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Ye. PA ba wee : ; : = ta Ie oe oft tan mee aegey ¢ dle yt” is J Vyvvw Shy “te hee hd ‘ y . sive f9uy ve, ‘Vibeee.C iw pe A ROO er AL ~ Vere wry... wv ee ee eee ee aii 0a on eneg: PRR he wy ad Asks , eh ae isle ea mg the ve Nic J qd ppl Vw a “al uaee : wed AO] ght aye. tie reat ve a) e'siy¥~ = suv vwarw WYNYTTTUY yw Wy" A vv vt \ dvyvrr's Vy wey! vy ey bury Tee peveeerecet vec UY we ! y a we vw wv ay ty ly € « < « « q < «€ « < « c 4 i ae oe , ano ] ? ] ’ ‘ TT i . ® | DIV. INSECTS” i U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, . BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No..67. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION. OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. ISSUED NOVEMBER 25, 1907. rr ane POS hileSa. ie ~——} a Se =e . WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, E9U'f. Pes DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 67. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCITION OF ECONOMIC. ENTOMOLOGISTS ISSUED NOVEMBER 25, 1907. Ss WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. E07. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. . L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marzatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in absence of Chief. R. 8. CLirton, Chief Clerk. I’. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of breeding experiments. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of cotton boll weevil investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage plant insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in Charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. Iu. F. Pures, in charge of apiculture. : D. M. Rogers, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth work. A. W. Morrity, engaged in white fly investigations. W. F. FISKE, in charge of gipsy moth laboratory. W. A Hooker, engaged in cattle tick life history investigations. A. C. MorGan, engaged in tobacco insect investigations. R. S. WocLumM, engaged in hydrocyanic acid gas investigations. C. J. GiLuiss, engaged in silk investigations. R. P. Currig, assistant in charge of editorial work. MasBeL Corcorp, librarian. ») LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or EnromMouocy, Washington, D. C., July 20, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscripts of the proceedings of the nineteenth annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, held at New York, N. Y., December 28 and 29, 1906. This association, made up largely of entomologists con- nected with the State experiment stations, the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, and others engaged officially in entomological work, is an important one, and the proceedings of its annual meet- ings contain papers and discussions on injurious and_ beneficial insects which should by all means be put in print. I therefore rec- ommend that, following the custom of previous years, the proceed- ings of this meeting be published as Bulletin No. 67 of this Bureau. The two plates and six text figures are necessary for proper illustra- tion of the text. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONE NR: NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. * Page. A Great Experiment in Applied Entomology_——-—~~- Dea An He Kirkland s= 10 Report of Committee on Nomenclature____-___----~ pRB rds“ eh AGS gee 10 Report of Committee on Cooperative Testing of Insecticides______---~--- 12 Insect Notes from Minnesota for 1906_____---_____--_- F. L. Washburn_- 3 Report of Committee on National Control of Introduced Insect Pests___~ 19 A New Oriental Insect Pest (?) in Massachusetts ¢__ ~~~ H. T. Fernald__— ae Occurrence of the Gipsy Moth in Connecticut__~------~-_ W. #H. Britton_-_ 22 Notes on Fumigation and Dipping of Nursery Trees.@ T. B. Symons and A. B. Gahan__ 26 The Willow Borer as a Nursery Pest (Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.). W. J. Schoene__ 27 HiLects Oh sprays Ol Aphis) Pegs. 2. = H. E. Hodgkiss__ 29 Manner of Birth of the Woolly Aphis of the Apple (Schizoneura lanigera Haism=)pand of Ouner Aphididses -——-- = === 2 W. H. Rumsey_— 31 Unusual Insect Happenings in New Jersey in 1906__--_~_ John B. Smith—— 34 Miscellaneous Insect Notes from Maryland for 1906. A. B. Gahan and G. P. Weldon__ ve Notes on Insects of the Year 1906 in New York State_____-_--_ Dib Upped ke} We 39 The Pear Blister Mite (Hriophyes pyri (Pgst.) Nal.) ------ Pods LONToug== 43 Some Observations on the Natural Checks of the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathy.) ------------—~ Edgar L, Dickerson_— 48 Remarks on Methods Used in Codling Moth Experiments__A. F’. Burgess__ 53 The Control of the Codling Moth in the Arid Regions___~~_- ED Baltes 5D What Research in Economic Entomology is Legitimate under the Adams iMG a ee BS BE. Dwight Sanderson_— 77 Notes on a New Sawffy Attacking the Peach (Pamphilius persicum LEC GS eS a Se Se ee ip ee B. H. Walden__ 85 Economic Work Against the Howard Scale in Colorado (Aspidiotus OTTO Le) eae eS ee ee ee Ee PS Payor = S87 The Maple Leaf Stem-Borer (Priophorus acericaulis (MacG.) ).@ W. E. Britton__ 94 The Value of Parasites in Cereal and Forage Crop Production. F. M. Webster__ 94 SomesGeorria, Lusects, During 190G2= 22 22—" > S= 2 R. I. Smith—_ 101 Observations on Insect Enemies of Tobacco in Florida in 1905. : W. A. Hooker_- 106 Opseeyvacions on: ‘Cecidomyiidse G2 -- 2S =e eee EF. P. Bett_- 112 A Spray Nozzle for the Mechanical Mixture of Oil with Water or Other IGT. ___ Se ee E. Dwight Sanderson__ 112 The Beet Leaf-Hopper (Hutettix stricta Ball)¢________--_--- EH. D. Bali_- ala ce Problems in Economic Entomology in the Philippines Clea C. S. Banks—— 117 a Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. ol 6 CONTENTS. Occurrence of the Throat Bot in Cuba (Gastrophilus nasalis L.). C. F. Baker__ The Remarkable Habits of an Important Predaceous Fly (Ceratopogon eriophorus. Will.) =—.=--=-222 2252 =) 32s ee CE. Baker== Some Notes on Leprosy in aval] C. F. Baker_— On the Eradication of the Black Currant Gall-Mite (Hriophyes ribis (Nalepa') ) ..2==— -==~ 7 _ ie A s ; ; i a et f 4 ¥ ae a hee z > L 4 oe | : - St ¢ a ws eh a, THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. MORNING SESSION, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1906. The association met in room 516, Schermerhorn Hall, Columbia University, New York, N. Y., at 10 a. m. An average attendance of over 75 members and visitors was present at each session on Fri- day and Saturday. The following members attended the meeting: BE. A. Back, Amherst, Mass.: E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune. Guelph, Canada; William Beutenmuller, New York, N. Y.; F. C. Bishopp, Wash- ington, D. C.; W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn.; F. E. Brooks, Morgantown, W. Va.; A. F. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio; F. H. Chittenden, Washington, D C.; R. S. Clifton, Washington, D. C.; J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mel. T. Cook, New York, N. Y.; D. W. Coquillett, Washington, D. C.; C. R. Crosby, Ithaca, N. Y.; E. L. Dickerson, New Brunswick, N. J.; H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C.; EB. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.; James Fletcher, Ottawa, Canada; H. L. Frost, Arlington, Mass.; A. B. Gahan, College Park, Md.; J. B. Garrett, Baton Rouge, La.; J. A. Grossbeck, New Brunswick, N. J. ; T. J. Headlee, Durham, N. H.; W. E. Hinds, Washington, D. C.; H. E. Hodg- kiss, Geneva, N. Y.; W. A.-Hooker, Washington, D. C.; A. D. Hopkins, Wash- ington, D. C.; C. O. Houghton, Newark, Del.; L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C.: W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C.; G. B. King, Lawrence, Mass.; A. H. Kirkland, Boston, Mass.; D. K. MeMillan, Harrisburg, Pa.; C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D. C.; A. C. Morgan, Washington, D. C.; Dudley Moulton, Wash- ington, D. C.; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N. Y.; BE. EF. Phillips, Washington, D. C.; J. L. Phillips, Blacksburg, Va.; A. L. Quaintance, Washington, D. C.; F. W. Rane, Boston, Mass.; W. E. Rumsey, Morgantown, W. Va.; J. G. Sanders, Washington, D. C.; E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada; Franklin Sherman, jr., Raleigh, N. C.; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa.; M. VY. Slingerland, Ithaca, N. Y.; J. B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; R. I. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.; E. B. Southwick, New York, N. Y.; H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa; T. B. Symons, College Park, Md.; E. P. Taylor, Fort CoHins, Colo.; E. S. G. Titus, Washing- ton, D. C.; B. H. Walden, New Haven, Conn.; F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; F. M. Webster, Washington, D. C.; and G. P. Weldon, College Park, Md. Among the visiting entomologists were the following: H. G. Barber, Gustav Beyer, Henry Bird, E. A. Bischoff, H. H. Brehme, J. R. de la Torre Bueno, William T. Davis, Jacob Doll, G. P. Engelhardt, H. J. Erb, George Franck, C. F. Groth, C. W. Johnson, L. H. Joutel, Hugo 9 10 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Kahl, W. D. Kearfott, G. J. Keller, H. H. Lyman, Ignaz Matausch, J. G. Needham, G. T. Rockwell, Charles Rummel, G. A. Runner, Charles Schaeffer, S..H. M. Seib, F. J. Smith, William Wasmuth, A. C. Weeks, W. M. Wheeler, and Rev. J. L. Zabriskie. The meeting was called to order by President Kirkland, who called Mr. Hopkins to the chair while he delivered the annual address, entitled “A Great Experiment in Apphed Entomology.” ¢ Immediately following the president’s address the report of the treasurer was read, as follows: Report of the treasurer. Hnvelopes and spaper-3= — {oS aes ee eee eee $1. 90 Stamps) 22 2 eee ele ee ee ee ee ee 5. 00 Printing mnonicespandspro cram ese a= = ee eee eee 9. 50 TO tad Sees a 2 te Seer ek ae ee ee Bap ete 5 9 16. 40 Respectfully submitted. A. F. Burgess, Treasurer. As no balance was left in the treasury after paying the expenses of the last annual meeting, action was called for on the amendment? to the by-laws proposed by the committee on resolutions and printed in the proceedings of the eighteenth annual meeting. After a general discussion, the following amendment was adopted as a substitute for section 2, Article II, of the by-laws: “ The annual dues of active members shall be $1 and the dues of associate members 50 cents.” The report of the committee on nomenclature was presented by Mr. Herbert Osborn, chairman, as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. Your committee, in pursuance of the plan heretofore adopted for getting an expression of opinion as to the general use of common names, distributed, through the secretary, a list of 69 names, and in answer to these criticisms have been received from a number of members from widely different sections and out ot the 69 in the list 41 have appeared acceptable to all who have replied, and these are submitted herewith for consideration or adoption at the present meeting. A number of others meet general acceptance, except in minor matters of form, and doubtless may be agreed to in the near future. In the matter of use of scientific names the committee would recommend that the association adopt and recommend its members in practice to follow the rules of nomenclature adopted by the International Congress of Zoologists. and adhere to them strictly in all technical papers. That in all economic papers these rules be followed in so far as practicable. and in accordance with the provision adopted in a previous meeting that in any doubtful cases as to generic reference the genus that has been in common use, or that may be adopted in the latest general catalogue of authority, shall be the preferred name. «Owing to the pressure of important work Mr. Kirkland has been unable to complete and supply the manuscript of his address.—Eb. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. aT ADIERGULCII Om ae aes! SE se ee eee Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say. AppDlemEwie-boner-2, 2" 928 J. be eee a Schistoceros hamatus Fab. ST AGKaGITEWOlMee ee te ta oe eo ek ee eee Agrotis ypsilon Rott. COMO USC pe eect e te Sa ae entye Vets oS Troctes divinatoria Miill. STC eae O Uae ames Sk I IN) be ee erate Hemileuca maia Dru. AG CTC pera een pe PR egy Fh en et oi Tenebroides mauritanicus L. GHbbuceyloopenesehs ss sake. Sn ee. i eee Autographa brassicae Riley. Clatie salle as See Pig he as Se ee Le Parlatoria pergandei Comst. Cigarette beetle___.__.______.________________. Lasioderma serricorne Fab. SCAbe yee Wn Kee ee ate LS a Se eee Ceratomia catalpe Boisd. Heme CHLe as ai MS Aah Sa es ee Aspidiotus forbesi Johns. Cloyerscutworms S245 209) ol se etn Mamestra trifolii Rott. WlOVersNite— ss = Paes A ee Se ee Bryobia pratensis Garm. WuLrrantMporere sees ae Se Bo Se ee AHgeria tipuliformis Clerck. Balle ASIN VAW yO tee ae 2 ee Laphygma frugiperda 8. & A. Horestatent-eaterpillars 226 222 oe ee Malacosoma disstria Hbn. PATO eMmyReD WORM = oes... een eee Lowxostege similalis Guen. Grayeblstes beetles 22 es ee Hpicauta cinerea Forst. ELOUSEIGEIGKCtE ea = 5 Se Re eb er Gryllus domesticus WL. Imbricated=snoutheetlew ==). 2 = es Tipicerus imbricatus Say. IPED TUNE Le Ue nee oe 2 ad ec eh hat eet de es BHpicnaptera americana Harr. Ae eater Gre UETIN PO te ee ee Mineola indiginella Zell. NC TONMCHIEGT UUs 29sec are, Sah eye ete Diaphania hyalinata L. Nonthernsmole: Cricket. 22 2. 22 see Gryllotalpa borealis Burm. ING Wor MOD weeyiles:< Sat 5 Ste 5 5 wee Ithycerus noveboracensis Forst. OMON RMN SFOs a eke WE lee es Pe te Phorbia cepetorum Meade. nance r scnlle nse. Sateen 18 200th wets lees ew Aonidiella aurantii Mask. PGC OMe ess ae eer PU wih oe Po oe bx Diaphania nitidalis Cram. ASD WCRI a Sawilivs serie ed oe eet oe Fh Monophadnoides rubi Harr. IEG CE hiv ihig a 2 aa Ss gee See eee ce ee er Endelomyia¢ rose Harr. Saltmarsh: caterpillar 222 be ee ee Estigmene acraa Dru. SUG) UREN GSS Se 2 ee ss es ee Melophagus ovinus L. SS UPTO Epi By Cae 9 ds a Stomorys caleitrans LL. SE AWID GED WCC Villar ee ed teases al TS) us oes Anthonomus signatus Say. DURA 7t £4 01 ER RE SSR by ee ee Simulium meridionale Riley. Maniesaled:ciewOrm 2262 i: apne Siew al Peridroma saucia Hbn. AUN oa tS Ue ree tas Sy Seek ee eS i. Diapheromera femorata Say. Wahine limedt so hninix... 5 a2 Uae ee te Deilephila lineata Fab. Waren Dongs Cramilise == 20s. sae een eS Crambus vulgivagellus Clem. SCHIO Wan ke ellivy OI 2c 2 beige) 2 tye a Tenebrio molitor L. HERBERT OsBoRN, Chairman. IF. M. WEBSTER. C. P. GILLETTE. @Synonym, Amphicerus bicaudatus Say. See Lesne, P.—Revision des Bostry- chides. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. xvii, pp. 513, 514, 1898.—Eb. + This species is placed by Coquillett in the genus Pegomya Desvoidy. See Chittenden, Cir. 63, 2d ed., Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 6, footnote 2, 1906.—Eb. ¢For reference of this species to the genus Endelomyia see Ashmead, Can. Ent., vol. xxx, No. 10, October, 1898, p. 256.—Eb. 19g ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Considerable discussion arose concerning the proper use of the hyphen in compound words, and Mr. Slingerland suggested that in the future some standard dictionary be followed as an authority. It was pointed out by Mr. Osborn that the main consideration was to secure the uniform use of common names when applhed to insects of economic importance, and that the hyphenization should be con- sidered a minor matter if the other object could be accomplished. Doctor Howard indorsed the part of the report which urged that the rules of nomenclature adopted by the International Congress of Zoologists be followed by the members of the Association, and after a brief discussion the report was adopted. The report of the committee on cooperative testing of insecticides _was read by Mr. H. T. Fernald, chairman. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON COOPERATIVE TESTING OF INSECTICIDES. Your committee on the cooperative testing of insecticides begs leave to report as follows: It seemed wise to the committee to learn how generally a desire existed for cooperation in this work. Accordingly a circular letter was sent to over 50 of the leading workers in economic entomology in all parts of the country, and answers were received from about half of this number. If these answers fairly represent the general feeling of the entomologists of the country, it seems that the idea of cooperation is almost universally indorsed, though with qualifications in many cases. The other questions asked in the circular were to bring out ideas as to the best methods to accomplish cooperation, and these brought widely divergent answers, hardly any two being in agreement on all points. From a study of all the correspondence, however, your committee recommends the following: : I. That all proprietary insecticides the use of which is restricted to particular localities should be tested, if at all, by the proper authorities in those locali- ties. If they seem to promise wide application as a result, they should then be tested as below. ; II. That all proprietary insecticides used or advertised in many parts of the country should be tested as follows: (a) A standing Committee on Insecticides, to consist of five persons elected by this association, should obtain—from the manufacturer if possible—a state- ment of the composition of the insecticide in each case. If this proves that it could not possibly be of any value or do the work claimed, it should be dropped. If from a statement received from the manufacturers it seems pos- sible that the material might be of some value, a sample should be sent to some chemist for qualitative and quantitative analysis. (b) That, if possible, arrangements be made by which the chemist in charge of the insecticide work of the United States Department of Agriculture shall conduct this portion of the work, the material to be sent him by the standing committee. (c) That if the report of the chemist shows that the material is worthless as an insecticide no further consideration be given to it. COOPERATIVE TESTING OF INSECTICIDES. 13 (d) That if it appears probable that the material is of some value as an insecticide, samples be sent by the standing committee to several entomologists in different sections of the country, who may signify their willingness to do this work, for the purpose of making cooperative tests of it. (e) That a plan of testing be worked out by the standing committee and sent by it to each entomologist, with the substance, together with a plan for reporting results, so that the factors entering into the test and the data in the reports may be uniform and full. (f) That reports received be compiled and a general report made by the standing committee to this association at its annual meeting. (g) That these reports, or such portions of them as seem advisable, be pub- lished by the association and then by others who may wish to publish them. Ill. Your committee further recommends that if the above plan or any modification of it be adopted, the committee designated by this association to carry it out be requested to prepare the plans for testing and reporting on the tests and for assigning the materials to the entomologists selected by them to make the tests. Respectfully submitted. H. T. Fernarp, Chairman. A. EF. BURGESS. H. A. SURFACE. On motion this report was accepted and ordered published in the proceedings of the meeting. The appointment of the standing com- mittee suggested was deferred for later consideration. A brief re- port of the programme committee was made by the secretary and related chiefly to the arrangement of the papers to be presented. A motion was made and carried that the time for the presentation of each paper be limited to ten minutes. A paper was then read by Mr. Washburn, entitled: INSECT NOTES FROM MINNESOTA FOR 1906. By F. L. Wasusurn, St. Anthony Park, Minn. THE CABBAGE MAGGOT. Flies of the cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicw Bouché) were first observed May 9. On May 16 ege laying was well under way. On May 31 first maggots were observed. On June 5 maggots were ex- ceedingly abundant. By June 12 puparia were found in large num- bers, and all the cauliflower of many market gardeners was reported destroyed. By July 7 maggots were transformed to pupx. Septem- ber 26 was the latest date at which flies emerged from puparia in the laboratory. On July 2 several cabbage maggot flies which had been confined under a bell jar with a potted cauliflower plant laid fertilized eggs, which hatched on July 6, a few hours over three days from the time of laying. The eggs were laid on the soil near the plant. The same observation was repeated with other specimens, the flies in the latter 14 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. instances laying within four hours of the time they were confined and frequently placing their eggs in the axils of the leaves. The hatching of two eggs was observed. In each case the larva appeared to emerge from the egg through the groove on the side. One egg was observed to hatch under the microscope, the active larva trying unsuccessfully for several hours to free itself from the shell, and finally dying. The smooth surface of the glass may have been, and probably was the cause of its failure to extricate itself from the egg. Two other eggs, which were placed under observation immediately after being laid, hatched in five days from the time of laying. Another egg hatched in three days and five hours. Evi- dently the egg stage lasts from three to five days. The two eggs referred to as hatching in five days had been considerably shaken in a vial in being transported from the field to the laboratory; hence disturbing the egg evidently does not necessarily prevent hatching. The larve, judging from observations made this season, evidently require twenty to twenty-one days, under ordinary conditions, to reach maturity. A lot of maggots which changed to pupx June 6 emerged as flies June 19 and 20. Evidently, then, the pupal stage in Minnesota may have from thirteen to fifteen days’ duration. We are losing faith in the use of carbolic emulsion as employed against this pest, and believe that cultural methods may possibly prove our best means of control. Young maggots lived in the labo- ratory for two hours and twenty minutes immersed in carbolic emul- sion, 1 part to 30 parts of water, and adult maggots required three hours and forty minutes’ immersion before dying. Some eggs hatched after thirty seconds’ treatment in carbolic emulsion at the same strength. On the other hand, good results were obtained by immersing the roots in hellebore and water at time of setting, using 1 part of hellebore to 2 parts of hot water, allowing it to cool before being used. The plants were immersed deeply enough to coat the lower part of the stems and were immediately planted and made an excellent showing. Good results were also obtained, in a protective way, by the use of bran and glue and sawdust and glue, the sawdust being mixed with glue in the proportion of $ pound of the former to 1 quart of the latter. The glue was not at all thick, but represented 2 pounds of hard glue in 1 gallon of water. When bran was used the proportions were the same. The mixture was rather more sloppy than good chicken feed. It was applied by hand about the base of the plant, put well up on the stem, the diameter of the mass where it came in contact with the ground being about 4 inches. One quart was sufficient for 15 plants. The stuff quickly hardened and, though it softened somewhat during summer rains, did not disintegrate. Plants INSECT NOTES FROM MINNESOTA FOR 1906. 15 so treated made an excellent showing. A man can treat 6 to 8 plants per minute. This treatment, of course, would not be practicable on a large acreage. The small red mite 7vombidium scabrum Say was observed to be extremely active in sucking the eggs of the Phorbia. On May 15 an assistant in the field reported this mite as very numerous, averaging about two to a plant, and occasionally four or five were observed about one plant. On this date a large number of eggs examined had evidently been sucked. Frequently there would not be a single good egg found around a plant, out of a lot of a dozen or more that had originally been laid there. We have obtained from the burrow of a maggot a cynipid para- site, Pseudeucela gillettei Ashm.; we have also bred from a pupa- rium Plectiscus sp.—identified by the American Entomological Society, of Philadelphia. We have also included among the pre- daceous enemies of Phorbia the carabid beetles Pterostichus coracinus Newm., P. lucublandus Say, Agonoderus pallipes Fab., and Amaru impuncticollis Say. since immediately after being brought in from the field these beetles fed ravenously upon the maggot. These species were present in large numbers in almost all of our cabbage fields, as were also [Teterothops fumigatus Lec., Lathrobium anale Lee., and Bembidium quadrimaculatum W., although these three latter beetles were not actually observed to eat the maggot. Plants in sandy soil appeared to suffer more, everything else being equal, than those planted in heavy soil. RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. One sometimes has occasion in fumigating mills of small size to drop packages of cyanide into jars containing acid, and at such times the question as to how much time elapses between the drop- ping of the cyanide, inclosed in a double sack, and the giving off of the deadly gas is an important one. In doing the work personally I have allowed fifteen seconds as a conservative estimate in this direc- tion and acted accordingly. To place this matter beyond any doubt, however, we have this fall made several trials, timing the interval between the dropping of the double bag of cyanide into the jar and the first appearance of the fumes, with surprising results. A double manila sack was used in each case—that is, one sack inside another— and various makes of sacks. In each case the liquid was fairly warm, but no observation was made on its exact temperature. We found in a series of trials that this interval varies from twenty-nine seconds, the lowest period, to four minutes, the latter being the highest interval, the variation evidently being largely due to varia- tions in the thickness and character of the paper of which the sacks 16 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. are made. Of course a variation in the warmth of the liquid would caute a difference. Further experiments, bringing in the tempera- ture factor, are planned for next summer. The experiments cited herewith were performed late in the fall, and the steam caused by the union of the acid and water did not cease until the liquid was fairly cool. In connection with these experiments the question arose, “ Is it not possible that fumes which would be fatal, if breathed, rise from the jar before they are visible?” This was answered_in the negative by placing a live guinea pig in a wire cage about 6 inches above the top of the jar immediately after the charge of cyanide had been lowered into the acid. Visible fumes began to rise two minutes after plac- ing the charge, and a few seconds later the guinea pig succumbed, showing that the dangerous gas was not given off in a fatal amount until fumes were observed. It would seem, then, from these results, that, on a very conservative estimate, one can depend upon at least. twenty seconds when double sacks are used, and much can be done in that time. : Another important question connected with the use of hydrocyanic acid gas is the distance it will penetrate into a semisolid mass—a sack of bran, for instance—or masses of cereals held together by the webbing made by the flour-moth larve. An apparatus used by this Department to ascertain this was found to be faulty too late in the year to remedy the defect, and the results of that particular experi- ment, therefore, can not be relied on. However, the matter was given a practical test by exposing a mass ef webbing over 2 inches thick, containing live worms, pup (and probably eggs) of the flour moth to the fumes of the gas as commonly used at the above strength, for over ten hours, the time commonly occupied in a fumigation. As far as could be observed at the time, everything in this mass was killed, and after three months’ observation of the same in our labor- atory no sign of the flour moth in any stage was apparent, indicating, possibly, that this gas has a greater penetration than we had sup- posed. At the same time, this isolated experiment should not be relied on as certifying absolutely upon this point. WORK AGAINST THE LITTLE RED ANT IN A RESIDENCE. The little red ant (Jonomorium pharaonis I.) has been a great pest in a large residence in Minneapolis for several years past. Dur- ing the fall of 1905 these ants became so numerous that we were re- quested to try to eradicate them. At that time very few parts of the house seemed to be entirely free from the pests. Flowers, food, or candy left in almost any part of the house would be covered in a few hours. The ants were particularly annoying when they were INSECT NOTES FROM MINNESOTA FOR 1906. gg found in the pantries and kitchen, getting on food just before it was taken into the dining room. Clusters of cocoons were located in the walls of the furnace room in the basement, this room being directly beneath the kitchen and pantries. At first carbon bisulphid was used with good results, the liquid being forced into crevices in the walls where the ants were observed, but the gas penetrated to all parts of the house and was particularly disagreeable to the members of the household. As far as could be observed these “nests” were never placed very deeply within the wall, and consequently when we had to resort to kero- sene we found this liquid to be just as effective as was the carbon bisulphid. This was applhed with a syringe. The ants that were out of the “nests” at the time of applying the hquid would, upon their return, seek another crevice, and would soon found a new colony; then these new colonies would be located and saturated with kerosene. Finally, in January or February, 1906, no ants were seen about the house; they had completely disappeared, and we were con- fident that they had all been destroyed. In the fall of 1906, however, they became very numerous again, and our attacks against them with kerosene were renewed. Several nests were found in practically the same places as in the previous year, but the most persistent colony was found, seemingly, in the chimney. The nest itself, however, was never seen. The extermination of the ants in this location was ex- tremely difficult, but at the time of writing their numbers appear much lessened. Many so-called “ant cures” were tried, such as “ant sugar,” pennyroyal, and tartaric acid solution made according to the formula given on page 97 of Bulletin 30 of the Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, viz, tartaric acid, 10 grams; sugar, 100 grams; water, 1,000 grams. None of these remedies was effective. We had planned during the winter, when the house was to be unoccupied, to fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas, but on or about December 22 every ant had disappeared, and we are now awaiting their reappearance before taking active measures against them. Tt was decided to make the discussion on this paper and the presi- dent’s address the first order of business for the afternoon session. On motion the following committees were appointed by the president : Nominations: Messrs. Marlatt, Osborn, and Webster. Resolutions: Messrs. Fletcher, Slingerland, and Sanderson. Membership: Messrs. W. D. Hunter, Summers, and J. B. Smith, 7487—No. 67—07 2 - 18 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. AFTERNOON SESSION, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1906. The meeting was opened with a discussion of the presidential address and of the paper presented by Mr. Washburn. In reply to an inquiry concerning the effect of fumigation on insects attacking grain, Mr. Kirkland stated that he had used hydrocyanic acid gas in fumi- gating a mill, and had secured excellent results. One hundred and twenty-five pounds of cyanide were used, and as the building was not very tight this was apphed at the rate of 1 ounce of cyanide to 80 cubic feet of space, and the building was kept closed for six hours. A discussion then followed on the use of arsenate of lead. Mr. Frost stated that shade trees of average size could be sprayed with this poison for from 40 to 60 cents each, and that in woodland areas the price could be reduced to from 25 to 40 cents per tree. Such treatment is applied in regions infested with the gipsy moth, and thousands of trees are being sprayed with this poison. In reply to a question by Mr. Slingerland he stated that arsenate of lead does not burn the foliage to any appreciable extent if it is properly prepared. Men in his employ used 14 tons of this poison during the past summer, and in such large lots it was secured at from 11 to 12 cents per pound. He did not consider it advisable to attempt its manufacture when good material could be bought at this price. Mr. Britton remarked that his experience in Connecticut had led him to believe that peach and Japanese plum trees could not be sprayed while in foliage without causing injury. Mr. Kirkland stated that in manufacturing arsenate of lead it was necessary to form the precipitate in large vats, and if made in this way there would be very slight chance of foliage injury.’ In some cases, however, delicate leaves might be burned. Mr. Marlatt inquired if the yellow acetate of lead was as good as the white acetate for making arsenate of lead, and Mr. Kirkland replied that the arsenate of soda which is imported carries about 70 per cent As,O, and could be bought at New York, duty paid, for about 8 gents per pound. This year white arsenic is selling for 8 to 9 cents a pound. The 50 per cent grade of arsenate of soda is made by fusing white arsenic and soda together. Acetate of lead is sold in different erades—known as crystallized, white granulated, brown, and dark brown. The best manufacturers of arsenate of lead use white gran- ulated acetate of lead. Mr. Burgess stated that he had observed considerable injury from using homemade arsenate of lead, and in several cases this proved to be due to the fact that the arsenate of soda had been adulterated with salt. In one case an analysis showed that the sample contained over 25 per cent of salt. NATIONAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS. 1S) President Kirkland announced that Mr. Orlando Harrison, of Berlin, Md., president of the American Association of Nurserymen, Prof. John Craig, of Ithaca, N. Y., and Mr. Emory Albertson, of Bridgeport, Ind., representing the American Association of Nursery- men, were present on invitation of the Association of Economic Ento- mologists, as the former association was vitally interested in the re- port about to be read. On motion of Mr. Sanderson these gentlemen were admitted to the privileges of the floor. The report of the committee on national control of introduced insect pests was read by Mr. FE. D. Sanderson, chairman. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL CONTROL OF INTRODUCED INSECT PESTS. To the Association of Economic BEntomologists: Your committee, appointed at the last meeting of the association to Consider the national control of introduced insect pests, beg to report as follows: After preliminary correspondence the committee seemed to be generally agreed except upon the matter of uniformity of nursery inspection. A subcommittee, consisting of Messrs. Burgess, Forbes, and Gillette, was therefore appointed to consider this matter. This subcommittee met at Urbana, Ill., and, having had a large correspondence with inspection officials throughout the country, formu- lated a report which was presented to the full committee at a meeting held at Baton Rouge, La., November 14. This report is embodied in section C, below. As instructed by the association at the meeting at Baton Rouge, your com- mittee conferred with a similar committee of the Association of Horticultural Inspectors represented by Messrs. R. I. Smith, of Georgia, and S. A. Forbes, of Illinois, and with representatives of the National Nurserymen’s Association, Messrs. Watrous, of Iowa, and Albertson, of Indiana. All present agreed upon the line of procedure outlined below. At the meeting of the Association of Hor- ticultural Inspectors at Baton Rouge resolutions were adopted similar to those below, advocating that the Secretary of Agriculture be empowered to inspect all the imports for insects and plant diseases and that he be empowered to make egulations governing the certification and inspection of nursery stock for inter- state commerce, and appointed their chairman, Dr. S. A. Forbes, to act as a member of a committee to be composed also of a representative of the Association of Heonomic Entomologists and a representative of the National Nurserymen’s Association to push this legislation. = The committee would therefore suggest the following resolutions and _ pro- cedure toward securing such legislation : A. Resolved, That the Secretary of Agriculture should be empowered to in- spect all imports and to make regulations governing importations liable to harbor insect pests and plant diseases, and that sufficient appropriation be made for this purpose, B. That Congress should authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to proceed to exterminate or control imported insects or plant diseases or any insect pre- ' yiously native to a restricted locality, but which may become migratory and threaten the whole country, whenever, in his judgment, such action is practi- cable, and that an appropriation be made for this purpose as a reserve fund for emergency use against any such pest which may arise. Such legislation would 2() ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. give the Secretary of Agriculture similar authority against plant enemies as now exists for procedure against animal diseases by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Cc. (1) That the Congress of the United States be asked to enact a law empow- ering the Secretary of Agriculture to make such regulations as may be deemed necessary in order to secure uniform methods of nursery inspection and certifica- tion of all nursery stock which passes into interstate commerce. (2) That all State or Territorial officials in charge of nursery inspection be urged to accept these certificates at their face value and that in States where laws are now in force which will not allow the acceptance of such certificates, the inspection departments be requested to endeavor to secure such State legis- lation as will make this possible. (3) That each State should make and enfdree such regulations-as its local authorities may deem necessary, but that they be made as similar to those of the United States Department of Agriculture as practicable. D. Your committee suggests that the Association elect a representative to form a committee with a representative of the Association of Horticultural Inspectors and a representative of the American Nurserymen’s Association to push this legislation before Congress, as in the judgment of your committee this is the best method available for securing its passage. We would also suggest that topics A and C, above, be combined in one proposed law; and that topic B, involving the control of introduced species, be embodied in another law; and that, if the passage of both measures be impracticable, efforts be concentrated upon the law involving the inspection of importations and the control of nursery stock for interstate trade, and that the other measure be pushed later. Respectfully submitted. E. D. SANDERSON, Chairman. (OAM EAN Gincieionena H. A. Morean. A. F’. BURGESS. S. A. ForBEs. Mr. Harrison stated that the nursery interests were being severely injured on account of the diverse and sometimes unreasonable require- ments made for shipping stock into different States. He declared that the better class of nurserymen welcomed thorough inspection, and that under no circumstances would they be willing to have this work discontinued, as they considered it a benefit to themselves and the trade. Any movement which would bring about more uniform regulations and requirements, so that as little confusion as possible would result to the nurseryman, was very desirable, and he heartily favored the report. Professor Craig stated that he believed that the principle outlined in the report was correct and that if workable legislation could be secured it would greatly benefit the nursery interests. He urged the necessity of such action as would prevent unjust discrimination, and which would help the nurseryman who was striving to do an honor- able business to secure the delivery of his stock without expensive and objectionable delay. He therefore heartily indorsed the report. Mr. Albertson remarked that he agreed with the statements made by the previous speakers and believed that the report submitted by NATIONAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS. 21 the committee was a step in the right direction. He also pointed out the fact that the entomologists and nurserymen were coming to a better understanding of the situation, and thanked the association for the courtesies extended to himself and the other representatives of the Nurserymen’s Association. Mr. Sanderson stated that the problem of bringing about uniform nursery inspection requirements was a large and difficult one and that it probably could not be solved in a single year. He felt, however, that the report of the committee indicated the most practical line of work to be taken“up in this direction, and if the necessary legislation could be secured it would result in bringing about a condition that would be more satisfactory to nurserymen, horticulturists, and in- spectors. The Association of Horticultural Inspectors had adopted a similar report at their annual meeting at Baton Rogue last month and had appointed a representative to act on the joint committee suggested in the report. Mr. Marlatt said that Congressional action would be taken when the nurserymen of the country as a whole joined in a strong demand for it, and that a demand from this source would have great weight with Congress, especially with the indorsement of the official entomologists of the different States and the State horticultural inspectors. The remedy, therefore, lay largely in the, hands of the nurserymen of the country, and without their united support relief could not be hoped for from Congress. Mr. Burgess pointed out that for the first time in many years the entomologists interested in nursery inspection had, through a com- mittee, proposed a definite scheme for handling the problem. Har- monious relations now exist with the nurserymen, and they and the inspectors appear to have come to an agreement as to the best meas- ure to adopt. He expressed the hope that the entomologists would accept and adopt the report. Mr. J. B. Smith stated that, although Congress might pass a National law, it would not be able to overrule the requirements or regulations of State officials, and that, this being the case, he could not see how the law would be enforced so that any great benefit would result. Mr. Webster pointed out that if a National law had been passed years before when the matter was agitated, there would not now have been very many conflicting State laws to interfere with the work. In spite of this, he believed the adoption of the report would be a step in the right direction, and that it was not yet too late to take up and push forward the work that should have been done years ago. Mr. Summers called attention to the fact that one of the reasons for stringent requirements in some States was the careless inspection of other State officials, and that if many of the State inspectors were = 7 292 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. satisfied that a high standard of inspection requirements was main- tained, such as would be the case if it were under Government control, many State.requirements would, undoubtedly, be modified in such a way as to simplify interstate shipments. After further general remarks a vote was called for, and the report was unanimously adopted. On motion, the election of the representa- tive of the association to serve on the joint committee was referred to the committee on nominations. The following paper was presented : A NEW ORIENTAL INSECT PEST (?) IN MASSACHUSETTS. 3y H. T. FERNALD, Amherst, Mass. | Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. | A paper was read, as follows: OCCURRENCE OF THE GIPSY MOTH IN CONNECTICUT. By W. BE. Britton, New Haven, Conn. During the season of 1906 my attention has been partly occupied in attempting to control, and to exterminate if possible, a small gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar lL.) colony in Stonington, Conn. Stoning- ton is the southeast corner town of the State, joining Rhode Island, and having an area of nearly 75 square miles. The infested portion covers, so far as we know, only about 1 square mile just north of the village, in the south part of the town. For several years we have expected that the gipsy moth would appear in Connecticut, and have been on the watch for it. It has been reported several times from different places, but in each case upon investigation some other species was found to be the cause of alarm. The first real gipsy moth was taken at Stonington, July 30, 1905, by Mr. Ernst Frensch, a local collector, who recognized the sect because he had seen it in Germany. He noticed two males flying about in an apple tree, and, on looking closer, saw a female resting on the bark of the trunk, and put her in his cyanide jar. He put the specimen away in his collection, and forgot all about it until during the winter, when I wrote to the entomologists of the State asking for cooperation in furnishing records of their rare captures for use in our lists of Connecticut insects. Mr. Frensch sent me a number of records, including that of Porthetria dispar. I made an. appointment with him, and visited the place March 6. He showed me where he had captured the female, and called my attention to an egg mass on a Norway maple tree near by. He also showed me an gg mass which he had found on a small bush. Suspecting that GIPSY MOTH IN CONNECTICUT. 23 these might be gipsy-moth eggs, he had, in order to make sure, cut off the abdomen of the female moth and, obtaining the eggs from her, compared them with those of the egg mass and concluded that they were identical. We inspected the region and found a number of egg masses in some low bushes near the velvet mill. This, as well as the place where Mr. Frensch found the adult moth, is near the railroad, and not far from the point where the spur track leading to the steamboat dock branches from the main track. The next thing was to learn the extent of the infestation, or, in other words, the size of the infested area. We applied to Massachu- setts for a trained scout, and through the kindness of Superintendent Kirkland we obtained the services of Mr. C. S. Mixter for two weeks. Mr. Mixter scouted nearly 5 square miles of territory, giving as his opinion that the infested territory had been well surrounded. The brush on about 5 acres of land around the pond by the velvet mill was cut and burned before May 1, the hatching time for the eggs. The egg masses found were destroyed by soaking them with creosote oil. Banding trees with burlap was commenced about the middle of May; only a few were banded at first, but the number was increased as fast as seemed desirable. We supposed, of course, that about all of the egg masses had been destroyed, but the number of saterpillars found showed that some had been overlooked, and during the summer we ran across a number of these old egg masses—more even than had previously been destroyed. Most of the caterpillars were found on old apple trees, though cherry, quince, rose bushes, and red maple were infested. Many of the old apple trees had received no care for many years, if ever, and the tops were crowded with branches, some of which were dead, the bark was rough, and in many cases trees were hollow or had cavities ‘aused by broken or rotting branches. All of these faults were serious hindrances to our work because they furnished hiding places out of our reach for the caterpillars, so that they would not go under the bands where we could find them. We therefore pruned and scraped many trees, and filled up the cavities with stone and cement. See 2 ee re ee 1, 300 Amount ofsmoney. ‘expended == =_ > = Se 8 ee ee eee $1, 700 A word as to funds: A few hundred dollars only could be spared at that time from our State appropriation for insect work, and the GIPSY MOTH IN CONNECTICUT. 25 Connecticut board of agriculture kindly appropriated $2,000, to be ~used if needed, and Governor Roberts and his associates assured us that if after using this money at our disposal still more was needed to hold the pest in check it would be forthcoming. We called upon the board of agriculture for $800, and the remaining $900 has come from our own insect-pest appropriation. An attempt will be made to have the State legislature, which soon convenes, set aside a few thousand dollars to be used if needed in work against the gipsy and brown-tail moths. The brown-tail moth has not yet been found in Connecticut, though it must be very near its borders in Massachu- setts. We shall endeavor to exterminate the gipsy-moth colony at Stonington, and this can be done if it has not spread beyond the area where we have found it. The village of Stonington is on a narrow point of land extending into the ocean. The infested territory ex-_ tends from the village northward and slightly eastward; it is flanked on both sides by water—on the east by the Wequetequock River and on the west by an arm of the sea extending northward from Ston- ington Harbor. A line from the northernmost extremity of this salt water extending easterly to Wequetequock River cuts the mainland some distance north of where any caterpillars or egg masses have been found, although considerable scouting has been done in this section and many of the trees were banded in caterpillar time. Two natural enemies of the gipsy moth have been observed in Connecticut. The “caterpillar hunter” or “searcher” (Calosoma scrutator Fab.) was quite common under the bands, and one of these in captivity devoured gipsy moth caterpillars with avidity. Out of the ten thousand or more caterpillars gathered and destroyed four diseased ones were observed. These shriveled and finally died, as if attacked by some bacterial disease. While in Massachusetts the last week in June I observed the same or a similar disease which killed many caterpillars, though of course only a small proportion. Dr. G. E. Stone, botanist of the Massachusetts experiment station at Amherst, was investigating the matter, and I sent him two of the diseased caterpillars from Stonington. At that time he was not ready to report on the nature of the disease, but stated that a number of different organisms had been isolated from the diseased caterpillars. Just how the pest reached Stonington may perhaps never be known, but there is much speculation regarding it. Eggs or pupe may have been brought on packing boxes to the velvet mill or upon freight cars left upon the spur track. Certainly the worst infesta- tion was near the velvet mill and the railroad, and I feel that it must have reached Stonington on steam cars via the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Some think that it may have been a direct importation from Europe, as Germans live in the locality, work in the mill, and oceasionally travel back and forth. - 26 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. At the present time it is difficult to find egg masses or, except for the marked trees and the cutting of brush, any other indications that the area is infested by the gipsy moth. But the work must be kept up even after it is believed that the last one has been destroyed. In reply to a question Mr. Britton stated that the chances for exterminating this insect in Connecticut appeared to be good, that the people were interested in the matter, and an urgent appeal would be made to the State legislature for funds to use in suppressing the moth. A paper was read, entitled: NOTES ON FUMIGATION AND DIPPING OF NURSERY TREES. By T. B. Symons and A. B. GAHAN, College Park, Md. [| Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. | Considerable interest was drawn to this paper, owing to the fact that the State of Oregon has recently required that nursery trees be dipped in the lime and sulphur wash rather than fumigated before they are planted. Mr. Shingerland called attention to the fact that a temperature of 180° F. used in one series of the dipping experiments, was unneces- sarily high, and this probably accounted for the serious injury to the trees. Mr. J. L. Phillips stated that he had dipped one-vear apple trees in cold lime-sulphur wash in the spring of 1906, as follows: 235 Black Twig, 205 York Imperial, and 20 Albemarle Pippin. The trees were dug, the tops cut off to within 3 feet of the crowns, and the tops dipped to the crowns in the wash, made by using 15 pounds of lime, 15 pounds of sulphur, and 5 pounds of salt to 50 gallons of water. The trees were immediately set in the orchard and all lved and grew well except one. The results with peach trees were not so good. They were cut back to within 2 feet of the crown and dipped as follows: 151 Smock, of which 124 lived; 142 Elberta, of which 76 lived; and SO Salway, of which 66 lived. Many of the peach trees that lived died back a few inches from the top. As this was a commercial plan- tation, no checks were planted. There was considerable injury to both peach and apple trees in the experimental dipping tests, but the conditions under which the trees were handled may be partly at fault, as a number of untreated trees planted at the same time died also. In reply to several questions, Mr. Symons stated that the lowest temperature used in the dipping experiments was such that a person could bear his hand in the solution. He could not say definitely whether all the trees were dug in the spring, but believed this was the case. No observations could be made as to whether this treatment killed the scale, as nearly all the treated trees died during the summer. ") THE WILLOW BORER AS A NURSERY PEST. DT Tn the absence of Mr. Schoene, the following paper was read by Mr. Parrott: THE WILLOW BORER AS A NURSERY PEST. (Cryptorhynchus lapathi W.) 3y W. J. SCHOENR, Geneva, N. Y. The willows and poplars along the streams and canals, ornamental willows in the cities, and poplars and willows in the nursery are being seriously injured by this beetle. The first noticeable out- break of the insect in this State occurred in a nursery at Rochester in 1902, and this species is now a serious pest in various parts of the State. In many poplar and willow plantations the beetle has been estimated to destroy 10 per cent of the stock and in some instances the entire plantation has been ruined. The species of willow and poplar that have been observed to sustain conspicuous injuries are: Populus monilifera, Salix lucida, S. caprea, S. cordata, S. sericea, S. alba, and S. amygdaloides. This insect has been discussed in a comprehensive manner by Prof. F. M. Webster in a paper entitled “ The Imported Willow and Poplar Curcuho,” which was presented before the Columbus Horti- cultural Society. This treatise also contains some observations made by Mr. A. H. Kirkland on the life history of the beetle and its de- structiveness in Massachusetts. The increasing importance of this species to the nursery interests of New York prompted an investigation to determine its life history in this State for the purpose of ascertaining a practical method for the control of the pest in poplar plantations. The aim of this paper is to call attention to the results that have been attained. To understand clearly the trend of the work it is well at this time to review in brief the life history of this insect. Oviposition com- mences about August 1 and lasts through September. The eggs hatch in eighteen to twenty-one days, and the larva upon hatching begins to bore in the cambium layer, where it finds subsistence. As it approaches maturity it makes a channel in the heartwood. The larve commence to pupate about July 1 and the beetles begin to emerge two weeks later.. For the next ten weeks the adults can be found in abundance. Before beginning to deposit eggs the beetles feed for a week or ten days on the bark of one-year shoots, after which they are more often found upon the older parts of the tree, especially in the injured portions of the bark and corky overgrowths caused by pruning. It is because of the large number of punctures on the young wood that the work of the adult is especially noticeable. This habit at once suggested the possibility of using arsenical sprays - 28 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. as a means of control, and to test the value of these poisons some experiments were made, as follows: A young poplar in a nursery row was headed back and sprayed with poison; a bag of mosquito netting was then put over the tree to inclose some beetles. As a check to each tree treated in this way, beetles were confined in a similar manner as mentioned above upon trees that had not been sprayed. With one exception this work was done upon nursery poplars that were 2 to 4 years old. It is not necessary to give the data in detail, but it is sufficient to say that the results of a number of experiments made during the fall of 1905 indicated strongly the possibility of using arsenical sprays as a remedy. When beetles were confined upon trees sprayed with poison they died in a few days, while beetles confined in a similar manner upon unsprayed trees continued to feed and to oviposit. In order to corroborate these results the work was continued during 1906. In addition, an effort was made to determine the length of time that the spray was effective and whether or not the poison acted as a repellent. The experiments were conducted in the same manner as in the previous year and the results were even more con- clusive. The poison was found to be effective for thirty days, and by close observation it was found that the beetles, when feeding, failed to discriminate between sprayed and unsprayed bark. While the experiments were conducted according to laboratory methods and the number of beetles involved was limited to about three hundred, the results are encouraging and indicate that thorough spraying of poplar plantations with an arsenical poison materially reduced the number of beetles and thereby lessened the number of eggs deposited in the trees. Experiments are now under way in commercial poplar blocks to determine the value of this treatment. From the work that has been accomplished it is estimated that an application of an arsenical poison to nursery poplars will cost about one-fourth of a cent per tree for labor and poison. Mr. J. B. Smith stated that this insect was not a nursery pest, although it was present in New Jersey. In reply to a question, Mr. Parrott said that the insect was found in western New York. Mr. Slingerland related a case which had come under his observa- tion where infested trees had been treated with pure kerosene and the borers had been destroyed. Mr. Washburn remarked that nursery trees from New York badly infested with this insect had been shipped into Minnesota, and he EFFECTS OF SPRAYS ON APHIS EGGS. 29 thought that some requirements should be made to prevent such stock being transmitted. Mr. Kirkland stated that the insect was common in Massachu- setts and some of the nurseries were badly infested. Professor Craig called attention to the fact that poplars were unde- sirable shade trees in the East, and raised the question as to whether this insect was not a blessing in disguise if it destroyed them. In the Northwest, where other trees would not grow, they were needed. In the East they should only be used for temporary planting; there- fore it might be better to leave the growing of them to northwestern nurserymen. Mr. Burgess remarked that poplars were undesirable shade trees, and that in East Cleveland, Ohio, where this borer had become estab- lished, and the San Jose and oyster-shell scales seriously attacked them, an ordinance had been passed prohibiting their planting. The following paper was presented: EFFECTS OF SPRAYS ON APHIS EGGS. By IH. KE. Hopexiss, Geneva, N. Y. The apple aphides have been unusually abundant for several years in the orchards and nurseries of New York. The species repre- sented are Aphis mali Fab., Siphocoryne avenw Fab., and Aphis malifoliv Fitch. The methods commonly used by our nurserymen in fighting the pests on apple blocks are, either dipping the stocks in oil emulsions or soapy solutions, or the direct application of these sprays to the foliage. In years when these pests are most abundant the treat- ment of the trees in this manner has not been entirely successful owing to belated applications and the protection derived by the in- sects from the curling of the leaves. As eggs on the nursery stock, especially the seedlings, have been numerous, and therefore quite conspicuous, nurserymen have often asked what would be the effects of contact sprays on eggs. As there was abundant opportunity for this work, experiments were conducted during the autumn and winter of 1904, 1905, and 1906 for the purpose of determining the compara- tive effects of different contact sprays upon aphis eggs. For the purpose of the experiment, seedling apple stocks, upon which large numbers of eggs had been deposited, were selected. As it was necessary to have the conditions of the experiment under control, the trees, upon their removal from the nursery blocks, were erown in a greenhouse. The number of trees under observation was 322, and these divided into five lots. AIl the sprays were tested in each lot. The sprays employed were the sulphur washes, kerosene, kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap, crude oil, Scalecide, Kil-o-Scale, - 30 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Rex solution, whitewash, K-L mixture, kerosene-whitewash, and caustic soda. The number of eggs per tree was variable, but there were not less than 400 eggs on each tree, and the maximum number on one tree was 4,800. The total number of eggs by actual count in the experiment was 223,920, of which 158,885 were firm, while the rest were more or less shrunken. The trees were planted in boxes of convenient size, and during the treatment were isolated to prevent the applications from reaching other stocks. Each tree was exam- ined daily, and as each egg hatched the aphis was killed and a record was made of the daily hatching of the eggs. The results of the last two tests, which are representative, are as follows: Fourth experiment: Less than 1 per cent of the eggs hatched on trees sprayed with the sulphur wash, crude oil, kerosene-whitewash, and Rex solution. The percentages of eggs that hatched on the trees receiving other sprays are as follows: Per cent. Per cent. Scalecid@. 22225 © 2. an eee 8.9 |) (Caustic: soda: == ae eee ae (es KKerosene_____-— | Sees ee On I isilcosS calle 2 ee eee 26. INeroseneemulsion= === 496" (Checks is 22 < oS ae ee 22. 4 Wihale-olltsoape= 2225" esses (ere) Fifth experiment: No eggs hatched on the trees that received applications of kerosene-whitewash and whitewash. On the trees treated with the other sprays the following percentages of eggs hatched: Per cent. Per cent. Sulphun washess==—22) 255) ees Oris j| MO AUSEIC! SOC ae ee i) SCalecide:. ee Se ae 40 Kil-o-Scnlesa. Oe 22 aes eee 4 INGROSEN Gps. EL a! Gy eve ASN One Co Kev Covi) Ie tee Se ro el es 10 Kerosene emulsion ~~ =. -=—=- 6 Rex solution 22. eee 1 Winwle-o1l\SOap) 22. oes eae 9 @hecks;.2 250 ee ee dl. 4 Mr. Titus mentioned the fact that aphis eggs are often deposited in such a manner on the twigs that they overlap, and this being the ‘ase 1t would be difficult, and in some cases impossible, to cover all the eggs with the spray material. In making an accurate statement as to the percentage of eggs destroyed by spraying, this point and parasitism should be considered. Mr. Hodgkiss replied that the small size of the trees enabled a most thorough application to be made in each and every case. The pur- pose of the experiment being entirely to test the advisability of spray- ing nursery stock, the question raised by Mr. Titus would in no way affect the results obtained. Replying to a question on the value of MANNER OF BIRTH OF APHIDIDA. OL spraying these eggs he stated that the results show that spraying for. the aphis in the egg stage is of doubtful utility, and the most effective work may be done soon after the aphides hatch. A paper was read, entitled: MANNER OF BIRTH OF THE WOOLLY APHIS OF THE APPLE (SCHIZONEURA LANIGERA HAUSM.) AND OF OTHER APHI- DID. By W. EH. RumMsry, Morgantown, W. Va. The exact manner of birth of the agamic forms of the woolly aphis of the apple seems to be a disputed point; at least, there is a variance in the published records that I have been able to find on the subject. In a study of this insect, now under way at the West Virginia Agri- cultural Experiment Station, some additional facts have been ob- tained along this line which may be of interest. In the Eighth Report on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of Illinois, by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, is a statement relating to the repro- duction of this species, which says: In so far as the method of propagation is concerned it has been shown by Dr. W. M. Smith, of New York, that it differs slightly from the true aphides, in that the young larvee produced by the agamic females are inclosed in the thin egg- shaped covering heretofore mentioned, from which they have to free themselves in a manner analogous to hatching. The remains of this covering may often be seén attached to the tip of the abdomen, and is doubtless the supposed cottony secretion alluded to by Doctor Fitch in his description of the young larva. A view diametrically opposed to that given by Doctor Thomas is found in the Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1879, where this insect is treated, and from which the following extract is taken : Mr. Howard has repeatedly watched the birth of the young of the wingless agamic females and positively states that they are born without the enveloping pellicle or pseudovum. While the head and its appendages were still within the mother, he has seen the legs kicking vigorously outside. These conflicting statements have led me to make careful observa- tions along this line. While a student at Cornell, my study of this species seemed to corroborate the views of Dr.. W. M. Smith. During my present study of the woolly aphis a large number of births have been carefully watched, which has added materially to the evidence sought. To see the entire operation of birth satisfactorily it was necessary to devise some method by which the mother could be held in the posi- tion desired. To accomplish this a rectangular cell was made on a microscope slide with four small pieces of another slide. The cell was just wide enough to hold a mature insect when placed on its side, but of sufficient length to allow free extrusion of the young. The - 32 “ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. pieces of glass were held in position with Canada balsam, and a cover glass was placed on top to prevent the escape of the insect. All observations of birth in this cell were made under a microscope, using a two-thirds or one-fourth inch objective. The manner of birth, as repeatedly observed by me, is as follows: First there is a contorted movement of the abdomen of the mother, which is immediately followed by the appearance of the young aphis as an egg-like object at the anal opening. In about thirty seconds the body of the young is forced out until the eyes appear, when the movement is checked, then ceases entirely, with the mother retaining a hold on the crown of the head. At this time the dark spots that mark the eyes are the only means by which the object might at first be distinguished from an egg. The antenne, together with the legs, are bent toward the tip of the abdomen and held closely against the ventral surface by a transparent membranous sac. This sac soon breaks at the crown of the head and is worked backward (caudad) by a continuous expansion and contraction of the body, accompanied by an interrupted pulling and pushing movement of the antenne and legs. These motions are similar to those of an insect working its way out of a pupa case. The progress of the membrane as it moves backward (caudad) is at first indicated only by the hairs at the base of the antenne and on the head springing into an erect position as they are freed. In from three to five minutes after the membrane begins moving off, the antenne are liberated, and a small amount of whitish substance appears at the tip of the abdomen. Each pair of legs is then liberated in turn. As the sac works farther back its ragged edge becomes visible and the shriveled membrane at the tip of the abdomen increases in quantity. The last pair of tegs is freed in from three to seven minutes after birth. As soon as the legs are freed they begin to kick vigorously, the kicking continuing from one to two minutes after the last pair is berated; whereupon the mother lowers her abdomen and presses her offspring down, seem- ingly with the intention of assisting it in getting a firm footing, and at once loosens her hold. After the young is on its feet, the cast pellicle adheres to the tip of the abdomen for about two minutes, when it is worked off, leaving the insect smooth and glistening, but not yet entirely free, for a waxy thread still connects the sete of the beak with the discarded pellicle. After several tugs and pulls the thread is broken and the insect crawls away. Many times I have loosened the young insect from its mother, while she was holding it by the crown of its head, and carefully watched its subsequent movements. Only a slight touch with a ‘amel’s hair brush is necessary to break this hold. The motions of the body of the young and the freeing of antenne and legs were iden- MANNER OF BIRTH OF APHIDIDZ. ao tical to those already described, but in many such cases the young aphis died before freeing itself from the sac. This was probably due to the fact that the insect lay upon a miscroscope slide instead of being held aloof from the bark, as under normal conditions. How are other species of Aphidide born? In an attempt to answer this question I have made observations on several species, among which is the apple aphis (Aphis mali Fab.), which will be considered at some length. The birth of this species is similar in all the stages to that of the woolly aphis, except in one or two minor points. The legs, at least the last pair, are bent back upon them- selves, so as not to extend beyond the abdomen, while being pressed to the ventral surface by the pellicle. When the young has all its legs free from the sac the mother does not in all cases, as observed with the woolly aphis, press her offspring down for a footing, but simply loosens her hold. Apparently the greater length of legs in this species makes it unnecessary for the mother to assist her young in this way. As soon as the young begin to free their antenne and legs a delicate whitish substance appears on the tip of the abdomen, as with the other species described. The so-called honey tubes of the apple aphis, and kindred species, are bent toward the extremity of the abdomen and held closely against the body of the insect by the enveloping pellicle. As the edge of this membrane passes along over these tubes they bow up, and when the tips are released they straighten into nearly their normal position. Before the final release of the tubes the delicate transparent membrane, constituting the pel- licle, can be readily seen stretched across the intervening space. Owing to the relatively much shorter beak of the apple aphis than that of the woolly aphis, I have not been able to see the waxy, thread- like connection between the sete and the cast pellicle. If present, the separation probably takes place when the last pair of legs is being lib- erated, which would tend to prevent a view of the thread. When the legs of the apple aphis are free, the discarded pellicle adheres to the tip of the abdomen for a short time, whereupon it is worked off by the movements already described. In one instance, however, I distinctly saw a young aphis deliberately remove the shriveled pellicle from the tip of its abdomen with its hind legs. In all the other species of Aphididz which have been under con- sideration the manner of birth, in every case, was similar to that of those already described. Mr. Quaintance remarked that his observations as to the mode of birth of aphides agreed with those of the speaker. He called atten- tion to the fact of recent statements in literature to the effect that the so-called honeydew of aphides was excreted only from the anus, (48(—No, 6(—_0T——_3 - 34 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOCMOLOGISTS. the idea that some was secreted also from the cornicles being erro- neous. He asked for observations of the members present on this point. In reply to a question by Mr. Slingerland as to the number of aphides whose birth had been observed, Mr. Rumsey stated that he had watched the manner of birth of probably fifty individuals. He also stated that he had never seen honeydew secreted from the honey tubes, but always from the anus of the aphides. Four papers were then presented, and discussed at the close of the last paper. UNUSUAL INSECT HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY IN 1906. By Joun B. SmitH, New Brunswick, N. J. The summer of 1906 in New Jersey was remarkable for continuous ‘ains during the middle of the season, favoring the development of some crops and insects and interfering seriously with others. It seems contradictory to include the failure of the periodical cicada (Tibicen septendecim \..) to appear in New Jersey as scheduled as a “happening,” yet it deserves to be recorded as such. In 1889 there had been no definite New Jersey localities for what was then known as Brood VIII; but in that year I secured four, at such points as to indicate a diagonal line of occurrence from the Palisades southwest to the Delaware a little south of Camden. The insect was nowhere very common and I doubted its reappearance in 1906. To cover the ground as thoroughly as possible I asked every correspondent of the office along this line to communicate with me, asked the members of the Newark, New York, and Philadelphia entomological societies to keep a lookout for specimens and records, and instructed Mr. E. L. Dickerson, one of my assistants, to cover the most likely area of appearance per- sonally, besides keeping an open eye for “ signs” in the course of his orchard and nursery inspection work. Mr. Dickerson was also asked to verify reports that were received, and this proved a wise precau- tion, since at least three records, apparently safe and in the proper localities, proved on investigation to be based on error. Not a single definite record did I get for New Jersey. Mr. Marlatt was good enough to send me a record from Bergen County, his correspondent claiming to have seen two specimens and to have heard of others from several localities. This record has not been verified, but may easily be correct, although my own correspondents in that same region failed to find anything. In any case nothing but a fragment of the brood remains in the State. Incidentally, my attention was drawn to the other cicada species in the State, especially after the publications of Osborn, Davis, and INSECT HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY IN 1906. 215) Joutel. It was found that all the forms occurred in New Jersey. and that we had also yet another’ which was readily identified as the real pruinosa of Say, leaving the species heretofore identi- fied as pruénosa without a name. Mr. Grossbeck has proposed the name sayé for this form. To make certain just which form Linné intended as ¢ébicen, the original descriptions and figures were studied, and it seems entirely certain that the original tébicen is a totally dis- tinct species from the one we have heretofore determined as such. For the species heretofore known as ¢ébicen the term linnei is pro- posed. Perhaps the most interesting feature now in progress is the steady increase in numbers of the rose-chafer (J/acrodactylus subspinosus Fab.). When I first came into the State, seventeen years ago, a scourge Was in progress that culminated in 1890 after a period of gradual rise, and I was told then that some sixteen to twenty years before there had been a similar trouble, followed by a series of years when little was seen of the insects. We have had our series of exempt years, and now for the four years last past the beetle has become increasingly abundant. In those same localities where it appeared as a pest sixteen to twenty years ago it is again a pest, but not vet quite as bad as it was in 1890. I anticipate another year of increase before the culmination is reached. As to the cause of the decrease I could find nothing. There were no apparent parasites; but the larvee seemed simply to become less plentiful each year until little was seen of them. As to remedial measures practically no progress has been made. The insects are killed by arsenites, but, especially when they attack grape, the mischief is caused before the poison can do its work; to say nothing of the difficulty of getting a sufficient supply of it on the buds. I am advising our growers for the city market to bag the most valuable varieties and all others that it will pay to protect in that way. Bagging as a protection against rot has been entirely discarded in New Jersey in favor of spraying with the Bordeaux mixture. The army worm (//eliophila unipuncta Haw.) has, for the first time in many years, appeared as a pest to field crops in a limited district in southern New Jersey. It was promptly dealt with and did very little harm, but the interesting feature was the practical absence of the tachinid parasites that usually attack so large a per- centage of the caterpillars. Always on previous occasions I have found an injurious army with the seeds of its own destruction appar- ent, but in this case there was so little infestation that practically all the larvee collected and placed in breeding cages in the laboratory came to maturity. It will be a matter of very great interest to watch developments in southern New Jersey in 1907. In this connection it might be said that some army-worm injury occurs almost every year 36 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. on our cranberry bogs and that, occasionally, there is so great an increase as to result in actually stripping a section of bog. The cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.), which has been the theme of papers through many localities in the north- western section of the State, reached its culmination in New Jersey in 1905, and in 1906 dropped out of sight completely in those places where it had been most abundant the year before. It was a curious repetition of an experience about eight years ago, although the agent of control this time was apparently different. Mr. E. L. Dickerson’s paper covers that ground fully and it needs only a mere mention here. The elm leaf-beetle (Galerucella luteola Miill.) also, after a period of two years during which no spraying was required at New Bruns- wick, has taken a new start, and in 1906 the unsprayed trees in parts of that city were almost completely defoliated. The trees on the campus of Rutgers College were protected with arsenate of lead, and I proved to my own satisfaction that the 12-cents-a-pound material made by one insecticide company was quite as effective and satisfactory in all respects as the 20-cent product of another company, while a 17-cent brand was inferior in arsenical content and was short weight besides. It should be added here that the control- ling agent in this case is a disease that attacks the pup if the weather at that period of development is damp. In 1904 it was only moist, and the disease was not very prevalent; in 1905 the weather was hot and dry, the beetles all developed normally, and I prepared for the danger that I felt certain would come in 1906. I was not at home during the pupation of the brood last summer, so can say noth- ing as to probabilities for 1907. The common oyster-shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi I.) has devel- oped possibilities as a serious pest and has proved quite difficult of control in the more southern parts of the State. One of the Burling- ton County apple growers declares it more dangerous and difficult to deal with than the San Jose scale. There are two broods of it in that section of New Jersey, and in one of the towns it has developed as a serious pest to shade trees, especially maples. Away off in one part of southern New Jersey is a little section of land especially adapted to peach growing and where fine trees bear excellent crops of good quality. In this corner and nowhere else in the State the peach soft scale (Lulecanium nigrofasciatum Pergande) has established itself, and our effort now is to prevent its getting away from there. Fortunately the area is completely isolated, and there is little or no chance of a natural spread, while no trees are grown for sale anywhere in the infested territory. Few trees are badly enough injured as yet to induce the growers to consider active measures, and matters will probably become a great deal worse before they become much better, INSECT HAPPENINGS IN NEW JERSEY IN 1906. 37 The catalpa sphinx (Ceratomia catalpw Bday.) now covers about the entire State of New Jersey, positive records being absent from one county only. It always seems to be worse the second year of its appearance in a given locality, and it has been about as troublesome in nurseries as anywhere. Another failure to establish the Chinese mantid (Paratenodera sinensis Sauss.) in New Jersey is to be recorded. A large number of egg masses were tied out in an ideal location on the southeastern slope of the Orange Mountains, and most of these fell a prey to field mice. It seems curious that the insects should do so well near Philadelphia and that they should fail so uniformly in all sections of New Jersey. The Asiatic ladybird (CAdlocorus similis Rossi) has not been found again, although the orchard in which the lots sent up from Georgia three years ago were freed still stands unsprayed—what is left of it. Although not strictly entomological, mite infestation should be noted as among the most important happenings of the season. ‘Trees and shrubs of the most diverse kinds were infested and a great deal of foliage was disfigured, if not seriously injured, MISCELLANEOUS INSECT NOTES FROM MARYLAND FOR 1906. 3y A. B. GAHAN and G. P. WeEtpon, College Park, Md. Present indications are that the fruit growers of Maryland may have another serious scale pest to contend with in the near future. We refer to the terrapin scale (Lulecanium nigrofasciatum Per- gande). From different localities:in Washington County have come three complaints of very serious injury to peach trees by this scale. All told, several hundred trees have been killed or badly damaged by it. The growers report that the lime-sulphur-salt treatment is not effective against this pest, it being no uncommon thing to see full-grown scales in midsummer with a coating of the spray mixture still adhering to their backs, but apparently none the worse for it. A more or less careful study of the life history of the insect was made at the Station the past season, and it brought out the following facts: The scales pass the winter as immature females, finishing their growth in the spring. The eggs are deposited beneath the female scale, and are very numerous. Hatching begins about June 1 in our latitude, and crawling young may be found from that time until the second week in August. The young apparently all go to the leaves immediately after hatching, and there settle along the midribs and veins, where they remain for a period of from six to eight weeks. The males then emerge, winged, while the females migrate back to the twigs, settling along the under side of the twigs and branches. This migration of the females began about July 20,and by September 88 . ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 1 practically all were gone from the leaves. Copulation was not observed, but probably took place during the migratory period. Two important parasites were noted, one a braconid, the other a fungous disease (probably Cordyceps clavulata). The fungus first made its appearance in the latter part of July, when a few individual scales on a single tree were noticed with a whitish discoloration about the edges. In a few days the discoloration had spread over the whole bodies of these insects and had also infested many others, both young and old. Within three weeks the disease attacked a majority of the insects on the five infested trees that were under observation. By the Ist of November it had apparently cleared four of the trees of the scale, while the fifth tree showed only occasional healthy specimens, and these were usually isolated on the tip of a twig. The very damp season no doubt accounts to some extent for the activity of the fungus. A small brood of periodical cicadas (Tibicen septendecim 1.) appeared in Washington County in July. They belonged to Mar- latt’s Brood XIV, and are confined to a very limited portion of the country, principally in the neighborhood of Mapleville. While quite numerous in that locality, the brood did very little damage, and its occurrence is important only as a matter of record. Some observations were made to determine the life history of the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella L.) for the latitude of Mary- land. About 75 per cent of the first brood of larvee were found to enter the fruit at the calyx end. It was found by banding trees that the. greater number of larve of the first brood reach maturity and pupate between June 20 and July 10, but that quite a considerable number do not leave the fruit until later, some first-brood larve being taken as late as August 10. Eggs from the first-brood moths were collected quite plentifully during July on both leaves and fruit. The majority of the second-brood larvee were found to -enter the fruit at other than the calyx end. The larve of this brood begin coming down about August 1, and the number collected from beneath the bands showed a constant increase from that time until August 25, when it began to decrease. A few,larve collected during August pupated, but the great majority spun cocoons and remained as larve. Undoubtedly the few pupating individuals were belated first-brood larve. An interesting case of destruction of codling-moth larve as they were pupating, by a small red ant, which was not identified, was observed. Scarcely a collection of larvee was made from the banded trees without finding several worms that were being devoured by the ants. In November a report was received of injury to chestnut telephone poles by a flat-headed borer of some kind. Specimens of the borers and their work were secured and taken to the Bureau of Entomology, INSECT NOTES FROM MARYLAND FOR 1906. 39 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for identifica- tion, but Doctor Hopkins reported that he was unable to identify it even generically. The larve collected were about an inch in length, white, with the first three or four segments much broader than the remaining. They work below the surface of the ground in the sap- wood of the pole, some penetrating an inch or more into the wood. The pole from which our specimens were collected was very badly in- fested, there being probably four dozen borers in it. The borers weakened it so much at the surface of the ground that it had to be removed. The infested butt has been secured and placed in the in- sectary in the hope that adult specimens of the insect may be secured. NOTES ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1906 IN NEW YORK STATE. By E. P. Fert, Albany, N. Y. The leaf feeders, such as the yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar (Datana ministra Dru.) , the red-humped apple-tree caterpillar (Schi- zura concinna S. and A.), the hickory tussock moth (/Talisidota carye Harr.), and the black walnut worm (Datana integerrima Grt. and Rob.), have received more attention than usual owing, probably, to the wide-spread interest which led many to keep a close watch for the possible occurrence of either the gipsy or brown-tail moths (Por- thetria dispar L. and Fuproctis chrysorrh@a L.). A placard, describ- ing these two insects briefly and figuring them in colors, was dis- tributed in many sections of the State where there was likelihood of the pests becoming established. It is gratifying to state that no undoubted evidence of even their casual occurrence in New York State was secured, despite newspaper statements to the contrary. Every report regarding these species was followed up and in each instance found to be based upon insufficient information. An occur- ‘rence out of the ordinary was the capture in Albany of a large South American moth (7hysania zenobia Cramer). The scurfy scale (Chionaspis furfura Fitch) has continued abun- dant in the Hudson Valley, being especially numerous on young fruit trees in the vicinity of Annandale. Experiments with the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) have been continued and the weight of evidence is decidedly in favor of employing a lime-sulphur wash, which, if properly pre- pared and thoroughly applied, gives fully as satisfactory results as any other preparation. Several experiments were conducted largely for the purpose of determining whether this wash could be further modified to advantage. A lime-sulphur wash was made in- the normal manner, except that the ordinary local burnt lime was re- placed by a finely prepared hydrated magnesium lime known as - 40 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. limoid, and the results were decidedly adverse to the employment of this material, despite its improved physical condition. The reaction between the limoid and the sulphur was not nearly so vigorous, even when. hot water was employed. A sal-soda lime-sulphur wash was the subject of further tests and gave very satisfactory results. Oily preparations, known in a general way as “soluble” or miscible oils, have been used to some extent in the State. We have examined a number of trees treated with these materials and in each instance detected evidences of oil injury, though there was no doubt that, in some cases at least, a considerable proportion of the scale insects had been destroyed. It is impossible to say at present what would be the result of successive annual applications of such materials, though we would not be surprised were a considerable injury to develop with the advance of time. The grape root-worm (Fidia viticida Walsh) continues abundant in the Chautauqua region, and during the past season has been ex- ceptionally numerous in certain vineyards. It is an insect very local in its operations, and this fact renders it difficult to make any gen- eral statements. There is no question that it is becoming more abun- dant in certain vineyards here and there throughout the grape belt, and its numbers have increased materially the past year or two in the vineyards on the hills back from the lake. The grapevine or steely flea-beetle (/Zaltica chalybea Wl.) had an exceptional opportunity to injure grape buds, owing to the continued cold weather keeping the vines in check just as the foliage began to appear. The snowy tree-cricket or white flower cricket (Qcanthus niveus De G.) was so abundant in certain vineyards, where there was considerable weedy growth, as to injure many of the canes by depositing its eggs therein. The sugar-maple borer (Plagionotus speciosus Say) continues to be a serious enemy of our sugar maples. An exceptionally interest- ing observation of the work of this insect was made in connection with a recent trip to Le Roy. Seven years before, namely, in Sep- tember, 1899, we photographed a tree in that city which had been badly injured by this borer. The tree was about 18 inches in diame- ter and at the time of photographing was rather thrifty despite the fact that one side was completely girdled by the operations of the pest. The dead area at that time had commenced to enlarge and it. was therefore not surprising, on examining this tree in November last, to find that the area of exposed wood had greatly increased. The original gallery was approximately 4 feet from the ground. At the present time the entire affected side, from the ground to 8 or 10 feet above, is dead, the bark has decayed or fallen away, and a large pro- portion of the magnificent limbs and branches on that side of the tree have disappeared. This illustrates in a striking manner the destructive nature of this insect’s operations. It is very probable INSECTS OF 1906 IN NEW YORK STATE. 41 that an injury of this kind could be helped by bridge grafting, and it is presumable that extremely beneficial results would have been obtained even if this means had not been employed until two or three years after the initial injury, provided the bridge grafts were inserted in rather vigorous tissues. The white-marked tussock moth (/Zemerocampa leucostigma S. & A.) has been the cause of extensive injury the past season to shade trees in Buffalo, Lockport, Geneva, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, Albany, Troy, and Brooklyn. They were so abundant in many of these places as nearly to defoliate a large number of trees. An extremely inter- esting phenomenon was observed in Capitol Park, Albany, July 5. Many of the trees were then badly infested by the tussock moth, some being almost entirely defoliated. On that morning the ground was thickly strewn with leaves and leaf-bearing twigs. Most of the lat- ter bore from 3 to 5 or 6 leaves, and the cut end had invariably been completely girdled for a distance ranging from one-fourth inch to nearly an inch in length. This peculiar form of injury was first observed by the late Doctor Lintner in 1883, he having actually seen the caterpillar engaged in the girdling operations. Subsequently questions arose as to whether the depredator was correctly identified. It is gratifying to state that the trees in Capitol Park, mentioned above, were infested by practically no other insect. The tussock moth caterpillars were in several instances observed upon the fallen twigs, and there is, therefore, every reason to believe that this larva was the author of this somewhat anomalous injury. The girdling was limited, as was also observed by Doctor Lintner, to the new erowth, and as the past summer has been exceptionally moist it is barely possible that there is some connection between a rapid, suc- culent growth and this form of injury, since it is only occasionally that the larve girdle the twigs as reported above. The elm leaf-beetle (G@alerucella luteola Miill.) has been abundant and injurious in certain sections, such as Oyster Bay, Ossining, Albany, Troy, Fort Edward, and Ithaca. The false maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola King) appears to be establishing its claim as one of the most serious pests of the hard maple in New York State, since it has been injurious to trees in the vicinity of New York City in particular during the past four or five years. It was very abundant last summer at Port Chester, Middle- town, and probably in other villages in the southern part of the State. The elm bark-seale (Gossyparia spuria Mod.) continues quite de- structive, displaying a marked preference for the Scotch elm. The violet gall midge (Contarinia violicola Coq.) is a very serious pest of the extensive violet-growing industry in and about Rhine- beck, N. Y. The crop in infested houses, according to estimates of growers, is reduced from one-third to one-half by the operations of 42 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. this insect. Should this infestation become more general, the results might be exceedingly serious to the industry as a whole. An exam- ination showed that the insect was distinctly local in its operations, since one-half of a house 150 feet long might be seriously injured, while the other half might be almost free from attack. Even in small houses there were distinct areas which suffered more severely than others, sometimes these being limited'to only a square yard or two. The continued breeding of this species. appears to be affected largely by temperature, since houses where the mercury was not kept below a certain point were decidedly more infested than others. The growers are almost unanimous in stating that when the temperature of a house can be kept down to 40° at night and does not rise to over 60° in the daytime there is little or no injury from the pest. The flies, according to growers, very rarely leave the plants, and can be observed only by flushing them with the hand. An examination was made in houses where there were flies and numerous larve on the plants, but none was to be found on the windows nor in the sheds at the ends of the houses, nor in cobwebs spun here and there about the structures. The insect displays a marked preference for recently opened leaves, apparently depositing its eggs in those which have just expanded fully; and, according to the growers, leaves perfectly straight one day may be badly curled the next. They note that leaves can be curled in a few hours, and are of the opinion that only a day or so elapses between the depositing of the egg and the curling of the leaves, an operation which protects the larve from most insect- . icides. Furthermore, several of them said that fumigating with hydrocyanic-acid gas apparently has no effect whatsoever in destroy- ing the larvee, though there is httle doubt that the flies are killed. There is a marked periodicity in the appearance-of the larve. Last summer they were first noticed in numbers early in July and then they became abundant again in August. Experience this year has shown that they may continue working in numbers ‘even as late as the latter part of October. A number of infested leaves were placed on soil on the 12th, at which time no pups were manifest. The first adults appeared on the 22d and others emerged subsequently to the 26th, when about four were bred out. Another individual was ob- tained November 3 and lived to the 5th, at least. Owing to the fact that the plants could not be well cared for, it is probable that the period of the appearance of the flies was somewhat abridged by the unnatural conditions. The above data show that not over ten days is necessary from the time the larva forsakes the plant until the appearance of the perfect fly, and it may possibly be a little less. No pup were observed on the leaves, and there is no doubt that the insect normally undergoes its final transformations in the soil. INSECTS OF 1906 IN NEW YORK STATE. 43 The periodical cicada (Tibicen septendecim 1.) appeared in con- siderable numbers on Long Island during the past summer. The list of localities, compiled from various correspondents, is as follows: Wading River, Port Jefferson, St. James, Farmingville, Coram (on the road from Port Jefferson to Patchogue), Manorville, Eastport, East Moriches, Center Moriches, Commack, Brentwood, Cold Spring Harbor, Laurelton, Huntington, Oyster Bay, East Norwich, and Syosset. There is also a record of its appearance in very limited numbers on Staten Island. THE PEAR BLISTER-MITE. (Briophyes pyri (Pgst.) Nal.) By P: J. PArrorr, Geneva, N. Y. This mite was undoubtedly introduced at an early period into the United States in foreign importations of nursery stock and ws probably well distributed in many fruit-growing areas long before its presence was recognized. The first writer to direct attention to its appearance as an orchard pest in this country was Mr. Townend Glover, Entomologist of U. S. Department of Agriculture, who in May, 1872, received specimens of its work from a correspondent. Under his direction Mr. Thomas Taylor, microscopist, examined some of the pear leaves covered with dark-brown blotches, which were said to be inhabited by myriads of small mites. The species was thought to be somewhat similar to the mite mentioned by Packard ? as “ Typhlodromus pyri of Scheuten,” known to infest pear trees in Europe. Before the meeting of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, held at Saratoga, N. Y., August, 1879, Dr. W. S. Barnard © presented a paper on “ bud-blight insects,” in which he attributed the brown and black blotches of pear leaves to the activ- ities of mites. In 1880, Prof. T. J. Burrill? called attention to a widespread disease of pear leaves in Illinois and in the country at jarge, which was ascribed to the work of the mite Phytoptus pyri Scheuten. He mentioned the fact of the hibernation of the mites under the bud scales and the probable dissemination of these crea- tures in cions and buds. In succeeding years the work of this species was recognized in many States and was given widespread mention. In 1883° the mite was observed in large numbers upon imported Russian pear trees in experimental nurseries in Iowa, and by 1894 «Report of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1872, p. 113. » Guide to the Study of Insects. By A. S. Packard. 1869. ¢ Scientific American, Dec., 1879, p. 3302. @ Gardener’s Monthly, v. 22, 1880, pp. 18-19. e Osborn, H., Lowa State Hort. Soc., 1885, pp. 127-135. 44 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. the mite was regarded as being generally distributed in the leading pear-growing States. The mite has attained its prominence in this country as an orchard pest because of its destructive work on pear foliage, and for this reason our literature upon the species is en- tirely concerned with the economy of the mite in its relationship to pear growing. In recent years our attention has been called to the appearance of the mite in another role—as a pest of apple foliage. The mite has quite likely been active in this capacity for many years, but important injuries by it were not brought to our notice till 1902, when it was found to be very abundant in an apple orchard at Williamson, on Lake Ontario. In 1903 the infestation of these trees was much more conspicuous, and the strange appearance of the foliage attracted much attention from the fruit growers in attendance at the summer meet- ing of the State Fruit Growers’ Association which was held in Geneva. Up to the present time its injurious numbers in this orchard have been maintained. During the same year Prof. M. V. Slinger- land“ observed, through the central portion of the State, numerous apple trees with many of their leaves showing the corky blisters characteristic of the work of this creature. The area in which the mite was present in conspicuous numbers has increased each year, and in 1905 marked infestation of many orchards in Wayne, Ontario, Monroe, and Niagara counties was noted. In his apple survey of Wayne County in 1903, Dr. G. F. Warren ” recorded the presence of the mite in 53 orchards. It is stated that * the mites were not bad in more than one-half of a dozen orchards, but in a few orchards some trees had practically every leaf affected.” A lke survey of Orleans County ” in 1904 showed somewhat similar conditions of apple trees with respect to this pest. Of 19 orchards showing mite injury, 4 were recorded as seriously infested, 4 considerably infested, and 11 shghtly infested. During 1906 the work of the mite again attracted much attention among fruit growers, and in addition to the above counties the species was also present in large numbers in apple orchards in Livingston, Wyoming, Seneca, and Yates counties. The mite may be said to be common in our leading apple-growing sec- tions in western New York, and its work upon apple leaves has also been recognized in Pennsylvania and Illinois. The host plants of this mite, in addition to the apple and pear, are, as recorded by Dr. Alfred Nalepa, the service-berry (Amelanchier vulgaris), the common cotoneaster (Cotoneaster vulgaris), the wild service tree (Sorbus terminalis), the white bean tree (Sorbus aria), and the European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia). 4Bul. 46, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1904, p. 72. b Cornell Bul. 226, 1905, p. 840; Bul. 229, 1905, p. 489. . THE PEAR BLISTER—MITE. 45 The work of the mite on apple first shows on the upper surface of the leaf as distinct hght-colored pimples, and on the underside as blisters or thickened areas of the same color as the leaf. The affected areas are of irregular size and are unevenly distributed, though the larger proportion of them are about the sides and the base of the leaf. Some of the blisters may have a reddish tinge, somewhat similar to the pear leaf-galls, but they are usually of a less brillant color. As the galls become older they appear as corky spots of a reddish-brown color, and not black, as with the pear, which to the touch are very dis- tinct from the healthy portions of the leaf. The individual galls average from one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter and are usually oval or quadrangular in shape. Leading to the interior of each affected area there is usually one or more tiny openings. Often the spots coalesce, forming large irregular dead areas with smooth or shghtly raised surfaces and of a dark-brown color, which rupture the leaves at the margins. About July 1 the most striking effects of, the mites upon the leaves appear, especially if there is much yellowing of the foliage, as frequently occurs. Upon the upper sur- face of such leaves the mite-infested spots are of a light-brown or of a dark-green color and are uniformly brown beneath. These spots are usually thickly massed, forming a dark, broad band of irregular width along each side of the leaf, which contrasts conspicuously with the intervening light-yellow area about the main rib. The mites also ‘ause pimples about the calyx cavity and on the stems of young apples. In several instances the work of the mites upon the leaves and fruit stems of the same cluster had so weakened the stems as to cause the falling of the fruit. Premature dropping of the apples by this means seems to be of rare occasion, and even on the worst-infested trees the loss of fruit is not appreciable. This seems incredible, as it does not seem possible that the foliage of the trees could be so com- pletely overrun with mites without losses in crop production. As has been stated by other observers, notably Prof. T. J. Burrill, in his study of the species on pear, the mites spend the winter in the buds, preferably under the second and third layers of the bud scales. As the buds burst there is a movement of the mites to the unfolding leaves, in which eggs are deposited. This migration takes place with the maturing of the bud scales, during the latter part of April and early May, depending on the season, soon after which the discol- oration of the leaves by pale and red-colored spots occurs. On pear foliage the galls are largely grouped in a row on each side of the main rib, while on apple leaves the affected areas appear in the great- est numbers about the sides and the base of the leaf. This difference in the arrangement of the diseased spots on apple and pear foliage seems to be determined by the manner of the distribution of the pubes- 46 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. cence of the leaves and the condition of the leaves when unfolding, which differ slightly with these two kinds of fruits. Mature mites may be found in the leaf tissues during the first week in May, and from then on into September eggs and larve are present in the galls of the leaves. During the latter part of May and first part of June the mites in greatly increased numbers may be found in the pubes- cence of the new wood and in the fruit and leaf stems and upon the unfolding leaves of the new growth. During October they largely abandon the leaves and swell the numbers already in hiding in the buds and in the pubescence of the bark of the new wood. Hiberna- tion occurs under the bud scales and apparently none of the mites passes the winter in the pubescence or in crevices of the bark. Treatment for the mite is much more difficult on apple than on pear trees, mainly due to the larger size of the trees and the greater abun- dance of the pubescence on the buds and the new wood. In our expe- rience the crude and refined oils, either clear or emulsified, have proved the most efficient sprays. Because of its comparatjvely safe qualities and cheapness, kerosene emulsion diluted with 5 parts of water appears to be the most practicable remedy for the spraying of apple orchards when treatment is advisable, the applications being made either in the late fall or early spring before the buds swell. In the study of the mites on apple and pear foliage four other species of Eriophyide have been recognized. These are Hriophyes pyri, var. variolata Nal., Hriophyes malifolie Parr., Phyllocoptes schlechtendali Nal., and E'pitrimerus piri Nal. With the exception of the first named, these are vagabond species and seem to thrive on the underside of the leaves. Phyllocoptes schlechtendali and E pitri- merus piri are foreign species and appear to be more common here than on the Continent. The behavior of these two species in the future is a matter of much interest, as both, because of their large numbers, seem to show possibilities of developing to greater economic importance. In discussing these papers, Mr. J. B. Smith brought out the fact that experiments were being conducted for the purpose of preparing arsenate of lead by the action of electricity on lead. Some good results had been secured, and the process, if perfected, promised to cheapen the price of this insecticide. He had tried arsenate of lead made by several manufacturers. Mr. Kirkland stated that about 200 tons of arsenate of lead had been used the past season for fighting the gipsy and brown-tail moths. It was applied at the rate of 1 pound to 10 gallons of water, and no burning of the foliage was observed, DISCUSSION OF PAPERS. 47 Mr. Quaintance called attention to some tests of various arsenicals on peach foliage made by the Bureau of Entomology during 1906, and stated that all arsenicals used—as arsenate of lead (homemade) and the principal proprietary brands, Paris green and Scheele’s green—were injurious either to the foliage or fruit. A new insecti- cide arsenical was tested, namely, arsenic sulphid, which was stated by chemists to be quite insoluble. Nevertheless this proves to be more injurious than any of the other arsenicals used—in fact, killing several of the trees outright. Mr. Webster recalled the fact that in 1888, while in Tasmania, he found the pear mite and also a species of fungus in connection with it. Dr. J.C. Arthur had told him that this fungus was always asso- ciated with this particular mite. Mr. Parrott stated that the attack of these mites on foliage was sometimes mistaken for the pear scab fungus (Venturia pirina Aderh.). Mr. Taylor remarked that arsenate of lead was being used to a con- siderable extent in Colorado. During the past year 16 carloads had been applied with good results. He had used it on peach trees for the twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.) and found that it worked satisfactorily. It can be used on these trees if it carries no free arsenic. In some cases the branches had been killed by burning. This trouble is usually indicated by the appearance of purple spots on the young wood. The rainfall in this section is 7 inches per year, and this may have some bearing on the effect of poison on the foliage. Mr. Slingerland called attention to the use of Scalecide and other miscible oils. He stated that in an orchard badly infested with Asp- idiotus perniciosus that had come under his observation excellent results had been secured when scalecide was applied. Mr. Burgess remarked that he had used Scalecide and Kil-o-scale on a badly infested apple orchard last spring. The manufacturer's directions required the mixing of 1 gallon of these materials to 20 gallons of water. Tests were made using 1 gallon to 9, 14, 19, and 24 gallons of water. Satisfactory results were secured when Kil-o-scale was used at the rate of 1 gallon to 14 gallons of water, but when Scalecide was used at the rate of 1 gallon to 9 gallons of water the San Jose scale was simply held in check. Mr. J. B. Smith stated that the difference in these two substances was not very great, although the Kil-o-scale carried more sulphur and 5 per cent less actual petroleum. A general discussion of the subject followed, which was participated in by Messrs. Brooks, Taylor, Slingerland, J. B. Smith, Fernald, Quaintance, Britton, and others. This brought out the fact that variable results had been secured with these substances, as far as 48 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. killing the scale was concerned, but no injury to the trees was re- ported. It was considered advisable to use a stronger solution than the one recommended by the manufacturers. Mr. Slingerland called attention to the fumigation of greenhouses for controlling the violet fly (Contarinia violicola Coq.). Some large violet growers had suffered severe loss from this insect. It had been found that less than one-half strength of cyanid, as often recommended, may destroy the foliage of violets. It therefore seemed quite necessary for some further tests to be made along this line. Mr. Sherman gave some general notes from North Carolina, and stated that where Scalecide had been used at the rate of 1 gallon to 15 gallons of water in the fall, and lime and sulphur had been apphed in the spring, good results had been secured. The fall armyworm (Laphygma frugiperda 8. & A.) did considerable damage during the past season. Rose bugs (J/acrodactylus subspinosus Fab.), al- though usually not an important pest, defoliated quidambar trees over large areas. Mr. Brooks stated that the larve of rose bugs are eaten by the short-tail shrew. He had observed this in West Virginia during the past season. The meeting then adjourned until 10 a. m. Saturday. MORNING SESSION, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1906. The meeting was called to order by President Kirkland at 10 a. m., and the following paper was presented : SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURAL CHECKS OF THE COT- TONY MAPLE SCALE. (Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathy.) By Encar L. Dickrerson, New Brunswick, N. J. In the various accounts of the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria mnumerabilis Rathy.) several parasitic and predaceous enemies have been recorded as infesting this insect and aiding, to some extent at least, in keeping it in check. A notable incident is that mentioned by Dr. L. O. Howard in his account of this species, in which he states that, because of the parasite Coccophagus lecanii Fitch, “it was found almost impossible to carry the scale insect through the season at Washington in 1898.” The forms acting as the most effective checks to the scale may differ in the various localities, and apparently even in the same locality at different periods. For example, it was stated that in Washington in 1879 the most effective enemy of this insect NATURAL CHECKS OF COTTONY MAPLE SCALE. 49 was the larva of Dakruma coccidivora Comst. Some of the enemies, however, appear to be found wherever the scale occurs, and prominent among these are the parasite Coccophagus lecanii Fitch and the coc- cinellid beetle Hyperaspis signata Oliv. and its larva. It has been due largely to these species that the scale has been controlled in New Jersey during the past two years. _ In 1904 Pulvinaria innumerabilis was noted rather plentifully in several places in Newark and near-by towns and at New Brunswick, and the indications were that it would be much more plentiful the following season. Our anticipations were realized, and in 1905 the scale occurred more abundantly than it had for several years. In order to watch its development the infested districts were visited from time to time and the condition of the insects and the trees noted. As the year progressed it was observed that the enemies previously mentioned were materially and effectively checking the scale, and it was predicted that the number of the insects would be considerably reduced and in some localities nearly exterminated in 1906. These predictions were likewise fulfilled; and in Montclair, where some of the worst infested districts occurred in 1905, there has been very little evidence of the Pulvinaria during the past year. The first signs of parasitism were observed in the middle of April, after the fertilized female scales had started to develop. While most of the insects at that time were becoming enlarged, a few were observed to be quite convex, and an examination showed that they were infested with parasitic larve, a few of which were full grown. Only a single larva occurred in each of the scales, which were light in color at this time, but as the larve pupated the parasitized scales became dark and hard. From this time on the number of the latter increased, and by the middle of May two and one-half times as many parasitized as good scales could be observed on some of the leaves. The adult parasites were first observed about the middle of May and continued in increasing numbers until early June, after which they began to decrease, and were last observed about the middle of that month. Examples were sent to Dr. William H. Ashmead, who determined them as Coccophaqus lecanii Fitch. Whether this para- site hibernates as a larva or in the egg stage J am unaware. It is apparent, however, that the larva begins to develop some time in early April, and the species continues in evidence for a couple of months. In emerging it cuts an irregularly rounded hole in the dor- sal surface of the scale, and, so far as I could observe, it was always nearest the posterior end. Thus the parasites had destroyed many of the hibernating females, but the number of the latter which went into hibernation was so large 7487—No. 67—_07——4 - 50 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. that, in spite of these parasites, there still remained a goodly number to oviposit and reproduce. The egg masses began to develop early in June, and by the middle of the month many of them were apparently full sized. In Mont- clair, where the worst-infested district was observed, the insects were so abundant as to form continuous lines along the underside of many of the infested twigs and branches. An examination of the egg masses there and in other localities revealed the fact that some of them were infested by the larva of Hyperaspis siqnata. This larva, because of the cottony-like waxy covering of the dorsal surface, is well protected among the egg masses, especially since it is often found feeding within the egg mass, when the latter may appear perfectly normal. Often only a single larva infests an egg mass; but sometimes more will be found, especially when they are young. On the other hand, a single larva may destroy a large pro- portion of the eggs in several masses. On June 16, when the coccinellid larvee were first observed at Montclair, a few of them were nearly, if not quite, full grown, while others were very small. From this time on their number increased until the early part of July, when they began to decrease. By June 28, in. Montclair, scarcely an egg mass could be found which was not or had not been infested by them. The first pupz were observed both in the laboratory and on the infested trees on June 24. A few of the larve at this time could be observed crawling on the trunks of the trees and getting beneath the loose bark, where the pupee were found. The pupa is brown in color, but covered more or less with the white material from the cast larval skin. The earliest pupx were found, as just stated, on the trunks of the trees under the loose bark and in the crevices, and it has been stated that the insect always goes to these places to pupate. But this is not the case, for most of the later pup were found within the eaten-out egg masses. The truth is that fhe insect desires to pupate in a pro- tected situation, whether under the bark or elsewhere. The first beetles to emerge in the laboratory were observed on July 7 and came from pup which had been in that stage for two weeks. It was about this time also that beetles were noted on the infested trees, and they continued in evidence until the early part of August, after which no more were observed. While the larva of the coccinellid fed on the eggs of the Pulvinaria, the beetle itself devoured the young scales which set on the leaves. The young scale adheres closely to the leaf, and it was interesting to watch the beetle in its efforts to secure it. If the latter was not too closely set the beetle would successfully pull it up and then rapidly devour it; but some- times the scale was too securely fastened, and then the coccinellid, NATURAL CHECKS OF COTTONY MAPLE SCALE. 51 after making several futile attempts to get its mandible under the side of the scale, would finally give it up and attack another specimen. The great number of scale insects destroyed by the coccinellid and its larva can only be realized when we consider the large number of eggs deposited by the Pulvinaria. At Montclair, where these insects and beetles were most numerous, between 500 and 1,000 young scales were counted on each of several leaves and there were many leaves just as badly infested; but after the coccinellid had completed its work not a leaf could be found with more than a dozen scales set on it, while most of the leaves showed still fewer. In looking over the long series of beetles bred from larvee it was found that there were some variations in both the males and females in size and markings. The majority of the specimens were black in color, with the single reddish spot on the disk of each elytron, but a few examples were found which showed an extra smaller red spot near the tip of each elytron. This latter is in all probability the form which was originally described by Olivier as signata, while the form with the reddish spots, which occurs most commonly, is the one Say described later as binotata. Olivier’s name, therefore, has precedence and should be the one by which the species is designated. It is interesting to note also that while in 1905 this species was found almost é€xclusively feeding on the Pulvinaria and only occa- sionally attacking Psewdococcus aceris Sign., just the opposite has been true the past season (1906). The insect has been found where- ever Pseudococcus aceris occurred, but only in small numbers attack- ing the Pulvinaria. This is due in part perhaps to the fact that the latter insect has not been so abundant. Apparently the Pulvinaria is the favorite food of the coccinellid, but being unable to secure a sufficient amount of this, it attacks the Pseudococcus and other species. “ Although the beetle and its larva did such effective work in Mont- clair in checking the scale, there were other places where it had not been so abundant, and consequently a much larger number of scales set and developed in those localities. On July 24, when, at New Brunswick, I examined some leaves fairly well set with young Pulvinaria, I found that a few of them were parasitized and, except for their smaller size, appeared pre- cisely like the parasitized forms of the hibernating females. Upon inspecting the infested trees in other localities I found that conditions were similar—a few examples parasitized in every case. An examina- tion of the latter showed larve and pupe similar to those of the para- site of the hibernating form. Within a day or two adults of the latter made their appearance both in the laboratory and out of ay ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. doors; and except for their smaller size, being not more than one-half as large, they resembled very closely Coccophagus lecanii, the parasite of the hibernating scales. From this time on the number of these insects increased and con- tinued to appear until about the middle of September, after which very little was seen of them. Leaves collected August 11 showed 1 parasitized scale to 10 good ones, and leaves observed in September showed a still greater proportion. Two of the leaves carefully examined showed in one case 289 and in the other case 136 para- sitized insects, and many of the leaves were in a similar condition. At Montclair, where the coccinellid had almost exterminated the Pulvinaria, the majority of the few remaining scale sets were para- sitized. These insects bred and increased rapidly, and in all respects, except size, resembled Coccophaqus lecanii. Specimens were sent to Doctor Ashmead for examination, however, and he determined them as Coccophagus flavoscutellum Ashm. However this may be, I am strongly of the opinion that we have a sin- gle species which is dimorphic, the larger form determined as lecanié Fitch, bred from the larger hibernating female scales, and the smaller form, not more than half as large as the /ecanii form, which may be the species described as flavoscutellum Ashm., bred from the smaller scales, the size of the parasite depending on the size of the host. SUMMARY. 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UOSPNAT "T° ayy We saad) pafinadsun pup pafinads worl ynal fiiuson pup punos Jo uosripdmojg— | AIaV METHODS IN CODLING MOTH EXPERIMENTS. a) It will be noted in Table I that on the check rows, where all the apples were computed, only 7 per cent were sound, and when only the picked fruit was used the sound apples amounted to 24 per cent. This was due to the large amount of wormy fruit found on August 4 and September 23. The percentage of improvement is secured by subtracting the percentage of sound fruit on the check row, made by each method of computation, from that secured on the treated rows. This gives a balance of 3 and 4 per cent as a result of the different methods of computation, the larger percentage in the results being in favor of considering the entire crop. In Table II, if the same methods are followed, a 4 per cent differ- ence is shown, but this increase is in favor of the method where only the picked fruit is used. If it is assumed that the correct method is to have all of the fruit grown on the tree considered in deciding the percentage value of treatment, then the other method shows 4 per cent decrease in sound fruit in Table I and 4 per cent increase in Table II. It is therefore evident, as shown by these tests, that the error made by using only the picked fruit may range from none to 8 per cent in any experiment. THE CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH IN THE ARID REGIONS. By E. D. Bat, Logan, Utah. The codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella I.) is by far the most serious pest with which the apple grower in the arid regions has to contend. The unsprayed orchards will average, taking one year with another, fully one worm for each apple. In a year of abundant crops there will be some apples remaining sound, but the inevitable light crop following this is likely to have three or four worms to an apple. That thorough and persistent spraying will control the codling moth has been demonstrated so many times as to appear at first sight almost axiomatic, yet when the writer took up the work in Utah, in the fall of 1902, he found a very deplorable state of affairs existing through- out the State. The codling moth had evidently been increasing in number and destructiveness for a series of years, and many of the leading fruit growers, who had formerly handled it with ease, were now meeting with very indifferent success or failing entirely to control it. Numerous instances were cited where from 4 to 6 or even more sprayings had failed to save the crop, while those who suc- ceeded in getting 75 to 85 per cent of the picked fruit sound were considered highly successful. To add to the confusion, the cry had gone forth that the poisons were adulterated, that early sprays were of little value, and that three or even four or more broods were to be 56 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. expected in a season, so even those who were disposed to profit by their failures knew not which way to turn. Further investigation revealed the fact that a somewhat similar condition prevailed through- out the entire intermountain region. In view of this condition of excessive worminess in apples and the general uncertainty that prevailed with reference to so many of the factors involved, it was decided to take up but one factor at a time and try to work that out by exact methods, so that whatever was dis- covered would be the result of known factors and could be explained by the known variation in the factors according to the needs of the experiment. In this way it has been possible to get quite definite results on several factors in the course of the four years’ work, and the most important ones of these are summarized below. The poisons were first investigated and were found to be first class in every respect. A few samples of Paris green had been found in the West that contained some free arsenic, but that would rather in- crease than decrease their killing power, so the failure of the spraying could not be laid at that door. NUMBER OF BROODS. In the work on this insect in Colorado, during the time the writer was an assistant at the State agricultural experiment station, the fact that there were two definite generations in that region and that these generations occurred at fairly definite times was thoroughly estab- lished. These tests were carefully repeated for northern Utah con- ditions, and a life-history chart showing the times of appearance of all stages of the two generations was published in Bulletin 87 of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. From these investigations it was found that there would be a period of a few days in which it would be possible to separate the few worms of the two broods then occurring in the apples. This period, as was shown by reference to the chart above mentioned, occurred during the first few days in August in a normal season. As on the accurate separation of the damage done by each brood depended much of the value of the other data obtained, this damage was carefully checked up each year, and in no case was there more than 1 per cent of the “total wormy” in doubt, and often almost no doubtful cases appeared. In practical work methods must come before results; but in this summary it has been thought best to give results first, and then the full significance of the methods that gave them can be more fully appreciated. ~I CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. 5 RELATIVE VALUE OF THE EARLY SPRAYINGS. (Fig. 1.) Careful tests of the relative value of each of three early sprayings were first made in 1905. The first spraying was applied just after the blossoms fell, the second ten days later, and the third fifteen days after that. Each spraying was tested alone and again in combina- tion with the others and the results compared. ‘The tests were car- ried on in five complete series, three on different blocks of Ben Davis and one each on Esopus and Missouri Pippin. All five tests gave similar results, and they are summarized in the following table: Taste Il1.—Worms killed in the first brood by early sprayings. ae | | ta | | | | ay | | | Total Number Number | BB a alll aansnees Number | Percent- | of apples} Percent- | of apples) Percent- Bea of wormy of worms age with age with age Pe rclateet Wiper rac killed. | killed. calyx killed. side | killed. | eof! = Peal ig || wormy. wormy. ra US i= a | | ig |] Blo] || BeeO inc) mec 72 0 0) 31 0 41 | 0 = See) S| |) 2G | ene ese 0 O}||Secsst~os Oo =-seeee oe 0 Seas leet 15 57 79 |; 5 84 10 | 76 1 ol BSA | 8 64 89 | 1 96 7 | 83 1 SE rate 4 68 94 3 98 3 93 ae | ii Ml ea 3 69 96 Z 99 2 | 95 J ' In the plat where the third spraying alone was given a few more wormy apples are shown than in the unsprayed block. This of course meant that the third spraying alone was of little value and that the trees happened to average a few more worms than the unsprayed. They were therefore treated as an unsprayed lot and averaged in with this lot to get the 72 wormy. This spray, when applied with the others, killed one more worm; and, strange as it may seem, every set showed this same result, so it should be given full credit for that worm. The second spray, when applied alone, killed almost four-fifths of the worms, and when applied after the first spraying killed half of what would have been left. The first spray proved to be the best, killing almost nine-tenths of the worms when apphed alone and when applied with the second killed 94 per cent. The difference between the two sprayings was shown in every set but one, and there they were equal, while the increased value by applying both together was shown in every case. WHERE THE WORMS WERE KILLED. Examining these results to see where the worms were killed, we found that of the 15 worms left by the second spraying only 5 went into the calyx; of the 8 left after the first spraying, only 1 went in at that point; and when these two sprayings were combined an aver- 58 ASSOCIATION OF EGONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. age of less than 1 calyx worm to a tree was obtained. In general, this shows that such spraying practically exterminates the worms that go in at the calyx and also shows the superior value of the first spraying in bringing this about. z 3 Ss 3 WH= SS we Ss 3/ >, x ate Go es oo > > > 1 " LYX ' ” " CA = f Vs 2/5 = = 3 2S = = = — x< x = = 41 8 << Se: S = co & o " " 5 Sy S | DE 10 7 3 - O00 008 © "OVO VOD OD Unsprd 5) ‘obny 2 “Shay l Spray LOprays Sopra ‘5 only only only Fig. 1.—Chart to illustrate relative value of early sprayings on the first brood of “worms ’’ of the codling moth. Of those going in on the side a slightly larger percentage escaped, 5 to} Ss t=) and as would be expected there was also less difference in killing power of the two sprayings, and more gained by combining them. Though lower than in the calyx, the killing power here indicated is very high, CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. 59 RESULTS OF SPRAYINGS IN THE SECOND BROOD. (Fig. 2.) TABLE 1V.—Worms killed in the second brood by early sprayings. | j | | wo] . | | wo |e | 2 | Number | | Number | She Beall iiss Total Number of of iss ;ales number | ~ of Percent- apples || Percents) salee Percent- | | 7] 6 = worms age | Ln | , age itll aes | Blog | a wormy killed killed. HISSe killed. | side killed. | \2 | 2 |e || apples. coe —_ | Pe | coy || wormy. wormy. le lala eS Pee | PERS ee = es! | eens 216 0 0 101 0 115 0 area ial pe etteeae 0 Orneae.' oe OPE sonore 0 ee ie 120 96 44 41 | 59 79 31 IE 78 138 64 8 92 70 3 1 Walites s 48 168 78 3 97 45 61 pA 1 1 48 168 | 78 4 96 | 44 62 ! The results of spraying in the second brood are an almost exact duplication of those in the first, with the number of worms to be killed trebled and the killing power somewhat reduced, the reduction, however, being almost entirely in the killing of the worms infesting the fruit at the side. It is hard to believe that two sprayings applied before June 10 could kill over three-fourths of the worms appearing in August and September, but the results are so uniform throughout each set that there can be no question about their general accuracy. These results were obtained on trees averaging about 3,500 apples apiece; so the 4 worms escaping in the first brood together with the 48 in the second would make a total of almost exactly 14 per cent of wormy fruit for the year remaining after two sprayings. VALUE OF TWO EARLY SPRAYINGS. The question of the value of two early sprayings was taken up first in 1904 and the results published in Bulletin 95 of the Utah Station. The comparative value of the two early sprayings in 1905 has been shown in the previous table. Some of the plats, however, did not contain trees enough for a complete test and so were not included in the first set. 60 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Omitting in the second-brood tables the sets in which the results were obscured by lack of apples for the worms, in the first year we get the following summary for all plats: {01 ~~ = x ®& in wD ao = = =< = a] Us = 3 Lae x = S aa) ws xX = ™ w ~ q n = 2 455 MGtalevaAllenOtmmeanlye SO rAmIMe Sees) ote te ee Fa NS ee Cs TDD Value of late sprayings: Worms killed when following early ones________-________-____ pein. oo 45 Oca Valier Ol MULES CAVINOS sae soe a ee ee 45 Here we see that the effect of the early sprayings in 1904 was eumu- lative and resulted in a marked decrease in the number of worms appearing the following year. As a result, the early sprayings de- stroyed so large a percentage of the worms that there was a striking decrease in the number of worms killed by the late sprayings and a corresponding decrease in the comparative value of the late sprayings as compared with the early ones. Comparing the results of two years we find that the late sprayings which followed the early ones killed one worm to the early ones’ six the first year and only one to the early ones’ 16 the second year. By the third year the worms were so reduced in numbers that no late sprayings were applied. 7487—No. 67—07—_5 66 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. RESULTS IN OTHER YEARS. No other tests of the late sprayings than these enumerated have been made. In the other tests the number of worms left after the early sprayings has not been sufficient to give accurate results, and none has been apphed. ' The first test of the relative value of the early sprayings was made on a single variety in 1904. The results in the first brood were good, but in the second brood most of the apples on the unsprayed trees and some of those on the once-sprayed trees fed more than one worm, so that the number of apples saved did not show the real killing power of the sprayings. TABLE XIV.—Worns killed in the first brood by early sprayings, Smart & Hatch orchard, 1904. Total || Number | | Number First | Second || number of |Percentage|| of apples Pere rentage | ofapples | Percentage spraying. [Spray ing.|| wormy killed. || withealyx killed. with side killed. || apples. | wormy, | | | wormy. SSS — tt — = — — i — — iI 0 0 || 439 0 289 0 | 150 0 ike || 0 | 192 66 110 | 62 || 82 45 1 1. i] 37 92 || 10 97 || 27 $2 | | | | i This same orchard was used for the elaborate test of 1905, the result of which has been given. In 1906, although only about one tree in seven was bearing at all and those only about half a crop, three varieties were used in a third test. On account of the small number of trees bearing, no unsprayed checks were left and results can only be compared with those of former years: Two other tests were made this year (1906) to see if the same results could be obtained in the earlier and warmer sections of the State. One test was made on three blocks of Ben Davis at Lehi, and the other one on two blocks of the same variety at Provo. In the case of the Lehi orchard the trees were young and bearing only from 300 to 350 apples apiece. The unsprayed trees were nearly one-third wormy in the first brood, showing that the orchard would have been entirely wormy if unsprayed; consequently there were worms enough in both broods to give fairly accurate results. ‘These results are averaged in Tables XV and XVI. TABLE XV.—Wornis killed in- the first brood by early sprayings, Lehi orchard, 1906. Total | | Number of Number of | First | Second | number of | Pere entage apples with Percentage apples with| Percentage |spraying. spraying.|) Wwormy killed. || calyx killed. || side killed. | | apples. | wormy. | | wormy. er =am neat | rs 0 | 0 45 0 || 17% 0 || 28 | 0 0 1 i 76 || i 94 10 | 64 1 | 0 +4 90 || +0 | 99 +4 | 84 1 | 1 8 82 41) | 99 || 8 | 72 | \| | | lI CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. 67 TABLE XVI.—Worms killed in the second brood by early sprayings, Lehi orchard, 1906. r =~ ry — oS _> 5 —— r 7 /Total num-| N umber of Number of | First Second ber of Percentage apples with Percentage apples with Percentage spraying.|spraying.| wormy killed. || calyx | killed. side killed. | apples. | | wormy. | | Wormy. | | 0 0 || 75 0 || 28 | 0 47 0 0 1 31 59 || Dell 93 29 38 1 0 || 21 72 | Use 97 20 57 1 1 | 20 73 | te Obs 99 20 57 | These results show an even higher killing power in the calyx than in the former tests, due, no saline to the fact that the small trees were easier to spray thoroughly and that more liquid was applied in pro- portion to the apples. In the Smart & Hatch orchard in 1906 and in the Provo tests the number of worms present to begin with was much smaller, and those left after the early sprayings were so few in numbers that in some cases the individual variation in the trees was greater than the differ- ence between the sprayings. The actual percentages are therefore of little value. This is readily understood if one considers that with so few moths in the orchards some trees might not be visited at all. TABLE XVII.—Worms killed by early sprayings in Smart & Hateh orchard, 1906. Brit bre oa Second brood. First | Second |) Total num- Numberof ‘Number oF | Total num- ‘Number of Number of | Spraying. spraying. berof apples withappleswith)) ber of lapples with apples with wormy | calyx side wormy | calyx side apples. | Wormy. wormy. | apples. | wormy. wormy. 0 0 (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) 0 1 7 7 5 31 0 31 1 0 23 6 17 74 25 49 1 1 5 1 4 2 | 6 36 | L a eA J TABLE XVIII.—Worms killed by early sprayings in Provo orchard, 1906. ————————— = = : ———— : — - 5 First brood. | Second brood. First Second | Total num-| > Numbe rof [Number of | Total n num- -[Numbe r jor Number of spraying. spraying. ber of ace with ned with|| ber of ppites with apples with wormy | calyx side wormy | calyx side | | apples. Ae wormy. wormy. || apples. | wormy. | wormy. | = {i etl! aie | wee DN : = 0 o || 17 | 9 | 8 21 | 5 | 16 | 0 1 || 8 oo 6 8 | 1 7 1 0 5 1 4 | 8 1 7 1 1 4 | 0 4 | 11 1 | 10 — 4 = = = = | The general average of Tables XVII and XVIII, with one excep- tion, will be seen to be the same as that of the others. The actual percentage killed is less than where there were more worms; but as the Smart & Hatch orchards were only 3 per cent wormy for the season and the Provo orchard but a trifle over 1 per cent wormy, the results are entirely satisfactory. - 68 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. The one exception to the general average is the relative value of the first and second sprayings as shown in the Smart orchard. In all other tests the first spraying has proved to be the best, and in all these cases the two sprayings have been applied alike. In this one case the writer, who has done most of the spraying himself, was away superintending the work in other parts of the State leaving the - work on this orchard in charge of an assistant. On returning, the amount of poison found in the calyx cups was so small that an investigation was made, and it was found that the assistant had turned the work over to inexperienced students to carry out, with the inevitable results. In order to make the two sprayings “ average up” with those of other years the second spray was apphed with extra care and in larger amounts than usual, hence the reversal of the ordinary results. AMOUNT OF SPRAY TO APPLY. The above results, although not intended as an experiment, show that the relative value of a spray can be easily altered by a change in the method of applying it or in the amount apphed. In order to test the question as to whether it was possible to spray too much, two trees were sprayed in the ordinary way and two were soaked until the water stood on the ground in puddles, at least four times the ordinary amount of spray being applied, with the following results : Wormy | Wormy apples, | apples, first second brood. brood. | | Ordinary sprayed trees 'averagedir cs ae ance onesie = eens wisiotee oie ee eerie elm ects teres 9 147 Soaked. trees averaged . ... .s sie aeeseansn oe cee aoe see eee Oe Recon ee eee 8 96 This shows that there is no danger of overspraying in the early sprays and indicates that even our liberal application might be increased with profit. COMMERCIAL RESULTS. All tests have been carried on in orchards of from 2 to 5 acres, and the results given for the twice-sprayed trees have represented the condition of the orchards as a whole. Besides this, more and more of the fruit raisers have adopted this method each year, until in 1906 the majority of the orchards of the State, as well as a large number in Idaho and Oregon, were sprayed by this method with the most satisfactory results ever obtained. In September the writer visited commercial orchards in which a calyx-wormy apple was such a rare thing that it was only after careful and prolonged search that one could be found. CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. 69 METHODS USED. In each experiment the trees selected for the different tests have been of the same variety, the same size, and bearing as nearly the same number of apples as possible. In every test the orchard has been sprayed twice and the spraying done before the trees were selected, except for those trees on which the given spraying was omitted, so that the spraying represents the average condition of a commercial orchard. Check trees have been scattered through the blocks so that one check would not influence another. All important tests have been made in parallel series on at least three winter varie- ties, and all have been or will be repeated through a series of years, and in the warm and cold sections of the State. Unsprayed trees have been left very sparingly, as one badly infested tree will notice- ably influence half an acre. The check trees have been banded, the bands examined every three days, and the worms placed in cages and bred for the life history work. The remaining trees of the orchard have not been banded, and the worms caught on the check trees do not more than offset the larger number escaping from the unsprayed checks, thus leaving the orchard in about the same condition as if there were no check trees present. Allapples that set on the check trees were accounted for. Windfalls were picked up every three days and sorted into “ sound,” “ calyx wormy ” and “side wormy.” All that were the least questionable were sliced, open to determine whether the calyx had been entered. At the proper time to divide broods all the apples on the trees were examined and all wormy ones of the first brood recorded. These, with the windfalls to date, made up the damage from the first brood of worms. Complete records were kept on 28 trees in 1904, 64 trees in 1905, and 50 trees in 1906. The 64 trees used in the comparison of early sprayings in 1905 carried 220,000 apples, nearly all of which were handled three times during the investigation. COMPARISON OF RESULTS. In all the experiments the results have been given in the actual number of wormy apples found in each brood under each different test, and the percentage given shows the actual killing power of the spray for that brood. In one case, for example, the unsprayed trees averaged in the first brood 72 wormy apples, while the twice-sprayed ones averaged only 4 wormy, showing that 68 worms, or 94 per cent of those that appeared, were killed. There can be no question of the accuracy of this method for the first brood, because in this brood the moths will be evenly distributed throughout the block without refer- ence to sprayed or unsprayed trees. In the second brood the problem 70 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. of getting a fair standard of comparison was a little more difficult ; but by banding the unsprayed trees and catching two-thirds or over of the first-brood worms it was thought that the few remaining worms in excess of the number on a sprayed tree would be so evenly scattered among the surrounding trees, especially where the unsprayed trees were well distributed through the block, that they would fairly represent the average distribution of the worms in the orchard. The results in the second brood have in every case agreed so remarkably with those in the first that there seems to be no question but that this method was fairly accurate. All the tests have shown that the variation in the number of worms attacking trees of equal size is very slight, as compared with the vari- ation in the number of apples that they may bear; therefore the method of comparing the actual number of wormy apples is much more accurate than the method of comparing percentage of sound and wormy fruit. In these tests none of the wormy apples from the first brood has been found on the trees at picking time, and the percentage of those of the second brood remaining has varied so greatly, under different conditions and on different varieties, that results, based on percentage of wormy fruit at picking time, appear to be of doubtful value at best, and where they have included different varieties in the same test, of no value at all. WHAT CONSTITUTES THOROUGH EARLY SPRAYING. If the first spray is applied for the purpose of placing poison in the calyx cups—and all will agree to this, I think—then the test of the efficiency of such a spray will be the amount of poison found in the cup after it has closed. Now, paradoxical as it may sound, it is not as easy to spray into an open calyx as it 1s into one that has nearly closed. This will be made clear by referring to figure 4, subfigure 1, where a cross section of an open cup is shown with the pistil in the center and the circle of stamens forming a tight roof above, as seen at la. A week or ten days later the calyx lobes have nearly closed above, the opening being filled with the stamens and pistils, as seen in sub- figure 2. By this time the stamen “ bars,” as I have called them, have shrunken and become more or less twisted, so that there are many open spaces between them, as seen in 2a. Later the calyx lobes close tightly and the “bars” shrivel still more, as seen in subfigures 3 and 3a. By reference to subfigures 2 and 3, it will be seen that there are two distinct cavities at first, one above and one below the stamens, either of which might be called the calyx cup, and which have been treated as a single cavity by most writers. . CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. ca A large number of spraying tests have been made, and by using Paris green without lime the location of each grain of poison could be readily made out with a strong hand lens. A fine mist spray apphed only to the point of dripping was first tried. This left grains of poison well distributed over the inside of the calyx lobes and on the upper surface of the stamens when applied to the open calyx, as shown in subfigure 1. When this spray was con- tinued until the drops ran together, the greater amount of the poison was deposited in a ring around the base of the stamens. When ap- plied to the closing calyx of subfigure 2, it simply deposited a few grains in the outer part of the throat and on the tops of the stamens and pistils. In the hundreds of cases examined there were but few in which there was any poison to be seen in the lower cup and then only ae YO YS Fie. 4.—The condition of the calyx cup of the apple in relation to spraying for the codling moth: Fig. 1—A calyx cup, five days after the petals fell, split open to show two cayi ties; Ja, the roof of stamens as seen from above. Fig. 2—A calyx cup two weeks after blossoming, showing the calyx lobes above; 2a, the stamens from above, to show spaces. Fig. 8—The relation of the two cavities in a nearly grown apple; 8a, stamens from above. in small amounts. The fine, mist-like drops did not seem to be able to force their way through the fleshy stamens in the open calyx nor through the hairy mass in the throat of the closing calyx. Simpson states that in his experiments he “ was unable at any time to distin- guish any particle of spray inside the tube,” and he lays especial stress on the fine, mist-like spray. Slingerland states that the spray 72 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. lodges in the saucer-like calyx, but does not distinguish between the two cavities. He was able to find it two weeks later by chemical analysis. A spray thrown up into the air and allowed to fall in large drops deposited poison much like the oversprayed mist, but with much less regularity. A driving spray of fine drops thrown with sufficient force to go 6 or 8 feet before breaking into a mist was next tested. This was applied with the nozzle held so that it would throw the spray straight into each cup from a distance of from 1 to 3 feet, and was continued until each fruit cluster was freely dripping. When applied to the open calyx this spray left a rim of poison around the base of the stamens, scattered masses of it here and there in the central mass of stamens and pistils, and forced some down through the roof of stamens into the cup below; part of this, no doubt, passed. through the minute openings and part was probably forced down through the center. When applied to a partly closed calyx, the finer drops were driven straight down through the shrunken stamens’ “ bars” and gathered in the lower cups where the poison was deposited. Series of countings gave an average of about 10 grains of poison visible in the lower cups following this spray. As will be explained later, this method of spraying was found to place the poison where the most worms entered, and was adopted for all early sprays, with 15 grains of poison in the lower cup as a standard for two thorough sprayings. Card notes that coarse spray- ing placed more poison in the calyx cups, but evidently referred to the outer one, as he continues that it was easier to fill them when wide open, though more remained when partly closed. METHOD OF APPLYING A DRIVING SPRAY. In order to apply such a spray in a uniform and thorough man- ner, it was found necessary for the operator to be on a level with the upper limbs of the trees. From such a position, by using a 10-foot extension pole with the nozzle set at an angle of 30° to the pole, one could spray from above down and from the sides in; and by spray- ing from all four quarters of the tree one could force the poison straight into each blossom at close range. Spraying was directed entirely at the blossoms, no attention being paid to anything else, and no spraying done where there were no blossoms. Each cluster of blossoms was gone over two or three times and left freely drip- ping. In practice it was found that this required about 1 gallon of liquid at each spraying for every 3 bushels of fruit expected, and cost three-fourths of a cent a bushel. CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. fo The spray was thrown through a Bordeaux nozzle set at almost its widest limit on the broadest side, and under a pressure of from 85 to 120 pounds. Paris green was used, without lime, at the rate of 1 pound to 120 gallons of water in all tests. (This could only be done in an arid climate.) Duplicate series were carried through with 6 pounds of lead arsenate to 120 gallons of water in three cases without showing any difference in results. Heavy rains followed the sprayings in several caSes, without lower- ing their killing value enough to be noticeable. This was no doubt due to the fact that the effective poison was placed in protected places. HOW THE EARLY WORMS ARE KILLED. In these experiments very few worms of the first brood have been observed to go in on the free surfaces of the apples, and those mostly the later ones. Over two-thirds of this brood, on an average, went in at the calyx and most of the rest were found under leaves where apples touched, or were going in at some sear. Of those going in at the latter situations, no definite observations have been made as to how they are killed. That three-fourths or more of them are Iailled by the two sprayings has been repeatedly demonstrated. Examina- tions have shown that where two apples touch, a driving spray will often leave a film of poison around the spot, due no doubt to capillary attraction holding the liquid there until it dries. The same thing was true, but to a less extent, with touching leaves and scars. In fact, more poison was found in such situations from the driving spray than from a mist spray applied so as to give the maximum amount of surface coating. This may well account for a considerable number of those killed, but the entire subject is one for further investigation. Of the fate of those going in at the calyx we are more fortunate in having definite information. In cutting the thousands of apples examined for poison a number of small worms were found in the lower cups; most of these were found crawling around, but in several instances dead ones were found where there was no sign of their having started to penetrate. More cases were found where a hole had been eaten a short distance into the pulp before the worm had died. In every instance where a dead worm was found poison was found in the lower cup. Later an orchard was found that had borne a large and very wormy crop the previous year, and was now bearing a very light one. It had received one driving spray, and was being examined to find out whether late ones would be necessary just as the greatest number of the first brood worms were appearing. Some of the apples already showed castings in the blossom end; of the rest, an average of about 1 in 3 or 4 contained a live worm crawling around in the calyx, and 74 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. almost all of these were in the lower cups. The spraying had not been well done, as less than half of the apples contained enough poi- son to be seen; but of those that did about one-third contained dead worms. ‘Two “sick” worms and a number of fresh dead ones were found, but the great majority of the dead ones were only recognized by their shining black heads, and from that possibly a trace of a decayed body could be made out. In no case were two live worms found in the same cup, though in one case a live worm was found in both inner and outer cups. Live worms and dead ones were fre- quently found in the same cup; in many cases two, and in a few even more dead worms were found together. The climax was reached when three dead heads and a live worm were found in a single lower cup. In only one case was a dead worm found above the stamens, and this one was on the shelf at their base. From the lack of dead worms above the stamens it was concluded that most of the live ones found on the outside were new arrivals, and had not yet made their way below. An examination of thousands of wormy apples with this point in mind showed that in 97 or 98 per cent of those classed as “ calyx wormy ” the entrance had been made from the lower part of the lower cup, from which it would seem that the method of spraying that would place the most poison in this region would be the best. KILLING THE SECOND BROOD. Many factors influence the number of worms entering the calyx in the second brood. Some always go in on the free surface of the apples, more go in where apples touch, but in our experiments, taking all the varieties through all the years, almost two-thirds of them have been found to go into the calyx. In slow-growing and stunted apples the calyx is often so tightly closed that it is hard for a worm to find an entrance, while in the fast-growing apples and the larger ones of all varieties the calyx often opens up again about the time the worms are appearing. Only a little of the poison of the first sprayings can be found in even the most protected locations, and of course none would remain on the free surfaces of the apples even if it had been left there (and this sort of spraying leaves very little in the first place), so it was rather hard to explain how the worms were killed on the sides, yet every record has shown that some were killed. This is a subject that needs careful investigation. In the case of the calyx worms, however, abundant evidence was at hand to show how they were killed. The poison placed in the calyx in June could be found in only slightly: diminished quantities in August and September, and the record of 97 per cent of calyx worms CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH IN ARID REGIONS. 75 killed was no more than was to be expected. Apples from trees twice sprayed in June, 1905, were exhibited in February and March, 1906, at the Northwestern Fruit Growers’ Convention and the Idaho Horti- cultural Society, and in the majority of them poison could still be detected. CONCLUSIONS. (1) The poisons used in the intermountain region have been satis- factory. (2) The codling moth is definitely two-brooded in this region. (3) It is so abundant that from 5 to 8 ordinary sprayings have been necessary to control it. (4) The driving sprays force the poison into the calyx cups and into the cracks and spaces between the apples where the first-brood worms enter. (5) The first early spraying is the best, the second is nearly as good, and the third is of little value. : (6) Two early driving sprayings will kill an average of 90 per cent of the first brood of worms. (7) By killing these worms in the first brood the greater part of the second brood is prevented from appearing. (8) Sufficient poison is retained from the early sprayings to kill an average of 74 per cent of the second brood of worms. (9) Two early sprayings correctly applied are worth from 6 to 16 times as much as three late ones. (10) Over two-thirds of the first brood and nearly two-thirds of the second brood of worms enter the calyx. (11) Of these worms entering the calyx, an average of 98 per cent of the first brood and 97 per cent of the second were killed by the two early sprayings. (12) Of the worms entering the sides, an average of 78 per cent of the first brood and 52 per cent of the second were killed by the same sprayings. (13) Each succeeding year of such spraying will reduce the number of worms remaining in the orchard. Mr. J. B. Smith inquired if there was any special explanation why an early and a late spraying of Disparene showed a larger per- centage of perfect fruit than when three sprayings were applied and Bordeaux mixture was added to the first two; also, whether Bordeaux mixture seemed to affect the efficiency of the poison. In reply, Mr. Burgess stated that he could give no reason for the better showing made where only two sprayings were applied. In 76 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. some cases Bordeaux mixture seemed to render the poison less effect- ive, but in other experiments the opposite proved true. It did not seem advisable to leave out Bordeaux mixture, as in some regions its use was absolutely necessary for controlling apple scab and other fungous diseases. Mr. Britton believed that in combining Bordeaux mixture with arsenate of lead the poison became less soluble, and this resulted in its killing fewer insects. Mr. Sanderson, in speaking of the results secured by Mr. Ball, emphasized the desirability of having uniform methods of treat- ment, in order to secure experimental data which could be used for comparison. Mr. Ball stated that in order to secure the results reported in his paper it was absolutely necessary to use a coarse driving spray, and that a mist spray, such as is usually recommended, would not drive the poison far enough into the calyx cups to be effective. He did not attempt to cover the fruit or foliage with the spray, but simply wished to fill the calyx with poison. Mr. Fletcher pointed out the desirability of not casting any doubt on the efficiency of the methods now generally in vogue for con- trolling this insect. In Canada 70 per cent of the apple crop is saved by the present acknowledgedly imperfect spraying methods. He did not believe it necessary to lay so much stress on filling the calyx, and was decidedly in favor of delivering the spray in as mistlike condi- tion as possible. With the pumps and nozzles in general use by farmers and fruit growers there was far too great a danger of going to the other extreme. Excellent paying results were now being secured by ordinary farmers with the mist spray which had been used for several years. Mr. Quaintance pointed out that fruit-growing conditions in the Mississippi Valley and Eastern States were quite different from those in many sections of the West, asin Utah. The absence of rains there during the growing season largely obviated the necessity for the use of fungicides to control scab and other fungous diseases. While he did not doubt that it was entirely practicable to use a coarse spray for the codling moth in Utah and thoroughly drench the trees, this would be bad practice according to present ideas of spraying in the East, where a mist-like spray is desired to treat uniformly all parts of the foliage and fruit. Under present conditions of spraying, young apples are often russeted by the Bordeaux and arsenical treat- ment, especially by the one just after the petals have fallen, and a thorough drenching of the trees at this time, as advocated by Mr. Ball, would be likely to prove quite harmful in this way. He also ‘alled attention to excellent results which orchardists had been secur- ing in the control of the codling moth in the East by the use of the ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY UNDER THE ADAMS ACT. far mist spray, and that success depended more on spraying with good pressure and making the applications thorough than on anything else. Mr. Ball remarked that this system of spraying had been tried in not less than forty orchards by commercial growers, and they were able to save at least 96 per cent of their crop; other growers who used the mist spray and made five applications rarely secured more than 90 per cent of sound fruit. It was absolutely necessary in Utah to pro- duce perfect fruit, as this was the only kind that could be profitably marketed on account of the long distance which it must be shipped. Mr. Saunders asked concerning the date of applying the second spraying, and Mr. Ball replied that this must be apphed within ten days or, at the longest, two weeks after the first spraying, but the exact time depended on the condition of the calyx lobes. It must be put on before the lobes have closed. Mr. Hopkins stated that his phenological investigations in West Virginia and other sections of the country showed conclusively that the dates of periodical phenomena of plants and insects must be determined for different localities, latitudes, and altitudes. For in- stance, the dates at which the apple leaf and flower buds open not only differ greatly in different localities and seasons, but in different varieties of apples in the same locality. The rate of difference from a given locality may not be far from four days for each 400 feet of altitude and four days for each degree of latitude—later at locali- ties north or higher, and earlier at those south or lower. The following paper was presented : WHAT RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IS LEGITIMATE UNDER THE ADAMS ACT? By E. Dwiegut SANDERSON, Durham, N. I. The recent passage by Congress of “An act to provide for an in- creased annual appropriation for the agricultural experiment. sta- tions, and regulating the expenditure thereof,” commonly termed the “Adams Act,” in honor of its lamented author, the late Hon. H. C. Adams, of Wisconsin, should be made a notable milestone in the progress of economic entomology. This act provides that it shall “be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing on the agricultural in- dustry of the United States, having due regard to the varying condi- tions and needs of the respective States or Territories.” The control of its proper expenditure has been placed in the hands of the Sec- retary of Agriculture, who has delegated his supervision to the Office of Experiment Stations of the Department of Agriculture. In en- deavoring to secure the expenditure of the appropriation for original 78 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. research within the intent of the law, the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations has consulted with the various station directors and workers, and at the recent meeting of the Association of Agri- cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations the discussion of this question was one of the leading features. The main question is, “ What is ‘original research * * * bearing directly on the agri- cultural industry ?’” In general, the principles which should govern the problems for such research seem to have been satisfactorily defined for all parties concerned, but in outlining his own work under this act the writer has felt that some discussion as to just what lines of work are most needed or most desirable in economic entomology might not be amiss at the present time. The term “ economic entomology ” seems to be one of those which has come into common usage but which has not been carefully defined. In a somewhat careful search of the dictionaries and the proceed- ings of this association no definition of the term has been found. Might we not describe it as the science of entomology as applied or related to human welfare? It is therefore narrower in its scope than the general ethology of insect life, though it usually includes the ethology of all forms of economic importance. For a general dis- cussion of the objects and field of the economic entomologist I have seen nothing better than the remarks of Dr. S. A. Forbes, quoted by Dr. J. W. Folsom in his recent Entomology.” After reviewing with him the diverse sciences and arts with which the economic entomolo- gist must deal, we might fairly question whether economic ento- mology is truly a science of itself or whether as economic entomolo- gists, as we style ourselves, we are not really artisans applying the laws and knowledge gained from the true sciences. In any event, the science is a young one and a little definition of its objects and scope will not be out of place. Economic entomology would therefore include the subjects of the relation of insects to human health, household insects, ete., while the Adams Act restricts us to work upon subjects related to agriculture. The economic study of mosquitoes is therefore not permissible under its terms. In general, our work will doubtless be restricted to work upon insects injurious to agriculture, for, although apiculture and sericulture are undoubtedly worthy objects for research by the eco- nomic entomologist, yet they have become so specialized that but few of us pretend having any practical knowledge of them such as would qualify for research. Many of us have doubtless been surprised to find that, though constantly dealing with the term, our ideas of the true meaning of a Entomology, with special reference to its biological and economic aspects. By Justus Watson Folsom. Philadelphia, 1906. ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY UNDER THE ADAMS ACT, 79 research are possibly somewhat indefinite. The dictionaries define research as “ continued and diligent investigation; studious and labo- rious inquiry; systematic scientific investigation.” (Standard Dic- tionary.) Hitherto a large part of our work as station entomologists has been in the nature of miscellaneous observations upon various insects demanding our attention, often involving considerable study ; but how often has our work upon them reached the position where it might properly be called research in the true sense? It is obvious that for the best development of our science research is greatly needed at the present time, and we therefore welcome this increased appropriation with its restrictions to such use. In considering the branches of economic entomology which will furnish a field for such “ diligent investigation” we may study individual insects, groups of insects, or general principles governing insect life and control. In the past our work has necessarily been largely a study of in- dividuals, more especially as regards their life histories. In this work marked advance has been made in the past few years. We have come to see that if an insect is of sufficient economic importance to warrant investigation, the study must cover all phases of the insect’s ethology and the testing of all possible means of control. For example, consider the work of Hunter and Hinds on the boll weevil, Quaintance’s investigation of the bollworm, Doctor Forbes’s studies of the corn root-aphis, Professor Crandall’s work on the lite history of the plum curculio, and some of the investigations of the codling moth. These studies must always remain classic in the annals of economic entomology from the fact that they have raised a new standard for work upon such insects of primary economic importance. The study of an individual insect, therefore, furnishes a worthy object for research, but the work must be exhaustive. A mere breeding of a dozen specimens in an insectary, testing a remedy which seems to be satisfactory, and the publishing of a bulletin out- lining the supposed facts, is not research. It may be that such work is all that the economic importance of an insect pest warrants in many instances, but it is hardly research in the true sense. Whether the insect warrants true research work upon it will depend largely upon its economic importance. ‘Thus the rusty tussock moth (.Votolophus antiqua 1.) is hardly of sufficient importance to warrant any lengthy study, while its brother, the white-marked tussock moth (Hemero- campa leucostigma S. & A.), might well receive the most careful re- search. In some instances, however, an insect may be peculiarly adapted to some research work in an effort to establish certain principles of insect life; but in such a case it is merely a means to an end and is not in itself the object of study. The larger part of our life-history studies and observations can therefore hardly come 80 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. within the meaning of this act, though necessary and forming the foundation for the future development of the science. In the study of groups of insects we deal with what is really a branch of systematic entomology, and which might properly be styled systematic economic entomology. Under this head comes the study of (1) taxonomic groups and (2) economic groups. If in his work the economic entomologist finds that he can not proceed further without a monographic revision of the family or genus with which he is most concerned, and if he is unable to secure the help of a satisfactory specialist for such work, why should he not himself undertake its revision, if he feels competent and able to do so? For instance, is not Doctor Hopkins’s work on the Scolytidee of funda- mental economic importance? Would not careful systematic studies of the Aphidide be of the greatest service to the economic entomolo- gist, and can we ever be sure of just what we are dealing with in this most interesting and much neglected family until we do have such systematic work? Again, the economic entomologist constantly receives numerous caterpillars and larve of all orders, often of economic importance, which it is impossible for him to identify in the immature stages and which he must therefore rear before he can sug- gest remedial measures. These efforts at rearing are often unsuc- cessful, in which cases much time and labor is spent for naught. Systematic studies of insect larvee, with monographic work enabling us to identify them, would be one of the greatest boons to the eco- nomic worker and save much really unnecessary work. Is not the systematic study of insect larvee, therefore, a proper field for research by the economic entomologist, as related to agriculture ? Again, we may investigate economic groups as regards their econ- omy, considering either taxonomic groups which are of general economic importance, such as the barkbeetles, or groups of insects affecting some one food plant, as corn insects, cotton insects, ete. When ‘such studies cover the whole field in such a way that general methods of farm practice or procedure are worked out which will control all the common insect enemies of any important crop, are they not worthy objects of true research? Doctor Forbes’s work on corn insects might furnish an example. It should be remembered, however, that mere general observations upon any class of insects and the compilation of a report upon them is not research; to come under that term the work must be clearly defined, systematic, and exhaustively studied. Probably much of such work upon groups of insects may well be deferred until more careful studies of many important individual pests have been made, though it will furnish an inviting field in the not far-distant future. It is the study of the principles underlying insect life and control which, it seems to the writer, furnishes a field for research but little ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY UNDER THE ADAMS ACT. 81 tilled and with much virgin soil. In his presidential address at the fifth meeting of this association, Doctor Forbes noted a satisfaction with the present methods and a dearth of new methods of work. Has not this tendency continued to some extent, and do we not need more pioneer work along the lines of pure science which will furnish a basis for the future development of economic entomology and insect control? Much has been done, which will be noted below; but there is certainly vastly more to do if our science is to make any marked advance in the future, comparable with the advances in other branches of science, or if advance in the control of agricultural pests is to equal that now occurring in the eontrol of insects affect- ing health. Such new principles may be sought and furnish objects for research in various phases of economic entomology. (1) Our studies of life histories are principally of value in reveal- ing the vital time at which an insect may be attacked, and often the method of control, but the time factor is the dominant one. Would uot exhaustive studies of the relation of temperature, moisture, lati- tude, altitude, etc.sin short, climatic influences upon the various stages and processes of the transformations of insects, be of the greatest value in revealing the time at which certain pests might best be fought in certain localities, and the number of generations and consequent destructiveness of a pest in different latitudes? Something along this line was done by Dr. A. D. Hopkins and Prof. F. M. Webster in their studies of the Hessian fly in West Virginia and Ohio, and recently by the staff of the Bureau of Entomology in their work upon the boll weevil and bollworm. The importarice of such work seems to be increasingly appreciated. (2) The structure and physiology of an insect, including its habits, determine to a large extent the method of control. We know that a chewing insect can usually be poisoned with arsenicals and that a sucking bug must be handled otherwise, but have we carried our studies of anatomy and physiology far enough? Might we not learn more of vital importance? In his presidential address at the eighth meeting, Prof. C. H. Fernald called attention to the need of our securing the cooperation of the chemist and physiologist, and the work of the gipsy-moth committee furnished some examples of the wisdom of this advice. Of even simple features of anatomy we are often igno- rant. For example, the writer recently had difficulty in ascertaining whether the common imbricated snout-beetle (/’picwrus imbricatus Say) was winged or not, and the matter was only decided by the kind- ness of Mr. Schwarz, who examined specimens in the National Museum, proving the species to be apterous. A very similar beetle affecting peach foliage in Texas was controlled by us by banding the 7487—No. 67 —-07——6 82 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. trunks of trees with insect lime and thus preventing its ascent. It is obvious that the imbricated snout-beetle can probably be handled in the same way; but this fact of its anatomy seems to have entirely escaped observation, nor was the writer able to find reference to the wings in any monograph. Again, experiments recently conducted at Cornell University have shown that a liquid lice killer apphed to the perches will kill the lice upon fowls and is exceedingly efficient. How is this done? Possibly Professor Slingerland can inform us, but it is exceedingly suggestive in showing that some things are possible at which most of us would have scoffed had we not the evidence of com- petent observers. Might we not find that through study of the nervous system of insects and experiments with substances or means of affecting the nervous apparatus, a means of control for some pests might be found? Would not a study of the alimentary tract and its physiology be of value? These are but suggestions. Who can say what might come from such research ? (3) As regards the artificial control of insects with insecticides and apparatus, we have to deal with a different problem. Is such work really that of a scientist or that of an artisan? Certainly the mere testing of one brand of an arsenical against another is not a matter of science. Doctor Forbes has aptly said that such work “really stands for the most part fairly across the boundary line of horticulture and agriculture.” We need further work upon the origin and perfection of insecticides, and this will require much true research, but is not this within the chemist’s field and should it not be turned over to him with the,cooperation of the entomologist, who will aid in the testing of promising products of the chemical laboratory 4 We need better spray pumps and other insecticidal apparatus, but had we not better leave their construction to our mechanics or employ mechanics specially for such work under the employ or with the cooperation of the entomologist? Is it worth while for us to spend time perfecting apparatus if we can avoid it, and even if necessary 1s it true research in economic entomology ? (4) In the control of insects by means of general methods of farm practice, including such methods as rotation, planting, cultiva- tion, trap crops, immune varieties, etc., we meet with a similar prob- lem. Is it the function of the entomologist to ascertain the very best way to grow a crop to avoid insect depredations, how much fer- tilizer to use per acre, how to apply it, what sort of implements to use, ete., involving all the questions of agricultural practice, or- should we seek to produce or find varieties immune to insect attack? Many of us have been forced into such work. Should it not be done by our horticultural and agricultural colleagues with our cooperation, and should not a rational policy of station management so divide such problems that each of us will be working on that phase of the ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY UNDER THE ADAMS ACT, 83 problem for which he is specially trained, and not encroaching upon the field of another where often the entomologist may flounder around to the amusement of those to whom it naturally belongs? Most of us are unable to fathom all the depths of all branches of agricultural science. Should we then attempt research in these phases of economic entomology except in a cooperative way ? (5) Coming to the study of the natural agencies in the control of insect pests, we again come to fertile soil for research. (A) The study of parasites is fast coming to the front. The mere recording of certain parasites bred from certain insects is often of no practical importance, but when we come to consider the general ethology of parasites in relation to injurious insects and the possibility of their importation either for the possible effect upon the normal host or upon other hosts, we may be led to the very best type of research concerning them. The work of attempting to propagate hymen- opterous parasites in suflicient numbers to be used commercially, now being attempted at the Texas College, in cooperation, I believe, with the Bureau of Entomology, is a most valuable experiment. The work of Mr. W. Dwight Pierce, recently described by him at a meeting of the Association of the Cotton Belt Entomologists, in studying the interrelations of the parasites of the boll weevil with the native hosts of those parasites and the food plants of their natural hosts, is a field of research well worthy the careful work it is receiving. Or consider the influence of climatic conditions upon parasites. How often have we observed an outbreak of an insect pest with a partial parasitism and wondered whether to advise remedial measures or to advise leaving its control to the good offices of the parasites? Would not a more accurate knowledge of climatic influences on parasites greatly aid in our prognostications in such a case? (B) Similar remarks might be in order in regard to the study of predaceous insects. We have still much to learn concerning their economic importance, and more particularly as to the best means of making use of them. (C) So far we must confess to rather poor results with fungi and bacteria used - 116 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. gave the inner oil stream a tangential motion, thus forming a cone- shaped spray, upon leaving the aperature, like that from a Vermorel nozzle. Testing the nozzle convinced us that this section was not necessary, and that it might be eliminated and the nozzle cap put directly upon the ends of the two pipes. The end of the inner oil pipe fits into grooves of the nozzle cap so that no connection between the oil and water is possible except after they have left the nozzle. The oil leaves the cap through a central, round, reamed hole, 0.02 inch in diameter. Around this central orifice are two or more holes, each pair being directly opposite each other and opening into the outer water pipe. The holes for the water are reamed so that the streams from them are directed to meet in front of the center of the nozzle the same as in a calla nozzle. Here they come into contact with the straight or cone-shaped oil jet and the whole breaks into a fine spray evenly composed of oil and water. It is evident that if the streams leave the nozzle under the same pressure and the apertures be of the same cliameter, the spray must then consist of 334 per cent oil, if there be two water jets and one oil jet; 20 per cent oil, if there be four water jets, etc. The percentage of oil may, therefore, be readily regulated by having various nozzle caps with a different number of water holes or with water holes of various sizes which have been tested to give a greater percentage. Several such caps were made and the whole apparatus was given a thorough test by us. Various minor troubles were found in its structure which it would require some little time and experiment to eliminate, but our tests showed that the apparatus did practically what it was designed to do, and that with proper mechanical execu- tion, the principles upon which it was based were undoubtedly cor- rect. While its perfection was under way, the writer was called to Texas, where circumstances did not permit the completion of the work, and the Delaware station has given it no further attention since that time. It is the writer’s belief that a nozzle may be perfected along this line, for there is nothing specially new in the structure of the pump; and that we might thus have a perfect mixture of oil and water or other mixture, which, if it could be secured, would be of the greatest service against many insects. This now seems to the writer more of a problem for the pump manufacturer than the entomologist, and our work toward the solution of the problem is therefore made public at this time. A brief discussion of mechanical mixing pumps followed. Mr. J. B. Smith stated that good work had been done by some of these pumps in certain sections in New Jersey. The general opinion « REMARKABLE HABITS OF A PREDACEOUS FLY. Lia seemed to be that pumps of this character now on the market would not mix the oil and water accurately. A paper was read, as follows: THE BEET LEAF-HOPPER. 3y EH. D. Batu, Logan, Utah. [Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. | The following title was presented, and the paper will be published in the report of the Bureau of Science of the Philippines: PROBLEMS IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES. By C. 8S. Banks, Wanila, Philippine Islands. The following papers were read by title and ordered printed in the * Proceedings: ” OCCURRENCE OF THE THROAT BOT IN CUBA. (Gastrophilus nasalis 1.) By C. F. Baker, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Although the horse bot (G@astrophilus equi Fab.) is commonly known in Cuba, I can not find that nasalis has vet been reported. I had had specimens of the latter from Texas, Kansas, and Wyoming. Now, it has been taken flying about the plow mules here on the grounds of the Estacion Agronomica. This occurrence is especialy interesting, because with it may be noted an apparent divergence in habit. Ordinarily it is said to annoy animals by striking for the vicinity of the neck for the deposition of its eggs. Here, as we have observed it, it flies almost entirely: be- neath the body. Whether this shows any definite indication of a difference in the egg-laying habit remains to be determined. REMARKABLE HABITS OF AN IMPORTANT PREDACEOUS FLY. (Ceratopogon eriophorus Will.) By C. F. Baker, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. A common Cuban fruit which occurs in gardens and patios is the tree gooseberry, or grosella, a species of Phyllanthus. This tree is commonly completely and rapidly defoliated by a most pernicious pest—the larva of Melanchroia geometroides Walk. I had observed this insect in passing as to its parasites, none of which appeared to exercise the least check upon it. One day, in visiting a tree swarm- ing with the larve and almost defoliated, I discovered that great numbers of them were dead and dying, their blackened skins hanging 118 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. from the twigs or lying on the ground beneath. Drawing nearer, I found that the larve were being attacked by a very small sucking fly, from one to half a dozen being perched on each larva, on which they remained until it was sucked dry. Mr. Coquillett has kindly determined this fly as Ceratopogon eriophorus Will., previously re- ported only from the island of St. Vincent. This mosquito-like method of attack and its remarkable effectiveness were very novel and interesting to me. SOME NOTES ON LEPROSY IN HAVANA. By C. F. Baker, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. In doing what I could to investigate the possible relation of fleas to leprosy, I have examined the leper hospital of San Lazaro, in Havana; and in this connection have made some observations and had some experiences which possess some psychological as well as entomological interest. In the first place, to the hospital physicians it seemed absurd that I should busy myself with a study of the fleas of rats; absolutely nothing was said in any of their books about any possible relation ° of rats to leprosy. Then my attention was called to the fact that they and the nurses had been there some time and had not yet acquired leprosy though they were commonly flea-bitten; so the pos- sibilities of infection by this means could be set aside at the outset. My suggestion that the same result might be true also of tuberculosis did not seem to carry much point. However, my business was with the rats and the lepers, and I found them far more productive of facts. The old hospital swarms with rats, and the rats have fleas unlike rat fleas of the temperate regions, and which, as I have noted in Science, are very nearly related to Pulex irritans. Talking with the lepers brought to light immediately some remarkably significant points. They were greatly interested when a possible relation between the rats and their terrible disease was hinted at, and immediately united in saying that the rats frequently carried sores like theirs and were frequently minus ears or tail. On the cots there were no nets, nor were there screens on the windows. I had the general evi- dence of the lepers themselves that it was no uncommon thing for rats to climb on to the cots at night and gnaw at their insensible sores. Naturally my interest in all this rose by leaps and bounds, and I immediately set traps for the rats. The first one caught had a sore on its body, and I hurried with it to the president of the board of control of the hospital, who is also the director of the city bacteri- ological laboratory. Together we went at once to the laboratory and asked the bacteriologist to prepare and stain some cover glass smears from the sores, applying the ordinary tuberculosis test, which SOME NOTES ON LEPROSY IN HAVANA. 119 is good also for leprosy. However, this man refused to have any- thing to do with the matter. My contention was not that the rats had leprosy, nor that the fleas could carry it—though, as I have stated elsewhere, I should dislike to have a flea bite a leprous blotch and then turn its attention to me— but that the whole matter was one crying urgently for investigation and that the hospital in its, present condition, within the city and open to visitors and rats and mosquitoes and flies, was a possible menace to the whole community. I told the authorities that they might easily undertake a piece of investigation there that would attract the attention of the whole scientific world and contribute much to scientific knowledge of these matters. But my efforts were sterile so far as exciting any further efforts toward investigation was concerned. Yet not wholly without results either, since somewhat later the junta of the patrones of this hospital, without further facts than those I had brought out, passed a resolution in which they state it as their belief that it is possible that leprosy may be communicated by flea bites. The matter was brought to the attention of the presi- dent, and he took steps toward the removal of the hospital. The matter was again laid before the Provisional Governor after his arrival, and it seems now as if the hospital might really be removed from the city at an early date.. If any insects are really concerned in the transmission of leprosy or bubonic plague, I consider that they are more likely to be fleas than either mosquitoes or flies, since the affected areas are usually kept covered. The great length of the usual period of incubation of leprosy and the lengthened course of the disease make direct observation and evidence very difficult in any case. In the meantime I believe that it would be by far the wisest course to rigidly exclude from leper hos- pitals like the San Lazaro in Havana all rats, cats, dogs, fleas, mos- quitoes, and flies. This would not be a difficult matter to accomplish. ON THE ERADICATION OF THE BLACK-CURRANT GALL-MITE. (Briophyes ribis Nalepa.) By Wa.tter E. Coriincre, M. Se, F. E. S., Birmingham, England. For upward of thirty-five years black-currant growers in_ the United Kingdom have waged war against a small mite of the genus Eriophyes, but with little or no avail. Its rapid increase toward the close of the past century, which threatened the successful cultivation of black currants in this country, led me in 1899 to institute a careful investigation into the life history and preventive and remedial measures, which investigation has been continued up to the present time with excellent results.“ a Repts. on Inj. Insects for 1904 and for 1905. 120 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Very briefly, the results which have accrued from this investigation are as follows: (1) The life history has been repeatedly worked through and valuable data obtained as to the dates of egg laying, the first appear- ance of the mites, when the old infested buds dry up, when migration commences and ceases, when the mites were found in the new buds, and the eggs, the dates the mites were last seen, and the dates the new buds commenced to swell. These details have been recorded for eight consecutive years. (2) Two points of considerable interest have, I think, received a satisfactory solution, viz, first, what becomes of the mites which fall off the trees? And, second, do the females continue to lay eggs throughout the year? Hoping to obtain some solution of the first problem, I devised, early in May, 1903, a wooden frame in two halves, lined with black paper, which fit closely round the stem of a currant tree. From the end of May to the end of June thousands of mites were to be found on the tray. Many were dead, but the majority alive, and although a very careful watch was kept, none was ever found to return to the tree, but in some manner or other, possibly by attaching themselves to insects, they gradually disappeared from the tray. The percentage of dead mites was about 40 per cent. A similar tray, filled with a fine layer of soil, gave similar results, only here the mites were much more difficult to trace. As a result of the above experiments, I conclude that of the mites which fall to the ground during the migration season many are distributed by insects, birds, leaves, etc., to other trees, the remainder dying. About the middle of June eggs and mites in various stages of devel- opment are to be found in the center of the new buds. During the winter of 1902-3 one or more buds were examined once a week from September to March, and in nearly all cases eggs were found to be present. They were certainly very few in number from December, 1902, to March, 1903, and it seemed to me that many of them were dead. From October 14, 1903, to January 30, 1904, buds were taken from another tree and examined once a week, but in spite of the most careful searching no eggs were discovered after October. The previous experiments @ on the destruction of this pest, although very successful, were not of the nature that a fruit grower could apply at a cost which would repay him for the extra labor involved, although certain growers have given the spray fluid mentioned in my sarlier report a trial with very satisfactory results. The two main objections to the soap and sulphur spray fluid were, firstly, the large number of applications which were given in my 4 Report on Economic Zoology, No. 1, 1904. ERADICATION OF BLACK-CURRANT GALL-MITE. 121 experiments, and, secondly, the large quantity of soap used. But once having proved that the mite could be destroyed by the use of sulphur, it remained to be demonstrated in what form it was best applied and whether or not it could be shown that any benefit resulted from a smaller number of applications. With these two objects in view a series of experiments was com- menced early in 1905 on a piece of land set apart and prepared for the purpose by the council of the University of Birmingham. On this plat seven rows of bushes were planted, consisting of Black Naples, Baldwins, and Boskoop Giant. All were as badly affected with “ big bud” as any that could be obtained; indeed, I have never seen worse. The plat of land was far from an ideal one and the last that a fruit grower would have chosen, so that the bushes had no natural advantages in their favor. The experiments carried out were as follows: Rows 1, 2, and 3 were dusted with equal parts of unslaked lime and flowers of sulphur. Rows 4, 5, and 6 were sprayed with a mixture consisting of 1 pound of lime, 1 pound of sulphur, and 20 gallons of water, while row 7 was sprayed with a mixture consisting of 1 pound of sulphur, 1 pound of soft soap, and 20 gallons of water. Summary.—lit is very evident that all the bushes benefited by the application of lime and sulphur. It would have been better, how- ever, had a little less lime been used (1 part of lime to 2 parts of sulphur has acted as well). In the case of those bushes that received a single dusting, the big buds were considerably reduced in number, not more than one-fourth of the number being present in October as there were in February. Where two dustings were given, a dis- tinctly marked diminution over those receiving one dusting was shown, while where three dustings were applied the mite was almost exterminated. It must be borne in mind that neither a spray fluid nor dry application will reach the eggs in the buds, and it seems clear that the number of adult mites which successfully migrated from the old buds into the new ones was very small indeed. In all cases, the mites found were immature specimens. Spraying with lime and sulphur.—The results obtained by spraying were not so good as those by dusting. A large number of buds were affected, and in many of them there were adult and immature mites and eggs. The differences between the one, two, and three applica- tions of the spray fluid were quite in keeping with those found to obtain where dusting had been done. The fewer the applications the more buds affected and the greater the number of mites. Spraying with soft soap and sulphur.—Row 7 was sprayed twice with the spray fluid above mentioned. When the bushes were ex- amined in October a fairly large number of big buds was noticed; 129 ASSOCIATION OF ECQNOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. there were, however, not nearly so many as in the previous February 5 roughly estimated, I should think about one-third the number. In many of these buds 12 to 20 adult mites were present, many imma- ture specimens, and a few eggs. The result of an examination of 86 suspected buds gave an average of 4 adults, 9 immature mites, and 3 eggs per bud. | SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. After the experiments which have been made I feel convinced that the application of lime and sulphur will keep this mite in check, and, if the dusting and spraying is continued, will eventually entirely eradicate the pest. Various statements have appeared in a section of the horticultural and agricultural press, stating that there is no likelihood of a cure, or even of means whereby the mite can be kept in check; and, fur- ther, that its life history is very imperfectly understood. I would warn all fruit growers against such misleading statements. The life history is now practically fully known, and the experiments which I have conducted and which have now extended over eight years have vielded results, checked by many large fruit growers, which clearly point to the fact that the application of lime and sulphur offers an effective remedy. It is interesting to note in this particular that the destructive rust mite of the orange and lemon has been combated in a similar manner. In 1889, according to Mr. Marlatt, large quantities of citrus trees were obtained from Florida, and a species of Eriophyes (/. olezvorus Ashmead) was undoubtedly introduced in the Rivera and San Diego Bay districts of California, where it did considerable harm in the orange and lemon groves. Mr. Marlatt states that “an estimate made from actual count, indicates that the mites and the eggs on a single leaf in midwinter may reach the enormous number of 75,000,” indicating some billions of mites for each tree in the active breeding season. He further states that it “is readily destroyed by various insecticides. The eggs, however, are much more difficult to kill, and practically no wash can be relied upon to reach and destroy all the eges of this mite. * The sovereign remedy for the rust mite is sulphur. * * * The advantage of the sulphur treatment arises from the fact that the sulphur adheres to the leaves and the young mites are killed as soon as they come in contact with it.” A further example of treating another species of the same genus of mites is offered in the case of the cotton-leaf blister mite (”. gossypii Banks.), which made its appearance in the West Indian cotton fields in 1903 % and spread quickly throughout the islands. Here the lime- aU. S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bul. No. 172, 1903, pp. 38-41. b West Indian Bul., 1905, Vol. IV. pp. 282 and 336. DESTRUCTION OF MOSQUITOES IN DWELLINGS. 123 and-sulphur treatment has proved most effective. Other species of Eriophyes have been treated with lime and sulphur, viz, /. avellena Nal., Z. rudis Canest., and /. tawi Murray, with equally satisfactory results. ; DESTRUCTION OF MOSQUITOES IN DWELLINGS BY THE POWDERS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM, SPREAD THEREIN BY MEANS OF HAND BELLOWS OR A TOWEL. By A. L. Herrera, Mexico City, Mexico. Ever since 1903 this commission has been commending the destruc- tion of mosquitoes in dwellings by means of the chrysanthemum powders, spread or thrown around therein with hand bellows or a towel.¢ ESSENTIAL RECOMMENDATIONS. (1) In each room or apartment there should be spread daily, half an hour or an hour before bedtime, the genuine chrysanthemum pow- ders, by means of some hand bellows, cloth, or towel. (2) The powders should be spread uniformly in the whole room, and to that effect they should be scattered with the bellows as high as possible, in various directions, care being taken besides that they penetrate under the beds and other pieces of furniture, behind the doors, ete. In case a towel is used, it should be shaken around ina very lively manner and for some time. Some people are wont to place the powders upon a table or a piece of pasteboard and blow said powders upwardly, and at once shake a bed sheet or a towel in the center of the room. (3) It is convenient to employ a large spoonful of powder for every room of 20 to 30 cubic meters, and a larger quantity for larger apartments. In order to find out whether the quantity of powder that has been used is sufficient, it will suflice to spread some bed sheets upon the floor,so that the mosquitoes may fall upon them. Some of the insects should then be kept under a glass to see, on the next day, if they are really dead. Should it not be so, or should no mosquito fall upon the sheets, after an hour, even though they should be in great numbers in the room, the quantity of powder scattered should be increased or a new lot should be bought in another drug store. The same should be done when the insects have only fallen into lethargy at the beginning of the night, and again become troublesome in the morning. (4) To avoid inflammation of the throat the person who has to seatter the powder should cover the mouth and a part of the face with a handkerchief and leave the room as soon as possible. a Boletin de la Comisi6n de Parasitologia Agricola, Tomo IT, pag. 159. 124 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. (5) The insecticide powder should be spread in the room before bedtime, it being possible for the people to enter the room after said powder has settled down. (6) There are some kinds of the powders which are entirely ineffi- cient; this is true of most of the powders sold by retailers in small quantities, in envelopes or in boxes, at 5 cents or less. To obtain good ones they should be bought at some reliable drug store and tried in the way above explained. (7) In order to avoid a daily expense for powder, it is advisable to close the doors and windows early, so that the mosquitoes will not enter the apartments, and it will even be very useful to put a fine wire screen upon the windows. Should any mosquitoes, however, succeed in entering the rooms, they will be killed by the powder of chrysanthemum, an operation to be performed only when the insects happen accidentally to enter on account of the openings having been shut too late or because of any other circumstance. (8) An excess of powder is quite unnecessary, and might even result in injury to the inhabitants. Norr.—It has been said that the fine powder, in large quantities, may become ignited when there is a candle in the room, but it has never been proved that such is the case when only genuine chrysanthe- mum powders are used. Ina fumigating room made of canvas, with a capacity of 68 cubic decimeters, we blew a large quantity of genuine chrysanthemum powder, a part of which fell upon the flame of an alcohol lamp situated in the back of the room. The only powder that burned was that which touched the flame directly, whereby was pro- duced a kind of rain of small sparks; but the fire was never communi- eated to the remainder of the powder, and no explosion occurred. This experiment may be made ona small scale with a candle, and thus the above statement will be confirmed, while at the same time it will be found out whether the powder contains any foreign matter which is inflammable and dangerous. Where electric light is used such a precaution 1s unnecessary. This manner of destroying mosquitoes has already been put into practice. To that effect the commission of parasitology has distrib- uted gratuitously several barrels of chrysanthemum powders under the form of small samples. The consumption of powders has been tripled, while the sale of the tablets, which only throw the insects into a state of lethargy but are very objectionable owing to their pungent fumes, was decreased. The species of mosquito which is most frequently found in the City of Mexico and which invades the houses is Culex pipiens L. NOTES ON INSECTS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA. 125 NOTES ON INSECTS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA. By P. B. Greeson, Blackfalds, Alberta, Canada. With so large and ever increasing immigration from the United States, a few notes from the grain section of central Alberta may not be without interest. The early season of 1906 in this district was notable for the phenomenal outbreak of * cutworms,” chiefly Noctua clandestina Harr., Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grt., and Para- grotis ochrogaster Guen.—extraordinary because climatic conditions had not seemed to warrant such an outbreak. The preceding year (1905) was normal; the fall dry, the November mean minimum temperature being 20.15° F., snow 5.85 inches; and December mean minimum 8.30° F., snow 0.75 inch. The mean mini- mum temperature for January, 1906, was —0.70° F., and snow 4.40 inches. Hot suns on February 1, 2, and 3 dispelled nearly all of what little snow there was, and from the middle of February to the end of March was characterized by cold snowless weather, touching — 19° F. on March 12, with all fields bare of snow, and being in fact the dryest season for ten years The total moisture from November, 1905, to May 16, 1906 (from snow and rain combined), did not exceed two- thirdsof an inch. Ninety per cent of the local winter wheat was killed off. The tetal precipitation for the month of April and till May 16 was only 0.115 or 0.1 of an inch of moisture, a very warm and dry period, the mean maximum shade temperature for April being 60.68° F. and for May (up to the 18th) 66.10° F—a temperature above the average for ten years. Studying these weather conditions—the reverse of a cold, wet spring—it would seem that parasites would at least have an equal chance with cutworms for surviving. But what was the result? The outbreak of cutworms was witheut precedent, and of parasites few could be discovered. Every kind of vegetation seemed to be attacked by the cutworms. Among the instances of which the writer made special observation a few may be mentioned as showing the catholic nature of their food. A nursery gardener had planted in the fall of 1905 (in a brome-grass field which had been plowed up in the previous spring) an orchard of several hundred gooseberry, currant (red, white. and_ black), raspberry, and blackberry bushes and some hundreds of strawberry and rhubarb plants. In the spring of 1906 the young shoots of the ‘raspberry and blackberry bushes were persistently cut through just below the soil and every bush died. The runners of the gooseberry and currant bushes shared the same fate, even the leaves being cleared off. Not one strawberry survived the attack, and the rhubarb also suffered severely. Circular pits had been dug round each bush in the 126 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. fall, but did not operate as any check to the pest. Several farmers lost their entire crops of potatoes, the caterpillars killing off each shoot from the tuber. Of grain farmers, many lost from 40 to 80 per cent of oats and spring wheat; one crop visited by the writer was sown with wheat a second time and again entirely destroyed. (It was sown a third time, but too late to harvest, though it escaped the cutworms.) And so with horticulturists: Peonies, columbines, pansies, foxgloves (Digitalis), wall flowers, candytuft, campanule— all were attacked indiscriminately by Chorizagrotis auxiliaris and Noctua clandestina, even two young Charles XII lilac bushes being killed by having their young buds devoured (this by Peridroma occulta 1.) Carrots, parsnips, onions, cabbages, and other Cruciferz grown in gardens were in many cases “cleaned out” by Noctua clandestina. The magnitude of the attack seemed to discourage the farmers. Xemedies were tried without much success, except in gardens where close attention could be given. Where tried in gardens poisoned bran succeeded very well, but farmers seem not to have the time or the pains for applying the poison-bran remedy to their large grain fields. As a wholesale and very fairly efficient remedy for grain fields the writer recommended heavy rolling late in the evening. This was tried by one farmer whose field was infested, the rolling being done from 10.30 p. m. till about midnight, being repeated a time or two during the young growth of grain, and resulted not only in the vir- {ual salvation of his crop, but ina strong stand of straw (with the summer the driest on record). In short, the farmer should, in the opinion of the writer, consist- ently practice the following method with his grain: (1) Late fall plowing (plowing can often be done in Alberta till the early days of November). (2) Drilling the grain (in spring), not sowing broadcast. Drilling facilitates the operation of the harrow and seeds deeper than broad- cast sowing. (3) Roll in evening (10.30 p. m.) when grain is appearing and soil dry. (4) Harrow when grain is a little more advanced. (5) Roll once more in evening (on dry soil). (6) Harrow finally (with grain about 4 inches high). The writer has known crops to be harrowed three times after the first appearance of grain, with most beneficial results, and, except in years of unusual prevalence of cutworms, the second rolling might be dispensed with. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. $97 Tt was moved and carried that the Chair appoint a committee of five to take up the work outlined in the report of the committee on testing proprietary insecticides. The following were appointed: Messrs. EK. P. Felt, C. P. Gillette, E. D. Sanderson, R. I. Smith, and H. FE. Summers. A motion was made and carried that the next annual meeting of the association be held at the same time and place as the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement: of Science, the exact dates to be fixed by the officers. The report of the committee on nominations was presented, and is as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS. The nominating committee respectfully submit the following list for officers of the association for the ensuing year: For president, HW. A. Morgan, Knoxville, Tenn. For first vice-president, H. IE. Summers, Ames, Towa. For second vice-president, W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C. For secretary-treasurer, A. F. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio. For member of joint committee on legislation, Wilmon Newell, Baton Rouge, La. For member of standing committee on nomenclature, Eb. 8. G. Titus, Wash- ington, D. C. For members of council, James Fletcher, Ottawa, Canada, and S. A. Forbes, Urbana, III. Respectfully submitted. CG. L: MaRvart, H. Osporn, I’. M. WEBSTER. On motion, the secretary was instructed to-cast a ballot of the asso- ciation for those mentioned, and they were declared elected. The committee on membership submitted the following report: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. The committee report that it has followed the plan of the last committee on membership, which was adopted by the association. We desire to reiterate the plan proposed and adopted at the last meeting, namely : “That the association exercise greater care as to the qualifications of candidates for election to membership, and that a considerably more conserya- tive policy than has prevailed should be adopted. In general, only those who are already associate members should be elected to active membership; and this should occur only after they have published a considerable amount of original matter on economic entomology, based on their own independent investigations. The privilege of associate members, however, may well be extended as a means of encouragement to young men who are expecting to pursue economic entomology as a profession, but who have not yet had time to show their capability by publication or otherwise.” In accordance with these principles, the committee make the following recommendations : 128 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 1 (1) For foreign membership: Dr. F. Silvestri, head of entomological depart- ment, Royal School of Agriculture, Peortici, Italy. (2) For active membership: Prof. J. Troop, State entomologist, La Fayette, ind. (3) For transfer from associate to active membership: Dr. E. F. Phillips, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.; J.G. Sanders, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.; H. E. Burke, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.: W. A. Hooker, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.; A. F. Conradi, State entomologist, College Station, Tex. (4) For associate members: William Beutenmuller, American Museum of Nat- ural History, New York, N. Y.; I. J. Condit, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.: R. A. Cushman, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D: €:; He M. Russell, Amherst, Mass.; W. V. Tower, entomologist Porto Rico Experiment Station, Mayaguez, P. R.; H. J. Franklin, Amherst, Mass.; E. A. Back, Amherst, Mass.; E. F. Hitchings, State entomologist, Augusta, Me.; Fred E. Brooks, Morgantown, W. Va.; D. K. MeMillan, Warrisburg, Pa.; MH. E. Hodgkiss; Geneva, N. Y.; W. J. Schoene, Geneva, N. Y.; G. P. Weldon, College Park, Md. ; Dr. T. J. Headlee, Durham, N. H.; ©. N. Ainslie, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; John A. Grossbeck, New Brunswick, N. J.; R. L. Webster. St' Anthony Park, Minn.; A. G. Ruggles, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; R. 8. Woglum; Raleigh, N. C.: Dudley Moulton, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C.; Prof. T. D. Jarvis, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (5) That the following be dropped, since they have discontinued entomological work: J. H. Beattie; E. E. Bogue. And that the resignation of Prof. J. H. Perkins be accepted. (6) For transfer from active to associate membership: Prof. C. M. Weed, Lowell, Mass. That a committee of three, including the president and secretary, be em- powered to devise and have executed a suitable form of certificate of member- ship for the foreign members, and that the secretary be authorized to send the certificates to the entomologists concerned. The committee also recommend that inasmuch as there is at present con- siderable confusion, owing to the various amendments to the constitution, the secretary be directed to codify the constitution and by-laws and present them to the association at the next meeting. W. D. HUNTER. H. E. SUMMERS. JOHN B. SMITH. On motion, it was accepted. The report of the committee on resolutions was as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Resolved, That the Association of Economic Entomologists expresses its appreciation for the courtesies extended by the president of Columbia Uni- versity, the trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, and the coun- cil of the New York Academy of Science, and the successful efforts of the local committee of the A. A. A. 8. for its entertainment; and Resolved, That we express our gratitude to the entomological societies of New York, Brooklyn, and Newark for the most enjoyable reception tendered by them; and Resolved, That the association, through its secretary, tender its thanks to the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture for the publication of its proceedings, and request that the proceedings of this meeting be published in like manner ; and REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. 129 Resolved, That this association places itself on record as indorsing the policy ~ of the National Government in aiding the suppression of introduced pests of a serious nature, and asks for a continuation and increase of the Congressional appropriations to the Bureau of Entomology for such work and for the intro- duction of natural enemies of such pests; and Resolved, That this association has learned with great interest, through the address of President Kirkland, of the attempt now being made in Massachu- setts and other New England States to control the gipsy and brown-tail moths through systematic cooperation and liberal financial provision made for prosecut- ing field operations and for the introduction of parasites of these insects; and, being convinced that the successful prosecution of this work will protect the entire country from a serious menace, this effort has the unqualified indorsement of this association ; and Resolved, That this association extend its cordial greetings to the newly formed Entomological Society of America, and that the programme committee of this association be instructed to arrange its programme conjointly with the programme committee of that society. JAMES FLETCHER. M. V. SLINGERLAND. EK. D. SANDERSON. At the request of the representatives of the American Nurserymen’s Association, the following committee was appointed by the president to attend the annual meeting of that association at Detroit in June, 1907: Messrs. H. A. Morgan, Wilmon Newell, S. A. Forbes, A. F. Burgess, and FE. D. Sanderson. The committee on certificate of membership for foreign members was appointed, consisting of the president elect, the secretary, and Mr. W. E. Britton. President Kirkland thanked the association for the honor of pre- siding at this meeting, which was the largest in its history, and, as there was no further business, the meeting was then adjourned. A. F. Burcess, Secretary. T487—_No. 67—O7 9 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Aldrich, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho. Alwood, William B., Charlottesville, Va. Ashmead, William H., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Baker, C. F., Agricultural Experiment Station, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Ball, E. D., Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. Banks, C. S., Manila, P. I. Banks, Nathan, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sethune, C. J. S., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 3enton, Frank, 925 N street N. W., Washington, D. C. Bishopp, F. C., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 3ritton, W. H., New Haven, Conn. Bruner, Lawrence, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. Burgess, Albert F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Burke, H. E., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Busck, August, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Caudell, A. N., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Chambliss, C. E., Clemson College, 8S. C. Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cockerell, T. D. A., University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Comstock, J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Conradi, A. F., College Station, Tex. Cook, A. J., Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. Cook, Mel T., Newark, Del. Cooley, R. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont. Coquillett, D. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cordley, A. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. Crawford, J. C., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Dickerson, Edgar L., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. Dyar, H. G., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Ehbrhorn, BE. M., Room 611, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. Felt, E. P., Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. Fernald. C. H., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fernald, H. T., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fiske, W. F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Fletcher, James, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Forbes, S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, I]. French, G. H., Normal avenue, Carbondale, I]. Garman, H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Gibson, Arthur, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Gillette, C. P., Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Girault, A. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Gossard, H. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Gregson, P. B., Blackfalds, Alberta, Northwest Territory, Canada. Hart, C. A., Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, I]. 130 LIST OF MEMBERS. deal: Heidemann, Otto, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hinds, W. E., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hine, J. S., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Holland, W. J., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. Hooker, W. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Houghton, C. O., Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, Del. Howard, L. O., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hunter, S. J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. Hunter, W. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Johnson, 8. Arthur, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo. Kellogg, Vernon L., Stanford University, Cal. Kineaid, Trevor, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Kirkland, A. H., 6 Beacon street, Boston, Mass. Kotinsky, J., Honolulu, Hawaii. Lochhead, William, Macdonald College of Agriculture, Montreal, Canada. Marlatt, C. L., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Morgan, H. A., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Morrill, A. W., U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., Kirkwood, Mo. Newell, Wilmon, La. Crop Pest Comm., Baton Rouge, La. Osborn, Herbert, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Parrott, P: J., Geneva, N. Y. Pergande, Theodore, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Pettit, R. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College, Mich. Phillips, E. F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Phillips, J. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Phillips, W. J., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Pierce, W. Dwight, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Popenoe, I. A., R. F. D. No. 2, Topeka, Kans. Pratt, F. C., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Quaintance, A. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Quayle, H. J., Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal. Reeves, George I., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Rumsey, W. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. Sanborn, C. E., College Station, Tex. Sanders, J. G., U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sanderson, E. Dwight, Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Saunders, William, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Sehwarz, E. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sherman, Franklin, jr., Div. of Entom., State Dept. of Agric., Raleigh, N. C. Sirrine, F. A., 124 Sound avenue, Riverhead, N. Y. Skinner, Henry, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Slingerland, M. Y., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. Smith, J. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Smith, R. I., Atlanta, Ga. Snow, F. H., Lawrence, Kans. Stedman, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo. Summers, H. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Lowa. Surface, H. A., State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. Symons, T. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md. Taylor, E. P., University of Ilinois, Urbana, Il. Titus, E. 8. G., Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. Troop, J., La Fayette, Ind. 132 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Van Dine, D. L., Government Entomologist, Hawaiian Exp. Sta., Honolulu, Hawaii. Viereck, H. L., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Walden, B. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. Walker, C. M., Amherst, Mass. Washburn, F. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Webster, F. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Wilcox, E. V., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Woodworth, ©. W., Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Adams, C. F., Fayetteville, Ark. Ainslie, C. N., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Back, E. A., Orlando, Fla. ; Beutenmiiller, Wim., American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. 3arber, H. S., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Bartholomew, C. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Lowa. Beckwith, H. M., Elmira, N. Y. Bentley, Gordon M., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Braucher, R. W., Lincoln Park, Chicago, Ill. Brooks, Fred E., Morgantown, W. Va. Brues, C. T., Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Bullard, W. S., 629 Water street, Bridgeport, Conn. Campbell, J. P., Athens, Ga. Clifton, R. S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Condit, Ira J., California Polytechnic School, San Luis Obispo, Cal. Cotton, Edwin C., Ohio State Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. Couden, F. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Craw, Alexander, Board of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii. Currie, Rolla P., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cushman, R. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. c: Dean, Harper, jr., State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga. Doran, E. W., Belhaven College, Jackson, Miss. Engle, Enos B., Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Flynn, C. W., Assistant Entomologist, Louisiana Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. Fowler, Carroll, Duarte, Cal. Franklin, H. J., Amherst, Mass. Frost, H. L., 6 Beacon street, Boston, Mass. Gahan, A. B., College Park, Md. Garrett, J. B., Assistant Entomologist, Louisiana Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. 3 Gifford, John, Princeton, N. J. Gould, H. P., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Green, E. C., College Station, Tex. Grossbeck, John A., New Brunswick, N. J. Hardy, E. 8., Assistant Entomologist, Louisiana Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. Hargitt, C. W., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Harrington, W. H., Post-Office Department, Ottawa, Canada. Headlee, T. J., Durham, N. 1. Hitchings, E. F., Waterville, Me. Hodgkiss, H. B., Geneva, N. Y. LIST OF MEMBERS. ae Houser, J. S., Assistant Entomologist, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Hudson, G. H., State Normal and Training School, Plattsburg, N. Y. Isaac, John, Sacramento, Cal. Jarvis, T. D., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Johnson, Fred, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Johnson, W. G., 52 Lafayette place, New York, 'N. Y. ; Jones, Charles R., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. King, George B., Lawrence, Mass. Kirkaldy, G. W., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. IKkoebele, Albert, Alameda, Cal. Mackintosh, R. §., State Board of Horticulture, Auburn, Ala. Mann, B. P., 1918 Sunderland place, Washington, D. C. Martin, Leslie, Lebanon, Tenn. Martin, George W., 1804 Grand avenue, Nashville, Tenn. Martin, W. O., Assistant Entomologist, Louisiana Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. MacGillivray, A. D., Cornell University, Ithaea, N. Y. McCarthy, Gerald, Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C. MeMillan, D. K., Harrisburg, Pa. Morgan, A. C., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mosher, F. H., Wakefield, R. F.. D., Mass. Moulton, Dudley, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Nicholson, John F., Stillwater, Okla. Niswander, I. J., 519 East Seventeenth streeet, Cheyenne, Wyo. Palmer, R. M., Victoria, British Columbia. . Perkins, R. C. L., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Piper, C. V., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Price, H. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Randall, J. L., Durham, N. H. Rane, F. W., Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. [1. Rankin, John M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Reed, E. B., Esquimault, British Columbia. Riley, W. A., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Rolfs, P. H., Miami, Fla. Ruggles, A. G., St. Anthony Park, Minn. Russell, H. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sasscer, Ernest R., U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Schoene, W. J., Geneva, N. Y. Seott, W. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Southwick, E. B., Arsenal Building, Central Park, New York, N. Y. Stimson, James, Santa Cruz, Cal. Swezey, O. H., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Thaxter, Roland, 7 Scott street, Cambridge, Mass. Toumey, J. W., Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn. Tower, W. L., Porto Rico Experiment Station, Mayaguez, P. R. Townsend, C. H. T., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Webb, J. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Webster, R. L., St. Anthony Park, Minn. Weed, C. M., Lowell, Mass. Weldon, G. P., College Park, Md. 134 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Woglum, R. S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Yothers, W. W., U. 8S. Department cf Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Young, D. B., Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. FOREIGN MEMBERS. Ballou, H. A., Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbados, West Indies. Berlese, Dr. Antonio, Reale Stazione di Entomologia Agraria, Firenze, Italy. Bordage, Edmond, Directeur de Musée, St. Denis, Reunion. Carpenter, Dr. George H., Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland. Cholodkosky, Prof. Dr. N., Militiir-Medicinische Akademie, St. Petersburg, Russia. Collinge, W. E., 55 Newhall street, Birmingham, England. Danysz, J., Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bourse de Commerce, Paris, France. Knock, Fred, 42 Salisbury road, Bexley, London, SE., Hngland. French, Charles, Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Australia. Froggatt, W. W., Department of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales. Fuller, Claude, Department cf Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. Giard, A., 14 Rue Stanislaus, Paris, France. Goding, F. W., Neweastle, New South Wales. Grasby, W. C., 6 West Australian Chambers, Perth, West Australia. Green, BE. E., Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. Helms, Richard, 136 George street, North Sydney, New South Wales. Herrera, A. L., Calle de Betlemitas No. 8, Mexico City, Mexico. Uorvath, Dr. G., Musée Nationale Hongroise, Budapest, Mungary. Jablonowski, Josef, Entomological Station, Budapest, Hungary. Lampa, Prof. Sven, Statens Entomologiska, Anstalt, Stockholm, Sweden. Lea, A. M., Department of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania. Leonardi, Gustavo, R. Scuola di Agricoltura, Portici, Italy. Lounsbury, Charles P., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, South Africa. Mally, C. W., Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio (formerly Grahams- town, Cape Colony). Marchal, Dr. Paul, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, Paris, France. Mussen, Charles T., Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, New South Wales. Nawa, Yashushi, Entomological Laboratory, Kyomachi, Gifu, Japan. Newstead, Robert, University School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England. Peal, H. W., Indian Museum, Calcutta, India. Porchinski, Prof. A., Ministére de Agriculture, St. Petersburg, Russia. Reed, E. C., Museo, Concepcion, Chile. Reuter, Dr. Enzio, Agrikultur-Economiska Foérséksamstalten, Helsingfors, Fin- land. ; Ritzema Bos, Dr. J., Agricultural College, Wageningen, Netherlands. Sajo, Prof. Karl, G6d6ll6-Veresegyhaz, Hungary. Schoyen, Prof. W. M., Zoological Museum, Christiania, Norway. Shipley, Prof. Arthur E., Christ’s College, Cambridge, England. Silvestri, Dr. F., R. Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura, Portici, Italy. Tepper, J. G. O., Norwood, South Australia. Theobald, Frederick V., Wye Court, Wye, Kent, England. Thompson, Rev. Edward H., Franklin, Tasmania. Tryon, H., Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Urich, F. W., Victoria Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. Vermorel, V., Station Viticole, Villefranche, Rhone, France. INDEX. Page. NG ANS RA Coan: CCONOMIC ENntOMmolory =. esses sees wea eee ee See 77-84 Agonoderus pallipes, enemy of cabbage maggot............--/-----22-+-2--+0- 15 Alabama arguilacea on cotton im Georgia... 2.222228 te 28 he Ee S28 2: 101 IN bertanrcentral..noves OMuNSeCise: sa-aae eer anne: ae eee ease. oes oe 125-126 Alfalfa, food plant of Melanoplus differentialis.........--.-.---------------++--- 98 Almond, tood plantiat Asmadiotus howard? <> 225. .22 0 Utes aoe ee 2 wn 88 Amara impuncticollis, enemy of cabbage maggot. ..........---.0--..-----2-5--- 15 Amelancher vulgaris, food plant of Hriophyes pyri_......-.------.+---------+-- 44 Ampineerus bicaudatu—Schistoceros hamatus ...:0. 2-222 2.----.-2 5-22-22 S sce ll Anarsia luneatella, arsenate of lead:a remedies!) .52.-2.---. 22.2.2. 22-22 =--- 47 Waa G elon ged ha en han At See oid oi ee gi eae erg eee nt eee 103 Anthracnose following Heliothis obsoleta in cotton..........-..-......-------- 101 A, lithe red: work against it im ‘Minnestta:- op 2 -t eeee 126 THRs TdBG GE oS ee Reese ee - on ee 112 MAsePot To Meso tae eee ee ao ee re nc ete 13-15 worms in Georiar=s 25. ee eee eee Sieear vse baes ans ba See 104 Callipterus carvella on pecan in Georgia........-------------------+++------- 105 Calosoma, larvze, enemies of cutworms ......-.--------- Sis cmos 98 scrutator, enemy Of gipsy MOth.2.- 2-62 - 6s ewe sh exes -s =e eee 25 INDEX. 137 Page. Campanule, food plants of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris and Noctua clandestina ......- 126 Candytuft, food plant of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris and Noctua clandestina...... ...- 126 Darbolic emulsion against cabbage maggot ....-.- 2... cece seen ee eee eee 14 Papo pisulphid‘acainat little red. ant...-..-.- <2. jo Sa ce eee ne aedessenee ess. 17 Carpocapsa pomonella (see also Codling moth). Ins G Corel aes 6. Seta ee a ee eo. BSS 2 104 A ra REG ene Sar ae Aa i iter os eg ae BS eh ee 38 Carpophilus dimidiatus in rotting cotton bolls in Georgia. .......---------------- 102 Marroidood plant ob Nockue clandestingd.<. 2... <5. <.asnse sds to wick Geena -os 126 “Caterpillar hunter.’’ (See Calosoma scrutator). Havluhower iood. plant. of, cabbage, magrot._: 22.5.2 .g haa da nn. Jenene =o. 13 LU REI TACT Nie, Cae ae Re aS OR Re I ee a 112 Danie catia acelin AUS EO OS as. so acs coho inn cs eee a Sermo ect oe 30 Pecimiousviidse: OUSELVAtlODS)s <= 2 ge oe ies - es Sita ae 2s awe at oid Bone se Sey LZ Pe ehan IRGMCUm LN CIN PCURCY, We oo SiS 2 aid arn ect tara rapeialatanicj= ane a da ale vaiwiel aioiate 37 Ceratopogon eriophorus, enemy of Melanchroia geometroides ........--------- 117-118 Cereal and forage crop production, value of parasites..........---------------- 94-99 Biuiirodermiis enews ON COLbON. IN, GEOrPIA 0 25ers od a ak oe be we = 101 Snr legate ts GGT ER Aa Is 070) oe gaara ae ee eG OE ee oi See 97 PBR eREN ROO U beni OLeNDS: IORI tee Nols clare Sepa eo alae oS 2 oa a epee 23 Chestnut telephone poles, injury by flat-headed borer ..........-..--+.------ 38-39 Chilocorus bivulnerus, enemy of Aspidiotus howardit...............-------+----- 90 similis, introduction into New Jersey a failure...........----------- 37 Emons jururainyNew York State co... 22. hr. soi o- nan os ee eee 39 Chloridea virescens on tobacco in Florida, remedies..............--.-------- 106-108 eChioraleim’” acainst Aspidiotus howard « . < ace. = 's 225 J). he ie 2 ee nie ss 91 Dioricagipis cueiiarioim, central Alberts... 2-5 252-24 nies = 2 = se = 125-126 Chrysanthemum powders against mosquitoes in dwellings. .-....-..-..------ 123-124 eTRUSOUOINT IS JOMOTae ID GOOTPIR oi oo oo = ke oti als cok sea eiem sae wa sas AeeRE 104 Cicada linnei, new name for species heretofore determined as C. tibicen..- - 35 periodical. (See Tibicen septendecim.) a as A CEUN erie io ae Siig he = wee fal es 8 35 Gait, GC Apr Uimosa, Of AUtHOTS:a SYNONYM. o.. =~. -- << Jn.2js< <2 2 222-~~- 35 fe UGC T UTP OA a PED TIPS Se ee 0 INE SY et ee a 35 Cigarette beetle. (See Lasioderma testacewm.) Sine as cAreChiMe INSCCURCOMULOL!. on.2\ 22.2 2 Solace nce s Se' see ek eee eee 83-84 Climatic influences as affecting life-history periods in insects.......-...------- 81 Coccophagus flavoscutellum, is it form of C. lecantt?............-..-------..---- 52 parasite of Pulvinaria innumerabilis.......--------- 51-62 lecani, parasite of Pulvinaria innumerabilis.........-.-.---------- 48-52 Codling moth. (See also Carpocapsa pomonelia. ) | sevaydie feciua AN Rrt Ne, 5 Oe NT aE a ea See te 56 comrolinrantd reeions (Utal)ic 2..2s gh ecgeteascenssc.ss 25. - 55-75 SRPICMMMOMES pMNGUMON Ra. ojos oac te tis So obits 2 oa ers =e 538-55 Collinge, Walter E., paper, ‘On the Eradication of the Black Currant Gall-mite METAGMINER THIS NALEDA Sf ot acyae ia )si-'s' oie som) ctaise = Ei DEG ed Aer sare eS 119-123 Colorado, economic work against Aspidiotus howardii..............--.--------- 87-93 Columbines, food plants of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris and Noctua clandestina..... 126 Mom eCeitGlt, GGCUIeN Ce Of Olney! MObM a. 2 232. 2 eee Sheen ee ered eee aes 22-26 ConorevusiOLscurius in, Coton, DlLooml In Georgia. ..-- 22-2 4-25-- 22 ease e sees 102 STARE ANUS TONG PAAF JN, (KEOLOIA 2. ore no miac)s aie ands ocis a's Poole Said e's wie ese 103 Contariniu wiolacola;, control in greenhouses........--------------+---+--++++--- 48 In ewe Momma LaLCn tae Seu. Soh ots Aes ieee see 41-42 tritici, damage prevented by parasites......-....----.------------ 94 Copidosoma, parasite of Plusia brassicx, polyembryony......-....------------ 96 Cordyceps clavulata (?), fungous disease of Bulecanium nigrofasciatum . .....--- 38 Cornicles of aphides, do they excrete honeydew?..............--------------- 33-34 Corn meal, diluent of Paris green against tobacco budworms........---------- 107 Rime oud GE SiOIOg@ ConeMlela. =... 5 2-1 = ns es ese este sees cee 102 Cotoneaster vulgaris, food plant of Eriophyes pyri.......---..--------+------- 44 Cotton aphis. (See Aphis gossypii.) beetle, new. (See Luperodes brunneus.) TOMLIN OLeM mn PNYES OOSSY Ml <2... --s2io>~--2--\e---- 22-22-22 oan se 122 ise anni Ce Sey 050 2 00 Re a eer ae 101-102 leaf-worm. (See Alabama arqillacea.) Cowpes, tood: plant of tobacco budworms.........-2--s2--..---.---2-s-2-5--- 107 pod weevil. (See Chalcodermus xneus.) 138 INDEX. Page. Cranberry, food plant of Heliophila wnipuncta......--.----------+--++-+-+-+--- 35-36 Greosote oil ‘against eege of eipsy moti 2282) i. eae eee ee ee 23 Cricket, white flower. (See Beanthus niveus.) Grude oil against: aphis eggs... 2 5 5 sa es5 i ee ee ee 29-30 Cryptopristis, parasite of /sosoma tritici. __-_22- 2-2-2 22-25-22 ee- AL ees 97 Cryptorhynchus lapathi as a nursery pest--.-----------.+.---=--=--==-2.2-- 5-2: 27-29 Cuba, occurrence of Gasiropinitis nasalis Se ==) ) 2. ecco pee eee ee ee ae 109 Eriophyes avellzna, lime and sulphur a remedy...-.....-..-.--.-.-+-----+---- 123 gossypii in West Indies, lime and sulphur a remedy-....----------- 1223123 MUaOlie On apple and. pears. < oF Goer aemle es Sorel se oeec aes 46 oletvorus in California, sulphur a‘remedy.-2-2 22.2222... 3.2.22... 122 11 OES ae ate Co aoe Ea nS ott rip cae Meas, thats BR Se Goal. 43-46 Var: Vamolata an apole and: Peabo ests... nt cee Se ce ote oes 46 rivis, eradication in’ United Kinedom:-2--. 5... 2.9. -3:..2--2-:-=- 119-123 rudis and taxi, lime and sulphur a remedy.....:..-.:..---2--:--.42.- 123 Esomene nerve On. (ObAcconin Wt MnO ae ae eee ase nite ee ee ee 109 Eucosma strenuana on ragweed in Georgia....-.-- 2222-2... --2.-52-- 52st ee 105 Eulecanium nigrofasciatum on peach in Maryland...................---+----- 37-38 New Jetset) 22 v2ke is. 67 eee 36 Eupelmus allynir, parasite of Hessian fly and Isosoma.........--------------- 97 Euphoria melancholica and sepulchralis on cotton in Georgia. ....-.----.-+------- 102 Euproctis chrysorrhea (see also Brown-tail moth). not yet im New YorkiState. 2-422. 202.22. eee en eee 39 INDEX. 139 Page. iimpsniconance on tobacco im Mlorida.”..-...:.-----2.2-4-2-+-+--+-+------ 106 Felt, K. P., paper, ‘‘ Notes on Insects of the Year 1906 in New York State”... . 39-43 ‘Observations om Cecidomiyiidee’? = =e 112 Fernald, H. T., paper ‘‘A New Oriental Insect Pest (?) in Massachusetts” -...--. 22 Sr ammenicrdann New Vor states 212:h--- seltcs =< Jidad cts date ee ooia - 40 Flea-beetle, cucumber, Bordeaux mixture a remedy........--...------------ 112 Ontobaceorm: ConmechiCutss-se= sane ee ee 111 grapevine. (See Haltica chalybea.) steely. (See Haltica chalybea.) tobacco. (See Epitrix parvula.) Milexbeetles.on supar beet, remed'y /.l2.- 2.2.22. 22. 2 2. ee ee cS ee 112 Pl ana Memmosy Mla VaNe aaa 5- eo oe Pe ee Somer goes owe = 118-119 Hloridacmsect enemics.or tobacco in 1905s °2-2-- 25. 8 2 ee ee] = 106-111 Forage-crop production, value of parasites.......:.......-..----+-2----------- 94-99 Rares ireensecia Mt GreOneiaes. nc hoe. ae ks oe eee ees 104-105 Foxglove. (See Digitalis.) PRICE COR EO CL SRENR Ce COLMA aoe aa tetas eee hat Sinn ee ate tonne mene MSs ae 103-104 RUMIeAtioN. Versus dippine Ol mumsery-trees: > 22..22'2. 2... 22. 2255-226 se 26 Beno me Ime OMUROL OlMLMNCCtS= S25 orcs nee ew a oe eo ee ee ee 83 Fungus associated with pear mite in Tasmania.-................----+-------- 47 CNERLY OLA ECanUUnL MONO; ASCIOMND. - <== --- = - =~ Jaa - one ee 38 pear scab. (See Venturia pirina.) Gahan, A. B., and G. P. Weldon, paper, ‘‘Miscellaneous Insect Notes from Morylamut tom log Moss et Wee 8 Lah eo tao ae gone 37-39 T. B. Symons, paper, ‘‘ Notes on Fumigation and Dipping OLENUTACR YA IRE DY fee ae ee Roe ons Sue weiner aaa 26 fe OUEMUCELLOMULUUCOLORIMANewiJiCISCVi sae a ee ee ele ee te oe oe ae 36 New York State.......-.-. igh dye Ses Se oaks Gn ones, per eeanepame 4] Galleria mellonellacin bee comb in Georgia s::..<--..-----2--2 +... 2--25-+-2--5 106 Gall-midge, violet. (See Contarinia violicola. ) mite, black currant. (See Eriophyes ribis. ) ORG TRE OS MAG Sine She Somes oa ee eee ee 104 Pasiopnilus coun ang. pasalis-im Cubase: 02.202. --- 22.22.5222 eee 117 Secor somenimscctsUUnimng LO00.- 22. 22-52-5722. 22222: eset eee oe 101-106 Gipsy moth (see also Porthetria dispar). MRP ONeTOMm EA CCM NUAIS sats eee ot 8 State Dae wre Sa ee Se 25 Vink COS TREECTD GG ITE Seis, ec ee ec Pa 22-26 Glue and bran or sawdust, protection against cabbage maggot........----------- 14-15 MES SNerECs TOOUs Mbt) Oh CINWODMIS= 2252.0," ssc. week = genes see 125 tree. (See Phyllanthus.) moipimonid spuniain wen NOL Stale. 2-0 8-~-=-5---2. 92 eyed ne seein ses et 4] Reraininnein ii CON aman eae meek oes ee kL Sede a eee oes 102-103 Grape root-worm. (See Fidia viticida.) Grapevine flea-beetle. (See Haltica chalybea.) (Grasses, food plants of Jsosoma tritict in Georgia... . 2.2 2..--------..--+----+--- 102 Pracahap persion Goa COMM MiGnaay 22... =. 52 So) dasee ees feu eos net - as 109 Rema nRe Crain, Ceara re meen on. CoM eA Se oo kaa hk Slane d= > 102-103 Srcharne toad: prin Oru SOkOMbe win ouvir See Se. ee eee ee 97 Mudie Leo Plat Of SOU Maes ies ya oo Saw a hea shee eee eb ene oe 97 Gregson, P. B., paper, ‘“‘ Notes on Insects in Central Alberta” ............-- 125-126 Grosella. (See Phyllanthus.) Seamer Tih COroiat ame ee me nade eM US ti ese sees 103 in ierrancani a: ih- New VOLK StAt@ss-. tee. 222 eb lb ete eee 39 PinemChaljvenin New Moke state.. 5 -a2-2. 20-2 oie el. ond. eee 40 LO BERD, ao TEST erelols hake Aa ee ee 118-119 Heliophila unipuncta, destruction by tachinid flies.............--..---.------- 98 Witdtey, odious cece Va. SN RS a Ee 25S ee 35-36 Henotmim oosorera on) cotton im Georgia...) 2. =. 2-2-2... es ee eee ee 101 TT RCOHMaa LOMO M een ee eo oo cs ne pee we 106-108 Hellebore and water, remedy for cabbage maggot...........-..--------------- 14 Hemerocamnancncommamapiraling habit. so... os. - 22... 2. ee ee sees 41 rol DN ere 2 oe Ge 5 fea ee ea aa 4] Herrera, A. L., paper, ‘‘ Destruction of Mosquitoes in Dwellings by the Powders of Chrysanthemum, Spread therein by Meansof Hand-bellowsoraTowel”’. 123-124 Hessian fly (see also Mayetiola destructor). destruction by Polygnotus hiemalis.........-..-.-.----------+-+--- 95 Heterothops fumigatus, possible enemy of cabbage maggot..-.-..-.--..--------- 15 140 INDEX. Page Hickory tussock-moth. (See Halisidota caryzx.) Hodgkiss, H. E., paper, ‘‘ Effects of Sprays on Aphis Eggs” .................-- 29-30 Honeydew, is it excreted from anus or cormicles 22 2_ p= eae eee 33-34 Honey tubes. (See Cornicles.) Hooker, W. A., paper, ‘‘Observations on Insect Enemies of Tobacco in Florida Im 1905” «22 2. 2c ast 2s Sieye ce hetalehe woke ee ee ae ete 106-111 Hoplia trivialis on Japan. plum in ‘(Georgiat =~ se ee 104 Hops, food plant of Psyllodes pistol ates a ee ce ere ee eee ee ee 12 Hordeum jubatum, food plant of Tsosoma 2-7 22 e pe ete a ee eee 97 Hornworms of tobacco. (See Phlegethontius quinquemaculata and P. sexta.) Hydrocyanic acid gas not effective against Contarinia violicola larvee....-..- -- - 42 recent, observations: On! Uses. 2-4-2. eo ee eee 15-16 Hyperaspis binotata= HH. signaud son oe eo ee ees 51 signata, enemy Of Pscudococcus acters. e-) = poet pe eee ee 51 PUNTO URTV ODUIS = ee ee eee 49, 52 Hy phantria cunea. 10. Georgia, =. 22 5sc0- eee oe oe ei ee ee ee eee 104-105 Insecticides and apparatus, is their investigation a true part of economic ento- mology Pi see eee eat te ae Se ee ee 82 report of committee on cooperative testing.........-....-..------- 12-13 Insect pest, oriental, im Massaichuseits! =: = =5- =f epee s se. eee eee 22 pests, introduced, report of committee on national control, discussion. . 19-22 Isosoma, Hupelmus allynii a parasite, food plamts..-.............--+.----.-.2 97 of tumothy, Websterellusiasparasite-s-2 925s 2 gees eee ee 98 iriticn, Cry ptopristis A arasihe 42a Betis eee ees ee een 97 in. straw, killed by-thrashine machines:-* p=. se ses pees 100 wheat ‘and grasses im Georpia: oo yee Se ee ne ee ne 102 probably eaten by Blarina breweauda. 23222 oe ye as 100 Jointworm. (See Jsosoma tritici.) Jointworms. (See Isosoma.) Kerosene against aphis epps- 22.2222 s- phe ceases scien ee eee ee ee 29-30 little red:amibs.455 122226 athe ee Meets, ee ee ES Wz willow borer: 3--33854.0 os. eee ees See = ee ae 28 emulsion against aphis epes 22... <5 bose sean ee eee 29-30 NUD Os po id ae eae eee ome eee 104 Asmadiotus owardites so 5 ee oe eee eee OL cutworms and wire worms. 2224 cee. 2a 110-111 EPO DNYCS DUT Se: So ee ee ee ee ee 46 Pulse OL Pam Phila sspCiSUCr ule eee eee 86 TOOL LOMMU OLS GHIZOTeU NOR CL10 Cr Cea eet 104 tobaceo- insects Ploridaces ee ses fare eee ee itil whitewash against aphis eggs 22:4. 22s o- cae ee ee ee ee 30 Kil-o-Scale against aphis egos: ....2 S22. eee ee Oe ee 29-30 San Jose scale. .2222 522045850 9e eee eee 47-48 Kirkland, A. H., presidential address, ‘‘A Great Experiment in Applied Ento- MOOR eicossn ok hoe Re ceue bec Sa Roe © Meee een ee ee ae 10 K-L mixture against aphis eggs.-........-------- Shoe Pa ea ee er 30 Ladybird, Asiatic. (See Chilocorus similis.) LOD RY GNARL end O, Wane (GEOL eWeek eee atte ee 102-103 North*@aroling 2.2 ee tee pee eee eer eee ne ero 48 Lasioderma testaceum in stored tobacco in Florida..-.--.---....:-:-----..----- dil Lathrobiwm anale, possible enemy of cabbage maggot..........----.----------- 15 Leaf-beetle, elm. (See Galerucella tuteola.) hoppers Deeb «fete eo eye Se ae a Se tot spe Re ei oa 117 Leaf-worm, cotton. (See Alabama argillacea.) Lemon; fddd plant ofelimophies oleworws: : ier ocean ee Moco eee as ane eee 122 Lepidosaphes ulmi (see also Scale, oyster-shell). Mm INGwidieIsey ee erie ec cee ee al aa ces se Ar 36 beprosy in THawamaneesc ace sence eters ne eee cos ting be as ost ee 118-119 Lilac, tood plantiotshendronvaionetiligs. .-sac- 2. nS s 6 =e enn wise ee 126 Lime and sulphur against species of Eriophyes.................--.-.-- 121, 122-123 Wash. for digpine MUTSery- stack. 2... 52)... b. 2s. -eoee eee 26 objectionable dilutent of Paris green against tobacco budworms......-..- 107 sulphur-salt wash not effective against Hulecaniwm nigrofasciatum. ....- - 37 soda wash against Aspidiotus howardit...........-.....---+------ 90-91 Wash against Aspidonis MOWARA isc. oe i 82. 2)- aro --,3 >.>) ee 90-93 perniciosus, experiments in New York Bite weeetec eae bw) a ee er 39-40 INDEX. 141 Page iimdensitood plant of Neurocolpus nubilus.....-:.-22222..00-2224-.52-2 22502 2: 105 PU LMOTL tRILeNaOUs. 22 2.542 2 lak Sok eal es cleo s- 105 Liquidambar, defoliation by Macrodactylus subspinosus.......-.-.---.--------- 48 Wammeanies OnmEnnieus On cotton: in’ Georeia- 2-22... 222-2262 22222 22.2: 101 Macrodactylus subspinosus (see also Rose bugs). Pm GOMmoeteM ss csr eet ey ee eae Bik os 86 ING Weslersey res ae cae ees eee ee ee Meni 2 35 Notth: Carolina soe se renee ee ee ee ee 48 Woacrosiphum granarta, destruction by parasites...-...-..0..--.2. 22222. eee. 99 Mantid, Chinese. (See Paratenodera sinensis. ) Maple borer. (See Plagionotus speciosus. ) AECC PIANC Oke AS DICIOLIOS MIRCHLUS so So ey Sent Abie eo fae 88 SADT AOSG DRS ULTN Yee =o 8 as eRe eee Fe ms) eee oe ac SETS EA 36 CSLONEGD DENIES Teeter a Cae a hee ee ene EL oe GE ee 105 leaf stem-borer. (See Priophorus acericaulis.) : fede ood. pioamiyOn eIpsy, Muto | Ae eae eRe Poe eos e 23 AUTAN OO: plan tol PulmmaniqnaCenCOlde s+ pose = seen eee eee 105 Maryland, miscellaneous insect notes for 1906....-........------------+------ 37-39 Massachusetts, new orental-insect pest. -.-..2.. 2-22 2k Lyte ge eg 22 Mayetiola destructor (see also Hessian fly). nit Gone se eae eee ee ee cee AE ye ee 102 Mieuaropige apercuuaris in Georeias +s. hes eis S82 Se Sle Pon Pees RS 106 Melanchroia geometroides on erosella im’ Gubal..-.......2...2-...---=---------- 117 Melanoplus differentialis, destruction by Sarcophaga georgina.........---------- 98 Memibership anenort ohcommibteess=-sse22 ee. 22 sees eee eee oe eee 127-128 Midge, wheat. (See Contarinia triticv.) MinMesOta Inne CisnOlesOn La0GtaaaNae yess oo aes ee eae es eRe 13-17 Mite, cotton-leaf blister. (See Hriophyes gossypii.) gall, of black currant. (See Eriophyes ribis.) Mikes ta tlOmeIMe NG WaReLsCuee nse 2 Se HB oe PO 37 pear blister. (See Eriophyes pyri.) rust. (See Eriophyes oleivorus.) Monomorium pharaons. (See Ant, little red.) Mosquitoes, destruction in dwellings by chrysanthemum powders. ......----- 123-124 Mountain ash, European. (See Sorbus aucuwparia.) Mouse, field, devouring egg masses of Paratenodera sinensis.......------------ 37 Penner mised lcm Or weOsaIMas sf. 222... 5.2... 22s 2 b- eel eee et 97 National control of introduced insect pests, report of committee..........-.--- 19-20 Nectaries. (See Cornicles.) rnOcolpus MupiiMs Om lingen im Georgia... 2.2 ./.522)222..20---- 22 belie. leeks 105 New Jersey, unusual insect happenings in 1906,.............-...---.---2-+--- 34-37 Newevonkstalessinsecu motes OllO0G +: - 5-222 --fe es. 2% sec eo. s sos ee ees 39-43 acme clondcaing im central Alberta. -22220.2.-:.5 2 9. os 2-2 ns 125-126 Memenclture, repotyor conmmituee vs.- 2. 2.2525) Soes. eee. tle. Ate Lee 10-11 Mrminthinns report or comimiuee 2... --5.0lg st. ol Sb PS S25. ieee 127 Nursery inspection, desirability of uniform State laws................-------- 20-22 governmental, of imports and interstate shipments. ...--- 19-22 es, -Ccy puntmyntuiin pa pOiiie 22602 ee oe eee oe oe Sarin see 27-29 fLecs: Moles Om LUmMMoa MOM amd GiIppINe 9 -2--2---e5--4-5s57-22eee-- 26 Drege lant Or Cluwormis me Ge Pies TT Die eee aes ee 126 Gicanthus niveus in vineyards in New York State...-.:............-----.-.--- 40 Oncometopia lateralis in tobacco fields in Florida........-.......-...---.----- 111 Uinionmatood plant of Noctuwn clandestina-...--.. 22. ..2....-22. 22-22-22 -2-- 2st 126 Pimpsimvacwim United. Staless..-~. 222522052220 Fs. a. les 112 runmerinne nolis Om tobacco i Hlorida. 2... 252.2... -. 2222 6--- 522-2222 eee 110 raneeeoou plant Of Hrmopnyes OleWOrus...25-22-.- 5-2-5522 22022- 020220026 122 Pp asummapersicine mm CONNECIICUL 22. - 2220s. yl. 22. -< ssn - 22-2 s---.2s- 85-86 New, Jersey and Pennsylvania. ...5..-.--.2.----.-:--- Sy tiff Pansies, food plants of Chorizagrotis auxiharis and Noctua clandestina....-..---- 126 oncononenocnnondster im Gentral Alpertace:-c.-4-2---.0-o.0ceees ee ee esse ees 125-126 Parasites in economic entomology, importance of study...........----.-.---- 83 value in cereal‘and forage crop production...........--------------- 94-99 Paratenodera sinensis, failure to establish 1t in New Jersey.......------------- 37 Paris Sreen araimahentworlis-=.... 25... 2.022522. -.----- SF acta Oe er ci 110 LEE a ICS TSS a ei 109 BminnlOnpers Ol TObACCO!. 2. ~~ 22-2 ee eee ce ecm nese 109 142 INDEX. Page. Paris green and corn meal against tobacco budworms. ...........-.--.-----.--- 107 insects in Mionidascs=2 5.2 ee 111 lime against hornworms of tobacco.............-.--..-.=--- 108-109 Parrott, P. J., paper, ‘‘The Pear Blister-mite (EHriophyes pyri (Pgst.) Nal.)....- 43-46 Parsnip, food plant:of Woctiua clandesiiidas- =) 9 ae 126 Peach, food plant. of Aphis persiex=wiqgern. «9-245 ae eee 103 Conotrachelus nenuphar: 232 Seek ae ee 103 Diplotasts: frondicoldie 2/2 a ee ee 103 Eruleconsieny Tit OF ASOT a ae ee ee eee 36, 37 Macrodachlusisubspinosuse s.r ae 86 Pam philtus perseum. 2 2= son ee ko en es ee 85-86 Pear blister-mite. (See EHriophyes pyri.) : food plant of Aspidtonls howtrdic ==) 2 ae ee 88 MILES Ais) A Bes ee ce oa Bea eee 43 Sibine stonvulea. ss Ee 5 eee eee eee ee ee. eee 105 Pecan bud-worm in Geot@iae. 2s ee eo ek eae eee 105 food: plant,of Callipterus:carvelittwes: ce -= a. Sea a ee 105 twig-girdler in- Georgia. i222 1s er ee eee oe ee 105 Pediculoides ventricosus, parasite of Sitotroga cerealella..............-.-------- 102 Pegomya brassicx. (See Cabbage maggot.) Pennyroyal ineffective against little redsanti.<- ease 2e 24. bee ee ee 17 Peonies, food plants of Chorizagrotis auxtliaris and Noctua clandestina........- 126 Peridromaocculia onlilacin central Alberta. - saree ye ee “ash Persimmon, food: plant'ot Ay phantria Gunga. =2 2225 = ee ee 104-105 /Phenacoccus acericola tn. New: Viork States: ase Sern ae ee ee ee 4] Phenological investigations, importance in economic entomology........------ a, Philippines, problems in economic ‘entomology: =... 5. 2-252 2<--22-52-2-- = 117 Phlegethontius quinquemaculata and sexta on tobacco in Florida, remedies. ..- 108-109 Phorbia brassice. (See Cabbage maggot.) Phthorimexa operciuletia on tobacco Mlonda.2a-- 5 92 see eee eee 110 Phyllanthus, food plant of Melanchroia geometroides.........--.-.------------ 117 Phyllocoptes schlechtendali on apple and pear. ......-. 42... 7. 5-2. ee 46 Physiological studies, importance in economic entomology....-..------------ e1-82 Phytoptus pyrt im Vlimoise.3. 2 per ee eee oO Se eee ee ee 43 Pissodes strobi, confusion of two or three species in literature ...........------ 84 in. cotton ‘fields im-Georgiaq sve cp ken eee ot ae ee 102 Plagionotus speciosus in, News V Ore statece. aes teas ee eee eee 40-41 Platygaster herrickii, parasite of Hessian fly, probably polyembryonic. ..-..-.-- 96 Plechscus sp., parasite ol. cabbagesmargote: tse cece eee ee a eee 16 Plum, food plant: of Aspidiotus howandiis- = c= a eS re a ee eee 87, €8, 93 Japan, food plant of Hoplia trivialis....-. Dee cee a tee eg oe 104 native wild, food plant of Aspidiotus howardw.....-....-...-.----.----- 93 PLS ORDTOSS1CH 2 2.2% Snes ek TAS oe ee I ee 96 Poison-bran against cutwormis.-0 20. oe ee a ee eee 126 Eolyembryony in parasitic insects. .522. 20. 4) ey ee ee 95-97 Polygnotus nemalis, parasite of Hessian fly_...-...........-..-------<- Re siee 95 minutus, polyembryonic developnient_ 2-55 Sane ee 95 Poplar borer. (See Saperda calcarata.) TOO. PLANE IOL IS CEN ANCALGONOLC en tee ee ee 105 Poplars; undesirable shade'trees in Wast._0 ss oassese eee eee 29 Populus monilifera, food plant of Ceutorhynchus lapathi...........-.---.------- 27 Porthetria dispar (see also Gipsy moth). not yetin New Monk. State: sce. se reise ot epee ee 39 Potato; food plant of entworms..5. 2: pose Son teal ss eee oS - ee ee 126 Predaceous insects in economic entomology, importance of study.............. 83 PTT PNOTUS GCCTICMUISS 92 ae prea Sal yt as Ne hee bat een ae ee 94 Prospalta auranti, parasite of Aspidiotus howardii.................---------- 90 Prune, food plant/ot Aypidiorus WOWUrATAS Aes ace en 5d oe: one eee 87, 88 Pseudeucela gillettei, parasite of cabbage maggot...................-------2--- 15 Pseudococcus aceris, Hyperaspis signata an enemy............-..--------------- 51 Psylliodes punctulata in hopyards in British Columbia.................------- 112 Plerostichus coracinus and lucublandus, enemies of cabbage maggot............- 15 Pulvinaria acericola on sugar maple in Georgia. -.........-...-.....--.--.+--- 105 INU UTS Mie eOTO ane ee oe Mee noe hc ane Bae eee eee 105 ING walense Vie Soir Baye. eeiep os oes Sth <5 or = See 36 observations on natural checks..............2.-...--- 48-52 INDEX. 143 Page. Pump, compressed-air, for spraying a mechanical mixture of oil with water or FApeleSren I IRICIE ge erent een igh ee kl Ctl ee ook Stee Sed ok olehan ck 115 Piniuceinoes palit OF /PTDRY MiOth ss 59e0so <2 hho kk ek ke es la cee ete lee 23 Ragweed borer. (See Hucosma strenwana. ) nanpueriy aood plant. Of CUbWORMS! 7-...- 2s 2.0. suicsn dw cneons eee cen 52 Ss os 125 BU Sc inalilecre) Glau all & Bch or eke es a a ee ee eer 118-119 Report of committee on cooperative testing of insecticides..............------ 12-13 IGM CRSMLE Peers. 92) sae ee ee eee 98 parasites of Heliophila unipuncta, practical absence in New Jersey in 1906 ot eects ee rate ee Lee ee ie hare Ee 35 Tartaric acid solution ineffective against little red ant.............---..--....- 17 Taylor, E. P., paper, “Economic Work Against the Howard Scale in Colorado (Aspidiotus howardit: Oily eee) eee ic ee ee Siete ie ee 87-93 Thrips tabaci not reported on tobacco in United States............------+:---- 112 tobacco. (See Euthrips nicotiane.) Rhaysanvaszenovia in Newey On kes talene eae eae ere ee ae ee 39 Pinvcen septendecvm: nm. Miarsyilenm dis see sree ares See ee a ee 38 INGWatlerse Vitesse eerie en ee eee 2) ee 34 NeweViork? S tate =. Fees ei Oe So ie ea ee ee 43 Mimothy. ood plant iofisosomiaee. =-s- 580. ee eee ee ee ee 97,98 Tobacco decoction against aerial form of Schizoneura lanigera......-...-.------ 104 SAND NUS WRON 3 82252) 2k Oe a ee es eo ee 104 DET SUCHE NG Cl = a= Se SO ae ee Oe ee 103 flea-beetle. (See Epitrix parvula.) food ‘plant of cucumber flea-beetle.~..222 222-222-0855. 6 doe ee 11 : Thrips tabaci in Russia: .2:2 22 eee 112 insects: imeblonida im slO05.2=2 5.90.2 sal ae Jide eee 106-111 remedial practices... /.2:.2..0. 0-28... 111 worms. (See Phlegethontius quinquemaculata and P. sexta.) Toxoneuron semimgra, perhaps parasite of tobacco budworms.......----.----- 108 Tree-cricket, snowy. (See Qcanthus niveus.) tanglefoot against prpsysmoth 2255s cert ies.2. 2 eee 23 Trombidium scabrum, enemy of cabbage maggot...........-.-.--------------- 15 Turpentine Scaimst CubwOnmsss.: coc. =e te 22 Je) oe Do 110 Tussock moth, hickory. (See Holisidota caryx.) white-marked. (See Hemerocampa leucostigma. ) Typhlodromus putt ID Ura pe sts. sss. -52-60 se. 22 Sek +k ee 43 Venturia pirina, work of pear mites sometimes mistaken therefor.......-...---- 47 Violet fly. (See Contarinia violicola.) gall-midge. (See Contarinia violicola.) INDEX. a 45 Page. Nimeweamnputye oy Contarmia wondolaesss-. =< 22 >. eo ee ek el. 41-42, 48 Walden, B. H., paper, “ Notes on a New Sawfly Attacking the Peach (Pamphi- [OTE ky COT NE ee St A Se SS ee a eS 85-86 Wall flowers, food plants of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris and Noctwa clandestina. . - - - 126 Weluuitood plant of Datane inicgermimdn..- <=. «2: - 22-22 l224.-5-5 22222 5-- 22 105 worm black. (See Datania integerrima. ) Washburn, F. L., paper, ‘Insect Notes from Minnesota for 1906” -.. .-...---- 13-17 Websterellus, parasite of Isosoma of timothy ..............-------.-2:.-.+--- 98 tritici, double brooded, parasite of jointworms..........-------- 97 Webster, F. M., paper, “The Value of Parasites in Cereal and Forage Crop JEL AACS OUTRO EA MOR Ste ay re orp ee eee fo igs, ks aa Pie Oe oa a 94-99 Webworm, fall. (See Hyphantria canew) Weevil, white-pine. (See Pissodes strobi.) Weldon, G. P., paper, “ Miscellaneous Insect Notes from Maryland for 1906”’.. 37-39 Wiale-on soap apainst aphisietenites © saa eke eet. Cece oe ces 29-30 ASpidiotusOwardtiien 126-32 Soca E es a eee = 8 ree 93 ikea wescdeplomti of CULWONMs 22 55 — sc qb wae oe aca Lae oe tae eS 126 NSto\Sfoy nav OR = ais ep Seep a eae, ee ae ia ee ee Ce ee 97 G2 eet PRA ant Cae AP MER ere et Mee 102 Magetiotadastreiones tyre ey Phe ae ee 102 midge. (See Contarinia tritict.) BLOGG pOOdvOlStLOlrOgG cer ealella@ ra ie) Son 0 1. hee Iu ee oT 102 Wihitewasin aeainsn aphis eps. = s2C) see boc k es ee le rouse .-t4 oe ac ae tees oe 30 Willow borer. (See Cryptorhynchus lapathi. ) Witte worm emrroUaccailiy BNOMG2s: ons sentence ook .ve Sate So em Ses sacle 110-111 “Woolworm.’’ (See Estigmene acrea.) 487—No. 67—07 10 ~I Se eas Drv. INSECTS. : U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, | BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 68, Part I. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PEAR THRIPS. BY DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. ISSUED JUNE 10, 1907. s\ A i> WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1907. as DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 68, Part I. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Pia hAK TRS. BY DW Dery MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. ISSUED JUNE 10, 1907. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, POE, CO Nab aa Ss: i ICerMve MMe Mure ia Uy Se as eee ee be ahaa eS oe ee a ee a PexcmpmoninOn Tie TNOUNL Patise sat ast vee Ae eo i Me eo ce eke ewe Relation of the budding and blossoming of trees to the feeding habits of UGB IS OSes cca tegen ak ih i, a ta es ee A EN es [lacie reach erl ee S%01 ge 12) cg: 2 al ae a a ag ay ae a na ac a re a Greene SNA SE SES eo NN et See Se ees fee's Se Dee icke Bee Thevees sine OVIpOsiton. And OVIPOsItION.. .-. 20. 222---+-2+--s45-52 242 Se LANE hee (ok OOS SORE BU 95 A SS Bee 2 er eee a Oe Ae ieee ee Mauss Teniicay Ne OLS OURO). eas eee = Seed eee ees ae A epg ira pees eee SE AS oo Sis AS 5 ER eo en ie ak ee eer ee ee 8 re. EE Ope la.c Bae agile ir a ee ‘CLELGHI EM See Seer ga See SF ae a eee ee ere Seer ge eS en a ee i te ae Neuer ill eset es revel sent iy pee Oe so ot A Se ad ya | ee hth ae ei iia Tae atid ed IIL LELUSThATLONS: PLATES. Page. Puate I. Work of the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel). Fig. 1.—Imperial prune, showing buds and blossoms injured by feeding of adult thrips. Fig. 2.—Unfolding leaves of Hemskirk apricot injured by young thrips. Fig. 3.—Madeline pear, showing cup-shaped deformities of the larger and rolling of the smaller leaves, the injury caused by young thrips. cts. 5.8 2s. ace ee ee 6 II. Work of the pear thrips (Euthrips pyri Daniel). Fig. 1.—Black Tartarian cherry blossoms killed by adult thrips and leaves injured by young thrips. Fig. 2.—Bartlett pear, showing all except very late blossoms dead from thrips and leaves injured by feeding of young thitps:s. 2. 39%5324. 2 Sees eee Saxe Spee eee ee eee 6 Fic. 1. Euthrips pyri: head and prothorax from side, showing mouth-parts. . - - 3 2. Eruthrips pytiev gee oe 2 28 esa se eS ee ec ee ee 7 3. Euthrips pyri: ovipositor and end of abdomen from side. ........------ 7 4. Buthrips pyri: larvaises 2 seco. see ee oe eee eee 9 5. Euthrips pyri: nymph or pupa...-.-.--- BP wUOks Re aoe ee Ope eee 10 6: Buthrips pyri: adultz 23 es Se oe cee Se ene 11 7. Cladosporium sp., a fungus which attacks the pear thrips: active fruit- ing stage on adult thrips, branching mycelia, forming spores . . .- - -- 15 8. Cladosporium sp.: resting spores within dead thrips larva.....-.--..-- 16 IV U.S: D. A., B. E. Bul. 68, Part I. D. F. I. I. June 10, 1907 PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PEAR THRIPS. (Euthrips pyrt Daniel.) By Dupiey Mourron. Engaged in Deciduous Frit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. This paper brings together the results of an investigation of the life history, habits, natural enemies, and methods of control of the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel), a pest of deciduous fruit trees in the San Francisco Bay region of California. The investigation was under- taken at the request of the Santa Clara County board of supervisors, who furnished the funds and liberally granted necessary facilities for a thorough and scientific study, and was carried out in the Santa Clara Valley, where the thrips seemed to be at its worst. The investi- gation extended through a period of fifteen months, from February, 1904, to April, 1905.¢ f The writer offers this paper rather as an introduction for future work than as a completed account, and it is intended especially for the fruit grower, that he may understand the nature of the insect and its injury. The alarm felt for the safety of the deciduous fruit industry, which the pear thrips caused during 1904 and 1905, in the light of our pres- ent knowledge need not again be experienced, and, although no effect- ive means of control are yet offered, a knowledge of the life habits should do much to clear away the uncertainty usually following the first appearance of a destructive pest in any locality. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. The pear thrips is known to exist in the San Francisco Bay counties and along the Sierra Nevada foothills, but it is not known how widely the pest is distributed outside of these localities. It is still a question whether the insect is a native of California or an introduced form. Paine. He isindebted also to Prof. W. R. Dudley, head of the department of systematic botany, and to Dr. G. H. Pierce, of the Leland Stanford Junior University, for literature and helpful suggestions in carrying on the work on the fungus which appears to be one of the natural checks for Euthrips pyri, and finally to Prof. Vernon L. Kellogg for his ever helpful suggestions and encouragement. 2 DECIDUOUS, FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. wild plum or cherry, for its original food plant, and later, as large fruit-growing districts were developed and as the insect found more and better food, it may have changed its feeding habits from the wild to the cultivated plants. This would be a not unusual change. “On the other hand, it may have been imported and, finding conditions favorable here and no effective natural enemies present, may have increased and spread rapidly. In 1904 the pest was thought to be strictly local in the Santa Clara Valley, but in 1905, when the insect had become better known, it was found to be widespread in the San Francisco Bay regions and its ravages were being felt in fruit sections in other than this one valley. A peculiar blighting of blossoms had been commonly observed in several localities in the Santa Clara Valley previous to 1904, and this blighting was invariably followed by an almost complete failure of crop. Its cause was not at first explained, for trees were injured within a very few days and the insects, as it happened, were gone before the owner was aware of the injury. The pear thrips seems to have reached a maximum in numbers during the season of 1905. Large orchard sections, often miles in length, suffered an almost complete failure of crops and these worst infested areas were in the heart of the best fruit, sections of the valley. All of this loss, however, can not be charged to the thrips, for there occurred unusually heavy and driving rains during the blossoming season of this year, and it was often impossible to determine the relative amount of injury caused by the thrips and that caused by rain, except where thrips were found feeding before the storms came on. The season of 1906 proved to be a more hopeful one. Thrips, fewer in numbers, were late to appear, and the early injury to buds was not so apparent. The trees blossomed almost in the normal way. ‘The later injury to fruits, however, was quite as noticeable. The scab on mature prunes—the never-failing evidence that thrips have been feeding in the spring—depreciated the value of the fruit in all of the thrips-infested regions. NATURE AND EXTENT OF INJURY. Injury to plants is the direct! result of the feeding and ovipositing of the thrips. DESCRIPTION OF THE MOUTH PARTS. The mouth parts of thrips project from the lower posterior side of the head and have the appearance of an inverted cone (fig. 1). The mouth opening is in the small distal end, and through it the stylets or piercing organs are projected when the insect is feeding. The rim at the tip is armed with several strong, chitinous points, which figure prominently in tearing open the plant tissues. The insect first pierces s THE PEAR THRIPS. 3 the plant epidermis with the stylets, then, moving the cone tip back- ward and forward, it enlarges the opening and lacerates the plant tissue by means of the barbed snout. It then pushes the tip of the mouth cone into the puncture thus made and sucks in the plant juices. Larve feed in a similar way, having similarly constructed mouth-parts. RELATION OF THE BUDDING AND BLOSSOMING OF TREES TO THE FEED- ING HABITS OF THRIPS. The dark-brown adult thrips arrive on the trees in late February and early March, the period of early opening buds and first blossoms; they are common in March and April, the two months of bloom and early leaf, and all are gone from the trees by the middle of May. Only a few adults can be found after the 1st of May, and most larve have reached full growth by this time and have gone into the ground. Thus it is that the active feeding stages of the thrips coincide with the budding, blooming, and early leaf periods of the host trees. The difference in bud formation and pro- gress of development of various deciduous trees influence to a large extent the man- ner of injury which thrips inflict. Trees may be divided for the sake of convenience, in re- gard to the bud structure, into two groups, Br ae Se cadens namely: (1) Those in which asingle fruit bud side, to show mouth-parts. produces one blossom, such as the almond, “%™ °™#t#ed Coriginal). apricot, and peach; and (2) those in which a single fruit bud opens out to form a cluster of blossoms which later produces a cluster of fruits, as the prune, cherry, pear, and apple. The relative blooming periods of the several varieties of fruit on which thrips inflict injury, as found in the Santa Clara Valley, may be noted as follows: Group 1: Almonds, late in February; apricots and peaches, early in March. Group 2: Prunes, middle and last of March; cherries and pears, early in April. These periods vary from year to year and the varieties of each fruit also vary to a large degree, but the general order of blooming is suggestive. Opening buds precede full bloom by eight or ten days. The almond, of the first group, presents an interesting study of the feeding habits of thrips. The bud development occurs dur- ing early February, early blossoms from February 5 to 16, and full bloom from February 9 to 20 and later. Thrips appear about February 25 or March 1, and it is evident that almond blossoms are 4 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. well along before enough thrips have appeared to become especially injurious. Many instances can be cited where thrips were especially numerous on almond trees, often as many as 25 or 50 inhabiting a single blossom, and yet the trees set and matured a full crop of nuts. The insects did not have an opportunity to attack the opening buds, and after blossoms were open they preferred the nectary glands on the inside of the calyx cups. They did not, apparently, relish any other parts of these particular blossoms, and the pistil, stigma, and young fruits were not attacked. Stamens were weakened, for they arise from the rim of the calyx just above the place where the insects find their enticing food, but the pollen had already ripened and had been shed. Thrips can be found as numerously on almonds as on any ‘other variety of affected trees, but there is a large, newly exposed leaf and blossom surface, and the greatest danger period is passed before the insects arrive. For these reasons the trees are able to support many thrips without the amount or the quality of their fruit being appreciably affected. The peach, especially the Muir and the Nicols’ cling varieties, suffers as much as other fruits, but the acreage in the Santa Clara Valley is not large as compared with that of the prune, for instance; consequently the damage has not been so marked. The period of opening buds and blossoms occurs just at a time to permit of thrips entering them from their earliest development. The swelling bud pushes apart its outer winter protecting scales and thrips immediately force a way in. The insects feed on the tender, closely plaited tips of petals, which are readily killed. They force an entrance between calyx lobes and petals, feeding as they go, and soon reach and attack the very small and fragile blossom stem. This is soon destroyed. Later the blossoms which may have escaped the early injury are attacked from within, the thrips feeding on the inner flower parts. The piercing and rasping manner of feeding is very disastrous to ten- der plant tissue, and fatal injury can be effected by a very few move- ments of the powerful méuth cone with its armed tip. The writer has often examined peach trees which had but recently been attacked by thrips and found that almost every blossom would fall out from its cluster of scales when the limbs were gently tapped. Badly infested peach trees do not bloom at all. Apricot blossoms are similar to those of the peach and are injured in the same way. The thrips is at its worst on trees of the second group, which includes the pear, prune, cherry, and apple. These fruits bloom later, which permits the gathering of thrips in numbers_ before buds are at all advanced. The writer has found thrips on cherry and prune trees waiting, as it were, for the buds to open, and he has found as many as 75 individuals in a single blossom which opened prema- turely early. A thrips enters a prune bud through the tip and forces —-- THE PEAR THRIPS. 5 a way down the center of the cluster, feeding as it goes on the con- tiguous sides of the several blossom buds. Normal growth ceases immediately. The untouched outer side of each blossom bud develops for a time, but the injured inner part becomes brown and dies. This causes each flower bud to turn in toward the center, and the whole cluster eventually falls. (See Pl. I, fig. 1.) When thus injured, most blossoms do not open at all, but if they do thrips are able to enter and feed in the more vital flower parts. Only a few blossoms survive both periods of injury when thrips are very numer- ous. The insects attack blossom and leaf buds alike and, in fact, every part that offers new and tender plant tissue. Pears suffer mostly during early bud development, and blossoms are nearly all dead before the clusters open. Cherries present a more resistant growth. There is a decidedly sticky secretion on the surface of newly exposed leaves, and often wings of thrips stick fast and many are thus trapped. Cherries develop so rapidly that when buds once start, blossom clusters are able to push out, often almost unharmed, even when many thrips are present. These clusters form ideal places for oviposition, and, as will be seen later, cherry trees which may be able to resist the early inju- ries of feeding will suffer from the effects of ovipositing. Thrips have displayed very decided preferences for certain flower parts. It has been mentioned that they choose the inner side of the almond calyx cup. In prunes they are partial to the tiny blossom stems and to the tips of petals and, when blossoms have opened, to the stigma and style. This last injury is especially noticeable on cherries, where the writer has many times found the stigmas and styles blackened as a result of the feeding of thrips, while the rest of the blossoms was untouched. Injury on leaf buds and on tender foliage is almost as marked as “hen blossoms alone are attacked, although there can be no closely drawn line of distinction, because of the close interrelation of leaf and blossom buds. Trees that have been ravaged for three or four days can not again put forth new leaf buds and assume a natural growth for several months, and then they appear sickly for the entire year. Often they can not start anew until the thrips have actually left the trees, as the insects continue to hinder each new effort which the trees may make. The pear thrips is known to feed on the following plants, and it is probable that this list, extensive as it is, is not complete: Almond, apple, apricot (several varieties), cherry, fig, grape, peach (Muir and Nicols’ clings preferred), pear (especially Doynne du Comice and Bartlett), plum, prune, walnut (English). The insect shows a decided preference for certain varieties of prunes, pears, and peaches, but of the other fruits all varieties seem to be attacked alike. The pear thrips has been collected from the 27783—No. 68, pt 1—07 9 6 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. following indigenous plants: Blossoms of the madrofia (Arbutus menziesii) and wild California lilac (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), and foli- age of poison oak (Rhus diversiloba). All of these plants, however, were near thrips-infested orchards, and, moreover, only a few indi- viduals were taken from each of the plants. FEEDING HABITS OF LARV. Thrips larve feed almost entirely on young, tender foliage and on the surface of fruits. They conceal themselves in terminal buds (PI. I, fig. 2), and often, as on the cherry, they attack the underside of leaves, usually near the prominent veins. They cause the leaves to become much contorted, ragged, and full of holes (PI. II, fig. 1). The insects seem at times to take advantage of certain tendencies in the growth of plants on which they happen to feed. For example, newly opening pear or apple leaves show a tendency to roll from the sides inward and thrips find this inner protected surface a most desirable feeding place. In such a case the upper, inner surface is destroyed, and the leaf, instead of opening out, becomes rolled up tight and eventually dies. The ee insect thus secures the tenderest of leaf tissue for its food, and also protection in the folded leaf. 4 (Pl. I, fig. 2.) Thrips often cause a deadening of the leaf margin, and in such cases the leaf is forced into an abnormal, often cup-shaped, growth. Fic. 2.—Eggs of the pear 6 Be tl Onc thrips (Euthrips pyri). bis is a very characteristic injury on pear trees. Highly magnified (orig- (P],J,fig.3.) The feeding injury of thrips larvee inal). ni pth 5 oo 5 on fruits, especially prunes, 1s In a way superficial, but it seriously impairs the appearance of the ripened fruits and greatly lessens the value of the finished product. A prune grows to be larger than a grain of wheat before the dead calyx is sloughed off. Larve feed under protection of this dead calyx, and as a result an abrasion of the skin, the feeding injury, is noticeable, even on very small fruits. The wound appears first as a small brown spot which enlarges and produces a scab as the fruit matures. The seriousness of what at first might seem a small surface marking is more readily appreciated when one recalls that when prunes are being cured the tough, scabby spot does not shrivel up during the process of drying as does the flesh of the prune, nor does it assume a darker color as does the prune. Thrips larve are often carried by various means from the original food plant to other hosts, being blown, for example, from a tree to grass or weeds beneath. They have no wings and can not fly back to the tree. A few crawl up again, but most larve adapt themselves to the new plant until fully grown, when they, too, go into the ground. Many of the common weeds have thus been found supporting larve, although no full-grown thrips have ever been seen feeding or deposit- Bul. 68, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |. WorK OF THE PEAR THRIPS (EUTHRIPS PYRI DANIEL). Fig. 1.—Imperial prune, showing buds and blossoms injured by feeding of adult thrips. Fig. 2.—Unfolding leaves of Hemskirk apricot injured by young thrips. Fig. 3.—Madeline pear, showing cup-shaped deformities of the larger and rolling of the smaller leaves, the injury caused by young thrips. (Original. ) Bul. 68, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. ef Agriculture. PLATE Il. WORK OF THE PEAR THRIPS (EUTHRIPS PYRI DANIEL). Fig. 1.—Black Tartarian cherry blossoms killed by adult thrips and leaves injured by young thrips. Fig. 2.—Bartlett pear, showing all except very late blossoms dead from thrips and leaves injured by feeding of young thrips. (Original.) THE PEAR THRIPS. ‘ ing eggs on such plants. The insect has proved itself a strictly fruit- tree pest, and it is carried to weeds and lives on them or on other plants only by accident. LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. THE EGG, THE OVIPOSITOR, AND OVIPOSITION. The thrips egg is bean-shaped (fig. 2), light-colored, almost trans- parent, and is very large in proportion to the size of the abdomen when seen within the body of the adult female. Itis about 0.33 mm. long by actual measurement. The ovipositor (fig. 3) is made up of four distinct plates. Each plate is pointed, has a serrate outer edge, and is operated by powerful muscles and plates within the abdomen. The pairs on each side fit together along the inner edges with a tongue-and-groove-like structure, which in action renders possible a sliding back and forth, or sawing motion. The ovipositor is protected | within a sheath in the ventral tip of the abdomen when not used, but before and during ovipositing it is lowered until almost at right angles to the body. Oviposition accompanies feeding. It seems necessary, indeed, that before the ovipositor can be inserted through the plant epidermis the thrips must first weaken or break an opening through ry. 3.—rhe pear thrips (Euthrips pyri): this tissue with the mouth-parts. The — °vipositor and end of abdomen from . ° s side. Much enlarged (original). successive operations of lacerating the plant tissue, lowering the ovipositor, placing an egg, and withdrawing the ovipositor require from four to ten minutes, and may be briefly described as follows: After making an incision with the mouth parts the insect moves forward, lowers and inserts the ovipositor, and by operating the tiny saws she makes a deep incision in the plant tissue. While the ovipositor is still deeply set in the plant, an egg is con- ducted through the cavity between the plates and deposited under- neath the epidermis. The ovipositor is withdrawn and the egg is thus left deeply embedded within the plant. During the oviposition period one often finds a branch or a tree, or even many trees, on which almost all thrips are ovipositing at the same time. The small, fragile, just-exposed blossoms, stems, and leaf petioles, and later the midribs and veins on the back side of the leaves, and still later even the leaf tissue itself, are the places preferred for ovi- positing. A thrips always places her eggs in the tenderest of the plant’s tissue. There is danger of the ovipositor getting caught if the tissue is hard. Also, it is necessary during egg development that the 8 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. surrounding tissue be flexible and moist, for the egg covering is elastic and the embryonic thrips within increases in size very noticeably before the larva issues. There is space within the adult insect’s body for only a few eggs at a time—seven or eight. A thrips probably places only a few eggs dur- ing a single day. She feeds for a time, deposits an egg, and then moves to another place, and later to still other places, and these may be all on one or scattered on several trees. The adult thus spreads her progeny from tree to tree wherever she goes. Nothing seems to hinder thrips which may be set on ovipositing. They have been ob- served placing eggs at all hours of the day and night and under all conditions of weather. The period of oviposition lasts for several weeks, or during practically all of the life of the adult insects. Injury from oviposition is most conspicuous on cherry trees. Oper- ating at the base of a cluster of fruits, a few thrips will cut several incisions and place as many eggs in a single stem. This so weakens the stem that it fails to perform its usual function, and the rapidly developing cherry soon becomes yellow, and falls. Thrips seem to prefer the cherry to other varieties of fruits as a place for ovipositing during the later sea- son, and this fruit suffers severely from ovipositing, though it may escape the first feeding injury. The result is a heavy drop- ping of half-grown cherries, which in badly infested regions means almost the whole crop. Numerous leaf and blossom stems in which eges had been placed were closely watched Fic. 4—The pear thrips (zu. to determine the length of the egg stage. In ee ean Much en- many cases these stems became dry during confinement in the laboratory, and almost in- variably from these no thrips issued. Eggs need moisture for their preservation and development, and young thrips must have tender and pliable tissue through which to emerge. The egg stage lasts, approximately, four days. THE LARVA. It is interesting to watch, with the aid of a strong lens, a young thrips issuing from the egg. The tiny incision in the stem of a blossom or leaf shows where an egg has been placed, and the enlarging ego within, causing a swelling in the plant tissue at the summit of which is the incision, indicates that the insect is about ready to emerge. The first sign of life is the appearance, pushing out from the THE PEAR THRIPS. 9 incision, of the head with its bright red eyes. Little by little, and swaying backward and forward, the larva forces itself out until about one-half of the body is exposed, when first the antenne and then one by one the pairs of legs are made free from their resting position against the body. Swaying backward and forward, with legs and antenne waving frantically about, the insect pushes out of the egg cavity almost to its full length, whereupon, leaning forward it eagerly takes a hold with its newly formed feet, and, with a final effort, pulls itself free and walks rapidly away. From four to ten minutes are required for the insect to free itself from the egg. The young insect is almost transparent and the green chlorophyll particles taken into the stomach can be seen through the body wall. Growth is rapid from the beginning. A very decided change takes place during the second larval stage (fig. 4). In about three weeks the insect reaches a size often larger than that of the fully maturedinsect. It then ceases to feed, falls to the ground, and enters the ground by some erack or wormhole. It goes down from 3 to 10 inches, according to the structure and condition of the soil, the usual depth being about 4 inches. Upon reaching a secure depth, the larva hollows out for itself a tiny spherical or oblong cell or it finds an exceedingly small natural cavity and shapes this for its convenience. The completed chamber has a hard, smooth inner wall, and it is about one-twelfth of an inch long, or just a little longer than the insect itself. The insect here spends the greater portion Fi. 5.—The pear thrips (Zuthrips Of its life. Jt remains for several months 297): nymph or pupa. Much en- 3 - larged (original). a quiescent, non-food-taking larva. Later the pupal changes are undergone, and lastly the adult insect appears before it issues forth to the tree. Larve collected from the ground on August 28 were active, and, strange to say, green chlorophyll matter, undigested food, which had been taken into the stomach several months before, was still present in their bodies. The insects are scattered through the soil from near the trunk to several feet from the tree. THE NYMPH OR PUPA. The writer has not been able to determine how long the nymph stage (fig. 5) lasts, but it evidently extends over several weeks. Nymphs in all stages of development were collected during May and at intervals until the following February, but they are most common during December, January, and February. The writer has gathered 10 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. nymphs from the ground early in May, but it is difficult to explain - their presence there so early in the spring. It hardly seems possible that these were the still immature forms of the previous year, for by this time all adult thrips had left the trees. These nymphs were taken along with the larve, which had just entered the ground, and it might seem that they were hurrying through to produce a second generation; but to the writer’s certain knowledge adults of a second generation did not appear on the trees. The nymph is active at all times. Wings develop from mere buds to long sacs which project backward along the sides of the body, and eventually reach beyond the tip of the abdomen. THE ADULT. The adult thrips (fig. 6) remain in the pupal chamber for days, and it may even be weeks before they issue forth to take up active life. How individual thrips force their way through the several inches of earth which lies above them is still a question. They come out, it seems, only after the ground has been thoroughly softened by rains, and it is evident, too, that they depend largely on the natural open- ings. They. can not possibly use the backwardly bent mouth cone as a means of boring or biting their way out. They have several groups of spines and certain angular edges on the sides of the ab- dominal segments, however, which might be used in forcing a way through the soft soil. They also possess roughened, scoop-like structures— ed Ree eae parts of the chitinous, hoof-like shell of the thrips pyri): adult. Much feet—which undoubtedly are used for digging. BHP tenet (Hema: Adult thrips appeared in alarming numbers in many Santa Clara Valley orchards in 1904, about February 24; in 1905 several days later, and in 1906 about March 1, They appear on the trees by millions and, it seems, all at about the same time. They feed and oviposit most actively during March and April, and by May 1 altnost all have disappeared. No male individuals of the pear thrips have ever been collected; all have been females. THE PEAR THRIPS. Lik Adults may be present in an orchard for a few days and then suddenly almost all disappear. This is explained by their habits of migration as evidenced by the following observations: In a certain pear orchard which had been kept under daily observation for a week or more thrips had been abundant in blossoms and buds until suddenly one day all seemed to have disappeared. Upon closer ex- amination, however, they were found congregating and walking around on the larger branches. This was about.3 o’clock in the after- noon. On the following morning hardly an individual could be found in the orchard. This manner of flight seems to be distinctly migra- tory. Thrips often leave their places of feeding just before sunset and hover around and over and later settle back on the same trees. This mode of flight is decidedly different from the migratory one. It occurs only at evening, and the writer has never seen the pear thrips in flight during the morning or during the middle of the day. DESCRIPTION. Euthrips pyri Daniel. . Measurements: Head, length 0.13 mm., width 0.15 mm.; prothorax, length 0.13 mm., width 0.2 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.28 mm.; abdomen, width 0.31 mm.; total length 1.26mm. Antenne: 1, 334; 2, 45u; 3, 6384; 4, 54; 5, 33; 6, 66; 7, On; 8, 124; total, 0.31 mm. ‘Color dark brown, tarsi light brown to yellow. Head slightly wider than long, cheeks arched, anterior margin angular, back of head transversely striate and bearing a few minute spines and a pair of very long prominent spines between posterior ocelli. Eyes prominent, oval in outline, black with light borders, coarsely faceted and pilose. Ocelli are approximate, yellow, margined inwardly with orange-brown crescents, posterior ones approximate to but not con- tiguous with light inner borders of eyes. Mouth-cone pointed, tipped with black; maxillary palpi three-segmented; labial palpi two-segmented, basal segment very short. Antenne eight-segmented, about two and one-half times as long as head, uniform brown except segment 3, which is light brown; spines pale; a forked sense cone on dorsal side of segment 3, with a similar one on ventral side of segment 4. Prothorax about as long but wider than head; a weak spine at each anterior and two large, strong ones on each posterior angle; other spines are not conspicuous. Meso- thorax with sides evenly convex, angles rounded; metanotal plate with four spines near front edge, inner pair largest. The mesonotal and metanotal plates are faintly striate. Legs moderately long, uniform brown except tibize and tarsi, which are yel- low. Spines on tip of fore and middle tibix weak; several strong spines on hind tibie. Wings present, extending beyond tip of abdomen, about twelve times as long as wide, pointed at tips; costa of fore wings thickly set with from twenty-nine to thirty-three quite long spines; fore vein with twelve or fifteen arranged in two groups of three and six, respectively, on basal half of wing and a few scattering ones on distal part; hind vein with fifteen or sixteen regularly placed spines; costal fringe on fore wing about twice as long as costal spines. Abdomen subovate, tapering abruptly toward the tip from the eighth segment; longest spines on segments 9 and 10; abdomen uniform brown, connective tissue yellow. Redescribed from many specimens, including several cotypes from Miss Daniel. Male unknown. Food plants: Apricots, apples, almonds, cherries, figs, grapes, pears, prunes, plums, walnuts. The insect is found mostly on deciduous fruits. Habitat: San Francisco Bay region, California. 12 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. METHODS AND NATURAL FACTORS IN CONTROL. The study of the life habits of the pear thrips, as already given in detail, explains why certain artificial remedies are not entirely effect- ive, and it also suggests other methods. Adults appear suddenly in late February and early March. They enter the opening buds and feed largely in protected places, and always on newly developing plant tissue. Destruction to buds can be accomplished in avery few days— it may be in less than a week. The fully developed wings of the insect permit of active flight and widespread distribution. Ovyipo-. sition, extending through several weeks, permits of a widespread and a continuous feeding period for the new brood. Eggs are safely placed within the plant tissue. Larve feed largely in protected places while on the tree, and then seek shelter and spend many months in the ground. An individual of the species will spend about eleven months in the ground and one on the tree, although the whole period of infes- tation cf trees by adults and larve may be about three months. SPRAYS. Exposed thrips, both adults and larve, can be killed by several of the contact insecticides, but sprays have not proved successful, be- cause the spray mixture can not be forced into the very tender buds and blossoms where the thrips are, without injuring the plants, and, besides, all of the thrips can not be reached by a single spraying. It was found in the limited experiments of 1905 that thrips could be killed over any given area, but that within a few days the infestation would be as bad as though no spraying had been done. This is accounted for by the presence of those thrips which escaped the spray and by the new individuals which had migrated into the orchard. It would be impossible for all persons to accomplish their spraying within the few days when the thrips are arriving on the trees. Larve are more easily killed than adult thrips, but as they feed largely within the leaf clusters they, too, are protected. Spraying to kill larvee would necessarily be done after the serious injury from adults had been effected. It might be possible to obtain some results by applying a poisonous spray, but the ever newly unfolding leaf surface, upon which the insects could feed and which would not be poisoned, would render this kind of spray almost useless. CULTIVATION. There is some ground for believing, although the evidence is not conclusive, that thorough cultivation will figure largely as a means of control for the pear thrips; but even here the treatment must cover areas of considerable extent. Thrips larvee in the ground are mostly within reach of the plow, being usually found within 5 inches of the surface, although a few may go deeper. On uncultivated areas they THE PEAR THRIPS. 13 may be found within 2 or 3 inches of the surface. Thrips are entering the ground mostly during the last two weeks of March and during April, a period when the most active cultivation of the year is carried on. But the insects are very active at this time, and if they are only dis- turbed and not killed in the mechanical stirring of the soil they simply find a new place to hide and perhaps go a little deeper into the ground. From the following evidence, however, it is quite obvious that careful spring cultivation is helpful. A certain row of cherry trees which was badly infested with thrips during 1905 was kept under constant obser- ration for several months because it represented various interesting conditions. The trees bordered a roadway and were for this reason cultivated only on one side. There was a strip of land perhaps 3 feet wide extending on either side of the row, which, though uncultivated, was not hardened like the roadway. In February and March, 1905, the trees in question were very badly infested, were stripped of all their fruits, and left with pale, ragged leaves. Adults were numerous. Many eggs were deposited and larve by thousands matured, dropped down, and entered the ground. These larve were actually seen enter- ing the soil, mostly during the month of April. During April and May they were readily found in the ground several feet from the tree as well as near to its trunk. They werescattered about generally, regardless of cultivation, except that the many individuals which were unable to penetrate the hard gravel road crawled off to the side. They did not go deeper than 3 or 4 inches in the uncultivated strip near the trees, while in the well-cultivated soil they were often found 6 or 7 inches below the ground surface. They could be found easily any- where, in April, just after entering the ground. After the spring and early summer cultivating, however, almost none could be found in the deeply cultivated soil, but they were as common as ever in the uncultivated ground. A dozen or more thrips were often collected from a small clod about aninch and a half in diameter. Small uncul- tivated areas may be found in almost any orchard, and it is a fact that a few square yards of ground can harbor a very large number of thrips. Cultivation methods, however, as a means of control, can be only partially effective at best. . One can not kill all of the thrips in the ground even with the most careful cultivation, and there are always men who can not or will not cultivate at the proper time. Then, too, there are areas along fences, ditches, ete., which can be cultivated only with great difficulty. What is even more important, certain kinds of soils—adobe and clays—can be cultivated only under certain condi- tions to be kept mellow and loose. The present manner of cultivation in the Santa Clara Valley offers almost ideal conditions for the thrips, in that the insect is left undisturbed during almost the entire period occupied by the resting stage—from June until the following February. 14 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Thrips are in the ground all of this time, and for the most part within reach of the cultivator, but they mature and arrive on the trees in- March and April, before spring cultivating is begun. NATURAL ENEMIES. The pear thrips is largely protected from ordinary preaaceous and parasitic insects, because it spends so long a time hidden away in the ground. ea. Beh. Bull 68s Part Vii DH lS Te eAprileos L908. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. GRAPE ROOT-WORM INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907. By FRED JOHNSON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. For several years past the control of certain insect enemies of the grape has been a problem of increasing importance with the vine- yardists of the Lake Erie valley. The insect causing most alarm is the grape root-worm (F%dia viticida Walsh). It was in 1899 that serious injury to the grape vine, which proved to be the work of this pest, was first noticed in the famous Chautauqua grape region, at Rip- ley, N. Y. For several years previous to the discovery of this insect in Chautauqua County, it had made serious inroads into the vineyards of the Ohio grape region, and was, in 1895, the subject of investiga- tion by Prof. F. M. Webster, then entomologist of the Ohio Agricul- tural Experiment Station, to whom we are indebted for the first records of its complete life history and methods of control, a report of which was published in Bulletin No. 62 of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Since 1900 this pest has been the subject of investigations in Chau- tauqua County, by Dr. E. P. Felt, State entomologist of New York, and Prof. M. V. Shngerland, of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell University, both of whom made a life-history study of the insect and conducted field experiments in jarring and spraying the vines to reduce the number of beetles. The results obtained by these gentlemen are embodied in Bulletins 59 and 72, New York State Mu- seum, by Dr. E. P. Felt, and in Bulletins 184, 208, and 224, of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, by Prof. M. V. Slingerland. In Farmers’ Bulletin No. 284, on Insects and Fungous Enemies of the Grape East of the Rocky Mountains, by Messrs. A. L. Quaintance and C. L. Shear, the grape root-worm is described, and its life history and methods of control are briefly stated. 61 or) bo DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. A BRIEF CONSIDERATION OF VINEYARD CONDITIONS. During the past eight or ten years changes have occurred in both market conditions and in the age, area, and productivity of vine- yards throughout the Lake Erie valley, which deserve brief consid- eration for full appreciation of the present active interest of vine- yardists in this insect problem. In 1900, when the grape root-worm first appeared in injurious numbers in the Lake Erie valley, the grape industry was just emer- ging from a period of depression which had caused, for several years previous, an almost complete cessation in planting of new vineyards. The period of low prices had resulted in indifferent care, amounting in some cases to positive neglect, thus creating a condition very favor- able to the increase of this pest. The tendency of most vineyardists at that time was to pull out declining vineyards rather than to go to the expense of fighting insect foes. Furthermore, the fact that prac- tically all vineyards had been for several years in bearing and had a well-established root system permitted the insect to become thoroughly disseminated through them before the unsuspecting owners were aware of its presence in numbers sufficient to affect the vigor of their vines. Thus it happened that a combination of circumstances con- spired to favor a general spread of the insect without creating wide- spread alarm. With the steady rise in the value of grapes since 1900, however, this condition has been reversed. Thousands of acres of new vine- yards have been planted, and the more progressive vineyardists are commencing to appreciate fully what an enormous amount of injury has been done to their old vineyards, and are greatly alarmed at the rapidity with which many young vineyards are falling a prey to this pest. A study of the production of grapes in the Lake Erie valley since the advent of the grape root-worm shows a steady decline in yield. The figures given below are taken from the “ Chautauqua Grape Belt,” a newspaper which is largely devoted to the grape interests of that region, and every year publishes carefully gathered statistics on grape production. Grape crop production from 1900 to 1907. Carloads. Yield for 1900 aie, 3 ee ee eee ee OU 1901 aee aege ary: eae 22s 6, 669 1902 ae Ree See eer 5 (0ke 2, 19038 a dct BERS ES Se ee ee eee =- 2, 954 1904 : ae Bee bs Sere pe a! HT 1905 ts Selle ve ee ge IES oe a 3 Om 1906 ee ee ee Sens en eee ae 3 5, 468 QO ss ee a eer er ee eee ee ee 5, 186 GRAPE ROOT-WORM INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907. 63 The true significance of these figures, however, is not realized unless we take into consideration that there are now nearly 10,000 acres more of bearing vineyard than there were in 1900, which should of themselves produce nearly 1,800 carloads of fruit. An analysis of the 1907 crop report brings out forcibly the deterio- ration of the old established vineyards. In the three townships of Portland, Westfield, and Ripley, in which there has been much less new planting than in the townships at either the eastern or western extremities of the grape belt, and which therefore come nearer to giv- ing the true decline of old vineyards, there was a decrease of 585 car- loads of grapes below the crop for 1906. Placing the value of grapes at $25 per ton, the lowest price paid for grapes in 1907, there was a shrinkage in value approaching $175,000 in these three townships. While some of this decline in production may be due to depletion of soil, lack of proper cultivation, and adverse weather conditions, yet many vineyardists who are careful observers are now convinced that a high percentage of this loss is due directly to the ravages of the grape root-worm. It is a fact notorious to all vineyardists that wood production in nearly all vineyards has greatly decreased. In the issue of the “Chautauqua Grape Belt” for January 7, 1908, the statement is made, in predicting a light crop for 1908, that in. most vineyards the wood growth is 65 per cent of the normal wood growth of several years ago, and in many vineyards is as low as 25 per cent. Extended observa- tions during the past year convince the writer that this statement is by no means exaggerated. It was because of the existence of such conditions as are described above that the vineyardists of North East, Pa., became alarmed for the future of their vineyards, and appealed to the Secretary of Agri- culture for assistance. In compliance with this request investiga- tions were commenced by the Bureau of Entomology in the spring of 1907. WORK UNDERTAKEN AT NORTH EAS™, PA. The main features of the work against the grape root-worm at North East, Pa., during the past summer have been: (1) A close study of vineyard conditions to determine the amount of injury for which this insect is responsible, and the amount of injury done to vines of various ages; (2) the conducting of large-scale spraying experiments in vineyards but recently infested, with a view to fur- nishing protection from the insect and maintaining the present stand- ard of crop production; (8) beginning large-scale experiments to determine the possibility of bringing badly injured vineyards up to a state of profitable production, and to ascertain the best means of furnishing protection to young vineyards just coming into bearing. 64 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. EXTENT OF INJURY TO NEWLY BEARING VINEYARDS. As an illustration of the extent of injury done by this pest to young vineyards which came under the writer’s observation during the past summer, the condition of a block of vineyard growing on a level piece of ground in a clay loam soil near the lake shore may be cited. The vines had borne but three crops, and previous to the attack of the grape root-worm were very thrifty. The original planting con- sisted of 3.234 vines. An examination of the vineyard on June 17, 1907, showed that 548 vines had been so badly injured by the grape root-worm that they had to be cut back to the ground; 897 vines were cut back to the lower wire and bore no fruit that season, and the remaining 1,794 vines were cut back to one or two canes. This treatment, made necessary by root-worm injury, resulted in a cur- tailment of 75 per cent of the crop. Figure 1, Plate VIII, shows the condition of the above-mentioned vineyard September 2, 1907. Figure 2, Plate VIII, shows vines in 3 younger vineyard only a few yards distant, bearing their first crop of fruit and not yet infested by the grape root-worm. (The owner informed the writer that at the same age the vines shown in figure 1 were quite as thrifty as those shown in figure 2.) Another young vineyard, 6 years old, on a loose gravel soil, showed an even worse condition. In one section of 1,620 vines, 485 vines were killed outright in a single season, and nearly all the rest of the vines were so seriously injured that they had to be very severely cut back. The crop record of this vineyard is given below, and shows a decline in crop value, in 1907, of $379.80, or 87.17 per cent less than in 1906. TABLE 1.—Crop record of vineyard injured by grape root-worm., | Number | Number Year. | of of trays. | baskets. Net Value weight. | of crop. Pounds. A Aa ee on BO ee eee oe hee Beate ee eee 295 None. 11,630 $127.51 Mpeg ence ats a aoe Oe ie oe ee a So ot oe Se oe | 613 696 23,705 | 410.77 reir toe ated ia tate hs De ee ee ee eas Coes 581 588 21,130 | 435.72 ae ee ee poe LO ae ne ee eet Ae eA 93 | None. 3,195 | 55.92 | Figure 1, Plate IX, shows the stunted condition of the vines in the above-mentioned vineyard, as a result of the grape root-worm injury. Figure 2, Plate IX, shows a normally thrifty uninfested vineyard at North East, Pa. It should be stated in addition that both of these injured vineyards had received the best of care, so far as cultivation and general management are concerned, with the ex- ception of spraying the vines to protect them from the beetles, and previous to 1906 both vineyardists were highly pleased with the vigorous condition of their vines. The illustrations cited above are Bul. 68, Pt. VI, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII. VINES INJURED BY GRAPE ROOT-WORM COMPARED WITH UNINJURED VINES. Fig. 1.—Six-year planted yines making but a weak growth because of injury to roots by grape root-worm. Fig. 2.—Two-year planted vines not yet attacked by grape root- worm. At the same age vines in figure 1 were equally thrifty. (Original.) Bul. 68, Pt. VI, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX. VINES INJURED BY GRAPE ROOT-WORM COMPARED WITH UNINJURED VINES. Fig. 1.—Young vines almost ruined by feeding of grape root-worm upon their roots. Fig. 2—A normally thrifty vineyard at North East, Pa., uninfested by grape root- worm. (Original.) GRAPE ROOT-WORM. INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907. 65 by no means exceptional, and a careful survey would reveal hundreds of acres of these newly bearing vineyards in various stages of de- cline. It was to these new vineyards that the vineyardist looked for the maintenance of the industry in the future, but their present con- dition shows that when unprotected from the grape root-worm they succumb to the attacks of this pest even more rapidly than do old established vines. This rapid decline in young vines, due to grape root-worm attack, has opened up the question of the advisability of attempting to ren- ovate these old, run-down vineyards, some of which are now yield- ing a ton or less of grapes per acre and of which there are several thousands of acres throughout the grape belt. RENOVATION EXPERIMENT ON AN OLD, RUN-DOWN VINEYARD. Early in the spring of 1907 a vineyard of LO acres was secured at North East, Pa., which had been so badly injured by the grape root- worm that the decline in grape production had fallen from 34 tons of grapes per acre, in 1905, to three-fourths ton per acre in 1907. The vineyard is to receive severe pruning, thorough cultivation, liberal applications of fertilizers, and thorough spraying. This treat- ment is to continue for a series of years. The results of this treatment during the past summer are an in- creased growth of canes over last year, and a great reduction in the deposition of grape root-worm eggs—a direct outcome of the poison spray application, as indicated in the following table: TABLE II.—NShoiwving egg deposition on sprayed and check plats. CHECK (UNSPRAYED) PLAT. - . . Asti- Average num- Number of egg elusters found. Esti aoe Dates of When : mated | Num- | Num- __ ber of eggs. applica- | Rotnca =a : 5S SS Der Of | DEr O10 | a. n a eeee tion. oi % : aa : 7 ber of | vines. | canes.| Per Per | Large. mins atti Green| eges. _ vine. | cane. August 12... 97 150 | 238 | 485 | 11,730 25 76 469. 2 154. 37 | SPRAYED PLATS. Formula: 5 pounds blue vitriol (copper sulphate), 5 pounds lime, 5 pounds arsenate of lead, 50 gallons water. = PLAT NO. 1. | Jul Sete \August il 1 21 34 56 | 1,440] 25 | 56| 57.6] 25.71 PLAT NO. 2 Juss se) : = Be ; ; ae » ts : Tolyooe ees fAugust ISiees 4 17 25 46 960 25 85 38.4 11.29 As has been previously stated, the wood growth in this vineyard was light as a result of serious injury to the roots of the vines by the 66 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. grape root-worm and from severe pruning in the spring. For this reason it might be urged by some that this experiment was not a fair test of the efficacy of a poison spray, because, it is said, beetles desert vineyards in this condition for those having a dense foliage. That there were a large number of beetles present, however, is shown by the heavy deposition of eggs in the untreated check, even though the foliage was light. SPRAYING EXPERIMENT IN A NEWLY INFESTED VINEYARD. Since a part of the campaign against this pest is to determine if thorough and timely spraying, conducted for a series of years, will prevent the deterioration of thrifty vineyards but recently infested, an experiment was planned in another vineyard. This vineyard is 20 years old, on gravel soil, making a good growth of canes and luxu- riant foliage. It is infested with the grape root-worm, but is not yet showing evidence of deterioration. The block contains about 6 acres; 1 acre was left unsprayed for check and the method of examination to determine results was the same as in the preceding experiment. The following table gives the record of egg deposition in this block, as a result of the spray applications: TABLE III.—Showing egg deposition on sprayed and check plats. CHECK (UNSPRAYED) PLAT. z : sti- Average num- Number of egg clusters found. Esti | : f : Dates of | when exam: 3B mated | Num- | Num- ber of eggs. applica- aye = = =F =a num- | ber of | ber of |_————— tion. : aes sai a ; ber of | vines. | canes. Per Per Large. Medium. Small. | Total. eggs. vine. | cane. + ck mae | ale Sasa ans VWPAMPUGb eS teas 52 136 213 401 | 8,810 | 25 69 | 352.4 | 127.67 | | | SPRAYED PLATS. Formula: 5 pounds blue vitriol (copper sulphate), 5 pounds lime, 3 pounds arsenate of lead, 50 gallons water. nd \ | | : (aes se 7 Pay Pe PLATNO.1. | | | eae laugust 2 Nae 4 | eR teas: 30| 720 25 72| 28.8] 10 . | | | | PLAT NO.2. | July 15---\\ august 2...... 4| 19 20 13 | 970 25 61| 38.1| 15.9 July 23. ..|f | | METHODS OF RECORDING RESULTS. The figures on egg deposition given in the tables above were ob- tained by carefully removing all of the loose bark from the bearing canes and the trunks of 25 consecutive vines, and recording the num- ber of egg clusters found. Since the egg clusters varied in size, they after the eggs in a large number of clusters had been counted to ascertain the actual number—as /arge, when containing 50 were classified GRAPE ROOT-WORM INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907. 67 eggs or over; medium, when containing about 30 eggs; and small, when containing about 10 eggs. Examinations were made in three parts of the vineyard. An unsprayed check plat of 1 acre was left on one side of the vineyard and the egg clusters found on 25 con- secutive vines, at a date after the maximum number of eggs had been deposited, were recorded in the manner just described. A similar ex- amination was made on 25 consecutive vines in the sprayed portion, six rows over from the check plat, and a further examination on 25 sprayed vines on the opposite side of the vinevard, the main object of this last examination being to determine the uniformity of egg deposition throughout the vineyard. RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS OF SEASON’S WORK. The work of the past season, at North East, Pa., indicates that thorough and timely spraying of infested vines with arsenate of lead will, by preventing the deposition of a sufficiently high percentage of egos, reduce the number of grape root-worms to such an extent that they will not seriously affect the growth of the vines. In order to make the spray effective, however, the first application must be made either immediately before, or as soon as the first beetle is seen in the vineyard. Since the emergence of the beetles from the soil is governed largely by weather conditions, especially those of temperature, no definite date for making the first application can be given. For instance, the records of Felt and Slingerland show that in normal seasons the beetles commence to appear during the last week or ten days in June, whereas, in 1907, none was found in vineyards by the writer until July 15, although he had spent a large portion of every day in the vineyards for a week or two preceding that date. - Hence, it is very necessary to watch the development of the larve and pupe in the soil. The emergence of the beetles in our breeding cages during the past season coincides very closely with the appearance of the beetles in vineyards. The first two beetles appeared in the cages on the morn- ing of July 14; by the 15th a large number had emerged, and the same day the beetles were very numerous on foliage in vineyards on gravel soil. Nearly 50 per cent of the beetles which matured from 750 larve, placed in the soil in our breeding cages, emerged on the third and fourth days after the first beetle appeared. This simultaneous emer- gence of so large a percentage of beetles shows the necessity of having the first spray application upon the vines by the time the first beetles appear, or, at least, to have the spraying equipment in readiness so that the application may be made with the least possible delay. The time of emergence of the beetles can be determined quite closely by examining the condition of the pup in the soil every few days 68 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, during the latter part of June; or, still better, by collecting a hun- dred or so full-grown larvee about the last of May and placing them in a shallow box, the bottom of which consists of a pane of glass, the box containing about 3 inches of moist soil. Some of the larve will go through the soil to the glass surface, where their transformations may be watched and the time of emergence definitely determined. In making the spray applications care should be taken to cover all parts of the fohage. For thorough work, 100 gallons of liquid spray per acre is necessary and a pressure of not less than 100 pounds should be maintained. Two such thorough applications—one as the beetles emerge, and another not more than a week later—judging from the results obtained in our work of the past season, will prove sufficient to reduce the infestation of this insect to a point where it will not seriously affect the vitality of the vines. The formula used in our experiments during the past season is the Bordeaux mixture formula, recommended by the Bureau of Plant Industry for combating the black rot of the grape, to which was added 3 pounds of arsenate of lead, the latter ingredient being the insecticide. Spray formula recommended. Copper sulphate (bluestone or blue vitriol) -~-_-_--___ pounds__ 5 Hreshestone imes 223 ee ee ea Ee wee Reeeh 6 Oya ee aE (15) Arsenate.Of ead ....2.5) re oF |S28| o8 2h alee a AG = 2 = iS a a me > | — =e Sprayed Apr. 30, May | | 21, June 24, July 10, . July 25, Aug. 12. Busheis.| No. | No. | No. No. No. |, No. |) Wo. | «No: | No. fh 2 ee 19. 25 37 | 168 205 217 | 4,008 | 4,225 254 | 4,176 | 4,430 94.26 TSS as eS oe } 11.75 26 | 180 206 165 | 2,567 | 2,732 191 | 2,747 | 2,938 | 93. 50 {oe ee ee 12.75 42 126 168 97 | 2,631 | 2,728 139 | 2,757 2, 896 | 95.20 WePRO 8S Say 9 8.25 43| 172} 215 36 | 1,670 | 1,706 | 79 | 1,842 | 1,921 | 95.88 Mirpen dee aceon ena 11.00 56} 180 | 236 | 87 | 2,155 | 2, 242 143 | 2,335 | 2,478 | 94.23 Trees 1 to5com- } | binedls=: 6.2. - 65. 00 204 | 826 | 1,030 | 602 /13,031 13,633 806 13,857 13,663 | 94. 50 Uuspray ed: keg pale le + al Meck ses a5... 7.00 115") 54 769 531 318 849 | 1,246 372 | 1,618 | 22.99 Check (5 32 2 sas pes 9,25 | 1,255 | 115 | 1,370 Bota e291 |) 812. \ 1: 776). 406 | 2,182 | 18.60 Ghegk' Coo 2-5. 1s. 5. 50 455 | 53 508 419 | 309] 728) 874| 362 1, 236 | 29. 28 Ghecks:. 3.2 ce 5.00 | 532 85 617 307| 196} 503] 839] 281 | 1,120 | 25. 08 (C1 0\2(c) eel Da eee 5. 50 660 62 722 475 | 201 676 | 1,185 | 263 | 1,398 | 18.81 = rag 5 OF) 0 i | | combined... . 32. 25 | 3,617 | 369 | 3,986 | 2,253 | 1,315 | 3,568 | 5,870 | 1,684 | 7,554 | 22.29 | | | Table I shows an average of 94.50 per cent of fruit not wormy from the sprayed trees against 22.29 per cent of fruit not wormy from the unsprayed trees.. This is a saving of 72.21 per cent of the crop in favor of sprayed trees. TaBLeE II.—Comparison of sound and wormy fruit from 5 sprayed and 5 unsprayed trees, Newtown (Albemarle) Pippin variety, McHenry Orchard, Afton, Va., 1907. | WwW eS Fruit from tree. = Ss ta Fs a oe S| Fejas: |e Date of spraying | Total. ea a = pe S = = ee Val Nace on and tree number. | crop. E S E > I = 5 bes a Seis uD Pa 2 As ° Ss Zs S) te eMiau [ysyienen eto Se vet Pe = = = a eo = |e a Sprayed Apr. 30, May | 21, June 24, July 10, | | ; July 25, Aug. 12: Bushels.| No. No. No. No. No. No. No. | No. No pLTEeNL =. 5 .ghe 5 OE. 14. 25 28 392 420 49 3,044 3,098 77 | 3,436 | 3,513 | 97.81 prapyse ede 13.75 53 473 526 31 | 2,355 | 2,386 84 | 2,828 | 2,912 | 97.11 ALS S Sit ee Se Sees ee 13. 75 | 42 447 489 114 | 2,160 | 2,274 156 | 2,607 | 2,763 | 94. 36 Myo ke See ee 21.25 | 124) 608 732 164 3,186 3,350 288 | 3,794 | 4,082 | 92.95 Ais us ee 18. 00 116 | 1,010 1,126 192 | 2,653 | 2,845 308 | 3,663 | 3,971 | 92.24 Trees 1 to 5| ‘ | combined... . 81.00 | 363 | 2,930 | 3,293 550 13,398 13,948 | 913 16,328 17,241 | 94.70 Unsprayed : | eis "| HeGk (Are oo. e Leas 1,504 611 | 2,115 | 2,240 | 1,089 | 3,329 | 3,744 | 1,700 | 5,444 | 31.22 Cheek’ Bist e-.: 929 316 | 1,245 980 | 389 | 1,369 | 1,909 705 | 2,614 | 26.96 Check C... | 1,380 129 | 1,509 444 | 166 610 | 1,824 295 | 2,119 | 13.92 Check D | 1,348 89 | 1,487 | 372 126 498 | 1,720 215 | 1,935 | 11.11 Check E pa5e8 353 | 889 | 1,604 26 | 1,630 | 2,140 379 | 2,519 | 15.04 A, B, C, D, E, | 1 ey es eee | combined..... 68.00 | 5,697 | 1,498 | 7,195 5,640 | 1,796 7,436 |11,387 | 3,294 |14, 631 | 22.51 | | | | fey DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The five sprayed trees show an average of 94.70 per cent of fruit not wormy as against 22.51 per cent, the average percentage of fruit not wormy from, the unsprayed trees. This-is.a saving of 72.19 per cent of the crop for the treated trees. Leaving out the wear of apparatus, such as pump, wagon, etc., the cost of the six applications for the entire orchard is given as fol- lows: Two men 224 days at $1.25 per day, $56.25; 2 men 223 days at $1 per day, $45; 2 horses 22} days at $1 per day, $45, making a total cost for labor of $146.25. For the 620 trees, 14,100 gallons of spray were required, the mate- rial costing as follows: Arsenate of lead, 324 pounds at $0.125 per pound, $40.50; copper sulphate, 1,260 pounds at $0.082 per pound, $110.25; lime, 11 barrels at $0.80 per barrel, $8.80, making a total cost for material and labor of $305.80, or an average cost for all spray- ing of 49 cents per tree. 3 The 5 sprayed Winesap trees gave a yield of 18 barrelsof No. lapples, 1 barrel of No. 2’s, and one-half barrel of culls. The price received for these grades of red fruit was $3.25, $2, and $1.75, respectively, per barrel. This gives a total receipt of $61.35 for the 5 sprayed trees or $12.27 per tree. This, minus 49 cents, the cost of spraying, leaves a net return of $11.78 per tree. The yield of the 5 unsprayed trees was 1} barrels of No. 1 apples, 1 barrel of No. 2’s, and 3 barrels of culls, giving a total return of $11.31 for the 5 trees, or $2.26 per tree, leaving a difference of $9.25 as a net gain per tree in favor of the sprayed trees. The net gain was even more favorable with the Yellow Newtown Pippin variety, the 5 sprayed trees yielding 203 barrels of No. 1 apples, 1 barrel of No. 2’s, and one-half barrel of culls. The prices received for these grades of this variety were $4.25, $3, and $1.75, respectively, per barrel, giving a total of $90.97 for the 5 trees, or $18.19 per tree. This, minus 49 cents, the cost of spraying, leaves a net return of $17.70 per tree. The 5 unsprayed trees gave only 1# barrels of No. 1 apples, 3 barrels of No. 2’s, and 74 barrels of culls; at the same price this gives a total of $29.12 for the fruit from the 5 unsprayed trees, or $5.82 per tree, leaving a difference for the sprayed trees of $11.88 net gain per tree. DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING IN PENNSYLVANIA IN 1907. sy Fred JOHNSON. The apple orchard used in this demonstration is situated on a high bluff along the shore of Lake Erie about a mile north of the village of North East, Pa. It is bounded on three sides by steep banks, with woods on the north and east, and open on the south DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 73 and west. There are about 250 trees in the orchard, consisting mainly of Baldwins, with several rows of Greenings on the north side which were not used in the work. The trees are about 30 years old; most of them about 25 feet high, with corresponding spread of limbs. Previous to the spring of 1907 the orchard had been in sod for many years, and no pruning had been done for a like period. The orchard was kept under observation during the summer of 1906, and the condition of the fruit at harvest time was carefully noted. Under the management to which the orchard had been .subjected for many years, the grass had been cut for hay, no spraying had been done, and no fruit had been picked from the trees, although in 1906 the ground beneath a large number of them was covered with fallen fruit, indicating that a fair crop of fruit had set. Some of this fruit was picked up and sold at $0.17 per hundredweight for cider-making purposes. Practically all of this fruit was injured by the coding moth and the plum curculio. On September 5, 1906, a Baldwin tree was selected as fairly representing the condition of the trees in the orchard, and all of the fruit then on the ground was picked up and classified as to injury by codling moth and plum curculio, and all fruit which fell to the ground after this date, and that picked at harvest time, was likewise classified. The total picked and dropped fruit, amounting in all to 2,766 apples, showed 95.62 per cent injury by the codling moth, and 62.55 per cent bearing egg and feeding punctures of the plum curculio. The owner of the orchard, at the suggestion of the writer, decided to prune and cultivate the orchard in 1907, and it was placed at the disposal of the Bureau of Entomology for spraying experiments. The trees were pruned very early in the spring and the sod broken up and eultivated twice later in the summer. One hundred and fifty trees, all Baldwins, with the exception of a few scattered Astrachans, were laid out into 15-tree plats, including a check plat, and treated with Bordeaux mixture and an arsenical in a way to ascertain the value of applications at different dates. One of these plats received the usual ‘‘demonstration”’ treatment for that latitude, and it is from this plat and the check plat that the data to be given were obtained. Three applications of spray were made: (First) June 10, immedi- ately after petals fell; (second) July 2, three weeks later, when first eggs of codling moth were being deposited; (third) August 9, when adults were beginning to emerge and to deposit eggs for the second brood. The 5-5-3-50 formula was used—that is, 5 pounds copper sulphate, 5 pounds stone lime, 3 pounds arsenate of lead, and 50 gallons of water. 74 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The applications were made with a gasoline-power sprayer mounted on low trucks, with a 4-foot derrick, using 10-foot bamboo rods and double nozzles. In the operation of spraying a pressure of about 100 pounds was maintained and between 4 and 5 gallons of liquid were used per tree at each application. ts The sprayed trees were separated from the untreated check trees by two rows of trees which were also sprayed to act as a barrier and to, prevent the overflow of coding moth which might breed on the unsprayed plat during the summer. : Table III gives the results obtained from three trees in both the sprayed and unsprayed plats, by actual count and examination of windfalls and picked fruit. Taste III.—Comparison of sound and wormy fruit from 3 sprayed and 3 unsprayed trees, Baldwin variety, Sprague Orchard, North East, Pa., 1907. | re 1? Windfalls. | Fruit from tree. ee 5 BL | es WEREwe eee he ce Dates of spraying Total > 3 = ma re tages S = f| | oF and tree number. crop. A oe ls 5 EE S S se aoe Oe ial onl \ 7S 23 ° £ oF ee (ee | = ES x | £ ES a Se | e Pin Spray ed June 10, July | | | 2, and August 9: Bushels.| No. | No. | No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Tree No. 1...--.-- 9.25| 22] 235| 257 19 | 2,151 | 2,170 41 | 2,386 | 2,427 | 98.31 Tree Nos 2.222. %2.: | 5. 50 | 74 | 264! 338 17 | 1,279 | 1,296 91 | 1,543 | 1,634 | 94. 438 TTBOONOs oe es | 5. 50 76 | 281 357 26 | 1,099 | 1,125 102 | 1,380 | 1,482 | 93.12 Trees Nos. 1 to | 3 combined. -- - 20. 25 | 172 780 | 952 62 | 4,529 | 4,591 234 | 5,309 | 5,543 | 95.78 Unsprayed: | | @heck Awe. see 3. 00 324 34 358 547 90 637 871 124 995 | 12. 46 CWheckvBs ft. 2 5225 8.75 559 | 262) 821 303 2ail woau 862 | 499 | 1,361 | 36.66 CheckiG@- =. fsa2-22! 5. 25 599) 25. 5) 854 626 222 | ~ 848 | 1,225 477 | 1,702 | 28.03 | | | Checks A to C | combined. - -- - 12.00 | 1,482 551 | 2,033 | 1,476 549 2,025 | 2,958 | 1,100 | 4,058 | 27.11 Table IV gives the yield of windfalls and picked fruit in bushels and its market value for 14 trees in the sprayed plat and for the same number of trees in the unsprayed plat. Taste LV.—Comparison of yield and character of fruit from 14 sprayed and 14 unsprayed trees, Baldwin variety, Sprague Orchard, North East, Pa., 1907, with value of crop. ; Value | No. | First- Second Value Value |. Date of spraying. of | class | class ae | Ciders.| Total.) first weir can- \yaue ea trees. aaa apples. class. class. | 2e™S- ey - | | | | | | Bush. | Bush. bit Bush. | Bush.| Dolls. Dolls.| Dolis.| Dolls. Dolls. June 10, July 2, and August:9. 5. -=.---- 14| 43.25 | 20.25 | 20.75 | 88.25 | 43.25 | 13.50} 1.20 | 3.10) 61.05 Unsprayed checks:-.| Laine. (eee ee 99 BS 008 | 780/00) Saas sleeeae ae 6.60 | 8.70) 15.30 The picked fruit was packed in two grades, the first grade bringing $3 per barrel, the second grade $2 per barrel. The windfalls and DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. re, culls were also sorted into two grades. Those above 2 inches were used for canning and sold for 60 cents-per hundredweight, while those of the smaller grade were used for cider-making purposes and sold for 30 cents per hundredweight. The total amount of spray applied to the 14 trees was 182 gallons, about 13 gallons per tree for the three applications, at a cost of about 2 cents per gallon, or $3.64 for the 14 trees. The time required to make the applications was about one and one- half hours for each time, or about four and one-half hours for the three applications. Two men and a team were used in the work, and the wage paid was 40 cents per hour for man and team, and 17.5 cents per hour for the additional man, making the cost of labor $2.59 for the four and one- half hours, the total cost of labor and material being $6.23. Allowing $1 for gasoline and wear and tear on the machine, there was a total expenditure of $7.23. Deducting this amount, together with $15.30 (the value of the crop from the untreated check plat), from $61.05 (the value of the crop from the sprayed plat), there is a net gain of $38.52 on the 14 trees, or $2.75 per tree for the sprayed trees. DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING IN OHIO IN 1907. By A. A. Grravurr. An orchard belonging to Mr. A. P. Roudebush, a prominent farmer and fruit grower of Owensville, Clermont County, Ohio, and one of the largest in that vicinity, was selected for this spraying demonstration against the coding moth. This orchard consisted of about 400 trees of such well-known varieties as Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Grimes Golden, ete. The orchard was in sod; the trees were vigorous, from about 25 to 30 feet tall, and well shaped, but needed thinning. Dur- ing the past two or three years they had been treated with not more than two applications of Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead. The codling moth was a well-established pest in this orchard, and the owner was discouraged over the difficulties which he had encountered in combating it. The plat selected for this work consisted of a single row of 27 Ben Davis trees, 10 years of age, in the southwestern portion of the orchard, and adjoining an orchard of young trees; in the center of the next row to the northeast 10 trees of similar variety and age were left untreated for purposes of comparison. Four applications of Bordeaux mixture and an arsenical were made, using 5 pounds of lime, 5 pounds of bluestone, 2 pounds of arsenate of lead, and 50 gal- lons of water. Spraying was done on the following dates: May 10, 76 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. June 14, July 25-26, and August 15. The table below shows the results, as determined from 5 sprayed and 5 unsprayed trees in each plat: Taste V.—Comparison of sound and wormy fruit from 5 sprayed and 5 unsprayed trees, Ben Davis variety, Roudebush Orchard, Owensville, Ohio, 1907. Windfalls. Fruit from tree. aa tee a hoo B aS Seep | a= Date of sprayingand | Total b 4 > Ss | 2 =| 5 os number of trees. crop. 2a a g e¢ = Me =o = Ao See Bs | Bol Be ees eee = BOOS = a ee at BH |ag Sprayed May 10, June | 14, July 25, and | August 15: Trees 1 | Bushels.| No. No. No. No. Wor) MNO: WYO.) eNO> | NOM to 5 combined...... 9. 80 78 | 1,997 | 2,075 121 | 1,571 | 1,692 199 | 3,568 | 3.767 | 94.72 Unsprayed: Checks A | | . to E combined..... 3.25 | 1,992 | 2,218 | 4,210 651 68 | 719 | 2,643 | 2,286 | 4,929 | 46. 38 The tabulated results show that the four applications gave about 94 per cent fruit free from codling moth injury and trebled the yield in bushels, while the total marketable crop in bushels was niore than twice doubled. In the checks the percentage of wormy fruit in the total yield was 46.38 per cent, whereas in the sprayed trees it was but 5.28 per cent. The contrast between the treated and untreated trees at harvest time was marked, even to the casual eye, because the latter had been partly defoliated by various leaf-feeding insects, and the attack of the codling moth and plum curculio had been dis- astrous to the fruit yet remaining; whereas the foliage and fruit, of treated trees were in almost perfect condition. The four treatments also prevented over 50 per cent of the injury of the plum curculio, which is a more serious enemy of apples in this vicinity than is the codling moth. The four applications required 450 gallons of the mixture at a cost of $0.016 per gallon, a total cost of $7.20 for the Bordeaux mixture and poison. Adding the cost of labor for 2 men at $1.50 per day and a team at $2 per day for one and one-half days, which is $7.50, the cost of the whole operation was $14.70, or at the rate of $0.54 per tree. Placing the price of apples per bushel at $1, the net returns from a single unsprayed tree would be about 36 cents, whereas the net returns from a single sprayed tree would be $1.31, a net gain of about 95 cents per tree. As will be seen from the table, the crop in this orchard was quite light. With a normal crop the percentage of benefit would have been much larger. O U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 68, Part VIII. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES THE GRAPE-LEAF SKELETONIZER. BY P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IssuEp JANUARY 20, 1909. > r) = ; a 5 We = Aiiiursssss> WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909. Page. Introduction, 22200220 So ae pie oo Se ee 2 he, i a History. 2222 Sel Loic 2 Se iat oe Sat eee eee ee ze Orion and ‘distribution..; 2=652 2: saeseen ees <2 he eee eee Oe ee 79 Food plants ‘and: destructiveness ..< 2. sean ee ose on one sem tin See ee 79 Charactet.of injury -.o.s-c<--2 = seceee en ewes - joins eS ac Sacks Aone Sees 79 Deseription 2.6.2 ee ee eee ee ee ee 80 WbS sae odie. Pesce El see ee es Soe ae a se ee 80 MIBEVER. < Swe coe sete eee oe oe 25 ee ee oe ee rae bere eee 81 COGOOD-)2.56 eSBs sets bees care Cee ee tiene See pee 83 PUpar sso Sete eee ee CEL ce SS eels See eke en ee + 83 AmNt SP ass $5.5. oe Se ese Mees ie ee eee ee ete ees ee 84 Seasonal history.......---- Job ove cbaleodtet cae eet eee 85 Numberiof cenerationss..2e <5) sees ee oe ene eee eee ee ee 85 Ibife-eyele lice. ceaek cs bee oe cist ee eee ee eee eee eee ee ae eee 85 Habits .s25 os ded se ceess oe Soe ean bee ceee tte Soe eee ae ee 86 identity 2.52. .2sce.- 6p odoc ds seece ee gee teak ete nae en eeeeeeee e 87 Natural ‘enemies: 2. .sdiben che Sec eS ees See Bee See ee 87 Remedies: oi. xsswsesbeeres . adel CA ek ese ce eee 87 Bibliosra ply) 2 cicisc = Sees ee dee ae eee eee eerie eee ee ee eee 88 LULA Ss RAMOS: Page. Frc. 12. The grape-leaf ske:etonizer (J7arrisana americana): Young larve feed- ing On MCR so. 2 5 sel eeaebs aces so Re eek. cope acer nee ae er 80 13. The grape-leaf skeletonizer (Harrisana americana): Egg, greatly en- largeds eggs on ledberuc: oo The genus Phlaotribus is being revised by Doctor Hopkins, who will dis- cuss the synonymy and other systematic features in a bulletin of the technical series of this Bureau. Bul. 68, Pt. IX, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X. WORK OF THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE (PHLCEOTRIBUS LIMINARIS). Fig. 1.—Gum exuding through burrows made in bark of peach tree. Fig. 2.—Exit holes in bark of peach tree. (Original.) THE.PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 93 United States; and more recently experiments have been carried out by the Ontario experiment station in the district of Niagara. In looking over the past literature it is noticed that the injury done by the beetle has increased materially with the increased planting of peach and cherry, and the species has thus become one of economic importance. Until the present season (1908) few direct measures had been taken to combat this barkbeetle, and very little, if anything, was known concerning its life history. Not until recently has it become very injurious to fruit trees, and these are limited to peach, cherry, and wild cherry. The beetles will, however, work on plum trees when confined to that food. So far but three localities have been re- ported as being visited with injury to any great extent, these being in the fruit district lying about Lakeside and Gypsum, Ohio; in the vicinity of Cayuga Lake, New York, and in the Niagara district, Ontario Province, Canada. The effects of the beetles’ work are very serious in all trees attacked. The peach-tree barkbeetle is a native of this country, and until cultivated trees were introduced must have held to forest trees for food and breeding places. The work of the beetle is similar to that of the fruit-tree barkbeetle (Scolytus rugulosus Ratz.), and there exists a marked similarity in the beetles themselves by which the two species may be easily confused. DISTRIBUTION. Observations and reports show the distribution, in so far as known, to be as follows: New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, and Michigan, and from the Niagara district, Onta- rio Province, Canada. Field notes on this species, in the branch of forest insect investigations, Bureau of Entomology, taken by Doctor Hopkins and Mr. W. F. Fiske, indicate that the species is found throughout almost all of West Virginia, and that it occurs in North Carolina and New Hampshire. OCCURRENCE IN OHIO. The date of the first appearance of this insect in Ohio is in ques- tion, as it has undoubtedly been in the State for some time, although it has not done any great amount of damage until recently. Some of the orchardists stated that they had seen its work for eight or ten years, but did not know the cause. An area of about 8 or 10 miles square about Lakeside, Ohio, including the adjacent islands, is badly infested. Outside of this locality the beetles occur east and west to 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. a slight degree; and as the beetles have been taken at Youngstown, Ohio, and are reported from West Virginia and Michigan, it is very probable that this species is at present more or less generally dis- tributed throughout the State. At Lakeside a lime manufacturing company bought up most of the land comprising the peninsula for commercial purposes. On this land are many remnants of orchards, which are uncultivated and uncared for, and are attacked by scale and numerous other in- sects. These trees are gradually being destroyed by the insects and are seriously attacked by Phlwotribus liminaris. Pieces of bark 2 to 3 feet long and extending half way around the trunk will be com- pletely cut from a tree 8 inches in diameter by the larvae. The dead trees in these orchards were uninfested when observed, but the bark was full of exit holes and the trees were girdled. (See Pl. XI, fig. 2.) Until these infested trees are all killed they will afford ideal breeding places for the beetles while they attack the near-by orchards in large numbers, either for food or in efforts to make egg burrows. These abandoned orchards undoubtedly have much to do with the large number of beetles present in this locality. Plate XI, figure 1. shows a view of one of these orchards which was cut back for the purpose of renovation. The result was that the trees developed a strong growth and were almost free from attack at the end of the season. The reasons for the attack by beetles on apparently healthy trees, while important to know, can not yet be explained. Several orchards were observed where the beetles were attacking the trees in numbers without forming egg burrows. These orchards had borne crops con- tinuously each year, but appeared to be becoming gradually weaker each season, and large quantities of sap oozed out and collected at the base of the trees during the summer months. In one case in which an orchard had been very badly injured, whitewashing the trees was tried, and the present season (1908) the trees appear healthy and thrifty with but few beetles present, these having worked into the smaller branches above the whitewash. EXTENT AND CHARACTER OF INJURY. When the beetles are present in large numbers their injury to the trees is quickly brought to the attention of the orchardist by the large amount of sap exuding from the trees through the many small bor- ings made both in the trunk and limbs of the tree. (See Pl. X, fig. 1.) In some instances from 1 to 3 or more gallons of sap will flow from u single tree during a season. The writer observed one wild-cherry Bul. 68, Pt. IX, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XI. WORK OF THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE (PHLCEOTRIBUS LIMINARIS). Fig. 1.—Orchard severely pruned April 19,1908. Photograph taken July 7,1908. Fig. 2.—Gum exuding through burrows made in bark of cherry tree. Fig. 8—Removing stumps of trees supposed to have been killed by the barkbeetle. (Original.) THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 95 tree about 14 inches in diameter and from 75 to 80 feet high which had apparently been killed by the beetles, the bark having been completely eaten away from the tree. The adults or beetles (see fig. 20, a, 6) produce the primary injury to healthy trees, the work of the larvee being secondary. The healthy trees, by repeated attacks of the adults, are reduced to a condition favorable to the formation of egg burrows. When the beetles are ready to hibernate in the fall they fly to the healthy trees and form their hibernation cells. These latter are injurious to the trees, for through each cell there will be a tiny flow of sap during the following season. (See Pl. XI, fig. 2.) The greater the number of hibernation cells, the greater will be the amount of sap exuded; also, when the beetles come out of their winter quarters in the spring they bore into the bark of healthy trees from one-quarter to one-half of an inch, either for food or in an endeavor to form egg burrows. Later the beetles leave these burrows, either because the burrows become filled with sap or because the beetles seek the sickly trees for breeding purposes. Many more small channels are thus formed in the bark and from these sap oozes during the summer. Two means are therefore supplied by which the sap may flow from the trees—and this it does in many cases, forming large gummy masses around the trunks. Such losses for three or four years in succession necessarily reduce the trees to a very much weakened condition, and it then becomes possible for the beetles to form egg burrows and for the larve to finish the destruction of the tree. Plate XI, figure 3, shows the remains of an orchard presumably killed by Phlaotribus liminaris. LIFE HISTORY. HIBERNATION. The insects spend the winter as adults in hibernation cells just be- neath the outer layer of bark on both healthy and unhealthy trees. In the fall, from October to freezing weather, the adults of the fall generation are continually emerging and migrating to growing trees. They bore in through rough places on the bark and burrow along from one-quarter to five-eighths of an inch, forming hibernation cells, the openings to which are closed with the exudation from the bur- row. In these cells they remain throughout the winter. The latest formed adults of the fall brood remain in the pupal cells until spring before cutting out, so that hibernation occurs both on dead and living trees, those on the live trees hibernating in regular hibernating cells and those on dead trees hibernating in the pupal cells. 66824—Bull. 68, pt 9—O9 2 96 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. - With the first warm weather in spring—as early as the last of March in the latitude of Lakeside, Ohio—the beetles begin cutting their way out from their hibernation cells. They do not immediately leave these, but remain from four days to a week or more, most of them feeding for a while and then migrating to trees, wood piles, and brush heaps, or to any- thing upon which they can feed and in which make brood chambers. THE ADULT. HABITS. The beetles fly but little during the morning hours, migrating from tree to tree for the most part between the hours of noon and night. During the day the beetles move about on the trees, the females seeking places in which to bur- row and the males searching for burrows already started in which the usuaily accompanying male is lacking. After nightfall flight and movement over the tree cease. The male beetles probably commence feeding as soon as they cut their way out of the pupal cell, and continue to feed more or less as long as they live. When in the brood chamber they ex- crete a brown bead-like frass, the food for this sex evidently being cut loose and passed back by the female. The female commences feeding as soon as she has cut into the edge of the bark, and feeds until she is too feeble to form egg cells. The burrows of PAlewotribus liminaris can be very easily distinguished from those of Scolytus rugulosus, both from Fic. 13 Werk ot ithe peach-tree. thes outside and onthe inside ant cme barkbeetle (Phlaotribus timi- f naris): Galleries in limb of bark. The opening of the burrow of Oneal November 20, 1908. the former is very easily distinguished from the fact that the exudation from the burrow is held together by a fine, apparently silklike thread, which is secreted by both male and female. This holds the exudation over and partly in the mouth of the burrow. After going into the sapwood the female constructs a niche which later forms an arm THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 97 of the egg burrow. While an extension opposite this is being made the males copulate with the females at this point. At other times the males remain between the mouth of the burrow and this niche, occasionally going deeper into the burrow. Copulation .ordinarily takes place at the fork in the burrow, and has been observed a number of times to last as long as fifteen minutes after the cutting away of the bark. The female rests with the posterior end of the abdomen just at the edge of the fork, the male operating from the adjoining niche. The sole function of the male seems to be that of attending the female, as none has ever been observed working. The forks of the burrow may or may not be nearly equal in length, but usually they vary to quite an extent. They are, however, always more or less horizontal, running around the axis AAALAC i tl i of the limb. (See figs. 18 | | | and 19.) After being fer- tilized the female imme- diately sets about deposit- ing eggs, and at this time the abdomen is very much swollen. During the con- || struction of the burrow copulation occurs several times, so that the length of the burrow appears to depend upon the num- ber of times of copulation. As soon as the egg is de- ! 5 lig. 19.—Work of the peach-tree barkbeetle (Phleo- posited the female covers tribus liminaris) : Galleries in wood of peach tree, it with frass, so that the May 18, 1908, Lakeside, Ohio. Enlarged. (Orig- main burrow is a circular er tube of sawdust, outside of which occur the eggs. The method of ege@ deposition is as follows: Having made the egg cell, the female backs out to the niche where, after turning around, she backs into the cell again, clinging to the side of the burrow. The egg is then placed in the cell, and after again turning around the female covers it with the sawdustlike frass. The egg cells are filled as soon as they are finished, and each is made as soon as the burrow has been extended far enough to make room for it. From ten days to two weeks are necessary for the completion of the burrows. The males and females in the same burrow live until after most of the larve have developed into the next brood of beetles. The completed burrows of this species are more nearly equal in length 98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. than those of Scolytus rugulosus, the maximum length being about 2% inches, with an average of 2,4; inches. There are two complete broods each year—the summer brood and the fall brood, the latter being the hibernating one, the beetles ap- pearing in early spring. Beetles of the summer brood appear in maximum numbers during the last half of August, as shown more in detail in the following table: TABLE I.—Hmergence of summer brood of beetles of Phlootribus liminaris. Beetles | Beetles Beetles .| from in- Beetles from in- Date. @ reared in :| sectary on | Date. a reared in | sectary on cages. window | cages. window screens. | screens. GOs||| Auge. 255 2a econ cose 40.\ 2 esos eee 30 | 26S soca saat weiter 60 1, 500 74 DH [he IS RNG Se 86 1, 000 BAAD Res hs eee eee oe 69 600 300 | 29 wai Jocceilseomeeee 72 1, 000 are eee | PSCDEoccocoe ae das erent 154 200 bees QC ee eet ee eee VD ochre ooeeier 450 bai ee eke See ekees 40 200 Snsécasoceeine ds senneeee Sooes nea 67 7a 850 Oa s sees chinese aateeee fo ae ee A 500 DS es Serer BS. licnooee eee eh ae Pine We LB eesec ee eacseeesne an 91 40 450 152s heen eee 37 lscskeee Sees 1, 200 Lsnceveenseckusoeuee 29 isaseeeoooee 750 Qe ce cfatetya etic mie 1D) le ooeeseeen 750 DD. wen eS eee Eee 82 lato eee oe 1, 750 DA eRe ke tees 21" oncion eee 2,500 | 20 so pense asthenia 71> )eeeseeeeee Sstesouaccnee || OYebs Bocsssbetac sassc0sso] A PaeoosSocs: | “The first column shows beetles actually counted and taken from a breeding cage; the second row of figures shows, somewhat estimated, numbers of beetles gathered on sereens at windows. All counts made between 4 and 6 p. m. >Yhis table shows August 21 to be the date of maximum emergence of beetles. DESCRIPTION, be Average length, 2.25 mm., average width, 0.75 mm. Body elongate, subcylin- drical, strongly punctured and with yellowish bristles arising from the punc- tures; color varying from light brown to almost black. Head globular, nearly vertical in front, anterior part fringed; eyes narrowly oblong, closely joined to the scape and extending about half their length below it; mandibles short and broad, distal part curved and strongly acute; mouth parts partly inclosed, gular suture distinct; funiculus of antennz five-jointed; club compressed, composed of 3 triangular segments; first joint longer than wide, globular; scape circular, clavate. Thorax almost cylindrical, strongly angled at caudal end. First and second coxre widely separated, globular; femur stout, outer edge serrated; tibia stout, compressed, lower half of outer edge serrated and ending in an apical tooth; tarsus stout, shorter than tibia, third joint bilobed, fourth indistinct, fifth as long as first and second together; tarsal claws simple. Ventral side of abdomen and posterior edge of last segment strongly concave; elytra anteriorly rounded and deeply margined, sides parallel, surface with regular strize which contain circular, regularly placed depressions, elevated parts with yellowish bristles arising from faint punctures. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 99 THE EGG. The eggs of the first generation may be found about the third week in April, and, from that time on, the eggs of the first and second gen- eration can not be separated, owing to the irregular emergence of beetles and the irregular forming of egg burrows. Eggs can be found in all stages of development up to the first week in October. The eggs of the second generation begin to appear about August 1. Owing to the small series of eggs observed, the following data on length of the egg stage are not given as conclusive: Eggs of the first generation require from 17 to 20 days to hatch, while the eggs of the second generation hatch in about 8 to 10 days. The egg (fig. 20, ¢) 1s milky white when first deposited, being ellip- tical in shape, opaque, and measuring 0.06 mm. in length by 0.0385 mm. in diameter. The egg- shell is fairly tough and the eggs may be very easily taken out of the egg cells. When work- ing without interruption the female deposits from 2 to 10 eggs each day. in addition to making the cells. The number ef eggs in egg burrows of this : ? Fic. 20.—The peach-tree barkbeetle (Phlwotribus limi- species varies, since the naris) : a, b, Adult, dorsal and lateral views; ¢, egg; aaette : , larva; e, a. Greatly enlarged. Jriginal. eggs are not alw ays de- d, larva; e, pupa reatly enlarged (Original. ) posited at equal intervals. Each brood chamber may contain between 80 and 160 eggs. In the vicinity of Lakeside, Ohio, eggs can be found from April 20 until October 1. The egg burrow is not always made next to the sapwood, as in a tree where the bark is very thick the chambers are formed in the latter about one-fourth of an inch from its outer edge. THE LARVA. When the embryonic larva has become fully developed it les in a curved position in the shell. After moving about a short time 100 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND TNSECTICIDES. it eats its way out at or just above the bottom of the egg and begins to feed along the under surface of the bark. When first hatched the larve are slightly longer than the ege but are less in diameter. After emerging from the eggshell they are found lying in a slightly curved position in the larval burrows. At first they are white but soon assume a pinkish tinge due to the bark in the digestive tube. The larvee at first feed slowly and are several days getting away from the eggshell but progress faster as they grow larger. As they work out of the eggshell the sawdustlike excrement passed through the body fills these and holds them in place as the larvee work out. The excrement voided by the larvae marks their path, appearing like very fine sawdust. The larve work away from the brood chambers at right angles, following, for the most part, the grain of the wood. For from one- half to three-fourths of an inch the larval burrows he side by side, but later they diverge, so that the exit holes (Pl. X, fig. 2) form an irregular ellipse around the brood chamber. The larval burrows measure from 14 to 2% inches in length. When about to pupate in bark, which is about one-eighth of an inch or more in thickness, the larvee work toward the outer edge of the bark and there form pupal cells. In these cells the larvee continue to develop from one to three or more days before casting the skin and becoming pupz. Some 25 to 30 days are required for the full development of the larve. At the end of this time, having finished feeding, they void the excrement before pupating and have then a white appearance. Through the life of the larvee the head is covered with a fine yellow- ish pubescence, which is more abundant about the mouth parts than elsewhere. (Full-grown larva, fig. 20, d.) Description of full-grown larva.—Length, 2.15-2.75 mm.; width across thorax (widest part of insect), about 1.16 mm. Head subelliptical, about 0.6 mm. wide, yellowish, apex lighter; mandibles brownish, dark at tip. Body white, curved, tapering from thorax to rounded caudal end, quite wrinkled; legless, but on ventral surface of thoracic segments a small group of setze at points of position of the adult’s legs. Head with a few sparse sete and a few on body. Body covered all over with many minute, short, stout spines, THE PUPA. The pupe (fig. 20, ¢) are quite active, moving the abdomen con- tinually back and forth. From 4 to 10 days are spent in the pupal stage, the pupa gradually assuming a dark color. When the pupal skin is cast, the beetles are very tender; they require from 4 to 6 days to completely harden and usually do not cut their way out from the pupal cells until they have fed a little, after which they remain in the pupal cells for from several days to two weeks longer. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 101 Description of pupa about 3 days old.—Length, 2.5-2.66 mm.; width at widest part, 1.08-1.11 mm. Body uniformly white, except along sides of abdomen, which may show faint yellowish tinge. Eyes reddish brown; mouth parts (interior) faintly brownish. Abdomen ending in two lateral, whitish, minutely spinulose, brown-tipped horns. PARASITES. At the present date (December, 1908) no parasites of this species are known. Where Scolytus rugulosus and Phlwotribus liminaris bred in the same trees the usual parasites of S. rugulosus were found in great abundance, with a corresponding decrease in the number of adult S. rugulosus, while P. liminaris came out in numbers corre- sponding to the larval chambers. Efforts were made to rear the para- sites upon limbs full of P. liminaris, but without success. Many minute mites—which, however, are not parasites—are found in and about the burrows and clinging to the hairs about the legs of the beetles and the ventral side of the thorax. They live on the excre- ment of the beetles and decayed matter in the burrows, simply using the adult beetles for the purpose of being carried from one place to another. EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. A list of the general experiments and a summary of the results is given below. Each experiment was made on a plat containing the number of trees mentioned. No. 1.—Used 16 trees. One part by weight of lime; 2 parts by weight of cement; milk used to make a stiff whitewash and applied with a broom to 96 trees, 32 of which were used in experiment No. 2, with the addition of manure. Thirty-two more were used for experiment No. 3, with an application of com- mercial fertilizer. Sixteen trees of each plat were given a second application, forming experiments Nos. 4, 5, and 6. Date of application, April 9, 1908. No. 2.—Used 382 trees of experiment 1. Barnyard manure spread in a 7-foot circle about each tree, to get value of fertilizers. Date of application, April 9, 1908. No. 3.—Used 32 trees of experiment 1. Commercial fertilizer applied in a 7-foot circle about each tree. Cement applied April 9, 1908; fertilizer applied May 7, 1908S. No. 4.—Used 16 trees of experiment 1, making a second application. First application, April 9, 1908; second application, July 3, 1908S. No. 5.—Used 16 trees of experiment 2, making a second application. First application, April 9, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 6.—Used 16 trees of experiment 3, making a second application. First application, cement, April 9, 1908; fertilizer, May 7, 1908. Second ap- plication, July 3, 1908S. No. 7.—Used 2 pounds fish-oil soap per gallon of water (dissolving soap in boiling water) for first application. Used 1 pound of soap to 6 gallons of water for second treatment. Twenty-four trees treated, 16 to be used for experiments 8 and 9. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. 102 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. No. 8.—To each of S of the 24 trees treated in experiment 7 added barnyard manure to find value of fertilizers. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 9.—To remaining 8 trees of experiment 7 added commercial fertilizer, 4 pounds to each tree, spreading in a 7-foot circle. Fertilizer added May 7, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 10.—One gallon carbolineum mixed with 20 pounds of flour, then 25 gallons water added to make emulsion; sprayed 72 trees, 48 of which were used for experiments 11 and 12 to get value of fertilizers. Sprayed whole tree April 10, 1908; sprayed trunks and limbs below foliage July 6, 1908. No. 11.—Used 24 trees of experiment 10, and added barnyard manure, spread- ing it about tree in 7-foot circle. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 12.—Used 24 trees of experiment 10, and added 4 pounds of commercial fertilizer to each tree, spreading it in 7-foot circle about tree and harrowing in. First application, April 10, 1908; second application (8 pounds commercial fertilizer), July 6, 1908. No. 13.—Used 1 gallon carbolineum, emulsifying it with 4 pounds soap (dis- solved in 4 gallons of water), and diluting the whole to 8 gallons; sprayed 144 trees, 96 of these to be used in four more experiments. Application made April 10, 1908. No. 14.—Used 48 trees of plat 18. Sprayed twice. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 6, 1908. No. 15.—This was to have been a third spraying, but was fcund unneces- sary on account of absence of beetles. No. 16.—Used 24 trees of experiment 138. Barnyard manure (to get value of fertilizers) spread about trees in a 7-foot circle. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 6, 1908. No. 17.—Used 24 trees of experiment 18. Commercial fertilizer added, 4 pounds to each tree, spread in a 7-foot circle to get value of fertilizer. First application, April 9, 1908; second application, July 3, 1908 (3 pounds fertilizer). No. 18.—Sprayed 6 trees with pure carbolineum without seeming injury to the trees. Application made April 9, 1908. No. 19.—Used 25 pounds of lime, 15 pounds sulphur, 6 pounds resin, 8 pounds arsenate of lead, and 50 gallons of water. Applied the mixture with a brush to trunks and large limbs of 6 trees. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 20.—Same as experiment 19, plus barnyard manure. Two of 6 trees in experiment 19 used. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 21.—Same as experiment 19, plus commercial fertilizer. Two of 6 trees in experiment 19 used. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 22.—One gallon carbolineum, 1 gallon lard, and 25 pounds resin. Painted trunks and larger limbs of 5 trees. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 23.—One bushel topacco stenis boiled for one hour in 4 gallons of water; one-half bushel stone lime and 4 quarts salt added; one-half pint crude carbolie acid used in each 12 quarts of the liquid. All gum and rough bark scraped from the trees and the paint put on with a broom. Applied the mixture to 72 trees April 22, 1908. 4 THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 103 No. 24.—Used 24 trees of experiment 23. Same treatment, plus barnyard manure spread in 7-foot circle about each tree. Application made April 22, 1908. No. 25.—Used 24 trees of experiment 23, plus commercial fertilizer spread in 7-foot circle about each tree. Applied April 22, 1908; fertilizer applied May 7, 190s. No. 26—One gallon chloronaptholeum, emulsified with 4 pounds of soap (dis- solved in 4 gallons of water); then added water enough to dilute to 25 gallons. Sprayed 120 trees. First application, April 22, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 27.—Used 24 trees of experiment 26; added barnyard manure, spreading it in a 7-foot circle about each tree. First application, April 22, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 28.—Used 24 trees of experiment 26, adding commercial fertilizer, 4 pounds to each tree, spreading it in a 7-foot circle. First application, April 22, 1908; fertilizer added May 7, 1908; second applica- tion, July 7, 1908 (3 pounds fertilizer added). No. 29.—One gallon chloronaptholeum mixed with 22 pounds flour to emul- sify, added to 30 gallons water, and put on 120 trees with spray pump. First application, April 17, 1908; second application, July 18, 1908. No. 30.—Used 24 trees of experiment 29; added barnyard manure to get value of fertilizer. First application, April 17, 1908; second application, July 18, 1908. No. 31.—Used 24 trees of experiment 29, adding commercial fertilizer, 4 pounds, to each tree. First application, April 17, 1908; fertilizer added May 7, 1908; second ap- plication, July 18, 1908. No. 32.—Six pounds arsenate of lead to 50 gallons water; 5 pounds lime added to neutralize the free arsenic. Put on heavy spray; pruned trees before spraying; 170 trees sprayed. First application, April 20, 1908; second application, July 15, 1808, No. 33.—Boiled lime and sulphur spray (15 pounds lime, 15 pounds sulphur, 50 gallons water). Excessive application made to 200 trees. First application, April 24, 1908; second application, July 15, 1908. No. 34.—Self-boiled lime-sulphur wash (15 pounds lime, 10 pounds sulphur, 50 gallons water). Water added slowly so as to prevent burning, stirring vigorously during the process. Sprayed 300 trees. First application, May 18, 1908; second application, July 15, 1908, to trunks and larger limbs. No. 35.—A stock solution of kerosene emulsion, 20 per cent strength, was made and to each gallon of stock solution 24 gallons rain water were added. Applied with spray pump. Application made April 20, 1908. No. 36.—Fumigated 6 trees with hydrocyanic-acid gas for one hour, first scraping off all gum and rough bark. Treatment given August 24, 1908. No. 37.—Tree tanglefoot. Put bands around 12 trees and then covered bands with tanglefoot. ‘ Application made April 25, 1908. No. 38.—Renovation block. Pruned back severely about 100 trees (girdling 4 trees for traps and not treating them further) ; applied fertilizer twice and kept trees cultivated all summer. First application, April 19, 1908; fertilizer added May 7, 1908 (4 pounds per tree). Second application, July 3, 1908 (3 pounds fertilizer added). 104 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. No. 39.—A duplicate of experiment 17 tried on 200 trees; pure whitewash was applied as a second treatment. Emulsion applied April 21, 1808; whitewash applied September 1, 1908. No. 40.—Placed pieces of branches as traps in trees of small orchard to see if beetles would settle on them. No. 41.—One-half barrel kerosene emulsion used instead of water to make a good stiff whitewash, applying with broom to plat of 200 or 500 trees. First application made May 4. 1908: second application, July 9, 1908. No. 42.—One gallon of chloronaptholeum added to every barrel of white- wash used. Whitewash made as thick as possible and applied with a broom to plat of about 200 trees. First application, May 6, 1908; second application, July 9, 1908. No. 43.—One gallon of Avenarius carbolineum added to each barrel of white- wash used: whitewash made as thick as possible and applied with a broom to a plat of about 200 trees. All fertilizer used in above experiments was of the following formula : Percent: Phosphoric acid: 2222-5 3 eas eS ae ee 8 Nitrogen 2222 oe ee eS ee 5 Potash (2. 2250635 Se es Rs oes ee ee ee See ae oe eee 2 All trees fertilized made a growth of rich green foliage and the trees looked healthy. yet many of them were again attacked by the beetles. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS. The first 6 experiments seem to show that whitewash acts as a re- pellent, not affecting the beetles once they are in the bark, but if the trees are kept well coated the beetles do not seem to attack the white- washed parts. The addition of fertilizer to the trees causes a strong flow of sap which, exuding through the burrows, seems to repel the beetles. The treatments given in Nos. 7, 8, and 9 seemed to have no effect whatever. In experiments 10, 11, and 12 the beetles in the tree at the time of application appeared to be killed, but the mixture did not act as a repellent and beetles settled on the trees again in a short while. Experiments 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 were more promising, and two applications a season would undoubtedly keep the beetles down. The expense of these experiments, however, makes them impracti- cable as tried here. In experiment No. 18 all beetles attacking the trees at the time of application were killed, and others did not settle on the trees during the entire season. The cost of the materials used in this experiment, however, makes the treatment impracticable. Experiments 19, 20, and 21 had no effect. whatever, neither killing the beetles in the trees nor repelling others. In experiment 22 all trees treated were killed. Experiments 93,24, and 25 gave very good results, the whitewash sticking well and the beetles not attacking the trees until long after the whitewash had fallen off. Experiments 26, 27, and 28 seemed to have had very little effect on the beetles in the bark and did not repel later attacks. Ex- THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 105 periments 29, 30, and 31 failed to give any beneficial results, the emulsion being very poor, as the oil became partly separated from the mixture before the latter could be apphed. Experiments 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37 gave only negative results, neither killing the beetles in the burrows nor repelling later attacks. In experiment 38 a plat of 100 trees was used. Fifty of the trees were very severely cut back and 4 or 5 of them, being too weak to recover, died. The other 50 trees were sprayed with lime-sulphur wash. At the end of the season the pruned trees had produced a strong, healthy foliage and the beetles were attacking them but little. The untrimmed trees were badly attacked and had thrown out a scant, sickly-looking foliage. Experi- ment 39 gave satisfactory results. All of the beetles in the trees at the time of application were killed and no more settled on them until about the last of September; then, a few having settled, the trees were whitewashed and further injury was stopped. The cost of this treat- ment, as made here, prevents it being practicable for a large orchard unless the amount of material used can be reduced with equally good results for the weaker emulsion. Experiment 40 showed that the beetles attack the trees in which these cut branches were placed with- out settling on the cut branches. Experiments 41, 42, and 43 showed the most practicable, and at this time the most likely remedies. These are the combinations of a whitewash and an oil, the whitewash probably being the main factor in repelling the beetles. The cost of these experiments was 14 cents per tree for each application. The trees in these plats, while not entirely free from further attack during the season, suffered considerably less than surrounding plats of trees. METHODS OF CONTROL. Pending further investigation, the following treatments are sug- gested as being practicable and to a certain degree favorable: For trees seriously injured.—Severely trim back the trees and apply barnyard manure or commercial fertilizers; then apply a thick coat of whitewash three times a season, the first application to be made the last week in March, the second application during the second week in July, and the third application about the 1st of October. For trees apparently healthy but slightly attacked —Paint the trees with a thick coat of whitewash three times each season as in the previous treatment, applying it to the trunks and larger limbs. The whitewash applied at the times specified will act as a repellent, the emergence of the beetles being shghtly later than the dates given for the different applications. Add one-fourth pound table salt to each pail of whitewash, thus making the latter more adhesive. All of the dead or nearly dead limbs and trees should be removed and burned as fast as they appear in an orchard, as this will destroy the breeding places. 106 1854. 1856. 1860. 1876, 1881. 1882. 1885. 1884. 1885. 1887. . LeConte, J. L.—Causing the “yellows of peach trees’ DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. - BIBLIOGRAPHY. . Morris, M. H.—Discovery of the cause of “ yellows” in the peach tree. , I Ha > Tg ees nn ie aki wa oe maLatanelbs ve 4 ih a ROrOrigaee |. ore da i a benim, a ive. OEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 68. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. I. THE PEAR THRIPS. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Il. THE SPRING CANKER-WORM. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Ill. THE TRUMPET LEAF-MINER OF THE APPLE. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IV. THE LESSER PEACH BORER. By A. A. GIRAULT, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. V. THE LESSER APPLE WORM. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Invesiigations. VI. GRAPE ROOT-WORM INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907. By FRED JOHNSON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VII. DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, S. W. FOSTER, FRED JOHNSON, and A. A. GIRAULT. VII. THE GRAPE-LEAF SKELETONIZER. By P.R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IX. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. By H. F. WILSON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. j Ayia t\ ae —1— Aili YZ ia eee WKY pores 1S WN = AGRICULTURE SS 0 COM wares a = - - NUTT NIOhesssss> WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1909, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Crreron, Executive Assistant. C. J. Gmuiss, Chief Clerk. F. H. Carrrenpen, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxtns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuaInTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Purures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roagrs, in charge of gipsy moth field work. A. W. Morrit., in charge of white fly investigations. W. F. Fiske, in charge of gipsy moth laboratory. F. C. Bisnopp, in charge of cattle tick life history investigations. A. C. Moraan, in charge of tobacco insect investigations. R. 8. Woaivm, in charge of hydrocyanic-acid gas investigations. R. P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. Mase. Cotcorp, librarian. Decipuvous Fruit INSEct INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. Frep Jonnson, DupLtEY Moutton, 8. W. Foster, E. L. Jennr, C. B. HARDENBERG, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. Braucuer, F. W. Fauror, E. W. Scort, C. W. Hooker, J. R. Horron, Waurer Postirr, E. J. Hoppy, H. F. Winson,¢ agents and experts. a Transferred to another branch in the Bureau. Il LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., July 20, 1909. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bulletin No. 68, nine papers dealing with deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. These papers, which were issued separately during the years 1907-1909, are as follows: The Pear Thrips, by Dudley Moulton; The Spring Canker-Worm and The Trumpet Leaf-Miner of the Apple, by A. L. Quaintance; The Lesser Peach Borer, by A. A. Girault; The Lesser Apple Worm, by A. L. Quaintance ; Grape Root-Worm Investi- gations in 1907, by Fred Johnson; Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth, by A. L. Quaintance, S. W. Foster, Fred Johnson, and A. A. Girault; The Grape-Leaf Skeletonizer, by P. R. Jones; The Peach-Tree Barkbeetle, by H. F. Wilson. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. Il CEG ea " Tete 2 ; siti aor cay ; Page The pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel).......-.......-...---Dudley Moulton. . 1 TR GROU iC tio mee = owe eee ee MLSS Ree We NEE So rea aid Se 1 Ogaurcrence anc GIsthloUWWLOn ese aes. oa ee So eae aa aoe So te 1 Nature sui extent ob imine. ob ti. -nc get dcindm =o Doeda’ Sasi aesistn nas 2 pe Mistry? auth, WAMISs fo soto 5 che eo a, 2 dard ioe sere 7 Methods andtnatural factors im control: .2<.<2s22522 S. esses 85: fee ee SS: 12 The spring canker-worm (Paleacrita vernata Peck).....-.-.--- A. L. Quaintance. 17 Pepi OYG NURS VOTE Ses, Seam eek SE eee oo) eee ETE Rete rie 9 SA aM ete Pe ily aie Gaptenowora Babits: Jo. 2522222. seo) 596d -k Say ceite.-'en seater es 18 Demonstration work in canker-worm control........--...-----.----------- 20 XGRCILINTRN Che IECONAES eee re Meee in Meme Nee ene Re ee eee Soe 21 The trumpet leaf-miner of the apple ( Tischeria malifoliella Clemens). A. L. Quaintance. - 23 esta eee ee a Me Se TEN Aa Fo ied Pee eae ad Pb 23 RSet tae Soe Seo hee se eee atopetiods Sasa 2a ithe -# 24 Prien Petes. Jobe cat SS tSate as Sees cies ces sa eyeppab dean 26 ET be fs 0) Set ah NN TI Da og ae A a RO A 27 Tene One, UN eee ie eee ae ee ok shen ee be DL i sede Mi oe 29 Pera eee eee eR oe ES Oe ie nes Oe See he oe aaa e 29 AMAGD eT TO eS ge TS he i, a = eee ee EE FS 30 The lesser peach borer (Synanthedon pictipes G. & R.)..-......A. A. Girault.. 31 Ree maniend a ee Ses enor e eres. er ESOP wel Ser. os Se shes 31 Pa et Sete Seer ew Se eee oe eas sre tebe ap ast ae fis orci 3l Original description; scientific name............--------- Fseeitada hap He 32 TEAR EADS Sais hn Te 2S a a Sm TR Oe 32 Pood plants, character and extent of injury-.--:---22.--.2--2 <2. 252. 42.0% 33 IDTaUn DUG Oe aaa SA Settee wine Slee ot toe coe bree sole des ea hp 34 PUG DLET are) as wer ts See cena, Sees! aT eC, Fe aes wk base 34 Peo mistorg atte babies. oes. so. 2.24 ye kt Pe fede ese 4. boy Rees 35 Previa MinsGnve: 20. sce seeee ee ane eS EOS, JU NES OS. orn tags 42 erent Caen eetets 0. Witenes. Se 2 Ses PS ye Bs Ad Seu voriiaver ald remedies 2 S202 9. le eal aa eee ye Hd bse So os EES 45 REM RA LaIN La, fo Sa ene ete Ss is See oe Ca) 4 Sle dais oles Ga dae 46 The lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh)..-..-- - 2 A. L. Quaintance. - 49 a SES ee ee i a Ae ie 49 Eee, oo Ngee EOS Soe e Pee oe oe ee 49 etn. Sate AU let Sao lc. so Sele e2- 5.2. OT . -§2 Pood, panies mame meniraetivonads. ..5..5. 0.0.0. ..2.. 22-02-02 ee eee 53 a megm ier an trainee mene teins I. PS Pole le eee lee e ee Sen ees 54 a The nine papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on June 10, July 6, October 15, and October 17, 1907; January 8, April 24, and April 29, 1908; and January 20 and February 11, 1909, respectively. Vv VI DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The lesser apple worm—Continued. Description ........2ccciintssis ase e os Sen | cee ee ee ee rr oe Seasonal ‘history and (habits. 22.22 =-ce~ sees eee eee eee Tdentity . 2c. sia sinc epeita c ofa s able yore ee Se te Parasites... sc ccnkisietocwmsmct oe eee ca emee Ae ee ee ee nee nee Method of controls + ic eco foe see ee eee Gee ee eee Grape root-worm investigations in 1907..............---------- Fred Johnson. . Introduction 222 232. So ee a ee Re ee aise en ee ee A brief consideration of vineyard conditions...........-......------------- Work-undertakén at North iiast: Par fie cet ee ne eee eee Extent of injury to newly bearing vineyards. .......-.....---...-.-..--- Renovation experiment on an old, run-down vineyard.........-...------ Spraying experiment on a newly infested vineyard....................--- Methods of recording results... .52.52.22 0521545 see eee eet ee eee Recommendations based on observations and results of season’s work... .- Demonstration spraying for the codling moth.................-.-..--.------- Introduction: S-3242 sas ne eee ee ee el les OR eeinateincene Demonstration spraying in Virginia in 1907........-.-...-.-- S. W. Postel: Demonstration spraying in Pennsylvania in 1907........-- Fred Johnson. - Demonstration spraying in Ohio in 1907...................A. A. Girault.. The grape-leaf skeletonizer (Harrisina americana Guérin-Méneville). Pes Ones ae Tntred@ation. .iso 208 2..2 J Se Pee ee ee eee Masbompeea ci auee ers Ce SEE sae ce leon Oe ee ee ee eee a Onginwamd distribution: . 070/50. 35 of a ee eee Food plants:and- destructiveness. «2 2222..56 55222 2523 ee eee Characiar of Injury. sno ee ios ot ae Desert phion <2... scest pc nnd ee et Bere Seasonal history. .sdss..25$ stort se SA ee labitigscs boc. 5 nce 55 ciel cee As DSA ae ce eR Identity.c2sjoe5. cee anc erste 1 Ao ee ne er Naturalenemiss 2s <2. wed tse. 22 cc See ee eee ee ee ee GIN ed EGR soo osc 8 ae Po Adc eo Se ne AE DE Re iblopraphy. 2.2 22222. seco sos oa oe ee Oe The peach-tree barkbeetle (Phleotribus liminaris Harr.).--.-- - - H. F. Wilson. - Tm troduCtlo mss a5 fa els ore Aa Ne a TS ek eee story et secec edhe sec cease eet ae ree re ee ee ee eee DsterDUtiOn.:,.:.- o/s e wl tt as ee ee Extent and character of mjury exceeds qe tte anes Sheath engs eke ake Alsophila pometaria. (See Canker-worm, fall.) Amelanchier canadensis, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes...........-------- 33 Ampelopsis quinquefolia, food plant of Harrisina americana ........------- ASE 79 RE TGEATOS GEM MEIN TDA TIN Esai a a)2 Sh his 00 ges is Eeeie sae eesti tae semen 14 2S SI UE a ee | ne ern oe 50 Apple, budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding Pe of pear thrips.. 4-5 FO PIA OF ARO NMUNL POMELIIG. .soh) joe so o/s Bake a2 oi) ~ - wine a ciems eee iv ETTORE PI UMVO ORG = am Verses ono alesse 5a bps eet a 49, 50-53, 59 PEAR WY Fenestra nts 8 ee treed os bids on wee Heat ee 5, 11 ATTN CRAIGS lonee sat ett ihn aaa tap ocx = eas vin 5 17 Tischeria malifoliella. . eames agra ma to-- abtige Sats cle ss se ose ee ee ne 3 budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips. 4 food plant of Zuthrips pyri.. nas aeta tens abr tes c awe ow wea Hs EE Arbutus menziesii, food plant of Buthrips mith. SPE Es eee ee ee 6 pesenate. oF load apamet codling moth... 1p 'c% eco: 35 -p aslawiee oe wees oe ee 70 Cripeoot- Wormer sce. st ss iseb Sees ee se - =~ =< = 67 peseb-tréee harlsheetle. o2.22245555 ee orci hed bee 102-105 Sprit Cymer WOR «22. od aphaed- ns asso 2 wale 222 Se 21-22 and Bordeaux mixture against codling moth................- 73, 75 grape-leaf skeletonizer ........ : 88 TOOL-WOLTN 24 seis sa) 65, 66, 68 Arsenical spraying against lesser apple worm.......-......----------+-++---++-- 60 Arsenite of lime against grape-leaf skeletonizer...........--------+--------+-- 88 Astichus tischeriz, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella........----.----------+---+- 29 Banding trees against spring canker-worm........-...--..--------------e++-++- 22 Barkbeetle, fruit tree. (See Scolytus rugulosus.) peach-tree. (See Phiwotribus liminaris.) Beach plum. (See Prunus maritima.) Pe eudtme aeainat spring Canker-wortl. +... ..--~--... <0 -ss-------2-2se-cenes 22 aards; enemies of Synanthedon pictipes. 2-262 2058.4 - 2-22 --2- +2 -- 2 -- ee 45 3798—Bull. 68—09——2 109 110 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. - Page Bitter rot, Bordeaux mixture'a,remedy-s----2----24-- eee eee eee ee... aes _70 Blackberries, damaged by Tischeria malifoliella.........---.---- 22-22 seeeee 26 Blackberry. (See Rubus villosus.) Black knot, insects reared therefrom, bibliographic reference...............- 47 on cherry and plum, food of Synanthedon pictipes.......-...----.- 33 plum, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom .....-..------ 50, 53, 59 Bordeaux mixture against apple scab and bitter rot -..........------------+- 70 lesser peachl Pareles ese oe os ek ee ee ee 46 and arsenate of lead against codling moth ................- 73, 75 grape-leaf skeletonizer. ....... 88 root-worm........---- 65, 66, 68 kerosene-lime emulsion against trumpet leaf-miner of the appleviewe i: 3. Shae 30 and Paris green against trumpet leaf-miner of the apple -..-- 30 in sprays against spring canker-worm......-...------ eee 22 Bracon mellitor, parasite of Synanthedon pictipes.......-...2.222+++22020+-+--- 45 Campoplex, parasite of Synanthedon pictipes..........- 0525202202222 eee eens 45 Canker-wortn, fall, as.a pest... 2... SSE See ea Be See 17-18 control, recommendations?! 2: 1). Eat bake eae as 22 spring. (See Paleacrita vernata.) Canker-worms, conditions governing multiplication and injury to trees....... 17-18 Carbolic acid against peach-tree barkbeetle ................-2-----+--+------ 102-105 Carbolineum against peach-tree barkbeetle ..............--.-------+-.----- 102-105 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth. ) Castanea dentata, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes.........-..-.+++++--+------ 33 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, food plant of Euthrips pyri........--.--2+++++-+++-+--+-- 6 Cement against peach-tree barkbeetle...............5..0-2.5.5-----+----0- 101-105 Cherries, wild. (See Prunus serotinus and P. pennsylvanicus.) Cherry, blooming: period. ../240°922 400. 52 ATPL ISU: Ee OE aa ee ae 3 budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips... 4-5 food plant of Alsophila pometaria.:.22..22..20205. 225 222--08 20% Ltr 17 ERAPMONAG PPUNMVONG ste sx sa.cternren ors et OE. GUM IE 51, 53 Preps POPE POEM {UR ake) 5, 11 Paleacrita vernata..c.teve 2 SR Re eee ig Phiwotribus himinariget BLO se. 1a 2 ee eee 93 injury from oviposition of pear thrips.............-.---- i DOT e 8 to foliage and fruit by larvee of pear thrips........-........... 6 wild, food ‘plant of Phiwotribus lininarignt 20ST. bn. nes 93, 94 Chestnut. (See Castanea dentata.) Chloronaptholeum against peach-tree barkbeetle..................2.....--- 103-105 Cirrospilus flavicinctus, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella..........-.----------- 29 Closterocerus trifasciata, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella...........------------ 29 Clean culture against grape-leaf skeletonizer...........--.--2222.. 022.1002... 88 Codling moth, demonstration spraying...3..02 2222.22.02 20 eevee 69-76 in OMOGM LOO TE A. JH GTS! oie 75-76 Pennsylvania in 1907...........2..-- 72-75 Varna in: 1907 vi. . 23 Ee 69-72 similarity of Enarmonia prunivora...............-------++-- 49, 54, 57 Conotrachelus nenuphar, association with Enarmonia prunivora in injury to PUM. exe cee TL Se 49-50 host of Sigalphus curculionis: : evs ee ee. ae Se 50, 60 INDEX. 111 Page. Conura x. sp., parasite of Synanthedon pictipes......-.-------2222002eeee eee eee 45 Gatton bands against spring canker-worm.........----- 22. 20- 62-2 0ew sewer ee eee 22 Crab apple, food plant of Enarmonia prunivora.......--.--.------+++++---- 50, 52, 53 sweet-scented. (See Pyrus coronaria.) Crateegus, food plant of Enarmonia prunivora.......--.--.-..2+---22+2-22-- 52, 53, 59 UNEARePL DRMATONCUO Se oo = 2 tactic acne ns etien c= 6 26 Ctenucha (Agloape) americana, bibliographic reference...........-........-.--- 88 Cultivation in control of spring canker-worm. . me TE 20 trumpet leaf-miner of ie eam Bes tag eh nn 'aS = Vedi icnie wos Sa-banlss de 12-14 Dewberry. (See Rubus canadensis.) Dorymyrmex pyramicus, enemy of Synanthedon pictipes........-......2-------- 45 Elachertus n. sp., parasite of Synanthedon pictipes.......-..-.--.-.--+---------- 44-45 Elasmus pullatus, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella................2.-.2222---- 29 Pim sod plant ot Alsophila pometaria. -..... ~. 223-220-224: --desekgbeesh 17 EARLE ORRCUIURS oo 2 aa, o 5 te Sass Abs Dado: 92, 107 POLE aCri VET N GUE sae. = SASS chaps REPENS © Ere w ies 4 eaves 17 gall, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom.........-.....-..-------- 50, 53, 59 PINNRC MR LTRS oo ons Es Steet tickets a tetendly ses 49-60 Sovihi Or InGth- tog leet Mons ahem ne... meesaets 56-57 COGQOUE jeanne: ee eas etre a re eee et 56 oT SOR Ee ee te ran ee Oe ee ee ee 60 cies TO) 10) 1 SRG 3 SSC es ee ae ae et ney ae 55-57 SRCORISEE EL MOTIORED 2 Sesion % obi adc mated ne os Seles 53-54 GIs MWe. PEP eee. So asi divi an «ore Soke ane 53 ee ee eee Bis eit (oie Hatin). Lian adictw Land siren abet 55 eel) PIRANER Ce Leeds 2s eet Bois ntema ee Sees 53 RISD oe en Sota SS ON 2 UO Tins Foy a nis 6, Ga Oe Lt 2.) eae 49-52 WOMB. ances ey. Saseed Lepe.od aeniteh Som. cole 59-60 argnry /CUAIBCle? ...- 3... 2 es 09s Sates ay fee 5) io ae. ke 54-55 wa eebinla outs se lee)-n4 bos es $e sha Pk iw 26a Sei. Oh 55-56 priate seit he the) aes Subse bedi aah ereeep oe odes oe 52 pemnnGeckeete! Sie 6 ck Sate bedtee gecinyge oo ona. to SU ee | aoe 5-11 OPPistna GMeriCanas 22. fon, TLE SEES ee 77-79 Grape-leaf skeletonizer. (See Harrisina americana.) Gall, elm, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom..........-.-..-.------------ 50 Hawthorn, Semasia janthinana reared therefrom.....--.-..-..-------- 59 oak, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom...........-..-.---------- “50, 53, 59 Girault, A. A., paper, ‘‘The Lesser Peach Borer (Synanthedon pictipes G. & R.)”. 31-48 Quaintance, A. L., Foster, S. W., and Johnson, Fred, paper, ‘‘Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth’’............ 69-76 Glyptapanteles sp., parasite of Harrisina americana.......----------+-+-+----+--- 87 Grape root-worm and vineyard conditions in Lake Erie Valley............-...- 62-63 control recommendations based on observations and results of séason’s Work, L007 20. Jc adeinctes ee ORL od ae eee 67-68 history 2 oss sles boo de oon ead bee Pee ae eee 61 injury to newly bearing vineyards......-......-.----------- 64-65 investigations in 1907.22.27... Ts seeheee Sete Le esc See ree ee 61-68 methods of recording results from spraying experiments. -... - 66-67 renovation experiment on an old, run-down vineyard. ...... 65-66 spraying experiment in a newly infested vineyard. ......... 66 work andertaken at North) Bast, baie. -eeteeeee- 2 sees eee 63 varieties attacked by Harrisina americana.............-.-------------++- 79 wild, food plant. of Harrisina amerieanaiilss.3)22)-s2bee: --. == 2-22 t ee 79 Grapholitha prunivora=Enarmonia prunwwora.......---.---...++-222+- 22222 -- 52 Gregarious habits of Harrisina amerteana..-\- 2223 25-3. eae 77, 80, 86, 87 Hand-picking against grape-leaf skeletonizer.............-.-....-.-+-.------ 87-88 FOPPBING AMETANG 5. Sos cosmsn tees zomew ee gsc es Os pelts ee ee 77-90 adult. ov. 022 -2ge Mees Ueekieen Lee be aieichet: Scere ce on 84 bibliography - --5.-- = Wet es Ae ee ee eee ie et ceo 88-90 COC OO Die yee sialcree ogee I ete ioe ol tp eral eR Ia =P Fe 83 COMparison With: A pregana 520.556. dee Se 87 description of stages.......-.- Eat a thle 2 alae, SURI ROENR. EO 80-84 destractiveness: 3 Vsusk ef (ret tat sep el cul. no bee e 79 CisttiPUOn.< -.. sents eS S's. 79 CO patois oo a teeen am ae eee se aS Satede tere cae 80-81 C@NAMMES See cles erg ee a kes wos, eee ae oe 87 food plants. -i2...c200..2.inele. tied eae, are ee 79 PODETAMOUS .% pote cc see ns hw ani aie o\ninie eet ens 85 INDEX. 113 A Page. Harrisina americana, habits.....----.----..---+-- eel kctisay AgpmnGerasat de 86-87 JS) 721.1 - See) gee oe ae ae i OP ee See 77-79 UGH wise sao ee es RII SM Lc ete ces 87 PROP a edOtR a etree. se ose: levies 2. So 79-80 ye Dee Rete DON St 2 ae, en 81-83 Tne Wy V0 oe eS eT See 85-86 STEP Meee ates ina «2 cen nn OEE ANE os ee ek 79 PU teresa San west olelnln Leelotery nd fog 83-84 related to Procris ampelophaga and P. vitis.............-.. 79 MMOONeH =H? Segtifas. -clecelssiy stleeaswood .dibe..... 87-88 SESE SUES 2 2) ea a ee 85-86 ausizalis, bibliographic reference.--..........---------j-+---+----4-5 90 sandbornty bibliographic reference .....--......---+.----------.--- 89 ions oetaplic reference... = 35.0 5<5----- 2... - dees mek: 90 dititerences from J7;.améritan@esss ss 10. 02.) ..sxeed -,seacd - 87 Haw (see also Crateegus). food ilantiol Enarmonia primivora. .4 2220532 ae nes 2a. oaks ioe... 50, 51, 53 Hawthorn galls, Semasia janthinana reared therefrom. ............------------ 59 Horismenus popenoei, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella..............---.-2------ 29 Hydrocyanic-acid gas against peach-tree barkbeetle................-..---.-- 103, 105 Hylesinus opaculus, mistaken for Phlwotribus liminaris...........----------- 92, 107 Johnson, Fred, Girault, A. A., Quaintance, A. L., and Foster, 8S. W., paper, ‘‘Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth”............ 69-76 paper, ‘‘Grape Root-Worm Investigations in 1907”............ 61-68 Jones, P. R., paper, ‘‘The Grape-Leaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana Guérin- ReneeING ens 22h... ERM eer seco 2dtiset bes ello? adores 77-90 Juneberry. (See Amelanchier canadensis.) Kerosene emulsion against peach-tree barkbeetle..............-....-------- 103-105 trumpet leaf-miner of the apple....-.-..-..-------- 30 lime emulsion against trumpet leaf-miner of the apple...-........-..- 30 with Bordeaux mixture against trumpet leaf-miner of theopplet?! . ...2 2254-2. - <2 30 and Paris green against trum- pet leaf-miner of the apple. 30 ard apainnt pesch-tree barkheetle. ....-.. . 2. 06--n----4..503----2---2-0- 102-105 Leaf-miner, trumpet, of the apple. (See Tischeria malifoliella. ) Lilac, wild California. (See Ceanothus thyrsiflorus.) lente against peach-tree, barkbeetlei.c.i2-. oz: go22e2ede~.seides-.--.-..---- 101-105 kerosene emulsion. (See Kerosene-lime emulsion. ) stone, against peach-tree barkbeetle...............-..--.-.----------- 102-105 sulphur wash against lesser peach borer. .-.......-.-----------------+---- 46 mesch-tree. barkbeetle..... caters. ......--..: 103-105 cngiieria Ap:, parasite of, Harrisina americana. .......------ 2423 ---+-----2--6 87 Madrofia. (See Arbutus menziesii.) Manure against peach-tree barkbeetle..................2.---2-------------- 101-105 Mesostenus, parasite of Synanthedon pictipes......-...-.------------+++--++-+--- 45 Microbracon, parasite of Synanthedon pictipes...........-....+--++--+---+--+- 45 Mirax grapholithe, parasite of Enarmonia prunivora.......---..--------+-+---- 60 Di Eee ONO OF Amma IT sao. co wis ejeectencle nis» 2439s Js bebe Biel 14-15 guests ot Phigowibee liimana. 4.42 24.26 53.22 626 Segjenet..---..-.-2--- 101 Moulton, Dudley, paper, ‘‘The Pear Thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel)”........-.- 1-16 Oak, red. (See Quercus rubra.) 114 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page Orchard management against lesser peach borer............-...-..--.-------- 46 Paleacrita vernata i... 205. soso icd o-oo ee Okt OSLER ta ee ee 17-22 25:8 Pest. 0. soe sae ed eee EE ES oe oe ele oc 17-18 control, demonstration work2--2e ae. ae ee eee 20-21 recommendations... 250.242 sh0ee ee 21-22 habits... 25.5502... sts tees pecans PEE eee ae eee 18-20 life history 2... 222222. Wists ge ce ae BUS he ee ee 18-20 Paris green against grape-leaf skeletonizer..............-----.-+-------+------ 88 spring cankerswaends. bo) Se Pees ME US See oy ot oe ee 20-21 with kerosene-lime emulsion against trumpet leaf-miner of the apple wees LAGOA. ses sce 30 and Bordeaux mixture against trum- pet leaf-miner of the apple. -.-..- 30 Peach, blooming period !....2.2 . 22 ss2+522<- CUE HEPES ee ee ee eee 3 borer, lesser. (See Synanthedon pictipes.) name used for Synanthedon pictipes.....- =.=... Leet See 32 (see also Sanninoidea exitiosa). budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips. 4 food plant. of Enarmonia peunimeras. iss .o2 2-252 abet 8S ER Fe 53 Eruthrips: pypis el 23 SR: PES SES eee eee 5 Phieoitritus tantnapise ssa PIE, SERS 91-108 tree barkbeetle. (See Phleotribus liminaris.) Pear;blooming periodic. 362 Ve 20 2 295 SE ee eee 3 budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips... 4-5 food: plant of: Muwthripe pym.. . 125. 25020 I. aa 5-11 injury to foliage and fruit by larve of pear thrips................------- 6 thrips. (See Euthrips pyrv.) Perilampus platygaster, parasite of Harrisina americana.......-......----+-+--- 87 Phleotribus.liminaris. : 6-2 ee So EI BE os Sra eee 91-108 adult, deseri phian: 329. JSS aes ®, COP ee 98 habitat ass. See Be 2 sce ee 96-98 otblicmrailny 5) Se ohohs ae ee oe eee eee 106-108 control methods........-.. Se ns ere eaten earner 105 AISTRMMOHE 20. coos cen eae oe Se eee aa ae 93 CPE see ces dado kha ce ut cece MEE Seerrets Sea peeeenes 99 hibernation’. 0.0052. 2.fer J. s GRE ARS Be oat Soe 95-96 history’... -..4.2600325 Suh FRR RSE SE 2 ea de Oe oe 92-93 injury,-character and extents:2324 430. 2212 ee sae 94-95 larva... 2ideT sted: DA Seggee NUS J ee 99-100 life history... :.<..<.2.d38Se32¢ 1. Ste Cee See ee 95-101 occurrence.in Ohio. 2: 4).S9ee5 tae Se ee eee 93-94 parasites... /UPseG sie See | ce seek ees 101 PUP Bnew estes 5a 5 eR ee ee ee 100-101 remedies, experiments... 22. Ji JF bsseS A eee ed - 101-105 similarity of work to that of Scolytus rugulosus....-....-- 93 supposed cause of ‘‘peach yellows” ........-..---------- 92 Phygadeuon ? sp., parasite of Tischeria malifoliella.............2.---22++++++-- 29 Pimpla annulipes, parasite of Synanthedon pictipes.......-..---+++-++--+-+--- 45 Plowing in control of spring Canker-worm....2...0.2.05 502/22 sec ceeeeeeee 20-21 trumpet leaf-miner of the apple..................--.-.. 30 Plowrightia morbosa. (See Black knot.) Plum, beach. (See Prunus maritima.) curculio. (See Conotrachelus nenuphar.) INDEX. 115 Page. Plum, food plant of Hnarmonia prunivora.....-.------------ a nears Bs 49-53, 59, 60 ULAR een sake Pe ls. ARG E OS oi oe 5, lL Phlgomebum tne s << St. PS POO U2 BS P22 nse 93 Sinanitedon pwtapese sts s5 8 I EL ed ns. ae a 33 moth, early name for Enarmonia prunivora..............-----+----- 49, 50, 52 tree borer, name for Synanthedon pictipes.............-.-------------- 32 wild, food plant of Enarmonia prunivora.............-.:------+2------- 52, 53 Synanthedow. picbepess 2200. 2000 ver Sees sk 33 Poison oak. (See Rhus diversiloba.) Printer’s ink against spring canker-worm. ../ 5.25.2... 200052500800 S eee ees 22 Procris americana, bibliographic references. . ........-2.2 2052.02 22--.--.----- 88, 89 = HOITISING QMeEnCONG <<... ~ 82326 =oseeee BBO rete Be a 77,78 ampelophaga, related to Harrisina americana.......------------------- 79 mapur,, pibliographic references \t)2.4 suspen ls a. eae We. 88 autis, related to Harrisina americana..22. {0.2220 Je. 225. fee ee 79 PEM GLOOMIING NATIOG | js = Sool oslens so-so SUPORTE - MBL oR et 2 3 budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips. 4-5 food plant, of narmoniaprimumvoras 22535. % 62 SSE. se ESE. ee 51, 53 AMR UNG Aa 3s 4h ea ao se dede 5 ase5 OIE, TNO 5, 11 injury to fruit and foliage from larvee of pear thrips....-...........---- 6 Bruning acainst peach-tree barkbeetle.......-..2.. 2.00 2s6s Js... eee eee 103-105 Prunus maritima, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes.......--..-------------- 33 pennsylvanicus, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes............---.---- 33 serotinus, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes.......--..--.----------- 33 Pyrus coronaria, food plant of Tischeria malifoliella..........2.----.-----+----- 26 os BORED Mis 8 yo) 5 ae HRS. SS 26 maiz, food plant.ot Pischeria.malifoliella..... 205. 222222. 2 ee se 26 Quaintance, A. L., Foster, 8. W., Johnson, Fred, and Girault, A. A., paper, ‘‘Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth” ....... 69-76 paper, “‘The Lesser Apple Worm (Enarmonia prunivora SUBIR Pesaro cere oe EPR. OS ee we 49-60 “The Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita vernaia Peck)’’. 17-22 “The Trumpet Leaf-Miner of the Apple ( Tischeria mealfolielia Clemens)??.. 32920522 930... 222-2253 23-30 Quercus frondosa, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom .........------------ 50, 53 rubra, Enarmonia prunivora reared from galls............---..-------- 50 singularis, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom......-...-......---- 50,59 Rpnidians, enemies of Muthrips pyri. ..5.2. P2009. SO Lee 14 Raspberry. (See Rubus occidentalis.) Resin against peach-tree barkbeetle ......-- Pe See EEE | ee 102 Rhus diversiloba, food plant of Euthrips pyri...........----------------+-++----- 6 Bhgncholophus sp., enemy of Thrips tabaci........22 0... 50) 202.2222 22-2 eee 14-15 Rootworm, grape. (See Grape rootworm.) Rosa carolina, food plant of Tischeria roseticola...............----.-2--+--+--- 26 Rubus canadensis, food plant of Tischeria malifoliella ..........-..----- pu 26 occidentalis, food plant of Tischeria malifoliella................2----- se 26 willosus, food plant. of Tischeria ened. 2.2.02. 22022222 eee 26 MaRUMNiELo | PRE. PENS Sr Le. Be 26 Sait meuinet peach-ired harkbectle s..-. 2 si nn ele ee lee. 102-105 Sanninoidea exitiosa, confusion with Synanthedon pictipes...-....-.-.-----+--- 31 Dinrttas Files PRIM eeks 3998 od ooo oe cass PLES LL S22 LO A Oe 101 similarity of work to that of Phlwotribus liminaris.....---.- 93 Semasia janthinana, Enarmonia prunivora closely allied. ..........-..-------- 59 116 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. - Page Semasia prunivora=Enarmonia prunwora .......-+--- 20-202 eee eee ee eee eee 50 Sesia pictipes, bibliographic reference. -.-.......... . -.-Waa=eeeeeeems = ns = = 2-2 =e 47, 48 == Synanthedon moctipes .. ..<. 22ee es See = 32 Sigalphus curculionis, not parasite of Enarmonia prunivora, but of Conotrachelus NENWPNAP - «2a = aaa as eda s SEE wis SASSER Gio ELSI ate eee eee 50, 60 Snake-flies. (See Raphidians.) Soap against peach-tree barkbeetle....cvscsceng Some ae a os So eee 102-105 fish oil, against peach-tree barkbeetle ...........-.-.-..----------.-- 101-105 Spiders, enemies’ of Huthrips pyrite... -.<2 -.. <2, 4 SNe eee ee eee 14 Spraying against grape-leaf skeletonizer’. - . 22. 22:.21 22. 2.28.6. Ye 22s). 2-2-2 8g lesser apple worm. .....< 238s le) uae paeeeees 60 ’ spring canker-worm. <. so Rwaaes See ee ee eee 20-22 trumpet leaf-miner of the apple: -2...3.. siuces . 2222 -2oe Be. 30 demonstration, for the codling moth........2.4..22.s..-.2.52-2005.5- 69-76 Sprays unsatisfactory against pear thrips. .....2-++.- $..2-+212-0+-2sse+ 22-2. 12 Sulphur against peach-tree barkbeetle. 22-...2...... -......- 4... = -.n- 0 2 RMR = OE 26 malifoliellasine gece Abe 4aditoiat slr ae Jos ia ete. ae ee 23-30 INDEX. 117 Page Tischeria malifoliella, description.....-...-..-..--.--- 5 AA 24-26 distribtimgaisesais 2-2-1 5 ih Bes | SS a 2 RR een Se 29 OO a ee Via yet d ie nares niece = = Sinieinie ho ego oe 24-25 TOO fem Nee os ee oe ie hee bh wee eet eee 26-27 FES lp ee ee rere, ee Re Se LS a dee cies ees 23-24 JEMAICIOE 2: Ce IS Re ge ee oe 25 Vibes vet ese sk as Ob ae oe a eee 28-29 CNTR «0c Bc Slee ead ge el Oe ae 24 ARERR Se et oo ictal os le BR gS any eo ee eS eS 29 RO eae eet Ne tale eee ae ne Senin, = whose 25-26 BOSC ONS MOON aides sich eens pe es S's ose done 27-29 WAS NMEA. -coadvignsooc seprbeoceo- o5Snes donSDBeenBoeeee 30 TRIE, OTL I LORG RONUTME: atc ote ook eee ee Soe ee he Sew Sie = 26 Ulmicola gall, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom.......-........--.------ 50, 59 Urogaster tischerix, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella...........-..--.---2+---20 29 Vineyard conditions in Lake Erie Valley, in relation to grape root-worm ..... 62-63 Virginia creeper. (See Ampelopsis quinque/folia. ) Vitis arizonica, food plant of Harrisina americana..........--------------+-65-- 79 Walnut; English, food plant of Huthrips pyrt.-.......---- ieee --ceccccwe eae 5 0 Whitewash against peach-tree barkbeetle ................--2--52-----0-0--- 104-105 ‘‘Wild-cherry borer,’’ name used for Synanthedon pictipes.............----+--- 32 Wilson, H. F., paper, ‘‘The Peach-tree Barkbeetle (Synanthedon pictipes G. C8 ios) isto 2 SS Ee ak a ee ee ee 91-108 Woodpecker, enemy of Synanthedon pictipes.......----.---------2002-22ee eee 45 *“‘Worming,’’ remedy against lesser peach borer.....................--------- 46 Yellows, peach, erroneously supposed to be caused by Phlewotribus liminaris. - . 92 Zagrammosoma multilineata, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella.............--.-- 29 O U.S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, . BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 68. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS PRUIT INSECTS TQ { sy ct 3 AND INSECTICIDES. <> Be I, THE PEAR THRIPS. 4 a By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. as If. THE SPRING CANKER-WORM. 2 Bea. By A. L. QUAINTANGE, In-Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. “a Ill. THE TRUMPET LEAF-MINER OF THE APPLE. i: By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. fy we ¥ IV. THE LESSER PEACH BORER. “2 . . By A. A. GIRAULT, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. V. THE LESSER APPLE WORM. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. i VL. GRAPE ROOT-WORM INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907, By FRED JOHNSON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VU. DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, S. W. FOSTER, FRED JOHNSON, and A. A. GIRAULT. VUL THE GRAPE-LEAF SKELETONIZER. By P.R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IX. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. By H. F. WILSON, Engagedin Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. USSssssy WASHINGTON: ach GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. a: 1909. 4 3 M Pa oe ae “ SR tes DEPAKRIMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 68. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. I. THE PEAR THRIPS. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. TH. THE SPRING CANKER-WORM. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Il. THE TRUMPET LEAF-MINER OF THE APPLE. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, Jn Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IV. THE LESSER PEACH BORER. By A. A. GIRAULT, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. V. THE LESSER APPLE WORM. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Invesiigations. VI. GRAPE ROOT-WORM INVESTIGATIONS IN 1907. By FRED JOHNSON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VU. DEMONSTRATION SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, S. W. FOSTER, FRED JOHNSON, and A. A. GIRAULT. VIE. THE GRAPE-LEAF SKELETONIZER. _ By P.R.JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IX. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. By H. F. WILSON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. NCGITUTTA NS (a WN Ceara WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1909. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruartr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R.S. Currton, Executive Assistant. C. J. Gauss, Chief Clerk. H. CurrrenpdEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. M. WEBsTER, 7n charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. F. Puiures, in charge of bee culture. M. Roaers, in charge of gipsy moth field work. F. Fiske, in charge of gipsy moth laboratory. F.C. Bisuorp, in charge of cattle tick life history investigations. A. C. MorGan, in charge of tobacco insect investigations. R. 8S. Wocium, in charge of hydrocyanic-acid gas investigations. R. P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. MaBEL Cotcorp, librarian. EB. A. W. F. A. E. D: W. Decrpuous Fruit INSEcT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. Frep Jounson, DupiEy Moutron, S. W. Foster, E. L. JENNE, C. B. HARDENBERG, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. Braucner, F. W. Faurot, E. W. Scort, C. W. Hooker, J. R. Horton, WatreR Postirr, E. J. Hoppy, H. F. Winson,4 agents and experts. a Transferred to another branch in the Bureau. II LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., July 20, 1909. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bulletin No. 68, nine papers dealing with deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. These papers, which were issued separately during the years 1907-1909, are as follows: The Pear Thrips, by Dudley Moulton; The Spring Canker-Worm and The Trumpet Leaf-Miner of the Apple, by A. L. Quaintance; The Lesser Peach Borer, by A. A. Girault; The Lesser Apple Worm, by A. L. Quaintance; Grape Root-Worm Investi- gations in 1907, by Fred Johnson; Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth, by A. L. Quaintance, S. W. Foster, Fred Johnson, and A. A. Girault; The Grape-Leaf Skeletonizer, by P. R. Jones; The Peach-Tree Barkbeetle, by H. F. Wilson. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. it EOneEEN TS." Page The pear thrips (Zuthrips pyrt Daniel).........-....-------- Dudley Moulton. . 1 Litroduction 2. reese] ake - - a eee eS NE wie ows oye nian os | (ieecurrence; qua Gatpe Miers. =o ee er oe te Sea Aten ea tec e's | ieyaes ne tre Wren gies as) I ry bh eee eee Ag 2 BTM MEV ReT a eke Te lorcet Roe pate ee eee a a 7 Methods and namiraliactors 1m Control... 2". 2: s20syesa sees oo ee ee es 12 The spring canker-worm (Paleacrita vernata Peck)......--..-4 A. L. Quaintance. . 17 Aaaed eRION Ree ree se sees x dace Ws a ee a aes 17 Dates titercey ANE EMIS See esac Sek oon Gn se own a he eee ee sees se 18 Demonsiratlonnworks1m canker-worm controle.--.--2.-2-se+s2- seen = =e 20 ae EMER IOH Nees ate ee At Oa. fet eee on eee ee 21 The trumpet leaf-miner of the apple ( Tischeria malifoliella Clemens). A. L. Quaintance. - 23 CHOBE SUSUR oa a Md I SS a ee EE ony oe 23 IVERGrITD UN Omne eee Sonne ra ennte StS ane Pee E oa.s asi'S ss.d otrsiete 24 PRR eRT Ming en SE le Sao on a ie ee ann oe ne web = otal ye este 26 STOUT EATS 15) pela papel Or pea eae tel Lt = eae 27 LOWS Ciel OTA ay AV eet en ne ead a Ee ae Oe ie a eee pe eee ya ee 29 IPOD TGS Loe ote sa SORES ee eee SOIC ee eee I ie ei yt are 29 “SUSAN. oS Obs - DS SRS CE Se SS OBI GOS ae EE ane ae aS, a note 30 The lesser peach borer (Synanthedon pictipes G. & R.)....-....A. A. Girault.. 31 Line Cle ONE See ees cee ee ere. foe Nae cle ne cl meee ee 31 LEUEO AWS. cobs dash Satttaas ee ne oe a a 31 DiriPinal a Gumrrmuon BClOMMiCG MAING. i5.2-.-22. 52.2202 222-2 e ese estes 32 (COPPNTAR ON TENET eS oe a 4 See ae ae a gg ea 32 Hood plants; character anid-extent of injury....---.--:-.-2.------2+----+< 33 JME S21) 0006) 7 ea ape eee Ian ee ae ee re eee ome eer Seats 34 (AA PSA TST oe Seg set a a UIE 2 ere 34 Life history and habits..........-.. NE cae, he EE 35 SPPILIP DCEO) Qh Ae See Ss ot 2 Ag aa ane ne 42 treametipniednce te mere a tee ee Pk ee Bea ep esate 44 eee aeMedien eam too. ao cu saa ate ie new odeese ecco 45 EU lt ae So eo a eo 46 The lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh).....- - 2 A. L. Quaintance. 49 are mtnOEN a ie, ee 8 aa Pele a sees e eee 49 Po Site 2 SE SoS SAE Se SRS SS a ele ec 49 Qigua (itt): i he a eA oe 52 Pood pi nmarcentmactyonemr 05. ...7..-..-..2--22.2. 05.22 eee tee 53 OC Siaciesia ea een eee er eee SO ecco ee eee te ce neee 54 « The nine papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on June 10, July 6, October 15, and October 17, 1907; January 8, April 24, and April 29, 1908; and January 20 and February 11, 1909, respectively. Vv VI DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The lesser apple worm—Continued. Description ....0 0.2 <2. 25 Ses 2 toe ee ee ee Seasonal history and habits: - 4.25. 3250-5 232 Soe ee Identity ..... 0.262.006 0c te cn obs ace eee eee ee Parasites... .. 220. - sbil Short general account, mostly quoted from Fitch. 1868. Grorr, A. R. and Roprnson, C. T.—Acoloithus americana.The genus Phlwotribus is being revised by Doctor Hopkins, who will dis- cuss the synonymy and other systematic features in a bulletin of the technical series of this Bureau. Bul. 68, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X. WORK OF THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE (PHLCEOTRIBUS LIMINARIS). Fig. 1.—Gum exuding through burrows made in bark of peach tree. Fig. 2.—Exit holes in bark of peach tree. (Original.) THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 93 United States; and more recently experiments have been carried out by the Ontario experiment station in the district of Niagara. In looking over the past literature it is noticed that the injury done by the beetle has increased materially with the increased planting of peach and cherry, and the species has thus become one of economic importance, Until the present season (1908) few direct measures had been taken to combat this barkbeetle, and very little, if anything, was known concerning its life history. Not until recently has it become very injurious to fruit trees, and these are limited to peach, cherry, and wild cherry. The beetles will, however, work on plum trees when confined to that food. So far but three localities have been re- ported as being visited with injury to any great extent, these being in the fruit district lying about Lakeside and Gypsum, Ohio; in the vicinity of Cayuga Lake, New York, and in the Niagara district, Ontario Province, Canada. The effects of the beetles’ work are very serious in all trees attacked. The peach-tree barkbeetle is a native of this country, and until cultivated trees were introduced must have held to forest trees for food and breeding places. The work of the beetle is similar to that of the fruit-tree barkbeetle (Scolytus rugulosus Ratz.), and there exists a marked similarity in the beetles themselves by which the two species may be easily confused. DISTRIBUTION. Observations and reports show the distribution, in so far as known, to be as follows: New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, and Michigan, and from the Niagara district, Onta- rio Provinee, Canada. Field notes on this species, in the branch of forest insect investigations, Bureau of Entomology, taken by Doctor Hopkins and Mr. W. F. Fiske, indicate that the species is found throughout almost all of West Virginia, and that it occurs in North Carolina and New Hampshire. OCCURRENCE IN OHIO. The date of the first appearance of this insect in Ohio is in ques- tion, as it has undoubtedly been in the State for some time, although it has not done any great amount of damage until recently. Some of the orchardists stated that they had seen its work for eight or ten years, but did not know the cause. An area of about 8 or 10 miles square about Lakeside, Ohio, including the adjacent islands, is badly infested. Outside of this locality the beetles occur east and west to 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. a slight degree; and as the beetles have been taken at Youngstown, Ohio, and are reported from West Virginia and Michigan, it is very probable that this species is at present more or less generally dis- tributed throughout the State. At Lakeside a lime manufacturing company bought up most of the land comprising the peninsula for commercial purposes. On this land are many remnants of orchards, which are uncultivated and uncared for, and are attacked by scale and numerous other in- sects. These trees are gradually being destroyed by the insects and are seriously attacked by Phlwotribus liminaris. Pieces of bark 2 to 3 feet long and extending half way around the trunk will be com- pletely cut from a tree 8 inches in diameter by the larve. The dead trees in these orchards were uninfested when observed, but the bark was full of exit holes and the trees were girdled. (See Pl. XI, fig. 2.) Until these infested trees are all killed they will afford ideal breeding places for the beetles while they attack the near-by orchards in large numbers, either for food or in efforts to make egg burrows. These abandoned orchards undoubtedly have much to do with the large number of beetles present in this locality. Plate XI, figure 1, shows a view of one of these orchards which was cut back for the purpose of renovation. The result was that the trees developed a strong growth and were almost free from attack at the end of the season. The reasons for the attack by beetles on apparently healthy trees, while important to know, can not yet be explained. Several orchards were observed where the beetles were attacking the trees in numbers without forming egg burrows. These orchards had borne crops con- tinuously each year, but appeared to be becoming gradually weaker each season, and large quantities of sap oozed out and collected at the base of the trees during.the summer months. In one case in which an orchard had been very badly injured, whitewashing the trees was tried, and the present season (1908) the trees appear healthy and thrifty with but few beetles present, these having worked into the smaller branches above the whitewash. EXTENT AND CHARACTER OF INJURY. When the beetles are present in large numbers their injury to the trees is quickly brought to the attention of the orchardist by the large amount of sap exuding from the trees through the many small bor- ings made both in the trunk and limbs of the tree. (See Pl. X, fig. 1.) In some instances from 1 to 3 or more gallons of sap will flow from a single tree during a season. The writer observed one wild-cherry Bul. 68, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PEATE Xl. OOS + * = a: ‘ a ae spiny PAG Shag oS Nee ¢ +f i iat Be WORK OF THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE (PHLCEOTRIBUS LIMINARIS). Fig. 1.—Orchard severely pruned April 19, 1908. exuding through burrows made in b: supposed to have been killed by the } Photograph taken July 7,1908. Fig. 2.—Gum irk of cherry tree. Fig. 3.—Removing stumps of trees yarkbeetle. (Original.) THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 95 tree about 14 inches in diameter and from 75 to 80 feet high which had apparently been killed by the beetles, the bark having been completely eaten away from the tree. The adults or beetles (see fig. 20, a, b) produce the primary injury to healthy trees, the work of the larvee being secondary. The healthy trees, by repeated attacks of the adults, are reduced to a condition favorable to the formation of egg burrows. When the beetles are ready to hibernate in the fall they fly to the healthy trees and form their hibernation cells. These latter are injurious to the trees, for through each cell there will be a tiny flow of sap during the following season. (See Pl. XI, fig. 2.) The greater the number: of hibernation cells, the greater will be the amount of sap exuded; also, when the beetles come out of their winter quarters in the spring they bore into the bark of healthy trees from one-quarter to one-half of an inch, either for food or in an endeavor to form egg burrows. Later the beetles leave these burrows, either because the burrows become filled with sap or because the beetles seek the sickly trees for breeding purposes. Many more small channels are thus formed in the bark and from these sap oozes during the summer. Two means are therefore supplied by which the sap may flow from the trees—and this it does in many cases, forming large gummy masses around the trunks. Such losses for three or four years in succession necessarily reduce the trees to a very much weakened condition, and it then becomes possible for the beetles to form egg burrows and for the larvee to finish the destruction of the tree. Plate XI, figure 3, shows the remains of an orchard presumably killed by Phleotribus liminaris. LIFE HISTORY. HIBERNATION. The insects spend the winter as adults.in hibernation cells just be- neath the outer layer of bark on both healthy and unhealthy trees. In the fall, from October to freezing weather, the adults of the fall generation are continually emerging and migrating to growing trees. They bore in through rough places on the bark and burrow along from one-quarter to five-eighths of an inch, forming hibernation cells, the openings to which are closed with the exudation from the bur- row. In these cells they remain throughout the winter. The latest formed adults of the fall brood remain in the pupal cells until spring before cutting out, so that hibernation occurs both on dead and living trees, those on the live trees hibernating in regular hibernating cells and those on dead trees hibernating in the pupal cells. 96 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. With the first warm weather in spring—as early as the last of March in the latitude of Lakeside, Ohio—the beetles begin cutting their way out from their hibernation cells. They do not immediately leave these, but remain from four days to a week or more, most of them feeding for a while and then migrating to trees, wood piles, and brush heaps, or to any- thing upon which they can feed and in which make brood chambers. THE ADULT. HABITS. The beetles fly but lttle during the morning hours, migrating from tree to tree for the most part between the hours of noon and night. During the day the beetles move about on the trees, the females seeking places in which to bur- row and the males searching for burrows already started in which the usuaily accompanying male is lacking. After nightfall flight and movement over the tree cease. The male beetles probably commence feeding as soon as they cut their way out of the pupal cell, and continue to feed more or less as long as they live. When in the brood chamber they ex- crete a brown bead-like frass, the food for this sex evidently being cut loose and passed back by the female. The female commences feeding as soon as she has cut into the edge of the bark, and feeds until she is too feeble to form egg cells. The burrows of Phla@otribus liminaris can be very easily distinguished from those of Scolytus rugulosus, both from Pig: 18." Werk of fhe Peach ileer ehesoutside ‘and On. the inside ranmims barkbeetle (Phlwotribus limi- naris): Galleries in limb of bark. The opening of the burrow of re eens November 20, 19°8. the former is very easily distinguished . from the fact that the exudation from the burrow is held together by a fine, apparently silklike thread, which is secreted by both male and female. This holds the exudation over and partly in the mouth of the burrow. After going into the sapwood the female constructs a niche which later forms an arm ts AUT THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 97 of the ege burrow. While an extension opposite this is being made the males copulate with the females at this point. At other times the males remain between the mouth of the burrow and this niche, occasionally going deeper into the burrow. Copulation ordinarily takes place at the fork in the burrow, and has been observed a number of times to last as long as fifteen minutes after the cutting away of the bark. The female rests with the posterior end of the abdomen just at the edge of the fork, the male operating from the adjoining niche. The sole function of the male seems to be that of attending the female, as none has ever been observed working. The forks of the burrow may or may not be nearly equal in length, but usually they vary to quite an extent. They are, however, always more or less horizontal, running around the axis of the limb. (See figs. 18 and 19.) After being fer- tilized the female imme- diately sets about deposit- ing eggs, and at this time | the abdomen is very much swollen. During the con- i struction of the burrow copulation occurs several times, so that the length of the burrow appears to depend upon the num- ber of times of copulation. As soon as the egg is de- é Fic. 19.—Work of the peach-tree barkbeetle (Phlaa- posited the female covers tribus liminaris) : Galleries in wood of peach tree, it with frass, so that the May 18, 1908, Lakeside, Ohio. Enlarged. (Orig- main burrow is a circular Sis tube of sawdust, outside of which occur the eggs. The method of egg deposition is as follows: Having made the egg cell, the female backs out to the niche where, after turning around, she backs into the cell again, clinging to the side of the burrow. The egg is then placed in the cell, and after again turning around the female covers it with the sawdustlike frass. The egg cells are filled as soon as they are finished, and each is made as soon as the burrow has been extended far enough to make room for it. From ten days to two weeks are necessary for the completion of the burrows. The males and females in the same burrow live until after most of the larve have developed into the next brood of beetles. ‘The completed burrows of this species are more nearly equal in length 98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. than those of Scolytus rugulosus, the maximum length being about 2° inches, with an average of 2,5 inches. There are two complete broods each year—the summer brood and the fall brood, the latter being the hibernating one, the beetles ap- pearing in early spring. Beetles of the summer brood appear in maximum numbers during the last half of August, as shown more in detail in the following table: ; TABLE I.—Emergence of summer brood of beetles of Phlootribus liminaris. Beetles Beetles Beetles from in- Beetles from in- Date. @ | reared in | sectary on Date. a reared in | sectary on | cages. window cages. window screens. | screens. Aug. 40) || Aye 60 1,500 86 1, 000 69 600 72 1, 000 Sept. ; 154 200 ph Gi oe ee ee 40 200 67 7a 1Si\ Ss .eeoeeeee Biol Season sene 91 40 87 la secemmecere 29 |. eee ee PB RISE see O2 |i seetoocsecte PALS Beeemcic 2 7 fi be ee Oct re ees oe «The first column shows beetles actually counted and taken from a breeding cage; the second row of figures shows, somewhat estimated, numbers of beetles gathered on screens at windows. All counts made between 4 and 6 p. m. +’Yhis table shows August 21 to be the date of maximum emergence of beetles. DESCRIPTION. Average length, 2.25 mm., average width, 0.75 mm. Body elongate, subcylin- drical, strongly punctured and with yellowish bristles arising from the punc- tures; color varying from light brown to almost black. Head globular, nearly vertical in front, anterior part fringed; eyes narrowly oblong, closely joined to the scape and extending about half their length below it; mandibles short and broad, distal part curved and strongly acute; mouth parts partly inclosed, gular suture distinct; funiculus of antenne five-jointed; club compressed, composed of 3 triangular segments; first joint longer than wide, globular; scape circular, clavate. Thorax almost cylindrical, strongly angled at caudal end. First and second cox:e widely separated, globular; femur stout, outer edge serrated; tibia stout, compressed, lower half of outer edge serrated and ending in an apical tooth; tarsus stout, shorter than tibia, third joint bilobed, fourth indistinct, fifth as long as first and second together; tarsal claws simple. Ventral side of abdomen and posterior edge of last segment strongly concave; elytra anteriorly rounded and deeply margined, sides parallel, surface with regular striz which contain circular, regularly placed depressions, elevated parts with yellowish bristles arising from faint punctures. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 99 THE EGG. - The eggs of the first generation may be found about the third week in April, and, from that time on, the eggs of the first and second gen- eration can not be separated, owing to the irregular emergence of beetles and the irregular forming of egg burrows. Eggs can be found in all stages of development up to the first week in October. The eges of the second generation begin to appear about August 1. Owing to the small series of eggs observed, the following data on length of the egg stage are not given as conclusive: Eggs of the first generation require from 17 to 20 days to hatch, while the eggs of the second generation hatch in about 8 to 10 days. The egg (fig. 20, ¢) is milky white when first deposited, being ellip- tical in shape, opaque, and measuring 0.06 mm. in length by 0.0385 mm. in diameter. The egg- shell is fairly tough and the eggs may be very easily taken out of the egg cells. When work- ing without interruption the female deposits from 2 to 10 eggs each day, in addition to making the cells. The number of eggs in °ss burrows of this Fic. 20.—The peach-tree barkbeetle (Phla@otribus limi- species varies, since the naris) : a, b, Adult, dorsal and lateral views; ¢, egg; eggs are not always de- d, larva; e, pupa. Greatly enlarged. (Original.) posited at equal intervals. Each brood chamber may contain between 80 and 160 eggs. In the vicinity of Lakeside, Ohio, eggs can be found from April 20 until October 1. The egg burrow is not always made next to the sapwood, as in a tree where the bark is very thick the chambers are formed in the latter about one-fourth of an inch from its outer edge. THE LARVA. When the embryonic larva has become fully developed it lies in a curved position in the shell. After moving about a short time 100 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. it eats its way out at or just above the bottom of the egg and begins to feed along the under surface of the bark. When first hatched the larve are slightly longer than the ege but are less in diameter. After emerging from the eggshell they are found lying in a slightly curved position in the larval burrows. At first they are white but soon assume a pinkish tinge due to the bark in the digestive tube. The larve at first feed slowly and are several days getting away from the eggshell but progress faster as they grow larger. As they work out of the eggshell the sawdustlike excrement passed through the body fills these and holds them in place as the larvee work out. The excrement voided by the larvae marks their path, appearing like very fine sawdust. The larve work away from the brood chambers at right angles, following, for the most part, the grain of the wood. For from one- half to three-fourths of an inch the larval burrows lie side by side, but later they diverge, so that the exit holes (Pl. X, fig. 2) form an irregular ellipse around the brood chamber. The larval burrows measure from 14 to 2% inches in length. When about to pupate in bark, which is about one-eighth of an inch or more in thickness, the larvee work toward the outer edge of the bark and there form pupal cells. In these cells the larvee continue to develop from one to three or more days before casting the skin and becoming pupe. Some 25 to 30 days are required for the full development of the larve. At the end of this time, having finished feeding, they void the excrement before pupating and have then a white appearance. Through the life of the larve the head is covered with a fine yellow- ish pubescence, which is more abundant about the mouth parts than elsewhere. (Full-grown larva, fig. 20, d.) Description of full-grown larva.—Length, 2.15—-2.75 mm.; width across thorax (widest part of insect), about 1.16 mm. Head subelliptical, about 0.6 mm. wide, yellowish, apex lighter; mandibles brownish, dark at tip. Body white, curved, tapering from thorax to rounded caudal end, quite wrinkled; legless, but on ventral surface of thoracic segments a small group of setze at points of position of the adult’s legs. Head with a few sparse setze and a few on body. Body covered all over with many minute, short, stout spines. THE PUPA. The pupe (fig. 20, ¢) are quite active, moving the abdomen con- tinually back and forth. From 4 to 10 days are spent in the pupal stage, the pupa gradually assuming a dark color. When the pupal skin is cast, the beetles are very tender; they require from 4 to 6 days to completely harden and usually do not cut their way out from the pupal cells until they have fed a little, after which they remain in the pupal cells for from several days to two weeks longer. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 101 Description of pupa about 3 days old.—Length, 2.5-2.66 mm.; width at widest part, 1.08-1.11 mm. Body uniformly white, except along sides of abdomen, which may show faint yellowish tinge. Eyes reddish brown; mouth parts (interior) faintly brownish. Abdomen ending in two lateral, whitish, minutely spinulose, brown-tipped horns. PARASITES. At the present date (December, 1908) no parasites of this species are known. Where Scolytus rugulosus and Phlewotribus liminaris bred in the same trees the usual parasites of S. rugulosus were found in great abundance, with a corresponding decrease in the number of adult S. rugulosus, while P. liminaris came out in numbers corre- sponding to the larval chambers. Efforts were made to rear the para- sites upon limbs full of P. liminaris, but without success. Many minute mites—which, however, are not parasites—are found in and about the burrows and clinging to the hairs about the legs of the beetles and the ventral side of the thorax. They live on the excre- ment of the beetles and decayed matter in the burrows, simply using the adult beetles for the purpose of being carried from one place to another. EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. A list of the general experiments and a summary of the results is given below. Each experiment was made on a plat containing the number of trees mentioned. No. 1.—Used 16 trees. One part by weight of lime; 2 parts by weight of cement; milk used to make a stiff whitewash and applied with a broom to 96 trees, 52 of which were used in experiment No. 2, with the addition of manure. Thirty-two more were used for experiment No. 3, with an application of com- mercial fertilizer. Sixteen trees of each plat were given a second application, forming experiments Nos. 4, 5, and 6. Date of application, April 9, 1908. No. 2.—Used 32 trees of experiment 1. Barnyard manure spread in a 7T-foot circle about each tree, to get value of fertilizers. Date of application, April 9, 1908. No. 3.—Used 32 trees of experiment 1. Commercial fertilizer applied in a 7-foot circle about each tree. Cement applied April 9, 1908; fertilizer applied May 7, 1908. No. 4.—Used 16 trees of experiment 1, making a second application. First application, April 9, 1908; second application, July 5, 1908. No. 5.—Used 16 trees of experiment 2, making a second application. First application, April 9, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 6.—Used 16 trees of experiment 3, making a second application. First application, cement, April 9, 1908; fertilizer, May 7, 1908. Second ap- plication, July 3, 1908. No. 7.—Used 2 pounds fish-oil soap per gallon of water (dissolving soap in boiling water) for first application. Used 1 pound of soap to 6 gallons of water for second treatment. Twenty-four trees treated, 16 to be used for experiments 8 and 9. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. 102 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. No. 8.—To each of S of the 24 trees treated in experiment 7 added barnyard manure to find value of fertilizers. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 9.—To remaining 8 trees of experiment 7 added commercial fertilizer, 4 pounds to each tree, spreading in a 7-foot circle. Fertilizer added May 7, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 10.—One gallon carbolineum mixed with 20 pounds of flour, then 25 gallons water added to make emulsion; sprayed 72 trees, 48 of which were used for experiments 11 and 12 to get value of fertilizers. Sprayed whole tree April 10, 1908; sprayed trunks and limbs below foliage July 6, 1908. No. 11.—Used 24 trees of experiment 10, and added barnyard manure, spread- ing it about tree in 7-foot circle. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 12.—Used 24 trees of experiment 10, and added 4 pounds of commercial fertilizer to each tree, spreading it in 7-foot circle about tree and harrowing in. First application, April 10, 1908; second application (3 pounds commercial fertilizer), July 6, 1908. No. 13.—Used 1 gallon carbolineum, emulsifying it with 4 pounds soap (dis- solved in 4 gallons of water), and diluting the whole to 8 gallons; sprayed 144 trees, 96 of these to be used in four more experiments. Application made April 10, 1908. No. 14.—Used 48 trees of plat 13. Sprayed twice. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 6, 1908. No. 15.—This was to have been a third spraying, but was found unneces- sary on account of absence of beetles. No. 16.—Used 24 trees of experiment 13. Barnyard manure (to get value of fertilizers) spread about trees in a 7-foot circle. First application, April 10, 1908; second application, July 6, 1908. No. 17.—Used 24 trees of experiment 13. Commercial fertilizer added, 4 pounds to each tree, spread in a 7-foot circle to get value of fertilizer. First application, April 9, 1908; second application, July 38, 1908 (38 pounds fertilizer). No. 18.—Sprayed 6 trees with pure carbolineum without seeming injury to the trees. Application made April 9, 1908. No. 19.—Used 25 pounds of lime, 15 pounds sulphur, 6 pounds resin, 8 pounds arsenate of lead, and 50 gallons of water. Applied the mixture with a brush to trunks and large limbs of 6 trees. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 20.—Same as experiment 19, plus barnyard manure. Two of 6 trees in experiment 19 used. Application made April 17, 1908. - No. 21.—Same as experiment 19, plus commercial fertilizer. Two of 6 trees in experiment 19 used. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 22.—One gallon carbolineum, 1 gallon lard, and 25 pounds resin. Painted trunks and larger limbs of 5 trees. Application made April 17, 1908. No. 23.—One bushel tobacco stems boiled for one hour in 4 gallons of water; one-half bushel stone lime and 4 quarts salt added; one-half pint crude carbolie acid used in each 12 quarts of the liquid. All gum and rough bark scraped from the trees and the paint put on with a broom. Applied the mixture to 72 trees April 22, 1908. THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 103 No. 24.—Used 24 trees of experiment 28. Same treatment, plus barnyard manure spread in 7-foot circle about each tree. Application made April 22, 1908. No. 25.—Used 24 trees of experiment 23, plus commercial fertilizer spread in 7-foot circle about each tree. Applied April 22, 1908; fertilizer applied May 7, 1908. No. 26.—One gallon chloronaptholeum, emulsified with 4 pounds of soap (dis- solved in 4 gallons of water) ; then added water enough to dilute to 25 gallons. Sprayed 120 trees. First application, April 22, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 27.—Used 24 trees of experiment 26; added barnyard manure, spreading it in a 7-foot circle about each tree. First application, April 22, 1908; second application, July 7, 1908. No. 28.—Used 24 trees of experiment 26, adding commercial fertilizer, 4 pounds to each tree, spreading it in a 7-foot circle. First application, April 22, 1908; fertilizer added May 7, 1908; second applica- tion, July 7, 1908 (3 pounds fertilizer added). No. 29.—One gallon chloronaptholeum mixed with 22 pounds flour to emul- sify, added to 30 gallons water, and put on 120 trees with spray pump. First application, April 17, 1908; second application, July 13, 1908. No. 30.—Used 24 trees of experiment 29; added barnyard manure to get value of fertilizer. First application, April 17, 1908; second application, July 18, 1908. No. 31.—Used 24 trees of experiment 29, adding commercial fertilizer, 4 pounds, to each tree. First application, April 17, 1908; fertilizer added May 7, 1908; second ap- plication, July 13, 1908. No. 32.—Six pounds arsenate of lead to 50 gallons water; 3 pounds lime added to neutralize the free arsenic. Put on heavy spray; pruned trees before spraying; 170 trees sprayed. First application, April 20, 1908; second application, July 13, 1908. No. 33.—Boiled lime and sulphur spray (15 pounds lime, 15 pounds sulphur, 50 gallons water). Excessive application made to 200 trees. First application, April 24, 1908; second application, July 13, 1908. No. 34.—Self-boiled lime-sulphur wash (15 pounds lime, 10 pounds sulphur, 50 gallons water). Water added slowly so as to prevent burning, stirring vigorously during the process. Sprayed 300 trees. First application, May 18, 1908; second application, July 13, 1908, to trunks and larger limbs. No. 35.—A stock solution of kerosene emulsion, 20 per cent strength, was made and to each gallon of stock solution 24 gallons rain water were added. Applied with spray pump. Application made April 20, 1908. No. 36.—Fumigated 6 trees with hydrocyanic-acid gas for one hour, first scraping off all gum and rough bark. Treatment given August 24, 1908. No. 37.—Tree tanglefoot. Put bands around i2 trees and then covered bands with tanglefoot. Application made April 25, 1908. No, 38.—Renovation block. Pruned back severely about 100 trees (girdling 4 trees for traps and not treating them further) ; applied fertilizer twice and kept trees cultivated all summer. First application, April 19, 1908; fertilizer added May 7, 1908 (4 pounds per tree). Second application, July 8, 1908 (3 pounds fertilizer added). 104 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. No. 39.—A duplicate of experiment 17 tried on 200 trees; pure whitewash was applied as a second treatment. Emulsion applied April 21, 1908; whitewash applied September 1, 1908. No. 40.—Placed pieces of branches as traps in trees of small orchard to see if beetles would settle on them. No. 41.—One-half barrel kerosene emulsion used instead of water to make a good stiff whitewash, applying with broom to plat of 200 or 300 trees. First application made May 4, 1908; second application, July 9, 1908. No. 42.—One gallon of chloronaptholeum added to every barrel of white- wash used. Whitewash made as thick as possible and applied with a broom to plat of about 200 trees. First application, May 6, 1908; second application, July 9, 1908. No. 43.—One gallon of Avenarius carbolineum added to each barrel of white- wash used; whitewash made as thick as possible and applied with a broom to a plat of about 200 trees. All fertilizer used in above experiments was of the following formula: Per cent. Phosphoric acid_.2--2=--) = eee eee 8 Nitrogen. -__~-—=<.52)- 323 =a ee 5 Potash — 2-22 2222322 7 re ee ee 2 All trees fertilized made a growth of rich green foliage and the trees looked healthy, yet many of them were again attacked by the beetles. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS. The first 6 experiments seem to show that whitewash acts as a re- pellent, not affecting the beetles once they are in the bark, but if the trees are kept well coated the beetles do not seem to attack the white- washed parts. The addition of fertilizer to the trees causes a strong flow of sap which, exuding through the burrows, seems to repel the beetles. The treatments given in Nos. 7, 8, and 9 seemed to have no effect whatever. In experiments 10, 11, and 12 the beetles in the tree at the time of application appeared to be killed, but the mixture did not act as a repellent and beetles settled on the trees again in a short while. Experiments 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 were more promising, and two applications a season would undoubtedly keep the beetles down. The expense of these experiments, however, makes them impracti- cable as tried here. In experiment No. 18 all beetles attacking the trees at the time of application were killed, and others did not settle on the trees during the entire season. The cost of the materials used in this experiment, however, makes the treatment impracticable. Experiments 19, 20, and 21 had no effect whatever, neither killing the beetles in the trees nor repelling others. In experiment 22 all trees treated were killed. Experiments 23, 24, and 25 gave very good results, the whitewash sticking well and the beetles not attacking the trees until long after the whitewash had fallen off. Experiments 26, 27, and 28 seemed to have had very little effect on the beetles in the bark and did not repel later attacks. Ex- THE PEACH-TREE BARKBEETLE. 105 periments 29, 30, and 31 failed to give any beneficial results, the emulsion being very poor, as the oil became partly separated from the se *») mixture before the latter could be applied. Experiments 32, 33, 34, Or 35, 36, and 37 gave only negative results, neither killing the beetles in the burrows nor repelling later attacks. In experiment 38 a plat of 100 trees was used. Fifty of the trees were very severely cut back and 4 or 5 of them, being too weak to recover, died. The other 50 trees were sprayed with lime-sulphur wash. At the end of the season the pruned trees had produced a strong, healthy foliage and the beetles were attacking them but little. The untrimmed trees were badly attacked and had thrown out a scant, sickly-looking foliage. Experi- ment 39 gave satisfactory results. All of the beetles in the trees at the time of application were killed and no more settled on them until about the last of September; then, a few having settled, the trees were whitewashed and further injury was stopped. The cost of this treat- ment, as made here, prevents it being practicable for a large orchard unless the amount of material used can be reduced with equally good results for the weaker emulsion. Experiment 40 showed that the beetles attack the trees in which these cut branches were placed with- out settling on the cut branches. Experiments 41, 42, and 43 showed the most practicable, and at this time the most likely remedies. These are the combinations of a whitewash and an oil, the whitewash probably being the main factor in repelling the beetles. The cost of these experiments was 1} cents per tree for each application. The trees in these plats, while not entirely free from further attack during the season, suffered considerably less than surrounding plats of trees. METHODS OF CONTROL. Pending further investigation, the following treatments are sug- gested as being practicable and to a certain degree favorable: For trees seriously injured.—Severely trim back the trees and apply barnyard manure or commercial fertilizers; then apply a thick coat of whitewash three times a season, the first application to be made the last week in March, the second application during the second week in July, and the third application about the 1st of October. For trees apparently healthy but slightly attached—Paint the trees with a thick coat of whitewash three times each season as in the previous treatment, applying it to the trunks and larger limbs. The whitewash applied at the times specified will act as a repellent, the emergence of the beetles being slightly later than the dates given for the different applications. Add one-fourth pound table salt to each pail of whitewash, thus making the latter more adhesive. All of the dead or nearly dead limbs and trees should be removed and burned as fast as they appear im an orchard, as this will destroy the breeding places. 10090—Bull. 68S—O9 8 106 1850. 1852. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Morris, M. H.—Discovery of the cause of “yellows” in the peach tree. - ane 79 Gist bition te ease se Naess ce! s sis. soc 79 Cig eect eee eee tenieia's 6.0 ~ 355230. 6. 80-81 @NCHUES Soe eres soins % «5 ie os. See 87 LOO WIAD eee ee ene ste oicla- i= She 2 eee ane 79 PON OTAON Gs cen pe tegses viele m's «+ 6 on sinner 85 INDEX. 13 Page rata Speer ee a IA Mier ore rhea = aos bn a's anh a eee we we oa een wwe bs 86-87 it MRA SEE coc ea Sek Ase avan in ec Neale oars 2) 6 2a ee 20-21 recommendations. 2: =. 22. 25. ee 21-22" habits..--...-L.: Coes oe ee ee 18-20 life history 2... iad lace eee thom ee ee ere ee 18-20 Paris green against grape-leaf skeletonizer...............----------.--.-+---- 88 spring canker-wornis:. fe. cGaee eee eee ee Ae 20-21 with kerosene-lime emulsion against trumpet leaf-miner of the apple: i eceaee tee ees eee 30 and Bordeaux mixture against trum- pet leaf-miner of the apple. .--.. 30 Peach, blooming period... 2. 2 one. see ee ee 3 borer, lesser. (See Synanthedon pictipes.) name used for Synanthedon-pictipes. 2252. = ee 32 (see also Sanninoidea exitiosa). budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips. 4 food plant'of Bnaarmonia prunimorgses..2 75.520 5-2 eee eee 53 ERULRY pS pyri sooo SF Sa a ee se i) Phieotribus liminanisis: 3 ee eee 91-108 tree barkbeetle. (See Phleotribus liminaris.) Pear, blooming period 22. 55.2022. 52 2 See oe ae ee 3 budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips... 4-5 food plant of Muthrips pris... ee te ee eee 5-11 injury to foliage and fruit by larve of pear thrips................--.---- 6 thrips. (See Euthrips pyri.) Perilampus platygaster, parasite of Harrisina americana...............--------- 87 Piileotribus limanariss fo... 302 ee ee pee 91-108 adult, description... 322 522s. A ee eee 98 ‘ thabilts2.<25. 255. 4c Se ee ee 96-98 bibliography 222235-4 3. S2on ene ee eee 106-108 controlmethodss..22.282ces* Se eee ee eer ee 105 distribiitiong << See 3.4 Pec SNS = = oo ee 93 COP Ss SE ROA eee a liga te ee, See eee ee 99 hibernations.< 22252 e228 22) el ee 95-96 history. cheese os. 8. , e e 92-93 injury, character and extent-.o .{. 2.22 ose eee 94-95 lavas) eee 2 le eee 99-100 life history. een acceso ee 95-101 occurrence 1nvOhioys oi: i262522. 2. 2 See eee 93-94 PATARILCSS os ne ere hap ait in ac ONS Ss Se ea eee oe 101 [DUpaeet Ate re ne Beek eee tod a a ee ee oe he 100-101 TEMeGIeES Vex METUMEMS So. 5. WISE 2) toe cosh soe 101-105 similarity of work to that of Scolytus rugulosus....2....- . 93 supposed cause of ‘‘peach yellows”.................2..- 92 Phygadeuon ? sp., parasite of Tischeria malifoliella................2222-22-0---- 29 Pimpla annulipes, parasite of Synanthedon pictipes...............2.2-2------- 45 Plowing-in control of spring canker-worm....<-05-2.:..-. 0s: ). 2.20 eee 20-21 trumpet leaf-miner of the apple.....-...........0-1-..< 30 Plowrightia morbosa. (See Black knot.) Plum, beach. (See Prunus maritima.) curculio. (See Conotrachelus nenuphar.) INDEX. 115 oo Page. Plum, food plant of Enarmonia prunivora......-...-.---.--+---00----55 49-53, 59, 60 EOD STi RS nO a EE aS 5, 11 Pea UINIENANIS = 22. oe BAS ee pO Ui cece eee 93 Synanthedon pictipes.......-.---- LENEIE oS Ae at to sass 33 moth, early name for Enarmonia prunivora..........--------------- 49, 50, 52 tree borer, name for Synanihedon pictipes.....-....----.--02-------6-- 32 wild, food plant of Enarmonia prunivora........-..-.--.----2+++----++- 52, 53 isunuminiedon: wichipnae 2272S gt) lege eee 33 Poison oak. (See Rhus diversiloba.) ier dame medinsy aprine canker-worm. . <.2\:.-.-..-.-:2.2-2222-- eee ew eee 22 Precriamercana, bibliopraphic references. .......-.----..---«.--.+.+++---: 88, 89 Em ES TLGMENLENTCINL ete as Se ee DSS. See te Soe Gel ampelophaga, related to Harrisina americana........--.----- Sect 3) eee 7 ume, sonbloprapiiie releronces (oso 22s 2-2 <<... 2.2222 2e seen. 88 Wem med to) Harrinin (MemMcind =. c= 2 -..\. +. 2-1-2222 2-22 esse ee 7 Pees Ee IEINOUH — anu ae Gh Sanaa Sa aces ace ae eee eee aes 3 budding and blossoming, with relation to feeding habits of pear thrips. 4-5 FOC PND OE PAR MOMIe PTUMVOTE.-<.s> He La. 2 Se ee ee 51, 53 PES IPO IN Saath ete oe a a ro 5, 11 injury to fruit and foliage from larvee of pear thrips..............--.-.-- 6 Pruning agaist peach-tree barkbeetle.:................t.2.----------2-2-- 103-105 Prunus maritima, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes......-.-.--------------- 33 pennsylvanicus, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes...-. -- cA A 33 serotinus, food plant of Synanthedon pictipes.......-------.---------- 33 Pyrus coronaria, food plant of Tischeria malifoliella.............--.-----+--+--- 26 fi i) © DY ep its al Aaa Snes Spee ere a a 26 mais 1000 plant of Tischena malifoliella-. =... .259-- 25222222 +22 eens 26 Quaintance, A. L., Foster, 8S. W., Johnson, Fred, and Girault, A. A., paper, “‘Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth” ....... 69-76 paper, ‘‘The Lesser Apple Worm (Enarmonia prunivora EIS) a Gea SRM al ee a SRP ry oy rae naa 49-60 “The Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita vernaiu Peck)’’. 17-22 “The Trumpet Leaf-Miner of the Apple ( Tischeria monjoluela Glemens)? i222 sees sess eee ee 2OSOU Quercus frondosa, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom .....-.....---------- 50, 53 rubra, Enarmonia prunivora reared from galls........-.--------------- 50 singularis, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom........-....-------- 50, 59 Raphidians, enemies of Futhrips pyri...............2..:2220222-2220-e2 ee eee 14 Raspberry. (See Rubus occidentalis.) Pear araINe, FeACN-Wee WALKBeECUS .-ee-vocs< wt clos ss oceb ecole es. eee 102 Thus diversiloba, food plant of Huthrips pyri....-...2...--------0----0s0------ 6 mnunenoiophus sp., enemy of Thrips tabaci... ....-...2 252.2. - 6 sees wesc eee nee 14-15 Rootworm, grape. (See Grape rootworm.) Rosa carolina, food plant of Tischeria roseticola..........-.--.---+------+---- 26 Rubus canadensis, food plant of Tischeria malifoliella .......-.-.----+--+-+---- 26 occidentalis, food plant of Tischeria malifoliella...........--.---------- 26 villosus, food plant of Tischeria xnea. ....-.-...--..2.-----2-2----0--- 26 RIT OUOPLG 2 7 ae een he th he ee 26 Galt aparet pesch-tree barkbeetio..--.. |... ..-......2 este ccl ee cee nse 102-105 Sanninoidea eritiosa, confusion with Synanthedon pictipes....-.-.------------- 31 Permierites CUqMORUS, DURARIOR nee ao o-L.v..- 2-2 coe eck ee ee ee eee cee ees 101 similarity of work to that of Phlwotribus liminaris......---- 93 Semasia janthinana, Enarmonia prunivora closely allied... ...........-------- 59 116 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page Semasia prunivora=Enarmonia prunwvora ....----------++-+++++-++++++----+--- 50 Sesia pictipes, bibliographic reference = « 2)... 32524 -aeee eee eee 47, 48 = Synanthedon pictipes. . .- 23 222-n2- 32 Sigalphus curculionis, not parasite of Enarmonia prunivora, but of Conotrachelus NENUPRAL . 2... eee om nnn oe ee ee oe ee 50, 60 Snake-flies. (See Raphidians.) Soap against peach-tree barkbeetle......--2--.- 22-22-22 2e2-5-= === eee 102-105 fish oil, against peach-tree barkbeetle .....-.2-2-2-2. =. Joo eee eee 101-105 Spiders, enemies of Huthrips pyrt.2-.- 2.2 = -2 ee 14 Spraying against grape-leaf skeletonizer ..--2---252 22 323e== =e eee 8g leaser apple Worm... -...<- 50-52. 4262 60 spring canker-worm.. . ../...-sso. cake Se ee 31-32 larva. 2 eos ae eedie ine ee ae eee ea 36-39 life cycle. <2 cna cece ose Se ee 44 historys.+.tec ead Sees 2 Re Cee 35-42 literatures. Ad24- see. see eos 3) ers Ree 34-35 Mame. SClONULIC ashe h 2 ees elon eee eee 32 NaAMes, COMMON: .2 2.052.422 See Jee eee 32-33 preventivess...<.2.).s-see ee == - - 2 2 ee 2 26 malifolielld:.i. 25:5. 32 eee bee wo, os See 23-30 INDEX. LLG Page OSE ON Oil IPERS a1 9) 3) 2 a ee a 24-26 SIgCMEME NENT Stee ire Sree Oe Pe Mee Sha ewes 29 2s cance aN Poe ie cin ae] RD entuenee she) Sl Myeitee eco 22 24-25 Pee IR LSIAN Sete SEs a rs ap Ws 2 Ueto el oan ee 26-27 LTS Al Se IE ee ete ae SOR gay ae PR En gee Pe De Pa 23-24 LST ie a aE ale hae ol a 7 I en aOR APC Ee Dome ie 25 ule mele Ure mee ie oe eee te SR Fad ee 28-29 PANINI geen ae oe Re DS 2 ls als Mg Poon ae oe 24 eit see ea ee ae Wo tee ieee 29 (OW CE eas on SAO eases ies OES ee ee a en ee ec 25-26 REARS LRU 21s fo seer Gan es lene wad a Sesh te avn te em OD BRUNT eee ere ie rears ye fe weds clipe oe Sains ne 30 BREET MOS CALOLIN. oom =~ a= Mani Pe 2c sc ee iwc eee eee ane 26 Ulmicola gall, Enarmonia prunivora reared therefrom..............--...------ 50, 59 Urogaster tischerix, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella.......-.------ ere 29 Vineyard Conditions i in Lake Erie Valley, in relation to grape root “worm ..... 62-63 Virginia creeper. (See Ampelopsis quinquefolia.) Vitis arizonrea, food plant of Harrisina.americana_....--.-.-.--.------+-.-.-.-- 79 Walt nmeish. dood plant of Muthrips pytt-.... 2.2. s....00 2-8. eee yall Whitewash against peach-tree barkbeetle .............-.--.--.-+----------- 104-105 ‘‘Wild-cherry borer,’’ name used for Synanthedon pictipes..........-..-...-- "ge 32 Wilson, H. F., paper, ‘‘The Peach-tree Barkbeetle (Synanthedon pictipes G. . PRWoneal ee asedh ub lo See 91-108 Woodpecker, enemy of Synanthedon pictipes...........2-------2220eee eee eee 45 *‘Worming,’’ remedy against lesser peach borer.......-.....---.......-.--.-- 46 Yellows, peach, erroneously supposed to be caused by Phlawotribus liminaris. . . 92 Zagrammosoma multilineata, parasite of Tischeria malifoliella.................- 29 O Saue Vi a? 4 ww” IOs SCL fo ugg Z | a a ae Viteauereses tyvl deen ~ I u yo ONe cngedsen et iyauye OT eT xt gantttte diel tedtoong a genttnnnveern ns : OL hated hel id wy cyt Sunt etd “4 ath Mb DAL 1S at dwg “td as aA ON hd | w viv = WA AY wy ve wey Saheb aks dors gs WA, ae Lows wh wilt "wv Phd : vy ; diy, ~~] ta a Fi ie : Sh Hey over eluaMeVeUO MME oy yyyylVMyyNyHtPTCS=—. met ane ETE HS cai, aw bebhob eee 3 hi pA Aad ‘ we te AANA Ada. voy Leu Vy wool’ vwv~ ; evi E wt | hd vv” “ww WO venyeer Wide seh OTS LA UO Ano add vv tly meee 56 ed ie caste Ste : Bee i w a gue sepuatievesyuaewnes et awe uc Www gw” S>db SLAY vv heheh 44 aay aa ~ wy vy vvvreee vy ve ¥ ere pda vcesioeee “WWW a v v : wy vv ee w~ iy Wena yyttrre rere en we wywere Looe euu eee Phe nye nen by eed pt IAAI “OU pit view, Sy eA ARR RIANA TRA AA IY “See Me ges a i eiamacicieenivedanune lena 2 ¥, 1 : ; es he v- [3 \ Ww vely Le J DOA “e ~ yey oe ne € . 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