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Veer “Ae Ee ol yr Madhteaatic. Ye HEEL a La ie ie werte oo / eee sour Weer gn Perce wey oT ve - prea ~ lee Ad AA Thad (has ~ teen bE pase Gee vive WO vetute. é g ( eer acy j= Path san erige i HH SU Swe AIS vy , J wove erator wy yyy Ue Neerot SEAN Sti oye ie Wardere Loses aL ere pa pee ve vst ‘ ‘ ree se" ee ie ¥ u™ i Pb ad yeetod eb 44s itd _ SY ~ \ ; : / os ~ vf 7 ‘ w “| ANobiynee eo tt y ses yrscuseeseeetePworents reece yen PAN Ae e eee hes ee yeee Dad _ a aid: | eile Sac aa ay “beatings cet Nive Biya ye se? Wy y ‘ ja Sree uwee cheers ag pqs wy Muy ves re : Wye . hyde er pe v J Ht we” be E4 vi~ 4 y y r U \ vee = w vega WY ve vl hig el wry / +d A we, wow A Se, ed w 4 ' L wy (ive eye et \ wd 4 vidwevoWalyteey $ " ery WC eMly " “ Soy Fy yy Aen coe y ; P J ww iL. we L bl | 4 | iy Oi ‘ha eh " OA Le ~ BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY —BULLBTIN NO, 80. pene L. oO. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ~ % ~ PAPERS: ON DECIDUOUS PRET? INSECTS Be AND: Soe - I, THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. . ‘By E. L. JENNE, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Il. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. t aos : SF eee. By A. G. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. . ates TL “ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LESSER APPLE WORM. By S. W. FOSTER anp P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. TY, THE PEAR THRIPS AND ITS CONTROL. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Frutt Insect Investigations. _-Y. ON THE NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. By S. W. FOSTER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Ge LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Soe By AG. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Vil (REVISED). THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD IN THE CONTROL OF THE ee MOTH AND THE PLUM CURCULIO. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, fn Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND ~E. L, JENNE, E. W. SCOTT, anp R. W. BRAUCHER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. “MIL TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE HUROPEAN PEAR SCALE, By P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Fhsect Investigations. a Z ay , Wan = oe ng CHE fy NYG Ngyy, Not Dinar an! = St <> . WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1912. ML wd Pe OS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN NO. 80. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES I. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. By E. L. JENNE, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Il. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. By A. G. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. TI]. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LESSER APPLE WORM. By 8. W. FOSTER anv P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IV. THE PEAR THRIPS AND ITS CONTROL. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. V. ON THE NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. By S. W. FOSTER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VI. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. By A. G. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VII (REVISED). THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD IN THE CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH AND THE PLUM CURCULIO. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND E. L. JENNE, E. W. SCOTT, anp R. W. BRAUCHER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VII. TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. By P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1912, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruartr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Curton, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. CuiItrenDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WesstTEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roars, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rouia P. Curri®, in charge of editorial work. MABEL Co.tcorD, in charge of library. Decipuous Fruit Insect INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. Frep Jounson, E. L. JEnNzE, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. A. CusHMan, J.B. Gut, R. L. Nouearet, W. M. Davinson, L. L. Scorr, F. E. Brooxs, W. B. Woop, E. B. BuaxEsuee, E. H. Srecuer, A. C. BAKER, agents and experts. E. W. Scott, F. L. Smranton, J. F. Zimmer, entomological assistants. S. W. Fostrr, W. H. Siu, employed in enforcement of insecticide act, 1910. I LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., November 20, 1911. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bulletin No. 80, eight papers dealing with deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. These papers, which were issued separately during the years 1909-10, are as follows: The Codling Moth in the Ozarks, by E. L. Jenne; The Cigar Case-Bearer, by A. G. Hammar; Addi- tional Observations on the Lesser Apple Worm, by S. W. Foster and P. R. Jones; The Pear Thrips and Its Control, by Dudley Moulton; On the Nut-Feeding Habits of the Codling Moth, by S. W. Foster; Life History of the Codling Moth in Northwestern Pennsylvania, by A. G. Hammar; The One-Spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum Curculio, by A. L. Quaintance, E. L. Jenne, KE. W. Scott, and R. W. Braucher; Tests of Sprays Against the Euro- pean Fruit Lecanium and the European Pear Scale, by P. R. Jones. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. ll PR BPA Gib), The present series of articles on deciduous fruit insects and insecti- cides, Parts I to VIII, comprises Bulletin 80. The first article, on the codling moth in the Ozarks, is a report on two years’ study of the life history of this insect, which is very destructive in that locality. For the first time three generations of larvee have definitely been established. The cigar case-bearer, treated in the second paper, is an insect that periodically attracts attention by reason of its injuries. During the outbreak of this species in the general region of North East, Pa., during the season of 1908, exceptional opportunity was presented for a study of its life history and habits, as detailed in the paper in question. The lesser apple worm was the subject of an article issued in 1908 as Part V of Bulletin 68. At that time the egg had not been found, and there was question whether this species fed to any extent upon the twigs of apple. Further observations on this important apple insect are presented in Part III, in which the egg stage is described, although previously noted by Mr. E. P. Taylor, and it was also found that the boring of apple twigs is due to the work of another species. The fourth paper, on the pear thrips and its control, comprises the second report upon this species, which is so destructive to deciduous fruits in the San Francisco Bay region in California. The first paper, issued as Part I of Bulletin 68, contained the principal facts in the life history of the insect, which are repeated and extended in the present paper, with the addition of many data resulting from large- scale experiments with remedies in orchards. Practicable control measures are indicated. The feeding of the codling moth upon nuts has been occasionally recorded in the literature of this insect, although the evidence has been inconclusive, and it was the consensus of opinion among ento- mologists that the insect never normally fed upon nuts. Part V of the present bulletin details definite extended observations showing that under certain conditions in California the codling moth is a seri- ous pest in its work on English or Persian walnuts. Part VI, which deals with the life history of the codling moth in northwestern Pennsylvania, follows in general the plan of treatment of Part I of this bulletin, and constitutes the second article dealing Vv VI DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. with the detailed life history of this insect in an important fruit region. Similar studies are under way or planned covering the prin- cipal fruit sections of the United States. A report will shortly be prepared dealing with the codling moth in Michigan. During the past few years there has been considerable interest aroused, following the experience of certain western entomologists and orchardists, in the practicability of controlling the codling moth by a single thorough application immediately after the falling of the petals. This so-called one-spray method has been compared with the usual spraying schedule in vogue in the East by numerous east- ern entomologists, and the results of the investigations of this bureau on the relative merits of these two spraying methods in the control of the codling moth and also in the control of the plum curculio are detailed in Part VII. The final paper, Part VIII, reports on tests of sprays against the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale, two serious scale-insect enemies of deciduous fruits in California. A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. COMM ES Iss Page fee codlingymoth in the Ozarks:.esesios. hee elion se ebod bs a E. L. Jenne.. 1 RESO FDIS RORY 3 2.028 20h are eet eee me Oty Loe aie Manet ee 1 Spring. brood! of pupescsies Joss eee ee Sef be es eek Oe Saas 1 Spr, brood, of mothe. coh eas iynqcuee eee ae eet Geen Lert + Phe first SemeratioMm so was ese ceseiseie oe eM eSATA SAA 6 he second: ceneratiom es <-45 3, eee ps ae ee ke 11 (phe thard penmeraiton. os) 6 5-5 or cenceh nt casas! nn RIESE ROS Deere 17 Wanitorme lange oats te eee tas Sols oe Lee Soe ey, STR LORY 19 Review, ol reannoiwork/of theseasons--25 sence cee eee eee eee ee = 20 Dhl eeneragion me P9078 ci) etek PU Res a ek 22 Mincellancous GUscEValdOns= 2: 042.5... dstes Ses. 2 SE eet DE 23 pndrerordsensa sehen ck a2 eat Bob ees pte sale 3 oe oS 23 Rimerremecsolmptings i= O50), 2oaa sie § SAMED Dy Se ier eth ee hl ae 26 Daye Gn OMAR eas hs ya sci sa ines oe a ea ty Li ae OS 27 Paver I peach@s a. siae ae to Sl PL Ae OR 8 Se 28 Numerous lanve:in onerapples 2 Ais Seis We pw arma ds Jo eee 28 Nin err ok mapas Sti 5 Ses AS RE Paes a Ei wets Yee 29 NSEUeNEMPCs «3% 1822). 2554 ONE. eet SI ERE et Ie ae epee 29 Percentape citi timiested:a3éh. us). eels ae e7) ie 30 (GHETRG!' SD2S cGy St CAN, 1 eae a ane Bane OE ORME RENE op SLE E SCoL a amb 31 The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella Fernald)... -.--- - A.G. Hammar. . 33 IER Terpamngp lve cee a Wee MN GUI Nlyes JOELL Mone alee eto oR td yet TAR, 33 eta bone Se eee .os 2k ee RNY US TS Pa a 2k 8 ue tas te ae 35 Pood) planinvendsmyiny secre eb ait os Ue etal ee pee elise 36 Wenerip tote 21h) OEE RE Ok 2) Sate AA ee a vet oe | ara te OE 37 Dessonaw mBtOryetee. ahi hes kesee Usk clk Dae iadsl elds ee er ee kee 39 Pinetates =e eaoees oe he SUS Sasa aka eth ue Ae Ne le Pe ay Othe 41 Methodsof-control:.).002. 5.5 (0b. NITES 0 ie een SVS NOC Bs gS 41 UR OR TAP UN peer stets st eee nciscisie (sine! s id yd ee NS econ ae lash ee - 42 Additional observations on the lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh), Do WP . LONice MAMeL © lee IONES Oo cce sacs Maren oh wed SAY aR a oe ee i 45 Two apple caterpillars other than the codling moth....................-. 46 Comparative abundance of the lesser apple worm and codling moth in ;yOs 7) (SMe | Cg sera wie Se Rg gee 2 ye Rae Ae len pg eT ae gcd of 46 Messonal historysand, Habaias Sse hea Ss aA Qaee 2 e A ee 47 iLife cycle and: duration: of stages! s...2..- 0 25a as sGa0 fe ae ea Al 48 Wesehiption Ol eres. Yi nyT eee ie ees ce SAR re ees ere Be ee nA: - 50 Pa Ea LGR as, Won ieee reat s: CONN ie, Lek Se a Gee eee eee Seep AC. 50 Girona NTR heh sds ehh ed ih a RN, oh ha dys ir uals pg gpg 50 The pear thrips and its control (Huthrips pyri Daniel)... --- Dudley Moulton. - 51 Distributions Se Se eee ett hh ok sD ct a et Whee ak 51 Charictenonimyutyes. aces oe: Sb bo, ee Sa 52 Seasonal history, sedi lnitsh Se... 2 2. Oe ee We 55 Mothods/0f treatmenitvessqesass¢ .. 2... oe eee Rh SUPE... 60 RAITT Ye Seas Oe IS Ae oo 8 a wis he RE era DC. SONU a 66 1 The eight papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on June 26 and 30, Aug. 12, and Sept. 1, 1909, and Sept. 20 and Nov. 28, 1910 (three papers on the last date). Part VII, revised, was issued on Mar. 30, 1911. Vil VIII DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. On the nut-feeding habits of the codling moth. .......-......-. S.W. Foster. . Notice ‘of waliut Iniestation: 2... 2.42. fcce2 5 eee erm te ae as han IN AHEITS OF TNTUPY Coe oo be eae 2 tte ape crete ttene eeenen et eee et Extent of intestation.< 0.6) 05s oe, ee Se ee eet tee psa Varietios. attacked): 28.55 22202 a ee ee Aree ee ee ieee cs Seasonal history of the codling moth on walnuts.........-...-.---------- WONTON 2.525 = 25:2 sis io8 nein #2 die 2 Sse ar dished fe eres ee ee Life history of the codling moth in northwestern Pennsylvania. A.G. Hammar. . Seasonal-history studies of 19092222022 2 2a. LS eee oe Ae Denotes een Source ‘of rearing maternal: 22:.e.0 22602016 28 eee ees Overwititering larveeesiios tee quite. 2 Be ee ee eee Spring broddiof pipes. . 225. s eee eke cack pa: TNS eee Springibrood of moths... i: oose2) eke el eee ee re The first Seneration.. ..6 .isscde sce ete ee eae NOSE Ce eee wok eee The pecoud venerahowe CooL tele casas en ek See ees ee ee Batid tecorda ol TOO e. Mes bes. hayek a ecient Review of the life-history work of 1909..................-------- NA A Sessonal-history studies of 1907 and 1908. .:42...-222 2.802 5. eee Ee Sourceiof searimo materials. (4-20 032802. kn Ie ei eens Time of emergence of moths of the spring brood.............-------- Time of emergence of moths of the first brood.............----------- Band irecords‘of 1907and 190822285 0-2 fe ee 2 Se A eer Weather records for 1907, 1908, and 1909.2. 0222. 2). 2 eee Comparative life-history studies for the seasons of 1907, 1908, and 1909. ... TSEC MEMES: ooo oc. oicpejsieneigeceen se ees eek ate ace remap ee SUPRISES shh lssaiie wise = GERRI DME A ote A ae Pea The one-spray method in the control of the codling moth and the plum curculio, A. L. Quaintance, E. L. Jenne, E. W. Scott, and R. W. Braucher.......------ Results of experiments with the one-spray method as compared with results from/the.usual schedule of applications... .2.\...5...5- <2 .-k\-. eee Experiments in Arkansas... 23.0 cigs tee on ice ter CU Oee ene ene Experimenris)im' Virginia tsi 5/88 Satna kesh oto ole Meena WiiS. Ballard sorchard: 492025), onee ede de oes ae eee tee eet Orehard of Strathmore: Orchard ‘Co... 02222... 2S2ee conse see eee Bxperiments im Michigan oo... Pos 22/20 PE ea ee Summary statement of reaps: 32. 22.6. a2 Se Sede eee eee Conclusions so oo eek Me NI OES RE ee ee Tests of sprays against the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear TS{GEEW VERON CNL oA NEI ee een ama Ae me Ay dea a Nee is SA P. K.. Jones». The European fruit Lecanium (Lecanium cornt Bouché).....-.----------- Appearance of ‘the insects: 2 /sa22/./ G2 Re A See Plan of work and method of ascertaining results...........---------- Application of spraye!) osbecedoe sas oe See Ours eee eee Sprays used and methods of preparation.............-.- LT Sales Resulte.oslayles... S-RFORP kD ROS SHS eta BAC Ye aoa The European pear scale (Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.)......--.-------- Appearance of the insect and extent of injury.........-...-....----- Spraying experiments.in) 1908.52) 3e. 0. eel ee ee Spraying experiments jin 1909.2 20 seen 2-2 40. «5 eee CostOb SPM yIe S65. a. Carat ae ea echelon SOU A100 5) AR aS aE aR TSP AA ee ROM ERAN ASII EOSIN Ht ha 1 i 05 (> Sg AAT ee a RE URS RMR CN) 5' SC AMR RR RRO ME PIR OME ei ke be 147 148 Prate I. iy. TIT. VII. VIII. XIII. LE LUST RAT TONS PLATES. The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella). Fig. 1.—Apple leaf with larvee at work. Fig. 2.—Infested apple twig, two weeks after larvee ceased feeding. Fig. 3.—Young branches with puncturelike repainp minnie of fhe tarves. ce hase uli geek Wu tok Ae The cigar case-bearer. Fig. 1.—Apple leaf from which numerous cases have been constructed. Fig. 2.—Over-wintering larvee. Fig. 3.—Apple leaf from which cigar-shaped cases have been made; the empty spring cases still adhering. Fig. 4.—Newly emerged moths in their characteristic pose on the empty cases.................. The lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora). Fig. 1.—Photomi- crograph of egg. Fig. 2.—Work of larve on fruit of Crategus...... . Condition of buds at the time when first spraying for the pear thrips (Euthrips pyri) should be given. Fig 1.—Bartlett pear. Fig. 2.— Wrench prune) Pig. 3.—Imperial prune. 22 ui... pete ces . Work of the pear thrips on pear. Fig. 1.—Destruction of buds and blossoms. Fig. 2.—Scabbing of fruit from feeding punctures by adults on the opening buds in spring. .......................... - Work of the pear thrips on French prune. Fig. 1.—Shoot on which crop has been largely destroyed in blossom stage. Fig. 2.—Young fruit, natural size, showing scabbing resulting from work of larvee. Fig. 3.—Mature fruit, showing scabbing injury, resulting in a low SRAOOE GrICU UM. uae he a Se ke Ne oa ee Codling-moth injury to French walnuts. Fig. 1.—Concord variety of French walnut, showing character of injury by larve of the cod- ling moth. Fig. 2.—Concord variety of French walnut, about twice natural size, showing larva at work....................... Codling-moth injury to French walnuts. Fig. 1.—Concord variety of French walnut, showing fibrous tissue connecting the halves, and empty pupal skin. Fig. 2.—Concord variety of French wal- nut, showing entrance and exit holes of larva.................... - Portion of outdoor shelter used in rearing the codling moth in 1909, at North) Mast, Pao: : a5 3 i Se ERAN a re ak CN, Se to OY . Fig. 1.—View in orchard of Mrs. 8. E. Jones, near Siloam Springs, Ark. Fig. 2.—View in orchard of Mr. W. 8. Ballard, near Crozet, Va... . . Fig. 1.—View in orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va. Fig. 2.—View in the E. H. House orchard, near SS re DENG ia MRE ree iy ia otc Ly Mg ee . Fig. 1.—The European fruit Lecanium (Lecanium corni) on pecan. Fig. 2.—The European pear scale (Epidiaspis pyricola) on pear... . View of prune orchard used in experiments against the European PAY BCALG SS So Sis OMe. Mag Ge ee Sol ads dacs 5. « Page. 36 38 48 54 54 54 68 116 134 148 152 Idi. Ip 36. 37. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TEXT FIGURES. Curve showing emergence of spring brood of adults of codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) from collected wintering material. ......... . Curve showing record of larvee and pupe of the codling moth taken froOmMANas in 1907 cece eee Ree eee Cee nae Go ane Reale 4 Curve'showing band record ‘of 1908 2. isi2 2) 2 SSeS De ee eee a . Curve showing band record from 6 Jonathan apple trees, made at Anderson; Mo., in 1908.12 2 80 Sages Pe BP eee Neen erage . Curve showing band record from 14 Gano and Lansingburg apple trees, madesat Andersons Mos inal 90822 sea seeee ee ee eee ee eee eee . Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking band recordimilGO7c- se nae cee Oe ee eit oe Boe eee eee ens . Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking band trecorad tamdl90S ts -POe ee ee ee a De De OE cee . Diagram illustrating the seasonal history of the codling moth as ob- Rerved ims908 atiSilodm ‘Springs; Ark? 2 22. 5)0 20 Rae ee ce . The peculiar cases of the cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella).. . . . The cigar case-bearer: Adult female, egg, larva, pupa, details.......-.. . duitefey ele/or the cigarcase-bearer.f20 0525 02> Pe eek cee ieee . Habrocytus sp., a parasite of the cigar case-bearer............---...--- . The pear thrips (Zuthrips pyri): Ovipositor and end of abdomen from SVUOVA JU! ake aU eR RR Cee do a RRL Le AS Se Be Ets re do eS aubherpearubtips: pps cette sac es ao eee 8 ee ee ee eee Mubie: pear warps? Warvars loa: te ee ee eee chee ecrnle nena wthepear thiips: Nymph or pupa iti 423.02 2s Bee eee putherpear thrips: Adults:2:2' 02 se SPARS Aare. ee cee wet eerie vienring Gevice 108 pupal reconds. cies Nae Labo. ce cee ciety nonere . Emergence curve of spring-brood moths, 1909..............-.-------- . Emergence curve of first-brood moths, 1909............--...---------- Bond record CurvieOk L90QN MERI IEOi oS. |. S20 ORI: QUI UE Pelee eae ee cee . Diagram showing the seasonal history of the codling moth in 1909....-.- . Emergence curve of spring-brood moths, 1907.........--------------- . Emergence curve of first-brood moths, 1907........--...-------------- . Emergence curve of first-brood moths, 1908.........-..-..------------ ABand=recordicurverot 1907.2 22 2 Sesh Or. 2282 See ee a ee Band=-record'curves:@elG08 0 2. Vio AAD Se ee eon eee . Maximum and minimum temperature curves, 1907.........---------- . Maximum and minimum temperature curves, 1908..........--------- . Maximum and minimum temperature curves, 1909...........-------- . Time of emergence of spring-brood and first-brood moths, and the blossom periods of apple trees, during 1907, 1908, and 1909....-...- . Time of leaving the fruit of the first-brood and second-brood larvee dune 1907, s908: end GOONS Bales. Ue eee eee tee eee . The condition of the calyx cup of the apple in relation to spraying for fae icod tin onto th’) 52 CS ee ae Tae ete cite cc 2 ee 82 = eee . Diagram of the Mrs. S. E. Jones orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., showing location of plats and trees used for making counts of fruit. .......-- . Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard orchard) mear' Orozet, Warsi erst asegies bo. 120d eee ee eee Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va.........---------- Diagram illustrating arrangement of plats and position of trees in the E. H. House orchard, near Saugatuck, Mich........----.-.-------- U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part I. D. F. I. 1., June 26, 1909, PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. By E. L. Jenne, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. In 1907 the Bureau of Entomology undertook some experimental and demonstration spraying for the control of the codling moth at Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The work being largely investigation of remedies, only a few notes relating to the life history of the insect were secured. The following season a fuller line of rearing work was conducted at the same place, and the present account of the codling moth in that locality applies mainly to the season of 1908. Data for 1907 are introduced for comparison, where it is possible. In 1908 the rearing work was conducted out of doors. Moths were confined in Riley rearing cages; larve were reared in fruit inclosed in paper bags on the trees, or in picked fruit in muslin- covered battery jars; and the pupal periods were observed in small vials. SEASONAL HISTORY. SPRING BROOD OF PUPZ.? Duration of the brood.—The earliest pupe did not come under observation, but judging from the first emergence of moths and the length of the earliest observed spring pupal stages, pupation began in late February or early March. a The term ‘‘brood”’ is used in speaking of any single stage of the insect, and ‘‘gen- eration” to include all the stages of the life cycle. The pupze and moths produced by the transformation of the wintering larve are sometimes termed ‘‘first-brood pup” and ‘‘first-brood moths.’’ Here, however, the first generation is regarded as beginning with the first eggs of the season, and ending with the moths that develop therefrom. Where three generations of the insect occur, the adult stages are spoken of as moths of spring brood, moths of first brood, and moths of second brood. The adults of the third generation become the spring brood of moths for the succeeding year. The spring moths lay the first-brood eggs, the first-brood moths lay the second-brood eggs, and second-brood moths lay the third-brood eggs. 1 Pe DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. On March 24 there were taken, from rubbish on the ground under an outdoor apple bin at a vinegar factory, 6 pupe and 130 larve. They were located in a damp place, shaded during the greater part of the day. Above, in crevices of the apple bin, were many cocoons, for the most part inaccessible, but those that could be examined showed a much larger proportion of pupe. On March 31 some timbers were pried from this bin and larvee and pupe were found in about equal numbers—122 larve and 112 pupe. This bin was situated on the west side of the buildmg and was built of 2 by 4 material, nailed, 1 inch apart, to large supporting timbers. The cocoons occurred between the scantlings and their supports. This should represent fairly normal conditions above ground. Even here pup would be found greatly in the majority under one scant- ling, while beneath an adjoining one nearly all cocoons might contain larve. This was evidently due to the fact that some of the pine scantlings were sapwood, which absorbs much moisture during rains. At the time of examination they were damp and soggy, though no rain had fallen for several days. Under these the proportion of pup was much smaller than under dry scantlings adjoining. No empty pupal cases were found March 31, although one adult moth, evidently just emerged, was captured while sunning itself on the bin. On April 21 the bin was again examined, and there were found 79 larve, 114 pupe, and 64 empty cases. This showed that about 70 per cent of the wintering larve had pupated up to that time. But even yet larve were in the majority in damp and shaded parts. Nearly all of the larve collected on the above dates and kept out of doors in vials had pupated by May 12. Two belated individuals pupated May 19 and 20. This gives a probable time of 2} months during which wintering larve transformed to pupx. Apple trees bloomed about the middle of this period. The majority of the spring pupe had given out adults by May 27, the two belated indi- viduals emerging June 6 and 8. Thus there is a period of about 3 months during which spring pupe were present—from the first of March until June. Length of spring pupal ie-minigiaits records were obtained of 131 spring pupe, from larve collected at the out door apple bin. The material was kept out of doors in vials in a pasteboard box, under as nearly a normal temperature as possible. The length of the pupal stage steadily decreased with the advancement of the season. Doubtless a longer period would have been shown for the first pup of the season if they could have been observed. The records of the spring pupal stages are given in Tables I and II, with a summary in Table III. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 3 Tasie I.—Length of pupal periods in spring brood of pupx—from wintering larvxe collected March 31. Winter- Individual No. |ing larva pupated. US ARE OR ee at enoseae Apr. 1 Ie eee Ger BEE OoS Apr. 2 Soe doeneeeeeeodood be MGOse=23 Ape eee nes aes salen do:---- Gime Ssh SaSspasne ae Apr. 4 Bereeet osicie coe icin --=- 5 THE FIRST GENERATION. FIRST-BROOD EGGS. Period of oviposition—Kggs were not laid in the rearing cages as early as in the field, because of the lack of a sufficient number of the earliest moths. Eggs collected in the field began to hatch April 27, which, from the earliest observed periods of incubation, would indicate that oviposition had commenced as early as April 7. Apple blossoms had nearly all fallen by April 7. Eggs were abundant in the orchard on April 27, 67 eggs being collected from the lower branches of 2 trees in the space of half an hour. Of these, 6 were empty shells, 2 showed the black head of the larva and hatched the same day, 36 showed the red ring, and 23 were undeveloped. Eggs continued abundant in the orchard during the early part of May. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. af The last unhatched eggs of the first brood were found May 27. Empty shells were numerous in the orchard at that time, but only 3 unhatched eggs were found, all of them in the ‘‘black-spot”’ stage. This date seems to be near the end of the first brood of eggs, and agrees with the issuing records of moths from collected wintering material, practically all moths having emerged by this time. In 1907 the last of the first-brood eggs were obtained June 2, having been laid in a cage by the last moths to emerge from collected wintering material kept in the laboratory. Place of oviposition.—Of 67 eggs collected in the orchard April 27, 53 occurred on the upper side of leaves, 13 on the back of leaves, and 1 on a twig. While bagging fruit on May 6 a careful examination for eggs was made on all the leaves, twigs, and fruit to be inclosed in the bags. There were 78 eggs or empty shells found, of which 76 were on the upper surface of leaves, 1 on a twig, and 1 on the side of the fruit. Since but few apples became wormy after being bagged, this represents nearly the whole number of eggs present on the parts examined. Some of the eggs were at a considerable distance from any fruit, but as a rule the moths seemed to have selected the fruit clusters, possibly only because the foliage there was denser than on isolated shoots. In the cages eggs were placed indiscriminately on all parts of twigs, leaves, fruit, framework of cage, and on the glass panes, always, however, on the side of the cage from which most light came. Twigs placed in the middle or on the darker side of the cage were disregarded, the moths depositing their eggs on the side or bottom of the cage while struggling to fly out toward the light. Fertility. Practically all eggs observed were fertile, whether laid in cages or collected in the orchard. Often a few sterile eggs were deposited in the cages before oviposition proper began. When eggs were laid in considerable numbers they were all fertile. Length of incubation period.—The egg stage was greatly lengthened by periods of cool weather such as are apt to occur in early spring. The first eggs obtained in cages were deposited the night of April 19. These were subjected to very cool weather, including frost, and gave a maximum period of 21 days, or an average of 19.6 days. Eggs deposited the night of April 24 experienced part of the same spell of cool weather, including frost, and required an average of 17 days to hatch. With the advent of warm weather the egg stage was rapidly shortened. Eggs deposited May 8 hatched in 84 days, and the lot laid May 10 hatched in 74 days. Undoubtedly the last eggs of the first brood would show the uniform period of 5 days required for second-brood and third-brood eggs laid during June, July, and August. In Table VII are shown the incubation records of first-brood eges deposited in outdoor cages. 30490°—Bull. 80—12 2 8 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES TaBLeE VII.—First-brood eggs—incubation records of eggs laid in Cages I and ITI (recorded in Tables Vand VI). A. 21 EGGS LAID IN CAGE I. When Number - Red ring ne When | Length of of eggs. (night). appeared. appeared. hatched. | egg stage. Days 2 Apr. 19 | Apr. 27] May 4] May 6 17 5 #. SdOesees|-dO-s--s May 5| May 8 19 11 Ee Osseee |p =a dOeee=- |b eG Opeeee May 9 20 3 pa fdO¥s 222 |. 2 -C0nees|aeeGOssaas May 10 21 B. 46 EGGS LAID IN CAGE I. 1 Apr. 24 | May 2/| May 10] May il 16 2 do adOer - 24 May 9| May 12 17 6 do mG Onecen May 10)|3- .doe---- 17 30 do <= d0n25-\- May 11)|---do.-.22 17 4 doss-- May 3) |--2d0--..- .-do 17 1 ox..2 May, (2a adorns. May 13 18 1 Gorse: Maiyarom| ieeceaeia se May 14 19 C. 16 EGGS LAID IN CAGE II. cs Pra? fone | D. 45 EGGS LAID IN CAGE II. | 16 Mas (ea eee May 17 Ay ca Msy 0) eats, cobalt tte, Mos aig eeee a.m. FIRST-BROOD LARVZ. Period of hatching.—The date of the earliest hatching of larvee can be put fairly accurately at about April 27 (3 weeks after petals had fallen), as on that day out of 67 eggs collected in the orchard only 6 were empty shells and 2 in the black-spot stage, hatching the same day. No wormy apples were found until May 4, the calyx lobes probably concealing their work for several days. Larve con- tinued to enter the fruit in numbers during nearly the whole of May. The last of the brood probably entered during the first week of June, which is allowing 10 days from the time of the last observed unhatched egg in the orchard. The great majority of the first brood of larve entered the fruit during May. Thus it will be seen that up to this time the different stages of the insect, instead of showing an increasing tendency to occupy a longer time, have actually become more compact. While it required about 24 months for the wintering larve to pupate, the spring moths issued within a space of 2 months and the first brood of larvee hatched in scarcely more than 45 days. This is readily explainable from the influence of temperature on the different stages. The earliest spring THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 9 pupal stages lasted a month, but the later individuals to transform spent only 2 weeks as pupex; so that the time of emergence of the spring moths was shortened by 15 days. Again, the first eggs required 20 days to hatch, and the last only 5, a shortening by another 15 days of the period during which the first brood of larvee entered the fruit. In 1907 the first larva was found in the orchard May 18, newly hatched, and in the act of entering the calyx. This was 6 weeks after the petals had fallen from the apple trees. Several wormy apples were found May 23, and they soon became abundant. On June 17 to 20, observations by Mr. Dudley Moulton at Bentonville, Ark., and by the writer at Siloam Springs indicated that the first brood had nearly all entered. Over 500 wormy apples were collected in orchards at the two places, but no larve just entering were found, the smallest larvee having burrowed to the core. Maturing of larve.—tIn 1908 the first cocoon was found under a band May 27, and contained a newly transformed pupa (soft and white), indicating that the larva had left the fruit not later than May 24. Two full-grown larve left picked fruit May 26, the fruit having been collected in the orchard that day. The band record from 18 trees (page 24) indicates that the last of the first brood of larve went into cocoons about July 15, or 52 days after the first larva left the fruit. This gives an increase of about a week over the time be- tween the first and last entering larve of this brood. In 1907 the first mature larve left picked fruit June 12. On June 17 many larve and some pupe were taken from bands, the last pre- vious examination of the bands being on June 10. In 1906 larvee had begun to spin cocoons by June 5, as indicated by a sending of wormy fruit from Bentonville, Ark., by Mr. W. M. Scott to Mr. Moul- ton. Several larve had spun up en route. Period in fruit.—Several of the earlier larve of the first brood hatched and were placed on bagged fruit May 4. Six larve reached maturity, leaving the fruit May 26-29, after an average life in the apple of 23.8 days, the minimum being 22 and the maximum 25 days. A greater range would probably occur in the field between larvee in exposed fruit and those in the shaded interior of the trees. Larval life in cocoon.—Forty-three larvee which became full grown before July 10 showed an average interval of 7.2 days between leayv- ing the fruit and pupation when kept in vials out of doors. The shortest interval was 3 days and the longest 19. The normal time in the orchard is probably nearer the minimum here shown, as in the glass vials many larvee seemed to spend an unusually long time trying to build a suitable cocoon. Individual records on this stage are given in Table VIII. 10 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. FIRST-BROOD PUP. First-brood larve began to pupate May 27, just a week after the last stragglers of the wintering larvee under observation had pupated. Thus first-brood pup appeared before the last of the spring brood had given out moths, the extent of the overlap being 12 days. Of 42 first-brood pupz observed, the average duration of the stage was 10.7 days, ranging from 9 to 13 days. The total period from the time the larva left the fruit until the adult issued averaged 17.8 days, with a range of from 13 to 21 days. As before suggested, larvee not confined in vials would probably pupate sooner, thus shortening the ‘cocoon stage.”’ Individual records of first-brood pupe are shown in Table VIII. Taste VIII.—Pupal periods and cocoon stages of first generation. Larva Length Total nae Larva Moth : : Individual No. left of pupal | time in fruit. pupated. | emerged. stage. | cocoon. Days. Days. 10 14 10 14 10 14 9 13 10 14 13 19 11 15 11 14 10 14 11 16 10 13 12 17 11 14 11 16 13 28 il 16 11 18 11 16 10 18 12 19 9 14 11 15 12 17 11 14 12 18 10 24 10 18 11 22 10 20 10 15 10 17 12 16 10 16 9 18 11 25 9 15 12 25 12 31 10 25 11 17 11 20 10 26 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. The earliest first-brood moth emerged June 8, on which date the last belated moth of the spring brood also issued. Sixteen of the earliest moths, caged June 8-15, showed an average life of 6.2 days. Oviposition began 5 days after the first moth was caged. In 1907, THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. Tf when a large number of moths were caged on the same date, eggs were obtained on the third day. A record of first-brood moths confined in a cage is given in Table IX. TaBLeE IX.—Life of first-brood moths (Cage III), reared from first-brood larve from earliest wormy apples collected in orchard, and from earliest larve reared in bagged Sruit. Moths cele put Moths died. verses Eggs laid (at night). life of ee watt weld Pete! moths. Date. | Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. UMNO Seek. 1 Aftoha te) Nee Se ee 1 June 13 2 Dune OFS ae. Sse 3 | 1 PUNE SSS eee ss 1 \\6 9 days Jumed4e. see ee - 16 Autos) Nees a oe i | fdfiorereyal) Re Sa oe 7 |WiOm eae FUME TOM Ce eae 26 Virmena- Sees tet 2 Dal Weanuine ieee aene ce 7 Sunt 16s oo eee ee 18 Ulta eae 2u\| Escaped.222- 0 424- 5 June 17. 104 ‘oti he eee SR es 11 Mure 1eSsssk es 25 Totalis.,.a2e- 16 — Total 21 Totalis: 5. 4. 191 In 1907 no first-brood moths were obtained until June 25. In 1906 Mr. Moulton records the issuing of a moth on June 19 from apples sent from Bentonville, Ark. LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE OF FIRST GENERATION. The interval between the emergence of the first adult of the win- tering brood and the earliest first-brood moth was 69 days. Starting with a spring moth emerging after the weather became warm, the life cycle would be much shorter. A moth emerging May 5 might lay eggs May 10. Eggs laid on the latter date required 74 days to hatch. This, together with 24 days in the fruit and 18 days in the cocoon, gives a total of about 54 days as an average time for the latter half of the first generation. THE SECOND GENERATION. SECOND-BROOD EGGS. The earliest of the first brood of moths began depositing eggs on the night of June 13. In 1907 second-brood eggs were not laid in cages until July 5. All eggs of this brood required a nearly uniform period of 5 days for incubation. In Table X is given a record of the incuba- tion of some of the earlier eggs of this brood. TaBLE X.—Second-brood eggs—incubation periods of eggs laid in Cage III (recorded in Table IX). Number Megs laid Red ring ae Vaan peat of eggs. (a aDe Spot ap- | hatched.| 01 88 | night). | peared. | peared. stage Days. 26 June 15 | June 18 | June 20 | June 21 54 18 June 16 | June 19 | June 21 |..ado.... 5 104 June 17 |...do....| June 22 jaJune 22 5 25 June) 18) || June) 20) |. .-.s...2. June 23 54 2 At night. 12 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SECOND-BROOD LARVZ. Period of hatching—According to records of oviposition,: the first larvee of the second brood would have hatched June 18. They began hatching in numbers in the cages June 21. Reared larvee entering fruit as late as August 3 were undoubtedly of the second brood, as they pupated on reaching full growth. Some of the brood probably hatched later still, making a total period of entrance to the fruit of perhaps 55 days for such larvee of this brood as pupated. Maturing of larve.—The band record (p. 24) indicates that second- brood larve began to leave the fruit by July 15. The first of the reared larve left July 13, and were from eggs laid 4 days later than the earliest, so mature second-brood larve may have appeared by July 10. The band records of both 1907 (p. 23) and 1908 (p. 24) indicate that the last of the second brood left the fruit early in Sep- tember. Period in fruit.—A large number of second-brood larve hatching during the night of June 22 were transferred to bagged fruit June 25. Seventeen of these reached maturity after an average time in the fruit of 24.6 days, the time ranging from 21 to 31 days. The individual records are given in Table XI. TaBLE XI.—Life of second-brood larvex, reared in bagged fruit on trees (eggs recorded in Table X). Date of leaving fruit. Number | When of larve. | hatched. Night Days 1 June 22 | July 13 21 4 SECO sass July 14 22 1 sods July 15 23 4 Sdorees July 16 24 1 doh. July 17 25 2 == 00: July 18 26 2 22200 re-<5 July 19 27 1 ee edOnse-s July 20 28 1 ~sedOs- 332 July 23 31 Several of the same lot of larve were put on picked fruit and kept in jars out of doors. Most of these spun cocoons in the fruit, and had pupated before the fact was noticed. Three of them, however, left the fruit after periods of 21 and 22 days. The fact that these larve had been kept in jars instead of on bagged fruit seems to have hastened development, as the average time from oviposition to emer- gence of adult of 11 individuals of this lot was 42.3 days, as against 49.5 days for the 17 individuals on bagged fruit. Nine second-brood larve hatching July 28 to August 3 were reared in picked fruit in jars, and reached maturity in from 16 to 20 days, the average being 17.7 days. Individual records of this lot are given in Table XII. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 13 TaBLE XII.—Life of second-brood larvx, reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors. of Number} When Time in of larvee. | hatched. leaving fruit. Days 2 July 28 | Aug. 15 18 1 dO seer. Aug. 14 17 1 July 31 | Aug. 17 17 1 Aug. Aug. 20 18 1 Aug. 3 | Aug. 22 19 1 2t002522" Aug. 23 20 1 dora. Aug. 19 16 1 .-do sed0: 16 In 1907 the period in the fruit was determined for 33 second-brood larve which hatched July 10-15. All were reared in picked fruit kept in the laboratory. The shortest time was 15 days, longest 22, average 18.1 days. The 1907 rearings are tabulated in Table XIII. TaBLE XIII.—Life of second-brood of larvx, reared in picked fruit, in laboratory—1907 Number | Date of Date of Time in of larvee. | hatching. peal rai fruit. Days 2 July 10] July 27 17 2 =-G0-2-22 July 29 19 1 O.-cde July 30 20 1 Ntily wits) Peed ots 15 2 300. Jee July 31 16 9 aera key eee Aug. 1 17 tf ees (ays Aug. 2 18 4 so GOusoee Aug. 3 19 1 be -G0: Aug. 4 20 2 perder ae Aug. 5 21 2 EeeGOsscae Aug. 6 22 Larval life in cocoon.—Of 75 larve maturing from July 12 to Sep- tember 1, the time between leaving the fruit and pupation (in vials out of doors) varied from 3 to 21 days, with an average of 11.86 days. The remarks on this stage of the first-brood larve would also apply here. Individual records are shown in Table XIV. SECOND-BROOD PUPZ. Pupe appeared out of doors as late as September 14. These, how- ever, were from larve that left the fruit September 1 or before, and only a few larve leaving the fruit later than August 20 transformed. In the laboratory pupe appeared well into November. In 1907 larve appearing under bands later than August 26 generally failed to pupate, so that the last pupz in both seasons appeared early in September. Of 78 second-brood pupe, from larve maturing after July 12 and until September 1, the longest pupal stage was 17 days, shortest 8, average 10.5 days. The longest total period in cocoon was 38 days, shortest 12, average 20.4 days. This material was kept in small vials, and the period between leaving the fruit and pupation was probably abnormally long, on account of the difficulty in spinning a suitable cocoon. The individual records are given in Table XIV. 14 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XIV.—Pupal periods and cocoon stages of second generation. d Larva Larva Moth | Time as Individual No. left fruit. | pupated.|emerged.| pupa. = ray WOOF OMOMOOOOMOOO NO a o 12 ali chia here lime Pak (a | ere el Ee, ge Sept. 1| Sept. 13 | Sept. 25 12 Time in cocoon. Days. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 15 SECOND-BROOD MOTHS. Moths of the second brood were obtained from reared material July 25. Moths emerged in abundance during August and in dimin- ishing numbers throughout September. The last one to emerge out of doors appeared October 1. The earliest moths of this brood were not obtained in sufficient numbers to get the first possible third-brood eggs. Oviposition in a cage began on August 5 by moths the first of which emerged July 30. The record of this cage is given in Table XV. TasLeE XV.—Life of second-brood moths (Cage I VY) reared from second-brood larve recorded in Table XI Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). Moths died. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. Myf SO Me se sreho occ k I PATISTISG On. case -ieas sae 8 ACT oust OMe eae (female) 1 TT ee WS Sees le DW eAUPUISG Gio soko aces 20 VATE ISHAOE Sosa eee (female) 1 PA OUISG 2a) ae saciein oe ae< LW ANI PTISL: Greets eres etecs State dh || Awenstllece ss eases (female) 2 PAU UIS Gide epee of ees. Si PAUPUSH Of ec oases O4)|| August t2tes 52 ae (female) 2 SAMIR UISTA eR eels eels ss Zi nan AN Fe earn ted MAPA cd Gh onal dlitall| err eh (oe a A eee chee (male) 1 AUICUSUIG= f= 5 seco c dS arse Sea eee Tle acbaye\a laa oe Meee ee eee DON eatin Omenme aye vane 7 SUNG Seas os eee faye | Wa Woh (ey ee es ee Lee NTA tail ee aes ee ee 7 Rf batey ee nee ce PANNA Lo balsi W753 eee Ae eee {OZ RE Seaped = ssc... he.c2525 5 VlNe Moses seco eee cas Alia PIUNeM Sst 38 ee 25 While not the earliest, the eggs laid on the night of June 17 were selected, on account of their numbers, to start the second generation. Some of the larve hatching from these eggs were put on bagged fruit, and others were reared in picked fruit kept out of doors in jars. Those on bagged fruit developed as shown in Table XXVI. TaBLE XXVI.—Records, from oviposition to emergence of adult, of 20 individuals of the second generation, reared from moths recorded in Table X X V—larvx reared in bagged fruit on trees. E Larva 88 trans- Tadieidanlenos hatched ferredite Larva left} Larva Moth * bagged night). fruit. fruit. pupated. jemerged. July 24) Aug. 2 July 17 | July 27 ayy 28 | Aug. 6 =200 ; Aug. ti pone DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. To secure third-brood eggs, only moths that developed from the second-brood larvee on bagged fruit were used. These emerged and oviposited as recorded in Table X XVII. TaBLE XXVII.—Life of moths of second brood, reared from material recorded in Table XX VI. Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). Moths died. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. 1 || August 5 2) ||) AU PTISG Os cease cee (female) 1 1 || August 6 2 || August 10...- --| (female) 1 1 || August 8 55 || August 11-. (female) 2 3 || August 9 54 || August 12...........]| (female) 2 2 DOue:. tne ae (male) 1 I August 13 (male) 1 1 13 ‘ Lost or escaped... .. 5 The eggs laid August 8 and 9 developed a third brood of larve as shown in Table XXVIII. TaBLE XXVIII.—Life of larvx of third brood, reared from eggs recorded in Table X XVII. Eggs laid Number | Larve left (at night). Eggs hatched. | of jarvee. fruit. Aug. 8...| Aug. 14,a.m... 2 Sept. 2 DO= ss sccm Goseeee-re 2 Sept. 3 IDOE Sloane (0 Corsets oe 1 Sept. 4 IDX Silociee Gh) RRAB eos 3 Sept. 5 Doess|tease dorsazese4 8 Sept. 7 Doe. =| ions GOs sheaese 3 Sept. 8 Dok | Bers GIO)- -ceao= 2 Sept. 9 DOA nese GOs eis se si2- 1 Sept. 11 Dorasle- see doteiss sss: 1 Sept. 12 DOes.\ se) GOse a aeiee 1 Sept. 14 Dorsleeece CBs ashood 1 Sept. 15 Aug. 9...| Aug. 14, night. if Sept. 3 Doz |ae-= dota sess: 2 Sept. 4 Dos.|: ..- GOneee sees 2 Sept. 5 DO seta ejeecre Gosceccsse 1 Sept. 6 IDOzs4| Heese GOscecsecs 3 Sept. 7 Doleelee- ae GO2n.- 255. 2 Sept. 8 DOGsa| se see dozees- sa: 1 Sept. 11 1D) Osea ete doteeetet- 1 Sept. 12 Doxssles-e dost sc 2 Sept. 14 DONA |heeee GOns seihetis 1 Sept. 15 The above larve were reared out of doors in picked fruit. All of them were of the wintering generation. THIRD GENERATION IN 1907. In 1907 all the rearing was done in the laboratory. The first larve and pup collected in taking the band record (first generation) were used to begin rearing for a third generation. From this material first-brood moths began to emerge June 25. Second-brood eggs were laid by them in large numbers July 5 to 20, from which 41 second- brood larve developed as shown in Table XXIX. . THE. CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 23 TaBLeE XXIX.—Records of 41 individuals of the second generation, reared in the labora- tory in 1907, from band-collected larve and pupx of the first generation. | Numberof| Eggs Larvee Moths Numberof| Eggs Larve Moths individuals.| hatched. | left fruit.| emerged. ||individuals.) hatched. | left fruit.| emerged. 1 July 10 | July 27} Aug. 15. 2 July 15| Aug. 3 Aug. 15. 1 Reed. seat v2 sd0uces. Aug. 12. 1 BesdOsts.c J3d0. 2-22 Aug. 16. 2 Goea--s July 29 Do. il ee dOe. wae eed Ohsees Do. 1 doses. July 30 | Pupa died. 1 BetdO- =e ies (ye eer Sept. 16. 1 afb? aly [So ete Go Aug. 15. 1 dOsesc- Aug. 4} Aug. 17. 1 Ose July 31 | Aug. 13 1 liestceeorees Wed Oeeose Aug. 16. 1 domaae: Dro eo Renee Aug. 14 1 Pe cer ececnee Bse(e eee Wintering. 5 Gorelsss Aug. 1 Ce) 11s) a ee ek 28 Be Sr dow | Aug. 15. 1 do... Broke eeae Aug. 16 1 July 15| Aug. 5 | Sept. 1. 1 G0i2-=: 5200. e.08 te) 1 ee GOnesae a edObes a2 Wintering. 1 doses: edOeses. Aug. 25 1 G0sse== Aug. 6 Do. 3 doze. Aug. 2 | Aug. 15 1 do..... St dotecs: Do 1 doz =. SG 0-5 25, Aug. 21 WE 2h ocescore Aug. 7 | Aug. 18 1 dol-= Eeloe ses Aug. 22. 1 SEBS Ae Coen ese Aug. 20 1 ee OOsenne Aug. 1 | Wintering. ie Oa eeeeaSere- Aug. 9 | Aug. 25 ib Wdoves ee Aug. 2 | Aug. 27. 2 July 15 (@) Aug. 15. a Pupated in fruit. As indicated in the table, 5 of these larve lived over winter, while the others developed to second-brood moths. No attempt was made to secure third-brood eggs from these moths, but from the time of their emergence we should expect third-brood larve to begin hatching about August 20. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS. BAND RECORDS. A band record is an important aid in tracing the seasonal history of the codling moth. The band record for 1907 is given in Table XXX and is shown graphically in figure 2. TABLE XXX.—Band record of 1907, made from 25 trees in an unsprayed orchard. Number Number F ls | of lee and pup) and pu- Date. Teer Date. pe taken from from bands. bands. Qt! | MANISTISU DLs’ ee. fos ec oe Seen ce stems 212 On| |PANIEUISE U2 = os ccc occa ose cet aaa se eee 168 285) | ANUS UNOS oo Shs oe lee anereecaceeareietsis 170 AS | WAUATIS ZOU oeteta.n clase pre ernenerse saieia 98 253 || SOBLEMDCN 2 sccic oc ncn cectecmee cess sete 46 47¢||\SSepiember'9).e7 cme eseeete aes see asic ones 52 06: || ‘September 165. 25. . scosceses-<--sececce 67 se OCtTODOE'T Sacmne sore aeenie ete eee cae 156 3 The gap between the first-brood and the second-brood larve, indicated in the 1907 band record at July 1, should have come a week or more later. The week ending July 1 was cool and very rainy, the bands being continuously wet. This must have delayed many larvee in leaving the fruit, and prevented others from selecting the bands as a place for spinning their cocoons. 30490°—Bull. 80—12 3 24 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. , The third brood shown in the 1907 band record (beginning Sep- tember 2) is probably normal in bulk, though the curve should per- haps rise more abruptly and stop earlier at the date of harvesting the apples. There were taken October 7 from the bands 156 larve, an average of 52 per week since the last previous examination; mean- while the fruit had been gathered, but the exact date could not be ascertained. Picking the fruit would of course put an end to the band record. It will be noticed in the curve (fig. 2) that the second brood is many times larger than the first. But the third brood, instead of showing a further increase, is scarcely larger than the first. This is not to be taken as evidence of only a partial brood, but is due to the fact that the fruit was harvested before the bulk of the third brood had - matured. 200 169 120 ‘80 40 : | June June June uly July July duly duly Aug. flug. fug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. AM 26 Pee] 16 7 Fic. 2.—Curve showing record of larvee and pup of the codling moth taken from bands in 1907. The 1908 band record (Table XX XI and fig. 3) was influenced by the very smal’ size of the apple crop in that year. TABLE XX XI.—Band record of 1908, made from 18 trees.in an orchard sprayed once after the calices had closed. [Record by Mr. S. W. Foster.] Number Number of larve of ae and pupe and pu- Date. ee Date. ey an from from bands. bands DUNG Gal iosiac ancevacas catcomeseoee serene G2a MAT SUSU Shen. sisters. se see eaicaete eraser 28 WML O22 eye tae sa eineeiacice some carn ecinenmcee 45h AMI PUStUAOS SR on cmeen acon emamieeenineets 69 VUNG ZO ee. occ bea cicecces sce caeune semere 67 || August Ui. 302202 Vaasa ce cee ee ee Sees 30 MUL GSS at So oc on Sos seen sees 66: | AM eUISt 24... 05... ca cerieicisee steeeee eee 23 Stalivalaiss eects SE 25S ss ee Ieee SL ||\PAUgust:3l oss: [22 ee ee ees Soe 6 UL WA2O Mee aise clas Bias siagaeatemseeuees 16)|| September. saic.cecacic saseee sees eeeee il WU 7 Ha soke wllecicteccldcescsen scenes ste 26|| ‘September 14 $25. See ee sece eee sSitedes 2 _ The trees from which this record was made had lost all their fruit by September 7. : THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 25 In the 1908 band record the smaller size of the second brood as compared with the first is due to the fact that the very small crop of apples became so infested that they fell from the trees before a large number of the later larvee had matured. For the same reason the I I 5 Jane June J June oats or ly July Ju ” fag Aug Flug Au S Fig. 3.—Curve showing baw record of 1908. third brood is not represented. The record was not begun in time to include the earliest larva, which had begun to leave the fruit May 24. A band record made in 1908 by Mr. F. W. Faurot (figs. 4 and 5) at Anderson, Mo., 40 miles north of Siloam Springs, is mteresting olf jee Jae ge i ie Ba Fic. 4.—Curve showing band record from 6 Jonathan apple trees, made at Anderson, Mo., in 1908, by Mr. F. W. Faurot. as showing the effect of spraying. The record was made on un- sprayed trees in a sprayed orchard. Since the banded trees were themselves not sprayed, the size of the first brood of larve shown in the band record was not affected. But the spraying of the re- mainder of the orchard, and the killing of all larve and pup taken 26 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. from the bands, caused a marked reduction, instead of the normal increase, in the size of the second brood. The part of this record from 6 Jonathan trees, from which the fruit was picked the last of August, thus shutting out the third brood, is separated from the remainder. Figure 4 shows the record from these trees, and figure 5 the remainder of the record, taken from 5 Gano and 9 Lansingburg trees, the latter a very late variety. QO “ine ge “ge ie Ab Ob As A Ae te Be pt et 16 Fia. 5.—Curve showing band record from 14 Gano and Lansingburg apple trees, made at Anderson, Mo., in 1908, by Mr. F. W. Faurot. EMERGENCE OF MOTHS. All larvee and pupe collected in taking the band records at Siloam Springs were kept in muslin-covered jars, in order to record the issu- ing of adults. The material of 1907 was kept in the laboratory, and that of 1908 out of doors. Weekly summaries of the emergence of the moths are given in Tables XX XII and X XXIII and in figures 6 and 7. TABLE XX XII.—Laboratory record of emergence of adults from material collected in taking band record in 1907. Number Number Date. of moths Date. ei of moths emerging. emerging. UUM ASM yess, feewoccicaseuaee cesoeeeres 23"|| (Aagust U5-22 2. eco se eae ose see 113 July 4-11......-. 16 || August 22-29 oe ill July 11-18 29 || August 29-September 5 58 July 29 || September 5-12 13 July 25-August 1 39 || September 12-19 2 ATISUIS tH =SSs srancn eat ctes one eriaeee 48 || September 20 il MUSUSUB—Lb! se ses tc coe sakes cease cee 176! ||\ October 4yac--ccsoeceea cease eect 1 TABLE XX XIII.—Outdoor record of emergence of adults from material collected in taking band record in 1908. [Records by Mr. 8S. W. Foster.] Number Number Date. of moths Date. of moths emerging. emerging. UPMO Ze 20U 2s oeielays hate cele apne is wane see 18/\|)\ ANISNSb2=8: 2.1 ck See attiaetns- acre 2 Vine eo-Jully6 Ajeet eee. oe ne ce ele | 43) PAW SUStiS-1bt secant sto se kee ctise eerie 22 Wt yiGSl3 sep Sons series ae selec ce aos ate | 40 ||| (Atigust 15-22. 3.200228 2 eens eee 23 TULYPS=LOLE SNe eck are bees eee | $8) Atieusti22=29. 225.0 Sees eeeeeeeat es 31 wl AD 7 Glo Seas Sete paaecagree coor see 40 || August 29-September 5.......-..-----.-- 6 MOLY 2iAU PHS asc soto n ucla. taser «cists 38) ||| September b-12s-0.. so. saa ee aces eee 2 THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. oF It will be noticed that the curves illustrating the emergence records follow closely the contour of the corresponding band-record curves, as far as the first and the second broods are concerned. The third brood is, of course, not represented in the emergence records. A record of the emergence of the third brood of 1907 (spring brood of 1908) is given on page 5, figure 1. Fic. 6.—Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking band record in 1907. The ratio in size of the second brood of adults to the second brood of larve is practically the same as between the first-brood adults and the first-brood larve, shown in the emergence and the band records, respectively. This shows that as large a proportion of the second-brood as of the first-brood larve transform to adults; which is evidence that there is nearly a full third brood. Fic. 7.—Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking band record in 1908. LARVZ ON FOLIAGE. Two larve just hatched were inclosed in paper bags on water sprouts May 4. The twigs were not examined again until May 29. In each case there was evidence of work by the larve. On one twig the feeding was confined to a leaf, but on the other four the young larvee had bored down the tender end of the sprout from half an inch to 2 inches. No remains of the larve could be found. They had 28 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. apparently bored down the twigs until they encountered wood too hard for them to chew, when they left the burrows and were lost. In the laboratory four larve just hatched were put on foliage May 7. The ends of the twigs were stuck into a bottle of water, cotton was stuffed around the neck of the bottle, and the whole put under a bell jar. Two larve were working May 12. On May 23 one larva was still feeding. It had begun work on a leaf, then it bored into the midrib and through the petiole into the end of the twig. The larva was transferred to a fresh twig, and when again examined, May 29, had burrowed for a distance of 1} inches. Then it had left the burrow, and forcing its way through the cotton at the neck of the bottle had drowned itself therein. It had reached a length of 9.5 millimeters and appeared to have passed tlhe fifth molt. LARVZ IN PEACHES. Two peaches containing codling-moth larve were collected in ‘the orchard, on trees adjoining an apple orchard. Both peaches ripened several days before the larve left them. One larva issued July 28 from a peach collected July 10. The adult emerged August 10. Another peach collected July 29 gave out a larva on August 2, from which the adult emerged August 16. NUMEROUS LARVA IN ONE APPLE. Throughout the season, and also in 1907, it was noticed that when large numbers of young larvee were allowed to enter a single apple at the same time, only a few survived. If larve being reared from eggs laid in cages were not transferred to separate fruits within three to five days after hatching, or before their burrows reached the core, only a small proportion of the number entering could be accounted for. Some third-brood larve entering fruit in cages were left undis- turbed, the apples being kept in jars out of doors. The results, given in Table XXXIV, show that more than one larva is not likely to reach maturity in a single fruit at the same time. TaBLE XXXIV.—Record of maturing larve from 4 apples, each infested at the same time by numerous larve. Larve formed Number cocoons. Eggs of larvee pie alec hatched. | entering * eatttaes apple. Date. |Number. 1 Sept. 5 spun co- 1 DO sse ss | 11 1 \ 2 1 1 Ty THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 29 NUMBER OF MOLTS. A large number of larvee were reared separately in pieces of apple in vials. Immediately after hatching they were transferred to the vials, and were examined daily, or at least every second day. At each examination they were changed to fresh food. Hither the frequent disturbance or the lack of apple seeds in their diet caused the larve to develop very slowly and to become dwarfed. The mature larve were very much undersized, and some of the moths that developed from them were scarcely larger than adults of the lesser apple worm (Hnarmonia prunwora Walsh). The normal number of molts is apparently 6 (7 instars), though 3 of the 12 larve that reached maturity molted 7 times (8 instars). The period of development was so much lengthened and the larve were so dwarfed that no conclusions can be given as to the normal length of the various instars or the size of the larva in each. In Table XXXYV are given the individual records (omitting meas- urements) of the 12 larve that reached maturity. Taste XXXV.—Number of molts of the codling moth—laboratory .observations on larve reared in pieces of apple in vials. Molts. faved Individual | When ioeaiod No. hatched. eacdon Ne 1B JO 0S IV. We VI. VII. Leet eK. 2 Agig. 17, |pAug. 21 Ne .523..02% Sept. 2} Sept. 9 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 26 |.......... Oct. 13 Qemcmmeeceesfoee Ovcese|oncre soscie Aug. 28 | Sept. 1} Sept. 7 | Sept. 14} Sept. 21 |.........- Oct. 6 eee octere dl ae do..... Aug. 23 | Aug. 29 | Sept. 4 | Sept. 10 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 27 |.......... Oct. 15 2 Nk aa eee (eae dorssss Ce Rane Saas Saja, W2| | TSS oR Me) ||US oip Te) ee eee se eee eee Octavia eee e ae] Gee douse Aug. 24| Aug. 29 | Sept. 4 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 17 | Sept. 27 |.......... Oct. 16 (ae St eS dows. Aug. 23 | Aug. 28 | Sept. 1] Sept. 8 Goiece = Sept. 30 | Oct. 19 | Oct. 26 (Sess aes Aug. 18 | Aug. 24 | Aug. 29 | Sept. 3 | Sept.10 | Sept.19 | Oct. 3 |.......... Oct. 21 Sieeee tenses Sept. 3 | Sept. 9 | Sept. 14 | Sept. 21 | Sept. 29 | Oct. 13 | Oct. 30} Nov. 20 | Dec. 4 Qe aie seeerise eae Of -2e 2 See CO sees Gost 525 seek Oct. 2 | Oct. 11 | Oct. 23 | Nov. 9 | Dec. 2 LOR erste a| tee downs NEptis Sil Sept. LO! hoecee see Hepis2g | POCt. ads) | Oct, 2Q5r|se.sseseee Nov. 20 uh rs seg 3 ol eae Gorse: SeppsfOniss dos ss seleo. gees. = Ociyr 2) |TOcty is; (Octh28)| ase Nov. 27 1 See eae Goleene Sept. 8 | Sept. 13 | Sept. 20 | Sept. 28 |...do..... Octs (2bs|beeeeseees Nov. 17 NATURAL ENEMIES. On May 6, while bagging fruit and collecting codling-moth eggs, about a dozen specimens of a red mite (determined by Mr. N. Banks as Trombidvum sp.) were observed crawling about the twigs and leaves. By accident one of them got into the box of collected codling-moth eggs on leaves. On examining the eggs in the laboratory later, the mite was found in the act of eating one of them. The egg upon which it was operating was in the black-spot stage. When the mite had finished, the egg had the appearance of having hatched, except that the black head and cervical shield of the embryo remained visible underneath the egg shell. The mite was then allowed to attack a larva that was just issuing from the egg, having crawled nearly all the 30 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. way out. When examined three hours later, nothing was left of the larva but the head and shriveled skin. This mite was later found to be fairly common on other trees as well as apple. Two species of ants, Solenopsis validiusculus Emery and Cremasto- gaster bicolor Buckley as determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande, were frequently found attacking live larve under bands. An ichneumon, determined by Mr. J. C. Crawford as the commonly recorded parasite of the codling moth, Pimpla annulipes Brullé, was frequently reared from band-collected material. From one lot of larvee taken from the bands, Mr. S. W. Foster reared 11 specimens of an undetermined chalcidid, possibly a secondary parasite. Two specimens of a small tachina fly, Tachinophyto sp.? (deter- mined by Mr. C. H. T. Townsend), were reared in 1907. One indi- vidual issued from a larva which was brought into the laboratory while still in the apple, though nearly full grown. PERCENTAGE OF FRUIT INFESTED. In 1908 the apple crop was so small that the growers did not con- sider it worth protecting by spraying. On account of the small crop and the lack of preventive measures, practically every apple was wormy and the fruit fell from the trees before a large number of the later larvee had a chance to enter. In 1907, counts from 8 unsprayed trees (4 Ben Davis and 4 Winesap) showed a percentage of wormy fruit varying from 48.1 to 64.1, the average on the Winesaps being 50.7 and on the Ben Davis 60.4. A total of 20,890 apples were exam- ined from the 8 trees, including all windfalls throughout the season. Apples infested with codling moth, Enarmonia prunivora Walsh, and Epinotia pyricolana Murtfeldt were classed together as ‘‘wormy” fruit. Curculio injury was disregarded. So small a percentage of infestation seems rather remarkable in a locality such as this, where at least a majority of the insects pass through three generations, while in other fruit-growing districts with a shorter season an unprotected apple crop is completely destroyed by the codling moth. Perhaps the third generation may be a dis- advantage in the increase of the insect, as a considerable proportion of this brood, being yet in the fruit when the crop is harvested, is removed from the orchard (see 1907 band record, p. 23). And it must be that many of the later larve to hatch would even fail to find any fruit to enter, as the apple harvest usually begins early in September. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 31 CONCLUSIONS. Three generations of larve of the codling moth occur in the Ozarks of northern Arkansas, and most of the members of ‘the second gen- eration develop into adults. The date at which larve begin to enter the fruit, relative to the blossoming of apple trees, is susceptible to great variation on account of weather conditions. In the two seasons under observation the interval was 6 and 3 weeks, respectively, between the falling of apple blossoms and the hatching of the first larve. There is a sufficient interval between the first brood and the sec- ond brood of larve to be noticeable in the field; so that members of the two broods, though present together, may be distinguished by their size in most cases. The third brood of larve constitutes the greater part of the winter- ing brood. Since the principal varieties of apples are harvested in this region while considerable numbers of the third brood of larve are yet immature, the number of larve wintering in the orchard is materially reduced. A smaller percentage of fruit is infested by the codling moth in this locality than in many places where only two generations are developed. A summary of the seasonal history of the insect for the year 1908, as detailed in the preceding pages, is shown diagrammatically in figure 8. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 32 “yIV ‘SSUlIdg WLOTIS 18 BNGI Ul PeAIesqo sev YJOUL SuI[poo ey} Jo A1O4sIY [eUOSAS 94} SUIJBIISNI[I WeIseIq—'s “Oly HT TTT PPA EECLLTTTTAT pai09202 aarlny Bud ajul// AH LAN bunt apupy, du HOE UT) : | 3 at || paysjoy anAdo] fo pooig Plt LL I i Us s:-D> Ay, B. BH. Bull. ‘80; Part Qi. D. F. I. 1., June 30, 1909. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. (Coleophora fletcherella Fernald.) By A. G. HAMMAR, ' Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. During the past several years the cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella Fernald) has occasionally come to notice on account of the injuries inflicted by it on the foliage and fruit of apple and pear trees, especially the former. Although apparently common in different sections of the country its presence is readily overlooked, owing to its small size and the concealed life of the larva. When occurring in large numbers it first attracts attention during May and June, at which time the insect is most active and feeding freely upon the foliage. The larva itself is in a small cylindrical or cigar-shaped case, which is composed of a portion of the skin of the leaf. In its feeding habits the larva is, to a certain extent, a miner. It always carries its case for protection, however, protruding from it when feeding. Upon close observation of the feeding marks on the foliage it will be found that they consist of a more or less round undermined area, from which the parenchyma has been removed, with a minute circular hole through the skin of the leaf, through which the larva made its entrance. By these markings on the leaves and by the cigar-shaped cases (fig. 9) of the larva the insect is readily dis- tinguished from other related orchard pests. The cigar case-bearer has occasionally proved itself capable of destroying the foliage of entire orchards. Crop failures and various deformities of the fruit have also been ascribed to this insect. HISTORY. The attention of entomologists was first called to the destructive- ness of the cigar case-bearer in 1888, when Mr. P. Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., found the larve feeding upon the young fruit of pears. Speci- 33 34 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. mens of the insect were sent to Dr. J. A. Lintner, as recorded in his Fifth Report, page 324 (1889). Based upon the information and studies of the living material received from Mr. Barry, Doctor Lintner later gave an account of the insect before the Western New York Horticultural Society in 1890, under the title, “A New Pear Insect, Coleophora sp.,” with a brief description of the insect and its life history and recommending an arsenical spray for its control in case it should appear in injurious numbers. Later the same account was re- printed in Popular Gardening for 1890, and in 1891 it was included in Doctor Lintner’s seventh report as state entomologist of New York. About the same time as noted in the Rochester occurrence, the insect attracted attention in orchards in Canada. Dr. James Fletcher in 1889 received some larve from Charlestown, Prince Edward Island, which were found feeding on plum trees. Soon after they were also found depredating upon apple and pear. In 1891 Dr. D. Young, of Adolphustown, Ontario, informed Doctor Fletcher of their abundance in orchards of that locality, and during the same year further reports of the insect came in from Port Williams, Nova Scotia. At Adolphustown Doctor Young carried out extensive spray- ing experiments with kerosene emulsion and Paris green. A full account of these and other experiments will be found in Fletcher’s various publications from 1891 to 1894. Prof. C. H. Fernald, in 1892, described the new insect, naming it fletcherella in honor of Doctor Fletcher, who had submitted specimens for determination. He also mentions having received specimens from Lintner, who, in his ninth report (1893), showed that the case-bearer referred to in his earlier reports was this same species. Further notes on the insect in Canada were given by Fletcher in the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1894. Prof. L. H. Bailey in 1895 reported that the failure of the apple crop in Wayne and Monroe counties, N. Y., was to a great extent due to the damages caused by the cigar case-bearer. The same year Professor Slingerland published a valuable account of the insect, giving a detailed description of it and of its life history, with excel- lent photographic illustrations and a full bibliography. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in 1896 reported its introduction at Santa Fe, N. Mex., the young larve evidently having been brought in on infested nursery stock from the State of New York. A hymenopterous parasite, Microdus laticinctus Ashm., was ob- tained by Fletcher from cases from Port Hope, Ontario.* In 1898 Faville reported the occurrence of the insect at Manhattan, Kans., where for several years it had caused much injury. @Twenty-seventh Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1897, p. 67. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 35 A brief account of the life history of the insect is given by Dr. E. P. Felt in the Country Gentleman for November, 1901, and it is referred to by the same writer in his Illustrated Descriptive Cata- logue of Some of the More Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State.¢ Prof. S. A. Forbes in 1900 gave a brief note on a similar insect feeding on sugar beet. At the time this was supposed to be C. fletch- erella Fernald, having very similar habits and appearance. Mr. August Busck, of this Bureau, however, has recently examined speci- mens sent by Professor Forbes and finds that they belong to a differ- ent species. In 1902 it was included in Banks’s Principal Insects Liable to be Distributed on Nursery Stock.’ It is here recorded feeding upon pear and quince. Specimens were received by Doctor Fletcher from Victoria, British Columbia, in 1905, and were sent by him to this Bureau for deter- mination. The moths, which were examined by Mr. Busck, were found to be slightly smaller than those from New York or east- ern Canada. Recently Mr. Busck has been kind enough to reexamine the specimens, and from a comparison of later collected material in the United States National Museum collection considers those from Victoria to be identical. The larve of the moths mentioned above were found feeding on hawthorn. The difference in size is probably due to local conditions and to the different food plant. In a letter dated February 16, 1909, to this Bureau, Prof. R. H. Pettit, of the Michigan Agricultural College, states that he received specimens of the cigar case-bearer from Port Hope, Mich., where in 1908 it was reported as being quite a serious pest. During the summer of 1908 the writer had the opportunity of studying the cigar case-bearer at North East, Pa. A small orchard of 40 or 50 trees belonging to Mr. A. L. Short was, in the early part of June, so badly infested by the insect that literally every leaf had been devoured. Mr. R. W. Braucher, of this Bureau, during the summer of 1908 observed the insect at Douglas, Mich., where it was found more or less frequently in different orchards. DISTRIBUTION. The cigar case-bearer is evidently a native insect, feeding originally on crab apples and hawthorn. Although at present recorded only from scattered sections of the country, it is not improbable that it has a rather general distribution. In Canada, Fletcher reports it “Bull. 39, N. Y. State Mus., 1900. > Bull. 34, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 38. 36 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. from Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Brit- ish Columbia. In the State of New York it has been recorded by Lintner, Slingerland, and others; at Manhattan, Kans., by Faville; at Santa Fe, N. Mex., by Cockerell; at North East, Pa., by the writer; at Port Hope, Mich., by Pettit, and at Douglas, Mich., by Braucher. FOOD PLANTS AND INJURY. The insect has a rather limited list of food plants. Originally it probably fed on native crab apples and certain species of Crategus. With the extensive planting of orchards, it has found in apple and pear favorite food plants, and it is largely to these two fruits that its depredations have been confined. It has also been recorded feeding upon quince and plums, and will undoubtedly be found on other trees allied to them. Like many other injurious insects, the work of the cigar case-bearer, when the species is present in destructive numbers, comes suddenly into evidence. ‘The caterpillars infest mainly the leaves, but in the spring they may also be found on the buds and the young fruits. Injury at this time of the season is naturally quite important as affecting both the vigor of the trees and the development of the fruit. As shown in Plate I, figures 1 and 2, the foliage, under conditions of serious infes- tation, becomes practically skelétonized. In the orchard at North East, Pa., which came under the writer’s observation in 1908, the foliage was completely devoured and withered by the early part of - June, and from a distance appeared brown and dead, as if swept by fire. Neighboring fruit growers believed this to be due to the burn- ing effect of an arsenical spray, but as a matter of fact the orchard had, to the knowledge of the present owners, never been sprayed, When inspected, June 3, the larvee, in their cigar-shaped cases, were found in such great numbers that not only had the foliage been com- pletely devoured, but the tender growths of the branches had been very generally attacked. (PI. I, fig. 3.) It was probably owing to lack of food that they were dropping down from the branches, sus- pended by a silken thread, in search of new feeding places.. The owner, Mr. A. L. Short, and his team at the time of plowing the orchard were completely covered with the larve and presented a very strange sight. In looking through the spaces between the rows of trees one was impressed with the abundance of the larve, for their cases in countless numbers, suspended by silken threads and waving back and forth in the breeze, almost resembled a drapery. As the larvee ceased feeding by about the middle of June, the trees put out a new growth of leaves, and later in the season the condition of the orchard was favorable to its recuperation from the attack. Bull. 80, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U.S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER (COLEOPHORA FLETCHERELLA). Fig. 1.—Apple leaf with larve at work (enlarged). Fig. 2.—Infested apple twig, two weeks after larvee ceased feeding (reduced). Fig. 3.—Young branches with puncturelike feeding marks of the lary (natural size). (Original.) THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. St DESCRIPTION. THE EGG. The minute egg (fig. 10, d), which is hardly visible to the naked eye, is pale yellow, and over the surface is closely marked with ele- vated ridges. On the average, it measures 0.31 by 0.25 mm. and is almost round in outline. THE LARVA AND ITS CASES. When newly hatched the larva is pale yellow, with the head and thoracic plates dark brown or nearly black. The full-grown larva (fig. 10, c) averages 5 mm. to 5.8 mm. in length and 1.16 mm. in greatest width. Its head is 0.5 mm. wide and is dark and strongly chitinized, with the ventral surface lighter than the rest. The body is reddish orange, with dark plates as follows: The cervical plate on the prothorax, subdivided by a white interspace; two smaller plates on the dorsum of the mesothorax; a pair of lateral plates on each thoracic seg- ment; a large anal plate on the termi- nal segment; a small plate on the Fic. 9.—The cases of the cigar case- bearer (Coleophora fletcherella): a, Upper view of the cigar-shaped case, side of each anal leg. The crochets on the fourth pair of abdominal legs showing the smooth and the hairy sides and the three-lobed hind open- ing; b, side view of same; c, the are absent, and on the first three : . 5 case as it appears in the spring, pairs are rudimentary or wanting, — with the tubelike addition; d, the Varina tron Nore tor. im one or | tlt cand winter case.) Muck’ en- larged. (Original.) two rows. The anal legs have from 10 to 13 well-developed crochets placed in a single row. The spiracles are round and feebly indicated. The thoracic legs are large, dark brown, strongly chitinized, and with a chitinous plate behind the basal portion of each leg. The sete on the head, thoracic legs, and terminal portion of the body are distinct; on the abdominal segments they are rather indistinct. The abdominal segments are distinctly divided into two annulets, and the dorsal surface of each annulet is minutely granular. The case, as it is made in the fall, is a minute, flattened structure (fig. 9, d) composed of portions of the upper and lower skins of the leaf. In the spring, with the growth of the larve, the anterior open- ing is prolonged into a tube made from fragments of leaves fastened by silk (fig. 9, ¢). The second case, in which the larva finally pu- pates (fig. 9, a, b), is longer, cylindrical or cigar-shaped, slightly compressed laterally, and with a more or less distinct ridge above and beneath. The anterior opening is round, slightly funnel-shaped, and bent downward, so that the plane of the opening forms an acute angle 38 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. with the longitudinal axis of the case. The posterior end terminates in three lobes, which neatly close the opening. The average length of the cigar-shaped cases is 6.5 mm. and the width 1.3mm. They are of a light brownish color, much like that of the dry leaves. As the case is made from the skin of the upper and lower sides of the leaves, the one side is hairy or velvetlike, while the opposite side is almost smooth. THE PUPA. The pupa (fig. 10, 2) has an average length of from 4 to 5 mm. It is light brown, long and slender, terminating posteriorly in a broad, somewhat depressed cremaster, with two short lateral spines on either side; the wing sheaths are narrow, with free, pointed extremities reaching almost to the end of the body; the hind borders of the ab- dominal segments are smooth; there is a chitinous semiring- like ridge on the an- terior portion of the third to seventh. ab- dominal segments. On emergence of the adult, the pupal skin remains within the case. ip ) 4 Ui Fie. 10.—The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella) : THE MOTH OR ADULT. a, Adult female; b, side view of pupa and upper view of cremaster of same; c, larva; d, egg; e, venation of The original de- fore and hind wings. Much enlarged. (Original.) By sie scription of the moth (fig. 10, a, e), as published by Fernald,‘ is herewith given: Expanse of wings from 10 to 12 mm. Head, palpi and basal joint of the an- tenn, yellowish steel gray. Body, legs and wings above and beneath, plain steel gray, much more intense in fresh specimens. The palpi are without tufts, the basal joint of the antenne with a slight tuft, and the remaining joints of the antennze and also the joints of the tarsi are steel gray annulated with white. The two sexes are similar in color, the male, however, being smaller and recognizable by the blunt termination of the abdomen. The abdomen of the female is larger, more or less spindle-shaped, and terminates in a slender ovipositor, which as a rule protrudes from the last segment. The wings are typically like those of the Tineide; narrow, pointed, with the veins in the hind-wings almost obliterated ; the hind border of both wings is fringed with long hairs, which are especially pronounced in the hind-wings. On emerging from the pupa the moth assumes a very characteristic pose, as illustrated in Plate II, figure 4. @Can. Ent., 1892, p. 122. Bull. 80, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE ll. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. Fig. 1.—Apple leaf from which numerous cases have been constructed. Fig. 2.—Overwintering larve (enlarged). Fig. 3.—Apple leaf from which cigar-shaped cases have been made, the empty spring cases still adhering (enlarged), Fig. 4.—Newly emerged moths in their charac- teristic pose on the empty cases. (Original.) THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 39 SEASONAL HISTORY. In the early spring, as the buds begin to open, the minute larve free their cases (fig. 9, d@) from the branches where they have over- wintered, and begin to move about in search of food. Many of them reach the buds before these are opened, and eat into the soft inner tissues. By the time the leaves have begun to expand practically all of them have left their hibernating places and are actively feeding upon the delicate leaves. With the growth of the larve an addition is built to the case in the form of a tube. This extends from the anterior opening on the lower side of the case, and consists of fragments of leaves and silk. (See Lig 9.6.) Fletcher observed that occasionally a larva, on reviving in the spring, would leave its old case and make a new one, but as a rule the old case is detached from its winter resting place and is used for some time before a new one is made. Toward the middle of May the larva makes a case of an ates different appearance. After having undermined a sufficiently large area on the leaf, the larva abandons the old case, which usually re- mains attached to the leaf (Pl. II, fig. 3) and from the upper and lower skins of the leaf cuts out the future case. At first this is of an elongated, somewhat flattened shape, but as it becomes lined inside with silk it assumes a more cylindrical or cigar-shaped form. On close observation it will be found that one side of the case is of a hairy or woolly structure, while the opposite side is smooth. This is readily explained by the fact that the case is made from the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf, the lower surface being hairy and the upper practically smooth. In this case the larva will continue feeding for about one month. During that period it grows rapidly and consumes a relatively large amount of food. The injury caused at this time, though very extensive, is perhaps not more serious than in the early spring, when the opening buds are mutilated or killed by young larve. For some unknown reason it sometimes happens that a larva with a cigar-shaped case will abandon it and make a new one which is apparently similar in all respects to the one previously used. The writer has also observed larve transforming in the spring cases. This is probably owing to a lack of food, since these specimens, as a rule, seldom attained their full size. About the middle of June the larvee cease feeding and migrate from the leaves to the branches. The anterior end of the case is firmly fastened to the branch by means of silk, and a mass of silk is placed in the same end for the attach- ment of the cremaster of the future pupa. The larva turns around within the case before transforming, so that the head of the pupa is 30490°—Bull. 80—12—4 40 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. toward the posterior and free end of the case. The opening at this end is closed by three lobes, which are readily pushed apart by the emerging adult. A day or two after the fastening of the case, pupa- tion takes place, and from ten to twelve days later the adult emerges. At North East, Pa., the first adult emerged June 22; the maximum emergence took place during the early part of July, while after July 25 no adults emerged. Asa rule, the adults emerge in the afternoon, and for several hours remain motionless on the case in a characteris- tic pose, as shown in figure 4 of Plate Il. Toward evening they become restless and fly off. Moths even a few days old generally seek their favorite resting place on the attached cases. The eggs are generally laid along the midrib, on the underside of the leaves, where they are found inserted in the pubescence or down of the leaf. A few eggs were similarly found on the hairy branches. The egg period lasts from fifteen to sixteen days. The newly hatched larve are quite active, and were found moving about for several hours before eating their way into the leaves. During their early life they are true miners and feed for about two weeks on the inner tissues of the leaves. Their mines take the form of minute, elliptical, brown patches, and are readily located by the pres- ence of the black powdery ex- crement which the larve eject from the mines. Fic. 11.—Life cycle of the cigar case-bearer : Toward the beginning of Adapted to a single insect under average August the larvee construct a normal conditons. (Original.) . minute case from the upper and lower skins of the mined area of the leaf. Plate II, figure 1, shows a single leaf from which numerous cases of this kind have been made. Before the foliage is ready to drop, the minute case-bearers migrate to the branches, where they fasten their cases and seal themselves up for the winter. During the latter part of August and early Sep- tember they were found in great numbers, especially in the forks and to some extent on the lower side of the branches. (See Pl. II, fig. 2.) For seven months the larvee remain thus concealed in a dormant state, and, as previously stated, do not become active until spring. A general idea of the life cycle of the insect may be obtained from the diagram, figure 11. It shows the life cycle of a single insect, the dates and periods shown being averages for the insect as it was ob- served in its various stages in the field. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 41 ENEMIES. PARASITES. Fletcher in 1897 reported a hymenopterous parasite of this insect, Microdus laticinctus Ashm., from Port Hope, Ontario. At North East, Pa., at the time of the emerging of the adults, another hymenopterous parasite, Habrocytus sp. (fig. 12), as deter- mined by Mr. J. C. Crawford, was reared in considerable numbers. About 10 per cent of the transforming insects were parasitized. PREDACEOUS ENEMIES. The writer found that the eggs of the case-bearer were extensively destroyed by a minute yellow mite, which during the egg period was very abundant all over the orchard. The larve of the lacewing fly (Chrysopa oculata Say) and various species of ladybird beetles vigorously attacked the eggs and larve. METHODS OF CONTROL. A full account ; of the results of Fic. 12.—Habrocytus sp., a parasite of the cigar case-bearer. Greatly enlarged. (Original.) the various spray- ing experiments carried out in Canada by different fruit growers will be found in Fletcher’s report for 1894 as entomologist and botanist for the Canadian experimental farms, pages 201 to 206. It was well demonstrated that the insect can be held under control with either a kerosene emulsion or a Paris green spray applied in the early spring before and while the leaf buds are opening. In orchards regularly treated with arsenical sprays for the codling moth the cigar case-bearer, if present in orchards, will undoubtedly be kept in check. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1895. 1894. 1895. BIBLIOGRAPHY. LiIntNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp.<5th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 324. LINTNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp. A new pear insect. Bam) ett ke eemoals eeseis ees ee gallons.. 20 The soap is first dissolved in a kettle of boiling water and then removed to the spray tank, where the oil is added. This should be agitated violently and sprayed out under pressure of from 125 to 150 pounds into other barrels. This stock solution contains about 55 per cent of oil, and should be diluted at the rate of about 2 gallons of the emulsion to 48 gallons of water for a 2 per cent oil solution. The secret of making a thoroughly good stock emulsion lies in having the soap and water boiling hot, in adding the oil to this solu- tion, and under no circumstances in adding the soap and water to the oil, in thorough and violent agitation, and, finally, in passing it through the spray nozzles under high pressure. It has been found by repeated experiments that high pressure is the most important factor, and an emulsion passed once through the pumps and nozzles under pressure of from 150: to 160 pounds can not be improved by repeating this operation. Fish-oil soap may be made as follows: VERGE ce Sete Sire oS a Sat oc onape wisi cs 'aioei a ai gallons.. 6 IKiGieecostacnadae dle sir Mes & ei ep ener tains ely Gr el Relea pounds.. 2 Bani Gil eee se Oe nee Soars eee eee ees c te eee Shen shh gallons.. 14 Place the water in a caldron, add the lye, and then the fish oil, and boil slowly for about two hours. This will make about 40 pounds of soap or about a 5-gallon mixture. FERTILIZERS. The numerous fertilizers and soil fumigants tested have proved ineffectual in killing thrips in the ground, even when applied in pro- portions far beyond what could be used in ordinary practice. It is evident, however, that most orchards need fertilizers to strengthen the buds and to insure a more regular setting of fruit. It has been demonstrated repeatedly with other crops that soil soon deteriorates unless there is a rotation of crops or unless fertilizers are added. IRRIGATION. Irrigating for thrips during any time of the year is entirely ineffec- tual. Their bodies are so strongly resistant to water that while in the ground it is not practicable to submerge them long enough to 66 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. insure their destruction. Small areas containing thrips have been submerged as long as seventy-two hours, and when examined a few days later all thrips were alive and active. SUMMARY. The pear thrips has been found only in localities in the general region of San Francisco Bay. Its presence in other countries is not known. The adults accomplish their feeding injury by rasping the tissues and sucking out the plant juices in the early buds and blossoms. Larvee feed more especially on the larger leaves and on fruits. Adults cause the scabbing on pears, while larvee produce the scabbing on prunes. Adults emerge from the ground in late February and early March, just when most trees are spreading their buds and opening into bloom. Eggs are placed mostly in the blossom and fruit stems and in leaf petioles. The larve hatching therefrom feed for two or three weeks, then drop to the ground, where they form a tiny protecting cell within which they remain during the rest of the year. The pupal changes take place within this cell in the ground during October, November, and December. To gain complete control of the pear thrips, both plowing and spraying should be adopted as remedial. Land should be plowed as soon as possible after the early rains in October, November, and December, to a depth of from 7 to 10 inches, harrowed or disked, and then cross plowed, the second plowing to be followed also by harrowing. The pupe are by this means broken from their pro- tecting cells and most of them either injured or killed. A combination spray of black-leaf tobacco extract in the propor- tion of 1 part of extract to 60 parts of water and 2 per cent distil- late-oil emulsion, or a spray of black-leaf extract alone, should be used against the adults during early March, just when the cluster buds begin to open, and against the larve in April, after the blossom petals fall. The thrips must be killed by contact insecticides, and not by internal poisons. Fertilizers and irrigation do not kill the thrips in the ground. They act against them only indirectly, by placing the soil in better condition for cultivation and by strengthening the trees. U. S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part V. D. F. I. I., September 20, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ON THE NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. By S. W. Foster, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. The codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella lL.) has, up to the present time, been considered as a serious enemy only to pome fruits. It has, however, frequently been found in peaches and plums. There are several European records of walnut infestation by this species, but these reports were carefully sifted by Dr. L. O. Howard in 1887 ¢ and found to lack sufficient evidence to definitely prove that the codling moth ever feeds either upon nuts or oak galls. C. B. Simp- son? records that Adkin, in 1895 and in 1896, exhibited specimens and gave details as to the rearing of this insect from chestnuts. In March, 1908, at Siloam Springs, Ark., the writer found a full-grown larva of this species with partially made cocoon inside a hickory nut, but as there were no signs of feeding on the kernel it is probable that the larva had gone in only for the purpose of hibernation and as a safe place for pupating. NOTICE OF WALNUT INFESTATION. On October 2, 1909, while visiting the ranch of Mr. George Whit- man, near Concord, Cal., the owner mentioned to the writer that worms closely resembling the larvee of the codling moth were doing serious injury to the walnuts on one of his trees. A large tree near a pear-packing shed was closely examined and found to have over 50 per cent of the nuts infested by larvee of the codling moth. Larvze in all stages from a few days old to full grown were found. Egg- shells also were found on the outside of the hull of the nuts and on the leaves, indicating that the eggs had been placed by the moth on fruit and foliage promiscuously, as is customary in the case of apple and pear. * Rept. Commissioner of Agriculture for 1887, pp. 92-94, 1888. > Bul. 41, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 19, 1903. 67 68 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NATURE OF INJURY. The larve upon hatching soon bore into the fleshy hull covering the walnut proper. Some individual larve one-fourth grown were found feeding in this hull, some burrowing around through the fleshy part, and others tunneling back and forth on the inner surface next to the walnut shell, producing many little narrow furrows along this inner surface. The majority of the larvee, however, go at once into the nut, entering always through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at the base or the stem end. The larve may bore into the lobes of the kernel or feed on its surface. Some eat over a large portion next to the shell, some follow along the central area, while others may spend all the time near the entrance, eating away a larger portion of the kernel at this place. In any case the entire ker- nel is rendered rancid and unsuited for human consumption. Plate VII, figure 1, shows characteristic injury to the walnuts and Plate VII, figure 2, a larva at work in the kernel, the latter twice enlarged. EXTENT OF INFESTATION. Extended search throughout the central part of Contra Costa County, Cal., showed the infestation to be general, but light, except where trees were near packing sheds, drying grounds, or adjacent to a badly infested pear orchard. Many trees were found in such locali- ties showing from 5 to 25 per cent of the nuts infested. During the winter of 1909-10 small quantities of walnuts were frequently bought in the local markets and twice from stands in San Francisco from which codling moth larvee were secured and which showed the char- acteristic injury to the kernel. The writer has also had the same experience with walnuts served on hotel and dining-car tables. Mr. E. J. Hoddy, of the Bureau of Entomology, has frequently, during the past winter, brought in walnuts from various parts of the county showing the injury and presence of these larve. VARIETIES ATTACKED. All of the soft-shelled French varieties of walnuts are subject to infestation, and in fact any of the soft-shelled sorts having a fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at base. Moths were reared the past season from the Mayette, Concord, Franquette, and Pari- sienne varieties. SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH ON WALNUTS. So far all observations indicate that only the later broods of larve attack the walnuts. No walnuts could be found showing early injury, that is, before the shell hardened. Assuming that the larval life in walnuts is the same in length as in apples and pears, the earliest date of infestation would be late August or early September. The Bart- Bul. 80, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. Fic. 1.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, SHOWING CHARACTER OF INJURY BY LARV OF CODLING MOTH. (ORIGINAL.) FiG.2.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, ABOUT TWICE NATURAL SIZE, SHOWING LARVA AT WoRK. (ORIGINAL.) CODLING MOTH INJURY TO FRENCH WALNUTS. Buf. 80, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII. Fic. 1.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, SHOWING FIBROUS TISSUE CON- NECTING THE HALVES, AND EMPTY PUPAL SKIN. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2.—CONCORD VARIETY OF FRENCH WALNUT, SHOWING ENTRANCE AND EXIT HOLES OF LARVA. (ORIGINAL.) CODLING MOTH INJURY TO FRENCH WALNUTS. NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. 69 lett pear crop around Concord, Cal., is picked prior to this time and before all the second-brood moths have developed. It is entirely probable that these late-appearing individuals seek the walnut as the only remaining plant suitable for oviposition. Thorough search during May and June, 1910, failed to show the presence of any larvee on trees that were badly infested last season. Life of larve in walnuts.—In spite of the extreme bitterness of the fleshy hull, some larve thrive well there for a time before entering the kernel, as several specimens of healthy, active larvae one-fourth to one-half grown were found in the hull. However, in all cases under observation the larvee left the hull and entered the kernel be- fore reaching maturity. The majority of the larve burrow directly through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell. Some larvee are saved the necessity of burrowing through the hull, as this, during the period of infestation, is ripening on many of the early nuts, and on account of the parting of the lobes the small larva has only to eat its way through the thin fibrous connection. No case was noted where the larva entered through the shell. Time required for development.—No individual records were kept, but all observations show that the larva develops as rapidly on the meat of the walnut as it does in apples at this season of the year. Some larve less than a week old, collected in walnuts October 5, reached their full development and were spinning cocoons by the middle of November. Others, however, continued to do more or less feeding on the kernel and did not spin cocoons until January. Hibernation—From 1 gallon of infested walnuts kept at the laboratory perhaps one-fourth of the larve cocooned and pupated inside the shell. Others, leaving the walnuts at the same place where they entered—that is, through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell—pupated in bits of paper and rags kept in the jars. Before pupating in the walnuts, the larva prepares an opening through the fibrous tissue sufficient for the exit of the moth and spins its cocoon immediately adjoining this opening. Upon the emergence of the moth the shed pupal skin is left outside on the end of the walnut, as is shown in Plate VIII, figure 1. All larve under observa- tion pupated between February 20 and April 10. Adults—Moths emerged in numbers from the above material dur- ing April and May, 1910, comparing closely with the emergence record of moths from a quantity of overwintering larve taken from bands on apple trees the previous season. Identification—Numerous adults emerging from this material were submitted to Mr. August Busck, of the Bureau of Entomology, for identification. Mr. Busck has definitely determined these as Carpocapsa pomonella L.; he states that the European Carpocapsa putaminana Staudinger, recorded as feeding on walnuts in Europe, is now regarded as a variety of pomonella. 70 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. CONTROL. As many of the larve eat their way. through the fleshy hull cover- ing of the walnut, it is probable that a thorough spraying with arsenate of lead in the month of August would greatly reduce the infestation. This treatment would apparently be as effective in destroying larve from eggs placed promiscuously over the foliage and nuts as in the case of the apple. From the fact that many of the larve gain entrance to the walnut after the hull has parted at the tip, the poison would, of course, not be effective against these. The infestation can, no doubt, be greatly reduced by maintaining the packing shed and drying grounds some distance from the walnut grove. It is the practice of many pear growers to save all windfalls in the orchard and culls from the packing shed. These pears are either stored in large trays, stacked in the shade, or else the pears are covered with straw in layers on the ground. As a rule, the culls from the packing ground are nearly all infested with immature larve of the codling moth, which reach their full development and produce moths during the ripening period of the walnuts. This, in most cases, is the source of infestation of walnut groves found to be most seriously troubled with the codling moth. U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part VI. D. F. I. I., November 28, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWEST- ERN PENNSYLVANIA. By A. G. Hammar, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. In 1907 the section of deciduous fruit insect investigations of the Bureau of Entomology established at North East, Pa., a temporary field station, for the investigation of certain orchard and vineyard pests. One of these, the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella L.), has been studied for the three consecutive years of 1907, 1908, and 1909. The rearing work during the first two seasons covered only the more important features in the development of the insect, while in 1909 efforts were made to rear the insect throughout the seasons and to determine the time and relative occurrence of the various stages of the two broods. In 1907 the work was carried out by Mr. P. R. Jones of this bureau, and in 1908 and 1909 by the writer, who during the last season was assisted by Mr. Edwin Selkrege, of North East, Pa. Mr. Fred John- son, of this bureau, has for the three seasons contributed to this work numerous field observations. All of these studies have been made under the direction of Mr. A. L. Quaintance, in charge of de- ciduous fruit insect investigations. In the presentation of the life-history studies the separate stages of the two generations are first considered in detail as observed in 1909. Later are described certain fluctuations, found in regard to the time of emergence of moths, the time of maturity of larve of the two broods, and also a comparison of relative occurrence of larve of the two broods for the three seasons under consideration. The term “brood” is here used in speaking of individuals of one generation of any stage, as egg, larva, or pupa. A generation naturally includes all the stages of the life cycle, and is considered to begin with the ege stage and to terminate with the moth or imago stage of the same generation. 30490°—Bull. 80—12 6 Ww 72 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1909. SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. The main portion of the rearing material used in the spring of 1909 was collected during the previous summer and fall from banded apple trees; the rest—a small fraction—constituted reared specimens from experiments of the previous year. The larve intended for pupal records were allowed to make their cocoons between narrow strips of wood (fig. 18), where their transformation could be readily observed without greatly altering their conditions, while those for emergence records of the moths cocooned in masses of old bark of apple trees. During the winter the material was kept in a medium-sized glass jar, covered with thin cloth, and was thus left undisturbed in an open shelter (see Plate IX) until the following spring. Fig. 18.—Device consisting of strips of wood held together by rubber bands used in obtaining pupal records of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella). Reduced. (Original.) The rearing material for the following emergence of moths, or first-brood moths, was mainly from that used in taking the band records of 1909, and, to a small extent, from reared specimens. There is a special value in the use of band-collected larvee in the rearing of the codling moth, in that these have up to the time of transforming developed normally in the field and the resulting adults show thus both the normal time of emergence and the relative occurrence in the field. OVERWINTERING LARV. The overwintering larvee of the codling moth in the vicinity of North East, Pa., are partly of the first and partly of the second broods. As is more fully considered on page 84, a portion of the first-brood larve, unlike the rest, hibernate—as do normally all larve of the second brood—and complete their life cycle the following spring. PLATE IX. Bul. 80, Part VI, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PORTION OF OUTDOOR SHELTER USED IN REARING THE CO ‘uae DLING MOTH IN 1909, AT NORTH EAST DAG (ORIGINAL. ) CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 13 Unless reared, the larvee of the two broods can not be separated and are simply referred to as overwintering larve. Similarly the resulting pup and moths in the spring originate from the two separate broods of the previous year’s larvee, and these are spoken of as “spring-brood pupe”’ and “spring-brood moths.” SPRING BROOD OF PUPZ. Time of pupation.—In the rearing cages the first observed pupation took place May 24. Considering, however, the time of the earliest record for the emergence of moths, and the duration of the pupal stage, which at that time of the season lasted 24 days, it is probable that pupation must have begun as early as May 20. The last larve of the wintering broods pupated June 25. The pupation period thus covered a length of time of over one month (fig. 22). Since the last moth of the spring brood emerged July 17, pupz were in evidence from May 20 to July 17. Length of spring pupal stage-—In cage experiments, records were obtained of the duration of the pupal stage for 50 individuals. (See Table I.) TaBLE I —Length of pupal periods in spring brood from wintering larvx, collected during 1908, on banded trees. Date of— Date of— No. Days.|| No. Days. Pupa- Emer- Pupa- Emer- tion. gence. ~ tion. gence. 1 | May 241! June 17 24 28 | May 29} June 21 | 23 2| May 25] June 16 22 29 | May 30] June 22| 23 3 do=-... June 19 25 30))|/-2-d0..--- June 17| 18 4 GOozsee= June 28 34 31 | May 31 | June 22] 22 5 | May 26] June 17 22 Sapa eGOzeees doses 22 6 Goe-se June 20 25 33)|G22GOssce « down 22 a May 2 |e dOssnae 24 34 Bd Gress June 21] 21 8 dosteas|ee. Gotssss 24 oleae Gee gee Goss: 21 9 GOs zene|be- doze. 24 36 | June 1 | June 23 | 22 74 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The variations in the length of the pupal periods, as shown in Table II, extended from 15 to 30 days. TaBLE II.—Spring brood of pupx. Variations in the length of the pupal periods as recorded in Table I. Pupz.| Days. || Pupz. | Days. | = | 3 15 10 22 | 2 16 7 23 | 1 17 12 24 3 18 2 25 | 1 19 1 31 6 21 1 34 The length of the stages were especially prolonged during the early part of the period of pupation and shortest toward the close of the period, due to a difference in the temperature. In Table III is given a summary of the observations recorded in Table I, showing an average pupal period of 22 days for the total number of observa- tions. TaBLE III.—Spring brood of pupx. Summary of pupal periods of Table I. oT Observations. | Days. AN GNA SOs oe cla ke ess I 2iL/o8 A Fep-a baa) phaa) Sees, Aa eee ane 34 Minin iis sees eee | 15 SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. Time of emergence of moths in the spring.—In figure 19 is shown graphically the time of emergence and the relative occurrence of moths of the spring brood. The records for these observations are given in Table IV. TABLE 1V.—Emergence of spring moths, 1909, from wintering material collected on banded trees during 1908. | | | Number Number || : Number | Number | Date. of moths. Date. of moths. || Date. cfmoths. || Pate. | of moths. | June 12 1 June 21 31 June 30 13/41) July 9) | 4 Abia) ey ose l - June 22 23 July 1 25 July 10 2 June 14 5 June 23 50 July 2 15 July 11 1 June 15 3 June 24 40 July 3 3 July 14 2 June 16 6 June 25 50 July 4 5 July 17 1 June 17 13 June 26 33 July 5 10 June 18 1 June 27 32 July 6 6 | 486 June 19 10 June 28 35 July 7 8 June 20 24 June 29 30 July 8 4 Indoors, moths were observed previous to June 12, but since these undoubtedly had wintered in the house their appearance does not represent normal conditions, as is believed to be the case with mate- CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 15 rial which had been kept out of doors during the winter. The emer- gence reached its maximum on June 23 and 24, and on July 17 the last moth emerged. Time of emergence of moths in the spring versus the time wintering larve leave the fruit the preceding year.—In Table V is given a detailed 59. He SM ete SITs Is HA) 20) 2) 2a es ee rep w2eniay Tee agro sO lk ey Si cH Sie, pep ahl Ay NOM ANGST toni se een Te aE S UNE SULY Fia. 19.—Emergence curve showing spring-brood moths in 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) account of the band records of 1908, including the dates of collecting, which extend from July 18 to November 9, and the daily emergence records of moths in the spring of 1909 for the 17 separate band col- lections. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 76 “606T ‘pensst sour Jo IequmN “806T ‘pensst sqjOuL Jo Iequinn ChalenGuGe OS, sess: GSC eer ||e2r |eSSilsOR 1 CG (LG NeGal Sonia NGI) Oe oG aga: SET asa TeO cg; “AON |{ LT “AON | OT 200 | ST 190 | FI “JOO | &T 490 | GL “ydag | IT “ydag | OL dag “qdeg “sny ‘sny ‘sny “sny So ae cai ahs Hig | sie [mein iniliesaleraeicts BES Sor OG or Eater eae\ | aVp Fae | ie noe 1 | ese nl Re | |e | [fee Vea | | a Pee Sc\teaeSh AToG Ll (NOD OD ION ID NOOO 1D iN ‘ ‘ . Chas] to tl ' a ’ ' . ' ‘ . ‘ . ‘ AN OD SHAD Or COD | | | Re} a ripe | eat es Qe cs ae cet arcade | To (OG ealetOGu|| Su llereGell) SOGn (eG) |r “GG | “TG | “OG | “GT | “ST | “LT | “OT | “ST | “PL | “CL | -gogy ‘aur -joaT[00 | ‘ON 0918 “Arne ‘oun jo o3eq “606 ‘SUJOUL JO soUSIOUMIO JO Sp1000xy : “‘spiode1 pueg (burids Burnopjof ay? syjow ay? fo aduabawa fo awry ay7 wodn Burunag ou soy ypof ay? ur wnsf ay) aaa) BALD) ay? ewer eYT,) “806T SBurunp paqoajj09 poiuawu pung wou ‘606T Ur syjow fo soUabsawgy— A AAV, CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Te The wintering larve belonged to both the first and the second broods. _ It will be seen by a glance at Table V that there was no marked difference in the time of emergence of moths from the first and the second brood larva. The division line between the two broods can be approximately determined as between August 29 and September 5, as shown in figure 27. Time during the day when moths emerged.—When only one daily record of the emergence of the moths is taken, it is of importance to know the time when most moths emerge. ee seAugz. 9 11 |} 68.|..-do....| Aug. 19 | 12 5 | July 19 14 | 37 || July 30 dozse TOD ||" (69) |h-edoe 2e| 2250 sree |e 6 do. 15 | 38 {Ose le dO. 22)) 10770) ||Fs-doss ss| eAuee20n ieee 7 | July 20 13 | 39 -do....| Aug. 11 12) | Gop aes |eeeOO- eels 8 | July 22 12 | 40 2G0.-.5| Aug: 12 13 72 | Aug. 8} Aug. 23] 15 Qi iea-do- 13 | 41 || July 31}; Aug. 14 TA) 73) || Ande. 90 | ee do seer |e: 10;)32-d02 12 | 42 do... sdOme 14 || 74| Aug. 10 | Aug. 26} 16 iis f2edoe 13| 43 ||.--do- - Aug. 13 13 || 75 o....| Aug. 25} 15 123 |/-aedoe 12| 44 -do.. Aug. 11 11 76 GOee ee seeGOe = ==) yal, 13 | July 23 13 | 45' ||| Aug. 2°) Aug. 9 Ui 77 Goseesiee Gore 15 14 |...do 12 | 46 |j...do-.- =(610)- 5 zl (EN aces asco close sa)! ls 15) 2. 4do- 137) A7 =d02- Aug. 8 6 a eeeCleees| | eOosea||) vily 16 |...do. 13} 48 || Aug. 3] Aug. 11 8 || 80 Ois..4| 25005 a55|hn Lo Dees -d0" 13 | 49 -do....| Aug. 10 7 || 81) Aug. 11) Aug. 26} 15 18 |...do. 13 | 50 adOeealesdOsee 7 82) eee Os ere |e GO ere |eLo 198222 doz 13 | Sl Sdoe easier aoe 7 83 |...do....| Aug. 27] 16 20\|-28d0-7- 14) 152)|22sdoze ee) Auge 2 9 84 do....} Aug. 25 | 14 21s ee dOner 137\) 953 |oeedoe Aug. 13 10 85 | Aug. 12; Aug. 26] 14 22). |e sdOneae 12) | 154: ||) 2-doz= Aug. 14 11 86n|42edo= 24s |222 doee~s|(enl4 23 | July 24 13 | 55 -do. Gor eea|) ke ST | pee One | eee CO ere ee: 24 | July 25 12 | 56 do....}| Aug. 12 9 || 88 do....| Aug. 25 | 13 25 |. .-do- 13) |) S7-He-sdo_--.! Aug. 11 8 89 do....| Aug. 26| 14 26))\2==002 13 | 58 do Aug. 13 10 90 |.--do doses ciliary | 27 | July 26 12°) 59) |) Avie. (60) Auge. a7 12 91 | Aug. 16 | Aug. 30] 14 28 |..-do- 12 | 60 do Aug. 18 13 92 | Aug. 17 | Aug. 31] 14 29 | July 27 12} 61 do. do. 13 93 do Sept. 2] 16 30))|22200)- 12a G2 |eeedo Aug. 15 10 || 94 | Aug. 19 | Sept. 6) 18 Si ies dor 13 | 63 || Aug. 6 | Aug. 28 DONG 5. |) (ANT 250 beeen rene | Ree 32 | July 28 11 | 64 do....) Aug. 20 14 ——— | | 1,185 | | Taste XIX.—Pupex of the first brood. Variations of pupal periods. Summary of Table XVIII. Number| Pupal || Number| Pupal || Number} Pupal | Number| Pupal of period of period of period | of | period pupe. (days). pupe. (days). pupe. (days). | pupe. (days). \| | | | 1 6 | 7 10 21 13. || Teas 16 5 a 7 11 14 14 || 1 18 2 8 14 12 11 15 || i 22 3 9 | | Taste XX.—Pupex of the first brood. Length of pupal periods. Summary of Table DC WIRE E. Pupal Observations. period | (days) ASV ETAGC or pret aise sates 12.5 ibb.dhosjoien yee eae so ancae 22 Mirman ye eee es 6 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 87 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. Time of emergence—On August 2 the earliest first-brood moths emerged from band material collected July 13. As shown in figure 20 and Table X XI, the moths gradually increased in number, reach- 20 AUGHZ ES Se CTS) PA TOMS IS tS ey IST NG! GIGMIS yy Ne 2O2N) W2225)24 2526 27 28) 29/30) 3 SEPE 2 3 eS Fic. 20.—Emergence curve showing first-brood moths, in 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) ing a maximum on August 26, at which time moths suddenly de- creased, emergence ceasing altogether about September 3. TABLE XXI.—Emergence of moths of the first brood. Material from banded trees. | Date of | Number Date of | Number Date of | Number Date of | Number emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. Aug. 2 4 Aug. 11 7 Aug. 20 18 Aug. 28 14 Aug. 3 8 Aug. 12 7 Aug. 21 9 Aug. 29 12 Aug. 4 4 Aug. 13 10 Aug. 22 8 Aug. 30 10 Aug. 5 8 Aug. 14 13 Aug. 23 15 Aug. 31 5 Aug. 6 3 Aug. 15 14 Aug. 24 5 Sept. 2 1 Aug. 7 a Aug. 16 a Aug. 25 13 Sept. 3 1 Aug. 8 5 Aug. 17 5 Aug. 26 22 —— Aug. 9 7 Aug. 18 6 Aug. 27 15 27 Aug. 10 3 Aug. 19 10 It is of interest to note that the rate of emergence of the spring- brood moths is almost the reverse of the rate of emergence of the first-brood moths. In the spring, shortly after the appearance of the first moths, the maximum is attained within about a week, while the decrease in the number of moths is more gradual and extends over a longer period. Oviposition period.—For oviposition records moths of this brood were confined in rearing jars, as has already been described for the spring brood of moths (p. 77). As shown in Table XXIV, the observa- tions include twenty-six separate jars, in which the number of moths varied from 3 to 17 for each jar. In five of the jars no eggs were 30490°—Bull. 80—12——7 ‘ 88 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. obtained, while in the rest eggs were deposited in greater or less abundance. In the summary of the oviposition records (Table X XV) _ it may be observed that on an average the moths first oviposited 5 days after their emergence; in one instance this period extended to 13 days; the earliest oviposition took place 2 days after emergence. The length of oviposition in the various jars lasted, on an average, 7 days, with a maximum of 15 days and a minimum of 1 day. From the time of emergence of the moth the last oviposition in the various jars took place, on an average, the eleventh day, the longest time being 19 days and the shortest 6 days. On comparing the oviposition records of observations for the two broods of moths (Tables VIII and XXYV) it will be noted that the records show practically similar results. The oviposition period extended from August 6—the fifth day after the emergence of the first moth—to September 22. Of the late deposited eggs only those laid previous to September 12 hatched, as the prevailing cold weather at that time stopped further develop- ments. Length of life of individual male and female moths.—In the various stock jars which were used in the oviposition experiments records were kept as to the length of life of 57 male and 92 female moths. As has already been described in connection with the spring brood, moths of the first brood were similarly fed with brown sugar and honey and received daily fresh apples and apple foliage for oviposition. Summaries of the results of these observations are given in Tables XXVI and XXVIII. The average length of life for the male moths was 9.79 days, and for the female moths 11.47 days. LIFE CYCLE OF THE FIRST GENERATION. In connection with the various rearing experiments for the separate stages of the first generation a set of experiments was conducted, carrying individual insects through a complete life cycle. The results of these observations (see Tables XXII and XXIII) agree closely with the sum total of the averages of observations on the separate stages. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 89 TaBLE XXII.—Life cycle of the first generation, as determined by rearing during 1909. TABLE XXIII.—Life cycle of the first generation. Observations. No. Date of— of ob- 2 ser- arva va- Egg dep Belch leaving tion : 8 the fruit. 1| June 23} June 30 | July 27} Aug alee GOeee.” SECOORS sor seG Olsens Salm -eOOlesce 2sd0e-E cr adits. il sOOs tee sarees. Bes (Seer se By sedGeee vedolcest July 28} Aug 6) |PeeGore se VAGOs. eee 2e (0 Cea Cellos (okoes an EeOORn oes s(GOse3.,. S| hoe dOeenee dole: July 29} Aug Oh eeedouseee se0On ee bdO..s 25 LON Seedoxs.: Etdoss.2e July 30 11 | June 24 |...do..... July 22 | July 29 2 ion OSaeee 20 siccs=GO see a|eead Or ere eaten 2 2 6 8 Ie asdOs se.) Alig v.16) |casdOnee.| Alig o2 3 6 9 1522200 “dOs ees) Aug.) 20) eAtiey 23) 3 7 10 16 | Aug. 14 | Aug. 15 |...do....} Aug. 21 1 6 7 Ve -C0---|) Aug. 16)|/Eedossee|| Anigs22 2 6 8 1S ese Oe aes |b GO eel eee donee PATE ros 2 6 9 19). GO 52 |--.GO- so AI gE. 21) || Aig: 24 2 7 10 20 | Aug. 15} Aug. 17 | Aug. 22 do 2 a 9 21 | Aug. 16} Aug. 18} Aug. 24] Aug. 25 2 8 9 22 | Aug. 17 | Aug. 19 |...do do 2 7 8 23 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 21 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 26 3 7 8 24 do.. dozeesi|ee do: Aug. 27 3 7 9 25 | Aug. 19 |...do....|...do....}| Aug. 26 2 6 7 26 do. . Aug, 22 |...do. Aug. 27 3 6 8 27 | Aug. 20} Aug. 23} Aug. 27 | Aug. 28 3 7 8 28 do. . doses |esedo Aug. 29 3 7 9 29) PAID. ole eee ANE 2852800) cee enc s foe 7 8 30 | Aug. 22 | Aug. 24 |...do....}...do.... 2 6 7 SUP eAG eee OOS amalleoctiGae a) -uNbles BU) 2 6 8 32 | Aug. 23 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 29} Aug. 31 2 6 8 Boi PANIES DAE tee. ae dose AAiSepin laser seen 5 8 BY ees Camas eos Aes SUE Sepine 2) sceene ne 6 9 35 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 27; Aug. 31] Sept. 3 2 6 9 36!|52- GOs -5|aeGOreee|p--Goraen|) Septy 4: 2 6 10 37 | Aug. 26;|5--do252-|2-.do22<-| Sept. 3 1 5 8 39) eee GOn eer |seeCOneee te GOna ee | Septs 4) 1 5 9 300 |Se-G0r espe GOh eel SeDin dulSepta us 1 6 10 AON PAIgG. 27) /PAtIE 20h bea aeeceee Sept. 4 Besse aoe 8 Aly enue 3 4|-5 00 Ostere| se eeauace Sept. 5 2S eee 9 42 | Aug. 28 | Aug. 30] Sept. 8] Sept. 9 2 11 12 ERY |b 0s Scdlca-Cl- oo 4becGlns esol sere U0) 2 11 13 44 |...do....| Aug. 31 | Sept. 9 | Sept. 11 3 12 14 45 | Aug. 29 Goma |teeaOscre OEE 2 11 13 AGi| p20) ee | se GOee eee seGOnemelnseptemle 2 11 14 47 |...do....|..-do..-..| Sept. 10 | Sept. 13 2 12 15 48 |...do....| Sept. 1 |...do....| Sept. 14 3 12 16 49 | Aug. 30 | Sept. 3 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 12 4 12 13 50 |...do. peCOp === ====================== ==SS>=SS>>S=S>>==S>>===>>===>>========>>====>== =55S=S=>=>>=S=>>==>=>>>>>>>==>>=>>=>===S==>>>=== ========== ==5====>==>=================== Poo ===SSS== s = —+—+—+ — SS ========= 32 SSe= = =SSs==2 52a =====2===5= =S=S==== ========================== ========= 3255 ===================== =====>===> ======>===========>>======= ===5 (SS =s == == === == ======S======= po 22 a2 22222222222 2222222222 tI ===> 2.S==S=== ===> SSSSSSSSSSS= = = ==== 2 ======= ==== = ==>>=>>>=== == ====5 5 ============ =SS========= = SSSSSs=! ==S=S===>S= =========== i — + FA bro} —j— AF, SSS22 2 = =SSS>5S==S==: ===S= =252========= pee e sooo 22 25s e Ge ae aaa 2a aaes = =2==22====== == ===e ===25 ===== ——— | 2SSSS= BS Stes: SSS = oo = = ==SSSSeS>= EN Boo oeoe2 2222222 oaa5s22 == =55=S5S======>==>>===>= a eo BS =| Tp S 6 a R Fig. 21.—Band-record curve of 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) brood larvee which were removed had no influence upon the number of larvee of the second brood. With the appearance of the first larve, July 13, the banded trees were examined every three days throughout the season until November 13. (See fig. 21.) In comparing the number of larve collected from the upper and the lower bands, it will be noted (Table XX XIII) that 53 per cent were taken from the lower bands and 47 per cent from the upper bands. These figures are of interest as bearing on the effectiveness of gathering windfalls. A summary of the band records is given in Table XXXIV. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 97 TaBLE XX XIII.—Records of larvx collected from banded trees during 1909. Number of larvee. Number Number No.of | Date of ead gE) ot RRS | of win record. : Upper | Lower igh 8 | tering Ss bands | bands ia ote ized. aye larvee, (5 trees). | (5 trees). (16 trees). ( ). 1 Tul yah || eee sheets 13 6 Cee Bese aas ee 2 July 16 3 2 29 11 LG) |B see ree 3 | July 19 4 5 19 1 16 2 4 July 22 6 2 21 1 PAU | eta a a 5 July 25 8 3 24 1 18 5 6 July 28 11 vf 54 2 30 22 7 lh Tuly, 31 10 14 48 2 23 23 8 Aug. 3 22 17 (Ee ee 51 23 9 Aug. 6 24 10 220 |e tocar 30 32 10 Aug. 9 23 15 Me eee AAS: 40 37 11 Aug. 12 23 22 Loa ca Mee 45 52 12 Aug. 15 15 18 Te | eae eae, 3 76 13 Aug. 18 13 19 eine susskabes| |S. ae onSs 68 14 Aug. 21 8 30 ted Aeee eee ol Eb OReee bas 88 15 Aug. 24 13 19 tat Jel RSet babar iae || bat Beat 83 16 Aug. 27 18 26 100 DPR cad amce 99 17 Aug. 30 14 24 EE ale we Bee ie Ey at 94 18 Sept. 2 8 11 SGI Maree ot ooh eee 56 19 Sept. 5 6 15 (04 la hi | eA tard a 64 20 | Sept. 8 7 10 BI) lle eee oll Betti ate 38 21 | Sept. 11 7 9 7 fad AM le dhe 2) [ily Weck 47 22 Sept. 14 9 7 (JN Mod Bm ed vi 24 |= os 53 23 | Sept. 17 3 10 51 al em erste ete ca 37 24 | Sept. 20 4 5 Ph Ml et SM 5 a Oe 21 25 Sept. 23 8 10 OR ee es hors ene eee 46 26 | Sept. 26 3 4 SON Ig Daag fallen a de 20 27 Sept. 29 2 2 NaS Wil eine Sebi eel i 13 28 Oct. 2 4 3 1 P| ee eee eee (Copa ge 13 29 Oct. 5 5 3 LU a nee tg om A AE I f 15 30 Oct. 8 7 6 7A OT ee Re sete ol |S eee ae ee 29 31 Oct. 11 9 12 gi geal a ae ee Mt ex 44 32 Oct. 14 1 1 Dipl need eaten es a 5 33 (Oye te SUC als A eae als BR ga ul Nee a gel aoa ent glad a lg eta calc ns 34 Oct. 20 1 1 Le eoee S525 41 SSS aes 4 35 Oct. 23 5 1 AL GS | ers eee ces | eens moe 16 36 Oct. 26 2 i Bid i Nan ene ees old eae 6 37 Oct. 29 3 2 Ge NLA eel Se BE 3 ae a ree 1/ 38 Nov. 1 6 8 1iten| aera | eae eee 26 39 Nov. 4 9 3 Aion Pete eee ce Roxen me 14 40 Nova san |cs 8 26552 1 | |S aera ek | eee ent 2 41 INO Vee LOR |e tteccece 3 (Or oe eee al lagen tere 6 42 Nov. 13 2 5 Dies s eee tsb mt aks 2 9 324 366 1,631 25 801 1,305 TaBLE XXXIV.—Records of larvx collected from banded trees during 1909. Summary of Table XX XIII. Larve from band collections. P aoe arves irom upper Dands!-ce8.--22.neeseeee nee. 46.95 Danvee from lower bands. g.5 se ceenis oe anos 53. 04 Transforming larve of band collections........- 18. 74 Wintering larve of band collections............ 81. 26 Relative proportion of first-brood larve........ 83. 87 Relative proportion of second-brood larve..... 16.13 Transforming larve of first brood.............. 23. 46 Wintering larve of first brood.................. 76. 54 Few of the results here obtained have been based upon observa- tions made during the rearing in the laboratory. For instance, the two broods of larvee, which at the time of maturity overlap, could only be separated through rearing experiments. On comparing the 98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. two broods of larve it will be noted that the first brood exceeded in number the second brood about five times. Considering the number of transforming larve and the number of wintering larve of the first brood, it was found that only one-fourth of the brood completed the life cycle the same season, while three-fourths of the brood hiber- nated, attaining their full development with individuals of the second brood. REVIEW OF THE LIFE-HISTORY WORK OF 1909. During 1909 an attempt was made to rear the codling moth through- out the season, and to determine the time and relative occurrence of the different stages of the two broods. The essential results of observations for the season are shown in the diagram (fig. 22). The moths in the spring commenced to emerge June 11, reaching a maximum of emergence June 24. Moths of the following brood— the first-brood moths—appeared from August 2 to September 3, with a maximum August 26. Oviposition generally took place the fifth day after the emergence of the moths of either brood. The time during which the first brood larvee attained maturity extended from July 10 to the end of September. Only one-fourth of the larvee of this brood transformed and completed the life cycle the same year, while three-fourths of the larve hibernated. Of the second brood, mature larve appeared first on September 11 and continued to appear until the middle of November, at which time quite a number was prevented from further growth and failed to enter hibernation places because of prevailing low temperature. Judging by the number of larve collected from the banded trees, individuals of the first generation exceeded in number the second generation five times. SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1907 AND 1908. SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. The rearing material for the spring of 1907 was collected from a cider bin May 9, before any larve had transformed. Later in the season larve were obtained from banded apple trees, which were then used partly the same year and partly (overwintering larve) for emergence records of moths the following spring. Additional band material was obtained in 1908, which, together with a small number of reared larve, constituted the entire supply used that year. The rearing work for the two seasons of 1907 and 1908 was carried out on an open porch of the laboratory building, or out of doors under trees in the laboratory yard, and it is thus believed that the records of observations represent the normal transformation of the insect in orchards. 99 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Atel BITE eee Aen |e seph iiOetial aio. an at: Peebe CELT Le tt pt peo et re) Be eae [denser cr ee ee eset | Sa ey eae cumammntteneatoceel ett Ped bpateat | | | eyoimanitiste pied fee lea peeaa : PLCHEGUU Terese Pee TTT aNMBBRAGEEEEMBR EHS LPR ESS eae sess Ss clic mids bint] ait cine eneae met bist abd eter tt CADOUERAGRUORLET EATER Fig. 22.—Seasonal ee of the boating moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) as observed during 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) I W 70o@04w wooo aow eoBoor 770080 wo BUDD D+F ,7r@Doe0o0r South o Ww W © OW Ww © WH WH i H © © © JS JS J O O PLAT TL. (ONE SPRAY.) Fic. 34.—Diagram of the Mrs. S. E. Jones orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., showing location of plats and trees used for making counts of fruit: D, Ben Davis variety; 4, Arkansas Black; 7, Mammoth Black Twig; W, Winesap; J, Jonathan; mp, Missouri Pippin; wp, White Winter Pearmain,etc. Treesof Ben Davis variety only were used for making counts of fruit. These are indicated for the respective plats by a circle, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of these trees in the tables. (Original.) included a miscellaneous assortment of varieties, as shown by the legend under figure 34, but principally the Ben Davis, on which variety counts were made. The treatments to which the respective plats were subjected are shown in Table I. 118 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, TaBLE I.—Treatments and dates of applications of sprays for the codling moth and plum curculio. One-spray method. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Dates of applica- Plat I. Plat II. tions. (One-spray method.) (One-spray method.) First _ application, | Drenched with arsenate oflead. 1 pound | Drenched with arsenate of lead. 1 pound ais 24-25 (after to 50 gallons of water. Bordeaux noz- to 50 gallons Bordeaux mixture (3-3- a ing of petals). zles. 17 gallons per tree. 200 pounds 50). Bordeaux nozzles. 17 gallons pressure. per tree. 200 pounds pressure. Second application, | Bordeaux mixture only (44-50). Bor- | Bordeaux mixture only (4-4-50). Bor- May 25-26. deaux nozzles. deaux nozzles. Third application, |...-. GO faa ced uekee astes dueideskan chases Do. July 2. Fourthtapplication;, | WUmsprayede=-= C222 4-5-2242 -- ree eee Unsprayed. July 22. Fifth application, |..... Gee so snk oe apcios geaionamenc canis canacee Do. August 10. Dates of applica- Plat IIT. Plat IV. Plat V. tions. (One-spray method.) (Demonstration. ) (Unsprayed.) First application, | Drenched with arsenate of lead.| Not drenched. Vermorelnoz- | Unsprayed. Apel 24-25 (after 1 pound to 50 gallons of water. zles. Mist spray, arsenate falling of petals). Vermorel nozzles. Mist of lead. 2 pounds to 50 gal- spray. 8.3 gallons per tree. lons Bordeaux mixture (3- 200 pounds pressure. 3-50). 11 gallons per tree. 200 pounds pressure. Second application, | Bordeaux mixture only (4-4- | Bordeaux mixture (44-50) Do. May 25-26. 50). Mistspray. Vermorel with 2 pounds arsenate of nozzles. lead. Mist spray. Vermo- rel nozzles. Mhirdsappiication;||{-2-.d0-s.c----esssc eee eae Bordeaux mixture (44-50) | Bordeaux mixture July 2. with 2 pounds arsenate of only (4-4-50). lead. ist spray. Vermo- rel nozzles. Kourth/application, | Unsprayed2..----./.2.--------]5.--- COPE ANe Ae PoneermaceooadRace Unsprayed. July 22. Fifth application, |.-.-. Ossie )scas- Sa Secr ass deteos pease GOs. sisis2.2nj0 baie wis oie aie Do. August 10. Plats I, II, and III received an arsenical treatment of 1 pound of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water immediately after the falling of the petals. Two subsequent applications of Bordeaux mixture only were made to protect the fruit from the apple blotch and bitter rot and one Bordeaux treatment was also given to the check plat (Plat V) for the same purpose, as these affections in this locality are exceedingly troublesome and otherwise would have interfered greatly with results. Plat IV, which received demonstration treat- ment, received five applications in all, as shown, of a combined spray of Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, the latter being used at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of spray. On the demonstration plat the usual eddy chamber, or Vermorel nozzle, was used and while an effort was made to spray thoroughly according to usual recom- mendations in the East, the drenching of the trees was carefully avoided. Plat I, which received the one-spray treatment proper, was very thoroughly treated and required an average of 17 gallons per tree. The Bordeaux nozzle was used with a crook between the nozzle and spray rod and a pressure was maintained at about 200 pounds. Plat II received exactly the same treatment except that arsenate of lead was applied in dilute Bordeaux mixture to determine ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 119 A to what extent russeting of the fruit might result from so liberal a use of the fungicide. The treatment for Plat III was identical with that for Plat I, except that Vermorel nozzles were used. It was desired to determine the comparative merits of a mist spray as against a coarse spray, and it will be noted that the quantity of liquids required per tree for the mist spray (Plat III) was somewhat less than one-half the amount necessary in the-drenching work (Plat I). The results presented include all of the drop fruit throughout the season and the fruit from the trees at picking time in the fall. All apples were carefully examined as to worminess from the codling moth and as to injury by the plum curculio and lesser apple worm. Fruit from Plats I and III was badly injured by the apple blotch, which can be accounted for only by the omission of Bordeaux mixture from the treatment given immediately after the falling of the petals. Fruit from Plat IZ, which had been thoroughly drenched with Bor- deaux mixture using Bordeaux nozzles, was not noticeably more russeted than in the case of fruit from the demonstration plat and was free from apple blotch. Plat IV showed some infection from scab owing to the fact that it had not been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture before the blossoms opened. THE CODLING MOTH. In Table II are shown results of treatments of Plats I, ITI, IV, and V as to injury from the codling moth. Plat IT is not here considered nor subsequently, as the point involved, namely, the effect on the fruit of a drenching spray of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture after the falling of the petals, has already been indicated. There was not noticeably more russeting of the fruit on Plat II than on Plat IV which received the demonstration treatment. TaBLE II.—Sound and wormy apples from one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE SPRAY (BORDEAUX NOZZLES). Condition of fruit. Tree 1.| Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.) Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. WORRY ae aoe sxicise bo cic esis sictee'aias 703 522 419 118 181 222 286 315 HET Bes stata tress oh icin otis 2 ctenciee 4,986 | 4,291] 3,377 | 2,632) 3,265] 3,540] 3,021 5, 128 CEBU A otptanicit eee oe oacteeen 4 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750] 3,446] 3,762 | 3,307 5, 443 Perigenweound.-- -+.)5--2sesecsdecucc 87.65 | 89.16 | 88.97 | 95.71] 94.74] 94.19] 91.36 94. 22 \ Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. aoe per cent Pow sound. WOPRM sce cass sod sescetewerstelnwess 110 113 Pe acmooncasal Cnecaacrioe pe i eseseer BOUNG eens. vsehsic okies Suaeemossanes ByASO) I 2,039) '|| (By AOL bmcneptaeine|ecngeeeen.c 405 O32 Veracca te otal S22 72. ssi Metsesteneacee OpOOY R25 O0e ||| S800" semen see ca] aeele nsec gb a iY -Al Aete PETCentSOUnd., .'<4 ime aoe yee eonaslce Ta EIN Te CAE TSG Yk. Se Seem ee ee ll eee cree 92.76 30490°—Bull. 80—12——9 - 120 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaB.E II.—Sound and wormy apples from one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT Ill. ONE SPRAY (VERMOREL NOZZLES). Condition of fruit. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. WWVIGUIY ta eee ei saereonclsiel= Sele eis ei en ne 397 298 286 431 321 247 231 200 SOUNG a sos .sone sccdaseseaweeereetsaee 4,352 | 3,187 | 2,458 | 2,221) 1,920] 3,323] 2,650 1,792 Totals hss oeene tees tebeetden ces 4,749 | 3,485 | 2,744) 2,652 | 2,241 3,570 | 2,881 1, 992 Percent/sounden ee csceccaee ate c cass 91. 65 91. 45 89.58 | 83.79 | 85.73} 93.09 | 91.99 89. 96 Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. ie ae per cent : sound PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Condition of fruit. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Worm yo cou J ctikelss bees eels ceed 36 41 93 16 22 23 5 57 SOUNG Soe nhs cece sce eee sieeaeess 3,500 | 1,849] 4,983] 1,649} 3,123 | 1,642] 2,489 3,115 otal sascceccnstecessceess 3,536 | 1,890} 5,076 | 1,665} 3,145 | 1,665] 2,496 online Pencentisound ie. eseeeccs sae ceceee 98.99 | 97.83 | 98.17 | 99.04] 99.31 | 98.62) 97.72 98. 21 Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.! Tree 12. | Tree 13. Tost sor per cent Be sound WiOKMy.: os eae ini soeistatae Sie Ste acces 154 67 AD ic 2 aaicecmel ee Saesiee ot pee OO (ig Been eee Sound: Sere See AL STA Se ees ASOS7 |? 1 SOO" So. OLT | lesser ee otleeeerccsce 1844 |e soe Notaleeeewoase aces acesset ore 7 OG ba 5 fal (es (052) | Ree oo) eeraeaasc 274510 | fra tere iPericentisound: 2. esses ce ee eseceee 962791 2:96:58 it '98:.66) cect os ccelac ceeeceee tee eeeeise 98. 12 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Condition of fruit. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. WOOF y Soc ecehc cases ntneae seieseeicice 795 679 217 716 450 823 697 287 Sounds eae ee eee 1,765 1,004 778 822 756 1,678 2,124 869 Totals secon cece tees once secests 2,560 | 1,683 995 | 1,538 | 1,206] 2,501 | 2,821 1, 156 Per centisoundsjhciosoceceoeceeiccewsee 68.95 | 59.66 | 78.20} 53.45 | 62.68 | 67.10 | 75.30 75. 18 Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10.|Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. otal oe per cent | a sound Wormyerssh: cis Sees col eee 652 859 709 592 644 8,120 se aceeee Hamm. lant Lee eans ae 1,671| 1,399| 1,010| 1,016| 1,416] 16,308 |.......--- MOta yeti coh cee vaccines eee 2,323 | 2,258 1,719 1, 608 2,060 24,428 )...------- Pericentisound sco ces eee ewee cere 71.94 | 61.18} 58.76 63. 19 685740). acto Secs. 66. 74 Plat I, which received the one-spray treatment, shows an average of 92.76 per cent of fruit free from the codling moth, the percentages for individual trees ranging from 87.65 to 96.95. The total number ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 121 of apples counted from this plat was 43,152. Plat III received the drenching mist spray with Vermorel nozzle and shows for the indi- vidual trees a range in percentage of fruit free from the codling moth of 83.79 to 91.99, with an average for all trees of 90.03. There were 26,534 apples examined. Plat IV, which received the demonstration treatment of five applications, shows a total from the 11 trees of 98.12 per cent of fruit free from the codling moth, with a range for individual trees of 96.58 to 99.31 per cent, and the total number of apples counted was 32,451. Plat V (the unsprayed block) shows, for the 13 trees from which counts were made, 66.74 per cent of fruit free from the codling moth, the range being from 53.45 to 78.20 per cent, the total number of apples counted being 24,428. Demonstration plat, No. IV, shows an increase over the unsprayed trees of 31.38 per cent of uninjured fruit and an increase of 5.36 per cent of uninjured fruit over the one-spray block (Plat I). The percentages of sound fruit from Plats I and III show very little difference in favor of a coarse spray over a mist spray; that is, 2.73 per cent in favor of the former. In Table III are shown the places of entrance into apples of the total larvee for the season for each tree of each plat and also the per- centages, by plats, entering the fruit at the calyx, side, and stem. These data have been given in order to show what effect the methods of spraying might have upon the places of entrance into fruit by larve. The unsprayed plat (Plat V) may be taken to indicate the normal behavior of the larve and shows that of the first brood 76.84 per cent and of the second brood 80.34 per cent entered the apples at the calyx ends. TaBLE III.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larvx of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE SPRAY (BORDEAUX NOZZLES). Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. ss SSS Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. } Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: WIN Ss3Screseeqnbeges deans BSUSCrG HBado ase SSebaccal hossdasa Keassesal Beaconeel boocmeecl beeeecae 1 0 (oa SNR Me ee a a 5 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 SUETTY coo datGododadeOUNDEOD Seno oeT BEES oc] Se Seee tue PASM oon RUE IA Babe 1 [Be ie 7 [oe i vine ay anni Ota Ee ccmasatse acer. cones 5 4 1 3 1 2 1 3 Bend brood: BY en wratctointe se ainleiein able eio sina 91 70 69 20 2 31 54 55 BIGGi Set ao ae cee eee bone eee 557 400 323 ves 137 172 198 235 Stemi costo cee aeeeentnesccne 27 18 12 24 34 25 Potal eo so see eae 701 518 419 115 181 227 286 315 + 129 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLe III.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larvx of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT I. ONE SPRAY—Continued. Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- broods. age of entering Tree | Tree | Plat. |at calyx,| Second Place of entrance. Tree 9. |Tree 10.|Tree 11. 12. 13. side, aad broods. stem. First brood: 3, 184 PLAT III. ONE SPRAY (VERMOREL NOZZLES). Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: (CHIME Syms e Soda c eo ROS ese Te HOE Conca 2 | nclaere = a geeks» era aciaacis pel eee = bl aeaeicer, UP ee ee SiG ego son den ones sduppacocidede 4 4 2 1 1 1 (hal lites dace PSIG) 0) Gene Soe REO COE ee Eee er erne olf cee on sel oe ommigal seca oneied-eeronlnasaecobod-csodeasdSocuscsscas5 Totalies 5 -= sy5o8t sec easeae 6 4 2 1 1 1 10S Sees = Second brood: (C1 0. <3 Aaa ea ce saocanescanaesenace 141 103 105 158 96 70 64 66 Side: ceca ec seas ckeusewemscecen= 208 163 157 224 198 154 136 121 SGT paqossadosdooctcocuccauadods 49 28 24 50 30 25 21 16 Notaliccedsscssosesewe sme eee wes 398 294 286 432 324 249 221 203 Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- broods. age of Total Total larve by larve, broods entering | first and second Place of entrance. Tree 9, |Tree 10.|Tree 11. cone aree ead broods. stem. First brood: od ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 123 Tasie III.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larve of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: Waly ee: Ws oe. fed 5h< cee aeceee cone [eae maak [peace aeleeet ones anclee] aoe eo cele omental emcees 2 Sid eee) i oe een ae in| ee Sabe2 Cel eects 1 Resonate Roaaeeer iL Stemess 5 Pest ses a eee See seal be Sanacalasaagsce Py Seceao oo HaS Reed Geecerae| aceooe 1 Totalereo. css. ooe awe doe cer a Beene 6 a2sh5n22 Wh S3h523.22| eee ere 4 BY KS aoe a cise etcieete carn ok cares sista ata 14 26 41 6 16 16 32 29 Sh (0 AAA SERGE: DPOB See meD BES 20 14 45 10 5 7 25 21 Stemeaccencecccee ccaceereacaserc 1 bal eR Reame Se are epee 1 1 1 3 TROPBIG oe sete steaee cron ereeselaeoe 35 40 89 16 22 24 58 53 Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- broods. age of Total larvee by x Total broods larvee, es entering first and pla secon Place of entrance. Tree 9. |Tree 10.|Tree 11. pee Ry a Ee broods. stem. First brood: CINE SA Sabb - “ag SEed Eee neeeeoCEEEe 4 1 1 eee act 8 BOZ4OW ye seine’ araie.s Bide ere ecmen amas seh mo citineamece we DP | ers ravectaealltetsralsterys | eteiate tel erate eats 10 A5TAO | sSisasceste Sten nee eh ech ee eae he We ke 5S ale TIA ARES A eet Ee ele nee ote 4 ESE 20 Ease ecm TRO tet Pe ss Pe cy Mace clack 7 2 i) |e = Sea ter aietcpetctst raise eet ersiat Second brood: i BLY Re eee sesh ac tisk daiebaacee ne 79 47 22 | Deter lace talon 328 G0) PA esos SIU AS Ee ee ee eee Me 65 18 Tie 15 oo eee 247 41/80" |) oo esses helicase ween a cena es PEE Lo. Hip Seem oee 1 esos) Sore 16 2210) | 2osee sce UNG) 1 oe ulhen eh hee Pes es 149 65 AO) ores ale Scie SOL eweocese es 613 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: BLY KIS oe Nec aa sielcin caicinisiawicigasinre as 64 102 32 132 52 96 45 25 Sid ewe Nein re meee | 5. 23 26 4 33 14 15 12 7 Syed Ae he ee Sn So Re ee 6 5 1 5 10 6 fi 4 Ot e es ee saeco aekicicccbiectone 93 133 37 170 76 117 64 36 Second brood: DIVE SaBence Hee SiEr SOoeeRAEr ase 579 464 139 463 295 588 513 197 [Se ee eee ee oe 102 67 34 69 58 125 94 49 PS) 2) 1 Spe SCSSICC CURECUOE TE erretee 28 23 7 26 18 31 32 6 Potalwencescheccacernr sce tices 709 554 180 558 371 744 639 252 . 124 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Taste III.—Places of entrance into frurt by total larvex of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT V. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of larvee for each tree. Percent- ageof | otal Total |!atve by) jarvee, broods | frst and Brood and place of entrance. entering Tree | Tree | plat. second Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11, at calyx 12. 13. side, nid broods. stem. First prood: Ei kya. cana i ine ot ee ea 31 258 55| 63] 133] 1,088 716: G4 Peeeenee Bid@recnmannsecci ements ot eemmucene 9 36 19 23 33 254 AS O4N cet eee SUOMI ceten te reste sccm maeciatte eerie 2 12 4 1 11 74 4 fa) epee nae TOGA Seema steers sete seece poe 42 306 78 BO LTE LSA LON eee eee Second brood: Cay se doe a ises~ ectien saci aeloe 489 458 535 | 398] 353 | 5,471 80.34.) 5 seneeeene Sider esskehee eee tteck seeevbecae 98 89 81 94 96 | 1,056 is a) bl Meee Stemisae see oetecvene Shs cesteweiens 28 11 29 29 15 283 AjU5y | Dot ee TPaialeaenene oe es ee 615| 558} 645| 521| 464| 6,810 |.........- | 8, 226 In the case of the sprayed plats, as would be expected, the propor- tion entering at the calyx is greatly reduced, and there is a corre- sponding increase in the proportion entering the fruit at the side, owing to the lesser efficiency of the spray at the latter place. This is shown for each of the plats in Table IV. Taste IV.—Places of entering apples, shown in percentages, of total larvx of first and second broods of the codling moth combined. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Percentage of larvee entering— Total Total Hotel larvee larvee 3 Plat No. , q_ | first and first secon Recon Calyx. | Side. | Stem. | Total brood., | brood. | jyoods, I. One-spray , Bordeaux nozzles. .... 15.96 | 75.38 8. 66 100. 00 26 3, 158 3,184 III. One-spray, Vermorel nozzles... -.. 33.01 | 57.39 9. 60 100. 00 25 2,641 2, 666 IV, Demonstrations cs: oop. ceesnese- 54.81 | 41.93 3. 26 100. 00 22 592 613 Vie (Wmsprayed.c2. ten. s2-. ccc eee 79.73 | 15.93 4.34 100. 00 1, 416 6,810 8, 226 As between the several sprayed plats there is considerable variation in the number of apples wormy at calyx, side, and stem, which is of significance in connection with the character of the treatments given. To compare these points better Table V has been prepared. TaBLE V.—Eficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total Total pe eee eee ee Sete nione || ian noe Plat No. of wormy of Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. apples. | apples. I. One-spray, Bordeaux nozzles......... 1.18 5. 54 0. 64 7.24 3,120 43,152 TIT. One-spray, Vermorel nozzles.......... 3.32 5.57 97 9. 97 2, 654 26, 534 LV. Demonstration. .sessceceneseceeee 1.03 .79 -20 1.88 607 32, 451 Vie UMSPrayed ise. vce em seniceee neeiacon 26. 85 5. 36 1.46 33. 26 8,120 24, 428 a As someapples wereentered at more than one place, the sums of the percentages for calyx, side,and stem slightly exceed the total percentages of wormy apples. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 125 A comparison of the figures for the different plats in Table V shows as to calyx entrance for the two broods about the same degree of protection in the case of Plats I and IV, while as between Plats I and III, both involving the one-spray method, there is a difference in favor of a coarser as against a mist spray of 1.14 per cent of the total crop. The figures on side entrance show that neither of the one-spray treatments afforded any protection to the side of the fruit, while the demonstration treatment saved 4.57 per cent of the crop by preventing side entrance. In comparing the total efficiency of the different treatments, it will be seen that there was a saving of 26.02 per cent of the crop in Plat I, 23.29 per cent in Plat III, and 31.38 per cent in Plat IV. The superiority of the demonstration treatment was mostly due to the prevention of side worminess. In order to determine what effect the respective treatments might have on the proportion of fruit which dropped and that which remained on the trees until picking time the following table (Table VI) was prepared from the data in the previous tables: TasLe VI.—Comparison of amounts of drop-fruit during season on the several plats. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Fruit from ground. Num- First brood. Second brood. Plat No. ber of trees. Per Per Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent sound. sound. lind AEOS OS AU SAGAR SeABEedE 11 26 | 10,202 | 10,228 | 99.74 1,449 | 7,663] 9,112 84. 09 iD ae hee ae ee 9 25 | 5,314] 5,339] 99.53 1,249 | 5,997 | 7,246 82.76 1 abe ea Le emate occ 11 22 | 8,970] 8,992} 99.74 5,513 | 5,753 95. 82 Wissen St bc Scicenire rowebe 13 945 | 8,109| 9,054] 89.56 5,471 | 5,742 | 11,213 51. 20 Fruit from tree. Total fruit. “ Per : um- centage Plat No. ber of Per Per | of drop- trees. | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent |Wormy.| Sound.} Total. | cent | fruit. sound. sound. Wepre c cians 11 1,645 | 22,167 | 23,812 | 93.09 3,120 | 40,032 | 43,152 | 92.76 44, 81 Te eS 45: . 9 1,371 | 12,578 | 13,949 | 90.17 2,645 | 23,889 | 26,534 |} 90.03 47. 42 Vets aos steeee 2 11 345 | 17,361 | 17,706 | 98.05 607 | 31,844 | 32,451 | 98.12 45. 43 ito eee tee Hee 13 1,704 | 2,457] 4,161 | 59.04 8,120 | 16,308 | 24,428 | 66.76 82.96 As will be noted, the highest percentage of drop-fruit was on the unsprayed plat, namely, 82.96, with 47.42 per cent drop-fruit from Plat III. Plats I and IV (the one-spray and demonstration treat- ments) show a difference in favor of the demonstration plat of only 0.62 per cent, an amount practically negligible. The percentage of drop-fruit, including fallen fruit from all causes, is shown, but it should be remembered that fruit from all plats, except the check, was largely protected from fungous troubles by applications of Bor- deaux mixture. 126 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PLUM CURCULIO. Throughout the season the drop-fruit and the fruit on trees at picking time from four of the plats in the Jones orchard were care- fully examined as to injury by the plum curculio. The results of examinations are given in detail in Table VII. TaBLeE VII.—Injury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of punctures...............- 1,979} 1,713 | 2,613 683 268 | 1,012 638 1, 200 Number of fruit punctured.......... 1,179 915 687 387 208 532 370 706 Number of sound fruit..............- 4,510 |} 3,898} 3,109 | 2,363] 3,238] 3,236 2,937 4, 737 Number of irtit «fb at z.ssscere eos 5,689 | 4,813} 3,796 | 2,750 | 3,446] 3,768 | 3,307 5, 443 Per cent free from injury.........-... 79.27 | 80.98 | 81.90} 85.92 | 93.96 | 85.88} 88.81 87.02 Number of punctured and pound fruit, ete., @getper er tree in each plat. P — Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. nun. Number of punctures.............-.-. 642 319 (oY Ne Sea lee eee a 11709" |e eee Number of fruit punctured........... 364 216 BS hye Eas Be oo Ue eee te 53899 doa aes Number of sound fruit..........-.-.... 3,280! |p 2,430) |! Zon 000) er cae seme ne ones eS | oe cere. Numpberominraith. 2 e-o.-5-.6- cece SHG445 | 2F652 5 SRSO SME Saye: a Re ee ASS 203i hase Per cent free from injury............. SONOL:|, “N85: |) OU S9 oe tere ool referee ate ees 86. 34 PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6.| Tree 7.) Tree 8. Number of punctures ....-.--.--°2-- 2,321 721 919 788 560 | 1,790 | 1,756 732 Number of fruit punctured..........- 1,051 349 533 368 358 795 727 372 Number of fruit free from injury....- 3,698 | 2,339 | 2,211 | 2,284) 1,883 | 2,775} 2,154 1, 620 Number ofsinuit Sasg-0 \. cease fee 4,749 | 2,688 | 2,744] 2,652 | 2,241 | 3,570} 2,881 1,992 Per cent free from injury.....-...-.-- 77.86 | 87.01 | 80.57 | 86.12] 84.02) 77.73) 74.76 81.32 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Total per Total for | cent fruit plat. | free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. injury. Number of punctures ...............- DG ZO rene m ictal) See cet Ok les ataleel eoet aa f1,'2165) 52 oeeeee Number of fruit punctured..........-. a VASO Re See eal ec aaa ee be cates SE280 i 55 See Number of fruit free from injury...... P4903 ic nce Sohenin cell geeetnacee el opis wemierns 20; 457) |eenaeemere Number Of iruits sess reese Skee 507410) eS EAE Bacco haas| sabcee eee ceo eeeeee 25 TRL Nocesaeeces Per cent free from injury.......--...- 67525 [oo ccrccsliacaeooc|bscoamescclaneeretene [secrete 79. 48 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 127 Tasie VII.—Injury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of punctures................- 1, 293 562 773 98 430 432 | 1,025 877 Number of fruit punctured..........- 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 Number of fruit free from injury......| 2,790 | 1,589] 4,639] 1,591 | 2,879] 1,465] 1,998 2,705 Number Of fruit; socasco sce mscrannis ace > 3,536 | 1,890] 5,076} 1,665] 3,145] 1,665] 2,496 3,172 Per cent free from injury........-...-- 78.90 | 84.07] 91.39] 95.55] 91.54] 87.98] 80.04 85. 27 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., er tree in each plat. Total per P i P Total for | cent fruit |)-$ | plat. free from Tree 9.|Tree 10.|Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. POLE Number of punctures .............--- 13,129 DOAN als A2ON --, clarctomates| setae anes 10: 302) | fasmeseeice Number of fruit punctured...........-| 3,656 140 (hit Ee ee aa ee ae Fat al | eee oes Number of fruit free from injury ...--- ROOM rele Slate 2 sou | eels aerate al eiaiatetstetercte = 26; 897) |eaea eens Nrmiberetfriit. <-\.4. 225522. 8 ik 4 791 IPOS Ta): eo ODSu tec e ese see|ats eee 2 S23451 is Fee ee eee Per cent free from injury............-. CHAS Al OONS4a |i TAU ODIs setts Ao on | Ree mai 82. 88 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. i Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.) Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. WNuniber of pumeture. oc... 2.5. .22.---- 6,623 | 6,230 | 4,331 | 10,068 | 3,372 | 9,527 | 14,727 4,714 Number of fruit punctured .......... 2,180 | 1,595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 Number of fruit free from injury ... -- 430 106 47 16 207 202 97 86 ING Derr aruibra. Seo ct abe ecicccte oes. 2, 560 1,701 995 1,538 1,206 | 2,501 2,821 1,156 Per cent free from injury............. 16. 79 6. 23 4.72 1.04 | 17.16 8. 07 3. 43 7.43 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., in each plat. Total per Betienge 1H eneh Dit Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9.|Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. anJUrY- Number of punctures...............- 6,148 | 8,707 | 6,921 5, 984 6, 739 er Ne) eran eeone Number of fruit punctured.........-.. 1,936 | 2,117] 1,605 1,517 1,750 DON TADS | tte e ere Number of fruit free from injury..... 387 141 114 91 310 DpOSANE Fee 8 Nam bersof iritits see ae one ereisins aces Qyd2e) |) 2i208. |) Lilo 1, 608 2,060 DAPAAGOIS Jaashedae Per cent free from injury.............. 16. 65 6. 24 6. 63 5. 65 15: 04m lbs peered ae 8.85 All punctures, whether egg or feeding, are classed together under “Number of punctures.’”’ The total percentage of fruit free from cur- culio injury includes fruit entirely free from feeding and egg punc- tures, and has no reference to injury from other insects, as the codling moth or lesser apple worm. Curiously, in the Siloam Springs work the one-spray block (Plat I) shows the maximum percentage of fruit free from curculio attack, injury on the demonstration plat exceeding in this regard that on the one-spray plat by 3.46 per cent. It should be noted, however, that Plat IV was adjacent to the unsprayed block (see fig. 2) and there was unquestionably considerable overflow of 128 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. curculio, as on this latter the beetles were quite abundant, as shown by the low total percentage of uninjured fruit, namely, 8.85 per cent. In view of the habits of the curculio in ovipositing and feeding over a considerable period (six to eight weeks or more), the results from the one-spray method are the more surprising, and it would appear that the single treatment resulted in their almost complete destruction. In Table VIII are brought together data showing the effects of the treatments in the control of the three principal insect enemies of the fruit, namely, the codling moth, the plum curculio, and the lesser apple worm (Hnarmonia pruniwora Walsh). The value of the one- spray method is here put to the severest possible test so far as con- trolling insect enemies of the fruit is concerned. It will be noted that when these three insects are taken into account somewhat better results were secured from Plat IV, which received the demonstration treatment, namely, 81.19 per cent sound fruit, as against 79.60 per cent sound fruit from the one-spray plat. The unsprayed plat (V) shows a very low percentage of fruit free from injury by these three insects, namely 6.94 per cent. Taste VIII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio.........-.. 1,179 915 687 387 208 532 370 706 Injured by codling moth............- 703 522 419 118 181 222 286 315 Injured by lesser apple worm......-. 71 74 41 6 31 17 19 30 Number injured apples..........--.- 1,778 | 1,403 | 1,062 486 409 739 652 991 Number uninjured apples........-..-- 3,911 | 3,410] 2,734 | 2,264] 3,037] 3,023 | 2,655 4, 452 Total numberapples-2:..:-.--------- 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750} 3,446] 3,762 | 3,307 5, 443 abe pote ota. er cent |per cen Aree ie Tiree ox Tree | “for free from] free : ; : plat. | injury. | from injury. Injured by plum curculio......------ 364 216 BOD |e sate atic Meeione 5, 899 S684 bates: Injured by codling moth......-.-..-.- 110 113 TIS Ne | Pe ees eer Ley 3, 120 92.9745 ee zeae Injured by lesser apple worm......-- 10 5 OR evslsectoa | Serer 309 995205 |Saa eee Number injured apples......-.------- 473 349 460) [ac aae stile apes 85802. |Ecc os nceuleeeeearre Number uninjured apples......-.-...-- SS LZ6Nle, B08) | to; toanlee eee Bs SHS RS asl Meter acre 79. 60 otal mumiber applesae. .- = cet = BER GAGE || BAEK | Popescelaosces 43152 7|Ueeaae eens | soomee PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio..........-- 1,051 349 533 368 358 | . 795 727 372 Injured by codling moth. ........-.-- 397 298 286 431 321 247 231 200 Injured by lesser apple worm.......- 29 19 14 32 40 22 26 12 Number injured apples.........----- 1, 363 525 772 806 684 | 1,010 919 551 Number uninjured apples..........-- 3,386 | 2,960] 1,972) 1,846] 1,557 | 2,560 | 1,962 1, 441 Total number apples............----- 4,749 | 3,485 | 2,744 | 2,652 | 2,241] 3,570] 2,881] 1,992 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 129 Taste VIII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT Ill. ONE-SPRAY—Continued. Total Total | Per cent |per cent Tree Tree Tree | Tree | Tree for anaenalaetria 9. 10. ill 12. 13. plat. | injury. |. from injury. Injured by plum curculio..........-- MOPAR A FRc = Injured by codling moth..........---. 90303) So ssee;4 Injured by lesser apple worm......-- 99324. || Fae Se Number injured apples-..2--....--2-| 786 ]----...-|--------|-------|--0----] (, 446 |-- 22 -- 5.) Number uninjured/appless.2222252.--]) 1,484). 22...) 222s. e eee [sone --| LO; IS | 72. 05 Total number apples.-..:.........-.- PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3.| Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio.........-.. 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 Injured by codling moth...........-.- 36 41 93 16 22 23 57 57 Jnjured by lesser apple worm.......- 6 1 6 1 0 2 3 0 Number injured apples..........---.-- 826 332 509 90 287 222 545 518 Number uninjured apples.......-..-.-.. 2,710 | 1,558 | 4,567 | 1,575 | 2,858) 1,443) 1,951 2, 654 Totalnumberappless 2224.2 -5.- 3.536 | 1,890] 5,076) 1,665 | 3,145} 1,665 | 2,496 3, 172 Sensei Total ° ota er cent |per cent Tae are nee aiee ‘Tree for |freefrom| free 2 e ; ; plat. | injury. | from injury Injured by plum curculio...........- 1, 656 140 (ASSN sche | ees ee 5, 554 EPA | Beoecite a Injured by codling moth............- 154 67 Aili |S ee Seer ee 607 Fal 7 ae, See Injured by lesser apple worm.......- 14 6 be Bae eae ee 42 1 eo an Pe Sp Number injured apples. ..........--.- 1,761 207 SOG) | Seas te oi (SOR Beater eal ie Se Number uninjured apples.......-.-.-- SHOSON| pel, LOO A ee aeons ae te eta = oe 26; S40) esas cece 81.19 Total number apples.............-.-.- ASTOIe | is 957 hos Ooeulaeeiee ae |= sai iat 32.451 | Neco ouasce|beee cece PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio...........- 2,130 | 1,595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 Injured by codling moth. .......,...- 795 679 217 716 450 823 697 287 Injured by lesser apple worm.......-. 213 140 52 222 89 224 309 91 Number injured apples...........-..- 2,250 | 1,605 959 | 1,528} 1,072) 2,355] 2,740 1,076 Number uninjured apples. .........-- 310 78 36 10 134 146 81 80 Total number apples.............--. 2,560} 1,683 995 | 1,538} 1,206] 2,501] 2,821 1,156 Total Total | Per cent |per cent Tree Tree Tree | Tree | Tree forme ltcee tron lmatrce 9. 10. ile 12. 13. plat. | injury. | from injury. Injured by plum curculio...........- 1,936 | 2,117} 1,605 | 1,517 | 1,750 | 22,212 thie) |\eocacede Injured by codling moth............. 652 859 708 592 644 | 8,120 662051 lee s-eeee Injured by lesser apple worm.......- 120 218 139 174 77 | 2,068 WIR eSSneoc Number injured apples. .............- 1,987 | 2,148} 1,681 | 1,556 | 1,824 | 22,731 |.....-...-|.....-.. Number uninjured apples............ 336 110 88 52 236) |p OO Ne ares ee 6.94 Total number apples................- 2,323 | 2,258 | 1,719) |) 1,608 | 2)060)) 24,428 |... .-.--. |... 130 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. EXPERIMENTS IN VIRGINIA. The experiments in Virginia were carried out in two localities, namely, at Crozet, in the orchard of W. S. Ballard, and at Mount Jackson, in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company. W. S. BaLuarp’s ORCHARD. W. S. Ballard’s orchard is located in the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and is composed mostly of the Yellow New- town (Albemarle Pippin) variety, which sort was used exclusively sos S 36) © SSR KR DD VIG ® G SSW THAR 8][6 HG S & GBP orn > d/o 4 G G HHNH HFHISHSHKHESVOHARRD SHESHORR DY BVNG SSSonn gy 8{[H Hw Cw Gy iy OMI RO OSS Saline sy DS Sin WSr ASy I Gy Gy 40) 4) H & Hin ~ S NIH & HOGI SS SS Gq Ore Gq ols ~ SSO %® 6 © © % OIN @& © © & HO OI~ Ss > 10) S S Ss a) 2 id Z 2) a Db a oa ry) S Ss S Ss x) Ss HH & HH HIS 8S ®H WH |G HIN SN NIG ® G Fa. 35.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard orchard near Crozet, Va. Trees counted are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of trees in the tables. Variety, Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin). Trees marked S sprayed by owner. in the experiments. The location of the trees sprayed, with refer- ence to adjacent trees in the orchard, is shown in figure 35. The surrounding trees not included in the experiment were sprayed by the owner. The size of the trees and general character of the loca- tion are shown in Plate X, figure 2. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, STC. 131 THE CODLING MOTH. The treatments given and dates of applications are shown in Table IX. TasLe 1X.—Daztes of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Crozet, Va., 1909. Plat VIII. ae as Plat V. Plat VI. Date of application. (Demonstration.) (One-spray method.) (Unsprayed.) ete plication, April | Notdrenched. Vermorelnoz- | Drenched with arsenate oflead | Unsprayed. (otter falling of zles. Mistspray. Arsenate 2 pounds to 50 gallons BO). net als). of lead 2 pounds to 50 gallons deaux mixture (2-2-50 Bordeaux mixture (2-2-50). Pressure 125-160 pounds. Pressure 120 to 140 pounds. Seneca nozzles. 11 gallons per tree. Seco a d application, |..... (SS SSOPISOCROOO RE een aree Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. = ke Dee Not drenched. Te application, June) |_ oc. (0 oe eae (eee Ae Sa ee eee Do. Fourth application, |_...- Gt aA SE SSSR iat SSE AS eee meas (so) RS anes Set ae ee Be Do. July 26-27. Plat V (demonstration) received four applications in all, the Ver- morel nozzle being used. The effort was made to spray thoroughly, but none of the trees was drenched. Plat VI (one-spray method) was thoroughly drenched, using Seneca nozzles, applying an average of 11 gallons per tree. This plat received three subsequent appli- cations of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule, to pro- tect the fruit from possible infection by bitter rot. Plat VIII was left unsprayed throughout the season for purposes of comparison. The first application, on April 27, was given just after most of the petals had fallen, and conditions were favorable for the work except that showers interrupted the spraying for about one hour. At the time of the second application, May 24, the weather was showery, but spraying. was finished without serious interruption. The third application, on June 26, was interrupted near the close of the work by rain, while the fourth application, on July 26, was made under very favorable conditions, the weather being clear and dry. Comparatively little bitter rot developed during the season, even on the unsprayed plat. A heavy hail, however, which occurred during late June, badly injured the fruit and foliage. It was noticed that the hail injury to the fruit resulted in a much greater proportion of codling-moth larve entering on the side, and this fact must be taken into account in the consideration of the results. Table X gives the total wormy fruit and fruit free from codling- moth injury for the entire season for the eight count trees of each plat, the numbers of the trees in the figure agreeing with those in the table. 132 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE X.—Number of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Crozet, Va., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total Total per Condition of fruit. Tree 1./Tree 2./Tree 3./Tree 4./Tree 5.|Tree 6.|Tree 7.|Tree 8.| for cent of plats. | sound fruit IWIOEIY cite (eci be oot aise sola tent 90 115 68 191 173 49 54 87 Vill epee MOUNGES onosaesrch ectees eek 712 | 1,344 651 | 2,224 | 1,859 | 1,259 | 2,958 | 2,243 | 13,250 |........ Motal: coticet be eacs sive 802 | 1,459 719 | 2,415 | 2,032 | 1,308 | 3,012 | 2,330 | 14,077 |.....--- Per cent sound.............. 88.78 | 92.12 | 90.55 | 92.10 | 91.49 | 96.26 | 98.21 | 96.27 |........ 94.13 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. WOFILY 4ecee er ciniee este sece 498 367 627 | 1,681 445 362 391 462) |p B8200 crete BOUNCE et aceeeeeaececmsee as 2,080 | 2,166 | 4,478 | 1,150 | 2,800 | 1,617 | 1,650 | 1,577 | 17,518 |........ Motalee acts os ce oe store 2,578 | 2,533 | 5,105 | 1,318 | 3,245 | 1,979 | 2,041 | 2,039 | 20,838 |.......- IRericent SOUNG:- eee cms e ice 80.30 | 85.52 | 87.72 | 87.26 | 86.29 | 81.71 | 80.90 | 77.35 |...-.-.. 84. 07 FS en el ro ie pen Sats) Leet te J ep La rane waa) ce I Ba NN et TN PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. WONT ae eriecr=. coe ececaas 1,165 | 1,593 545 560 | 1,641 | 1,444 | 1,089 | 1,001 | 9,038 |.......- Sounds. em abe testes 2,258 | 2,089 271 456 | 1,470 | 1,544 O04 | 45-206) | OSI9Ss | ae MOtalee hs sos ete 3,423 | 3,682 816 | 1,016 | 3,111 | 2,988 | 1,993 | 2,207 | 19,236 |.......- Per ceniiSOunds ssc ns. ceheee 65.97 | 56.79 | 33.22 | 44.89 | 47.90 | 51.68 | 45.31 | 54.65 |.......- 53. 02 Plat V, which received the demonstration treatment, gave 94.13 per cent fruit free from codling-moth injury, as against 84.07 per cent fruit free from this insect on the one-spray plat, a difference in favor of the demonstration treatment of 10.06 per cent. The check or unsprayed plat (VIII) shows 53.02 per cent fruit free from codling- moth injury, and there is thus a gain in sound fruit by the demon- stration treatment of 41.11 per cent and by the one-spray method a gain of 31.05 per cent of sound fruit. As will be seen from the foregoing table, there were counted in Plats V, VI, and VIII, respec- tively, 14,077, 20,838, and 19,236 apples, a total for all plats of 54,151. Undoubtedly the results from the one-spray plat are less favorable than would have been the case had there been no hail. The injured places on the sides of the fruit permitted ready entrance of the larve, as indicated on all plats by the relatively high percentage of larvee which entered the fruit on the side. This condition is shown in Table XI, which gives the places of entrance of the fruit for each tree of each plat for the total larve of the two broods throughout the season. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 133 TaBLE XI.—Places of entrance of fruit ty total larvse for each tree of cach plat. Crozet, ‘a., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve of fruit for each tree, Percent- first and second broods combined. ages of | motay Total |larveen-| 0/4 Place of entrance. for | tering at) per of Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | P!ats- es larve. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. le 8. Sitaal First and second broods: ANY Ket vaierecitlertee state 13 15 2 il 6 Uio(Eall Geeeeene PICO me amchaaicicinine wae 76 | 105 59 | 159] 148 46 46 68 707 SONA ate oa - GERMS: notraseltemaisicnns 19 10 1 4 6278) oa Motaleas coe sce esas 90} 115 68 | 191] 173 49 54 87 827 100. 00 827 lego Mes ono Gecedane 5 12 26 7 12 23 17 19 151 45 Db il iaeteatine Bidenmasecirnes(cecisassice 443 | 331 | 567] 150} 407 | 319) 344] 415 | 2,976 SONG4s eects Ciel, oaretdkecaoocecer 20 24 34 11 26 20 30 1 eee Motalem era wtceiccs = 498 | 367 | 627} 168 | 445) 362) 391 | 462 | 3,220 100. 00 3, 220 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. 545 | 560 |1,641 |1,444 |1,089 |1,001 | 9,038 100. 00 9,038 The efficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments in preventing worminess is shown in condensed form in Table XII. Here it will be seen that the one-spray method was nearly as effective as the demonstration in preventing calyx entrance, but gave little benefit in regard to side infestation. TaBLe XII.—E ficiency of the different treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Crozet, Va., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total Total number number Plat No. of of Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. apie. apples. , Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Mer Demonsirations =e ssstedstes cee 0. 45 5.02 5. 87 827 14,077 VIR-One-sprayeoucsene secs. : seee eee 0.73 14. 28 0.92 15. 93 3,320 20,838 VITES Unsprayedsasecocssceecs ee eee 23. 67 17.82 5. 49 46. 98 9,038 19, 236 THE PLUM CURCULIO. The effect of the treatments in the W. S. Ballard orchard in con- trolling the plum curculio on Plats V, VI, and VIII is shown in Table XIII. Egg and feeding punctures are combined in the table under ‘No. punctures.” 134 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XIII.—Injury by Huse Rees entireseason, Plats V, VI,and VIII. Crozet, a., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per Total tree in each plat. Total | per cent for of fruit Tree plats. | free from Tree | Tree | Tree Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree ate 11} 21 Bll oo ele ee Lime: brs Ween eee? injury. Noe Un ChUNeS ees a yterere c= = = Satan & 275 | 163) 524} 668; 162) 395 | 328] 2,672 |.......... 157 Nos iniiinpuneiired)s eee ees coee 115.) 187% | 103), 345 | 463°), L045 | 267) 52S RAG) eee ee INonsoundintttecaciminiecseene ee 687 |1,272 | 616 |2,070 |1,569 |1,194 |2,747 |2,076 | 12,231 |.......... INOMInWIGS Se - jae dancee= See oe a 802 |1,459 | 719 |2,415 |2,032 |1,308 |3,014 |2,328 | 14,077 |.......... Per cent free from injury.........- 85.66 |87.18 |85.67 |85. 711/77. 21 |91.28 |91.14 |89.17 |........ 86. 89 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. ! INO ApUunCchInes! 2. 22cer seen eeieces 1,510 Ht 290 2,143 | 360 [1,095 | 647] 775] 823] 8,644 |........-- No. fruit punctured..............- 961 | 730 |1,347 | 238| 719| 405 | 521| 511} 5,432 |...2.22... Now dound fult Js. 0s Asc .cseckc cos 1,617 11,803 |3,758 |1,080 |2,526 (1,574 |1,520 |1,528 | 15,406 |--... 22... SAU RE Teo een eon aan 2,578 12,533 |5,105 {1,318 |3, 245 |1,979 |2,041 {2,039 | 20,838 1.........- 73.61 |81.94 |77.84 |79.53 174.96 |74.93 |.......- 73.93 Per cent free from injury.-.-....-- 62. 72 71. 17 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. INOS PUMCHINES feos seme ec sae 2,746 |2,571 | 705 | 962 )2,490 /1,939 |1,865 |2,300 | 15,578 |...-..-.-- Nomiruitipunctureds 22-2 2---20- 1,255 |1,571 | 437 | 531 {1,415 |1,193 |1,098 |1,285 | 8,785 |.....-.--- INONSOUNGIFUIG pee] ee eaeee cee 2,168 |2,111 | 379} 485 |1,696 |1,795 | 882] 806 | 10,322 |........-. NOMITIG Ses oes cceneee- eaeteon= eae 3,423 |3,682 | 816 1,016 3,111 |2,988 |1,980 |2,091 | 19,107 |--........ Per cent free from injury.......--. 63.30 |57.33 [57.33 |46.44 |47.73 |60.00 |44. 54 |38.54 |.....-.. 54. 02 The percentage of fruit uninjured by the curculio in the demonstra- tion block, 86.89 per cent, shows a gain over that of the one-spray plat, 73.93 per cent, of 12.96 per cent, and the gain in percentage of uninjured fruit on the demonstration over the unsprayed plat is 32.87. ORCHARD OF STRATHMORE ORCHARD COMPANY. The orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company is located near Mount Jackson, in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The size of the trees and general appearance of the orchard are indicated in Plate XI, figure 1. The location of the trees under experiment with respect to the rest of the orchard is shown in figure 36. All trees not in the experiment were sprayed by the owners. The treatments given and dates of application are stated in Table XIV. TaBLe XIV.—Dates of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. Plat XVII. Date of application. | Plat XIII. (Demonstration.) | Plat XV.(One-spray method.) (Unsprayed.) First application, May | Notdrenched. Vermorelnoz-| Drenched with arsenate of | Unsprayed. 6-7 (after falling of zles. Mistspray. Arsenate lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons petals). of lead, 2 pounds to 50 water. Pressure 175 pounds. gallons Bordeaux mixture Seneca nozzles. 8.1 gallons (1-1-50). Pressure120 to 140 per tree. pounds. 4.7 gallons per tree. Second application,May | Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. 28-29. zles. Mist spray. Arsenate 50). Not drenched. of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons Bordeaux mixture (2-2-50). ihe application, July |..... GOW ess Le cee alesiece DO iii cece cicdelnece jeeeeeeis Do. Bul. 80, Part Vil, Revised, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XI. Fic. 1.—VIEW IN ORCHARD OF THE STRATHMORE ORCHARD COMPANY, NEAR MOUNT JACKSON, VA. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2.—VIEW IN THE E. H. HOUSE ORCHARD, NEAR SAUGATUCK, MICH. (ORIGINAL.) we ‘i a ONE-8PRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 135 The demonstration plat CXIII) received in all three treatments of a combined Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead spray... Plat XV (one-spray method) received only one arsenate of lead treatment just after the falling of the petals, but two additional applications of Bordeaux mixture were given to protect the fruit and foliage from fungous diseases. Plat XVII was left unsprayed throughout. The Ben Davis variety of apple was used entirely in the experiments. s s s ¢ é 2 é z Zz 4 V/s ~ 4G BLEW RR RRR hr ooo ow AHHH HH AH South S 4APERIAL YNHHHOHORRRAR RRR ARH GY HON HOR RR RAKRR “E S s & HHH HGS HOD HHH SHIH OH DH OHH 44H QOH SOO HAARAARARARAKA HHO YHHARRARARA SN PAH HY HH WA SSORARAARKRRR ARO 6H HO HUHIBID 9 HHH HOHIS KH EHD HH WHY HI1OH OHH Y]IHHN HGH SHH HHO HODNH YH4%H G od YORH HH HA HHIO OH HHH WHHIKS KS XQ OH OG HHL YHA RRR RRS Fic. 36.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va. ‘Trees marked S sprayed by the owner; trees marked Z used for experiments with lime-sulphur wash. Circles indicate count trees, the numbers agreeing with those in the tables. THE CODLING MOTH. The results of the respective treatments in the control of - codling moth are shown in Table XV. TaBLe XV.—Number of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Total Total Condition of fruit. tees ie aaee Tree | Tree ane Tee ary for per cent 7 2 5 5 * | plats sound WiGTmty a sa5 ne vinicn a dodwenicere ee 200 | 136) 155 83) ee AS) 1) 16851) TDG)» W50 py tesa eee: - SOU Ee eeteeee ene nance cemes cas 1,666 }1,172 )8,311 | 625 |1,494 |8,618 | 944 |2,278 | 15,108 |.......... PRO bAeeenttne Cain ula ace ae 1,866 |1,308 |3,466 | 708 |1,667 |3,786 |1,063 |2,428 | 16,292 |.......... Percent Sound. 2) ae: saa lke 89.29 |89.61 |95.53 |88.28 |89.69 |95.57 88.81 |93.83 |........ 92.74 PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. WOT Yio ei vae 5 as oan ee ce 250 | 253 86) 186) 250] 219) 122) 257) 1,623 |.......... SOONG eee sere cee cena cies Souk 3,577 |3,404 | 589 | 730 |1,429 |3,261 | 847 |4,042 | 17,879 |.......... Totals Fes cso-ceseel~ see eas 3,827 |3,657 | 675 | 916 |1,679 |3,480 | 969 [4,299 } 19,502 |.......... Percent sound 22-5 ocuseoee salen 93.49 |93.09 |87.26 |79.70 |85.12 |93.71 |87.41 |94.03 |........ 91.68 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. WON Y sac cmee scree ceeientee eee os 1,913 |1,425 | 865 | 983 538 1,792 |2,027 |1,247 | 11,790 |.......... Sound ReSabeLmeecenaor ss5coe kere (2,013 |1,684 | 965.) 524 |1,651 |2,361 |3,094 |1,548 | 13,840 |.......... Dotalesoseccs eden sacs paca. 3,926 |3,109 {1,830 |1,507 [3,189 /4,153 |5,121 |2,795 | 25,630 |.......... Per cent Soundss5. 8 fos aaa 51.28 [54.17 [52.19 |384.78 [51.78 |56.86 [60.42 |55.42 |........ 54.00 30490°—Bull. 80—12 136 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, The influence of the treatments on the places of entrance of fruit by the larve of the first and second broods combined for the respective plats is shown in Table XVI. TaBLe XVI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larvee of fruit for each tree, first Percent- and second broods combined. ages of Total | larve | Total Place of entrance. for | entering | por of plats. | at calyx, I Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree side, and | *2°V®- it 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. te 8. stem. First and second broods: DOLL 2 iercro 2 siareyereiorsts 200} 136] 155 83 | 173] 168} 119] 150] 1,184 100. 00 1,184 SCOR RE HS SOB AIALAE 13 2 6 16 25 19 18 17 1 tel lscisesocic NIGUS? Segegdeesaoec ore 190 | 193 74) 143] 173] 183 91| 214] 1,261 CHT See tac Stem 47 28 6 52 17 13 26 16 TS vols | eeeemeee Motal: 52. 9- tsa es 250 | 253 86} 186) 250} 219} 122 | 257) 1,623 100. 00 1,623 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. Cglyacteeee erence os 1,466 {1,063 | 699 | 762 |1,232 |1,377 |1,584 | 969} 9,152 UY pepeesae Sidon acts ste ances 332 | 265] 119] 141] 203] 295| 353] 209} 1,917 LG 526) Seem c SUG Sone Soa sobadode 115 97 47 80} 103] 120 90 69 721 Ould | seer aera PRO tals foe nates iofoto te 1,913 {1,425 | 865 | 983 (1,538 /|1,792 |2,027 1,247 | 11,790 100.00 | 11,790 For more ready comparison of the efficiency of the treatments, Table XVII is given, from which it will be seen that the demonstra- tion and the one-spray treatments were about equally effective in protecting the calyx and that neither was satisfactory in controlling worms entering the side. The difference in total efficiency between the demonstration and the one-spray plats is quite small, namely, 1.06 per cent in favor of the former. The unsprayed trees show 46 per cent of wormy fruit, so there is a total saving of 38.44 per cent of the crop by the demonstration treatment and 37.68 per cent by the one-spray. Taste XVII.—E ficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total number | Total Plat No. Gupte PRIDE Oo on eee number Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. | apples. of apples. PCs Pacts Pct PeeiChe Relies (demonstration) sses-sceseeeeecs eee 0.99 5.61 0.66 7.26 1,184 16, 292 KV... (OHe- Spray ieee. Sad Le ~15 6.46 1.11 8.32 1,623 19, 502 SSVEL, (nsprayed) sone eee ee ee eee 35. 71 7.48 2.81 46.00 11,790 25,630 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 137 THE PLUM CUROULIO. The plum curculio proved to be unusually destructive in the Strathmore orchard, which had not been plowed for at least two years and had grown up in grass and sod. The results of the respec- tive treatments in the control of this insect are shown in Table XVIII, and as will be noted the percentage of fruit free from curculio injury is in all cases comparatively low. Nevertheless the one-spray treat- ment shows a gain of 17.08 per cent of fruit free from injury over the demonstration treatment, and a gain of 30.67 per cent of fruit free from injury over the unsprayed trees. The location of the trees in the respective plats does not indicate a more favorable place as regards liability to curculio injury for the one-spray block and the notably higher benefit of the single treatment in the control of the curculio on this plat is not understood. TaBLeE XVIII.—IJnjury oe the vem curculio for entire season, Plats XIII, X V, and Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Total Total er cent for Tuit free Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Plat- from ils 25 oe 4. 5. 6. Us 8. injury. INOS DUNC HUTES eee sea ceaett e 2,961 |2,391 |3,067 | 932 |3,013 |4,040 /1,486 |2,869 | 20,759 |.......... Nosinistpunctureds self 2s. foros. 1,367 "755 1,631 441 |1,257 |2,197 | 612 |1,382 hi dal SSSIee 6 INoasotndiriibe sos. ose eee: 499 | 553 |1,8385 | 267] 410 1,589 | 451 |1,047] 6,651 |.......... IM Qs finn eee pie eet ae erefeiolin ara 1,866 |1,308 |3,466 | 708 |1,667 |3,786 |1,063 |2,429 | 16,293 |.......... Le en 40. 82 Per cent free from injury.......... 26.79 |42.27 \52.94 133.71 |24.58 |41.97 |42. 42 43.10 PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. INO. PUNELUTCS 22. = o)2e acess =n0 2) 2,782 |1,800 | 633 1,032 |1,449 |2,159 | 987 13,153 No.fruit.piunetured)........ 2.00 1,507 1,788 | 303 | 494] 754 |1,212 | 447 /1,735 INO. sounatiruitsscc: con oe soe oreo 2; 320 |1,869 | 372 | 495 | 925 |2,268 | 522 |2,564 ‘ INO Sn er oe ey etaga ord wis once as 3,827 |3,657 | 675 | 989 1,679 |3,480 | 969 |4,299 | 19,575 |.......... Per cent free from injury.......... 60.62 |51.10 |55.11 (50.15 [55.09 (65.17 \03. 86 |59.64 |........ 7.90 | PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. INONPUNCHITES: «6b ncncisceiaccrecies 7,336 |4,497 |2,212 |2,888 |5,030 |6,122 |8,779 |4,904 | 41,768 |.......... Nosiruit punctured. .2-2:.5.2..... 3,186 |2,226 |1,079 |1,226 |2,399 |2,823 |3,611 |2,107 | 18,657 |.......... NOL SOUNG frites sere oles cee ncoek 740 | 883 | ’761 | 282 | '790 1,330 |1,510 | 688 Gy 982) ea. INO See aye eae ORE emmeE < 3,926 |3,109 |1,840 1,508 |3,189 |4,153 |5,121 |2,795 | 25,641 |........-. Per cent free from injury.......... 18.84 |28.40 |41.35 |18.61 |24.77 [32.04 [29.46 |24.61 |........ 27.23 EXPERIMENTS IN MICHIGAN. The experiments in Michigan were carried out in the vicinity of Saugatuck, in the orchard of Mr. E. H. House. The location of the plats in the orchard and of the count trees in the respective plats is shown in figure 37. The size of the trees is illustrated in Plate XI, figure 2. This orchard included trees of the Wagener, Ben Davis, and Baldwin varieties, and an equal number of trees of each variety was used for counts in the respective plats. As in the work else- where, all drop-fruit during the season, as well as that from the trees 138 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. at picking time, was taken into account and classified as to injury or otherwise. Also the work of the two broods of the codling moth was carefully separated by removing from the trees at the period of maximum maturation of the first-brood larvee all fruit injured by the first brood, thus eliminating entirely from later counts first-brood work. The infested apples, however, were placed on the ground under the respective trees, so that development of second-brood larve would be in no wise interfered with. DO BiDBVONO ww DIDO DID WWW Bo OV we wwwwwwwwGQs)o ov vd wwwwOO@Ow wBoo@o wwwwwwwwww ooo o® ww ww w wQD@ o@ o ov v wwo @o@@®.10000 WW woBoo00e@o vo W w @O@D WD OO OD DYO DD DB hities GaSe Coe ee GD ww o00@8o0o www WDD. oO W WWW*ODB W W O PLAT IL. (OWE SPRAY) D oD ra) D PLAT AT. (COEMONSTRATION) PLAT TI. (CHECK) Fia. 37.—Diagram illustrating arrangement of plats and position of trees in the E. H. House orchard, near Saugatuck, Mich.: D, Ben Davis; B, Baldwin; W, Wagener. Count trees are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with those in the tables. The treatments given and dates of application are indicated in Table XIX. TaBLE XIX.—Dates of applications for the codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. Plat T. Date of application. (Unsprayed.) Plat II. (Demonstration.) | Plat III. (One-spray method.) First application (before | Unsprayed....| Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Drenched. Bordeaux nozzles. blossoms opened), zles. Mist spray. Bordeaux Coarse spray. Bordeaux mix- May 20-21. mixture (4~-4-50). ture (4-4-50). Second application, |..... do.........| Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Drenched. Bordeaux nozzles. June 3-9, after falling zles. Mistspray. Arsenate Coarse spray. Arsenate of of petals. of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gal- jead, 1 pound to 50 gallons lons Bordeaux mixture water. Pressure, 175 to 200 (4-4-50). Pressure, 125 pounds. pounds. Third application, June |..... 0 Co pies ey S| Me a (oY oR APE Ws STA oe Ae SAE tes ot Bordeaux. mixture only (4-4— 21-22. 50). June 10-11 and again June 21-22. Fourth application, |..... GO sese need |eriees GOs ee eh aie Baan « scenes Bordeaux mixture only (4-4- August 7-9. 50). 139 Plat I was left unsprayed for purposes of comparison. Plat II (demonstration block) received four applications in all, the first before blooming but after cluster buds had opened, to protect the fruit from apple scab, which during some seasons in the lake region is very troublesome. Plat III (one-spray block) received the first scab treat- ment of Bordeaux mixture only and an additional treatment with arsenate of lead only at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons water imme- diately after the falling of the petals. This treatment was immediately followed by an application of Bordeaux mixture to prevent scab infection, as it was considered unsafe to apply the fungicide so excessively as the one-spray method required in the use of the arsen- ical. Plat III received two subsequent applications of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule of applications, to further insure freedom from apple scab. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. THE CODLING MOTH. The percentages of wormy and sound fruit for the respective plats for the season are shown in Table XX, and the numbers of trees in the table agree with those in the diagram of the orchard (fig. 37). TaBLE XX.—Sound and wormy fruit from unsprayed, demonstration, and one-spray plats. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. Condition of fruit. PERSO E SCO PLEO Th MErOR TRA | ErePL a yee AVVORITY Sac cite ae See. Mees Bee ee PEF 663 752 605 166 946 1, 207 416 SLT) Ghee rae Sree chee ees aw ee ee 3, 996 5,033 2,947 1, 340 1,805 2,676 2,213 A) #21 Sf a NS Oe tne eee ee 4,659 | 5,785 | 3,552 7,006 |o 22750 3,883 2,629 IPEMCent SOUNGEe saat tee ete Jae eae 85.76 | 87.00] 82.96 | 8897] 65.61 | 68.91 84. 17 Total | Total sis - Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. for |percent 16. 20. 21. 26. 33. plat. | sound. Aaya (oe ee Se Ge ADE hae ee ae ee 889 651 404 1,041 669)! (85409) ls eae: BS OUITT ete eee e cent aimee wrcrAeje cic asthe ene 1,926 | 2,632 1276) | 2) 321 TV, 301 || 295466) ko 2 cece PROUS Seta te i RGN a als eae 2 2,815 3, 283 1,680 3, 362 1I5( (AU BY Gy een eaos PER COMLISOMUG Mars = ae ckeee ban bons eelous aetete 68.14 | 80.17 75.95 | 69.03 WC tel eee 79 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. wee ‘ Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. 101. | 102. | 105. | 106. | los. | 115. | 117. IWODMIY Gis Sauls eetinn saemaaa caso avalienicaeees le 120 122 48 75 96 72 15 iste) ob a Ua [E Sema einer ie ce fetter, wri, Wiener one oe Pe di Mii ate erage 1,505 1,643 Pala?) 1,775 5,623 3,950 5,781 Ta talit 8 kes eee mpewa hisses ajtcinmeneisicde 1,625 1,765 | 2,160 1,850 | 5,719 | 4,022 5,796 PEK CON b SOUNGs occa ence Cancers emecocaceens 92.61 | 93.08 | 97.77 95, 94 98.32 | 98.20 99. 74 140 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XX.—Sound and wormy fruit from unsprayed, demonstration, and one-spray plats. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLATE II. DEMONSTRATION—Continued. Total | Total Condition of fruit. Tie ie ced eee ee for |per cent " 4 7 3 e plat. | sound. WOT Ys asia Scere he eats Sewn eed 25 91 13 245 OOR 2 Aas BOUNGoasc were coco ee eee emer 5,188 | 4,336 | 4,285 | 3,978] 1,644 | 41,820 |........ YOY Pg da Rl as Sh a Nala A 5,213 | 4,427 | 4,298 | 4,223 D200 Waa vOlen| nose ee Pericent|sound= Shes a4 jasek eben eee eee ee 99.52 | 97.94] 99.69 | 94.19] 95.58 ]........ 97. 66 PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. pa F Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. 224, | 225, | 232. | 236. | 237.°| 238. | 239, VOM YG: Vets Ce Le Loni a auth Co 2A omeak a 500 103 396 343 118 62 SOuUNd eee A osc ons nic cenenis cuseames eee eeeene 3,113 | 4,602} 3,061] 2,753 | 2,779] 3,510 3, 062 Motels 8,441 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. Number of larve for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. Tree Tree Tree | Tree | Tree Tree | Tree Tree 101. 102. 105. 106. 108. 115. 117. 118. First brood: CRINE¢ oshictesedteoos douunomenelcaa|Ponscicad peosoone UG eee ess 5 10 2 2 [S110 (Si, SSE Rael nA eae a Rape pecan 9 12 14 12 8 5 5 4 Bier ey Se SL ee Bs ae i Rea eeal Beeeta 1 ares erat aac see Mo taloees weitere crus 'a tees 9 13 15 12 14 15 7 6 Second brood: CHW Ste oo naabebes eosesncecccon shal bosbedcu) prbosese|jeosedend pacetacs Deeuee sealeiesses 1 Sidowe reese twee cee chee eratecs 146 155 41 81 95 73 8 19 Stericsy sabe e Se eee el Ae ta PS ye a cele ee ene [ade ce Mele MERA RRR a en etelasie cis Totalesecet cee Voce se er aeelaoes cic 146 155 41 81 97 73 8 20 Number of larve for each tree. Total larve JES Brood and place of entrance. Total of iaeves a first a Tree Tree Tree Tree fo 2B entering. ae ae 137.741 + ga)? 1357. 1° Aa6t on PES plat First brood: Pil yexeeen ees Sats a/c Soe beyete wists 8 1 | Baaaees 2 31 pi i eee ee ee Riders steer eee ea ee 7 1 27 11 115 Tua (ea eee STE e Bete AOC n AR ee OEIC RHE Bhd ateeres| Gecmo tba BEBE crC) Geecerrte 2 aD |e ace.c eae TOTAL SS estos aa sees B cioic ate sets 15 2 27 13 NASI cece oece |-----+-22222 Second brood: a OE Eos lobo sobs sshcosseccosets i nee 1 BAVA We BESS kB. Sides hie Se yoo eee 95 11 320 93 i137 (Se ae ee Staemsse tea AR PRLS 1 he Ra Teele TOTO “ROIS he. 5. EUS 142 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvex for each tree of each plat. Sauga- tuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. Number of larvee for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 224. 225. 232. 236. 237. 238. 239. 244, First brood: Eb. ec aare eaie URE S r a a Ee 5 ot Paneer 7 |S ea 2 1 3 1 Ko Ve NESE NAR Nr epee, a ae 86 6 15 24 “i 5 2 31 Stem oot seen cs cue ee 2 1) eas TB rac ieselakell A hetero | Total cock c kaa Jee kee 93 10 15 27 i 7 3 34 Second brood: Gilyp eoSbantobadgosseeccopeaacuack 1 6 1 1 SIGG seca eon cee em ere biee 356 141 416 370 161 43 75 492 Stems cscs ese a meeac cancel: |W ibo Oh ash Sobol. seer eey sb eA Sees eee costes fecremesrer 4 Wo} 2) ee ee eee sh etree = 369 142 422 378 162 44 76 498 Number of larve for each tree. Per. | Total SS IE EE larye ot Brood and place of entrance. Total [of larve si ree s|) cere) s/s oreo | orepialieybree nae enter- an d 245. 246. 249, 252. 266. plat ing. | broods. First brood: Calyee cad asecs suces see cases ase 1 Wl cemesccleseesasc 20 (EC3:i) Seseesas ‘S} (0 Cys SRI POR TG orale Me ree eee rs 40 13 6 1 9 245 O0F ATG ae eee Syicre a): es ie a eae Cae mere ieee see P| ES eS eer uel ast een 6 2521 yeh RO taleeme sere terctom alse miccemcse 42 16 7 1 9 QTL os aseeisis eee Second brood: A Kierra en erste Mel afaterafeteterskctsll| UMMM | ier Sia/aiate Blisters was SOIR eee, Side eee oe eoe Wane n i seb en ia 297 176 67 52 131 PIN be IGGRY Mom aeicici 6 SUSIE Re eee Res i eel atncyore c 1 7 eee eta crcot- UST) Veeereeeat NOt e eee eee tee Ne a SIN Sor 319 180 (i 52 DY a ee Al eat 3,118 A study of the percentages of larve of the respective broods enter- ing the calyx, side, and stem ends of the fruit for each plat, as shown in Table XXI, presents some points of interest. On all plats a greater percentage of larve of the first brood entered at the calyx than was true of larve of the second brood. Thus, on the un- sprayed plat (I), 85.20 per cent of the first-brood larve entered at calyx as against 50.45 per cent of second-brood larve. On Plat I (demonstration) 20.95 per cent of first-brood larve entered at calyx end as compared with 0.52 per cent of second-brood larve, while on Plat III (one spray) 7.38 per cent of first-brood larvee entered at calyx and 1.30 per cent of second-brood larve entered at this place. Attention should also be called to the ratio of increase of larve between the first and second broods. On Plat I (unsprayed) for every larva of the first brood there were 1.82 second-brood larve, whereas on Plat II (demonstration) and Plat III (one spray) for each larva of the first brood there were 7.7 and 10.5, respectively, of the second brood. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 143 Similar comparison may also be made from the data from Arkansas. Thus, on the unsprayed plat (V) for each first-brood larva there were 4.8 second-brood larve. On Plat III (one spray) for each larva of the first brood there were 105.6 larvee of the second brood. Plat I (one-spray method) shows for each first-brood larva 121.5 second- brood larve. To show the comparative efficiency of the demonstation and one- spray treatments in preventing infestation at calyx, side, and stem, Table XXII is presented. TaBLE XXII.—E ficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentage of wormy apples. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples.a Total number | _ Total Plat No. of wormy| 2umber : 1 Y) of apples. Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. | apples. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. VeiWnsprayedt ae tessa oes eee scenes 13.98 7. 67 0. 62 22. 20 8, 409 37,875 ii Demonstratione es. 2.0 sas-s ease d= 25 -09 2.92 .O1 PHBE 99 42,818 TT Ones praiyy-2 san. eee obeacel se see 13 7.05 09 6.36 2,738 42, 867 a Each entrance was counted in determining the percentages for calyx, side, and stem, so that the sum of these percentages exceeds the total percentage of wormy fruit. It is here seen that the two methods of spraying were about equally effective in preventing entrance at the calyx, and that the one-spray method had practically no effect upon side entrance. The demon- stration treatment saved a total of 4.03 per cent of the crop more than the one-spray, practically all of this saving being due to the pre- vention of side entrance. But, as in all the other experiments, the demonstration treatment failed to reduce side entrance to anything like the same degree that calyx entrance was prevented. THE PLUM CURCULIO. The effects of the applications of sprays on the plum curculio in the E. H. House orchard are shown in Table XXIII. TaBLE XXIII.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats I, II, and III. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 1 3. 4. Me 9. 10. IBF ING DUNCTITES os mite aa can dnaedaien coseeence 1, 452 _ 422 506 505 1,078 756 141 NOs flit; pUNnCbUEd ..5.ke saat neh ces eee 866 214 220 241 480 372 56 NO. SOUTMMTIG: bee se nee Be ea eet. --| 38,793 5,571 3,332 1, 265 2,271 3,511 2,573 INO: Prices is paee aniaciniee ta cisitn yee niooacisiskss 4,659 | 5,785 3,552 1,506 2, 751 3,883 2,629 Percent ince POM IMU yore see cll-aie ciel rai 81.41 | 96.30} 93.81 | 83.99 | 82.55 | 90.42 97.87 144 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE XXITT.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats I, II, and IIT. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., | Total per tree in each plat. per cent fruit free Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Total | from 16. 20. 21. 26. 33. |forplat.| injury. INOMpUNetires: fa hck). fee se ee sameiecestenes 1,108 883 530 | 1,265 | 1,197 | 9,843 ].......- INOMIniit punchunediy ee he wee nee ae sete ciel 454 426 329 4627) P4764) setts INOWSOUNGMNUIGS shee are es eemeeeten sees las 2,361 | 2,857 | 1,351 | 2,718} 1,508") 33,21P |- 22-222. INOeMTU LE eee eee cic ciec tears cee eee Siatier See 2,815 | 3,283] 1,680 | 3,362] 1,970 | 37,875 |........ (Percent free from injury... = -cse sige see 83.87 | 86.96 | 80.42] 80.85 | 76.55 |........ 87.42 PLAT Il. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 101. 102. 105. 106. 108. 115. 117. INO; punctures-s.2----5--= 37 32 128 169 12 102 No. fruit punctured 13 15 60 61 5 62 INGsound ingitee.) 2oe eAemteecteeseeereninseets 1,752 | 2,145 | 1,790| 5,658) 4,017 5, 734 IN ORIG eee pees ees 1,765 | 2,160} 1,850| 5,719 | 4,022 5,796 Percentiree trom injury. 2-4. 52> = seece 99.38 | 99.26] 99.31 | 96.76] 98.93] 99.88 98. 93 Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., | otal per tree in each plat. per cent Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree | Total | from 118. 127. 132. 135. 136. |for plat.| injury. No. fruit PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 224, 225. 232. 236. 237. 238. 239. INO DUNCUUTESi acer seeteee ce cece eee Rie eee 1,015 278 108 198 64 67 45 No siTuit punctured)... eee Geld: ease seeeeeeere 374 117 35 85 30 33 19 Nos sound iniits 2 39) sai aeacceee caters 3,239 | 4,588 | 3,422] 3,011 | 2,867 | 3,518 3,105 IN OSHEIE Rye nee eee coe a taaree maces 3,613 | 4,705 | 3,457 | 3,096] 2,897] 3,551 3,124 Percent freeiironrinjury;.-2---5------s eee 89.92 | 97.51} 98.99] 97.25 98.96} 99.07 99. 39 Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., per | Total tree in each plat. per cent fruit free Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree Tree | Total | from 244, | 245. | 246. | 249, 252. 266. |for plat.| injury. IN OM PUNICHUTES eee eee sicaeceicece ce mee 228 255 238 194 42 143 Panay OTOU eats scree ING MITUitPUMChUTeG Ss. eee Ca ncclecs vemos 65 102 91 43 20 AD WW TODA Ree. NoMSounainiany a) 224 eee ee a ee 4,494 | 4,239 | 2,817 | 3,400 | 1,118} 1,995 | 41,813 }........ ING Sti ees Ri SUN I ea 4,559 | 4,341 | 2,908 | 3,443 1,138) 2035 | 425867 22. - Per cent free from injury..........-...-.- 98.57 | 97.65 | 96.87 | 98.75 | 98.24] 98.03 |......-- 97.54 nT ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 145 The plum curculio, it will also be noted, was not especially destruc- tive at Saugatuck, Mich., during the season of 1909, the unsprayed trees showing 87.42 per cent of fruit free from injury. Nevertheless the demonstration and one-spray plats show a fair benefit, but the difference in the amount of fruit free from injury between these two plats, namely, 1.23 per cent, is not important. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF RESULTS. For the purpose of more ready comparison, the percentages of fruit free from codling-moth and plum-curculio injury on the one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats, from the several localities, are tabulated in Table XXIV. The average percentage of fruit free from these insects for the four orchards gives for the one-spray method 91.46 per cent as against 96.57 per cent for the demonstration treat- ment, a gain in favor of the latter of 5.11 percent. Comparing the final average of percentage of fruit free from the plum curculio, there is seen to be a gain in favor of the demonstration treatment of 6.27 per cent. TaBLeE XXIV.—Percentages of fruit free from injury by the codling moth and plum cur- culio on one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats in Arkansas, Virginia, and Michigan, in 1909. Codling moth. Plum curculio. Locality. One Demon- Un- One Demon- Un- spray. | stration. | sprayed.| spray. | stration. | sprayed. Siloam Springs) Arke soo ec ani ices tes eice's 92.76 98. 12 66. 74 86. 34 82. 88 8.85 Crozey Ware te A. Pees ssh: ... geese 84. 07 94.13 53. 02 73.93 86. 89 54. 02 Mounipgackson, Waec/c-2< s535sec- se Semes 91. 68 92.74 54. 00 57. 90 40. 82 27. 23 Saubanicke Michee tse 5. 5. Seas dee ee 93. 61 97. 66 77.79 97. 54 98.77 87. 42 Average of four localities............ 91. 46 96. 57 65. 14 77.10 83. 37 49.17 Table X XV presents in comparison the effect of treatments for the four orchards in reducing the number of wormy apples. The table shows, besides the total efficiency, the protection afforded to each of the different parts of the apple. From the averages of the four localities it will be seen that approximately two-thirds of the total larve on the unsprayed plat entered through the calyx, while on the sprayed plats over three-fourths of the worms entered the fruit by way of the side. This shows the very much greater efficiency of the poison in the calyx than of that on the side of the fruit and emphasizes the twofold advantage of a thorough poisoning of the calyx, as there it is that the spray gives the greatest protection against the greatest number of larve. A comparison of the effects of the one-spray and demonstration treatments on the percentage of apples wormy at the calyx shows about an equal degree of pro- tection by the two methods, the average for the demonstration treatment being slightly the better. As to side entrance, the one- spray gave little improvement over the unsprayed condition, while the demonstration showed a considerable reduction. Both methods were effective in reducing entrance at the stem end, the demonstra- tion somewhat the more so. 146 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXV.—E ficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments, as shown by the percentages of wormy apples, Arkansas, Virginia, and Michigan, 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. Locality. 8 8 8 § : 3 3 : 3 cs : 3 od ‘g = ue} Bl) Be lucdBee ly Bush spooks elise eplloess jane lite ke I] iI i] me an SV le = ins Dain fd =e =f Wf Ws =" Mee =P) Past r= fu = I i g emt Ne g ih ie 3 Cuisleick g a b q a b § D od g 2 d § a q o =| q o t=| qd o q q o a o) A =) ° A P o) A Pp o) a) Pp P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct. |P.ct. |P.ct. |P.ct. | P.ct.| P.ct. Siloam Springs, Ark....... 1.18 | 1.03 |26.85 | 5.54 | 0.79 | 5.36 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 1.46 | 7.24 | 1.88 | 33.26 Crozet: Viae. ose ees -73 .45 |23.67 |14.28 | 5.02 |17. 82 92 -40 | 5.49 {15.93 | 5.87 | 46.98 Mount Jackson, Va......-.. a5 .99 135.71 | 6.46 | 5.61 | 7.48 | 1.11 .66 | 2.81 | 8.32 | 7.26 | 46.00 Saugatuck, Mich.a......... aS -09 13.98 | 7.05 | 2.92 | 7.67 . 09 -O1 .62 | 6.36 | 2.33 | 22.20 AVOTEPC® care cies hos ace . 68 . 57 (23.85 | 7.64 | 2.87 | 8.92 59 18 | 2.21 | 8.55 | 3.42 | 34.86 a The figures under calyx, side, and stem for Saugatuck are based on the number of entrance holes in- stead of the number of apples entered. CONCLUSIONS. From the data presented, covering one season’s work in three States, it appears that very satisfactory results may be obtained by the one-spray method, in so far as the control of the codling moth and plum curculio is concerned, although further experimentation will be necessary before final conclusions can be reached. Sight must not be lost, however; of the fact of the necessity, under eastern condi- tions, of making applications of Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide for the control of fungous diseases; so that in effect the one-spray method under present practices can not be recommended to orchard- ists in regions where fungous troubles, such as apple scab, apple fruit blotch, bitter rot,. and leaf-spot affections require treatment. The results, however, show the great importance of very thorough spraying to fill the calyx cups with poison. The efficiency of the spray at this point is much greater than at any other part of the apple. This, taken in connection with the fact that the majority of the larvee seek the calyx as a point of entrance, makes the filling of the calyx of prime importance. Although the importance of accomplishing this has long been recognized by entomologists and fruit growers, it would appear that this work has not been done with sufficient thoroughness in the past, and eastern apple growers could certainly with great profit give more attention to thorough- ness in the first spraying for the codling moth, immediately after the falling of the petals. The russeting of the fruit following such drenching applications of Bordeaux mixture, in which the arsenical has been generally applied, may doubtless be avoided by the substitution as a fungicide of dilute or self-boiled lime-sulphur wash, as shown to be feasible by Mr. W. M. Scott, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. U.S. D.A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part VIII. D. F. I. 1., November 28, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. By P. R. Jonzs, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. Attention appears to have been first called in California to the brown apricot scale by Mr. Alex. Craw? in 1891, at which time the insect was described by him under the name Lecaniwm armeniacum. The investigations of Mr. J. G. Sanders? while an agent of this Bureau, however, have unmistakably shown that the brown apricot scale of California is identical with Lecanium cornt Bouché, known in Europe since 1844, which Mr. Sanders has appropriately named “‘the Kuropean fruit Lecanium.” The European pear scale (Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) was first recorded as occurring in the United States by Prof. J. H. Com- stock* in 1883, from Sacramento, Cal., under the preoccupied name Diaspis ostrexformis. Since their introduction these two scale pests have been the subject of considerable attention on account of their injuries, and at the present time in the Santa Clara Valley are by far the most important scale insects with which orchardists have to contend. The European fruit Lecanium is now especially abundant and the copious honeydew excreted by the scales upon the leaves and fruit, with the accompanying sooty fungus, leaves the fruit in an unsightly condition for market. In connection with other work in the deciduous fruit insect inves- tigations of the Bureau of Entomology, carried on at the laboratory at San Jose, Cal., experiments have been made to determine an effective treatment for both of these insects, with the results recorded in the following pages. The work during 1908 was carried out by Messrs. Dudley Moulton and Chas. T. Paine. a Rept. Cal. State Bd. Hort., p. 12, 1891. b Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 2, p. 443, 1909. ¢2d Rept. Ent. Dept..Cornell Univ., p. 94, 1883. 147 148 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM. (Lecanium corni Bouché.) APPEARANCE OF THE INSECT. The insect heretofore generally known as the brown apricot scale belongs to the subfamily of scale insects, the Lecaniine, being naked but with hardened derm, and differs from the San Jose scale and European pear scale in that the horny covering of the full grown scale is a part of the body of the insect, while in the case of the other species mentioned the body is protected by a waxy covering made up from secretions and the molted skins of the larve. The adult female of the European fruit Lecanium is about one- eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch long, three-thirty-seconds to one-eighth of an inch wide, and about one-eighth of an inch high, yellowish in color, marked with black. The older scales are shiny, oval, convex, and often covered with a mealy pruinose deposit (see Pl. XT, figs). PLAN OF WORK AND METHOD OF ASCERTAINING RESULTS. In the winter of 1909 an infested orchard near San Jose, Cal., was selected and divided into 9 different plats of 14 trees each. Eight plats were used for trying out various sprays, and the ninth plat was left unsprayed for a check. It was planned to examine a number of twigs at intervals of two days, two weeks, five weeks, three months, and ten months from date of spraying for proportion of live and dead scales; also, to take into account the action of the different washes on the trees and to examine the fruit as to freedom from the sooty fungus. The effect of the sprays upon the growth of lichens on the trunk and limbs was also to be noted. Such a number of examinations was considered necessary as some of the sprays were immediate in their action while others acted over a longer period. APPLICATION OF SPRAYS. All of the plats were treated February 18 with the sprays indi- cated below, using a single bent-disk nozzle (with one-eighth inch-hole in disk) on each rod, the pressure being maintained at about 200 pounds by means of a gasoline-power outfit. At this pressure the lichens were thoroughly soaked. From 4 to 5 gallons of liquid were used per tree and the work was very thoroughly done. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, 6 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was made after the formula given in Bulletin 80, Part IV, Bureau of Entomology. A concentrated emulsion was made by dissolving 30 pounds of fish- Bul. 80, Part VIII, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XII. Fic. 1.—THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (LECANIUM CORNI BOUCHE) ON PECAN. (ORIGINAL.) FiG. 2.—THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE (EPIDIASPIS PYRICOLA DEL GUER.) ON PEAR. (ORIGINAL. ) iow f oe EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 149 oil soap in 12 gallons of hot water and pouring the mixture into the spray tank with 20 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baumé). The mixture was then thoroughly agitated and run through the nozzles into a barrel at about 150 to 180 pounds pressure, giving a thick, creamy emulsion of about 55 per cent strength of oil. A powerful agitation, such as obtained by driving the liquid through nozzles or the relief valve at a high pressure, seems to be the most important factor in obtaining a stable emulsion. The formula used for the stock emulsion was: PRO Weel: tates sek ete Hate roche hi Sh Aad IS leeds ol etal nn gallons.. 12 DE PSL TSO IS Graal le pT I A ee eg Fa SC pounds.. 30 Pistibate Cin 2c. MeMUMIO cca e scot e Sle aacee cas wana gallons.. 20 The fish-oil soap was made as follows: eae te tet ta sth ae ater) eile toai Citi, Sp fai =) aia) j~' wi tieyalmvolere peauaie't fy gallons.. 6 Se eta At acta asad il li ictal lms Syn ne, haynes malign lhc apa, pd pounds.. 2 LBL, GULLS a 5 ARS 5 eek A RES PES IEE Re Pan are eee dele arate as gallons.. 14 The soap ingredients were boiled for about two hours and gave about 40 pounds of soap. The 6 per cent distillate emulsion was made by taking about 54 gallons of the concentrated emulsion and 44} gallons of water. One pound of caustic soda was used to soften the water. Plat 2, 5 per cent distillate-oil emulsion and caustic soda.—This was prepared by using 44 gallons of the concentrated or stock emulsion, 5 pounds of caustic soda, and 454 gallons of water to make 50 gallons of spray. Plat 3,6 per cent distillate-oil mechanical emulsion.—Made by using 3 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baumé), 1 pound of caustic soda, and 47 gallons of water to make 50 gallons of the liquid. This was agitated violently for about five minutes before being applied. Plat 4, caustic soda.—Six pounds of caustic soda were used to 50 gallons of water. Plat 5, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—The formula used for this emulsion was— CENSORS einem ee ee Mars aM ech itts a etn ates pounds 5 LST ies Roa Pol, SOO aN aes a Rd ll a do 1 ETN (CHIE BE a UR ed ea anaes lO ee gallons 6 eaten meee eee erie ee Pier ied ces Faia MR) olan Sle doe 2t 29/45 This formula makes 50 gallons of liquid. The soap was dissolved in about 10 gallons of hot water; the soap water was then poured into the tank and the rest of the 43 gallons added; then the 1 pound of lye was added and the crude oil poured in slowly while the mixture was being agitated. More water should never be added after the oil has been poured in. The crude oil used was pure ‘‘Coalinga special”’ crude petroleum 16° to 22° Baumé, with an asphalt base. 150 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Plat 6, resin-soda wash.—The following formula was used: L541 Ryd SS Ae a fer eit ie ered Aaga uP pounds.. 10 CHNAbIC SOGA. a. bool eb te se ieee. aioe ieee oan ee G6, unre iS OTL oooh oak ac aia 3 6 oo te opel ora Se Seger Ni accta am le ege) Halas tena ta Sree dos...) Te Ti eg a an Pa Sgt ot Ue Cd LP gallons.. 50 The resin was broken into small lumps and together with the caustic soda placed in a kettle with 10 gallons of water. The mixture was then boiled for about half an hour, and while boiling 14 pounds of fish oil were added; it was then poured into the tank and diluted with sufficient water to make 50 gallons of the wash. Plat 7, commercial lime-sulphur solution (1-8).—Six and one-fourth gallons of the concentrated lime-sulphur solution and 433 gallons of water were used to make 50 gallons of spray. Plat 8, borax.—Ten pounds of borax were used in 50 gallons of water. Plat 9.—¥or purposes of comparison this plat was left unsprayed. The respective treatments and results of same are shown in the following table: TABLE I.—Results of spraying for the European fruit Lecanium, San Jose, Cal., 1909. : 3 First examina- | Second examina- 3 > | tion, Feb. 22, 1909.| tion, Mar. 6, 1909. & | é Plat i Bl sce dh hc clh el eS eal ee n S| 2 CAV Te |f G8 SAL Treatment. B — esis © of Ss c 2% = re Ae | eer) i eel ach || APS © 9g [/oa/ug7% | oa | os | 4 2 | 28 | .2o | so |S ao | 90 g | )g8/5°|82/58/8°| 23 A Any | a) Os Kani a ial Distilate-oiliemulsion= a. se). ereceeae cei Feb. 18 14} 305] 304 99 | 926] 896 96 2 | Distillate-oil emulsion and caustic soda...|...do.... 14} 428] 426 99 | 647 | 640 97 3 | Distillate-oil emulsion, mechanical mix- EUIBS HN, AES es MASE SRS RS hs do 14] 467 | 465 99 | 216] 118 54 4) |LCaustie soda) 2s ees - Sse teceecme cee ease do 14} 100 98 98 | 194] 179 92 5 €rude-ollemulsion® )sseceeeenne sense cee do 14 90 90} 100] 122 78 64 Gul PeReSin nwaShione thee Un seen Saeed ane Ae do 14| 180; 180); 100 30 21 70 7 | Commercial lime-sulphur wash No. 1..... do 14} 400] 400] 100} 252 17 7 8 GTA CRUE RE Aa tee Ih eee sere eae do 14] 200] 200] 100 64 28 44 Out Cheeks 45 Aaa yes Se ESS SE SE ER do 14] 325 14 4] 739 71 9 Third examina- tion, Mar. 26, 1909. Plat @ , & ‘ ._| Fourth examinaton, Fifth examination, No Treatment. S213 | of July 1, 1909. Dee. 13, 1909. '. n u wlio | as £8) 33 | es [as] oS oO Si = cas 5 oO aU A Z wv 1 | Distillate-oil emulsion. ......- 290 | 290) 100 | Scales all dead; lichens | Scales all dead; lichens dead. dead. 2 | Distillate-oil emulsion and | 234] 234] 100 |..... Colo lae Cee te eee ee Do. caustic soda. 3 | Distillate-oil emulsion, me- | 219] 219] 100 ]..... doe te eels Do. chanical mixture. Anii@anshicysodat Sen thei wok 65 61 co) i ee 3 (6 (oye oh mes es ee ee rer Do. 5 | Crude-oil emulsion.........-- 94 94)\eat OO ese GOs Eee series Do. Guiesiniewasine cri We cu ks oe 65 54 83 | A few live scales... .... Do. 7 | Commercial lime-sulphur | 248 44 15} A number of live} A number of live wash No. 1. scales; lichens dead. scales; lichens dead. (3) | JE CHER gadiseidnbrciidle Asda 107 31 20) Went On erste eacin eae Do. ‘ 3h | Py GY oe) Sat Riiare ee Rau ee epee ey 142 24 17 | Scales nearly all alive; | Scales nearly all alive; lichens flourishing. lichens flourishing. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 151 RESULTS. It will be seen from Table I that nearly all of the washes showed lower percentages of dead scales at the time of the second examina- tion than at the first, third, fourth, and fifth examinations. The first five washes gave excellent results in the percentage of scales killed, and cleaned the trees from lichens. Lime-sulphur wash and borax gave apparently excellent results upon the first examination, but later examinations proved these washes to be of little value, and the trees at the end of the season appeared little better than the unsprayed trees. The fruit (12 tons) from the 8 sprayed blocks was free from the smut fungus, while that from the unsprayed trees was quite black in appearance. Caustic soda, borax, lime-sulphur, and the resin wash were all caustic and immediate in their action on the insects. The distillate sprays were prompt in their action, but not so much so as the former. The crude-petroleum sprays gave more of a smothering effect, and were slower, their action extending over a long period. None of the washes injured the trees seriously, but the caustic soda, resin, lime-sulphur, and borax sprays blackened the buds and hardened the bark to some extent. The distillate and crude-oil sprays did not injure the buds or the bark of the trees in the least, although some of the buds were very far advanced at the time of application. It was noted during the summer that the distillate and crude-oil emulsions seemed to possess fungicidal properties. On sprayed apricots and prunes, the foliage was dark and healthy and of much better color than on the unsprayed blocks. THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. (Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) APPEARANCE OF INSECT AND EXTENT OF INJURY.® The European fruit scale, or, as it is commonly known in California, the Italian pear scale, closely resembles to the naked eye the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.), but can be readily dis- tinguished from this species by the form of the male scale which is a great deal longer and carinated. (See Pl. XII, fig. 2. Furthermore, they can be separated by the manner of working. The European pear scale, in California, so far as the writer has observed, « Comparatively little has been written in an economic way concerning this insect, either in this country or in Europe. The writer has been unable to find an account of its life history; probably because it has never proved so serious as some of the other scales injurious to fruit trees. Attention, however, is called to an article on the synonymy of the species by C. L. Marlatt in Entomological News, November, 1900, p. 590. 30490°—Bull. 80—12 11 152 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. works only under cover of the lichens on the trunk and larger limbs, and apparently does not work on the twigs or younger branches as does the San Jose scale. While the European pear scale is not soserious a pest to fruit trees as is the San Jose scale, nevertheless its manner of working under lichens causes it to be neglected by fruit growers until the trees are badly infested, with consequent loss in vitality. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1908: PLAN OF WORK AND MANNER OF APPLICATION. An orchard badly infested with the European pear scale (see PI. XIII) was selected in February, 1908, and divided into 16 plats of 6 to 16 trees each. It was planned to examine a large number of scales in the laboratory from the treated trees of each plat, and-a like number from the unsprayed, or check, trees, and also to make field examinations as to the effect of the sprays on the scales, on the lichens, and on the trees. The applications of sprays were made February 18, 19, and 20 on plats 1 to 12; and March 3, on plats 13 to 16. A strong hand-pump tank outfit and also a barrel pump were used. No pressure gauge was on the pumps, but pressure was probably not more than 60 to 75 pounds. Vermorel nozzles were used. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, lime-sulphur wash.—This was made after the same formula described for the European fruit Lecanium. Plat 2, commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 1.—The stock solu- tion was used at the rate of 1 part to 9 parts of water. Plat 3, commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 2.—This spray, of different brand, was used at same strength as preceding. Plat 4, commercial 4 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was used as follows: Distillate-oil emulsion). 2.2226 2 ees ee ee eee gallons.. 34 Causticisdda ie M2 27: QoL Eee ee. eee ee ee pound... Water can bad axes dk eu ge cas tase ae eee gallons... 50 Plat 5a, home-made 10 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was made according to the following formula: Boiling waters oS: See a ee Sat ee ee gallons.. 5 Fish-oil soap........- aT. Oe Se RS AS ee ee pounds.. 2 Caustic soda niers ye Eee SRE A cee Ea donates Distillate (28° Bawmlé) srr eo eee ee ee ee eee gallons.. 5 When the water started to boil, the caustic soda was added; then the soap, and finally the oil. The whole mixture was then forced through a pump to emulsify it; it was then poured into the barrel and necessary water (40 gallons) to make 50 gallons of the spray was added. "A1VOS YV4ad NVadOHNA SHI LSNIVOY SLNAWIdAdxX4 NI G3asf GYVHOHO ANNYd AO MAlA (TWNIDINO) Bul. 80, Part VIII, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIII. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 153 A perfect emulsion was not formed, as some of the oil came to the top. Plat 5b, 10 per cent distillate-oil emulsion—This was made as follows: Bolling+witers-eeemerereer eee. aac s-sssA ek ctess stab etka lass gallons... 5 Bish-of soa po cease ate toss Soke Se. pounds.. 14 DMistllater(2REMs aime) eer see ete oe oe Ly sro, cha yayagne Ses eyes gallons.. 5 Water (40 gallons) was added to make 50 gallons of the mixture. The emulsion was imperfect. Plat 6, creosote-oil emulsion.—This is a commercial preparation and recommended to be used at the rate of 1 part to 20 parts of water, but was used 3 parts to 20 of water. Plat 7a, home-made 10 per cent creosote-oil emulsion.—The following formula was used: TEDDIES: TOPE SIGE ag ee ge Re ra gallons... 5 (PILE UL GOT eae es ee nc? ee ee pounds.. 2 OD DSETG. SOC RIG Sapien ce cas Be a ea ee, See aes dpi: 612 (CHROME? Gull SEs el SENG esr Soi i ae to eer Oe a Re gallons.. 5 The caustic soda, soap, and oil were added in turn after the water started to boil, and the mixture was forced through the pump to emulsify it. Water (40 gallons) was then added to make 50 gallons of wash. | Plat 7b, 5 per cent creosote-oil emulsion.—This was made in the same manner as for plat 7a, except that 100 gallons of spray were made. Plat 8, commercial carbolic emulsion (distillate).—The following formula was used: RE SOG OCS SOO SGC OCC ES RENE Se ns Oe ee eS dome 40 Plat 9, 10 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—This was made with the ingredients proportioned as follows: DUNE UCT Ra ra SO 6 gallons.. 5 Riese GU ee ree ee a oe ee ee tee os ao wk ein eS pound.. 4 LTS VTLS CE OS ci ele ea eee OE ae ee ae AG a pounds.. 4 mroderou(l2 to i4° Baumé)e. oo ee elec kee. gallons.. 5 The caustic soda, soap, and oil were added to the water, in turn, as soon as it had started to boil. The mixture was then forced through the pump twice to emulsify it. Water (40 gallons) to make 50 gal- lons of wash was then added. The emulsion was not perfect, as some free oil came to the top. Plat 10, caustie soda.—The following formula was used: Pires BAS os & ieciect Sue. st SI i a ne eR gallons.. 50 154 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Plat 11a, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion—The formula was as follows: BOIS WAL: - 5 so Swe eae bisarels dee ae Ce ee ee gallons.. 10 Bish-otl S0a pic. cs 2 chek bic ss ate tee cas oc eee ee eae ee pounds.. 2% Taye. tele so osb sgh hoe ae ke ee ave cee ee ee eee do... 4 Crude joil. (6° to, 22° Baume) 22: 2. oe ee eee gallons.. 3 The soap and lye were dissolved in the water, which was then placed in a barrel; 22 gallons of water were then added and the oil slowly poured in, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred. A very good emulsion resulted. Plat 11b, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—Same as for plat 11a, except that a “kerosene soap” was used. Plat 11c, 12 per cent crude-oul emulsion.—Same as 11a, except that a 14° Baumé crude oil was used. Plat 11d, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—Same as 11a, except that a 12° to 14° Baumé crude oil was used. None of the emulsions for plat 11 was forced through the pumps; but, on the other hand, no water was added to the mixture after the oil had been poured in. It seems to be essential, in order to keep free oil from coming to the top, that this be avoided. A good emulsion resulted in each case. The difference in gravity did not seem to make much difference in the emulsions, but the 16° to 22° Baumé, which was a “Coalinga special,’ appeared to give the best emulsion. All of the crude oils used contained an asphalt base. RESULTS. The results of the several sprays are given in Table II. TABLE IT.—Results of spraying for the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1908. First examination, Mar. 3, 1908 Date \ here ate er et Treatment. sprays | trees | Num- | vel j applied. | spray-| per Um- | cent- ed. | scales | ber mee scales of exam- ied dead. | dead + scales. Le) bime-sulphur(homemade)) Jeeeseeet ee ees acces ee ee Feb. 18 16 | 1,172] 1,000 85 2,4\ (Commercial lime-sulphur, No. eet 42-2202 eee 22nd0enee 9 547 51 9 3.7) (Gommerciallime-sulphursNos25s2 soner scence ae one sedOstee 13 838 581 69 4 | Commercial distillate-oil emulsion..................-- s8d 05.52 13 926 280 30 5a | Distillate-oil emulsion (homemade) .....-..-. snonaeee Feb. 19 is 834 285 34 Dolieeeers Oe rer aos eee ERAS a aaee Goreee 8| 1,042 364 34 6 | Commercial creosote-oil emulsion................----- do 11 664 174 26 7a | Creosote-oil emulsion (homemade) ......--....-----.- Feb. 20 8 995 424 42 MON aees Ree ee rien se Shun ee ee bet oy ween esac Ped Osose 11 854 780 91 8 | Commercial carbolic-distillate emulsion. -..........-.- Lwadow ae. 13 789 689 87 9. | (Crude-oil:emulsion=U.0. 2244-282 eke eee el besa Ca ee TA be wil Leer 480 40 Oe n @rskb in (Oso yc: Wage eee ey on eek oe Semen lal a BERS (large 6 905 632 64 Ie sneridesoilremulsion: 3. <.os6 secbocer acetate eee Lee Mar. 3 (ie REESE Peds s occ Esoooodd AMD. Sos he aE Selene ees Ea eee Ss ae pedo 61) 52.22. eee eee eeaceee = le a see GOR ee aes ch sarin Soe AEE Sch See Ree SRR ee done (ol eee Sec salleeeone ae Det eens OES cs BRS Ee A Se aE eae ns ce Doeb shoa Te nitianor ae do. . (hl BREESE a lGcncosealbeccdorc EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 155 TaBeE II.—Results of spraying for the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1908—Con. Second examina- tion, Mar. 21, 1908. Plat Per- R k Third examination, Dec. 17, ment. es emarks. No. Beratnent Num- Num-| cent- 8. ber ber | age scales is exam.| Scales} _of ned dead.) dead . scales. 1 | Lime-sulphur (home- |1,000 | 828 (7) al ee eee Many scales living; lichens made). mostly dead. 2 | Commercial lime-sul- | 492 51 LO} PE Satan sce ewee seats ls Many scales living; only phur, No. 1. larger lichens dead. 3 | Commercial lime-sul- | 838} 581 70 | Seale killed better Do. phur, No. 2. where there is heavy incrustation. 4 | Commercial distillate- | 646 | 280 43 | Lichens not all killed..| Many scales living; no lich- oil emulsion. ens killed. 5a| Distillate oil emulsion | 549 | 285 52) aaa GOS eeteeiess-4.o50% Do. (homemade). Sole ee (OO: aadateuatseseee 678 | 364 OHSeleos se GOs eet eee ee Do. 6 | Commercial creosote- | 490 | 174 Coulee GOGs aaa coeie ae Many scales living; lichens oil emulsion. mostly living. 7a; Creosote-oil emulsion | 571 | 424 74 | Lichensall killed; bark| Many scales living; lichens (homemade). hard and injured. mostly dead. Oe OOS Se ees teen eee 854 | 780 91 | Lichens all killed...... Do. 8 | Commercial carbolic- | 789 | 689 Valls eee GO eeoiss saeco. Do. distillate emulsion. 9 | Crude-oil emulsion. .... 697 | 480 GON). 2228 GOBGeREeRearene os Most all scales dead; lichens mostly all dead. LON tCausticisodas: =... -- 42-4 905 | 632 64 | Lichens all killed; | Most all scales living; lichens bark hard. mostly all dead. lla; Crude-oil emulsion. .... (a) (d) 1OOWIS sees CORSE AS Sa 5sch. 22 Most all scales dead; lichens mostly all dead. DS. 258 Geet weec ease r ate (a) (b) 100),|-e- << Ot READERS SCORE Core Do. Kelle es ONS . SRS eee Sees (a) (b) TOO; cess GOSS Aa Ree Do. disses COREs Ree ee (a) (¢) SOE a eer does Do. Check! Umsprayed.....-.-....- 736 84 WN en eqost danogcccoopantes dlaceocogasence dic cose sotenese ce a Large number. b All. c Nearly all. An examination of the table shows that at the end of the season only the crude-oil emulsions had proved adequate in killing all the scales and lichens. No injury to the trees was apparent except where the caustic soda and creosote-oil emulsion were used. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1909. PLAN OF WORK AND MANNER OF APPLICATION. A badly infested orchard other than the one used in 1908 was selected and divided into 6 different plats of 32 trees each. Four examinations of infested material were made in the laboratory and in the field at intervals of three days, three weeks, six weeks, and eight months, respectively, after the applications. A large number of scales was examined from each of the six plats and the check plat. The applications were made March 1, 1909, with a strong power outfit, using two leads of hose with 12-foot bamboo rods and single- crook nozzles, with }-inch apertures. A pressure of 200 to 240 pounds was maintained, and the trees were given a very thorough treatment. 156 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, 6 per cent distillate oil (mechanical mizture).—This was prepared as follows: Wallet ssc... ces. cet oo Oe eS eto oe eee: ae gallons.. 90 Catistic soda... 2. Se ¥e nd ie sees Sse Reee ee ee eee pounds... 2 Distillate*oil (28e"Baume)s sss sete oe eee ee eee eee gallons.. 6 The water was poured into the tank; then the caustic soda was added to soften the water, and the oil slowly poured in while the water was being violently agitated. The mixture was applied immediately. Plat 2, caustic soda.—The formula was as follows: WAGERS. aie omen es cel. ea Cie ce ae Se ae ee ae gallons.. 100 CAMBILE BOB a, ead cpa ce oon Loe Sater eRe ene eS pounds.. 16 Plat 3, crude-oil emulsion.—This was prepared as follows: WWidGOE 2105 25 chee Cet: lets te ee cane aN ce Aaa ba Rare Gene gallons.. 86 Pish-oil soap... asp betctes Ae Cee ea eee pounds.. 10 Di yedetiewetions tte eebe o. 22a ons Sones ee See ne ee eer TOnaatuete re Crude ol (67 10.22°, Baume ec coe ae eer ance ee gallons.. 12 About 20 gallons of the water were heated, and when this began to boil the dissolved soap and then the lye were added. This mixture was then removed to the tank, and the rest of the water (66 gallons) added, making 86 gallons in all. The spray pump engine was then started and the crude oil slowly poured into the tank, the mixture being violently agitated by the tank agitator. A perfect emulsion resulted. Plat 4, commercial lime-sulphur solution, No. 1.—The formula was as follows: Commercial lime-sulphur.. 25). 025k Se Ae Bek oe oe do..s-sgall Plat 5, borar.—The formula was as follows: Wailer: coe aes... 2 Sees: Lo ete oho ae ee re ees gallons.. 100 BOPAR eee ie ecw seek ee a is seen see eee ees eee pounds.. 20 The borax was dissolved in 30 gallons of hot water and poured into the tank, and the rest of the water added. Plat 6, well-cooked lime-sulphur wash.—The proportions of ingredi- ents were as follows: Tame: isdoae a. Se ie. SR SE ee ee ee re eg tegge ee pounds.. 30 re LE 0) 210 ae nerane ie Me ya meron: Bega tee & Semen NERA RY fe Wve av ore do..s.., a0 WROD er io: t.0.0- 2 annpencietana dsc EE ge een re Eee gallons.. 100 This wash was made in the same manner as previously described. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. Ee The results of tests in 1909 are given in Table III. Taste III.—Results of spraying for the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1909. q | First examina- Second examina- ® | tion, Mar. 3-4,| tion, Mar. 20, ra 1909. 1909. bs Be ate ee n wm ,| 2 n ls, Treatment. sprays | $ ars 4 = 3 25 < od Remarks. applied. | § |} 30/8 .|/92| 90/25 |)98 : Fe ee SU eae ese aliases: l\iereeml| oa (e} o}]o Salen| 54/53 |Su a @ ae )es| 82/28 | ao | se os N 58 3 | HRS (88/8818 |-88 AY Zee ee Es A A a4 1 | Distillate-oil mechan- | Mar. 1 | 32 | 620 | 516} 83} 498) 380 | 78 | Lichens mostly alive. ical mixture. 2. | Caustie'soda-~. 5.25... ..-do....| 32 | 706 | 534| 75 | 844) 749) 88 Do. 3 | Crude-oil emulsion. .... ...do....| 32 | 344 | 297 | 86] 599] 393 65 | Lichens all dead. 4 | Commercial lime-sul- |...do....| 32 | 950 | 846 | 89] 709} 627} 88 | Lichens mostly dead. phur, No. 1 Del Oba xe teoe soso e = ars ear -..d0....| 32 | 407 | 361 | 88 |1,029 |1,003 | 97 Do. 6 | Homemade lime-sul- |...do....| 32 | 371 | 275 | 74] 673 | 504 74) Lichensnearlyallalive. phur. Vif |), (Cheryl ee 9 Sea a pe ee Pa ...-| 941 | 541 | 56} 685] 341] 49 | Lichens flourishing. Third examina- | Fourth examina- | tion, Apr. 16, 1909. | tion, Nov. 20, 1909. n n | eee n n ar = 2 | og 3 : 4 og Treatment. S E ae 2 By oc Ss 2 8 Remarks. 3 ea lee |S,| ea) es | Sa Z, 24/83 /8o)88 | 835) ge + BRI 8 |S8/8818 [es S&S 50/5 Ba| 50 ead Ay ZA A im A A a 1 | Distillate-oil mechan- | 805} 789 98 | 759] 757 | 100 | Lichens mostly dead; bark soft. ical mixture. QiisCaustic: Sod apes s+ see 637 | 449 70 | 455) 449 98 | Lichens mostly dead; bark hard. 3 | Crude-oil emulsion. ... - 648 | 613 94 | 207) 207) 100} Lichens mostly dead; bark soft. 4 | Commercial lime-sul- | 536} 411 76 | 659 | 624 93 | Lichens mostly dead; bark slightly - phur, No. 1. hardened. OM SOLO cero cite acs asin ae 640 | 609 95 | 452] 449 99 | Lichens mostly dead; bark -hard. 6 | Homemade lime-sul- | 652 | 514 79 |1,147 | 811 70 | Lichens mostly dead; bark slightly phur. hardened. Wel} @heckasc sae. toe sees wees of2 | 133 35 | 939 96 10 | Lichens flourishing. RESULTS. An examination of Table III shows that all of the sprays with the exception of the commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 1 and the well- cooked lime-sulphur washes proved very successful in killing the scale. All of them killed most of the lichens. The caustic-soda and borax treatments injured the trees to a certain extent and hardened the bark. In the case of the trees treated with distillate-oil emulsion and crude-oil emulsion the bark was normal and in good condition. As noted previously, on the apricots the distillate-oil sprays as well as those from crude oil seemed to possess distinct fungicidal proper- ties, as the foliage was as dark and healthy on these plats and remained on the trees as long as on the plats sprayed with commercial and cooked lime-sulphur washes. A comparison of the results of 1908 and 1909 shows much in favor of the latter year, which should be attributed to the better method of application and of making the sprays. It appears essential for good 158 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. results to use a power outfit at a high pressure and a coarse drenching spray to penetrate the lichens and the heavy scale incrustation. A power sprayer is especially useful in applying distillate-oil emulsion, crude-oil emulsion, and mechanical mixtures of either, as a hand outfit does not give sufficient agitation for a perfect emulsion. The writer recently noticed several prune orchards which had been sprayed with a commercial distillate spray and caustic soda at 4 per cent strength; they were well cleaned of the scales and lichens. COST OF SPRAYING. Table IV shows the comparative cost of materials of the most im- portant and efficient treatments. To get the total cost of spraying it will be necessary merely to add the cost of the labor, which is vari- able and was therefore not included. Usually 3 men and a team are required for spraying with a hand pump and the same number with a power outfit, adding an additional man and team where a supply wagon is used. The number of trees that can be sprayed in a day is variable, depending upon the size of the trees, the availability of the water, and the efficiency of the labor. With medium-sized prune trees, from 800 to 1,000 trees is considered a good day’s work with a power outfit and a supply tank. Below is shown what the ingredients of the spray mixtures would cost the fruit grower in the vicinity of San Jose in barrel lots: bevanteat Litt y Cro) Regs ee Ae ES ee ae ee per barrel... $1.75 SUL POUTMHOUN) cuenta £6 -= - hehe eb bse per LOO pounds. . 2. 65 Caustic soda, in 120-pound cases.............-.------per pound. . . 054 Doras, id2-pound ‘cases. 4h. ole ee ee. es see ee oe 1. 40 Lye im t8-pound Cased: 2.ge ...\ieiss| ie. anes 2 ae Se cee eee 3. 25 [Erts)icroytl Eerrtynie] og-perrel lel Woy Pwep eye ara Sena he SLC eh) oe per gallon. . . 30 Crude oil (12 to 24° Baumé), in 110-gallon drums.................- 3. 00 Distillate oil (28° Baumé), in 110-gallon drums ....... per gallon. . . 07-. 09 Jommercial lime-sulphur solution ........-....-.---- per barrel.. 10.00 Commercial distillate-oil emulsion..............-...----.-- doss-= ) Cx/a0 Commercial distillate emulsion and caustic soda............do.... %9.95 A good fish-oil soap can be made at the following cost: Lyey2) Poumdsind 4. fietias. tee da ee 4 se Lae eee ee -oeeeeeeee 30. 1354 Bish oil: Mata one eeete sheet terete he erase torn ae eee ee . 5250 Water, 6 gallons. This makes $0.6604 for 40 pounds of soap, or $0.0165 per pound. The concentrated distillate-oil emulsion (55 per cent) will cost: Hot water, 12 gallons. Fish-ol soap, cO POmNdss, -.50 + ark kets ste hee te ane eee eee $0. 495 Distillateroili(2ss Banme)s20loalllonseecns seers See: eee 1. 400 Motel syed ayrcind a Geed fs iets dee oe Bee ated. eee sees 1. 895 This makes $1.895 for 36 gallons, or $0.0526 per gallon. @ About. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 159 Tasie 1V.—Comparative cost of spray materials. Homma Cost of | Cost per | Cost per | Cost per pao Treatment. — ~ ingredi- | 100 gal- | diluted tree gees Reticle, | Quantity. ents. lons. gallon. | (prune). cot). 6 per cent distillate ee A OP po AE bro 6 gallons..--|) gq 49 oil (mechanical |/Caustic soda......- 2 pounds... - “VW \30.53 $0.0053 | $0.0212 | $0.0265 mixture). WW ateties oe. ape 94 gallons. - .| Concentrated emul- | 11 gallons. . -| ee 6 per cent distillate- sion. \| . 5786 \ ; fe il emulsion. |)Caustic soda....... 2 pounds... . Bah ay (ee 6886 | . 00688 -0275 0344 Waters: -tneeoen:s 89 gallons. . .| 5 per cent distillate- || Congentastes emul-| 9 gallons... - ind ; oil emulsion and CRTISHC Hod aoa nee 10 pounds. . .| 55 \ 1.023 . 0102 0408 -O511 caustic soda. Wratelie cert ne: 91 gallons. . . 4 per cent commercial ; distillate-oil emul- {waion sap kee or aloes “| 4.00 | 1.00 | .o1 04 05 sion, lm Plana BIR enn == 2.» we 4 per cent gonna es 63 gall | distillate-oil emul- TOUMIBIOM ns. s eo % gallons. . - ' Ee sion and caustic |) Water.............- 924 gallons. . 1,326 1.326 -0132 -0528 -066 soda. | OU os ee sadeeecne 12 eelons: ac 3964 | 12 per cent crude-oil ||Soap........-.----- 10 pounds. . . cs rire ~ : aa alate. lke Ma TSE es meas -0875 5493 | .0054 0219 | 0274 Water 25.45. .2-u- 88 gallons. - . | ISOS eerie eee 20 pounds... 55 | 1 Resin-soda wash.....| cessor oi a a wee Sea 33 1.011 | .0101 .0404 | .0505 Waters... ful 100 gallons. .|) 1812 Comuuercial lime-sul- Cabinet solu- | 11 gallons. . . san 504 ses Ae is phur No. 1 (1-8). Waster. s9.c2c0o eee: 88 eels | Nea oo P 1; bent eee enone ee 40 pounds... 2 nee” lime-sul- Jcuiphur............ 30 pounds... pee \ 1045) |- .O0ds. | Open P| 20728 g WiEGCT ae ose, nievoeyars's 100 gallons. . : Caustic soda.......... Nese soda....... ae ee % \ .66 66 | .0066 | .0264| .033 Bowsdie oat. os si EOrBK... ilies \ 2.32 | 2.32 0232 | .0928| 116 SUMMARY. Distillate-oil emulsion at 5 per cent and 6 per cent strengths, with and without caustic soda; crude-oil emulsion at 12 percent strength; and resin-soda wash are effective in controlling the European fruit Lecanium and in cleaning up the trees from lichens and do not injure . the trees when applied as a winter treatment. Distillate-oil emulsion at 5 per cent and 6 per cent strengths, with and without caustic soda; distillate oil at 6 per cent strength (mechan- ical mixture); and crude-oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength are effective in controlling the European pear scale, destroy the lichens, and do not injure the trees when applied as a winter treatment. Caustic-soda and creosote-oil emulsion sprays control both of these scales and destroy the lichens, but are injurious to the tree. Lime-sulphur and borax sprays are not so efficient in controlling these scales, especially the European fruit Lecanium, as are the distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions, and borax acts on the trees in the same way as does caustic soda. Distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions appear to have distinct fungi- cidal properties aside from their insecticidal value. 160 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Distillate-oil emulsions at 6 per cent strength and crude-oil emul- sion at 12 per cent strength, measured by their efficiency against scales and lichens, convenience of preparation and application, and cost, are the sprays best adapted for the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale. The 6 per cent distillate-oil emulsion will cost about 24 cents for each prune tree and 34 cents for each apricot tree. The 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion will cost about 2 cents for each prune tree and 24 cents for each apricot tree. All sprays, to insure the best results, should be applied with a power outfit at a high pressure (180 to 200 pounds). A coarse, drenching spray applied with crook nozzles is preferable, and Feb- ruary is the best month in which to spray. INDEX. Page. Apple bitter rot, Bordeaux mixture as remedy..........-.----- 115-116, 118, 131, 146 calyx cup in relation to spraying for codling moth........--.-.------ 113-115 crab, food plant of Coleophora fletcherella......-..-------------------+-- 36 i000 plant of Comins, motley sen 2 fa slate en la) 2 27= aim = yn so 2 =i 1-32, 71-111 OGiea PHOTG FICUCR CRO a aor 2 nia a 2)a, 5. <,njo omni os mettle eis 36 RAEN TNE: DROMUBONG = a5 2 Sa Ae laiel chan 8.0 Size nine = hs 28 2 30, 46-47 IBY AOGUE PUM OCOUOM Lae aa ne ie aa ins an a ie nia aie aa ain w= VS =e 30, 46 fruit blotch, Bordeaux mixture as remedy. .-...-.-.-------- 115-116, 118, 146 leaf-spot affections, Bordeaux mixture as remedy....---.-------- 115-116, 146 scab, Bordeaux mixture as remedy..........-..-------- 115-116, 119, 139, 146 worm, lesser. (See Enarmonia prunivora.) Arsenate of lead against codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method versus usual schedule of applications. .............---- 116-146 and Bordeaux mixture against codling moth and plum cur- culio, one-spray method versus usual schedule of applica- {} LODE nS alae Reel ita en poet ee ae Oe ere 116-146 pene ous GICAL CASS DOATCR sm cares Onin ch an lo 3 ays oo aiandie Sos ie ee ee Se 41 Astanmsier carpocapss, parasite of codling moth.....-....-..-+---------+--'--++-- 110 Aspidiotus perniciosus, resemblance of Epidiaspis pyricola thereto......---.---- 151 Black-leaf extract. (See Tobacco extract.) Dommeposmm pommel lots. Sal GOSe, Cal tec. wwe otelaw mace we beige a ee hoe 158 spray agains, uropean fruit Lecanium......-......-------.---- 150-151, 159 wash, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune tree...-.....---.------ 159 Bordeaux mixture against fungous diseases of apple. ........-------------- 116, 146 and arsenate of lead against codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method versus usual schedule of applications. 116-146 Braucher, R. W., E. L. Jenne, E. W. Scott, and A. L. Quaintance, paper, ‘The one-spray method in the control of the codling moth and the plum curculio”’ 113-146 Calyx cup of apple in relation to spraying for codling moth. .......-.------ 113-115 Camponotus pennsylvanicus, enemy of codling moth...........-------------- 110 Carbolic acid and oil emulsions against pear thrips, injurious to trees. ...-...-- 64 emulsion (distillate) against European pear scale.........----- 153, 154-155 Carpocapsa pomonella, (See Codling moth.) putaminana=variety of Carpocapsa pomonella .....------+-+------ 69 feeding on French) walnittseq. 2-2 on an 5 ani ne dine ne 69 Case-bearer, cigar. (See Coleophora fletcherella.) Caustic soda against European fruit Lecanium........-..........----- 149-151, 159 Dear Scale. Aan eee aisha 2 153, 154-155, 156-158, 159 and distillate-oil emulsion against European fruit Lecanium. 149-151, 159 commercial, cost in barrel lots, San JOSS; Calle saeece ses so 158 4 per cent, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune WHS G eich eee peeeeee 159 5 per cent, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune lHeGee se eee o es: Pee: 159 161 162 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page ee 91-95 Source of rearinp material, 1907 and 19082. 2-2) eee - eae eee 98 110) ee eee hit eer ANS lem RCE Gros Go oc t.cic 72 Spring brood moths, leneth of Ines! 2222242 2-24 eee ee 79 Gviposition period. 7 PG. fe See eer eee 77-79 time during day when they emerge................- Gh ohemergence (1907 and 1908 <2. 22. 252 noe 100 W909 sas . oie A eee ee eee 74-75 vs. time larve leave fruit preced- ing’ Year: ..2-.o0s 5-year 75-77 pupee, length of stages. 222222 - <= epee ee 73-74 hime, orpupatlone G2 4s 2 es ate eee eee 73 Summiiaryiee tection gence aes: «6 ose meme eer ear eee ee 110-111 INDEX. 163 Codling moth in the Ozarks: Page. EMU RE Te CCG Set eye lan nin) « = oie cin vinl se eG ra Sk vies Se mywiaieis wi.eis aie ci eee oe 23-26 ODP LW OS) sacs. 5 ee mie: I oe 31 [Se See eo 121 Sa a | a |e a re 26-27 Bimmer On, MeLTUNTY. © 2... a1..2 cyanea ine ici geralninn dni bre excise 7 gacubation Periods sya ates ce ei ciagaya soo wa ae ors we 7-8 OVIPOSItON, POLIO: sees tee Nereis aal= clam ia wis wim =) ~ a'tyel sie 6-7 TO Revers sens 2A AA eee i as ee 7 lnrves) larval life im: cocoome sence eee ee aes 2 cee oes 9 UO LF Dg bat Mea eo re OU A) Vg a Re a ee 9 [efectos Re baWy gb i rane cielet 2 ths oso oS el Se bad et pe ne a 9 Of higile nae Steere eee cine eee aie ai sn eee ae 8-9 moOtheits £2 Soh fone e oe ro Sen aes ae ee oa ees oe Nes ws 10-11 1 Oi Of oe eect ete anteater ait Ah d BR aT en eee 10 RGU AVS) FLO OIE Arar Ripe en eta ee pe aie) OE OER: AE REA 6-11 bate eer ines Rac Os semen ees fee eee oh ee aoe at aie eee tye Ree Ceo ere eases 28 ROU TOT OTE O S16) Cr oC Fc ye A AN i i i a A af 27-28 ihenothol lie cycle or first ceneration.....02 42... 05. 5es2eees-- asst eens a lll BECONU VENEER ION] ah ecco as eo hes nse en oe 15-17 NiIseSlAReOUS GOSERWAONSs 56S. e ae leet coos eee ee eet geese ees sei LOE GUUS: EATER OB es at lea ah eh al enna a gi pe ells “aaa agian 29 lve QUES), Edd STE SREED Ee 2 5 era eae a, Mone ave eae ane ie in A gee ay Nee ce ng 26-27 Buen WeMenMesar ate senate Rose cae nee ee Mec ae atte ele ca estate 29-30 Mees rye MY ONE AP Plea. se oo oan ect ess aecis cc en es oes ate 28 1 ASLRGTSYE EVEN (01 Ss ng AIRC 3121126 em a ee a ene A 30 ineview ol rearing’ work of season of 1908.:.......---.-.----20----s+e-05-- 20-23 PSIELSO TG! | WITS Taye ab ea taese ale eee a avs Gere Benlnealmy Patel Sel es SA Ae a ena 1-20, 32 Sati ANON RC POR EE Re roe a Meee ea caste eee as aarey moneatcie a ane lid lmvcce danvetl Wein; COCOOM. <4. - | et poe ss am ema age 13 jE Big boy ee Ie Be SRPA ee eer agian elt Reem kate 12 PCLIGU MUNG eres See eee ees at A nes 12-13 CMALCINING se see heen ae we ce nage eich ae, L 12 TG HIOGE SESS aoe ie eae ee RE Se OR Soe Os aes ne ee 15 (ON SE SRE SSR AAS SECO OS CIO See Sea etal reer ee ree 13-14 CASVTCGT EE DNC Sey a es Bee I a RE 11-17 Spring-brood moths, duration of emergence.................----------++--- 4-5 Hie eM O bis ae eee ie he a SON er nae Se ane 5-6 FE] CEE? YONDER SF LO 0p RM te el eg 1-2 SITES OWA O} © SUNEL coe Se eee Ne a 24 LATING] ORTOE)C NESS Begs Ae & Aceeleen gee et Se onan gt an eae 17-18 ROH Nee iO es via, FOP REE atrial sid naisic oclare Sele cise d 18-19 EEISIRSIOTiLS ocean oe hu elit gle fe ii ah alls Se 17-19 CUT OIG eS cose bet Sn 22-23 WUNDERS NDIA ES cok ke otal rr a ar a ne ee 19-20 Codlineanciny ngt-teedime halite... ..'\4. 2.0.5.0. 2-2 es 2k eevee se ee 67-70 one-spray method in control, conclusions..................-..-- 146 experiments in Arkansas....... 116-125 Michipan\ 222/22 137-143 Virginiass.. 130-133, 134-136 summary, statement of results... 145-146 seasonal history on French walnuts.............----..-.-- ----- 68-69 164 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page. Coleophora fletcherella. soc. < oe Oe een ee ae 37 CNCMIGS i535 kee = sigs ples = Sera gee ee eae ice 41 food ‘planis.. .osti 2: Jecjo ses Seq te eee ee ee 36 NISUOrY.jc22-< 0s 22 ce ec eee tee 33-35 larva and iis'cases, description. .-. 7... 49-422. 4502 eee 37-38 lifeiey Cle. eases aa sae coe ee eee eee 40 piulpa, Gescripionc-.ss.ces esol eee ee eee eee 38 seasonal history onl acs sec cater os see Oona 39-40 sp., near fletcherella, on sugar beet.-........-.--.---- Bee eR 35 Conotrachelus nenuphar. (See Plum curculio.) Cratzgus, food plant of Coleophora fletcherella........-...-.------------ a eee 36 ENG Mone PrUniiOnd 0... 5 aoe eae ae eee 48 Cremastogaster bicolor, enemy of codling moth....................----------- 30 lineolata, enemy ot. codling: moth... .-5. 2225. -~ces 6 eee ae 110 Creosote and oil emulsion against European pear scale...........--- 153, 154-155, 159 emulsions against pear thrips, injurious to trees..........-.--- 64 Crude: oil, :cost:in: barrel Tots; Sam Jose, Cal ose .< se sean cine nee ee ee ee 158 emulsion against European fruit Lecanium..........-..-- 149-151, 159, 160 pear scale. ..... 158, 154-155, 156-158, 159-160 12 per cent, cost per gallon and per apricot and prune tree. 159 Cryptarcha ampla on trees banded for codling moth................-..-------- 110 Culimralsmethodsagaimst peat thrips 22 oie amen eet tania pace ioe 2 oe eeieietee 60-63 Curculio, plum. (See Plum curculio.) Distillate oil (see also Kerosene). and caustic soda, 6 per cent mechanical mixture, against Euro- pean pear scale.. 156, 157, 159 cost per gallon and per apri- cot or prune (reGxaets-s ee 159 cost’ im ‘barrel lots; San Jose. (Cal. ceo. secnat-- 2 1 eee ee 158 emulsion against European fruit Lecanium.........-- 148-151, 159, 160 pear scale 152-1538, 154-155, 156-158, 159-160 and caustic soda against European fruit Lecanium. 149-151, 159 commercial, cost in barrel lots, San Jose, Cal saeet as aeeeee 158 4 per cent, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune 2): Oe ae RSP AoC 159 5 per cent, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune trees: 2A eee eee 159 tobacco extract against pear thrips..............-.-- 63-65 commercial, cost in barrel lots, San Jose, Cal. .....-.-.-- 158 concentrated, cost:per gallon... 5.022 522-22. ee 158 INDEX. 165 Page. Distillate oil emulsion, 4 per cent commercial, cost per gallon and per apricot or PPUNG (TCCHes reer een hee tid ketal oe bee Soto 159 6 per cent, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune tree... 159 Dronmmmceus, enemy of codling moth gs: sssnuteseaS. . 2.2... 222.25... 110 PFT TERE GLEDIOND 2) 50'0)2.~: hh See ge. SR se ew cee 45-50 abundance in apples compared with codling moth..7.... 46-47 control measinesit 4744-,cda are eh ee cee. hears oe 50 descrip tion Of Gam te ses oeee See eet Seth cio. sin oneeis 50 - duration Of ese sage. x ceane eee eet 5a ets teat ois 48-49 lee valishapee. tp aiden sage eet eo. S| 49 in cocoon before pupating....... 49 Pipal. steer ey ase Aeleetit yw eas. 49-50 |) Ft es tes Beene ah CORES hn |” Ne ae 47-48 Hei 3 SUI AYE TAT 0 OF Fe ae ee DN RRC, 279 Ore cae ae a 30 ENV ROGRe Ae 5 tale ai eto PRA ee: Gabo 48-50 one-apray method im control.25..- 2221. s4. qc. -- oe 128-129 PUBIC een ae se. Nagas sis » npdoa a aad Haak Somat reese 50 pO RTA NING WOT nga Pe ade has Sion. ahghakeaege Ge 47-48 Mi piuhaspis PYyricOld, APPCATANCE...... -... aiden een nese ea ccdeeecece 151-152 GGsiOL ByrAyIme CHeretOr 26232 ese oe seerciuic ceinpereayate 158-159 ICOM Tes P5121, ee SAN WU 152 esis OLB PMAyS I COMMOb stn byaneheeen. hs doarqs <2. 151-158 UNTO RY oar farce eso rear e <3 Slee 159-160 Epinotia pyricolana infesting apples. .........- 22.2222. se--- cen eee e ee pena 30, 46 Euthrips occidentalis in pear and cherry blossoms. ...............-...-.-..-.. 52 (Lp i SORT EARS SAGE DEE EUS a ere eal eet eared Me are aN RR 51-66 aa NP eANOMAIMIRUOLY <...0 eka S lc t bets cook woo ee 60 appearance of adults from soil in spring.......................-- 55-56 CTE Cae Ol AINE Soe ee Med oa oe cia Sa diulce ke seien 52-55 CITES SA EITGio Ses tee ae ee mn 51-52 UpSSE RBs as 2 els OSA ere ty SNe = ae nen aS 57 LTE OV le techie Ae ue CMO fs ea i 55-60 LUT y by aOWiistecdings. a sca kets TES 52-55 ON EOOSUAN 8 ete RY ag ead 2 gS a 55 lee Tees RCC A aR eae a el ee La On 50 larva, description, habits, seasonal history...................... 58-59 WOGuUAOUMPORMMONG 5. 0. 2s ase. oe ye eet oes ee cee ece. 60-66 Pape OM GOHAN Aye dade 3 octet kA casa oe deigt «ese ce see 57 RAUL 8 SUL UST a e Ee RE li n e 57 : pimpupseasonall hishony. oa es Searcher toaetetie wm eord oe ae Vee 59-60 (SAU ON ON ENG Ce IOI ee PS OE SESe ICs TEC en Neen en 66 Panis MELVIN AE: OL OSSO TI os oop al i 8 en wa ec gs 52 Fertilizers ineffective in killing pear thrips. ..........-.---..--ccec-eee--ce. 65 Mish oul eget um barrel lots. Sanmdase, Cal. x2 oe oe. ese. eo, 158 Boap, Cost Of Weredionis per pound... ......-- <<... ---sceceeceSecet 158 Formica subsericea, enemy of codling moth............-------2seeeeeeeeeee. 110 Foster, 8. W., paper, ‘‘On the Nut-Feeding Habits of the Codling Moth”. .... 67-70 and P. R. Jones, paper, ‘Additional Observations on the Lesser Apple Worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh)”. .............-. 45-50 Fungous diseases of apple, Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur wash as remedy . 116, 146 Fungus, sooty, on honeydew from European fruit Lecanium................. 147 Galerita janus, enemy of codling moth............--000eeeeeeeeceeeeeececece. 110 166 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page. Geophilus rubens, enemy of codling moths: ..25- 2472522. -- severe ene ee 110 Habrocytus sp., parasite of Coleophora fletcherella.............--..---+++---+--- 41 Hammar, A. G., paper, ‘‘Life History of the Codling Moth in Northwestern Pennsylvania?’ <0) 28 eee. he a eee 71-111 “The Cigar Case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella Yer- male) 7253 GA0ee: DRE os eee 33-34 Hickory nut, larva of Carpocapsa pomonella hibernating therein............-. . 67 Hymenorus sp., on trees banded for codling moth................-...-.-.---- 110 Irrigation: Ineffective against pear thripss-/22¥2-S5-7-. 5-2 ae oe ee 66 Jenne, E. L., paper, ‘‘The Codling Moth in the Ozarks”’.........-..+---.---- 1-32 E. W. Scott, R. W. Braucher, and A. L. Quaintance, paper, ‘‘The One-spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the PhumGuneulio4 Aes 550 Stan 5 Set eee cee eee 113-146 Jones, P. R., paper, ‘‘Tests of Sprays against the European Pear Scale”... ... 147-160 and 8. W. Foster, paper, ‘‘ Additional Observations on the Lesser } Apple Worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh)” .......---------- 45-50 Kerosene (see also Distillate oil). emulsion against cigar case-bearer..........------ peerebetes Ler hs 34, 41 Ladybirdenemies'of Coleophora: fletcherellas: i252. 02552 2 2 Sn ee 41 Becantun armeniacum=Lecanuim cormijen2 02 2. ase. ee ee eee 147 corn, appearance ol insectiguzc: .e2 sac es Sao en eho seein 148 costiol spraying-thereions: 39s be eee Pa es os ec aa elae 158-159 testsol-spraysumvcomimtol. 2203 ees c. ncc es use Se mene eines 148-151 SUMMA Ve es eee eet eee 159-160 European fruit. (See Lecanium corni.) Lichens, effect of sprays on growth on deciduous fruit trees .............------ 148, . 150, 151, 152, 155, 157-160 ame. cost in barrel: lots,.San:Jose, Oalof. 2h 002. 2 2. one. e ees ee nee 158 sulphur solution, commercial, against European fruit Lecanium .. 150-151, 159 péar'scale sae ae 152, 154-155, 156-157 cost in barrel lots, San Jose, Cal ........- 158 ineffective against pear thripsl. 2222 -ss0ee.- - + eee aeee 63-64 wash against European pear scale........... 152, 154-155, 156-157, 159 fungous diseases ofiapples 5.) = ste ae eee 116, 146 commercial No. 1, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune UWre@eee 8 S55 eae NS eA ee ee tee eect ee ene 159 home-made, cost per gallon and per apricot or prune tree... 159 Lye, cost in’ barrel loteSan Jose, (Call (oas2 ia se8) S322). 2 ne eee 158 Melanotus fissilis on trees banded for codling moth.................---------- 110 Microdus laticinctus, parasite of Coleophora fletcherella. .......-..-..-.-------- 34,41 Mirax grapholithx, parasite of Enarmonia prunivora.........----------------- 50 Mite enemy-of Coleophora fleicherellas: 0-520. -.- . = Ses nes ae ee ee 41 Moulton, Dudley, paper, ‘‘The Pear Thrips and its Control (Huthrips pyri Daniel)? s+ orotate ME Aa Sa SS eo esr ee 51-66 Mycetochares fraterna on trees banded for corti TMMOUNE cs Se Oe ee ee 110 Mirmica lobicornis, ‘enemy of ‘codline moth? .. 2.22 22.2 2 a2. ete eee 110 Oil. (See Distillate oil and Kerosene.) Paris oreem against cigar case=bearerst...4-2- 82 - oh nee ee eee ee 34, 41 Peach, food plant of codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella)........----------- 28, 67 Pear, food: plant/of Coleophora \letcherelias® (32 sti = i= see nee eee ee 36 scale, European. (See Epidiaspis pyricola.) thrips. (See Huthrips pyrt.) INDEX. 167 Page Pimpla annulipes, parasite of codling moth... ........-.-.---------+--------+- 30 Platynus obsoletus, enemy of codling moth............-.------+----+--+-+++-- 110 Plowing. (See Cultural methods.) Plum curculio, one-spray method in control, conclusions... .........---.---- 146 experiments in Arkansas. ..... 126-129 Michigan...... 143-145 Virginia ... 133-134, 137 summary statement of results.. 145-146 food plant of Carpocapsa pomonelia..------.-------------- 2 oe eee 67 COLCA GICUC ENOL E e ie eiaicin wa a ictae.a wopeic sags we 58 aes 36 Quaintance, A. L., E. L. Jenne, E. W. Scott, and R. W. Braucher, paper, “The Onesspray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum (CHOCO UN Cae Oe eron Sete oe ee oe Oe Se nO Ieee ie aoe .. 113-146 Ouimee, iood plant.of Coleophora fletcherella 2... 325-2 is ea cicn sense ee 2 ose 36 Resin-soda wash against European fruit Lecanium..............-..--- 150-151, 159 cost per gallon and per apricot or prune tree. .......-.-.-.-- 159 Scale, brown apricot. (See Lecanium corni.) European pear. (See Epidiaspis pyricola.) San Jose. (See Aspidiotus perniciosus. ) Scott, E. W., E. L. Jenne, R. W. Braucher, and A. L. Quaintance, paper, ‘‘The One-spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum RG tanetH ACen ese el IN clean icici s myacd «Siang alias’ oa Reviasaiaetaracarssaiee ee 113-146 Soda-resin wash against European fruit Lecanium..................---- 150-151, 159 cost per gallon and per apricot or prune tree............-..... 159 Solenopsis validiusculus, enemy of codling moth. . ss SURE Ae ae 30 Sugar beet, food plant of species similar to Clophare. Hecdeeiies ALAR EES Tsetse 1 35 Sulphur (flour), cost in barrel lots, San Jose, Cal. .........0..2.05...22--0--- 158 Tachinophyto sp.?, parasite of Godliae RUMOR Ss Seater LLG R A Sys Sr ae LAM Os gceetette 30 Tenebrioides corticalis, enemy of codling moth. .............----------------- 110 Tenebrio tenebrioides on trees banded for codling moth... ........-....-------- 110 “—“Thrip. ‘colloquial and imeorrect: name'for thrips... 2.002... .2.5026-2-2 4% 52 ‘“‘Thrips,’’ colloquial name for vine leafhopper ( Typhlocyba comes)......------ 52 Thrips, pear. (See Euthrips pyrv.) Tobacco extract and distillate-oil emulsion against pear thrips. ...........--- 63-65 Prombduenm sy). enemy Of codlime moth. 2.0... 5.22 2.0.22 3 ssujscees< oke sews 29-30 Typhlocyba comes, the vine leafhopper, wrongly called ‘‘thrips”.........-.-.-- 52 Walnut, French, food plant of Carpocapsa pomonella... ..........-222+-+--+- 67-70 DUET TULA, == = sina. 0 <)sie.cjcteeminmsesais © 69 O 30490°—Bull. 80—12——12 U. S' DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 80, Part I. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. BY E. L. JENNE, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IssureD JUNE 26, 1909. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. Z@ 6943 1909. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Currron, Executive Assistant. C. J. Gruss, Chief Clerk. F. H. CurrrenDEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Horxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect and tick investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage plant insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Putuuies, in charge of apiculture. D. M. Rocers, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth field work. A. W. Moret, in charge of white fly investigations. W. F. Fiske, in charge of gipsy moth laboratory. F. C. BrsHoprp, in charge of cattle tick life history investigations. A. C. MorGan, in charge of tobacco insect investigations. R. 8. Woetum, in charge of hydrocyanic acid gas investigations. R. P. Currig, in charge of editorial work. Maset Cotcorp, librarian. Decripuous Fruit INsEct INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, 1n charge. Frep JoHNsSoN, DupLEY Moutrton, 8. W. Fostser, E. L. JEnnz, C. B. HARDEN- BERG, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. Braucuer, F. W. Fauror, agents and experts. It CONTENTS. SrasualMNstOry’. <2. cer seeetema eases eas Sav ays Fob sk nee beet vesk Bee RULED E DEOOG, Ob, Wie sacere se ers es 88 Me oo eo eee es 8 DUTAMAON, Ob LieePhOgee ss cataract ee SS A oe oe oa ors Ee. eneth Oh epmme Miipal cavers geen s,s sls cne we desk teawe ce Scie Primm menue etme peat sct i ee Phen ee oa TAM IMGMeMICEPONCE toree c.f. Dhar ieee ol tS sees! upon ae ‘Del WE WT FES F010) PS Sia ei le HORE eetcinietine ms Sweat seas soos Ses sno ee eae bese dks SMI L SOROS PGS TS 2 SERS ae en es ne ee LEE TCTR TSO 120 007 a a LY OTGS Gi /6 1010) 1 eR Ah a cr Length of life cycle of second generation.......................-..... eeeO Mie SUMCTAION: 2g a. tay ye ORM eee Ln ls is ay ye als ee Seen ys BarGien le 2. ILLUSTRATIONS: Curve showing emergence of spring brood of adults of codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) from collected wintering material.........-. Curve showing record of larve and pup of the codling moth taken from bands tp 1907 ove sioenceek chats toe Okeke ee eer Bee eee . Curve showing band’ record of 19082. 2222 2se-n2 seca s aoe DEE enone . Curve showing band record from 6 Jonathan apple trees, made at Ander- som: Mo. In 1908 2. ac siscdenss coe eee eee eee er eee Cece aes . Curve showing band record from 14 Gano and Lansingburg apple trees, made at Anderson, Mo, .dn 1908*e2ee seer ne eer eee . Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking hand record Im QOMe eles... Se ein eee Se ee Cee eee . Curve showing emergence of adults from material collected in taking band ‘recordin: 1908sese tee does de eo oc ee eee . Diagram illustrating the seasonal history of the codling moth as ob- served in 1908 at Siloam Springs; Amks 2 wits see ee seep eee eee IV 27 32 U.S-D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part T. D. F. I. 1., June 26, 1909 PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. By E. L. JENNE, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. In 1907 the Bureau of Entomology undertook some experimental and demonstration spraying for the control of the codling moth at Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The work being largely investigation of remedies, only a few notes relating to the life history of the insect were secured. The following season a fuller line of rearing work was conducted at the same place, and the present account of the codling moth in that locality applies mainly to the season of 1908. Data for 1907 are introduced for comparison, where it is possible. In 1908 the rearing work was conducted out of doors. Moths were confined in Riley rearing cages; larve were reared in fruit inclosed in paper bags on the trees, or in picked fruit im muslin- covered battery jars; and the pupal periods were observed in small vials. « SEASONAL HISTORY. SPRING BROOD OF PUP®.% Duration of the brood.—The earliest pupx did not come under observation, but judging from the first emergence of moths and the length of the earliest observed spring pupal stages, pupation began in late February or early March. aThe term ‘‘brood” is used in speaking of any single stage of the insect, and ‘‘gen- eration” to include all the stages of the life cycle. The pup and moths produced by the transformation of the wintering larve are sometimes termed ‘‘first-brood pup” and ‘‘first-brood moths.’’ Here, however, the first generation is regarded as beginning with the first eggs of the season, and ending with the moths that develop therefrom. Where three generations of the insect occur, the adult stages are spoken of as moths of spring brood, moths of first brood, and moths of second brood. The adults of the third generation become the spring brood of moths for the succeeding year. The spring moths lay the first-brood eggs, the first-brood moths lay the second-brood eggs, and second-brood moths lay the third-brood eggs. 1 2 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. On March 24 there were taken, from rubbish on the ground under an outdoor apple bin at a vinegar factory, 6 pupx and 130 larve. They were located in a damp place, shaded during the greater part of the day. Above, in crevices of the apple bin, were many cocoons, for the most part imaccessible, but those that could be examined showed a much larger proportion of pupe. On March 31 some timbers were pried from this bin and larve and pupe were found in about equal numbers—122 larvee and 112 pupe. This bin was situated on the west side of the buildmg and was built of 2 by 4 material, nailed, 1 inch apart, to large supporting timbers. The cocoons occurred between the scantlings and their supports. This should represent fairly normal conditions above ground. Even here pupxe would be found greatly in the majority under one scant- ling, while beneath an adjoining one nearly all cocoons might contain larve. This was evidently due to the fact that some of the pine scantlings were sapwood, which absorbs much moisture during rains. At the time of examination they were damp and soggy, though no rain had fallen for several days. Under these the proportion of pupe was much smaller than under dry scantlings adjoining. No empty pupal cases were found March 31, although one adult moth, evidently just emerged, was captured while sunning itself on the bin. On April 21 the bin was again examined, and there were found 79 larve, 114 pupe, and 64 empty cases. This showed that about 70 per cent of the wintering larve had pupated up to that time. But even yet larve were in the majority in damp and shaded parts. ; Nearly all of the larvee collected on the above dates and kept out of doors in vials had pupated by May 12. Two belated individuals pupated May 19 and 20. This gives a probable time of 25 months during which wintering larve transformed to pupe. Apple trees bloomed about the middle of this period. The majority of the spring pupe had given out adults by May 27, the two belated indi- viduals emerging June 6 and 8. Thus there is a period of about 3 months during which spring pup were present—from the first of March until June. Length of spring pupal stage.—Individual records were obtained of 131 spring pupe, from larve collected at the out door apple bin. The material was kept out of doors in vials in a pasteboard box, under as nearly a normal temperature as possible. The length of the pupal stage steadily decreased with the advancement of the season. Doubtless a longer period would have been shown for the first pupz of the season if they could have been observed. The records of the spring pupal stages are given in Tables I and I, with a summary in Table IIT. ———- THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 3 TasLe I.—Length of pupal periods in spring brood of pupex—from wintering larve collected March 81. Winter- Individual No. |ing larva pupated. Length em of pupal | Stage. | Days. | May 1 30 Apr. 28 26 Apr. 30 28 May 3 31 | May 1 27 May 2 27 May 3 27 May 4 28 | dO fa-=e 27 POe. = 26 May 5 27 As 5 27 read On ana 26 PALO ene 25 = (oko 25 dos 25 Bees 22 24 = dob--2: 24 SS dOE st 24 May §& 27 es 00-=22- 27 May 9 28 May 10 29 May 27 May 10 28 es oes 28 May 9 26 S002 = 26 May 19 27 Fd Oese= 27 BO ass 27 SUeeee 27 dO S=.¢ ii BAC isober 27 Pedoee- 27 Se COeae ae 26 Ped Ouse 26 wedor she 26 Aidoe se <2 26 pidoe: =e 26 May 11 27 Rad O% 2a. 27 Individual No. Winter- ing larva pupated. Moth emerged. Length of pupal stage. Days. TABLE II.—Length of pupal periods in spring brood of pupx—from wintering larve collected April 21. Winter- Moth | Length Winter- Moth Length Individual No. | ing larva Ameena || pupal Individual No. ing larva Srcr aa of pupal pupated. Eee: stage. pupated. eee. stage. Days. Days. Apr. 22 | May 16 24 May 3) May 25 22 ..do.....| May 17 25 May 4] May 22 18 Apr. 23 | May 19 26 Brea: 32005. s5- 18 Apr. 24 | May 18 24 NESiVeetD) | eae Oesees ws Apr. 25 Gosese- 23 2 00s-s-¢ 3-d0s-c5- 17 = COne ee =O seem 23 sais (ofS aes = O0es225 17 SEGOUSsS. 2 Okeees- 23 22d0.253- 42 dO3--2- 17 Rolo acae “Oo saree 23 -20nss52 SRO are 17 Apr. 26 | May 19 23 =. 00)25=2 opts see 17 = (0 eee Ops = 23 SOs 225 e502: =<: 17 Apres c27, |k2sdorse2- 22 =20s-5~4 May 23 18 Apr 28: |5. dos. 21 S200s- 2c =200). << 18 Apr. 30 | May 20 20 May 6! May 22 16 May: 1 |b.-doses-< 19 2200-55 =- May 23 17 S200. se= econ 19 May §& |.-.do:.... 15 Batolop Secs 2d0 5235: oP RAD eee Set ee eee ees dov.-e. doses. 15 eG sa May 21 ZORA eee ee woe scan lose do: e-- SAGE ee 15 May 3] May 20 17 May 10" |t2-d0s..6. 13 Se Oues May 21 18 May 11| May 25 14 Sed 08s. SOP cre 18 Marenlah pe dosses- 13 Ba OOser. 2 Aas ene Re (ete Ge Se 9 Se ee ee | ee G02s--. May 27 15 ee UO eeees sdoize.: 18 May 13 | May 26 13 =nOncoan ke (ore 18 May 19] June 8 20 eedovcee May 22 19 May 20| June 6 7 4 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE III.—Spring brood of pupe—summary of pupal periods shown in Tables I and IT. Number : mai i ° . ae Maximum) Minimum | Average Wintering larve: collected. oe pupal life. | pupal life. |pupal life. Days. Days. Days. Marelna lo). cocscce oes cece Shoe ae see cles eels seco oe aeee 83 31 24 26.2 SPT OU Ss iicice tk caletce ace ce ate c ease e Se oes atime bine mace eee eaie 48 26 13 18.5 101) Ree Memeo ndatenaaseaasaacesaad aiseire SOnEeOre 131 31 13 23.5 SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. Duration of emergence.—Emergence began out of doors March 31, on which date we captured a moth while collecting wintering mate- rial at the outdoor apple bin. As no empty pupal cases were found this may be considered the beginning of emergence. Ben Davis apple trees were in full bloom at this time. From wintering material collected March 31, moths began emerging April 9. Some probably would have issued earlier had not a large proportion of the pupx been injured in collecting. On again examining the apple bin, on April 21, the numerous empty pupal cases indicated that about 25 per cent of the moths had issued, there being found 64 empty cases and 193 larve and pup. By May 27 all moths had emerged from collected wintering material except two belated individuals which issued June 6 and 8. The latter date coincides with the issuance of the first moth of the first brood. Briefly, the spring brood of moths issued during a period of 2 months, beginning with the date of full-bloom of apple trees (March 31). The emergence of moths from collected wintering material is shown in Table IV. TaBLe 1V.—Emergence of spring brood of moths—summary of emergence records from wintering material collected March 24, March 31, and April 21. || | Number Number Number | | Number | Number Date. |of moths || Date. |of moths); Date. | of moths|) Date. |of moths|| Date. | of moths emerging. emerging. emerging.|) jemerging.) emerging. | Apr. 9 1 || Apr. 20.. 1 || May 1... 3 || May 12-. 16 || May 23.- 8 Apr. 10 2 || Apr. 21-. 3 || May 2... 9 || May 18.. 12 || May 24.. 1 Apr. 11 0 || Apr. 22... 4 || May 3... 10 || May 14.. 0 || May 25-.. 3 Apr. 12 0 || Apr. 23.. 11 || May 4... 13 || May 15.. 11 || May 26.. 2 Apr. 13 1 || Apr.24.. 2 || May 5... 22 || May 16.. 11 || May 27.. 1 Apr. 14 0 || Apr 25... 4 || May 6... 2 || May 17.. 8 || June 6... 1 Apr. 15 2 || Apr. 26.. 0 || May 7... 0 || May 18.. 7 |) Junes..- 1 Apr. 16 TA eA pre 2 ie 0 || May 8... 3 || May 19.. 5 Apr. 17 2 || Apr. 28.. 1 || May 9... 0 || May 20.. 10 Apr. 18 4 || Apr. 29.. 2 || May 10.. 27 || May 21.. 6 Apr. 19 1 || Apr.30-. 1 ||} May 11.. 29 || May 22.. 11 The data given in Table IV are shown graphically in the accompany- ing curve, figure 1. The above record is from 320 larve and 232 pupe collected March 24, March 31, and April 21 from the outdoor apple bin. These 552 THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 5 larvee and pups produced 275 adults. A much larger number of pup than of larve were injured in collecting and failed to give out moths. This, together with the fact that 193 of the total number collected were taken after emergence had begun, would throw the maximum of emergence here shown considerably later than it should be. As before stated, about 25 per cent of the moths had emerged in the field, from cocoons above ground, by April 21. In 1907 Mr. Dudley Moulton records the finding of a few empty pupal skins while collecting wintering material in an open packing shed April 27. This was 25 days after the apple blossoms had fallen, a period of cold weather occupying the interval. From material then collected moths continued to issue in the laboratory until June 1. 50 40 30 Fe zo 10 0 rt Apr, ie 14 (6 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 May 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 go June 3 Sunred, Fig. 1.—Curve showing emergence of spring brood of adults of codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) from collected wintering material. Life of the moth.—Records of 28 spring-brood moths emerging April 13-23, and confined in a Riley rearing cage out of doors, show an average life of 10.5 days. Another lot of 35 moths that emerged April 25 to May 4 gives an average life of 9.1 days. The life of the moths is largely dependent on temperature. They are able to lay fertile eggs in 3 to 5 days after emergence, but during cold weather in spring or fall they remain torpid for long periods. Moths can be fed by putting into the cage a piece of raw cotton soaked in sirup or fruit juice. However, even without food, if a sufficient number of moths are confined together, eggs will be laid abundantly. Data on caged spring-brood moths are given in Tables V and VI. These moths issued from the wintering material collected March 24 and March 31. 84606—Bull. 80, pt i—09——2 6 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE V.—Life of spring brood of moths—Cage TI. Moths emerged and put into ; ? ; cage. Moths died. Wirenage Eggs laid (at night). life of moths. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. Jo BE aeacasegis 1 1 ATi OR ere eee 23 April 15 2 1 a Mjoyab Wet: Re Se te 46 il 16 1 1 Maeda. teres seem 16 2 4 4 2 1 3 1 10.5 days. 15 1 2 Total 53.5. 30 3 1 2 1 2 | TaBLeE VI.—Life of spring brood of moths—Cage IT. Moths emerged and put into Moths died. Eggs laid (at night). cage. Average aie lifeof | - moths. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. | oN] Ou eae Gee AS Mlay ot ce eae 2 May 4502622 5 April 28. 5.12) 3 AW Mray eae seen ee a 1 May 8: ons. 22ee 16 AMD TIO Fo eee: Oh My D Eee ete ace 1 May stil 8 sae cee 45 Mayen) -et Seer 2h elev Grae sae eee 3 IMayi2e2ceecsa ess ODI Miaivaties see cue ene 1 May, Bie ~ sete octet 1D Maas? a2 seas 2 ecg oe EE | para eceec eal any) nog INOUE) Ee eeBaae AQ) | Miaiyal ene eenee 3 Mayalseyate sae 2 Ma yells Saunas 4 Maiyalitas oon arises 3 MevalGias See cse oe 2 IMiayelifene sone 2 Hseaped'. 2 522.5222 5 | | THE FIRST GENERATION. FIRST-BROOD EGGS. Period of oviposition.—Eggs were not laid in the rearing cages as early as in the field, because of the lack of a sufficient number of the earliest moths. Eggs collected in the field began to hatch April 27, which, from the earliest observed periods of incubation, would indicate that oviposition had commenced as early as April 7. Apple blossoms had nearly all fallen by April 7. Eggs were abundant in the orchard on April 27, 67 eggs being collected from the lower branches of 2 trees in the space of half an hour. Of these, 6 were empty shells, 2 showed the black head of the larva and hatched the same day, 36 showed the red ring, and 23 were undeveloped. Eggs continued abundant in the orchard during the early part of May. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. , a The last unhatched eggs of the first brood were found May 27. Empty shells were numerous in the orchard at that time, but only 3 unhatched eggs were found, all of them in the “black-spot”’ stage. This date seems to be near the end of the first brood of eggs, and agrees with the issuing records of moths from collected wintering material, practically all moths having emerged by this time. In 1907 the last of the first-brood eggs were obtained June 2, - having been laid in a cage by the last moths to emerge from collected wintering material kept in the laboratory. Place of oviposition.—Of 67 eggs collected in the orchard April 27, 53 occurred on the upper side of leaves, 13 on the back of leaves, and 1 on a twig. While bagging fruit on May 6 a careful examination for eggs was made on all the leaves, twigs, and fruit to be inclosed in the bags. There were 78 eggs or empty shells found, of which 76 were on the upper surface of leaves, 1 on a twig, and 1 on the side of the fruit. Since but few apples became wormy after being bagged, this represents nearly the whole number of eggs present on the parts examined. Some of the eggs were at a considerable distance from any fruit, but as a rule the moths seemed to have selected the fruit clusters, possibly only because the foliage there was denser than on isolated shoots. _ In the cages eggs were placed indiscriminately on all parts of twigs, leaves, fruit, framework of cage, and on the glass panes, always, however, on the side of the cage from which most light came. Twigs placed in the middle or on the darker side of the cage were disregarded, the moths depositing their eggs on the side or bottom of the cage while struggling to fly out toward the light. Fertility — Practically all eggs observed were fertile, whether laid in cages or collected in the orchard. Often a few sterile eggs were deposited in the cages before oviposition proper began. When eggs were laid in considerable numbers they were all fertile. Length of incubation period.—The egg stage was greatly lengthened by periods of cool weather such as are apt to occur in early spring. The first eggs obtained in cages were deposited the night of April 19. These were subjected to very cool weather, including frost, and gave a maximum period of 21 days, or an average of 19.6 days. Eggs deposited the night of April 24 experienced part of the same spell of cool weather, including frost, and required an average of 17 days to hatch. With the advent of warm weather the egg stage was rapidly shortened. Eggs deposited May 8 hatched in 84 days, and the lot laid May 10 hatched in 74 days. Undoubtedly the last eggs of the first brood would show the uniform period of 5 days required for second-brood and third-brood eggs laid during June, July, and August. In Table VII are shown the incubation records of first-brood eggs deposited in outdoor cages. 8 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES TasLe VII.—First-brood eggs—incubation records of eggs laid in Cages I and IT (recorded in Tables V and VI). A. 21 EGGS LAID IN CAGE I. Number _ nee Red ring Bie. When | Length of of eggs. (night). appeared. Sarena hatched. | egg stage. Days 2 Apr. 19} Apr. 27| May 4] May 6 17 5 Pe -d0ses24 EPdOnsnee May 5] May 8 19 11 PO aece = EadOuenee Hoos May 9 20 3 ~dOSs2.2 a Ose sete PUNdOE. cee May 10 21 B. 46 EGGS LAID IN CAGE I. 1 Apr. 24 | May 2 | May 10} May 11 16 2 ee LOSsase Ee edOseee May 9| May 12 17 6 oe COLaees SAO (eeeee MayalOueee doses 17 30 Smedossens pa COneeee Mayimlily Bad oseene 17 4 ad Oran oe Mayo esy|teeGdOuenee ese GOuuaee 17 1 eed. 54 Mays 29|-ecdoss--- | May 13 18 1 SeGOueess May .3)|He-scceeen May 14 19 C. 16 EGGS LAID IN CAGE Il. = {May 17 | & 16 | Maye eirere te | sogarao uss eee \ 9855 D. 45 EGGS LAID IN CAGE II. = i .3 | \(May 17 1 abreast May 10; lke seat Notte bees | a.m. J | FIRST-BROOD LARV®. Period of hatching—The date of the earliest hatching of larve can be put fairly accurately at about April 27 (3 weeks after petals had fallen), as on that day out of 67 eggs collected in the orchard only 6 were empty shells and 2 in the black-spot stage, hatching the same day. No wormy apples were found until May 4, the calyx lobes probably concealing their work for several days. Larvee con- tinued to enter the fruit in numbers during nearly the whole of May. The last of the brood probably entered during the first week of June, which is allowing 10 days from the time of the last observed unhatched ego in the orchard. The great majority of the first brood of larve entered the fruit during May. Thus it will be seen that up to this time the different stages of the insect, instead of showing an increasing tendency to occupy a longer time, have actually become more compact. While it required about 24} months for the wintering larve to pupate, the sprmg moths issued within a space of 2 months and the first brood of larve hatched in scarcely more than 45 days. This is readily explainable from the influence of temperature on the different stages. The earliest spring THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 9 pupal stages lasted a month, but the later individuals to transform spent only 2 weeks as pupz; so that the time of emergence of the spring moths was shortened by 15 days. Again, the first eggs required 20 days to hatch, and the last only 5, a shortening by another 15 days of the period during which the first brood of larvee entered the fruit. In 1907 the first larva was found in the orchard May 18, newly hatched, and in the act of entering the calyx. This was 6 weeks after the petals had fallen from the apple trees. Several wormy apples were found May 23, and they soon became abundant. On June 17 to 20, observations by Mr. Dudley Moulton at Bentonville, Ark., and by the writer at Siloam Springs indicated that the first brood had nearly all entered. Over 500 wormy apples were collected in orchards at the two places, but no larve just entering were found, the smallest larve having burrowed to the core. Maturing of larve.—tin 1908 the first cocoon was found under a band May 27, and contained a newly transformed pupa (soft and white), indicating that the larva had left the fruit not later than May 24. Two full-grown larve left picked fruit May 26, the fruit having been collected in the orchard that day. The band record from 18 trees (page 24) indicates that the last of the first brood of larve went into cocoons about July 15, or 52 days after the first larva left the fruit. This gives an increase of about a week over the time be- tween the first and last entering larve of this brood. In 1907 the first mature larve left picked fruit June 12. On June 17 many larve and some pup were taken from bands, the last pre- vious examination of the bands being on June 10. In 1906 larvee had begun to spin cocoons by June 5, as indicated by a sending of wormy fruit from Bentonville, Ark., by Mr. W. M. Scott to Mr. Moul- ton. Several larve had spun up en route. Period vn fruit.—Several of the earlier larve of the first brood hatched and were placed on bagged fruit May 4. Six larve reached maturity, leaving the fruit May 26-29, after an average life in the apple of 23.8 days, the minimum being 22 and the maximum 25 days. A greater range would probably occur in the field between larvee in exposed fruit and those in the shaded interior of the trees. Larval life in cocoon.—Forty-three larvee which became full grown before July 10 showed an average interval of 7.2 days between leay- ing the fruit and pupation when kept in vials out of doors. The shortest interval was 3 days and the longest 19. The normal time in the orchard is probably nearer the minimum here shown, as in the glass vials many larve seemed to spend an unusually long time trying to build a suitable cocoon. Individual records on this stage are given in Table VIII. 10 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. FIRST-BROOD PUP. First-brood larve began to pupate May 27, just a week after the last stragglers of the wintering larve under observation had pupated. Thus first-brood pup appeared before the last of the spring brood had given out moths, the extent of the overlap being 12 days. Of 42 first-brood pupex observed, the average duration of the stage was 10.7 days, ranging from 9 to 13 days. The total period from the time the larva left the fruit until the adult issued averaged 17.8 days, with a range of from 13 to 21 days. As before suggested, larvee not confined in vials would probably pupate sooner, thus shortening the “cocoon stage.’ Individual records of first-brood pupe are shown in Table VIII. Taste VIII.—Pupal periods and cocoon stages of first generation. | | Larva Length Total Larva Moth ‘ F Individual No. | left of pupal | time in fruit. pupated. | emerged. stage. cocoon. Days. Days. Nero satiate mrs S ae oS Yee i Se es wart weiter | May 29 | June 2 | June 12 10 14 Dee tae owl, aan Seen eet be ae tee ee eee en eetdOLs ae see GOreus= sea Ossees 10 14 Bs Oe Sih CREPE eR © Sarai es ee pe ae ee eee ee aes Orme ce 222d0e-s2- Lsidos-ces 10 14 HN Pea RLS he PPE Cae ener he. URE ee ele Dk Ry cette o May 30] June 83 |-...do..... 9 13 Dee eh le (8a) Bt eS Se PR he Se ee yaaa oe dz see 32d 0see-E June 13 10 14 (2 Laat 2 OLE oA chal bk tie ie Nat ey aN et ao ar Khe J pe Ae ae eed Oneere June 5 | June 18 13 19 Fee ee ROE Ie ee apy ae UR ere Sed Re eck es eee May 31/| June 41] June 15 11 15 SE St bord Oe is Rene Aaah Bnd brim Bom ene rnp ys June 2] June 5] June 16 11 14 CDE See ake Cr eS MYL Se ht nea oa ene Bp ee Se Obecee June Gale ndOees 10 14 IQ) Se oe’ Fret ah Sd MS a ae 2d Me bi rie edge Bes Korea June 7 | June 18 11 16 TL es a ae ee alredee 5 Mes Se ER ore Ai tee et June 3/ June 6} June 16 10 13 Ree Ree Rae AR ee econ ee cea era Pee a Nala syeene June 4] June 9} June 21 12 17 GL a ie Ie eT eae EE eM Ee ee crete ee met June 5|June 8 | June 19 11 14 LLCs ersaein oc CRANK le ie ge See ne te tet cera oye peed Oecees June 12 ; June 23 11 16 ES ee AN Sd Rae are ei Sauk Bene Steere Myo arene ts dos.-s June 21 | July 3 13 28 ah i 2 es ak SS 8 a Os ee Re eile ne Soe eae re mo ciaeco cae June 6] June 11 | June 22 11 16 fen! SAT 1 Os ee ee a ea acts Sineient ceircteva ce Goss. June 13 | June 24 11 18 TUS Ay sy RON ae is aes OE Cas se afubetey fc} ies exe ke) eee AsO eee 11 16 1) apes Ng ee Hee er ery t4 SAP SEEnE Boe eae ote Goes: June 16 | June 26 10 18 DO ee eg. SN ee cencret le tears Saete Aaiane Oe Sree June 9 GOneeee June 28 12 19 DN Roe fe oe Ths Pe aR Er en ey ae or 3 June 11 doin June 25 9 14 AN es Se Oe 5 Ae UD in Og ah salle Aga Se ae eR SR aee LRN yey ot Serre A June 15 | June 19 | June 30 11 15 De We ae Se ee oe See eee cee aa Be ac June 16 June 23 | July 5 12 17 DAA eee ee Bee byeet= ce cms nie cu creianied Mee ete accede June 21 | June 24 |..-do-._-- 11 14 Dita ane oes Sooke Seen an sf ue hace sane eros: June 23 | June 29 | July 11 12 18 VA sh nee te CAR Oe eae ee area ie ie a tae ee a Bee One Saya |e dlye 17. 10 24 BY PS eer Be GRC gee Ne ee rahe Le Seis = wee ie June 24} July 2 | July 12 10 18 DNS a Men eye, BES PR sora Shei ayaeteye eee ear eters pe COseees July 5] July 16 11 22 Oe na Se TS nts Se maces Deke eee sae eee June 27 | July 7) July 17 10 20 BAUS = oe Sa Ae Bae eeepc ounce ec nar June 28} July 3] July 13 10 15 SU ee ee DAOES RAE th chase ate RAS Oe ton June 30 | July 7 | July 17 10 17 pee Sees SAREE SCaS a COU BP Aseie Eb csC SDB ae Spemcicien Julys A Thulys eS (oko) E ee 12 16 ah ee ey See ENE Raa SS Se P Res oan ecocacise aoa = oon July 2/July 8] July 18 10 16 Be tel SoD he eRe eed Siar, 5 mo a meee mete aE GOseees July 11 | July 20 9 18 be oes ohn Beek ids aes EG a eta Me Se Ace NESE Co boys 5 ee July 16] July 27 11 25 Se ASE Monee ne eercasecccanee sar h Ags aenacaaee July 3] July 9] July 18 9 15 Cyan S abe oe nese tet © CHASED Recess Ac July 7} July 20} Aug. 1 12 25 BO ee nie) f bio Sena hare oad Soe wee es eee oe aes eeGOee ces July 26 | Aug. 7 12 31 AO Res. Feet Sole bi ea ee Sey oe Ne ae, Sei neaens Se July July 23 | Aug. 2 10 25 £1 6 EN SS eae Naat ph let eee, Ne ee RE rte a nS, July 9) July 15] July 26 11 17 ANS Sn). Si yeh Sack 8 AS Noe taas. Ske oe ee geese GOL ee July 18 | July 29 11 20 (a ee se) AS SS Sea AeA Here SASS r TE Gost=-- July 25 | Aug. 4 10 26 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. The earliest first-brood moth emerged June 8, on which date the last belated moth of the spring brood also issued. Sixteen of the earliest moths, caged June 8-15, showed an average life of 6.2 days. Oviposition began 5 days after the first moth was caged. In 1907, THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 11 when a large number of moths were caged on the same date, eggs were obtained on the third day. A record of first-brood moths confined in a cage is given in Table IX. Taste I[X.—Life of first-brood moths (Cage III), reared from first-brood larvxe from earliest wormy apples collected in orchard, and from earliest larve reared in bagged Srutt. | Moths emerged and put F Noon nail CA ra into cage. Moths died. Mourve Eggs laid (at night). : wae oe a YO life of edb iva yb, Oe. fw oP | : ‘moths. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. ING LSses een ston 1 ccna Ve) | ie ee ee 1 AFG cy 3s bee 2 Mrarrey, Os 37588 ee Te ee chia ee ee 1 ioldavs Jue ass e308 16 TEV a ete 22 Telitiest Osseo 2 Tea oS Mane oeece. aes 26 abate (ae eae ee OP PRUN DEE Fee SH as 7 Sume 16s. bees i ok 18 AND batet i ERA ee QWBISCANOGS-s5. cies = 5 dob ats yl ee See. 104 GUNG pes ee. yz ee 11 June 18....... 25 Motaleeren. s,- 16 — Motaleyes see. = 21 Total -> = 191 In 1907 no first-brood moths were obtained until June 25. In 1906 Mr. Moulton records the issuing of a moth on June 19 from apples sent from Bentonville, Ark. : LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE OF FIRST GENERATION. The interval between the emergence of the first adult of the win- tering brood and the earliest first-brood moth was 69 days. Starting with a spring moth emerging after the weather became warm, the life cycle would be much shorter. A moth emerging May 5 might lay eggs May 10. Eggs laid on the latter date required 74 days to hatch. This, together with 24 days in the fruit and 18 days in the cocoon, gives a total of about 54 days as an average time for the latter half of the first generation. THE SECOND GENERATION. SECOND-BROOD EGGS. The earliest of the first brood of moths began depositing eggs on the night of June 13. In 1907 second-brood eggs were not laid in cages until July 5. All eggs of this brood required a nearly uniform period of 5 days for incubation. In Table X is given a record of the incuba- tion of some of the earlier eggs of this brood. TaBLE X.—Second-brood eggs—incubation periods of eggs laid in Cage IIT (recorded in Table IX). l ; Eggslaid| Red ring} Black When Length (at ap- | Spot ap- hatched of egg night). | peared. | peared. 3 Number of eggs.. | Days. 26 June 15 | June 18 | June 20 | June 21 54 18 June 16 | June 19 | June 21 |..ado....) 5 104 June 17 do....) June 22 jaJune 22 5 53 25 June 18 | June 20 | ee June 23 a At night. 12 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SECOND-BROOD LARV. Period of hatching.—According to records of oviposition, the first larvee of the second brood would have hatched June 18. They began hatching in numbers in the cages June 21. Reared larve entering fruit as late as August 3 were undoubtedly of the second brood, as they pupated on reaching full growth. Some of the brood probably hatched later still, making a total period of entrance to the fruit of perhaps 55 days for such larvee of this brood as pupated. Maturing of larve.—The band record (p. 24) indicates that second- brood larve began to leave the fruit by July 15. The first of the reared larvee left July 13, and were from eggs laid 4 days later than the earliest, so mature second-brood larvee may have appeared by July 10. The band records of both 1907 (p. 23) and 1908 (p. 24) indicate that the last of the second brood left the fruit early in Sep- tember. Period in fruit.—A large number of second-brood larve hatching during the night of June 22 were transferred to bagged fruit June 25. Seventeen of these reached maturity after an average time in the fruit of 24.6 days, the time ranging from 21 to 31 days. The individual records are given in Table XI. TasBLeE XI.—Life of second-brood larve, reared in bagged fruit on trees (eggs recorded in Table X). Number | When 7B ate of | mime in of larvee. | hatched. Pela fruit. ruit Night. Days 1 June 22 | July 13 1 4 Padoeeere | July 14 22 1 pedoeeees July 15 23 4 =sG0i6-- July 16 24 1 esdON ee: July 17 25 2 Paco se July 18 26 2 pdOrea= July 19 27 1 ue dOleae- July 20 28 1 Sedo 2 a= July 23 31 Several of the same lot of larve were put on picked fruit and kept in jars out of doors. Most of these spun cocoons in the fruit, and had pupated before the fact was noticed. Three of them, however, left the fruit after periods of 21 and 22 days. The fact that these larvee had been kept in jars instead of on bagged fruit seems to have hastened development, as the average time from oviposition to emer- gence of adult of 11 individuals of this lot was 42.3 days, as against 49.5 days for the 17 individuals on bagged fruit. Nine second-brood larve hatching July 28 to August 3 were reared in picked fruit in jars, and reached maturity in from 16 to 20 days, the average being 17.7 days. Individual records of this lot are given in Table XII. ‘THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. bs . Taste XII.—Life of second-brood larvx, reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors. Number | When See Time in of larvee. | hatched. rae 8 fruit. ruit. Days 2 July 28 | Aug. 15 18 1 Eeedozses Aug. 14 17 1 July 31 | Aug. 17 17 | 1 Aug. 2 | Aug. 20 18 il AIG. on Aue. 2, 19 1 wr dOseees | Aug. 23 20 1 S20) 382 Aug. 19 16 1 --do.....|..d0.....| 16 In 1907 the period in the fruit was determined for 33 second-brood larvee which hatched July 10-15. All were reared in picked fruit kept in the laboratory: The shortest time was 15 days, longest 22, average 18.1 days. The 1907 rearings are tabulated in Table XIII. TaBLE XIII.—Life of second-brood of larvx, reared in picked fruit, in laboratory—1907 } | Number | Date of of larve. | hatching. Date of leaving fruit. Time in fruit. July 10 | July 27 17 NWR BATON bob Larval life in cocoon. —Of 75 larve maturing from July 12 to Sep- tember 1, the time between leaving the fruit and pupation (in vials out of doors) varied from 3 to 21 days, with an average of 11.86 days. The remarks on this stage of the first-brood larve would also apply here. Individual records are shown in Table XIV. SECOND-BROOD PUP. Pupz appeared out of doors as late as September 14. These, how- ever, were from larve that left the fruit September 1 or before, and only a few larve leaving the fruit later than August 20 transformed. In the laboratory pupz appeared well into November. In 1907 larvee appearing under bands later than August 26 generally failed to pupate, so that the last pupe in both seasons appeared early in September. Of 78 second-brood pupex, from larve maturing after July 12 and until September 1, the longest pupal stage was 17 days, shortest 8, average 10.5 days. The longest total period in cocoon was 38 days, shortest 12, average 20.4 days. This material was kept in small vials, and the period between leaving the fruit and pupation was probably abnormally long, on account of the difficulty in spinning a suitable cocoon. The individual records are given in Table XIV. 84606—Bull. 80, pt 1—09——3 14 TaBLE XIV.—Pupal periods and cocoon stages of second generation. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Individual No. Larva left fruit. Larva pupated. July 17 July 22 July 21 July 24 July 17 July 28 Moth emerged. Col Reef ey sheas So eo = Soa Rh) iN. tated see 9.09 7a = WISINSINENS Time as pupa. = — OOM OMMODOOHSMOOOO — Oo Time in cocoon. Days. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 15 SECOND-BROOD MOTHS. Moths of the second brood were obtained from reared material July 25. Moths emerged in abundance during August and in dimin- ishing numbers throughout September. The last one to emerge out of doors appeared October 1. The earliest moths of this brood were not obtained in sufficient numbers to get the first possible third-brood eggs. Oviposition in a cage began on August 5 by moths the first of which emerged July 30. The record of this cage is given in Table XV. TABLE XV.—Life of second-brood moths (Cage IV), reared from second-brood larve recorded in Table XI. Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). Moths died. ‘ | Date. Number. | Date. Number. Date. Number. oe Fis | Mil vesQermes capes et ae WH WATIPUST OSS = ce =5 sors = 2 | FAUISUIS TO gas eee sane (female) 1 DU Yrolee nce ot eeces attel- We WAU CTISHION* ee wsehoe ae Za Aosta Oss 2 see sae | (female) 1 TANT SUS Gare § See oa sant Ue PATIOVISES: uetitaas settee Bein | | MNT CTS tall 8S. ee eee | (female) 2 PATISUIS Hier cm ne see ome Da EAM eUSteeemene scenes 54 | AES loess Soe eee (female) 2 ENTS Ue ee 2 | [Weseby dOMeE oe ee (male) 1 MAQTOTISHOSs cones s sons <3 1 | AUPUSt ASS hee. seen (male) 1 J NERSTORIR (ie Gee SRE EIEE 3 || | Lost or escaped...... 5 AUTO UISt see te aie) 1 ER OUR eter aces 13 LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE OF SECOND GENERATION. The interval between the emergence of the earliest first-brood moth (June 8) and the earliest of the second brood (July 25) gives a period of 47 days for the life cycle. Records of 19 individuals, the larve being reared in bagged fruit on trees, give an average of 49.5 days from oviposition to emergence. Adding 5 days as the interval from emergence to oviposition gives 54.5 days as the total for the gen- eration. The minimum time thus shown was 45 and the maximum 67 days. Records of these 19 individuals are given in Table XVI. 4 16 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasBLE XVI.—Records, from oviposition to emergence of adult, of 19 individuals of the second generation reared from moths recorded in Table I1X—larvx reared in bagged JSruit on trees. she Egg laid heed | Larvaleft| Larva Moth Individual No. | night) (at fruit. | pupated. emerged. eV enig: Time from oviposi- tion to emer- July 24] Aug. 2 July 17 | July 27 | July 28) Aug. 6 dOsaeees | Aug. 7 | July 31) Aug. 10 | July 29] Aug. 7 July 25 | Aug. 3 July 22) July 30 | Jtly | 28) |) Aug. 97 Aug. 92) || Auge 1 July 22 | July 31 July 26} Aug. 4 eaG0, ase a AU oes | Aug. 7) Aug. 18 inieate Noe Le Sia. Sonnets ae eee ee lees GOd: ole Gok = Iya 231 [eA el AT aS Se aRE Sans SRO RSE op EER SA eS ets do.....|...do.....| Transformed in fruit.) Aug. 4 LS Beek ee ee ee ei ne eae ee ee || See doles Gort os ees (Clee meme ee oe eee GOneeee 1 Oe ee cae hymns Se Soe Ch eyt eae | es dorcel." Goss alseese Gosia al eee AIS. Sb Eleven individuals from the same lot as the above were reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors, and show an average of 42.3 days from oviposition to emergence, which would indicate about 47 days as the length of the life cycle. The records are shown in Table XVII. TaBLE XVII.—Records, from oviposition to emergence of adult, of 11 individuals of the second generation reared from moths recorded in Table IX—larvx reared in picked fruit, in jars out of doors. | Time | | from = Aap. ey4s pean Egg laid | yatched | Larvaleft| Larva Moth |, 0x2boss Individual No. | (at (at rink. pupated. emerged. | tion to | night). night) | emer- ar gence of adult. x | | Days. ee eA SS ee SR Pek hs hey June 17 | June 22 | July 13] July 21} July 31 44 Fe et hh a ee ey oe epee SBS pees teal Se dosealee Ons... | July 14)| July 17) July 28 41 sar I a Rapa ita sk Ais ener e Aaa t teem Aaa L Be don Ales GOsee cal. cd One ee Ui tyaeeeO OLY 44 Are ONS ase EB Meee Neen nen etna Gols doee-2 / Transformed in fruit. July 25 38 BS oe ces eee neta ea be GOreesa|eee do GOe See eee July 26 39 Ge eS on oS Be ee roo R Bene Gee eee sites doze a\ter do dot sae eee July 28 41 (ore ae ee aera Sen 5 AG See te doze -ehee Cowes -Paeee GOss3-s22ssehse 22 July 30 43 ESE Eee periacd oe on bene SaaS sareis hae Gosteealaee Clie salltaoos GO: ae. a eee July 31 44 Ore a cee eee te ee Seen. seine Son het ie Ee GOzesen| ee Gores a |= ee GOS SS 52 heen oe July 26 39 LO eer Mein eee pai he ete Oe do Gols yaleeee OE Sac. oe ee AID 46 iE SS Se eee Sees on Se ees ea th SS dome: |tee doze lesee2 Oks on Sane eee eee Golsss- 46 see In 1907 records of 30 individuals reared in picked fruit in the laboratory gave a minimum time from oviposition to adult of 34 days, maximum 68, average 39.1 days. Allowing 5 days between THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. LY emergence and oviposition, the length of the life cycle would be: Minimum, 39; maximum, 73; average, 49 days. These indoor records show an average life cycle 5 days shorter than the outdoor records (on bagged fruit) of 1908. Table XVIII gives a record of the 1907 rearings. TasLE XVIII.—Records from oviposition to emergence of adult of 30 individuals of the second generation reared in 1907 from larve and pupx of the first generation collected from bands—material kept in laboratory. Time z " from ovi- aes Egg Egg arva oth position Individual No. laid. | hatched. | left fruit. | emerged. | to emer- gence of adult. Days [eee ies 7 eek mes (fot ooo. Boeck duly 5] July 10) July 27] Aug. 15 1 GRE, Meee oe te Rope ei ir gs Ce ed Boe i etree A dorses- Oye Bed Osseo Aug. 12 38 IS, SR ec oa UE RES eae ge ena en er hae OS seat oOzzsa2 JUlywe29) | Sesdoreese 38 (Me oom ee ts BEARS ee EO Ge cee ee een eee foes GOs: doze: peed Oneeee Gowese: 38 Feet ee et en eee Ne MG NE oh July 10} July 15/ July 30} Aug. 15 36 GER eee ee tee EE IRR. oS ce Se ara so |eind dowecee Ons July 31} Aug. 13 34 OMB O MERLOT ae See AS ds 52 ei ke ies lExedoueas: eedouee SOs Aug. 14 35 SUR PER Des La Meh ee en te 8S (eandos dows: J Xetee LEG a 35 (5s oes Geel = ACN an a Sn en PedOssea- BdQusses ee Osaaee dos 35 1s ons se ei Soe Re ee ne ee wdOsses (0K) cae dose do.:.-- 35 il theta a ee ee ee ee EOOSceee dos==e= =2005. s+ dossee= 35 Le ee ree SE 5 2 EN Sy yh oe cele dia seiermtelatevs dOusee dowss2 BredOsasse Bexdoseces 35 Uso dae, SLES See be eee eee eee ee ees EGO Sees dolze: Oss. Aug. 16 37 Ae nee a ame Ry Peak co ces eas ecseeee dO 2250 dose. does: . dorss=. 37 Wino dode scaRe ~ SSE RAR eee ee See ea nee ee ae ee 5 200tect= dos. saCOmsae2 Aug. 25 46 ee ee Ne te Pe of 5 ee eae So ae ain a Siaie'Sieie dope dos Aug. 2 | Aug. 15 36 Ils cee Soe Se BS AE ee eA ee ee se COSaa. 2 douse. eedOzes55 Goss 36 LSinne 2 So Roe ERR ES SP EER ESE EAL EA Sone nae paso rae apeErae 2002nac5 (Gone Ped ose-s¢ gos 36 UNG) ry Sh Sole SS CNS CIE re Ea een 200.— 2: donasae HE dOss Aug. 21 42 eo ac Rie oA BARA AE ee eOs eae dose. edOsas-5 Aug. 22 43 at re eS a nntns Ae hy Toy. SO aah oe ee Ways Sata iclaaie o aig -do. Go2=-e5 EF QOsze5— Aug. 27 48 eee Lae ei eye RY See = Seer oe Sg eens Sse BadOzses s Gon ac: Aug. 3} Aug. 15 36 EE Te ee iets yo es Sepa ad. PARE A Po ee sg adortace do=s== sed Osess2 Oost 36 DAT e ate stat ale ata ei ataw ats a eterna Sa ess tae eie aisle ance SO. o.6- BC fo eee =00%2.5- Aug. 16 37 eet Sen ee ae oe Wee egos wxlocts aes ene mace dors): EOOssess sd0s22-- dozense 37 eee ey ate era ata nro ease ain cia’ s Aas = Sci ceinicis lemere saci d@rs-z- done: AR oom Sept. 16 68 eRe PRR ae a A clear Ad ile a lak & aetna waldo eaten’ doze. doz=- Aug. 4 | Aug. 17 38 eee eee tae nine 2s tas Sais tol oats advcin ce aaacs = doz=-: dou-s: Aug. 5 | Sept. 1 53 CONN 2, Se et SAAS ee Ae pea A Age eel Se SE A pe Goma pease (a) Aug. 15 36 BAD eae Set es fatale ors at stra tay acta alois acate tare SUE srasate dralicteataenae dozce- ss Ose 2 (a) dounec- 36 . @ Spun cocoon in fruit. THE THIRD GENERATION. THIRD-BROOD EGGS. 4 In the cages third-brood eggs were first secured August 5. The calculated time for their first appearance in the field is 10 days earlier. The last eggs observed were laid in a cage October 16 by moths emerging up to October 1. All second-brood and third-brood eggs laid before August 28 hatched in 5 days, the usual summer incubation period. ‘During September the egg stage was gradually lengthened toward the maxi- mum period shown in early spring eggs. The eggs from which the third-brood larvee were reared incubated as shown in Table XIX. 18 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XIX.—JIncubation periods of third-brood eggs laid in Cage IV (recorded in Table XV). Number | Eggs laid (at} Red ring Black spot Length of of eggs. night). appeared. appeared. When hatched. egg stage. Days. 55 SANT Ss secre ANI SS TS eee MUS Shee see cee Aug. 14) a. 1me- =. 5 54 Ag) 955522. Aug. 12-5 2.2 Aug. 14,a.m.-...| Aug. 14, night... 5 Records of other eggs, mostly of the third brood, laid throughout the latter part of the season are given in Table XX. TaBLE X X.—Incubation periods of miscellaneous second-brood and third-brood eggs. Number | Eggs laid (at} Red ring Black spot : , |\Length of ’ of eggs. night). appeared. appeared. When hatched. egg stage. e ies | Days. 94 Tualys SOLE SR ee eee eS See Eee Keene meee Aug. 4, evening d and night. ‘ 23 Ang eTae ae4 Aug.14,p.m-.} Aug. 17, a.m-.-...| Aug. 17, night... 5 18 IL Bs 2 ral ope sot se REE EE CREE EEE Aug. 18, p.m... 5 96 ANE. 282). 2-2 Ane 330 Fee e Septs22 s-5- 2256 Sept. 3, p.m....| 54-6 50 Auge 292 5... Nb Mee Septs4ee-c--- es Sept. /O2sceeessse 6 46 Sept. 7. ...- -- Sept: 9--22-. Sept. 13, a. m..-.| Sept. 13, p. m. 6 and night. 37 Sept. 11... . Peptslseesee septs l6s2-c2ec25 Sept. L7jMe=- 254 54 3 Neptwlijaccte| seas ose eee Sept. 24, a.m-...| Sept. 25, p. m. 8 and night. 34 Septesaast halter ee ese OURS 3abencaned Oct. 5;a:mi> =. 114 16 De te 2427 ea [Pee shee eee Raa cece ee serene Oct.9-15! ae s2 Ee 14-18 1 Oct AGE tc. Oct-89 NsOcty20e-ea se Dried.up.s:2-22¢ 13+ THIRD-BROOD LARV, In the cages the first hatching of third-brood larve was on August 14. Judging from the emergence of second-brood moths July 25, third-brood larve probably appeared in the field during the first week of August. Owing to the early dropping of the small crop of fruit in 1908, field observations on larve entering fruit could not be made during September. In the cages larve continued to hatch intnumbers up to September 20, and the last on October 15. The last lot of eggs developed as far as the black-spot stage on October 29, but failed to hatch. As the harvesting of the apple crop in this region ordinarily begins early in September, considerable numbers of the third brood would fail to mature before fruit picking. Reared larve of this brood began to mature September 2, and the band record for 1907 (p. 23) also shows an increase about this time. The calculated time of maturing of the earliest third-brood larve in 1908 is August 20. Owing to the dropping of the fruit in 1908, the band record for this season (p. 24) does not include a normal number of the later larvee. In 1907 larvee spun cocoons under the bands as long as any apples were on the trees, and at harvest time many small worms were still in the fruit. THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 19 Forty-one third-brood larve, hatching August 14 and reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors, required from 19 to 32 days to become full grown, the average being slightly over 24 days. These records are given in Table XXI. TaBLE XXI.—Life of third-brood larve, reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors, from eggs recorded in Table XIX. : Date of bast We Aires When hatched. Me ee ruit. Days. 2 Aug. 14,a.m..| Sept. 2 19 Sa (ol oe Sees Sept. 3 20 iI

BERG (Boe July 16] July 25} Aug. 3 ener te 2 ae I Sah Se nae eter c ia eter [eidoleess WOO naa BaadOu ene adores Do. are ee US ec ieee pape RMS Cabeee oe seta eee mai (oat ec One ee eeadGie ns July 22 | July 30 [nce tn Aa SE RGepa saoseeippnbe = ge cigce ase sagtios pear LAasO Beers pee Ohana See COse eee July 28} Aug. 7 Wee satel tas aslo Sadana Sam minciafe a cts kan atte also ears [pea OOnenee ie SOLO EE July 17) Aug. 2/| Aug. 11 an Gokcse Cee AHEER DE: cep epet dadbabe Lng uCoGE aac Peet (oes ee dOorse July 18] July 22] July 31 eee este cn os cw = oes vs eee egseden eae stoaae clssiee (ee eOOLee ss Wed oases. je GO 2 .= 5 July 26) Aug. 4 ee eR RN) asc hatojateim erwin) atts cme eee te mee aoe rts see Se does Bee dOre sae July 19) |e-- dono... Aug. 3 IG. bec. cg He Gee! Gee ies Sooo tease Eona acu bas SAeeaeL= We Oee asa) se COberea |) Iuly: 20 Ales i Ae. 1S. NGS aos oe So pep leteeet SoS rose Sse Shes endorses. Beas oa July 23] Aug. 4] Aug. 16 Sapte ete tere ais = ohana ore neers a oe ela ele 2 SENOUO Lampe ego Ke | Transformed in fruit.| Aug. 4 TES Us 2 cto ce Ce ENR ne ett ae eee I NS oe do SACOLE AS een oe OM sai eae {bk EMRE eRe ie ok yO at le Me a ee See ot ct we doles eee Osseo yee eS Gomes sees ec PATIe a Mills. Amo Sa CODD ORIS ARC AOCDEE RAR COD GUL DE ROLE Sor peocose weucOsene \-- wdosees8 July 19 Wintering. 22 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. To secure third-brood eggs, only moths that developed from the second-brood larve on bagged fruit were used. These emerged and oviposited as recorded in Table X XVII. Tante XXVII.—Life of moths of second brood, reared from material recorded in Table XX VI. Moths emerged and put into cage. Eggs laid (at night). Moths died. Date. Number. Date. Number. Date. Number. MUI, SWS c5sccesgaeasce 1) PANISUIStiD sees eee a 2) ||| AUIguSt Os 2e2 nee nee (female) 1 Millyo les seen eee 1 PANIeUstIG-2 sn oe ee 2)\|| AmpeustalOl: = 25 sean (female) 1 TAU SUSU a eee eer oe lel PATI SUISt 8 aeeceee mace ae 50)|| -AUSUSH SS Se seeeae (female) 2 DAGTOUISt Om nants os oats Sill PATO ISTO Sarses= aateetare te 54 || August 12........... (female) 2 August 4... - i 2 D035. = fuses se (male) 1 August 6... - 1 AUIS US USS pera siaae (male) 1 August 7..-.-- ke 3 JN UR b RNS oo peepeeonoc 1 Motales aeewas eee 13 Lost or escaped... -- 5 The eggs laid August 8 and 9 developed a third brood of larve as shown in Table XXVIII. Taste XXVIII.—Life of larvxe of third brood, reared from eggs recorded in Table X XVII. Eggs laid | pope he Number | Larvee left _| (at night). ges hatched. of larvee. fruit. Aug. 8...| Aug. 14,a.m-.--. 2 Sept. 2 DOSE neste (Kop aaage 2 Sept. 3 1D) Opes |ineerrs (On Sie a= 1 Sept. 4 DOS ee eee (CK eases 3 Sept. 5 IDOEEe | ee (oe See 8 Sept. 7 IDI) Saeloes a5 Gon= Sane. | 3 Sept. 8 DoOssa\-ee-3 GOL Mae ear 2 Sept. 9 Do.. Sa Om ae crates 1S Sept. 11 DOree| 42-0 Gs sacoce 1 Sept. 12 DOr aa|secee Ole aoeese | Sept. 14 DOPE peers (6 Kore ees I Sept. 15 Aug. 9...| Aug. 14, night. 1 Sept. 3 Do...) o22% dotssee sa: 2 Sept. 4 Doge -\|-.- ==: Ole Boperisr 2 Sept. 5 Doren | aan dOn ee se 1 Sept. 6 Dots fesce (foe rsaaes 3 Sept. 7 DOr a i\isze5 dosent 2 Sept. 8 IDO) alleeaae hy SBA cae 1 Sept. 11 Dowsa|-ee ie. dose ase: 1 Sept. 12 Doe alenere {oko eee ae 2 Sept. 14 DO aes ee GO ween 1 Sept. 15 The above larvee were reared out of doors in picked fruit. All of them were of the wintering generation. THIRD GENERATION IN 1907. In 1907 all the rearing was done in the laboratory. The first larvee and pup collected in taking the band record (first generation) were used to begin rearing for a third generation. From this material first-brood moths began to emerge June 25. Second-brood eggs were laid by them in large numbers July 5 to 20, from which 41 second- brood larvee developed as shown in Table XXIX, THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 23 TasLe XX1IX.—Records of 41 individuals of the second generation, reared in the labora- tory in 1907, from band-collected larve and pupx of the first generation. | Numberof| Eggs Larvee Moths Numberof| Eggs Larvee Moths individuals.| hatched. | left fruit.| emerged. | individuals.) hatched. | left fruit.) emerged. 1 July 10 | July 27 | Aug. 15. 2 July 15 | Aug. 3 | Aug. 15. 1 ber dOrs-o2 seeOOurnes Aug. 12. 1 S002 anc Be aa Aug. 16. 2 Solas July 29 Do. 1 SAROs sons doe 9. hee ADYOE 1 SeedOrsead July 30 | Pupa died. 1 22=40..<<- COE es - Sept. 16. 1 dily LS eee aOL ss =~ Aug. 15 1 ee OOsesee Aug. 4 | Aug. 17. 1 See GOrn ses July 31 | Aug. 13. ere, baer coe AaCLOEeee 3 Aug. 16. 1 aedoe 25: ee Ouee a Aug. 14. Ue WA oases sercee s Sevils PE Ree W intering. 5 ed Obes Aug. 1 Do. leer 4] Be oec® SedOs 3 Aug. 15. 1 pee LOmae Saeko Ke eee Aug. 16. 1 July 15 |) Aug. 5 | Sept. 1. 1 ee eolo Besar ue 3dOnte 2 Do. 1 Ses dU sce EEK: Coan Wintering. 1 eee Go? eee eee done Aug. 25. 1 =-G0t2=55 Aug. 6 Do. 3 ed Ohesa- Aug. 2 | Aug. 15. 1 Goweee Pee dOcecse Do 1 st dOses.6 eke ee ee Aug. 21. 71 aed ero east Aug. 7 | Aug. 18 1 ERO Lee. BOS sean Aug. 22. HS a ||| ese ees eyeOOr= oe Aug. 20 1 oe OO ee Aug. 1 | Wintering. eee secs Aug. 9 | Aug. 25 1 4d se Aug. 2 | Aug. 27. 2 July 15 (@) Aug. 15. a Pupated in fruit. As indicated in the table, 5 of these larvee lived over winter, while the others developed to second-brood moths. No attempt was made to secure third-brood eggs from these moths, but from the time of their emergence we should expect third-brood larve to begin hatching about August 20. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS. BAND RECORDS. A band record is an important aid in tracing the seasonal history of the codling moth. The band record for 1907 is given in Table XXX and is shown graphically in figure 2. TaBLE XXX.—Band record of 1907, made from 25 trees in an unsprayed orchard. Number Number eae of ae and pupe | and pu- Date. taken Date. pe taken from from bands. bands. i} AUSGTOI SiN BB ee Ge sn eRe eee as ON PAteUstOL a soe oe. cece chee eee sce ee 212 Tema Os BA = eee es OUR STISTIOS Soc t als Sane wes steee 168 TIT QU e epee ore a ees a aiciae w tieteeisiee ae ae DSP AE SUNOS re cote Sone eee cian aad haere eee 170 MUCH e epee Cee cic sere ae Sea nSticis Ae cleeee AST WATIRIST 204-1 qyaisoe cs Scere eetame ete sear eee uy 98 dilly ie 28 She esesesceeke Cone eee eee ZO) Hl RPEDUGIMDER 2 nce etic ce cece ee so seminee bas 46 RU g Oars eee ee reraazciniacn enema sisrctae 47 || September 9......-.-.- BEE Mamie since ssae 52 PRUE Ua a Oe ieee clam Sarae sm nina mais aimiarestaie OO! PeEDbeM Den Gen” ao acncwes eee sl-biclepiec,< 67 RUUD gee eset aro ty Sew eat laos tosis crqete cine Hap OCLOWEE scree aes antae' oes oe oe ies se ee 156 MEO seein es ners Asc ss act eo ests se seme 131 The gap between the first-brood and the second-brood larve, indicated in the 1907 band record at July 1, should have come a week or more later. The week ending July 1 was cool and very rainy, the bands being continuously wet. This must have delayed many larvee in leaving the fruit, and prevented others from selecting the bands as a place for spinning their cocoons, 24 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The third brood shown in the 1907 band record (beginning Sep- tember 2) is probably normal in bulk, though the curve should per- haps rise more abruptly and stop earlier at the date of harvesting the apples. There were taken October 7 from the bands 156 larve, an average of 52 per week since the last previous examination; mean- while the fruit had been gathered, but the exact date could not be ascertained. Picking the fruit would of course put an end to the band record. It will be noticed in the curve (fig. 2) that the second brood is many times larger than the first. But the third brood, instead of showing a further increase, is scarcely larger than the first. This is not to be taken as evidence of only a partial brood, but is due to the fact that the fruit was harvested before the bulk of the third brood had matured. ; t. t. ot. rae Fic. 2.—Curve showing record of larvee and pupe of the codling moth taken from bands in 1907. The 1908 band record (Table XX XJ and fig. 3) was influenced by the very smal’ size of the apple crop in that year. TasBLE XXXI.—Band record of 1908, made from 18 trees in an orchard sprayed once after the calices had closed. [Record by Mr. 8. W. Foster.] Number Number of larvee of ke and pup and pu- Date. taken Date. pe taken from from bands. bands. UUM Gao ee arn ce seen os eee eee eee sae el 62s PAUIPUSTS 52 tai o cole ccc ceere eet aera 28 Ue Ree eae aerate een antares oie etre AD PAI eUSt IOS ee Secret se see 69 THO 2 mate sso ss ee cee ee Seen en neme Gia PAU SUS tM as eerie ee 30 URS cee een seco wee saree sosmce 66 |) August 24........... 24 23 AI OIG Goomecite SSeea ee ae aas bao se ose S30 ASUS rh lek ean ee 6 AU CE, ns SSeS Onmnna A bonSacaesSeS 16)|| September 722. ---.-2---- e il blo Oy (ie eet SOS O 5E come MES SEE > 26 || September 14 Bull. 34, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 38. 36 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. from Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Brit- ish Columbia. In the State of New York it has been recorded by Lintner, Slingerland, and others; at Manhattan, Kans., by Faville; at Santa Fe, N. Mex., by Cockerell;.at North East, Pa., by the writer; at Port Hope, Mich., by Pettit, and at Douglas, Mich., by Braucher. FOOD PLANTS AND INJURY. The insect has a rather limited list of food plants. Originally it probably fed on native crab apples and certain species of Crataegus. With the extensive planting of orchards, it has found in apple and pear favorite food plants, and it is largely to these two fruits that its depredations have been confined. It has also been recorded feeding upon quince and plums, and will undoubtedly be found on other trees allied to them. Like many other injurious insects, the work of the cigar case-bearer, when the species is present in destructive numbers, comes suddenly into evidence. The caterpillars infest mainly the leaves, but in the spring they may also be found on the buds and the young fruits. Injury at this time of the season is naturally quite important as affecting both the vigor of the trees and the development of the fruit. As shown in Plate I, figures 1 and 2, the foliage, under conditions of serious infes- tation, becomes practically skeletonized. In the orchard at North East. Pa., which came under the writer’s observation in 1908, the foliage was completely devoured and withered by the early part of June, and from a distance appeared brown and dead, as if swept by fire. Neighboring fruit growers believed this to be due to the burn- ing effect of an arsenical spray, but as a matter of fact the orchard had, to the knowledge of the present owners, never been sprayed, When inspected, June 3, the larvie, in their cigar-shaped cases, were found in such great numbers that not only had the foliage been com- pletely devoured, but the tender growths of the branches had been very generally attacked. (Pl. I, fig. 3.) It was probably owing to lack of food that they were dropping down from the branches, sus- pended by a silken thread, in search of new feeding places. The owner, Mr. A. L. Short, and his team at the time of plowing the orchard were completely covered with the larve and presented a very strange sight. In looking through the spaces between the rows of trees one was impressed with the abundance of the larvee, for their cases in countless numbers, suspended by silken threads and waving back and forth in the breeze, almost resembled a drapery. As the larvee ceased feeding by about the middle of June, the trees put out 2 new growth of leaves, and later in the season the condition of the orchard was favorable to its recuperation from the attack. Bull. 80, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. uae Ih THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER (COLEOPHORA FLETCHERELLA). Fig. 1.—Apple leaf with larve at work (enlarged). Fig. 2.—Infested apple twig, two weeks after larvee Ceased feeding (reduced). Fig. 8—Young branches with puncturelike feeding marks of the laryee (natural size). (Original.) THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 37 DESCRIPTION. THE EGG. The minute egg (fig. 10, d), which is hardly visible to the naked eye, is pale yellow, and over the surface is closely marked with ele- rated ridges. On the average, it measures 0.31 by 0.25 mm. and is almost round in outline. THE LARVA AND ITS CASES. When newly hatched the larva is pale yellow, with the head and thoracic plates dark brown or nearly black. The full-grown larva (fig. 10, ¢) averages 5 mm. to 5.8 mm. in length and 1.16 mm. in greatest width. Its head is 0.5 mm. wide and is dark and strongly chitinized, with the ventral surface lighter than the rest. The body is reddish orange, with dark plates as follows: The cervical plate on the prothorax, subdivided by a white interspace; two smaller plates on the dorsum of the mesothorax; a pair of lateral plates on each thoracic seg- ment; a large anal plate on the termi- Fic. 9.—The cases of the cigar case- nal segment; a small plate on the — pearer (Coleophora fletcherella) : a, side of each anal leg. The crochets Upper view of the cigar-shaped case, , S ‘S F showing the smooth and the hairy on the fourth pair of abdominal legs sides. and the three-lobed hind open- Temp oeiG, And. Ongune first three ie; ) side view of ‘same, ic the : 5 4 « case aS it appears in the spring, pairs are rudimentary or wanting, with the tubelike addition; d, the varying from none to 4, in one or fall and winter case. Much en- 4 larged. (Original.) two rows. The anal legs have from 10 to 13 well-developed crochets placed in a single row. The spiracles are round and feebly indicated. The thoracic legs are large, dark brown, strongly chitinized, and with a chitinous plate behind the basal portion of each leg. The sete on the head, thoracic legs, and terminal portion of the body are distinct; on the abdominal segments they are rather indistinct. The abdominal segments are distinctly divided into two annulets, and the dorsal surface of each annulet is minutely granular. The case, as it is made in the fall, is a minute, flattened structure (fig. 9, dy composed of portions of the upper and lower skins of the leaf. In the spring, with the growth of the larvee, the anterior open- ing is prolonged into a tube made from fragments of leaves fastened by silk (fig. 9, ¢). The second case, in which the larva finally pu- pates (fig. 9, a, >), is longer, cylindrical or cigar-shaped, slightly compressed laterally, and with a more or less distinct ridge above and beneath. The anterior opening is round, slightly funnel-shaped, and bent downward, so that the plane of the opening forms an acute angle 38 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. with the longitudinal axis of the case. The posterior end terminates in three lobes, which neatly close the opening. ‘The average length of the cigar-shaped cases is 6.5 mm. and the width 1.3mm. They are of a light brownish color, much lke that of the dry leaves. As the case is made from the skin of the upper and lower sides of the leaves, the one side is hairy or velvetlike, while the opposite side is almost smooth. THE PUPA. The pupa (fig. 10, 0) has an average length of from 4 to 5 mm. It is hght brown, long and slender, terminating posteriorly in a broad, somewhat depressed cremaster, with two short lateral spines on either side; the wing sheaths are narrow, with free, pointed extremities reaching almost to the end of the body; the hind borders of the ab- dominal segments are smooth; there is a chitinous semiring- like ridge on the an- terior portion of the third to seventh ab- dominal segments. On emergence of the adult, the pupal skin remains within the case. . Fig. 10.—The cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella) : THE MOTH OR ADULT. a, Adult female; b, side view of pupa and upper view of cremaster of same; c, larva; d, egg; e€, venation of The original de- fore and hind wings. Much enlarged. (Original.) = scription of the moth (fig. 10, a, @), as published by Fernald,* is herewith given: Expanse of wings from 10 to 12 mm. Head, palpi and basal joint of the an- tenne, yellowish steel gray. Body, legs and wings above and beneath, plain steel gray, much more intense in fresh specimens. The palpi are without tufts, the basal joint of the antennze with a slight tuft, and the remaining joints of the antenne and also the joints of the tarsi are steel gray annulated with white. The two sexes are similar in color, the male, however, being smaller and recognizable by the blunt termination of the abdomen. The abdomen of the female is larger, more or less spindle-shaped, and terminates in a slender ovipositor, which as a rule protrudes from the last segment. The wings are typically like those of the Tineide ; narrow, pointed, with the veins in the hind-wings almost obliterated ; the hind border of both wings is fringed with long hairs, which are especially pronounced in the hind-wings. On emerging from the pupa the moth assumes a very characteristic pose, as illustrated in Plate II, figure 4. 2@Can. Ent., 1892, p. 122. Bull. 80, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE II. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. Fig. 1.—Apple leaf from which numerous cases have been constructed. Fig. 2.—Overwintering larvee (enlarged). Fig. 3.—Apple leaf from which cigar-shaped cases have been made, the empty spring cases still adhering (enlarged). Fig. 4.—Newly emerged moths in their charae- teristic pose on the empty cases. (Original.) THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 39 SEASONAL HISTORY. In the early spring, as the buds begin to open, the minute larvee free their cases (fig. 9, @) from the branches where they have over- wintered, and begin to move about in search of food. Many of them reach the buds before these are opened, and eat into the soft inner tissues. By the time the leaves have begun to expand practically all of them have left their hibernating places and are actively feeding upon the delicate leaves. With the growth of the larve an addition is built to the case in the form of a tube. This extends from the anterior opening on the lower side of the case, and consists of fragments of leaves and silk. (See fig,-9,-¢.) Fletcher observed that occasionally a larva, on reviving in the spring, would leave its old case and make a new one, but as a rule the old case is detached from its winter resting place and is used for some time before a new one is made. Toward the middle of May the larva makes a case of an entirely different appearance. After having undermined a sufliciently large area on the leaf, the larva abandons the old case, which usually re- mains attached to the leaf (Pl. II, fig. 3) and from the upper and lower skins of the leaf cuts out the future case. At first this is of an elongated, somewhat flattened shape, but as it becomes lined inside with sill it assumes a more cylindrical or cigar-shaped form. On close observation it will be found that one side of the case is of a hairy or woolly structure, while the opposite side is smooth, ‘This is readily explained by the fact that the case is made from the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf, the lower surface being hairy and the upper practically smooth. In this case the larva will continue feeding for about one month. During that period it grows rapidly and consumes a relatively large amount of food. The injury caused at this time, though very extensive, is perhaps not more serious than in the early spring, when the opening buds are mutilated or killed by young larvee. For some unknown reason it sometimes happens that a larva with a cigar-shaped case will abandon it and make a new one which is apparently similar in all respects to the one previously used. The writer has also observed larvae transforming in the spring cases. This is probably owing to a lack of food, since these specimens, as a rule, seldom attained their full size. About the middle of June the larvee cease feeding and migrate from the leaves to the branches. The anterior end of the case is firmly fastened to the branch by means of silk, and a mass of silk is placed in the same end for the attach- ment of the cremaster of the future pupa. The larva turns around within the case before transforming, so that the head of the pupa is 40 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. toward the posterior and free end of the case. The opening at this end is closed by three lobes, which are readily pushed apart by the emerging adult. A day or two after the fastening of the case, pupa- tion takes place, and from ten to twelve days later the adult emerges. At North East, Pa., the first adult emerged June 22; the maximum emergence took place during the early part of July, while after July 25 no adults emerged. Asa rule, the adults emerge in the afternoon, and for several hours remain motionless on the case in a characteris- tic pose, as shown in figure 4 of Plate Il. Toward evening they become restless and fly off. Moths even a few days old generally seek their favorite resting place on the attached cases. The eggs are generally laid along the midrib, on the underside of the leaves, where they are found inserted in the pubescence or down of the leaf. A few eggs were similarly found on the hairy branches. The egg period lasts from fifteen to sixteen days. . The newly hatched larve are quite active, and were found moving about for several hours before eating their way into the leaves. During their early life they are true miners and feed for about two weeks on the inner tissues of the leaves: Their mines take the form of minute, elliptical, brown patches, and are readily located by the pres- ence of the black powdery ex- erement which the larve eject from the mines. Fic. 11.—Life cycle of the cigar case-bearer : Toward the beginning of Adapted to a single insect under average August the larvz construct. a normal conditons. (Original.) Pied minute case from the upper and lower skins of the mined area of the leaf. Plate IT, figure 1, shows a single leaf from which numerous cases of this kind have been made. Before the foliage is ready to drop, the minute case-bearers migrate to the branches, where they fasten their cases and seal themselves up for the winter. During the latter part of August and early Sep- tember they were found in great numbers, especially in the forks and to some extent on the lower side of the branches. (See Pl. I, fig. 2.) For seven months the larvee remain thus concealed in a dormant state, and, as previously stated, do not become active until spring. A general idea of the life cycle of the insect may be obtained from the diagram, figure 11. It shows the life cycle of a single insect, the dates and periods shown being averages for the insect as it was ob- served in its various stages in the field. THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER. 4] ENEMIES. PARASITES. Fletcher in 1897 reported a hymenopterous parasite of this insect, Microdus laticinctus Ashm., from Port Hope, Ontario. At North East, Pa., at the time of the emerging of the adults, another hymenopterous parasite, Zabrocytus sp. (fig. 12), as deter- mined by Mr. J. C. Crawford, was reared in considerable numbers. About 10 per cent of the transforming insects were parasitized. PREDACEOUS ENEMIES. The writer found that the eggs of the case-bearer were extensively destroyed by a minute yellow mite, which during the egg period was very abundant all ever the orchard. The larve of the lacewing fly (Chrysopa oculata Say) and various species of ladybird beetles vigorously attacked the eggs and larvee. METHODS OF CONTROL. A full account of the results of Fic. 12.—Habrocytus sp., a parasite of the cigar case-bearer. A Greatly enlarged. (Original.) the various spray- ing experiments carried out in Canada by different fruit growers will be found in Fletcher's report for 1894 as entomologist and botanist for the Canadian experimental farms, pages 201 to 206. It was well demonstrated that the insect can be held under control with either a kerosene emulsion or a Paris green spray applied in the early spring before and while the leaf buds are opening. In orchards regularly treated with arsenical sprays for the codling moth the cigar case-bearer, if present in orchards, will undoubtedly be kept in check. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1889, LintNErR, J. A.—Coleophora sp.<5th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 324. 1890. LINTNER, J. A.—Coleophora sp. A new pear insect. Iiisssss> WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. BI OU:. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOG Y. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Currron, Executive Assistant. C. J. Gituss, Chief Clerk. F. H. CurrrenDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxrns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WesstTeEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Parures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roaers, in charge of gipsy moth field work. A. W. Morritt, in charge of white fly investigations. W. F. Fiske, in charge of gipsy moth laboratory. F. C. BisHorp, in charge of cattle tick life history investigations. A. C. Moraan, in charge of tobacco insect investigations. R. S. Woaium, in charge of hydrocyanic acid gas investigations. R. P. Currisg, in charge of editorial work. MABEL CoLcorD, librarian. Decrpuous Fruit INSEcT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. FreD JOHNSON, DupLEY Moutton, S. W. Fostrer, E. L. JENNeE, C. B. HarpEn- BERG, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. Braucuer, F. W. Faurot, agents and experts. Il CONTENTS. Page. inired (etione. 2-55 een eee ee ere so She en bie ea Se 45 Two apple caterpillars other than the codling moth .........................- 46 Comparative abundance of the lesser apple worm and codling moth in apples... 46 SLES Cine LYS) OR 0G OT ESL a ae ee 47 aero aid GUlatiOl OF Stages. . 022.52 fe 2 assc 2 oe ose wee ee Se ae 48 HG ESS. ge oo Siena a a lec ie a 48 URE SNe Ec See etl a cas Me a ce 49 Mivetiaryamin- cocoon belore pupatine.-. 2.2.2. <5 cscs eee es ane se cde cess 49 TEM [BILD eisel Soest: AR etal = Oe Ren Sean a ee ge ar Re 49 1 GEENMONE OH, BE load SAL e a ol) eee 2 i ee ea ee 50 (PSE SGD nino etd ose Aes Ae SS es ee 50 SGN OL TEENS TOES 5 IS ae tS a ete nc 50 LOLUSa RAST TONS: Page. Prate III. The lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora). Fig. 1.—Photo- micrograph of egg. Fig. 2.—Work of larve on fruit of Crategus. 48 IIL a) vi o) oa iene i ren eT ae 6 U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part IIT. D. F. I. 1., August 12, 1909. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LESSER APPLE WORM. (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh.) By 8. W. Foster and P. R. Jongs, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. The prevalence of the lesser apple worm throughout the apple- growing districts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, as was pointed out by this Bureau in 1908, has awakened considerable interest among apple growers and others, and as the insect has become better known its importance as a pest is more fully realized. Espe- cially noticeable is the late fall injury caused by the later broods, some of the larve of which work in the fruit for weeks after the crop is harvested. The principal purpose of the present paper is to record additional information on the life history and habits® of the insect, and to give a description of the egg, which was first observed during the summer of 1908, both at Siloam Springs, Ark., and in the insectary of the Bureau of Entomology, at Washington, D. C. It is-also desirable to separate, in so far as possible, the injurious work of the lesser apple worm from that of a larva of another species which closely resembles it, and which latter feeds on the twigs as well as the fruit at certain seasons of the year. All life-history studies were made under normal out-of-door con- ditions. The senior author, with the cooperation of Mr. E. L. Jenne, made the observations at Siloam Springs, Ark., and the junior author, who also furnished the description and photomicrograph of the egg, conducted the observations at 5 a ashington. a The history, epation, ane charmeter ai injury of this species — ‘pon fully given by Mr. A. L. Beeaaiauaels in Bul. 68, Part V, of this Bureau, and reference to these points will be omitted here. 45 46 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TWO APPLE CATERPILLARS OTHER THAN THE CODLING MOTH. Early in the season of 1908 it was noticed that another small larva, the adults of which emerged from June 15 to 25, resembling very closely that of Enarmonia prunivora, was feeding in the apples and plums around Siloam Springs, Ark. Later in the season, July and August, adults were reared in numbers from larve found in young vigorous growing shoots and water sprouts of apple trees. Most of the injury to the twigs, however, was done in June and July. The many observations by the writers would indicate that a large part of the first-brood larvee matures in the fruit; that the remainder of the first brood and also the second brood mature in the young twigs and water sprouts; and that the larger part of the later brood goes back again to the fruit. Adults were secured from fruit from June 5 to 20. After June 23 no more specimens were reared from fruit until August 17, while during this period many adults were reared from the twigs. After August 10 to 15 there was a marked decrease in the twig injury and an increase in fruit infestation. Beginning August 17, many adults were reared from apples throughout the remainder of the season. Adults of this species were determined by Mr. August Busck as Epinotia pyricolana Murtf., and its injuries to fruit have not apparently been heretofore recorded. This species has been treated by Prof. E. D. Sanderson in the Twelfth Report of the Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station (1900) pages 194-199. During the season the writers were unable to obtain a single speci- men of Enarmonia prunivora from twigs of the apple, but all speci- mens taken proved to belong to Epinotia pyricolana. In the Ozark region and also in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., this species is far less abundant than either the codling moth or the lesser apple worm. COMPARATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE LESSER APPLE WORM AND THE CODLING MOTH IN APPLES. The injury caused by the lesser apple worm early in the season is not so pronounced, nor are the larve so abundant as those of the codling moth, but by midsummer and fall there is a marked increase in the number of larvee of this species over that of the codling moth. This increase is often sufficient to bring the total number of lesser apple worms, in the fruit for the season, in excess of the codling-moth larvee. Records were kept of the comparative abundance of the two species by bringing in during the season infested fruit from unsprayed orchards and keeping the infested fruit collected on different dates in separate breeding cages. Each lot was examined daily for full- grown larvee and adults. THE LESSER APPLE WORM. 47 Table I gives the relative number of the two species as obtained from wormy apples picked from the trees, each picking including some windfalls, which would tend to slightly increase the percentage of Enarmonia larve. TaBLE I.—Relative.seasonal increase of Enarmonia prunivora over codling moth larve in windfalls and in fruit picked from trees in orchard of D. S. Ballou, Siloam Springs, Ark., 1908. | Number | Percent- | ppecaers Number | age Enar- 5 Date col-| of Enar- |specimens) monia Quantity of apples. lected. monia | ofcodling and Epi- and Epi-| moth, | notia notia.@ | larve.a | iM PAONE Resales Moe cecisecaen asec mas os ee idse acinstaeBe aces = | May 14 4 6 | 40 PALO oe a eels cise miele CA CI OBE OO n aCe a aa once Seas acme ere | July 16 84 24 77.8 BPANONS oe 5 = occ eee eesisioae seem eae atte ees See eee esses: | Aug. 4 120 53 59.3 ZUG AGS ae Sam Saeed as Toon Does Hon aGeoo DORE eh adebe sega nes auc Aug. 22 62 17 78.5 | @ Enarmonia and Epinotia larve were not separated in Tables I and II, as it was not possible to readily distinguish between them. However, there were very few specimens of Epinotia till late in the season, i. e., after the middle of August, and then in small numbers as compared with the number of Enarmonia. Table II, prepared by Mr. E. L. Jenne, is from wormy fruit picked from trees at intervals stated, no windfalls being included. TABLE I1.—Relative seasonal increase of Enarmonia prunivora over the codling moth in fruit picked from trees, Flickenger orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., 1908. Number Percent- specimens) Number age Enar- 2 Date col-| Enar- |specimens) monia Number of apples. lected. monia_ | ofcodling and Epi- and Epi-| moth. notia notia.@ larve.a ISO NSE eee Uap aap WROCma eee yo et San py Decipuous Fruit INsEct INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. FRED Jonnson, DupiEey Movtron, S. W. Foster, E. L. JENNE, P. R. Jone® Ce Be HARDENBERG, R. W. Braucuer, A. G. Hammar, F. W. Favurot, E. W. Scort, C. W. Hooker, J. R. Horron, E. J. Hoppy, Waurer Postirr, agents and experts. II Tminroduction.---=-- - Disiripusion..--..".. - Character of injury. . CONT aro: Feeding injury by adults....... Se Ney RE Sd NOs oot: O5 als Se lua Mitonucees) PRGOWIDOSDINGD 2225 co. ots cvaciee ene fee tee eee sen eee Injury by larve. Seasonal history and EMITS MND Mere re rere haere epee Ne hr tent: ei ae eran Appeatmece onadults trom soil in-spring 2... 2-4-4. 2-2 ee 22 e222 2552 ulnar iintgan whybeag MUGS a teal ee OE SRS ee AE Os Pe Ngee aaa Methods of treatment Cultivation. ..... Spraying.......- Fertilizers....... Inrigation.-..: SINC rh a ees ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Puiatre IV. Condition of buds at the time when first spraying for the pear thrips (Euthrips pyri) should be given. Fig. 1.—Bartlett pear. Fig. 2.—French prune. Fig. 3.—Imperial prune...............----- V. Work of the pear thrips on pear. Fig. 1.—Destruction of buds and blossoms. Fig. 2.—Scabbing of fruit from feeding punctures by adultson the, opening buds misprimg: 5-2 Ue ks eee ee VI. Work of the pear thrips on French prune. Fig. 1.—Shoot on which crop has been largely destroyed in blossom stage. Fig. 2.— Young fruit, natural size, showing scabbing resulting from work of larvee. Fig. 3.—Mature fruit, showing scabbing injury, re- sulting in.a low etade-of dried:irmity 2. 7222 e eee eee eee TEXT FIGURES. Fie. 13. The pear thrips (Zuthrips pyri): Ovipositor and end of abdomen from 14.- The pear thrips: Eggs... 2.2222 2222 25322 ace aeeee son eae ee 15.° The: pear thrips: Larvas:s:.. .go2cos. evar. oe ee See eee 16. ‘The pear thrips: Nymph or pupa: -.280< >a ao eeeee ee eee 17... The pear thrips: Adult. 2.2 -2h2e2s i 42) ee os eee eee eee Iv Page. 54 54 54 55 57 58 59 60 U.S. D.A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part IV. D. F.I.1., September 1, 1909. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PEAR THRIPS AND ITS CONTROL.? (Euthrips pyri Daniel.) By Duptey Movutron, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. Cultivation and spraying, the principal treatments involved in the control of the pear thrips, are largely subject to suitable weather con- ditions, and each, to be effective, must be accomplished at its proper time. Other orchard work, such as irrigation, cultivation, pruning, and spraying for other insect and fungous troubles, must therefore be considered well beforehand and completed or so arranged that nothing will interfere with the treatment for the thrips. It is highly impor- tant that the individual orchardist should have everything in readiness to treat his own orchard at exactly the right time. Preparedness for and thoroughness in the work of spraying and in plowing, it will be found, are the most important factors in the successful control of this insect. DISTRIBUTION. The pear thrips is known to occur only in the central part of Cali- fornia, and especially in localities in the general neighborhood of the San Francisco Bay. Reports of its ravageg have been received from the Sierra Nevada foothills, near Newcastle and Auburn, and from the aThe control of the pear thrips has been for several years the principal problem confronting the growers of deciduous fruits in portions of central California. This insect, on account of its mode of attack and habits, has presented unusual difficulties in control. It is believed, however, that the investigations of the Bureau of Ento- mology have now determined practical and efficient measures which, if carefully followed out by orchardists, will insure its reduction below injurious numbers. The investigation has involved a large amount of detailed study of the insects’ behavior on the trees and in the ground, and the testing of a large series of spray mixtures, fer- tilizers, soil fumigants, etc. Mr. Moulton has been continuously engaged in the work for the past three years, assisted a part of the time by Messrs. Charles T. Paine and P. R. Jones. Beginning with the spring of 1909, Mr. S. W. Foster was charged with the operations in Contra Costa County and northward, Mr. Fred Johnson collaborating dur- ing the spring months, The present is the second report upon the pear thrips, the first, - published as Part I of Bulletin 68 of this Bureau, dealing largely with the insect’s life history and habits.—A. L. QUAINTANCE. dl 52 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tulare and Fresno fruit districts,.but it was found after a careful investigation that none of these fruit areas was infested. In the one case, at Newcastle, the injury was evidently that of the blossom pear- blight and not a single pear thrips could be found in the whole region at a time when the insects should have been in evidence in greatest numbers. Gi pawns sss Wess WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. L9L0: BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Hntomologist and Chief of Bureau. ®. L. Marnatr, Assistant Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Ciirton, Hzecutive Assistant. W. FE. TPasrer, Chief Clerk. PF. H. CeirrennDeEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Horxins, in charge of forest insect investigations, W. D. HunteEnx, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage inscct investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge cf deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. Ff. Parmurrs, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge cf preventing spread of moths, field work. Roiia P. Currir, in charge of editorial work. MaBEL CoucorD, librarian. Decipuovus Fruit INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. Frep. JoHNson, S. W. Foster, E. L. JENNE, P. R. Jones, A. G. HAMMAR, R. W. Braucuer, C. W. Hooker, J. R. Horton, W. Posrirr, J. B. GILi, agents and experts. BE. W. Scorr, C. H. GaBie, J. F. Zimmer, entomological assistants. II CON EN se Page. Mise G EGU Yoe eee coc 2 8 SE ee ee a ee Bers 67 INGTICEr OL Wel LIME PMS het ONe ts cS Ss, sc cree te eee pe ewer Se Pear 67 COKE Oi hay DUM ee ie or lee so Se 68 IREXLerIRO PEIMTeStAtl On war era Guay as soe eee oe ere Aa RR AE Ly 68 OPN BINDS SALE C Cag Rohe On oe LEN! Gannon Ne es ee ae Seasonal history of the codling moth on walnuts. -........-----.------------ 68 Bitevok lanyeein walnutses-.-- 22a ee nt ie ae PD oad 69 Thine Required tonMereiopimnemi se eee 8 Set ee) ke Pa ee ik 69 PieeGrmsti inthe ee eee meses oer. oe be A es hee he 69 PACUOUUESD 5 Sa Se ee EE MER MRT et yee ees Sieh oot eb ore aha ee RS 69 Rete Cail een ep en Simi cap yee eh Oh ae Se ES nd oe 69 (CHORTTRO cein Ss ESR Seeks SN Se era cE Sa rk a fe 70 ILEUSERATIONS. Page. Prats VII. Codling-moth injury to English walnuts. Fig. 1.—Concord variety of English walnut, showing character of injury by larvee of the codling moth. Fig. 2.—Concord variety of Eng- lish walnut, about twice natural size, showing larva at work. 68 VIL. Codling-moth injury to English walnuts. Fig. 1.—Concord variety of English walnut, showing fibrous tissue connecting - the halves, and empty pupal skin. Fig. 2.—Concord variety ‘ of English walnut, showing entrance and exit holes of larva. . 68 Ill Waisse: AL BoE. Bul. 80; Part Y. D. F. I. I., September 20, 1919. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ON THE NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. By S. W. Foster, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. The codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella I.) has, up to the present time, been considered as a serious enemy only to pome fruits. It has, however, frequently been found in peaches and plums. There are several European records of walnut infestation by this species, but these reports were carefully sifted by Dr. L. O. Howard in 18872 and found to lack sufficient evidence to definitely prove that the codling moth ever feeds either upon nuts or oak galls. C. B. Simp- son” records that Adkin, in 1895 and in 1896, exhibited specimens and gave details as to the rearing of this insect from chestnuts. In March, 1908, at Siloam Springs, Ark., the writer found a full-grown larva of this species with partially made cocoon inside a hickory nut, but as there were no signs of feeding on the kernel it 1s probable that the larva had gone in only for the purpose of hibernation and as a safe place for pupating. NOTICE OF WALNUT INFESTATION. On October 2, 1909, while visiting the ranch of Mr. George Whit- man, near Concord, Cal., the owner mentioned to the writer that worms closely resembling the larve of the codling moth were doing serious Injury to the walnuts on one of his trees. A large tree near a pear-packing shed was closely examined and found to have over 50 per cent of the nuts infested by larve of the codling moth. Larve in all stages from a few days old to full grown were found. Egeg- shells also were found on the outside of the hull of the nuts and on the leaves, indicating that the eggs had been placed by the moth on fruit and foliage promiscuously, as is customary in the case of apple and pear. “Rept. Commissioner of Agriculture for 1887, pp. 92-94, 1S88. > Bul. 41, Bur. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., p. 19, 1903. 67 68 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NATURE OF INJURY. The larvee upon hatching soon bore into the fleshy hull covering the walnut proper. Some individual larve one-fourth grown were found feeding in this hull, some burrowing around through the fleshy part, and others tunneling back and forth on the inner surface next to the walnut shell, producing many little narrow furrows along this inner surface. The majority of the larve, however, go at once into the nut, entering always through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at the base or the stem end. The larve may bore into the lobes of the kernel or feed on its surface. Some eat over a large portion next to the shell, some follow along the central area, while others may spend all the time near.the entrance, eating away a larger portion of the kernel at this place. In any case the entire ker- nel is rendered rancid and unsuited for human consumption. Plate VII, figure 1, shows characteristic injury to the walnuts and Plate VII, figure 2, a larva at work in the kernel, the latter twice enlarged. EXTENT OF INFESTATION. Extended search throughout the central part of Contra Costa County, Cal., showed the infestation to be general, but light, except where trees were near packing sheds, drying grounds, or adjacent to a badly infested pear orchard. Many trees were found in such locali- ties showing from 5 to 25 per cent of the nuts infested. During the winter of 1909-10 small quantities of walnuts were frequently bought in the local markets and twice from stands in San Francisco from which codling moth larve were secured and which showed the char- acteristic injury to the kernel. The writer has also had the same experience with walnuts served on hotel and dining-car tables. Mr. E. J. Hoddy, of the Bureau of Entomology, has frequently, during the past winter, brought in walnuts from various parts of the county showing the injury and presence of these larvee. VARIETIES ATTACKED. All of the soft-shelled French varieties of walnuts are subject to infestation, and in fact any of the soft-shelled sorts having a fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at base. Moths were reared the past season from the Mayette, Concord, Franquette, and Pari- slenne varieties. SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH ON WALNUTS. So far all observations indicate that only the later broods of larvee attack the walnuts. No walnuts could be found showing early injury, that is, before the shell hardened. Assuming that the larval life in walnuts is the same in length as in apples and pears, the earliest date of infestation would be late August or early September. The Bart- Bul. 80, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. Fla. 1.—CONCORD VARIETY OF ENGLISH WALNUT, SHOWING CHARACTER OF INJURY BY LARVA OF CODLING MOTH. (ORIGINAL.} Fic. 2.—CONCORD VARIETY OF ENGLISH WALNUT, ABOUT TWICE NATURAL SIZE, SHOWING LARVA AT WoRK. (ORIGINAL.) CODLING MOTH INJURY TO ENGLISH WALNUTS. Bul 80, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII. Fic. 1.—CONCORD VARIETY OF ENGLISH WALNUT, SHOWING FIBROUS TISSUE CON- NECTING THE HALVES, AND EMPTY PUPAL SKIN. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2——CONCORD VARIETY OF ENGLISH WALNUT, SHOWING ENTRANCE AND EXIT HOLES OF LARVA. (ORIGINAL.) CODLING MOTH INJURY TO ENGLISH WALNUTS. NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. 69 lett pear crop around Concord, Cal., is picked prior to this time and before all the second-brood moths have developed. It is entirely probable that these late-appearing individuals seek the walnut as the only remaining plant suitable for oviposition. Thorough search during May and June, 1910, failed to show the presence of any larve on trees that were badly infested last season. Life of larvae in walnuts.—In spite of the extreme bitterness of the fleshy hull, some larve thrive wel! there for a time before entering the kernel, as several specimens of healthy, active larve one-fourth to one-half grown were found in the hull. However, in all cases under observation the larve left the hull and entered the kernel be- fore reaching maturity. The majority of the larve burrow directly through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell. Some larve are saved the necessity of burrowing through the hull, as this, during the period of infestation, is ripening on many of the early nuts, and on account of the parting of the lobes the small larva has only to eat its way through the thin fibrous connection. No case was noted where the larva entered through the shell. Time required for development.—No individual records were kept, but all observations show that the larva develops as rapidly on the meat of the walnut as it does in apples at this season of the year. Some larve less than a week old, collected in walnuts October 5, reached their full development and were spinning cocoons by the middle of November. Others, however, continued to do more or less feeding on the kernel and did not spin cocoons until January. Hibernation—From 1 gallon of infested walnuts kept at the laboratory perhaps one-fourth of the larvee cocooned and pupated inside the shell. Others, leaving the walnuts at the same place where they entered—that is, through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell—pupated in bits of paper and rags kept in the jars. Before pupating in the walnuts, the larva prepares an opening through the fibrous tissue sufficient for the exit of the moth and spins its cocoon immediately adjoining this opening. Upon the emergence of the moth the shed pupal skin is left outside on the end of the walnut, as is shown in Plate VIII, figure 1. AJ] larvee under observa- tion pupated between February 20 and April 10. Adults—Moths emerged in numbers from the above material dur- ing April and May, 1910, comparing closely with the emergence record of moths from a quantity of overwintering larve taken from bands on apple trees the previous season. Identification —Numerous adults emerging from this material were submitted to Mr. August Busck, of the Bureau of Entomology, for identification. Mr. Busck has definitely determined these as Carpocapsa pomonella L.; he states that the European Carpocapsa putaminana Staudinger, recorded as feeding on walnuts in Europe. is now regarded as a variety of pomonella. 70 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. CONTROL. As many of the larve eat their way through the fleshy hull cover- ing of the walnut, it is probable that a thorough spraying with arsenate of lead in the month of August would greatly reduce the infestation. This treatment would apparently be as effective in destroying larve from eggs placed promiscuously over the foliage and nuts as in the case of the apple. From the fact that many of the larve gain entrance to the walnut after the hull has parted at the tip, the poison would, of course, not be effective against these. The infestation can, no doubt, be greatly reduced by maintaining the packing shed and drying grounds some distance from the walnut grove. It is the practice of many pear growers to save all windfalls in the orchard and culls from the packing shed. These pears are either stored in large trays, stacked in the shade, or else the pears are covered with straw in layers on the ground. As a rule, the culls from the packing ground are nearly all infested with immature larve of the codling moth, which reach their full development and produce moths during the ripening period of the walnuts. This, in most cases, is the source of infestation of walnut groves found to be most seriously troubled with the codling moth. O NS ae UsS; DEPAREMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 80, Part VI. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. BY A. G. HAMMAR, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations IssuED NOVEMBER 28, 1910. 2\SAS1 WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1910, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. CO. L. Maruatt, Assistant Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Curton, Executive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk. F. H. CurrreNnDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WessteER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuaInTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruutes, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roaers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rouia P. Currig, in charge of editorial work. MABEL CoLcorD, librarian. Decipuous Fruit INSEcT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. Frep Jounson, 8. W. Foster, E. L. JENNE, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. Braucuer, ©. W. Hooker, J. R. Horton, WatteR Postirr, J. B. GILL, agents and experts. E. W. Scorr, C. W. Gantz, J. F. Zimmer, entomological assistants. II GON TENTS. DVGLG SPS coh eee LS 5s Ee nd Soamomal- lider yw ebicicnon Wide ens eo os. ew ee eee este ee SOuLESe Olt Carnie Mamie nine eS 2 als ai 2 eee wees ee oe 22 OTe bested) olan. EN. Oe ee ae ee Sens ondod Of pulpse- serene eee oo eS eo aes se se “Weitvemoyagothyoe (il) Siege = 55 oe Oe cn oe eae hencih: of spring pupal siaee we senator = . 2-2 ahs 5 eS ese Sparac:trood Of mothse eee tae fot inn i 2 ke - Time of emergence of moths in the spring. . ....-...---------------- Time of emergence of moths in the spring versus the time wintering larvee leave the init ibe precedime year-=......-.....2--.-------« Time during the day when moths emerged. ..........-------------- Period! of Ovi Post iomes sas ee ere ee eae ee eS oe lt ws 2/1 = ‘ength of life oftine mothtsst- 2 scar sone = sheet ee a5 - pine first Cn enaito tn 2 eases seamen oes ie A Nee cae cee Sn oe 8S A irsts DOOM Ones Seer emery ae see SEE wae Seen e eee = Incubation perid: a ase soe soe oS! = ed yo -ee see Eiirst= broodGl akvccsee see es terest a Ne en los ties se a See erent Pea Neri PES e S Ae 20 Uae ee Se Number of larve developing in each apple................-.----- Period Gmiecaime of transforming larvee. 2.0.22 220..22. 0.2. 252-222% Period of feeding of wintering larve of the first brood. .........- Pimeo maimrity ol tranustorming larvees.a:- 5.252. .22.02- 25-2: iunie ol maiirtyvor winterne Varvee. - 22.2220 Gl. foxes Ps. Percentages of transforming and of wintering larve of the first brood. ~ arvalelivesinnntiiercocoontss Saf oes. ass nee] ok es ee ete Bust WewOM eee aa hee Ne AD hort e ts ek Be See SL oe POA Ere Pg ey PO ee Oe cae a Me ene thietmrt- brood pupal stage. +) solo we eet ote fe oes eee Ls TESVGSTSOTeE.T 6/710 OS, MR aR PO” = a ane Oe ee BRICK Me MLerOeNGer ei: “Sheahan eet Lele okt: oS reese hh ie RONAN aE co Sf2hs da he Mes wae aad fetes cal os Length of life of individual male and female moths.............. Lifecycle jatunbewamst Peneration....- 5.0 boo Sal eee ee noe be ee cine 8 The secondieencmaasms es ee ee A og Byes oes wen oR Se Second bpronmerummeen ee ee el oe toe Hees SS leveulyaiaemeeminaeee mr ee iS sein Sn.5.5 eas eee oto Second =e Mutat een Ine Saini 2 a Sree Se aceS sass oe non ONE Shin kee Dinah eggs RNR RE MMR EE 08S. cis 5 hiss Sp oe shee st tee dee se Pee cole SET ill ys Sa a a Timevot leaving the fruit for wintering. ....22:......2.22.....-. Immature larveeat hibernation time.-....-...........--.--.-.-:- Band Tec Ondaieuse sine ree ae eee en. | ee ne eee eke Review of the life-history work of 1909 Seasonal-history simdsesonlo07 and 1908-25-26. 5.25.25. 522s. ok. oe loll SOUNCE, Oli eamimmeEiA TS ee EO eo. Re Sh 8 es ee ee Time of emergence of moths of the spring brood Time of emergence of moths of the first brood..........................-- Band recordunmmmammnd, 1908.55.20 565 Si 2 eae esc et ecevhoeene Weather-records tormon7el908) andi1909n3 4 2.2 Sess en eee ke Comparative life-history studies for the seasons of 1907, 1908, and 1909 WOO ae Serves aL... pg ee Se a as EAL 2c apse oe, eer Re i pu ak oe oe oe he de a's BN elec Ill ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE. Page. Pate IX. Portion of outdoor shelter used in rearing the codling moth in 1909, at North-Basts Pars? . June 20 23 50 24 dor June 16 19 51 25 dos. = June 21 24 52 26 | May 29 }...do..... 23 53 21) WWeicis AOeeess Grea: 23 639 438 74 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The variations in the length of the pupal periods, as shown in Table II, extended from 15 to 30 days. TABLE I].—Spring brood of pupx. Variations in the length of the pupal periods as recorded in Table I. Pupe. | Days. || Pupz. | Days. 3 15 10 22 2 16 uf 23 1 17 12 24 3 18 2 25 1 19 1 31 ioe 6 21 1 34 The length of the stages were especially prolonged during the early part of the period of pupation and shortest toward the close of the period, due to a difference in the temperature. In Table III is given a summary of the observations recorded in Table I, showing an average pupal period of 22 days for the total number of observa- tions. TaBLE III.—Spring brood of pupx. Summary of pupal periods of Table I. Observations. Days. VASVOTAGOSe = Sioa aa anes ee 21.98 Maxime cee ees eee 34 Minimittm esse ene eee 15 SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. Time of emergence of moths in the spring.—In figure 19 is shown graphically the time of emergence and the relative occurrence of moths of.the spring brood. The records for these observations are given in Table IV. TABLE 1V.—Emergence of spring moths, 1909, from wintering material collected on banded trees during 1908. Number Number Number Number Date. | of moths. Date. of moths. Date. cf moths. Date. | of moths. June 12 1 June 21 31 June 30 13 || July 9 4 Junewls) Esse cacee June 22 23 July 1 25 July 10 2 June 14 5 June 23 50 July 2 15 July 11 1 June 15 3 June 24 40 July 3 3 July 14 2 June 16 6 June 25 50 July 4 5 July 17 1 June 17 13 June 26 33 July 5 10 —_—_—- June 18 1 June 27 32 July 6 6 486 June 19 10 June 28 35 July 7 8 June 20 24 June 29 30 July 8 4 Indoors, moths were observed previous to June 12, but since these undoubtedly had wintered in the house their appearance does not represent normal conditions, as is believed to be the case with mate- CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 75 rial which had been kept out of doors during the winter. The emer- gence reached its maximum on June 23 and 24, and on July 17 the last moth emerged. Time of emergence of moths in the spring versus the time wintering larve leave the fruit the preceding year.—In Table V is given a detailed $9 Pisin (om bite smeON alm ze! Sa een Za lab zpree zie 30 ellen Syd) boone qn Sa 4 On ANZ 13" 1s is eat em S UNE SULY Fic. 19.—Emergence curve showing spring-brood moths in 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) account of the band records of 1908, including the dates of collecting, which extend from July 18 to November 9, and the daily emergence records of moths in the spring of 1909 for the 17 separate band col- lections. 59745°—Bull. 80, pt 6—10——2 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. eo) te *606T ‘pensst stout jo JaquinN burivag ou soy pjvf ay2 ur wnsf ay? aavay wasn) ay? awa aYT) *SO6T burinp pajoe}]09 Jvidau puvg worl ‘Eo6T Ur “806T ‘pensst SYJOUL JO IequinN "OMAN in) - nl ol (NOM OM HOD ID N oD 1D ~~ [8307 ~ 4 dp = < AD HID OD a See S a yale Geile OLS Gon | aSGaleza| 0 | Saillpaill Ea) eG SOS (MOL CSE GAN GOL eGhise her "S061 ‘Sur ~4o2|[09 | “ON, “Ane ‘oune “6061 ‘SY}OUL JO soUeSIEULE JO Sp10003] (butuds Burnopjof ay2 syiow ayi fo aauabsawa fo awa ay) uodn joajeq "sp10oe1 pueg syjow fo auabiougy— A ATAV, CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Th The wintering larve belonged to both the first and the second broods. It will be seen by a glance at Table V that there was no marked difference in the time of emergence of moths from the first and the second brood larve. The division line between the two broods can be approximately determined as between August 29 and September 5, as shown in figure 27. Time during the day when moths emerged.—When only one daily record of the emergence of the moths is taken, it is of importance to know the time when most moths emerge. A few observations, taken hourly, June 24, from 8.30 a. m. to 8.30 p. m. the same day, and continued, June 26, from 4.30 a. m. to 9.30 a. m., are recorded in Table VI. TaBLeE VI.—Spring brood of moths. Time of emergence during the day. | Time of observation. =i | Time of observation. | __ | Time of observation. | Emer- | Emer- || Emer- | = -| gence of | gence of | gence of | Date. Hour. moths. |! pate. Hour. moths. || Date, Hour. moths. | June 24 | 8.30 a.m.. 3 || Mune c 24s SSO ND sad Ja 2 eres =- |, June 26 | 4:30 as nt Sos ee Mou POsbiasme esp see ID Yaya de (OZER Oyo eae ee eee NI * CAD Yoel ls) ree ee Ee Dome. lOO anaes esenece Hee WOes 3-530 spss | ae se oat lige) Osa: 30 cra Tl s| eee gem Do....| 11.30 a. m. 1 } DOS (GSOns ree eee ee Do....| 7.30 a. m.- 1 Do....| 12.30 p.m. Dile Wee 2a .20 Brame losce. wot WL. Dos.<| $:30'a: m.. 1 TY, oe|| th8%0) jostle es FiGss_ si Saale ote ae: D5 colt QSOs tls see e se seuee DOP eee eS: Ps ets s |. oa os o57 Way uinie 2G wih erie ay siaras kis. so ats | | | Nine moths emerged during this period. The first emergence took place about 7.30 a. m. and the last about 1.30 p.m. During the after- noon, evening, and night no moths emerged. More observations on this habit of the moths are desirable in order to establish more accu- rately the time limits during the day when moths emerge. The above observations, however, suggest the general tendency. Pos- sibly the varying temperature and moisture conditions of the day are influencing factors, because after the process of emerging the parts of the body, and particularly the wings, must expand quickly and assume a normal shape before hardening; in case of extreme dryness the wings may fail to expand. Period of oviposition —The moths in confinement frequently fail to oviposit, which is especially the case when a single pair or only a few individual moths are kept together. During the season of 1909 an abundance of eggs was obtained from moths confined in numbers of from 10 to 40 in medium-sized glass jars covered with thin cloth. Each jar contained a layer of moist sand; food, consisting of brown sugar and honey; and for oviposition, apples and apple twigs with foliage were supplied daily. As has been observed by other inves- tigators, the eggs are laid during the evening and the night. In one instance a moth was observed in the act of ovipositing about 9 o’clock in the morning. The eggs were placed in abundance on the apples, the branches, and the foliage, and even on the bottom and on 78 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. the sides of the jar. The apples and foliage were daily removed and replaced by fresh material, and to avoid infestation from hatching eges, which had been placed on the sides and bottom of the jars, it became necessary to transfer the moths twice a week into new jars, the old ones being thoroughly cleaned before being put to fur- ther use. In Table VII have been recorded the results from observations on oviposition in 12 rearing jars by moths of a given age. In no instance did oviposition take place until 2 days after the emergence of the moths, and on an average the eggs were first laid during the fourth day after emergence. TaBLE VII.—Oviposition periods of spring-brood moths in rearing cages. Date of— Days— Between ‘ I Number Cage No. 7 emer- of moths.| Emer | pint ovi| Last ovi-| Before | Leng! | gence t position. | position. : oa and last moths. tion. Sition. oviposi- tion. 1 7 | June 16 | June 23} June 25 Z| 3 9 2 10 | June 17 | June 27 | June 29 10 | 3 12 3 10 | June 19 | June 24} June 24 5 1 5 4 17 | June 20 | June 23 | June 30 3 8 10 5 11 | June 21 | June 24 | June 29 3 6 8 6 10 | June 22 June 25} July 1 3 7 9 if 39) June 23 )\---do:---- July 6 2 12 13 18 | June 24 | June 27} July 5 3 9 11 9 37 || Jume 25)|-2-do0.---- Uulyead 2 11 12 10 23 | June 29} July 7/| July 15 8 9 16 11 15) | Joly, uly 5 a6 omen 4 11 14 12 4| July 7) July 12} July 21 5 10 14 | 201 | 55 90 133 | | | The length of oviposition for each jar varied from 1 to 11 days, with an average of 7 days for the entire number of rearing jars. In one instance oviposition took place the sixteenth day after the date of emergence of the moths. On an average, however, oviposition extended to 11 days after emergence. : TaBLE VIII.—Oviposition periods of spring-brood moths. Summary of Table VII. Days be- Days be- Days of |tween emer- Observations. fore ovi- oviposi- | gence and position. tion. last ovipo- sition. ANOTALC S aya.e2)oises Sat eee 4.6 168) 11.08 Maseimiiim 35 pes eee eee 10 12 16 Minimums. 222224 ae 2 1 5 In view of the abundance of eggs deposited and the manner in which they were laid, it was impossible to determine the number for a given moth. In the field the relative abundance of eggs during the season must be approximately in proportion to the occurrence of moths (fig. 19). In the rearing jars eggs were obtained from June 23 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 719 to July 15. Considering, however, the above observations on oviposi- tion and the time of emergence of the first moths, it can closely and with some degree of accuracy be estimated that eggs were laid in the field from about June 17 to about July 22. Length of life of the moth.—Records were kept relative to the length of life of the moths which were confined in jars for oviposition. The results of these observations are given in Table [X, with a summary in Tables X and XI showing the extent of variation in the length of life of 161 moths. TasLe IX.—Length of life of moths of the spring brood in rearing cages. Date of— Date of— Number Number : of moths. Days. of moths. Days. Emer- Death Emer- Death gence. 4 gence. ss 6 | June 21] July 2 11 1 | June 25 | July 12 17 3 ko kos July 4 13 1 OnLsre July 14 19 2 Ghose July 7 16 5 | June 29 | July 10 11 6 | June 22 | July 2 10 2 GoOlze-- July 11 12 3 doseses July 3 11 5 Goleee- July 12 13 1 Gdoteeee July 9 17 2 GOrs-ne July 13 14 21 | June 23 | July 2 9 2 Glo). 4556 July 14 15 2 does==- July 3 10 2 dose July 15 16 4 dole. July 4 11 5 do. July 16 17 6 doe--2- July 5 12 4| July 1) July 11 10 5 does July 10 17 5 Gores July 12 11 1 Gorse July 12 19 2 Goxeee: July 13 12 10 | June 24} July 1 7 3 dost July 15 14 4 Gorse: July 5 11 1 Goreee- July 16 15 2 Glovaaar ialiygeed 13 4| July 5} July 12 7 10 | June 25 | July 2 Z 2 Gomeee: July 14 9 Weer Oe eeers July 5 10 2 GOteaee July 16 11 7PM Pefoloansos July 6 11 1 Gores 2 July 20 15 Ase Orre2. July 7 12 1 Gores; July 22 17 i) ees Kaeser July 9 14 2 | July 7 | July 16 9 1 Peeaosree = July 10 15 USE adomsee- July 17 10 il eco Colseeiae July 11 16 de Besa One. July 22 15 TaBLE X.—Length of life of moths of the spring brood. Summary of Table TX. j | Days for | Days for Number | Days per} total || Number | Days per| total ofmoths.| moth. | number ||ofmoths.| moth. | number ° of moths. of moths. 24 te 168 6 15 90 j 25 9 225 5 16 80 20 10 200 13 17 221 36 11 396 2 19 38 14 12 168 | 10 13 130 || TGUP S| Sereeac canes 1,800 6 14 84 | si | TaBLE XI.—Length of life of moths of the spring Lrood. Summary of Table IX. Observations. | Days. IAW OTALOs. jacca cswctateaccce leatdic 1s Maxam oe- ccties ssi s |-sadoz dose 15 16)|P22doz PedOeem=|| | eles 48i|| Aneta toa Ani ea a 8 SO Weaaels Ssa|s 226s). 2 15 17 |...do. = doeree 13 | 49 ||...do Aug. 10 7 || 81} Aug. 11 | Aug. 26} 15 18 |...do. BaClOS san 137) 950))||a22d0: ed0r TAN 282) Ree dO seer |peedone 15 19 |...do. SECO ese) UES |p Gil ies sGlo. 5 collec aol). - il BB) |S Clo. Aug. 27 | 16 20 |...do- Aug. 6 14) 52 ||_.-do Aug. 12 9 84 |...do- Aug. 25 | 14 ie edo Aug. 5 Tes] GRY eo Clo). = Aug. 13 10 |) 85 | Aug. 12 | Aug. 26] 14 225 \hendor Aug. 4 125) 54 5)|Eado Aug. 14 11 || 86 |...do-. rdoee 14 23 | July 24 | Aug. 6 IGE Ga ERO SE Sale terokays HY) SEV eee Oe 5 -do. - 14 Daa eNuly-g25) |esedoseea | L2n|) e56N|lkendo Aug. 12 9 || 88 |_..do. Aug. 25 | 13 25) |2ed0- Aug. 7 IBS) BYE N52 5GKo) Aug. 11 8 || 89 |...do- Aug. 26] 14 PU WES ACE Ss Sa aos oa= 13 | 58-l}=2-do-...| Aug. 13 10 || 90 |...do. AOpen | als Pat | ahuihy) 725} ie aoloe 12) 59 |} Aug. 5 | Aug. 17 12 || 91 | Aug. 16 | Aug. 30) 14 28h endo lseedor 12 60 ||...do....| Aug. 18 13 || 92) Aug. 17 | Aug. 31] 14 29 | July 27| Aug. 8 | Gis koko iSeadose 13 || 93 |..-do- Septan2 jal 30 |...do. adore 12] 62 ||...do....| Aug. 15| 10 || 94] Aug. 19 | Sept. 6] 18 HI eG Koa eetaleos abies (9) 13 | 63 || Aug. 6] Aug. 28 22 95), | Api 23ul) 5 See oeeea seems 32 | July 28 | Aug. 8 11 | 64 ||...do | Aug. 20 14 —— | 1,185 Variations of pupal periods. Summary of Table XVIII. Number} Pupal || Number! Pupal | Number Pupal |) Number | Pupal of period || of period of period of | period pupe. (days). || pupe. | (days). || pupe. (days). pupe. | (days) i} eek | mn I | | | 1 Ge ioe 10 || 21 13 || 7 | 16 5 fi {howl 11 14 14 |I 1 | 18 2 8 14 12a 11 15 toa 22 3 9 | TABLE XX.—Pupzx of the first brood. Length of pupal periods. Xe VATION Pupal Observations. period (days). AVOTAP Cs ohitags Soe seN ESE 12.5 Maximum 22 Minimum 6 Summary of Table CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 87 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. Time of emergence——On August 2 the earliest first-brood moths emerged from band material collected July 13. As shown in figure 20 and Table XXI, the moths gradually increased in number, reach- 20 SSE AUGE25 Stes Gr Cin tres) AON In ay la eS Gly: 1B TIA" 205921 OO PIS TZ4 Ase 2 12824 SONSIboEhinLn otal Fic. 20.—Emergence curve showing first-brood moths, in 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) ing a maximum on August 26, at which time moths suddenly de- creased, emergence ceasing altogether about September 3. Taste XXI.—Emergence of moths of the first brood. Material from banded trees. Date of | Number Date of | Number Date of | Number Date of | Number emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. of moths. Aug. 2 4 Aug. 11 Uf Aug. 20 18 Aug. 28 14 Aug. 3 8 Aug. 12 7 Aug. 21 9 Aug. 29 12 Aug. 4 4 Aug. 13 10 Aug. 22 8 Aug. 30 10 Aug. 5 8 Aug. 14 13 Aug. 23 15 Aug. 31 5 Aug. 6 3 Aug. 15 14 Aug. 24 5 Sept. 2 1 Aug. 7 vi Aug. 16 ul Aug. 25 13 Sept. 3 1 Aug. 8 5 Aug. 17 5 Aug. 26 22 ——_—— Aug. 9 7 Aug. 18 6 Aug. 27 15 276 Aug. 10 3 Aug. 19 10 4 It is of interest to note that the rate of emergence of the spring- brood moths is almost the reverse of the rate of emergence of the first-brood moths. In the spring, shortly after the appearance of the first moths, the maximum is attained within about a week, while the decrease in the number of moths is more gradual and extends over a longer period. Oviposition period.—For oviposition records moths of this brood were confined in rearing jars, as has already been described for the spring brood of moths (p. 77). As shown in Table XXIV, the observa- tions include twenty-six separate jars, in which the number of moths varied from 3 to 17 for each jar. In five of the jars no eggs were 88 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. obtained, while in the rest eggs were deposited in greater or less abundance. In the summary of the oviposition records (Table X XV) it may be observed that on an average the moths first oviposited 5 days after their emergence; in one instance this period extended to 13 days; the earliest oviposition took place 2 days after emergence. The length of oviposition in the various jars lasted, on an average, 7 days, with a maximum of 15 days and a minimum of 1 day. From the time of emergence of the moth the last oviposition in the various jars took place, on an average, the eleventh day, the longest time being 19 days and the shortest 6 days. On comparing the oviposition records of observations for the two broods of moths (Tables VIII and XXYV) it will be noted that the records show practically similar results. The oviposition period extended from August 6—the fifth day after the emergence of the first moth—to September 22. Of the late deposited eggs only those laid previous to September 12 hatched, as the prevailing cold weather at that time stopped further develop- ments. Length of life of individual male and female moths.—In the various stock jars which were used in the oviposition experiments records were kept as to the length of life of 57 male and 92 female moths. As has already been described in connection with the spring brood, moths of the first brood were similarly fed with brown sugar and honey and received daily fresh apples and apple foliage for oviposition. Summaries of the results of these observations are given in Tables XXVI and XXVII. The average length of life for the male moths was 9.79 days, and for the female moths 11.47 days. LIFE CYCLE OF THE FIRST GENERATION. In connection with the various rearing experiments for the separate stages of the first generation a set of experiments was conducted, carrying individual insects through a complete life cycle. The results of these observations (see Tables XXII and XXIII) agree closely with the sum total of the averages of observations on the separate stages. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 89 TABLE XXII.—Life cycle of the first generation, as determined by rearing during 1909. Date of— Days for— Egg dep-| Hatch- aeites Pupa- Pa Hatch-| Feed- Beat Pupal ss aaa ing. the fruit.| “0? moth. | 128 iNB- | eocoon.| Ped. | cycle July 27 | Aug. 5/ Aug. 20 7 27 9 15 58 adobe. Aug. 3| Aug. 18 7 27 7 15 56 Sdo Rete Aug. 2| Aug. 15 7 27 6 13 53 PEO seers = vation.| Depos- Re lack : Red | Black | Incu- ited. | ring. spot. Hatched. ring. | spot. | bation. 1} Aug. 6] Aug. 8| Aug. 11) Aug. 13 2 | 5 7 2) Aug. 7| Aug. 9| Aug. 13 | Aug. 14 2 | 6 il 3 | Aug. 8} Aug. 10] Aug. 14] Aug. 15 2 | 6 6 4} Aug. 9 dotesa- Aug. 15 | Aug. 16 1 | 6 i ON aa OO be se ec Oane doze 2. PAUE 7 1 | 6 8 6| Aug. 10 |} Aug. 12 | Aug. 16 do Zi 6 “f 7 do. . doze ses idome |) Aes s 2 | 6 8 8 | Aug. 11} Aug. 13] Aug. 18 | Aug. 19 | 2 | if 8 9| Aug. 12 | Aug. 15 |...do.. do 3 | 6 7 10 do... -do. S2do0ce Aug. 20 53 || 6 8 11 | Aug. 13 do....| Aug. 19 | Aug. 19 2 | 6 6 12 do. . Goa |S dors ATCA a0) 2) 6) 7 13 Goes epee Gone = d0ne Aug. 21 2°) 6 8 12 donee Ati 16h ee don seeleAtipe 22 Bal 6 | 9 Te ee@@= 25 5))Se nek) Aug. 20 | Aug. 23 3 | 7 10 £6) | “Atage 14) Auie. 15neS.done Aug. 21 1 6 7 17 do. . Ate. 16 |e=sdoe- Aug. 22 BN 6 8 18 do... Edo pe ee |eeedOre Aug. 23 2 | 6 9 19 doz -do. Aug. 21 | Aug. 24 2 | 7 10 20 | Aug. 15 | Aug. 17 | Aug. °22 do 2 | rail 9 21 | Aug. 16 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 24 | Aug. 25 iil 8 9 22 | Aug. 17 | Aug. 19 |..-do. . do.. 2 7 8 23 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 21 | Aug. 25} Aug. 26 3 | if 8 24 do. - se G0E ele. G0. Aug. 27 3 7 9 25 |) Auge. 19322 3do: 222|22sdo. =~) Aug: 26 25 6 il 26 do. . Aug. 22 |...do. Aug. 27 3 | 6 8 27 | Aug. 20 | Aug. 23 | Aug. 27 | Aug. 28 3 | 7 8 28 CEG ae |aso0 OS osclaa0 ls 2 Aug. 29 3 | 7 9 20) |(pAni a: ioe |e sees ee WeANTS M28) Send Ope sees 7 8 30 | Aug. 22) Aug. 24 |...do.- adone 2 6 if Stil NaC los sees sO seve =a n(6K0)s 4 Aug. 30 2 5 8 32 | Aug. 23 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 29} Aug. 31 2 8 SB oP AU a AOAs |e een edore Sept. 8 34 Goats | Seaeaceees | Aug. 30 | Sept 9: 35 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 27 ; Aug. 31 | Sept 2 | 9 36 OR a|soeGls Seale 6) 55 -\) (Sirah. 2 10 37 | Aug. 26 |...do.. ..do Sept 1 8 SS) lee GOe se |sseGO mee aencdo: Sept 1 9 39 do. ---d0....| Sept. « 1) Sept | 10 409) Auge 27 |-Aug. 29) |Base ees Sept 2-| 8 41 GO| ed oeR er |B oseaceeee Sept 2 9 42 | Aug. 28 | Aug. 30 | Sept. 8 | Sept 2 | 12 43 dole. .|-sedose-s|sea002 Sept. 1 2 | 13 44 do....| Aug. 31 | Sept. 9 | Sept. 1 3 | 14 45 | Aug. 29 doe s4|2e2d0- te) 2 | 13 46 Gos see|Es-doOseer | aesd or Sept. 12 2 14 47 do. ...|...do.-...| Sept. 10 | Sept. 13 2 15 48 |...do.. Sept. 1 |--/doz Sept. 14 3 16 49 | Aug. 30 | Sept. 3 Sept. 11 | Sept. 12 4) 13 50). 220.052 Omer |h a G0- Sept. 13 4 | 14 51 | Aug. 31 Ds. Ssiae 20s. -do. 3 13 52 |...do....|...do...-.| Sept. 12 | Sept. 14 3 14 SYP Cael be Belle cK e.5 sel] (SEyat iy, 1G) 3 15 54 | Sept. 1/ Sept. 4 |...do....} Sept. 13 3 12 5bio- eo. |s--dOne ce | oepen Lo 2; 12 59 | Sept. 4 | Sept. 6 | Sept. 14 |...do % 11 60'} Sept. 5'|) Sept: 8 |= -.do: 52-5--doz .2- 3 9 10 61 | Sept; 6°| Sept. 10)|--2do_..-|>.-do..... 4 8 9 62 Septeed, see GO-2- 4 COs ene ao 3 7 8 63) bea GOn a5 4/3. 500nm s)he pdOn ses nSaprs LG 3 7 9 64 | Sept. 8 | Sept. 11 Sept. 15 |...do 3 7 8 65 le sedonase Ons cole sOO sis 2. Spt. Lz, 3 ¢ 9 66 Gopeaa|s24d05- Sept. 16 | Sept. 18 3 8 10 67 | Sept. 9 | Sept. 12 |...do-.. Sept. 17 3 7 8 68 0) do -s\e-2 COPE eaipeDEn LS 3 7 9 69 do do....| Sept. 17 | Sept. 19 3 8 10 70 | Sept. 10 | Sept. 13 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 17 3 6 7 71 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 14 | Sept. 17 | Sept. 18 3 6 7 12 nO Ones] e2 2 CO — sal Sepu.nlo 3 6 8 ip: |e): do....;| Sept. 18 | Sept. 20 3 7 9 74 | Sept. 12 do.... Sept. 19 | Sept. 21 2 di 9 ip.) SeDis Wan |ee ee 7. eee fee Sea eee eee wf 5) Ae | See eree tien ee Bee (6) |VSeptsl8i les eesoaee VeSue siz tidcm era ceg ee aye nee eeseae | Mote cone | penn Ti | SepiyZeieees 20) alae. teen een Meme eee Fa tpekh SS Ree Aree ml PR Ee 78. | S@p ts: 2B Sisk eke] sseeate lees eco oe cee a | CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 98 The incubation period ranged from 6 to 16 days, with an average of 9.47. In the time of appearance of the red ring, the range varied from 1 to 4 days, with an average of 2.4 days. The black spot appeared on an average 7.66 days after egg deposition, and hatching generally took place from 1 to 2 days after the black spot had been observed. (Tables XXITX and XXX.) TasbLe XXIX.—Incubation periods of second-brood eggs. Summary of Table XX VIII. Appearance of red Appearance of || Total incubation ring. | black spot. | period. aaa 1] 7 | Number | | Number | | Number Number | of || Number | of Number | of of days. | observa- || of days. | observa- || of days. | observa- | tions. || | tions. | tions. i 1 6 5 4 || 6 a 2 32 6 26 || 7 12 3 30 7 19 8 | 20 4 3 8 4 9 | 16 9 1 10 if 10 oa | ib 2 ll 8 | 12 4 12 104 13 5 14 4 15 ll | 16 ile | | ! TaBLE XXX.—Incubation periods of second-brood eggs. Summary of Tables XX VIII and X XIX. i | Number of days— Observations. For appear-, For appear- Aegina: ance of | ance of BeatiGrs | redring. | black spot.| ~~ : | IR ee eee Se 2.4 | 7.66 | 9. 47 Wie wolsiWisle Boo eseeeec an ees| 4 12 | 16 IMGT ae re ce | 1 5 6 Eggs deposited from September 15 to September 22, inclusive, failed to hatch because of prevailing cold weather. 4 SECOND-BROOD LARV. Time of hatching.—The extent of the hatching period of second- brood larve can be accurately determined, since eggs were obtained August 6 from the earliest emerging moths and subsequently almost daily until September 22. In the cages the first larve hatched August 13 and the last September 21; late-deposited eggs, as already stated, failed to develop because of cold weather, which limited the number of the second-brood larve considerably. Feeding period.—From a number of larve that hatched in the cages, 100, as given in Table XX XI, developed about normally and entered hibernation. 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TabsLE XXXI.—Larve of second brood. Periods of feeding of larve in rearing cages. | Date of— Date of— Date of— Days Days Days Lee No. of No. of No. of | OL tae ol Wiar- of | larve. | watch- | Leaving si d- || ve. | Hatch- | Leaving ice d- 1! ve. | Hatch- | Leaving eed ing. the fruit. 8. ing. the fruit. 8: ing. the fruit. 8: 1 | Aug. 13 | Sept. 11 29 36 | Aug. 19 | Sept. 29 41 7 | Aug. 27°| Oct. 4 38 DE Solo Sls oly. 29 37a Sead Oseees| MOCt Mens meOO 72)\\s--doseae| Oct s valmealey 3 |...do....] Sept. 12 30 38 |...do Oct. 22 64 Jeo\eaete le ol) Ole 73 42 4) Aig, Tae doze 29 39 |...do PeGOne 64 TENN anes oc Nov. 1 66 5 |...do...-.| Sept. 17 34 40} Aug. 20] Oct. 3 44 75 | Aug. 28} Oct. 4 37 Galeeedoe S005 34 41 |...do Oct. 10 51 Onan GOne Oct. 10 43 esd On =| een COee 34 42 | Aug. 21 | Sept. 19 29 77 | Aug. 29 do....| 42 8 | Aug. 15 | Sept. 12 28 43 |...do adore 29 Ue Ness e Nov. 1 64 ONS Os- aaleseptale 29 44 |...do Sept. 20 30 79 | Aug. 30 | Oct. 9 40 1Oy edon Sept. 16 32 45 |...do -do.. 30 80 | Aug. 31 | Sept. 26 | 226 i eedos HOE 2 32 46 |...do Sept. 23 33 SI s22dor2 Oct. +7 37 12) Peedor= 2d 0: - 32 47 |_..do Octo 49 S25 pardons Oct. 8 38 118} |e Clo; = Sept. 17 33 48 |...do Oct. 26 66 eB) |e acolo). Oct. 26 56 14 }:..do.. PdOy 33 49 | Aug. 22 | Sept. 17 26 84 | Sept. 2] Oct. 5 33 15 lee done Sept. 21 37 50 |...do Sept. 19 28 8D) ||. -dO=e Oct 39 ING) le salve .. Sept. 24 40 51 |...do Sept. 28 37 86 |...do-.. Nov. 2 61 Wee We acolo) Oct e-2 48 52 |...do Sept. 29 38 Sialeeedore Nov. 12 71 18s eadoss 25 Oct-aans 54 53 | Aug. 24 | Oct. 1 40 88 | Sept. 3] Oct. 1] 228 19 | Aug. 16| Sept.15| 30|| 54 |:..do Sept. 28} 35 89 |...do....| Nov. 2] 60 20 |..-do....| Sept. 17 B21) | oon aeeGdo Octae9 46 90 |...do.. eCOseas 60 Zp ead Ooo | enc O ns 32 06) s22G0se54| OCtaa23 60 91 |...do. Noy. 4 62 22 |...do...-.| Sept. 18 33 57 | Aug. 25 | Sept. 22 28 92 |...do-. Nov. 8 66 23) |. 2.002 Sidon 33 AY bec Oss 5 alles 010) 28 OSNiEee dope Oct. 15 73 24 |...do. COrs 33 59 |...do Sept. 28 28 94 | Sept. 4 | Sept. 29 | @25 20122 do™ Sept. 19 34 60 |...do ..do 28 5) a= 00). - Ocinuns 29 26 |...do. Sept. 23 38 61 |...do Sept. 21 27 96m b= 2002255 Och aeo 35 A Vowel. Sept. 26 41 62 |...do Sept. 28 34 OW eecdlosss =|) ei, We 38 28 |...do. -do.. 41 63 |...do Octaae! 37 CS esalo aor.c|| Ove 15 41 29 |...do....| Sept. 29 44 64 |...do Nov. 1 60 99) Fee doee- re) NOV. 70 30 | Aug. 17 | Sept. 16 30 65 | Aug. 26 | Sept. 26 31 100 | Sept. 5} Oct. 26 51 31 |...do...-.| Sept. 18 32 66 |...do Oct. 8 43 101 | Sept. 10 | Nov. 15 66 32 |...do....| Sept. 22 36 67 do Oct. 9 44 —— 33 | Aug. 19 | Sept. 17 29 68 do Oct. 11 46 1, 254 S4a eee OOn areas One 29 (i) So -COS es aaa Cloy. 46 35 |...do. Sept. 19| 31 70 | Aug. 27 | Oct. 4 38 | a Probably from infested apple. TaBLE XXXII.—Feeding periods of larve of the second brood. Summary of Table XXX I. nant Feeding Observations. periods Days. IAWCTAGC te ooo eoste eee 39.5 Wikpahenbien eels 2. Bee ee 73 Wihtavhanbherte = 2565-2. -5425-6= 26 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 95 The feeding periods for these larve ranged from 26 to 73 days, with an average of 39.5 days. The feeding periods in the above records are strikingly longer than those obtained for larve of the first brood. This is probably due to lower temperature, which during the middle of October for 7 days brought the activities of insects to an apparent standstill. Time of leaving the fruit for wintering.—In the cages, the first larvee left the fruit September 11, and since these were from the earliest eggs of the first moths, these records must be approximately accurate. The length of feeding for the early larve of the second brood was 29 to 30 days; the larve hatched August 13, wintering September 11. With these established facts it is thus possible to separate the first- brood and second-brood larve from the banded trees, which as to time of reaching maturity overlapped considerably. (See fig. 21.) In the fall, during the alternating warm and cold days, larve appeared under the bands in variable numbers, as recorded in Table XX XIII. The bands were last examined November 13, when 9 larve were col- lected. In the rearing cages the last larvae emerged November 15. Immature larve at hibernation tume.—It is evident from both field and rearing observations that during the latter part of November, when the temperature had already reached 20° F., quite a number of larve had not yet attained maturity. Of the reared larve that hatched September 12 several which were only one-third to one-half grown remained in the fruit, while others hatching September 21 were only one-fifth to one-sixth grown. From the bands several undersized larvee were collected late in the fall, and it will be of interest to know whether or not they are in con- dition to transform the coming spring. With the records in hand it is not possible to give the relative number of immature larve in the field that failed to enter hibernation places. In the cages, of 133 reared larve 32 remained in the fruit in the fall, and judging from their size it is doubtful if any of them could possibly attain maturity that late in the season. BAND RECORDS OF 1909. Through the courtesy of Mr. C. E. Luke, of North East, Pa., an apple orchard of 50 trees was obtained, which was particularly well suited for band records. The trees were about 25 years old and, to the owner’s knowledge, had never been sprayed and for some time past had received no care. For several years no fruit had been gath- ered from the orchard. It is thus evident that for years the codling moth had developed without interference and existed under natural conditions. In 1909 most of the trees carried a heavy crop of fruit. 96 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. After the loose bark had been scraped from the trunks of 16 trees, burlap bands were placed around the main trunk in the usual man- ner about 3 feet from the ground. On 5 of the trees bands were also placed on the main branches, so as to obtain records as to the relative number of larve ascending the trees from the ground from wind-fallen fruit, as compared with the number of larve descending from fruit on the trees. The trees, with one exception, consisted of winter varie- ties, 10 of which were Golden Russet, 1 Northern Spy, 2 Greening, and 3 undetermined. Since only 16 trees of the whole orchard were banded, it is believed that the comparatively small number of first- o Woee , Hi LULA H 5 SULANUUA NLA mt : sect PHUARUSLAUSAALSUUEENAUULUEE TTT LHAUNUDUAE tre 2EUSH UAL oe npn TTT TS at HM TTT TTT CEUTA a e =D Fig. 21.—Band-record curve of 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) brood larvee which were removed had no influence upon the number of larvee of the second brood. With the appearance of the first larve, July 13, the banded trees were examined every three days throughout the season until November 13. (See fig. 21.) ie In comparing the number of larve collected from the upper and the lower bands, it will be noted (Table XX XIII) that 53 per cent were taken from the lower bands and 47 per cent from the upper bands. These figures are of interest as bearing on the effectiveness of gathering windfalls. A summary of the band records is given in Table XXXIV. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 97 TasBLeE XX XIII.—Records of larve collected from banded trees during 1909. Number of larvee. mbes No. of | Date of Dead oF af trans- ets s collect- é parasi orming 4 record. ing. eee eae Total ized larvee ering (5 trees). | (5 trees). (16 trees). (1909). ti 1 ial gel Sos ene ee | eee a a 13 6 Ufa es. = Seas 2 | July 16 3 2 29 11 1h) | Sarees ar 3 July 19 4 5 19 1 16 2 4 July 22 6 2 7A i 20 est hae se 5 July 25 8 3 24 1 18 5 6 July 28 11 @ 54 2 30 22 vi July 31 10 14 48 P3 23 23 8 Aug. 3 22 17 CMe ee 51 23 9 Aug. 6 24 10 Pa a eee ane 30 32 10 Aug. 9 23 15 Tillie | Ga ee See 40 37 11 Aug. 12 23 22 Qiagen ns ear as 45 52 12 Aug. 15 15 18 TPN Coe See 3 76 13 Aug. 18 13\ | 19 he a hae A ea Ete es ee 68 14 Aug. 21 8 | 30 SB amilie ee ea Ai Ser ee 88 15 Aug. 24 13 19 Gar hile & SURES ee eS 83 16 | Aug. 27 18 26 100 Nig | 9 Been Re 99 17 Aug. 30 14 24 | GAS pe Fo ee lee ee Oe 94 18 Sept. 2 8 Ls | Ho || Aer eee ae ys 56 19 Sept. 5 6 15 | (Fi SS eybeaeh ei ea oe A 64 20 Sept. 8 7 10 Cato, || Mae ee eee (Csi a ae 38 21 Sept. 11 aha 9 ANE aan ee |Pecacoesde 47 22 Sept. 14 9 7 a) 0 eed eee aed 2 Oe ae eee 53 23 Sept. 17 3 10 Sie eee eee eed See 37 24 Sept. 20 4 5 PANS |RSS See eee cee 21 25 Sept. 23 8 10 BG) [este See ewes 46 26 Sept. 26 3 4 LNA ere ee Beri a, al 20 27 Sept. 29 2 2 USS | beer es en | eee eer te | 13 28 Oi -2 4 Seal earl eens |e ee tad | 13 29 Oety 25 5 3 | I yiams | Rie ames oe || he ae 15 30 Oct. —8 7 6 } PSE Oe eee La Ne a 29 31 Oct. Il 9 12 DO ell os eee ete Le ee ee 44 32 Oct. 14 1 1 hea rece Pee elke ad meee 5 33 (Oye BUEN ste Sayre On”. Bee Ral ha es ae 9 (oe ae ae ee 34 Oct. 20 1 1 (ee Soe ea GE ee en it 35 Oct 23 5 1 GS |e ee. | een 2 5 See 16 36 Oct. 26 2 1 Gi | eee eee | Preia eee 6 37 Oct. 29 3 2, tees Se ee a eee ae 17 38 Nov. 1 6 8 PAthy "|| Wes aes MO a PN eee 26 39 | Nov. 4 9 3 | Lee | Ree UA | Eg 14 40 INOWE SS Tee eee cee il eel | are See ot Sede ok 2 41 INOVE TOM Wee 33 (Wg ecm 2 SEs LT ore ark 6 42 Noy. 13 2 5 Oe ee 2, oe ons 2 Y 9 324 366 1,631 25 301 1,305 TaBLe XXXIV.—Records of larvx collected from-banded trees during 1909. Summary of Table XX XIII. Transforming larvee of band collections......... Wintering larve of band collections........._.. Transforming larve of first brood.............. Larvee from band collections. Percent- age. Larve from upper Dands:. 25.226... 62006 cen anvee from lowerbands.. ceca oles c oe Relative proportion of first-brood larve........ Relative proportion of second-brood larve..... Wintering larve of first brood.................. 46.95 53. 04 18. 74 81. 26 83. 87 16.13 23. 46 76. 54 Few of the results here obtained have been based upon observa- tions made during the rearing in the laboratory. For instance, the two broods of larve, which at the time of maturity overlap, could only be separated through rearing experiments. On comparing the 98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. two broods of larve it will be noted that the first brood exceeded in number the second brood about five times. Considering the number of transforming larvee and the number of wintering larve of the first brood, it was found that only one-fourth of the brood completed the life cycle the same season, while three-fourths of the brood hiber- nated, attaining their full development with individuals of the second brood. REVIEW OF THE LIFE-HISTORY WORK OF 1909. During 1909 an attempt was made to rear the codling moth through- out the season, and to determine the time and relative occurrence of the different stages of the two broods. The essential results of observations for the season are shown in the diagram (fig. 22). The moths in the spring commenced to emerge June 11, reaching a maximum of emergence June 24. Moths of the following brood— the first-brood moths—appeared from August 2 to September 3, with a maximum August 26. Oviposition generally took place the fifth day after the emergence of the moths of either brood. The time during which the first brood larve attained maturity extended from July 10 to the end of September. Only one-fourth of the larve of this brood transformed and completed the life cycle the same year, while three-fourths of the larve hibernated. Of the second brood, mature larve appeared first on September 11 and continued to appear until the middle of November, at which time quite a number was prevented from further growth and failed to enter hibernation places because of prevailing low temperature. Judging by the number of larve collected from the banded trees, individuals of the first generation exceeded in number the second generation five times. SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1907 AND 1908. SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. The rearing material for the spring of 1907 was collected from a cider bin May 9, before any larve had transformed. Later in the season lary. were obtained from banded apple trees, which were then used partly the same year and partly (overwintering larvee) for emergence records of moths the following spring. Additional band material was obtained in 1908, which, together with a small number of reared larve, constituted the entire supply used that year. The rearing work for the two seasons of 1907 and 1908 was carried out on an open porch of the laboratory building, or out of doors under trees in the laboratory yard, and it is thus believed that the records of observations represent the normal transformation of the insect in orchards. 99 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 10 {5 20 25 30 5} tke) S Fh lala [loft FEAT EMEEH ia aa DY g brdod eof fi Bete Ss) 5 2025 3 5 10 15 2025 Jl 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 2025 30 § 10 15 20 EE oot oro Fig. 22.—Seasonal history of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) as observed during 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) 100 " DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TIME OF EMERGENCE OF MOTHS OF THE SPRING BROOD. The first moth observed in 1907 appeared in the cages June 17 and the last July 10. The emergence period, as shown in figure 23, lasted twenty-three days, reaching a maximum on June 24. These emer- gence records are given in Table XXXY. TaBLE XXXV.—Emergence of spring moths during 1907, from material collected in a cider bin. Number | Number | | Number || | Numb F Yumber |, umber : | Number | : | Number Date. of moths. | Date. of moths. | Date. | of moths. Date. of moths. | | te June 17 1 || June 23 14 June 28 10 || July 5 4 June 18 4 June 24 27 June 29 6 July 6 | 4 June 20 2 || June 25 14 yal 1 || July 10 2 June 21 3 June 26 HSE | wiuuliyes 2 6 — June 22 6 || June 27 3 July 3 2 124 In the spring of 1908 moths commenced to appear in the cages by May 30. The last moth of this brood emerged June 24. Unfortu- nately no record as to the number of emerging moths was kept, and their relative abundance can thus only be estimated. Judging by the size of a number of larvee collected in an orchard June 10, it was evi- dent that moths in the field must have appeared even earlier than those emerging in the cages and, on considering the band records also, it is probable that the emergence extended to the end of June. TIME OF EMERGENCE OF MOTHS OF THE FIRST BROOD. In 1907 the first moth emerged August 6, the maximum number emerged August 13, while the last moth appeared September 5; the emergence period was thus limited to thirty days. (See Table XXXVI and fig. 24.) TABLE XXXVI.—Emergence of first-brood moths during 1907. From band-collected material of 1907 and reared specimens. | {| | Number | Number ‘ Number | ; Number Date. | of moths. || Date | of moths. Date of moths.) Date- | of moths. Aug. 6 1 Aug. 15 1 | Aug, 21 5 Aug. 27 2 Aug. 8 2 Aug. 16 5 Aug. 22 4 Aug, 30 2 Aug. 9 1 Aug. 17 5 || Aug. 23 2 Aug. 31 1 Aug. 10 5 Aug. 18 4 || Aug. 24 4 Sept. 5 1 Aug. 12 5 Aug. 19 2 Aug. 25 4 Aug. 13 18 Aug. 20 5 Aug. 26 1 80 During 1908 the emergence period was remarkably extended. In the cages the first moth emerged July 28, and the last moth emerged September 9, covering a period of forty-four days. In Table XX XVII are given the dates of emergence of the first-brood moths from band- collected material. (See also fig. 25.) 101 CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. HS IH ihe Mt : Records of Mr. P. R. Jones. Fia. 23.—Emergence curve of spring-brood moths in 1907, at North East, Pa. (Original. ) h = -brood moths in 1907, at North East, Pa. Records of Mr. P. R. Jones. Fig. 24.—Emergence curve of first ( Original.) TTT TTT UAHA SSUANEREEEV ANETTA RNUAAAASHACA NAAR NESS WUT SH AAA HReEereecrectbate veers to ao SSOxaQHON0 00000 00000000000000001001 FETTER TTT TTTTTEETTTTTTH Wstnannnnaette aes OT a = 52388 HAA Hii | TTT RTT TTT CTT TILT From band-collected Pa. at North East, ? -—Emergence curve of first-brood moths in 1908 Fig. 25 ( Original.) material. 102 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXXVII.—LHmergence of first-brood moths during 1908. From band-collected material, Number | Number | ; Number Number Date. of moths. || D8. | of moths. Date. | of moths. Date. | of moths. July 28 1 Aug. 7 9 || Aug. 19 3) Sept. 2 4 July 31 2 Aug. 11 29 || Aug. 22 3 Sept. 5 1 Aug. 2 6 Aug. 12 9 || Aug. 24 1 Sept. 7 3 Aug. 3 20 Aug. 14 5 || Aug. 26 1 Sept. 9 2 Aug. 4 17 Aug. 17 19 | Aug. 28 1 Aug. 6 if Aug. 18 20 || Aug. 30 9 172 BAND RECORDS OF 1907 AND 1908. For the banding work in 1907 an unsprayed orchard was kindly placed at the disposal of the Bureau of Entomology, through the courtesy of Mr. W. Towne, of North East, Pa. After the loose bark on the trunk and larger branches had been scraped off, 16 trees were properly banded. The banded trees were examined once a week from July 12 to November 5 for larve and pupex. The results of these observations are given in Table XX XVIII. TaBLeE XXXVIII.—Band records taken from 16 apple trees during 1907. Number | Number | Number | Number No. Date of | of larvee of | aeNiog Date of | of larvee of of record. | collecting. and jemerging || of record. | collecting. and emerging pupe. moths. | pup. moths. | | | : 1 Tuly: 12s oscde toa eee 14 Sept. 21 85! Seco seca 2 Tualy Ses o| Pees eee | eee ne | 15 ! Sept. 26 Le Wass eee, 2 3 July 27 | 23 14 | Gy IP Ore sal DOW ic wanton 4 Aug. 1 25 14 Ain) -OCta 6 OY (aot meen 5 Aug. 6 29 8 18° |) Oct. i OY eee 6 Aug. 11 51 1 19 Oct. 16 Gui Aeactieetewers 7 Aug. 17 (OE 4 ween eae 20 Ocha! LON Rocomeenae 8 Aug. 21 1A a hae ee ee 21 Oct. 26 8) lcemen ceace 9 Aug. 26 DD mel Sees cs 22 Oct. 31 Ow eee se oss 10 Aug. 31 | AUS y Ge Weegee eS Doe ll eINOVaa 3 chal Ee oe 11 Sept. 5 | SZ eres 12 | Sept. 11 | Ih) hl eS ea acres ae 1, 457 37 13 Sept. 16 21S 4 eee eee Because of the short and cool season of 1907, the great majority of the larvee of the first brood wintered, which resulted further in a very small second generation. It is evident from figure 26 that the second- brood larve constituted only a small fraction of the total band col- lection. Since the two broods of larvee evidently always overlap, the relative number for each brood can only be approximately estimated. Judging by the first emergence of moths of the first brood and by other rearing records of the year, the first larvee of the second brood reached maturity about October 10. Judging by this the entire band collection would consist of 96.5 per cent of first-brood larve and 3.5 per cent of second-brood larve. Considering, further, that out of the 1,400 larve of the first brood only 37 individuals transformed, while the rest wintered, it can be figured approximately that only 3 per cent of the first-brood larvee transformed, while 97 per cent wintered. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 103 In 1908 the band-record experiments were carried out at Westfield, N. Y., in an unsprayed orchard consisting of large apple trees belong- ing to Mr. George Walker and kindly placed at the disposal of the Bureau of Entomology. The bands were examined once a week, and £30 a4 2a /60 1On sco TRO OMS LON IO e Oko OO. 10 15 20 £25 30 10,815 ONLI I OR ILO 5; JSuly Aug. Secor Oct Nov. Fic. 26.—Band-record curve of 1907, at North East, Pa. (Original.) the larve were counted and removed to the laboratory for further observations. As is evident from figure 27, the bands were placed on the trees about one week too late, so that no record was obtained of the earliest maturing larve. The two broods are here clearly dis- LOIS ACs cS SD PTO Suly Fig. 27.—Band-record curves of 1908, at Westfield, N. Y. (Original.) tinguishable, overlapping but slightly at the end of August. The great drop in the number of larve in early October (fig. 27) was due to cold weather. In Table XX XIX is given the full record of the band collections for 1908, with a summary in Table XL. 104 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XX XIX.—Band records taken from ten apple trees during 1908. Number of Number emerging No. of ete of larvee moths. record. pe = and 8: pupe 1908. | 1909. 1 | July 18 84 66 i bee 2| July 25 77 69 1 By Nie Sal 121 87 13 4| Aug. 8 90 25 27 5 | Aug. 14 54 4 aan 6 | Aug. 22 52 1 38 7 | Aug. 29 DOR Es eee 14 8 | Sept. 5 Dileteere 25 9 | Sept. 12 1027 | he ceelee ee 43 10 | Sept. 19 TOD So soe 92 11 | Sept. 27 LOM see she 56 12 (Ore, 08 Pe eee 26 13 | Oct. 12 iy | aes | 50 14| Oct. 18 Sot ee Be Ne 20 15 | Oct. 26 LOM eee ee 7 16 | Nov. 2 | Culee eee ell 17 | Nov. 9 PELE eek il 993 252 | 449 TasLe XL.—Band records of 1908. Summary of Table XX XIX. Larve from band collections. Seige Transforming larvee of band collections.......-. 35.9 Wintering larvee of band collections..........-- 64.1 Relative proportion of first-brood larve.....-..-. 50 Relative proportion of second-brood larve......- 50 Transforming larve of first brood.....-....--.-- 67.7 Wintering larve of first brood...............--- 32.3 Parasitized, injured, and dead larve.......-..-.- 30. 1 WEATHER RECORDS FOR 1907, 1908, AND 1909. During the three seasons that the life history of the codling moth has been studied in northwestern Pennsylvania (1907-1909) daily records have been kept of the maximum and minimum temperatures, together with other climatic conditions. In preparing the tempera- ture curves shown in figures 28-30 use has also been made of the weather records of the Weather Bureau made at Erie, Pa. The climatic conditions have been strikingly different during the three seasons. The year 1907 was marked by an abnormally low temperature, a late spring, and an early fall with a rather high pre- cipitation for the summer months. The month of May was the coldest on record during a period of eighteen years. In 1908, on the contrary, the spring was very early, the mean temperature was above normal, and the summer was marked by two periods of severe drought, the dry condition being especially felt during the latter part of August. In most respects 1909 was considered normal. By comparing the daily fluctuations of temperature with the various records showing the behavior of the codling moth it will be found — ee 2061 “Vd 4seq WON 7e onye1edui1e} UMUITUTM pue UMUTTXeUT 94} SULMOYS SOAIND—8zZ “DIT (‘[eulst10 ) CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN o nm ° n an e ¢ PENNSYLVANIA. tH 105 (‘yeulsu0O) ‘S06T “ed “SPA UWON 72 eInye10du19} WINUMUIM PUB TIM WITXeUr SUIMOYS SOAIND—"6Z “OL rAON "120 . das jsnBny K\ap aun Kop MieeieeGe iG cr od (ci) ol mG 106 oe Oe Sh vol Ge Se oe cicor S$ 1e se foe Ss! 0) S 0¢ Sel ot Si ol Ge MLC) Geog scliolee fo) 0% O¢ DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 106 aoe rH 1 a Le a 4 Het BERS EMMI ERS tt | if : ++ a Tt ath 1 Fp TERA tl a et tt t f tH tab A f of t : t jeg Ay +t ; afei i | Hee t ot — ay bea +H Ie f i t Benge: z i t tt tape Be f t if Trt +t meres od lou + ret} it ssueauet oo cegene. se zs CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 107 "AON oz St of is} IRS Grd fehS I OE KS ed Coles eA orl (-yeurs19 ) 190 “6061 “qd ‘ISCa TON ye omyriodu1} WMUNUIU pue LIMWIXeU 94) SurMoys soAIng—e “1.7 ‘~dac 4 Ss ysobay Kine auAR Row [CRS COZ GIO ice ComnGcemOCeenGl UIOMEEG7 OlN C oNOcmieGin wOlneic) CNG. Cn Occ +t On OS 09 02 208 6 108 | DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. that its development has been greatly influertced by the temperature. A cold spell was invariably followed by a delay in transformation, while a rise in temperature produced a corresponding hastening in development. COMPARATIVE LIFE-HISTORY STUDIES FOR THE SEASONS OF 1907, 1908, AND 1909. On considering the records of the emergence of the moths (fig. 31) and the time of maturity and relative abundance of larve (fig. 32) for the three years under consideration, it is evident that the codling moth in its development is greatly influenced by seasonal conditions. way | aun es 5 10 ee 5 20 25 gi 5 10 15 aes ee bllosspme : if tT Fig. 31.—Time of emergence of spring-brood and first-brood moths, and the blossom periods of apple trees, during 1907, 1908, and 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) The cold and wet spring of 1907 limited the emergence of the spring moths to a short period. The oe low temperature delayed the larve to such an extent that only 3 per cent of the first brood transformed. The entire second generation was reduced to 3.5 per cent against 96.5 per cent of the first generation. The season of 1908 was evidently very favorable for the develop- ment of the codling moth. The early spring brought out the moths by May 25. During the long and warm summer the majority of the larve of the first brood transformed in great numbers (only 32.3 per cent wintered), and the following brood of larve attained a size equal to that of the first brood. CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 109 The development of the insect in 1909 was about intermediate as compared with the results of the previous years. The early fall was quite variable, changing frequently from warm to extremely cold, resulting in a sudden stop in the transformation of late larve of the first brood; the oviposition period for the second brood became limited and also late deposited eggs failed to hatch. A number of larve of the second brood spun up before they became full grown and several did not reach hibernating places before freezing temperature set in. Of the insects developed during 1909 83.87 per cent were of the first generation and 16.13 per cent of the second generation. Of the first-brood larvee 23.46 per cent transformed, while 76.54 per cent NOV. LUDA FiG. 32.—Time of leaving the fruit of the first-brood and second-brood larve of the codling moth, during 1907, 1908, and 1909, at North East, Pa. (Original.) wintered. A summary of the results of life-history studies for these three years is given in Table XLI. (See also figs. 31 and 32.) TaBLE XLI.—Summary of results of band records for 1907, 1908, and 1909, showing the comparative size of broods and relative number of transforming and wintering larve. Percentages for— Larve from band collections. _——- 1907. 1908. 1909. Transforming larvee of total band collection...........-. 2.5 35.9 | 18.74 Wintering larve of total band collection...............-.. 97.5 64.1 | 81.26 Relative proportion of first-brood larvee.............-.-. 96.5 50 83. 87 Relative proportion of second-brood larvee...........-..-.- 3.5 50 16.13 Transforming larve of first brood..................-..--. 3 67.7 | 23.46 Wintering larvesiol first’ brood): J3e.22: J. 52-2. s2 eee e 97 32.3 | 76.54 110 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. INSECT ENEMIES. The feeding habits of codling-moth larve within the fruit offer the insect considerable protection against both predaceous and para- sitic enemies. At the time of maturity, however, when the larve leave the fruit and seek suitable places for transformation or hiber- nation, they are for a short time exposed and are sometimes attacked by various insect enemies. A small black beetle (T'enebrioides cor- ticalis Melsh.) and its very slender larva were found during August to late October, 1909, under the burlap bands on apple trees. Dead and partly devoured codling-moth larve were frequently found attacked by both beetles and larve of this species. Another black beetle, Dromius piceus Dej., was also found quite frequently. Platy- nus obsoletus Say was taken on several occasions, and a few specimens of the larger ground beetle (Galerita janus Fab.) were also collected under the bands. The following beetles were collected from banded trees, but without any observation as to their attacks upon larve of the codling moth: Melanotus fissilis Say, Cryptarcha ampia Er., Mycetochares fraterna Say, Tenebrio tenebrioides Beauv., and Hymenorus sp. These and previously named beetles were determined by Messrs. EK. A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber, of the Bureau of Entomology. The following species of ants, determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande, were found to attack the larve of the codling moth under the bands: Camponotus pennsylvamcus (Dej.) Mayr., Formica subsericea Say, Oremastogaster lineolata Say, and Myrmica lobicornis Nyl. A centipede, Geophilus rubens Say, determined by Mr. R. V. Cham- berlin, of Provo, Utah, was taken several times beneath the bands, in the act of feeding on larvee of the codling moth. A hymenopterous parasite (Ascogaster carpocapse Vier.), as deter- mined by Mr. H. L. Viereck, of the Bureau of Entomology, issued in the cages from band material of the two broods of the codling moth, and proved to be quite common. SUMMARY. In northwestern Pennsylvania the codling moth produces in the course of a year one full generation and a partial second generation. The life-cycle of the insect may be briefly summarized as follows: In the spring the overwintering larva pupates in early June, and three weeks later the moth emerges. The emergence extends over a period of about 1 month, beginning about the middle of June. Oviposition generally takes place 3 or 4 days after the emergence of the moth, and the egg hatches in 1 week. Eggs showing a red ring are about 3 days old, while those with a black spot in the cen- ter will mostly hatch in 1 or 2 days. Shortly after hatching the young larva enters the fruit and feeds about 26 days. On reaching CODLING MOTH IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. PEL maturity the larva seeks a hiding place beneath the rough bark of the trunk of the tree and constructs a cocoon within which pupation takes place about 1 week after the larva left the fruit. Some of the larve do not pupate at this time but winter, and the moths emerge the following spring, together with moths from second-brood larvee. The pupal stage—called the first-brood pupe, though the second set of pupe of the season—lasts on an average 12 days. The emergence period of this second set of moths, called first-brood moths, begins in early August and lasts about 1 month. With the appearance of new eggs, resulting from the first-brood moths, the life-cycle of the first generation is completed, covering on an average 58 days. The second-brood eggs hatch generally within 9 days and the resulting larve feed about 40 days, after which they enter hibernation, making cocoons beneath the rough bark on the trunk of the trees. The life- cycle of the second generation and part of the first generation is first completed with the transformation of the insect the following spring. The period covered by the different stages of the two broods for 1909, as shown in figure 22, closely represents average conditions. The relative number of transforming larve of the first brood is variable under different seasonal conditions. The relative abundance of second-brood larve depends more upon seasonal conditions and food supply than upon the number of transforming larve of the first brood. Larve of the second brood are always present in injurious numbers, so that measures should be taken to combat the second as well as the first brood. The time of the emergence of the spring brood of the moths is vari- able under different seasonal conditions and depends largely upon the relative lateness of the spring. The time of emergence of the summer brood or first brood of moths is fairly constant and generally commences about the 1st of August. In the control of the codling moth with poison sprays three appli- cations should be made in this section of the country. The first application should be made after the blossom period just after the petals drop, the second application 8 to 10 days later, and the third application about the 1st of August. O Deo DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 80, Part VII. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ‘PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD IN THE CON- TROL OF THE CODLING MOTH AND THE PLUM CURCULIO. BY A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND EK. L. JENNE, E. W. SCOTT, AND R. W. BRAUCHER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IssurD NOVEMBER 28, 1910. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1910. BUREAU OF ENTO MOLOG Y. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. CO. L. Maruart, Assistant Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R.S. Currron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. Currrenven, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxrns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuarntAnce, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roua P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. Mase Cotcorp, librarian. Decipuous Fruit Insect INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. Frep JoHnson, S. W. Foster, E. L. Jenne, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. Braucuer, ©. W. Hooker, J. R. Horron, Watrer Postirr, J. B. Gruu, agents and experts. E. W. Scorr, J. F. Zrumer, Cnas. H. GaBue, entomological assistants, II CON TENS: Page rm ENON 5 3-9 eee = aia 2 eae a 2s Si we Eh Serie ss 2-2 113 Results of experiments with the one-spray method as compared with results from the usual schedule: of applications... ...02...2.225255.2..2..- 0205: 116 ‘Defy Seaeogaee dy Pepi fe Un] 50275 (AS ag 116 TN 6S) Qe STD ae eee a 119 AU ccapyl mate cen cIUN eer 26ers Se Sicis ae vic nisin’ a digelaws es 126 [Bee ag G/N TEAC 00 0S LSTA Sa 0 Ye eR 130 Wir semi mieten OMeMAnt ese teelara we hte ceo wate sioiec oc 2c gah Fase ccuie Se 130 TSS Gore Na eine Cee Bee ee ert ace 13d en altimeter Was een re eee ae Sn Sk oe Sos aes 133 Orchard of Strathmore Orchard Company: -....5-.5-2-.--205.---252----+- 134 Mie: cpocllliimen annotate Spee oe eels Ge arn Sons's oe ees hw 135 he planet tilings 228 oan ae etn eae he wees, ew eo eed 136 Libre fere haa tevey rose i@pe' Mike! nite tee Cae a ea ee en 137 he eodiinie mothe. toe sec. oe sk fa OS ele eae a eer ce 139 Pe ewe lmeieen tic Ml Ome see tae ot coe Seema e SS echoes ds ar 2 ee oe sia ole 143 ULI ES CAEL TURE STS TSC ee Le Oe ee ea 145 | WO TRELE GSE RING Ugh 2 Ui En os ee a ee ee eS 146 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES. Page. PuateE X. Fig. 1.—View in orchard of Mrs. S. E. Jones, near Siloam Springs, Ark. Fig. 2.—View in orchard of Mr. W. S. Ballard, near Crozet, NR ee RRM oe a Pa 8 5 ARS er a? a ee 116 XI. Fig. 1.—View in orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company, near Mount Jackson, Va. Fig. 2.—View in the E. H. House orchard, TES PETIT) 204 HIPC IY ene Se 134 TEXT FIGURES. Fig. 33. The condition of the calyx cup of the apple in relation to spraying for bre ene mEnG HET enc 2 Seer. Re ne. ig ke SE Seon 114 34. Diagram of the Mrs. 8. E. Jones orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., showing location of plats and trees used for making counts of fruit........-- 117 39. Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard Onegai Meni mROmet Vallee 2 82. eA te is Secs 130 36. Diagram showing arrangement of plats and ees in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company, near Mount Jackson, Va.......- 135 37. Diagram illustrating arrangement of plats and position of trees in the E. H, House orchard, near Saugatuck, Mich U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part VII. D. F. I. I., November 28, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD IN THE CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH AND THE PLUM CURCULIO. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND E. L. Jenne, E. W. Scott, anp R. W. BRAUCHER, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. The so-called one-spray method of spraving for the codling moth on apples consists essentially in making the application following the dropping of the petals so thorough that it will result in the practical extermination of the first brood of larve, subsequent treatments, therefore, becoming unnecessary. This method of spraying has come into considerable use in the Northwest following the investiga- tions of Dr. E. D. Ball, in Utah, and Prof. A. L. Melander, in Wash- ington, and its applicability for the control of the codling moth under eastern conditions has been strongly urged. The subject has already received attention at the hands of several eastern entomologists, notably Gossard, in Ohio, Sanderson, in New Hampshire, Felt, in New York, and Rumsey, in West Virginia. It is not within the scope of the present paper, which is in the nature of a preliminary report, to review the present status of the one-spray method. On the whole, however, it has appeared to the writers from a study of the experi- ments thus far reported as bearing directly upon the control of the codling moth, that most of these have been more or less inconclusive as not having fully met the conditions stated to be essential for suc- cessful one-spray work. The indispensable requisite is stated to be the placing of necessary poison in the inner calyx cup. By referring to figure 33 the structure of the calyx end of a young apple may be noted, namely, that there are two cavities, one above and one below the stamen bars or filaments. The observations of Doctor Ball led him to believe that the great majority of codling-moth larve in seek- ing entrance at the calyx end of the apple enter through the lower 113 114 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. calyx cup, and would thus mostly escape destruction unless the poison had been there placed. Other investigators have shown, notably the late Professor Slingerland, that codling-moth larve in the Kast feed in the outer calyx cup, and the results which have been obtained with mist sprays in the East during the past twenty-five years, filling mostly only the outer calyx cavity, have been much more favorable than could be expected were it the rule that feeding occurs principally in the inner cup. The stamen bars, as shown in the figure, form a dome or shield over the cavity below, and the poison is best forced Fig. 33.—The condition of the calyx cup of the apple in relation to spraying for the codling moth: Fig. 1.— A calyx cup, five days after the petals fell, split open to show two cavities; /a, the roof of stamens as seen from above. Fig. 2.—A calyx cup two weeks after blossoming, showing the calyx lobes above; 2a, the stamens from above to show spaces. Fig. 3.—The relation of the two cavities in a nearly grown apple; 8a, stamens from above. (From Ball.) through these bars by a coarse, forceful spray, as from a Bordeaux nozzle and with a pump pressure of from 175 to 200 or more pounds. It is also required that the work of spraying be done very thoroughly, the spray being directed from above into each and every fruit cluster, The use of an elbow or crook between the rod and nozzle to incline the nozzle at an angle of from 30 to 45 degrees with the spray rod permits of better directing the spray downward, and even in the case of small trees it is recommended to spray from a platform on the wagon. The employment of a coarse nozzle and a high pressure uses a large amount of spray before the trees are properly sprayed, literally drenching the trees. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 1D This single treatment, as above described, made just after the falling of the petals, in the experience of Professor Melander has been sufficient to keep the codling moth under complete control. Doctor Ball, however, inclines to two early treatments, the second being given before the calyx lobes entirely close, as within ten days after the falling of the petals. At the time of this latter treatment the stamen bars have become more or less shriveled and more readily permit the entrance of the spray into the inner calyx cup. The two practices as recommended by Professors Ball and Melander do not differ in principle, however, and Doctor Ball’s second treatment is in the nature of a supplementary one. In summing up his experiments, covering several years in Utah, Doctor Ball states his conclusions as follows :2 The first early spray is the best, the second is nearly as good, and the third is of little value. Two early driving sprays will kill an average of 90 per cent of the first brood of worms. Sufficient poison is retained [in calyx cup] from the early sprayings to kill an average of 74 per cent of the second brood of worms. Two early sprayings correctly applied are worth from 6 to 16 times as much as three late ones. Professor Melander says: ? A single thorough spraying has afforded practically 100 per cent returns over hun- dreds and hundreds of acres of Washington orchards. The same benefit from the single spraying has also been abundantly attained in Colorado and Utah. Aside from the particular question involved as to whether the one- spray method will sufficiently control the codling moth under eastern conditions, several other considerations must be taken into account. In the arid valleys of the West, as in Utah, Washington, and Colo- rado, practically the only important insect enemy of the fruit of the apple is the codling moth, and fungous diseases are, on the whole, of but little importance. The use of fungicides is therefore not ordi- narily necessary and there is thus to be controlled only the codling moth. In the Mississippi Valley and Eastern States, however, and in central and eastern Canada, there are, in addition to the codling moth, the apple and plum curculios and the lesser apple worm, which in many sections are exceedingly injurious, the plum curculio in some parts being scarcely less in importance than the codling moth itself. Furthermore, the general prevalence of fungous diseases, such as the apple scab, apple fruit blotch, bitter rot, and leaf-spot affections, requires several fungicidal treatments during the season. Entomolo- @ Bul. 67, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 75, 1907. 6 Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 2, p. 67, 1909. 116 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. gists and plant pathologists have by many experiments determined a schedule of spraying with a combined arsenical insecticide and a fungi- cide—Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur wash—which affords a large degree of protection from all of these troubles. To effect the control of insects other than the codling moth and the several fungous dis- eases mentioned requires several applications of sprays, and renders the one-spray method of questionable practical value where these several troubles exist. These differences in fruit-growing conditions between the West and East should be borne in mind in any consid- eration of the practicability of the one-spray method. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD AS COMPARED WITH RESULTS FROM THE USUAL SCHEDULE OF APPLICATIONS. During the season of 1909 the Bureau of Entomology carried out experiments to determine the relative value, in the control of the codling moth and plum curculio under eastern conditions, of the one-spray method in comparison with a schedule of applications requiring a total of from three to five treatments according to locality, representing practically the method of spraying considered best for the localities in question. The work was carried out in three States, namely, in Virginia, in Arkansas, and in Michigan, and included four orchards, thus representing a considerable range in climatic conditions. The field work in Arkansas was under the immediate direction of Mr. E. L. Jenne, assisted by Mr. F. W. Faurot; in Virginia the field operations were under the immediate charge of Mr. E. W. Scott, assisted by Mr. L. F. Pierce, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Mr. R. W. Braucher was charged with the spraying operations in Michigan, and was assisted a part of the time by Mr. Walter Postiff. The work relating to the control of fungous diseases in each of the orchards was done in cooperation with Mr. W. M. Scott, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. In addition to obtaining data on the effects of the treat- ments on the codling moth and plum curculio, in Arkansas injury by the lesser apple worm was taken into account, which in that section is very troublesome. EXPERIMENTS IN ARKANSAS. The experiments in Arkansas were carried out in the orchard of Mrs. S. E. Jones in the vicinity of Siloam Springs. The entire orchard, consisting of 344 trees, was divided into five plats, as shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 34.) Trees of each plat from which the fruit was counted throughout the season for records are designated in the diagram by the same numbers which these trees bear in the table. The orchard, a general view of which is shown in Plate X, Bul 80, Part Vil, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X. Sooo inca eae ae Re OR pig ae Fic. 1.—VIEW IN ORCHARD OF Mrs. S. E. JONES, NEAR SILOAM SPRINGS, ARK. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2.—VIEW IN ORCHARD OF Mr. W. S. BALLARD, NEAR CROZET, VA. (ORIGINAL.) ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. ELT figure 1, is an isolated one and the location very favorable for the work in hand. Plat I included 7 rows, Plat II a single row, Plat IIT 3 rows, Plat IV 5 rows, and Plat V (the unsprayed plat) included 5 rows, this last plat being at one end of the orchard. The orchard North ) vo 272" Oo os oD 4 WOO D220 —@OODD o 072 OD o Bo o B)o 00008 p Gyr 7.69 BORO O-DND) ODD 0 Xx © 'O Gere © 0 2° O° D2 757 D « PLAT VF. (UNSPRAVED.) eee O20 BDO 72 7" Oo c2o000BQ0000 7570 oo bp oBo DED: DF BO ae ae BDOO@OD o o Bo 7 ON Na oro eb aT 7 Doo wo@> ae eae oob)0 0 bs owr PLAT LV. (OEMONSTRATION.) PLAT LM. Last Ww 7 RY aN > DO Oro DP OD WT 7? DD O- oO eee ee © 4 DED BDF APA O~ OD Ky MGs. be oe Oe. ee ee oe e@oo7 0 v0770000 wo DVO DEORS. O DD. Ti Ts DOO South © Ww O W W W W W H 1 H H H PLAT TL. (ONE SPRAY.) Fic. 34.—Diagram of the Mrs. 8S. E. Jones orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., showing location of plats and trees used for making counts of fruit: D, Ben Davis variety; A, Arkansas Black; 7, Mammoth Black Twig; W, Winesap; J, Jonathan; mp, Missouri Pippin; wp, White Winter Pearmain,etc. Trees of Ben Davis variety only were used for making counts of fruit. These are indicated for the respective plats by a circle, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of these trees in the tables. (Original.) included a miscellaneous assortment of varieties, as shown by the legend under figure 34, but principally the Ben Davis, on which variety counts were made. The treatments to which the respective plats were subjected is shown in Table I. 59720°— 118 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLe I.—Treatments and dates of applications of sprays for the codling moth and plum curculio. Dates of applica- Plat I. tions. (One-spray method.) First application, | Drenched with arsenate of lead. April 24-25 (after falling of petals). Second application, May 25-26. Third application, July 2. Fourth application, July 22. Fifth application, August 10. Dates of applica- tions. to 50 gallons of water. zles. 17 gallons per tree. pressure. Bordeaux mixture only (44-50). deaux nozzles. First application, pel 24-25 (after falling of petals). Second application, Bordeaux noz- 200 pounds 1 pound 50). per tree. Bor- deaux nozzles. One-spray method. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Plat II. (One-spray method.) Drenched with arsenate of lead. 1 pound to 50 gallons Bordeaux mixture (3-3- Bordeaux nozzles. 17 gallons Bor- 200 pounds pressure. Bordeaux mixture only (4-4-50). noses GO’) kaso euce wom sect oe sc one scores Do. Wnsprayeds 2.25. st eh eo. 22 See Unsprayed. eee GOs Se S53 Hasse eas seen cae se ae eee Do. Plat III. Plat IV. (One-spray method.) Drenched with arsenate of lead. 1 pound to50 gallons of water. Jermorel nozzles. Mist spray. 8.3 gallons per tree. 200 pounds pressure. Bordeaux mixture only (4-4— (Demonstration. ) Plat V. (Unsprayed.) Not drenched. Vermorel noz- zles. Mist spray, arsenate of lead. 2 pounds to 50 gal- lons Bordeaux mixture (3- 3-50). 11 gallons per tree. 200 pounds pressure. Bordeaux mixture (44-50) Unsprayed. May 25-26. 50). Mistspray. Vermorel with 2 pounds arsenate of nozzles. lead. Mist spray. Vermo- rel nozzles. Third application, |...-- GOs: As iette canoe eeees Bordeaux mixture (44-50) | Bordeaux mixture July 2. with 2 pounds arsenate of only (4-4-50). lead. Mist spray. Vermo- - rel nozzles. Hourthiapplication, || Wnsprayedssec---.-srs.2 ase laceee GOs. 2 Sockoae co eeees cece Unsprayed. July 22. Fifth application, |----- Once s eget eos te see eee GOs. ss eeneseeaepae tees Do. August 10. Plats I, II, and III received an arsenical treatment of 1 pound of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water immediately after the falling of the petals. Two subsequent applications of Bordeaux mixture only were made to protect the fruit from the apple blotch and bitter rot and one Bordeaux treatment was also given to the check plat (Plat V) for the same purpose, as these affections in this locality are exceedingly troublesome and otherwise would have interfered greatly with results. Plat IV, which received demonstration treat- ment, received five applications in all, as shown, of a combined spray of Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, the latter being used at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of spray. On the demonstration plat the usual eddy chamber, or Vermorel nozzle, was used and while an effort was made to spray thoroughly according to usual recom- mendations in the East, the drenching of the trees was carefully avoided. Plat I, which received the one-spray treatment proper, was very thoroughly treated and required an average of 17 gallons per tree. The Bordeaux nozzle was used with a crook between the nozzle and spray rod and a pressure was maintained at about 200 pounds. Plat II received exactly the same treatment except that arsenate of lead was applied in dilute Bordeaux mixture to determine ONE-SPRAY METHOD. FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 119 to what extent russeting of the fruit might result from so liberal a use of the fungicide. The treatment for Plat III was identical with that for Plat I, except that Vermorel nozzles were used. It was desired to determine the comparative merits of a mist spray as against a coarse spray, and it will be noted that the quantity of liquids required per tree for the mist spray (Plat III) was somewhat less than one-half the amount necessary in the drenching work (Plat I). The results presented include all of the drop fruit throughout the season and the fruit from the trees at picking time in the fall. All apples were carefully examined as to worminess from the codling moth and as to injury by the plum curculio and lesser apple worm. Fruit from Plats I and II was badly injured by the apple blotch, which can be accounted for only by the omission of Bordeaux mixture from the treatment given immediately after the falling of the petals. Fruit from Plat II, which had been thoroughly drenched with Bor- deaux mixture using Bordeaux nozzles, was not noticeably more russeted than in the case of fruit from the demonstration plat and was free from apple blotch. Plat IV showed some infection from scab owing to the fact that it had not been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture before the blossoms opened. THE CODLING MOTH. In Table II are shown results of treatments of Plats I, III, 1V, and V as to injury from the codling moth. Plat I] is not here considered nor subsequently, as the point involved, namely, the effect on the fruit of a drenching spray of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture after the falling of the petals, has already been indicated. There was not noticeably more russeting of the fruit on Plat IT than on Plat IV which received the demonstration treatment. TaBLE I1.—Sound and wormy apples from one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE SPRAY. Condition of fruit. Tree 1. | Tree 2.| Tree 3.) Tree 4.| Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Worm i.e Set he a= See 703 522 419 118 18] 222 286 315 Sound..... So ee eee Braet 4, 986 4,291 Bole 2, 632 3, 265 3,540 3,021 5, 128 aT teal ores ae a pee, Ste 5, 689 4,813 3,796 2,750 |~ 3,446 3, 762 3,307 5, 443 Per cent sound....... See ue cheer Sale 87. 65 98. 16 88. 97 95.71 94.74 94.19 91.36 94, 22 Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.! Tree 12. | Tree 13. Rew for per cent play. sound. IW OMIM AaOeer aha chte sts = Aoececetee 110 113 Sie eee ote he be Sener Bh20h | ee MOLI eeeemye rn ere ee. w vacate 3,489 2,539 oi (ol ea | eek wk tas HOS O82 ee. oe. Tagen eee SoaOW | US GGG NSSUROS tooo. >. 4. -c25.-: EGS A eee 2 PRMCONUSOUNG seein cmtkraes he celle GGL Ob" SoHE FOGK69 "(52 55225. 8 | » Papeete P(e CeCe 92.76 120 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE Il.—Sound and wormy apples from one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats. Slioam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. Condition of fruit. Tree 1.| Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8 NVIODINY Sete eee cate eer eee 397 298 286 431 321 247 231 200 Sonmdlen h sane aired ee eee wee 4,352 | 3,187 | 2,458 | 2,221] 1,920) 3,323] 2650] 41,792 HNO: ee ae totes ess Isa 4,749 | 3,485 | 2,744] 2,652 | 2,241] 3,570) 2.881 1,992 IRenicentisOUnde a= sac emcete ete ese eee 91.65 | 91.45 | 89.58 | 83.79 | 85.73 | 93.09 | 91.99 89. 96 Total Condition of fruit Tree 9. |Tree 10.|Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. TOUR per cent els sound WiOTMVers soe sect ceees came ecearae DO, ||" Pee weetralleteh enjaceall erage See rae | ome oe ee 2:\645) Eee ceeee DOUNG)AeSE ES eee ec eeie ne pee eeee TOS Gy Assos BIS ee E ae See ene ee 231880 teeeee cere otalyesc8 cen © ateetoe ea: Soees D522 Sumac sale eae al oe coca aa eee ee ZO 534e eae Percent:sound aoe. 3454 e asteeereeers BOE AG le cee ale ee stefan re eel a neeee ate 90. 03 PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Condition of fruit. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8 WIGUT Yoo See tim eee ee eee ee eee 36 41 93 16 22 23 57 57 Sounds ss yee ce ser see eee 3, 500 1,849 4,983 1,649 3, 123 1, 642 2,439 Spies RO ta RSs ee sate ee ener era 3,536 | 1,890] 5,076 | 1,665 | 3,145 | 1,665 | 2,496 ny PenicentisOund teases stuee he sen ccoe ne | 98.99 97.83 98.17 99. 04 99. 31 98. 62 97.72 98. 21 oN | Total Condition of fruit Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. TORN per cent LEU sound NUDE GEERT, Sek we eis © 154 67 7G prune (A sa eat 6072 eee SOUm Gs Peer ees sa cane 4, 637 1,890 3,017 noe ecie si seiel| se ence O14 ain Se eles eee AMO lat We rene parents DAA ees 4,791 1,957 By OHS.\ts 2 com. Albee 32,401 i|coo eee IPerycentiSOun Ge santa nce eae se ee 96.79 96. 58 O85 66s |eee ee cere S| beeen eee eee 98. 12 i | PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Condition of fruit. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5..| Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. NICAGIE 0a es ae ten eee 795 679 217 716 450 $23 697 287 SOUMG ee eat ee ee 4 see aoe 1,765 1,004 778 822 756 1, 678 2, 124 869 ‘Ota a Swe er eee eee oe 2,560 1, 683 995 1,538 1, 206 2,501 2,821 1,156 PencentisGund sass. 50s eee eee 68.95 | 59.66 | 78.20} 53.45 62. 68 67.10 | 75.30 75. 18 Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10.|/Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. pole per cent SEN sound. NOLIN Ears aa ee er eee ss os Sy eee 652 859 709 592 644 8.120) | Seseeeee = SOU Soe sek hs eee ee eens Se eee 1,671 | 1,399} 1,010 1,016 1,416 UGSS0R8 | Seecsoone WO tales: 2 ee cee ee ee 2,320 2, 258 1,719 1, 608 2,060 PD Re Oe Eee eo IREHICeMESOUN Gis oe ee ee ee rene 71.94 | 61.18 | 58.76 63.19 GBi74a Bases one 66.74 Plat I, which received the one-spray treatment, shows an average of 92.76 per cent of fruit free from the codling moth, the percentages for individual trees ranging from 87.65 to 98.16. The total number ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 121 of apples counted from this plat was 43,152. Plat III received the drenching mist spray with Vermorel nozzle and shows for the indi- vidual trees a range in percentage of fruit free from the codling moth of 83.79 to 91.99, with an average for all trees of 90.03. There were 26,534 apples examined. Plat IV, which received the demonstration treatment of five applications, shows a total from the 11 trees of 98.12 per cent of fruit free from the codling moth, with a range for individual trees of 96.58 to 99.31 per cent, and the total number of apples counted was 32,451. Plat V (the unsprayed block) shows, for the 13 trees from which counts were made, 66.74 per cent of fruit free from the codling moth, the range being from 53.45 to 78.20 per cent, the total number of apples counted being 24,428. Demonstration _plat, No. IV, shows an increase over the unsprayed trees of 31.38 per cent of uninjured fruit and an increase of 5.36 per cent of uninjured fruit over the one-spray block (Plat I). The percentages of sound fruit from Plats I and IIT show very little difference in favor of a coarse spray over a mist spray; that is, 2.73 per cent in favor of the former. In Table III are shown the places of entrance into apples of the total larve for the season for each tree of each plat and also the per- centages, by plats, enterig the fruit at the calyx, side, and stem. These data have been given in order to show what effect the methods of spraying might have upon the places of entrance into fruit by larve. The unsprayed plat (Plat V) may be taken to indicate the normal behavior of the larvee and shows that of the first brood 76.84 per cent and of the second brood 80.34 per cent entered the apples at the calyx ends. TaBLeE II1.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larvex of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE SPRAY. Total number of larvae and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: Cayenne ete eres |ninicene el aaoes lek eeo Alene ce ce[e Su coe e| le cmedasecasacee 1 IGP eet rete seme emo 3 Reb. ostecctan 5 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 SLE noe eee ate ie ea Cie tal (Nemes S Waste eee eee Nes 5) Abs Se sek looove Seba cceccteeeckc oe = = S| | Mota Peer © feared n= ees 5 4 1 3 1 2 1 3 Second brood: " 1 ie waies Calyx Spe Cee Sint eters SASS Sie 91 70 69 20 32 31 4 55 BIGGS Aeon ee eee 557 400 323 77 137 172 198 235 PCRS Foo kala SST eee moe eee 53 48 27 18 12 24 34 25 122 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tape I1I.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larve of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT I. ONE SPRAY—Continued. Total number of larvee and pee Oe entrance of fruit for each tree, by roods. Place of entrance. First brood: PACD inte Tree 9. |Tree 10. Tree 11. Tree Tree Total Percent- age of larvee by broods entering at calyx, side, and stem. Total larve, first and second broods. ONE SPRAY. Total number of larvze and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: Sliven ie Seeteine se eeiseisiee cori sae Dil eecteh 2 all eae oe serra cease oe ners es [eerie Lal saecels ICO eee ee ee ote stems 4 4 2 1 1 1 Gt ks eee Stare ieee cto kee See oe gL. dz ceelcn ame oc lene Meee coer ts saree, [eset rete lei teetee= tele ernie ial eee NO lal seee < aoe oe ete eee ceislo 6 4 2 1 1 1 LOG lc ace Second brood: (Oh 8 doa ceaee ce Ree eer sore amc 141 103 105 158 96 70 64 66 SIG Glee ataeitectic cece eicen aici 208 163 157 224 198 154 136 121 SiS dig See ge en a oe eg 49 28 24 50 30 25 21 16 Motaled se ekee seer ee ace 398 294 286 432 324 249 221 203 Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- broods. age of Total 3 larvee by on Total jeyaravale larvee, for ets first and Tree | Tree plat By oalee second Place of entrance. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11. 12. 13. side, Sra broods. stem. First brood: FINE Sn Spenco aerecn co atde cel Saasihhes| scouted poahoogss) pace =cllnosnb: 3 2300 esses THs Fe epee mm a sa Fe et Col [es ee See 2 ic llaser ese hous aso ose 22 88200) ss seen ity tf ee er Oe Bee ae i Sees (ee ee ee oe nee bees | (coaccs|seooroce) tices a= sie so Psa o° if LY) 77) © apes ep rene rer A Ws See Wh Te ie ore heel so msc|ecicte= Pal BERR ee ac een Second brood: = Bye oss Sareea cadres eee S| oa Se elses eters 877 SEPP bo aoa ebees Sides Bas. eesticeee somites eee eet EF eae ie ae Tk el ee TALS © oh i 1,508 STO Seeeetee Stemlers: occa sucess sates se ece ae 1133) ees pelea 5 heal eal Fs Sect 256 Chir 0):| | Serseeee ees Totalesyoe dissent oan eer nae DSA Sirus S Were ey eeeerl Sek el eat ee 2 Galt ese ces 2, 666 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 123 Tas ie IIJ.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larvx of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: (CH Ne es eet eostea sdousedese ce. cBes lasedacac|ScPet Gen Baceceed POBPoesal Hoar tarn Manne Ame! lmeencaes 2 BICC sece es aces se eeean meus ite eae AeA ee ee TT eos 1 BleMeeecwtcmesine cae ena ae aes ateeee oes |Seace yee Paes Ae es eRe bes) Me mncrer (Sa eeGooe 1 NO tae es: ere ke tra teacio aaa ee eee Grilsasseaee hal Beeereree| Hecicescne 4 Second brood: BLY Rea mtae we cia teins akan e Sarees 14 26 41 6 16 16 32 29 SHUG (rh ssh Re Se yee ee ater earn 20 14 45 10 5 7 25 21 TCIM see a se iat a eect woh eel gs S| Peas oe By accra 1 1 1 3 HCC) Ee Jet ears. 3 aa 35 40 89 16 22 24 58 53 Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by Percent- broods. age of Total Total |!atv@ PY] larvae broods 4 for aati first and Tree | Tree | Plat. | at ane second Place of entrance. Tree 9. |Tree 10.)Tree 11. 12. 13. Rideuand broods. stem. First brood: Z BLY Re ome howe one dice Gietiewse 4 1 18 Rasta Serece 8 30340) eres Suelo Se. a ae a ee Gy | Seertts als Bessel ate lara seen 10 455 40h ee Seo e se DiC erase ee Sesto nee ceases keceeiece UN Bee Ais eee | rode orehe eereree 4 1820) |p shoes ANG RES ae ee a Beas ee ae ees 7 2 he pe as Ss 5a? Dia ec eee eee | See Second brood: LYNE EE eet oA Sam ae ee 79 47 Ne) re SA See 328 3D; O00 sree sas idl eae ere meres ae ee ee Se 65 18 S17 lege poeta ier horae 247 AL. 80) Iv rceetes beeen eee oe coed ons ayy [eee 2 Es Sse teee ree & 16 Psi) al See oats iC See AR ee een oe eee es 149 65 AQ in| sere cs | Bre 2 OTe acento 613 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by broods. Place of entrance. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. First brood: (CE? Nye ERE or de nee en ec 64 102 32 132 52 96 45 25 Cl ie ee ph a Cobh pe 8 23 26 4 33 14 15 12 7 SCEIIE Sees seo ee tee wea tees 6 5 1 5 10 6 7 4 Dotaleeeree eae es eee eee TER 37 170 76 117 64 36 Second brood: LNs ae SBR SOC Senne SC OASGEE OSS 579 464 139 463 295 588 512 197 tS) fo lejee ee Sa eS oe Sa ee ae 102 67 34 69 58 125 94 49 Stemi apeteres easiest soso ooce 28 23 7 26 18 31 32 6 Totallsowcen teeaseeere cuales cece 709 554 180 558 371 744 639 252 124 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE III.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larve of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT V. UNSPRAYED—Continued. | Total number of larvee and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, by | Percent- broods. . | age of larvee by | ;otal : Total hale larve, for | entering | first and g Place of entrance | Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11 Tree | Tree ia at calyx, ocan : : ; METER es side, and| ?700@s. | stem. First brood: ING eo esas aces socotuderyecoves soc 31 258 55 63 133 1, 088 NO: OE ewesjtanmee SIGes asses poset gee ee eee 9 36 19 23 33 254 17 G4 yet eee MLCT othe lems e meee Sees 2 12 4 1 11 74 D, 27 |= eee AMO: eee OR Ete 42 306 78 87 il7it ALG eso Se sell ees Second brood: Calyx beeen Setchatatals Sinjare @ Brarlace © Srevabrale 489 458 535 398 353 5,471 S084|2. see eee Bide. -- Be ee eee ee ae 98 89 81 94 96 | 1,056 IGG nose a an UGG Ss se eae Ra ae Saar as 28 11 29 29 15 283 4815 y Le eee ED OAD S A sere Aaa ae ee REE 615 558 645 521 464 (ante 0) aes eka 8, 226 In the case of the sprayed plats, as would be expected, the propor- tion entering at the calyx is greatly reduced, and there is a corre- sponding increase in the proportion entering the fruit at the side and stem. There is considerable variation, however, as to the number of larve entering the fruit at the calyx, side, and stem in the several sprayed plats, which is of significance in connection with the charac- ter of the treatments given. To better compare these points, Table IV has been prepared, which requires but little in the way of com- ment. A comparison of Plats I and III, both involving the one-spray method, shows, as to calyx entrance for the two broods, a difference in favor of a coarse as against a mist spray of 17.05 per cent in les- _ sening calyx entrance and a corresponding increase in number entering at side. As between Plats [and IV a still more marked difference is shown, namely, 38.85 per cent in favor of a coarse drenching spra in preventing entrance at the calyx. TasLe 1V.—Places of entering apples, shown in percentages, of total larvx of first and second broods of the codling moth and of these broods combined. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. First brood. Second brood. Plat number. Caiyx. | Side. | Stem. | Total. | Calyx. | Side. | Stem. | Total. Pott | Po ch OP ci | Pete | SP Ch \ Paciae |i Cen eek Dees eae ite See a ahtiS Meese Seater ea 15 e38))|) fo 402 ee ome 100.00 | 15.97 | 75.30 8.73 | 100.00 [ITT oe cate eae 2, Cee FN AI ae OS 12 OOF 88s OOM eee te 100.00 | 33.20 | 57.10 9.70 | 100.00 We eee else, ook eosin yaa tein keene 36.40 | 45.40} 18.20] 100.00} 55.50} 41.80 2.70 | 190.00 Mie eae serene ce esdeteual at isle eyaiere tater | 76.84] 17.94 5.22 | 100.00 | 80.34] 15.51 4.15 | 100.00 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 125 TaBLE 1V.—Places of entering apples, shown in percentages, of total larve of first and second broods of the codling moth and of these broods combined. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. First and second broods com- ; Po aie Total | Total noe | larvee, arve, y Plat number. | | ee eacona first and second Calyx. | Side. | Stem. Total. brood. brood. broods. J 2p in Wa Ae, (his Ml eee IRAE Nee eee eee eiiaie Sacinciiowisie tei 15.96 | 75.38 8. 66 100. 00 26 3, 158 3, 184 HOTS Soe GR copes sa eBAC SA ANSE a oaaeerEs 33.01 | 57.39 9. 60 100. 00 25 2,641 2, 666 LN (oe aed AOS OO ORE REC EOEST SR ace an pnras 54.81 | 41.93 3.26 | 100.00 22 592 613 Vise eer oe ere nieeineaeeisae ce ses es 79.73 | 15.93 4.34 | 100.00 1,416 6,810 8, 226 In order to determine what effect the respective treatments might have on the proportion of fruit which dropped and that which remained on the trees until picking time the following table (Table V) was prepared from the data in the previous tables: TasLe V.—Comparison of amounts of drop-fruit during season on the several plats, Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Fruit from ground. No First brood. Second brood. Plat number. meee Per | Per | Wormy.| Sound. | Total. | cent | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent sound. | sound. = | | Mien Bede aebOe cae Cee ll 26 | 10,202 | 10,228 | 99.74 1,449 | 7,663 | 9,112 84.09 Aeron ees cleciee oo cee 9 25 | 5,314] 5,339 | 99.53 1,249 | 5,997 | 7,246 82.76 UNG) betes Saree ee eae 11 22 | 8,970 | 8,992 | 99.74 .240 | 5,513 | 5,753 95. 82 Wales So Seek pega a Cees 13 945 | 8,109 | 9,054 | 89.56 5,471 5, 742 | 11,213 51. 20 Fruit from tree. Total fruit. Now | Per- ae | centage Plat number. trees. | Per | Per lof drop- | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent | Wormy.|Sound. Total. | cent fruit. | sound. | sound. TS Rs 11| 1,645 | 29, 167 | 23,812 | 93.09] 3,120 | 40,032 | 43,152 | 92.76] 44.81 WES vaes Sse ecne sa 9} 1,371 | 12,578 } 13,949 | 90.17 2,645 | 23,889 | 26,534 | 90.03 47.42 LIS aera Seeee 11 | 345 | 17,361 | 17,706 | 98.05 607 | 31,844 | 32,451 | 98.12 45. 43 Ve.. assess 13 | 1,704 | 2,457 | 4,161] 59.04 8,120 | 16,308 | 24,428 | 66.76 82.96 i} As will be noted, the highest percentage of drop-fruit was on the unsprayed plat, namely, 82.96, with 47.42 per cent drop-fruit from Plat III. Plats I and IV (the one-spray and demonstration treat- ments) show a difference in favor of the demonstration plat of only 0.62 per cent, an amount practically negligible. The percentage of drop-fruit, including fallen fruit from all causes, is shown, but it should be remembered that fruit from all plats, except the check, was largely protected from fungous troubles by applications of Bordeaux mixture. 59720°—Bull. 80, pt 7—10——3 126 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PLUM CURCULIO. Throughout the season the drop-fruit and the fruit on trees at picking time from four of the plats in the Jones orchard were care- fully examined as to injury by the plum curculio. The results of examinations are given in detail in Table VI. TaBLe VI.—Injury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments, Siloam Springs, Ark. , 1909. PLAT I ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.| Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. INOSIDUNGhUTeS = at rs «hues -aeezaee ele 1,979 Mets) 2,613 683 268 1,012 638 1, 200 No sini punchuredscassemee ee sean e 1,179 915 687 387 208 532 370 706 INO} SOUNGHTEUIG! Bcncee toceeenaotee cee 4,510 |} 3,898 | 3,109 | 2,363 | 3,238 | 3,236] 2,937 4,737 INO RUGS eee ee oe net ech Steere 5, 689 4,813 3,796 2,750 | 3,446 | 3,768] 3,307 5, 443 Per cent free from injury.....--. -----| 79.27 | 80.98} 81.90 | 85.92} 98.96 | 85.88 | 88.81 87.02 Number of punctured and sound truit, ete. per tree in each plat Total per Fe te a = eee = Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree'9. Pree 10)/Tree 11:|| Tree 12: || Trees. injury. INOMMUNCTULeSER secre nee ameter eee ane 642 319 642) nes hoe Seeek cece DL 709) | eee Non iruit punctured << 2.2 2-s2s4-2s-5- 364 216 B80 seeweacem alae cem sees 3809) |e een Notsoundiruiteee sens scoe ne eee ss Sy ePe SION! Aakalel)Sescen-aeellSacosoaeo 373043 o setae INOMINUITR ee See eee eee eines 35 0449/9525 00a May OO0) Emenee faecal ee case eee 43 (203))| eawaen sere Percent tree fromvinjury-o+--4--- --=- SOOTY Wr OU SSh | Od aOs |e as alesse or t| eee eee 86.34 PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.| Tree 2.) Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.) Tree 7.| Tree 8. Nos puncbures! set ceessee-en= Sie ermine 2,321 721 919 788 560 1,790 1,756 732 Nominmitpuncturedse-ses-.54- 4. sos" 1,051 349 533 368 358 795 727 372 No. fruit free from injury........-.-- SNOOS eos cena I SDR 1,883 ; 2,775} 2,154 1, 620 INOSIDUUIL Sore cten aeeeeee ie Meaney 4,749 | 2,688 | 2,744] 2,652 | 2,241 | 3,570] 2,881 1,992 Renicentree ing many Uy oe ane 77.86 | 87.01 | 80.57 | 86.12] 84.02 | 77.73 | 74.76 81.32 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat Total per = ot alsfor! cent trntt plat. free from Tree 9.|Tree 10.|Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. injury. INO DUN Chests. ee seer ere ey 1 G20 3 | eseseepsetel | erat tl totes Botta eae DDG ale nae No. truitepunctured! 2. ooo. ese TPH el Skeceschce 5 4 See en ae ae ental sera aoe ers hs 280) | eae eres No: fruit free from injury,..-.-..=--+-- 1408 eee reel ee essa Bess Lire em eee 20457) || erste Pee Wosuraitgs4.t3 ies estes Lesage 25 2205 |b,. 23a. MAR ee eobes ween ete 2b; ital) |e == aeeeee Per cent free from injury.......-..--- 67:25:42 elon | escent S| ccecis santo soe eee ea em eerscet 79. 48 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 127 Taste VI.—Injury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed % in the codling-moth experiments, Siloam Springs, Ark. , 1909—Continued. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.| Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. ING aDUNCUINCS eric eases octet scccme 1, 293 562 773 98 430 432 | 1,025 877 No. fruit punctured......:........-.. 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 No. fruit free from injury...........-. 2,790 1,589 | 4,639 1,591 2,879 1, 465 1,998 2,705 MON INOIG eect ecmaccasces oosceees seas 3,536 | 1,890} 5,076 | 1,665 | 3,145 | 1,665 | 2,496 3, 172 Per cent free from injury......-..---. 78.90 | 84.07 | 91.39 | 95.55 | 91.54] 87.98 | 80.04 85. 27 s n n it, ete., per tree in each plat. Number of punctured and sound fruit, 10) ee in each plat Motllger Total for | cent fruit plat. free from | Tree 9./Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. injury. INOMpPUNeUUTeS!. «ene teeeetec lsc see 3, 129 plage Nal ace Lec: ad) | bey eget tel pho heey 103025) seers No. fruit punctured.................- 1, 656 140 (ACS Ree eee eee eee D004 lhe once No. fruit Free (OMMINUTY~- e422 Oyo) mle olga ea eOOn |e aa eel. sae 268971 sete eee INQ SRULI ln xtores pesos te oats Soa esis eee AO Ue LOD ial) wo 0oe| ees sos = Seer So; 450i oe oh eee Per cent free from injury.......-..... GONaS a le eeas ie We Aaeoi | sacs eee sees oa eee meee 82. 88 » | PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. | Tree 1.| Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. INO SOUENLG GUE Serer ee el =a is 6,623 | 6,230 | 4,331 | 10,068 | 3,372 | 9,527 | 14,727 4,714 INOsiguiiapunchined ise: encase -— 2,130 | 1,595 a | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 No. fruit free from injury.........-.. 430 106 A 16 207 202 97 86 IN GMIRUE Seems oa ke clnaeisie new esine 2,560 | 1,701 oe 1,538 | 1,206 | 2,501] 2,821 1,156 Per cent free from injury-.-..--- Bara 16.79 6.23 | 4.72) 1.04 | 17.16 8.07 3. 43 7.43 | Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Total per Total for | cent fruit | plat. free from Tree 9./Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. injury. pe NO SAD UINCUIMGS Ee eerie as ce a 6,143 } 8,707 | 6,921 5, 984 6,739 940860 Eaa ames No; inurl punctured -~--.--- 2... --.-- 1,936 | 2,117 | 1,605 1,517 1,750 22R2ND once ae eee No. fruit free from injury............. 387 141 114 91 | 310 Pe AT: ieee eae te 10 yg ER a a ZeaDa |e 2OsSe LTO, | LSG08N | 22060 | 24 au I ne Per cent free from:injury............. 16. 65 6. 24 6. 63 5. 65 | 15 045| Cees. 8.85 All punctures, whether egg or feeding, are classed together under ‘Number punctures.” The total percentage of fruit free from curculio injury includes fruit entirely free from feeding and egg punctures, and has no reference to injury from other insects, as the codling moth or lesser apple worm. Curiously, in the Siloam Springs work the one-spray block (Plat I) shows the maximum percentage of fruit free from curculio attack, injury on the demonstration plat exceeding in this regard that on the one-spray plat by 3.46 per cent. It should be noted, however, that Plat IV was adjacent to the unsprayed block (see fig. 2) and there was unquestionably considerable overflow 128 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. of curculio, as on this latter the beetles were quite abundant, as shown by the low total percentage of uninjured fruit, namely, 8.85 per cent. In view of the habits of the curculio in ovipositing and feeding over a considerable period (six to eight weeks or more), the results from the one-spray method are the more surprising, and it would appear that the single treatment resulted in their almost completes destruction. In Table VII are brought together data showing the effects of the treatments in the control of the three principal insect enemies of the fruit, namely, the codling moth, the plum curculio, and the lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh). The value of the one- spray method is here put to the severest possible test so far as con- trolling insect enemies of the fruit is concerned. It will be noted that when these three insects are taken into account somewhat better results were secured from Plat IV, which received the demon- stration treatment, namely, 81.19 per cent sound fruit, as against _79.60 per cent sound fruit from the one-spray plat. The unsprayed plat (V) shows a very low percentage of fruit free from injury by these three insects, namely 6.94 per cent. TaBLe VII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Character of injury. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio............ 1,179 915 687 387 208 532 370 706 Injured by codling moth...........-- 703 522 419 118 181 222 286 315 Injured by lesser apple worm......--- 71 74 41 6 31 7 19 30 Number injured apples..........-.--- 1,778 } 1,403} 1,062 486 409 739 652 991 Number uninjured apples. .......---- 3/911) 3,410)" 25-734 |) 25264 |) 35037 |) 3302351) 25655 4, 452 Rotalmumber applests= 2: #22----=-.-- 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750 | 3,446] 3,762 | 3,307 5, 443 Weaale Total ota er cent |/per cent Character of injury. ae ate ae Tree Tie for |freefrom| free : 5 z re : plat. | injury. | from injury. Injured by plum curculio...........-. 364 216 SOD4 eresteeclteemee 5,899 86534) [De ccweme Injured by codling moth...........-- 110 113 TOU 2s ee ee 3, 120 UPAIC® Seem caG Injured by lesser apple worm.....-.--- 10 5 DW BeaecH Sanasne 309 Ses | Sees Number injured apples...........-..- 473 349 C6, Beeeeee| Saeeses pits) Eaosoncors bouscade Number uninjured apples. .--..--.-.- By L26u 225303) |) Voi 4aai leno ese nleeemeee 345348) lors feSee 79. 60 Totalimumiber apples). 2... 4-2-5 -e== 8,599 2 ODD Os OOD! Hsoncioieris| arose 43) 152) |. <.cisecccta/erl| Sacrgeieere PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. Character of injury. | Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. | Injured by plum curculio............- 1,051 349 533 368 358 795 727 372 Injured by codling moth............-. 397 298 286 431 321 247 231 200 Injured by lesser apple worm......-.- 29 19 14 32 40 22 26 12 Number injured apples...........---- | 1,363 525 772 806 684 | 1,010 919 551 Number uninjured apples........-..-- | 3,386 | 2,960 1,972 1,846 1,557 2,560 1, 962 1,441 Total number apples...............-- | 4,749 | 3,485 2,744 2,652 2,241 3,570 | 2,881 1,992 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 129 Tasie VII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PART III. ONE-SPRAY—Continued. A : ; ean ile Total ota er cent |per cent Character of injury. Tee are aee are tee for | free from| free _ 7 ? hd ? plat injury. from injury. Injured by plum curculio............. Med ba vee Sra, nists | neater sey cin ra|| Sse talece'| Sisto aie ats 5, 280 QSAR saws Injured by codling moth....-.......- 72 Bea ees eee eee eerie 2, 645 SOF 03) Eaaachiee Injured by lesser apple worm....-..-.- Oe actrees eso ace cal eceeenc|acce—ee 203 SOT IE Sete ae Number injured apples......-.-...-..- SO ree eee enc h carda eerote aera create ALG: |r ceetemees lose ee Number uninjured apples.......--.-- MABE || oo otaerae age cco atttatal| ciaimtciate,aillaraie States VO UNS Saree ate ie ar 72.05 Totalmumibenapples::--2--5-.20--2- Data sere aoe Le see eecl| ates = crmllnmaiaiete © 265534) Rosscee ealteaceron PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Character of injury. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8 Injured by plum curculio............. 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 Injured by codling moth.......- 36 41 93 16 22 23 57 57 Injured by lesser apple worm.... 6 1 6 1 0 2 3 0 Number injured apples.........-..-..- 826 332 509 90 287 222 545 518 Number uninjured apples. ......-.---. 2,710 | 1,558} 4,567 | 1,575 | 2,858) 1,443] 1,951 2,654 Total number apples. .......-...----- 3,536 | 1,890} 5,076] 1,665 | 3,145 | 1,665 | 2,496 3, 172 ee Total ota er cent |per cent Character of injury. aa ate ree re E mee for |freefrom| free : : : aie : plat. | injury. | from injury Injured by plum curculio............-. 1, 656 140 (het Oe see seeetsce 5,554 B25885 ha memee Injured by codling moth..-..........-. 154 67 AI | ee ae ae 607 ORD ne eees Injured by lesser apple worm........- 14 6 oO Eee aaonleae seas 42 oe eam ae Number injured apples.......- 1,761 207 SOG) eee Ieee cee (sel US Fl aeeeeten! se ccecsor Number uninjured apples.-....-.. SROS0) aks 7508 a2 20 me | tee seme noses oe QOS 4st Res. ---eeee 81.19 Total number: apples: *..5-2.c2.-+--+-- ESD SuSE B yall eh bist neoood paceete| act ar a) Ul | aeeemeereeee, | Ie cers ein PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Character of injury. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8 Injured by plum curculio.............| 2,130] 1,595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 injured by codling moth...-.......-. 795 679 217 716 450 823 697 287 Injured by lesser apple worm.....---- 213 140 52 222 89 224 309 91 Number injured apples...........---- 2,250 | 1,605 959 | 1,528] 1,072] 2,355] 2,740] 1,076 Number uninjured apples....-...---- 310 78 36 10 134 146 81 80 Totaltjumber apples............-.--. 2,5€0 | 1,683 995 | 1,588 | 1,206} 2,501 | 2,821 1,156 ‘aie Total = Tota er cent |per cent Character of injury. ines ‘Tree ree Tre e Thee for |freefrom| free ; : Re! (llkewee si plat injury. | from | injury Injured by plum curculio.............| 1,936 | 2,117 1,605 | 1,517 | 1,750 | 22,212 8857] Berar. Injured by codling moth............. 652 859 709 592 644 | 8,120 665/755 |Cosaeeee Injured by lesser apple worm 120 218 139 174 77 | 2,068 S250) 1315528: Number injured apples........-- USES SIC lees ply) Ma tases that itt 77 ey he ee eel oer ees Number uninjured apples. ..-...- 336 110 88 52 230) |e al 690 |eccean= 26 ae 6.94 Totalmumber apples: =... .-..22222.22 Bere |) cay 2osml Ly 19) NL GOB 02,060) |) 244287 ee cose aren tine 130 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. EXPERIMENTS IN VIRGINIA. The experiments in Virginia were carried out in two localities, namely, at Crozet, in the orchard of W. 8. Ballard, and at Mount Jackson, in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company. W. S. BALLARD’s ORCHARD. W. 5S. Ballard’s orchard is located in the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and is composed mostly of the Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin) variety, which sort was used exclu- S S49 Qe x Ss SOR KR DY VIG w Ss S SSR KR DS OIG © YG GIS SN NH 1H G4 G oy (6) Qe Ro) GS GS SS ASS IS is tS 4S) GQ Daw Se STS oS SOM OMNIS SONG) SVQ Gy || Sea SESE SES Sea Se SHG 8 & & &) (OP Gy hy IIS RSS SSIS sy fis in (Sy ASG yey ay) HHH H WHOIS NN NISD CO Gy Oye Gy) | ores GO Gy IO Gili S oy 5) 2 D Z. Zz ra) ra) ra) 2) 2) aD S oS Si 5 Ss Ss Gy) MOS) Gy OHSS a ES 64% & & OX ~ QBs HH HHH HIS DS a) % % Fig. 35.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard orchard near Crozet, Va. Trees counted are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of trees in the tables. Variety, Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin). Trees marked S sprayed by owner. (Criginal.) sively in the experiments. The location of the trees sprayed, with reference to adjacent trees in the orchard, is shown in figure 35. The surrounding trees not included in the experiment were sprayed by the owner. The size of the trees and general character of the loca- tion are shown in Plate X, figure 2. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 131 THE CODLING MOTH. The treatments given and dates of applications are shown in Table VIII. TasLe VIII.—Dates of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Crozet, Va., 1909. Plat V. | Plat VI. Plat VIII. (Demonstration. ) (One spray method.) (Unsprayed.) Date of application. First application, April | Not drenched. Vermorel noz-| Drenched with arsenate of lead | Unsprayed. 27 (after falling of zles. Mist spray. Arsenate 2 pounds to 50 gallons Bor- petals). of lead 2 pounds to 50 gallons deaux mixture (2-2-50). Bordeaux mixture (2-2-50). Pressure 125-160 pounds. Pressure 120 to 140 pounds. Seneca nozzles. 11 gallons per tree. Second application, |...-. (60) Ane 5c Haan acme | Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. May 24. | 50). Not drenched. hind appuUcs ion Une ees COkesseace ae ea aes see soe ae Be Ona ae sey oe eects ee | Do. 26. | Fourth application, C(t a aan Or eee tee SARNLOR Sed tend Sra crac ota Do. July 26-27. Plat V (demonstration) received four applications in all, the Ver- morel nozzle being used. The effort was made to spray thoroughly, but none of the trees was drenched. Plat VI (one-spray method) was thoroughly drenched, using’ Seneca nozzles, applying an average of 11 gallons per tree. This plat received three subsequent appli- cations of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule, to protect the fruit from possible infection by bitter rot. Plat VIII was left unsprayed throughout the season for purposes of comparison. The first application, on April 27, was given just after most of the petals had fallen, and conditions were favorable for the work except that showers interrupted the spraying for about one hour. At the time of the second application, May 24, the weather was showery, but spraying was finished without serious interruption. The third application, on June 26, was interrupted near the close of the work by rain, while the fourth application, on July 26, was made under very favorable conditions, the weather being clear and dry. Comparatively little bitter rot developed during the season, even on the unsprayed plat. A heavy hail, however, which occurred during late June, badly injured the fruit and foliage. It was noticed that the hail injury to the fruit resulted in a much greater proportion of codling-moth larvee entering on the side, and this fact must be taken into account in the consideration of the results. Table IX gives the total wormy fruit and fruit free from codling- moth injury for the entire season for the eight count trees of each plat, the numbers of the trees in the figure agreeing with those in the table. rS2 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE [X.—Number of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Crozet, Va., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total Total per Condition of fruit. Tree 1.|Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. |Tree 5.|Tree6.|Tree7.|Tree8.| for cent of plats. | sound fruit Wionmyia-tcce + Stee ee 90) 115 68 | 191 173 49 54 87 SOy/ \Ssaeen se SOUNG se Stee as os as 712 | 1,344 65 || 2,224 | 1.859) | 1,259) | 2°958 || 2)243 | 13) 250) 222 a= - [DO tell eens eas eee 802 | 1,459 719) 2,415) || 2,032); 1.308 | 3)012) | 25330) 145077 |e eee PencentisOungdes s-ae--c esse. 88.78 | 92.12 | 90.55 | 92.10 | 91.49 | 96.26 | 98.21 | 96.27 |... ...-- 94.13 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. | WIOKMY: sere ose oe aawens ceo 498 367 627 | 168 445 362 391 462 3020) = eeeeee HOUNGEsteee eee Re Soe 2,080! | 25166 | 45478) || 1,150) | 25800) | 1,617 || 1,650) 1,577 | 17,518) |22 2 Nota ease see ee eee 2,978 | 2,533 | 5,105 | 1,318 | 3,245 | 1,979 | 2,041 | 2,039 | 20,838 }.--..._- Percentisoundis 25 se eee 80:30 | 85.52 | 87.72 | 87.26 | 86.29 | 81.71 | 80.90 | 77.35 |.5...-!- 84.07 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. WiOEMNY joo sea a56- aemece ose 1,165 | 1,593 | 545 560 | 1,641 | 1,444 | 1,089 | 1,001 93038 | ce eee Sound ses ee ee een ee 2,258 | 2,089 | 271 456 | 1,470 | 1,544 |. 904 | 1,206 |} 10; 198) |2-2-2222 Otel Kesh. Sse tee 3,423 | 3,682 | 816] 1,016 | 3,111 | 2,988 | 1,993 | 2,207 | 19,236 |..-..... Percent Sound). 62s s soe 65.97 | 56.79 33.22 | 44.89 | 47.90 | 51.68 | 45.31 | 54.65 |........ 53.02 Plat V, which received the demonstration treatment, gave 94.13 per cent fruit free from codling-moth injury, as against 84.07 per cent fruit free from this insect on the one-spray plat, a difference in favor of the demonstration treatment of 10.06 per cent. The check or unsprayed plat (VIII) shows 53.02 per cent fruit free from codling- moth injury, and there is thus a gain in sound fruit by the demon- stration treatment of 41.11 per cent and by the one-spray method again of 31.05 per cent of sound fruit. As will be seen from the foregoing table, there were counted in Plats V, VI, and VIII, respec- tively, 14,077, 20,838, and 19,236 apples, a total for all plats of 54,151. Undoubtedly the results from the one-spray plat are less favorable than would have been the case had there been no hail. The injured places on the sides of the fruit permitted ready entrance of the larve, as indicated on all plats by the relatively high percentage of larvee which entered the fruit on the side. This condition is shown in Table X, which gives the places of entrance of the fruit for each tree of each plat for the total larve of the two broods throughout the season. ~ ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. has TaBLE X.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larve for each tree of each plat. Crozet, a., 1909 PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve and places of entrance of fruit for each tree, first and Percent- second broods combined. ages of | motal Total | larve en- Taare for eerie at Heriot : plats. | calyx % Pires atcniaes Tree ; Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree side, and larve. ils 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Uc 8. stem. First and second broods: Calves eee ne = 8 6 5 13 15 2 4 11 64 RES ees see S10 (8 et es eae 76 105 59 159 148 46 46 68 707 $5549) be pee oer DUCMS Coe here cen oe 6 4 4 19 10 1 4 8 56 G2 78; ||Romeetoe Aoi) Bopee gacEaceaone 90 | 115 68 | 191 | 173 49 54 87 827 100. 00 827 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. First and second_broods: Caliysct eee oan ae 35 12 26 7 12 23 17 19 151 ASO | Seen Didens ese es ee 443 | 331 567 150 | 407} 319] 344] 415 | 2,976 B9NG4 |e ee a2 =e BteMyss see eae eee 20 24 34 11 26 20 30 28 193 HAS Sosa Notale eet e cose 498 | 367 | 627 168 | 445 | 362] 391 462 | 3,220 100. 00 3, 220 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. First and second broods: (GEN 0. es ae 527 | 888 | 320] 258) 878 677 §12 493 | 4,553 OFS a | eee a Sides Soa scenes estes s 483 | 508 158 |} 231 | 561 620 439 429 | 3,429 Of Oba | es Saee NS UCL cos etverarsieaeaie cate 155 197 67 71 202 147 138 79 | 1,056 LGR eek eer ae Mo tales s 3 7o@Do0a4w Bee? wooo 40H FD ea!) (ONE SPRAY.) o@op ov 770080 wee ee ee 77@b0e0o0v Sourh Fic. 34.—Diagram of the Mrs. S. E. Jones orchard, Siloam Springs, Ark., showing location of plats and trees used for making counts of fruit: D, Ben Davis variety; A, Arkansas Black; 7, Mammoth Black Twig; W, Winesap; J, Jonathan; mp, Missouri Pippin; wp, White Winter Pearmain,etc. Trees of Ben Davis variety only were used for making counts of fruit. These are indicated for the respective plats by a circle, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of these trees in the tables. (Original.) OO5e SCG 0" @ SO included a miscellaneous assortment of varieties, as shown by the legend under figure 34, but principally the Ben Davis, on which variety counts were made. The treatments to which the respective plats were subjected is shown in Table I. 76861°—Bull. 80, pt 7— 118 ' DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE I.—Treatments and dates of applications of sprays for the codling moth and plum curculic. One-spray method. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Dates of applica- Plat I. Plat II. : tions. (One-spray method.) (One-spray method.) First _ application, | Drenched witharsenate oflead. 1 pound | Drenched with arsenate of lead. 1 pound ape 24-25 (after to 50 gallons of water. Bordeaux noz- to 50 gallons Bordeaux mixture (3-3- falling of petals). zles. 17 gallons per tree. 200 pounds 50). Bordeaux nozzles. 17 gallons pressure. per tree. 200 pounds pressure. Second application, | Bordeaux mixture only (4-4-50). Bor- | Bordeaux mixture only (44-50). Bor- May 25-26. deaux nozzles. 5 deaux nozzles. Third application, |... .-. Oe tteee ae act oeinsasetecaine seanenee Do. July 2. Fourth application, | Unsprayed...-.-..-----<--.-2--- re ar Ta tg = 5 | aii Total Condition of fruit. Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. Total for per cent | plat. sound. WORK ers : sta eS ae ean a oe ee 579 464 139 463 295 588 513 197 SIG Geese eer ec eae oe case eames 102 67 34 69 58 125 94 49 SLGHISe Se Mees ace e tL Ses ome cee 28 23 a 26 18 31 32 6 HUNGRY IE S, Seowe Ses Ok ae a Ra 709 554 180 558 371 744 639 252 124 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tasie IL1.—Places of entrance into fruit by total larvx of the codling moth for each tree of each plat. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT V. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of larvee for each tree. Percent- - ageof | otal Total Bae eo larvee, Brood and place of entrance. for BGs first and Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11. nee es Plat. at calyx, serous sy fas side, and Weise stem. First brood: Cally xin osc ontche os woe seaeenares 31 258 55 63 133 1, 088 1G sG4) 5 Sacre eer SIGeR ia Fee eas ee ee eens 9 36 19 23 33 254 LQ A's | ee cee eae tem er ete ae oe eee eee 2 12 4 1 11 74 ae Til geneoeen= Notas oscar eee see 42 306 78 87 177 T4164). 00 2 se ee ee Second brood: Calysxecaime ot ose ch cece bese ae 489 458 535 | 398 | 353 | 5,471 80:34 4)oc aes SIGew Paha. cane cote sae 98 89 81 94 96 | 1,056 1oxbi kee eee Stems tooart eee eke Bee 28 11 29 29 15 | 283 ALS Le ee eeeee Totals te lee econ ee oe 615 558 645 §21 464 | GSO) Sena 8, 226 In the case of the sprayed plats, as would be expected, the propor- tion entering at the calyx is greatly reduced, and there is a corre- sponding increase in the proportion entering the fruit at the side, owing to the lesser efficiency of the spray at the latter place. This is shown for each of the plats in Table IV. Taste 1V.—Places of entering apples, shown in percentages, of total larvex of first and second broods of the codling moth combined. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Percentage of larvee entering— 3 ee Total Total oes = = larvee larvee 3 Plat No. ’ d first and first secon Eecond Calyx. | Side. | Stem. Total brood. brood. prong I. One-spray , Bordeaux nozzles. -.-- 15.96 | 75.38 8. 66 100. 00 26 3, 158 3,184 IIT. One-spray, Vermorel nozzles... .- - 33.01 | 57.39 9. 60 100. 00 25 2,641 2, 666 IV. Demonstration. . --. ssteceeepeceee 54. 81 41.93 3. 26 100. 00 22 592 613 WenUmSprayed saan encaeane soe es cee 79. 73 15. 93 4.34 100. 00 1, 416 6, 810 8, 226 As between the several sprayed plats there is considerable variation in the number of apples wormy at calyx, side, and stem, which is of significance in connection with the character of the treatments given. To compare these points better Table V has been prepared. TaBLeE V.—Efficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples.a Total Total Plat N number | number eNO: of wormy| of Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. apples. | apples I. One-spray, Bordeaux nozzles.......-. 1.18 5. 54 0. 64 7. 24 3,120 43, 152 III. One-spray, Vermorel nozzles.........- 3. 32 5.57 97 9.97 2, 654 26, 534 DVS Demonstration. ectese-cecseecn eee 1.03 ais . 20 1.88 607 32, 451 VeuUnsprayed he seee ech oe er eee 26. 85 5.36 1. 46 33. 26 8, 120 24, 428 a As someapples were entered at more than one place, the sums of the percentages for calyx, side,and stem slightly exceed the total percentages of wormy apples. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 125 A comparison of the figures for the different plats in Table V shows as to calyx entrance for the two broods about the same degree of protection in the case of Plats I and IV, while as between Plats I and III, both involving the one-spray method, there is a difference in favor of a coarser as against a mist spray of 1.14 per cent of the total crop. The figures on side entrance show that neither of the one-spray treatments afforded any protection to the side of the fruit, while the demonstration treatment saved 4.57 per cent of the crop by preventing side entrance. In comparing the total efficiency of the different treatments, it will be seen that there was a saving of 26.02 per cent of the crop in Plat I, 23.29 per cent in Plat III, and 31.38 per cent in Plat IV. The superiority of the demonstration treatment was mostly due to the prevention of side worminess. In order to determine what effect the respective treatments might have on the proportion of fruit which dropped and that which remained on the trees until picking time the following table (Table VI) was prepared from the data in the previous tables: TaBLE VI.—Comparison of amounts of drop-fruit during season on the several plats. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. Fruit from ground. Num- First brood. Second brood. Plat No. ber of trees. | | Letsie Per Wormy.| Sound.) Total. | cent | Wormy. Sound.| Total. | cent sound. sound. } Lie eke eee ae ee il 26 | 10,202 | 10,228 | 99.7. 1,449 | 7,663 9,112 84. 09 11 TR SE eee oe ee 9 25] 5,314 | 5, 339 99. 53 1,249 5, 997 7, 246 82.76 1 IV See oe oes Bee See Il 22) 8,970] 8,992 | 99.7. 240 | 5,513 5, 753 95. 82 Wings spect sept Ase a arat ns 13 945 | 8,109 | 9,054 | 89.56 5,471 5, 742 | 11,213 51.20 | Fruit from tree. Total fruit. x Eepeeda Rew FS) ly sPer um- | | | l | centage Plat No. ber of | Per | | | Per | of drop- trees. | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | cent |Wormy.}) Sound. | Total. | cent | fruit. | sound. | | sound. | | | | | | 11 1,645 | 22,167 | 23,812 | 93. 09 3,120 | 40,032 | 43,152 | 92.76 44.81 9 1,371 | 12,578 | 13,949 | 90.17 2,645 | 23,889 | 26,534 90. 03 47.42 11 345 | 17,361 | 17,706 | 98. 05 607 | 31,844 | 32,451 | 98.12 45. 43 13 1,704 | 2,457) 4,161 | 59.04 8,120 | 16,308 | 24,428 | 66.76 82.96 As will be noted, the highest percentage of drop-fruit was on the unsprayed plat, namely, 82.96, with 47.42 per cent drop-fruit from Plat ITI. Plats I and IV (the one-spray and demonstration treat- ments) show a difference in favor of the demonstration plat of only 0.62 per cent, an amount practically negligible. The percentage of drop-fruit, including fallen fruit from all causes, is shown, but it should be remembered that fruit from all plats, except the check, was largely protected from fungous troubles by applications of Bor- deaux mixture. 76861°—Bull. 80, pt. 7—11——3 126 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PLUM CURCULIO. Throughout the season the drop-fruit and the fruit on trees at picking time from four of the plats in the Jones orchard were care- fully examined as to injury by the plum curculio. The results of examinations are given in detail in Table VII. Taste VII.—Injury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit, ete., per tree in each plat. | | Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of punctures’ 3-2. 22---- = 1,979 | 1,713 | 2,613 683 268 | 1,012 | 638 1, 200 Number of fruit punctured........-- 1,179 915 687 387 208 532 370 706 Number of sound fruit............--- 4.510 | 3,898 | 3,109 | 2,363) 3,238) 3,286) 2,937 4,737 Nim berio finite ss ee eee eee 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750) 3,446 | 3,768] 3,307 5, 443 Per cent free from injury........--.-- 79.27 | 80.98 | 81.90 | 85.92) 93.96 | 85.88 | 88.81 87.02 Number of punctured and suune fruit, etc., Total per er tree in each plat. P BS Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. | TOT Ya Number’of punctures: -------- 252. -- 642 319 (GU es Se ans ee aeeerne oc 117095) eee eee Number of fruit punctured........... 364 216 B8bu| Gost a seele eee e899) |e. eee Numberof sound fruit. =o... 22-2. Se 280i ree 436ale 43. 000N pase earoes |e eaeaeee 37: S040 eee ee ee NimiberOfiniultosee. css. -e n= a 3,644) 22 6b2 |) oR SOon emery crpapa| ec ae aerats |, 43; 203) |s-eusensoe Per cent free from injury........----- SOKO GUMS heron S ON emreese eee Scere slates eee eae iees 86. 34 PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound fruit etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Number of punchures 22. <5 ccm ie= 2,321 721 919 788 560 | 1,790} 1,756 732 Number of fruit punctured.......-..-- 1,051 349 533 368 358 795 727 372 Number of fruit free from injury... -.- 3,698 | 2,339 | 2,211 | 2,284) 1,888] 2,775 | 2,154 1, 620 INUIM ber Of inUliz epee. sae ees 4,749 2,688 | 2,744 2, 652 2,241 3,570 | 2,881 1, 992 Per cent free from injury.......-.---- 77.86 | 87.01 | 80.57 | 86.12] 84.02] 77.73 | 74.76 81.32 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., Tomiper er tree in each plat. P ; P Total for | cent fruit plat. | free from Tree 9. Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. any Nim ber of punctures! 2. o22 s.<---- ea pO (s24 le Perea As he ol Ie eg SS IL DIG: eee Sees Number of fruit punctured.........-- YR ee ae Ge neet eae ee mr Geert nee 5) 280) ||acogeee Number of fruit free from injury.....- ANA O33 | EPC 2 ole errctess eal ls rete eyo | eee eee 20) 4570 steerer NGM ber OL: ANU esr ae ss v5) lataiers ota 2990 Wav Seis cakes ol hare Samrat leer Seeger PARE Sac sic = 35 Percent free from injury .....-.-.---- 67425; Res ee alleeee cece | taasicoeee leer eel oer | ee ementaets 79. 48 a —— = ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. PA Taste VII.—IJnjury by plum curculio for entire season on Plats I, III, IV, and V, sprayed in the codling-moth experiments. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.| Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. Nunmtber of punctures... .5 2. 22 a. oc. 1, 293 562 773 98 430 432 | 1,025 877 Number of fruit punctured........_.. 746 301 437 74 266 200 498 467 Number of fruit free from injury... .-- 2,790 | 1,589 | 4,639 | 1,591 | 2,879] 1,465) 1,998 2,705 Number otiinitt:- +. 2. ei ee eo toe 3, 536 1,890 5,076 1, 665 3,145 1, 665 2,496 3,172 Percentitree irom) injury). ese. - 78.90 | 84.07 | 91.39} 95.55 | 91.54] 87.98 | 80.04] -85.27 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., opal per r tree in each plat. BE P Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9. |Tree 10./Tree 11.) Tree 12. | Tree 13. ayET Y= Number of punctures 2.2... ..55:5--.- 13, 129 Dae ee AZO ek cient al aes See LO; S02 eee Number of fruit punctured............| 3,656 140 MOO! Rese cues asec ence yt al |e se see Number of fruit free from injury ..-.-- lol. CListeiliZ( ie Parekh LA erica el lene es Sra 26,897), |e! eee INGE ROLE one cee ce eee eee 4 791 1,957 SRODSE eee See |e Sete te aye S245) see Per cent free from injury.............. OF AST ee GQESA iu 7Ae Sin [pe ah aetna ORE ES Mets te te 82. 88 PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree 1.| Tree 2.| Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5.| Tree 6.| Tree 7.| Tree 8. NEM er Of PUNEHIOe ces ee asses 2s 6,623 | 6,230 | 4,331 | 10,068 | 3,372 9,527 | 14,727 4,714 Number of fruit punctured .......... 25,130))| 1/595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 Number of fruit free from injury ..._- 430 106 47 16 207 202 97 86 Nom bemohiruiliwe se kee eee 2,560 | 1,701 995 | 1,538} 1,206] 2,501 | 2,821 1,156 Per cent free from injury .. -.&....2..- 16. 79 6. 23 4.72 1.04 | 17.16 8. 07 3. 43 7.43 Number of punctured and sound fruit, etc., memes er tree in each plat. k : P Us Total for | cent fruit plat. free from Tree 9.|Tree 10./Tree 11.| Tree 12. | Tree 13. BEY WNumiber of punctures. 9 25..2.260245- 6,143 | 8,707} 6,921 5, 984 6,739 94° 086) eee seas Number of fruit punctured..........-. 1,936 | 2,117 | 1,605 1,517 1,750 PPA rs Bora se Number of fruit free from injury... .. 387 141 114 91 310 POR LIS (Mn Geeeete INUTO ber Of tntlliteness cmos seasons 2,323)| 2,258 || 1,719 1, 608 2,060 24446 |e sono £6 Per cent free from injury...2. 2.22.2... 16. 65 6. 24 6. 63 5. 65 OY el ee ea 8.85 4 All punctures, whether egg or feeding, are classed together under “Number of punctures.”’ The total percentage of fruit free from cur- culio injury includes fruit entirely free from feeding and egg punc- tures, and has no reference to injury from other insects, as the codling moth or lesser apple worm. Curiously, in the Siloam Springs work the one-spray block (Plat I) shows the maximum percentage of fruit free from curculio attack, injury on the demonstration plat exceeding in this regard that on the one-spray plat by 3.46 per cent. It should be noted, however, that Plat IV was adjacent to the unsprayed block (see fig. 2) and there was unquestionably considerable overflow of 128 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. curculio, as on this latter the beetles were quite abundant, as shown by the low total percentage of uninjured fruit, namely, 8.85 per cent. In view of the habits of the curculio in ovipositing and feeding over a considerable period (six to eight weeks or more), the results from the one-spray method are the more surprising, and it would appear that the single treatment resulted in their almost complete destruction. In Table VIII are brought together data showing the effects of the treatments in the control of the three principal insect enemies of the fruit, namely, the codling moth, the plum curculio, and the lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora Walsh). The value of the one- spray method is here put to the severest possible test so far as con- trolling insect enemies of the fruit is concerned. It will be noted that when these three insects are taken into account somewhat better results were secured from Plat IV, which received the demonstration treatment, namely, 81.19 per cent sound fruit, as against 79.60 per cent sound fruit from the one-spray plat. The unsprayed plat (V) shows a very low percentage of fruit free from injury by these three insects, namely 6.94 per cent. TasBLeE VIII.—E fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage of sound fruit. Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909. PLAT I. ONE-SPRAY. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3.| Tree 4.| Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. | Injured by plum curculio.........-.. 1,179 915 687 387 | 208 | 532 | 370 706 Injured by codling moth...........-- 703 522 | 419 118 181 | 222 | 286 315 Tnjured by lesser apple worm....-.-.- 71 74 | 41 6 31 7 | 19 30 Number injured apples......-...---- 1,778 | 1,403 | 1,062 486 409 739 652 991 Number uninjured apples. .......---- 3,911 3,410 | 2,734 | 2,264 3, 037 3,023 | 2,655 4, 452 Total mumberapples's--------------- 5,689 | 4,813 | 3,796 | 2,750] 3,446 | 3,762] 3,307 5, 443 eeaniee Total - ota er cent /per cent ae ae nie are nee for | free from e free : plat. | injury. | from injury Injured by plum curculio.......-.-.-- 364 216 C315) Beee sa Maemmrsc 5, 899 86:34"). -22eke = Tnjured by codling moth. ...---.....- 110 113 ISP \ess.5e2|eese42 3, 120 O25 74 ||. aetna Injured by lesser apple worm. ....--- 10 5 Ei eet tal Pst ner 309 99,29) || Seen Number injured apples......---.-.--- 473 349 60h See enlace ae 8; 802 Ist 5 enol eeeeee Number uninjured apples.......-.--- B26) 2.80) || 23,438) atom oes! Se eaee 34,348 J. 2-2-2 mace 79. 60 Totalimumiberapplese: —2---. eee ee ee Se) || ZHGEPT| SS HEY | coco s)he Sose= 43, V52)||ES== oes |S aeeeeee PLAT III. ONE-SPRAY. T ; Tree 1. | Tree 2.| Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8. Injured by plum curculio.........-.- | 1,051 349 533 368 358 795 727 372 Injured by codling moth. ............ 397 298 286 431 321 247 P81 200 Injured by lesser apple worm......-- 29 19 14 32 | 40 22 26 12 Number injured apples........-.---.-- 1, 363 525 772 806 684 | 1,010 919 551 Number uninjured apples. .....-.-.-.-..- 3,386 | 2,960) 1,972 | 1,846] 1,557 | 2,560] 1,962 1,441 Total number apples.......---..- -----| 4,749 | 3,485.| 2,744) 2,652) 2,241 | 3,570} 2,881 1, 992 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 129 TasLe VIII.—E£ fect of treatments on the three principal fruit insects and total percentage Siloam Springs, Ark., 1909—Continued, of sound fruit. PLAT III. Injured by plum curculio Injured by codling moth Injured by lesser apple worm Number injured apples..........-.-- Number uninjured apples Total mumber apples: s4-.-.2s-2------ Tree OE ONE-SPRAY—Continued. Tree 10. Tree Wale Tree 12: Tree 13. Total for plat. Per cent free from injury. PLAT IV. DEMONSTRATION. Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8 Injured by plum curculio..........-- 746 301 487 74 266 200 498 467 Injured by codling moth...........-. 36 41 93 16 22 23 57 57 Tnjured by lesser apple worm......-- 6 1 6 1 0 2 3 0 Number injured apples. .......--..--- 826 332 509 90 287 222 545 518 Number uninjured apples. ....-..-..-- 2ilO |e lkoos" |) e496) Lora |) 2,008) 4435) Tego 2, 654 Totalnumberappless=:-..2-2---2---- 3.5386 | 1,890 | 5,076] 1,665} 38,145] 1,665] 2,496 3,172 Total Total | Per cent |per cent es ee ae Ange Tree Thee for |freefrom| free : as ; plat injury. | from injury Injured by plum curculio......-...-.- 1, 656 140 MOON Wee ae ere tccemcis 5, 554 S2c88ils- 252 .es Tnjured by codling moth..........-.. 154 67 7 Midler tl (RES cies 607 OR IZAl ee eaner Injured by lesser apple worm...-...-- 14 6 BY ere (Mes eae 42 COROT ace ea Number injured apples. ......-..-.--.- 1,761 207 SO GN Rees sel saeee 3 6) 103i|\2 22 cee sacloceecses Number uninjured apples. ......--.-.- SeOSON MOON) 2s eoe |= 25) Seer ee = 26487 |c acme me ee 81.19 otal number apples:25..-2--c---=--- 4,791 ODT) MORODS Nees Soalee maces Bar Gy ll rene ae eeea ce PLAT V. UNSPRAYED. | Tree 1. | Tree 2. | Tree 3. | Tree 4. | Tree 5. | Tree 6. | Tree 7. | Tree 8 Injured by plum curculio......-...-. 2,130 | 1,595 948 | 1,522 999 | 2,299 | 2,724 1,070 Injured by codling moth...........-- 795 679 217 716 450 823 697 287 Injured by lesser apple worm......-- 213 140 52 222 89 224 309 91 Number injured apples. ....-..-.....- 1, 605 959 | 1,528 | 1,072 | 2,355] 2,740 1,076 Number uninjured apples 78 36 10 134 146 81 80 Total number apples..............-- 1, 683 995 | 1,538 | 1,206] 2,501 | 2,821 1,156 aie Total ota er cent |per cent eee Tree ree pe Tree for |freefrom| free ¥ ; c 5 : plat. injury. | from injury Injured by plum curculio...........- 1,936 | 2,117 | 1,605 | 1,517 | 1,750 | 22,212 Si85p sees Injured by codling moth............. 652 859 708 592 644 | 8,120 66:75) 222-2 ee Injured by lesser apple worm. . 120 218 139 174 77 | 2,068 OL50u Reo eeee Number injured apples.......-- OR lp, 45r | Ose | hUonG, ol S24) 220730 fs Sees a| cece nlore Number uninjured apples. .........-- 336 110 88 52 256 US G9Te es nee seine 6. 94 Total number apples................- 2eS2 oy 2y Zoe) el f6L9y GOS: |k22060! | 2eage" | oe 2 es acts ees 130 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, EXPERIMENTS IN VIRGINIA. The experiments in Virginia were carried out in two localities, namely, at Crozet, in the orchard of W. 8S. Ballard, and at Mount Jackson, in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company. W.S. BaLuarp’s ORCHARD. W. 5S. Ballard’s orchard is located in the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and is composed mostly of the Yellow New- town (Albemarle Pippin) variety, which sort was used exclusively Srsas Ge» x lsyahs) SORRY BIH w G xe SES SUS NS SSG) Gh GIS ON NR 8]H GH G Dl SONS son Sata DY GH OS SS SIS SSSson ny VIH GW DOIGIN ~~ SS Ss 2D 2 Z iz D a) 2) 2) S'S 1) H % & H ® (ye OY Gy hy Gye SS SS 10) 10) S Ss S 2 D iL Zz 2 a oD v2) 2) 2) S SF S S S S HH OHHH HAIS 8 666% % OI @ % Fic. 35.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. S. Ballard orchard near Crozet, Va. Trees counted are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with the numbers of trees in the tables. Variety, Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin). Trees marked S sprayed by owner. in the experiments. The location of the trees sprayed, with refer- ence to adjacent trees in the orchard, is shown in figure 35. The surrounding trees not included in the experiment were sprayed by the owner. The size of the trees and general character of the loca- tion are shown in Plate X, figure 2. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 131 THE CODLING MOTH. The treatments given and dates of applications are shown in Table LX. TasLeE IX.—Dates of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Crozet, Va., 1909. Plat V. Plat VI. Plat VIII. (Demonstration. ) (One-spray method.) (Unsprayed.) | | Date of application. First application, April | Notdrenched. Vermorelnoz- | Drenched with arsenate oflead | Unsprayed. 27 (after falling of zles. Mistspray. Arsenate 2 pounds to 50 gallons Bor- petals). of lead 2 pounds to 50 gallons deaux mixture (2-2-50). Bordeaux mixture (2-2-50). Pressure 125-160 pounds. Pressure 120 to 140 pounds. Seneca nozzles. 11 gallons per tree. Second application, |..... (Oe ees RAO ee Spade ee tS Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. May 24. | 50). Not drenched. en application, June |..... dobce.. ae He sty tas atc cae (60 ee el eee ee eee Do. 4 Fourth application, |..... Lae ears See epee eet | eae GOR sere ee Sane setae he! Do July 26-27. Plat V (demonstration) received four applications in all, the Ver- morel nozzle being used. The effort was made to spray thoroughly, but none of the trees was drenched. Plat VI (one-spray method) was thoroughly drenched, using Seneca nozzles, applying an average of 11 gallons per tree. This plat received three subsequent appli- cations of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule, to pro- tect the fruit from possible infection by bitter rot. Plat VIII was left unsprayed throughout the season for purposes of comparison. The first application, on April 27, was given just after most of the petals had fallen, and conditions were favorable for the work except that showers interrupted the spraying for about one hour. At the time of the second application, May 24, the weather was showery, but spraying was finished without serious interruption. The third application, on June 26, was interrupted near the close of the work by rain, while the fourth application, on July 26, was made under very favorable conditions, the weather being clear and dry. Comparatively little bitter rot developed during the season, even on the unsprayed plat. A heavy hail, however, which occurred during late June, badly injured the fruit and foliage. It was noticed that the hail injury to the fruit resulted in a much greater proportion of codling-moth larve entering on the side, and this fact must be taken into account in the consideration of the results. Table X gives the total wormy fruit and fruit free from codling- moth injury for the entire season for the eight count trees of each plat, the numbers of the trees in the figure agreeing with those in the table. 132 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tasie X.—Numober of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Crozet, Va., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. | Total ie Total per Condition of fruit. Tree 1.|Tree 2.|Tree 3./Tree 4.|Tree 5./Tree 6.|Tree 7.|Tree 8.| for cent of plats. | sound fruit WOM aca focus onsinsee 90 115 68 191 173 49 54 87 S27 hoe eeee Soundie-.- aioe Mains Sarees scuate 712 | 1,344 G51 252249 1859) |) P2592 G58 22435) Tas2o0Neeeeees Motalis $5 s2<% asses 802 | 1,459 719) | 2,415: || 250324) 1,808) 8012 |)25830))|) 1a O77 epee = Percent sound semen. eee eee 88.78 | 92.12 | 90.55 | 92.10 | 91.49 | 96.26 | 98.21 | 96.27 |........ 94.13 PTA Vila OINFE) Sica Aare l WOM Yga nose co senese eee 498 367 | 627 | 1,681 445 362 391 AG2 |S S20 ale sees SOWMGN aro are ea wrest te se rcte 2,080 | 2,166 4,478 | 1,150 | 2,800 | 1,617 | 1,650 | 1,577 | 17,518 |..-.2.-. LNA Sat Ga osaosaeenes 2,578 | 2,533 | Sy L055| D818: 35245: 115979) e204 20892058389 sae IRericent Soundess= seneeeee- 80.30 | 85.52 | 87. (2) ||| 872261186529) || S15 71 | SOS90n Wiecon leessenee 4. 07 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. WORM 2c oer see eceecceece 1,165 | 1,593 545 560 | 1,641 | 1,444 | 1,089 | 1,001 | 9,038 |........ SOURS een cee 2,258 | 2,089 271 456 | 1,470 | 1,544 904°) 1): 206"|) LOS 198"). seer Notaliencsete-seces cote| ton4eollPonose | 816 | 1,016 | 3,001 | 25988 1,993) || (25207, | T9e236n cheese Pericentisolund sca. 5-2 5-24 -- | 65.97 | 56.79 | 33.22 | 44.89 | 47.90 | 51.68 | 45.31 | 54.65 |........| 53.02 | Plat V, which received the demonstration treatment, gave 94.13 per cent fruit free from codling-moth injury, as against 84.07 per cent fruit free from this insect on the one-spray plat, a difference in favor of the demonstration treatment of 10.06 per cent. The check or unsprayed plat (VIIT) shows 53.02 per cent fruit free from codling- moth injury, and there is thus a gain in sound fruit by the demon- stration treatment of 41.11 per cent and by the one-spray method a gain of 31.05 per cent of sound fruit. As will be seen from the foregoing table, there were counted in Plats V, VI, and VIII, respec- tively, 14,077, 20,838, and 19,236 apples, a total for all plats of 54,151. Undoubtedly the results from the one-spray plat are less favorable than would have been the case had there been no hail. The injured places on the sides of the fruit permitted ready entrance of the larve, as indicated on all plats by the relatively high percentage of larvee which entered the fruit on the side. This condition is shown in Table XI, which gives the places of entrance of the fruit for each tree of each plat for the total larve of the two broods throughout the season. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 1335 Taste XI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Crozet, Va., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve of fruit for each tree, Percent- first and second broods combined. ages of Total Total | larve en- et Place of entrance. for | tering at) jor of Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree plats. Been larve 1. Ze 3s 4. Do 6. te 8. ; stem. First and second broods: WAIY Xe cee a etcseeo mete 8 6 5 13 15 2 4 11 64 ‘alo |\ssacesee SiGGMas cee hacmonttcees 76 | 105 59} 159] 148 46 46 68 707 85.403 Ba sos StOMletes seman ckkee 6 4 4 19 10 1 4 8 56 65183 Bsoe eee Motaltee core nee ee 90} 115 68} 191] 173 49 54 87 827 100. 00 827 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. First and second broods Calyx teases reese nee 35 12 26 7 12 23 17 19 151 CAG GH 1S ee ices. 4. eee aes ae 443 | 331] 567] 150] 407! 319) 344) 415 2,976 BONG4N a es eae BLOM na. eee eee eseeae. 20 24 34 11 26 20 30 28 193 OES |e eee oe TMotalPesec- sence 498 | 367 | 627| 168| 445] 362] 391] 462 3,220 100. 00 3, 220 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. Calyx..... ca i ane 527 | 888] 320] 258] 878] 677] 512] 493] 4,553 FOSS |losccee Sine sea hi oon ete 483 | 508] 158] 231| 561] 620) 439| 429 | 3,429 37404) hoee ree Stemitee: Me te 155| 197] 67] 71| 202] 147| 138] 79| 1,056 ATER teeoee PRotaleeseeen et ao aoe 1,165 p1»593 545 | 560 Wes bee 1,089 |1,001 | 9,038 | 100.00] 9,038 2 The efficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments in preventing worminess is shown in condensed form in Table XII. Here it will be seen that the one-spray method was nearly as effective as the demonstration in preventing calyx entrance, but gave little benefit in regard to side infestation. TaBLe XII.—Efficiency of the different treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Crozet, Va., 1909. Percent: f les. | | | age of wormy apples Total | Total 4 | __| number bi Plat No. | of Serres Calyx. Side. Stem. | Total. | ae apples. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Wes Demonstrationte-=s-2-.2 "se cseee ee 0. 45 5.02 0. 40 5. 87 827 14,077 WaewOne-spraye..cco. cu< see Se ert 0.73 | 14. 28 0.92 15. 93 3,320 20,838 Vall Umsprayed ss-2026 25-2 aes ekeccnes 23.67] 17.82 5.49 46. 98 9,038 19, 236 THE PLUM CURCULIO. The effect of the treatments in the W. S. Ballard orchard in con- trolling the plum curculio on Plats V, VI, and VIII is shown in Table XIII. Egg and feeding punctures are combined in the table under *“No. punctures.” 1384 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XIII.—Injury by plum curculio for entire season, Plats V, VI,and VIII. Crozet, Va., 1909. PLAT V. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per -| Total tree in each plat. Total | per cent 7 a A gee ree plats. | free from Tree | Tree | Tree | “4 ~~ | Tree | Tree | Tree Tree injury. Te i. 6. 7. 8. INOn puNectUres-.2- 545+ -- een eee oe 157) 275 | 163'| 524 | 668) 162) 395 || 828] 25672) |2-see esse Noiiruit punctured!>:----- 22.2.5. 115 187 103 | 345 463 | VL4s)° 2675) 252") sie 8468 | eae eee INORSOUNGNIniiths = secee est eee oer 687 |1,272 | 616 |2,070 |1,569 1,194 |2,747 |2,076 | 12,231 |.......... INOS IRUIG Soo 5e fem onis hehe eee 802 1,459 | 719 |2,415 |2,032 |1,308 [3,014 |2,328 | 14,077 |.......... Per cent free from injury......--- *.]85. 66 |87.18 |85.67 |85.71 |77.21 |91.28 |91.14 [89.17 |.......- 86. 89 PLAT VI. ONE SPRAY. Nom punctunes22e— a=) ee , 1,290 2,143 | 360 |1,095 | 647) 775) 823] 8,644 |......-... No. fruit punctured 1 730 |1,847 | 238 | 719 | 405 | 521) 511 | 5,432 |......__.. No. sound fruit__----- Bt ,803 |3,758 |1,080 |2,526 }1,574 |1,520 |1,528 | 15,406 |.......... INOMMIDUIt He sate cee eee 7772127578 12533 |5, "105 1,318 |3, 245 |1,979 |2,041 |2,039 | 20,838 |.......... Per cent free from injury Boe 71. 17 |73.61 |81.94 |77.84 |79.53 |74.96 |74.93 |.-....-- 73. 93 PLAT VIII. UNSPRAYED. Nos puneturesss. je -s-eeeee eases 2,746 |2,571 | 705 | 962 |2,490 |1,939 |1,865 |2,300 | 15,578 |...-..-.-.- No Mirnitipuncturedessn n= -s ose - 125515570 | 437 |) 53l \l)405) 11, 19351, O98 2855) SSiisonlseaeeeeees INOSSOUNGHriibe Me oe sesc nse eer 2,168 |2,111 | 379 | 485 |1,696 |1,795 | 882] 806} 10,322 }.......... INohiruit cite. seats eetee asee 3,423 |3,682 | 816 |1,016 {3,111 |2,988 1,980 |2,091 | 19,107 |.......... Per cent free from injury......-.-.- 63.30 |57.33 |57.33 |46.44 |47.73 |60.00 |44. 54 [38.54 |.......- 54. 02 (eens = oa The percentage of fruit uninjured by the curculio in the demonstra- tion block, 86.89 per cent, shows a gain over that of the one-spray plat, 73.93 per cent, of 12.96 per cent, and the gain in percentage of uninjured fruit on the demonstration over the unsprayed plat is 32.87. ORCHARD OF STRATHMORE ORCHARD COMPANY. The orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Company is located near Mount Jackson, in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. The size of the trees and general appearance of the orchard are indicated in Plate XI, figure 1. The location of the trees under experiment with respect to the rest of the orchard is shown in figure 36. All trees not in the experiment were sprayed by the owners. The treatments given and dates of application are stated in Table XIV. TaBLE XIV.—Dates of applications for codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. Date of application. Plat XIII. (Demonstration.) | Plat XV. (One-spray method.) (ReaD First application, May | Notdrenched. Vermorelnoz-| Drenched with arsenate of | Unsprayed. 6-7 (after falling of zles. Mistspray. Arsenate lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons petals). of lead, 2 pounds to 50 water, Pressure 175 pounds. gallons Bordeaux mixture Seneca nozzles. 8.1 gallons (1-1-50). Pressure120 to 140 per tree. pounds. 4.7 gallons per tree. Second application,May | Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Bordeaux mixture only (2-2- Do. 28-29. zles. Mist spray. Arsenate 50). Not drenched. of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons Bordeaux mixture 2-2-50). Third application, July |..... Os Ss irate oe wacarter | Scares Os isisidincatesoetece anes Do. 8-9. — Bul. 80, Part VII, Revised, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XI. Fic. 1.—VIEW IN ORCHARD OF THE STRATHMORE ORCHARD COMPANY, NEAR MOUNT JACKSON, VA. (ORIGINAL.) Fic. 2.—VIEW IN THE E. H. HOUSE ORCHARD, NEAR SAUGATUCK, MICH. (ORIGINAL.) ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC, 135 The demonstration plat (XIII) received in all three treatments of a combined Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead spray. Plat XV (one-spray method) received only one arsenate of lead treatment just after the falling of the petals, but two additional applications of Bordeaux mixture were given to protect the fruit and foliage from fungous diseases. Plat XVII was left unsprayed throughout. The Ben Davis variety of apple was used entirely in the experiments. Si Ss s z z z Z je Zz Z V/s BEV wBsIN RR RDG Os s]o 6 SSS) Sourh HHH HUISIN O KFORH SM PER/AL HHO HORARARARARN WHH HHRARARARRARA HG HOH WHWRRARARKRAR hoa HalS OS 649 H F190 9d OOSBd> 4 64H 4 51h 00d OOO HH WOWARRRRARARA RK HHH YH GH HHH HH KR RRA RK HHH HERR RR AR AR SHH 4 UID HW HHH HIDION DO HHH HHO OH HHH HHO RHO HHH WHISK KS HHH HHS HKOSHS 6H 4H HH OHH 81H 4 44 G VHHH HH ODKEH/1H 4H GY HHH HHIH ODD Yuh 9G G Fig. 36.—Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the orchard of the Strathmore Orchard Co., near Mount Jackson, Va. Trees marked S sprayed by the owner; trees marked LZ used for experiments with lime-sulphur wash. Circles indicate count trees, the numbers agreeing with those in the tables. THE CODLING MOTH. The results of the respective treatments in the control of the codling moth are shown in Table XV. Taste XV.—Number of sound and wormy apples for each tree from one-spray, demon- stration, and unsprayed plats. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Tr Total Total for per cent plats. | sound. Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree Condition of fruit. t 2. 3. Te 5. 6. 7. 8 NWWiOTHIY:=.- =. Shs2c: Bien a aane eee 200} 136} 155 Solon LOS, |eet lO | el5O) eel Sas See OUM GE H e erat aiae m earas stele Aefars < 1,666 |1,172 |3,311 | 625 |1,494 |3,618 | 944 /2,278 | 15,108 |........-- MOtae se sasoe ofc cess ose 1,866 |1,308 3,466 | 708 |1,667 |3,786 |1,063 |2,428 | 16,292 |.......... BEN Cen SOUM eee ee aan eee c ee 89.29 |89.61 |95.53 |88.28 |89.69 |95.57 |88.81 |93.83 |.......- 92.74 PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. WYOEMVine 2 cae cea mewte aud sacs == 250 | 253 86} 186 | 250] 219) 122) 257) 1,623 |.......... OU ee eee we oe 5 kee 3,577 |3,404 | 589 | 730 |1,429 |3,261 | 847 |4,042 | 17,879 |.....-...- HANG Lp eae On |3,827 |3,657 | 675 | 916 |1,679 |3,480 | 969 /4, 299 19, 502 oes PeneentsSOuUng sss ec suse coe. 193.49 |93.09 |87.26 |79.70 |85.12 |93.71 |87.41 |94.03 |........ | 91.68 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. NV ORIH ees eE en, fs ee hee 1,913 /1,425 | 865 | 983 |. 538 1,792 '2, 027 | 247 11,70 caeaaee CEE e ade nL a cea ae 2,013 |1,654 | 965 | 524 |1,651 |2,361 |3,094 |1,548 | 13,840 |.......... | Mo tal mney eases aoe: 3,926 |3,109 |1,830 [1,507 [3,189 |4,153 |5,121 |2,795 | 25,630 |.......... Per cent sound......... Se alot oe 51.23 [54.17 (52.19 [34.78 ave ae 60. 42 relia Arad SACD | | 136 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The influence of the treatments on the places of entrance of fruit by the larve of the first and second broods combined for the respective plats is shown in Table XVI. TaBLE XVI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvex for each tree of each plat. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Total number of larve of fruit for each tree, first Percent- and second broods combined. ages of Total Total | larve woes Place of entrance. for entering enon plats. | at calyx, ipieese Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree side, and ie 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. le 8. stem. First and second broods: Calyx Sole: sees 32 14 15 16 20 26 15 24 162 134684l ees cece Sidess- 8 oa ee 154 111 122 58 136 125 92 116 914 Vis 20) || SLE toe Se ee Sees 14 11 18 9 17 17 12 10 108 Qo asec OCA S Seen ee nec ee 200 136 155 83 173 168 119 150 1,184 | 100. 00 | 1,184 PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. First and second broods: Callysxeaes to eos: 139) 732 6 16 25 19 18 17 146 8:99" | zeae Sidensa te heise 2 190 | 193 74e|| M435 7s) |) 8183 91} 214) 1,261 is}, Os | Seeeeeee Stem... 47 28 6 27 52 17 13 26 216 13 oll |beeeeeee otal. Me Pesos 250 253 86 | 186 250 219 122 257 1,623 100. 00 | 1,623 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. First and second broods: Wallyacsseee pease eces: 1,466 |1,063 | 699 | 762 |1,232 1,377 |1,584 | 969 | 9,152 (EOP Nnecscaas Biden Tele aee etmerc,< 332 265 119 141 203 295 353 209 1,917 165264 |4cegeeer Stem ers eeeescae se: 115 97 47 80} 103] 120 90 69 721 63127 | eee MOotalee Sater eae cee 1,913 |1, 425 865 983 {1,538 |1, 792 |2,027 |1,247 | 11,790 100. 00 11,790 For more ready comparison of the efficiency of the treatments, Table XVII is given, from which it will be seen that the demonstra- tion and the one-spray treatments were about equally effective in protecting the calyx and that neither was satisfactory in controlling worms entering the side. The difference in total efficiency between the demonstration and the one-spray plats is quite small, namely, 1.06 per cent in favor of the former. The unsprayed trees show 46 per cent of wormy fruit, so there is a total saving of 38.44 per cent of the crop by the demonstratien treatment and 37.68 per cent by the one-spray. Taste XVII.—Efficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentages of wormy apples. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total Total Plat No. number number of Wormy) of apples Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. | apples. Igese PNCh Cis 1 Pe (ie IPS (re Shih (demonstration) je. osssss-ee sees 0.99 5.61 0.66 7.26 1,184 16, 292 XV alee SENG IEEE EEC Seas 5th} 6.46 1.11 8.32 1,623 19, 502 Xa (MS prayed) seme ae wee a eee 35.71 7.48 2.81 46.00 11,790 25,630 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 137 THE PLUM CURCULIO. The plum curculio proved to be unusually destructive in the Strathmore orchard, which had not been plowed for at least two years and had grown up in grass and sod. The results of the respec- tive treatments in the control of this insect are shown in Table XVIII, and as will be noted the percentage of fruit free from curculio injury is in all cases comparatively low. Nevertheless the one-spray treat- ment shows a gain of 17.08 per cent of fruit free from injury over the demonstration treatment, and a gain of 30.67 per cent of fruit free from injury over the unsprayed trees. The location of the trees in the respective plats does not indicate a more favorable place as regards liability to curculio injury for the one-spray block and the notably higher benefit of the single treatment in the control of the eurculio on this plat is not understood. TaBLeE XVIII.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats X IIT, X V, and XVII. Mount Jackson, Va., 1909. PLAT XIII. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Total Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Plat. Pe DE eer een Ue. | Gs eter. It OSs yay - -|2,961 |2,391 |3,067 | 932 |3,013 |4,040 |1,486 |2,869 | 20,759 |.......... \1,3867 | 755 |1,631 | 441 |1,257 |2,197 | 612 /1,382 | 9,642 |.......... 499 | 553 (1,835 | 267 | 410 |1,589 | 451 |1,047 | 6,651 |.......... 1, 866 1,308 3,466 | 708 |1,667 |3, 786 |1,063 |2,429 | 16,293 |.......... - -|26. 79 peat 52.94 |33.71 |24.58 |41.97 |42.42 |43.10 |........ 40. 82 No. punctures... .. No. fruit punctured Per cent free from injury - . PLAT XV. ONE SPRAY. INO job boteinb ives eae eoseeeessoe-seeee 2,782 |1,800 | 633 |1,032 |1,449 |2,159 | 987 |3,153 | 13,995 |.......... No. fruit punctured........-..-.-- 1,507 |1,788 | 303 | 494} 754 |1,212 | 447 |1,7385 | 8,240 |.......... Nomsound truitsce: 2-80 520-2 =n eee 2,320 |1,869 | 372 | 495 | 925 |2,268 | 522 |2,564 | 11,335 |.......... INOSINULGAE ee see aces cee tes 3,827 |3,657 | 675 | 989 |1,679 |3,480 | 969 [4,299 | 19,575 |.......... Per cent free from injury.......... ae poe 55.11 }50.15 |55.09 |65.17 |53.86 |59.64 |........ 57.90 PLAT XVII. UNSPRAYED. | INOM PUNGENT eSsepe ase yS-ea 2 =< as 7,336 |4,497 |2,212 '2, 888 5,030 |6, 122 8,779 |4,904 | 41,768 |.........- No. fruit punctured.........-....- 3,186 |2,226 |1,079 |1,226 |2,399 |2,823 |3,611 |2,107 | 18,657 |.......... MNonsand ttle: 0 0..-.0-2-ccc0 740 | 883] 761 | 282] 790 [1,330 [1,510] 688| 6,984|.......... Oech) sa a a 3,926 [3,109 |1,840 [1,508 [3,189 /4,153 5,121 |2,795 | 25,641 |.......... 18.61 |24.77 [32.04 |2 Per cent free from injury.......... 18. 84 |28. 40 iene -46 (24.61 eaeaaes 27.23 | EXPERIMENTS IN MICHIGAN. The experiments in Michigan were carried out in the vicinity of Saugatuck, in the orchard of Mr. E. H. House. The location of the plats in the orchard and of the count trees in the respective plats is shown in figure 37. The size of the trees is illustrated in Plate XI, figure 2. This orchard included trees of the Wagener, Ben Davis, and Baldwin varieties, and an equal number of trees of each variety was used for counts in the respective plats. As in the work else- where, all drop-fruit during the season, as well as that from the trees 138 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. at picking time, was taken into account and classified as to injury or otherwise. Also the work of the two broods of the codling moth was carefully separated by removing from the trees at the period of maximum maturation of the first- brood larve all fruit injured by the first brood, thus eliminating entirely from later counts first-brood work. The infested apples, however, were placed on the ground under the respective trees, so that development of second-brood larve would be in no wise interfered with. DOF ww DDD Www DDD wwwwwww wv DD o v wwww@wuw BBD ov 0 ww ww BED w w® vo o® a wwwwwwwwww ooo o® ww www w wDMD o@o vo v PLAT IZ. (ONE SPRAY) ww od @®r0B®o1vo0o ww wo@oo008@o vw w w@® Wi DED DED DAD KD DD PLATTE, (OEMONSTRATION) st SA 1OQ@ s o@o WoOwwDo oo o wwWODw o oo wDwww ode www o LEVEN T Sb (CHECA) Fic. 37.—Diagram illustrating arrangement of plats and position of trees in the E. H. House orchard, near Saugatuck, Mich.: D, Ben Davis; B, Baldwin; W, Wagener. Count trees are indicated by circles, the numbers agreeing with those in the tables. The treatments given and dates of application are indicated in Table XIX. TABLE XIX.—Dates of applications for the codling moth and plum curculio, one-spray method. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. Date of application. (Unsprayed. ) Plat II. (Demonstration.) | Plat III. (One-spray method.) First application (before | Unsprayed....; Not drenched. Vermorelnoz- | Drenched. Bordeaux nozzles. blossoms opened), zles. Mist spray. Bordeaux Coarse spray. Bordeaux mix- May 20-21. mixture (4-4-50). ture (4-4-50). Second application, |..-..- do.........)| Not drenched. Vermorel noz- | Drenched. Bordeaux nozzles. June 3-9, after falling zles. Mistspray. Arsenate Coarse spray. Arsenate of of petals. of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gal- lead, 1 pound to 50 gallons lons Bordeaux mixture water. Pressure, 175 to 200 (4-4-50). Pressure, 125 pounds. pounds. Third application, June |..... Gove sce eee ae £0 Ko Nath heey «SIE eee el Tie Bordeaux mixture only (4-4- 21-22. 50). June 10-11 and again } June 21-22. Fourth application, |...-.- OOo 5 Albee 05.3 5 A ee Bordeaux mixture only (4-4 August 7-9. 50). ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 139 Plat I was left unsprayed for purposes of comparison. Plat II (demonstration block) received four applications in all, the first before blooming but after cluster buds had opened, to protect the fruit from apple scab, which during some seasons in the lake region is very troublesome. Plat III (one-spray block) received the first scab treat- ment of Bordeaux mixture only and an additional treatment with arsenate of lead only at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons water imme- diately after the falling of the petals. This treatment was immediately followed by an application of Bordeaux mixture to prevent scab infection, as it was considered unsafe to apply the fungicide so excessively as the one-spray method required in the use of the arsen- ical. Plat III received two subsequent applications of Bordeaux mixture only, as shown in the schedule of applications, to further insure freedom from apple scab. THE CODLING MOTH... The percentages of wormy and sound fruit for the respective plats for the season are shown in Table XX, and the numbers of trees in the table agree with those in the diagram of the orchard (fig. 37). TaBLeE XX.—Sound and wormy fruit from unsprayed, demonstration, and one-spray plats. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. eas a Tree Tree Tree Tree | Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. 1. 3. a 7. 9. 10. 13. ViiGicrep a8 Sets Soma ee Cee eee oe 663 752 605 166 946 | 1,207 416 SH Meer ee oe nae Ores. hee SE Soe hee 3,996 | 5,033 | 2,947 1,340 | 1,805 | 2,676 | 2,213 PBL SR ats oe ane he ena seen 4,659 | 5,785] 3,552 | 1,506] 2,751] 3,883 2,629 PPR CCRMESOUlIC eee - oe coe o cena see coeite - te 85. 76 87. 00 82. 96 88. 97 65. 61 68. 91 84. 17 Total | Total sais ; Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit. ; ; ie for percent 16. | 20. 21. 26. 33. plat. | sound. Bek | | = | ¥4| ee pee WOK; ss seca a oe dee Se eee 889 | 651 404 | 1,041 669 | 8,409 |.....-.- SORA e oe eee oe ne Bene ann cces seit ese 1,926 2,632 1,276 2,321 1 SO1's |. 29) 4660 | Sa sage ee | SGC (eg eae ee ae a a | 2,815 3, 283 1,680 3, 362 NE CU ae Viney Gal lage eee IPEMnCenbSOUNd ee esce oot eee Stic cco meter zcte | 68.14] 80.17] 75.95 | 69.03} 66.03 |....-... 77. 79 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. | | ares : Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree | Tree Condition of fruit. 101. 102. 105. 106. | 108. | 115. 117 “Cos uehy eS RT ioe Aah ee 120 122 48 75 | 96 | 72 15 ‘UATETA ab ein S R a 1,505 | 1,643 | 2,112} 1,775 | 5,623 3,950| 5,781 That TOMI eek el hc ae ee 1,625 | 1.765 | 2,160} 1,850) 5,719| 4,022 | 5,796 TELSTer Svein HGiay ih Us | leet ane rae gp: eden oy CR =| 92.61 | 93.08 | 97.77) 95.94] 9832] 9820) 99.7 140 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasBLE XX.—Sound and wormy fruit from unsprayed, demonstration, and one-spray plats. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLATE II. DEMONSTRATION—Continued. Total | Total Condition of fruit. ire Tree ae Tee Tee for |percent ¢ ; ‘ plat. | sound WORMLY 28 5 ou ree eins PONG Cone eo etree Sees 25 91 13 245 76 998" | sats eae OUN GLAS she ea ae! Se ae eee oo ene 5,188 | 4,336 | 4,285 | 3,978 | 1,644 | 41,820 |.....--- Motales a eea rack see see ee eee eee ee §,213)|) 4,427, || 45298 |" <45923) || 9) 720i 42. 818 Seeeeeee Percentisoun dats: sanse ose eeeee oe ece eee. 99.52} 97.94] 99.69} 94.19] 95.58 |...-.... 97. 66 PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. 2 ane A Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Condition of fruit 224. | 295. | 232, | 236. | 237. | 238. | 239. WiOlM yee 2 occa h ee eee ee eee eenee 500 103 396 343 118 41 62 SOUT Gee ere oe ee ae ei mee ere ee ere 3,113 | 4,602 | 3,061 | 2,753 | 2,779) 3,510 3, 062 DR Ota ee eee ee eee ac eee ee 3,613} 4,705 |’ 3,457 | 3,096) 2,897 |) S755 3, 124 Percent SOUMmE LS See oy yh Ne ee 86.16 | 97.95 | 88.54] 8892] 95.92] 98.84 98. O1 Total | Total ; ous A Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree Condition of fruit. for j|percent 244, 245. 246. 249. 252. 266. plat sound WiOLMIY 28s Saeko eee saa eee eee 452 340 165 62 46 110) | 257385 | seen fStoy 00 [BS Aa eee NRC = eer ots oe ae Rees 4,107 | 4,001 | 2,743 | 3,381 | 1,092 | 1,925 | 40,129 |...._-.-- Rota ee eee ee eee ee ene eee 4,559 | 4,341 | 2,908 | 3,443 | 1,138 | 2,035 | 42,867 |..----.. Percent isound-=2-2 5 222 sseeccecoesecneecce 90. 08 | 92.16 | 94.32 | 98.19 | 95.95 | 94.59 |........ 93. 61 In the foregoing table the demonstration plat shows an increase of sound fruit over the one-spray method of 4.05 per cent and over the unsprayed plat of 19.87 per cent. There was less injury on the unsprayed trees than usual for that section, due to the small size of the second brood. Only 18 per cent of the first-brood larve from bands transformed to moths. The effect of the treatments on the places of entrance of fruit by larve of the first and second broods is shown in Table XXI. TaBLE XXI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvex for each tree of each plat. Sauga- tuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. Number of larve for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. a 5 Tree 1. Tree 3.| Tree 4. | Tree 7. | Tree 9. ‘Tree 10. Tree 13./Tree 16. as | First brood: ; Calyx 2G oteetonacdeck aor eoete sees 133 206 172 65 316 257 168 214 Gidesee ee at one ect mee ees 39 24 25 10 28 28 17 40 Stem. oe see sae eeae sce 5 8 0 0 7 6 4 5 Motale dy 25 Ste Se! ewe poe ee 77s |e e238 197 75 351 291 189 259 Second brood: BLY Nee chee acter ae eee 277 | 272 274 51 279 316 140 357 Sides eyes. ince gecew nce ee eeceens 213 249 155 39 319 360 87 306 Stems ese casenc osc eee tee aise 16 9 15 2 19 30 7 11 Notalieen: pte aeos eee eae 506 | 530 444 92 617 706 234 674 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 141 TaBLE XX1I.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Sauga- ‘tuck, Mich., 1909—Continued. PLATE I. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of larve for each tree. Percentage Hole aves Brood and place of entrance. Total of larvee andisecond Tree 20./Tree 21.|Tree 26./Tree 33.) for entering. broods. plat. First brood: Dy Renee see seen eeemece seciccians 176 129 442 266 | 2,544 Sbe200 So creas cee SiGe SSS Hee eee a eae 17 21 68 59 876 12250 | eee and LOM eere er seem co SSN 4 5 13 9 66 Pala Pe ee oe “ANG RE les es 2 Te re eee ea 197 155 523 334 BORG liters tctes Aas t e cere ee eechiys . econd brood: % 3) Walyexemenge nein ym sae ce toes iis 208 105 290 183 | 2,752 BOF 45) tae e ane SHUG (le a ee er ee 240 151 231 181 2,531 AGB AO Wh coe eee oe eS IR eee chee nie tectonic ae oe eae 18 6 21 18 172 6 Sn bys) meee als NG) GH Oe See eee eee eae 466 262 542 382 AGO aie cre rsteca ites 8,441 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. Number of larvee for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 101. 102. 105. 106. 108. 115. 117. 118. First brood: BIN Sonaoooe jaca spas Dyes agTcabs | jacoebod sEpoasee TAA sete 5 10 2 2 SiG 45 BAe SS Reo evenea ere 9 12 14 iy 8 5 5 4 Sheree cere rt seats een ae Sea & the ie oe pel acs aoee AIO epee emetec ier eset Mo tales sos eaecceeeree sane 9 13 15 12 14 15 tf 6 Second brood: An : ivexremetae setters tees ger ee seo elleoe aun cl Secteaaceltocacacelltce tomes Dei| rere eke eee ts 1 Selene: See a, Se eenaey eae mere ey aoe 146 155 41 81 95 73 8 19 [SHPSTID Ae 5 $8 eG Lets eee Cs Sel |e oe eel [ce | | MR ee TRE Qo ROU Ee eas one ose Ses ee 146 155 41 81 97 73 8 20 Number of larvee for each tree. Total larve Percentage Brood and place of entrance. Total | of ees of first a Tree Tree Tree Tree ae entering. aay eae 127. 132. 135. | 136. | pit eS First brood: 142 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XXI.—Places of entrance of fruit by total larvx for each tree of each plat. Sauga- tuck, Mich., 1909—Continued., PLAT Hl. ONE SPRAY. Number of larvee for each tree. Brood and place of entrance. | | Tree | Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree | 224. 225. 232. 236. 237. 238. 239. 244, First brood: Calves 23 26 ss. ascites oan Pe 5 Sl lpa tess 2) Voatis ects 24 1 3 BG Gr eprom ee see a os: eta oe 86 6 15 24 i 5 2 31 Stems sates tne 2 Cees 2 TE eras ee eee 1 Jlox38252 eee ee Sel eee ee eee DOES SG ores AOE ao oe OR EN 93 10 15 27 7 a 3 34 Second brood: 12) Ip). A eee een vn A 9 4 1 6 4 1 1 1 4 Sided cacti eho hat oases saree | 356 141 416 370 161 43 75 492 Siem aaah aae oe aes Oil sos cee alleys oinete Cal ee errata te AI erence, ae 2 Mo talhynas a5) ee ee eee 369 142 422 378 162 44 76 498 Number of larvee for each tree. P Total ’ er- - 5 centage pee of Brood and place of entrance. Total of larvee ‘i Tree reek ibree Tree Tree for enter- 5 aaa Al 2. 246 9 952 26 i 245. 246. | 249, | 252. 266. plat Ine iancode: First brood: Bvexet i aes fos eas eee ete 2 1 Ma Bese armalacrecoac 20 T5388 Ssseee ee [S10 (e Repeater Pee nee Ee OR ek a lea 40 13 | 6 1 9 245; || S0NAls |e aeeeeee Stems. ts Byers Nag ake eed SEN ale ee Dil ie hansteiera| Gee epsetes tienes 6 Dazed erent, OMe) ee eee OSeaee ede. 42 16 7 1 9 27h ocean eee eee Second brood: | Callyar aed a eons ept acne ees ol ere Aon |e 2 37 IAC ete eee Sits Cane 5 Oe ae eee Soe ee 297 176 | 67 | 52 LSU QA Did |e cere Stem sae cee. ac oak ee 13 7 eae een mens 1 33 PLGHik See HiNeteles {eee <=. kate dS pe gi9| 190] 7 | 52'| “aaa | Se herllbeeemees 3,118 A study of the percentages of larvee of the respective broods enter- ing the calyx, side, and stem ends of the fruit for each plat, as shown in Table XXI, presents some points of interest. On all plats a greater percentage of larve of the first brood entered at the calyx than was true of larve of the second brood. Thus, on the un- sprayed plat (1), 85.20 per cent of the first-brood larve entered at calyx as against 50.45 per cent of second-brood larve. On Plat II (demonstration) 20.95 per cent of first-brood larve entered at calyx end as compared with 0.52 per cent of second-brood larve, while on Plat IIT (one spray) 7.38 per cent of first-brood larvee entered at calyx and 1.30 per cent of second-brood larve entered at this place. Attention should also be called to the ratio of increase of larve between the first and second broods. On Plat I (unsprayed) for every larva of the first brood there were 1.82 second-brood larve, whereas on Plat I] (demonstration) and Plat III (one spray) for each larva of the first brood there were 7.7 and 10.5, respectively, of the second brood. ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 143 Similar comparison may also be made from the data from Arkansas. Thus, on the unsprayed plat (V) for each first-brood larva there were 4.8 second-brood larve. On Plat III (one spray) for each larva of the first brood there were 105.6 larve of the second brood. Plat I (one-spray method) shows for each first-brood larva 121.5 second- brood larve. To show the comparative efficiency of the demonstation and one- spray treatments in preventing infestation at calyx, side, and stem, Table XXII is presented. TaBLE XXII.—Eifficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments as shown by the percentage of wormy apples. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. Total number Total Plat No. ] == Te See of wormy| number Calyx. | Side. Stem. Total. apples. of apples. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | PSO MSDIAV EO. Soca c-2soes es esisecee ase 13. 98 7. 67 | 0. 62 22. 20 8, 409 37,875 His EmOnSirahOl= s=s5 620 ee eee oat -09 2.92 -O1 2.33 998 42,818 TO nespravers see a2 oes. asa = -13 7.05 - 09 6.36 2,738 | 42, 867 | | a Kach entrance was counted in determining the percentages for calyx, side, and stem, so that the sum of these percentages exceeds the total percentage of wormy fruit. It is here seen that the two methods of spraying were about equally effective in preventing entrance at the calyx, and that the one-spray method had practically no effect upon side entrance. The demon- stration treatment saved a total of 4.03 per cent of the crop more than the one-spray, practically all of this saving being due to the pre- vention of side entrance. But, as in all the other experiments, the demonstration treatment failed to reduce side entrance to anything like the same degree that calyx entrance was prevented. THE PLUM CURCULIO. The effects of the applications of sprays on the plum curculio in the KE. H. House orchard are shown in Table XXIII. TasLey XXIII.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats I, II, and III. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 1 3. 4 7 9. 10 13 ING) aaa SE Ee a a ee en 1,452 422 506 505 | 1,078 756 141 No sini punctimed!: 2225 Aro a 866 214 220 241 480 372 56 NOM SOUMNCiIn UNG pes sane wR epee | Seiden) Oyo Mla So, Gore Leeo ||, anon li eo 2,573 INOS Wb int Ser ae ae oe ee ee es Se 45659) &,785 | 3,552°| 35506 | 2)751 | 3,883 2, 629 Per cens fave fromh injury sce. 2225 85--.2 52225. 81.41 | 96.30] 93.81 | 83.99} 82.55] 90.42 97. 87 144 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXITT.—Injury by the plum curculio for entire season, Plats I, II, and III. Saugatuck, Mich., 1909-—Continued. PLAT I. UNSPRAYED—Continued. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., | Total per tree in each plat. per cent fruit free \ Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree | Total | from 16. 20. 21. 26. 33. | forplat.| injury. INO SPUNGHUTES othe sete he cece eee 1,108 883 530) W265) USOT Ot R43. | heen INOS ini byprnetured ane see ose eae acre 454 426 329 644 462) 0471 G4s | rsa INOMSOUNGMEItG o- Secs wen eee eee aaeeeree 2,361 | 2,857 | 1,351} 2,718 | 1,508 | 33,111 |......-- INOS nb eo ecec artes aware ae omen eee 2,815 | 3,283} 1,680 | 3,362] 1,970 | 37,875 |........ Pericentireewromiuinjury..--- 22s 2e see eee ee 83.87 | 86.96 | 80.42 | 80.85 | 76.55 |........ 87. 42 PLAT II. DEMONSTRATION. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. ; Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 101. 102. 105. 106. 108. 115; ine INO: punctures 2-2-2. SSE Y aden ee eee 24 37 32 128 169 12 102 Nos irait punetured ss. 2os5 2. 2sse sec see nee 11 13 15 60 61 5 62 INO! SONG fruits. 2b 2) 5.- ee oes oe ae eee eae 1,614 | 1,752} 2,145} 1,790) 5,658 | 4,017 5, 734 INOMMnIt oes eecmet oe eeceet claneaareaeeraes 1,625 | 1,765 | 2,160] 1,850] 5,719 | 4,022 5,796 Percent iree from injuny,- - <<< 22 2--- sce == 99.38 | 99.26] 99.31 | 96.76] 98.93 | 99.88 98. 93 Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., | Total per tree in each plat. per cent Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree | Total | from 118. 127. 132. 135. 136. | for plat.) injury. INORMUNCHUTCS 5. aeeieee see cee eee eee eet 112 89 139 398 HO.) 05 202))|\seeeeaes INOsiruitpUNebUTed snes eee eae eee eae 32 50 58 153 3 5231 | Seen INOS SOM OMTTE A eee astacei mice eee eee 5,181 | 4,377 | 4,240] 4,070] 1,717 | 42,295 |_....__. INOS tee. nase ee ee eee = eee eacercise ae, 5,213 | 4,427 4,298 | 4,223 L200 A2s SUS | seers Percent tree tromluany lity eee eee eee 99.39 | 98.87 | .98.65 | 96.38] 99.83 |........ 98. 77 PLAT III. ONE SPRAY. Number of punctured and sound apples, etc., per tree in each plat. Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree 224, 225, 232. 236. 237. 238. 239. NO; puncbures! .... 5.2 Saas. 2cse cs eeas esses | 1,015 278 108 198 64 67 45 No. fruit punctured 374 117 35 85 30 33 19 INOS sound frultiyssssescce ee onto e sme senses 3,239 | 4,588} 3,422 | 3,011] 2,867 | 3,518 3,105 INO SIPING sass < Seecnss sped oe aeee eee aes seas ee 3,613 | 4,705 | 3,457] 3,096) 2,897] 3,551 3, 124 Per centifree fronr injury 250-2 <2 eee aa 89.92 | 97.51 | 98.99} 97.25 | 98.96} 99.07 99. 39 Number of punctured and sound apples, ete., per | Total tree in each plat. per cent fruit free Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree | Tree Tree | Total | from 244. 245. 246. 249, 2525 266. |for plat.| injury. INONPUNCHINES. £\ocsceises neleee oe abn eee 228 255 238, 194 42 143 2, 800) aaneteat North puncturedicssesscecccee eee eee 65 102 91 43 20 401] 0415 '0545|Seneeeee NONSOMNU TILER cence ee eee nes 4,494 | 4,239 | 2,817 | 3,400 | 1,118 | 1,995 | 41,813 |........ INO :VEETEN Gas cos els etatecioe a eae ee eee ae 4,559 | 4,341 | 2,908 | 3,443 1, 138) 2085 || 425867) oceesee Per cent free from injury 2-22 322222222222 98.57 | 97.65 | 96.87 | 98.75 | 98.24] 9803]|........) 97.54 ONE-SPRAY METHOD FOR CODLING MOTH, ETC. 145 The plum curculio, it will also be noted, was not especially destruc- tive at Saugatuck, Mich., during the season of 1909, the unsprayed trees showing 87.42 per cent of fruit free from injury. Nevertheless the demonstration and one-spray plats show a fair benefit, but the difference in the amount of fruit free from injury between these two plats, namely, 1.23 per cent, is not important. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF RESULTS. For the purpose of more ready comparison, the percentages of fruit free from codling-moth and plum-curculio injury on the one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats, from the several localities, are tabulated in Table XXIV. The average percentage of fruit free from these insects for the four orchards gives for the one-spray method 91.46 per cent as against 96.57 per cent for the demonstration treat- ment, a gain in favor of the latter of 5.11 per cent. Comparing the final average of percentage of fruit free from the plum curculio, there is seen to be a gain in favor of the demonstration treatment of 6.27 per cent. TaBLE XXIV.—Percentages of fruit free from injury by the codling moth and plum cur- culio on one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats in Arkansas, Virginia, and Michigan, in 1909. Codling moth. Plum curculio. Locality. st PMP ek TN a ss SE One Demon- Un- One Demon- Un- spray. | stration. | sprayed.| spray. | stration. | sprayed. SLOG PrIMNeS PAM Kye ows e asec Aste ese 92.76 98. 12 66. 74 86. 34 82. 88 8.85 (Chapaiity Willa Sees oO ap OBe aS HO Ne See ReeS 84. 07 94. 13 53. 02 73.93 86. 89 54. 02 IMGUNE ACKSOMMVias.2 222-.-coh ae cam eoa sees 91. 68 92.74 54. 00 57. 90 40. 82 27. 23 Sey noe eo OG MES See eer pecenc Se eOrerc 93. 61 97. 66 77.79 97. 54 98. 77 87. 42 Average of four localities. ........... 91.46 96. 57 65. 14 77.10 83. 37 49.17 Table XXV presents in comparison the effect of treatments for the four orchards in reducing the number of wormy apples. The table shows, besides the total efficiency, the protection afforded to each of the different parts of the apple. From the averages of the four localities it will be seen that approximately two-thirds of the total larve on the unsprayed plat entered through the calyx, while on the sprayed plats over three-fourths of the worms entered the fruit by way of the side. This shows the very much greater efficiency of the poison in the calyx than of that on the side of the fruit and emphasizes the twofold advantage of a thorough poisoning of the calyx, as there it is that the spray gives the greatest protection against the greatest number of larve. A comparison of the effects of the one-spray and demonstration treatments on the percentage of apples wormy at the calyx shows about an equal degree of pro- tection by the two methods, the average for the demonstration treatment being slightly the better. As to side entrance, the one- spray gave little improvement over the unsprayed condition, while the demonstration showed a considerable reduction. Both methods were effective in reducing entrance at the stem end, the demonstra- tion somewhat the more so, 146 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXV.—Eficiency of the one-spray and demonstration treatments, as shown by the percentages of wormy apples, Arkansas, Virginia, and Michigan, 1909. Percentage of wormy apples. “ Calyx. Side. Stem. Total. Locality. § & & & oe Me tes eens eat | ete haves sale HO es call Mis cof lon a g a, = fe a g g = g fy a g a | 8 q a | ¥ q a) oi ¢ & Pa |B be BoB 2 eee se ae xe a Pp ° a) P ° a) =) (e) =) Pp ere aN era Wena Wea ml Wer tens eer IVE clea bean, [Pel ar IVES WIP Nh Nat Siloam Springs, Ark....... 1.18 | 1.03 |26.85 | 5.54 | 0.79 | 5.36 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 1.46 | 7.24 | 1.88 | 33.26 @rozets Wale csecs ow tees see -t3 .45 |23.67 {14.28 | 5.02 |17. 82 -92 | .40 | 5.49 /15.93 | 5.87 | 46.98 Mount Jackson, Va.......- | ssitlo .99 135.71 | 6.46 | 5.61 | 7.48 | 1.11 .66 | 2.81 | 8.32 | 7.26 | 46.00 Saugatuck, Mich.@......... | sao .09 |13.98 | 7.05 | 2.92 | 7.67 | .09 - 01 - 62 | 6.36 | 2.33 | 22.20 Average Skene ot eee | .68| .57 |23.85 | 7.64 | 2.87 | 8.92 | .59] .18| 2.21 | 8.55 | 3.42 | 34.86 a The figures under calyx, side, and stem for Saugatuck are based on the number of entrance holes in- stead of the number of apples entered. CONCLUSIONS. From the data presented, covering one season’s work in three States, it appears that very satisfactory results may be obtaimed by the one-spray method, in so far as the control of the codling moth and plum curculio is concerned, although further experimentation will be necessary before final conclusions can be reached. Sight must not be lost, however, of the fact of the necessity, under eastern condi- tions, of making applications of Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide for the control of fungous diseases; so that in effect the one-spray method under present practices can not be recommended to orchard- ists in regions where fungous troubles, such as apple scab, apple fruit blotch, bitter rot, and leaf-spot affections require treatment. The results, however, show the great importance of very thorough spraving to fill the calyx cups with poison. The efficiency of the spray at this point is much greater than at any other part of the apple. This, taken in connection with the fact that the majority of the larve seek the calyx as a point of entrance, makes the fillmg of the calyx of prime importance. Although the importance of accomplishing this has long been recognized by entomologists and fruit growers, it would appear that this work has not been done with sufficient thoroughness in the past, and eastern apple growers could certainly with great profit give more attention to thorough- ness in the first spraying for the codling moth, immediately after the falling of the petals. The russeting of the fruit following such drenching applications of Bordeaux mixture, in which the arsenical has been generally applied, may doubtless be avoided by the substitution as a fungicide of dilute or self-boiled lime-sulphur wash, as shown to be feasible by Mr. W. M. Scott, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. O U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 80, Part VIII. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. _ PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EURO- PEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. BY P. R. JONES, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IssueD NOVEMBER 28, 1910. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 19:1-0). ANSASI BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Martarr, Assistant Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R.S. Cirrron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. CutrrenpdeEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxtns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WesstER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. KE. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. RoceErs, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roxtia P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. MaBeEL Cotcorp, librarian. Dectpuous Fruit INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. FRED JoHNnsoN, S. W. Fostsr, E. L. Jenne, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. W. BraucHer, ©. W. Hooxer, J. R. Horton, Watter Postirr, J. B. GIy, agents and experts. E. W. Scorr, C. W. Gasie, J. F. Zimmer, entomological assistants. II CONTENTS. Page in tren ones perctare lavas deta see ss Se St ee een ae See. SRE L Etec 147 The European fruit Lecanium (Lecanium corni Bouché). ..-..........------- 148 Appeatumce io Mierinseet tenes, 220 alee vot este 285 ee ee eee bn ok oe 148 Plan of work and method of ascertaining results............... ee San ee 148 Dope nena OMB Mey ears mee eters a tc ons Soh 2S oe Es kw pk od 148 Sprays used and’ method of preparation....-..........2..5.:.-...---: 148 PReece Csreae ee act Sal aye Aa ctioreiavare Sista woe seas ara 23's 3 a) one's 3 SE rosa ioe 151 The European pear scale (Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.)..........-.....-.-- 151 Appearance ot the insect and extent of injury. -).....22:5..25...22 1.4. 151 Spiny experiment 1908 x20 Soc oes ase se ect Ee 152 Plan‘of work and manner of application. ..- 22-1... 2002. .2..2.. 152 Sprays used and method of preparation. ..._.........--...........- 152 LV SSSI by oe ares Vee oe aU OE RE Re ee es 154 SPraylee eRPeruMenis mn IOS 2 omer waste cee Se te eae wee aes a oe 155 Plan‘of work:and manner of application. -= =~. 22--.-22-2s2.:-.----2 155 Sprays used and method of preparation... ...................-2.2.-- 156 DRAPE TU STR Se hep er i te Ye 157 CID SISOS] Os OTC SI Gace G2 2 gs A El SS SSE 8k I Om 158 STS 8 aROR sD > Je ea ee da 159 Ill PECUS TRA CEON Ss: Page. Pruate XII. Fig 1.—The European fruit Lecanium (Lecanium corni) on pecan. Fig. 2.—The European pear scale (Hpidiaspis pyricola) on pear. ‘148 XIII. View of prune orchard used in experiments against the European pear sCale 22 >... gasS-ate oe bs toe Bee ene eee 152 IV U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 80, Part VIII. D. F. 1. 1., November 28, 1910. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TESTS OF SPRAYS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. By P. R. Jonss, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. Attention appears to have been first called in California to the brown apricot scale by Mr. Alex. Craw“ in 1891, at which time the insect was described by him under the name Lecanwwm armeniacum. The investigations of Mr. J.G. Sanders? while an agent of this Bureau, however, have unmistakably shown that the brown apricot scale of California is identical with Lecanwwm corna Bouché, known in Europe since 1844, which Mr. Sanders has appropriately named “the European fruit Lecanium.” The European pear scale (H'pidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) was first recorded as occurring in the United States by Prof. J. H. Com- stock* in 1883, from Sacramento, Cal., under the preoccupied name Maspis ostreeformis. Since their introduction these two scale pests have been the subject of considerable attention on account of their injuries, and at the present time in the Santa Clara Valley are by far the most important scale insects with which orchardists have to contend. The European fruit Lecanium is now especially abundant and the copious honeydew excreted by the scales upon the leaves and fruit, with the accompanying sooty fungus, leaves the fruit in an unsightly condition for market. In connection with other work in the deciduous fruit insect inves- tigations of the Bureau of Entomology, carried on at the laboratory at San Jose, Cal., experiments have been made to determine an effective treatment for both of these insects, with the results recorded in the following pages. The work during 1908 was carried out by Messrs. Dudley Moulton and Chas. T. Paine. a Rept. Cal. State Bd. Hort., p. 12, 1891. bJourn. Econ. Ent., vol. 2, p. 443, 1909. ¢2d Rept. Ent. Dept. Cornell Univ., p. 94, 1883. 147 148 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM. (Lecanium corni Bouché.) APPEARANCE OF THE INSECT. The insect heretofore generally known as the brown apricot scale belongs to the subfamily of scale insects, the Lecaniine, being naked but with hardened derm, and differs from the San Jose scale and European pear scale in that the horny covering of the full grown scale is a part of the body of the insect, while in the case of the other species mentioned the body is qneeaied by a waxy covering made from secretions and the molted skins of the larvee. The adult female of the European fruit Lecanium is abort one- eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch long, three-thirty-seconds to one-eighth of an inch wide, and about one-eighth of an inch high, yellowish in color, marked with black. The older scales are shiny, oval, convex, and often covered with a mealy pruinose deposit (see Pl. XII, fig. 1). PLAN OF WORK AND METHOD OF ASCERTAINING RESULTS. In the winter of 1909 an infested orchard near San Jose, Cal., was selected and divided into 9 different plats of 14 trees each. Hight plats were used for trying out various sprays, and the ninth plat was left unsprayed for a check. It was planned to examine a number of twigs at intervals of two days, two weeks, five weeks, three months, and ten months from date of spraying for proportion of live and dead scales; also, to take into account the action of the different washes on the trees and to examine the fruit as to freedom from the sooty fungus. The effect of the sprays upon the growth of lichens on the trunk and limbs ras also to be noted. Such a number of examinations was considered necessary as some of the sprays were immediate in their action while others acted over a longer period. APPLICATION OF SPRAYS. All of the plats were treated February 18 with the sprays indi- cated below, using a single bent-disk nozzle (with one-eighth inch hole in disk) on each rod, the pressure being maintained at about 200 pounds by means of a gasoline-power outfit. At this pressure the lichens were thoroughly soaked. From 4 to 5 gailons of liquid were used per tree and the work was very thoroughly done. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, 6 per cent distillate-oil emulsion—This was made after the formula given in Bulletin 80, Part IV, Bureau of Entomology. = eae eee eee do. 14 90 90 100 122 78 64 Gil @Resinuwash Je. a4 sce eeisa esate e eee ae eolt) 14| 180| 180] 100 30} 21 70 7 | Commercial lime-sulphur wash No. 1..--- a2d02 14] 400]; 400} 100] 252; 17 7 Silp Borax d sens ae he ee. ak eee ee s3doz 14; 200} 200}; 100 64 | 28 44 Or WChetks eee asat ath Ske cosaeccee aera es =e -do TAG S25 14 4| 739 | 71 9 Third examina- tion, Mar. 26, 1909. Plat 3 3 ioe Fourth examinaton, Fifth examination, No Treatment. Sy z ow July 1, 1909. Dee. 13, 1909. wa lns| os | 9/38 | a "= 38 o 3 ESia |es | a Z Ay 1 | Distillate-oil emulsion... ..... 290 290} 100 | Scales all dead; lichens | Scales all dead; lichens dead. dead. 2 | Distillate-oil emulsion and | 234} 234] 100 ].--.-- Gow’. cee 1 See Do. ; caustic soda. 3 | Distillate-oil emulsion, me- | 219 | 219! 100 |-..... (3 (Aa eka Do. chanical mixture. Aan Caustiesodass-sa0s: — ese seee 65 61 94) | eee Gt sae oe Do. 5 | Crude-oil emulsion. .........- 94 O42 a 00 nec (0 (opeeees Pe ee Sr eo Do. GalMResinmwash: ss arenes cee 65 54 83 | A few live scales -..... Do. 7 | Commercial lime-sulphur | 248 44 15} A number of live | A number of _ live wash No. 1. scales; lichens dead. seales; lichens dead. BGR Re cc ooeoenoeba sot conkoee 107 31 203 Beene 0. Js ccioceseeeen: 0. ; Of a@heckssc a scecensnees eect eee 142 24 17 | Scales nearly all alive; | Seales nearly all alive; lichens flourishing. lichens flourishing. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 151 RESULTS. It will be seen from Table I that nearly all of the washes showed lower percentages of dead scales at the time of the second examina- tion than at the first, third, fourth, and fifth examinations. The first five washes gave excellent results in the percentage of scales killed, and cleaned the trees from lichens. Lime-sulphur wash and borax gave apparently excellent results upon the first examination, but later examinations proved these washes to be of little value, and the trees at the end of the season appeared little better than the unsprayed trees. The fruit (12 tons) from the 8 sprayed blocks was free from the smut fungus, while that from the unsprayed trees was quite black in appearance. Caustic soda, borax, lime-sulphur, and the resin wash were all caustic and immediate in their action on the insects. The distillate sprays were prompt in their action, but not so much so as the former. The crude-petroleum sprays gave more of a smothering effect, and were slower, their action extending over a long period. None of the washes injured the trees seriously, but the caustic soda, resin, lime-sulphur, and borax sprays blackened the buds and hardened the bark to some extent. . The distillate and crude-oil sprays did not injure the buds or the bark of the trees in the least, although some of the buds were very far advanced at the time of application. Tt was noted during the summer that the distillate and crude-oil emulsions seemed to possess fungicidal properties. On sprayed apricots and prunes, the foliage was dark and healthy and of much better color.than on the unsprayed blocks. : THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. (Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) APPEARANCE OF INSECT AND EXTENT OF INJURY.® The European fruit scale, or, as it is commonly known in California, the Italian pear scale, closely resembles to the naked eye the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.), but can be readily dis- tinguished from this species by the form of the male scale which is a great deal longer and carinated. (See Pl. XII, fig. 2.) Furthermore, they can be separated by the manner of working. The European pear scale, in California, so far as the writer has observed, “ Comparatively little has been written in an economic way concerning this insect, either in this country or in Europe. The writer has been unable to find an account of its life history; probably because it has never proved so serious as some of the other scales injurious to fruit trees. Attention, however, is called to an article on the synonymy of the species by C. L. Marlatt in Entomological News, November, 1900, p. 590. 59507—Bull. 80—10-—2 Th? DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. works only under cover of the lichens on the trunk and larger limbs, and apparently does not work on the twigs or younger branches as does the San Jose scale. While the European pear scale is not soserious a pest to fruit trees as is the San Jose scale, nevertheless its manner of working under lichens causes it to be neglected by fruit growers until the trees are badly infested, with consequent loss in vitality. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1908. PLAN OF WORK AND MANNER OF APPLICATION. An orchard badly infested with the European pear scale (see PI. XIII) was selected in February, 1908, and divided into 16 plats of 6 to 16 trees each. It was planned to examine a large number of scales in the laboratory from the treated trees of each plat, and a like number from the unsprayed, or check, trees, and also to make field examinations as to the effect of the sprays on the scales, on the lichens, and on the trees. The applications of sprays were made February 18, 19, and 20 on plats 1 to 12; and March 3, on plats 13 to 16. A strong hand-pump tank outfit and also a barrel pump were used. No pressure gauge was on the pumps, but pressure was probably not more than 60 to 75 pounds. Vermorel nozzles were used. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, lime-sulphur wash.—This was made after the same formula described for the European fruit Lecanium. Plat 2, commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 1.—The stock solu- tion was used at the rate of 1 part to 9 parts of water. Plat 5, commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 2.—This spray, of different brand, was used at same strength as preceding. Plat 4, commercial 4 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was used as follows: Distillatezoilenvulsicnas-222 Seen eee oe eee gallons.. 34 Wanistic sodasconcet a: Sosa fh ee Se A ee eee pound... 7 Wier teen = tea thse oie ee Se Pe a a a ee oe gallons.. 50 Plat 5a, home-made 10 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was made according to the following formula: Boline wateis 225. 020s 3 Coo ee eee eee oo eee gallons.. 5 Pishsoil-soapes st. ets 22 ee eee ee ee pounds... 2 Caustic sodas tite bo SRE BS a Ee 2 eS Gosia te Distillate:(28° Baumé) ce. 22222 sisss Sor Ssse eh ee oe gallons 5 When the water started to boil, the caustic soda was added; then the soap, and finally the oil. The whole mixture was then forced through a pump to emulsify it; it was then poured into the barrel and necessary water (40 gallons) to make 50 gallons of the spray was added. PLATE XIII. Bul. 80, Part VIII, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, VIEW OF PRUNE ORCHARD USED IN EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. (ORIGINAL.) EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 15 A perfect emulsion was not formed, as some ‘of the oil came to the top. Plat 5b, 10 per cent distillate-oil emulsion.—This was made as follows: Ue 2 UMINE jc NS) ph gsilelge ak lle aiinetha ta-aen Ae eae anaes gallons.. 5 JP ris GMIL ASO Oa Petal at eee ple encod mater ps same ee ee Re pounds.. 14 Mistillate (Zsci Baume) sachs. -yeek steak. eae lace et oy gallons... 5 Water (40 gallons) was added to make 50 gallons of the mixture. The emulsion was imperfect. Plat 6, creosote-oil emulsion.—This is a commercial preparation and recommended to be used at the rate of 1 part to 20 parts of water, but was used 3 parts to 20 of water. Plat 7a, home-made 10 per cent creosote-oil emulsion.—The following formula was used: [SAD LIT 3-23. Pi Sg deh lg ela SC eA a pa ea gallons... 5 etree Mi. eee ha Sn a NS eR nem Sete oe pounds.. 2 CORT TSLIKC S100 C5. Shade yes Pe AOR Roa CMR OPUS BES GS SD enn doves G42 Mire sate Olean Sort here Se ope fe de oe op eee Secs a zigc gs Sh gallons... 5 The caustic soda, soap, and oil were added in turn after the water started to boil, and the mixture was forced through the pump to emulsify it. Water (40 gallons) was then added to make 50 gallons of wash. Plat 7b,°5 per cent creosote-oil emulsion.—This was made in the same manner as for plat 7a, except that 100 gallons of spray were made. Plat 8, commercial carbolic emulsion (distillate) —The following formula was used: SO cs Sa oe See ee gallons... 5 Plat 9, 10 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—This was made with the ingredients proportioned as follows: ICME iC GIs oS aed GCSE ee ee oe a gallons.. 5 (CPUBUIG HOCH £35 Saas Ge Oe ee enn Ceo a pound... 4 OUEST LUCIO | Tice el ee can es pounds... 4 Srdeccungha, to 4 amm Gy. 2.2.2.2 2 oes baoe sce coe ek oe cee gallons... 5 The caustic soda, soap, and oil were added to the water, in turn, as soon as it had started to boil. The mixture was then forced through the pump twice to emulsify it. Water (40 gallons) to make 50 gal- lons of wash was then added. The emulsion was not perfect, as some free oil came to the top. Plat 10, caustic soda.—The following formula was used: Ee Roe ee a ee ee Soe AGS Se ome gallons.. 50 Sebo Ga B.Gane Dob Doe ans Ee ae eee pounds.. 4 154 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Plat 11a, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion—The formula was as follows: Boling waters: .. sacs en: Sele nee eee eee ee gallons.. 10 Mish=oil soap). 22S hacis ceo ccite wen toe 6 oe ee eee eee ere pounds.. 2% (D1 pee er eens Coe mya rae ame oe Vea" opts Sates eo 2 dO oe Crude \oil/(16? to 22° Baume). 2225 so onsen eee eee gallons.. 3 The soap and lye were dissolved in the water, which was then placed in a barrel; 22 gallons of water were then added and the oil slowly poured in, and the mixture was thoroughly stirred. A very good emulsion resulted. Plat 11b, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—Same as for plat 11a, except that a ‘kerosene soap” was used. Plat 11c, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—Same as 11a, except that a 14° Baumé crude oil was used. Piat 11d, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—Same as 11a, except that a 12° to 14° Baumé crude oil was used. . None of the emulsions for plat 11 was forced through the pumps; but, on the other hand, no water was added to the mixture after the oil had been poured in. It seems to be essential, in order to keep free oil from coming to the top, that this be avoided. A good emulsion resulted in each case. The difference in gravity did not seem to make - much difference in the emulsions, but the 16° to 22° Baumé, which was a “Coalinga special,’ appeared to give the best emulsion. All of the crude oils used contained an asphalt base. RESULTS. The results of the several sprays are given in Table II. TasLe II.—Results of spraying for the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1908. | First examination, Mar. 3, 1908. 5 ou te er Plat 2 3 Per- r sprays = No. Treatment. as ae Nee Nand aeee ed. Seas ser age | exam- | SC2és wv | ned dead. | dead ; scales i); Limzve-sulphur (homemade) £--asss-25--- eee eee eens Feb. 18 16: 1,172 )) 1,000 85 2) (Commercial lime-sulphun No. le. 22-2 eee ean Boys See 9 547 51 9 3) | Commercial lime-sulphur; NO: 222252. Seen ee eee 30200: 2228 13 838 581 69 4 Commercial distillate-oil emulsion.................--- do. aes 13 926 | 280 30 5a | Distillate-oil emulsion (homemade) ...............--- Feb. 19 7 834 285 34 DOM eee ae Oe ee ee eis en on ee ee re ae eae es do 8 1,042 364 34 6 | Commercial creosote-oil emulsion................----- do 11 664 174 26 7a | Creosote-oil emulsion (homemade) ..........---...--- Feb. 20 8 995 424 42 {OU eee GOSS ies oe EE ee naa Re eae do 11 854 780 91 8 | Commercial carbolic-distillate emulsion. ............- do 13 789 689 7 Os NCride-oll emulsion teas noes caer ee cee eee er MOO eee TN ale alei7 480 40 LOMA @ashicisod at ei ee ee eee Ser ee eee ee SEXGOR See 6 905 632 64 lil@ | erude-oiliemulsion,s.2:2 43.20 soo seen oe are eee Mar. 3 (oy [Eee | .c aera 1=| aieehpenetate WUD eee GOS cee oe ates cab vee caches een Eee ore ten ees Bacto (oye Apne 6) [as sees ESS re ||seseisoce Tiles | hee 2 GO See IA Se leno ce eee eee ei Se do.. Gisliscrtenes | eRe eee aces Ms cers GO) esac se cops arcGmnees See ote eaee ee Coe eee eee do (hh BA boeecaleesaneac||oacroces | EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 155 Tasie I1.—Results of spraying jor the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1908—Con. Second examina- tion, Mar. 21, 1908. Io | = Third examinati dec. 17 te | Treatment. |Num-s9mn- pas Remarks. 3 oe Dec. 17, ber scales Per | age |>~.- | Scales} _ of ena dead.) dead | {Sc ales. 2 ces 7 va ees = a — SS (o|oime-sulphur (Chome= |U}000:; 828) | 82)||-2-s5. 52-225. = | Many scales living; lichens made). | | mostly dead. 2} Commercial lime-sul- | 492 51 LO) bese enes cies cae eee ee Many scales living; only { _phur, No. 1. | larger lichens dead. 3 | Commercial lime-sul-| 838 581 70 | Seale killed better | Do. phur, No. 2. where there is heavy | incrustation. 4 | Commercial distillate- | 646 280 43 | Lichens not all killed... Many scales living; no lich- oil emulsion. | ens killed. 5a) Distillate oil emulsion | 549 | 285 By ee hs GOsess ore hace oese | Do. (homemade). sie) ee GOP toate aoe 678 | 364 53) |e eee GOR see re eee Do. 6 | Commercial creosote- | 490 174 Soi eees Ose eee eee | Many scales living; lichens oil emulsion. mostly living. 7a, Creosote-oil emulsion | 571 424 | 74] Lichensall killed; bark} Many scales living; lichens (homemade). hard and injured. mostly dead. Uf) see Olt as ant ee ae 854 | 780 91 | Lichens all killed...... Do. 8 Commercial carbolic- | 789 689 Ue eae hes Saaceres aaa Do. distillate emulsion. | 9 Crude-oil emulsion. .... | 697 | 480 69) esses Glee SB aa 5censoe noes | Most all scales dead; lichens | mostly all dead. TOM Caustie sodae 2.3%... . 905 | 632 64 | Lichens all killed; | Most all scales living; lichens | bark hard. mostly all dead. lla, Crude-oil emulsion. .... (a) (b) LOOR ESE = Om sre Arete othe Most all scales dead; lichens | mostly all dead. iil) Poets (0 (Cy... eee ee (a) (b) LOOMS ae GO etc. = eee Do Ie DEMO Sa eee sen (a) (b) 10, eee dower Soa tee oe | Do IA eos Cth ne AA ae ee oe | (a) | (ce) GON eect. OKO ene eee eee Do Check] Unsprayed............. | 736 | 84 URI Sea Oe at Ste Oe Arh hed Ba ee Ss Soe Be | i] a Large number. b AML. ¢ Nearly all. An examination of the table shows that at the end of the season only the crude-oil emulsions had proved adequate in killing all the scales and lichens. No injury to the trees was apparent except where the caustic soda and creosote-oil emulsion were used. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1909. PLAN OF WORK AND MANNER OF APPLICATION. A badly infested orchard other than the one used in 1908 was selected and divided into 6 different plats of 32 trees each. Four examinations of infested material were made in the laboratory and in the field at intervals of three days, three weeks, six weeks, and eight months, respectively, after the applications. A large number of scales was examined from each of the six plats and the check plat. The applications were made March 1, 1909, with a strong power outfit, using two leads of hose with 12-foot bamboo rods and single- crook nozzles, with }-inch apertures. A pressure of 200 to 240 pounds was maintained, and the trees were given a very thorough treatment. 156 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SPRAYS USED AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. Plat 1, 6 per cent distillate oil (mechanical mixture) —This was prepared as follows: WiATRE ecole til Le ACR MEERM ES Ta PRS sas 2 I gallons.. 90 Caustic: sodaz.2 cess feces eS 5. eee meee Semen eee pounds... 2 Distillate otl\(28°sBaumeé). 3a eee ee eee gallons.. 6 The water was poured into the tank; then the caustic soda was added to soften the water, and the oil slowly poured in while the water was being violently agitated. The mixture was applied immediately. Plat 2, caustic soda.—The formula was as follows: Water cd Seat ako ae esas eeits Bee ets Seer 8 gallons.. 100 Causticsodaras2522 i Sead. Saree Oh ee oe ee eae pounds.. 16 Plat 3, crude-oil emulsion.—This was prepared as follows: Waters tome Sc cceticss oleate meena os choirs © a eee ened gallons.. 86 Fish-OUSOAp cot ot atet eo cie ooek etn Oe oak ee een eee pounds.. 10 Teese Sst 5 eee VY 2k I sy ae ORR do 2 Crude oil (16° 03229 Baume) 2 saa ceek weet pee eee wee ee gallons 1 About 20 gallons of the water were heated, and when this began to boil the dissolved soap and then the lye were added. This mixture was then removed to the tank, and the rest of the water (66 gallons) added, making 86 gallons in all. The spray pump engine was then started and the crude oil slowly poured into the tank, the mixture being violently agitated by the tank agitator. A perfect emulsion resulted. Plat 4, commercial lime-sulphur solution, No. 1.—The formula was as follows: Waiter: o 2: cdi cates oe ONE A Oe See ree eae eee gallons.. 100 Commercial lime-sulplirs-2¢ dere ep yee eee ee eee doses ul Plat 5, borax.—The formula was as follows: Watters. ve tie 2 oe ond fe eae een gee eles pee gallons.. 100 Borax 5... 40%. 2xGe hs Fe a Ee See Perea ae pounds... 20 The borax was dissolved in 30 gallons of hot water and poured into the tank, and the rest of the water added. Plat 6, well-cooked lime-sulphur wash.—The proportions of ingredi- ents were as follows: 103 111 yaar eee cee ne eee ee ROS, yy eee Sk RE Rees ora Se pounds 30 SOUL PEI Sete, ose yanscee poe coe eee et ae ete ee dos...) s0U Waters Coc. ci otee socks ace a ee oe ee ee gallons.. 100 This wash was made in the same manner as _ previously described. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 157 The results of tests in 1909 are given in Table ITI. Taste III.—Results of spraying for the European pear scale, San Jose, Cal., 1909. qj | First examina- | Second examina- | ® | tion, Mar. 3-4, tion, Mar. 20, & 1909. 1909. Date na H |e ,| a na Core Treatment. sprays 3 mos 4 os ard | Bee Remarks. applied. | 5 |22/2_./23/ 22 | Sg | &8 By | Sigel ealenl ga | BS |e ZO 2 ea es| 84/28 | 2s ss 3 | S/58/s |83/58/8 | Eo - AY ZIG |Q@ | Z ZA AY | o2 a 1 | Distillate-oil mechan- | Mar. 1 | 32] 620 | 516) 83} 498] 380} 78 | Lichens mostly alive. | ical mixture. 2)\ Caustic sodas--.....--- .--d0....| 32.) 706 | 584 | 75] 844] 749) 88 Do. 3 | Crude-oil emulsion. --. - ---do....| 32 | 344 | 297 | 86} 599 | 393] 65] Lichens all dead. 4 | Commercial lime-sul- |...do....| 32 | 950 | 846 | 89 | 709 | 627) 88] Lichens mostly dead. phur, No. 1. 5 | BOVE oie tos ee aoe mee Or seis 32) | 40 7e|NSoL 88 |1,029 |1,003 | 97 Do. 6 | Homemade lime-sul- |...do....| 32 | 371 | 275 | 74| 673 | 504] 74 | Lichensnearly all alive. pbur. AMMGNGC. Shaws 552 2s SSPE IS EAT A ----| 941 | 541 | 56} 685] 341 | 49] Lichens flourishing. Third examina- | Fourth examina- | tion, Apr. 16, 1909. | tion, Nov. 20, 1909. n n | eee n n ay | a re} |e od Treatment. szis oe se S.. os Remarks. : Ss eis) || Syl Mabe ah eek SENS 3 Bea ae | So | sa | as | Sn 4 ee or ae Wea ellie ge = |sei¢E-)s S|saiaq os a} So]s Ral so | 3s Da + | A A | & va A a 1 Distillate-oil mechan- | 805 | 789 98 | 759 | 757 | 100 | Lichens mostly dead; bark soft. ical mixture. AMA CaIstiG Soda = see ee | 637 | 449 70 | 455 | 449 98 | Lichens mostly dead; bark hard. 3 | Crude-oil emulsion. ..-. 648 | 613 94 | 207 | 207 100} Lichens mostly dead; bark soft. 4} Commercial lime-sul- | 536) 411 76 | 659) 624 93 | Lichens mostly dead; bark slightly phur, No. 1. hardened. Dy |S OLAK¢= ovate ovayeise se elo 640 | 609 95 | 452) 449 99 | Lichens mostly dead; bark hard. 6 | Homemade lime-sul- | 652 | 514 79 }1,147 | 811 70 | Lichens mostly dead; bark slightly phur. hardened. CMEC S ys Sate ar.o 3 Sic 372 | 133 35 | 939 96 10 | Lichens flourishing. RESULTS. An examination of Table IIT shows that all of the sprays with the exception of the commercial lime-sulphur solution No. 1 and the well- cooked lime-sulphur washes proved very successful in killing the scale. All of them killed most of the lichens. The caustic-soda and borax treatments injured the trees to a certain extent and hardened the bark. In the case of the trees treated with distillate-oil emulsion and crude-oil emulsion the bark was normal and in good condition. As noted previously, on the apricots the distillate-oil sprays as well as those from crude oil seemed to possess distinct fungicidal proper- ties, as the foliage was as dark and healthy on these plats and remained on the trees as long as on the plats sprayed with commercial and cooked lime-sulphur washes. A comparison of the results of 1908 and 1909 shows much in favor of the latter year, which should be attributed to the better method of application and of making the sprays. It appears essential for good 158 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. results to use a power outfit at a high pressure and a coarse drenching spray to penetrate the lichens and the heavy scale incrustation. A power sprayer is especially useful in applying distillate-oil emulsion, crude-oil emulsion, and mechanical mixtures of either, as a hand outfit does not give sufficient agitation for a perfect emulsion. The writer recently noticed several prune orchards which had been sprayed with a commercial distillate spray and caustic soda at 4 per cent strength; they were well cleaned of the scales and lichens. COST OF SPRAYING. Table IV shows the comparative cost of materials of the most im- portant and efficient treatments. To get the total cost of spraying it will be necessary merely to add the cost of the labor, which is vari- able and was therefore not included. Usually 3 men and a team are required for spraying with a hand pump and the same number with a power outfit, adding an additional man and team where a supply wagon 1s used. The number of trees that can be sprayed in a day is variable, depending upon the size of the trees, the availability of the water, and the efficiency of the labor. With medium-sized prune trees, from 800 to 1,000 trees is considered a good day’s work with a power outfit and a supply tank. Below is shown what the ingredients of the spray mixtures would cost the fruit grower in the vicinity of San Jose in barrel lots: Damiex Gis lalke ds) fel. P72 SR eee Dee ee ee per barrel.. $1.75 SUN (MONT oo = Soe oe ss ee ee Ree per 100 pounds. - 2. 65 Caustic soda, in 120-pound cases...........----------per pound. - . 054 Borax in dPnound cageses es iccths lt SSA LENE: | eee 1. 40 Dive; tm: ASM tid CASS a fj cire co bie ve Leone ni yet eee epee ee 3. 25 Bushwoull VN J 1 IE SMe Sn» aA iH Oe v i tT gt* a f* AAS eae ae fae _~ ry wr ane pf,” ety / i ay my > , } 1,400? mye 3 MI i ae te . wre gp BPM, ee eA > 4} - $4 Oe A Pm 4 a 2 i, 7 ¢ ay