were not, as a rule, very satisfactory, and the fun- 
gus has not demonstrated great practical merit outside of Florida and 
perhaps southern Georgia. Undoubtedly, however, it is a very valu- 
able aid in the control of the San Jose scale thruout the Gulf region, 
where high temperatures associated with sufficient humidity occur. 
The most careful experimental work with this fungus was that con- 
ducted by Prof. J. B. Smith in New Jersey. While nearly all the 


@See Bul. No. 41, Florida Agric. Exp. Sta., 1897. 


ee ee eee te 


FUNGOUS AND OTHER DISEASES. (a 


experiments made by Doctor Smith were barren of results, one yielded 
rather notable success. This was in the orchard of Mr. Horace 
Roberts, at Fellowship, N. J. Twigs from Florida bearing San Jose 
scales infested by the fungus were tied to branches of infested trees 
about the middle of June. ‘Toward the end of September Doctor 
Smith found the fungus upon almost all-of the trees upon which twigs 
had been tied. He reports that it had spread pretty well over the 
trees, and in some cases its presence was obvious from the surface of 
the ground to the extremity of the branches, hundreds of patches of 
the orange fruiting processes being everywhere noticeable. In no 
case, however, so far as Doctor Smith observed, had the disease spread 
to any adjacent trees, unless in a less visible stage, and by no means 
all of the scales on the trees containing these twigs were dead. 

Various saprophytic fungi which develop in diseased or dying wood 
are sometimes so closely associated with the scale, or in fact grow on 
the scale as well as on the wood, that the inference is a very natural 
one that the scale is being killed by these fungi. Examples of two 
such fungi have recently been sent to us for examination and were 
submitted to the Laboratory of Plant Pathology of this Department 
for investigation. The following report indicates their nature: 

We find two species of fungi present upon these specimens. The most conspicuous 
form is Micropera cotoneastri (Fr.) Sacec. The fungus forms small, black, somewhat 
pulvinate masses on the surface of the bark, sometimes covering old scales. The 
plant is not mature and shows in only a few instances pycnospores. It is not an 
uncommon fungus upon diseased or dying branches of fruit trees and other closely 
related rosaceous plants. Its relation to the scales present is probably always acci- 
dental. The fungus probably develops more readily upon the twigs which have 
been injured or partially killed by the scale. 

There is also another fungus present in a considerable quantity on some of the 
twigs. It consists of minute black, slender stipitate bodies a few millimeters high. 
This is also immature, showing only conidia. It is probably Spinctrina cerasi B. & C. 
In the absence of the ascigerous form of the fungus it is impossible to state positively 
that this 1s the species. As in the case of the other fungus mentioned, it probably 
bears no parasitic relation to the scales present, as it usually occurs on dead or dying 
branches of fruit trees. 


The first fungus mentioned (Micropera) is the one most closely associated with the 
scales. 


The plan of using contagious insect diseases to destroy important 
pests, such as the San Jose scale, is a véry attractive one, and in the 
case of the San Jose scale well worthy of more careful study than has 
sofar been given it. It is possible that some of the obscure forms of dis- 
ease which have already appeared in northern districts, asin Maryland, 
Virginia, and in the State of Washington, may be capable of artificial 
propagation and distribution, and yield results of distinct value in the 
control of the scale. All of these fungous and other diseases will 
undoubtedly become more efficient with the more wide and general 
- distribution of the scale. 


a THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


MEANS OF CONTROLLING THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS. 


Active experimentation with different remedies for the San Jose 
scale was instituted by this Office promptly after the discovery of the 
occurrence of this pest in eastern orchards and nurseries. A full 
record of these early experiments is given in Bulletin No. 3 (new 
series) of this Bureau, pages 56 to 71. The subject of these experi- 
ments will not be gone into in detail. They covered the use of the 
lime-sulfur washes employed against the San Jose scale in California, 
the hydrocyanic-acid-gas treatment for orchards and nursery stock, 
lye washes, pure kerosene, kerosene-soap emulsions, resin washes, and 
soap washes. The early experience with the lime, sulfur, and salt 
wash was unfavorable, largely due apparently to the fact that the 
observations on the trees treated were not continued long enough to 
note the effect of the late summer results. Good results were 
obtained with the kerosene emulsions, and particularly with the soap 
washes, and the fish-oil-soap wash became one of the standard means 
of controlling the scale and is still among the best and safest washes 
to be used, altho rather more expensive than necessary, except where . 
only a few trees are to be treated. 

The subject of remedies was promptly taken up by different experi- 
ment station entomologists in the East, and a vast body of experimen- 
tal data is now on record in various station publications. The study 
of the subject of remedies has also been continued by this Bureau and 
reported in different bulletins. The lime, sulfur, and salt wash at 
first reported on adversely by us was afterwards demonstrated to be 
of real value, and experimental work was taken up, first by the Illinois 
Experiment Station, under Professor Forbes, and subsequently by other 
stations, and it has now come to be the generally accepted remedy for 
the San Jose scale. Without going at all in detail into the subject 
historically, it is sufficient for the purpose of this bulletin to reproduce 
the recommendations for the control of the San Jose scale substantially 
as given'in the fourth revised edition of our Circular 42. 

In addition to the standard remedies mentioned below a great many 
proprietary substances have appeared, and some of these have some 
merit. The best of these are certain merchantable brands of lime- 
sulfur compounds, and oils which have been treated by some secret 
process to render them miscible in water. The predominating con- 
stituent of the latter is mineral oil, and the resulting mixture, which 
is not apparently an emulsion, is undoubtedly of value if used in suf- 
ficient strength to get the required amount of oil on the trees. There 
is no advantage in using any of these compounds over the standard 
insecticides, and their greater cost is a distinct objection, together 


THE LIME-SULFUR WASH. 73 


with the uncertainty of composition. Nevertheless, where only a few 
trees are to be sprayed and the owners would probably not go to the 
trouble of preparing a standard emulsion or the lime-sulfur wash, the 


‘use of miscibie oils or ready-made lime-sulfur washes is a good deal 


better than nothing, and may give very good results. Space does not 
permit the mention and discussion of a number of other mixtures which 
have not proven satisfactory nor the equal of standard means of 
control. Some of these have been experimented with somewhat 
extensively by different experiment station entomologists. 

The methods of control which have been especially followed in the 
Eastern States are (1) the lme-sulfur wash, (2) the soap treatment, 
(3) treatment with pure kerosene, (4) treatment with crude petroleum, 
(5) treatment with mechanical mixtures of either of the last two oils 
with water, and (6) petroleum emulsion with soap. All of these 
methods have proved themselves to be successful against the San Jose 
scale when properly carried out. As compared with the lime-sulfur 
wash, the others mentioned are more expensive, and the two oils, 
unless very carefully applied, are likely to injure the treated plants 
and are now seldom used. One’s choice of method must therefore be 
governed by availability, special needs, and experience. In the main 
these remedies, including the lime-sulfur wash, are winter treatments 
and may be employed at any time when the trees are in dormant, leaf- 
less condition. The weaker oil-water mixtures and the emulsions may, 
however, be used in the growing season. The treatments enumerated 
are all for trees inthe orchard. Nursery stock badly enough infested 
to require such treatment is best destroyed. For the general disinfec- 
tion of nursery stock the hydrocyanic-acid-gas treatment is the standard 
and only satisfactory means. 


THE LIME-SULFUR WASH. 


In California, where this scale insect first occurred, the standard 
remedy for it is the lime, sulfur, and salt wash, a mixture formerly 
used asasheep dip in Australia and employed with little change against 
the San Jose scale, and by a lucky chance proving effective. This 
wash was naturally first thought of on the discovery of the San Jose 
scale in eastern orchards. The earlier tests, however, conducted by 
this office in 1894, were unfavorable, and the experimentation which 


followed resulted in the demonstration by ourselves and others of sev- 


eral distinct and valuable methods of control noted below. Later 
studies of the action of this wash in California led the writer in 1900 
to give it a further careful trial in the East, with most successful 
results, demonstrating that with favoring conditions, i. e., absence of 
dashing rains for a few days subsequent to the application, it would 
give just as good results in the Eastern States as on the Pacific coast. 


74 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE.- — 


A year later (1901-2) very elaborate tests conducted by Doctor Forbeam 
in Illinois showed that fairly hard rains will not always invalidate 
spraying with this mixture. A vast amount of experience of the most 
practical kind since gained, contributed to by all the eastern experi- 
ment stations and by the big commercial fruit growers of the Middle 
and Eastern States, has fully demonstrated the practical merit of this 
wash and its superiority to others in point of safety to treesand in 
cheapness. The wash is furthermore a valuable fungicide and is nota- 
bly useful against the peach leaf curl, sprayed trees being practically 
immune from this disease, so that the cost of treatment is often more 
than made good by the fungicidal benefit alone. Its disadvantages are | 
the difficulty of preparation and the heavy wear which it entailson 
apparatus—objections, however, which do not offset its notable adyan- 
tages, particularly for commercial orchard work or where the number 
of trees to be treated is sufficient to warrant the trouble of its prepara- 
tion. Itis, infact, the standardspray now used in commercial orchards 
for the San Jose scale. 

In the matter of composition of the wash scarcely any two experi- . 
mentersagree. Salt wasa part of the original composition of the sheep 
dip and has long been retained, with the idea that it added, perhaps, to 
the caustic qualities, and particularly to the adhesive nature of the 
wash. . For the latter purpose avery small amount only, 1 or 2 pounds 
to the bushel of lime, need be added, following the custom in the 
preparation of whitewash mixtures. In practicalexperience, however, __ 
the salt seems to have been of very little benefit and is therefore 
omitted in the formula now given. The proportion of lime and sulfur 
is a matter of some indifference. The mixture obtained is sulphide of 
lime, and if an excess of lime is used it simply remains undissolved in 
the mixture and adds to the whitewashing character of the application. 
Too much lime is distinctly objectionable, however, because of the 
ereater difficulty of spraying and harder wear on the pump and nozzles. 
The formula here given is substantially the one which has been hith- 
erto recommended by this Bureau, reduced to the 45 or 50 gallon basis, 
or the capacity of the ordinary kerosene barrel commonly used - in its 
preparation by the steam method. ; 


Unslaked lime 2 ii. 2 ooh ee ek eee ee eee pounds. . a a 
Fiowers (or flour) of sulfur... <2. 3s,2- oe eee do_ =i 15 = | 
Water to make — 3. 5o.~- o8e cet ee ee ee eee gallons.. 45 to 50 


The flour of sulfur, although requiring somewhat longer cooking, — 
seems to make as good a wash as the flowers of sulfur, but an hour of 
thoro cooking is ample for either. Good quality stone lime should be 
secured and slaked in a small quantity of hot water in the cooking 
vessel, say one-third the full dilution. The sulfur, previously mixt _ 
up into a stiff paste, should be added at once to the slaking lime. The 


Bul. 62, Bureau of Entomology, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX. 


STEAM PLANTS FOR COOKING LIME-SULFUR WASH. 


(From Quaintance. ) 


‘ee 
“+ 


en 


* 
oc 


THE SOAP TREATMENT. 15 
whole mixture should be boiled for at least one hour, either in an iron 
kettle over a fire out of doors or in barrels by steam (see Pl. LX). 
Prolonged boiling increases the percentage of the higher sulphides, 
but the practical end is obtained with a boiling of the time indicated. 
In the process of making, the color changes from yellow to the clear 
brown of sulphide of lime, except for the excess of lime floating in it. 
After an hour’s boiling the full quantity of cold water can be added, 
and the mixture should then be promptly applied in order to get its 
ful! strength before the higher sulphides are lost by cooling and 
crystallizing out. In transferring to the spray tank it should be 
past thru an iron screen or strainer, and the tank itself should be pro- 
vided with an effective agitator. 

The wash is a winter application and can not be applied to trees in 
leaf. It may be applied at any time after the falling of foliage in 
early winter and prior to the swelling of the buds in spring. It wili 
probably be necessary also to make this application every year, or at 
least as often as the San Jose scale develops in any numbers. The 
wash kills the San Jose scale not only by direct caustic action, but 
apparently also by reason of the coating on the trees, which remains 
in evidence until midsummer or later, and may kill or prevent the set- 
tling of any young scale insects which may come from parents escaping 
the winter action. 

Two applications may be given badly infested orchards—one in late 
fall, the other in late spring. Where but one application is given, the 
late spring just before the buds open is the best time. 

The wear on pumps and nozzles can be kept to a minimum by care- 
fully washing the apparatus promptly after use. The Vermorel nozzle 
is the best one for the wash, and additional caps may be secured to 
replace worn ones. The use of an air or other gas pressure pump 
- instead of the ordinary liquid pump will save the wear of the lime on 
the pump. In spraying with this wash clothing is ruined, and only 
the oldest garments should be worn. Care should be taken also to 
protect the eyes to avoid unnecessary inflammation. 


THE SOAP TREATMENT. 


Whale-oil or fish-oil soap, preferably made with potash Lye, is dis- 
solved in water by boiling at the rate of 2 pounds of soap to the gallon 
of water. If applied ar and on a comparatively warm day in winter, 
it can be easily put on trees with an ordinary.spray pump. On a very 
cold day, or with a cold solution, the mixture will clog the pump, and 
difficulty will be experienced in getting it on the trees. Trees should 
be thoroly coated with this soap wash. Pear trees and apple trees 
may be sprayed at any time during the winter. Peach trees and plum 
trees are best sprayed in the spring, shortly before the buds swell. 


76 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


If sprayed in midwinter or earlier, the soap solution seems to prevent 
the development of the fruit buds, and a loss of fruit for one year 
is apt to be experienced, the trees leafing out and growing, however, 
perhaps more vigorously on this account. The soap treatment is per- 
fectly safe for all kinds of trees and is very effective against the seale. 
With large trees or badly infested trees, preliminary to treatment it 
is desirable, with this as well as other applications, to prune them 
back very rigorously. This results in an economy of spray and makes 
much more thoro and effective work possible. The soap can be secured 
in large quantities at from 33 cents to 4 cents a pound, making the 
mixture cost, as applied to the trees, from 7 cents to 8 cents a gallon. 
The success of the soap treatment is largely influenced by the quality 
of the soap used. Many brands are on the market, mostly made with 
soda lye. A potash soap should be insisted on, and one that does not 
contain more than 30 per cent of water. The soda soap washes are 
apt to be gelatinous when cold and difficult or impossible to spray 
except when kept at a very high temperature. 


KEROSENE TREATMENT. 


This consists in spraying the trees with ordinary illuminating oil 
(coal oil or kerosene). The application is made at any time during the 
winter, preferably in the latter part, and by means of a spray pump 
making a fine mist spray. The application should be made with the ~ 
greatest care, merely enough spray being put on the plant to moisten 
the trunk and branches without causing the oil to flow down the trunk 
and collect about the base. With the use of this substance it must be 
constantly borne in mind that careless or excessive application of the 
oil will be very apt to kill the treated plant. The application should. 
be made on a bright, dry day, so that the oil will evaporate as quickly 
as possible. On a moist, cloudy day the evaporation is slow, and 
injury to the plant is more apt to result. If the kerosene treatment 
be adopted, therefore, it must be with a full appreciation of the fact 
that the death of the tree may follow. This oil has been used, how- | 
ever, a great many times and very extensively without consequent 
injury of any kind. On the other hand, its careless use has frequently 
killed valuable trees. Its advantages are its effectiveness, its ayail- 
ability, and its cheapness, kerosene spreading very rapidly and much 
less of it being required to wet the tree than of a soap and waterspray. 
Pure kerosene is more apt to be injurious to peach and plum than to 
pear and apple trees, and the treatment of the former, as with the 
soap wash, should be deferred until spring, just before the buds swell. 
With young trees especially it is well to mound up about the trunk a 
few inches of earth to catch the overflow of oil, removing the oil- 
soaked earth immediately after treatment. 


THE OIL-WATER TREATMENT. — ree 
THE CRUDE-PETROLEUM TREATMENT. 


Crude petroleum is used in exactly the same way as is the common 
illuminating oil referred to above. Its advantage over kerosene is 
that, as it contains a very large percentage of the heavy oils, it does 
not penetrate the bark so readily, and, on the other hand, only the 
light oils evaporate, leaving a coating of the heavy oils on the bark, 
which remains in evidence for months and prevents any young scale 
which may come from the chance individuals that were not, reached 
by the spray from getting a foothold. Crude petroleum comes in a 
great many different forms, depending upon the locality, the grade 
successfully experimented with in the work of this Bureau showing 
43° Baumé. Crude oil showing a lower Baumé than 48° is unsafe, 
and more than 45° is unnecessarily high. The lower specific gravity 
_ indicated (43°) is substantially that of the refined product, the removal 
of the lighter oils in refining practically offsetting the removal of the 
paraffin and vaseline. The same cautions and warnings apply to the 
crude as to the refined oil. 


THE OIL-WATER TREATMENT. 


Various pump manufacturers have now placed on the market spray- 
ing machines which mechanically mix kerosene or crude petroleum 
with water in the act of spraying. The attempt is to regulate the 
proportion of kerosene so that any desired percentage of oil can be 
thrown out, with the water and be broken up by the nozzle into a sort 
of emulsion. Some of these machines, when everything is in good 
working order, give fairly satisfactory results, but absolute relia- 
bility is far from assured. 

The best outlook for good apparatus of this sort seems to be in car- 
rying the oil and water in separate lines of hose to the nozzle, uniting 
them in the latter, and in maintaining an absolute equality of aoe 
on both the oil and the water tanks by employing compressed air as 
the motive force, kept up by an air pump, the air chamber communi- 
eating with both of the liquid receptacles. Any other source of con- 
stant pressure, as carbonic acid gas or steam, will answer. One or 
more manufacturers are now working on apparatus of this general 
description. A 10-per-cent strength kerosene can be used for a sum- 
mer spray on trees where the San Jose scale is multiplying rapidly and 
where it is not desirable to let it go unchecked until the time for the 
winter treatment. The winter treatment with the water-kerosene 
sprays may be made at a strength of 20 per cent of the oil. Appli- 
cations of the oil-water spray should be attended with the same pre- 
cautions as with the pure oil, and there is even somewhat greater risk, 
owing to the natural tendency one has to apply the dilute mixture 
much more freely than the pure oil. The application should be merely 


78 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


enough to wet the bark, and should not, to any extent, at least, run 
down the trunk. The collection of water and oil about the trunk is 
just as dangerous to the tree as is that of the pure oil. 

In the use of the oil sprays noted above one who has not had expe- 
rience with them is advised to make some careful preliminary tests to 
fully master the process, preferably waiting two or three weeks to 
determine the results before entering on the general treatment of the 
orchard. It is well, also, with the oil-water mixtures, to test the pump ~ 
from time to time, spraying into a glass jar or bottle to determine by 
actual measurement whether the correct percentages of oil and water 
are being maintained. 


PETROLEUM-SOAP EMULSIONS. 


The kerosene-soap emulsion, following chiefly the Riley-Hubbard 
formula, has been one of the standard means against scale insects for 
twenty years. The distillate emulsion generally employed in Cali- 
fornia for spraying citrus trees, on which the lime, sulfur, and salt 
wash can not be used, is substantially the same thing, except that it 
is made with the California distillate or petroleum oil. Crude petro- 
leum of any kind, as well as the refined product, may also be used in 
making this emulsion. The use of the soap emulsions against the San 
Jose scale in the East has not been very general, on account of the 
greater facility with which the pure oil or oil-water mixtures can be 
applied. The difficulty of obtaining uniform results with the latter 
has led to a return to the use of emulsions to some extent, and there 
can be no doubt about their superior merit when it is desired to dilute 
the pure oils. Emulsions may be applied at any strength with abso- 
lute confidence that there will be no variation. Where the emulsion 
can be prepared wholesale by steam power its employment is attended 
with no difficulties. In California it is prepared by oil companies and 
sold at very slightly more than the cost of the oil and soap ingredi- 
ents. It is made after the following formula: 


Petroleum. 2 052 oo tae ee aa See eee gallons... 2 
Whale-oil soap (or 1 quart soft soap) -.-.-.-.-------------- pound.. 4 
Water (eait)s- -. 3-0 2 2. SSeS ee Se ee eee gallon... 1 


The soap, first finely divided, is dissolved in the water by boiling and 
immediately added boiling hot, away from the fire, to the oil. The 
whole mixture is then agitated violently while hot by being pumped 
back upon itself with a force pump and direct-discharge nozzle throw- 
ing a strong stream, preferably one-eighth inch in diameter. After 
from three to five minutes’ pumping the emulsion should be perfect, 
and the mixture will have increased from one-third to one-half in 
bulk and assumed the consistency of cream. Well made, the emulsion 
will keep indefinitely and should be diluted only as wauted for use. 


FUMIGATION Be NURSERY STOCK. 79 


In limestone regions, or where the water is very hard, some of the 
soap will combine with the lime or magnesia in the water, and more or 
less of the oil will be freed, especially when the emulsion is diluted. 
Before use such water should be broken with lye, or rain water 
should be employed. 

For winter sprays dilute the emulsion with either 3, 4, or 5 parts of 
water, giving a percentage of oil of approximately 17, 18, and 11 per 
cent. The strength in oil of this application on trees as compared with 
the oil-water sprays is the equivalent of 25, 20, and 15 per'‘cent oil, 
because relatively more of the heavier oil-soap emulsion is held by the 
bark. The two stronger mixtures may be used on the apple and pear 
and the weaker one on peach and plum. 

For summer applications dilute with 7, 10, or 15 parts of water, giv- 
ing approximately 8, 6, and + per cent of oil. The weaker strengths 
may be used on trees with tender foliage, such as that of peach, and the 
greater strength for strong foliage plants, like the apple and pear. 


FUMIGATION OF NURSERY STOCK. 


All nursery stock which is under the least suspicion of contamination 
with the San Jose scale should be fumigated; and it is perhaps worth 
while to fumigate in any case to give the utmost assurance of safety 
to the purchaser. The hydrocyanic-acid-gas fumigation is the one to 
use. This gas is generated by combining potassium cyanide, sulfuric 
acid, and water. The proportions of the chemicals are as follows: 
Refined potassium cyanide (98 per cent), 1 ounce; commercial sulfuric 
acid, 1 ounce; water, 3 fluid ounces—to every 100 cubic feet of space 
in the fumigating room or house. The latter should be as nearly air- 
tight as possible and provided with means of ventilation above and at 
the side, operated from without, so that at the end of the treatment 
the poisonous gases can be allowed to escape without thé necessity of 
anyone entering the chamber. The generator of the gas may be any 
glazed earthenware vessel of 1 or 2 gallons capacity, and should be 
placed on the floor of the fumigating room and the water and acid 
necessary to generate the gas added to it. The cyanide should be 
added last, preferably in lumps the size of a walnut. Promptly after 
adding the cyanide the room should be vacated and the door made 
fast. ‘The treatment should continue forty minutes. It must be borne 
in mind that the gas is extremely poisonous and must under no cireum- 
stances be inhaled. The gas treatment is effective against the scale on ~ 
growing trees in the orchard also; but the difficulty and expense of 
the treatment, except for nursery stock, make it prohibitive in the case 
of deciduous fruits. 

8449—No. 62—06——6 


80 THE SAN JOSE OR CHINESE SCALE. 


LEGISLATION AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


As indicated in another place, no insect has been the subject of so 
much domestic and foreign legislation as has the San Jose scale. In 
this country nearly all the States have past laws regulating the sale 
and shipment of nursery stock and proyiding for inspection on account 
of this scale insect, and a great many foreign countries have made 
regulations regarding the importation of American plants and fruits. 

The domestic legislation on insect matters, including the San Jose 
scale, was compiled by Doctor Howard and published as Bulletin No. 
13 (new series) of this Office in 1898, and the foreign legislation up 
to 1900 is summarized by Doctor Howard in Circular No. 41 of this 
Office, published in August, 1900. There has been a great deal. of 
additional legislation by different States subsequent to the publication 
of Bulletin No. 18, and by a resolution of the Association of Economic 
Entomologists and the American Association of Horticultural Inspect- 
ors this Office has collected, by the aid of special committees appointed 
by the two associations mentioned, all of the laws in their present 
form, and these have very recently been published as Bulletin No. 61 
of the Bureau of Entomology. There have been also some charges 
in foreign legislation, and ultimately a revision of Circular 41 will be 
issued. The subject is much too large and bulky to be considered in 
this bulletin. 


; Page 
een enciocomnee Scale WOStS!. =. s. 25- 2s -oqee te te ee ee heen ee ee see 58, 61 
Deere merood plant OL can Jose scule-.-...2-2.:--25-2--.--2--<-- 225-222 422-- 36 
nMemaatanoides, food plant of San Jose scale .....2-....-+------+--+--+----=- 38 
Waenannum, 1000. plant of San Jose'scale:..........-....2.-.--2..----- 38 
PEPBIOOOE MMU OL SAU) OSC.SGAIC 2222. ocr eo Soe oe eee ke ee he Gees 38 
Hannam arguia, 100d plant of San Jose scale...--.----..-.....------------- 38 
polygama. (See Actinidia arguta. ) 
eaiseulus happocastanum, food plant of San Jose scale _--_.---...-..-.--..--.- 38 
nicmononmaia, 100d plant of San Jose scale .....-----.-.-----+-----:---2-:- 36 
Spe OOOsMrimit OF oan Jose scale 2)... 2524.22. - see see [22-5 -- =e 36 
Alder. (See Alnus sp. ) 
Almond. (See Prunus amygdalus and P. japonica. ) 
Moe momeroad: plant Of san Jose scale... .-.-.-2-+2-.22-2-)s-2-2------2-2- 38 
Althea, shrubby. (See Hibiscus syriacus. ) 
Amelanchier canadensis and spp., food plants of San Jose scale....-......---.- 36 
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, food plant of San Jose scale._..-..--.-.----------.-- 38 
Einaphes qraciis, 1S it parasite of San Jose scale?_.--_.-:.--..---.---i.-..-+--- 58, 60 
PeMomepiedaune oan JOse Scale. 2 22.552 a-ha eee e dene see dence eee ee ese 57 
Aonidiella eucalypti, not variety of Aspidiotus perniciosus .......--.----------- 5d 
Preeamrsciponmes, Scale NOStS.. 2.23.5 52-2 2-2-6 bo eee ea see stata s. 08-09 
Pmumstdes. Seale: MOSES’. 2. — c=se 522 ies en ps le hee ee Sa Sette 58, 59 
Apple. (See Pyrus matlus. ) 
a nOGde pant: Ob al JOS SCAle ss. le oS ae oe ee ee ee 14 
Apricot. (See Prunus armeniaca. ) 
Arborvite. (See Thuya occidentalis. ) 
Aronia nigra. (See Sorbus melanocarpa. ) 
Ash. (See Fraxinus sp. and F. americana. ) 
mountain. (See Sorbus sp., S. americana, and S. aucuparia. 1.) 
PmmapRagus curimus, scale hosts. -.2........--+-.2.-2-5-- +0222 eee 58, 59-60 
memonous ancilus, parasitized by Physcus varicornis...-....-.-..--.--....--- 60 
cuonymi, parasitized by Aphelinus fuscipennis......-......---.-.-.- 59 
BSE eASPLOiOUUS DET MICIOSUS 2 kee ot. eee ete he eu eis ee SS 5d 
perniciosus. (See also Scale, San Jose. ) 
eel smicnotus;usce.& SyNOM YM. -leea os ec alte tk = Abe 
var. albopunctatus = Aspidiotus perniciosus.-..-.--------- 5d 
andromelas = Aspidiotus perniciosus ....-..=-.------ 50 
eucalypti = Aonidiella eucalypit-...-2....-.-..--.=-.- 5d 
rapax, parasitized by Aphelinus fuscipennis........ 22-2 2222.-.2 22 5- 59 
Basswood. (See Tilia sp. and T. americana.) 
Beech, purple-leaved. (See Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea. ) 
memmaraivo,. 100d plant of San Jose scale... -2..2....-.22 5-2-2. eke Pal ee 38 
pee Oun plant Oran Jose stale: -2- 223 120. 2s lt. no ose eon ceans 38 


Birch. (See Betula sp. and B. alba.) 


82 INDEX. 


Birds, spreading San Jose sSeale=: -2_6 =o 5 6 See eee 

Blackberry, common. (See Rubus nigrobaccus. ) 

Box. (See Buxus.) 

Buxus, food plant of San Jose-scale:.'= .. 0.2.22 2 ee 

Castanea americana, food plant of San Jose scale .......- Sc thatee wes! 

Catalpa bignonoides, food plant of San Jose scale --....22.1.......-1. ee 

common. (See Catalpa bignonoides. ) 
sp., food plant of San. Jose scale... 2.22 .. <. 5 4 eee 

Ceanothus americanus, food plant of San Jose scale. .......--...- + ee 

Celtis occidentalis, food plant of San Jose seale. 2... 4. 2....23..2. eee 

Cercidiphyllum japonicum, food plant of San Jose scale....-...-------..-..--- 

Cherry. (See Prunus avium, P. cerasus, and P. pumila var. besseyi. ) 

Chestnut. (See Castanea americana. ) 

Chilocorus bivulnerus, comparison with Chilocorus similis............-...------ 

enemy of San Jose scale. .--....2.2-.... 2... eee 
similis. (See also Ladybird, Asiatic). 
comparison with Chilocorus bwulnerus ...-...-...2 2 eee 

Chinese scale. (See Scale, San Jose, and Aspidiotus perniciosus. ) 

Chionaspis americana, parasitized by Physcus varicornis .......-...---- Beate 
jSurfurus, parasitized by Ablerus clistocampe.......-..---2-02-s2eee 
pinifolix, parasitized by Aphelinus mytilaspidis ................---- 
quercus, parasitized by Physcus varicornis.......--..--.-) =.= 

Chokeberry, black. (See Sorbus melanocarpa. ) 

Chokecherry. (See Prunus virginiana. ) 

Chrysomphalus aurantii var. citrinus, parasitized by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus. - - - 

. ficus, parasitized by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus..........------.-- 

Citrus aurantium. (See also Orange, and Citrus fruits. ) 

food plant of San Jose scale. --....- Ps ah SO . 
fruits and San Jose seale 22 222 24--2 e 2s ek 
trifoliaia, iood plant of San Jose scale_.....-....-.2--.2- = =e 

Climate, affecting spread of Sam Jose seale....-.2..:.+./.....-25 55 

Collops quadrimaculatus, enemy of San Jose scale__--.-.-...-2222, —=r 

Color protection, of San Jose scale_.:._.22.2-.2t.--52-..-.2-05 22 

Cornus alba var. sibirica, food plant of San Jose scale. .........----...22222=5 

alternifolia, food plant of San Jose scale _._..--.......... aoe 
amomum, food plant of San Jose seale.....-. =.:.....-+.22_ =r 
baileyi, food plant of San Jose scale ......2.-:- 22.422. 22-52 
candidissima, food. plant of San Jose scale. .........-----.0 223s 
circinata, food plant of San Jose scale. .-..:-...1-.-. 2... 22.25 
florida, food plant of San Jose seale _._...-.-.+.-22--225245 
sanguinea, food plant of San Jose scale..._.....-...----..--------s-- 
stolonifera, food plant of San Jose scale..........-..--.--------+----- 

Cotoneaster sp., food plant of San Jose scale: -..-:-....-..-- 25-22 a 

vulgaris, food. plant of San Jose scale__--..-.2-+.--..2.2=5eeeeeee 

Crab apple. ‘See Pyrus sp.) - 

Cratzgus coccinea, food, plant of San Jose scale. _:.-.-.----..---2-32 eee 
cordata, food plant of San Jose scale... .......5.--.-._-- ese 
crus-galli, food plant of San Jose scale_-:.-.-...+.-.- =.= ae 
oxyacaniha, food plant of San Jose scale.2_..2...-.2_. =¢2.eee = eee 
sp., food plant of San Jose scale: 222, 20 ..- ce 3d ae 

Currant. (See Ribes rubrum, R. nigrum, and R. aureum.) 

Cydonia japonica, food plant of San Jose scale... .:-./..+,.¢¢) =. 
vulgaris, food plant of Ban Jose sealed 5-<, se. 2a ee eee ee 


, 2 ENDER, | 83 


Page 
eens, 1000 .plant.oL cal JOSse Scales kasseee ese ese 5l soe 39 
Dewberry. (See Rubus villosus. ) 
Diaspis carueli, parasitized by Aphelinus mytilaspidis........----------------- 59 
Penidgona, ASialicladyord. an emenny By ss Geass esas sos Se. 4: 68 
patasitized by elblerus clisvocampe 2 = 22. ee es 61 
Wisspyros wrginiana, food plant of San Jose scale... -_.-.-...-..22.-.----- 39 
Bieed-es OF San Jose scale, artificial spread: oi 20..222.0.-222. 0.0 eee 70-71 
Distillate emulsion. (See Petroleum-soap emulsions. ) 
Distribution of San Jose scale affected by climate....-.............-.-...1.- 33-34 
NC AUIS ad peor fo ye Se, SES Ie eS ei A 56-58 
Dogwood, red flowering. (See Cornus florida. ) 
ivagnus tongipes, tood plant of San Jose scale....-.2..-.--------2---------- 39 
Seton lant Ol SAM JOSE Seale 2. 2228. 8S l ee ci). 22 eee 39 
Elder. (See Sambucus sp.) 
Elm. (See Ulmus sp., U. americana, and U. campestris.) 
Entomosporium maculatum, resemblance to San Jose seale........-.-....----- 35 
Eucalyptus sp., food plant of San Jose scale. ..--.--- APR Pes PON ed J 39 
Maomausiso:. 100d plant of San Jose scale -_.....2.-:-1.J.--+.--.+-¥------: 39 
Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea, food plant of San Jose scale..--..-------- en ae 37 
Mae wearico ood plant oO: San Jose scale... -.. 22.4222. 2-4-2 2 ----------- 39 
Fig. (See Ficus carica. ) 
ies. 100d plant ot San Jose scale.__.-...--...-.--+--214---+--.2.-- 39 
Fraxinus americana, food plant of San Jose scale...--....-- OTe of REM yes oi 39 
PD MOUdEDIAMbh Ol oat JOse, scale. . 2.2. 222) 02 24e lS e es Sl kk 39 
Formica schaufussi, not carrying San Jose scale......-..-.-- UM one a ATR ma 57 
Fumago salicina, on San Jose scales - --. - - an iat mye Seerenrs NE RIO a LSS ANS SN olen 
Fumigation of nursery stock against San Jose scale...-....----...-.-.------- AS 
Fungi, saprophytic, accidental occurrence on San Jose scale..-.....-.---- ae 71 
maumteaemimme-soliur wash. 2-2. 325522505 2 ese sD Pee eb ee- eee 8 
iimecieand other diseases of San Jose scale... ...-2.-.22.....220. 024i... 69-71 
diseases destructive to armored scales in Tropics...-........-.-..--- 34, 69 


Fungus. (See Entomosporium maculatum, Micropera cotoneastri, Spherostilbe 
coccophila, and Spinctrina cerasi. ) 

Fungus, sooty. (See Fumago salicina. ) 

Gleditschia triacanthos, food piant of San Jose scale.............2..--.------- 39 

Globe flower. (See Kerria japonica.) . 

Gooseberry. (See Ribes oxyacanthoides.) 

Grapes. (See Vitis sp.) 

Hawthorn. (See Cratzgus sp. and C. oxyacantha. ) 

miccusnsyriacus, food plant of Sam Jose scale .../.....5.. 2209.02.20. 22222e. 39 

icoria pecan, food plant of San Jose scale .......-.--2-222--.2-2------ 22 ee 39 

Honeysuckle. (See Lonicera sp. ) 

Hop tree. (See Ptelea trifoliata. ) 

Horse-chestnut. (See Zsculus hippocastanum. ) 

Hydrocyanic-acid gas. (See Fumigation. ) 


| vec | BETTING OMIM Sa ol = UES IS OS ee ee 80 
PeEeriesarainst ean JOsescdleme a. suc ct seek eae ed ed ll os el tee 72-79 
eeeeeerepceadine San J Ose scaleewemeen en. Se chk LEE 57 
Buglans nigra, food plant of San Jose scale.__......2222 2252222222. Ca Ae 39 
Eo Lood. plait oF Sam @sersicalens.. co tre ay tre ie 39 

Teoma Ood plant Oljsamwose scale © fii sos. es A ee. 37 


Juneberry. (See Amelanchier canadensis. ) 
alma latifolia, food plant of San Jose scale. .1......222.220 2022.22 ee eel l le 39 


84 INDEX. 


Kerosene emulsion. (See Petroleum-soap emulsions. ) Page. 
remedy for San Jose stale 22 22) ee ee ee ee eee ee be 76 
Kero-water. (See Oil-water. ) 
Kerria japonica, food plant of San Jose seale............-...--.- hat 39 
Ladybird, Asiatic. (See also Chilocorus similis. ) 
enemy of Diaspts pentagona 22222255222 3sel = 68 
nan Jose scale. 2.28 Jee eee otis. se 65-69 
twice-stabbed. (See Chilocorus bivulnerus. ) 
Ladybirds, Australian, unsuccessful importation into New Jersey.......----- 62 
Laurel, mountain. (See Kalimia latifolia. ) 
Legislation ‘against San Jose scale: -ic's2/252-20 425-62 ee es 80 
Lemon. (See Citrus fruits. ) . 
Lepidosaphes gloverit, parasitized by Aphelinus fuscipennis...........--------- 59 
ulmi. (See also Scale, oyster-shell. ) 
parasitized by Aphelinus mytilaspidis...-_ 225.2 2222 59 
Ligustrum ovalifolium, food. plant of San Jose scale........----..-..--------- 39 
vulgare, food plant of San Jose scales.2225.- 22... 2-2 --- ee eee 37, 41 
Lilac. (See Syringa vulgaris and S. persica. ) 
Lime-sulfur wash detrimental to establishment of Asiatic ladybird ._.....--- 67 
remedy for San Jose scale. -.-2+..-2--.--2422-235=eee 73-75 
value.as: fungicide 2204 .2iei 225.2055. 58. 6 25 = 8 


Linden. (See Tilia sp. and T. americana. ) 
Locust. (See Robinia sp. ) . 
honey. (See Gleditschia triacanthos.) 


Lonicerasp., food plant of San Jose:scale: 2.2222 42 ci 2nsc. = eee 39 
Maple. (See Acer sp., A. platanoides, and A. saccharinum. ) 
Micropera cotoneastri, accidental occurrence on San Jose scale...........-..-- rg 
Microweisea misella, enemy of. San Jose scale: -: 2.22.2 ...2- 22k 2a eee 62, 68-64 
spreading San Jose-scale..-.2.222:. 2 22123.2- 3 eee 57 
[ Pseudoweisea] suturalis, enemy of San Jose scale.-.....--.------ 64 
Monomorium minutum, spreading San Jose scale. ..:....-..-..------+---+2--: By 
Morus sp., food plant of San Jose-scale . 2222-22525 22-2242: 24252 eee 39 


Mountain ash. (See Sorbus sp., S. americana, and S. aucuparia. ) 
Mulberry. (See Morus sp.) 


Oil water, remedy for San Jose scale. ./s.25. 22.24.24. oa. 2 3 5_oe 77-78 
Orange. (See also Citrus fruits and Citrus aurantium. ) 
hybrid of trifoliate with sweet, infestation by San Jose scale._......-- 42 
mandarin or tangerine type, infestation by San Jose scale__.....-...-- 43 
trifoliate. (See Citrus trifoliata. ) 
Orcus ausiralasiz, enemy of San Jose scales... -.....2-2...-2212. 4. eee 62 
chalybeus, enemy of San Jose scale... 2.2.22. 3222-22 ee ee 62 


Osage orange. (See Zoxylon pomiferum. ) 
Peach. (See Prunus persica. ) 
Chinese flowering, food plant of San José scale. .....-.-..------------ 14 
Pear. (See also Pyrus communis. ) . 
Kieffer. (See also Pyrus sinensis. ) 


immune to San Jose scale-:.-...-..-2-...2-s2--2-.2-5 ee 42 
Leconte, immune to San Jose scale... 2... 2.201..-221-5 4 ee 42 
orchards, in Japan. «1-02 262) She. Peek oS ee ee 11-12 


sand, including Kieffer. (See Pyrus sinensis, and Pear, Kieffer. ) 
Pecan nut. “See Hicoria pecan. ) 
Pentilia misella= Microweisea misella .....------------- eee eatin ee 57 
Pernicious scale. (See Scale, San Jose, and Aspidiotus perniciosus. ) 
Persimmon. (See Diospyros virginiana. ) 


INDEX. 85 


Page 
Hemolewum, erude, remedy for San Jose scale... ..-2 2522 222.562558-4-2-252- 77 
soap emulsions, remedies for San Jose scale .........-.-------  .. 78-79 
Phetenia glauca, food plant of Aspidiotus perniciosus var. andromelas..-.-...---- 5d 
Romano wulosa, 100d plant.ob San Jose scale. so. 2.0 1e8s. 2. esse ser see ste 39 
inuscus varicorms, is it parasite of San Jose scale?: 2.......-.-2.2 22 -42252--4- 58, 60 
Sea lemi@sisuge say ano peek nape earth aay Roe ota 60 
Physocarpus opulifolius, food plant of San Jose scale........-...-.------+---- 39 
Riemann ood plant.of San Jose scale..c)- 4.222..28 2.22 2622 22. 22s 39 
Plum. (See Prunus maritima, P. domestica, P. triflora, P. cerasifera var. atro- 
purpurea, and P. hortulana. ) 
Poplar. (See Populus sp., P. deltoides, and P. nigra var. italica. ) 
momuimsocioiaes, ood plant of San Jose scale. .:_.. 22222222) -4225522--22 0244 an 
ora var. woalica, food: plant of Sam Jose-scale’..: 22.2224 ....2.-2.2-2 37 
SremOndeMlanti OL Sane OSe Scalers. els. feb s2 See glee 8 
Privet. (See Ligustrum vulgare and L. ovalifolium. ) 
Mianana aurantii, parasite of San Jose scale. ..-.:.2-.0222-22+25-5-2-L24--- 58, 60 
Exerective resemblance, in San Jose scale ._...-..2-.---2..2-+. 522-24. 252-2 57 
mami omuygoalus, tood plant ol San Jose scale.............-.----2 222-225. oil 
Gamemaca, 100d plant of San Jose scale... 222.22: 1..-..-..-.22--- 37 
fommpetood: plant ot San-Joseseale-. 2022.22. 22-0. 222 See ek eee ee at 
cerasifera var. atropurpurea, food plant of San Jose scale ..-..-..--.-- 37 
cerasus, food plant of San Jose scale .:.------.-- PS ES ALAS Se 39, 41 
Poreved Nood plant ot San. Jose scale... 24.422 .52.-6)222 8. 20. -o 2 37 
Parmnanc, (oodsplant OL san-Jose scale... 522.2% 22 a5 2 2 Pere lee 37 
yanomce, wood. plant.ot Jam Jose scales 2222. 22.2 2252.25.22 37 
Rerun tooo plant of San-J Ose seale 2.0.3.0... 2 Sie ce ee B¢ 
feien a ooduplamt Of Sari, dose scale 264.55 26. eee ete 4 ea 37 
pissardi. (See Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea. ) 
amie, AGodsplant of Sam Jose scale. =. W242. 225822 no. se ay) 
maroesseyt, food plant of Sansose Seale... 52222275. .-.9..08 22 o7 
mae Loom plant of San Jose ‘scales i2 Sys). 222 are 37 
eaora, ood plant.of San Jose-scale-. =. b.22.6. 922.2 1.2 S22 2s kee see 37 
Ciponmend, food plant of San Jose seale 20.2.2... 2482.2... 225225. 5--2- 37 
Peneemarcisca suturals— Microweisea suturalis ...22.-2522 260222222252 2- sek. 64 
merenonad, 100d! plant of San Jose scale: :2.02...52 9. 2.05, 06222222 eee: 37, 41 
Pyrus baccata, food plant of San Jose scale ----- Ce We aE p< See ee ae Bye 
communis. (See also Pear. ) 
iMoodsplamt Ol sane) ose Scale. 25.2 5.224 [site sk ee Meee 37 
malus. (Seealso Apple. ) 
too planh ob Sam jose stale ¢ -..7.2 eee te RSE. bos Oo” 
sinensis. (See also Pear, Kieffer. ) 7 
LOSER LAME OlysaMalOse: scales 2228 328 ees eo ae ee 37 
Seemood™plany Ol Cal JOSe Scale 6692. Lah geek in Le. katate 37 
Quince. (See Cydonia vulgaris and C. japonica. ) 
Raspberry, red. (See Rubus strigosus. ) 
mmizovius debilis, enemy. of Sam Jose scale _.. 2. 22.560 on Ga ecw eee wnale 62 
lophanthe, enemy of San Jose scale _........ ...... pane eo Rad ci 62 
Rhodotypos kerrioides, food plant of San Jose scale ..-.--........---.---.---- 39 
Paopoideus cirmmus, parasite of San Jose scale... - 2.0.02. 2-02-9225. 222k. 58, 61-62 
memecornus, 1000 plant of San Jose scale...... 22/2. ..032 S23. 224 2c lock ek: 39 
SoeeLood plait ob Sam Jose scales s4.2acd ays. Fo Ge ee ee 39 
cunesaurewm, tood plant of San Jose-scale.-.2..2...-.. 2222222222222 Lene 37 
een moot plumb Ot San Joserscales,. 9). .22 <5 220 hee eli oe ls. eee 37 


86 INDEX. 


4 Page 
Ribes oxyacanthoides, food plant of San. Jose scale. - 5-23.22. 32222222 2A ee eo. 
rubrum, food plant of San Jose scale .........-..---------- eee 37 
Robinia sp., food plant of-San: Jose seale. 2. 2 22.202 52 See See. eee 39 
Rosa carolina, feod plant of San Jose scales. /2--. 32-23-2222 4 eee Shae 37 
lucida, food plant of San Jose scale: 22:5. 16 2222 45223. 3. (22. 37 
rugosa, food plant. of San Jose scale... 225.222 .> See eee ee 38, 42 
sp., food plant of San Jose scale < = o22 0.2. 22. Se sees aos 37 
virginiana, food plant of San Jose scale.....¢2-4.2 5.24.22... 2 ee 
Rose, Japanese. (See Kerria japonica. ) 
Rubus canadensis. (See Rubus villosus. ) 
nigrobaccus (R. villosus), food plant of San Jose scale. ....------..----- 39 
strigosus, food plant of San Jose scale -.-...-.--- Lite See 39 
villosus (R. canadensis), food plant of San Jose scale _._...-.....--.--- 39 
Salix babylonica, food plant of San Jose scale... ..--- te los.6 5152 er 38 
humilis, food-plant of San Joseseale: <= 2-3 ee ee - «+: oa 38 
incana, food plant of San Jose scale.<.2. 22... 22.3. ee 38 
lucida, food plant of San. Jose scale —... 2 =.S-2. 2-4. 2 eee 38 
pentandra, food plant of San Joseistale 223025 ee ts 38 
sp., food plant of San Jose.scale 20.2) oe ee ee 38 
witellina, food plant of San Jose scale-.2 =. 2330 226 2 ae eee ae 38 
Sambucus sp., food plant ef San Jose scale. . 2.2.2 22252022552. 2) 39 
San Jose scale. (See Scale, San Jose.) 
Sassafras. (See Sassafras officinale. ) 
officinale, food plant of San Jose:seale :_2.:.232 2.242. 2 eee 39 
Seale, Chinese. (See Scale, San Jose, and Aspidiotus perniciosus. ) 
insects, various methods of reproduction:: .-s-.:..j22.- 2555 eee 43-44 
oyster-shell. (See also Lepidosaphes ulmi.) . 
probably parasitized by Anaphes gracilis.....-..-.-------- 60 
pernicious. (See Scale, San Jose, and Aspidiotus perniciosus. ) 
San Jose. (See also Aspidiotus perniciosus. ) 
5 aclivity of young larva:c2s2 seu. 45.9 eee 43, 45, 51, 57 
adult female; deseripiion os hae cee J. 54 
male, descripiion.< 12.2... 23 Ls 53 
and citrus fruits: 2. -.. oo2s001) 42 23s ee 42-43 
climate as affecting spread ..-..-.-.-- 1. i) Se 30-34 
color protection _.:....- 2.222.522.2220) 0 57 
control 2.205... . Sn-byao o ee e .--: (2-19 
damage, nature -.s.< 22.95.09 See 34-36 
descriptions of seale and insect . .....-.... 2.22202 51-54 
destructiveness. 2-24. +... ul «sels dA ee ; 7 
distribution and present condition, by States and Territo- 
Ties .. 2. ..cpinie veo eet Se Be 18-33 
by faunal zones... 22422-2222 7.048 (eR 33-34 
Me€aDs ..2-5-ba. 2-28 22 56-58 
eno, deseription:. -:: 2 . .c.c keer ee eer 51-52 
explorations in eastern Asia to determine origin. ..-.--..-- 11-15 
lecahdity. 5 cto Poe ee ee nese 48-51 
female, third stage, description... .:.2...2.-.2-_.2. 32a 53 
first establishment in the United States....-..-..-- eee 10 
food planta: 2023. cet a seee eee ee -. sie. 36-43 
fungous and other diseases 2.224235. eee 34, 69-71 
generations 2.4... |-.--- =s.t=24beeo swe eee eee 48-50 
habits and life :history. ...'.c2 2k sos lye ee ee ee ee 34-55 


hibernation -...202... 23 eee eee ee 43, 50 


INDEX. 87 


' Page. 

Seale; San. Jose, history in California and the West.......---.---.-----.---- 15 
ae ee ae PE or ie eR ea eS 16-17 
immunity of Leconte and Kieffer pears. 222 2.. 2222.22. 42 
THORS SN OTIS een Ae ee Es 5 eS i Fria 9s Sa ie Se 20 
PGT a2 repay SE ea i ee em a ae bie Oe ows 1s 0 le eee ee 20 
PATE RGIE (51S GPa yn eRe PARE a eae A oa ieee eS PY in 20 
Australia--_.-- JSPR elaine a Oe Yair eri ech ee OR eee LN Se et ee 10 
GENUIIOTC OUI Baker bet lt bey, ated eM Ob a Blk el ae a 20-21 
OE te eas a eg RR aa Phe ee meee 33 
OLOTNE Se Bs ergs i SAS oles BPE eh ha ee Seen ee ae 10 
CUETO Zi Se Sook OAT a aCe eh i Oe 13-15 
OT Mp ease ets aan oe iS ane as RRP A alt 
Wonmeenelih ah wea ts ee AM Tee ei ae yale 
Delaware, s 8250054 Peeks Dees (On GA acd: Mal ce hials 7 Eee ws VAL 
Miserice or (Columbians 228522022. etnies ct MAN SS eS. og De, 
Haid pee eet en EI eG ae te eee 22 
Ceonaiaee ae anh eet re tN rel se at el et 22 
iEeaprgietiitcetame tern. ee a ee a Diet moe 10 
UGE SG POSES oie ET hag PD ae 5 Se eee = te Se ee ee ee es 22-23 
UAULTROTS 2b 2 SS ease eet ch es pe Ro hs kts ig pe eee ee a 23 
JING MEO Se De eee ES StS OR A ee a an ce 7S 
enemas eerie tt AURGay AY seeded Siok CA ee 23 
LETTE Tals oS oe ees SRR 8S Uh ge yee is Ps, 9 11-13 
ci Sacepe eet see rie he WPS PASE Meee gh 2 RT Mio oe 24 
Rais he kaye ad aps i a Ware gE Ss EE Seg 2a 24 
ILGUTSUC NIE Nine eat 2 ae) tie Riad ® ExU TM GY ESR ee A ease ble a a 24 
INST eieteegeen ate ee ee ee erica ie a Speke ont ner aig ee gh ots Se 24 
Maryland ....- SEE: aC eabh Sat he AEC Ee te ee nce 25 
Mogsachusetts ssa. sech tts se se B02 8 ake od eee eee 25 
Miuahaioante eo eens Beas Bett? Pua al Soo 25-26 
PUREE Ses ieas = o0 t ad se Rees ak 2 Re pee as sg 26 
Mississippi - - - - - Se Ea Rae Ni ONT CA INN os Ss ee 26 
JU CSISSC1 0 eee Aenea ena Feral, Sees Pe Pityee oly Tt tre Mos Fe ot nena 26 
- 1M Roa Tae eed aoe ie oo RPS OG ee Meanea ae PEDO Boel yh Ge eal ae 26 
BSS vice Gee eae so nes ore a | Se ae So Mosh's) a Wee Spe earn 26 
ewe Llamipemnire sok Se CL tk Saeed 26-27 
Gy al US Eeyay eae a catia re at be clea AD ee Ne Er 27 
IN Vah 2X0 igen ees Ey Sie hee SR RES eR AU Ste ss eee a eee Es 27 
New Wemie@ue ase a ah aA PURSE IRR een <7 See eas 
RT ye an Hite eee ate ke earn Bes GRE AT 27-28 
Morb: @ ano linac <a ee eal re eas eC Mens ho th 28 
IAVET AMON SCy Fz) oe gael Pare t Santee rg 0:0) Ope a anh oo. ue eae 28 
COMO err Si pteta tise e Pear 8 pole Me ete ree the ihe 28 
Oy RAE St ks Se Bane ML Cr NY ting ete NY Ay gr 29 
OMEOG Tints Snr Sete | Tae Ad AR ae a EN GA a 29 
Pennsylvania. - - - - tn em Bee eG eas SOS EC a os 29-30 
Hilve@iey (Slane tek oO TR eR Fe 30 
Soult by: Caitlin sea 0 oa) oF ce Pe el i ah et PS 30 
SOtiiln Pea keopawen cies ses Soe aa ee Bel aoe te ais 30 
FRENIICIEEE er ee tetas CEI eR Sry NS ey ope Re 30-31 
1) NCS.< eran So as a a EET ess kee Se ae aay OM SORT GE 31 
ee eee ae ee ee | whos Asche ge ae 31 
HRSG TCLS SPR eee cs SS A, 2S ote 2 A ee CR ee Se fey on 


88 INDEX. 


: Page. 
Scale, San Jose,’ tn Washington s<26 2s 2 cee eee iio eae 32 
Wisconsin” >. 53.532. Rises ee ee 32 
West Vireitia @ 3/451. 5. Lee eee te Se ee ee: 2.6. ee 32-33 
Wyoming 3-222 2. Selebeae  e e e e 32 
indirect: benefits ©: ois 5.1. v See es ee 9 
insect enemies, Status: 0.5 2 Eels se eee eee 9, 58-69 
insecticides £22. 52 a ee ee ee 72-79 
introduction into United States, supposed manner..-.....--- 15 
issuance Of adult males ..22.. 02.22 2.2 22533- 2 47 
larva, second stage; description -..-:.... 2.2) /.2 eee 52 
newly hatched, description —-_ 225: 2s: 3... 2352 e eee 52 
legislation’ s2 225.2225 2S2o Sons et ee ee 80 
life history 2. V223202 (3228 ee eee 43-51 
on Chinese apples, haw apples, and pears. ..-.-.......------ 14 
OIG. 5.2 220. ee Se a ee ee ee 10-15 
parasites . 22.0. 2-2 See) eee 58-62 
plants commonly or badly infested... .. 2... 2.52.2 2.53233 36-38 
not infested“. 22: = 2... .2-J24 452-226 eee 40-41 
occasionally-or rdrely iniested —...~.2-:. 1. /22 2a 38-39 
predaceous insect enemies =. ..222-2:-. ¢i2253542.2 eee 62-69 
present status of problem ..----.- {sis -euilios £5 8-10 
propupa of male, description... 2... 22-0 4c. 62 1 =e 52-53 
pupa of male, description... -..2.255-4_2 eee eee 53 
record of spread in United States... -.<.::s..... 2 eee 15-384 
relationships: 2... 2 (22:20 585-2 2 Se eee _.. 54-55 
remedies 2 20.2. oS Se ee 72-79 
reproduction. 6-2 8525 4 Ses eee as ee 43-45, 50-51 
resemblance to Entomosporium maculatum.....-.------------ 30 
scale covering, how formed = .._:..:..2..2. 260. 2. 33 45 
of female, deseription - 2-2... -s 422. 238.. Se 51 
male, description ..... +... 2225) 26:0 51 
seasonal history 22-222 d-sasn-e cece oe 43-50 
sources of infestation in. Hast. ....-... 22.2022. 2 eee 17-18 
States still supposedly uninfested... -......... 12... 2a 19-20 
systematic position 22: 2-2... -..-. ssh ke be 54-55 
viviparous habit ----- fee -o- oe Sos Sbas i eee 43-45 
white peach. (See Diaspis pentagona.) 
Scales, armored, subject to fungous diseases in Tropics.--.-..-.-------------- 34, 69 
Shad-bush. (See Amelanchier canadensis. ) 
Smoke bush. (See Rhus cotinus.) 
Snowberry. (See Symphoricarpos racemosus. ) 
Soap, whale-oil or fish-oil, remedy for San Jose scale.__....--...-------.---- 75-76 
Sorbaria sorbifolia (Spirea sorbifolia), food plant of San Jose scale...-.---. eye 39 
Sorbus americana, food plant of San Jose scale..........-.------------------ - 38 
aucuparia, food plant of San Jose seale:. ..---.....-...5-... 38 
melanocarpa, food plant of San Jose scale .-....2:.-222-_. . ee 38 
sp., food plant of San Jose scale. ::-..2: 2.20. J 2... Jis2 38 
Spherostilbe coccophila, fungous enemy of San Jose scale......-.------.--- 34, 69-71 
Spinctrina cerasi, accidental occurrence on San Jose scale.....--------------- 71 
Spirea sorbifolia. (See Sorbaria sorbifolia. ) 
sp., food plant of San Jose scale? == 2.1 c. uk bo Ree a 39 


Spruce, white. (See Picea alba.) 
Sumac. (See Rhus sp.) 
Symphoricarpos racemosus, food plant of San Jose scale.......---------------- 38 


IN DEX. 


Syringa persica, food plant of San Jose scale .............---..----- 
puigaris, 100d plant of San Jiose scale .2 22.222 -2-.-25-25- = 


Thorn, silver. (See Hlzxagnus longipes. ) 


Thuya occidentalis, food plant of San Jose scale _....-----...-.....-- 
Tha americana, food plant of San Jose scale......-----..---..-<-:- 
eee ood plant of San Jose scales i 222 ek ce 
Toulon pomyerum, food plant of San Jose scale ......---:.-.-.-.-+- 
Typophorus canellus, spreading San Jose scale... .---.------------- 
‘Ulmus americana, food plant of San Jose scale ............--.-----+------- : 
campestris, 100d plantiof San Jose scale ...2:.-.--4--.---1-.-- 
PeeOnC lant Ofiman Jose Scale: ......-...222-25.2-22-.---- 
Vermorel nozzle, for spraying lime-sulfur wash...--..----.--..--.- 
Viburnum cassinoides, food plant of San Jose scale ..---...---.----- 
opus, tood plant-of San’ Jose.scale .----...--2.--2--+-4- 

Sood: plant of San Jose scales: 2.202220 .-525 50268 


- Virginia creeper. (See Ampelopsis quinquefolia. ) 


eer tood plants of San Jose scale......./..--..---22.2-------- 
Pimmiparauseiapit Of San Jose scale_......-......2-.2/----:-------- 


Walnut. (See Juglans nigra, J. regia, and J. sieboldiana. ) 
Willow. (See Salix sp., 8. pentandra, and S. babylonica.) 


O 


Peo sWEPAR TSN OF AGRICULTURE, 


BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. 63, Part I. 
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. — 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


“BY 


K. DWIGHT SANDERSON, 
Formerly State Entomologist of Texas. 


IssuED JANUARY 15, 1907. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1907. 


_ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., September 15, 1906. 
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a con- 
tribution by Prof. E. Dwight Sanderson on the hibernation and 
development of the cotton boll weevil. This paper embodies the 
results of a large amount of work carried on by Professor Sanderson 
while State entomologist of Texas, and was written by him in the fall 
of 1904. In view of its practical bearing and the fact that much of 
the data it contains is new, I recommend its publication as Part I of 
Bulletin No. 63 of this Bureau, the bulletin as a whole to be entitled 
‘*Papers on the Cotton Boll Weevil and Related and Associated 
Insects,” and to be made up of separate papers by various persons 
engaged in cotton boll weevil investigations. 
Respectfully, 
F. H. CHITTENDEN, 


Acting Chief of Biase 
Hon. JAMES WIson, 


Secretary of Agriculture. 


II 


CON TENGES. 


CL LDU ce es ree SO eR a OES 
Rn Ee Merman Oe ie i ah ee i ee isk See eso S 
Wase-orentering hibernation /...5.-.202.....-... pee ehh ee iby aay 
Number of weevils entering hibernation -..-.-......--.-:---.----+----- 
Development of immature stages during normal period of hibernation. - -- 
MginatuysoL mibernaiing weevils .:.2..2.--..-1-22-¢-2-i525-+--2-2- ese 
fume et preatest mortality during hibernation .---.--.--...22. 222-2 ---- 
Bebeeaee On METAR. 22. 6S se Oe ee le es aren 
dime ciemercence irom hibermation . 2.222.252.5202... 42.2.2 222 eee 
Pecweomaan ot. hibernation . 3252.2. _-- 225-2202... eg RR AN Ot 


LTS TUIAVENC TE eee i es Fda ia ch eee 

muemete ine weevils first appear 2-02 22 2k 2 le lke Se ee 
Pen mmr OOo crOr Wine WeeVyll (2-22. 52.2282) 22 ek eee eee ee 
imrmiEy orisimmmer DYQOGS 2250... a2n.0 22 ee. le ee teed 
Prmeemimencase lithe weevil. 2.2.i5.2.-----2-22 ee sede bee eee l ek 


bo bo wb bb bo 
oO Ol He H bo 


Se) 
ie) 


la vo 7; nt ir .. Pew, 3 me ; = P 
* Cee mt Le 


3 = ee ; 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


TEXT FIGURES. 


3. Rainfall and temperature records of College Station and | 
Tex., for 1902-3,- compared with normals 
4. Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1399-191 


5. Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 190271904, 


Ty 


eso. Aj, B. B. Bul. 63; Part I. C.B. W.1., January 15, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. ° 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By E. Dwicut SANDERSON, 
Formerly State Entomologist of Texas. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The most economical method of controlling the boll weevil is to 
destroy its food supply by burning or grazing the green cotton stalks 
in the fall before frost occurs, so as to reduce by starvation the num- 
bers which go into hibernation. As it is known that a large proportion 
of weevils die during hibernation it may be readily understood that a 
much greater degree of benefit may be derived by destroying the weevils 
in the fall than by attempting to destroy them in the spring. The time 
at which the weevils enter hibernation, the numbers which attempt to 
hibernate, the mortality occurring during the winter and the factors 
which influence this mortality, and the time of emergence in the spring 
are, therefore, matters of practical importance upon which we have. 
made careful observations. 


HIBERNATION. 
DATE OF ENTERING HIBERNATION. 


Table I gives a summary of eight lots of weevils which were con- 
fined in cages at different dates during October and November, 1903. 
Altogether some 1,300 weevils were used in these experiments. Begin- 
ning with October 7 one cage was started each week until November 
17. On November 18 a sharp-freeze occurred, and almost immediately 
thereafter all weevils went into hibernation. It will be seen that in 
lots 1, 2, and 3 all of the weevils died prior to November 18. During 
_ the beginning of these experiments a plentiful supply of squares was 
furnished the weevils for food, but as they showed an inclination 
toward hibernating about the third week in October this supply was 
_ discontinued. In all cases the weevils which hibernated successfully 
1 


2 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


did not begin hibernation until about November 17 or 18. This was 
also true of other weevils under observation in the laboratory. The 
daily notes concerning one or two of the outdoor cages started in Octo- 
ber are of interest in this connection. For example, lot 3 comprized 
100 weevils put in hibernation cage with food October 16. The hiber- 
nation cages were wooden boxes 2 feet high and 1 foot square, with 
the sides about one-half open and covered with wire window screening, 
except the front, which was of glass. In the bottom of each cage was 
placed plenty of rubbish, consisting of fallen cotton leaves, rotten 
wood, etc. The weevils were thus exposed to the outside temperature, 
but were largely protected from rain. These cages were placed in 
various situations in a small grove and pasture at the apiary of the 


Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Tex. The rec- 


ords kept of this lot and of lot 2 are as follows: 


October 17, 18, no hibernation, weevils active; October 19, same, quiet in bottom 
of cage; October 21, sign of hibernation evident, some weevils congregate about dead 
rubbish on floor of cage; October 22, 23, 24, similar conditions, some seem to be hiber- 
nating; October 25, a few more in hibernating attitude; October 26, weevils are 
undoubtedly hibernating, shown by dormant attitude under rubbish; October 27, 
about all hibernating—if they were let out they would not hibernate, as some were 


let out, and they joined those in the field and commenced feeding; October 29, hot 


day arouses weevils to activity; October 30, think weevils die at the rate of 1 to 4 per 
day. 

November 2, warm weather makes them exceedingly active; this continues until 
the 8th, when cool weather checks their activity; November 15, all weevils dead. 

Lot 2.—One hundred weevils placed in cage October 8 and fed with squares; Octo- 
ber 9, weevils lively, flying about in cage; October 10, 11, no signs of hibernation; 
October 12, less active; October 13, those on rubbish dead or dying; October 14, no 
signs of hibernation; October 18-23, weevils active, no hibernation; October 25, all 
but 8 dead, those hibernating under rubbish; October 29, weevils active; October 
29-31, November 1, 2, sluggish; November 5, all dead. 


TaBLe [.—Percentage of mortality of hibernating weevils. 


i | — - 
2 aes 2 | November 
2 To November 18, 1903. | 18-30, 1903. December, 1903. E 
ee ) 
Date placed in <4 Date hi- ie |e i 
Lot. cage. > bernated. ” ; Ss , ae ) = As 5B 
= 8 >| 3 |8$l2) 3 |3/)2| sateen 
: E = |Z /2/S/2 | FIS/2l eles 
z, a < A liaAl#=|a ialstatlea B23 /A 
= ba  . eee : 
Per | Pei Per | Per Per Per Per | Per 
1903. ee : ct. | ct. ct. | ct. | et, 4-48. 
1 October 7...-.-.- 160 8. ee. pe ee 0 ees 100.0 |... | ase See ee ee be 
jOct. 24 ...-..--.-..).2.. ! Bree Wee fae et) atts mm 
a as : pOck. Wels 92. @ |...-|..--|2----~'. 22 -] = --2) See ee 
a 2 OC tober > ee an 100 weet ee eee ) Nov. 3 = ee 99. 0 a = a Bee ee se ee Oe es me.” . ee he 
tNov.. -B | 22. --- pi: eel pi 0 See SS meme Po aes be, 
, eee fOct. 30-}...--:| (@>|c2.-)-on2]--0-. 22. dee hick 
a3 | October 16..... 100 }..--=----+ \Nov. 15 |..-.-- 100. 0 aesk Mare Rete, a, ee Be Sap 
4-| October 23 ..-... 100 | Nov. 18 | Nov. 18 {100.0 |.....- me pre; Res 14] 7/7142 
ah Eas e 4 | 67 | 33 
a eT a ee Ree i eee pe Pe ee cseeeee | 9.0 De be Soca 18 | 92 f-- 
a6 November 1...200 ....do...|.......:.-| 50.0 | 50.0 | 23 | 50 | 50 27/14/61 25 
7 | November 9. ..(200 |....do =...) Nov. 15 | $355] 6.6 J. -.-2)5-.:|.2-eeoe oe ees ee 
3 | November 27 = 200 |22 50 ae oe eee | 25 |.-.-| 100 j...--] Tiles. he eee 
5+7 Average .. 3600'}. 90 Gir ns ae eee 1 B01. .c [oo hc ae ee ee | <=oeeeS oe 
4,5, 6 AVerage ~- 21600 foul pelt ae ahs ee feubel ars gee . a eee ae 


a Furnished with squares for food. 6 One to 4 dying per day. 


5 1 n ‘ » ae tnx irs 
~. MS | _-\ = > 


NS ee ee es eg q 


Bota A i) ad 


we Aes ee de ae ee 


xe 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. . 3 


Taste I.—Percentage of mortality of hibernating weevils—Continued. 


S February, 1904. March, 1904. ° Pes a 
J 5 i 
Date placed in| 35 | Date hi- 2 Oo 3) 
Lot. cage. = % \bernated.| 5; 3 a 3 a = a2 - 
55 Bol |e g 3 a See roe 3 
A a) < A A <{ =) a a) 
1903. IGP Giz, | IABP Gi IEG Cis |) JERI GA, || JAAP Gr 
ImeOChODEr Ue... BOOT ee eens 8 eR eee sea | os te oe gee a ae Sa cote Saba ethan lomo 
a2°| October 8..... TUCO iS Bae eee ES Seem eae (nce | (een OLE ae nae Me ee 
2 |) ODED OE UGS ys 5) TUCO es eee ets Rete ene Pa eer lepepp ee (Pee eee ee 
4 | October 23-.-...' 100 | Nov. 18 (CO) Wee | etete ee ee We Se oe rc | Sareea lll ose ite 
hasOctope4n2o- =... s00-|. =. do... 2 Wo || “Uso 22 5.6 94, 4 5.6) | Mar 22 
RMS RAE ENN loretg |e 200) | cs eh e eal  n(D)) isl ie a2 | 2 cs hs | Sacer rotgemves|letciors eee e| nlejetet ed cilleiareernies t 
faleNovemlber Oc) 200) | oe. Oe. coe 222 ee) nes eet beets 21 10.5 SOND) ee eeaee Mar. 18 
RaimeNowemlperd/ 3), 200)|..2-d0'.23|0.2-6-)04--2-e]a--5-0 e 24 Woe 93.0 7.0 
5+7 AN ETENERS 35 |) 1000) ees Ces Sees ol A este | GROSS ol Seo Ree | eee ae ee eee 6.2 
4,5,6 AXTCHABS ca COU ee BC Oierrs| Sai e allocate | scesere Biel Cre eae | eee saree Se eee Pe SON, 
a Furnished with squares for food. b Accidentally disturbed and discontinued. 


It will be seen from these experiments that weevils can not be forced 
into hibernation before the temperature declines to that point at which 
they normally hibernate, and that if deprived of food or confined much 
before that time most of them will die. The first weevils to go into 
hibernation were those of lot 4, placed in cages on October’ 23, but 
these did not actually hibernate until November 18. The case of lot 
8, of 200 weevils placed in a cage November 17, in which ali died by 
November 25, is difficult to explain. Our notes upon the condition 
of the weevils in the fields during the same fall show practically the 
same conditions as those existing in the cages. The very careful 
record by Mr. A. F. Conradi, made in fields in the neighborhood of 
the college, is briefly as follows: 


September 6, 7, abundant, very few perfect squares, dry weather; September 8, 9, 
abundant, mating pairs common; September 10, abundant, practically all squares 
punctured, mating pairs less common; September 11, 12, less numerous, fewer mating 
pairs, few perfect squares; September 13, less abundant, perfect squares more com- 
mon, mating pairs scarce; September 14, 15, less abundant, perfect squares more 
common; September 16-18, fewer weevils, perfect squares more common; Septem-_ 
ber 19, less destructive than at any time since the 10th, perfect squares abundant; 
September 20-28, similar conditions; September 29, 30, conditions growing worse, 
more weevils, fewer perfect squares; October 5, numerous, eating vigorously; Octo- 
ber 10, exceedingly abundant and destructive, a few dozen perfect squares found 
with great difficulty, smallest squares often punctured in several places; October 11, 
abundant, several on plants near field, one in door yard on house, mating common; 
October 12, 13, abundant, few mating, few perfect squares; October 14, many weevils 
found clustering about the base of bolls of all sizes just inside of the involucre, no 
signs of hibernation; October 16, 100 weevils found on 95 plants in thirty minutes; 
October 18, 19, weevils more sluggish, unusual numbers congregate behind involucres 
of larger squares; October 20, the size of weevils is exceedingly variable, more so than 
at other seasons, general depression in activity; October 22, some adults mating, no 
signs of hibernating; October 23-26, less numerous, no mating pairs, weather cool, 
beetles seem to be leaving; November 2, abundant in certain localities in the field; 
on 5 plants they average one to a square, then for a dozen or more none are found; 
mating common, but little egg laying for several days, 

9223—No. 63, pt 1—07 2 


4 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


October 3, weather warm, weevils that had assumed a hibernating attitude lively 
again, mating pairs and oviposition common; October 4, much more active, mating 
pairs and number of eggs increasing, collected 100 weevils from 132 stalks; October 
6, conditions similar to middle of September, collected 50 weevils from 46 stalks; 
October 7, weevils numerous, mating common, more egg punctures, collected 100 
weevils from 92 stalks and 67 from 80 stalks; October 9, at apiary, 100 weevils on 
98 stalks at east end, 50 on 100 stalks, west end, 48 on 90 stalks at the middle of the 
field; October 11, 90 weevils on 176 stalks; October 13, average of 1 weevil to 2 


Ve es 


Des wf. 


eee 
i 


Reet 


Soa 


Fig. 1.—Daily temperatures at College Station, Tex., October 1, 1903, to June 15, 1904. 


Ny aa 


a 


. 
i, | 
iN 


stalks; October 15, 16, weevils active, eggs common; October 17-21, low temperature, 
with sharp freeze on the night of the 18th, when the cotton froze and the supply of 
food was exhausted; October 22, after the 18th weevils went into hibernation rapidly, 
but diminution not markedly noticed until the 22d, when there was but 1 to 10 
stalks. 


The weevils were not injured by the freeze of the 18th, as many 
were found in the field on the 19th. By referring to figure 1, giving 


a a ee 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 5 


the daily temperature,” it will be seen that the activity of the weevils 
corresponds very closely with the rise and fall in temperature. Hunter 
and Hinds? state that hibernation will commence as the mean average 
temperature falls to between 55° and 60° F., which our observations 
of last fall corroborate. They also state that at Victoria hibernation 
will normally commence about December 1. By referring to figure 2 
it will be seen that the normal temperature at Victoria drops to 60° at 
about December 1 and at College Station from November 10 to15. At 
Dallas hibernation would be several days earlier and for northeastern 
Texas generally about November 1 to 10. From the observations 
available, therefore, it would seem safe to assert that hibernation will 
usually occur when the mean average temperature drops below 60° F. 


OctiF. 1909. Nevis. Dees. Jans. 1906. 9 Febus Macs Apr.t3 May it Juncit 
iy 


Vieferia Normal 


Victoria 


College Normal 
Coll 
Deliss Nermat 


Oattes 


Fic. 2.—Rainfall and temperature records for College Station and Victoria in 1903-4 compared with 
normals. 


NUMBER OF WEEVILS ENTERING HIBERNATION. 


The number of weevils found in an infested field in the fall at about 
the time hibernation would normally begin is governed largely by the 
food supply and is influenced also by the temperature and rainfall: 
during September and October. 


“Concerning the method of plotting the curves it should be stated that the vertical 
lines apon which the nodes of the curve occur are marked as being the 15th of the 
month. The mean temperature as given by the Weather Bureau is reported at the 
end of each month. If we should consider the node of the curve as occurring at 
the end of the month, we would misrepresent the facts, as during the spring and fall 
the temperature is on a gradual rise or decline. Consequently if the mean monthly 
temperature is given for the 15th of the month, the exact temperature for dates 
between these nodes can be more correctly ascertained from the curve. This applies 
also to the figures showing rainfall. 

bBul, 45, Diy. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 81. 


6 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WHEVIL, ETC. 


If during September and early October there should be a normal or 
excessive rainfall and the plants keep growing, there will be plenty of 
squares upon which the weevils may breed and multiply until frost 
occurs. If, on the other hand, during this period the weather should 
be hot and dry, the plants will stop growing and those infested squares 


which fall to the ground will be quickly dried up and but a relatively 


small number of weevils will be produced. This was strikingly shown 
in observations upon the number of weevils on cotton at the college in 
the fall of 1903 as compared with the fall of 1904. During Septem- 
ber, 1904, there was an average of not over 3 squares to a plant, 
whereas in September, 1903, there was an average of about 40 squares 


toa plant. At this time during these two seasons there was approxi-. 


mately the same number of weevils in the field; but it can be readily 
seen that with so few squares in which to breed, in September, 1904, 
there would be far fewer weevils iets’ Tare September to go into 
hibernation. 

Mr. Louis Teltschick states that in Lavaca County, Tex , at the time 
he turned cattle in to graze his cotton, October 17, 1903, there were 
about 2 weevils to a stalk. Concerning this he writes as follows: 

I will state in this connection that in my opinion the bulk of the weevils had then 
left the cotton. J think that during the last three years the majority of weevils 
began leaving the cotton as early as September 1. They were undoubtedly com- 
pelled to do this by a scarcity of squares. To be more explicit I give you the follow- 
ing figures: On August 28, 1904, I estimated the number of weevils in my field at 12 
per stalk. While I made no such estimate in 1902 or 1903, considering the extent of 
the injury worked by them in those years, I think that their numbers on the same 


date might safely be put at 6 for 1902 and 9 for 1903. When I cut the stalks early in. 


October, 1902, I found that there were about 13 weevils per stalk, and in October, 
1903, when I turned the cattle in, there were about 2 weevils per stalk. You will see 
that according to these estimates from 75 to 80 per-cent of the weevils infesting the 
fields on August 28 in those years had disappeared by October 15, leaving out of 
account all weevils hatched between the two dates. Where they went or what be- 
came of them I am unable to say. They may have gone to uninfested regions, or 
they may have died or gone into hibernation quarters when squares became too 
scarce to supply all of them. | 


These observations merely confirm our previous statement that the 
number of weevils in the fall is controlled entirely by the food supply. 

One of the principal factors in cutting off the food supply of the 
boll weevil in the fall is the cotton leaf-worm or so-called “army 
worm” (Alabama argillacea Hbn.). Whereas this insect was formerly 
considered to be the great scourge of the cotton planter, it may now 
be said to be an almost positive advantage in territory affected by the 
boll weevil, as its injury does not ordinarily occur until after the crop 
has been made, and all further fruiting would be prevented by the boll 
weevil. As soon as the leaf worms have stript the cotton of foliage 
and squares the weevils either die or leave for fields where they may 
obtain food. This was strikingly shown in-an examination of four 


or an = -* Pea 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WFEVIL. a 


plats at Smith & Carson’s plantation on September 14, 1904. In plats 
1-3, where the leaf worm had stript the plants clean of foliage, but 
8 weevils were found to 100 stalks and but 40 per cent of the squares 
were punctured. On plat 4, immediately adjoining these plats, which 

had not been so seriously injured by the leaf worm, there were 27 squares 
toa plant, 148 weevils to 100 stalks, and 70 per cent of the squares were 
punctured. 

Mr. Teltschick has given us some interesting pre upon the 
leaf worm, as follows: 

As far back as I can remember—some twenty-odd years—the people here (Lavaca 

County) had to fight the leaf worm every year. Arsenic, Paris green, and London 
purple were used with varying success. At first the worms made their appearance 
as early as June and frequently hatched in such numbers as to enable them to sweep 
a field clean in less than 48 hours. Gradually, however, this wave of worms sub- 
sided; that is to say, they made their appearance later and later in the season, and 
became fewer in numbers, until finally when the boll weevil made its first appearance, 
their coming was no longer viewed with alarm. On the contrary they were often 
welcomed by the farmers, inasmuch as they cleared away the thick foliage of the 
cotton plant, thus often saving a considerable number of the bolls at the bottom, 
~which would otherwise have rotted for the want of light and air. 
At the time of the weevils coming here (seven or eight years ago) the worms were 
- no longer regarded as a menace to the cotton crop; they made their first appearance 
then either late in August or early in September. They kept this up practically 
until in 1902 and 1903 they failed to come at all. This year (1904) they reappeared 
early in September and completely stript cotton of its foliage. The second destruc- 
tive brood of worms is just now (October 2, 1904) hatched, and there is every reason 
to believe that they will keep the stalks bare until frost as they did in former years. 
It will have to be admitted that during 1902-3, when cotton grew and formed 
squares undisturbed up to the first frost, which occurred in December of both years, 
an opportunity was given the weevil to go into hibernating quarters later in the 
season and in greater numbers than would have been the case had the further 
growth of cotton been prevented-either by man’s or nature’s means. 


Thus the leaf worm accomplishes practically the same result as is 
obtained by grazing stalks with cattle and may be considered a most 
valuable ally. 

The number of weevils which go into hibernation may of course be 
decreased by the thoro grazing of the cotton with cattle before frost, 
or by cutting, plowing out, and burning the stalks. It is safe to say 
that by a thoro fall clearing of the ground the number of weevils 
entering hibernation can be decreased at least 75 per cent. Weevils 
in all stages are thus immediately destroyed, and if the land is cleared 
of cotton a month before the normal hibernation period the weevils 
then escaping are almost certain to starve, as has been shown in Table 
I, before it becomes cold enough for them to hibernate. 

_ Under normal conditions, as noted in Table III, column 3, the num- 
ber of weevils to a stalk at the time of hibernation will vary from 1 
for every 2 stalks to 2 for each stalk in badly infested fields, the num- 
ber depending, as before stated, entirely on the food supply and 


8 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


weather conditions. There seems to be no reason to believe that any 
difference will be found in the number of weevils in infested fields in 
northern Texas as compared with southern Texas except-as it may be 
controlled by these factors, for after the third brood becomes matured 
the number of weevils depends entirely upon these conditions. 


DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE STAGES DURING NORMAL PERIOD OF 
HIBERNATION. 


In southern Texas during an open dry winter larve, pups, and | 
adult weevils may frequently be found in the injured bolls hanging 
upon the cotton stalks. In feeding upon the bolls the larve frequently 
eat a hole thru the septum between two locks and form a small cavity 
just under the inner surface of the lock. These feeding cavities 
become lined by the dried and hardened excrement, so that when a 
lock is broken to pieces the weevil cells may be separated out and have 
quite the appearance of seeds. It is within such cells that the imma- 
ture stages pass the winter in the bolls. Occasionally, however, the 
larvee eat into the seed, so that immature stages may be found actually 
within the seeds. This is undoubtedly not the usual habit and there 
seems to be practically no danger of disseminating weevils actually 
secreted inside of the seeds. We have been unable to make a personal 
examination of these conditions, but on February 20, 1903, Mr. W. P. 
Allgood, of Devine, Medina County, Tex., wrote us sending some 
cotton bolls and seed, in which we found 4 weevils alive, 1 dead, 1 
newly transformed, 1 in a seed, and also 2 seeds which seemed to have 
been eaten out by weevil larve, but which contained only larve which 
may have been parasitic upon the weevil. The 4 live weevils were 
kept in a tube in our laboratory until about April 1, when they died, 
owing to the unsuitable conditions. 

Several of the infested seeds were evidently entered before the 
shell was fully hardened and the normal development of the seed pre- 
vented, whereas in other cases the weevils were in seeds fully devel- 
oped. It seems quite reasonable that the larve should bore into the 
seeds during the early winter, for as the cotton matures the seeds 
would be more succulent. Fowerer. it seems exceedingly improba- 
ble that weevils could be disseminated by being carried in the seed, 
for they occur within the seed only on unopened bolls which hang 
upon the plant, and very rarely would cotton in which weevils had 
entered the seed ever be ginned. 

Early in March of the same year Mr. Allgood sent the writer quite a 
quantity of bolls, which were examined March 12 with the following 
results: Out of 200 bolls 165 contained no weevils in any stage, alive 
or dead, but of these, 20 per cent had been noticeably injured by 
weevils. Forty, or 20 per cent, contained weevils alive or dead in 
some stage. In these 40 bolls there were 40 live and 11 dead pupe, 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 9 


30 live and 40 dead adults, and 5 dead larvee. Many of these weevils 
had just transformed from pupe and were still soft and light brown. 
Some transformed after being received. But one live larva was found 
in all the material examined. Mr. Allgood wrote the writer that these 
bolls had been collected from stalks in a neighbor’s field in which there 
were 7,000 plants to the acre, that each plant held from 12 to 15 bolls, 
and that the bollssent in were picked at random from the field. Upon 
this basis, disregarding the live pupz but counting the 30 weevils 
which were found alive as having survived the winter, there would 
have been 10,500 weevils per acre in the spring. If but one-third of 
these survived there would have been 3,500 per acre, or more than 
have ever been recorded in any field observations. If, as seems quite 
possible, but one-fifth survived, there would have been 2,100 per acre, 
which is approximately the number which survived in Lavaca County 
under the favorable weather conditions of the winter of 1903-4. Mr. 
Allgood wrote that cattle were then grazing in these fields, but it 
is doubtful if the cattle would have eaten many of the dry hardened 
bolls. In another lot of 48 bolls and forms sent by Mr. Allgood at 
the same time, we found 18 uninhabited large bolls, 15 forms, and 15 
small bolls. These contained 17 live weevils, 4 live pupe, 4 dead 
pupee, and 2 dead larve, or one live weevil to every 3 bolls or forms. 
These weevils were confined in a wooden box in the laboratory and 
were still alive April 10, but later died, as no food could be supplied 
them at that time under temperature conditions such that they would 
normally have emerged. Doubtless they would all have emerged 
early in April at Devine. The temperature at Pearsall, the nearest 
weather station to Devine, during the winter was as follows: Decem- 
ber, 1902, mean 54°, lowest 30°; January, 1903, mean 51.8°, highest 
80°, lowest 29°; February, 1903, mean 52.8°, highest 77°, lowest 23°; 
March, 1903, mean 60.6°, highest 82°, lowest 38°. 

It will be seen that there were but few days during the winter in 
which the temperature was below freezing. The total mean tempera- 
ture for these four months at Pearsall was but 63° less than the total 
normal mean for southwestern Texas during this time, and the rain- 
fall at Pearsall was but 6.34 inches greater than the normal for south- 
western Texas, no normal records for Pearsall being given. The 
total rainfall of these months is normally but 7.51 inches for southern 
Texas, so that the rainfall was nearly double the normal and the 
winter would appear to have been exceedingly unfavorable for the 
hibernation of weevils in their usual places of shelter. However, 
weevils which developed in the unopened bolls were almost entirely 
protected from the excessive rainfall, and the temperature being nor- 
mal they would probably survive, while those weevils which went into 
hibernation in all usual places in the fall would doubtless have suffered 

an excessive mortality due to the unusual rainfall. 


10 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Immature stages and adult weevils are often found in early winter — 


in the unopened bolls hanging on. the stalks thruout the infested 
regions. We received live adult weevils in bolls from Hamilton, 
Hamilton County, in December, 1903, and they have been observed 
here and elsewhere, but we have no record of weevils having been 


found alive in these situations in early spring in central Texas, and 


it is exceedingly doubtful if many of them would survive the winter 
except in southern Texas. 


TaBLeE I].—Condition of immature stages of weevils after date of normal hibernation. 


| 
& | Contain- gale: : fee = A) pce 
ing eggs. Containing larvee. 3 iss Be 
n | eq OO} <$P 
z ce o | = | 4 | Q ~ 5} 5 aS 
== ‘ 2 ~ |e |e Sai/H 8) 2 . 
| oem = a _ a} a =e 1S o == 
wes = S) 3 «| ols ] ° 
ae | | 2 = oe ky, iw oS - |B oe = =e 
Date: } 4, 8) 3B) ieee] ee VE Sa es eg aes FSS Remarks. 
Po} sy. |g] 8 Seoe! Ss lw [hslss| es 
ee ie Ss sh Re Bates 22 SS S5 228 
OG | S| a BR 154| 5 wo A Bole ag So 
Oe ta F 5 o 3) 5 fps PloGd > 
a2| 84.9) S osha 1s | Sele aoe age 
g | 2 S ‘ = Oa 
= =| 4 aes = H u 4 f= Hol ner 
° ae ie a ee 2 jo D ® D.fO0 ORS | sors w 
=) Zink RY eS | eae es os Ba} a IO | a 
— —— | ! | 
| | | 
1903. Poa eel | 

TV INOV,. 213. (@bp0- 1 9s1.5))| S428 25 sos eo cclpesce le aeee ees Ones ate 4045 

DMN Gi FBS) Oe98 125) 0 eee se | ee eo ane eee eee eee fe ceeds Collected Novy. 7. 

3 | Nov. 18 | #50| 8 Shee ||: HOS | Pala eee tebee (es DO | 8 ES ae Squares frozen Noy. 18. 

4 | Nov. 20 | 4200 |._...- tO ees Bese) nae Cel See te easels ers Collected from plant Nov./ 

15. 
5 | Nov. 22 |a100 | sts haha: 1D le asc Pain Semel ee [Ei 2 alee See ns | eee Collected from ground 
} Nov. 22. 
6d, NOV. 28:|'2100) |. 20/2 eek et eee es ROOM ea ahs eee OF ect aaa Collected from ground 
| Novy. 8. 

7 | Nov. 26 |@200 |....-. oe.) 2 Acca OO aaa see |. SS SE eee One-half collected from 
| | | | se ground, one-half from 
plant, Nove. ee 

2n) Nov.s0"|'@200 4)-- sce ees er ie ee ee anal Roe [ok alle er Se ee One-half collected from 

| | ' ground, one-half from 
plant, Noy. 15. 


S-i\Dees AC 200 S25 oo Nee Sale aes eee eee jee est a) CO One-half collected from: 
| ground, one-half from 

| : | plant, Nov. 18. _ 

IGM st so. (R200) | eet. Rare to ee ee |..--.|-~.--]....|----|9100 |.One-half collected from 
| ground, one-half from 


| | | . plant, Noywe22: 
dd; |2.. ode 2.) 22004). 2 Seuss es Aes Sener ea eee ----| 1] 599 | One-half collected from 
| ground, one-half from 
2200 / | plant, Novy. 24. 
12 | Dec. 12 {e100 ashes SS a= oe eee [es [ete .---|----/0100 | One-half collected from 
) ground, one-half from 
| plant, Nov. 28. 
13 | Dec. «9 \4250"|-. --s-|- 5. yes CAE eos Pape Ree pele bese b 100 
Pass SAO 22 se Laval secant es T2380. Sates (eseee Hoel (0) 000 fees yee eerie Pees foe | 
15 | Dec. 4 | 4500] 0 Be WE 57. | 43.5 100: |2c2=" 0 | 22) 085-84 


16) )2 2. 240 Se 200)} so. oi 3s rg ares Bek!) Spee 200!) Opa 21y CGN 


a 


cane ceil no stage of weevilin them. Percentage injured unknown, but probably 40 per cent 
popes re 
In November and December, 1903, Mr. Conradi made careful obser- 
vations at College Station upon the condition of the immature stages 
after the freeze of November 18. The results of these observations 
are shown in Table II. It will be noticed that no pupez or adults 
were found in over 3,600 squares and bolls examined, showing that 
ego laying had temporarily ceased during some period before Novem- 
ber i. The most probable explanation of this remarkable absence of 


~r  e 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 11 


pupe and adults in the presence of eggs and larve is that an outbreak 
of the cotton leaf-worm (Alabama argillacea Hbn.) had completely 
defoliated the plants during the latter part of September, preventing 
entirely the formation of squares, and thus stopping abruptly for a 
short time the multiplication of the weevils in squares. Subsequently 
squares were formed, and when these became large enough the repro- 
duction of weevils was resumed after about November 1, so that most 
of the larve found were over half grown. In lots 4 and 5, when exam- 
ined November 20 and 22, from 10 to 12 per cent of the eggs were still 
unhatched. It seems probable that at this time some of the eggs, but 
no large percentage, failed to hatch. Most of the larve died during 
the first stage and but few lived to be over half grown. On Novem- 
ber 12, in lot 2, 25 eggs were found in 98 squares, which were col- 
lected November 7, showing that the egg period had been doubled. 
Mr. Conradi notes in this connection that the life-history period was 
first noticed to be Leen lengthened after November 9, eggs laid 
November 10 requiring 5 days to hatch. From 24 eggs hatched 
between November 24 ot 28, 15 larvee died within a day after hatch- 
ing, 7 by the time they were half grown, and but 2 developed into 
weevils, which emerged December 4. 

On December 12 an occasional larva was found in the field and sev- 
eral were brought into the laboratory, where 8 transformed to pupe 
January 7 , but then died. They would Hk Se he have failed to 
pupate in the field. 


MORTALITY OF HIBERNATING WEEVILS. 


The mortality of weevils during hibernation is shown in Tables I and 
Ill. Table I gives the mortality of weevils confined in cages at dif- 
ferent dates from October 7 to November 17, as previously described. 
In but two lots did weevils survive the winter. In these lots (5 and 7), 
of 500 weevils an average of 6.2 per cent survived the winter and were 
active between March 22 and March 24. On March 21, however, 10.5 
per cent were alive, and it was noted that these weevils had been active 
since March 18, so that practically 7.5 per cent of the two lots survived 
the winter ide the supposedly favorable conditions furnished them 
in the hibernation cages. 

9223—No. 63, pt 1—07 


3 


12 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


TasBLe II1.—Percentage of weevils surviving hibernation in fields. 


Weather: 


was December- | = | lie, 
Po March. = | Ss 
ss = | : 22| 5s 
| =| Rainfall “ree | Date first) Dates | = Area |uS] of 
Year.| Locality. (C+ | ture. + | counted, | 2 |-..* oa | 505 
: -= Ss eS, = | counted. us | ga 
| ist ne Pee Fee | ed 27| 84 
=<] Win- Nor- Win- Nor- =e s3/ ow 
3°] ter. |mal.) ter. |mal. o 5 | eS 
Z | = |2 Be 
| ae: | 
1900-1 Vienna@...-._... b+5. 54) 8.32/+ 2.7} 55.8 Mar. 10 |..........-- | eee 10-a¢res: ..-| 2 | i ee 
1902-3 ...-- Oo s222< 1.5. 1-46. 86} $.32)4-..29} ‘SO! 8-255 ee ee oes | 2 acree: ees e 
Ss - =. - he oeeee (?) | —5.08 8.32,414.1 55.8 Mar. 15 | May 174_../2,400, Lacre...__. 31.0 (430 
1990 Booth: 2 i= €+--5 fiji4-47|— 5:0) Se SS May 22-31.|2,000, 2 acres_...- 13.0 ) 13 
1903 Hunter ...-.}...--) J-+-9.60) 7.02|\—  .8) 54.7).....--..- May 30...- 6 140 stalks =| 4.0225 
1902 Wellborn ..|...-- g—8.8413.40|— 9.1) 55.7)--.------- May 22-29.| 397) 2 acres_...- 2S 2:5 
1S SS. 2 i ot Peele soe. h2.009+2.91 13.40 —11.6 55.7 May 8 sige 26- 1, 2,125stalks - 04 - 08 
July 17 
190344 -.-.--- doc == 1.00 9—2.45 13.40 + 2.1 55.7 Apr. 17 mer 20- 26 1,600stalks.| 1.6 ) 1.6 
une 17. | ) | 
1903 College Sta- ....-. —1.3812.72)/— 3.5) 53.6) May 15 | June 18.. 5 MOstalks..| .d oes. 
tion.? : 
1903}.....do.k....|....- Bs Fes pay. bee wr Bs ee .....d0....| 2 40 stalks___| aa 5.0 
1904) -. =< do.Fz: i: 75 —6.12,12.72 +14.1 53.6 Mar. 29 7 19- 49 2. Stee i 1. 66 
une 14. |} : 
1904) - === do.m _..| 1.00 - 6.1212.72+14.1 53.6 Apr. 1 May 22-|; 2 1,840stalks. 1:0) ~28 
June 9. 
1904 Rosprim.z... (?) —6.1212.72 +14.1 53.6 Apr. 8 June7---.. 10 1,000stalks. Lo, Se oe 


a Observations by Louis Teltschick. 

6 Record for Hallettsville. 

¢e Three-fourths-acre trap rows. 

d Estimate of several fields, May 17. 

e Records of Houston, as far as given. 
f Record for New Braunfels. 


h August 17, 2 weevils per 100 stalks. 
iIn sorghum in 1902. 
k Cotton, 1902, a crossroad by barn. 


Zi Cotton not destroyed in fall of 1903. 


m Cotton destroyed in fall of 1903. 
nIn corn in 1903. 


g Records for Brenham. 


In the field we have never found the percentage surviving at the 
college to approach this number, except in one instance. As shown 
in Table III, in the spring of 1903 cotton was planted near the college 
barn, where it had been grown the previous year and left standing. 


The weevils had the most favorable conditions possible for hibernat-. 


ing around the barn. They appeared so numerously on the cotton in 
the following spring that on June 18 there were 5 hibernated weevils 
to every 100 stalks. More weevils were found in this cotton thruout 
the year than in any other locality. If it be fair toassume that about 
one weevil to a stalk occurred in this field at the time of hibernation 
in the fall of 1902, then about 5 per cent survived. It is quite possi- 
ble that there were more than this number in the fall, and the per- 
centage surviving would therefore be somewhat less. Elsewhere, in 
the neighborhood of the college, not over 2 per cent have ever been 
found to survive the winter in the field, tho several fields within a 
distance of + miles have been carefully observed. 

In the Brazos bottom, on Smith & Carson’s plantation, Professor 
Mally (report,? p. 16) records picking 397 weevils from 2 acres May 
22-29, 1902, or 2.5 weevils to 100 stalks, which would give not over 2.5 
per cent surviving hibernation. In 1903 but 1 weevil was found to 
2,125 stalks, or 0.04 to 100 stalks, which would give a percentage of 
hibernation of not-over 0.04 and probably 0.08, as there were 2 weevils 


@ Report on the Boll Weevil, Austin, Tex., August, 1902. 


a ee oe a eo a Pe 


: 


— row. =. 


_—_——). -—. 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF. BOLL WEEVIL. 13 


toa stalk the previous fall. During the present year (1904) but 1.6 per 
cent survived hibernation on the plots counted. This figure is open to 
slight error, as upon this plantation there were possibly 20 acres of 
cotton about a mile away, which were planted much earlier than was 
_ mostof the plantation. This early cotton was infested at the rate of 20 
weevils to 100 stalks on May 31. It is evident that the weevils which 
hibernated on the plantation as a whole had concentrated on this early 
planting, but if the total number of weevils upon this early cotton had 
been distributed over the whole acreage there would have been not 
over 25 weevils per 100 stalks or 2.5 per cent surviving hibernation 
at the most. ‘Two per cent would probably be very nearly correct. 
At Victoria, Hunter and Hinds have shown that approximately 15 per 


Octis. Novis Dees. Janus. Febie. Maris. Ape.tr. May 'f. Tureie 


9: ri Y 

i x4 oasis 
en SLE ES es Se Ee ae ea CS 

pe el ES SS el ee EEE a (5 Se DOA ee AD 
Gin. LE IES eae EE SS ED (ET 
Sin ao EE Ee Se eee eee eee 
0 ae Sega HE ee ee 
Zin —_|_Cotlege Norm >a Mam er Peer eat a cy fb ee | 
ae i) nae Se 

tin. ee Gere ene I" are eles Cte 
to ae Pe 


STOTia 
Victor orbs 
COLLEGE): 
COLLEGE Nonna. 


TEMPERATURE 


wy a 
7 et 
ee 
Sema 


SG 
IN 
ae 


Fig. 3.—Rainfall and temperature records of College Station and Victoria, Tex., for 1902-3, compared 
with normals. 


cent of late-developed weevils survived the winter of 1902-3 in hiber- 
nation cages. The very careful records made by Mr. Teltschick by 
hand-picking the weevils during the spring (see p: 59 of that report) 
shows that this very closely approximates the number of weevils nor- 
mally surviving under field conditions in Lavaca County, but that dur- 
ing the last winter (1903-4) fully 30 per cent of the weevils, or twice as 
many as usual, hibernated successfully. In 1900 Professor Mally’s 
records (1. c., p. 32) show that Mr. Kramer picked 2,000 weevils at 
Booth, Fort Bend County, or 13 to 100 stalks, which would give at 
least 13 per cent surviving the winter, in a latitude practically the 
same as that of Vienna. It will be seen, therefore, that whereas 15 
per cent may be considered an average of the number surviving 


14 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


hibernation in southern Texas, normally only about 2 per cent, and 
never over 5 per cent, survive under field conditions at College Station, 
and about 23 per cent in the Brazos bottom at Wellborn. In other 
words, only about one-fifth as many weevils survive the winter here as 
do in southern Texas. Whether a corresponding difference will be 
found in the mortality between central Texas and northern Texas 
remains to be determined. This will depend on the weather condi- 
tions discust below, but it seems doubtful that there will be so great 
a difference. 


TIME OF GREATEST MORTALITY DURING HIBERNATION. 


In Table I it may be seen that in lots 4, 5, and 6, including 600 
weevils, there was a mortality of at least 51 per cent during the month 
of December, and that in lot 5 there was a mortality of 9.6 per cent 
during January and but 2.8 per cent during the remainder of the 
year. Referring to figure 2 it may be seen that at College Station in 
the winter of 1903-4 the rainfall was greatest in December, while 
during the balance of the winter it was below normal. The maximum 
in December approached the normal, whereas usually the maximum 
for winter occurs in January. The temperature was very close to 
normal thru January, but considerably above normal during the 
remainder of the winter. 

In general, an excessive rainfall seems to be a most important factor 
in increasing the mortality of the weevil. The temperature does not 
usually depart sufficiently from the normal to be an important factor, 
except that when occurring with a deficient rainfall an excess of tem-. 
perature appears to be decidedly beneficial to hibernation. By refer- 
ring to figures 4and 5, showing the normal rainfalland temperature for 
Hallettsville, Tex., and the monthly mean temperature and rainfall dur- 
ing the winters of 1899-1900, 1900-1901, 1902-3, and 1903-4, it may be 
seen that in 1900-1901 there was a decided deficiency in rainfall and a 
slight excess in temperature, whereas in 1902-3 there was an abnor- 
mally large rainfall and a nearly normal temperature. In 1901 and 
1904 the weevils survived in unusally large numbers, while in 1903 
the number hibernating successfully was considerably less than nor- 
mal. The same general conclusions are shown when the rainfall and 
temperature records as given for College and Brenham in Table III 
are compared with the percentage of weevils surviving at College and 
in the Brazos bottom below Wellborn. The rainfall and temperature 
records are shown diagrammatically in figures 2 and 3, giving also 
the normal rainfall and departure from normal for College Station 
and Victoria in 1902-3 and 1903-4. 

If it be true that the rainfall is the most important climatic factor 
in the mortality of the hibernating weevils, it is interesting to com- 
pare the rainfall of different sections of the State as given by the 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 


\ 
“i 
E} 


a 
? 


NORMAL ...2in- 


1899-1940.) == 


lia. 
‘ 


%0° 


1999-1900—- — __ 


NORMAL 


10° —- 


bo° 


So0° 


1900-0) Yin. 


NORMAL 3in. 


ee 


Lin 


fin. 


60° 


50° 


Oct. Nov, oe Jan Feb. Mav. Apr. May June July + dug Sept. 


| 
! 


! 
~ tae 


N 
SS 


ao 
en 
au 

IN 
ee 
pe 
ee 


sso Gowale 
on 
ae 
nS 
a 


0S 25) 2 a 
Ca 
ues as 


lee ee 
_ 


ae 
Ns 
| 
eee 

N 

\ 
epee. 
INN ee 
ea cS 


TEMPERATURE 


oe a 


ay 


IN 


\ 


is 

or 
reg 
ris 
eh ee 
See 
iit 
oR 


15 


an 


a 


aes 


50. 


Fic. 4.—Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1899-1901, compared with normals for 


each year. 


are 


Oct. Nov. Det. Jan. Fel., Mav. Ger May June July 4 g. Sep? 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


16 


_ 


RAINFALL. 


ya 
3) 
/ 


: e s s 3 
= . ban ee - . 
et eer ws ” a hes S ~~ in ln 


aoeueee eerereee 
Bi Us te call oh ce EY Dae) ek BAS ae ha 8 
aa ceee Ceeneee Cae 
POA A 


80° 
iv 


| 
(S 
si 


HALLETTSVILLE. 


| 
r 
I 
: I 
° VW . J ~ 
c & 2 es ae ° : c j Bis 
cS < ~ : = « = ° 2 SI eel «| = ; o > 
a Pa J 2 et = a I~ ~9 uw wal 2, ct a 2 a 9 —o 
n Fs ee | : 9 
z ° (© ft 3S BS = S 
x a io 2° > - 
Oo Qo. oS Ss z < 
=e Ge - 
(<a = 


Fic. 5.—Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1902-1904, compared with normals for 


each year. 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 17 


Texas section of the U. S. Weather Bureau. The normal total rain- 
fall during the winter months of December to March for southwestern 
Texas is 6.46 inches, for the coast country 8.26 inches, and for central 
Texas 9.83 inches, while the total normal effective winter tempera- 
ture” during December to March, inclusive, is, for southwestern Texas 
1,631.4° F., for the coast country 1,190.6° F., for eastern Texas 
1,483.1° F., for northeastern Texas 934.9° F., and for central Texas 
1,294.3° F. The average effective temperature for the eastern and 
southwestern countries is therefore from 200° to 800° higher than that 
of central Texas for this period and from 450° to 700° F. higher than 
that of the coast and northeastern Texas. If we consider the more crit- 
ical period of December to February, inclusive, the southwestern and 
eastern countries have 300° to 200° F. more effective temperature 
than central Texas and from 600° to 500° F. more than northeastern 
Texas. It would therefore seem that both the temperature and rain- 
fall are far more favorable to the successful hibernation of the weevil 
in southwestern Texas than in central, coast, or northeastern Texas, and 
that the conditions as to temperature and rainfall in the coast country 
during the critical period are very similar. In northeastern Texas, 
however, as the weevils do not emerge from hibernation until con- 
siderably later in the spring, the larger rainfall occurring during April 
may have some effect on them. 

As before mentioned, floods during the period of hibernation seem 
to have a marked effect upon the mortality of the weevil, as there 
were notably fewer weevils thruout the Brazos bottom in this section 
in the spring following the flood of February, 1903. 


PLACES OF HIBERNATION. 


Considerable time has been spent in attempting to find the places in 
which the weevils spend the winter, but the results have been rather 
unsatisfactory. This has also been the experience of many observing 
practical farmers. Numerous cotton fields were examined in the 

neighborhood of the college during January and February, 1903, and 
tho Mr. Newell and the writer made diligent search in all conceivable 
places over a considerable acreage, embracing an area of 2 miles, ex- 
amining cornstalks, grass, bark, fence posts, gins, etc., we found but 
1 live boll weevil during the winter and this one was under a small 
pile of dried manure. On November 29, 1903, Mr. A. F. Conradi 
found 2 weevils ina pile of old cotton brush in our experimental field, 
3 under the bark of a log near the field, and 2 in the cotton field under 
a bunch of dead cotton leaves. On December 15 a thoro examination 


@Total normal effective temperature is reckoned for each month by subtracting 43° 
F. (the point at which animal activity is supposed to begin) from the normal mean 
temperature for that month, multiplying the difference by the number of days in 
that month, and adding together the four products thus obtained. 


18 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


was made of logs, leaf rubbish, etc., in a ravine adjoining our cotton’ 
field, but no weevils were found. On December 28 a similarly futile 
search was made along Carters Creek, in which neighborhood a good 
deal of cotton had been grown. On January 5, 1904, a 30-acre cotton 
field was thoroly examined, but no weevils were found. Corn stubble 
standing near a very badly infested field was also examined without 
finding any weevils. Our information regarding the hibernating 
places of the weevil is therefore more of a deduction based upon obser- 
vations of the places in which they appear first in the spring than a 
conclusion from actual observations. The observations by Mr. Con- 
radi in the early winter probably indicate the normal places for hiber- 
nation—that is, under dead leaves, in old cotton brush, and under 
loose bark. In the hibernation cages, where the weevils were furnished 
an abundance of rubbish, it was found that many of them which were 
hibernating successfully had crawled into the cavities made by borers 
in dead wood and in similar positions where they were well protected. 
It has been often noticed that in a wooded country the weevils appear 
first in spring along the borders of fields next to the woods and gradu- 
ally work inward from the edges, so that it seems probable that in a’ 
wooded country most of them hibernate in woodland. Around out- 
buildings and barns also are found favorable places, as there is always 
more or less rubbish and protection in such situations. In 1903 more 
than five times as many weevils were found in a piece of cotton near 
the college barn, where cotton had been grown the previous year, than 
were found in any other locality in that neighborhood. It is also 
noticeable that weevils are always more numerous near gins than at a_ 
distance from them. Undoubtedly, where much rubbish and grass are 
present and where the soil remains loose and is not packed by rains, 
large numbers of the weevils winter in the cotton fields. The fact 
that in 1903 an exceedingly small number of weevils survived on 
Smith & Carson’s plantation on the Brazos River must have been due 
to their having hibernated in the field, large numbers having been 
killed off by the excessive rains and doubtless more by the flood of 
February, 1903, which covered the fields to a depth of several inches 
over a large part of the plantation. It was quite noticeable that few 
weevils were found on Brazos bottom plantations in this section in 
1903. In all probability the flood would have had but little effect later 
in the season after the weevils had emerged. 

It is noticeable that weevils are much more abundant where cotton 
is planted in fields where sorghum stubble has been allowed to remain 
all winter adjoining a last year’s cotton field. Thus, in the spring of 
1904, the first weevils found on Smith & Carson’s plantation were ona 
cut of cotton along the Brazos River which had been in sorghum and 
surrounded by cotton in 1902 and where several large sorghum stacks 
stood thru the winter. Tho planted early and kept well cultivated, 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. - 19 


so little cotton was made on this piece that it was not worth picking, 
while cotton planted at the same time and cultivated in the same man- 
ner on other parts of the plantation made a good yield. 

Professor Mally (1. ¢., p. 57) has given the observations of Mr. 
Teltschick upon finding weevils hibernating in the crevices of the soil 
around the cotton stalks and roots, at a depth of 3 inches. On March 
7, 1901, a raw, windy day, upon 35 stalks, he found 7 live and 2 dead 
weevils from 1 to 3 inches below the surface. In September, 1902, 
he stated that he had again found weevils in a similar situation during 
the previous spring, but not as many of them asin 1901. Mr. Telt- 
schick recently writes as follows: 

I found but few weevils in crevices around stalks during the last two winters, 
partly because there were no crevices (frequent rains filling them up as soon as 
formed) and partly because freezes were severe enough to keep cotton from coming 
out during any part of the last two winters; whereas in 1900 we had neither rain 
enough to fill up crevices nor frost enough to keep cotton from budding out at inter- 


vals at the base of the stalk, which latter fact accounts, no doubt, for the relatively 
large number of weevils found within the crevices. 


TIME OF EMERGENCE FROM HIBERNATION. 


Hunter and Hinds®% state that the first weevils emerge when the 
mean average temperature has been for some time above 60°. Our 
observations at the college upon the earliest emergence from hiberna- 
tion are as follows: In 1903 the first weevil was found on May 15 at 
the college after carefully searching about 100 feet of unchopped 
row. Repeated examinations during the next two weeks showed but 
a very small number of weevils. On May 8 a weevil was found in 
the Brazos bottom after hunting about 20 minutes, and after May 
5 planters in the bottom occasionally reported finding weevils. In 
1904, on cotton planted March 17, the first weevils were found on 
March 29. On April 17 and 18 only an occasional weevil could be 
found at College Station or in the Brazos bottom after a considerable 
search. In 1903 Mr. Teltschick wrote me on March 1 from Lavaca 
County as follows: 

Up to a severe freeze of two weeks ago (EF ebruary 16-17) I could at any time find 
some—not many—in my neighbors’ fields apparently feeding on buds or small leaves 
at the base of the stalk, which had never been entirely frozen. 

However, he did not find many on his own cotton until April, when 
he picked some from trap rows which were planted on March 13. 
In 1904 he noticed the first weevils about the middle of March, but, as 
in previous years in other localities in southern Texas, we have records 


of their feeding on shoots from stumpage cotton much earlier than 


this. In general, it seems that when the normal mean temperature 


@ Bul. 45, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 82. 


20 - PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


passes 68° F. the first weevils commence to emerge from hibernation, 
and this conclusion is confirmed by all of our observations. 

It will be seen from the temperature curves in figure 2 that at 
Victoria the normal mean temperature usually reaches 68° about April 
1 and at Collegeabout April 15. Figure 2 shows that in 1903 the mean 
averace temperature reached 68° about one week later at Victoria. 
In 1904 (fig. 2) the mean temperature reached 68° about March 10 at 
Victoria and the first weevils were found about the middle of March, 
which is also true of Lavaca County. while at College Station 68° was 
reached a week later than usual, but the temperature was above 66° 
for the month preceding April 15. If the mean rise in temperature 
from February 15 to May 15 be plotted, the line would reach 68° 


about April 5, which very closely approximates the date of the first _ 


Octis Nowss Dec ur Janif Fels Mars Apis. Nays Taner. 

to Coast. os = Ye 7 

| eae oh q 
yak 

Coast - - 

ath West, “0°.=---— : ZB peo . 
wept oa aN AA fe 
ie ¢o" Ss Nie 7A. ae Go 

s0 AS Lp i «4 
aw ee ae ae 40° 


Fic. 6.—Comparison of normal temperatures, October 15 to June 15, for various districts in Texas: 


appearance of the weevils at College Station for that year. From all 
the data available, therefore, it seems very safe to assert that when 
the temperature reaches 68° or has been above 65° for several weeks 
the first weevils will emerge. By consulting figure 6 this time may 
be seen for any section of the State. The curve shows that weevils 
would normally emerge from hibernation about 10 days earlier in the 
southwesternand coast countries than in central and northeastern Texas, 
and about 20 days earlier than in northwestern or western Texas. 

The greatest number of weevils emerge considerably later and usu- 
ally about the time cotton commences to square. The time of the 
principal emergence and the beginning of general oviposition by the 
hibernating brood is practically the same. A few belated weevils 
appear after this time, as is shown by the field records of Mr. Telt- 
schick for 1903 and 1904. For if the bulk of the weevils emerges at the 


es hl 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. | 


time the cotton commences to square freely and frequent counts be 
miade, the number will be found to decrease for a few days, and there 
is then a sudden rise due to the maturing of the first brood early in 
June, and it is practically impossible to determine in the field whether 

any hibernated weevils subsequently emerge. However, in 1904, it is 
certain that no weevils emerged later than June 29, for at that date 
practically no weevils could be found in the field, tho the bulk of the 
hibernating weevils appeared from June 5 to June 10. Consequently 
this year (1904) certainly no weevils emerged later than 22 days after 
the maximum number. 

It has previously been shown by Professor Mally (1. ¢., p. 16) and 
by Hunter and Hinds, and noted above, that the weevils emerge grad- 
ually over a period of from 4 to 6 weeks, normally more nearly the 
latter time. This range covers practically the same length of time as 
from planting to the formation of the first squares on the bulk of the 
cotton in any given community. The gradual emergence from hiber- 
nation is shown by the number of weevils to 100 stalks in Table LI 
for 1904 at College Station. In 1903 Mr. Teltschick picked the wee- 
vils from three-fourths of an acre of trap rows, planted March 13, on 
which the first bloom appeared May 28, and secured weevils as follows: 

April, about 40 weevils. 

May 4, 36 weevils picked in 1 hour’s time. 

May 11, 43 weevils picked in 1 hour’s time. 

May 18, 68 weevils picked in 2 hours’ time. 

May 25, 54 weevils picked in 4 hours’ time. 

In 1904 Mr. Teltschick made observations especially to determine 
this point. His notes are as follows: 

Two plats of one-fourth of an acre each were selected in that part of the field 
which was farthest away from my own as also from any other cotton patch. The 
two plats themselves were separated by 25 rows of corn and surrounded by sugar 
cane on two sides and by timbered land on the other two. No cotton had been 
grown on or near these plats in 3 years. Plat 1 was planted in King cotton March 


4, was up to a good stand March 14, and chopped to a stand April 11. From plat 1 
the weevils were picked as follows: 


April 1, 14 weevils. May 2, 96 weevils. 
April 11, 27 weevils. May 12, 140 weevils. 
April 21, 26 weevils. May 23, 150 weevils.¢ _ 


Plat 2 was planted in Shine cotton April 25 (7 weeks later than plat 1), was up to 
a good stand April 30, and was chopped to a stand May 12 (one month later than 
plat 1). On plat 1 the first squares appeared May 2 and on plat 2 May 28. All fallen 
and flared squares were picked up on both plats at intervals of 8 days up to July 1. 
From plat 2 there were picked, on May 12, 3 weevils; May 23, 35 weevils. 


These records show very clearly the gradual emergence of the wee- 
vils from winter quarters. In 1903 the maximum number of weevils 


a@Weevils were picked also during June, but these doubtless belonged to the first 
summer brood. 


22 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


appeared on May 18, in 1904 on May 23, and in 1901 on May 10-15; 


but as the intervals between pickings were a week or 10 days it would 
seem safe to judge that the normal time for the maximum number to 
emerge at Vienna is about May 15 to 20. It will also be noticed that 
the weevils appear much more rapidly and early on early planted 
cotton, but the maximum number does not appear at the time of 
squaring of the earliest planted cotton, but at about the time of squar- 
ing of the main crop, thus giving a decided advantage to the early 
planted cotton. ‘The determination of the exact time of the emergence 
of the maximum number cf weevils will be practically the same as 
that for the time of maximum oviposition for the hibernatirg brood, 
concerning which see page 25, and which in Lavaca County will nor- 
mally occur about May 20, at College Station about June 1, and in 
northern Texas probably about June 10. 


PREVENTION OF HIBERNATION. 


It may be readily seen from the foregoing discussion that any 
methods which will reduce the number of weevils going into hiberna- 
tion in the fall are of the utmost importance in the control of the 
pest, inasmuch as nature aids in further reducing their numbers dur- 
ing the winter. All students of the problem of boll-weevil control 
have agreed that in this prevention of successful hibernation lies the 
most effectual means of reducing the numbers of the weevil and pre- 
venting injury the next season. Two methods are advocated: (1) The 
destruction of the stalks in the fall as long before frost as possible, 
and (2) rotation of the cotton crop, planting on land not in cotton the 
previous year and as far from such land as is possible. 


FALL DESTRUCTION OF STALKS. 


By the destruction of the stalks as early as possible in the fall the 
number of weevils entering hibernation is reduced in several ways: 
(1) All immature stages in the squares and bolls, which might develop 
into weevils if the stalks remained standing, will be destroyed. (2) 
Probably three-fourths of the adult weevils in the field at the time of 
burning may be destroyed if the work be properly managed. (3) By 
clearing the field of cotton some time before the normal time when 
weevils will enter. hibernation their food is destroyed and the adults 
either starve or migrate to other fields. Were this work done uni- 
formly over a considerable area, the weevils would surely starve, 


as they can not be forced into hibernation before the normal time. - 


That a large mortality follows if this is attempted 1s shown in our 
records (see pages 2-3). These advantages are apparent, tho but few 
actual records of the benefit of such fall destruction of stalks have 
been published. From the conditions under which experiments must 


be made it is difficult to demonstrate in a tangible way the actual » 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. De 


benefit to be thus derived, but in the case of plats burned over in the 
fall of 1903 we found there were far fewer weevils in 1904 than in 
fields where the stalks had been left. 

On October 23 and 25 the stalks on our experimental plats, covering 
about 30 acres, were cut with a single cutter made of a V-shaped sled, 
with knives projecting out and backward on either side about a foot 
beyond the rows. A team draws the cutter with a man on it, cutting 
2 rows at once and about 15 acres per day. The stalks were then 
raked and piled, and were dry enough to burn ina week. On one- 
half the field 2 rows in every 20 were left standing as trap rows. No 
weevils were found later on the dried piles, but they had assembled in 
large numbers on the standing trap rows. Thirty-six were found on 
four plants. These trap rows were then cut, left over night on the 
ground, raked the next morning, and placed on the dried piles. That 
afternoon examination by the writer showed that on the green stalks 
on the dried piles there was an average of 1 weevil to every square 
and boll, often 5 or 6 being found on a square. The torch was then 
applied and the piles quickly burned. After this many weevils were 
found on the shoots growing out from the stumpage and an occasional 
stalk that was left. (This might be obviated more completely by 
plowing out the stalks.) A herd of cattle was therefore turned into 
the field and all herbage was devoured in a very few days. A better 
destruction could hardly be desired, and but little extra labor and 
expense was involved. 

At the apiary a small plat containing two-thirds of an acre was left 
with the stalks standing all winter. This plat was surrounded by a 
grove and was half a mile from other cotton. . 

Observations by the writer show that in 1904 upon the 30 acres 
upon which the stalks were burned there appeared of the hibernated 
brood during the spring but 1.2 weevils to 100 stalks, while on the 
apiary plat where the stalks had been left there were about 4 weevils 
to 100 stalks, or over three times as many hibernated successfully 
where stalks remained standing as where they were destroyed. ° 

Again, on July 13 the field where stalks were burned averaged 3.3 
weevils to 100 stalks, while fields of Messrs. Boyett and Gray, just 
over the railroad, not 100 yards distant, where the stalks had not been 
burned, tho other conditions were practically similar, had 6 and 12 
weevils to 100 stalks, respectively, or an average of three times as 
many weevils as on the field where stalks were burned. 

Were all conditions exactly the same, as regards culture, land, etce., 
and were it possible to prevent the migration cf the weevils from 
neighboring tields to those where the stalks had been burned, the lat- 
ter would undoubtedly show a much greater yield at the on of the 
season, but as it is very rarely possible to eliminate these factors the 


24 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


above records show in a striking way, based upon extensive counts, 
the difference in amount of infestation cme early summer where 
stalks have been destroyed the previous fall. 


CROP ROTATION. 


The value of the rotation of crops was strikingly shown by the dif- 
ference between the number of weevils occurring on the experiment 
station variety plats at the college barn, where cotton had been planted 
the previous year (1902), with corn adjoining, and our plats, situated 
a mile distant on land which had never been in cotton, having grown 
sorghum in 1902, tho cotton was grown not 100 yards distant. The 
cotton was planted April 5 at the college barn, and on June 17 there 
were 5 weevils to 100 stalks, 2 being found on the 40 stalks examined, 
whereas on the other field there were but 0.5 to 100 stalks, only 5 
being found on 940 stalks examined. Again, on August 13 the varie- 
ties at the barn, planted May 3, had 233 weevils to 100 stalks, 163 
being found on 70 stalks, while only 5.5 to 100 stalks occurred in the 
field where there had been no cotton the previous year, only 10 being 
found on 180 stalks from all parts of the field. On the same day 48 
weevils to 100 stalks were found on Mr. James Boyett’s cotton, just 
across the railroad from our field, his land having been in cotton the 
previous year, while on Mr. Suber’s cotton, a mile distant, 53 to 60 
per 100 stalks were found, this crop also following cotton. 


WHERE THE WEEVILS FIRST APPEAR. 


= ee ll eC 


It has been frequently observed in all parts of the State that the f 


weevils first appear on the cotton field along the side adjoining wood- 
land, if there be any timber adjoining. From the extensive reports 
of observers thruout the State there seems to be no doubt that cotton 
in timbered sections is much more seriously injured by the weevil 
than that on prairie land, owing to the more successful hibernation in 
the timber. It has also been observed by many that the weevils first 
appear and commence to be injurious in that part of the field where 
they were most abundant during the previous year. In southern 
Texas the weevils may be found on stubble cotton very early in the 
season; in fact practically all winter. They hardly seem to hibernate 
in the strict sense of the word, as under such conditions they are 
found feeding on warm days practically thruout the winter. 

Upon emerging from hibernation the majority of the early weevils 
seek the earliest cotton, which may be either stubble cotton or planted, 
and they will be found more abundantly upon it than elsewhere, even 
tho the ay cotton fe but a very small part of the acreage on a 


a The; same aie of rotation nee been eked. ae Mr. Louis Teltschick at Vienna. 
(See Mally, Report on Boll Weevil, 1902, p. 66, paragraph 4.) 


eer ng Ae. 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 25 


large plantation, and altho later cotton may be up, but still small. 
Having assembled upon the early cotton, most of these weevils seem 
to stay upon it until it squares, and they do not spread generally to 
the later cotton until it also commences to square. This habit must be 


_ taken into consideration in estimating the number of weevils upon a 


given area in the spring, for if the cotton be not planted at the same 
time over the entire place, neither the earliest cotton nor that planted 
later will give a fair idea of the number of weevils which have hiber- 
nated successfully. The total area must be taken into consideration 
and the average for the whole place estimated by duly weighting the 


number found upon the acreage of both early and late planting. By 


the time the majority of hibernated weevils emerge, however, the 
medium and late-planted cotton will be so far advanced as to hold the 
weevils near where they emerge, and no further concentration may 
be expected. 


SUMMER BROODS OF THE WEEVIL. 


The first summer brood of weevils from eggs deposited by the 
hibernated adults begins to emerge from’ squares during the last ten 
days in May in southern Texas, and farther north, in central and 
northern Texas, continues emerging during June and the first ten days 
in July. Thus in Lavaca County there is a marked increase in the 
number of weevils found in the field after June 1 or sometimes during 
the last week of May. In 1901 Mr. Teltschick secured 2,136 weevils 
up to the third week of May on 10 acres, the maximum appearing 
during the second week of May; but during the last week of May he 
secured on the same area 2,114 weevils, or very nearly as many as 
during the whole spring, showing that the first new brood was then 
emerging. In 1903, up to June 1, on three-fourths of an acre of trap 
rows he had picked 241, with a maximum on May 18; but on June 1 
he secured 368, and during the month of June 1,759, with the maxi- 
mum number on the 15th. In 1904, on the one-fourth-acre plot pre- 
viously mentioned he secured 453 up to June 1, the maximum number 


of 150 on May 23; but on June 4 250 were secured and 146 on June 


18. Mr. Teltschick writes as follows: 


In my opinion very few weevils, if any, matured from punctured squares before 
June either in this or previous years in this section. Cotton planted here March 1 
(this is as early as any is planted, the greater bulk never being planted before April 
1) asa rule begins to form squares on April 25. It requires the squares at that time 
from two to three weeks to grow large enough to provide the food necessary for the 
development of the weevil. The squares are, of course, being punctured as soon as 
they form, and I doubt whether any eggs are deposited in them so long as they are 
too small to permit the weevil secreting itself within the involucre. 


At College Station the first fallen squares were found on June 17, 
1904. The first weevils from these squares emerged June 23 and the 


26 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


laston June 29. At Terrell, Tex., the first brood commenced to emerge 
on June 30 and the last of these was secured on July 12. 

Altho the hibernating weevils may continue to oviposit for some 
time there seems to be but little overlapping in the ¢ appearance of the 
first and second generations of weevils. There is a period from the 
first to the middle of July thruout the greater part of the infested 
area when but little damage is reported from the weevil and when but 
few weevils are found. This is the period during which the second 
brood is developing within the squares. About the middle of July 
and during the next ten days the second brood of weevils appears and 
‘is generally reported. In some instances the injury by the second 
brood is serious, especially where large numbers have hibernated suc- 
cessfully, and after the second brood appears practically all the squares 
become punctured and no more cotton is made. This condition is 
more common in southern Texas, but usually the injury by the second 
brood is no more serious than that due to the first in late June, and in a 
great: many cases it is reported as being decidedly less. In general, 
unless there be exceptional rains, the hot suns of July seem to check 
the development and injury of the weevil. 

The distinction between the second and third broods is not so marked. 
The period of oviposition of the second brood doubtless being longer 
than that of the first, the third brood commences to appear before the 
last of the second brood has emerged. However, there is still a very 
decided and notable increase in the number of weevils from the first 
to the middle of August, depending upon the latitude and season. 
This is generally noticed, and commonly reported as the third brood, 


Usually with the emergence of this brood the weevils-have become 


sufficiently numerous to destroy all the squares as they form so that 
no more blooms are seen. From this time the weevils attack the 
maturing bolls much more frequently. After the appearance of the 
third brood the different generations become so involved that it is 
impossible to distinguish between them. 


At Terrell, Tex., five distinct broods were reared in 1904 up to © 


October 3, and these weevils then commenced to oviposit, so that 
there would doubtless have been a maximum of six complete broods 
in that locality. The records at Terrell are as follows: From the first 
fallen squares injured by the hibernated brood, weevils emerged on 
June 30, July 5, and July 12. On July 5 these weevils were placed 
in a cage upon fresh squares, and the weevils developing from these 
squares emerged on July 22, or in from 17 to 22 days. These were 
placed on squares on July 23, and the weevils from them, or the third 
brood, emerged August 17 to 20, or in 25 to 28 days. These weevils 
were placed on squares August 20, and the weevils developing from 
them, or the fourth brood, emerged September 8 and 9, or in 19 to 20 
days. hese were placed on squares September 10, and the weevils 


eee ee 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 27 


developing from them, or the fifth brood, emerged October 3, or in 


93 days. In all cases this period of development includes to a greater 
or less extent the feeding period, which must precede oviposition. 

Practically the same number of generations seems to occur at Col- 
lege Station. Altho we have not determined this by rearing weevils 
as rapidly as possible thruout the season, the field records show the 
first three broods very distinctly, and during the fall there seem to be 
three more broods between September 1 and the time of hibernation. 
The number of broods after September 1 is very largely controlled 
by the temperature and rainfall, which combine to affect the food sup- 
ply and the mortality of the developing weevils. It is probable, how- 
ever, that in a late season seven broods might develop at College 
Station, as the field records (see page 10, Table II, for 1903) show the 
weevils (probably of the sixth maximum brood) to have been freely 
ovipositing early in November, and if frosts did not occur until late 
in that month a large number of these would probably emerge. 

In southern Texas, Hunter and Hinds have shown that with the 
average season of reproductive activity, extending from May 1 to 
Noyember 15, eight generations may be produced during the year. 
Thus there is probably a difference of two broods in the maximum 
number of generations between southern Texas and northern Texas, 
but this difference will not materially affect either the injury by the 
weevil or the number of weevils going into hibernation, as the weevils 
seem to reproduce in practically the same length of time in northern 
Texas as in southern Texas, the summer temperature being nearly the 
same, and after the third brood they are sufficiently numerous in either 
section to prevent the further fruiting of the crop. Nevertheless, 
factors aside from a difference in the number of generations will prob- 
ably cause less damage in northern Texas. 

By September 1 to 15 the weevils usually reach the maximum num- 
ber and during the fall, as before observed, their number depends 
primarily on the food supply and weather conditions, so that the num- 
ber going into hibernation depends on local conditions. The difference 
in the amount of injury which the weevil may do in central or northern 
and in southern Texas will depend therefore, first, upon the smaller 


number of weevils hibernating successfully and, second, upon their 


appearing later in the spring so that the cotton may be able to make a 
more rapid growth in comparison with the development of the early 
broods of the weevil under the high temperatures prevailing during 
early summer in northern Texas than will be the case farther south in 
late May. But it is not probable that the mere number of broods will 
make any material difference in the amount of injury. The first three 
broods seem to be well defined, as is clearly shown by the numerous 
reports of our voluntary observers and by the reports of the observers ~ 
of the crop service of the U. S. Weather Bureau. The amount of 


28 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


injury done depends upon the abundance of these broods, which 
depends largely upon the time of appearance and also upon the relative 
abundance of the hibernating brood. 


MORTALITY OF SUMMER BROODS. 


The mortality occurring in summer and fall broods may properly 
be distinguished from that among weevils which hibernate, for in the 
summer the greatest mortality occurs in the immature stages. The 
number of weevils developing from squares in which eggs have been 
laid is shown in Table IV. | 


TaBLe LV.—Percentage of weevils from infested squares. 


| Weighted 
2 : | Number Per cent 
Lot. | Date. Where picked and how kept. 2S | | per cent 
| re squares.) emerged. | emerged. 
| ; | Biter 
1 | May —,1902 | Picked from ground; placed in cloth bags | ; 
| and kept in laboratory under dry condi- 
|. “GLOMS. 2. 5 Soo 2s cate ne ee ote ae ee 11, 250 | 23.5 | 23.5 
2| July 8,1904 | Picked from ground; kept under fairly 
normal conditions 142-22" see ee eee 1, 522 | 39. Loe eee 
3 | Sept. 10,1903"). .... = LO ees eee ee ee ae 675 | 30° | Seo eeeasee 
Ai Septie — 1905 40 Fi ee EE Cnt MN Leet Due eS 350 34 | eee A 
5 | Sept. 21,1908 |..... EG GAC ae eg ae ae ae | 377 | 3 | See 
a : 
TOtA OL 1OtS 23h 4a GD. ee ae er | 2.924 "| eee | 34.3 
Total of lots 1. 203, 4vand Bsr a eek ee eee eee | > “ya74 2 | 25.7 
6 | Sept. —, 1903 | Picked from plants; a kept on moist soil... 162 40 | 40 
7 | Sept. 21, 1903 | Picked from ground; kept between shaded | 
TO WS soo oie te RES Sere ee 200 39.5: 2. See 
roy (een OPO eee eta ence (6 Ue ee are rem a a een Ee Sy ae ee 43 | 30. . |. toh eeeee 
Total of lots Wand! Sb sss se ee ee ee eee eee 6 TESA Se cae 37.8 
Total.oflots 6.4/sands3c- uk 35 eee cee eee eee 405:| 2. eee 28.7 
9 | July 15,1904 Picked from ground, under screen; placed 5 
{ge PETG SUIS = 2 eae oi Re eye a ere 400 9.0 9.0 
10 | Sept. 11,1903 | Picked from ground; placed in sun......... 210 2.3 || eae 
11 | Sept. 22,1903 | Picked from plants; placed in sun....... so 68 20: | 222 se 
12 | Sept. 11,1903 | Picked from ground; placed in sun......... 354 0° oles. Aes 
13 | Sept. 21,1903 | Picked from plants;@ placed in sun.......-- 91 | i Fea! asa 
otal of dois 9, 10: 11, te isMe ee tee 1, 3) 2 3.9 


a Picked from plants when squares would drop off by touching them. 


Lot 1 is based upon the following note made by Mr. Wilmon 
Newell. During May, 1902, Professor Mally gathered infested squares 
in fields along the Brazos River below Wellborn. About 13 bushels 
of these squares were brought to College Station, sewn up in cheese-cloth 
sacks, and weevils allowed to hatch. June 15 the weevils were picked 
out and by careful measurement there were 115 c. c. of them, and 15 
c. c. contained 345 weevils, or 1,763 weevils to a bushel. Subsequently 
we have found about 7,500 squares in a bushel, thus indicating that 
only about 23.5 per cent produced weevils. The squares were kept 
in the laboratory in a dry place, and the lack of moisture may proba- 


bly account for the low percentage producing adults. In another 


test 2,924 squares gave a weighted average of 34 per cent producing 
weevils. These were picked up and kept under fairly normal condi- 


EE 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 29 


tions. From 405 squares which were kept on moist soil or between 
shaded rows weevils were developed from 38.6 per cent, but where the 
squares were left in the hot sun, among 1,123 squares but 1 per cent 
produced weevils. This shows strikingly the value of having rows 
wide apart so that the sun may strike the fallen squares. 


TaBLE V.—Percentage of mortality of weevils at different stages of development. 


Po) Dead. Alive. ee 
: H wi | wa ) 
Lot.| Date. | Picked | condition. ga $ glaleil:lale¢i|— |2Slss| Remarks. 
from— eile all pe teu eet eal t= iiaes WO | eee Sires 
go 3.5) ao | e 5 25) |) FS Sy eels og BD : 
52)50|a/5 S| Sujes: ie o|O 
hm ie IAi@l|e lala lea (Sila fe ia 
——— | a | — 

ian 12) | Ground .|.20-.52.....- 13S B613)1s D252) 2 ae. 280 v4 124 156. | Counted: qust 
from field. 

Pmlitiiveraa| ys. <0 =. 2|2---2 52. -5.- DI ZIAAS | QeelS aeecleeni2e el sleeeiee- iis tol! Do. 

1904. 

2], UU ye Seo (oy eee ee eee IL BA bW5 Olas clase Soticcollseaclesssllecclasscier)) IBS) |) UNINKaxierel Ko) 
emerge. 

4) Sept. 11 |....do-..| Inshaded | 200/60 (0.5|...|.... Bee Pea ete ei |anes|OOrOlOos.O Do. 

TOWS. 

SYS Oly 2778 ene 6 0 er el eee OO sree AS G9 |e ssilroisal| ta) a= veal tz) ler Neooe PAL IBD Partly al- 
lowed to 
emerge. 

6| Sept. 21 |..:.do...| Insun..../ 210/64 | 32/1 !....|...| 0.6| 1.4!.._|..../ 0.5] 2.5] ‘Do. 

i Olesen AGO i25.2|s 2c GCOmee |" Ge] CPAs eal lees ee Seal eee NIE eae ez ep Wee a a) Do. 

Semen does Sqiares! | L006L yisis =| 2) (es) foo ee 0! M5 | Counted just 

brown. from field. 
9)....do..-|....do...| Squares | 268/65 |5.61.5) 0.7.../11 | 9 {1.8/21.8) 4.8/26.6 Do. 
green. 

10)"Sept. 11 | Plants. .|...... do.@..| 40059. 5/1. 8,0. 5/46. 8!...| 1 . -/80. 5/31.5| Allowed to 
emerge. 

Lots 6-10, weighted average. - .|1, 046/63 107-|3 77| 5.4) 3.1/0.5) 9 |14.8).... 

Average of squares in which |..... 22.-| 263 | 8 | 3714 10) jl 1125 139 |-...| Sevenidiedin 
some stage is found. emerging. 
1904. | 

PMOCiwse jpelantsa| Squares | 100/44 je--|-22\222.| 44155 | 1 22/56. | 0° |22--| Counted just 

green. : : from field. 


aSquares picked from plants when just ready to drop. 


The count made on October 5, 1904, fully confirms this. These 
squares were picked from the plants, taking those that would drop 
into the hand when touched, as in previous similar work. An imme- 
diate examination showed that 55 per cent contained live larve of 
various sizes, but mostly about half grown. Tho a few were ready to 
pupate, but one pupa was found, while there were 44 in which the work 
of young larve was clearly recognizable but in which no larva could 
be found. All squares showed egg punctures, but no eggs could be 
found in them. 

The time at which the greatest mortality in the development of the 
weevil occurs is a matter of some practical importance and the data 
given in Table V throw considerable light upon this point. We have 
but few observations as to the mortality in the egg stage, but Hunter 
and Hinds state that but few eggs fail to hatch, which we have found 
to be the case in the laboratory. As the square receiving an egg does 


30 _ PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


not fall for about 10 days and remains green long after the hatching 
of the egg, which takes place in about 2.5 days, there seems no- reason 
to suspect any considerable mortality at this period. After the infested 
squares have dried or decayed it becomes very difficult to find any 
trace of larvee which die before they are half or two-thirds grown. 
The table shows that in about 63 per cent of the infested squares no 
trace of weevil stage could be found. In this percentage are the 
squares which had received feeding punctures only and a large num- 
ber showing external signs of egg punctures, thus indicating that a 
great mortality occurs while the larve are less than half grown. Fur- 
thermore, it will be observed that of those individuals which pass the 
larval stage succesfully 1.6 per cent died in the squares or while emerg- 


ing. It has previously been shown that only about 1 per cent of - 


squares placed where fully exposed to sunshine developed weevils. 
It would therefore appear that the mortality was largely due to the 
squares becoming so dried that the food supply was cut off from the 
young larva. Hence, it would seem that the sooner the square falls 
after being punctured, the higher will be the mortality, provided the 
ground is not shaded by close rows, and that any means for knocking 
off the squares before they would naturally fall, or a variety or strain 
of cotton which sheds its squares more quickly after being punctured, 
will be-of decided advantage in increasing the mortality of the weevil. 
This seems to be even more marked where the squares are covered by 
the soil as is shown in Table VI. . 


TasBLe VI.—Percentage of mortality of weevils in squares buried in soil. 


Pi 
ov 
Per cent dead. P oe 3 2» 
1 a) 
: EE 
H lo >) B 
Depth * 5 \c a a 5 
Date. Seeds Condition. 5 aie 2,|’6 3. “ 
e ce) a 
3 go a\s a| 3 
Bilnael. 2/2 ‘a| o 
o bs : = n 
> A|§ |E/8/8/3/ 3 @| & 
3S Ble |a/s/2/2]| © o| 2 
4 A In ee Bele] a S| & 
Ol oA ge MS. 2: | inch .. Kept moist in laboratory.) 425 
Oe ae jee ateaiels<coee peat Es hal [ oes 
SHlesaee COs 2 | 1inches..|..... CO Se. 2 eS Se | 025s 2o0leeel ect es See lee 
4} Aug. 29 ..... Lameh: acl ose dOn Serco ee |a25'72 | 4 4). 
Gy okay sae Ol. Be | 12inches. .|....- CROs ee te ee a 25/28 4) 12): 44) 2s ee ee 
6 | Sept. 2! |. =. 12inches. || Tn field "os. 22k eace ee 8 50|74 Z 76)" 822s |coedeee 8 
il ae On Osecee |. 22inehes’s): Rather:dry.-- esas. << 787) \es-| 4) 9). | OSS sales ea INS 
Sule pistes ae A WeCHES= = slos= ce COs eoname cen ost ks 200). ..-|.-.).<2/0-|25 =| C LOO} oe) seater eee ee 
A. eee. doves “Onusuriace| dnsu s26tcca-ee sees se 180/85..|, Lol .|2- =| -722| se] =e ee ee 0 
B:) Sept AS22ee ete Got. A\aesee C0 RS koe Ak REE, 174/62) 26) 13)---)--.| 5222s) ee eee 0 
C | July 15, 1904.)....-. doz.) Under screen {aeee-. 2 ee A009 so.ehe.- 222) 525). eee eee .| 9 
Gites p es oo ee 1 met ..--)) BACREr wel. . Soe ae 3a 400/946). 22|- 22). 0) elec ee eee ORS ye) 
HO pee ee AO rete AINCHES is) e— a4 Ove ct ech Sees eae 400/81 |.-.|---/---| 10)....- A ee eee eh 
1 eee GOwen se Sinehes -..)| 2.2: GO '.5- tonnes eee a ADO|S2- Sel ecole eet) tole mee ~ 22) cele ol eee ieee 
12 | Ser dos 7- 4inches ..|....- Go® .Gisieks Pee 400}95 j-.-|..-]--- 3] 0. 5) sd] eas seeteeeaee 


a Contained Jarvee or pup when buried. 
b Dead weevils eaten by ants; squares green. 
c Ants’ nest just beneath. 


wa 


> +.) 7 


> eT 
Po 
' 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 31 


It is frequently asserted that frequent cultivation is of value against 
the weevil in that the immature stages are killed by covering the 
squares with soil. The data given in Table VI hardly confirm this. 


Rarely will squares be buried over 1 or 2 inches. Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 


9, and 10 show that the mortality in squares buried at this depth is 
about the same as under normal conditions. Lots 6 and 7 seem to show 


a benefit from burial, but these were placed in rather dry soil in the 


field in open sun, and when compared with lots A and B on the sur- 
face it is seen that the burying insured a greater per cent developing. 
It seems safe to say that in no case will burial for not over 2 inches 
result in any great mortality, and that in all probability the percent- 
age of weevils developing will be greater than if left exposed to the 
sun on the surface. It is more frequently claimed that by plowing 
squares under deeply after a good rain the moist soil will rot them 
and the weevils will be unable to escape. Unfortunately we have 
no conclusive tests upon this point, but it would seem that a suffi- 
ciently deep plowing to bury squares 4 inches just after a rain would 
be such a decidedly bad agricultural practise as to possibly offset any 
benefit that might be derived from destroying the weevils in the 
squares buried. © 


RATE OF INCREASE OF THE WEEVIL. 


Hunter and Hinds have shown that a female weevil normally lays 
some 150 eggs during an average of about 54 days, and that nearly 
one-half of the eggs are deposited during the first third of the period 
of oviposition. Allowing 24 days for the development of the average 


adult and 18 days for the oviposition of one-half of the eggs, they also 


estimate that the average length of a generation is about 42 days. 
The sexes of the weevil are produced in about equal numbers. With 
these factors as a basis we may easily compute that if on June 1 there 
were an average of 2 weevils to 100 stalks of cotton, on July 15, at the 
end of the first theoretical brood, there would be 50 weevils; and that, 
if one-half of these were females and the usual percentage survived, 
on September 1 there would be 1,250 weevils to 100 stalks. But these 
computations make no allowance for the mortality in the immature 
stages, and extended observations in the field show that such rapid multi- 
plication does not really occur. It has been ascertained by the writer 
that the first brood of weevils rarely numbers more than five times the 
hibernated brood, and at College Station often but two or three times. 
At Vienna, in 1903, Mr. Teltschick picked 241 weevils from his trap 
rows up to June 1, while on June 1 to 7, 15, and 22 he picked 759 weevils 
onthesamearea. ‘This doubtless represents very accurately the increase 
of the first brood over the hibernated weevils, showing an increase of 315 
per cent. It is of course probable that some weevils had left the trap 
rows for the planted cotton, which was barely commencing to square 


o2 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


on June 22, but the number would have been comparatively small 
and the end of the generation was probably considerably later, so 
that an increase of ten times, or 1,000 per cent, would be a conserva- 
tive estimate. The largest number of weevils at College Station early 
in July was found on Eckol’s cotton, which was planted very early, 
on July 14, 1904, when there were 27 weevils to 100 stalks. This field 
was adjoining a gin and 1 mile away, on Ayer’s cotton, there were but 
15 aveevils to 100 stalks. On thesame date, on the Brazos River, there 
were but 10 weevils to 100 stalks, and on our experimental plats, 
where the stalks were destroyed the previous fall, the hibernated 
brood had numbered barely 1 weevil to 100 stalks. There were but 
3.3 weevils of the first brood to 100 stalks. Accurate figures for the 
rate of increase from the first to the second brood are not available, 
but from general observations and from reports of the injury done by 
the second brood, as compared with the first, it is safe to assert that 
the rate of increase is not materially greater for the second brood than 
for the first. The rate of increase of the third brood seems to be 
decidedly greater, but, as the late-developing individuals of the second 
brood and the first of the third brood more or less overlap, it is diffi- 
cult to determine this accurately in the field. However, the total 
increase at the appearance of the third brood over the number of 
hibernated individuals can be given in one or two cases. Along the 
Brazos River, in 1903, there were but 2 weevils to 100 stalks on 
June 17, and on August 25 47 weevils to 100 stalks, or an increase 
of twenty-three times between these dates, the collection at the latter 
date probably representing part of the fourth brood. In 1903, at the 
college on our experimental plats, there were 5.5 weevils to 100 stalks 
on August 13 where there were 1.5 on June 18, representing the 
hibernated brood. The greatest increase we have observed from the 
hibernated brood until the middle of August was on the plat of 
the experiment station at the college barn in 1903, where there were 5 
hibernated weevils to 100 stalks on June 18 and 233 on August 13, or 
an increase of forty-seven times. From a careful study of the data it 
seems safe to assert that the usual rate of increase from the second to 
the third brood is not over ten or fifteen times in this section, as there 
is usually not over 1 weevil to the stalk of cotton until after mid- 
August. It will be seen, therefore, that tho the theoretical increase 
of the weevil, based upon a careful study of its habits and the mor- 
tality as far as can be ascertained, would show an increase of twenty- 
five times from between the first and second and second and third 
theoretical broods of 42 days each from June 1 to September 1, as a 
matter of fact, during the first period mentioned, the increase up to 
and including the second brood, emerging about the third week in 
July, is usually considerably less than twenty-five times the hibernated 
brood—probably not over fifteen times—and that the total increase 


i ’ . 
_ s ae eres ee, 


por 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. aa 


from the ist of June to the 1st of September is only about fifty times, 
certainly not over sixty-five times, where theoretically it would be six 


hundred and twenty-five times. The reason for this discrepancy is 


unknown to the writer, but is a fact for which the cotton planter 


should be decidedly thankful. It may be that the mortality of the 


immature stages of the weevil in the squares is greater than the count 
of thousands of squares has shown, that many of the adult weevils die 
or are destroyed before reproducing, or that the number of eggs laid 
and the length of the period of oviposition in the field are much less 
than those observed in the laboratory. That this is true of the hiber- 
nated brood is shown on page 12. It would seem that the discrepancy 
is mostly due to the two latter factors. This discrepancy but empha- 
sizes the necessity for accurately observing the field conditions on a 
very large scale in different fields in different sections of the State 


- constantly thruout the season if we are to obtain accurate knowledge 


of the true habits, rate of increase, and injury of the boll weevil, as it 
occurs in the field. 

To summarize briefly, it would seem that if there be 2 weevils to 
100 stalks of the hibernated brood, then by early in August there will 
be a sufficient number of weevils to stop the blooming of the cotton. 
Furthermore, with the normal increase it seems that in about a month 
after 4 or 5 weevils are found on 100 stalks, there will have been sufhi- 
cient increase to prevent further fruiting of the cotton, and there will 
then be from 75 to 100 weevils to 100 stalks. The utter impossibility 
of making a cotton crop where a large percentage of the weevils sur- 
vive the winter will therefore readily be seen unless exceptional meas- 
ures can be taken to check their multiplication. Weather conditions 
unfavorable to the development of the weevils are decidedly the most 
important controlling factors, and that such conditions not infrequently 
occur is shown by the reports of voluntary observers in southern 
Texas in 1904. 


INJURY TO SQUARES IN RELATION TO THE NATURAL INCREASE OF 
SQUARES. 


The formation of squares upon the cotton plant depends upon so 
many different factors that it is exceedingly difficult to make any gen- 
eral statements regarding the increase in their numbers. Thus the 
character of the soil, the nature of the variety of cotton, and the cli- 
matic conditions prevailing all influence the formation of squares. It | 
may be clearly seen from Tables VII to X that some varieties form 
squares much faster than do others, and that between the same dates 
the same variety will not produce the same number of squares in dif- 
ferent places. However, from an examination of the tahles we may 
form some idea of the natural increase of the squares early in the 
season during the critical period of fruit formation. During the 2 


34 


weeks following the formation of the first 2 squares the number of 
squares will increase ten or twelve times; in other words, there will 
be from 20 to 25 squares; and during the next 2 weeks this number 
will increase two times, or at the end of the month there will be— 
about 40 squares, or about twenty times as many as at the beginning 
of the month, when there were but 2 squares. At the end of the 
second month there will be an increase of about two times over the 
first month, or there will be approximately 100 squares to the plant. 
During the first third of the third month the number of squares 
usually remains about constant, but after that, tho squares are con- 
stantly forming, there is a tendency to decrease for a time. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


TABLE VII.—Progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit upon cotton 


plats at College Station, Tex., in 1903. 
| | Ww Yield per acre. 
c _ Squares. |Blooms.| _ Bolls. rie ; 
= | | : Pounds of seed cotton. ) 
© ews ee ee i 

= = aio Mies rs aa Pa : | / hal 

So tal eae ed ed tees Be at 

Venew) He je|e |e te) aI 12 || |g| sb gl. | 

Moe th bone =k od ee Peg eis] || E S| 

o lel SPSS els pals | feet jaad - Brey 
i) bot iaels Pel be Ead Wf 204 oe a 3 =| & BlLs/8] ‘ | Ps : Sieh 
2 jf sisi. 1S|/ Sia} e 18] S jeislal 2. | 
= -| 9 | O]o Hj} Oo o 9/2: Oo 1B\O/ eo] S | om S o| o/s 
A Ze i|aly |Alal|e}a ola wea ae | = A  jala a 

| es ae | 

Jones Im- | ie ae Ue Fa ee : 
proved...) June 18 |20)-3 |-..|..-.|..--)..--}---.)----|--|---2-[--|--[--o].--2 se 22 |e caals ocean cafeadeae ee 
July 11 |25) 9 2| 0.9]..-.- 18 1 O38) Dili). ey 
July 27 (3051 | 11) .7.22.)87) 4.2] 138s.) 406 f2-).42_.|: a pz 
Aug. 12 |10/21 | 19} 9.1) 70\31 | 3 | 196)..|12- |_.|..|...|_-2___2). |e ie 
Sept. 5 | 534 | 90/56 | 127/....10 | 25|6 6 | 7 1) 20| Sept. 17 | 104] Oct. 20 |98/202)_. 
Allen ..... June 18 |20; 1.5)...|....|----|----|-.--]---2|--[---2-]--]--|---|---+----2-[----[- 2-222 soe] fon ae 
July 1d )/95|,.95e | Sl eee a 5 |.. |... |.-----s~2ileon err He 
Aug. 12 |10'35.2/125/35 | 50/88 | 3.8] 208]..|24 |30-..|...| Sept. 17 | 178] Oct. 20 |80/258-. 
Excelsior -| June 18 |20| 1.8)...|....|.... ae Wreeet ee ae =.|»-|--:|-..-2252 |---| 
July 11 25, 8.3) a! .4)....d | 5) 0)..! 4 |) oy ee fa 
Aug. 12 |10/44.7| 59/13 | 42/31 | 3 | 119)..[12 | 6|_}..|......__.. ~ afk see ie 
| Sept. 5 | 5/20.5/132/64 | 110]....|....| 4] 8/6 20) 4 80 | gape 16 | 172) Oct. 20 |92/264,.. 
Parker...:i_|;@ame 18120) 19) 215 lee | ek Fr ee oe (eee ok aS BY Mel ae en ee |-- 
dant Ti) neg | le ae See (Hn Ps Pie hs ey OE ee Bee a8 |... 2] ocop ee 
| Aug. 12 |10/36.8) 55/15 | 97/47 | 4.7) 211|../22 | 6)../...| Sept. 16 | 184) Oct. 20 |60)/244).. 
Griffith... ..| June 18 |20) 1.5} 2] 6.3}...-].--- a RR, OE Mee I 2) 10)... .--...-|2.ccheeee eee [* 
Joly 1 [25] 9° | 44.6 (Ea Bl Gal? OM) hehe aaa "=| soe eae Bae 
Aug. 12 /10 28.9] 6221 | 74/31 | 3 | 69]..| 8.5 |16) 3| 30| Sept. 17} 136 (2) |@) (?)!.. 
Kang =--.2:| June 18 j20) 2.5). 40 oo Ne 5 ee, OE eels |-.|---|=-+-- 04 on] aoe) er [sete 
July 11 |2512 fs ee ae eat el cen - Te eae |e |---|-- 
July 27 |50/72.6| 31] .8|  6{12.7| 2.5) 486)..1 9 }..|-2|.2.)... 2.2200) ool Wee tye 
Aug. 12 |10'47.5| 57/12 | 97151 | 5 | 233]../23 | 6] 3) 30|........-- |. 5. al eee og 
Sept. 5 5 557 [14451 | 160|....|....| 20/4017 [25 ee Sept. 16 | 290 Oct. 20 i pe 

} 


= 
Gt 
i: 
Ps - 
ne 
‘ 
ee. 
— 
se 
> 

:: ae 
2 

< 

> 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 


Sy) 


TABLE VIII. —Comparison of progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit 
upon variety plats on Carson & Smith’s plantation, Brazos River, Wellborn, Tex., in 


1903. 
| Squares per plant. Bolls. Yield per acre. 
3 
} _ | g | Pounds seed cot- 
z z : ‘a ton. 
+ H = H = 
Date of |S, B | 3 Se Su ires a (ith 
Plat Variety. examin- |% 3 = a qa |a|sale.- 
ation. |W4 : = a =I Bilge |e 
le) 3 A = ey rey a|/e85)9H 
a 3 ~ is} ~~ a ag As 
v © 3 a Z S a = O'S 
2 2 | 48 S Se naire nae ag) (ln ret ye a 
eg See et cy ce (Me Ce cee va aa eer. Sie nie ah Ma fee 
| 5 = a -/ 8 5 Bh |S Be | et ae E 
Zz Zz Ay Ay aa) Ay ae le |a a ea) 
PSHOINGULVC®: oo aus as UME ROS LO) eels Ol OMe OI ONG | Eeeees healers eee cll weston | a ieee Ss ol Sey eet ores eens 
Maple ee ea OO IPO beet) 4 4-031 Oe 1a O06 1 O. Ol sles los etl aces (ade 
Aug. 17.| 10) 65.0 | 3.5| 5.3] 1.9 | 16.9 Se Sh ie eeeeeam cok eames 
Aug. 25 DetOsOF aba0n| 2 Ol, Aime 226. | 22 pos iO | ance Oy ew Ree asia 
; ST AEST Tae ee ee |e eset (ee fe Ga Eee 270i. 172 449) , 27 
Bese. Territory. ...-- June 26.| 100) 1.0 0. 5 ONE SS. Seth c ams oe as Pearse ie ils nls cera eet een 
July 17 50} 8.0 . 04 4 .08 ap} ADI erative Spent wee lhee ses pees frat occ 
Aug. 25 OVUM sas. Gola seel TS Ou) 21 MOL. [ene =| aes chicas tes het 
Soak pl ce ISSN oe | ce a cee | eel te AP De ah LV 163} 121 284) .17 
Fhe Ae Dickson .....<..- June 26.) 100) .75 0 OI Rane See Nall chek aol Pye ee lees Rilitr me c-cle e e eed eae 
3 July 20..; 50} 28.0 . 08 .o .48 a mere aL eee ee ea tall tone yay eel re 
Aug. 17.| 10] 98.0 | 7.8 WIN 85 lel 2one 51 | Spradlin (eens ted Leet ty fede oe 
‘Aug. 25. 5} 92.0 | 39.6 | 43.0) 2.0 | 26.6 ODS AO es... |eaaaiee seach aes 
Bese PeSCMMGY: = 2: = 32s June 26.! 100; .32 0 Ree ees Mirae a eae stag oe ell Dee Reals SS ee ee 
July 20..} 25) 20.0 08 eee an AIS a > 19 Se) A As a |e 
Aug. 17.| 10) 70.0) 4.5 6.4, 2.4] 8.3 ESD ervey line. oes alles Seal eee 3 
Aug, 25 5} 94.0 | 41.6 | 44.4) 3.0] 15.0 Ole ees nod |ersttaels Stereo |S 
ee Bohemian ....| June 26.| 100) .73 0 nA Tce, es) | Sc Suet os  | aeaR ea eR ae | 
July 20 25} 16.0 . 04 ay .16 oy UO ee le | eel ees na 
PANTS. Lb LO 80N0) 87.0 Se cht PAIk Ih aba ee A Olea cpalSst ral cnt ee eae Ba 
Aug. 25 SAO olnO soe 2.0 el oonesate Tate. SOlee Wicks. stocoescccl oe Z 
22, 0. SS ae as | eee we Se ERS eh oil Rigel gS a aR | oh ER A hee a 340) .21 
Brae ici Mime ee ss2ss--4) June, 26.) 100) 2.5 OS Tepe ld cent a tee Meee ey eh Dance cee Ale oadig on Oe all ate 
July 20 25) 58.0 . 16 <8) de 52) 22.44 PERS hy (eke eats | tots hee eae : 
Aug. 25 5/104. 0 | 40.2 38.6) 2.0 | 42:0 Ole SOS a eee ee ee es 5 
ee en ee esta Spero ecco ate are et ea ae eee eee ees] OOO A907 Os OOO! 65 
ee SMe). he S SUMS On lOO COB ees Oe uO OR Acero leap: alee eae el eee aller tell eas Ses 3 
Copel ee (OK O)E tS Se eee eee do 100} 3.28 LOE lps es Oe eens te etic Wain rats MR cH ES SCS Sed RS sae de Ore 
8-9...|..... JO Saae daly; 203|= 25) 65:0) 0h sbi 5) | 140 806 SOG [e-card Rt ae 
ose BREE OLO cosc-e es Aug. 25 5| 90.0 | 37.4 | 41.5 | 3.8 | 52.0 OF ser Ole tec ie ew re ong! See 
Mat a teal (PSS | gene PR See Pihee all eens oy pean tak base pl FF ATO Gee |e ee we ee 
ben. | <2: 23 pe eRe Eee ae Sal | eects a1 | ey eet to eae oor le Seva calles meets [Recor [Se eter! 1,471 1, 948/1. 21 
Heese SUNG! .. 2.2... RUE NEF OAGY Whe SO ans ars el etait ae SN at ST eae | [ey | tN ea | ae es ces 
ewer das... -.. MoE ee Ino 1, Gale see mmrae ee Seto ete oe ls es Pie eee 
eerie edo... ...-..|.-.. 3G al ST Pee a (“010 | i tea | ape a MR ha Hi ena 
July 17) 50) 54.0 .3 .5 PLOY a a 65 ro) es Mae Ss Re eee Pes ce a he 
Alesis [isso ors CID ae eae June 26 | 150} 2.9 . 01 SS) eas 2Y a le, aC ee geal Ar | ss gn ol oe seis Oa |e 
July 17} 50} 61.0 . 08 cl al eel Weal el [ot ee ae Pe RS ere | eens Reena ak a2 
IZ Ol) Sie eee ee La LOWOSHO: in GaSe |e O82 |) 2662123228 BLU te 0 epee ers ape | 
10-13.'..... MOMS P eS es eee eo Shelli arse eet ro MAE ee wea os oe jars Parte eke isi| ees Sele 41,000, .65 
eee 00... shumnes 26) CO 4 matte ete Dal hn =| u 7 eo bane a ESE Dacha es at 3 ees 
July 17 | 25)110.0 .44 Fe Vie ees Di a Sk ea || fees ae Gat ne pete 
Aug. 25 | 4(106.0 | 38.9 | 32.0 |...... Ear ha eg NP eS ees 
iret oe, Ih yao ee eee als [ee Bel ace! (aye 62512 GOB _ LeDDRI ZG 
Bee tse OR a ae, « July 20} 25) 42.0 OREN Te Abt) ASH i Bre yt wre OMe Geol ees leak lh eee fess 
a1 | Oe Sa eave Aug. 25 OLOHSOF | 7948) 4059 | 450°) 4 ile... 100; 272) 413 710) .43 
ieee VVeUbOrn. 5.2... June 26 | 100} 3.6 F Bai ee ey pene eke | eee eer |e A oe tke 8 
July: 20.) 25) 52.0 .44 .8 SOAs Mi 2 iy ae rs [eure a See ta | ae ee 
Aug. 25 HILOS Oe 2874854) | 1,4) fOONGs le ose (?) | 494) 672 1, 1671 73 
| 
’ a Average. b About. 


36 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. pet 


Tas_e 1X.—Comparison of progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit 
upon plats of cotton planted at different dates by August Scholl, Hunter, Tex., in 1903. 


S ie. XM Yield per acre. 
E Squares per | ;| Rolls. | : 
; a plant. = @ Pounds seed cotton. 
‘ I a m = 
2 Sa. obs Sinletae ks Be 
E 2 .|@|., | SB as8} 2 less 3 = 
5 é. 60 Big q se ie S| o5| 2 Beg, re 
= q = ~ is a : e ts . 
= & |g {8/8/18 jeglei@l-s/5| & le=| 8 |S4ials 
a 3 SAS: 3S 195/210 |OB| © 3 he 3 NS o | 3 
> 5 A oP Ege iak oh (kf lela a |e A |a |a|a 
Shinesc2e= | Mar 1.) May 30>) 140) ~30)-2--5|=-2-|e2 ofee[oees fosenlt Scgetcdes| 22.) ee eee ee 
July 3 15): 400) 4.0, 10. 0): |o2 cL). |S |e ae ee scs. 2] 240) 
Aug. 5..| 195)195. 0/84.2 |43.1/2.2) 9. 6/37. 9] 140) cscs - 2d...) 2 3. Ra eee eee 
upd 2S") A Ves een Vena eas Ol 4. pote ser Sept. 26.; 171) Dec. 1...| 142) 313) .21 
Native....| Mar | July 3--|; 15} 19. 0} 3..06)16. 1). .-|..--|...2).2..|.=..-2--20])- 2: |. 22-56 anee eee 
Aug. 5..| . 5} 80.0/33.0 |41.2/2.0] 8.0/20.0) 20).........-].... PPP erern meee ee oe 
AE S282 AN Vals Ce AL eee alece ov) eeon ee Sept. 26.} 210) Dec.1.-.| 148) 358) .24 
Rane Ae | Apr. 1.|. May 302.)2-2-)° S2Q)... 3c}. 5 Joc aes oft oc SIe oe eS oe oe ee 
July 3:-}° 50|°40..0| 3:8.) 9.5)... -|ee lee ecleccs|occ me oo-ce ace = |e see 
Aug. 5 5} 57. OBL. 6 |56. 4/1. 811270)20. 0] 140)... 2... .. |... .|-. 2 ae 
ASIP SOB CAsyalle ease ote eee eee 2 |) ee eae ept. 26.| 181) Oct. 15..| 278} 460) .30 
Shine..... | Apr...| July 3.21. 50--20.0). 7] /3..5).05)<-celeni- |e. [bop oo. acl oes ee ee 
Aug. 5.. 5}. 97. 0/42.°0 /43..3/2. 0/10. 2/33. 3] 120). 22. sce os ee eee ee 
ANS 128 AWE crea ease | ee roe tia} | peng eee Sept. 26.| 150} Dec.1...| 120) 270) .18 
Native.:.:|.Apr---) July 3--) 50) 12.0) 1.62/18, 5); ~~) --) 2. to - s Se | om a re 
Aug. 5.. 5}-53. 0/24. 6 |46. 4| °.6) 5..8)27.5) 80)... ... - 2/02. | 5 ee eee eee eee 
AUB 28s PAV. |=y eoalios cee ocahaee 5: Oss | Sept. 26-| 173} Dec.1...| 57) 230) .15 
Native...) Apr-..| July 3-..|° 50) 23.0) 3. 34114. 5). .| nce. s2 - |. on] 2-50 cin «oe acceso eee ee 
| Aug. 9.. 5} 42. 0119: 6 146. 6/1. O}12. 4/24: 1) T40) 2 2.8. 2 kee cere ee ee eee 
IAAI: “OBL IOA Vil oe cs ae oe eee TS Olas erates ies Sept. 26.) 366) Nov. 1..| 57} 423) .28 
Shine..... | May .. Juve == OO = ie9) sas asc oine 9 ESSE aca eh ee Kees Beta Pe es ee Bale 
Aug. 5.. 5). 62. 018.2 129.3) . 2) 2.4) 823) 160)... 3.2.2) 5- 22 eee eee 
PASI S20 AS Poe Sats cea oe (ce 0 pee ome ee Dee..1- .<|. “80\. 3. Se Ses eae 80) . 05 
Native....| May 1.|. July 3..} 100) -6.°7) 2.50 4)s . 2 lo] 2c. Jace cdeeec|-cosce oak oes | = eee 
| Aug. 5 5| 36. 0/16. 2 |45. 0}. 2). 6/83. 3). 40)... 2. oo 2] 2 JS eee ee 
Ame 284[2255|este clan eeolouwelacs oa || Pee! nl eee ee ee eee) ct 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 37 


_TaBLE X.— Gp aparison of progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit 
upon plats of cotton at College Station, Tex., in 1904. 


Yield per acre. 
Squares. 'Blooms. Bolls. Weevils. 
Si Pounds seed cotton. 
2) 
~ 5 1 
3 ae Se ees | 3S irae 5 
a ay » o | | +» } &O 
= = E 5 | 5, 2 & ep 5 
epee Ele ise lS| | ale | $18 Z z ie | 
o 2 ete ches Oo) 2) 3 | elol¢, me aol eg S . S Piece Pee 
> a v4 A] & | AY AlB Aa |&&/O; & |} A iS) — A Fay A | E | AQ 
ee (| Mary «22/2, 500)... .|..2-|-.--- See Se ek eed as RE a ae Die 03-08 |Home Acs Se ese eee aes 
o .|\May 30/2, 500)....|....|.-.-- See acres ina ens Bees See ee sae Dee 8 | atten tal SA cn as eleeealeee 
ag 2>\\June-17| 400] 5.5) 36) 1.6) 5|....|-.--|---|---|-.-.. PRUE eh SI eS Sher ASB es. Bc olaemtees 
eee ames 9) 6320) 2] She... | oe [sec]: i cfod-|---].4 20 aoe Bib BONE cea See ee tiem RS sc eal ae 
nS une 15) - 400}. --..|....|....- Beaters pas cal aes bes |S A522 Sei PANN Fog al ees eer eeey Ie bee gs 
Se June 27) 400/15 12) .2}| 0} 1740.43) 5d).--| 0.13). CHRP Oss siesta Kas at 
BP WJuly 13) 50/39 7| .35| 34] 166/3.3 |307|..-| 6.1 |... Om eee talc RARE pects ae ae 
- |\Sept. 12) 25) 4.5) 98/86 |(a)| Oj.-.-..|.--|45522 108 36/144 |Aug.28/258/Sept.14/252/510). 32 
ep{jMay 22/2, 500,....)....|--.-- Seine wel aotaicy Seer ae Cee Nee 2 OL EP ea ae Pa ee 
a ||May 30/2, 500)..../....|-.-.- Sac ncos |e Os4|/ orc eclle pac nae TY ere G54 ee sete ase iPbe beer : 
Se ijume .9) 320)..-.|...-|----- Ell A Sot Oise ct ae meee aoe Sle Gao eeaoar le oblast ace 
Fig jiJunme 15/2, 500|....|...-|----- Beal sass (sete teers Sele cate Soe Hie wnee | sascms lena sees = 
Pa, MUCH imes4UO| ae Si) QU ID | We lsoee eee] cce] See. PS SUIS (Coat Lets bene ao ace ae 8 A 
+ 5; ||June 27) 380)22 NAN ge O2 Gao Olean |e Aes GE OS Salsie se SI cree eee cen eee 
Ms July 13) 50/48 18] .83) 38) 178)3.8 |309]..-| 6.2 |... NRA a ee kee BS asks Jail Pale 
a Sept. 12) 25) 6.5} 142/86 (@) sane . -- 491/23 83 46|184 |Aug.27|/313\Sept.10/348'661). 4 
een Mine 2211, 200) 22). } v2. shee es ee eee ete cers a Ale gvog| Sees Sel aacccs eS eral ae 2 
wi ||May 30/1, 200|....|....)..... SoS ergtialecite ices Soe eee Sei ANA Bolte calc | ee eeee er Ble cas e 
ease ts 30) 9.77) -25) 5.11 7) ~ Of cf -fo. fe. Sy a) a lhe pen eam a a 
a. SijJume 9 250)..-.|....|..--- Rae Se ee Se peer ees VA To aero eal Need es ae $ 
@ &|\Jume 27| 400/25 | 152) 1.5) 8] 53) .13].--]..-|..... Hind ROW Se a Rea at a a ae 
ae July 13) 50/33 19) TL) 47) 2438/4. 8 |226)..-|.4.5 |... A Pe PAL Me (Poe ge 2 
_\\Sept. 12) 25) 1.3! 27/84 ~|(@)| O|.--..}---|700/31 90 SAS a esse =| eee eee 
Nae June 7| 200) 0 Ol area Sora aterm cll ge cto a al oteriffora a ie ee Olen eee ee eels aoe ae 2 
five MIMS eA 200 os) Ol. sess otal | Biece laa eee aca eae eae PA ine Ue oR aera hes er lat ra 4 
* Sept. 16) 25) 1.8) 34) 79 |(a)| O|...-.|.--|217| 10 | 36 DANO Gee eile a Geer eee ee z 
Na- fume 7) 275..--) 29)..--- SEC GRE Aca abe Penieoaee “Ee AV ea kaa Perse Se ee BA 
ives Mam AO arog OA a. Grete il ose | se ewife selec s leaeee tie fleas: Ow shen = lle ee 
Psmmer2o 290/20. | 01> 3.8113). 52.) . 2 2 2/190)-.2|o 22. ahs ORE ORs ise Ol ee Se | 2 
PUMew | 080! <2 521 OD). =. PAE alae eatel ame lawaeg as Simpl DS ee BCE ea ae Pes eere 
Na- jijJune 17; 200]....| 61|....- 1G ee eS oe |e hhh Ball rl Se Te ae a see pes 
tive. }|June 29; 364/16 | 128) 2.7/137|....|....|156)...|.-..- apt OleOle eparallis Ss eye = Sealy al ee 
Sept. 16} 25] 2.8) 65) 91 |(@)|...-. -e-|->- (147) 7-4) 39 S2NLA8 = eee ae Sal CRRA SSE SEP aes eee} 
io June 18) 100/25 DO apa re Ol gereeei| cee ces ieee eee ae gies GiGi ee Se ie ae 
tire July 14) 40/68 (1140) 44 (395) 65) 1.6/537)...| 13 |...! Gielen |e ke cee nS Sacer eee 
“USept. 16) 25) 3.2) 71) 88 |(a)|..-.|....|.--|265) 14 | 8) Bap aie saree Ste aan ete real fal 8 
June 14; 50/22 ATs Onl” 22 O83] So 25) 2-15 seeleeeie es) A Ned: ie oe Se pclessoecs aaa ee aeae, 
Na- J/June 29} 398/41 SO Pell) Se. see. 606) eater = ae LO gal O aaah eared ch Beja FO sess 
tive. )|July 14) 40/18 | 487) 57 121) 55) 1.4/419)...|....-. Bek SI Wei ea en 3k eos SA ease eres ea pots |e 
; SEDpome25 9 O09) 92>. 1(@)i- Sete ca |e eo /2Mbl Vi -| 72) . 46184. Se age ee ae aA PR calle i 
a Not counted. b Consisted of a large number of varieties. 


NotEe.—The five plats of native cotton referred to were planted by different farmers in the vicinity 
of College Station. 

The proportion of squares punctured by the end of the first month 
after squares have commenced to form has been found to range from 
2.5 to 10 per cent. It is usually not over 5 per cent, and an average 
proportion of 3 per cent would be more nearly correct. Thus, on the 
Brazos River, July 138, 1904, but 8 per cent of the squares were punc- 
tured. At the College on our main plats less than 1 per cent were 
punctured. At Eckol’s, on June 14, 1904, 6.1 per cent were punc- 
tured and on June 29 but 1.1 per cent. In 1903 at the College not 
over 2 per cent were punctured during the first month of square for- 
mation. In the Brazos bottom in 1903 the proportion was less than 1 
per cent. In 1901, on June 17, Mr. Teltschick reported to Professor 


38 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Mally that 10 per cent of the squares were punctured upon cotton 
which had been squaring for 5 weeks. At the end of the second 
month of square formation there is an increase of from ten to fifteen 


times in the percentage of punctured squares. On August 13, 1903, — 


an average of 35 per cent of the squares on our plats were punctured, 
and on August 25 on Smith & Carson’s plantation there were 42 per 
cent. On August 13, on the experiment station plat at the College » 
barn, there were 65 per cent, these representing the injury done upon 
the emergence of the third brood of weevils. On July 14, 1904, 
Eckol’s and Ayer’s cotton had 57 and 44 per cent punctured, this 
being about 2 months after the first squares formed. In a general 
way, it seems safe to say that usually 50 per cent of the squares will 
be punctured by about 2 months after the cotton commences to square, 
at which time, as we have seen, there would normally be about 100 
squares to the stalk. With the appearance of the third brood of wee- 
vils early in August the percentage of injury rises rapidly, and by 
September 1 from 85 to 90 per cent of the squares will be found punc- 
tured, tho it is rather unusual to find over 90 per cent of the squares 
punctured in this section when they are carefully counted. In 1904, 
at the end of 6 weeks of square formation, there were but 8 per cent 
of the squares punctured along the Brazos River, tho on the oldest 
cotton, which had been squaring about 2 months, where the weevils 
were thickest, 40 per cent were punctured. When one-half of the 
squares are punctured it may be readily concluded that there are 
probably sufficient weevils present to prevent any more squares from 
forming fruit. It will be seen, therefore, that the critical period in 
the relation between natural increase of squares on the plant and the 
increased injury by the boll weevil is during the period of 6 to 8 weeks 
after first squaring, which usually coincides more or less closely — 
with the time between the appearance of the second and third broods 
of weevils. Thus, if we consider 6 weeks as the average time 
required for cotton to begin to square after planting, it will be seen 
that the bulk of the fruit must be set in 85 or 90 days after planting. 
In other words, it may be readily seen that to escape injury by the 
boll weevil cotton must be so grown that the bolls will commence to 
open inabout 100 days after planting, and that all the fruit which 
will probably be secured must be set within 45 days after the squares 
begin to form. The advantage of early planted cotton and rapid 
maturing varieties becomes, therefore, very apparent. | 


O 


Peo OPP EVEN OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY — BULLETIN NO, 63, Part II. 


L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


INA: A ES 


BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN WEEVILS RELATED | 
TO THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


BY 


W. DWIGHT PIERCE, 
Special Field Agent. 


ISSUED FEBRUARY 5, 1907. 


Z3A 159 - 


WASHINGTON: 
» GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
Oeics. 


rae” 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., September 19, 1906. 
Str: I have the honor to submit a manuscript entitled ‘‘ Notes on 
the Biology of Certain Weevils Related to the Cotton Boll Weevil,” 
prepared by Mr. W. Dwight Pierce, special field agent in this Bureau. 
A number of weevils more or less closely related to the boll weevil 
occur in the United States and there seems a possibility that from 
some of them parasites may be obtained which may be induced to 
transfer their attacks to that destructive pest. The present paper 
gives some results of investigations carried on during the year 1905, 
and I recommend its publication as Part II of Bulletin No. 63 of the 
Bureau of Entomology. 
Respectfully, F. H. CHirrEnDEN, 
Acting Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


COSA ss 
Page 
IntroductiOm: 12 22 $3222 hose. 52+ So ee ee 39 
Anthonomus disjunctus Lie «2.4.2. 02... 22s shes ce 2 3s So ee 41 
Anthonomus fulvus Lec. - - 2... 2-25.52 oeoe S22. ok ee - 2 41 
Anthonomus squamosus Lec :. .22-u<. 2-2 520 22 2S eee 42 
Lizus musculus Say oo s--~ ole eet 25 245-2 43 
Orthoris crotchit Lec... . 2. 2.250326 5-22 oe ont Pe Skeo 2 ack ee 44 
ILEUS T RAT PONS: 
’ Page. 
Puate I. Work of Lixus musculus and Orthoris crotchii. Fig. 1.—Gall of Lixus j 
musculus and exit hole of adult on stem of Polygonum pennsylvanicum. Fig. 
2.—Gall of Lixus musculus and entrance hole (closed) of pyralid caterpillar 
on stem of Polygonum. Fig. 3.—Pod of Mentzelia nuda showing two egg 
punctures of Orthoris crotchii. Fig. 4.—Pod of Mentzelia opened, showing 
a cluster of Orthoris crotchii cells, and the cocoons of Tetrastichus. Figs. 
5, 6.—Interior of pod of the same, showing several cells of Orthoris erotchii. 
Fig. 7.—An isolated cell of Orthoris crotchii, showing the manner in which 
the seeds are eaten. 2... -: 222 5.2.-0. 2225. Sa ee ee 42 


Il 


as DAL. B. H. Bul: 63, Part IT. Cc. B: W.. 1, February 5, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN WEEVILS RELATED TO 
THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By W. Dwicut PIERCE, 
Special Field Agent. 


INTRODUCTION. 


During the year 1905 considerable knowledge was gained concerning 
the biology of Texas weevils. The practical importance of this infor- 
mation lies in the possibility that from some of these species parasites 
may be artificially induced to transfer their activities to the boll weevil 
(Anthonomus grandis Boh.). But it has a further interest in that it 
makes possible a comparison between the life history of this impor- 
tant enemy of cotton and that of related insects which normally 
inhabit regions into which that pest has only recently made its advent. 

Anthonomus grandis breeds during the entire growing season, from 
_ April to October, and on one plant—cotton. Its host plant is so plen- 
tiful that there is a constant food supply. Anthonoimus signatus Say, 
which breeds in immense numbers in the flowers of strawberry, black- 
berry, dewberry, and redbud, is not known to have more than the short 
period of activity limited by the fruiting of its host plants. Hence the 
possibility of transferring parasites would be limited to a short period 
and there would be further difficulties on account of the local distribu- 
tion of the food plants. Anthonomus xeneotinctus Champ., which has 
been found to breed in enormous numbers in pepper, in western Texas, 
is not known to occur on other food plants in the spring and early sum- 
mer, inasmuch as only a part of its cycle of life has been determined. 

These three species are the most important of the Texas economic 
Anthonomi, and from the two latter little may be expected in assisting 
in the control of the boll weevil, altho it may be important to suggest 


39 


40 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


that the parasites of Anthonomus signatus might attack Anthonomus 
zeneotinctus if the strawberry and pepper were grown side by side. 
The former weevil has long been established and has numerous para- 
sites. The latter has not been here long and has not extended its foot- 
hold greatly, neither has it many parasites. Both of these species are 
small, and perhaps not likely to yield ust which would attack 
Taos species. 

Of the large species equaling the boll eobuil in size some may, 
perhaps, yield favorable results. Anthonomus fulvus Lec. gives prom- 
ise in one way because it breeds in the buds of Callirrhoe involucrata, 
a mallow closely related to cotton. But this plant ceases flowering 
early in July, which would make transfer of parasites difficult. 
The biology of this species is extremely like that of the boll weevil, 
and it would appear to be easier for parasites to change from it to its 
more injurious relative than from the two species mentioned before: 
Anthonomus squamosus Lec., which breeds along the western edge of 
the cotton belt in the flowers of Grindelia squarrosa nuda, is much 
more abundantly parasitized than A. fulvus has proven to be. Its 
food plant has a long season, so that several generations are produced. 
Both of these species seal the egg puncture and pupate in a cell 
formed by the larval excrement, just as does the boll weevil. Both 
are parasitized likewise by Bracon mellitor Say, a parasite of Antho- 
nomus grandis. Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm., listed as a parasite of 
Anthonomus grandis, is a primary parasite of Lixus musculus Say 
and probably also of Anthonomus squamosus. Another species of 
Eurytoma was definitely bred from A. squamosus. Anthonomus scu- 
tellaris Lec. is known to breed in wild plums in Texas. Desmoris 
scapalis Lec., a weevil very similar in habits to the boll weevil, breeds 
in the flower heads of Sideranthus rubiginosus, thus resembling A. 
squamosus, but differing from the Anthonomi mentioned, in that it 
undoubtedly pupates in the ground. This species is very abundant in 
the heart of the weevil-infested area of the cotton belt and occurs 
thruout a considerable part of the summer. Moreover, it is often 
parasitized. 

Of the smaller species those to be noticed are not smaller than the 
smallest of A. grandis and A. squamosus. Anthonomus disjunctus Lec. 
like the latter, breeds in the flower heads of Heterotheca subaxillaris, a 
common composite thruout central Texas. It is very numerous and 
considerably parasitized. Anthonomus xneolus Dietz breeds abun- 
dantly in the buds of Solanum rostratum, which occurs thruout Texas. 
Catolaccus incertus has been bred as a parasite. 

The nature of the problem being thus‘set forth, it will rm readily 
understood that the pr imary requisite is a knowledge of the br eeding 
habits of as many species of weevils as possible. 


NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF RELATED WEEVILS. 4] 


The following notes bear upon the biology of certain of the Texas 
weevils. The determinations are by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz, W. H. 
Ashmead, D. W. Coquillett, August Busck, and W. E. Hinds, in those 
groups respectively in which they are specialists. 


ANTHONOMUS DISJUNCTUS Lec. 


This species was found breeding in large numbers on Leterotheca 
subaxillaris at, Jacksonville, Tex., by Mr. C. R. Jones and the writer. 
It oviposits in the bud at the base thru the involucre. The presence 
of the weevil is indicated by the blackening of the two or three involu- 
eral bracts which were punctured. The larva feeds among the seed 
in the seed-head, and forms a compact cell of its exuvie. Here it 
pupates and the adult emerges from the dried head. 


PARASITES. 


Three pteromalids were bred from a few buds brought in to the 
laboratory. 
ANTHONOMUS FULVUS Lec. 


Mr. W. W. Yothers has carried out an extensive series of notes on 
the biology of Anthonomus fulvus incident to his finding the host 
plant of this species. On June 9 the first weevils were taken, and 
found to be very abundant on the flowers of the purple mallow, 
Callirrhoe involucrata. This was, then, the weevil that had been 
sought so long—a native insect infesting a close relative of the cotton, 
and with life history parallel in all details to that of the boll weevil. 
The questions at once arose as to whether the new weevil was held in 
check by parasites which might be transferred to the boll weevil, 
whether it had more than one host plant, whether it would feed on 
cotton, and whether the boll weevil would feed on the mallow. 

The work of the season of 1905 answered some of these questions, 
but not the one of primary interest. Only one parasite was bred, 
viz, Bracon mellitor, already known as a primary parasite of Anthono- 
mus grandis. If this parasite was not originally parasitic on A. grandis 
and was so on A. fulvus we may reasonably expect that any other 
primary parasite of the latter may be induced to transfer its energies 
against the former. 

The host plant, Callirrhoe involucrata, is largely distributed over the 
Mississippi River basin, and its guest, Anthonomus fulvus, is known 
by previous record to occur in Kansas and by observations of this 
laboratory to breed at Ardmore, Ind. T. (C. R. Jones, collector), and 
Dallas and Victoria, Tex. Thus it is highly probable that the weevil’s 
range is at least coextensive with the range of this host plant. 

The plant is a spring bloomer, thriving in May and June in Texas 
and gradually later toward the north. According to the laboratory 


42 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


records, the weevil’s activity is probably limited to the flowering activ- 
ity of the plant, after which it goes into estivation and hibernation. 

The weevil generally oviposits in the bud, altho perhaps also in the 
ovary. The egg puncture is immediately sealed, just as by Anthono- 
mus grandis. Owing to the brief period from bud to flower the 
metamorphosis is comparatively rapid. The only observation on this 
point limited the pupa stage to less than 4 days. The egg is lemon- 
yellow, elliptical, measuring 0.375 mm. in breadth and 0.484 mm. in 
length. It is placed among the anthers, generally near the base of 
the floral column. Incident to the act of oviposition the petals become 
sealed by the released juices and are prevented from fully opening, so 
that the developing weevil is still protected from its enemies. Laryvee 
or pupe are often found thus in the sealed flower, and are sometimes 
still in this part after it has dropt. On the other hand the larve 
frequently eat into the ovary and there construct a pupal cell of their — 
excrement. ‘The weevils may oviposit in the ovary, altho no definite 
record was obtained. The ovaries are largely infested by a very 
small weevil, which is as yet undetermined. After June 9 neither 
copulation nor oviposition was observed. 

July 4 was the last date of finding larve in the field. Thirty-two 
flowers had but two larvee, and two showed feeding punctures. On 
July 1 seven adults were taken in the field. The Callirrhoe ceased 
blooming about July 10. As the weevils in the breeding cages ceased 
to feed on the flowers early in July, they were placed with a plant in 
a large breeding cage for estivation on July 27. The Callirrhoe 
plants were induced to bloom until about November 1 by transplant- 
ing, but the weevils did not seem inclined to feed again. A weevil 
which had not fed for a month was still active August 9, and on 
August 16 was observed to feed on the flowers of the host plant. 

The weevils normally feed on the anthers and on the surface of the 
petals. They refused to touch the foliage. When offered a choice of 
Callirrhoe or cotton blooms, they almost invariably went directly to 
the former. When given cotton alone they were observed to feed on 
the pollen and petals and in one case indication of feeding on the square 
was observed. 

In habit the weevil is like Anthonomus grandis. It is susceptible 
to movement and when conscious of a disturbance remains alert on the 
edge of a petal. A slight movement will cause it to drop to the 
ground, where it is almost impossible to find it. It is a very ready 
flyer and goes from plant to plant in this manner. 


ANTHONOMUS SQUAMOSUS Lec. 


This species was found breeding in very large numbers by Mr. C. R. 
Jones and the writer on Grindelia squarrosa nuda at Clarendon, Tex. 
It has previously been recorded from the same plant in Colorado and 


Bul. 63, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE lI. 


WorRK OF LIXUS MUSCULUS AND ORTHORIS CROTCHII. 


Fig. 1.—Gall of Lixws musculus and exit hole of adult on stem of Polygonum pennsylvanicum. 
Fig. 2.—Gall of Livus musculus and entrance hole (closed) of pyralid caterpillar on stem of 
Polygonum. Fig. 3.—Pod of Mentzelia nuda, showing two egg punctures of Orthoris crotchii. 
Fig. 4.—Pod of Mentzelia opened, showing a cluster of Orthoris crotchii cells,and the cocoons 
of Tetrastichus. Figs. 5, 6.—Interior of pod of same, showing several cells of Orthoris crotehii. 
Fig. 7.—An isolated cell of Orthoris crotehti, showing the manner in which the seeds are 
eaten. (Original.) 


NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF RELATED WEEVILS. 43 


what was supposedly the same species from Helianthus in Kansas. It 
oviposits in the bud or flower at the base thru the involucre. The 
presence of the weevil is indicated by the blackening of the two or. 
three punctured involucral bracts. The larva feeds among the ovaries | 
in the flower head and forms a compact cell from its exuvie. This 
cell is the more compact. because of the sticky nature of the flower. 
Here it pupates and matures, the adult emerging from the dry seed 
head. The specimens secured differ greatly in size, color, and vestiture. 


PARASITES. 


Bracon mellitor Say was bred in large numbers from the larve. 

Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm. was bred in large numbers as a pri- 
mary parasite. 

Catolaccus Sp. One specimen of this eos was bred, and is pre- 
sumably a primary parasite. 

An undetermined noctuid caterpillar, which eats out the heads of the 
Grindelia, destroys all weevils breeding in the flowers it attacks. 


LIXUS MUSCULUS Say. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2.) 


This species was found by Mr. C. R. Jones and the writer breeding 
in considerable numbers in the stems of Polygonum pennsylvanicum 
at Clarendon, Tex. It oviposits near the joints of the stem, and the 
young larva as it feeds causes the stem to enlarge and form a gall-like 
‘cell. These galls are twice the diameter of the stem and about three- 
quarters of an inch long. The growing weevil fits its cell tightly, and 
consequently, after maturing, it takes some time for it to gain an exit. 
The adultegnaws a round hole in front of its head and then Ss 
forces itself out. 


PARASITES. 


Glyptomorpha (Bracon) rugator Say. Oneadult was bred from the 
weevil and numerous pup were found in the cells. The pupa is 
inclosed in a brown papery cocoon, which completely fills the cell and 
crowds the remains of the Lixus against the wall. 

Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm. was bred as a primary parasite. 

Neocatolaccus tylodermx Ashm. was bred as a primary parasite. 
This species has been bred also from boll-weevil-infested squares. 

Cerambycobius cyaneiceps Ashm. One specimen was bred from an 
infested stem, and is probably a Lixus parasite. 

Furytoma tylodermatis Ashm. One individual bred from an infested 
stem and probably a parasite of Lixus, tho perhaps hyperparasitic. 

A pyralid larva which dwells in the stems of this plant seems to be 
very fond of this weevil, as it not only eats those which lie in its path 
but has been frequently seen to cut a hole into the galls from the outside 


44 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


and to feed on the inmate. It makes no choice of the stage of the 
weevil to be eaten; larvee, pups, and adults have been found partly 
devoured. . 


ORTHORIS CROTCHII Lec. (PI. I, figs. 3-7.) 


This species was found by Mr. C. R. Jones and the writer breeding 
in Mentzelia nuda at Clarendon, Tex. It oviposits in the ripening 
seed pods, and the larva makes its cell in the center of six or seven of 
the flat transverse seeds. Very often four or five weevil cells will 
lie side by side, occupying a large part of the interior of the pod. 
The cells are made up of the exuvie of the larve. Exit is secured 
thru the open apex of the ripe pod. 


PARASITES. | 


Microbracon ( Bracon) nuperus Cress. was bred in very large numbers 
as aprimary parasite. ‘The air around the Mentzelia bushes was thick 
with individuals of this and the next species. Several definite records 
of hyperparasitism by Tetrastichus were obtained. The latter con- 
struct beautiful little white cocoons, and several feed on one host. 

Tetrastichus sp. A very large number of these specimens were bred 
from the Mentzelia pods, and several very definite cases of primary 
parasitism were recorded. | 


O 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 63, Part III. 


L. C. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND : 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


AN ANT ENEMY OF 
THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


BY 


W. E. HINDS, 
- In Charge of Cotton Boll Weevil Laboratory. 


ISSUED FEBRUARY 5, 1907. 


WASHINGTON: Ba ; 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOCR., 

4 1907. ONALNUS 
r oe ATS5 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., November 21, 1906. 
Str: I submit herewith manuscript of a paper on an ant enemy of 
the cotton boll weevil, by Dr. W. E. Hinds, which I recommend for 
publication as Part III of Bulletin No. 63. The account of this well- 
known cotton ant is of especial interest, since it seems to be a much 
more important enemy of the cotton boll weevil than has heretofore 
been supposed. 
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, 
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. JAMES WILsoN, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


a 


1 Fie. i 


Rey GON EE NI S:. 
SP eis etic scene. xe 
He eettdn esi worm and bollworm....................--2.-.- 
S an enemy of the cotton boll RCE Ville oe tae See Uk yl eee 


ILLUSTRATION 


An ant enemy of the cotton boll weevil: Cotton squares showing 
emergence hole of weevil and entrance holes of Solenopsis geminata 
var. xyloni for comparison.....---..--------- Ses ie iene Bs 


Page. 


ee tee ee ee TNE mS Me Somme 


py 8s reat. 


Link 
d y . ay = + <x<37 5 . 
ae aed ed Ae See ee eS ne en 3 Sb x Pek on tee AS ly TD. a Oy AP of’ aah 


a 


DS. D. A., B. E. Bul. 63, Part III. CB. IVWe Jiesehiepeianry. -o,. LOOT. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND - 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


AN ANT ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. — 


(Solenopsis geminata Fab. var. xyloni McC.) 


By W. E. HInps, 
In Charge of Cotton Boll Weevil Laboratory. 


INTRODUCTION. 


That native species of ants are the most important predatory ene- 
mies of the boll weevil is an admitted fact, but the real extent of their 
beneficial work has probably been underestimated rather than over- 
estimated. Several species have been found attacking the weevil in 
some of its stages, but by far the most important one as yet observed 
is a rather small species determined by Dr. W. M. Wheeler as 
Solenopsis geminata Fab. var. zylont McC. ‘This ant is quite variable 
in size and color, and the different forms found in Texas have been 
separated into several varieties. As it is probable that the food 
habits are similar in each of these forms, the varietal distinctions 
need not be emphasized here. 

Doctor Wheeler has kindly furnished the following information: 


The species is common everywhere in the warmer parts of the world, and is both 
highly carnivorous and highly vegetarian; that is, it will prey on any defenseless or 


moribund insects, and stores seeds in the chambers of its nest. It stings very 


severely, whence the name ‘‘fire-ant’’ or ‘‘ Hormiga brava,’’ which is given it in 
Spanish America. The dark variety you sent is common in the black soil, such as 
one finds in cotton fields. I have seen it in great abundance in the vicinity of 


Austin, Tex. 


DESCRIPTION. 


For the present purpose this ant may be characterized as follows: 


There are two distinct nodes or scales in the slender petiole of the abdomen. All 
forms but the male have a sting. The antenne are ten-segmented; the club is 
formed of the last two segments, of which the terminal one is the longer. Maxillary 
and labial palpi have each two segments. The clypeus has two longitudinal ridges 


_ and the sting is very large. The color varies, but the workers usually seen are of a 


dark reddish brown, the color of the abdomen being often considerably darker than 


that of the head and thorax. Length of workers from 2 to 3 mm. 


“ For illustration of the species see Bul. 51, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., fig. 8, 


wep 149, ; 


45 


46 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON LEAF-WORM AND BOLLWORM. 


This species has long been known as an important enemy of the cot- 
ton leaf-worm (Alabama argillacea Hbn.), what is probably the first 
notice of its good service in this connection having been published in ~ 
‘1847. Since that time so many observers have reported it as attacking 
the eggs, larvee, and pupe of the leaf-worm that there can be no doubt 
of the substantial accuracy of the conclusion that it is one of the most 
important predaceous enemies of that cotton pest. 

While less study has naturally been given to the relationship of ants 
to the cotton bollworm than to the leaf-worm, it has been shown 
repeatedly that the species under consideration preys upon both the 
egos and larve of the bollworm in much the same way as it does with 
the leaf-worm. ; 


ITS WORK AS AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


Considering the important place that these ants hold among the nat- 
ural foes of the two cotton pests of most serious importance before 
the advent of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, it is not at all surprizing 
to find it filling a high place as an enemy of the weevil. For several 
years it has been known that ants frequently attack the immature 
stages of the weevil in both squares and bolls, but observations made 
during the season of 1905 have shown that this native ant may be—at 
least. under favorable conditions—a more important factor in the 
destruction of the weevil than has hitherto been supposed. 

During the experiment which was being made to test the effect of 
direct sunshine in destroying immature stages of the weevil, 150 
squares were selected, each of which was believed to contain some 
stage of the insect. These squares were divided into two lots of 75 
squares each and placed upon the bare ground in an exposed spot in 
the cotton plat at the laboratory in Dallas, Tex. One lot was left dry, 
while the other was thoroly wetted to determine whether the mortality 
would be as great in exposed squares which were kept moist. The 
squares were placed on the ground at 4.30 p.m., September 5. The 
following morning, while again wetting the lot which was to be kept 
moist, numerous ants were noticed running around and over the 
squares, tho no sign of a nest had been seen near that spot on the 
previous evening. A hasty examination showed, in several squares, 
holes (fig. 7, 6, c) which in size and external appearance resembled weevil 
emergence holes (fig. 7, z) so closely that at first they were mistaken for 
them, and it was feared that the stages of the weevil in the squares were 
too nearly mature to serve as suitable material for the experiment 
intended. A more careful examination, however, showed that the 
weevils were not emerging, but that the holes in the squares were really 
entrance holes made by the ants to enable them to get at the immature — 
weevils within. As it was evident that nearly all of the squares had — 
been opened, the experiment intended was abandoned and a complete — 
examination made of all the squares. 3 4 


g AN ANT ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 47 


It was soon found that the ant-made holes could, from internal 
conditions if not from external appearances, be distinguished posi- 
tively from those made by the weevil, and it was also possible to 

tell with considerable certainty whether the victim was in the larval or 
_ the pupal stage, tho in only a few cases had the ants left any remains 
of their prey. A careful examination of the interior of a square 
_ from which a weevil has emerged shows invariably a small quantity 
of fine débris removed by the weevil from the wall of the square in 
cutting its way out. Besides this, there is a small amount of white 
excrementitious material, the final product of the transformation, 


_ which is voided by the weevil before it leaves its cell. 


Fie. 7.—An ant enemy of the cotton boll weevil: a, cotton square showing emergence hole of boll 
weevil; b, c, cotton squares showing entrance holes of Solenopsis geminata var. xyloni. Slightly 
enlarged (original). 


In cases where the squares had been entered by ants and an imma- 
ture stage destroyed, neither of these signs of adult weevil activity 
_ could be found, but the stage of the weevil could in most cases be told 
_ from the presence or absence of the larval exuvie, which are generally 
untouched by the ants. 
In the lot of 75 squares kept dry it was found that the ants had 
entered 64, destroying 44 stages which were probably larve and 20 
which were probably pupe. Eleven squares showed no ant holes. 
Of these, 7 contained no weevil stage, 3 contained live, unharmed 
irvee of a parasite of the weevil (Bracon mellitor Say) and the 


48 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


remains of the weevil larve destroyed by them, and 1 a dead, moldy ~ 
weevil larva. ; 

In the lot of 75 squares kept wet the ants had entered 73, destroying 
50 stages which probably were larve and 23 probably pupe. The 2 
squares not entered by the ants had contained no stages of the weevil. 
No signs of parasite destruction could be found in this lot of wet 
squares. 

A brief summary of the examination of these 150 squares shows 
that 9 of them did not contain any stage of the weevil. Not one of 
the uninfested squares nor, apparently, any one of those containing a 
parasitized or dead larva was opened by the ants. Among the 137 
squares opened by the ants not a single weeyil stage escaped destruc- 
tion, tho the squares had been on the ground but eighteen hours. 

The unquestionable connection of these ants with the rapid and com- 
plete destruction of every living weevil stage in 150 squares shows 
their possible efficacy in the field under conditions which favor their 
work. The ants were not exceptionally abundant where the foregoing 
demonstration occurred. The nearest nest was under a cotton plant 
about 3 feet from the bare spot where the squares were exposed. 

On September 25 an examination was made of 300- fallen squares 
and small bolls collected at random from the ground in this plat. It 
was found that at that time the ants had destroyed 40 per cent of all 
weevil stages infesting those squares and bolls. October 6, in an 
examination of 212 fallen squares and small bolls, it was found that 
the ants had destroyed 35 per cent of the weevil stages. Observations 
made after November 1 indicated that the ants had then practically 
ceased their activity, only about 10 per cent of the weevil stages 
having been destroyed. The ants appear to be unable to enter the 
square or small boll until after decay has softened and weakened the — 
resistance of the walls inclosing the weevil. 


DISTRIBUTION. 


These ants nest in the cotton fields and appear to be distributed over 
most if not all of the cotton belt. Their activity is far greater during 
hot dry weather than during cold wet weather; and this fact may 
account in some measure for the effect which wet weather is said to 
have in greatly increasing the numbers and destructiveness of the 
insect pests of cotton.¢ 

During the past season Solenopsis geminata var. ryloni has been 
taken from infested cotton fields in many localities in Texas and west-— 
ern Louisiana. It seems to be perfectly at home in various types of 
soil,and is undoubtedly of considerable benefit as an established enemy 
of the weevil in practically all of the area now infested. 


«Bul. 51, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., pp. 137-138. 


O 


Lic re AL 


feo DEPAKEMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 63, Part IV. 


L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


A PREDATORY BUG REPORTED AS 


AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


BY 


A. C. MORGAN, 
Special Field Agent. 


ISSuED FEBRUARY 8, 1907. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
TR OKOLT 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. \ 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C.. November 28, 1906. 
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a brief manuscript, by 
Mr. A. C. Morgan of this Bureau, concerning a predatory bug which 
was reported as an enemy of the boll weevil, but which, upon investi- 
gation, proves to be a species of economic insignificance. In order 
that the facts learned concerning this insect may be put on record for 
future reference, I recommend the publication of the paper as Part LY 
of Bulletin No. 63. 
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, 
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. JAMES WILson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


HO NIEN TS. 


Page 
aR etek ee Sore ne I ea. EA see Senge ese 49 
ae ee te ce eek 49 

2  ENVEES e aar  S eee Sa E, Sea a ga a le ee eg 49 
ss heii os ER SE ea Sa cae lc ee ag a a 49 
a Do en SUE Ee a eae er meee en 49 
Ts B.S ar 50 
PIE ee ee ek oo es eee see see Settee eee 50 
Penn aOR ee 2 se oe ees Ses bee ede eae 52 
Cannibalism: 2 ........- en ee ny J eee SME ee ty wa 59 
Lo LTRs pret 2 Se ee 53 
DEIR ee MEP rier Se is es Le Sb kee ee Renee 54 
nS BMRIInnre era ree Oe ae Se ode ee ee Soe Rel 54 
RM RRR Etre ts ree ye Je es a Sa Bek be 54 

PE EUST RATIONS 

Page. 

Fig. 8. Apiomerus spissipes: adult, egg mass, nymph ............--..-------- 50 
MME MRSRISSUD CS’ “OPO 2 8 oS as asa = Soe oc didmpewins bene cee loan 50 


_ 


eat 


=e >t 
“— % - 


& 


7 


ie 


' 
ec. D. A., B. E. Bul. 63, Part IV. C. B. W. I.,. February 8, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


: A PREDATORY BUG REPORTED AS AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON 


BOLL WEEVIL. 
(Apiomerus spissipes Say.) @ 


By A. C. Morecan, 
Special Field Agent. 


INTRODUCTION. 


On May 3, 1905, the writer was sent to Gurley, Tex., to investigate 
the finding, by Mr. Sam. Allen, of that place, of a bug which he 
reported as an enemy to the Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus 
grandis Boh.). Mr. Allen had collected only one specimen, a nymph 
of Apiomerus spissipes Say. It was taken to Dallas, Tex., where it 
soon molted and became adult. Other adults were afterwards placed 
under observation at Dallas in order that the life history and habits 
of the species might be studied to determine to what extent it was 
an enemy of the boll weevil, and whether or not it is likely to become 
of economic importance. 

Credit is due Mr. W. W. Yothers for valuable notes upon the life 
history of this species, especially as regards its food habits. 


LIFE HISTORY. 


Copulation.—May 23, 1905, a pair was observed in copulation in 


the field for over 6 hours at Gurley. Later, at Dallas, a pair was 
- in copulation for 4 hours, and another pair for 8 hours. During the 


4 US ois ee ows 2 AG 
i Ol ns Paks —T) 
4 Z ‘ 
a : 


process the female assumes the normal position while the male clings 
to one side of ber, holding on with the fore and hind legs. 

Oviposition.—The eggs are laid in masses (fig. 8, 0) of 40 to 60, 
tho as few as 10 were recorded in one instance and 23 in another. 
Individual records are as follows: 37, 41, 49, 54, and 64. The usual 
place for oviposition is the underside of a leaf, near the top of the 
plant. Ege masses have been collected in this position from Ambrosia 
sp. and //elianthus sp. The eggs are placed so close to each other, 
side by side, that in the center of the mass, instead of being cylindrical, 
they are usually more or less hexagonal. 

The egg.—The egg (fig. 9) is cylindrical, finely punctured, and varies 
in color noe a a eet yellow ee first Heposieed J to a ue brown 


aOrder Po miniers Hane Reduviide. 


49 


50 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


just before. hatching. The collar is shining white. The dimen- 
sions of the egg are as follows: Width at narrowest part—just 
below collar—0.5 mm.; 
greatest width, 0.64 
mm.; length below col- 
lar, 1.51 mm.; length of 
collar, 0.26 mm.; total 
length, 1.77 mm. The 
width ofthe collar varies 
from slightly less than 
the greatest width of the 
ege to slightly more. 
L[ncubation.—Incuba- 
tion varies slightly in 
the time required in dif- 
ferent egg masses. 
Thus, in May, under 
conditions exactly the 
same, incubation — re- 
Fig. 8.—Apiomerus spissipes: a, nymph, 5th instar; b, egg mass; ¢c, quired 12 days in one 
pale Se same from above. a,c, d, natural size; b, instance and 16 in 
another. During mid- 
summer 10 to 12 days were sufficient. Later, in the fall, 14 to 16 
days were required. 


FOOD. 


The insects preyed upon in the laboratory embraced the orders 
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. 
The process of feeding is a long one 
and varies with the size of the prey. In 
general the reduviids lie in wait in an 
alert attitude for the approach of an 
insect and then spring upon it, but 
frequently they take the initiative and fly 
_ orrun toward an insect. The insect fed 
upon is not left until all the juices are 
sucked from its body. Sometimes this 
takes only a half hour, at other times 
the reduviid feeds for one or two hours. A 
Boll weevils fed upon by Apiomerus ric. 9.—kggot Apiomerusspissipes: A, side 
spissipes are often as dry and crush views! je peri tet 
almost as easily between the fingers as of junction of egg cap with egg; d, at- 
do pinned specimens. The first punc- pe 6 te tole 
ture by the beak of spissipes is gen- 
erally fatal. In the case of boll weevils, upon which spissipes fre- 


LP 


quently fed, the weevil made only a few spasmodic movements after” 


4 
: 
; 
: 
: 
j 

“ 

“ 


a ee 


A BUG REPORTED AS ENEMY OF BOLL WEEVIL. aL 


the first insertion of its captor’s beak, and then ceased to move. The 
power of the bite of this insect was well illustrated upon the writer 
while collecting specimens. One adult inserted | ‘s bill in the end of 
the thumb. The pain at first was not so great as that from the sting 
of a bee or wasp, but in a few moments it was much greater than the 


the touch for two weeks. 
Altho locusts, bees, wasps, and an occasional moth were eaten, Cole- 


optera and Diptera were preferred. 


writer had ever experienced from any hymenopteron’s sting. 
continued unabated for over an hour, 


It 


and the spot was tender to 


The following tables give the 


food for a number of days of a nymph of Apiomerus spissipes, and, 
for comparison, the food of another reduviid (Sinea diadema Fab.): 
Food of nymph of Apiomerus spissipes in third instar. 


Pepper weevils (Anthonomus xneo- 


Boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis). 


tinctus). 

TS / SUA aes | | Sue ee 

: 5 alive otal | : alive ota 
Se ober from number | pes | grea from number 

ce * | previous] alive. | ee * | previous} alive. 

day. | day. 

Wermmper Go. <-.s<..: Pi ae ees me en 3 | Li Ores eee 1 
15/2 eee a 3 0 | 5) 4 0 | 0 1 1 
TR Ee os 7 5 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 il 1 
DUPE Says. es 5 5 2 5 0 | 0 1 1 
Hil pS ee 7 3 1 8 | 0 0 1 it 
112 Se ee 20 7 1 PA 0 0 1 1 
Dil Ss ae 0 Tal 9 10 0 0 1 1 
7 Sie eer 0 4 =) 5 0 0 1 1 
DG h eer 12 0 2 3 on 0 0 iL 1 
Oe seek: ) 3 0 5 | > 0 1 6 
2) eae 0 0 5 5 0 | 2 4 4 
November 2........- 0 2 3 | 3 | 0 1 3 3 
4h. Sel 0 ] 2 De 0 | 0 3 3 
De eae 5 2 0 i) 0 | 0 3 3 
Sha ea 0 2 = | 3 0 | 0 3 3 
IDCIIS ee Sn 50 | Se pete te Ie SCt be a Seen eee Bie cee alee ee ee 


The nymph did not feed after November 8 


On December 1 it was 


placed in a cool room for hibernation, but must have died shortly 


é 


Food of an adult Sinea diadema.¢ 


afterwards, for on January 25, 1906, it was found dead and shrunken. 


. | 

Pepper weev See #neo- | Boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis). 

Date eats ae ie aoe 

: alive otal | alive ota 
ae per from pre-; number | “Number eterna ‘from pre-|; number 

: : vious aie! aloe | vious alive. 

day. a a as day. 

October 16......... lS eee eae 2 Neen aA nat [eae ete Ler 
Spee os Sh 5 37 0 Dy Pe eres | Stem ey oo ee |e ci 
Ty Mega aes 7 5 | 0 ance oe ac 2 ob ee cee eee 
2 goer 5 5 2 Wafers eee oe OM eh Rs el [oe ee 
tp oA 3 5 2 0 | Seg ee ee eleipreeey. & /_ tiga Site an Soe 
espaes hai 4 14 4 1 115 yc ean tiecer en | Ml wena) ATE Ae Sie lee enareee 
il ea 9 11 4 SP) see erek sie Ne Sie een ao) ees Se, Teck Se cae 
72) ey eee 11 | de} SE eras tpn eo ee oe ee ces Cana 
Dvr. 38,3 0 8) 4 5 ES Pate tome lc eee 1 
PA oe | 5 3 1 6 | 5 dah 0 5 
ae 1 1 | 5 | 6 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 
mrvermiber 2.........| 2 3 | 3 | ol 3 4 | 1 4 
ee 3 0 2-| an 2 0 1 | 3 3 
ea | 0 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 2 | 1 1 
ical es il oh SN Oe eg Scar ae Aen See ees See 


aThe specimen died November 10. 


59 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


It should be noted in these tables that while the nymph of Apiomerus 


spissipes killed 50 pepper weevils, and S7nea diadema 61 during the 
same period, yet spzssipes killed only 3 boll weevils, while Sinea killed 
12. These results indicate that little benefit can be expected from 
spissipes in the early stages. The boll weevil is too large for the 
nymphs to capture easily, hence the choice of the smaller, pepper 
weevils. It would appear also that a boll weevil diet is not a perfect 
one, for in the experiments with boll weevils as food for adult spisstpes 
all died in a short time. One adult ate 27 weevils in thirteen days, 
but died on the fourteenth day. Other experiments gave similar 
results. The table shows also that Sinea does not prefer a diet of 
boll weevils. It ate only 20 per cent as inany boll weevils as pepper 
weevils, altho active enough and strong enough to capture and kill 
them easily. : 

An adult Apiomerus spissipes, under observation from June 1 to 
July 3, ate 2 flies, 22 ladybirds, 1 bee, and 1 specimen of the twelve- 
spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica 12-punctaia Oliy.), but died: on 
July 6. Another adult, under observation from June 10 to 21, when 
it died, ate D. 12-punctata and a few ladybirds, but refused the potato 
beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) and its larve and the sharp- 
shooter (Homalodisca triquetra Fab.). 

Other adults throve for atime on house flies, but, like those fed 


upon weevils, they could not be kept alive. Neither did any combi- — 


nation of the above foods produce any better results. 

Food of the young.—The impossibility of keeping the young alive 
thru more than two or three instars leads to the conclusion that 
proper food was not supplied them. On June 10 several specimens 


of Apiomerus spissipes hatched and were placed ina cage and supplied 


with cotton aphides (Aphis gossypii Gloy.) in abundance. Altho fresh 
food was supplied daily, spissipes fed very rarely, and on July 3 the 


experiment was terminated by the death of the last of. the nymphs. ° 


Other experiments with the cotton aphis resulted as in the preceding. 
October 3 a nymph nearing the third instar was fed upon nymphs of 
Pentatoma ligata. It ate 3 nymphs on the 3d and 4th, but died on 
the 5th. A combination of //gata nymphs and cotton aphides failed 
to keep another spzssipes alive more than afew days. OnSeptember 6, 
3 specimens of spzssipes which had just hatched were isolated in a jar 
containing the egg mass from which they came. On September 8 all 
were dead. This experiment was made to determine whether the egg 
mass furnishes food for the first instar, as is the case with some penta- 
tomids. From this experiment, and a subsequent one which gave the 
same results, it is evident that no food is obtained from the egg mass. 

The best results were obtained by breaking open heads of Ambrosia 
in bloom and letting the Apiomerus spissipes nymphs select food from 
the insects frequenting this flower. Among the insects found in Ambro- 


A BUG REPORTED AS ENEMY OF BOLL WEEVIL. 538 


sia flowers spissipes fed upon Triphleps insidiosus, a species of the 


weevil genus Apion, many thrips, and larvee and pupe of a cecidomyiid 
gall-maker. 
—Cannibalism.—Cannibalism occurs in this species, but is not com- 


~ monly indulged in. On October 3 three specimens of Apiomerus spis- 


sipes that had not fed since hatching were put in each of four pill 
boxes, without food. The first death occurred October 7, the last 
Octoher 9. No instances of cannibalism occurred. Other experi- 
ments with newly hatched unfed nymphs gave the same result—no 
cannibalism. October 1 twenty-two specimens hatched and were fed 
upon insects found in heads of Heliantbus. October 7 two nymphs 
were observed eating a third, and again on October 9, 10, and 12 the 
same observation was recorded. Other instances must have occurred 
in the intervals between observations, which would account for the 
death of individuals not apparently weak or diseased. It is evident, 
therefore, that the species is cannibalistic, but it is apparent that the 
first food must be obtained more easily than it could be by a contest 


_ with one of its kind of equal age and strength. In nature, however, 


. 
; 
is 
, 
Ee 
+94 
# 


Me 


=o 


a 


where each individual goes upon a separate quest for food, it is very 
unlikely that cannibalism is a serious menace to the species. 


LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE. 


Owing to the abnormal conditions in the laboratory, which made it 
very difficult to keep either young or old spisszpes alive, the length of 
the instars could not be gaged with certainty. The time between 
copulation and oviposition varied from 4 to 7 days. Incubation 
required 10 to 16 days, according to season. The third molt in one 
instance occurred 12 days after the second, yet specimens have lived 
more than a month after the second molt without molting. The 
absences of the writer from the laboratory for a period of weeks at 
times destroyed the continuity of the experiment, and made it impos- 
sible to follow the life history as closely as was desired. However, 
there can not be more than a fragment of the second generation in a 
single season. Proper and improper food supply was undoubtedly the 
cause of the great variation in the length of instars noted above. In 
nature the same conditions of food supply undoubtedly exist, thus 
making a difference of months in the maturity of individuals hatched 
from the same egg mass. Observations in the field bear out this 
conclusion. : 

At no time during the year of 1905 could the young be found in any. 


- numbers. Altho adults were frequently observed in copulation in 


June and July at Gurley, later observations failed to disclose more 
than a few young. It is reasonable to suppose that among the surviy- 


_ ors that finally reached maturity some encounter almost perfect con- 


54 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


ditions as regards food, while others are barely able to exist, thus 
lengthening the instars and delaying maturity and greatly increasing 
the length of the life cycle. 


NATURAL ENEMIES. 


Only one natural enemy was recorded during our observations upon 
this species. This was a proctotrypid egg parasite, which Doctor Ash- 
mead pronounced a new species of the genus Hadronotus Férst. Only 
one egg mass was collected from the field. Of these eggs 12 per cent 
were parasitized. 

DISTRIBUTION. 


Say, in describing this species, reports it as being very abundant in 
Arkansas. Stal, in his Enumeratio Hemipterorum, reports it from | 
Mexico and Texas. In the Proceedings of the lowa Academy of 
Sciences Osborn reports it from Albuquerque, N. Mex. In 1905 it 
was collected in Texas at San Antonio and Cotulla by J. C. Crawford, 
at Handley by J. C. Crawford and W. D. Pierce, at Rosser by C. R. 
Jones and F. C. Bishopp, and at Gurley and Dallas by the writer. 
Pittier reports it also from Cruz de Guanacaste, Costa Rica, in Inver- 
tebrados de Costa Rica. 

CONCLUSION. 


Altho the experiments upon Apiomerus spissipes were conducted in 
the laboratory under conditions more or less unfavorable to the species, 
yet enough has been learned of its food habits to class it as a species 
of doubtful economic value, if not one of positive injury. Also, its 
scarcity in cotton fields, even tho abundant upon the borders, argues 
unfavorably. Only occasionally have specimens been observed upon 
cotton plants, and in the instances when these were observed feeding 
it was always upon ladybirds. Again, in midsummer, when weevils 
were most numerous, spzss7pes could not be found either in the cotton 
fields or near their borders. 

The only injurious insects fed upon were the boll weevil (Anthono- 
mus grandis), the pepper weevil (A. xneotinctus), the twelve-spotted 
cucumber beetle (Diabrotica 12-punctata), and a few house flies. This 
was in laboratory experiments. It is doubtful if any of these are fed 
upon more than occasionally in the field, for not a single instance has 
been recorded. 

Lastly, the great mortality of the young and consequent paucity of 
adults, the unspecialized food habits, the failure to feed to any appre- 
clable extent upon harmful insects, and the practical disappearance 
of the species from the vicinity of cultivated fields during a part of 
the summer would unquestionably place Apiomerus spissipes among 
insects of economic insignificance. 


O 


a 
3 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN NO. 63, Part V. 


ae HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


a 
f 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND, - 
~ RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. 


Bede (PT Ack? 


Assistant. 


ISSUED FEBRUARY 9, 1907. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OF FICE. 
1°9:00'7: 


a a41se 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U. Ss. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 

Washington, D. C., November 30, 1906. 

Str: [ have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as Part 

V of Bulletin No. 63, a brief paper, by Mr. F. C. Pratt of this Bureau, 

on the pepper weevil, an insect which has proven very destructive to 

different varieties of peppers in certain localities in Texas and which, 

owing to a similarity in appearance to the boll weevil, has in some 
cases been confused with that insect. | 

Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, 


Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, 


Secretary of Agriculture. 


If 


CONTENTS. 
Page. 
nrtrnae earn eta Se ae ss bn eens see eee nee = 5 =~ 55 
Co 2 See Se eee ee ee eee 55 
LE 2 9) sae ee poe 56 
anerat een aee oe Ae re Me ve eee 2G ee ele se 56 
inn mete Son Pe a a se shee et eee 57 
MMe eee 22 2 2 Se 2-28 - Jo, 2-2 2S --- 4-2 - 58 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 

" PLATES. 

| Page. 


- Prats IL. Work of the pepper weevil (Anthonomus xneotinctus). Fig. 1.— 
: Emergence holes of adult in chilli pepper. Fig. 2.—Fuil grown larve in 
_ situin chilli pepper. Fig. 3.—Pupz in cells in chilli pepper. Fig. 4.— 
‘S Undeveloped bell pepper pod, showing numerous egg and feeding punc- 

tures. Figs. 5, 6.—Malformed bell pepper pods, caused by egg punctures. 56 


TEXT FIGURE. 


’ Fig. 10. The pepper weevil (Anthonomus eneotinctus): adult.............--.- 56 


oS. D,. A., B. EB. Bul. 63, Part V. C. B. W. 1., February 9. 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. 
(Anthonomus ezneotinctus Champ. ) 


By F. C. Prart, Assistant. 


OCCURRENCE IN TEXAS. 


In a previous bulletin” Mr. C. M. Walker gives an account of the 
pepper weevil, which had been injuring peppers in Texas. Investiga- 
tion during the fall of 1905 resulted in proving the disappearance of 
this insect at Boerne, Tex., where it was first reported. Diligent 
search in October and November by the writer, who was assisted by 
Mr. L. Lamm, failed to show the existence of the weevils at that 
place, altho peppers had been grown as extensively as before. 

At San Antonio, Tex., many truckers had given up the growing of 
peppers on account of their experience the year previous, and on one 
patch at Collins Gardens fully 80 per cent of the pods were attacked, 
and several bushels of chilli and sweet peppers were shipped from 
there to Dallas for observation. 

Several places, Floresville, Seguin, and New Braunfels, in the 
vicinity of San Antonio, were visited to ascertain the extent of the 
infested territory, but without success. Corpus Christi also was vis- 
ited, but no injury was noticed and no reports were obtained concern- 
ing the weevils. 

Mr. J. C. Crawford reported the presence of the weevil about 8 
miles south of San Antonio, the grower having claimed to have noticed 
this insect for several years. At Cotulla, Tex., Mr. Henry Caley 
reported slight injury at one of his oe fae near that place, 
altho the insect was not seen by the writer. 


ORIGIN. 


That this insect (adult, fig. 10) has been introduced into the United 
States from Mexico in recent years, there is no doubt, the exact date 
at this time being undeterminable. Inquiries at San Antonio com- 
_ Mission houses elicited the information that peppers were shipped 
_ from Laredo, Artesia, and Cotulla. As a matter of fact, few peppers 


* _ are raised at these places, the principal crop being carens, Mr. Caley, 
eat Cotulla, denied ever shipping peppers and was very skeptical about 


a Bul. 54, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. ae 3 Dpe 43-48, 1905. 
5d 


D6 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


any having been shipped from there atany time. Further information 
showed that peppers were bought up in carload lots in Mexico and 
shipped to the United States and without much ~ 
doubt rebilled from the localities mentioned 
to give an impression that these peppers were 
home grown. Dr. A. W. Morrill reported 
that a large number of peppers were shipped 
annually to the United States from the dis- 
tricts of Zacatecas and San ‘Luis Potosi, 
Mexico, and he had collected the weevil at 
Tlahualilo, Durango, Mexico. 


FOOD PLANTS. 


Fic. 10.—Pepper weevil (Anthon- It is evident that the weevil does not breed 
omus xneotinctus): Adult. s j E 
Much enlarged (after Hunter in the wild or bird pepper, for these plants 
eet were examined thoroly at all the points visited 


as well as at Victoria, Tex. The bell or sweet pepper (PI. I, figs. 
4-6), chilli (PI. 11, figs. 1-3), and tabasco peppers of several varieties 
are always affected wherever the weevil occurs. 


NATURAL ENEMIES. 


As in the case of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.), altho 
a few parasites were reared, these did not occur in sufficient numbers 
to keep the insect in check. Mr. J. C. Crawford has identified the 
parasitic species as Bracon mellitor Say, and Catolaccus incertus Ashm. 
A small ant, Solenopsis geminata Fab.,“ was noticed to be actively 
engaged in removing larve and pupe from the pods which had 
weevil exit holes in them, but in no case did the ants make an entrance 
themselves. 

In the parasite breeding cages thousands of small mites were 
observed by Mr. W. W. Yothers, who reported that their presence in 
no way incommoded the weevils. 

To determine the average number of weevils that may infest the 
chilli peppers, several experiments were tried, with the following - 
results: 


Number of 


re ee a Or) weevils Period covered. | 
eer hig emerged. | 
Dt t, aside, 80 86 Oct. 18-Nov.4. | 
oe 230 156 Do. 
sees peo 200 143 | Oct. 18—Nov. 11. 
¥.teges eee i 100 123 Oct. 18-Oct. 31. 
Total _. 610 508 


Thus it will be noticed that an average of nearly one adult to each 
pod was bred. 


“See Bul. 63, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. An Ant Enemy of the Cot- 
ton Boll Weevil. By W. E. Hinds. 


Bul, 63, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PILATE #H. 


WoRK OF THE PEPPER WEEVIL (ANTHONOMUS AENEOTINCTUS CHAMP). 


Fig. 1—Emergence holes of adult in chilli pepper. Fig. 2.—Full-grown larva in sitw in chilli 
pepper. Fig. 3.—Pupz in cells in chilli pepper. Fig. 4——Undeveloped bell pepper pod, 
showing numerous egg and feeding punctures. Figs. 5, 6.—Malformed bell pepper pods, 
caused by egg punctures. Figs. i-3 three times natural size; fig. 4 twice natural size: figs. 
5, 6 one-half natural size. (Original.) 


cs 


NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. 57 


The maximum numbers of individuals found in two pods were as 
follows: 


4 
11 


No 
Over 


Pod.|} Adults. | Pupe. Larve. “Total, 
1 
5 
| 


Many pods showed six egg punctures, from which five larvee, in 
one instance, developed. It was also noticed that in nearly every 
case where egg insertion was made beyond the middle of the pod the 
larva was to be found slightly back of the puncture, but where the 
egg was deposited between the stem and middle of the pod the larva 
was located immediately underneath. The average number of egg 
punctures to a pod proved to be about two and one-third. 


PROLIFERATION. «@ 


Proliferation was noticed in pods purchased in market at San 
Antonio, Tex., October 6, 1905, and the following two series of experi- 
ments were conducted by Dr. W. E. Hinds and Mr. W. W. Yothers: 


Experiments to determine the effects on the pepper weevil of proliferation in the pepper pods. 


FIRST SERIES. 


Pods with proliferation. Pods without proliferation. | Peeq- 

me = ing 

i a ages punc- 

3 Stages alive. Stages dead. | alive. Stages dead. ame 

is ee 

| | | 

| =I | | | i) S 

{ | | | | . —— 

Date. | °% . | z st rey | a |s 
g 3 eliee ‘ | | a | | aS 

iS 5 als | So leet | | |o | 8 ]a 

hes, 2 2 | e| | Be al | 3 a |e 

is ra 21 S| S| ge | 3 || 

3 |8| = a | S| aie Be See ee = (eels 

io io | @ g B2l2\¢ Blols|OoleigliZie o | aE 
Bee SC SIE Ble Se eal elSlelIEBl ec 2 

= o a 2) | | Rema 

P42 (4/ 8% je/Ajele/<4 iS) & lala lala 4 BidiQiel a | Ie 

| 
| | 
Oct. 17..; 100) 41) 41.0) 0; 18] 25) 8] 614/41 par.; 0} 3.4) 59/59.0 20) 22, 24, 7 2) 12 26) 47 
ero ote 19; 4) 21.1) 0} 3} 0} | oO Oo 0, 0.0} 15/78.9, 7} 0! 0} 0} 0} 0.0) 12) 27 
119; 45) 37.8 0} 21) 25) 9) 6 2 0 0| 3.2) 74/62.2 27|.22° 24 7 2 11.0 38| 74 
! | | | 


Oct.14..| 12) 11) 91.7 0 13] 10 6| 1 | 1) 5.0 1| 8.31 0} o| o a 0 a 3 45 
Do...| 120) 111} 92.5] 0) 125] 102] 19] 34] 1 I} 0| 0.7) 9] 7.5! 2) of of 0} 0] Ol Ce) \(c) 
Oct. 31..| 21) 21 100.0, 1) 55} 34) 10) 1) 1 0 010.0 0 0 Of 0 0} 0 OF Oo} i65) 9 


| | | 
158 a 93.5 1 193/146 38 41) 3 1 12) 10 6.5) J 0 J pial nce 
ame / 


| | 


aSee also Bul. 59, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agric., p. 38, 1906. 
> This is a record of the proliferated areas on inside of pods and is a minimum.—W. E. H. 
¢ Not recorded. 


58 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


REMEDIES. 


In addition to the usual gathering and destroying of fallen pepper | 
pods, cultural experiments were conducted in the following manner: 
Some pods were buried in boxes under 1, 2, and 3 inches of soil 
respectively, keeping one series dry and the other moist—conditions 
which would result necessarily from irrigation. In the former series 
the pods dried up and in the latter the pods rotted. 7 


Experiments to determine the effect upon the pepper weevil of covering fallen infested pods 
with soil. 7 


$+ WES eS ae are : 


ee ‘ Number of 
/Num- | Number’) popin / Condi- | . Name weevils 
ber of | of punc- per | tion of Period covered. | W&*! found dead 
é = f soils} ~S; | emerging [| ; : 
pods. tures. soil. | ‘Oct.19-Nov.4.| 2 soil 
| pabedady te ; Nov. 17. 
; 
Inches. | 
25 62 | 1 | Wet ....) Oct. 19-Noy, 14...) 1 adult; 1 | 6 adults. 
| parasite 
25 61 ti he 8) a eee Bee 7 | 0 eet 9 adults... ..| 12 adults 
; 25 56 A'S a M5 oa ae 4 adultsa ladult 
25 | 60 Sree 2.1. sae Gp 228. es 3adults....- | dadults. 
50 115 oy ee os ee a Me> son oe 15 adults....| 1dadults. 


: 


| 
i 


z a Three of these weevils dicd as.soon as they came thru the soil. 

Thus it will be readily seen that the covering of the fallen pods every 
two to three weeks with from 1 to 3 inches of soil would be adyan- 
tageous. This could be arranged by bedding high and then lowering 
the soil. Where irrigation is practised the decay of the pods is greatly 
hastened, thus depriving the larve of this food supply. It is only fair 
to state that at the time the pods in these experiments were buried 
most of the larve were nearly full fed, consequently a larger number 
- came to maturity than would have been the case had burial occurred 
while the larvee were small. Two other experiments were conducted 
by Mr. W. W. Yothers in large cages in the open, with the following 
results: 


Experiments to determine the effect wpon the pepper weevil of covering fallen infested pods 
with soil. . 


~ . | Number . 
Number Depthof Condition Date of bana e. ) 
of pods. soil. of soil. | Exton. | Weevils.| in soit Nov. 15:1 
= * |emerged. Cae 

Inches. on 
500 | we Oct. 20 | 64 | None found. |! 
450 yok Hes 1 oe eee Oct. . 28 50 Do. / 


| 
| 
' } 


a Heavy rains October 24 and November 10. 


October 31 about 200 of the last-mentioned lot of pods were examined 
and found to contain 73 living and 9 dead stages; of this number 47 


were pupe and 15 were larve. The latter necessarily would have — 


starved, owing to the rapid decay of the buried pods. 


O 


7 es OPP An tae? OF AGRICULTURE, 


BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. 63, PART VI. 


C J L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


Ey 


- PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
> _ RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. _ 


| THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL 
IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES IN 1905. 


BY 


mW. MORRILL; 
Special Field Agent. 


ISSUED JANUARY 22, 1907. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
| LOT. 


_ LETTER OF TRANSMIFTAL. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
Bureau OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., December 1, 1906. 
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a brief report on the 
status of the strawberry weevil in the south-central States in 1905, by 
Dr. A. W. Morrill, special field agent in this Bureau. As this straw- 
berry pest is related to the boll weevil and is extensively parasitized 
there is a possibility that some one or more of its parasites may be 
induced to attack the boll weevil. Its greater or less abundance in or 
near the region infested by the boll weevil is therefore a matter of 
importance. JI recommend the publication of the report as Bulletin 
No. 63, Part V1, of this Bureau. 
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, 
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. JAMEs Witson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


" 


CON EE NTS. 


1 


r 


4. 
* 
a 


U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 63, Part VI. Cc. B. W. I., January 22, 1907. 


Peareks ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. =~ 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES 
IN 1905. 


(Anthonomus signatus Say.) 


By A. W. Morri1, 
Special Field Agent. 


ee or some time the Bureau of Entomology has been experimenting 
along the line of inducing parasites of related native species of 
weevils to prey upon the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis 
Boh. ). One of the commonest and most parasitized of such weevils is 
the strawberry weevil (Anthonomus signatus Say). It was conse- 
q quently important to ascertain whether this insect occurred in or near 
| the infested regions of Texas and Louisiana and to whut extent it was 
controlled by parasites: 

In connection with this work, during the month of April, 1905, 

advantage was taken of an opportunity to observe the occurrence ed 
injury of the strawberry weevil in the leading strawberry-producing 
tions of Texas, Louisiana, and. Arkansas. Examinations were 
nade in all cases in the idence season when the insects would, if 
present, occur in their greatest abundance. In consideration of the 
destructiveness of this species in the strawberry fields of Maryland 
and North Carolina during the past few years, the data concerning its 
occurrence and nonoccurrence in the important strawberry-growing 
sections of other States are deemed of sufficient importance to be 
recorded. | 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN TEXAS. 


_ According to the latest available statistics (1899),* more than four- 
fifths of the strawberries produced in the State of Texas are grown in 
wo limited areas comprizing three counties. Of these sections the 


«Twelith Census of the United States, 1900. 
59 


60 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


one ranking first in importance includes Brazoria and Galveston coun- 
ties—two adjoining coast counties near the southeastern corner of the 
State. In this section examinations were made on April 7 and 8 at 
Alvin and Galveston, respectively, but without finding any indications 
of the presence of the strawberry weevil. The second largest straw- 
berry-growing section of Texas is included in Smith County, near the 
northeastern corner of the State. An examination was made at Tyler, 
near the center of this section, on April 13, and again on April 28. 
On the first of these dates a single adult specimen was taken, and on 
the second occasion two adult specimens. In a total of about three 
hours spent near Tyler in fields of strawberries, blackberries, and 
dewberries, searching for these weevils and for evidence of their 
work, only the three adults and less than fifty injured buds were found. 

The only published record known to the writer of the strawberry 
weevil’s occurrence in Texas was by Dr. F. H. Chittenden,? who reported 
injury by this species, in 1897, to blackberries and dewberries near 
Denison, in Grayson County, in the north-central section of the State. 
The fruit farms of the two correspondents who reported serious losses 
in that year were visited by the writer on April 21, 1905, and examina- 
tions made in fields of strawberries, blackberries, and dewberries. One 
of the owners reported that the weevils had been scarcely noticeable 
since April, 1897, when they were very destructive and so abundant 
that on Sn days they seemed to fairly swarm on the foliage of the 
food plants. This encouraging report concerning its scarcity in recent 
years gives ground for the hope that conditions in northern Texas will 
as a rule be unfavorable for this pest, altho a certain degree of inter- 
mittence in abundance during a series of years has been generally 
observed in other localities. 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN LOUISIANA. 


In 1899, as shown by the Census report,’ 90 per cent of the straw- 
berries produced in this State were grown in Tangipahoa Parish. 
This parish is located a short distance northwest of New Orleans. 
Hammond, one of the two leading shipping points in the parish, was 
visited on April 11. Examinations in strawberry fields and of wild 
blackberry bushes along the roadsides, in a downpour of rain, resulted 
in finding no evidence of the presence of the strawberry weevil near this 
place. As the day was so far from an ideal one for finding adults of 
this species, the only significant point is the failure to find a single 
flower bud injured in a manner to cause their presence to be suspected. 


@ Bul. 10, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., pp 82-83. 
» Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. 


STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES. 61 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN ARKANSAS. 


The strawberry-growing industry in Arkansas is a very important 
one, in 1899 the production of this State being nearly four times that of 
Texas and Louisiana combined; or, in round numbers, nearly 13,000,000 
quarts. Three sections of the State were visited, including the 
two leading strawberry-growing districts which together produce more 
than four-fifths of all the strawberries grown in the State.“ The first in 
importance of these sections comprizes three adjoining counties in the 
northwest corner of the State—Benton, Washington, and Crawford. 
Van Buren, located in Crawford County, the southernmost of the three 
named, was visited on April 27. A single adult specimen of the 
strawberry weevil was taken on a wild blackberry growing by the 
roadside, but in the strawberry fields the only indications of its 
presence which were found were a few scattering severed flower buds. 
The second section in importance in strawberry production in Arkan- 
sas is located in White County, which is situated a short distance 
northeast of the geographical center of the State. This county in 
1899 produced one and a half million quarts of strawberries, or a 
quantity a little short of equaling the total production of the State of 
Louisiana. Bald Knob and Judsonia, two leading strawberry shipping 
points in Smith County, were visited on April 25. Many strawberry 
fields were visited, and the weevil was found to be moderately abun- 

- dant near these localities. The destruction in the many fields exam- 
ined was estimated to range from 5 to 25 per cent of the flower buds, 
averaging between 10 and 15 percent. Along the roadsides a small 
percentage of the flower buds of wild blackberries had been wholly or 
partially severed. The weevil and its destructive habits were found 
to be fairly well known among the strawberry growers in this section, 
by whom the weevil was reported to have varied in abundance from year 

_to year, and in occasional years in the past to have accomplished con- 
siderable damage. The destruction of the flower buds, as mentioned 
above, did not necessarily represent a proportionate loss to the grow- 
ers, as picking had begun about ten days earlier, and berries produced 

_ from flowers which set at a later date than the: writer’s examination 

‘ very likely would remain unpicked owing to the expected falling off 

in the market demands. The third locality in Arkansas where an 

_ examination was made is near the center of the State, 1 mile from 

' Little Rock. An hour’s search in a strawberry field on April 26 

_ revealed a few severed buds, while not a hundred yards away wild 

_ blackberries, which were very common along the roadsides, had 

_ from 5 to 10 per cent of their flower buds destroyed. The only adult 

specimen of the strawberry weevil taken in this vicinity was on a 

blackberry bush. 


il ain a as he el 


tie a a 


«Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. 


62 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL) WEEVIL, ETC. 
VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES GROWN. 


At Alvin, Tex., the favorite variety among the strawberry growers 
is the Klondike, while at the other Jocalities mentioned individual 
preference seems to be divided between the Lady Thompson, Michel, 
and Excelsior varieties. In the section of the country to which these 
notes refer, the writer has never met any strawberry growers who use 
any but bisexual varieties. Arkansas growers, who probably suffer 
more or less loss every year from the strawberry weevil, should be 
encouraged to introduce suitable early pistillate varieties, as the insect 
in that State threatens to cause, occasionally at least, considerable . 
destruction. 


O 


U. S-DEPARTMENT_OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN NO. 63, Part VII. 


L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


~ 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 


BY 


A. ©. MORGAN, 
Special Field Agent. 


ISSUED FEBRUARY 9, 1907. 


2 
nk TI EEN Maw 
\ COTTON ri 
SW ae Wee 
7) wi Z | 
a) 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1907. | 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., December 1, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a short account of the 
cotton stalk-borer, prepared by Mr. A. C. Morgan, special field 
agent in this Bureau. Altho this insect appears, as a rule, to attack 
cotton stalks which are already injured or diseased, thus causing only 
slight damage to the crop, Mr. Morgan finds evidence that healthy 
stalks may be occasionally attacked. JI recommend the publication of 
the paper as Part VII of Bulletin No. 63 of the Bureau of Entomology. 


Respectfully, ; 
L. O. Howarp, 


Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
« Hon. JAMES WILSON, | 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


aw DANAE EN GBSe 


Page 
NRNIEININU IES to Se ke eee oN Pee iat ta a en 63 
Roum ieonres, fy eS Ee Na Su Saute a eee Se yeas 63 
ee ML Teo Met yh lS es Se oe es eee Ss oe SE ee 64 
Pemmmanaeeconomic importance... 5. 92.2.2. -2--. See eee eee eee 64 
Menmumemmemrrntniess 6) 302s.) 2s Sobol. 8 ie Sane et ee AN 65 
Remedy ....- ee tomer een aeeeiees eee. SL, HP te We Se ek Se 65 
ae SS RS a 66 
EECUS FRATTON Ss: 
: Page. 
PuaTe lll. Fig. 1.—Adult orbeetle. Fig. 2.—a, galleries; b, work. -Fig. 3.— 

Emergence holes of adults. Fig. 4.—a, larva in situ; b, pupa in situ. | 

Fig. 5.—a, gallery running into root of plant; +, castings behind larva -.- 64 


1GU 


; 
. 


a a Ee Pe 


as 


U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 63, Part VII. C. BOW. L., February 9, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 


( Ataxia crypta Say. ) 


By A. C. MorGay, 
Special Field Agent. 


During October, 1905, while inspecting cotton tields in the vicinity 
of Yoakum, Tex., the writer’s attention was attracted by the great 
number of dead stalks. Examination showed that these stalks con- 
tained larve, pup, and adults. of the cotton stalk-borer (Atawza 
crypta Say). 

DISTRIBUTION. 


The specimen which Say described in 1832 as Lama crypta came 
from Louisiana. Haldeman’s specimen, described as A. sordida, came 
from Alabama. Leng and Hamilton recorded the species from Penn- 
sylvania, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico. In Biologia 
Centrali-Americana its habitat is extended to Almolonga, Mexico. It 
has been reported to the Department from Tucson, Ariz.; New Orleans, 
La.; Savannah, Ga.; Grant, Fla.; and Round Mountain, San Diego, 
Beeville, Bexar, Edgar, Flatonia, and Dallas, Tex. During 1905 the 
writer found it in Texas at Yoakum, Sublime, Corpus Christi, Cotulla, 
Alice, and Victoria. During February and March of 1906, Mr. W. W. 
Yothers collected hibernating adults from cotton bolls at Athens, 
Brenham, Navasota, and Calvert. Tex., and on March 1, 1906, the 
writer also obtained specimens from bolls at Flatonia, same State. 


HOST PLANTS. 


The cotton stalk-borer attacks a number of plants. At Tucson, 
Ariz., it was reported on Helianthus and Xanthium. At Savannah, 
Ga.; New Orleans, La., and Round Mountain, Tex., larve have been 
found boring in the twigs and trunk of the fig. Mr. E. A. Schwarz 
informs the writer that it has been bred frequently from the stem of 


Ambrosia, and one report of the borer in this plant was received by 


63 


64 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


the Department from Edgar, Tex. On March 1, 1906, the writer 
found larve in the stems of. Ambrosia and Helianthus at Flatonia, 
Tex. It has been reported breeding in cotton from Bexar and San 
Diego, Tex., and the writer found it in October, 1905, breeding in this 
plant at Yoakum, Sublime, and Victoria, and in November at Alice, 
Tex. The adult has been reported from peach and apricot, but there — 
are no records to show that it injures either of these plants. Leng 
and Hamilton state that specimens. were found boring in dry twigs of 
box elder (Acer negundo) and hackberry. 


LIFE HISTORY. 


Very little work has been done upon the life history of this species. 
The egg is laid upon the host plant and the larva upon hatching bores 
into the bark or wood of the plant, where it feeds until full grown, 
pupates, and finally, when adult, cuts its way out. The winter is very 
probably past in any of the three stages of larva, pupa, or adult, for 
it has been reported by Mr. E. A. Schwarz as emerging in May, 1897, 
from a stalk of cotton cut in December, 1896. In October. 1905, the 
writer found the insect in cotton stalks in all stages of development 
from the very small larva to the adult ready to emerge from the stalk. 

In southwest Texas, where the winters are very mild, it is very 
likely that development proceeds slowly all winter long, except in the 
most severe winters, when it would probably cease for a few weeks. 


INJURY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. 


Rarely has the cotton stalk-borer been reported, and in no case has 
serious damage been ascribed to it., Altho it was described by Say 
as early as 1832, no mention is made of it in economic literature until 
1896, and since that time only five short notes have been made, all of 
which are apparently based upon Dr. L. O. Howard’s first published 
notice in 1896, which reads as follows: 

There is but one borer in the stalks of cotton, and that is the long-horned beetle 
known as Ataxia crypta (Say). It is occasionally mistaken for an enemy of the 
‘plant, but investigation has shown that it lays its eggs upon, and its larvee bore into, 
only such stalks as have been damaged by some other cause, such as rust. It follows 
injury to the plant rather than causes it. 

The rather general occurrence of this insect at Yoakum, Tex., in 
1905 has made it seem advisable to publish this more extended note. 
Twenty-six fields were examined in this locality, and showed that from 
5 to 10 per cent of the stalks were infested by this insect. One field 
had 20 to 25 per cent of its stalks injured by the borer. It is to he 
regretted that the discovery of this infested locality was not made 
earlier in the season, so that a more conclusive study could have heen 
made. 


Bul. 63, Part Vil, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE III. 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER (ATAXIA CRYPTA). 


Fig. 1.—Adult or beetle. Fig. 2.—a, Galleries; }, work. Fig. 3—Emergence holes of adults. 
Fig. 4.—a, Larva in situ; b, pupa in situ. Fig. 5.—a, Gallery running into root of plant; b, 
castings behind larva. Fig.1 twice natural size; figs. 2-5 two-thirds natural size. (Original. ) 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 65 


As has been stated by Doctor Howard, it is the larva of the borer 
that works in the cotton stalk. It confines its attack to the pith of the 
plant. The amount of injury depends upon the size of the plant and 
the number of borers. The writer found one plant about 3 feet high 
at Yoakum which contained eight larve, and which showed four 
emergence holes. The twelve borers had eaten out all the pith from 
the smallest branches to 3 inches below the surface of the ground in 
the tap-root. The small twigs were only thin shells and crumpled like 
paper between the fingers. 

Nearly all infested plants showed unmistakable evidence of previous 
injury, yet the comparatively fresh and healthy condition of a few 
stalks points to the probability of an occasional attack upon perfectly 
healthy stalks. In the field showing an infestation of 20 to 25 per 
cent of its stalks it was estimated that the injured stalks had borne 
at least 80 per cent as much cotton to a stalk as had the uninjured 
ones. If it is true that the borer attacks only such stalks as are dis- 
eased or otherwise injured, then only a little damage can be attributed 
to it; yet the borer’s attack, added to the injury due to disease, must 
hasten the death of the plant and thereby lessen the number of bolls 
. to mature. « 
| : NATURAL ENEMIES. 


From material collected at Yoakum, Tex., on October 28 two para- 
sites of Ataxia crypta were bred. One, [eterospilus websteri Ashm.., 
had entirely covered the pupa of A. crypta with its cocoons. In the 
majority of cases, however, this parasite had spun its cocoon after 
crawling away from the body of its host. Several masses of these 
cocoons were found with no trace of either the larva or pupa of A. 
cerypta visible, and in one instance the larve of this parasite were 
found in a hollow cotton stalk and no form of A. crypta near. The 
_ second parasite belongs to the genus Etroxys and is a new species. 
_ There is some doubt that this species is a parasite upon Ataxia, but 
_ since it is parasitic upon beetles and its pupe were found in a stalk 
bored out by A. crypta, it is here placed on record as.a parasite of the 
latter. 

REMEDY. 


If at any time the injury by the insect should become serious the 
_ numbers of the borer can be easily reduced by destroying the infested 
_ stalks early in the fall. The time of destruction must, of course, vary 
in different localities, but it should be as early in October as possible 
for the latitude of Yoakum. By October 28 not more than 10 per 
cent of the borers had emerged. If the stalks had been destroyed 
_ early in October very few borers would have escaped. To obtain the 
_ best results, stalks should not be cut but plowed out, for many of the 


66 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


horers go 2 or 3 inches below the surface of the ground in the tap-root 
and pupate there. In regions infested by the boll weevil, if the 
farmers would follow the directions given by this Bureau for the 
destruction of stalks, the cotton stalk-borer would not appear. In 


regions uninfested by the boll weevil but infested by the cotton stalk-. 


borer, an occasional examination.of infested areas for the emergence 
holes of the borer or an examination of the stages in the stalk— which 
can be made by splitting the stalk with a knife—will show the planter 
when to begin plowing and burning. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


1832. Say, THomas.—Insects of Louisiana, pp. 5 and 6, and pie pe of North 
America (Le Conte, ed.), vol. 1, p. 302. 
Original description under the name of Lamia crypta. 


1847. HALDEMAN, S. 8.—Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 10, p. 56. 
A description of the insect under the name Ataxia sordida. 


1878. Scowarz, E. A.—Coleoptera of Florida. < Proc. Am. Phil. Soe., Vol. XVII, 
p. 457. 
1883. Le Conte, J. L., and Horn, G. H.—Classification of Coleoptera of North 
America, p. 329. 
Authority for present nomenclature. 
1885. Batrs, H. W.—-Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 5, p. 347. 
A short note upon synonymy. 
1896. Howarp, L. O.—Bul. 33, Office of Experiment Stations, p. 347. 
‘First economic note. 
1896. Lenc, Cuas. W., and Hamitron, Jonn.—The Lamiinz of North America. 
<Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, p. 1438. 
1897. Howarp, L. O.—Farmers’ Bul. No. 47, U. 8. Dept. Agric., p. 28. 
1899. SanpERson, E. D.—Cotton Planters’ Journal, May, 1899. 
1902. SanpErson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 197, 198. 
1905. SanpErson, E. D.—Farmers’ Bul. No. 223, U. 8. Dept. Agric., p. 17. 
1906. SaAnpERSON, E. D.—Bul. No. 57, Bureau of Entomology, U. 8. Dept. of Agric., 
p- 38. 


‘ 


O 


is te all 


eo OELPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 


BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 68. 
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


me 


SCONTENTS AND INDEX. 


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IssuEp Juty 17, 1909. 


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WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICER. 


1909. 


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os. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULFURE, 
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 63. 
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


*; 


"PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


I. HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By E. DWIGHT SANDERSON, Formerly State Entomologist of Texas. 


I. NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN WEEVILS RELATED 
TO THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By W. DWIGHT PIERCH, Special Field Agent. 


IT. AN ANT ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 
By W. E. HINDS, Jn Charge of Cotton Boll Weevil Laboratory. 
IV. A PREDATORY BUG REPORTED AS AN ENEMY OF THE 
COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By A. C. MORGAN, Special Field Agent. 


V. NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. 


By K.-C. PRAWD, Assistant. 


7 LS ye 
r ail ae arene 5 ¢ 


Vl. THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES IN 1905 


By A. W. MORRILL, Special Field Agent. 


; VU. THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 


By A. C. MORGAN, Special Field Agent. 


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WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
19:09, 


BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
C. L. Maruatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. 
. R.S. Cureton, Executive Assistant. 
C. J. Gruss, Chief Clerk. 


F. H. CurrrenpDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. 
A. D. Hopxtns, in charge of forest insect investigations. 

W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. 
F. M. Wester, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. 
A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. 
E. F. Pururps, in charge of bee culture. 

D. M. RoceErs, in charge of gipsy moth field work. 

A. W. Morritt, in charge of white fly investigations. 

W. F. Fiske, in charge of aipsy moth laboratory. 

R. S. Woetivum, in charge of hydrocyanic acid gas investigations. 

R. P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. 

MaBEL Co.corpD, librarian. 


SoUTHERN FIeLp Crop Insect INVESTIGATIONS. 
W. D. Hunter, in charge. 


W. D. Pierce, R. A. Cusoman, C. E. Hoop, E. 8. Tucker, engaged in cotton boll 
weevil investigations. 

F. C. BrsHopp, J. D. Mircnett, H. P. Woon, engaged in cattle tick life history investi- 
gations. 

A. C. Morean, C. R. JonEs, engaged in tobacco insect investigations. 

D. L. Van Dre, engaged in sugar-cane and rice insect investigations. 

F. C. Pratt, engaged in cactus insect investigations. 


Ly 


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meri” 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., June 10, 1909. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as 


_ Bulletin No. 63, seven papers dealing with the cotton boll weevil and 
_ related and associated insects. These papers, which were issued sep- 
q oy during the early part of the year 1907, are as follows: Hiber- 
nation and Development of the Cotton Boll Weevil, by E. Dwight 


Sanderson; Notes on the Biology of Certain Weevil Related to the 
— Cotton Boll Weevil, by W. Dwight Pierce; An Ant Enemy of the 
Cotton Boll Weevil, by W. E. Hinds; A ees gee Bug Reported as 
_an Enemy of the SS Boll Weevil, by A. C. Morgan; Notes on the 
- Pepper Weevil, by F.C. Pratt; The ete Weevilin the South- 
Central States in 1905, by A. W. Morrill; The Cotton Stalk-Borer, 
> by A. C. Morgan. . 
Be eectfully, ; L. O. Howarp, 


Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. JAMEs WILson, 


Secretary af he amcen 


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Hibernation and development of the cotton boll weevil. . E. Dwight Sanderson. . 
MmereoMeoOn..... -.. 2.2. aes. ase al op La SS MRC RM ECP OA SAR 
eannarerres res Ue that Kok LOAN RY I ey SL OPE OR: 


Number of weevils entering hibernation....-.........--.......-..--. 
_--_-—« Development of immature stages during normal period of hibernation. 
q Mortality of hibernating weevils. - be Se Te A ao 
Time of greatest mortality during ee nee iG WR TANGY: Sal SPP A OP eh Es 
erie Huda ge iL bie o..W at. Bol kad 
Time of emergence from hibernation........-..-.-.......-------.---- 
oe mon oe biGernanOm eso 2 2S. eS ee. 
Sumemnetnaeviode al the weevils... i005. .05 0.0.0 622 2-22 ee ee 
mre suIner WEOOUS.. Fs ie 2... 2 sae co ede el.i. Pie. 
ereminoreuceian tie weevil. v.225.. 202/12... 8.252220 22... ee 
Injury to squares in relation to the natural increase of squares......-. 
Notes on the biology of certain weevils related to the cotton boll weevil 
| W. Dwight Pierce. . 
2 ETc aha I prone c abe ke pie 
EME en pn CUUS LGC. 222524 2222-8 open 2 Se Soe mage ee ede 
EINER RE CrrenueG cs. 8 ia) noc BS ites oP oe DIP alee ees, OR 
MErNEEmarss@mCmOsUs LeC..-...-.-----------22-s-05+0-2 seer eee eee 
IE Nig gn tee hs) Mone Myased. laws, 2 
MRC ges de eld Se ede uel Sede Gees eoee biden ke ayes 
nant enemy of the cotton boll weevil. (Solenopsis geminata Fab. var. zylont 
Pec). orn le SEY See eer ocr een: ..W. E. Hinds. . 
Reduction co. SE eee POA ee, ke Rt eee eer ee wee 
nErIIIrN CNOA he ie bs ee aa debe Ses oh eee PEELS 
_ An enemy of the cotton leaf-worm and bollworm..............-....------ 
lis work as an enemy of the cotton boll weevil.............2-..2-.-..--- 
IIMA 68 ALE eco evi sed. ems ead He hs Vt! bk ek 
A A predatory bug ata as an enemy of the cotton boll weevil. (Agimens 
ee tpes Bay) -- a ouabain td eat oy oth xe bude AROr Oe = 
Introduction oi ree ees thee ss ae a WP ee ee ea ce 


Bema ai liie CyCle.. 2.225 We yoc en ne PROV RIA IE, SOU eRe SRL a 
NEE eR cp. hc fh SW nel Drs I AMES kw oe 
REM 0s OP hh em bue ae L, Cre See ely on Oe 
MeemrciMsint...-........2-.------. Ly gk eI en Ao SE Ay SNe eR 


vil 


Pemumencerine Iinernamonr Cac. 7 eos yicd 222 Ye 


Vill PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. q 
Page. 
Notes on the pepper weevil. (Anthonomus xeneotinctus Champ.)..F. C. Pratt... 55 
Occurrence in Teuag..02!42..5 50) iv. - 1, Ra i te ie 5d | 
OFigta |. 3.2 eRe ee oe ee eee 55 
Hood plints: 2!) 253754 2S BESS UA Beth C198 me reer eee 56 
Natural enemues. 2. less fetes fee Se ee Seer 56 
Proliferation sc 2 22) 585 ose 85 oe te in ie re ee 57 
Remedies. .2.cs25 s. iagecag ke Joe tap ae oe es ae ey ee 58 
The strawberry weevil in the South-Central States in 1905. (Anthonomus sig- . 
natus Say) oiedor lh sek ea AEE ee eee soe A.W. Morrill. . 59 
The strawberry weevil in Texas. ._.........-.32..5--..-1.. = eee 59 
The strawberry weevil in Louisiana.....-.......-.--..---.. 42... 60 
The strawberry. weevil m Arkansas... ~~: 5... .....4)4-2<.-~--2 4059s a 61 | 
Varieties of strawberries grown. ......2. 222+. -.---/-=-+-.+-1 eee =e 62 a 
The cotton stalk-borer. (Ataxia crypta Say) ..-...-----------4 A. C. Morgan... 63 
Distribution... -- wis LeU Yaedh ce 5 ee ee an oa 63 : 
Host plants... 2... 222. 2. e oo 2 a 2 pe ee Se ee 63 
Life history..2524 4. 656. Ae Seep: wee Bi ee 64 
Injury and economic importance. --.-.-..2---.:--+:+--++2524- ope 64 
Natural enemies .. 2. - -. 4252 bo eye Het BE Gel eb 2s a 65 
Remedy 20.20. 2 2 2 he ee ee el 65 
Bibliography): 2... 2 <.252 25 2b 2 ea 3 oe ee 66 


Lio RA LON Nes, 


PLATES. 


Puiate I. Work of Lixus musculus and Orthoris crotch. Fig. 1.—Gall of Lizus 
musculus and exit hole of adult on stem of Polygonum pennsyl- 
vanicum. Fig. 2.—Gall of Lixvus musculus and entrance hole 
(closed) of pyralid caterpillar on stem of Polygonum. Fig. 3.— 

Pod of Mentzelia nuda showing two egg punctures of Orthoris 
crotchu. Fig. 4.—Pod of Mentzelia opened, showing a cluster of 
Orthoris crotch cells, and the cocoons of Tetrastichus. Figs. 5, 
6.—Interior of pod of the same, showing several cells of Orthoris 
crotchii. Fig. 7.—An isolated cell of Orthoris crotchii, showihg the 
iMmamnerin whieh the seedsiare eaten ......-.40) 2622. l.s--52-452- 

II. Work of the pepper weevil (Anthonomus Soa: Fig. 1.— 
Emergence holes of adult in chilli pepper. Fig. 2.—Full-grown 

larvee in situ in chilli pepper. Fig. 3.—Pupe in cells in chilli pep- 

per. Fig. 4.—Undeveloped bell-pepper pod, showing numerous 

ege and feeding punctures. Figs. 5, 6.—Malformed bell-pepper 

PUIG AUBCCT DV CEO PUNCHITES: 5 p< <0) 2 lapel eee coc ecle sen le eee se os 

Ill. The cotton stalk-borer (Ataria crypta). Fig. 1.—Adult or beetle. 
Fig. 2.—a, Galleries; 6, work. Fig. 3.—Emergence holes of 
adults. Fig. 4.—a, Larva in situ, 6, pupa im situ. Fig. 5.—a, Gal- 

lery running into root of plant; 6, castings behind larva ........-- 


TEXT FIGURES. 


Fic. 1. Daily temperatures at College Station, Tex., October 1, 1903, to June 


2. Rainfall and temperature records for College Station and Victoria, 
Pex. an 1903-4, compared with normals... -,-..-...2-.4.2-.<--.- 

3. Rainfall and temperature records of College Station and Victoria, Tex., 
mules, Compared with normials:.. 2. .1.-i22l6.7ss20.525-2462% 

4, Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1899-1901, com- 
parens with normals tor each year:........222.--..55s2--052-5.52--8 

5. Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1902-1904, com- 
pea warn normidis loneach years... 2ss2.s-0s. - sss. densa sss caes 

6. Comparison of normal temperatures, October 15 to June 15, for various 
ASCE) TELE 18 ue SM Aa NS a Bea aed ee a 

7. An ant enemy of the cotton boll weevil: Cotton squares showing emer- 
gence hole of weevil and entrance holes of Solenopsis geminata var. 
Pon, tor COMpAarigonm :.-...-...-1.<05....5-2: mage ee donc d Moe 

et puomerus spissipes: Adult, ege mass, nymph........--...---.-.----- 
PE OTIORUR SPISSIPes: WEP lo. Lot kl 2 abi e ess vee nblc sess ase usearbact 
10. The pepper weevil (Anthonomus xneotinctus): Adult.........-.....-. 


Page. 


42 


64 


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Meee aegundo, food plant of Ataxia crypta.......--.-..-------2-2---e2e-eoneee 64 
’ Alabama argillacea. (See Leaf-worm, cotton.) ; 
Reeree ood plant, ot Ajaria cry pia... 2. 2. -------- = 25 epee eee eee anes 63, 64 
Menem os Doll weevil... 4.-.-..--- 2-2. -.---245----+--- eee eee ee Ree: 45-48 
_ Anthonomus xneolus, host of Catolaccus incertus...........-..2-- 22222222 eee ee 40 
\ OLS OLOMUBRTOSITOLUI x2) = ee se ee eon ees oe ee 40 
FEY ID CUES SOD, GEIS ST ERTS Co) rane cae ne ee Ty Se 55-58 
CENA TT ET RE SON A UE Eee Aa An rena 56-57 
logd 108 Aplomerus Sissi pes »...222-52.-4e---.. 4 = 51, 52, 54 
MSU CO ONOOOMUD tale thet ne ape al 51, 52, 54 
TEI TEST aga oS Amn OP AUR 39, 56 
AMUMMEACE OL PLOMMTAMOM F298 a ee kn en 57 
115i." NESE SI ee Sa ge Oa RR a NR RR Re 5d 
CRIED rei ees The oe ade gs Ce aie oon gaye 50-56 
CH STTTIS CSS a UN» De ig COON ING a el RR Th a ne 58 
SRS ES SCIOTO PE ENR ARS Nee ge em aie Spa 4] 
OUCH OURCCH SUUOHUOTUS 92 nix cy tale 40, 41 
[BiG EP URES SSIS ne iO eal ll fal be RN te a a 4] 
FDIS, "LT TIS SR er se Cp a AUN ee I Me en hae 41-42 
BOS On PAGO WCUMUOK. 2.2 = oe ee oe et Bigs sie ae ane 2 = 40, 41 
Gil, CO AEROS URVOLUCTOUN.. <0 000 ae eg yak lee ein sos 40, 41-42 
grandis (see also Boll weevil). 
Pas AO OC MGE JA PLOMCHUS STUSSUDCS 6 an. ne ye apes de ee Sa = 51, 52, 54 
MSV COANMCI Ren eis, os a Aeros a oe ee Cae 51, 52 
BOL ManOCOM MUCUUMOP. sk soos one babs jeee eae mend eee 40, 47 
LO NUC, LYCOMETUUON Se oo oe an Seta aes ow k's 40 
PPC GMO ieee ngs rea 2 Ree ee 2 aati a No a dw a ok Bom we 39 
DeAMGMMIOE WAUMSICECL oko 54, Se hee Wels c nee esi snes Sse de 59 
eats Oil Witla Min I. LOKAR nee ep ee ee ee eee bs 40 
signers, 1000 plants. --2.--..--- Dee eM ones HIN a Gta tle an 39, 60 
THUD eT ESTAS Set aa nei nal AR le a oe 61 
T/xQSE HEI Te aR tah gg gp ge a 60 
Bomiuewenpral otates we 1900...) 2... e ele eee le 59-62 
MERE SLIMY Ail ii lo eae SUL Ne AU areola ve mia ee Behe 59-60 
SOT GT) FEDS 111 07 Ed aa le all aE ea a a 42-43 
WOss GienGCG MeLOn 0 --- ewe eee ee ee ellen 40, 43 
TEUPULOWUA UVOGCNMCIIS: -. 0) 2 ios ee gees 40, 43 
q ON GMHACM A SUUMITOSO WEG. oe ee 40, 42-43 
¥ TCE Ab Sit ly SiS fea pes as (ll A arte ee 9 2 g 43 
Aphis, cotton. (See Aphis gossypii.) 
3 Nossy pi, not proper food for Apiomerus spissipes..--......--2-.----,-- 52 
EET pis) pes; Cammibalism o 2. 2-2 e222 8 ee eee ee 53 
- EGTA UI TARE, ne, Ra allt Sl Ia oe Seg 49 
eit pire IN Ee ner sn an Seta NL ea wae 54 
2 Raa lc UR En) hg rg Oe 49-50 


PD EA 


68 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Page. 
Apiomerus spissipes, enemies. 22 02, oe et oe eke oe 2 2 54 
enemy.of bol weevali: 27). a 7 49-54 9 
food os cue dak ue SES oa ee ee 50-53 
inctibation es. Nae Soe pee cee ek 2 ae 50 
length of life cycle@c: 42. +. <01.2...20 | 4 53-54 
life hastory... 222.0122. 2 So Ae ea 2 49-50 
OVIPOSILION). .. 3 eh aes. | SSE DC ee ‘.. 62 eee 49 
Apion, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes... . .-. 2.22.22 1502.25) ) eee 53 
Apricot, tood plant ol Aterin erp oe oe Re ee ae ae es ww a's = er 64 
ALATA CYP. 25 oe cet et Le i oe Ne ee ee 63-66 
bibliography 22200 2 Jie op ASE o.. . Bece eo ee nas 66 
distribution = 5201.50.) ano eo ee eee oe 63 
economic importance.........--2..---.2-. 7. -55--. 0) re 64-65 
51214: b 2) Pama, GUNA a ip te Uh denne see ee oo. 65 
host plants... .-- Lf vusiee eelee bo 4 sal 2 clues Gide. he er 63-64 
life history... 2220142202 22. 2. sese es oe a2 a 64 
TOMECY... oy 22 oe pees ee ee ee ee oe ee 65-66 
sordida, bibliographic reference.........-.......:--+..-)...=———nn 63,66 
Bees, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.....-----..--------=-:n 2-5-4 51, 52 
Blackberry, food plant of Anthonomus signatus.-.....-..«..---+0. 4032 39, 60 
Boll weevil (see also Anthonomus grandis). 
ant enemy, Solenopsis geminata xylomi.-....._... 2... 222s 45-48 
biology of related weevils, notes. .-..-..-.....-.-25. 3) 39-44 
bug, predatory, enemy.:....- =... - 22:2). -26.-5.-2 75a 49-54 
. Control by crop rotation.....--.-..-----.-22.-2.-+) =r 24 
early planting, explanation ...-...- =... _- eee 38 
fall destruction of stalks. .-....-i.¢,-,2-.- see 7, 22-24 
STABING 2c eacees swe ass 3-5 oes pe owls 6 
leaf-wWorm... 22. 82 <5 = fee nee ole ae err 6-7 @ 
planting early varieties of cotton..........- 225). -33 4 
Solenopsis geminata zyloni.....2.....-....2 een 46-48 
development of immature stages during normal period of hiberna- : 
TOD. oe oem eae een 2 acs Sea eS dries nig ee ee eer 8-11: @ 
hibernation and development. .......-....-...---. ---===a 1-38 
as affected by rainfall......- » ene nee - 5-6, 13 
temperature... . ...--.-..- 45. 3-6, 13 
condition of immature stages ....-....-.--..5==ee 10 
emergence, tinfe..-....-...-....-.-+-.5--.—=———n 19-22 
entrance, date..........---20+»-«5: =. +200 1-5 
mortality in cages...,.....-4-4-+:4:~--5 san 2-3 
the field .......-.. 2. .4s / ... 2 
time when greatest..--....--:. 4.5. e=en 14-17 
number entering... --------@- 4---.=++- =. nn 5-8 
Places. 6. nn oe ag sc mee cae an « 1 ek Oe 17-19 
of first appearance after emergence ...........- 24-25 
prevention... 62.2. -. ae see cee ~~ 2 22 
increase, Tate... 6 occ e ech hoe eee pos ee Be ee oe 31-33 
mortality at different stages of development....................... 29 
during hibernation, in cages....-..4- :...).-->.5 5a 2-3 
the field......:..-...-.: +25 11-14 
time when greatest.........-.--..-.- 14-17 
in buried squares. ....s2246 eens Ss Ss i ee 30 


of summer broods. . 222.020.0800 Le bee eee 28-31 


INDEX. 69 


Page 
_ Boll weevil, percentage emerging from infested squares ................-22---- 28 
e places of first appearance after emergence from hibernation... ...-- 24-25 
} preyed upon by Apiomenusispissipesiue sor. 4 QUAL Peed Blk 49-54 
a progress of infestation compared with production of cotton fruit... 33-38 

PERtne PO TOORS 4a. to 4a2 SE See ar bin gecnt Gucln qa 

4 mgptalaiyatin Get. ied Bit, favs) peat ae ullays, fois 28-31 
_ Bollworm, preyed upon by Solenopsis geminata xyloni......-.----------------- 46 
_ Box elder. (See Acer negundo.) 

_ Bracon mellitor, parasite of Anthonomus xneotinctus...-.....-.-..-----2---+-- 56 
a WOU SEE AU 0 eh eee ' 40, 41 

TCE NOOBS Sa A eee aa patede 40, 47 

4 SOU OOS AN 8 2s Lek 40, 43 

Bug, predatory, reported enemy of boll weevil................... Peers eee ot 8 49-54 
Seen OL. stalks in control of boll weevil... ::.....22222...-....--.---------- a 
a Callirrhoe involucrata, food plant of Anthonomus fulvus...........-...----- 40, 41-42 
q Peers .4 HIOHICrUS SPISSIpeS: Wl HANI) <2.) else eset - ee bee ee ee 53 
9 Catolaccus incertus, parasite of Anthonomus xneolus.............---.-+------+-- 40 

PMCOUOHMSIAEE G8 ibe 56 
a Bpy spakacive OLAnthonomus SQUamOosUse: .....-.-...2---2-....--2-- 43 
_ Cecidomyiid gall-maker, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.............---------- 53 
| Cerambycobius cyaneiceps, parasite of Lixus musculus...................--2--- 43 

Cotton aphis. (See Aphis gossypii.) 
iy boll weevil. (See Boll weevil and Anthonomus grandis.) 

early varieties to avoid damage from boll weevil, explanation......... 38 
planting to avoid damage from boll-weevil, advantage explained. . 38 

fall destruction of stalks in boll-weevil control..............---...--- 7, 22-24 
Pema -Anionomus grandis... .....2. sare sek aide seedless. Awe. 39 


i METRE A eee es... ORIN wm ge 2 63, 64 
leaf-worm. (See Leaf-worm, cotton.) 7 
squares, injury from boll weevil in relation to natural increase of squares. 33-38 
stalk-borer. (See Ataxia crypta.) 


Sere enpcocie lon OF (Pitts oes whale ek dee dn eee do ecen an 34-37 
OPS) Ot SR ay eae ic RRS Rt eT ae ae eee | 34-37 
Sree olere piahon, Tex.) im 1904.0)... 1... eed... 2-22. 37 
Crop rotation in control of boll eee he bee eae ea Nth wel ce. 24 
- Cucumber beetle, twelve-spotted. (See ieheotioas 12-punctata. ) 
Cultural experiments in control of pepper weevil.......-...-.-..........---- 58 
meesmoris scapalis on Sideranthus rubiginosus........2...0 2.22222 c beet eee 40 
Development of boll weevil during normal period of hibernation.............. 8-11 
mewewberry, food plant of Anthonomus signatus...........-.---------+--------- 39, 60 
Diabrotica 12-punctata, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes............-.--+--+--+-+-- 52, 54 
memrys sp., parasite of Atama crypta.......-..--.----22-20.+-+-- pesmi 3 65 
peryloma tylodermatis, parasite of Anthonomus grandis....-.....--.----------- 40 
he: SQUAMOSUS....----------------- 40, 43 
WiGtOnpnMISGUNUS. 022 io ees ee 2 ee 40, 48 
‘Pall eeeeeuciion of stalks in control of boll weevil, /..3..\-21..----...----+---- il 
TIRE EE AN TTUC. CPY PUN. <5 2 0 SS lcd em ete a eee oe ee ee 63 
“tire Pemenamne for Solenopsis gaminmthdscss eure. pelle cays... 25-2 0l- lee 45 
mes nouse, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes. . 2.2... 4. ei beds en eee e dese lease -.. 52, 54 
| Food supply as controlling numbers of boll weevil in the fall.-..........-..... 5-6 
Glyptomorpha Agtior, WATISLve OL LIgUS MUSCIIUS. ~..2. . 4s tjeeeee 5-2 44-3 43 
; Seeeem, factor in control of boll weevil.....--.-....4.2++2+24-!.-+-t42+2-25¢4- 6 


Grindelia squarrosa nuda, food plant of Anthonomus squamosus.......-.---- 40, 42-43 


70 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Page. 
Hackberry, food plant of Ataxia erypta!. +22... 22) es 2s Se 64 
Hadronotus 1. sp., parasite of Apiomerus spissipes....-.-.---------- ‘s: eee 54 
Helianthus, food plant of Anthonomus squamosus.....------ doc 2 a 00020 43 
Ataviaver pies. Le yarasgse ae atest -h- ok Ao 63, 64 — 
Heterospilus websteri, parasite of Aiana crypta..........--2. 22522 2c eee 65 
Heterotheca subavillaris, food plant of Anthonomus disjunctus.......-...------- 40, 41 
Hibernation of boll weevil, as affected by rainfall.....- sol eee 5-6, 13 
temperature. .220)2.2255. seen eee 3-6, 13 
condition of immature stages. .................-.-. 10 
development of immature stages during normal 
period....2teceit. . .. 2 je. 4.3 = 8-11 
emerpence, time... ..--.....+.-<--2 4 19-22 
entrance, date: 2: i2:. 12-. 4: 200 be eee alvywedes 
mortality in cages... .J..!.L: Lote! 2 2-3 
the field..+......; 2.1. 2 11-14 
time when greatest. :..2::.2. 1.22 gee 14-17 
number entering. .:.2.-....o. 21.20).2 5-8 
places.eeise. ... 25.2, es - 22 17-19 
of first appearance after emergence ......... 24-25 
prevention sieeee se. 24 Jess. 22 
Hinds, W. E., paper, ‘‘An Ant Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil (Solenopsis 
geminata F ae var. zylont. McC.) vasoe22-0 nacht Jee 28 2 45-48 
Homalodisca triquetra, refused by Apiomerus spissipes........---.------------ 52 
‘‘Hormiga brava,” Spanish-American name ior Solenopsis geminata...........- 45 
Increase of boll weevil, rate... 2cosc2l2e1 iol. sean ih). 12.2) 2 
Ladybirds, eaten by Aptomerus spissipess.sevs!. 21-0... 2) >a oe 52 
Lamu. erypta, bibliographic reference... ... :u2. vs. (220.9200 be 66 
= Ataxia crypta.. fairs oat: - fb 63 
Leaf-worm, cotton, factor in panel of boll ode --sss-..th) JO). 6-7 
preyed upon by Solenopsis geminata xyloni............----- . 46 
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, refused by Apiomerus spissipes.......-........-.---- 52 
LInxzus musculus, habits........- aici selene 1, WS ee 43-44 
host of Hurytoma tylodermatis..........-.... - De 40, 43 
parasites... osc. lesa cShS. 0.220. 1 Le 43 
Locusts, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.....-.----------- Ji. .0. 0 gO 51 
Mentzelia nuda, food plant of Orthoris crotchit.............---------- : 1 44 
Microbracon (Bracon) nuperus, parasite of Orthoris crotchii...............-.-.-. 44 
Morgan, A. C., paper, ‘‘A Predatory Bug Reported as an Enemy of the Cotton 
Boll Weevil (Apiomerus spissipes Say)” ......- Peer (> 49-54 
‘““The Cotton Stalk-Borer (Ataxia crypta Say)” ........... 63-66 
Morrill, A. W., paper, ‘‘The Strawberry Weevil in the South-Central States in 
1905 ( AiitIstesspacaokgeattesne Baines ..... J) 0, 
Mortality of boll weevil at different dines wl des Acgradsus 13... 29 
hibernating in cages............-..-.-..73==eee 2-3 
thefield's. 2. . +2... 460/22. Se 11-14 
in buried squares........ 0.2005... 2.0.8 30 
summer broods’. . .-.-----..«.--2/. 00.2001. 28-31 
time when greatest during hibernation -............-. 14-17 
Neocatolaccus tylodermx, parasite of Lirvus musculus...............---+-+-+++-- 43 
Orihoris crotchii, habits........... J L9% AYOLNE Oe ca lo 44 
parasites ........2:P) YO Pee ee. Se 4 
Peach, food plant of Atavia cryptal.ss.ccge02s LYM I Re 64 


Pentatoma ligata, not proper food for Apiomerus spissipes.......-....------+--- 52 


: 


INDEX. | a 


Page. 
Pepper, bell or sweet, chilli, and tabasco varieties, food plants of Anthonomus 
EEA EEG LIS eae OND Sot nea einai st Speak Lan dat ene aaa! ae oy. LSS 56 
; ied: plant of Anthonomus eneotinctus... 2.04.2. 52. 5220 lV ele ee: 39, 56 
as Per HRI EAY ners en hee at Saath) nM Dee Me UN ee a elnete ih ee ep 57 
Wi weevil. (See Anthonomus xneotinctus.) 
J wild or bird, not food plant of Anthonomus xneotinctus.......--------- 56 
_ Pierce, W. Dwight, paper, ‘‘Notes on the Biology of Certain Weevils Related to 
Rmemonraribis muy ee Vile ae) oe Seok Se a) Ae A a i ohn a ae so ees 39-44 
Pee out in control of boll weevil...22........--.----:.c 29.74.2220 22 bye i 
‘ fimmowila, tood plant of Anthonomus scutellaris..............---2-.222--+26+: 40 
| Polygonum pennsylvanicum, food plant of Livus musculus.....---....------- ee 43 
Potato beetle. (See Leptinotarsa decemlineata.) 
; Pratt, F. C., paper, ‘“‘Notes on the Pepper Weevil (Anthonomus xneotinctus 
PNT ee i ee ati alts Pe aie Be a eee eS SE x, te ee 55-58 
o Rainiall as affecting hibernation of boll weevil...............-..........2.. 5-6, 13 
mirdeniood plant of Anthonomus signatus..:...22.02.22-2262-- 2052222 ee 39 
Sanderson, E. Dwight, paper, ‘‘Hibernation and Development of the Cotton 
arama Nee Soa a ee seg ga hie a 1-38 
Sharpshooter. (See Homalodisca triquetra.) 
Sideranthus rubiginosus, food plant of Desmoris scapalis.......-..-.------------ 40 
PCR CMC OC Orr raters crc Libis Be PR al See ee oka 51, 52 
Solanum rostratum, food plant of Anthonomus xneolus.......-..--------------- 40 
Solenopsis geminata, enemy of Anthonomus xneotinctus.........---..--------- 56 
om Gece iioma me ta WL en es a 45 
CUE GUMOUEIOM ee. soot Ses me 48 
enemy oli boll weeval- 7222 fe So. 0.02. to 45-48 
cotton leaf-worm and bollworm .......-.. 46 
_ Stalk-borer, cotton. (See Ataxia crypta.) 
meeirawberry, food plant of Anihonomus signatus................-.-.---..2-++--- 39, 60 
a varieties grown in South-Central States...........--. OC dete 62 
weevil. (See Anthonomus signatus.) 
Temperature as affecting hibernation of boll weevil........................- 3-6, 13 
time of emergence of boll weevil from hibernation... 19-20 
Seerosierus s., parasite of Orthoris crotehw:....-...-.---.52--.--.-s0+-.----- 44 
mie weatenpy A PIOMECTUS SPISSiPeS...--.---.------- 2-4 222--2-22- 242-2 ses 53 
i Triphleps insidiosus, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.....--......-.-+---20-2-00% 53 
MeeWasps, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes............--1..2.2000 020 e eee eee ese eee 51 
anim, food plant of Ateria crypta............... 202.0206 2 eee eee eee 63 


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EPA i OF AGRICULTURE, | = 
on f ae OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 63, Le se a ‘e 


SS 


L 0. HOWARD, Entomolost and Chief of Bureau. 


. 
aa =o S La Z t. mot 
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ON THE COTTON. BOLL WEEVIL AND 
ELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS.” 


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Scie ‘Nongs oN THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAHY 1 WEBVILS RELATED - cy 


= MEW COMON- BOM WHETIL, ©. 425 > ee 


By W. DWIGHT PIERCE, Beeler Fieid Agent. 


Am PREDATORY BUG REPORTED AY AN BYEMY OF THE 
: “COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, = 


"By A. C. MORGAN, Special Field Agent. 


vw NOTES ON: THE PEPPER wen See ee e : aay 


0 Bye Bs €. ee Assistant. | 


cae 2 W. MORRILL, Special Field Agent 


VIL THE COTTON STALK-BORER. — ae 


hs Sey A. c. MORGAN, pprasl Field Agent 


Pes eorr ARI MENT OF AGRICULTURE, . 


BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 63. 
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 


RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


| PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
; 


I. HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By E. DWIGHT SANDERSON, Formerly State Entomologist of Texas. 


I. NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN WEEVILS RELATED 
TO THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By W. DWIGHT PIERCE, Special Field Agent. 


Il. AN ANT ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By W. E. HINDS, Jn Charge of Cotton Boll Weevil Laboratory. 


IV. A PREDATORY BUG REPORTED AS AN ENEMY OF THE 
COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By A. C. MORGAN, Special Field Agent. 


V. NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. 


By F. C. PRATT, Assistant. 


VI. THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES IN 1905. 


By A. W. MORRILL, Special Field Agent. 


VI. THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 


By A. C. MORGAN, Special Field Agent. 


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WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 
1909. 


BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 


L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
C. L. Martatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. 
R. 8. Cureton, Executive Assistant. 
C. J. Gruss, Chief Clerk. 


. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect bisa 
. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. 

. HuNTER, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. 
. WEBSTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. 

. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. 
. Patiurps, in charge of bee culture. 

. Rogers, in charge of gipsy moth field work. 

W. Morreii., in charge of white fly investigations. 

. F. Fiske, in charge of aipsy moth laboratory. 

R. S. Woeium, in charge of hydrocuanic acid gas investigations. 

R. P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. 

MaBEL Cotcorp, librarian. 


SouTHERN FieLtp Crop INsEctT INVESTIGATIONS. 
W. D. Hunter, in charge. 


W. D. Pierce, R. A. Cusuman, C. E. Hoop, E. 8. Tucker, engaged in cotton boll 
weevil investigations. 

F. C. BrsHopp, J. D. Mrrcuett, H. P. Woop, engaged in cattle tick life baal investi- 
gations. 

A. C. Morean, C. R. JonEs, engaged in tobacco insect investigations. 

D. L. Van Dine, engaged in sugar-cane and rice insect investigations. 

F.C. Pratt, engaged in cactus insect investigations. 


II 


Pete Cl TRANSMITTAL. ~ 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
Washington, D. C., June 10, 1909. 
Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as 
— Bulletin No. 63, seven papers dealing with the cotton boll weevil and 
_ related and associated insects. These papers, which were issued sep- 
_ arately during the early part of the year 1907, are as follows: Hiber- 
- nation and Development of the Cotton Boll Weevil, by E. Dwight 
_ Sanderson; Notes on the Biology of Certain Weevils Related to the 
- Cotton Boll Weevil, by W. Dwight Pierce; An Ant Enemy of the 
_ Cotton Boll Weevil, by W. E. Hinds; A Predatory Bug Reported as 
_ an Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil, by A. C. Morgan; Notes on the 
_ Pepper Weevil, by F.C. Pratt; The Strawberry Weevil in the South- 
Central States in 1905, by A. W. Morrill; The Cotton Stalk-Borer, 
_ by A. C. Morgan. 
: Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, 
Chief of Bureau. 


Hon. James WIxson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 


III 


y 


COM EB Nel oe 


, : Page 

Hibernation and development of the cotton boll weevil. . #. Dwight Sanderson. - I 
ama OMe er eC Oe Nt a ol ee 1 
CELT EULER VOLE SS 22S Gs Ta UN Ie a gp Sn if 
Paeoroembpenme liibermatlon 205.22... wi ocle es ewe wba et eee 1 
Number of weevils entering hibernation..--..--.....-.-.-....---..-. 5 
Development of immature stages during normal period of hibernation. 8 
Moral of bibermating weevils:...2...-.0..02----2e0e.s snes eee eeee 11 
Time of greatest mortality during hipsine ae ai BR oer eS 20S RR 14 
Perec rman ERMAN LOM ee es. 5 Ed ee eee gas al 
fume ot emergence irom hibernmation...................-.[...-.-.22-% 19 
PeeemeIOm Ol MibeTIAION -< as... 2. bee 2 eee lees lee oe ede cee 22 
puemicn roads ol the weevil.....:...._--......---.-----+-202- 2 e-2--ee 25 
Mortality of summer broods.......... ea Ue ah EO ta 28 
Pememeiimerease, Of the Weevil. 0222: 225. - 422-4 oa -- 2 ob ee cae ee $i 
Injury to squares in relation to the natural increase of squares........ 33 


Notes on the biology of certain weevils related to the cotton boll weevil 
W. Dwight Pierce. . 39 


| OPT ISD CWGTR th ee aa de ie a ae aI as areal ee ie A 39 
RB MME EEE AIS UNLGHUS UCC. kas AS Gu se oo peg eet ie le Lee ace ee 41 
MMMM DUS ME O22. © Ha ise - OL 2 Sees be Poe ewe O82 es) doe oks 41 
MEMEO SH UOQNIOSUS EC). 2). 0 2 beso eS tf ae nee net ee dee 42 
US TLRS COUTTS 25 Vy Ss a a et a 43 
Orinors crotchia Liec...-...-..----. StS SOCIO ES Del Ts Sat Wee NR Sy OP ee ee RE, 44 
An ant enemy of the cotton boll weevil. (Solenopsis geminata Fab. var. xyloni 
NIN ee Le Se ea ect a se W. E.. Hinds. . 45 
LUTE SII coal Le litte SRD ata ane pets Op ah ee ea ar ee 45 
| SETLL TCD i Se ee oe ee ae Pegs eee 45 
mibenemy of the cotton leaf-worm and bollworm..............--.-------: 46 
Its work as an enemy of the cotton boll weevil Ie nota te te Secor a. to eke ee 46 
EVES ea at el SR a ese a ca 48 
A predatory bug reported as an enemy of the cotton boll weevil. (Apiomerus 
Tem ean re ed ee ek Seine A.C. Morgane: 49 
SMUD ate. eer ot het Poe uo ot Pals vad One ee eee eee ee 49 
OE coc STS SSSR aR ae ee IE er 49 
ood... .. Pe Se ee sre i A Bn us Meee ee 50 
Sener OlG = as poe aoe ale Doe wok ge te a See sees 53 
Teme tC tere tea EE Ne oS oy SG bela nik t See eee ee Melee 54 
RPIIATAIRIAINE 8 5) rar Smee ee! og SU a SS eS ee eee ns bee 54 
De eeNra SIO tA eed hs cere Wont wa 24's ie dew be Se 54 


a The seven papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on Jan- 
uary 15, February 5, February 5, February 8, February 9, January 22, and February 9, 


1907, respectively. 
7 Vv 


VI PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. ; 
Page. 


Notes on the pepper weevil. (Anthonomus xneotinctus Champ.)..F. C. Pratt. . 55 
Occurrenes in Texas-< se.) o.oo ee eee 55 
iris 20 5k ee eee oe Bled + Jesse pee nen See Bae ee ee 5d 
Food plants. ...2 2.0.23) oe ee ee 56 
Natural enemies. =... 2: 2/225: 2 2225%2s2Ss ee ee 2 eee 56 
Proliferation. . 22T2535 02 SU ae ee 57 
Remedies. ss .222.4- .2 02 Shes 5 2 SE eg eee ee nee 58 

The strawberry weevil in the South-Central States in 1905. (Anthonomus sig- 

notes Say) 2 sce sie coe Ye ee eee Sah e e A. W. Morrill... 59 
The strawberry weevil in Texas. .-....-.< ...+-. 2.2. -c22--) eee 59 
The strawberry weevil in Louisiana........--.--.-----.--- wa dt 60 
The strawberry weevil in Arkansas: ... ..2..-...-22--2: 42-42 eee 61 
Varieties of strawberries prownl.....---..2--.~.-+1242-+-=---=5 orn 62 

The cotton stalk-borer. (Atavia crypta Say) ....-..---------- A.C. Morgan. - 63 
Distribution. #: 2. 2. 22k sos Se eee eee 63 
Host plants... -\. 2. les 222.28 22322 Seen ee 6 eee ee 63 
Life history..-.. - Seas Gea so a ee Re ee ee ee Pp nt 2S . 64 
Injury and economic importance. -_....-../.-.-2.-.- 324. 33a 64 
Natural enemies... ...2.2.-.26.-5-5-i2-e5b42 564-44 42 See 65 
Remedy... 20-2 225--2 ce ee 2) Soe. ECS oe 65 
Bibliopraphy 3.22... 2.22.25... 2 aoe een aces yeee cae se ee 66 


oes < gsshe 


I 


oO 


10. 


PLPUSTRATIONS: 


PLATES. 


Puate I. Work of Lixzus musculus and Orthoris crotch. Fig. 1.—Gall of Iizus 


musculus and exit hole of adult on stem of Polygonum pennsyl- 
vanium. Fig. 2.—Gall of LInzus musculus and entrance hole 
(closed) of pyralid caterpillar on stem of Polygonum. Fig. 3.— 
Pod of Mentzelia nuda showing two egg punctures of Orthoris 
crotch. Fig. 4.—Pod of Mentzelia opened, showing a cluster of 
Orthoris crotchi cells, and the cocoons of Tetrastichus. Figs. 5, 
6.—Interior of pod of the same, showing several cells of Orthoris 
crotch. Fig. 7.—An isolated cell of Orthoris crotchii, showing the 
manner im which the seeds are eaten.<.:2...-...-2.2.--4--------+ 


Page. 


42 


II. Work of the pepper weevil (Anthonomus xneotinctus). Fig. 1.— . 


Emergence holes of adult in chilli pepper. Fig. 2.—Full-grown 
larve in situ in chilli pepper. Fig. 3.—Pupe in cells in chilli pep- 
per. Fig. 4.—Undeveloped bell-pepper pod, showing numerous 
ege and feeding punctures. Figs. 5, 6.—Malformed bell-pepper 
puMuealnet. by C82 PUNCLULOS 2. 2ssec222 5.5224 -5-ce-+--5-5--+ 
II. The cotton stalk-borer (Ataxia crypta). Fig. 1.—Adult or beetle. 
Fig. 2.—a, Galleries; 6, work. Fig. 3.—Emergence holes of 
adults. Fig. 4.—a, Larva in situ; b, pupa in situ. Fig. 5.—a, Gal- 
lery running into root of plant; b, castings behind larva ......-.-.-- 


TEXT FIGURES. 


. Daily temperatures at College Station, Tex., October 1, 1903, to June 
Ree Pe eee Sg er oa ee SES aes cre Bee 

. Rainfall and temperature records for College Station and Victoria, 
em. to 1903-4) compared with normals. .2......-..-.2-------2-24 

. Rainfall and temperature records of College Station and Victoria, Tex., 
As02—, Compared with normals...-2.. 22-22 2... ...252..-.2---% 

. Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1899-1901, com- 
anceimata normals tor Gach year. ..2-2...-.22.22.2.2..-.2-.----2- 

. Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1902-1904, com- 
Seo man notmiais 1orcacl! year. 5... 0. .20----..24e.----5--22 bese 

. Comparison of normal temperatures, October 15 to June 15, for various 
MRNA nia Rear erate fe Ey Soe ed a oe Salad tele 

. An ant enemy of the cotton boll weevil: Cotton squares showing emer- 
gence hole of weevil and entrance holes of Solenopsis geminata var. 
enna peret Comin ringgit J. ee ee bs ge ee sw oe ee 
majmemeaus spissipes: Adult, ers mass, nymph.........-.----------=-- 
EER SDUS SOEs e BMP LSE x On Meee el he ee ee 
The pepper weevil (Anthonomus xneotinctus): Adult............-.--- 


56 


64 


- 
q 

: - 
4 


es. DSA... B.E. Bul.63, Part I. C.B. W.1., January 15, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS- 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By E. Dwicut SANDERSON, 
Formerly State Entomologist of Texas. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The most economical method of controlling the boll weevil is to 
destroy its food supply by burning or grazing the green cotton stalks 
in the fall before frost occurs, so as to reduce by starvation the num- 
bers which go into hibernation. As it is known that a large proportion 
of weevils die during hibernation it may be readily understood that a 
much greater degree of benefit may be derived by destroying the weevils 
in the fall than by attempting to destroy them in the spring. The time 
at which the weevils enter hibernation, the numbers which attempt to 
hibernate, the mortality occurring during the winter and the factors 
which influence this mortality, and the time of emergence in the spring 
are, therefore, matters of practical importance upon which we have 
made careful observations. 


HIBERNATION. 
DATE OF ENTERING HIBERNATION. 


Table I gives a summary of eight lots of weevils which were con- 
fined in cages at different dates during October and November, 1903. 
Altogether some 1,300 weevils were used in these experiments. Begin- 
ning with October 7 one cage was started each week until November 
17. On November 18 a sharp freeze occurred, and almost immediately 
thereafter all weevils went into hibernation. It will be seen that in 
lots 1, 2, and 3 all of the weevils died prior to November 18. During 
the beginning of these experiments a plentiful supply of squares was 
furnished the weevils for food, but as they showed an inclination 
toward hibernating about the third week in October this supply was 
discontinued. In all cases the weevils which hibernated successfully 

1 


9 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


did not begin hibernation until about November 17 or 18. This was 
also true of other weevils under observation in the laboratory. The 
daily notes concerning one or two of the outdoor cages started in Octo- 
ber are of interest in this connection. For example, lot 3 comprized 
100 weevils put in hibernation cage with food October 16. The hiber- 
nation cages were wooden boxes 2 feet high and 1 foot square, with 
the sides about one-half open and covered with wire window screening, 
except the front, which was of glass. In the bottom of each cage was 
placed plenty of rubbish, consisting of fallen cotton leaves, rotten 
wood, etc. The weevils were thus exposed to the outside temperature, 
but were largely protected from rain. These cages were placed in 
various situations in a small grove and pasture at the apiary of the 
Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Tex. The rece- 
ords kept of this lot and of lot 2 are as follows: 


October 17, 18, no hibernation, weevils active; October 19, same, quiet in bottom 
of cage; October 21, sign of hibernation evident, some weevils congregate about dead 
rubbish on floor of cage; October 22, 23, 24, similar conditions, some seem to be hiber- 
nating; October 25, a few more in hibernating attitude; October 26, weevils are 
undoubtedly hibernating, shown by dormant attitude under rubbish; October 27, 
about all hibernating—if they were let out they would not hibernate, as some were 
let out, and they joined those in the field and commenced feeding; October 29, hot 
day arouses weevils to activity; October 30, think weevils die at the rate of 1 to 4 per 
day. 

November 2, warm weather makes them exceedingly active; this continues until 
the 8th, when cool weather checks their activity; November 15, all weevils dead. 

Lot 2.—One hundred weevils placed in cage October 8 and fed with squares; Octo- 
ber 9, weevils lively, flying about in cage; October 10, 11, no signs of hibernation; 
October 12, less active; October 13, those on rubbish dead or dying; October 14, no 
signs of hibernation; October 18-23, weevils active, no hibernation; October 25, all 
but 8 dead, those hibernating under rubbish; October 29, weevils active; October 
29-31, November 1, 2, sluggish; November 5, all dead. 


TasBLe I.—Percentage of mortality of hibernating weevils. 


I oat 
| 2 | To November 18, 1903. Phe saree: December, 1903. 5 
beater a Qo 
Date placed in |=4 Date hi- | «| Gon es 
Lot. cage. 3° bernated.| . : 7 : was BB 
ig | Sig isifiglsl|fisglelseie 
(5 = =| S$ |sla|s ls|Sa)e |eoeae 
IZ = 2) 8 |8]3| 8 )4ie Aa /Ro/A 
er} Per Per | Per Per | Per Per | Per 
1903. ct. ct. a ct. | 6b. Che. hike 
i) October 7.22.5 | TO ee Sees | Nov. 1.)....-./100.0 |....[.5.-|- 2.0 222) ee 
/ Get. 24 to oete ees Ps Ares mera eee eee ee 
‘ , i / OCh- 2oetaas-s Ya Be ee ees re 
t2 | October 8...... Ut ee pee ee! \Nov. 3|...--- | e904... 21 2 | ice. ee 
Nov. 5 | see na | HOOD Tos he | eae Ele Ss eee ee 
/ Ret “aes os! (fda Ale ie Se 
a3_ October 16.....|100 |.......... a bi aie Lo, re) eee | <-2:- a Neel wee 
4 | October 23.....| 100 | Noy. 18 | Novy: 18: 000; 0--|=-.- =a)es seo ce 14] 7} 71 | 22 | 714+) A+ 
5 | October 25.....|300 |...-do...|...-...-.-|------ re Se ey Sect {56 oF | Se eee 
a6 | November 1 .../200 |....do...|.......... 50.0 | 50.0 | 23 | 50} 50 27] 14 61 | 25 61+} 11+ 
7 | Navember 9. . .|200.|....do..-| Nov: 46 | 93.5 1) 6.542.223)... o-oo esa eee eee eee eee 
8 | November 17 ../200 |....do--.|.....-.---]--.--.|--.5-- 2D ha: -| 100) See eee | = 2 nee 
| ——— a S| See ern ores eee MSY Ri 
5+7 Average (000 1... 20Oceel.. sak ie 60s lee Sones RR ee Mase. 
4,5,6 Average ...|600 |....do...|.......-..|-..--- rie imme iene. Gaye. Gaps) Site =~ 51+ 
| 


a Furnished with squares for food, 6 One to 4 dying per day. 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. o 


Taste [.—Percentage of mortality of hibernating weevils—Continued. 


3 February, 1904. March, 1904. Pe 2 
a if = ee te 
: Date placed in| 5‘S | Date hi- “3 Ss) 
7 Lot. cage. e $ |bernated.| |; o a s cD = rem = 
Be by WMieety wlan z Ske : 
A a) <q A A <q A A Q 
1903. Per ct.| Per ct.| ~ | Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct. 
ieOctober 7 -.-..- FLD pe See eel eS my Ae rN (Pe pce all i= es cred ederatt a Scalers aaa 8, Al loste Ra 
Pa OCbOOerS).. =. - HEC) il Petite eee No ee ees | epee OM Loe Oe lh cca ireland, Seder we 
moane@croper 16... (100 |. 0... 2 5. 52-|2s2.5- Bi a ee APM alll Flan tered ral lay Wino Ser il ah Sete gee Se AT ee 2 ce 
4 | October 23....' 100 | Nov. 18 (O)RSeae tae eee al eecee sal ates ee elemento ble ok acre 2 ; 
a October 20). --.|-300 |....do..- 2 Tee) Olas 22 5.6 94,4 5: 6,| Mar. 22 
Perm on es A002 Ova (O)) alone s ole os ecel|e sdciceilece cee ee| some cec|seace de ’ 
WmaleNovember 9)... 200i). --dO\z.2|2.2--.-|.22. 2.4 )e5-.25- 21 10.5 SOND aK eneaas Mar. 18 
eee ovemmber 17 =) 200) |----d0 |, .----|-------|-.----- 24 7.0 93.0 7.0 
5+7 AORN EO cally GUD |e aceC ove 23 ses S a epere | ese a | Sees arta [Ps oy cease | ees Pee ge ae 6.2 
4,5,6 AFELDES = 3] GUA SES COE sae set sete GA arene -reriPaegee | meeares af teara feu mpolgen eae (ta Rae 
a¥Furnished with squares for food. b Accidentally disturbed and discontinued. 


It will be seen from these experiments that weevils can not be forced 
- into hibernation before the temperature declines to that point at which 
they normally hibernate, and that if deprived of food or confined much 
_ before that time most of them will die. The first weevils to go into 
hibernation were those of lot 4, placed in cages on October 23, but, 
_ these did not actually knees: until November 18. The case of lot 
8, of 200 weevils placed in a cage November 17, in which all died by 
Be enibor 25, is difficult to explain. Our notes upon the condition 
_ of the weevils in the fields during the same fall show practically the 
_ same conditions as those existing in the cages. The very careful 

record by Mr. A. F. Conradi, made in fields in the neighborhood of 
_ the college, is briefly as follows: 


September 6, 7, abundant, very few perfect squares, dry weather; September 8, 9, 
abundant, mating pairs common; September 10, abundant, practically all squares 
_ punctured, mating pairs less common; September 11, 12, less numerous, fewer mating 
_ pairs, few perfect squares; September 13, less abundant, perfect squares more com- 
mon, mating pairs scarce; September 14, 15, less abundant, perfect squares more 
common; September 16-18, fewer weevils, perfect squares more common; Septem- 
ber 19, less destructive than at any time since the 10th, perfect squares abundant; 
_ September 20-28, similar conditions; September 29, 30, conditions growing worse, 
- more weevils, fewer periect squares; October 5, numerous, eating vigorously; Octo- 
_ ber 10, exceedingly abundant and destructive, a few dozen perfect squares found 
_ with great difficulty, smallest squares often punctured in several places; October 11, 
abundant, several on plants near field, one in door yard on house, mating common; 
_ October 12, 13, abundant, few mating, few perfect squares; October 14, many weevils 
_ found clustering about the base of bolls of all sizes just inside of the involucre, no 
_ signs of hibernation; October 16, 100 weevils found on 95 plants in thirty minutes; 
q - October 18, 19, weevils more sluggish, unusual numbers congregate behind involucres 
of larger squares; October 20, the size of weevils is exceedingly variable, more so than 
_ at other seasons, general depression in activity; October 22, some adults mating, no 
_ signs of hibernating; October 23-26, less numerous, no mating pairs, weather cool, 
k beetles seem to be leaving; November 2, abundant in certain localities in the field; 
_ on 5 plants they average one to a square, then for a dozen or more none are ean 
peting common, but little egg laying for several days. 


"/s 


4 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


October 3, weather warm, weevils that had assumed a hibernating attitude lively 


again, mating pairs and oviposition common; October 4, much more active, mating 
pairs and number of eggs increasing, collected 100 weevils from 132 stalks; October 
6, conditions similar to middle of September, collected 50 weevils from 46 stalks; 
October 7, weevils numerous, mating common, more egg punctures, collected 100 
weevils from 92 stalks and 67 from 80 stalks; October 9, at apiary, 100 weevils on 
98 stalks at east end, 50 on 100 stalks, west end, 48 on 90 stalks at the middle of the 
field; October 11, 90 weevils on 176 stalks; October 138, average of 1 weevil to 2 


ae 
ae 0° 


bee 


febre 


coma 


rz . 
i aura 


\/ 


fs ' 
/ ‘ 
D 


bs 
4 
Fic, 1.—Daily temperatures at College Station, Tex., October 1, 1908, to June 15, 1904. 


Ban ist 908 


Je ieee 


stalks; October 15, 16, weevils active, eggs common; October 17-21, low temperature, 
with sharp freeze on the night of the 18th, when the cotton froze and the supply of — 
food was exhausted; October 22, after the 18th weevils went into hibernation rapidly, 
but diminution not markedly noticed until the 22d, when there was but 1 to 10 
stalks. 


The weevils were not injured by the freeze of the 18th, as many — 
were found in the field on the 19th. By referring to figure 1, giving | 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 5 


‘the daily temperature,” it will be seen that the activity of the weevils 
corresponds very closely with the rise and fall in temperature. Hunter 
and Hinds? state that hibernation will commence as the mean average 
temperature falls to between 55° and 60° F., which our observations 
of last fall corroborate. They also state that at Victoria hibernation 
will normally commence about December 1. By referring to figure 2 
it will be seen that the normal temperature at Victoria drops to 60° at 
about December 1 and at College Station from November 10 to15. At 
Dallas hibernation would be several days earlier and for northeastern 
Texas generally about November 1 to 10. From the observations 
available, therefore, it would seem safe to assert that hibernation will 
usually occur when the mean average temperature drops below 60° F. 


Ochis. tos. Novis. Deews. Janis. 1906.  Feb.us Maes Apr.is May it Tuners 


*Fless 
aimee Aa ut 
oe : = za 8° 
= VEREEDZ 2 
Victoria ee aS J LAE Jo° 


Fo 
College Normal —— & 
College ee 
Dellas Normal — 
Oatias A ESE Oe 


60° 


50° 


Fic. 2.—Rainfall and temperature records for College Station and Victoria in 1903-4 compared with 
normals. 


NUMBER OF WEEVILS ENTERING HIBERNATION. 


The number of weevils found in an infested field in the fall at about 
the time hibernation would normally begin is governed largely by the 
food supply and is influenced also by the temperature and rainfall 
during September and October. 


«Concerning the method of plotting the curves it should be stated that the vertical 
lines upon which the nodes of the curve occur are marked as being the 15th of the 
month. The mean temperature as given by the Weather Bureau is reported at the 
end of each month. If we should consider the node of the curve as occurring at 
the end of the month, we would misrepresent the facts, as during the spring and fall 
the temperature is on a gradual rise or decline. Consequently if the mean monthly 
temperature is given for the 15th of the month, the exact temperature for dates 
between these nodes can be more correctly ascertained from the curve. This applies 
also to the figures showing rainfall. 

b Bul. 45, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agric., p. 81, 


6 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


If during September and early October there should be a normal or 
excessive rainfall and the plants keep growing, there will be plenty of 
squares upon which the weevils may breed and multiply until frost 
occurs. If, on the other hand, during this period the weather should 
be hot and dry, the plants will stop growing and those infested squares 
which fall to the ground will be quickly dried up and but a relatively 
small number of weevils will be produced. This was strikingly shown 
in observations upon the number of weevils on cotton at the college in 
the fall of 1903 as compared with the fall of 1904. During Septem- 
ber, 1904, there was an average of not over 3 squares to a plant, 
whereas in September, 1903, there was an average of about 40 squares 
toa plant. At this time during these two seasons there was approxi- 
mately the same number of weevils in the field; but it can be readily 
seen that with so few squares in which to breed, in September, 1904, 
there would be far fewer weevils developed after September to go into 
hibernation. 

Mr. Louis Teltschick states that in Lavaca County, Tex., at the time 
he turned cattle in to graze his cotton, October 17, 1903, there were 
about 2 weevils to a stalk. Concerning this he writes as follows: 

I will state in this connection that in my opinion the bulk of the weevils had then 
left the cotton. I think that during the last three years the majority of weevils 
began leaving the cotton as early as September 1. They were undoubtedly com- 
pelled to do this by a scarcity of squares. To be more explicit I give you the follow- 
ing figures: On August 28, 1904, I estimated the number of weevils in my field at 12 
per stalk. While I made no such estimate in 1902 or 1903, considering the extent of 
the injury worked by them in those years, I think that their numbers on the same 
date might safely be put at 6 for 1902 and 9 for 1903. When I cut the stalks early in 
October, 1902, I found that there were about 13 weevils per stalk, and in October, 
1903, when I turned the cattle in, there were about 2 weevils per stalk. You will see 
that according to these estimates from 75 to 80 per cent of the weevils infesting the 
fields on August 28 in those years had disappeared by October 15, leaving out of 
account all weevils hatched between the two dates. Where they went or what be- 
came of them I am unable to say. They may have gone to uninfested regions, or 
they may have died or gone into hibernation quarters when squares became too 
searce to supply all of them. 

These observations merely confirm our previous statement that the 
number of weevils in the fall is controlled entirely by the food supply. 

One of the principal factors in cutting off the food supply of the 
boll weevil in the fall is the cotton leaf-worm or so-called ‘‘army 
worm” (Alabama argillacea Hbn.). Whereas this insect was formerly 
considered to be the great scourge of the cotton planter, it may now 
be said to be an almost positive advantage in territory affected by the 
boll weevil, as its injury does not ordinarily occur until after the crop 
has been made, and all further fruiting would be prevented by the boll 
weevil. As soon as the leaf worms have stript the cotton of foliage 
and squares the weevils either die or leave for fields where they may ~ 
obtain food. This was strikingly shown in an examination of four 


. 
ss Sig 
ang 8 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 4 


plats at Smith & Carson’s plantation on September 14, 1904. In plats 
1-3, where the leaf worm had stript the plants clean of foliage, but 
8 weevils were found to 100 stalks and but 40 per cent of the squares 
were punctured. On plat 4, immediately adjoining these plats, which 
_ had not been so seriously injured by the leaf worm, there were 27 squares 
toa plant, 148 weevils to 100 stalks, and 70 per cent of the squares were 
punctured. 
Mr. Teltschick has given us some interesting observations upon the 
leaf worm, as follows:. ) : 


ee ae ee ee 


As far back as I can remember—some twenty-odd years—the people here (Lavaca 
County) had to fight the leaf worm every year. Arsenic, Paris green, and London 
purple were used with varying success. At first the worms made their appearance 
as early as June and frequently hatched in such numbers as to enable them to sweep 
a field clean in less than 48 hours. Gradually, however, this wave of worms sub- 
sided; that is to say, they made their appearance later and later in the season, and 
became fewer in numbers, until finally when the boll weevil made its first appearance, 
their coming was no longer viewed with alarm. On the contrary they were often 
welcomed by the farmers, inasmuch as they cleared away the thick foliage of the 
cotton plant, thus often saving a considerable number of the bolls at the bottom, 
which would otherwise have rotted for the want of light and air. 

At the time of the weevils coming here (seven or eight years ago) the worms were 
no longer regarded as a menace to the cotton crop; they made their first appearance 
then either late in August or early in September. They kept this up practically 

_ until in 1902 and 1903 they failed to come at all. This year (1904) they reappeared 
a early in September and completely stript cotton of its foliage. The second destruc- 
- tive brood of worms is just now (October 2, 1904) hatched, and there is every reason 

to believe that they will keep the stalks bare until frost as they did in former years. 
- It will have to be admitted that during 1902-3, when cotton grew and formed 
_ squares undisturbed up to the first frost, which occurred in December of both years, 
_ an opportunity was given the weevil to go into hibernating quarters later in the 
_ season and in greater numbers than would have been the case had the further 
_ growth of cotton been prevented either by man’s or nature’s means. 


4 


! Thus the leaf worm accomplishes practically the same result as is 
_ obtained by grazing stalks with cattle and may be considered a most 
_ valuable ally. 

* ‘The number of weevils which go into hibernation may of course be 
decreased by the thoro grazing of the cotton with cattle before frost, 
or by cutting, plowing out, and burning the stalks. It is safe to say 
_ that by a thoro fall clearing of the ground the number of weevils 
_ entering hibernation can be decreased at least 75 per cent. Weevils 
 inall stages are thus immediately destroyed, and if the land is cleared 
_ of cotton a month before the normal hibernation period the weevils 
_ then escaping are almost certain to starve, as has been shown in Table 
__ I, before it becomes cold enough for them to hibernate. 

Under normal conditions, as noted in Table III, column 3, the num- 


a for every 2 stalks to 2 for each stalk in badly infested fields, the num- 
_ ber depending, as before stated, entirely on the food supply and 


8 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


weather conditions. There seems to be no reason to believe that any 
difference will be found in the number of weevils in infested fields in 
northern Texas as compared with southern Texas except as it may be 
controlled by these factors, for after the third brood becomes matured 
the number of weevils depends entirely upon these conditions. 


DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE STAGES DURING NORMAL PERIOD OF 
HIBERNATION. 


In southern Texas during an open dry winter larve, pupe, and 
adult weevils may frequently be found in the injured bolls hanging 
upon the cotton stalks. In feeding upon the bolls the larve frequently 
eat a hole thru the septum between two locks and form a small cavity 
just under the inner surface of the lock. These feeding cavities 
become lined by the dried and hardened excrement, so that when a 
lock is broken to pieces the weevil cells may be separated out and have 
quite the appearance of seeds. It is within such cells that the imma- 
ture stages pass the winter in the bolls. Occasionally, however, the 
larvee eat into the seed, so that immature stages may be found actually 
within the seeds. This is undoubtedly not the usual habit and there 
seems to be practically no danger of disseminating weevils actually 
secreted inside of the seeds. We have been unable to make a personal 
examination of these conditions, but on February 20, 1903, Mr. W. P. 
Allgood, of Devine, Medina County, Tex., wrote us sending some 
cotton bolls and seed, in which we found 4+ weevils alive, 1 dead, 1 
newly transformed, 1 in a seed, and also 2 seeds which seemed to have 
been eaten out by weevil larvee, but which contained only larve which 
may have been parasitic upon the weevil. The 4 live weevils were 
kept in a tube in our laboratory until about April 1, when they died, 
owing to the unsuitable conditions. 

Several of the infested seeds were evidently entered before the 
shell was fully hardened and the normal development of the seed pre- 
vented, whereas in other cases the weevils were in seeds fully devel- 
oped. It seems quite reasonable that the larve should bore into the 
- seeds during the early winter, for as the cotton matures the seeds 
would be more succulent. However, it seems exceedingly improba- 
ble that weevils could be disseminated by being carried in the seed, 
for they occur within the seed only on unopened bolls which hang 
upon the plant, and very rarely would cotton in which weevils had 
entered the seed ever be ginned. 

Early in March of the same year Mr. Allgood sent the writer quite a 
quantity of bolls, which were examined March 12 with the following 
results: Out of 200 bolls 165 contained no weevils in any stage, alive 
or dead, but of these, 20 per cent had been noticeably injured by 
weevils. Forty, or 20 per cent, contained weevils alive or dead in 
some stage. In these 40 bolls there were 40 live and 11 dead pupe, 


7 ~ HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. Z 


7 30 live and 40 dead adults, and 5 dead larve. Many of these weevils 
had just transformed from pup and were still soft and light brown. 
_ Some transformed after being received. But one live larva was found 
_ inall the material examined. Mr. Allgood wrote the writer that these 
bolls had been collected from stalks in a neighbor’s field in which there 
_ were 7,000 plants to the acre, that each plant held from 12 to 15 bolls, 
and that the bollssent in were picked at random from the field. Upon 
this basis, disregarding the live pup but counting the 30 weevils 
_ which were found alive as having survived the winter, there would 
_ have been 10,500 weevils per acre in the spring. If but one-third of 
_ these survived there would have been 3,500 per acre, or more than 
_ have ever been recorded in any field observations. If, as seems quite 
_ possible, but one-fifth survived, there would have been 2,100 per acre, 
_ which is approximately the number which survived in Lavaca County 
under the favorable weather conditions of the winter of 1903-4. Mr. 
Allgood wrote that cattle were then grazing in these fields, but it 
is doubtful if the cattle would have eaten many of the dry hardened 
bolls. In another lot of 48 bolls and forms sent by Mr. Allgood at 
the same time, we found 18 uninhabited large bolls, 15 forms, and 15 
‘small bolls. These contained 17 live weevils, 4 live pups, 4 dead 
_ pupee, and 2 dead larves, or one live weevil to every 3 bolls or forms. 
These weevils were confined in a wooden box in the laboratory and 
were still alive April 10, but later died, as no food could be supplied 
them at that time under temperature conditions such that they would 
“normally have emerged. Doubtless they would all have emerged 
Pearly in April at Devine. The temperature at Pearsall, the nearest 
weather station to Devine, during the winter was as follows: Decem- 
“ber, 1902, mean 54°, lowest 30°; January, 1903, mean 51.8°, highest 
780°, lowest 29°; February, 1903, mean 52.8°, highest 77°, lowest 28°; 
March, 1903, mean 60.6°, highest 82°, lowest 38°. 
- It will be seen that there were but few days during the winter in 
which the temperature was below freezing. The total mean tempera- 
ture for these four months at Pearsall was but 63° less than the total 
‘normal mean for southwestern Texas during this time, and the rain- 
fall at Pearsall was but 6.34 inches greater than the normal for south- 
western Texas, no normal records for Pearsall being given. The 
E potal rainfall of these months is normally but 7.51 inches for southern 
Pexas, so that the rainfall was nearly double the normal and the 
winter would appear to have been exceedingly unfavorable for the 
hibernation of weevils in their usual places of shelter. However, 
weevils which developed in the unopened bolls were’ almost entirely 
protected from the excessive rainfall, and the temperature being nor- 
mal they would probably survive, ale those weevils which went into 
; Bisernation ; in all usual places in the fall would doubtless have suffered 
an excessive mortality due to the unusual rainfall. 
" -—-7086—Bull. 6309 —2 


eg 
> 
4 a 7 


10 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Immature stages and adult weevils are often found in early winter 
in the unopened bolls hanging on the stalks thruout the infested 
regions. We received live adult weevils in bolls from Hamilton, 
Hamilton County, in December, 1903, and they have been observed 
here and elsewhere, but we have no record of weevils having been 
found alive in these situations in early spring in central Texas, and 
it is exceedingly doubtful if many of them would survive the winter 
except in southern Texas. 3 


TaBLeE II.—Condition of immature stages of weevils after date of normal hibernation. 


5 Contain- «os Bm Veal pS 
: ing eee: Containing larve. = es SF 
Bo | = a tes ; (a8) 22 
ae E ia |’ Adis 8| 8 
FES erie ES | ie eSisa| HE 
> = PS) a ia .ja BSis GP . 
lal eee = si] x 3 |g |tHlo8] Bag 
Daten ces aS S a IS aes 2 a| > SG Pas g=§ Remarks. 
PO 1S 8] Soe ea Pelee 
[a i hh aD a et | ae ec ee et eens ee 
| Gel Jaols Jeter | et a®la=| oa 
BS CUM On Seto eh 3) 8 le [S's] Soe 
ne) I 4 u = lem HH H ee =| aa) u es 
e) re () oD o |o oD) oD) o 10 D3 Dir 2 
4 Z A | A | ee iA fA A) jo [Py a 
1903. 
PPNov., 1372 a0") 85. 26D aa es ceelee . nals aee O lees) V40Nd 
2| Noy. 12 | 98 |25 Ses Sera wie ail Seed afcll stteret=l| ere eve ie |e eel eee Collected Nov. 7. 
3 | Noy. 18 | 250] 8 ee eed ees eva cal We sl oe ello Ou ee See Squares frozen Noy. 18. 
AN NOV. 20!) G200RR sae LO siacs.2 eile Sie ee SRR RSS ates ete eae eye en | eee pee eee Cole from plant Noy. 
15. 
5 | Nov. 22 |@100 |...... 1D ee | msahs el om acted aleratm ol ate mice ll etal ee Collected from ground 
Nov. 22. 
6) || NOVe 285) C1004) Saee Dio Nae aie ee OOTP see Oe aatines 2 ieee from ground 
: ov. 8. 
Tai eNONse20 1 2005 |es os 5 tect, FASE S00 OOM eee cell), sleeper One-half collected from 
ground, one-half from 
plant, Noy. 1. 
SuGNoVv, 30@ 2002s cease omnes Aen | OO LOOM Seer Soret eu! i acres One-half collected from 
ground, one-half from 
plant, Noy. 15. 
OniDeer= (4G 200 these oy ecleens ISSR CRs ono Se cel sescol esse b 100 One-half collected from 
ground, one-half from 
plant, Nov. 18. 
HOt 2 sxeho ra QO Me es eel See eee Rees Rae ee es A, eae Selo CB ABO One-half collected from 
ground, one-half from 
plant, Noy. 22. 
Al sos cdo. 2200) |oece cease ae cosa wee eecallpceinc| ae cae see Al eke | OIOD One-half collected from 
ground, one-half from 
a200 plant, Noy, 24. 
12 Wece Ae {0100 Sata Ail tacsel Serre B65 tre ee ee Boa ae Oe O One-half collected from 
ground, one-half from 
plant, Noy. 28. 
13) DEG. 9 0s '@ 2000/8). ae al gece coerce lee Mentors eel eae Sees 6100 
Ta ee tGO'e = al"C.200) |beecent 28 DS oes ee eset 3] eo HOOF eae eel Cc Sitlece 
15 | Dec. 4 |@500} 0 LA Ag Dia 4s 2| 00M sees 0 |..--| 595.8 ‘7 
16/222. Oe e200" | Becses| ace. Pai meer’ pears a (C00) Paes | 100 | © }.2..1" 096 
a Squares. 


b Squares with no stage of weevilin them. Percentage injured unknown, but probably 40 per cent 
as in lot 1. 

e Bolls. 

In November and December, 1903, Mr. Conradi made careful obser- 
vations at College Station upon the condition of the immature stages 
after the freeze of November 18. The results of these observations 
are shown in Table II. It will be noticed that no pupe or adults 
were found in over 3,600 squares and bolls examined, showing that 
egg laying had temporarily ceased during some period before Novem- 
ber 1. The most probable explanation of this remarkable absence of — 


——es SO eee 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. TE 


pupz and adults in the presence of eggs and larve is that an outbreak 
of the cotton leaf-worm (Alabama argillacea Hbn.) had completely 
defoliated the plants during the latter part of September, preventing 


entirely the formation of squares, and thus stopping abruptly for a 
short time the multiplication of the weevils in squares. Subsequently 


squares were formed, and when these became large enough the repro- 


duction of weevils was resumed after about November 1, so that most 


of the larve found were over half grown. In lots 4 and 5, when exam- 
ined November 20 and 22, from 10 to 12 per cent of the eggs were still 


unhatched. It seems probable that at this time some of the eggs, but 


no large percentage, failed to hatch. Most of the larve died during 
the first stage and but few lived to be over half grown. On Novem- 
ber 12, in lot 2, 25 eges were found in 98 squares, which were col- 


- lected November 7, showing that the egg period had been doubled. 
_ Mr. Conradi notes in this connection that the life-history period was 
- first noticed to be decidedly lengthened after November 9, eggs laid 


November 10 requiring 5 days to hatch. From 24 eggs hatched 


- between November 24 and 28, 15 larve died within a day after hatch- 
_ ing, 7 by the time they were half grown, and but 2 developed into 
_ weevils, which emerged December 4. 


On December 12 an occasional larva was found in the field and sev- 


_ eral were brought into the laboratory, where 3 transformed to pups 
_ January 7, but then died. They would undoubtedly have failed to 
_ pupate in the field. 


MORTALITY OF HIBERNATING WEEVILS. 


The mortality of weevils during hibernation is shown in Tables I and 


Ul. Table I gives the mortality of weevils confined in cages at dif- 
ferent dates from October 7 to November 17, as previously described. 
In but two lots did weevils survive the ue In these lots (5 and 7), 
_ of 500 weevils an average of 6.2 per cent survived the winter and were 
» active between March 22 and March 24. On March 21, however, 10.5 
_ ‘per cent were alive, and it was noted that these weevils had been active 
_ since March 18, so that practically 7.5 per cent of the two lots survived 
_ the winter idan the supposedly favorable conditions furnished them 
in the hibernation cages. 


12 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


TaBLe IIT.—Percentage of weevils surviving hibernation in fields. 


Weather: December- | 


= we x 
= March. = ‘= Fea 
OS ® Cs Ge) 
a : FE Pal as 
ee Br make anal | Dates | 5 a vere 
; Hae th WEEE T ture. ate first 5 Area He] © 
Year.| Locality. cx emerged. fale sraad © | counted. -3 80 5 
| 2% | = 35) 5 
: g 3 | Win- | Nor-| Win-| Nor- A g8| Sa 
| sO} ter. |mal.| ter. |mal. v 3 5& 
Z = Zi AY 
| | ! SN  ——— 
1900-1 Viennaa........ 645,54] 8.32)+ 2.7) 55.8) Mar. 10 | eee. ava | 10-aeres... . 2]. 22uee soe 
1902-3 2 25: da* ou, | 425 1) 6, RE) 88 Sh aba ele ee eee ace SF RE: iacre e:. sic. seen 
19084-22222 610 epee | (2) | —6.08) 8.32)/4+14.1) 55.8) Mar. 15 | May 174... ./2,400} 1 acre.._... 31.0 |d30 
1900 Booth...... (een e+, 71/14. 47|— 5.0) 55. 5)....------ May 22-31./2,000| 2 acres-.... 13200) 5 18 
1903 JHtuniter t22)<2s2< F--9.60) 7. 02|— . 38) 54.7). 22. e- ee ee | May 30... - 6} 140 stalks ..| 4.0 }....... 
1902 Wellborn ..|...-.. '9—8. 84.13. 40|— 9.1) 55.7)...----.-- | May 22-29.| 397] 2 acres..... Duby Dre 
E903 ecesc dort - >: \h2. 00 9 +2. 91)13. 40|—11.6| 55.7; May 8 ee ae 1} 2,125stalks.| .04 . 08 
| July 17. 
1903-4! ...-- gdo2=-—= 1.00/9—2. 45/13. 40/+ 2.1) 55.7 Apr. 17 | ig 20- 26! 1,600stalks.| 1.6 1.6 
| | une 17. 
1903, College Sta-|..... | —1.38)12.72)— 3.5) 58.6) May 15 | June 18... 5| 940-stalles .<|/ soe}2- Ue 
tion.? 
1903}. - - . . Go 25|-222 —1/38|12.72|— 3.5) §826|- 2... = -2|.258 do....| 2} 40 stalks...| 5.0] 5.0 
1904)..... Gol. 2.2) .73le 6! ae 72|+14.1| 53.6) Mar. 29 May 19- 49 2,930stalks.| 1.66} 1.66 
une 14. 
1904|....- do.m ...| 1.00) - 6.12)12. 72}+14.1) 58.6} Apr. 1} May 22- 20 1,840stalks.| 1.0 1.0 
June 9. 
1904; Rosprim.”..| (?) | —6.12)12.72;4+14.1) 53.6) Apr. 8/| June7....| 10) 1,000stalks-.| 1.0 }....... 
a Observations by Louis Teltschick. h August 17, 2 weevils per 100 stalks. 
6 Record for Hallettsville. ~In sorghum in 1902. 
e Three-fourths-acre trap rows. k Cotton, 1902, a crossroad by barn. 
d Estimate of several fields, May 17. Cotton not destroyed in fall of 1908. 
e Records of Houston, as far as given. m Cotton destroyed in fall of 1903. 
Ff Record for New Braunfels. n In corn in 1903. 


9g Records for Brenham. 


_In the field we have never found the percentage surviving at the 
college to approach this number, except in one instance. As shown 
in Table ILI, in the spring of 1903 cotton was planted near the college 
barn, where it had been grown the previous year and left standing. 
The weevils had the most favorable conditions possible for hibernat- 
ing around the barn. They appeared so numerously on the cotton in 
the following spring that on June 18 there were 5 hibernated weevils 
to every 100 stalks. More weevils were found in this cotton thruout 
the year than in any other locality. If it be fair toassume that about 
one weevil to a stalk occurred in this field at the time of hibernation 
in the fall of 1902, then about 5 per cent survived. It is quite possi- 
ble that there were more than this number in the fall, and the per- 
- centage surviving would therefore be somewhat less. Elsewhere, in 
the neighborhood of the college, not over 2 per cent have ever been 
found to survive the winter in the field, tho several fields within a 
distance of 4 miles have been carefully observed. 

In the Brazos bottom, on Smith & Carson’s plantation, Professor 
Mally (report,? p. 16) records picking 397 weevils from 2 acres May — 
22-29, 1902, or 2.5 weevils to 100 stalks, which would give not over 2.5 
per cent surviving hibernation. In 1903 but 1 weevil was found to 
2,125 stalks, or 0.04 to 100 stalks, which would give a percentage of 
hibernation of not over 0.04 and probably 0.08, as there were 2 weevils — 


@ Report on the Boll Weevil, Austin, Tex., August, 1902. 


\ HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 13 

toa stalk the previous fall. During the present year (1904) but 1.6 per 
cent survived hibernation on the plots counted. This figure is open to 
slight error, as upon this plantation there were possibly 20 acres of 
cotton about a mile away, which were planted much earlier than was 
7 most of the plantation. This early cotton was infested at the rate of 20 
weevils to 100 stalks on May 31. It is evident that the weevils which 
hibernated on the plantation as a whole had concentrated on this early 
_ planting, but if the total number of weevils upon this early cotton had 
heen distributed over the whole acreage there would have been not 
over 23 weevils per 100 stalks or 2.5 per cent surviving hibernation 
at the most. Two per cent would probably be very nearly correct. 
At Victoria, Hunter and Hinds have shown that approximately 15 per 


Octus. Noy.is Dee. is. Janus. Febre. Maris. Apr.in. May's. Tunes 
9in. q 
ae a ay 
Jin ——— 
aa as 
Gini SS 
Zin ee 
pe ce SE 
en 


ain 
70° 


COLLEGE Norm 
os 
50° 


_ Fig. 3.—Rainfall and temperature records of College Station and Victoria, Tex., for 1902-3, compared 
: with normals. 


ug 


Vance — 


— COLLEGEOV.O S— - 


mai 
ie 


ial 


Ze 


cent of late-developed weevils survived the winter of 1902-3 in hiber- 
_ nation cages. The very careful records made by Mr. Teltschick by 
_ hand-picking the weevils during the spring (see p. 59 of that report) 
__ shows that this very closely approximates the number of weevils nor- 
_ mally surviving under field conditions in Lavaca County, but that dur- 
__ ing the last winter (1903-4) fully 30 per cent of the weevils, or twice as 
_ many as usual, hibernated successfully. In 1900 Professor Mally’s 
records (I. ¢., p. 32) show that Mr. Kramer picked 2,000 weevils at 
_ Booth, Fort Bend County, or 13 to 100 stalks, which would give at 
_ ieast 13 per cent surviving the winter, in a latitude practically the 
- same as that of Vienna. It will be seen, therefore, that whereas 15 
_ per cent may be considered an average of the number surviving 


14 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


hibernation in southern Texas, normally only about 2 per cent, and 
never over 5 per cent, survive under field conditions at College Station, 
and about 24 per cent in the Brazos bottom at Wellborn. In other 
words, only about one-fifth as many weevils survive the winter here as 
do in southern Texas. Whether a corresponding difference will be 
found in the mortality between central Texas and northern Texas 
remains to be determined. This will depend. on the weather condi- 
tions discust below, but it seems doubtful that there will be so great 
a difference. 


TIME OF GREATEST MORTALITY DURING HIBERNATION. 


In Table I it may be seen that in lots 4, 5, and 6, including 600 
weevils, there was a mortality of at least 51 per cent during the month 
of December, and that in lot 5 there was a mortality of 9.6 per cent 
during January and but 2.8 per cent during the remainder of the 
year. Referring to figure 2 it may be seen that at College Station in 
the winter of 1903-4 the rainfall was greatest in December, while 
during the balance of the winter it was below normal. The maximum 
in December approached the normal, whereas usually the maximum 
for winter occurs in January. The temperature was very close to 
normal thru January, but considerably above normal during the 
remainder of the winter. 

In general, an excessive rainfall seems to be a most important factor 
in increasing the mortality of the weevil. The temperature does not 


usually depart sufticiently from the normal to be an important factor, — 


except that when occurring with a deficient rainfall an excess of tem- 
perature appears to be decidedly beneficial to hibernation. By refer- 
ring to figures 4and 5, showing the normal rainfalland temperature for 
Hallettsville, Tex., and the monthly mean temperature and rainfall dur- 
ing the winters of 1899-1900, 1900-1901, 1902-3, and 1903-4, it may be 
seen that in 1900-1901 there was a decided deficiency in rainfall and a 
slight excess in temperature, whereas in 1902-3 there was an abnor- 
mally large rainfall and a nearly normal temperature. In 1901 and 
(1904 the weevils survived in unusally large numbers, while in 1903 
the number hibernating successfully was considerably less than nor- 
mal. The same general conclusions are shown when the rainfall and 
temperature records as given for College and Brenham in Table III 
are compared with the percentage of weevils surviving at College and 
in the Brazos bottom below Wellborn. ‘The rainfall and temperature 
records are shown diagrammatically in figures 2 and 3, giving also 


the normal rainfall ana departure from normal for College Station — 


and Victoria in 1902-3 and 1903-4. 

If it be true that the rainfall is the most important climatic factor 
in the mortality of the hibernating weevils, it is interesting to com- 
pare the rainfall of different sections of the State as given by the 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 1S 


Oct. Nev, He Jan feb. Mar. Ap may June July» Gug Set 


4in. 


~ 
3 
~~ a. 


1899-1900) == 


lin. 


Pas 
eee 
hs 


a) 
a 
co) 


n = Gc 
ce S { 
Seen 
/ 
YA la 
Vl (< 
a Bi 


F 1999-!400e- — __ 


vO 
NORMAL qo == 


1900-0}, Yin. 


e 
_— 
e 
> 
— 


a 


3 NORMAL 3in.— 


ny 
a 


5 


HALLETTS$VILL 


s Fig. 4.—Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1899-1901, compared with normals for 
each year. 


50° 


16 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. fel., Mav. Ger May June July Aug Sept 


RAINIFALL. 


¢- 
=.) 
Gey 
oS 
>» 
~O 
ro 
uw 


Pica rane Bao 
/ \ \ 3 
din, / \ : \ ——— 4. 
ane f \ Be a be % 
so MELT Ne 
102.03, ————— 
ais Pee Oe ies ame SS 
.f | Lp eae 
woes 
- ee ‘ 
: AD i ° 
7 
a : | SnD | | : 
\ 
bo% 2 ¥ bo? 


he 
ee: 


1903-04 Sing —— Es ad 
ae ; 
Ain, —~ RAIN FALL | 4" 
COG aa 
| _\ 4 
\ 


NORMAL 2m. < = 
| INA 
NS IRs 

in: at eo i 

80° {tt |. ae 30° 
yo eee | 
Ishak Seger Va 

10° ava ; 10° 
aubk< See Went Sad SS ) 

wae 

ae 

40° ; 60. 

50° ae ee 50° 


HALLETTSVILLE. 


Fic. 5.—Rainfall and temperature records, Hallettsville, Tex., 1902-1904, compared with normals for 
each year. 


PRY Ne ies 
of oa a 


hy 


ee eT eae es 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 17 


Texas section of the U. S. Weather Bureau. The normal total rain- 
fall during the winter months of December to March for southwestern 
Texas is 6.46 inches, for the coast country 8.26 inches, and for central 


‘Texas 9.83 inches, while the total normal effective winter tempera- 
- ture” during December to March, inclusive, is, for southwestern Texas 


7,631.4° F., for the coast country 1,190.6° F., for eastern Texas 
1,483.1° F., for northeastern Texas 934.9° F., and for central Texas 


1,294.39 F. The average effective temperature for the eastern and 


southwestern countries is therefore from 200° to 300° higher than that 
of central Texas for this period and from 450° to 700° F. higher than 
that of the coast and northeastern Texas. If we consider the more crit- 
ical period of December to February, inclusive, the southwestern and 
eastern countries have 300° to 200° F. more effective temperature 
than central Texas and from 600° to 500° F. more than northeastern 
Texas. It would therefore seem that both the temperature and rain- 
fall are far more favorable to the successful hibernation of the weevil 
in southwestern Texas than in central, coast, or northeastern Texas, and 
that the conditions as to temperature and rainfall in the coast country 


during the critical period are very similar. In northeastern Texas, 


however, as the weevils do not emerge from hibernation until con- 
siderably later in the spring, the larger rainfall occurring during April 
may have some effect on them. 

As before mentioned, floods during the period of hibernation seem 
to have a marked effect upon the mortality of the weevil, as there 
were notably fewer weevils thruout the Brazos bottom in this section 


in the spring following the flood of February, 1903. 


PLACES OF- HIBERNATION. 


Considerable time has been spent in attempting to find the places in 


__ which the weevils spend the winter, but the results have been rather 
- unsatisfactory. This has also been the experience of many observing 


practical farmers. Numerous cotton fields were examined in the 
neighborhood of the college during January and February, 1903, and 
tho Mr. Newell and the writer made diligent search in all conceivable 


_ places over a considerable acreage, embracing an area of 2 miles, ex- 


amining cornstalks, grass, bark, fence posts, gins, etc., we found but 
1 live boll weevil during the winter and this one was under a small 
pile of dried manure. On November 29, 1903, Mr. A. F. Conradi 
found 2 weevils ina pile of old cotton brush in our experimental field, 
3 under the bark of a log near the field, and 2 in the cotton field under 


a bunch of dead cotton leaves. On December 15 a thoro examination 


«Total normal effective temperature is reckoned for each month by subtracting 48° 


i fF. (the point at which animal activity is supposed to begin) from the normal mean 


temperature for that month, multiplying the difference by the number of days in 


_ that month, and adding together the four products thus obtained. 


18 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


was made of logs, leaf rubbish, etc., in a ravine adjoining our cotton 
field, but no weevils were found. On December 28 a similarly futile 
search was made along Carters Creek, in which neighborhood a good 
deal of cotton had been grown. On January 5, 1904, a 30-acre cotton 
field was thoroly examined, but no weevils were found. Corn stubble 
standing near a very badly infested field was also examined without 
finding any weevils. Our information regarding the hibernating 
places of the weevil is therefore more of a deduction based upon obser- 
vations of the places in which they appear first in the spring than a 
conclusion from actual observations. The observations by Mr. Con- 
radi in the early winter probably indicate the normal places for hiber- 
nation—that is, under dead leaves, in old cotton brush, and under 
loose bark. In the hibernation cages, where the weevils were furnished 
an abundance of rubbish, it was found that many of them which were 
hibernating successfully had crawled into the cavities made by borers 
in dead wood and in similar positions where they were well protected. 
It has been often noticed that in a wooded country the weevils appear 
first in spring along the borders of fields next to the woods and gradu- 
ally work inward from the edges, so that it seems probable that in a 
wooded country most of them hibernate in woodland. Around out- 
buildings and barns also are found favorable places, as there is always 
more or less rubbish and protection in such situations. In 1903 more 
than five times as many weevils were found in a piece of cotton near 
the college barn, where cotton had been grown the previous year, than 
were found in any other locality in that neighborhood. It is also 
noticeable that weevils are always more numerous near gins than at a 
distance from them. Undoubtedly, where much rubbish and grass are 
present and where the soil remains loose and is not packed by rains, 
large numbers of the weevils winter in the cotton fields. The fact 
that in 1903 an exceedingly small number of weevils survived on 
Smith & Carson’s plantation on the Brazos River must have been due 
to their having hibernated in the field, large numbers having been 
killed off by the excessive rains and doubtless more by the flood of 
February, 1903, which covered the fields to a depth of several inches 
“over a large part of the plantation. It was quite noticeable that few 
weevils were found on Brazos bottom plantations in this section in 
1903. In all probability the flood would have had but little effect later 
in the season after the weevils had emerged. 

It is noticeable that weevils are much more abundant where cotton 
is planted in fields where sorghum stubble has been allowed to remain 
all winter adjoining a last year’s cotton field. Thus, in the spring of 
1904, the first weevils found on Smith & Carson’s plantation were ona 
cut of cotton along the Brazos River which had been in sorghum and 
surrounded by cotton in 1902 and where several large sorghum stacks 
stood thru the winter. Tho planted early and kept well cultivated, 


a a ie re ae Md be) le 


i 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WERVIL. he 


so little cotton was made on this piece that it was not worth picking, 
while cotton planted at the same time and cultivated in the same man- 
ner on other parts of the plantation made a good yield. 

- Professor Mally (I. c., p. 57) has given the observations of Mr. 
- Teltschick upon finding weevils hibernating in the crevices of the soil 
_ around the cotton stalks and roots, at a depth of 3 inches. On March 
7, 1901, a raw, windy day, upon 35 stalks, he found 7 live and 2 dead 
weevils from 1 to 3 inches below the surface. In September, 1902, 
he stated that he had again found weevils in a similar situation during 
the previous spring, but not as many of them asin 1901. Mr: Telt- 
schick recently writes as follows: 

Il found but few weevils in crevices around stalks during the last two winters, 
_ partly because there were no crevices (frequent rains filling them up as soon as 
formed) and partly because freezes were severe enough to keep cotton from coming 
out during any part of the last two winters; whereas in 1900 we had neither rain 
enough to fill up crevices nor frost enough to keep cotton from budding out at inter- 


_ vals at the base of the stalk, which latter fact accounts, no doubt, for the relatively 
large number of weevils found within the crevices. 


TIME OF EMERGENCE FROM HIBERNATION. 


Hunter and Hinds® state that the first weevils emerge when the 
“mean average temperature has been for some time above 60°. Our 
‘observations at the college upon the earliest emergence from hiberna- 
tion are as follows: In 1903 the first weevil was found on May 15 at 
‘the college after carefully searching about 100 feet of unchopped 
‘row. Repeated examinations during the next two weeks showed but 
‘avery small number of weevils. On May 8 a weevil was found in 
the Brazos bottom after hunting about 20 minutes, and after May 
5 planters in the bottom occasionally reported finding weevils. In 
1904, on cotton planted March 17, the first weevils were found on 
“March 29. On April 17 and 18 only an occasional weevil could be 
found at College Station or in the Brazos bottom after a considerable 
search. In 1903 Mr. Teltschick wrote me on March 1 from Lavaca 
County as follows: 

Z _Up to a severe freeze of two weeks ago (February 16-17) I could at any time find 
‘some—not many—in my neighbors’ fields apparently feeding on buds or small leaves 
_at the base of the stalk, which had never been entirely frozen. 

_ However, he did not find many on his own cotton until April, when 
pe picked some from trap rows which were planted on March 13. 
In 1904 he noticed the first weevils about the middle of March, but, as 
‘in previous years in other localities in southern Texas, we have records 
of their feeding on shoots from stumpage cotton much earlier than 
this. In general, it seems that when the normal mean temperature 


@Bul. 45, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 82. 


20 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


passes 68° F. the first weevils commence to emerge from hibernation, 
and this conclusion is confirmed by all of our observations. : 
It will be seen from the temperature curves in figure 2 that at 
Victoria the normal mean temperature usually reaches 68° about April — 
1 and at College vbout April 15. Figure 2 shows that in 1903 the mean 
averace temperature reachel 68° about one week later at Victoria. 
In 1904 (fig. 2) the mean temperature reached 68° about March 10 at 
Victoria and the first weevils were found about the middle of March, 
which is also true of Lavaca County, while at College Station 68° was 
reached a week later than usual, but the temperature was above 66° 
for the month preceding April 15. If the mean rise in temperature 
from February 15 to May 15 be plotted, the line would reach 68° — 
about April 5, which very closely approximates the date of the first — | 


Octss Nowrs Dec s¥ Janis Fels Mar's Aprs. Nar Taree 


Coast 


East 


ce | | 
Seuth West, - 0°. ==---—— ‘ ; 
2) eee ae Bee > | 
Nevin East Foal eos RON Yee 
" est. <a 

brth West ¢o RN Bae A | o) Go" ” 


Er 
i 
aa 
Ni 
Sy 


sv aN 
ake: 
40° Pa eae 


Fic. 6.—Comparison of normal temperatures, October 15 to June 15, for various districts in Texas. 


40° 


appearance of the weevils at College Station for that year. Fromall 
the data available, therefore, it seems very safe to assert that when 
the temperature reaches 68° or has been above 65° for several weeks 
the first weevils will emerge. By consulting figure 6 this time may 
be seen for any section of the State. The curve shows that weevils 
would normally emerge from hibernation about 10 days earlier in the 
southwestern and coast countries than in central and northeastern Texas, 
and about 20 days earlier than in northwestern or western Texas. 

The greatest number of weevils emerge considerably later and usu- 
ally about the time cotton commences to square. The time of the 
principal emergence and the beginning of general oviposition by the 
hibernating brood is practically the same. A few belated weevils 
appear after this time, as is shown by the field records of Mr. Telt- 
schick for 1903 and 1904. For if the bulk of the weevils emerges at the 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 21 


time the cotton commences to square freely and frequent counts be 
‘made, the number will be found to decrease for a few days, and there 
is then a sudden rise due to the maturing of the first brood early in 
June, and it is practically impossible to determine in the field whether 
any hibernated weevils subsequently emerge. However, in 1904, it is 
certain that no weevils emerged later than June 29, for at that date 
4 practically no weevils could be found in the field, tho the bulk of the 
hibernating weevils appeared from June 5 to cane 10. Consequently 
this year (1904) certainly no weevils emerged later than 22 days after 
the maximum number. 

x It has previously been shown by Professor Mally (I. c., p. 16) and 
‘by Hunter and Hinds, and noted above, that the weevils emerge grad- 
“ually over a period of from 4 to 6 ec normally more nearly the 
latter time. ‘This range covers eee eilly the same length of time as 
from planting to the formation of the first squares on the bulk of the 
cotton in any given community. The gradual emergence from hiber- 
nation is shown by the number of weevils to 100 stalks in Table III 
4 or 1904 at College Station. In 1903 Mr. Teltschick picked the wee- 
yils from three-fourths of an acre of trap rows, planted March 13, on 
which the first bloom appeared May 28, and secured weevils as follows: 
| April, about 40 weevils. 

- May 4, 36 weevils picked in 1 hour’s time. 

_ May 11, 48 weevils picked in 1 hour’s time. 

May 18, 68 weevils picked in 2 hours’ time. 

May 25, 54 weevils picked in 4 hours’ time. 

- In 1904 Mr. Teltschick made observations especially to determine 
this point. His notes are as follows: 

_ + Two plats of one-fourth of an acre each were selected in that part of the field 
which was farthest away from my own as also from any other cotton patch. The 
_ two plats themselves were separated by 25 rows of corn and surrounded by sugar 
_cane on two sides and by timbered land on the other two. No cotton had been 
grown on or near these plats in 3 years. Plat 1 was planted in King cotton March 


4, was up to a good stand March 14, and chopped to a stand April 11. From plat 1 
the weevils were picked as follows: _ 

| April 1, 14 weevils. May 2, 96 weevils. 

4 April 11, 27 weevils. - May 12, 140 weevils. 

= April 21, 26 weevils. May 23, 150 weevils. @ 

_ Plat 2 was planted in Shine cotton April 25 (7 weeks later than plat 1), was up to 
a good stand April 30, and was chopped to a stand May 12 (one month later than 
pat 1). On plat 1 the first squares appeared May 2 and on plat 2 May 28. All fallen 
and flared squares were picked up on both plats at intervals of 8 days up to Ju'y 1. 
_ From plat 2 there were picked, on May 12, 3 weevils; May 23, 35 weevils. 


_ These records show very clearly the gradual emergence of the wee- 
_vils from winter quarters. In 1903 the maximum number of weevils 


3 @Weevils were picked also during June, but these doubtless belonged to the first 
sur mer brood. 


29 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


appeared on May 18, in 1904 on May 23, and in 1901 on May 10-15; ~ 
but as the intervals between pickings were a week or 10 days it would — 
seem safe to judge that the normal time for the maximum number to — 
emerge at Vienna is about May 15 to 20. It will also be noticed that 
the weevils appear much more rapidly and early on early planted 
cotton, but the maximum number does not appear at the time of — 
squar ing of the earliest planted cotton, but at about the time of squar- — 
ing of the main crop, thus giving a deeded advantage to the early 
planted cotton. The determination of the exact time of the emergence 
of the maximum number cf weevils will be practically the same as 
that for the time of maximum oviposition for the hibernating brood, 
concerning which see page 25, and which in Lavaca County will nor- 
mally occur about May 20, at College Station about is 1, and in @ 
northern Texas probably aoe June 10. 


PREVENTION OF HIBERNATION. 


It may be readily seen from the foregoing discussion that any 
methods which will reduce the number of weevils going into hiberna- 


tion in the fall are of the utmost importance in the control of the ~ 


pest, inasmuch as nature aids in further reducing their numbers dur- 
ing the winter. All students of the problem of boll-weevil control — 
have agreed that in this prevention of successful hibernation lies the ~ 
most effectual means of reducing the numbers of the weevil and pre- — 
venting injury the next season. Two methods are advocated: (1) The — 
destruction of the stalks in the fall as long before frost as possible, 
and (2) rotation of the cotton crop, planting on land not in cotton the 
previous year and as far from such land as is possible. 


FALL DESTRUCTION OF STALKS. 


By the destruction of the stalks as early as possible in the fall the 
number of weevils entering hibernation is reduced in several ways: 
(1) All immature stages in the squares and bolls, which might develop 
into weevils if the stalks remained standing, will be destroyed. (2) — 
Probably three-fourths of the adult weevils in the field at the time of — 
burning may be destroyed if the work be properly managed. (3) By 
clearing the field of cotton some time before the normal time when 
weevils will enter hibernation their food is destroyed and the adults 
either starve or migrate to other fields. Were this work done uni- — 
formly over a considerable area, the weevils would surely starve, 
as they can not be forced into hibernation before the normal time. — 
That a large mortality follows if this is attempted 1s shown in our | 
records (see pages 2-3). These advantages are apparent, tho but few 
actual records of the benefit of such fall destruction of stalks have 
been published. From the conditions under which experiments must — 
be made it is difficult to demonstrate in a tangible way the actual 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 23 


benefit to be thus derived, but in the case of plats burned over in the 
4 fall of 1903 we found there were far fewer weevils in 1904 than in 
fields where the stalks had been left. 

On October 23 and 25 the stalks on our Seana plats, covering 
sy about 30 acres, were cut with a single cutter made of a V-shaped sled, 
_ with knives reecting out and backward on either side about a fact 
_ beyond the rows. A team draws the cutter with a man on it, cutting 
_ 2 rows at once and about 15 acres per day. The stalks were then 
_ raked and piled, and were dry enough to burn ina week. On one- 
' half the field 2 rows in every 20 were left standing as trap rows. No 
_ weevils were found later on the dried piles, but they had assembled in 
_ large numbers on the standing trap rows. Thirty-six were found on 
_ four plants. These trap rows were then cut, left over night on the 
- ground, raked the next morning, and placed on the dried piles. That 
afternoon examination by the writer showed that on the ereen stalks 
_on the dried piles there was an average of 1 weevil to every square 
and boll, often 5 or 6 being found on a square. The torch was then 
_ applied and the piles quickly burned. After this many weevils were 
- found on the shoots growing out from the stumpage and an occasional 
stalk that was left. (This might be obviated more. completely by 
plowing out the stalks.) A herd of cattle was therefore turned into 
_ the field and all herbage was devoured in a very few days. A better 
destruction could hardly be desired, and but little extra labor and 
_ expense was involved. 

_ At the apiary a small plat containing two-thirds of an acre was left 
_with the stalks standing all winter. This plat was surrounded by a 
_ grove and was half a mile from other cotton. 

_ Observations by the writer show that in 1904 upon the 30 acres 
“upon which the stalks were burned there appeared of the hibernated 
_ brood during the spring but 1.2 weevils to 100 stalks, while on the 
-apiary plat where the stalks had been left there were about 4 weevils 
to 100 stalks, or over three times as many hibernated successfully 
_ where stalks ernie ‘standing as where they were destroyed. 

_ Again, on July 13 the field where stalks were burned averaged 3.3 
' weevils to 100 stalks, while fields of Messrs. Boyett and Gray, just 
over the railroad, not 100 yards distant, where the stalks had not been 
_ burned, tho other conditions were practically similar, had 6 and 12 
' weevils to 100 stalks, respectively, or an average of three times as 
many weevils as on the field where stalks were burned. 

Were all conditions exactly the same, as regards culture, land, ete., 
and were it possible to prevent the migration cf the weevils from 
| - neighboring tields to those where the stalks had been burned, the lat- 
_ ter would undoubtedly show a much greater yield at the end of the 
season, but as it is very rarely possible to eliminate these factors the 


24 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


above records show in a striking way, based upon extensive counts, 
the difference in amount of infestation during early summer where 
stalks have been destroyed the previous fall. 


CROP ROTATION. 


The value of the rotation of crops was strikingly shown by the dif- 
ference between the number of weevils occurring on the experiment 
station variety plats at the college barn, where cotton had been planted 
the previous year (1902), with corn adjoining, and our plats, situated 
a mile distant on land which had never been in cotton, haying grown 
sorghum in 1902, tho cotton was grown not 100 yards distant. The 
cotton was planted April 5 at the college barn, and on June 17 there 
were 5 weevils to 100 stalks, 2 being found on the 40 stalks examined, © 
whereas on the other field there were but 0.5 to 100 stalks, only 5 
being found on 940 stalks examined. Again, on August 13 the varie- 
ties at the barn, planted May 3, had 233 weevils to 100 stalks, 163 
being found on 70 stalks, while only 5.5 to 100 stalks occurred in the 
field where there had been no cotton the previous year, only 10 being 
found on 180 stalks from all parts of the field. On the same day 48 
weevils to 100 stalks were found on Mr. James Boyett’s cotton, just 
across the railroad from our field, his land having been in cotton the 
previous year, while on Mr. Suber’s cotton, a mile distant, 53 to 60 
per 100 stalks were found, this crop also following cotton.@ 


WHERE THE WEEVILS FIRST APPEAR. 


It has been frequently observed in all parts of the State that the 
weevils first appear on the cotton field along the side adjoining wood- 
land, if there be any timber adjoining. From the extensive reports 
of observers thruout the State there seems to be no doubt that cotton — 
in timbered sections is much more seriously injured by the weevil 
than that on prairie land, owing to the more successful hibernation in 
the timber. It has also been observed by many that the weevils first 
appear and commence to be injurious in that part of the field where ~ 
they were most abundant during the previous year. In southern ~ 
_ Texas the weevils may be found on stubble cotton very early in the 
season; in fact practically all winter. They hardly seem to hibernate — 
in the strict sense of the word, as under such conditions they are 
found feeding on warm days practically thruout the winter. 

Upon emerging from hibernation the majority of the early weevils 
seek the earliest cotton, which may be either stubble cotton or planted, 
and they will be found more abundantly upon it than elsewhere, even — 
ihe the early cotton forms but a ver y small pa of the acreage on a 


«The same tala ee rotation had been Sey by Mr. ee Teltschick at Vienna, : 
(See Mally, Report on Boll Weevil, 1902, p. 66, paragraph 4. ) 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 25 


4 large plantation, and altho later cotton may be up, but still small. 
_ Having assembled upon the early cotton, most of these weevils seem 
- tostay upon it until it squares, and they do not spread generally to 
the Jater cotton until it alsocommences to square. This habit must be 
taken into consideration in estimating the number of weevils upon a 

given area in the spring, for if the cotton be not planted at the same 
- time over the entire place, neither the earliest cotton nor that planted 
later will give a fair idea of the number of weevils which have hiber- 

nated successfully. The total area must be taken into consideration 
and the average for the whole place estimated by duly weighting the 
- number found upon the acreage of both early and late planting. By 
the time the majority of hibernated weevils emerge, however, the 
_ medium and late-planted cotton will be so far advanced as to hold the 
_ weevils near where they emerge, and no further concentration may 
_ be expected. 


SUMMER BROODS OF THE WEEVIL. 


The first summer brood of weevils from eggs deposited by the 
_hibernated adults begins to emerge from squares during the last ten 
_ days in May in southern Texas, and farther north, in central and 
northern Texas, continues emerging during June and the first ten days 
in July. Thus in Lavaca County there isa marked increase in the 
_ number of weevils found in the field after June 1 or sometimes during 
the last week of May. In 1901 Mr. Teltschick secured 2,136 weevils 
up to the third week of May on 10 acres, the maximum appearing 
- during the second week of May; but during the last week of May he 
secured on the same area 2,114 weevils, or very nearly as many as 
during the whole spring, showing that the first new brood was then 
emerging. In 1903, up to June 1, on three-fourths of an acre of trap 
_ rows he had picked 241, with a maximum on May 18; but on June 1 
_ he secured 368, and during the month of June 1,759, with the maxi- 
tum number on the 15th. In 1904, on the one-fourth-acre plot pre- 
_ viously mentioned he secured 453 up to June 1, the maximum number 
of 150 on May 23; but on June 4 250 were secured and 146 on June 
_ 18. Mr. Teltschick writes as follows: 
> In my opinion very few weevils, if any, matured from punctured squares before 
_ June either in this or previous years in this section. Cotton planted here March 1 
_ (this is as early as any is planted, the greater bulk never being planted before April 
1) asa rule begins to form squares on April 25. It requires the squares at that time 
_ from two to three weeks to grow large enough to provide the food necessary for the 
_ development of the weevil. The squares are, of course, being punctured as soon as 


they form, and I doubt whether any eggs are deposited in them so long as they are 
_ too small to permit the weevil secreting itself within the involucre. 


a At College Station the first fallen squares were found on June Lye 
1904, The first weevils from these squares emerged June 23 and the 


a 7036—Bull, 63 —09——3 


A 


26 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


laston June 29. At Terrell, Tex., the first brood commenced to emerge 
on June 30 and the last of these was secured on July 12. 

Altho the hibernating weevils may continue to oviposit for some 
time there seems to be but little overlapping in the appearance of the 
first and second generations of weevils. There is a period from the 
first to the middle of July thruout the greater part of the infested 
area when but little damage is reported from the weevil and when but 
few weevils are found. This is the period during which the second 
brood is developing within the squares. About the middle of July 
and during the next ten days the second brood of weevils appears and 
is generally reported. In some instances the injury by the second 
brood is serious, especially where large numbers have hibernated suc- 
cessfully, and after the second brood appears practically all the squares 
become punctured and no more cotton is made. This condition is 
more common in southern Texas, but usually the injury by the second 
brood is no more serious than that due to the first in late June, and in a 
great many cases it is reported as being decidedly less. In general, 
unless there be exceptional rains, the hot suns of July seem to check 
the development and injury of the weevil. 

The distinction between the second and third broods is not so marked. 
The period of oviposition of the second brood doubtless being longer 
than that of the first, the third brood commences to appear before the 
last of the second brood has emerged. However, there is still a very 
decided and notable increase in the number of weevils from the first 
to the middle of August, depending upon the latitude and season. 
This is generally noticed, and commonly reported as the third brood. 
Usually with the emergence of this brood the weevils have become 
sufficiently numerous to destroy all the squares as they form so that 
no more blooms are seen. From this time the weevils attack the 
maturing bolls much more frequently. After the appearance of the 
third brood the different generations become so involved that it is 
impossible to distinguish between them. 

At Terrell, Tex., five distinct broods were reared in 1904 up to 
October 3, and these weevils then commenced to oviposit, so that 
there would doubtless have been a maximum of six complete broods 
in that locality. The records at Terrell are as follows: From the first 
fallen squares injured by the hibernated brood, weevils emerged on 
June 30, July 5, and July 12. On July 5 these weevils were placed 


in a cage upon fresh squares, and the weevils developing from these 


squares emerged on July 22, or in from 17 to 22 days. These were 
placed on squares on July 23, and the weevils from them, or the third 
brood, emerged August 17 to 20, or in 25 to 28 days. These weevils 
were placed on squares August 20, and the weevils developing from 
them, or the fourth brood, emerged September 8 and 9, or in 19 to 20 
days. These were placed on squares September 10, and the weevils 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. PA 


developing from them, or the fifth brood, emerged October 3, or in 
93 days. In all cases this period of development includes to a greater 
or less extent the feeding period, which must precede oviposition. 

Practically the same number of generations seems to occur at Col- 
- lege Station. Altho we have not determined this by rearing weevils 
as rapidly as possible thruout the season, the field records show the 
first three broods very distinctly, and during the fall there seem to be 
three more broods between September 1 and the time of hibernation. 
The number of broods after September 1 is very largely controlled - 
by the temperature and rainfall, which combine to affect the food sup- 
ply and the mortality of the developing weevils. It is probable, how- 
ever, that in a late season seven broods might develop at College 
Station, as the field records (see page 10, Table 11, for 1903) show the 
weevils (probably of the sixth maximum brood) to have been freely 
ovipositing early in November, and if frosts did not occur until late 
in that month a large number of these would probably emerge. 

In southern Texas, Hunter and Hinds have shown that with the 
average season of reproductive activity, extending from May 1 to 
November 15, eight generations may be produced during the year. 
Thus there is probably a difference of two broods in the maximum 
number of generations between southern Texas and northern Texas, 
but this difference will not materially affect either the injury by the 
weevil or the number of weevils going into hibernation, as the weevils 
seem to reproduce in practically the same length of time in northern 
Texas as in southern Texas, the summer temperature being nearly the 
same, and after the third brood they are sufticiently numerous in either 
section to prevent the further fruiting of the crop. Nevertheless, 
factors aside from a difference in the number of generations will prob- 
ably cause less damage in northern Texas. 

By September 1 to 15 the weevils usually reach the maximum num- 


- ber and during the fall, as before observed, their number depends 


a5 


primarily on the food supply and weather conditions, so that the num- 
ber going into hibernation depends on local conditions. The difference 
in the amount of injury which the weevil may do in central or northern 
and in southern Texas will depend therefore, first, upon the smaller 
number of weevils hibernating successfully and, second, upon their 
appearing later in the spring so that the cotton may be able to make a 
more rapid growth in comparison with the development of the early 
broods of the weevil under the high temperatures prevailing during 
early summer in northern Texas than will be the case farther south in 
late May. But it is not probable that the mere number of broods will 
make any material difference in the amount of injury. The first three 
broods seem to be well defined, as is clearly shown by the numerous 
reports of our voluntary observers and by the reports of the observers 
of the crop service of the U.S. Weather Bureau. The amount of 


28 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


injury done depends upon the abundance of these broods, which 
depends largely upon the time of appearance and also snes the relative 
abundance of the hibernating brood. - 


MORTALITY OF SUMMER BROODS. 


The mortality occurring in summer and fall broods may properly 
be distinguished from that among weevils which hibernate, for in the 
summer the greatest mortality occurs in the immature stages. The 
number of weevils developing from squares in which eggs have been 
laid is shown in Table IV. 


TaBLe LV.— Percentage of weevils from infested squares. 


3 : : Weighted 
eae ee Number Per cent 
Lot Date. Where picked and how kept. per cent 
of squares.| emerged. 
) emerged. 
——— | | 
1 | May —,1902 | Picked from ground; placed in cloth bags | | - 
and kept in laboratory under dry condi- 
UL Soh Se te ie en ee eae Ee ees 11, 250 23.5 | 23.5 
2} July 98,1904 | Picked from ground; kept under fairly | 
HoOnMaLCOuGgITIORS 7 85- hot ee ee e 1,522 HME Pee ee 
> | sept. 10,1903 }:.-- - G0) 52s scat nt eee eee 675 30! lo. eee eee 
4 | Sept. —,1903 |..... UG Pe eS a ae ne 350 34). eee 
5 | Sept. 21,1903 |....- Ode ee ee ee oe ee 377 | og eae 
Totalor lots 23.4, and. 2. o Fy eee ee eee ee 2, 928 |e eel 34,3 
Total Of lots 1! 2:3.) 4. BNO ae Se eee ee eee 14, 174 | eee 25. 7 
6 | Sept. —,1903 | Picked from plants: a kept on moist soil---- 162 40 40 
7 | Sept. 21,1903 | Picked from ground; kept between shaded | 
LOWS: 2 Si 2t PL eo = eee Oe ee eee 200 3D, 31s. oa ee ee 
‘ott nee (5 Ko Hae eee Oe OO isc BS inj RI ee ee 43 "30. |: Seen 
Total of lots 7 ands8s 2.32 Gec. oe a Se eee Be ene 243) | oe cone oe 37.8 
Total of lots 6,7, Hd) 822%. 52h 2 an ke ee 405: |. uses 38. 7 
| 
9 | July 15,1904 | Picked from ground, under screen; placed / 
It part SUN. -- 352 sees ee a ee ace 400 9.0 9.0 
10 | Sept. 11,1903 Picked from ground; placed in sun......-.-. 210 ye eee ee et Pe 
11 | Sept. 22,1903 | Picked from plants;@ placed in sun..-.-...--- 68 pe es [eet cys =, oS 
12 | Sept. 11,1903 | Picked from ground; placed in sun........- 354 Ol] owe eee 
13 | Sept. 21,1903 | Picked from plants; placed in sun.......-- 91 gt fe 
Fotal- oF tots OS. NO il ies oes oe ee ee 1, 123° 3. eee 3.9 


a Picked from plants when squares would drop off by touching them. 


Lot 1 is based upon the following note made by Mr. Wilmon 
Newell. During May, 1902, Professor Mally gathered infested squares 
in fields along the Brazos River below Wellborn. About 13 bushels 
of these squares were brought to College Station, sewn upin cheese-cloth — 
sacks, and weevils allowed to hatch. June 15 the weevils were picked 
out and by careful measurement there were 115 c. c. of them, and 15 
c. c. contained 345 weevils, or 1,763 weevils to a bushel. Subsequently 
we have found about 7,500 squares in a bushel, thus indicating that 
only about 23.5 per cent produced weevils. The squares were kept — 
in the laboratory in a dry place, and the lack of moisture may proba- 
bly account for the low percentage producing adults. In another 
test 2,924 squares gave a weighted average of 34 per cent producing — 
weevils. These were picked up and kept under fairly normal condi-_ 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 29 


tions. From 405 squares which were kept on moist soil or between 
_ shaded rows weevils were developed from 38.6 per cent, but where the 
- squares were left in the hot sun, among 1,123 squares but 1 per cent 
_ produced weevils. ‘This shows strikingly the value of having rows 
_ wide apart so that the sun may strike the fallen squares. 


TasLEe V.—Percentage of mortality of weevils at different stages of development. 


Ss Dead. Alive ee 
of ee : =|, % 
4 . fH m mM nm 
» Iot.| Date. a Condition. gs H) 8 3 eel 5 | gj fe |: Fale ®| Remarks. 
| Bales (S| 2 |2| 2/5 |2|S joges 
zZ je |Al@|Ele|a le lel Ss eee 
1) Aug. 12 Seine! eee eas eae 133/36. 3,1. 5/2. 2)....|..- 28 | 4 |.-.-|.---/24 |56 | Counted just 
[as from field. 

Pimtivetactos 00): - 2| 4-25-55. -54: DUAR ZIG. seco fnc Pie (LI Los 9 eae crete Eyes) ab Do. 

| 1904. 

Pru eeS 4 | OO. 252) 2-222 22s 5 A O22 AO oes | teste cc lanieet sen ..-|.-.-/389 |89 | Allowed to 
emerge. 

PSC pie nee edo | Ua shaded |) 200160) \0:.5)5.2)2-22)---|25..)<05<|-2- ESO NO aosD Do. 

¢ rows. 

HeSepta22) |..-.00..-)-.--% Oz ssh sets OO) Wasa tee ea laa eal eal SO | aie liye, Scale 
lowed to 
emerge. 

6| Sept. 21 !....do...| Insun....| 210/64 |'32/1 !....|...| 0.6] 1.4!...|....) 0.5/2.5] Do. 

eee Coto eee Gor tals.2t GOs mm OS 924 0l haere |e eae Waal aes aeenet Leal 72 Do. 

2) aera Gorse Squares | 10061 \rlsia- | 2) eo) I 13s i »|222110 15 .| Counted just 

: brown. from field. 
fie Seav6 (Ones 49 eee do Squares | 268/65 |5.61.5) 0.7/...|11 | 9 |1.8/21.8) 4.8)/26.6 Do. 
green. 

a0) Sept. 11 | Plants..|..... doe >, | 400'5925)1;8.0..5146, 8). | Dts do 30.5)31.5) Allowed to 

emerge. 
Lots 6-10, weighted average...{1,04663 | 101 |3 | 77| 5.4) 3.10.5) 9 [14.8]... ‘ 
Average of squares in which |..... --=.| 263 | 8 | 37/14 (10- \L |25° |89 |....) Sevendied in 
some stage is found. emerging. 
1904. 

1lj Oct. 5| Plantsa.| Squares | 100/44 |...|...|.... 44155 | 1 |..-/56 | 0 |....| Counted just 

| green. from field. 


aSquares picked from plants when just ready to drop. 


_ The count made on October 5, 1904, fully confirms this. These 
_ squares were picked from the plants, taking those that would drop 
- into the hand when touched, as in previous similar work. An imme- 
diate examination showed that 55 per cent contained live larve of 
various sizes, but mostly about half grown. Tho a few were ready to 
-pupate, but one pupa was found, while there were 44 in which the work 
_ of young larve was clearly recognizable but in which no larva could 
be found. All squares showed egg punctures, but no eggs could be 
found in them. © 

_ The time at which the greatest mortality in the development of the 
weevil occurs is a matter of some practical importance and the data 
_ given in Table V throw considerable light upon this point. We have 
_ but few observations as to the mortality in the egg stage, but Hunter 
and Hinds state that but few eggs fail to hatch, which we have found 


30 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


not fall for about 10 days and remains green long after the hatching 
of the egg, which takes place in about 2.5 days, there seems no reason 
to suspect any considerable mortality at this period. After the infested 
squares have dried or decayed it becomes very difficult to find any 
trace of larvee which die before they are half or two-thirds grown. 
The table shows that in about 63 per cent of the infested squares no 
trace of weevil stage could be found. In this percentage are the 
squares which had received feeding punctures only and a large num- 
ber showing external signs of egg punctures, thus indicating that a 
great mortality occurs while the larve are less than half grown. Fur- 
thermore, it will be observed that of those individuals which pass the 
larval stage succesfully 1.6 per cent died in the squares or while emerg- 
ing. It has previously been shown that only about 1 per cent of 
squares placed where fully exposed to sunshine developed weevils. 
It would therefore appear that the mortality was largely due to the 
squares becoming so dried that the food supply was cut off from the 
young larva. Hence, it would seem that the sooner the square falls 
after being punctured, the higher will be the mortality, provided the 
ground is not shaded by close rows, and that any means for knocking 
off the squares before they would naturally fall, or a variety or strain 
of cotton which sheds its squares more quickly after being punctured, 
will be of decided advantage in increasing the mortality of the weevil. 
This seems to be even more marked where the squares are covered by 
the soil as is shown in Table VI. 


TasBLe VI.—Percentage of mortality of weevils in squares buried in soil. 


Per cent 
alive. 


Per cent dead. 


Percent 
emerged.) 


é | : = 
Depth als E , x 
Date. Siaeal Condition. S = = ia) 5 ai 
par Pa @. hn, ml 
2S = Alen S| = = 
BS jaa m | om alo 9 
2 \2el 3) slele ={ =| 5 
. fi: Als |£/E/8/8 8) 2g 
4 Zla | cle E | | ee 
“of Ae iB. 252 2 inch Kept moist in laboratory.) @25)....|..- ie io z 
Ae gs rc eee Pal geneity 2 ssepee ete 2 ee Lee TE te Rie: NE | 425 -|-+-]-=-]-+-]- cae 
ae ees GO. s 55 13 inches..|..... AG ucts bah Pee [PA) Sa oh BEA BSS ee eo 
4 | Aye 99.5) anew fee i fe ag ate tl Fas (a2572 | 4I_..|...| 4s 
Bits ate oe | 12inches..|..... Bar a5 S5se43, ahs Soe Pe a25/28 .|..-| 4|..-| 12) ae 38 
6 | Sept. 21... -. Tinches— | in mela 05g. ene 50/7 2 a a a 
eee One 2 inches. .| Rather dry-222255 oes 78,75 | 4; 9 
8 | Sept. a Laci | 4inehes. 22]... MG ance Rhee eee eee 200). ..-|---]--- 
Cit eae 6 Vota ora _ Onsurface nn BUS Se ee eee 180/85 | 15)...|2..|.../22.6] eee 
B | Sept. 18 eA PISS a oe rr ian ete mae Riek 2 174\62 | 26) 12). ._|..-)... 2) eee 
C | July 15, 1904_|:.... do. Under sereen 2.2) 2-55. . $0018: 14; Sol cl vecice ee Bsa ae! = 
eee er ena: linch. Rather wet .22.2¢ vs. 25 400/94. 5)...}.-- 3 
vie aro gos. 2inches ..|....- GO is eee Re ee 400/81 |...|.-- 10 
5) eae oa gee oe | BS URCIER Sse Oe ae ee ere ee 400/92. 5}...|...].-- 5 
12 es eat | 4inghes 2\5.0.286 2.0 Shee ee 400(95 3] 0.5 


a Contained larve or pup when buried. 
b Dead weevils eaten by ants; squares green. 
c Ants’ nest just beneath. 


: 
: 
; 
4 
4 


ne , " : ‘ : 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 31 


It is frequently asserted that frequent cultivation is of value against 
the weevil in that the immature stages are killed by covering the 
squares with soil. The data given in Table VI hardly confirm this. 
Rarely will squares be buried over 1 or 2 inches. Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
9, and 10 show that the mortality in squares buried at this depth is 
about the same as under normal conditions. Lots 6 and 7 seem to show 
a benefit from burial, but these were placed in rather dry soil in the 
field in open sun, and when compared with lots A and B on the sur- 
face it is seen that the burying insured a greater per cent developing. 
It seems safe to say that in no case will burial for not over 2 inches 
result in any great mortality, and that in all probability the percent- 
age of weevils developing will be greater than if left exposed to the 
sun on the surface. It is more frequently claimed that by plowing 
squares under deeply after a good rain the moist soil will rot them 
and the weevils will be unable to escape. Unfortunately we have 
no conclusive tests upon this point, but it would seem that a suffi- 
ciently deep plowing to bury squares 4 inches just after a rain would 
be such a decidedly bad agricultural practise as to possibly offset any 
benefit that might be derived from destroying the weevils in the 
squares buried. 


RATE OF INCREASE OF THE WEEVIL. 


Hunter and Hinds have shown that a female weevil normally lays 
some 150 eggs during an average of about 54 days, and that nearly 
one-half of the eggs are deposited during the first third of the period 
of oviposition. Allowing 24 days for the development of the average 
adult and 18 days for the oviposition of one-half of the eggs, they also 
estimate that the average length of a generation is about 42 days. 
The sexes of the weevil are produced in about equal numbers. With 
these factors as a basis we may easily compute that if on June 1 there 


were an average of 2 weevils to 100 stalks of cotton, on July 15, at the 


end of the first theoretical brood, there would be 50 weevils; and that, 
if one-half of these were females and the usual percentage survived, 
on September 1 there would be 1,250 weevils to 100 stalks. But these 
computations make no allowance for the mortality in the immature 
stages, and extended observations in the field show that such rapid multi- 
plication does not really occur. It has been ascertained by the writer 
that the first brood of weevils rarely numbers more than five times the 
hibernated brood, and at College Station often but two or three times. 
At Vienna, in 1903, Mr. Teltschick picked 241 weevils from his trap 


‘rows up to June 1, while on June 1 to 7, 15, and 22 he picked 759 weevils 


onthesamearea. This doubtless represents very accurately the increase 


_ of the first brood over the hibernated weevils, showing an increase of 315 


per cent. It is of course probable that some weevils had left the trap 
rows for the planted cotton, which was barely commencing to square 


32 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


on June 22, but the number would have been comparatively small 
and the end of the generation was probably considerably later, so 
that an increase of ten times, or 1,000 per cent, would be a conserya- 
tive estimate. The largest number of weevils at College Station early 
in July was found on Eckol’s cotton, which was planted very early, 
on July 14, 1904, when there were 27 weevils to 100 stalks. This field 
was adjoining a gin and 1 mile away, on Ayer’s cotton, there were but 
15 weevils to 100 stalks. On thesame date, on the Brazos River, there 
were but 10 weevils to 100 stalks, and on our experimental plats, 
where the stalks were destroyed the previous fall, the hibernated 
brood had numbered barely 1 weevil to 100 stalks. There were but 
3.3 weevils of the first brood to 100 stalks. Accurate figures for the 
rate of increase from the first to the second brood are not available, 
but from general observations and from reports of the injury done by 
the second brood, as compared with the first, it is safe to assert that 
the rate of increase is not materially greater for the second brood than 
for the first. The rate of increase of the third brood seems to be 
decidedly greater, but, as the late-developing individuals of the second 
brood and the first of the third brood more or less overlap, it is diffi- 
cult to determine this accurately in the field. However, the total 
increase at the appearance of the third brood over the number of 
hibernated individuals can be given in one or two cases. Along the 
Brazos River, in 1903, there were but 2 weevils to 100 stalks on 
June 17, and on August 25 47 weevils to 100 stalks, or an increase 
of twenty-three times between these dates, the collection at the latter 
date probably representing part of the fourth brood. In 1903, at the 
college on our experimental plats, there were 5.5 weevils to 100 stalks 
on August 13 where there were 1.5 on June 18, representing the 
hibernated brood. The greatest increase we have observed from the 
hibernated brood until the middle of August was on the platof — 
the experiment station at the college barn in 1903, where there were 5 | 
hibernated weevils to 100 stalks on June 18 and 233 on August 13, or 
an increase of forty-seven times. From a careful study of the data it 
seems safe to assert that the usual rate of increase from the second to 
the third brood is not over ten or fifteen times in this section, asthere — 
is usually not over 1 weevil to the stalk of cotton until after mid- 
August. It will be seen, therefore, that tho the theoretical increase 
of the weevil, based upon a careful study of its habits and the mor- 
tality as far as can be ascertained, would show an increase of twenty-_ 
five times from between the first and second and second and third 
theoretical broods of 42 days each from June 1 to September 1, as a — 
matter of fact, during the first period mentioned, the increase up to 
and including the second brood, emerging about the third week in 
July, is usually considerably less than twenty-five times the hibernated — 
brood—probably not over fifteen times—and that the total increase 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 33 


from the 1st of June to the 1st of September is only about fifty times, 
certainly not over sixty-five times, where theoretically it would be six 
- hundred and twenty-five times. The reason for this discrepancy is 
_ unknown to the writer, but is a fact for which the cotton planter 
_ should be decidedly thankful. It may be that the mortality of the 
_ immature stages of the weevil in the squares is greater than the count 
of thousands of squares has shown, that many of the adult weevils die 
or are destroyed before reproducing, or that the number of eggs laid 
and the length of the period of oviposition in the field are much less 
_ than those observed in the laboratory. That this is true of the hiber- 
_ nated brood is shown on page 12. It would seem that the discrepancy 
is mostly due to the two latter factors. This discrepancy but empha- 
_ sizes the necessity for accurately observing the field conditions on a 
_ very large scale in different fields in different sections of the State 
constantly thruout the season if we are to obtain accurate knowledge 
of the true habits, rate of increase, and injury of the boll weevil, as it 
- occurs in the field. 
To summarize briefly, it would seem that if there be 2 weevils to 
- 100 stalks of the hibernated brood, then by early in August there will 
_ be a sufficient number of weevils to stop the blooming of the cotton. — 
Furthermore, with the normal increase it seems that in about a month 
after 4 or 5 weevils are found on 190 stalks, there will have been sufl- 
cient increase to prevent further fruiting of the cotton, and there will 
then be from 75 to 100 weevils to 100 stalks. The utter impossibility 
_ of making a cotton crop where a large percentage of the weevils sur- 
vive the winter will therefore readily be seen unless exceptional meas- 
ures can be taken to check their multiplication. Weather conditions 
_ unfavorable to the development of the weevils are decidedly the most 
important controlling factors, and that such conditions not infrequently 
occur is shown by the reports of voluntary observers in southern 
3 Texas in 1904. 7 


INJURY TO SQUARES IN RELATION TO THE NATURAL INCREASE OF 
SQUARES. 


The formation of squares upon the cotton plant depends upon so 
_ many different factors that it is exceedingly difficult to make any gen- 
eral statements regarding the increase in their numbers. Thus the 
_ character of the soil, the nature of the variety of cotton, and the cli- 
_ matic conditions prevailing all influence the formation of squares. It 
_ may be clearly seen from Tables VII to X that some varieties form 
_ squares much faster than do others, and that between the same dates 
_ the same variety will not produce the same number of squares in dif- 
ferent places. However, from an examination of the tahles we may 
form some idea of the natural increase of the squares early in the 
season during the critical period of fruit formation. During the 2 


34 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


weeks following the formation of the first 2 squares the number of 
squares will increase ten or twelve times; in other words, there will 
be from 20 to 25 squares; and during the next 2 weeks this number — 
will increase two times, or at the end of the month there will be | 
about 40 squares, or about twenty times as many as at the beginning — 
of the month, when there were but 2 squares. At the end of the 
second month there will be an increase of about two times over the 
first month, or there will be approximately 100 squares to the plant. 
During the first third of the third month the number of squares 
usually remains about constant, but after that, tho squares are con- 
stantly forming, there is a tendency to decrease for a time. 


TaBLE VII.—Progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit upon cotton 
plats at College Station, Tex., in 1903. 


Yield per acre. 


Squares. Blooms. Bolls. ba 
di Pounds of seed cotton. 
S) 
ar Heiss ele “3 bb 
Variety. = $ E 5 = : E - ob 4 
H fs] Se . a ld| |g : . 
~ (38/2/8813 A | Soe = . 
e Bie talee eae = oo le an Sis . S . Blala 
2 A SiS\l, | S| Sle] 2 (8 2 leleln). 2.) ees 
B Slololo |e |oe|]o] oe lal © |sils| oe 3 A ES @| o |a 
A AZ) A |e I A |e | A} & JO] & IAQ] Ay A Fy A Rn) A 
Jones Im- 
proved _ 2) \June-18 20) 3 |. Ae eee neat eel aes Ses ee ae oe Pee iat = El) ale 
July 11-/25 9 | 21/0.9|....|8 | 0.3]  Ue-|oocc-|.}ecfe-. [2.220222 0 8 ae 
July 27 |30j/51 | 11 7 a7 (1.2) 138[2.| 4.6 |.) 2c [222]. 22222 SS ee 
Aug. 12 10/21 19) 9.1) 7OBL | 3 | VQ6) 12 ele nte ec c aes ell cere ree ere eee 
Sept. 5-| 5/384 | 90/56 | 127 0 25] 6) 6 7| 1} 20) Sept. 17 | 104) Oct. 20 |98)/202).. 
AUlenya- sss June 18 /20) 1.5)... wenc|eeeslessc|e emacs laces cle clic] e10:|nlem ose eee eer on 
MALY: eile 25 | pO ee see jeo ies a1 oe On ey A lis l(c 5-2 jc) ells 
Aug. 12 |10)35. 2/125)35 50/88 | 3.8) 208)..|24 {30)-.].-. Sept. 17 | 178) Oct. 20 |80/258).. 
Exvelsior).| Jume 48 120) 1 Bees) 22sec lee al el spose clea |.-2----+o)|/ee0) eee 
July 11 |25, 8.3} 1 4 1 -9; 10 0 ee ee os oases eae eee 
Aug. 12 10/44. 7 59/13 42/31 3 119}. .|12 0) oe oe ee ese iene Sai) al 
Sept. 5 | 5)20.5/182/64 | 110 4| 8} 6 {20} 4) 80) Sept. 16 | 172) Oct. 20 |92/264;.. 
Parker ..=.| June 18. |20)° 1. 9)]...)2...)c..2) 5.22). <=] seccfec|e tec ]ee|e elo oel: 222. eee eel eee en 
FUL rae ETS IN res | peels 11 oO lili Be ae el el eee es linc Se. - Mi heeciee 
Aug. 12 /10/86. 8) 55/15 97/47 | 4.7} 211). ./22 La) |e epee Sept. 16 | 184) Oct. 20 |60/244).- 
Gritith.= 2.) sume W85120)16 5) 12) Giales ole cee eee loam a eee ees 2) LO)... .2cccs) ce celle Serene eee eres eee 
July 11 |25| 9 | 14) 6 13 5} 6 Ay ed Pe se ee fe 
Aug. 12 |10/28.9] 6221 | 74/31 | 3 | 69|..| 8.5 [16] 3] 30] Sept. 17| 136) (2)  {(2)(2)J-- 
Kaine soe June 18 |20| 2.5). .|-...)ee ec |ecc cece els coef c| cece s [ecole] 02] -c00c0 ne] eee eee orn rr 
uly 11 |25)12 Le Seeeee 13 2) ee ee (a) PO RE Ec at 
July 27 |50)72.6) 31} .8) 6)/12.7] 2.5) 486)..| 9 wafcs)e ce] ees ecce oll ecw celel | eee ae ae 
Aug. 12 |10/47. 5) 57|12 97/51 | 5 | 233)..123 6) 3) 30). ue 2... 2 | ceil eee eee ene el ee 


Sept. 5 i as oly | GO| Os sale an 20/40)17 = /25)11/220) Sept. 16 | 290} Oct. 20 |68/358). . 


HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. 35 


Taste VIII.—Comparison of pr oe of infestation by boll weevil and production of Bee 
upon variety plats on Carson & Smith's plantation, Brazos River, Wellborn, Tezx., 
1903. 


| Squares per plant. Bolls. Yield per acre. 
3s |———-——. he A 
A ‘ . | @ | Pounds seed cot- 
as Ko] : Oo | ton. 
re) 4 q |e 
¢ Date of [g_; = 3 B/S -bae. | ap 
Plat. Variety. examin- |” o g a 2 GST aye as oe 
ation. [48 ; = B/S |eg\/80 
° iS = = ae A | a eis |S 
i u = H = i= ~ a aq ad 
4 o o =) a wm & =I SI o|To 
4 | = 5 = q Ay 2 S |e = a 
2 g q S ss S) = o|lZalo2 3 0) 
: Sees aie oe ines: ole) Gt | el Ih Oh SSO) |e ee 
a Ze ln es eH) I ea Ay Ae |e in a |A 
—_—— ———E —————— 
Meme. | Native .-...... Juve s 2621 S100 |S Go| ONOliy SONG|: sso. 22/2 eee Sp oa AE De RIT. 
July17..| 50) 12.0 . 04 SOSA ONO BOLO Soar Say. 5 olecranon ee 
Aug. 17.| 10) 65.0 | 3.5 5.3} 1.9 | 16.9 Ei eeaal | Sees Pram ar sere ellos a= 
Aug. 25 5] 70.0 | 36.0 | 51.4) 2.6; 21.2 OA DO eee leases eeaeciae 
Sbs caecoes| Seal Sean S| Reeeiys lBige tee ieee ae er (ean Zena - 2AU) Slee 442) .27 
eee =! MerritOry. ==. June 26.| 100} 1.0 0 MOE meson | aac ears cine footers ccs las mee Loe Soe 
ply. ean) 8.0 10 04) os. al 208) 28 EU) | See Be Yea ae we 
Cae memo OOMOM mayor ell) wonOne2t Ont dieO|e sale eee Soo lse oso are 
ne oa Saletan a alee alee ee afi l ee eslue sce ee SS163)' < 101 284| .17 
BS co. Mieksonle |: 2: =. June 26.| 100} .75 0 1 pee fo ee eS Se aS ere ge alle ee 
: July 20..| 50) 28.0 . 08 Aes eee AS tee Oe Deal ess: ee wee heehee Ws sete 
Anes W7a\)) 101598. 0) | 7-8 He Me 82219239 sal ee lee sees eee ae es 
Aug. 25.| 5} 92.0 | 39.6 | 43.0: 2.0 | 26.6 SA esata] eae el eeepc ees eae 
cis <, Sehley<-..2.-* June 26.! 100; .32 0 (O) Roee ss llecsaaa Seaeee NS ereoallecrs etal Soe aces 2 
‘ Ulye20 ee Zo) = 2050) 208 4 2 4 AO eee S283) cae ola sabes 
Aug. 17.| 10) 70.0} 4.5 Ors eA Sho) MQ ee es |e ae | eee es i 
Aug. 25.) 5) 94.0 | 41.6 | 44.4) 3.0 | 15.0 AO POO ese Seneca = 
me Bohemian ....| June 26.| 100} .73 0 i arse |S Seee tell Se ers || ea cl enese re eee lore ee Sell ates a 
July 20..} 25) 16.0 . 04 SDE AG |e 2 A Aah ces Pes sees ae eee 
Avice ai) LOW S050) 710 Sea) Boil jf alee! OC bee all etree, tea Be 
Moree POAT Ou sltOnmroos2 e240) |: Aguoulewlde We teOleeee lance a[kls pa teme i 
ae ea ater nu ee Si | ce aS ee |S (eh Rea em aie ee lee SEMA cents a 340| . 21 
i iG ne eee eee June 26.| 100) 2.5 SUD 2 dled bayeeh aes |= Cs ee | eel (oo (eet pea ae |e ee 
July 20..| 25) 58.0 Al .3| 1.52) 2.44 [Peet aes Se ee alles 
Aug. 25. HMO OR PAOD eSeOl. 200) eA Qr Obes) a0 SOleuse Secs ol saatececlonce 
fy mice ca Eee Was eee ce IO reac ares | eh sr b509} 491} 61,000) .65 
Shimes..2...<.>. June 26 | 100} 2.96 OL teO SO ee So [ee eee SSE Pe ince leer sees nel sate ay 
. .6cel eee Wire eee doo. -|) 100. 3-28 ON OOH eee a VS ree eee ein Se eos tN ihe De SI oe 
Bil 2 oa Goeee eee ollly: 20>) 25\'65-0)| 50.36. 0) || 1240| 3.6 Or. era eae | eatrse eters 
ee Oue 252 Aug. 25 5] 90.0 | 37.4 | 41.5 | 3.8 | 52.0 . 04 ae A rate fel ctl eee 
na Sossh ae ESE Pees | Beret ee seaes eee eke Sere | Ae = |e ATO rac alineee aar: 
cee ent ene sean SS ee eee aE Tee eee eee een She aa Ode ar 
SMIMe ee yes. UNINC S2 On lO leR oro mee eile aes mee eee aes vole et Se ee Bee 
: alSseee Apres Pere OOO) oLiGuice as calcio ce teo scout clos Sei Beal Bee cra ees get selena 
~ See eee NOME aoe eee GO).)..| 150! 2.2 BOs ONO eee are Se allie p Bee elses Neill eater lee 
July 17]! 50) 54.0 383 .5 CBIR TSE SN Sen tag a Mee ea : 
Betas 2 c.= = OOl-=------| sume 26 | 150) 2.9 AOU Ee peea DR eecall ie ces Saline SEs S| ees cies 2 
July 17] 50} 61.0 AOS | elena Oe he OG ee. Peed Se eee |Saene (eee ere 
Jase GOreree=2e< AMIS: 7. || 010920" 638: | 652 |) 256 | 32:3 OD LO Ao os|asecel eae see sees 
Be Soe BD. ocsoekctl| SSE SaS sabe see eee aes ps | pee er (ORS el Cee nN Sy || See =| ea @1,000) . 65 
mettle ssc, = Comers UME 2On | LOOM 4a7er ION) QED occ ce eke ee SH ae sleet Pk 
July 17] 2510.0 .44 AD Wee eA Mer As 83 suse eel | ete ee cere a Ee Sa ee ‘ 
Aug. 25 AMO GEOR RGOMO MI Ro TOP |e sam Sek cals ceee cla seliecs solcmc oo oe cee 
ee ny eee scare ie more ers, We oo ella Me (2) 625) 603) 1,228) 276 
5359 Aaeee Onset eer | uby: 20) | 25) 42:0 28 .o . 48 Sy Bees BR a eta ee cic 
15-16.|..... OMS css ce Aug. 25 DLOSAOR | 7OFS 4059) | A450! 7a ee. = 100} 272) 413 710) .48 
Nelliporm:-... June 26 | 100) 3.6 0 OM epee || ee zee lee tie AOE ee | arte eke aly Sais 
July 20 25) 52.0 .44 .8 ODI QDIS Secias Be sees See eae aoe Lice 
Aug. 25 5 209. 0 | 52.8 | 48.4) 1.4 )100.6 |...... (2) | 494) 672) 1,167) .73 
a Average. b About. 


36 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


TaBLE IX.—Comparison of progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit 
upon plats of cotton planted at different dates by August Scholl, Hunter, Tex., in 1903. 


4 Yield per acre. 
E Squares per s Bolls = P 
: g a -Plant. I Z ~ Pounds seed cotton. 
£ od |% PTeule lee eals . ~ 
2 | 18 |®| 2) 3 4aglels es] 2 = S 
5 a So" || 8] 8 jesle| s jos] 2 Baap St d 
= 8 | 2 |ala| Ss SBlS8l5| s lS) @ eara a 
a 3 B/S | 5 josl|2] o |@o3| © 3 te 3 S$ |. | am 
= s a Zl4 1/6 Wala pale a Fa A n |e | a. 
Shine..... Mar 1.} May 30../ 140) 3.0).....)....]..- | Bee ery Paes ees sala ee Ne = = 
July 3. .| 15) 40.0} 4:0 °/10. 0)... 2) cw) st eos) cc ee cae ee ee ace a 
Aug. 6. -| 195/195. 0/84. 2 1/43. 1/2: 2) 9. 6/37.'5) 140) 5. 2. . 2. 22/222 eee ee 
Sireaee: PS -1diar e oe et te a 124. 0)...-|....] Sept. 26.) 171] Dee.1-... 142 313 
Native....| Mar .<| July 3..] 15) 19. 0) 3; 06/16.4).- .|-..-|---.1. 2. |5..22... -- |S a 
Aug. 5.. 5} .80:.0/83..0 |41.2)2. 0} 8.0/20. 0) 20)... -.- 222) 2225) 
ANG. 282 |AVslsceealeceuel=sele~e 6:0)-e dle Sept. 26.| 210) Dec. 1--.-.| 148, 358) .24 
ern 2 oe Apr.1.| May 30-.-].... 5.0). 2 s5| occ ahs - 2-2 =| one heen] ces on. eel aee er eee ES : 
July 3..| 50] 40:0) 3.8 | 9.5)... -|-.--]2-<-|.<2.|-22c25-. ose epee |e - 
Aug. 5.. 5] 57. 0131. 6 |56.4]1. 8112. 0/20. 0} 140). .......-.-|2- eee eee eee 
Auge, 28. AW 582 ehs Solo oe 19: Of selene Sept. 26.) 181) Oct. 15.. 278) 460 
Shine..... Apr..-| July 3.-) 50) :20.0)) 27) 3.5)-. 2\. <2.) 23.) we a ne a cel soe eee 
Aug. 5.. 5} 97. 0j42..0 [438. 3/2. 0/10. 2133. 3) 120)... .....2| 52. bee eee ee eee ee 
Aig D8. AW te.) cecal ee Salo ene 93: Ofc oats Sept. 26-| 150) Dee.1... 120) 270 
Native. .-.| Apr...) July 3.:| .50) 12/0) 1..62/13..). . |---| <2--22.-|---- =. -o|oe= =| eee eer 
Aug. 5.. o| 53.0124. 6 [46.4] .6):5.8)27. 5). 80)..--- =... <a ol eee eee eee ina = =| SOR 
; ee a had ets (Gt NOS Bee rR ON Riana | Sept. 26.| 173} Dec.1...| 57) 230! . 
Native.-..| Apr...| July 3..| . 50) 23.0) 3.34114.5)..-|.0u|----|.---|----200=-- P= oie eee 
Aug. 5.. 5} 42.0)19.6 46. 611 Q|12..4/24. 1) 140,....2. 2.1.2 oot rr wot | 
= Arg SSA Acs | 2.5 Se ele este es oP Obese slaset Sept. 26.| 366] Nov. 1..| 57 423) . 
Shine... . - | May .. July 3--| 100) .9|...--).- 0. |e lec oa] e se) one |a-- ooo oe ae ee 
Aug. 5.. 5} 62. 0/18. 2 129.3) .2) 2.4] 8.3) 160.: ....- 2... sae ee ee 
AMIE 25: CAVE ees eee a Sere a 0 ee ee Dee. 1..-| 80)23 33322 seee 80 
Native: =-.| May-h.| Sully 3.2) 100-7) 2 23|- Sa ea sie ae Se eee | eee ee Pee mee oe SS) 
f Aug. 5 5) 36.0)16.2 [45.0] .2) .6/83.3] 40).:.......-]- 24ers ee 
Ae.) 283). 55 [2 Sas eee ae A | ey ee Pees (ee) 


a HIBERNATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIL. - 37 


ry, 
“% 
ari 


| Tapue X.—Comparison of progress of infestation by boll weevil and production of fruit 
. upon plats of cotton at College Station, Tex., in 1904. 


ae ‘ Yield per acre. 
Squares, Blooms. Bolls. Weevils. 
d Pounds seed cotton. 
d iS) 
~ wn E 1 
| ele ales 3 : 
eI ah . : 
ee | Fee le Silas HE A I | 7” — 
a = . |o|3|/8 .J/c Sie ee & |e @ iS Ps 
eee 2 PP Rlsg a). | Sis.) & 18) . 18 5 Z 
o Co i 4 ei Lomal (5) ec re © SQ mal mM 
e| 2 | 2 |2)2ls2/8)2)s/8/8]/ 2/8) 215] = Bl 2 isle 
> Sees tata le iele |e ialol a la) a | a Ae el Aer tentes 
abe! vie ee 
ee ea ea OOD). cee nel o sce |nwnlocesiesta|a--|es-|s. 20 Die ORO8 eo Boar levsac ssi aer| ase eee 
Be Olay Pr oOl2, O00). 252i... |< line a[s aos loos -[oeelaee]. oo. 2 OB he Serpe iets A atreyreell sel eel eee 
ee aume 17) 400) 55) 36) 1.6) 5|.-..|....|---|---|-2-.-|---|...--- aN seal ats tesla ae bee es ae 
5 ire oN) A ES IETS (ee gee) (te a (vicina GRP 53 Miata eet eel aac Ie" Sella. 
Ss A )jJume 15) 400)....)....|.....|...|-.-.]----|---]---]-----|--- De at al Ie eens (eee eras 3 lie etal oe 4 
hes June 27} 400/15 12| .2 | O} 174)0.43) 55 0.13}. . Na 0 ar (ae neers espe hewn Ds || SE NG 1 
8 ltuly 13) 50/39 7| .35} 34] 166/3.3 |807|--.-! 6.1 |-- Die le ocelot = eae a aN 
™ (Sept. 12; 25) 4.5) 98/86 |(2)| 0 45522 ~=—|108 36144 |Aug.28/258|\Sept.14/252/510). 32 
; ont Mldiy DARA BID Dee See leeies leverages (eles eaters (arene oy emer (ar ee Som A SOA iS Si 2 | Cea oc ee fo aI = ae 
SOS 8 DS eee ee ee ee ee ce (ea HOAs Eee lbele Seat SiGe. ive peee 
SG 21S eee fee se a] (ee bsg ee eee ae Se Ole | Siena lice woe ers |Pee 
Pee one To) o00)--2-)----|-5---|..-|----|----|---|--~|.---.1..- a eet aia oe ieee 
x bo'e, PCM OO 4s. oh QU N25) Me cc |eek |e clean. ese (QWs ieee eee mest eae ee ee ees E 
++ i }/|June 27| 380/22 14). .2 | 92) 164) .43) 91]...) . 24)... ONO rei Soetee He. ho Mat ee fee 
> S|\July 13} 50143 | 18] 83] 38| 178/3.8 |309|...| 6.2 |.-- ee am (MT py sa Wee ETE Me eee 
4 a Sept. 12) 25; 6.5] 142/86 |(@)|..--|-.-- ..- 491/23 83 46/184 |Aug.27|\313 Sept.10 318 661). 4 
4 wo(|May 22)1,200)....)...- [oceccfese fees e[eces]ee-]ee [eres e]eee Ae Weert ae. wal Sees in eral es 
ewan Gy OU calles 2. |. -.2e/ac|mees|seeslao-[-+ [en oel-s- ise Lae Agama eee 
Peeraatme ts) O09.7| 25) 5.1) 7}. O1.2.2).-.|-.-|----- (@) Di Sol eeesssees ee Slee Sees 
gSjjJume 9 250/-.-.).-..|..-..]---|--.-|----|---|---]----- 2 SMS! Lal ee eel ae 
g &|\Jume 27; 400/25 | 152) 1.5 | 8 53) .13)...|...|..... 0} 0 | ees a ee § 
4 aE July 13) 50/33 19) 1.1 | 47) 243/4.8 |226 AON oe DA 2a NLS ees elt ae aeeeeo ee el Re 
; _\|Sept. 12) 25) 1.3] 27/84 |(a)) 0 700,31 90 MEAS a been sete [eee ey 
Na- {June 7 200/0 | O)........]..--|---- 3) 285 | cogae oh Stel BS a oe eee ee besos ooce 
Ee ere Ee ZOO en Se ealincacialisrea les’ coe - [loa - Sh sisiliawsie tie Selb DAN By I Ae eel lemaegie ta 2 
Sept. 16} 25] 1.8) 34) 79 |(@)| Oj..-.|--- 217| 10 | 36 PANO tier [tere ttc cil Searles iets Fa ictal ees 
oe Home ga -27d)—- <<" 29). 5 - BE coal assists a dete Cis ge P| Se F Rapnes eatete FS | glee DA S| FEE fg 
five EE OWS EOO ee a ails sella acie sce ss wine sues «lai dicelcw Tks Preye rasa Se|| ceria ie el ere |v ocars 
* {June 29; 290/20 | 111) 3.8)113|...-]..-.. WeOeoallessne ORO Mies ececiass\eeel ecco 
Yitimes "Gil EOS Neo) Sse ees (oe ee (er ee (ee Sele O! | aca tie taleie ean s 
eee ume | © 200)... OL|. 2...) 1). 2.|..2.|---|--<[--e22 PU BLOW eee esl oS eae ae 
tive. }/June 29} 364/16 | 128, 2.7/187|....|.-.- 5G Seal cars 2 ae OO leckees 2 Sol ee eee psa lla 2 eal ee 
SepielG 25) 2.5) Go) Ol \(@)) 222) 2.5-/.-- 147| 7.4) 39 S22 hoes See Ree (Oe see Hellen eee 
ee une 18) (10025 | 22) 1.1) 6)....|..-.|... Aa hee Boe 3 ha pl eee Soa ane Pa 2 © 
Ditive July 14; 40/63 {1140} 44 |395) 65) 1.6/537|...) 13 |.-- (ay yee Reerage ae ee Bo Se eee 
ISepindtG| 25) 3.21 71 88 © |(@)|-.-. |---|. . = 265| 14 | 8d) SU PAE ein| |e ee epee at uae eae eee ioe 3 
: June 14) 50/22 AT AO E22 D833 ase ee rei tere ee ohare ee Cie See Vee ees aioli = eis oerel ae 
 Na- J\June 29} 398/41 SO leeks LOA eee eee ONG SA seater Mee Ole Os (Gee aes 2 ee Bes iaeet ee 
tive.)|July 14) 40/18 | 437) 57 /121) 55) 1.4/419)...)..... es aU feat peter AO Rese ec es a 
Sept Loe 25) 9.5) 209/92 (a) 2. .|ss<s|-<2 911) 11 | 72 AGIIS4: SalPzsec=s BSc Aaeos Beeiaec Ree 
a Not counted. b Consisted of a large number of varieties. 


_ Norr.—The five plats of native cotton mekerned to were planted by different farmers in the vicinity 
of College Station. 


_ The proportion of squares punctured by the end of the first month 
_ after squares have commenced to form has been found to range from 
2.5 to 10 per cent. It is usually not over 5 per cent, and an average 
' proportion of 3 per cent would be more nearly correct. Thus, on the 
_ Brazos River, July 13, 1904, but 8 per cent of the squares were punc- 
tured. At the College on our main plats less than 1 per cent were 
punctured. At Eckol’s, on June 14, 1904, 6.1 per cent were punc- 
tured and on June 29 but 1.1 percent. In 1903 at the College not 
_ over 2 per cent were punctured during the first month of square for- 
mation. In the Brazos bottom in 1903 the proportion was less than 1 
percent. In 1901, on June 17, Mr. Teltschick reported to Professor 


38 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. ; 


Mally that 10 per cent of the squares were punctured upon cotton 
which had been squaring for 5 weeks. At the end of the second 
month of square formation there is an increase of from ten to fifteen 
times in the percentage of punctured squares. On August 13, 1903, 
an average of 35 per cent of the squares on our plats were punctured, — 
and on August 25 on Smith & Carson’s plantation there were 42 per 
cent. On August 13, on the experiment station plat at the College 
barn, there were 65 per cent, these representing the injury done upon 
the emergence of the third brood of weevils. On July 14, 1904, 
Eckol’s and Ayer’s cotton had 57 and 44 per cent punctured, this — 
being about 2 months after the first squares formed. Ina general 
way, it seems safe to say that usually 50 per cent of the squares will 
be punctured by about 2 months after the cottou commences to square, 
at which time, as we have seen, there would normally be about 100— 
squares to the stalk. With the appearance of the third brood of wee-— 
vils early in August the percentage of injury rises rapidly, and by 
September 1 from 85 to 90 per cent of the squares will be found punc- ~ 
tured, tho it is rather unusual to find over 90 per cent of the squares” 
punctured in this section when they are carefully counted. In 1904, — 
at the end of 6 weeks of square formation, there were but 8 per cent 
of the squares punctured along the Brazos River, tho on the oldest — 
cotton, which had been squaring about 2 months, where the weevils - 
were thickest, 40 per cent were punctured. When one-half of the 
squares are punctured it may be readily concluded that there are’ 
probably sufficient weevils present to prevent any more squares from 
forming fruit. It will be seen, therefore, that the critical period in~ 
the relation between natural increase of squares on the plant and the 
increased injury by the boll weevil is during the period of 6 to 8 weeks 
after first squaring, which usually coincides more or less closely 
with the time between the appearance of the second and third broods” 
of weevils. Thus, if we consider 6 weeks as the average time 
required for cotton to begin to square after planting, it will be seen’ 
that the bulk of the fruit must be set in 85 or 90 days after planting. 
In other words, it may be readily seen that to escape injury by the 
boll weevil cotton must be so grown that the bolls will commence to 
open in about 100 days after planting, and that all the fruit which 
will probably be secured must be set within 45 days after the squares 
begin to form. The advantage of early planted cotton and rapid 
maturing varieties becomes, inaretare. very apparent. 


Se hd) Palle med 


mos) DA, B. E. Bul. 63, Part II. C. B. W. I., February 5, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


_ NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN WEEVILS RELATED TO 
‘ THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


By W. Dwiceur PIerce, 
Special Field Agent. 


INTRODUCTION. 


_ During the year 1905 considerable knowledge was gained concerning 
_ the biology of Texas weevils. The practical importance of this infor- 
_ mation lies in the possibility that from some of these species parasites 
_ may be artificially induced to transfer their activities to the boll weevil 
_ (Anthonomus grandis Boh.). But it has a further interest in that it 
_ makes possible a comparison between the life history of this impor- 
tant enemy of cotton and that of related insects which normally 
inhabit regions into which that pest has only recently made its advent. 

_ Anthonomus grandis breeds during the entire growing season, from 
' April to October, and on one plant—cotton. Its host plant is so plen- 
tiful that there is a constant food supply. Anthonoimus signatus Say, 
_ which breeds in immense numbers in the flowers of strawberry, black- 
berry, dewberry, and redbud, is not known to have more than the short 
_ period of activity limited by the fruiting of its host plants. Hence the 
' possibility of transferring parasites would be limited to a short period 
_ and there would be further difficulties on account of the local distribu- 

tion of the food plants. Anthonomus eneotinctus Champ., which has 
_ been found to breed in enormous numbers in pepper, in western Texas, 
is not known to occur on other food plants in the spring and early sum- 
_ mer, inasmuch as only a part of its cycle of life has been determined. 
_ These three species are the most important of the Texas economic 
_ Anthonomi, and from the two latter little may be expected in assisting 
_ in the control of the boll weevil, altho it may be important to suggest 


39 


40 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


that the parasites of Anthonomus signatus might attack Anthonomus — 
zneotinctus if the strawberry and pepper were grown side by side. 
The former weevil has long been established and has numerous para- — 
sites. The latter kas not-been here long and has not extended its foot- — 
hold greatly, neither has it many parasites. Both of these species are — 
small, and perhaps not likely to yield parasites which would attack 7 
thos species. 3 

Of the large species equaling the boll weevil in size some may, — 
perhaps, yield favorable results. Anthonomus fulvus Lec. gives prom- — 
ise in one way because it breeds in the buds of Callirrhoe involucrata, 
a mallow closely related to cotton. But this plant ceases flowering — 
early in July, which would make transfer of parasites difficult. 
The biology of this species is extremely like that of the boll weevil, — 
and it would appear to be easier for parasites to change from it to its 
more injurious relative than from the two species mentioned before. — 
Anthonomus squamosus Lec., which breeds along the western edge of — 


the cotton belt in the flowers of Grindelia squarrosa nuda, is much | 


more abundantly parasitized than A. fudvus has proven to be. Its” 
food plant has a long season, so that several generations are produced. — 
Both of these species seal the egg puncture and pupate in a cell — 
formed by the larval excrement, just as does the boll weevil. Both — 
are parasitized likewise by Lracon mellitor Say, a parasite of Antho- — 
nomus grandis. Hurytoma tylodermatis Ashm., listed as a parasite of 
Anthonomus grandis, is a primary parasite of Lzxvus musculus Say 


and probably also of Anthonomus squamosus. Another species of | 


Eurytoma was definitely bred from A. sguamosus. Anthonomus scu-— 
tellaris Lec. is known to breed in wild plums in Texas. Desmoris 
scapalis Lee., a weevil very similar in habits to the boll weevil, breeds - 
in the flower heads of Sideranthus rubiginosus, thus resembling A. — 
sqguamosus, but differing from the Anthonomi mentioned, in that it- 
undoubtedly pupates in the ground. This species is very abundant in 
the heart of the weevil-infested area of the cotton belt and occurs: 
thruout a considerable part of the summer. Moreover, it is often 
parasitized. 4 

Of the smaller species those to be noticed are not smaller than the 
smallest of A. grandis and A. squamosus. Anthonomus disjunctus Lee. , 
like the latter, breeds in the flower heads of Heterotheca subaxillaris, a 
common aces thruout central Texas. It is very numerous and 
considerably parasitized. Anthonomus xneolus Dietz breeds abun- 
dantly in the buds of Solanum rostratum, which occurs thruout Texas. 
Catolaccus incertus has been bred as a parasite. 

The nature of the problem being thus set forth, it will be readill y 
understood that the primary requisite is a koa barltee of the breeding 
habits of as many species of weevils as possible, : 


4 NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF RELATED WEEVILS. 41 
= The following notes bear upon the biology of certain of the Texas 
_ weevils. The determinations are by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz, W. H. 
Ashmead, and J. C. Crawford, in those groups respectively in which 
they are specialists. 


ANTHONOMUS DISJUNCTUS Lec. 


eae we one IP ae 


This species was found breeding in large numbers on Heterotheca 
 subaxillaris at. Jacksonville, Tex., by Mr. C. R. Jones and the writer. 
It oviposits in the bud at the base thru the involucre. The presence 
_ of the weevil is indicated by the blackening of the two or three involu- 
eral bracts which were punctured. ‘The larva feeds among the seed 
in the seed-head, and forms a compact cell of its exuvie. Here it 
_ pupates and the adult emerges from the dried head. 


PARASITES. 


Three pteromalids were bred from a few buds brought in to the 
- laboratory. 
ANTHONOMUS FULVUS Lec. 


_ Mr. W. W. Yothers has carried out an extensive series of notes on 
the biology of Anthonomus fulvus incident to his finding the host 
_ plant of this species. On June 9 the first weevils were taken, and 
_ found to be very abundant on the flowers of the purple mallow, 
Callirrhoe involucrata. This was, then, the weevil that had been 
- sought so long—a native insect infesting a close relative of the cotton, 
_ and with life history parallel in all details to that of the boll weevil. 
_ The questions at once arose as to whether the new weevil was held in 
_ check by parasites which might be transferred to the boll weevil, 
_ whether it had more than one host plant, whether it would feed on 
_ cotton, and whether the boll weevil would feed on the mallow. 
_ The work of the season of 1905 answered some of these questions, 
- but not the one of primary interest. Only one parasite was bred, 
viz, Bracon mellitor, already known as a primary parasite of Anthono- 
_ musgrandis. If this parasite was not originally parasitic on A. grandis 
_ and was so on A. fulwus we may reasonably expect that any other 
_ primary parasite of the latter may be induced to transfer its energies 
against the former. 
The host plant, Callirrhoe involucrata, is largely distributed over the 
_ Mississippi River basin, and its guest, Anthonomus fulvus, is known 
' by previous record to occur in Kansas and by observations of this 
_ laboratory to breed at Ardmore, Ind. T. (C. R. Jones, collector), and 
_ Dallas and Victoria, Tex. Thus it is highly probable that the weevil’s 
_ range is at least coextensive with the range of this host plant. 
The plant is a spring bloomer, thriving in May and June in Texas 
_ and gradually later toward the north. According to the laboratory 
; 7036—Bull, 63—09—4 


42 _ PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETO. 


records, the weevil’s activity is probably limited to the flowering activ- 
ity of the plant, after which it goes into estivation and hibernation. __ 
The weevil generally oviposits in the bud, altho perhaps also in the 
ovary. The egg puncture is immediately sealed, just as by Anthono- — 
mus grandis. Owing to the brief period from bud to flower the- 
metamorphosis is comparatively rapid. The only observation on this — 
point limited the pupa stage to less than 4 days. The egg is lemon- — 
yellow, elliptical, measuring 0.3875 mm. in breadth and 0.484 mm. in ~ 
length. It is placed among the anthers, generally near the base of — 
the floral column. Incident to the act of oviposition the petals become 
sealed by the released juices and are prevented from fully opening, so 
that the developing weevil is still protected from its enemies. Larvee ~ 
or pupe are often found thus in the sealed flower, and are sometimes 
still in this part after it has dropt. On the other hand the larvae — 
frequently eat into the ovary and there construct a pupal cell of their || 
excrement. The weevils may oviposit in the ovary, altho no definite | 
record was obtained. The ovaries are largely infested by a very | 
small weevil, which is as yet undetermined. After June 9 neither — 
copulation nor oviposition was observed. a 
July 4 was the last date of finding larve in the field. Thirty-two | 
flowers had but two larve, and two showed feeding punctures. On — 
July 1 seven adults were taken in the field. The Callirrhoe ceased — 
blooming about July 10. As the weevils in the breeding cages ceased — 
to feed on the flowers early in July, they were placed with a plant in 
a large breeding cage for estivation on July 27. The Callirrhoe © 
plants were induced to bloom until about November 1 by transplant- — 
ing, but the weevils did not seem inclined to feed again. A weevil — 
which had not fed for a month was still active August 9, and on 
August 16 was observed to feed on the flowers of the host plant. . 
The weevils normally feed on the anthers and on the surface of the 
petals. They refused to touch the foliage. When offered a choice of — 
Callirrhoe or cotton blooms, they almost invariably went directly to | 
the former. When given cotton alone they were observed to feed on 
the pollen and petals and in one case indication of feeding on thesquare —~ 
~ was observed. . . 
In habit the weevil is like Anthonomus grandis. It is susceptible — 
to movement and when conscious of a disturbance remains alert on the 
edge of a petal. A slight movement will cause it to drop to the © 
ground, where it is almost impossible to find it. It isa very ready © 
flyer and goes from plant to plant in this manner. 


ANTHONOMUS SQUAMOSUS Lec. 


This species was found breeding in very large numbers by Mr. C. R. ~ 
Jones and the writer on Grindelia squarrosa nuda at Clarendon, Tex. — 
It has previously been recorded from the same plant in Colorado and ~ 


Bul. 63, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |. 


5 WoRK OF LIXUS MUSCULUS AND ORTHORIS CROTCHII. 
Fig. 1.—Gall of Lixus musculus and exit hole of adult on stem of Polygonum pennsylvanicum. 
Fig. 2.—Gall of Lixus musculus and entrance hole (closed) of pyralid caterpillar on stem of 
Polygonum. Fig. 3.—Pod of Mentzelia nuda, showing two egg punctures of Orthoris crotchii. 
Fig. 4 —Pod of Mentzelia opened, showing a cluster of Orthoris crotchii cells,and the cocoons 
of Tetrastichus. Figs.5,6.—Interior of pod of same, showing several cells of Orthoris crotchii. 
Fig. 7.—An isolated cell of Orthoris crotchii, showing the manner in which the seeds are 
/ eaten. (Original.) 


Bale Fi 


NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF RELATED WEEVILS. 43 


what was supposedly the same species from Helianthus in Kansas. It 


 oviposits in the bud or flower at the base thru the involucre. The 


presence of the weevil is indicated by the blackening of the two or 
three punctured involucral bracts. The larva feeds among the ovaries 


in the flower head and forms a compact cell from its exuvie. This 


cell is the more compact because of the sticky nature of the flower. 


Here it pupates and matures, the adult emerging from the dry seed 


head. Thespecimens secured differ greatly in size, color, and vestiture. 
PARASITES. 


Bracon mellitor Say was bred in large numbers from the larve. 

Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm. was bred in large numbers as a pri- 
mary parasite. 

Catolaccus sp. One specimen of this genus was bred, and is pre- 
sumably a primary parasite. 

An undetermined noctuid caterpillar, which eats out the heads of the 
Grindelia, destroys all weevils breeding in the flowers it attacks. 


LIXUS MUSCULUS Say. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2.) 


This species was found by Mr. C. R. Jones and the writer breeding 
in considerable numbers in the stems of Polygonum pennsylvanicum 
at Clarendon, Tex. It oviposits near the joints of the stem, and the 
young larva as it feeds causes the stem to enlarge and form a gall-like 
cell. These galls are twice the diameter of the stem and about three- 


quarters of an inch long. The growing weevil fits its cell tightly, and 


consequently, after maturing, it takes some time for it to gain an exit. 
The adulteznaws a round hole in front of its head and then gradually 


forces itself out. 


VWeotieS 


PARASITES. 


Glyptomorpha (Bracon) rugator Say. Oneadult was bred from the 
weevil and numerous pup were found in the cells. The pupa is 
inclosed in a brown papery cocoon, which completely fills the cell and 
crowds the remains of the Lixus against the wall. 

Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm. was bred as a primary parasite. 

Neocatolaccus tylodermx Ashm. was bred as a primary parasite. 
This species has been bred also from boll-weevil-infested squares. 

Cerambycobius cyaneiceps Ashm. One specimen was bred from an 
infested stem, and is probably a Lixus parasite. 

Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm. One individual bred from an infested 
stem and probably a parasite of Lixus, tho perhaps hyperparasitic. 

A pyralid larva which dwells in the stems of this plant seems to be 
very fond of this weevil, as it not only eats those which lie in its path 
but has been frequently seen to cut a hole into the galls from the outside 


44 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


and to feed on the inmate. It makes no choice of the stage of the 7 
weevil to be eaten; larve, pupe, and adults have been found partly — 
devoured. 


ORTHORIS CROTCHII Lec. (PI. I, figs. 3-7.) 


This species was found by Mr. C. R. Jones and the writer breeding 
in Mentzelia nuda at Clarendon, Tex. It oviposits in the ripening © 
seed pods, and the larva makes its cell in the center of six or seven of 
the flat transverse seeds. Very often four or five weevil cells will 
lie side by side, occupying a large part of the interior of the pod. 
The cells are made up of the exuvie of the larve. Exit is secured 
thru the open apex of the ripe pod. 


PARASITES. 


Microbracon ( Bracon) nuperus Cress. was bred in very large numbers 
as aprimary parasite. ‘The air around the Mentzelia bushes was thick 
with individuals of this and the next species. Several definite records 
of hyperparasitism by Tetrastichus were obtained. The latter con- — 
struct beautiful little white cocoons, and several feed on one host. 

Tetrastichus sp. A very large number of these specimens were bred 
from the Mentzelia pods, and several very definite cases of primary — 
parasitism were recorded. 


j 


U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 63, Part III. CyB We It Hebruary, 5.190% 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
ee TED YNI) ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


AN ANT ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. . 


(Solenopsis geminata Fab. var. xyloni McC. ) 


By W. E. H1nps, 
In Charge of Cotton Boll Weevil Laboratory. 


INTRODUCTION. 


That native species of ants are the most important predatory ene- 
mies of the boll weevil is an admitted fact, but the real extent of their 
beneficial work has probably been underestimated rather than over- 
estimated. Several species have been found attacking the weevil in 
some of its stages, but by far the most important one as yet observed 
is a rather small species determined by Dr. W. M. Wheeler as 
Solenopsis geminata Fab. var. «ylont McC. This ant is quite variable 
in size and color, and the different forms found in Texas have been 
separated into several varieties. As it is probable that the food 
habits are similar in each of these forms, the varietal distinctions 
need not be emphasized here. 

Doctor Wheeler has kindly furnished the following information: 


The species is common everywhere in the warmer parts of the world, and is both 
highly carnivorous and highly vegetarian; that is, it will prey on any defenseless or 


moribund insects, and stores seeds in the chambers of its nest. It stings very 
severely, whence the name ‘“‘fire-ant’’ or ‘‘ Hormiga brava,’’ which is given it in 


Spanish America. The dark variety you sent is common in the black soil, such as 
one finds in cotton fields. I have seen it in great abundance in the vicinity of 
Austin, Tex. 


DESCRIPTION. @ 


For the present purpose this ant may be characterized as follows: 


There are two distinct nodes or scales in the slender petiole of the abdomen. All 
forms but the male have a sting. The antennz are ten-segmented; the club is 
formed of the last two segments, of which the terminal one is the longer. Maxillary 
and labial palpi have each two segments. The clypeus has two longitudinal ridges 
and the sting is very large. The color varies, but the workers usually seen are of a 
dark reddish brown, the color of the abdomen being often considerably darker than 


_ that of the head and thorax. Length of workers from 2 to 3 mm. 


@ For illustration of the-species see Bul. 51, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agric., fig. 8, 
p. 149. 


45 


46 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON LEAF-WORM AND BOLLWORM. 


This species has long been known as an important enemy of the cot- — 
ton leaf-worm (Alabama argillacea Hbn.), what is probably the first — 
notice of its good service in this connection having been published in ~ 
1847. Since that time so many observers have reported it as attacking ~ 
the eggs, larve, and pupe of the leaf-worm that there can be no doubt 
of the substantial accuracy of the conclusion that it is one of the most — 
important predaceous enemies of that cotton pest. 

While less study has naturally been given to the relationship of ants 
to the cotton bollworm than to the leaf-worm, it has been shown 
repeatedly that the species under consideration preys upon both the 
eggs and larve of the bollworm in much the same way as it does with 
the leaf-worm. 


ITS WORK AS AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 


Considering the important place that these ants hold among the nat- 
ural foes of the two cotton pests of most serious importance before 
the advent of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, it is not at all surprizing 
to find it filling a high place as an enemy of the weevil. For several 
years it has been known that ants frequently attack the immature 
stages of the weevil in both squares and bolls, but observations made 
during the season of 1905 have shown that this native ant may be—at 


least under favorable conditions—a more important factor in the — 


‘destruction of the weevil than has hitherto been supposed. 

During the experiment which was being made to test the effect of 
direct sunshine in destroying immature stages of the weevil, 150 — 
squares were selected, each of which was believed to contain some 
stage of the insect. These squares were divided into two lots of 75 
squares each and placed upon the bare ground in an exposed spot in 
the cotton plat at the laboratory in Dallas, Tex. One lot was left dry, 
while the other was thoroly wetted to determine whether the mortality 
would be as great in exposed squares which were kept moist. The 
squares were placed on the ground at 4.30 p.m., September 5. The 
following morning, while again wetting the lot which was to be kept 
moist, numerous ants were noticed running around and over the 
squares, tho no sign of a nest had been seen near that spot on the 
previous evening. A hasty examination showed, in several squares, 
holes (fig. 7, 6, c) which in size and external appearance resembled weevil 
emergence holes (fig. 7, @) so closely that at first they were mistaken for | 
them, and it was feared that the stages of the weevil in the squares were 
too nearly mature to serve as suitable material for the experiment — 
intended. A more careful examination, however, showed that the — 
weevils were not emerging, but that the holes in the squares were really 
entrance holes made by the ants to enable them to get at the immature 
weevils within. As it was evident that nearly all of the squares had — 
been opened, the experiment intended was abandoned and a complete — 
examination made of all the squares. 


4 
: 
: 


5 
. 


AN ANT ENEMY OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. 47 


It was soon found that the ant-made holes could, from internal 
conditions if not from external appearances, be distinguished posi- 
tively from those made by the weevil, and it was also possible to 
tell with considerable certainty whether the victim was in the larval or 
the pupal stage, tho in only a few cases had the ants left any remains 


of their prey. A careful examination of the interior of a square 


from which a weevil has emerged shows invariably a small quantity 
of fine débris removed by the weevil from the wall of the square in 
cutting its way out. Besides this, there is a small amount of white 
excrementitious material, the final product of the transformation, 
which is voided by the weevil before it leaves its cell. 


Fic. 7.—An ant enemy of the cotton boll weevil: a, cotton square showing emergence hole of boll 
_ weevil; b, c, cotton squares showing entrance holes of Solenopsis geminata var. xyloni. Slightly 
enlarged (original). 


In cases where the squares had been entered by ants and an imma- 
ture stage destroyed, neither of these signs of adult weevil activity 
could be found, but the stage of the weevil could in most cases be told 
from the presence or absence of the larval exuvie, which are generally 
untouched by the ants. 

In the lot of 75 squares kept dry it was found that the ants had 
entered 64, destroying 44 stages which were probably larve and 20 
which were probably pups. Eleven squares showed no ant holes. 
_ Of these, 7 contained no weevil stage, 8 contained live, unharmed 
larvee of a parasite of the weevil (Bracon mellitor Say) and the 


48 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


remains of the weevil larve destroyed by them, and 1 a dead, moldy — 
weevil larva. | ‘= 

In the lot of 75 squares kept wet the ants had entered 73, destroying — 
50 stages which probably were larve and 23 probably pupe. The 2 ~ 
squares not entered by the ants had contained no stages of the weevil. — 
No signs of parasite destruction could be found in this lot of wet — 
squares. 4 

A brief summary of the examination of these 150 squares shows | 
that 9 of them did not contain any stage of the weevil. Not one of — 
the uninfested squares nor, apparently, any one of those containing a — 
parasitized or dead larva was opened by the ants. Among the 137 — 
squares opened by the ants not a single weevil stage escaped destruc- — 
tion, tho the squares had been on the ground but eighteen hours. 

The unquestionable connection of these ants with the rapid and com- — 
plete destruction of every living weevil stage in 150 squares shows — 
their possible efficacy in the field under conditions which favor their — 
work. The ants were not exceptionally abundant where the foregoing — 
demonstration occurred. The nearest nest was under a cotton plant 
about 3 feet from the bare spot where the squares were exposed. 

On September 25 an examination was made of 300 fallen squares 
and small bolls collected at random from the ground in this plat. It — 
was found that at that time the ants had destroyed 40 per cent of all 
weevil stages infesting those squares and bolls. October 6, in an — 
examination of 212 fallen squares and small bolls, it was found that — 


the ants had destroyed 35 per cent of the weevil stages. Observations — 


made after November 1 indicated that the ants had then practically — 
ceased their activity, only about 10 per cent of the weevil stages — 
having been destroyed. The ants appear to be unable to enter the 
square or small boll until after decay has softened and weakened the 
resistance of the walls inclosing the weevil. 


DISTRIBUTION. 


These ants nest in the cotton fields and appear to be distributed over — 
most if not all of the cotton belt. Their activity is far greater during — 
hot dry weather than during cold wet weather; and this fact may 
account in some measure for the effect which wet weather is said to — 
have in greatly increasing the numbers and destructiveness of the — 
insect pests of cotton.@ | 

During the past season Solenopsis geminata var. rylont has been — 
taken from infested cotton fields in many localities in Texas and west- — 
ern Louisiana. It seems to be perfectly at home in various types of — 
soil, and is undoubtedly of considerable benefit as an established enemy ~ 
of the weevil in practically all of the area now infested. 7 


aBul. 51, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., pp. 137-138. 


——— 


DS. D. A., B. E. Bul. 63, Part IV. Cc. B. W. I., February 8, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


A PREDATORY BUG REPORTED AS AN ENEMY OF THE COTTON 
BOLL WEEVIL. 


(Apiomerus spissipes Say.) @ 


By A. C. Moraan, 
Special Field Agent. 


INTRODUCTION. 


On May 3, 1905, the writer was sent to Gurley, Tex., to investigate 
the finding, by Mr. Sam. Allen, of that place, of a bug which he 
reported as an enemy to the Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus 
grandis Boh.). Mr. Allen had collected only one specimen, a nymph 
of Apiomerus spissipes Say. It was taken to Dallas, Tex., where it 
soon molted and became adult. Other adults were afterwards placed 
under observation at Dallas in order that the life history and habits 
of the species might be studied to determine to what extent it was 
an enemy of the boll weevil, and whether or not it is likely to become 
of economic importance. 

Credit is due Mr. W. W. Yothers for valuable notes upon the life 
history of this species, especially as regards its food habits. 


LIFE HISTORY. 


Copulation.—May 23, 1905, a pair was observed in copulation in 


_ the field for over 6 hours at Gurley. Later, at Dallas, a pair was 


in copulation for 4 hours, and another pair for 3 hours. During the 
process the female assumes the normal position while the male clings 
to one side of ber, holding on with the fore and hind legs. 

Oviposition.—The eggs are laid in masses (fig. 8, 6) of 40 to 60, 
tho as few as 10 were recorded in one instance and 23 in another. 
Individual records are as follows: 37, 41, 49, 54, and 64. The usual 
place for oviposition is the underside of a leaf, near the top of the 
plant. Egg masses have been collected in this position from Ambrosza 
sp. and Helianthus sp. ‘The eggs are placed so close to each other, 
side by side, that in the center of the mass, instead of being cylindrical, 
they are usually more or less hexagonal. 

The egg.—The egg (fig. 9) is cylindrical, finely punctured, and varies 
in color from a bright yellow when first deposited to a light brown 


a@Order Hemiptera, family Reduviide. 
49 


50 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


just before hatching. The collar is shining white. The dimen- | 
sions of the egg are as follows: Width at narrowest part—just 
below collar—0.5 mm.; 
greatest width, 0.64 
mm.; length below col- 
lar, 1.51 mm.; length of 
collar, 0.26 mm.; total 
length, 1.77 mm. The 
widthof the collar varies 
from slightly less than 
the greatest width of the 
ege to slightly more. 
Incubation.—Incuba- 
tion varies slightly in 
the time required in dif- 
ferent egg masses. 
Thus, in May, under 
conditions exactly the 
same, incubation  re- 
Fig. 8.—Apiomerus spissipes: a, nymph, 5th instar; b, egg mass; ¢, quired 12 days in one 
caeeemeady same from above. a, c, d, natural size; b, instance and 16 in 
another. During mid- 
summer 10 to 12 days were sufficient. Later, in the fall, 14 to 16 
days were required. 


FOOD. 


The insects preyed upon in the laboratory embraced the orders 
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. 
The process of feeding is a long one 
and varies with the size of the prey. In 
general the reduviids lie in wait in an 
alert attitude for the approach of an 
insect and then spring upon it, but 
frequently they take the initiative and fly 
orrun toward an insect. The insect fed 
upon is not left until all the juices are 
sucked from its body. Sometimes this 
takes only a half hour, at other times 
the reduviid feeds for one or two hours. 
Boll weevils fed upon by Apiomerus rie.9—rggoi Apiomerusspissipes: A, side 
spissipes are often as dry and crush View fess; B, egg-cap, side view; C, top 

# view of egg: a, collar; b, egg cap; ¢, point 
almost as easily between the fingers as of junction of egg cap with egg; d, at- 
do pinned specimens. The first punc- aren ay 53 diet 
ture by the beak of spzssipes is gen- 
erally fatal. In the case of boll weevils, upon which spissipes fre- 


quently fed, the weevil made only a few spasmodic movements after — 


i 


A BUG REPORTED AS ENEMY OF BOLL. WEEVIL. 51 


the first insertion of its captor’s beak, and then ceased to move. The 
power of the bite of this insect was well illustrated upon the writer 
while collecting specimens. One adult inserted ] is bill in the end of 
the thumb. The pain at first was not so great as that from the sting 
of a bee or wasp, but in a few moments it was much greater than the 
writer had ever experienced from any hymenopteron’s sting. It 
continued unabated for over an hour, and the spot was tender to 
the touch for two weeks. 

Altho locusts, bees, wasps, and an occasional moth were eaten, Cole- 
optera and Diptera were preferred. The following tables give the 
food for a number of days of a nymph of Apzomerus spissipes, and, 
for comparison, the food of another reduviid (Sinea diadema Eab.): 

Food of nymph of Apiomerus spissipes in third instar. 


Eee sakes Lae pene’: Boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis). 
inctus). 

oe solar ag esc ee i ‘a 

Number | Number] 2 Ve oe Number | Number} 22V¢ oe 
edad talied (0 | WET | added. | killed, | ‘tom {| number 

previous| alive. previous| alive. 

day. day. 

@ctober: 916... ......- Sil Esosonewatilate seisieas 3 1 Ob teas. 1 
Wee Sic 2 5) 3 0 5 0 0 1 aI 
j Cee a 5 0 7 0 0 1 1 
(ee 5 5 2 5 0 0 1 1 
MENS Soe 7 3 1 8 0 0 1 il 
Date es 20 7 1 21 0 0 1 1 
Aree © 0 11 9 10 0 0 1 il 
DO ie (2 cee era ie 2 0 4 5 5 0 0 i 1 
Hote anne 0 2 3 3 0 0 1 1 
Fc Gm Le 5 3 0 5 5 0 1 6 
BU Sets Serc's 0 0 5 5 0 2 4 4 
Wovember 22... .- 0 2 3 3 0 1 3 3 
A aS. 0 1 ye 2 0 0 3 3 
Gar ee 5 2 0 5 0 0 3 3 
ee See 0 2 3 3 0 0 3 3 
CU a BON Sateen [eae te tacec cs So | Rice crete eee 


The nymph did not feed after November 8. On December 1 it was 
placed in a cool room for hibernation, but must have died shortly 
afterwards, for on January 25, 1906, it was found dead and shrunken. 


Food of an adult Sinea diadema.@ 


Pepper ek ea cage seit Boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis). 

Date Ruaber Ate eireeece = 

; alive ota 7 alive ota 
Sea een from pre-| number ea pete from pre-| number 

R R vious alive. é : vious alive. 

day. day. 

Cetober- 16-5... -..- Tiel gi Sees Pec ie eee ere ee el eee ooh eco e ES a 555 Spee mesoae 
Meco = = Ss 5 3 0 Fae Se reed ae on is | tere am Se Sie 
HOE eee wt 7 5 0 Wi epces socket ccas coke eee eae leeeee eee 
eae 2 5 5 2 DN Seis SO eee Se ok wis ioe whee ne ee 
2 Lae 5 2 0 5 ep ae aS (eens Pl ee ee IN re Pa 
ee fa 14 4 1 ay Roe een Sh GRE ob ceca ceweln caren: sae sew 
“2A ae 9 11 4 Bailes cepa S15 le [ag eee dns Per. Oe ee 
RO es Se ss aie 11 12 i Te Be ae en SIR PEE A (Spe eens 8 teres a> 
7. eee 0 8 4 5 DE ES a tees) ae one dae 1 
ete a. te 5 3 a 6 5 1 0 5 
{| eae ee 1 1 5 6 4 4 1 5 
November 2......... 2 3 3 5 3 4 1 4 
VaR sien 0 2 3 2 0 dl! 3 3 
(Gases eee 0 2 3 3 | 0 2 1 1 
PROULANa be ae solo sane Qipesee neers assests |eceeeeeeee Br (7 Sie eee (rare ee a 


aThe specimen died November 10. 


592 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


It should be noted in these tables that while the nymph of Apiomerus 3 


spissipes killed 50 pepper weevils, and Sinea diadema 61 during the — 
same period, yet spzssipes killed only 3 boll weevils, while Sinea killed — 
12. These results indicate that little benefit can be expected from 
spissipes in the early stages. The boll weevil is too large for the 
nymphs to capture easily, hence the choice of the smaller, pepper 
weevils. It would appear also that a boll weevil diet is not a perfect 
one, for in the experiments with boll weevils as food for adult spzsszpes 
all died in a short time. One adult ate 27 weevils in thirteen days, 
but died on the fourteenth day. Other experiments gave similar 
results. The table shows also that Sinea does not prefer a diet of 
boll weevils. It ate only 20 per cent as many boll weevils as pepper — 
weevils, altho active enough and strong enough to capture and kill 

them easily. | 

An adult Apiomerus spissipes, under observation from June 1 to 
July 3, ate 2 flies, 22 ladybirds, 1 bee, and 1 specimen of the twelve- 
spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica 12-punctaia Oliv.), but died* on 
July 6. Another adult, under observation from June 10 to 21, when 
it died, ate D. 12-punctata and a few ladybirds, but refused the potato 
beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) and its larve and the sharp- 
shooter (Homalodisca triquetra Fab.). 

Other adults throve for atime on house flies, but, like those fed 
upon weevils, they could not be kept alive. Neither did any combi- 
nation of the above foods produce any better results. 

Food of the young.—The impossibility of keeping the young alive 
thru more than two or three instars leads to the conclusion that 
proper food was not supplied them. On June 10 several specimens 
of Apiomerus spissipes hatched and were placed ina cage and supplied 
with cotton aphides (Apis gossypii Glov.) in abundance. Altho fresh 
food was supplied daily, spzssipes fed very rarely, and on July 3 the 
experiment was terminated by the death of the last of the nymphs. 
Other experiments with the cotton aphis resulted as in the preceding. 
- October 3 a nymph nearing the third instar was fed upon nymphs of 
Pentatoma ligata. It ate 83 nymphs on the 3d and 4th, but died on 
the 5th. A combination of //gata nymphs and cotton aphides failed — 
to keep another spzsszpes alive more than afew days. OnSeptember 6, — 
3 specimens of spzsstpes which had just hatched were isolated in a jar 
containing the egg mass from which they came. On September 8 all © 
were dead. This experiment was made to determine whether the egg 
mass furnishes food for the first instar, as is the case with some penta- _ 
tomids. From this experiment, and a subsequent one which gave the — 
same results, it is evident that no food is obtained from the egg mass. — 

The best results were obtained by breaking open heads of Ambrosia — 
in bloom and letting the Apiomerus spissipes nymphs select food from 
the insects frequenting this flower. Among the insects found in Ambro- — 


A BUG REPORTED AS ENEMY OF BOLL WEEVIL. 53 


sia flowers spissipes fed upon Zriphleps insidiosus, a species of the 
weevil genus Apion, many thrips, and larve and pupe of a cecidomyiid 
gall-maker. 

Cannibalism.—Cannibalism occurs in this species, but is not com- 
monly indulged in. On October 3 three specimens of Apiomerus spis- 
stipes that had not fed since hatching were put in each of four pill 
boxes, without food. The first death occurred October 7, the last 
October 9. No instances of cannibalism occurred. Other experi- 
ments with newly hatched unfed nymphs gave the same result—no 
cannibalism. October 1 twenty-two specimens hatched and were fed 
upon insects found in heads of Helianthus. October 7 two nymphs 
were observed eating a third, and again on October 9, 10, and 12 the 
same observation was recorded. Other instances must have occurred 
in the intervals between observations, which would account for the 
death of individuals not apparently weak or diseased. It is evident, 
therefore, that the species is cannibalistic, but it is apparent that the 
first food must be obtained more easily than it could be by a contest 
with one of its kind of equal age and strength. In nature, however, 
where each individual goes upon a separate quest for food, it is very 
unlikely that cannibalism is a serious menace to the species. 


LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE. 


Owing to the abnormal conditions in the laboratory, which made it 
very difficult to keep either young or old spisszpes alive, the length of 
the instars could not be gaged with certainty. The time between 
copulation and oviposition varied from 4 to 7 days. Incubation 
required 10 to 16 days, according to season. The third molt in one 
instance occurred 12 days after the second, yet specimens have lived 
more than a month after the second molt without molting. The 
- absences of the writer from the laboratory for a period of weeks at 
times destroyed the continuity of the experiment, and made it impos- 
sible to follow the life history as closely as was desired. However, 
there can not be more than a fragment of the second generation in a 
single season. Proper and improper food supply was undoubtedly the 
cause of the great variation in the length of instars noted above. In 
nature the same conditions of food supply undoubtedly exist, thus 
making a difference of months in the maturity of individuals hatched 
from the same egg mass. Observations in the field bear out this 
conclusion. 

At no time during the year of 1905 could the young be found in any 
numbers. Altho adults were frequently observed in copulation in 
June and July at Gurley, later observations failed to disclose more 
than a few young. It is reasonable to suppose that among the surviy- 
ors that finally reached maturity some encounter almost perfect con- 


54 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


ditions as regards food, while others are barely able to exist, thus 3 
lengthening the instars cor delaying maturity and greatly i increasing — 
the length of the life cycle. 


NATURAL ENEMIES. 


Only one natural enemy was recorded during our observations upon 
this species. This was a proctotrypid egg parasite, which Doctor Ash- 
mead pronounced a new species of the genus Hadronotus Forst. Only 
one egg mass was collected from the field. Of these ees 12 per cent 


were parasitized. 
DISTRIBUTION. 


Say, in describing this species, reports it as being very abundant in — 


Arkansas. Stal, in his Enumeratio Hemipterorum, reports it from 
Mexico and Texas. In the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of — 
Sciences Osborn reports it from Albuquerque, N. Mex. In 1905 it 
was collected in Texas at San Antonio and Cotulla by J. C. Crawford, 
at Handley by J. C. Crawford and W. D. Pierce, at Rosser by C. R. 
Jones and F. C. Bishopp, and at Gurley and Dallas by the writer. 
Pittier reports it also from Cruz de Guanacaste, Costa Rica, in Inver- 
tebrados de Costa Rica. 
CONCLUSION. 


Altho the experiments upon Apiomerus spissipes were conducted in 
the laboratory under conditions more or less unfavorable to the species, 
yet enough has been learned of its food habits to class it as a species 
of doubtful economic value, if not one of positive injury. Also, its 
scarcity in cotton fields, even tho abundant upon the borders, argues 
unfavorably. Only occasionally have specimens been observed upon 
cotton plants, and in the instances when these were observed feeding 
it was always upon ladybirds. Again, in midsummer, when weevils 
were most numerous, spzssipes could not be found either in the cotton 
fields or near their borders. : 

The only injurious insects fed upon were the boll weevil (Anthono- — 
mus grandis), the pepper weevil (A. xneotinctus), the twelve-spotted — 
cucumber beetle (Diabrotica 12-punctata), and a few house flies. This 
was in laboratory experiments. It is doubtful if any of these are fed — 
upon more than occasionally in the field, for not a single instance has — 
been recorded. 

Lastly, the great mortality of the young and consequent paucity of — 
adults, the unspecialized food habits, the failure to feed to any appre- — 
ciable extent upon harmful insects, and the practical disappearance — 
of the species from the vicinity of cultivated fields during a part of — 
the summer would unquestionably place Apiomerus spissipes among — 
insects of economic insignificance. | . 


a ans re ae 


ene Se wi 
PR ees 


Wes. Dp. A.. B: EF. Bul.\63, Part V- Cc. B. W. I1., February 9, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. 
(Anthonomus xneotinctus Champ. ) 


By F. C. Prarr, Assistant. 


OCCURRENCE IN TEXAS. 


In a previous bulletin? Mr. C. M. Walker gives an account of the 
pepper weevil, which had been injuring peppers in Texas. Investiga- 
tion during the fall of 1905 resulted in proving the disappearance of 
this insect at Boerne, Tex., where it was first reported. Diligent 
search in October and November by the writer, who was assisted by 
Mr. L. Lamm, failed to show the existence of the weevils at that 
place, altho peppers had been grown as extensively as before. 

At San Antonio, Tex., many truckers had given up the growing of 
peppers on account of their experience the year previous, and on one 
patch at Collins Gardens fully 80 per cent of the pods were attacked, 
and several bushels of chilli and sweet peppers were shipped from 
there to Dallas for observation. 

Several places, Floresville, Seguin, and New Braunfels, in the 
vicinity of San Antonio, were visited to ascertain the extent of the 
infested territory, but without success. Corpus Christi also was vis- 
ited, but no injury was noticed and no reports were obtained concern- 
ing the weevils. 

Mr. J. C. Crawford reported the presence of the weevil about 8 
miles south of San Antonio, the grower having claimed to have noticed 
this insect for several years. At Cotulla, Tex., Mr. Henry Caley 
reported slight injury at one of his truck farms near that place, 
altho the insect was not seen by the writer. 


ORIGIN. 


That this insect (adult, fig. 10) has been introduced into the United 
States from Mexico in recent years, there is no doubt, the exact date 
at this time being undeterminable. Inquiries at San Antonio com- 
mission houses elicited the information that peppers were shipped 
from Laredo, Artesia, and Cotulla. Asa matter of fact, few peppers 
are raised at these places, the principal crop being onions. Mr. Caley, 
at Cotulla, denied ever shipping peppers and was very skeptical about 


@ Bul. 54, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agric., pp. 43-48, 1905. 
55 


56 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


any having been shipped from there atany time. Further information 
showed that peppers were bought up in carload lots in Mexico and — 


shipped to the United States and without much 


to give an impression that these peppers were 
home grown. Dr. A. W. Morrill reported 
that a large number of peppers were shipped 
annually to the United States from the dis- 
tricts of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi, 
Mexico, and he had collected the weevil at 
Tlabualilo, Durango, Mexico. 


FOOD PLANTS. 


Fie. 10.—Pepper weevil (Anthon- It is evident that the weevil does not breed 
omus xneotinctus): Adult. s ! ss 
Much enlarged (after Hunter in the wild OF bird pepper, for these plants 
si eat were examined thoroly at all the points visited 
as well as at Victoria, Tex. The bell or sweet pepper (PI. HU, figs. 
4—6), chilli (Pl. 11, figs. 1-3), and tabasco peppers of several varieties 


are always affected wherever the weevil occurs. 


NATURAL ENEMIES. 


As in the case of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.), altho 
a few parasites were reared, these did not occur in sufficient numbers 
to keep the insect in check. Mr. J. C. Crawford has identified the 
parasitic species as Bracon mellitor Say, and Catolaccus incertus Ashm. 
A small ant, Solenopsis geminata Fab.,* was noticed to be actively 
engaged in removing larve and pupz from the pods which had 
weevil exit holes in them, but in no case did the ants make an entrance 
themselves. 

In the parasite breeding cages thousands of small mites were 
observed by Mr. W. W. Yothers, who reported that their presence in 
no way incommoded the weevils. 

To determine the average number of weevils that may infest the 
chilli peppers, several experiments were tried, with the following 
results: 


: = Number of 
ei ar: ——— of weevils Period covered. 
he te emerged. 
g Node ae ake: 80 86 Oct. 18-Noy. 4. 
s,s ee 230 - 156 Do. 
ES Pete teee 200 143 | Oct. 18—Nov. 11. 
pes ee 100 123 Oct. 18-Oct. 31. 


Total -. 610 508 | 


Thus it will be noticed that an average of nearly one adult to each 
pod was bred. 


+. 


«See Bul. 63, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. An Ant Enemy of the Cot- 
ton Boll Weevil. By W. E. Hinds. 


doubt rebilled from the localities mentioned 


: 
4 


‘Bul. 63, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. cf Agriculture. PLATE II. 


WORK OF THE PEPPER WEEVIL ‘ANTHONOMUS ANEOTINCTUS CHAMP). 


Fig. 1—Emergence holes of adult in chilli pepper. Fig. 2.—Full-grown larva in situ in ehilli 
pepper. Fig. 3.—Pupe in cells in chilli pepper. Fig. 4.—Undeveloped bell pepper pod, 
showing numerous egg and feeding punctures. Figs. 5, 6.—Malformed bell pepper pods, 
caused by egg punctures. Figs. i-3 three times natural size; fig. 4 twice natural size; figs. 
5, 6 one-half natural size. (Original.) 


NOTES ON THE PEPPER WEEVIL. aw 


The maximum numbers of individuals found in two pods were as 
follows: 


Pod.| Adults. | Pupe. | Larve. | Total. 


i) 

’ 

' 

’ 

' 

' 

' 
Oren 


Many pods showed six egg punctures, from which five larve, in 
one instance, developed. It was also noticed that in nearly every 
case where egg insertion was made beyond the middle of the pod the 
larva was to be found slightly back of the puncture, but where the 
ego was deposited between the stem and middle of the pod the larva 
was located immediately underneath. The average number of egg 
punctures to a pod proved to be about two and one-third. 


PROLIFERATION. +4 


Proliferation was noticed in pods purchased in market at San 
Antonio, Tex., October 6, 1905, and the following two series of experi- 
ments were conducted by Dr. W. E. Hinds and Mr. W. W. Yothers: 


Experiments to determine the effects on the pepper weevil of proliferation in the pepper pods. 


FIRST SERIES. 


Pods with proliferation. | Pods without proliferation. | Feed- 
F | ‘ites: ing 
; : | q | Stages punc- 
zs Stages alive. | Stages dead. Alte. Stages dead. ARES 
Hf Bas 
4 : a\3 
Date. o : g h a |e 
fe) i) a | o sg is) Loli = 
[oy ~ oO QR, mn » la} oO iS 
oe a4 n cs} aH GH oO = 
3 ) Shs } } cs) 4 ex 
H H a . Aa | oO ‘ Mle ae ‘ \ ; = Ene aes 
Popes | 8\|e\/2)\2/)8| « |2\ 8 la\sis\gifi\ 3 8 | &15 
Pees (Sle SISISIE| S Ela lel slelsizlatela lle 
Sls a q | = |= pear les 
Zija\/e jelale&laiaia| & |ala izle alala|4 lal a | & le 
Steet.) 100) 41) 41.0) 0) 18). 25 8 6)1+|1par.| 0) 3.4) 59/59. 0) 20) 22) 24 7 Area 26| 47 
Merrie 19) A) 21-1) 0}. 3! Oo] 1h 6} 0 Ol 0.0) 15|78. 9| 7 0} (Oh) OF 0) (O20) aa o7 
119] 45) 37.8] 0} 21 4 9} 66] 2 0| 0] 3.2] 74/62.2) 27] 22] 24, 7} 2) 11.0) 38) 74 
t SECOND SERIES. 
| i | 
OCH. 4: Pie thie Oh 7 Or. 13)" 10 9 Gia Hl Hy OLO  WeS. 3) OF OF 0 Oo; 0 0 3) 46 
DOss=| 120) 111) 92.5) 0) 125) 102) 19| 34] 1 1 OONa Oe I 2h SO Ole Ole 70 0} (¢) |(¢) 
Peete at 2 100.0) 1) (55): 34) 10) 2) 1 0; 0) 0.0; 0} 0; OF 0] OF OF O | 


aSee also Bul. 59, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agric., p. 38, 1906. 
6 This is a record of the proliferated areas on inside of pods and is a minimum.—W. E. H. 
¢ Not recorded. 


— 7036—Bull. 6838—09——5 


58 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


REMEDIES. 


In addition to the usual gathering and destroying of fallen pepper 
pods, cultural experiments were conducted in the following manner: 
Some pods were buried in boxes under 1, 2, and 3 inches of soil 
respectively, keeping one series dry and the other moist—conditions 
which would result necessarily from irrigation. In the former series 
the pods dried up and in the latter the pods rotted. 


Experiments to determine the effect upon the pepper weevil of covering fallen infested pods 


with soil. 
Number of 
Num- | Number Death Condi- ue weevils 
ber of | of punc- of Ped tion of | Period covered. eran found dead 
pods. tures. =} sor. Oct tae ae 4| in soil 
: <a Owealige 
- | Inches. 
25 62 1 | Wet. =..3| Oct. 19=Nov. 14-.-| 1. adult; 1) adults: 
parasite. 
25 61 il. 3: DIN ine oot eee ee (Cove ty ee 9adults..... 12 adults. 
25 56 2 MGT gee ele nae GOiGe: a: see ss 4adultsa...| ladult. 
25 60 QA SOT Vesta |Res: WO)? Hees eres SAGUNESS yee 5 adults, 
50 115 23 ele wees ester AOL epee sen ose 15 adults....| 14adults. 


a Three of these weevils died as soon as they came thru the soil. 


Thus it will be readily seen that the covering of the fallen pods every 
two to three weeks with from 1 to 3 inches of soil would be advyan- 
tageous. This could be arranged by bedding high and then lowering 
the soil. Where irrigation is practised the decay of the pods is greatly 
hastened, thus depriving the larve of this food supply. It is only fair 
to state that at the time the pods in these experiments were buried 
most of the larve were nearly full fed, consequently a larger number 
came to maturity than would have been the case had burial occurred 
while the larve were small. Two other experiments were conducted 
by Mr. W. W. Yothers in large cages in the open, with the following 
results: 


Experiments to determine the effect upon the pepper weevil of covering fallen infested pods 


with soil. 
Number 
Number | Depth of | Condition oe ee of Pa eee ae 
of pods. soil; |. of soil, nation, | Weevls tin geil Wavene 
* |emerged.| ae 
Inches. | 
500 San Dike daeeat Fae Oct. 20 64 | None found. 
450 2) Wy ie ote Oct. 28 50 Do. 


a Heavy rains October 24 and November 10. 


October 31 about 200 of the last-mentioned lot of pods were examined 
and found to contain 73 living and 9 dead stages; of this number 47 
were pup and 15 were larve. The latter necessarily would have 
starved, owing to the rapid decay of the buried pods. 


Wes. DAY, B. BE. Bul. 63, Part VI. C. B. W. I., January 22, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS: 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES 
IN 1905. 


(Anthonomus signatus Say. ) 


By An (W. Morritt, 
Special Field Agent. 


For:some time the Bureau of Entomology has been experimenting 
along the line of inducing parasites of related native species of 
weevils to prey upon the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis 
Boh.). One of the commonest and most parasitized of such weevils is 
the strawberry weevil (Anthonomus signatus Say). It was conse- 
quently important to ascertain whether this insect occurred in or near 
the infested regions of Texas and Louisiana and to what extent it was 
controlled by parasites. 

In connection with this work, during the month of April, 1905, 
advantage was taken of an opportunity to observe the occurrence aed 
injury of the strawberry weevil in the leading strawberry-producing 
sections of Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Examinations were 
made in all cases in the blooming season when the insects would, if 
present, occur in their greatest abundance. In consideration of the 
destructiveness of this species in the strawberry fields of Maryland 
and North Carolina during the past few years, the data concerning its 
occurrence and nonoccurrence in the important strawberry-growing 
sections of other States are deemed of sufficient importance to be 
recorded. 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN TEXAS. 


According to the latest available statistics (1899),* more than four- 
fifths of the strawberries produced in the State of Texas are grown in 
two limited areas comprizing three counties. Of these sections the 


@ Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. 
59 


60 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


one ranking first in importance includes Brazoria and Galveston coun- 
ties—two adjoining coast counties near the southeastern corner of the 
State. In this section examinations were made on April 7 and 8 at 
Alvin and Galveston, respectively, but without finding any indications 
of the presence of the strawberry weevil. The second largest straw- 
berry-growing section of Texas is included in Smith County, near the 
northeastern corner of the State. An examination was made at Tyler, 
near the center of this section, on April 13, and again on April 28. 
On the first of these dates a single adult specimen was taken, and on 
the second occasion two adult specimens. In a total of about three 
hours spent near Tyler in fields of strawberries, blackberries, and © 
dewberries, searching for these weevils and for evidence of their 
work, only the three adults and less than fifty injured buds were found. 

The only published record known to the writer of the strawberry 
weevil’s occurrence in Texas was by Dr. F. H. Chittenden,” who reported 
injury by this species, in 1897, to blackberries and dewberries near 
Denison, in Grayson County, in the north-central section of the State. 
The fruit farms of the two correspondents who reported serious losses 
in that year were visited by the writer on April 21, 1905, and examina- 
tions made in fields of strawberries, blackberries, and dewberries. One 
of the owners reported that the weevils had been scarcely noticeable 
since April, 1897, when they were very destructive and so abundant 
that on sunshiny days they seemed to fairly swarm on the foliage of the 
food plants. This encouraging report concerning its scarcity in recent 
years gives ground for the hope that conditions in northern Texas will 
as a rule be unfavorable for this pest, altho a certain degree of inter- 
mittence in abundance during a series of years has been generally 
observed in other localities. 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN LOUISIANA. 


In 1899, as shown by the Census report,’ 90 per cent of the straw- 
berries produced in this State were grown in Tangipahoa Parish. 
This parish is located a short distance northwest of New Orleans. 
Hammond, one of the two leading shipping points in the parish, was 
visited on April 11. Examinations in strawberry fields and of wild 
blackberry bushes along the roadsides, in a downpour of rain, resulted 
in finding no evidence of the presence of the strawberry weevil near this 
place. As the day was so far from an ideal one for finding adults of 
this species, the only significant point is the failure to find a single 
flower bud injured in a manner to cause their presence to be suspected. 


@ Bul. 10, n. s., Div. Ent.,.U..S8. Dept. Agric., pp 82-83. 
6 Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. 


STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES. 61 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL IN ARKANSAS. 


The strawberry-growing industry in Arkansas is a very important 
one, in 1899 the production of this State being nearly four times that of 
‘Texas and Louisiana combined; or, in round numbers, nearly 13,000,000 
quarts. Three sections of the State were visited, including the 
two leading strawberry-growing districts which together produce more 
than four-fifths of all the strawberries grown in the State.” The first in 
importance of these sections comprizes three adjoining counties in the 
northwest corner of the State—Benton, Washington, and Crawford. 
Van Buren, located in Crawford County, the southernmost of the three 
named, was visited on April 27. A single adult specimen of the 
strawberry weevil was taken on a wild blackberry growing by the 
toadside, but in the strawberry fields the only indications of its 
presence which were found were a few scattering severed flower buds. 
The second section in importance in strawberry production in Arkan- 
sas is located in White County, which is situated a short distance 
northeast of the geographical center of the State. This county in 
1899¢ produced one and a half million quarts of strawberries, or a 
quantity a little short of equaling the total production of the State of 
Louisiana. Bald Knob and Judsonia, two leading strawberry shipping 
points in Smith County, were visited on April 25. Many strawberry 


fields were visited, and the weevil was found to be moderately abun- 


dant near these localities. The destruction in the many fields exam- 
ined was estimated to range from 5 to 25 per cent of the flower buds, 
averaging between 10 and 15 percent. Along the roadsides a small 
percentage of the flower buds of wild blackberries had been wholly or 
partially severed. The weevil and its destructive habits were found 
to be fairly well known among the strawberry growers in this section, 
by whom the weevil was reported to have varied in abundance from year 
_ to year, and in occasional years in the past to have accomplished con- 
siderable damage. The destruction of the flower buds, as mentioned 
above, did not necessarily represent a proportionate loss to the grow- 
ers, as picking had begun about ten days earlier, and berries produced 
from flowers which set at a later date than the writer’s examination 
very likely would remain unpicked owing to the expected falling off 
in the market demands. The third locality in Arkansas where an 
examination was made is near the center of the State, 1 mile from 
Little Rock. An hour’s search in a strawberry field on April 26 
revealed a few severed buds, while not a hundred yards away wild 
_ blackberries, which were very common along the roadsides, had 
from 5 to 10 per cent of their flower buds destroyed. The only adult 
specimen of the strawberry weevil taken in this vicinity was on a 
blackberry bush. 


aTwelfth Census of the United States, 1900. 


62 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 
VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES GROWN. 


At Alvin, Tex., the favorite variety among the strawberry growers 
is the Klondike, while at the other Jocalities mentioned individual 
preference seems to be divided between the Lady Thompson, Michel, 
and Excelsior varieties. In the section of the country to which these 
notes refer, the writer has never met any strawberry growers who use 
any but bisexual varieties. Arkansas growers, who probably suffer 
more or less loss every year from the strawberry weevil, should be 
encouraged to introduce suitable early pistillate varieties, as the insect 
in that State threatens to cause, occasionally at least, considerable 
destruction. 


tase Bb. B. Bul. 68, Part Vit. C. B. W. I1., February 9, 1907. 


PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL AND 
RELATED AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS. 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 
(Ataxia crypta Say. ) 


By A. C. Morean, 
Special Field Agent. 


During October, 1905, while inspecting cotton tields in the vicinity 
of Yoakum, Tex., the writer’s attention was attracted by the great 
number of dead stalks. Examination showed that these stalks con- 
tained larve, pup, and adults of the cotton stalk-borer (Ataria 
crypta Say). 

DISTRIBUTION. 


The specimen which Say described in 1832 as Lamia crypta came 
from Louisiana. Haldeman’s specimen, described as A. sordida, came 
from Alabama. Leng and Hamilton recorded the species from Penn- 
sylvania, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico. In Biologia 
Centrali-Americana its habitat is extended to Almolonga, Mexico. It 
has been reported to the Department from Tucson, Ariz.; New Orleans, 
La.; Savannah, Ga.; Grant, Fla.; and Round Mountain, San Diego, 
Beeville, Bexar, Edgar, Flatonia, and Dallas, Tex. During 1905 the 
writer found it in Texas at Yoakum, Sublime, Corpus Christi, Cotulla, 
Alice, and Victoria. During February and March of 1906, Mr. W. W. 
Yothers collected hibernating adults from cotton bolls at Athens, 
Brenham, Navasota, and Calvert, Tex., and on March 1, 1906, the 
writer also obtained specimens from bolls at Flatonia, same State. 


HOST PLANTS. 


The cotton stalk-borer attacks a number of plants. At Tucson, 
Ariz., it was reported on Helianthus and Xanthium. At Savannah, 
Ga.; New Orleans, La., and Round Mountain, Tex., larve have been 
found boring in the twigs and trunk of the fig. Mr. E. A. Schwarz 
informs the writer that it has been bred frequently from the stem of 
Ambrosia, and one report of the borer in this plant was received by 


63 


64 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


the Department from Edgar, Tex. On March 1, 1906, the writer 
found larve in the stems of Ambrosia and Helianthus at Flatonia, 
Tex. It has been reported breeding in cotton from Bexar and San 


Diego, Tex., and the writer found it in October, 1905, breeding in this © d 


plant at Yoakum, Sublime, and Victoria, and in November at Alice, 
Tex. The adult has been reported from peach and apricot, but there 
are no records to show that it injures either of these plants. Leng 
and Hamilton state that specimens were found boring in dry twigs of 
box elder (Acer negundo) and hackberry. | 


LIFE HISTORY. 


Very little work has been done upon the life history of this species. 
The egg is laid upon the host plant and the larva upon hatching bores 
into the bark or wood of the plant, where it feeds until full grown, 
pupates, and finally, when adult, cuts its way out. The winter is very 
probably past in any of the three stages of larva, pupa, or adult, for 
it has been reported by Mr. E. A. Schwarz as emerging in May, 1897, 
from a stalk of cotton cut in December, 1896. In October, 1905, the 
writer found the insect in cotton stalks in all stages of development 
from the very small larva to the adult ready to emerge from the stalk. 

In southwest Texas, where the winters are very mild, it is very 
likely that development proceeds slowly all winter long, except in the 
most severe winters, when it would probably cease for a few weeks. 


INJURY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. 


Rarely has the cotton stalk-boref been reported, and in no case has 
serious damage been ascribed to it. Altho it was described by Say 
as early as 1832, no mention is made of it in economic literature until 
1896, and since that time only five short notes have been made, all of 
which are apparently based upon Dr. L. O. Howard’s first published 
notice in 1896, which reads as follows: 

There is but one borer in the stalks of cotton, and that is the long-horned beetle 
known as Ataxia crypta (Say). It is occasionally mistaken for an enemy of the 
plant, but investigation has shown that it lays its eggs upon, and its larvee bore into, 
only such stalks as have been damaged by some other cause, such as rust. It follows 
injury to the plant rather than causes it. 

- The rather general occurrence of this insect at Yoakum, Tex., in 
1905 has made it seem advisable to publish this more extended note. 
Twenty-six fields were examined in this locality, and showed that from 
5 to 10 per cent of the stalks were infested by this insect. One field 
had 20 to 25 per cent of its stalks injured by the borer. It is to be 
regretted that the discovery of this infested locality was not made 
earlier in the season, so that a more conclusive study could have been 
made. 


Bul. 63, Part Vil, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE III. 


senate eT 
a 


3 
i a 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER (ATAXIA CRYPTA). 


Fig. 1.—Adult or beetle. Fig. 2.—a, Galleries; b, work. Fig. 8.—Emergence holes of adults. 


Fig. 4.—a, Larva in situ; b, pupa in situ. Fig. 5.—a, Gallery running into root of plant: b, - 
castings behind larva. Fig.1twice natural size; figs. 2-5 two-thirds natural size. (Original. ) 


THE COTTON STALK-BORER. 65 


As has been stated by Doctor Howard, it is the larva of the borer 
that works in the cotton stalk. It confines its attack to the pith of the 
plant. The amount of injury depends upon the size of the plant and 
the number of borers. The writer found one plant about 3 feet high 
at Yoakum which contained eight larve, and which showed four 
emergence holes. The twelve borers had eaten out all the pith from 
the smallest branches to 3 inches below the surface of the ground in 
the tap-root. The small twigs were only thin shells and crumpled like 
paper between the fingers. 

Nearly all infested plants showed unmistakable evidence of previous 
injury, yet the comparatively fresh and healthy condition of a few 
stalks points to the probability of an occasional attack upon perfectly 
healthy stalks. In the field showing an infestation of 20 to 25 per 
cent of its stalks it was estimated that the injured stalks had borne 
at least 80 per cent as much cotton toa stalk as had the uninjured 
ones. If it is true that the borer attacks only such stalks as are dis- 
eased or otherwise injured, then only a little damage can be attributed 
to it; yet the borer’s attack, added to the injury due to disease, must 
hasten the death of the plant and thereby lessen the number of bolls 
to mature. 

NATURAL ENEMIES. 


From material collected at Yoakum, Tex., on October 28 two para- 
sites of Ataxia crypta were bred. One, [Teterospilus webstert Ashm., 
had entirely covered the pupa of A. crypta with its cocoons. In the 
majority of cases, however, this parasite had spun its cocoon after 
crawling away from the body of its host. Several masses of these. 
cocoons were found with no trace of either the larva or pupa of A. 
crypta visible, and in one instance the larve of this parasite were 
found in a hollow cotton stalk and no form of A. crypta near. The 
second parasite belongs to the genus Etroxys and is a new species. 
There is some doubt that this species is a parasite upon Ataxia, but 
since it is parasitic upon beetles and its pupz were found in a stalk 
bored out by A. crypta, it is here placed on record as a parasite of the 
latter. | | ! 

REMEDY. 


If at any time the injury by the insect should become serious the 
numbers of the borer can be easily reduced by destroying the infested 
stalks early in the fall. The time of destruction must, of course, vary 
in different localities, but it should be as early in October as possible 
for the latitude of Yoakum. By October 28 not more than 10 per 
cent. of the borers had emerged. If the stalks had been destroyed 
early in October very few borers would have escaped. To obtain the 
best results, stalks should not be cut but plowed out, for many of the 


66 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WHEYVIL,,. HTC. 


borers go 2 or 3 inches below the surface of the ground in the tap-root 
and pupate there. In regions infested by the boll weevil, if the 
farmers would follow the directions given by this Bureau for the 
destruction of stalks, the cotton stalk-borer would not appear. In 
regions uninfested by the boll weevil but infested by the cotton stalk- 
borer, an occasional examination of infested areas for the emergence 
holes of the borer or an examination of the stages in the stalk— which 
can be made by splitting the stalk with a knife—will show the planter 
when to begin plowing and burning. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


1832. Say, THomas.—Insects of Louisiana, pp. 5 and 6, and Entomology of North 
America (Le Conte, ed.), vol. 1, p. 302. 


Original description under the name of Lamia crypta. 


1847. Hatpeman, S. S.—Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 10, p. 56. 


A description of the insect under the name Atazia sordida. 


1878. ScHwarz, E. A.—Coleoptera of Florida. <Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. X VII, 
p- 457. 

1883. Le Conte, J. L., and Horn, G. H.—Classification of Coleoptera of North 
America, p. 329. 


Authority for present nomenclature. 


1885. Batres, H. W.—Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 5, p. 347. 


A short note upon synonymy. 

1896. Howarp, L. O.—Bul. 33, Office of Experiment Stations, p. 347. 
First economic note. ; 

1896. Lenc, Cuas. W., and Hamitton, Jonn.—The Lamiine of North America. 
<Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, p. 148. 

1897. Howarp, L. O.—Farmers’ Bul. No. 47, U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 28. 

1899. SANDERSON, E. D.—Cotton Planters’ Journal, May, 1899. 

1902. SanpERson, E. D.—Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, pp. 197, 198. 

1905. SANDERSON, E. D.—Farmers’ Bul. No. 223, U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 17. _ 

1906. SANDERSON, E. D.—Bul. No. 57, Bureau of Entomology, U. 8. Dept. of Agric., 
p. 38. 


INDEX. 


Page 
semeemnado. food plant of Ataria crypta... 2... 2-22.22 6. e eee enn ene neon 64 
Alabama argillacea. (See Leai-worm, cotton.) 
PME aod plant, OF ALMiIG Cry Pld. 20/4 a2. 2. 221s 2 ba el ees eek oe Bea 63, 64 
eer DOU WCOVIle 5 eos cae ine Ses oe ele vee ee 2, 4D 
mamononus eneolus, host of Catolaccus incertus........-..--.--:-+-.---+-56--- 40 
QUES OOM UIE TOSITOUMME see 28 ee sede eae 40 
Ee AEE ame eM eae Te eek Lk LR ee owes 55-58 
Siem CSM Ewen meee sks oe es SPR ee ee ee shat 56-57 
foediior AiplomertUs Spissipes 2.8220... 224.2 s ss os 51, 52, 54 
MSEALC OU VAMGHU On ate tee ak ig os Le eS 51, 52, 54 
[DBI ena eye ie enn ee eA A eae ay 39, 56 
ihiwence OF proliteration. 24922 222 06 fe sve vo bene 57 
PD, “TNESeeS S EMT eR i fae fe a ng 55 
CGM 22 See ke oe eee lee ane ae ane an sen ene 50-56 
(AST S CIOS 5 2! CL Oe eee ra Remar he fe Oa 58 
STD DGS EN DUDS te os ee am ae eee Ree ee a 4] 
OM ELelnOURCCO: SUDOQULOTISE soos nee 5 oes tee es eee 2 2 40, 41 
[ODES SSS. oe Rp ae ge 4] 
Polos, log his oe. 58 2 rhea siren eee ss eee 41-42 
hostiat Bracow meliitor....--..-.5 SEMA ea etd. sgh gee 4 Pee 40,41 
O10 MODINE CNOCCG Ut nae ae ane 40, 41-42 
grandis (see also Boll weevil). 
AOC NOLeaMIOMIEFUS SPISSUPES...5. 622-5. ee-- oe -e 51, 52, 54 
PS PCUROMLOCMEO a's 8 uke DS oe Sane ae Sa oe Wel 51, 52 
POCO TOCOMANOUMLOR s: 0 xs oc 2. eS eee Eee 40, 47 
eA RUE O MNGALIILOWMCPIUAUUS = on". = sts. = lg NO oa Getege aims 40 
CIO COMIC ee oe Ale aes een aan ee ee Ente Meo Ponte ee 39 
BEGECUMON PARAGIbeS! 2452.5 Noes 5. bag Nols on Deon ae 59 
semmelanis.om wald: plum in Texas: <2. ....--.2-.+-.--2 42-255 --enee 40 
GM ese TOG PI AMLs oc. 3025 12 Se cn se Sole 4) en Se eee 39, 60 
SUD, JUTE OS TSU a eo Rang a EL oie ere gE ROR 5 61 
LL (OLE SST 2 i) UTS ica enh ne ae ME rai tere te eben 7 l= 60 
poutu-Central States m L905... 2. ode belts eee 59-62 
‘UES S BERS SMa aR Se SA at eens em ere ys MH ae | 59-60 
URE O SIP SMES eC a aS ee Siok oat oe wel a. J cate ee Nae oe 42-43 
MOSOn ER UCOI MIGKUUON. sone. ce 5. ee a ee eee eee 40, 43 
UyLOmG tylOderMOAWS... 35. .bl. Yi. esses nodes 40, 43 
OMG IniMelia SGUMTTOSO UGG. © soho.) a Ske See 40, 42-43 
ee ane Res ee octet ve See 2 Sis sek ae ane 43 
Aphis, cotton. (See Aphis gossypii.) 
gossypm, not proper food ior Apiomerus spissipes. -....--..--.--2---.-- 52 
POLS pisses. CANTONS . ly. (202282022952 ds2 52 bt elt ne eee sees 53 
COOVONEN ET EKO) Oa 9 SA IE ett yee en Eee ep eee ed tp 49 
disgributiom. 8 eS aoe oes RDO Tete AR) GEE yt Bg a MLE by 54 
ete ty eR Pala Oe Se Sate whe Ss sO otal Sig's 9 x wie nines Se we 49-50 


68 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Page. 
Apiomerus spissipes, CNeMIeS oe so et. 2 Le ne ee eer 54, 
enemy of boll weevil -.. 2.0225 coi eek eee ol - 49-54 
FOO: 5 oes 85h Soe ee Cit. eee ee eee on er 50-53 
THOUARIONS ofih 20 Ae. oe ne hs ane 2... 50 
length of life cycle.....-. oe C2 eee 62 6 re 53-54 
hie history. 2252 232A fos ee Re ee 49-50 
oviposition... -o..2t' 4! ec: Soe ee 49 
Apion, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes..-....---..--------- ee eS 23 53 
Apricot, food plant of Ataxia erypia. ..02 02 2-2 Jae. 2 eee 64 
ALGO Cry pia. a. er ST Bo Ee ee re eee ae ee 2363. 63-66 
bibliography... = 22.2428. oe Se 66 
distribution. < --/2. 3. 72 JP... ee 63 
economic Importamce: .--..- 2... 2 ..02-2 sce dee Se eee 64-65 
enrlemies ..2 2 Se ee ee ve Se Ee 65 
host plants-.... 2:22. i oe 63-64 
life history. : . 22) taal ee oe eo 64 
. FOMOBY <2 ib he ee 65-66 
sordida, bibliographic reference. 22.022. 2...-0222--222 5. ee 63, 66 
Begs, eaten by A piomerus spissipes. 2: 0222.22. 2 so ee 51, 52 
Blackberry, food plant of Anihonomus signatus.......-..--...-..--22 eee 39, 60 
Boll weevil (see also Anthonomus grandis). 
ant enemy, Solenopsis geminata zylont..........- - . 7... eee 45-48 
biology of related weevils, notes......-...---+-..-s..0 oe 39-44 
bug, predatory, enemy. .--..).0/.. 20225244... 12- 1.2 ee 49-54 
control by crop rotation... ..... 22. k= 222-2 ee eee 24 
early planting, explanation ...-_-...-_.. 2 38 
fall destruction of stalks:. 2.2.2.2... ---52¢ =e 7, 22-24 
PTAZANG 222 -e shee 2 oe oe ee 6 
leaf-worm:.. 0222. 82.22.02 + -2 topes err 6-7 
planting early varieties of cotton.....-...-..-------...- 38 
Solenopsis geminata rylont..-=.. 2... 2.2.22. 46-48 > 
development of immature stages during normal period of hiberna- 
WOM... Jl ievece lo coe lace ee cee es eee 8-11 
hibernation and development......:....-.....-_..:i222— ee 1-38 
as affected by rathfall. -/2.0. 22.2... ee 5-6, 13 
temperature........-.---2+.5. nee 3-6, 13 
condition of immature stages ............ -2) eee 10 
emergence, time. ... 2.2.4 2-2-.--.----5+-) 5) 19-22 
entrance, dates t.o¢:sse o<e se See : ee 1-5 
mortality Im cages......<.---512- 2-2 osh2 nn 2-3 
the field... ...........4-9-. 4 ee 11-14 
time when preatest........2.. eee me = 
number entering... ..:.... - 22. ~ ows 2 5-8 
places so fs .sicd eee soe aE ee 17-19 
of first appearance after emergence ............ 24-25 
prevention... 2.20222) ee dle ons ee 22 
increase; ‘Tate... .2 3.32 bose Pie 2 eave eee ee ee 31-33 
mortality at different stages of development.......-..-.--..-.-..-- 29 
during hibernation, im capes....2. ... 2... -5--e eee 2-3 
the field. 2. -5:.5.5307.0 200s 11-14 
time when greatest............---..- 14-17 
in ‘buried squdres 2. js ac.t esc ee kore t pte 30 


of summer broods: -: . 22.0 ce oe ee eee ee 28-31 


~ a ae 5 ee 
- L 
* ~~ =< mee 


_ INDEX. 69 
Page 

Boll weevil, percentage emerging from infested squares ..................----- 28 

places of first appearance after emergence from hibernation... .. .. 24-25 

peeved Uponby -Apiomerus spissipes....+2.225-2-21 2.2 64 Hen Sedna eae 49-54 

progress of infestation compared with production of cotton fruit... 33-38 

ReMmnbeT WEOOU Same es y ats tos pe ooh ao Os ar so > oe oye pete ie ale ee ee 

LACORS Re) teat not! On Pah en a MOR RAMI Ae Pt oP SE Ao) 28-31 

Bollworm, preyed upon by Solenopsis geminata xyloni......-..-.--.----- mp ea 46 
Box elder. (See Acer negundo.) 

bracon meliitor, parasite of Anthonomus xneotinctus........--........---.---- 56 

JUL NGS AS ES a GORE eae SeT CoN ERY ays te aon 40, 41 

GR ORTONS NE See 5 LOE ss AHEM Seas --- 40,47 

SGUGINOSUS 505280 scbes- ee ease ae fake AOeeee 

Bug, predatory, reported enemy of boll weevil..........--...--- Soe rre tea? 49-54 

Pmmmeron stalks in control of boll’ weevil-.......2...2..202.2.225 522222222258. 7 

Callirrhoe involucrata, food plant of Anthonomus fulvus........-.-.---.---- 40, 41-42 

Pee SnI UN A PLOMCTUS SPISSUPCS .. 24. 202+ ----- 242-8 s eee dence eee ee eee 53 

Caralaccus incerius, parasite of Anthonomus xneolus...........--..-+--------- 40 

AVCOUNUCE USE iis. 2s Se weimies V1 5. oe 56 

Spe PAraslierOl An ILONONUUS SQUAMOSUS...---22.2--2. 525258 s22-2222- 43 

Cecidomyiid gall-maker, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes...-...-...------------ 53 

Caramoycobius cyaneiceps, parasite of Lixus musculus........--........-.----- 43 


Cotton aphis. (See Aphis gossypii.) 
boll weevil. (See Boll weevil and Anthonomus grandis. ) 


early varieties to avoid damage from boll weevil, explanation......... 38 
planting to avoid damage from boll-weevil, advantage explained. . 38 

fall destruction of stalks in boll-weevil control...................... 7, 22-24 
foo plant of Anihonomus grandis. .-... 00... -62-2 12-2402 2h- 25524. . 39 
CAAA: CRU SIUG peacoat s = es ea eR, 2 easel aa! 63, 64 


leaf-worm. (See Leaf-worm, cotton.) 
squares, injury from boll weevil in relation to natural increase of squares. 33-38 
stalk-borer. (See Ataxia crypta.) 


cea eM eMLOC UC LOM Of LEU 22.0% <2. waesatae'ss tus Aas ee etm 2s eee 34-37 
<TH: pO AAR ee Am ML eae Nee GN NUM | ra tO 34-37 
maldieamoghere Station, Tex., Im 19042. 732226 2. eo en nee ees be ou 
Pemeeciamon: wn control of bell weevil. 2.2.02 .224. 12.50.2552 f ees ele tee tee 24 
Cucumber beetle, twelve-spotted. (See Diabrotica 12-punctata. ) 
Umma experiments in control of pepper weevil.....-.-.....----.-2---2--.- 58 
Desmoris scapalis on Sideranthus rubiginosus..........-.--------2-22-22e ee eee 40 
Development of boll weevil during normal period of hibernation.............. 8-11 
emery tood plant of Anthonomus signatus........--..-25-2..222-2-7.---- 39, 60 
Diabrotica 12-punctata, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.......-..---------+------- 52, 54 
aes. parasite of Ataxia cryptd........--- 12.022 22 2222-2 oee et enn ns 65 
Eurytoma eceormintes, Patasite of Anthonomus grandis. 2! 0632 e thee vee 40 
SQUGTROSUS 2 Ge Soro sino. Ane 40, 43 
RUS MUS CULUS | Watt Weta She ae ated oe ee 40, 43 
Fall Be iniction omstalks m-controk of boll weevilu. i. 25202. 22.538 eee vs 
POMEL OL ALOLUG CTY PEC as. 2 2 an es ee wees meni te op ee ee ee ee seo 63 
areas mane tor Solenopsis gemimata..... ..2)...2. 2... 4s 22 sees ee ag ses: 45 
Pies watse, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.... 2.2522. 02.-- een -st ete ee rae 52, 54 
Food supply as controlling numbers of boll weevil in the fall..............-... 5-6 
Gigpiomorpha rugator, parasite of Lirus musculus... 2.22.2... 4-224 -2--++555-- 43 
meine, tactor in.control oivbolliweevil. 2 jo22 cleo <2 teks sai ee tee Nagle ¢ 6 


Grindelia squarrosa nuda, food plant of Anthonomus squamosus.....---..---- 40, 42-43 


70 PAPERS ON THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL, ETC. 


Page. 
Hackberry, food plant of -Atama erypia......2.2-)-5 & 2722-2242. - 2 64 
Hadronotus n. sp., parasite of Apiomerus spissipes...-.-..-----+--------------- 54 
Helianthus, food plant of Anthonomus squamosus....-.---------- wt 43 
Atawma cry pia... 2.2.0 2026025. 5 ~~ 22. 63, 64 
Heterospilus websteri, parasite of Ataxia crypta........-..----.-----.  —————— 65 
Heterotheca subaxillaris, food plant of Anthonomus disjunctus........---------- 40, 41 
Hibernation of boll weevil, as affected by rainfall............................ 56,13 
temperature... ... . ..-|.. eee 3-6, 13 
condition of immature stages. ..-2..-..-2..222 eee 10 
development of immature stages during normal 
period oho.) 6-20 td ee 5 8-ll 
emergence, time.......¢...2..-.1-.)6) eee 19-22 
entrance, date......2.........../2. ae 1-5 
mortality in cages... .....:.5.--). 3 2-3 
the field... ...-.... 2) 3a 11-14 
time when greatest ...-.....7. 22a 14-17 
number entering... ...2.-22... 222 eee in 5-8 
places... 2. 0-2... ese ee oe 17-19 
of first appearance after emergence ......... 24-25 
prevention.........0..........¢..-255 0 22 
Hinds, W. E., paper, ‘‘An Ant Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil (Solenopsis 
geminata Fab. var: zyloni McC.) .....:.--..-22.-.-..---.5 rrr 45-48 
Homalodisca triquetra, refused by Apiomerus spissipes.........--------------- 52 
‘‘Hormiga brava,” Spanish-American name for Solenopsis geminata.........-. 45 
facrease ol ‘boll qweevil, rate: 2.0L. 05 ee ee eee ~ ++ 31-33 
Ladybirds, eaten by Apiomerus spissupes.......-.---.-.--.----2) eee 52 
Lamia crypta, bibliographic reference--..........-..--... 23... 2 eer 66 
== Afame erypia.222iec2- 0.2 A ee er - ) ; 63 
Leaf-worm, cotton, factor in control of boll weevil. ............. 5. 722 6-7 
preyed upon by Solenopsis geminata xylont.........-.------ 46 
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, refused by Apiomerus spissipes......-..-..--..------ ~ 52 
is musenlys, Rabttiss...4 eo) scse Se. ee wsetee elitr 43-44 
host of Hurytoma tylodermatis........ 1... -... er 40, 43 
PAPISILER 55S SSE Len. oe ee eee wean eet esc ee 43 
Locusts, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.......--------------+-=-.-=5 51 
Menizelia nuda, food plant of Orthoris crotchi............---. 3.2. 44 
Microbracon (Bracon) nuperus, parasite of Orthoris crotchit.......-...-.-------- 44 
Morgan, A. C., paper, ‘‘A Predatory Bug Reported as an Enemy of the Cotton 
Boll Weevil (Apiomerus spissipes Say)” ............-. 49-54 
‘The Cotton Stalk-Borer (Ataxia crypta Say)” ........... 63-66 
Morrill, A. W., paper, ‘‘The Strawberry Weevil in the South-Central States in 
1905 CS signatus Say)”. BN ee PP 
Mortality of boll weevil at different Lee at developmen er 29 
hibernating in cages..-...@....-.-.. 12s 2-3 
the field. ........-.. 2... > 11-14 
in buried squares.......:.........1...2.2 55 30 
summer broods .. -.......-...-.-t5. =... = eee 28-31 
time when greatest during hibernation ..............- 14-17 
Neocatolaccus tylodermx, parasite of Lixus musculus.............------+---+-- 43 
Orthoris crotchtt, Wabits: 22-220. 2 22. eee votes fee lee eben es ee 44 
parasites. .......2.225. 00.2 UA. oe ee 44 
Peach, food plant of Ataxia crypta...-...--..---------22+--s+.--+ 25 64 


Pentatoma ligata, not proper food for Apiomerus spissipes....-......----------- 52 


INDEX. — ye) 


Page. 
Pepper, bell or sweet, chilli, and tabasco varieties, food plants of a 
SET ACG MS OA ee Sear ee ONE ah gt rye Wr Ce eae pea DIM OM aM 56 
modoann ol Anihonomus LRCOUNCLUS.. 22805. 2 202 eee ee 39, 56 
“ye STE STC NOR ee eee OO ay ee ie a in Ee ere eee 57 
weevil. (See Anthonomus xneotinctus.) 
wild or bird, not food plant of Anthonomus xneotinctus...........----- 56 
Pierce, W. Dwight, paper, ‘‘ Notes on the Biology of Certain Weevils Related to 
SeEenmer TESOL AW CON AL 38ers ew SLR eee al en a 39-44 
momo 1m control of boll weevil... .....50....2 222.2 os. 5 22 Sl. 7 
Plimvawile, food plant of Anthonomus sewtellaris.......2...---.25-++2--------- 40 
Polygonum pennsylvanicum, food plant of Lixus musculus......-.--- Leese ress 43 
Potato beetle. (See Leptinotarsa decemlineata.) 
Pratt, F. C., paper, ‘‘Notes on the Pepper Weevil (Anthonomus xneotinctus 
AL DE Be See ee eke ee ee eee ae 55-08 
Rainfall as affecting hibernation of Holl NCR TL Apt ee dearer DR en eno 5-6, 13 
meapwericed plant of Anthonomus signatus.........-.-.-.-..--+025+-02--255- 39 
Sanderson, E. Dwight, paper, ‘‘Hibernation and Development of the Cotton 
arr Re rie arn SSP Sod al SE og Glee Sk we op a see 1-38 
Sharpshooter. (See Homalodisca triquetra.) 
Sideranthus rubiginosus, food plant of Desmoris scapalis........--.-.----------- 40 
ETS TL NOVY 0g Pe teeta Ret retae 51, 52 
Solanum rostratum, food plant of Anthonomus xneolus.......--.....----------- 40 
Solenopsis geminata, enemy of Anthonomus xneotinctus...............-------- 56 
MULOWU OCECEMMELONOm se, 2 2e fe Ses ef ha ee es Se 45 
COT STG ONO UC) 9 ees ace Oa hes a, Ne Ce De ae ia 48 
enemiyrols boll weevillic 2 ae. s toy te ee Se 45-48 
cotton leaf-worm and bollworm ......... 46 
Stalk-borer, cotton. (See Ataxia crypta.) ae 
srampermry, food plant of Anthonomus signatus....-...-...--.5..2..4----2---- 39, 60 
varieties grown in South-Central States....... PRM? ts bans 62 
weevil. (See Anthonomus signatus.) 
Temperature as affecting hibernation of boll weevil...................-..... 3-6, 13 
time of emergence of boll weevil from hibernation... 19-20 
iP omassp.. parasite of Orthoris crotchit......2...--5-----2.2 02. laces see 44 
Siete ea AMIOMETUS SPISSIPCsS.......- 202.4. -- 2s 2 22 bes see duet betes 53 
imipileps msidiosus, eaten by Apiomerus spissipes.......2..-----.---.-+----5- 53 
ree ON ATONLCTUS SDISSUPCS .-. 222-320-522 bee. ene ee eee ene eee + bit 
Penn tO0d plant of Ataxia crypta.......-.-..-.--.2--2-----+-42+--s0200- 63 


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