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A 57

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL

UNION, Inc.

<SJ^

" SEGnONAl.
t)IV!S!ON '>

BULLETIN
for 1971

AMU, Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting

W, OAl-l
, LiBfiAR
MOtUi’

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

1971-1972

Officers

President

Arthur S. Merrill

President-Elect

Dolores S. Dundee

Vice-President

Harold D. Murray

Marian S. Hubbard

Paul R. Jennewein

Bernadine B. Baker

Publications Editor

Morris K. .Tacobson

Councillors-at-Large

Kenneth J. Boss

Henry D. Russell

Anne B. Speers

Carol B. Stein

Past Presidents -

- Permanent Council Members

William J. Clench (1935)

Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (1937)
Harald A. Rehder (1941)

Henry van der Schalie (1946-47)
Myra Keen (1948)

Elmer G. Berry (1949)

J. P. E. Morrison (1951)

A. Byron Leonard (1953)

Joseph C. Bequaert (1954)

Morris K. Jacobson (1955)

Allyn G. Smith (1956)

Ruth D. Turner (1957)

Aurele LaRocque (1958)

R. Tucker Abbott (1959)

Katherine V. W. Palmer (1960)

Thomas E. Pulley (1961)

William K. Emerson (1962)

Albert R. Mead (1963)

John Q. Burch (1964)

Juan J. Parodiz (1965)

Ralph W. Dexter (1966)

Leo G. Hertlein (1967)

Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. (1968)

Joseph Rosewater (1969)

Alan Solem (1970)

David H. Stansbery (1971)

Honorary Life Members

William J. Clench

Joseph C. Bequaert

Katherine V. W. Palmer

Margaret C. Teskey

Leo G. Hertlein

A. Myra Keen

Honorary Life President

S. Stillman Berry

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

BULLETIN
for 1971

AMU, Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting

BULLETIN
OF THE
AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

CONTENTS

AMU Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting 1

Papers read at AMU 37th Annual Meeting:

Amblema plicata (say), Maintenance of the Naiad in an Artificial System

Martha H. Fikes 35

AMU Conservation Committee Report 50

Aquaculture of Mollusks Along the West Coast of the United States

William N. Shaw 23

Aquaculture of Mollusks in the Gulf Coast Region

T. J. Costello 22

Aquatic Ohio Mollusca, Some Occurences and Assemblages of

Harold J. Walter 40

Caecidae Collected at St. Croix, Virgin Islands, Ecological and Systematic Notes on

Donald R. Moore 11

Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas, Land Snails of

Wm. Lloyd Pratt 8

Chitty Chitty Bang Bang!

Kenneth J. Boss - 11

Cinematographic Studies of Crawling Behavior in Larval and Juvenile Bivalves

John L. Culliney 29

Cinephotomicrography: A Tool in Biological Studies

Ruth D. Turner 30

Ciam Aquaculture, Recent Advances in

Hugh J. Porter 16

Cuba, Notes on Malacology in

Morris K. Jacobson 3

Dentalium pilsbryi, Microanatomical Studies of

Ken Bazata 10

Diplodon delodontus, the “Superspecies”

J. J. Parodiz 34

Elliptio in North Carolina, Sympatric Species of

Joseph P. E. Morrison 38

Feeding in Janthina jantJiina

Edward T. LaRoe (Abstract) 28

Greater Adaptability of Fresh-Water Mussels to Natural than Artificial Displacement

Marc J. Imlay 43

Haminoea solitaria (Say) in New York

Dorothy Raeihle 31

Helicodiscus, Delayed Oviposition in

Carl W. Gugler 10

Kudzu Vine and Associated Land Snail Fauna

Dorothy E. Beetle 6

Lake LBJ, Texas, Fresh-Water Mussels of

Harold D. Murray 36

iii

Mariculture Experiments with the Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians
in Waters of the Seaside of Virginia

Michael Castagna and William P. Duggan 21

Molluscan Aquaculture in British Columbia

Neil Bourne 25

Molluscan Aquaculture, Introduction to Symposium on

William N. Shaw, Convener 12

Molluscan Mariculture, the Role of Genetics in

R. W. Menzel 13

Mollusks Coincident with North Carolina’s Calico Scallop Industry

Hugh J. Porter 32

Mollusk Fauna of the North Fork Holston River at Saltville, Virginia, The

David H. Stansbery 45

Naiad Mollusk Fauna of the Lower Olentangy River Following Channelization and
Highway Construction, Population Changes in

Carol B. Stein 47

Oyster Culture, the Development of Closed System

Don Maurer 18

Shell Images in American Furniture Before 1850, Structural and Decorative Uses of

Glenn A. Long 5

Vagabonding for Shells — in Retrospect

William J. Clench 42

List of attending members and guests and group photograph - 56

AMU Annual Business Meeting 51

Report of the Secretary 52

Report of the Treasurer 52

AMU Membership List 54

Index of Authors 70

iv

Bulletin of the American Malmological Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, Inc.
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

Cocoa Beach, Florida July 15-19, 1971

The festivities began even before the official
opening of the 37th Annual Meeting. Those who
arrived at the Atlantis Motel in Cocoa Beach on
July 14th found at the registration desk a large
sign inviting everyone to cocktails and supper at
the home of Mrs. Smith Whiteside in Indian
Harbour Beach. There were cocktails at poolside,
and a buffet supper offering an assortment of
casseroles and salads prepared by members of the
Astronaut Trail Shell Club. The mood was festive,
and AMU members filled the patio, living room
and dining room of Jeanne's new home. (Pro-
nounce her name “Johnnie”.) The only regrets to
be heard concerned an inability to sample all the
many delicious casseroles.

This party seemed to set the tone for the whole
meeting, which was notable for its more leisurely
than usual pace, providing a greater opportunity
for asking questions of speakers, and for per-
sonal contact and conversations with other mem-
bers. The heat and humidity, and the rain which
came almost every afternoon, did nothing to
dampen the members’ spirits.

The morning of July 15th was registration time
at the Atlantis Convention Center, a time for
greeting old friends and acquaintances not seen
for a year or more. Many familiar faces were
missing, mostly because of collecting trips to
distant parts of the world or other activities.
Although 125 were registered, there was no lack
of enthusiasm. The souvenirs distributed at regis-
tration included a large live-collected Murex
fulvescens for each person. Some members had
already collected shells on the beach and among
the green plants outside the Convention Center.

The Annual Meeting was called to order at 1:30
p.m. with a welcome by Mrs. Eleanor Hillman,
local committee co-chairman, and from Tom
Sproul, City Manager of Cocoa Beach. President
Stansbery responded on behalf of the AMU and
introduced the first of the 30 papers.

The informal gathering Thursday night was
highlighted by Dr. Larry Mertens, an under-
water photographer and instructor in that
specialized art.

Friday night was Shell Club Night. Highlight-

ing the evening were many slides of shells and
living mollusks, brought by shell club members.
More and more people are tackling the demanding
task of photographing live mollusks, with excel-
lent results. The Question Box was opened and Dr.
Clench answered a number of questions for mem-
bers. Door prizes were six specimen shells, donated
by members. Because of the late hour, we were not
able to have the club reports read aloud, but they
will be printed in more detail in the Spring 1972
Newsletter.

Sunday was a purely social day, highlighted by
a picnic on North Grange Island, in the Indian
River near Grant, Florida. We were taken up the
coast by bus and had our daily rain shower v/hile
waiting for the barge and boat that took us to the
island in shifts. The delicious meal of clams,
chicken, corn on the cob, potatoes and carrots
was more than most of us could finish. The picnic
was catered by a local group, and proceeds were
added to a scholarship fund for local children.
Some of us had brought collecting gear. Many
shells were to be found around the small, sandy
island, but the live ones were mostly small,
common species. We were surprised to find that
most of the plentiful clam shells were Mercenaria
mercenaria, not M. campechiensis, and we were
told that they were harvested commercially. At
least one member came back with a live angel
wing, which was on display in a bucket of water
the next day.

Sunday night was another evening of films,
scheduled at the same time as the Executive
Council meeting, so not all members were able
to attend. Monday was the last day for papers,
with a workshop on rare and endangered
mollusks in the afternoon, at which Mr. Earl B.
Baysinger of the Office of Endangered Species
of the Department of Interior spoke. This was
followed by the annual Business Meeting.

While the meeting room was being transformed
into a banquet hall, the members changed into
their finery. As we entered the hall, the most
striking feature was the decorations — center-
pieces with foot-long horse conchs and lightning
whelks, surrounded by other local shells plus
preserved echinoderms. After the buffet-style

1

2

MARIAN S. HUBBARD

dinner, Karl Jacobson spoke on the history of
Cuban Malacology in his own inimitable way.
President Stansbery introduced the other officers
and the Past Presidents in attendance. Mrs. Hill-
man supervised the distribution of an extraordi-
nary number of doorprizes. The first prize, won
by Carl Gugler, was the main decoration on the
dais, a beautiful arrangement of shells and other
marine life on a foam plastic base. The artist had
thoughtfully used a minimum of water-soluble
glue in putting it together, so that the recipient
could take it apart easily. Each member found one
or more shells at his place when he sat down, from
the Central Florida Shell Club as well as the host
club. All were delighted to hear that they could
also take the shells used as decorations. There
were still more shells in boxes at the rear of the
room, and many members went through them
and left with bags full of “goodies”. The com-
mittee was even thoughtful enough to provide
paper bags for those taking shells. All the shells
had come from commercial fisherman (probably
scallop dredgers) working 30 miles east of Cape
Canaveral.

The last day saw the remaining members going
off on field trips, both marine and fresh water.
The shore collecting trip was scheduled to take
advantage of the lowest tides. A number of
smaller species were found alive, especially at
Sebastian Inlet. Your secretary went on the fresh
water collecting trip to a creek tributary to Lake
Washington. This spot provided several species
of mussels in quantity, plus Helisoma and Pomatia
snails. Even the professionals said they had never
had any easier collecting. Although it was not
difficult to feel the mussels in the mud among
the roots of the water lilies, it was even easier to
walk along the banks of the creek and find scores
of mussels that had been “collected” and eaten by
some animal. Dozens of the mussels were still in

pairs, and some of the well-cleaned but unbroken
apple snails even had operculums nearby. With
Dr. Morrison, some of us went on to a collecting
spot on the St. James River nearby, where we
found mostly the same species plus one Elliptio
not previously recorded from that area.

Looking back over the week, we realized that
conservation was the topic that kept recurring, in
private conversations as well as formal meetings.
Fresh water mollusks are the ones most endan-
gered, both from pollution and from the builders
of dams. The dams create deep lakes, and many
populations of mollusks cannot live in deep water.
Although marine mollusks are not in such im-
mediate danger, we should all be aware that over-
collecting live mollusks could endanger popula-
tions. Conservation should always be in mind.

The most important thing at a convention is
the papers presented, but perhaps the part an
individual remembers most about a particular con-
vention is the people with whom he came in con-
tact. We have especially fond memories of the
Astronaut Trail Shell Club members who worked
long and hard to make our stay in Cocoa Beach
most pleasant. They had extraordinary problems
to overcome. The principal problem was the motel,
which had changed ownership. Bess Severance,
Eleanor Hillman, and others from the Club were
always at the registration desk, ready to help
members with their large and small problems.
There were many especially thoughtful touches,
like the coffee urn and hot water for tea in the
meeting room. The amount of shells they had
collected live and cleaned for us was overwhelm-
ing. Very few of these people had been to an AMU
Meeting before. We hope that many of them will
be at Galveston next year to renew acquaintances
and to really enjoy a convention.

Marian S. Hubbard

Recording Secretary

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

NOTES ON MALACOLOGY IN CUBA

Morris K. Jacobson

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
SUMMARY OF BANQUET ADDRESS

Cuba, like the other Greater Antilles, is uniquely
rich in land shells, specially land prosobranchs
of the families Pomatiasidae and Helicinidae. It
is very rich but not necessarily richer than
Jamaica and Hispaniola and probably, like the
other two richer than Puerto Rico. Yet in
malacology Cuba is — or until recently was — far
ahead of the others. The mollusks have been more
thoroughly studied in Cuba, by foreign and na-
tive specialists, and have been more enthusiastical-
ly collected by foreign and Cuban amateurs than
those of any country in the New World besides
the United States. Thus, regions like Mexico and
Hispaniola, which are blessed with the richest of
land snail faunas, have never aroused enough
popular interest to form a conchological society
or to publish a malacological periodical. And it
was only in very recent years that some display
of interest in shells began to develop in Brazil
and Uruguay. But in the rest of the Americas with
the exception of Canada there is not a sign.

In Cuba also, though many European and Cuban
specialists studied the native mollusks, there was
at first little popular interest in the subject. It
was not until the 1940’s that a big boom in
popular interest took place as a result of which
the first malacological society outside the United
States and the first malacological periodical be-
sides those in the United States was established.
Large numbers of Cubans became enthusiastic
shell hobbyists and large and valuable private
collections were formed. What caused this boom,
what happened to the collections made, and what
the present day status of the subject is in Castro’s
Cuba — as far as I could determine — will be the
subject of my talk.

The highwater mark of this interest in mala-
cology lasted from about 1942, when the Sociedad
Malacologica ‘Carlos de la Torre' was formed in
Havana, to approximately 1954, when the Revista
de la Sociedad Malacologica ‘Carlos de la Torre’
was suspended after having gone through two
numbers of volume 9. The boom finally came to
an end when the Sociedad, together with ail

private associations, were abolished in the early
1960’s by the Communist government. Together
with this abolition of the Sociedad came the more
or less voluntary donation of all private collections
to the new Academia de Ciencias where indications
are that they are being somewhat less than satis-
factorily cared for.

The first Cuban land shells which came to the
attention of Europeans were not recognized as
such. Thus Helix picta Born (now Polymita) was
thought to have come from the coast of Italy and
Buccinum fasciatum Muller (now Liguus fasciatus)
was reported from the Indies. Even as late as
1838, Isaac Lea described Helicina pulcherrima
(now Emoda) as coming from Java. The first
shell named which was known to come from
Cuba seems to be Helix bonplandi Lamarck 1820
(now Eurycampta) .

In the early and middle 19th century several
European travellers came to Cuba where they
collected many species and later described them
in German, English, French, and Spanish publica-
tions. Among these men should be mentioned
Arthur Morelet, Ludwig Georg Karl Pfeiffer, who
in 1839 wrote the first specialized paper on Cuban
land shells, Alcides Dessalines d’Orbigny, whose
malacological contribution to the huge Historia
Fisica, Politica, y Natural de la Isla de Cuba by
Sagra (1842-1845) is one of the most important
works on the subject. Mention must also be made
of Johannes Christoph Gundlach, the gentle Ger-
man scholar who came to Cuba in 1838, fell in
love with it and stayed there till his death in 1896.
One of the best foreign collectors was the
American, Charles Wright, who wandered about
on foot in the Cuban countryside, collecting plants
and shells for specialists to describe and name.

Among the Cubans of this period we must not
omit Felipe Poey y Aloy, the greatest of Cuban
naturalists as well as one of the leading geniuses
which the New World produced. He deserves to be
far better known to us than he is. The only Cuban
of the period who largely specialized in mollusks
was Rafael Arango y Molino whose catalogue of

3

4

MORRIS K. JACOBSON

Cuban shells (Contribucion a la Fauna Mala-
cologica Cubana (1878-80) remains even today the
best single work on the subject ever published.

The later Cuban and American students of Cuban
mollusks are too numerous to mention. They
would include practically every American
malacologist of note, such as Pilsbry, Bartsch,
Henderson, Clench, etc. etc. Among younger Cubans
we must at least mention the names of Carlos
Guillermo Aguayo, Miguel L. Jaume, and Luis
Howell Rivero. But there are many many more.
The dean of Cuban malacologists was Don Carlos
de la Torre y Huerta who died in 1956. His
career as politician, educator, naturalist, and
malacologist deserves an essay in itself.

But until the 1940’s the study of snails remained
largely the exclusive province of specialists and
trained observers. Then an event occurred which
made the ‘caracolitos’ one of the most popular
hobbies among the Cubans of leisure.

This was the publication in 1938 by the United
States National Museum of THE CUBAN OPER-
CULATE LAND SHELLS OF THE SUBFAMILY
CHONDROPOMINAE by Carlos de la Torre and
Paul Bartsch, to be followed in 1941 by the same
authors’ THE CUBAN OPERCULATE LAND
MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY ANNULARIIDAE,
EXCLUSIVE OF THE SUBFAMILY CHONDRO-
POMINAE, and in 1942 by THE CYCLOPHORID
OPERCULATE LAND MOLLUSKS OF AMER-
ICA, in which they were aided by Joseph P. E.
Morrison.

These handbooks had certain great advantages;
they were superbly illustrated and printed, they
provided clear and detailed locality data for each
taxon described — a point of tremendous value
in Cuba where many species have a fantastically
restricted range — , and they were easily acces-
sible and cost less than $2 each. I found all three
works in the hands of all the Cuban shell people
I ever visited. The appearance of these three works
drove many Cubans into a collecting frenzy. Other
hobbies were given up for the ‘caracolitos.’ Even
popular weeklies of large circulation, such as
BOHEMIA, had to take notice of the craze. Mak-
ing land shell collections and naming “novedades”
(new species) blossomed as readily as the excel-
lent Cuba tobacco and sugar cane under the hot
subtropical sun.

As a result, every nook and cranny was hunted
down for snails. Cuba became splendidly known
conchologically. A side result was that the first
inklings of the need for conservation of the in-
comparable snail fauna began to appear.

But the three monographs which caused this
furor malacologicus were not without their faults.
The descriptions were lengthy and repetitive and
it was difficult to winnow the diagnostic features
from the chaff of repeated adjectives. However,
this fault was largely overcome by the truly ex-
cellent illustrations and admirable locality data.
Probably most readers relied on the figures and
the precise locality data alone to name up their
hauls.

A somewhat more serious fault was the over-
naming of taxa on the basis of variable details
of shell morphology. Unfortunately this became
a tradition which was followed by the authors of
the REVISTA, and as a result the Cuban land
fauna is overburdened with many useless names.
Of course, it is not the only one.

I can only say a few words about the status
of malacology in modern day Cuba. From the little
I could learn, there still seems to be a good deal of
study going on in very restricted circles. Unfortun-
ately, pitifully little of this is being published.
Moreover the few students still trying to do
work in the field find themselves seriously hind-
ered by an almost complete lack of the rich
modern literature which is the blessing of the
science today.

To conclude, I see the tasks of a revived interest
in Cuban malacology to consist of the following:

1) the continued collection and description of
the fauna, since the restricted habitat of many
species and the increased industrialization of the
country will put the existence of many molluscan
forms into jeopardy;

2) intensive studies of the life history — includ-
ing ecological requirements — of even the better
known groups;

3) the care and maintenance of the important
type collections present in various Cuban
museums;

4) and the thorough revisions of the fauna in the
light of newer taxonomical concepts.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1912

STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE USE OF SHELL IMAGES
IN AMERICAN FURNITURE BEFORE 1850

Glenn A. Long

TOWSON, MARYLAND

SUMMARY

This is the first paper in a series meant to
describe the origins of shell decorations on early
American furniture. It deals with the appearance
of these shell images, their similarity to other
decorative elements, and their structural relation
to living zoological specimens.

During the initial stages of research, this writer
has assumed that the selection of certain kinds of
shell images by American furniture makers
signifies some kind of specialized cultural function
or meaning. Fascination with and classification of
things in nature, popular within intellectual circles
in England during the late seventeenth, eighteenth,
and early nineteenth centuries, provided a cultural
context well suited to the practice of decorating
elegant furnishings with shell carvings and in-
lays.

Three style periods are represented in early
American shell ornamented furniture. They are
(1) Queen Anne style (ca. 1720-1750); (2) Chip-
pendale style (ca. 1750-1785); and (3) Classical
style (ca. 1785-1840). Furniture from these periods
are decorated with shells on the knees of the
cabriole legs, on the aprons of case pieces and
chairs, on the undulating front surfaces of block-
front chests and desks, on the large central
drawers of high and low chests, and on the tops of
Classical style card tables, dressing tables, and
desks.

Carved shells of a type resembling the family
Pectinidae are commonly found on furniture made
in eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland. There are
regional variations of these carvings which occur
within this area of the eastern seaboard and are
significant in making stylistic attributions of
works to known craftsmen. In New England are
found examples made in and around Newport,
Rhode Island which seem to have been inspired
by Tridacna gigas and its related species. There
is an ancient Greek ornament called the anthemion
which seems to have been combined with shell
carvings and contributed to the imaginative free-
dom seen in carvings made by Chippendale

cabinetmakers. Inlaid shell ornaments occuring
in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen-
turies seem to be illusionistic versions of exotic
gastropods. Some of these inlays might well have
been inspired by such marine shells as Strombus
gallus Linne and Lambis violacea Swainson.
Thomas Seymour, a cabinetmaker from Boston,
is known to have commissioned a local artist to
decorate a Classical style commode with a paint-
ing of six gastropods.

Three questions conclude this survey of early
American shell ornamentation. One of them is
this: Is it possible to make a definitive attribution
of a piece of Queen Anne, Chippendale or Classical
style furniture to a given cabinetmaker through
study and comparison of shell carvings and shell
inlay selections? This might well become the
thesis question for a second paper in this series.

PLATE 1

DRESSING TABLE — Chi'p'pendale style
ca. 1760

Walnut

Detail of shell carving on cabriole leg.
Reproduced through the courtesy of
Mrs. William D. Poultney.

5

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

KUDZU VINE AND AN ASSOCIATED LAND SNAIL FAUNA

Dorothy E. Beetle

PENINSULA NATURE MUSEUM
NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA

An accidental fire set by a passing train burned
over the north boundary of the woods surrounding
the Peninsula Nature Museum, Newport News,
Virginia, on March 28, 1971. This area had been
completely taken over by Kudzu vine which had
spread from the slopes of an adjacent railroad
overpass. The fire burned off all of the leaf litter,
exposing bare sand. Snail shells were lying in
considerable numbers on the surface of the sand.
All that was required was to lay out square yard
plots, count the shells and collect them for identifi-
cation.

Ten species of land mollusks were found on the
steep slopes of the railroad overpass. Three ad-
ditional polygyrids were on the floor of the woods.

Newport News lies on a peninsula which juts
into Chesapeake Bay. The climate is mild with
abundant rain. Originally the land where the
museum and overpass are situated was covered
with a mixed pine and hardwood forest. White and
black oaks and hickories are abundant. Sweetgum,
red maple, beech, tulip tree, and the shrubby dog-
wood, sourwood and alder occur in the area. The
soil is coarse sand, with crossbedded sands,
gravels and clays extending downward to con-
siderable depths. At the museum the elevation is
only 45 feet above sea level.

When the highway and overpass were con-
structed in 1958, the steep sandy slopes were
planted with Kudzu vine to prevent erosion. There
is no denying that Kudzu prevents erosion, but it
rapidly forms a dense mass that smothers local
vegetation. Volunteer plants are unable to estab-
lish themselves and the Kudzu invades roadside
and forest, far beyound its original planting.

Currently the Kudzu vine has invaded the woods
belonging to the Nature Museum, and will even-
tually destroy our nature trails unless funds can
be found to spray and kill the vine and replant
native vegetation. Shrubs have been smothered
under festoons of vine and the tallest trees have
been killed as their crowns were covered. Under
the trees only scattered patches of moss, grass
and a few early spring flowers, that bloom be-
fore the Kudzu becomes active, have survived.

In fall the vine becomes dormant and sheds its
leaves. On the ground there is a brittle mat of
dead leaves resting slightly above the soil on the
vines which thickly crisscross everywhere. These
leaf mats can be lifted intact to expose the bare
sand beneath them.

Even in the woods the sand permits rapid leach-
ing of material and only a thin humus layer is
formed. Under the Kudzu vine desiccated plant
material consists almost entirely of the previous
year’s growth. On the steep slopes of the overpass
the sand has almost no trace of plant debris in
unburned areas.

In spite of the exposed habitat of the dry steep
overpass slopes, the most species were found here,
although the largest population of polygyrids was
concentrated at the base of the slope and on the
level ground under the dead trees. Following is
a list of the species occuring at several stations
and the number of shells found.

Station 1. One square yard, 35° slope almost
under the overpass, 3 feet above ground level.
Triodoysis juxtidens 9
Retinella indentata paucilirata 1
Hawaiia minuscula 3
Ventridens cerinoideus 1
Zonitoides arhoreus 2
Helicodiscus parallelus 1
Strohilops labyrinthica 5
Gastrocopta contracta 17
Vertigo oscariana 1

Triodopsis juxtidens and Gastrocopta contracta

were most numerous at this station. While
Triodopsis was numerous all through the one and
one half acre tract, Gastrocopta was only abun-
dant here. Only one shell of the minute Vertigo
oscariana was found, although the slopes and
floor of the woods were searched for more shells.
Below this station, at the base of the slope, 9
Triodopsis albolabris were lying.

Station 2. One square yard on low slope of
embankment, 15 feet from entrance to museum
grounds.

6

KUDZU VINE AND AN ASSOCIATED LAND SNAIL FAUNA

7

Triodopsis juxtidens 8
Retinella indentata paucilirata 3
Helicodiscus parallelus 2
Succinea sp., juvenile 2
Gastrocopta contracta 1

Station 3. Floor of forest, under and around
fallen log 4 inches diameter. Standing trees dead,
area bare of native plants.

Triodopsis juxtidens 28
Triodopsis fallax ohsoleta 4
Helicodiscus parallelus (under log) 6
Retinella indentata paucilirata (under log) 2

Transect, 50 feet long. 1/2 foot on either side
of line, forest floor invaded by Kudzu Vine.
Triodopsis juxtidens 19

T. fallax ohsoleta 6
T. albolabris 12
Mesodon thyroidus 5
Retinella indentata paucilirata 1
Ventridens cerinoideus 1
Havoaiia minuscula (under log) 1

In woods still free of Kudzu vine, a search under
old logs and through the leaf litter turned up the
same animals except for Succinea sp., Gastrocopta
contracta and Vertigo oscariana. Triodopsis
juxtidens and Helicodiscus parallelus were most
abundant. This area is somewhat disturbed due to
the fairly heavy recreational use.

Gratitude is expressed for the assistance of F.
Wayne Grimm for identification of several snails.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

LAND SNAILS OF THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS, BIG BEND
NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS

Wm. Lloyd Pratt

COLLECTIONS DEPARTMENT,

FORT WORTH MUSEUM OF
SCIENCE & HISTORY
FORT WORTH, TEXAS

The Chisos Mountains are a rhyolitic igneous
range rising to an elevation of 2568 m out of the
Chihuahuan desert of southern Brewster County,
Texas. A single uplifted remnant of upper
cretaceous limestone is included in the range.
The range is surrounded by shrub desert and is
isolated from the Sierra Fronteriza of north-
western Coahuila, the nearest wooded range, by
a distance of about 80 km. It is doubtful that a
continuous habitat suitable for montane land
snails has existed between the ranges during
pleistocene or recent times (Wells, 1966). The
upper bajada slopes and foothills support poorly
developed succulent desert (Gehlbach, 1967). Above
about 1500 m the range is vegetated by evergreen
woodland, with limited areas of deciduous wood-
land in protected canyons. Two dominance types
of Pinyon-Oak-Juniper woodland correspond to
the Quercus-Juniyerus types a and b of Gehlbach
(1967). The xeric type, occupying the majority
of the wooded sites in the range, is dominated by
Pinus cembroides (Mexican Pinyon), Quercus
grisea (Gray Oak), Juniperus flaccida (Drooping
juniper), and J. pinchotti (Red-berry Juniper),
of relatively low stature, more open spacing, and
less mesic shrub and herb layers. The mesic type,
occupying the floor and lower slopes of protected
canyons, at elevations above 1800 m is dominated
by P. cembroides, Q. grisea, and J. deppeana (Al-
ligator-bark Juniper), with Cupressus arizonica
(Arizona Cypress) and P. ponder osa (Ponderosa
Pine) locally attaining co-dominant status and
with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas Fir) as a
local constituent. The stature is taller, the spacing
is closer, and the inferior layers more mesic and
more diverse than in the xeric type. Whitson (1965)
describes the mesic dominance type of Boot
Canyon. Deciduous woodland is restricted to the
most mesic conditions, such as the stream-bed
and adjacent floor of canyons, the vicinity of
springs, and protected north-facing slopes. The

deciduous woodland is dominated by Q. gravest
(Graves Oak) with Acer grandidentatum (Big-
tooth Maple) as a local co-dominant.

The purely igneous foothills and bajada of
the Chisos Mountains do not support a land snail
fauna. Elsewhere in the region, on limestone and
calcareous alluvium, there is a distinctive desert
fauna, completely separate from the montane
fauna herein described. Studies of these desert
calciphiles have barely started and are not re-
ported at this time. Snail habitat in the xeric
evergreen woodland is limited. Snails are largely
restricted to the leaf mold beneath dead, decaying
Agave harvardiana (Harvard Agave) and to rocky
ledges. Population levels are low, and most areas
are devoid of snails. Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki),
Polygyra chisosensis Pilsbry, and Humboldtiana
agavophila Pratt comprise the fauna. In the mesic
evergreen, woodland snails are found under rocks,
logs, and dead Agave. Populations are generally
sparse, but snails may be locally abundant under
good cover. Cionella lubrica (Muller), Pupilla
hebes (Ancey), Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfeiffer),
G. pentodon (Say), Helicodiscus singleyanus
(Pilsbry), Radiodiscus millecostatus Pilsbry and
Ferriss, Glyphyalinia indentata (Say), Eu-
conulus fulvus (Muller), P. chisosensis, and H.
agavophila make up the fauna. In the deciduous
woodland, snails are found under rocks and logs,
in talus slopes, and in the leaf litter. G. pentodon,
Columella alticola (Ingersoll), Pallifera sp.,
Helicodiscus eigenmanni (Pilsbry), H. singleyanus,
Punctum vitreum (H. B. Baker), R. millecostatus,
G. indentata, E. fulvus, Striatura meridionalis
(Pilsbry and Ferriss), Pseudosubulina cheatumi
Pilsbry, Thysanophora horni (Gabb), Microphysula
ingersolli (Bland), and an undescribed Hum-
boldtiana living in shaded talus (Boot Canyon)
comprise the fauna. The cool, moist interiors of
rock slides and of crevices in sheltered cliffs com-
prise a distinctive habitat. Cionella lubrica, P.

8

LAND SNAILS

9

hehes, G. pentodon, H. singleyanus, R. mille-

costatus, G. indentata, E. fulvus, P. cheatumi, P.
chisosensis, Humholdtiana chisosensis Pilsbry,
probably H. edithae Parodiz, and four undescribed
Humholdtiana have been collected to date. Pilsbry
collected a Pallifera sp. in this habitat (Metcalf,
1970). The rockslide habitat transgresses the three
above mentioned habitats, and its fauna is a mix-
ture of species characteristic of the deciduous
woodland and mesic evergreen woodland with
specialized forms not found outside of rockslides.
The uplifted remnant block of limestone which
forms Laguna Meadow and the eastern side of
Ward Mountain (Elevation ca. 2200 m.) supports
an interesting calciphilous fauna. Although the
habitat is xeric evergreen woodland, the fauna
found under dead Agave and in the leaf litter
under thickets of Q. intricata (Chihuahua Scrub
Oak) resembles that of the mesic evergreen wood-
land more closely and includes two apparently obli-
gate calcicoles, Vallonia perspectiva Sterki and a
Succinea species. The fauna also includes : P. hehes,
G. pellucida, G. ashmuni, H. singleyanus, G.
indentata, E. fulvus, and H. agavophila (type
locality). Population density is higher than in any
other habitat.

The zoogeographic affinities, with one possible
exception, seem to be with the Southwestern and
Mexican Plateau provinces of the Western Amer-
ican division. Gastrocopta pellucida, G. pentodon,
Helicodiscus singleyanus, Glyphyalinia indentata,
and Striatura meridionalis are widespread species ;
Helicodiscus eigenmanni and Thysanophora horni
occur in both the Texan and Southwestern prov-
inces and T. horni in the Mexican Plateau as well.

Pseudosubulina cheatumi, Polygyra chisosensis,
and the genus Humholdtiana are Mexican, and the
remaining species are Southwestern, with one
exception. Punctum vitreum is Texan, but it is
known from the state of Vera Cruz and may occur
in the ranges of the Mexican Plateau. The almost
total lack of information on land snails in the
mountain ranges of the Chihuahuan desert region
(=Mexican Plateau) is a stumbling block to
zoogeographic speculations. The data would seem
to show that the fauna is transitional between
the Sonoran desert region (=Southwestern) and
the Chihuahuan, but it is conceivable that virtual-
ly all of the “Sonoran” forms in the Chisos faxma
occur also in the Chihuahuan and that the fauna
is entirely Chihuahuan in origin. The latter case
seems more likely in view of the situation in re-
gard to plants and other animal groups.

LITERATURE CITED

Gehlbach, F. R. 1967. Vegetation of the Guadalupe
Escarpment, New Mexico-Texas. Ecology
48:404-419.

Metcalf, A. L. 1970. Field Journal of Henry A.
Pilsbry pertaining to New Mexico and Trans-
Pecos Texas. Sterkiana no. 39:23-37.

Wells, P. V. 1966. Late pleistocene vegetation and
degree of pluvial climatic change in the
Chihuahuan desert. Science 158:970-975.
Whitson, P. D. 1965. Phytocoenology of Boot
Canyon Woodland, Chisos Mountains, Big
Bend National Park, Texas. M. S. Thesis,
Baylor Univ. 45 p.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

DELAYED OVIPOSITION IN HELICODISCUS

Carl W. Gugler

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA,

LINCOLN, NEBRASKA

SUMMARY

In the endodontid pulmonale, Helicodiscus
parallelus (Say) eggs are assembled singly in the
mid-region of the spermoviduct. The initially trans-
parent egg shell accumulates calcareous granules
and becomes opaque, but still remains flexible,
during the first 4 to 6 days. The egg is retained in
the spermoviduct until the embryo has reached a
relatively advanced stage. The egg then is de-
posited in the substratum or in a crevice in de-
caying wood, where the developmental sequence
is completed.

Adults measure 3.0-3.8 mm in diameter. The
developing egg in the spermoviduct is sausage-
shaped and measures about 2.5 mm in length and
about 0.7 mm in diameter. A newly deposited egg
assumes a sharply ovoid outline and measures on
the average 2.1 mm in length and 1.5 mm in
greatest diameter. Developmental time in the
spermoviduct is 36 to 40 days under laboratory
conditions. An additional 6 to 8 days elapses be-
tween deposition and hatching. Newly hatched
snails measure 1.5 to 1.7 mm in diameter.

MICROANATOMICAL STUDIES OF DENTALIUM PILSBRYI

Ken Bazata

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA

The anatomy of Dentalium pilsbryi Rehder,
1942 was investigated. There is a single kidney,
located anterior to the digestive gland in a blood
space which offers a free communication between
excretory, digestive, and reproductive systems. A
duct from the kidney passes anteriorad through
the muscle septum and joins the gut near the
radular cavity. Anterior to the kidney is a struc-
ture which could be called a heart. It is vesicular,
is incompletely bounded by an epithelium, and
consists of a spongy mass of cells. Neither a
pericardial cavity nor a renopericardial system,
in the usual sense, exists.

The single gonad duct opens broadly into the
blood space around the kidney. A duct from the
blood space leads to a papilla on the mid-dorsal
wall of the mantle cavity. It is through this duct
that the gametes may be discharged to the ex-

terior by way of the mantle cavity.

The digestive system has a single opening, the
mouth. The esophagus originates at the right side
of the radular cavity. After a number of complex
convolutions the digestive tube passes through
the muscle septum and receives the ducts of the
digestive glands in an inflated region which could
be called the stomach. The intestine leaves the
stomach region, goes through the muscle septum
and forms a diverticulum which is filled with
excretory spherules. The intestine then joins the
radular sac by way of a broad, transverse, slit-
like opening in the dorsal wall of the radular sac.

A cartilaginous ring, made up of segments, is
located near the anterior edge of the mantle. A
probable function of this ring is to provide support
for the mantle opening, permitting efficient opera-
tion of captacula and foot.

10

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG

Kenneth J. Boss

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

In the middle of the last century the itinerant
professor of Amherst College, Charles Baker
Adams, described several species of minute land
prosobranchs from Jamaica and established a
new genus, Stoastoma, to separate them from
their relatives in the New World Helicinidae. In
addition to the small size, usually 1 to 3 mm in
diameter with the exception of the type-species
which reaches 5 or 6 mm, the taxon is character-
ized by distinctively developed sculpture, a feature
so infrequently encountered in helicinids that
when it does occur, authors normally recognize
separate subgeneric or generic taxa. Finally there
are radular peculiarities which have been noted
by H. B. Baker.

Following quickly upon the death of Adams,
who did not live long enough to illustrate his new
species, Edward Chitty, an amateur enthusiast,
Adams’s man in Jamaica, English lawyer
and judge, effectively stopped all interest in
Stoastoma by publishing a monograph in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
in which sixty-one new species, two new varieties,
and seven new genera were described and Adams’s
taxon elevated to the status of a family, the
Stoastomidae. Only a line cut drawing of g. yisuyn,
which has been reproduced subsequently several
times, illustrated the group. The small size of the

specimens and the nomenclatorial overburden
have prevented further work on Stoastoma, al-
though several other species from other West
Indian islands have been described. The title of
this talk needs no explantation!

A study of the primary types of Adams’s species,
upon which Chitty based his 7 genera, allows re-
cognition of the relative status of these taxa. Al-
though the type-species were never delineated by
Chitty, they were effectively designated sub-
sequently by H. B. Baker and they are here illus-
trated for the first time. Most of the taxa are
synonymous. Stoastoma itself, with the type-
species, S. pisuyn may be presently separated from
all of Chitty’s genera by its larger size; its radula,
according to Baker, forms a connecting link be-
tween the Vianinae (=Stoastomatinae) and the
Helicininae. Lindsleya, tentatively placed as a
subgenus of Lucidella by Baker, may be retained
as a genus with Metcalfeia, with Fadyenia and
Lewisia coming as possible synonyms. Petitia and
BJandia are also synonymous, consisting of ex-
tremely tiny, depressed species, but Wilkinsonaea
is very distinct conchologically, with heavy sculp-
ture, a unique operculum and unusual digitiform
processes forming an awning over the aperture
(Plate 2, fig. 4).

ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON CAECIDAE COLLECTED
AT ST. CROIX, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS

Donald R. Moore

INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES
MIAMI, FLORIDA

ABSTRACT only four specimens, and little is known about the

other species. Four live around coral reefs, but the
other three have a wider range of habitats.

Seven species of Caecidae were collected by
diving at St. Croix. Three species are known from

11

Bulletin of the American Malarologiral Union, Inc.
February 1972

SYMPOSIUM ON MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE
WILLIAM N. SHAW, CONVENER

INTRODUCTION

In recent years there has developed a great
interest in farming the sea. One reason is to ful-
fill the need for protein to feed the increasing
world population. It is felt that this must be done
by farming rather than hunting animals of the
sea. When we compare the development of agricul-
ture to aquaculture it is obvious that aquaculture
is just in its infancy A tremendous amount of time,
money, and effort will be necessary before our
technology in aquaculture approaches that which
we already have in agriculture today.

This symposium reviews the present status of
molluscan aquaculture in North America. Im-
mediately it will be obvious that the oyster is
one of the principal species presently being cul-
tured and shows the greatest future potential.
Our knowledge of this species is probably greater
than any other marine mollusk. In addition, the
oyster is a high priced commodity, an important
prerequisite if molluscan aquaculture is going to
be economically successful in North America.

Both the scallop and the hard clam show great
potential in future molluscan culture.

Presently, molluscan aquaculture is highly suc-
cessful in countries such as Japan and Spain. In
Japan over 23 tons of oyster meats are being
raised per acre per year while in Spain they are
harvesting 120 tons of mussel meats per acre per
year (Table 1). There is no reason why such
yields cannot be realized in North America. At
present the best yield for oysters in the United
States is only 2.0 tons per acre per year, a far
cry from those now being harvested in Japan.

Although molluscan aquaculture has attracted
great interest in recent years there is still a
considerable lack of know-how to make such
ventures a commercial success. Many companies
have blindly entered the field and have lost
enormous amounts of money. It is knowledge be-
ing gained by people like those on the panel today,
that will be necessary for a successful commercial
program. You will learn after hearing these
papers today that we have a long way to go.

TABLE 1. Aquaculture yield of cultivated stocks or natural popula-
tio7is with no fertilisation or feeding. Units in fresh weight, shells
excluded. '

Country

Species

kg/ha/yr

t/acre/yr

U.S.

Oysters

(National Avg.)

9

0.004

U.S.

Oysters
(Best Yield)

5,000

2.00

France

Flat Oyster
(National Avg.)

400

0.16

France

Portugese Oyster
(National Avg.)

935

0.37

Australia

Oysters

(National Avg.)

150

0.06

Australia

Oysters
(Best Yield)

540

2.20

2/ Japan

(Inland Sea)

Oysters

58,000

23.30

Malaya

Cockles

12,500

5.00

France

Mussels

2,500

1.00

Philippines

Mussels

125,000

50.00

2/Spain

Mussels

300,000

120.00

I. Source: The Status and Potential of Aquaculture. Volume I. Parti-
cularly Invertebrate and Algae Culture. John H. Ryther and
John E. Bardach. 2. Calculations based on an area 25% covered by
rafts.

12

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN MOLLUSCAN MARICULTURE

R. IV. Menzel

DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA

Compared to the successful results obtained
through genetical selection, inbreeding and out-
breeding of inbred lines, and by intraspecific and
interspecific hybridization of terrestrial organ-
isms, relatively little has been done with aquatic
forms. Some notable exceptions are the bizarre
forms of goldfish, the increased growth rates of
pond-reared fresh-water trout and the success of
obtaining faster growing and larger marine
salmonoids.. Genetical experimentation involving
selection and breeding in bivalve mollusks had
to await the development of reliable techniques
(Reviewed by Loosanoff and Davis, 1963) for
larval culture. This discussion is mainly concerned
with research on oysters and quahog clams in the
United States.

Longwell and Stiles (1970) discuss the genetic
system of our native oyster (Crassostrea vir-
ginicaj and suggest methods for enhancing their
commercial qualities through breeding. They
found that there was a high mortality of the
second generation of inbred oysters, probably due
to lethal genes. Imai and Sakai (1961) studied the
Japanese oyster C. gigas from northern and
southern areas, performing inbreeding experi-
ments as well as cross breeding of oysters from
the different areas. The F2 generation between
the forms showed no segregation but showed a
higher adaptability to environmental conditions
than did the inbred parental types, that would
be of commercial importance. In the inbred lines
they were able to obtain the Fa’s but found that
the F4’s had negative viability of the larvae al-
though fertilization occurred.

Some of the commercial attributes that could
be achieved from genetical research with oysters
discussed by Longwell (1968), Longwell and Stiles
(1970) and Menzel (1971) are: 1) resistance to
disease, 2) better growth, 3) better adaptation to
environmental conditions of temperature, tur-
bidity and salinity, 4) growth at a uniform rate
to eliminate culling, 5) increased reproductive
capacity, 6) decreased reproductive capacity or
even sterility associated with better growth. 7)

hybrid vigor of out-crossing of inbred lines, 8)
incorporation of desirable traits through inter-
specific hybridization, 9) genetic mutation by
irradiation or other means with inheritance of
possible mutated desirable traits, and 10) pos-
sible polyploidy with associated giantism.

Galtsoff and Smith (1932) cross fertilized the
Japanese oyster, C. gigas, and the American oys-
ter, C. virginica, and obtained development of the
larvae. Techniques were not available at this time
to rear these but later Davis (1950) and Imai
et al. (1950) found that the hybrid larvae lived
only a few days. Imai and Sakai (1961) reared
the hybrid between their C. gigas with the Portu-
guese oyster C. angulata. Menzel (1968) reared
several combinations of hybrids through to sexual
maturity among the species C. gigas, C. angulata,
C. rhizophorae (the mangrove oysters from the
West Indies and Central America) and C. vir-
ginica, including hybrids between C. gigas and C.
virginica.

Chromosomal analyses were made in all the Fi
hybrids of mitoses and meioses in some as well
as mitoses in some larval F2 hybrids. A move to
a new laboratory site resulted in unsatisfactory
water quality and all the Fi hybrids died, after
living more than a year, before complete analyses
could be made. Chromosomal behavior in the
hybrid of C. angulata and C. gigas was apparently
normal as was the hybrid between C. rhizophorae
and C. virginica. The other combinations of
hybrids had considerable meiotic anomolies in the
Fi and mitotic anomolies in the F2 hybrids. The
hybrids had mostly intermediate shell character-
istics and growth patterns of the parents. Not
enough data were obtained to propose any com-
mercial applications, except it was noted that
those hybrids in which C. gigas was a parent had
greater growth than the others.

Hard clams or quahogs are the second most
valuable mollusks in the United States. The
majority of the commercial fishery is for the
northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, and the
southern quahog M. campechiensis is a relatively

13

14

R. W. MENZEL

unimportant fishery, one reason being that this
species quickly gapes and dies when removed
from the water, hence causing it to be unsuitable
for the very valuable shell trade.

Experiments were conducted that demonstrated
that the clams could be grown commercially in
mariculture, if suitable precautions were taken
to prevent mortality from predation (Menzel and
Sims, 1962). Seed clams would have to be supplied
from a hatchery, as the natural recruitment is too

PLATE 2

FIG. 1 Mercenaria campechiensis (Apalachicola
Bay, Florida area) 85 mm length.

FIG. 2 M. mercenaria (Great South Bay, New
York) 7Jf mm length.

FIG. 3 Fi Hybrid of M. Campechiensis X M. mer-
cenaria 87 mm length.

FIG. 4 Stoastoma (Wilkonsonaea) gouldianum C.
B. Adams 3 mm diameter. (See article by K. J.
Boss, p. 00)

erratic. The two species hybridize readily in the
laboratory (Loosanoff, 1954) (Plate 2, figs. 1-3)
and the F2 hybrid has been grown (Menzel, 1970)
as well as the Fa’s. Growth experiments in Frank-
lin County, Florida (Menzel 1962) have shown
that it is possible to produce commercial size
northern quahogs for the shell trade in about
two years and the southern in half the time. Con-
current growth experiments of the hybrid showed
that their growth was equal to the faster grow-
ing southern parent. The hybrids had almost as
good keeping qualities when removed from the
water as the northern parent. These data along
with the necessity to use hatchery produced seed,
leads to the recommendation that hybrid clams
be used in mariculture.

In summary it may be stated that we are on
the threshold of employing genetic manipulations
in improving the commercial yield of marine
mollusks. We have some of the basic information
and it has been demonstrated in some instances
that improvements can be made. So far the com-
mercial fishermen are working with wild animals
even though oysters have been cultivated since
ancient times. The increased interest in maricul-
ture and the increase in shellfish hatcheries,
coupled with large investments, would seem to
make the approach imperative. What is needed
is a concentrated effort by governmental agencies
as well as private industry to apply some of the
findings as well as to continue to intensify the
basic and applied research, similar to what has
been done with terrestrial commercial organisms.

LITERATURE CITED

Davis, H. C. 1950. On interspecific hybridization
in O'strea. Science 111(2889) :522.

Galtsoff, P. S. and R. O. Smith. 1932. Stimulation
of spawning and cross-fertilization between
American and Japanese oysters. Science
76:271-272.

Imai, T. M. Hatanka, R. Sato, S. Sakai and R.
Yuki. 1950. Artificial breeding of oysters in
tanks. Tohoku Journ. Agric. Resch. 1:69-86.
Imai, T. and S. Sakai. 1961. Study of breeding of
Japanese oysters. Tohoku Journ. Agric. Re-
search. 12(2):125-163.

Longwell, A. C. 1968. Oyster genetics: Research
and commercial applications. Address on
Shellfish Culture, Regional Resources Council
of Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board,
Hauppauge, L. I., N. Y.:91-103.

Longwell, A. C. and S. S. Stiles 1970. The genetic
system and breeding potential of the com-
mercial American oyster. Endeavour XXIX
(107): 94-99.

Loosanoff, V. L. 1954. New advances in the study
of bivalve larvae. Amer. Scient. 42(4) :607-625.

GENETICS IN MOLLUSCAN MARICULTURE

Loosanoff, V. L. and H. C. Davis. 1963. Rearing of
bivalve larvae. Recent Advances in Marine
Biology, Acad. Press, London; 1:2-236.

Menzel, R. W. 1962. Seasonal growth of northern
and southern quahogs, Mercenaria mercen-
aria and M. campechiensis, and their hybrids
in Florida. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc.
53:37-46.

1968. Cytotaxonomy of species of clams

(Mercenaria) and oysters iCrassostrea) . Proc.
Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, Symposium on Mol-
lusca. 1:75-84.

15

1970. The species and distribution of

quahog clams Mercenaria. Proc. Natl. Shell-
fish. Assoc. 60:8 (Abstract).

1971. Selective breeding in oysters. Con-
ference on Artificial Propogation of Com-
mercially Valuable Shellfish, Eds. K. S. Price,
Jr. and D. L. Maurer, Univ. Delaware; 81-92.

Menzel, R. W. and H. W. Sims. 1962. Experimental
farming of hard clams Mercenaria mercen-
aria, in Florida. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc.
53:103-109.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

RECENT ADVANCES IN CLAM AQUACULTURE

Hugh J. Porter

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES
MOREHEAD CITY, NORTH CAROLINA

This paper will center primarily on recent
aquacultural methods developed for the northern
quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne), in our
area of the western Atlantic. It is realized that
similar work is also being done on other clams,
for example, the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria
Linne in Dennis, Massachusetts by the Aquacul-
tural Research Corporation.

Credit for much of the material included in this
discussion is extended to Mr. Michael Castagna of
the Virginia Institute of Marine Science Labora-
tory in Wachapreague, Virginia and to Mr. Elwood
Bayer of the Coastal Zone Research Corporation
Laboratory in Southport, North Carolina. Aquacul-
ture studies at the University of North Carolina
Institute of Marine Sciences were aided by NOAA
Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce,
under Grant :^GH-103 U.N.C.

At present there are more than 15 laboratories
or companies on the East Coast engaged in de-
velopment of clam hatchery techniques. Most are
in the Chesapeake and New England regions.
Probably less than a third have reached com-
mercial capabilities.

Larval Culture Techniques.

A variety of larval culture techniques have been
developed because a single method is not always
appliable in different localities. Each method is a
variation of the basic process described by
Loosanoff and Davis (1963).

In North Carolina, clam larvae are raised in
plastic dishpans, each with about 140,000 larvae,
kept in a temperature-controlled, darkened room.
No water changes are made or antibiotics added
and about 50U survive through setting. Larvae
are fed from mass cultures of Nannochloris.

In Virginia, Castagna uses a modification of
Glancy’s greenhouse method — the plastic green-
house was built by Castagna’s group for about
$2,500. Larvae are raised in covered 50 liter plastic
pails at an initial concentration of about
1,000,000/50 1 which is later dropped to 200,000/50
1 by setting time. Three times weekly larvae are

washed, counted, and sorted according to size;
sorting is facilitated by sifting through screens
made from large diameter plastic pipe and cloth
screening. Generally no feeding is necessary since
the clarified water used for the larvae is rich in
natural phytoplankton. This water, which has
been passed through a “clarifer” — usually a
modified cream separator which removes heavy
silt particles from the water, is incubated for
48 or more hours under natural sunlight or
fluorescent growth lamps before use. Occasionally
it is necessary to feed larvae with known algal
species. Antibiotics are not used but clarified
water is run through an ultraviolet treatment unit
before use.

Cultured or Non-living Foods

Comparative growth studies of larval clams
using various uni-algal diets have received much
attention but little has been done with juvenile
clams. Walne (1970) examined the growth rate
of juvenile clams produced by 13 different algal
species with that produced by Isochrysis galhana.
The diatom Skeletonema costatum produced 3.3
times as much juvenile clam growth as did
Isochrysis; others comparing favorably with
Isochrysis or even better were Pyramimonas
grossii, Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloris
atonius.

Use of non-living foods in place of living
phytoplankton for larvae and/or juvenile clams
continues to be investigated by our laboratory
and others. Chanley and Normandin (1967) evalu-
ated a number of possible non-living foods. Our
preliminary experiments with juvenile clams
using starch, finely-ground cereals and finely-
ground freeze-dried Porphyra and Ulva have so
far been inconclusive. In addition to Porphyra
umhilicalis and Ulva curvata, other sea-weeds
that will be evaluated are Codium dichotomum,
Dasya pedicellata, Ectocarpus sp., Enteromorpha
tubulosa, Gracilaria folifera, Padina vickersiae,
Sargassum filipendula and Scytosiphon loment-
aria.

16

RECENT ADVANCES IN CLAM AQUACULTURE

17

Use of waste heat from nuclear powered,
electric-generating stations to stimulate growth
of phytoplankton foods and clams in cold water
areas has been attempted by a Long Island com-
pany. Use by the power company of toxic
chemicals to clean their cooling pipes has pre-
cluded this use of a possible waste energy source.

Juvenile Clam Rearing.

Use of covered outdoor troughs with running
saltwater for rearing clams following setting is
well established. A sand substrate in tanks has
been shown to increase growth about fourfold.
Castagna can get clams to a 1.7 - 3.0 mm size in
two months and to a 10 mm size in about four
months. Bayer gets similar growth but notes that
this can vary considerably from one area to
another.

Aggregate Method for Growing Commercial-Size
Clams from Nursery-grown Seed.

Castagna, who developed this method, now has
about 14 planters applying this method; Bayer in
North Carolina has one. The planting area must
be protected from the wind and be exposed to a
slow current; a soft mud bottom usually indi-
cates such an area. A layer of crushed oyster
shells or stone (aggregate) several inches in depth
serves to protect clams from predators. Clams
1.7 -3.0 mm in length are planted at a density of
25/ft® (1,000,000/acre) and in the Wachapreague
area clams are ready for harvesting as “little
neck” in two years. Survival varies from 35 to
95%, but in areas not protected by the aggregate,
survival is less than 16%. Harvesting can be done
by a hydraulic escalator dredge which would
harvest the entire crop and replace the aggregate

on the mud substrate.

Conclusion,

Technology is available to cope with tempera-
ture and salinity problems in clam hatcheries.
When natural phytoplankton and nutrient levels
are high, the clarified water technique seems most
useful. When these levels are low, mass cultures
of rapid growth-producing strains of algae can be
established with a minimum of effort. Physiolog-
ical and genetic differences among clams of dif-
ferent areas are a problem and can only be over-
come through more research and a better under-
standing of the available stocks of clams. Selected
breeding for rapid growing and hardy strains has
only begun.

Technical information is available for com-
mercial hatcheries to be a possibility and now the
aggregate method of planting nursery stocks ap-
parently makes the commercial farming of clams
an excellent probability.

LITERATURE CITED

Chanley, P. and R. F. Normandin. 1967. Use of
artificial foods for larvae of the hard clam,
Mercenaria mercenaria (L). Proc. Nat. Shell-
fish. Ass., 57:31-37.

Loosanoff, V. L. and H. C. Davis. 1963. Rearing
of bivalve mollusks. In F. S. Russell (editor),
Advances in Marine Biology 1:1-136. Academic
Press, London and New York.

Walne, R. R. 1970. Studies on the food value of
nineteen genera of algae to juvenile bivalves
of the genera Ostrea, Crassostrea, Mercenaria
and MytiJus. Fishery Invest., Long., Ser. 2,
26(5):1-62l

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOSED SYSTEM OYSTER CULTURE

Don Maurer

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
COLLEGE OF MARINE STUDIES
LEWES, DELAWARE

Recent interest and progress in aquaculture has
made the oyster a prime candidate for controlled
culture methods. Since commercial oyster pro-
duction was primarily based on natural popula-
tions, the main approach in shellfish research was
ecological (Korringa, 1952; Galtsoff, 1964). With
the degradation of the environment, water quality
has deteriorated to the point where successful
production under natural conditions is seriously
threatened in many areas. In view of increased
pollution and in many cases inadequate manage-
ment practices of natural resources (Merrill,
1971), it appears that emphasis in aquaculture will
have to be placed on the development of enclosed,
completely controlled environmental systems to
maintain a viable industry. To accomodate this
change from a hunt and search method to one
emulating agricultural techniques, a premium on
studying the biology of the oyster under artificial
conditions must emerge. To a certain extent, some
of this research has been conducted. An excellent
summary of the history of pioneer workers in
developing shellfish methodology for controlled
and semi-controlled conditions was presented by
Loosanoff (1971). People like Wells, Glancy,
Korringa, Walne, and Imai, representing several
countries, have provided many basic methods in-
volving hybridization, out of season spawning,
larval rearing, and nursery activities. In parti-
cular the research of Loosanoff and Davis (1963)
has played a leading role in promoting the develop-
ment of oyster hatcheries in the United States.
Their initial impact was experienced in the New
England areas and it has subsequently spread
south and to the Pacific Coast. Matthiessen (1970)
provided a review of oyster culture and the oys-
ter industry including description of hatchery
operations throughout the country. Cartainly,
members of the oyster industry have contributed
many techniques and refinements that are com-
monplace today. More recent developments along
these lines involve integrating the various com-
ponents of biology, equipment, and facilities into
one system. Admittedly some of these efforts

have been paper studies (American Cyanamid,
1969; Jones, 1969; Goodman, 1971) unsupported by
actual research. Nevertheless, these papers have
performed an important service in attempting to
describe and define the parameters to be studied
before a controlled environmental oyster culture
system can be economically feasible. Goodman
(1971) makes a strong and provocative case for
a systems analysis approach to the problem.

Although our interest in systems analysis in
planning a hatchery operation is not unique, our
aquacultural research has stressed this approach
to ultimately develop a controlled oyster culture
system for production of commercial size oysters.
More specifically we have developed and refined
aquacultural techniques in the laboratory that can
be tested in a demonstration project. In essence
we plan to provide data for the parameters de-
fined in paper studies. Moreover, past work has
shown that hatchery operations must be per-
formed at a scale larger than previously at-
tempted if people expect to develop valid, real
world cost estimates. The demonstration project
is designed to provide a sound minimum level to
determine the technical and economic feasibility
of scaling a controlled hatchery process to com-
mercial production. At the same time results
from the project are expected to indicate the re-
finements necessary for an optimal process.

The relationship between the demonstration
project and research subprojects may be
analogous to spokes of a wheel to the hub. Each
subproject develops basic aquacultural techniques.
For example, culture methods, systems engineer-
ing, environmental engineering, and problems of
nutrition relate to the demonstration project. The
most promising techniques from each discipline
like spokes of a wheel are arranged at the hub
or demonstration project as a complete produc-
tion process. This process will be tested under
conditions that will allow for the prediction of
economic feasibility and large scale problems.
Since few aquacultural projects are completely
refined, the research subprojects continue to

18

SYSTEM OYSTER CULTURE

19

develop specific aspects of the production process.
In turn, each subproject serves as the hub of
focus of still other subcomponents. For example,
there are several natural subcomponents that
relate to culture methods; selective breeding and
hybridization, conditioning for out of season
spawning, spawning methods, larval rearing,
larval setting, and growth from nursery size to
commercial size. Correspondingly, each discipline
has its own subcomponents which must be treated
before that discipline can contribute to the
demonstration project. This research is in pro-
gress.

The goal of the demonstration project involves
the production of commerical size oysters using
an optimal combination of closed and semi-closed
system. The system will be flexibly designed to
provide for production testing of other organisms
as new target species evolve from our research.

The production scheme is based in large part
on research generated by the University’s aquacul-
tural group. A brief outline of this scheme follows.

1. Initially two species of oysters (Crassostrea
virginica and C. gig as) will be cultured and
crossed to obtain desirable characteristics
(survivorship, growth, disease resistance, shape,
taste) of each under closed (or semi-closed) sys-
tem aquaculture {*Menzel, 1971; Maurer, 1970a).

2. Conditioning for out of season spawning and
spawning methods will follow; (*Loosanoff and
Davis, 1963; Maurer and Price, 1968; Price and
Maurer, 1971a, b).

3. Larvae will be cultured using a bulk culture
running water system (Maurer, 1970b).

4. Cultch will be treated with setting stimulants
in order to control setting densities {Keck, et al,
1971).

5. Larvae will be set on mini-floats in order to
increase growth rates (Maurer, 1970c).

6. Spat will be fattened to market size on
welded wire and be handled as infrequently as
possible to reduce labor costs (Harmon, 1970a).

7. Spawning, rearing, and growing tanks will
be designed, constructed, and operated on a closed
system basis unless disease, failure of equipment
and food supply, or other unforeseen conditions
require the use of filtered, temperature controlled,
Delaware Bay water (Harman, 1970b; Costello,
1970a).

*Note: Authors with an asterisk are not affiliated
with the University of Delaware. Authors not
in italic refer to unpublished reports.

8. Larvae and spat will be fed measured quan-
tities of known algal strains while the diet of
older oysters will be supplemented with measured
amounts of corn meal (*Ukeles, 1971; *Dunathan,
et al, 1969; Harman, 1970b). Natural phytoplankton
will also be assessed if Delaware Bay water is
used for feeding.

9. Water quality in closed system (and semi-
closed system if closed system becomes impos-
sible) culture tanks will be monitored to deter-
mine levels of salinity, temperature, oxygen, PH,
CO^ and nitrogenous by-products of metabolism.
Water quality will be maintained at predetermined
standards known to be conducive to good oyster
health and growth (Harman, 1970c; Maurer,
1970d).

10. Records will be maintained of the cost of
producing oysters using this system (Costello,
1970; Goodman, 1971).

11. A pilot shellfish hatchery has been designed
based on data provided by the proceeding invest-
igators and the literature (Miller and Bertred,
1971).

12. Property acquisition for the demonstration
project has been arranged in a former oyster
depuration plant and renovation is in progress
(CMS 1972).

When the closed system approach was initially
proposed, many of us had serious reservations
about accomplishing the goals. Three years of
research has yielded sufficient progress to en-
courage additional study. Problems like disease,
the development of an inexpensive substitute food
for the oysters, the cost of pumping large quanti-
ties of temperature controlled water, still remain
to be resolved. The economic feasibility of pro-
ducing commercial size oysters in a closed system
may not be accomplished by this project. The
real value of the research lies in the future
availability of tested closed systems that may be
necessary to produce any shellfish resources in a
hopelessly polluted environment.'

LITERATURE CITED

American Cyanamid Corporation. 1969. New
Engineering Approaches for the Production
of Connecticut Oysters, Vols I & II. Cent. Res.
Div. Stamford, Conn., R. B. Wainwright, Pro-
ject Leader.

I Marine Biology Contribution No. 74. This re-
search has been supported in part by the NSF
Sea Grant Program, the National Marine Fish-
eries Service, and the State of Delaware.

20

DON MAURER

Dunathan, J. P., R. M. Ingle, and W. K. Havens.
1969. Effects of Artificial Foods Upon Oyster
Fattening with Potential Commercial Applica-
tion. Fla. Dept. Nai. Res. Tech. Ser. 58:1-39.

Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American Oyster Crass-
ostrea virginica Gmelin. Fish. Bull. 64:1-480.

Goodman, J. 1971. A Systems Engineering Ap-
proach to Mollusc Production. In: Proceedings
of the National Shellfisheries Symposium on
the Artificial Propagation of a Commercially
Valuable Shellfish, (eds.) K. Price and D.
Maurer. Univ. Del. Publ., p. 159-181.

Jones, L. 1969. Oyster Production System. In
Auburn design. 11-12:35-37.

Keck, R., D. Maurer, J. Kauer, and W. Sheppard.
1971. The Setting Response of Crassostrea
virginica to Chemical Stimulants. Proc. Nat.
Shell. Assoc., 61:24-28.

Korringa, P. 1952. Recent Advances in Oyster
Biology. Quart Rev. Biol. 27(3) :266-308,
4:339-365.

Loosanoff, V. L. and H. C. Davis. 1963. Rearing
of Bivalve Mollusks. In: Advances in Marine
Biology I (ed.) F. S. Russell, 1-130.

Loosanoff, V. L. 1971. Development of Shellfish
Culture Techniques. In: Proceedings of the
National Shellfisheries Symposium on the
Artificial Propagation of a Commercially
Valuable Species (eds.) K. Price and D.
Maurer. Univ. Del. Publ., p. 9-40.

Matthiessen, G. C. 1970. A Review of Oyster Cul-
ture and the Oyster Industry in North

America. Woods Hole Oceanographic Contr.
2528:1-52.

Maurer, D. and K. Price. 1968. Holding and Spawn-
ing Delaware Bay Oysters (Crassostrea vir-
ginica) out of Season I. Laboratory Facilities
for Retarding Spawning. Proc. Nat. Shell.
Assoc. 58:71-77.

Menzel, R. W. 1971. Selective Breeding in Oysters.
In: Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries
Symposium on the Artificial Propagation of
a Commercially Valuable Species (eds.) K.
Price and D. Maurer. Univ. Del. Publ., p. 81-92.

Merrill, A. S. 1971. Symposium on Commercial
Marine mollusks: Summary, Amer. Mai.
Union, Inc. Ann. Rept. 36:38-40.

Price, K. S., D. Maurer. 1971. Holding and spawn-
ing Delaware Bay Oysters (Crassostrea vir-
ginica) Out of Season II. Temperature Re-
quirements for Maturation of Gonads. Proc.
Nat. Shellfish Assoc. 61:29-34.

1971a. Proceedings of the National Shell-

fisheries Symposium on the Artificial Pro-
pagation of a Commercially Valuable Species.
University of Delaware Publications, College
of Marine Studies. 212 p.

Ukeles, R. 1971b. Nutritional Requirements in
shellfish Culture. In: Proceedings of the Na-
tional Shellfisheries Symposium on the Artifi-
cial Propagation of a Commercially Valuable
Species, (eds.) K. Price and D. Maurer. Univ.
Del. Publ., p. 43-64.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

MARICULTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH THE BAY SCALLOP, ARGOPECTEN
IRRADIANS, IN WATERS OF THE SEASIDE OF VIRGINIA '

Michael Castagna and William P. Duggan

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
WACHAPREAGUE, VIRGINIA

Experiments to test the feasibility of utilizing
present mariculture techniques to rear the bay
scallop, Argopecten irradians, were initiated at
the Eastern Shore Laboratory of the Virginia
Institute of Marine Science in 1968. This species
was chosen for the following reasons: it has a
relatively high market value and good consumer
acceptability; techniques for spawning and
larval culture are known; it has a rapid growth
rate and a short life cycle; new markets and more
stable prices could be attained with dependable
production attainable in a mariculture operation;
technological development on similar species are
adaptable to the bay scallop (i.e. mechanical
shucking and eviscerating). Adults were collected
from Hog Island, Swash, Metomkin, and Chin-
coteague Bays on the eastern side of the Del-
marva Peninsula and from Bogue Sound, North
Carolina. A total of 66 constituted the original
spawning stock, but the program has since
utilized three subsequent generations for spawn-
ing stock. The adults were conditioned in the
laboratory by holding them in seawater of 18
to 21°C for four to six weeks. The gonadal develop-
ment could be visually checked without damage
to the animal. When the gonads appeared ripe,
the animals were induced to spawn, both during
and out of their normal spawning period. A
thermal stimulus of 21 to 27°C was used to
stimulate spawning. Individual scallops usually
spawned eggs or sperm, although hermaphroditic
spawning was not uncommon. Self-fertilized and
cross-fertilized groups developed with equal suc-
cess. The larvae grew to setting stage in 10 to 19
days. Various combinations of cultured algae
and/or centrifuged seawater held in a green-
house for 48 hours were used as food. Post-set
scallops were held in plastic trays or plastic
troughs in the laboratory for one week, then
moved to outdoor tanks with flowing unfiltered

seawater. They remained there until they were
about 10 to 15 mm in width, then moved to field
experiments. Juvenile scallops were held in
plastic-screened wooden floats or screen-enclosed
pens in the field where they reached an average
minimum market size of 50 mm in 6 to 12 months.

Depth and Density Studies.

Scallops are presently being held in screened
wooden floats at four different depths: surface,
one meter below the surface, and one and two
meters above the bottom, and at four different
densities; 100, 75, 50, and 25 per square foot to
determine both the optimum depth and optimum
density at which to hold bay scallops. Data col-
lected so far show no large difference in growth
at the four depths. Data from the density experi-
ment indicate approximately the same growth at
all densities up to 27 to 28 mm. From this size on
there is a decrease in growth rate with each in-
crease in density.

Present indications are that the bay scallop is
amenable to mariculture.

PLATE 3

Contribution No. 411 from Virginia Institute of
Marine Science.

21

Scallops growing in wooden and plastic screen
floats.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

AQUACULTURE OF MOLLUSKS IN THE GULF COAST REGION

T. ]. Costello

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
TROPICAL ATLANTIC BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
MIAMI, FLORIDA

Molluscan aquaculture can be an important in-
dustry in the Gulf coast region, but an inspection
of on-going and planned work indicates minimal
recent activity. Some improvements in traditional
methods of oyster culture have been attempted in
Texas, Alabama, Louisiana, and Florida, but there
are only a few on-going operations dealing with
rearing of other mollusks in the Gulf. Menzel
(1971) reported the potential of clam farming in
the Gulf region.

The lack of current activity is understandable
when we consider that sizeable natural popula-
tions of mollusks in the Gulf and south Atlantic
are not yet fully exploited. For example, in north-
west Florida there are populations of sunray
venus, Macrocallista nimbosa, still not fully
utilized. Along the upper Florida west coast south-
ern quahogs, Mercenaria campechiensis , are avail-
able in commercial quantities, but only a very
small fishery is active.

With the aid of Dr. John Dupuy and Sam Rivkin
of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, we
have successfully reared the calico scallop,
Argopecten gibbus, from eggs spawned in the
laboratory. As part of our calico scallop life his-
tory studies, a group of these laboratory reared
scallops are being grown to mature animals.
However, I see no present economic feasibility
in rearing calico scallops commercially when
large natural populations off Cape Kennedy and

in the Gulf are not yet fully utilized.

Molluscan aquaculture in the Gulf region may
provide a very important link in the developing
shrimp and marine fish farming industry. Use of
laboratory methods described by Loosanoff and
Davis (1963) allows the researcher to generate
mass cultures of various molluscan larvae —
many are ideal food for rearing larval shrimp
and young marine fish. For rearing young stages
of marine fish and in certain applications for
rearing larval stages of freshwater shrimp, genus
Macrobrachium, 1 suggest the use of larval forms
of Mulinia lateralis or a similar mollusk (Cala-
brese, 1969). Larvae of such warmwater mussel
forms as Brachidontes exustus or Brachidontes
citrinus may also be useful to feed larval crusta-
ceans and young marine fish.

LITERATURE CITED

Calabrese, Anthony. 1969. Mulinia lateralis: mol-
luscan fruit fly? 1968 Proceedings National
Shellfisheries Association, Vol. 59:65-66.
Loosanoff, Victor L., and Harry C. Davis. 1963.
Rearing of bivalve mollusks. In Advances of
marine biology Vol. I, pp. 1-136. Academic
Press Inc. (London) Ltd.

Menzel, Winton. 1971. The mariculture potential
of clam farming. The American Fish Farmer
and World Aquaculture News 2(8);8-14.

I.

22

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

AQUACULTURE OF MOLLUSKS ALONG THE WEST
COAST OF THE UNITED STATES

William N. Shaw

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NOAA, NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
MARINE EXTENSION — SHELLFISH
EASTON, MARYLAND

Considerable progress has been made in the
aquaculture of marine mollusks along the west
coast of the United States. The principal shellfish
under culture is the oyster. Studies are presently
underway to determine the feasibility of culturing
abalone and several species of clams.

In California, oysters are being grown in three
principal areas; Morro Bay, from rafts; and
Drakes Estero Bay and Humboldt Bay, from
racks (Fig. 1). Oysters are also being grown on
the bottom in Humboldt Bay and Tomales Bay.

The largest commercial shellfish hatchery along
the west coast is located at Pigeon Point,
Pescadero, California. Here, millions of cultchless
oysters are produced and sold to commercial
planters throughout the United States. Some
abalone seed also are produced at the hatchery.

A new state marine laboratory has recently
been built at Granite Canyon, just south of
Monterey, California. Studies in the culturing of
oysters and abalone have been initiated. At Moss
Landing attempts are being made to utilize heated
water from a power plant in the culturing of
marine mollusks.

Aquaculture of marine mollusks is limited main-
ly to oysters in Oregon. Centers of production are
Yaquina Bay and Tillamook Bay. In Yaquina Bay
oysters are grown from rafts (PI. 4, Fig. 2) and
racks while in Tillamook Bay oysters are grown
on the bottom.

A shellfish hatchery is located at the Oregon
State University, Marine Science Center in New-
port. The hatchery is partially supported by in-
dustry who purchase oyster seed produced at the
Center.

In Washington, as in the other two west coast
states, oysters are the principal shellfish species
being farmed. Among the three west coast states,
Washington is the leading producer of oysters
with landings totaling 6.2 million pounds in 1970.

The majority of oysters are produced in Willapa

Bay and Puget Sound using bottom techniques.
Cultchless spat are being grown in Willapa Bay
in an “oyster house” and in trays suspended from
a raft. Raft culture of oysters is being practiced
by one company at Purdy, Washington.

Initially the west coast industry was totally
dependent on the importation of Japanese oyster
seed. In recent years an extensive program has
been developed in Dabob Bay to produce seed
oysters. Annually, thousands of shell strings are
suspended from racks and rafts in the Bay. After
setting, the seed is planted on private bottoms in
Washington and California. At present only a
small portion of Dabob Bay is being utilized for
seed production, and more than likely the use of
this area for seed protection will be expanded.

A large EDA project is now underway at
Lummi, Washington. Two small ponds (one-acre
each) and one large one (750 acres) have been
built for culturing oysters in combination with
salmon. A small shellfish hatchery is also located
at the site.

There is a great potential for oyster aquaculture
along the west coast at this time. For example, it
has been estimated by the Washington Depart-
ment of Fisheries that if 28% of the total surface
area of Puget Sound was used for floating oyster
culture, a sustained annual production of up to 6
billion pounds of meat may be possible. In order
for production to reach these levels there will be
a need for large quantities of seed oysters. It is
unlikely that the Japanese will be able to meet
this demand; therefore, expansion of the Dabob
Bay seed area and possible hatchery produced
seed will be necessary.

The future for abalone culture remains in doubt.
At present it is a wild fishery dependent on
natural setting. If this species is to be cultured,
private leases of good growing areas would be
necessary. These areas could be seeded with small
abalone reared in hatcheries. Some seeding is now

23

24

WILLIAM N. SHAW

being done along the southern Oregon coast,
where abalone previously had not been found.
Abalone grow at an extremely slow rate. It is
possible that heated water from electric power
plants could be used to speed up their growth.

Commercial clam culture is very limited on the
west coast. The industry is small and most land-
ings are the results of a sport fishery. A new
geoduck, (Pmiope generosa) fishery has been
initiated in Washington and several small leases
have been given out by the state. Whether or
not this species can be farmed is not known at
this time. Aquaculture of clam species in the
future may include the soft-shell clam, Mya

arenaria-, the razor clam, Siliqua patula; common
littleneck, Protothaea staminea; and the Japanese
littleneck, Tapes semidecussata.

Considerable effort, both governmental and
private, is now underway to develop and expand
aquaculture practices. Problems related to multi-
use of waterways and pollution will have to be
faced and hopefully solved if aquaculture is to be
successful. Although the population along the
west coast has been increasing at an accelerated
rate, many of the areas that are presently utilized
for molluscan aquaculture are not as yet subjected
to this pressure.

PLATE 4

FIG. 1. Rack culture of oystey's in Humboldt Bay, California.
FIG. 2. Raft culture of oysters in Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.

February 1972

MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Neil Bourne

FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA
BIOLOGICAL STATION, NANAIMO, BRITISH COLUMBIA

The 15,000 miles of British Columbia coastline
extends from latitudes 48°20’ to 54°40’ N and has
many fiords and inlets which provide much pro-
tected water. Approximately 800 species of mol-
lusks have been recorded from these waters but
only six enter the commercial fishery and but one,
the Pacific oyster {Crassostrea gigas Thunberg),
is cultured.

One species of gastropod (of approximately 450),
the British Columbia abalone (Haliotis kamt-
schatkana Jonas), is harvested commercially. The
fishery is small (annual landings less than
20,000 lbs) and sporadic, and it is unlikely this
species can be cultured economically in the im-
mediate future.

Four species of clams are used commercially
butter, Saxidomus giganteus Deshayes; littleneck,
Protothaca staminea Conrad; manila, Venerupis
japonica Deshayes; and razor, Siliqua patula
Dixon. The clam fisheries are not extensive, peak
annual landings were about 3000 tons round
weight but recently they have been less than half
this amount. At present none of the species lend
themselves to aquaculture operations because of
the extensive populations of wild stocks, slow
growth rate and low price. Increased use in the
recreational fishery may, however, make clam
aquaculture economically feasible in the future.

Molluscan aquaculture in British Columbia cen-
ters on oyster culture. Three species of oysters
have been harvested commercially:- the native,
Ostrea lurida Carpenter; the eastern oyster, Crass-
ostrea virginica Gmelin; and the Pacific oyster, C.
gigas. The fishery began before the turn of the
century with small landings of O. lurida, and land-
ings gradually increased until, in 1939, they were
1000 tons, mainly C. gigas. Since 1963, annual
landings have consistently been over 3000 tons,
entirely C. gigas.

The native oyster occurs throughout the prov-
ince and was harvested commercially as early as
1884. A small fishery continued for wild stock,
since this species was never really cultured in our
province. The fishery ended about 1930, and al-

though it commands a high market price, the slow
growth rate and small size make mariculture of
this species unlikely in the immediate future.

The eastern oyster was introduced into British
Columbia about 1903 to both the mainland and
Vancouver Island and introductions (mainly for
re-laying) continued on the mainland until about
1940. No extensive resident populations became
established and, except for one small population
on the mainland, the species is no longer found
in British Columbia.

Since 1940, the production of Pacific oysters has
increased steadily from 21,700 gallons (868 tons
round weight). In 1962, landings first exceeded
100,000 gallons (4,000 tons round weight) and have
remained above this figure since (except for 1968
and 1970). The landed value has also increased
steadily from $36,784 in 1940, to a high of $870,981
in 1967. Since 1946, the value has consistently been
over $100,000.

The Pacific oyster is an intertidal oyster which
was first introduced into British Columbia about
1912 and is now found in a feral state throughout
much of the Strait of Georgia. Virtually all the
culture has been intertidal bottom culture on
ground leased from the provincial government.
Most operations are family enterprises and the
majority of leases are under 20 acres.

Seed was imported annually from Japan be-
ginning in 1925 and reached a high of 5400 cases
in 1951. The seed was spread on the lease and
harvesting occurred after three years; production
from one case of seed is about 25 gallons of
shucked meats (1 ton round weight). Annual
production from an acre of oyster ground is ap-
proximately 300 gallons shucked meats (12 tons
round weight).

In 1942 and 1958, extensive breeding of Pacific
oysters occurred in the Strait of Georgia which
altered oyster farming practices. Large quantities
of oysters became available to oyster growers on
much of the crown foreshore area of the Strait of
Georgia and many growers began to harvest
these wild oysters in addition to, or instead of.

25

26

NEIL BOURNE

PLATE 5

Rafts with suspended shell cultch used to catch Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spat in Pendrell
Sotind, British Columbia.

MOLLUSCAN AQUACULTURE

27

oysters from their leases. The necessity for plant-
ing seed was greatly reduced.

Because oyster breeding in British Columbia is
not consistent, the industry had to rely on yearly
importations of seed from Japan. With the dis-
covery of consistent breeding in Pendrell Sound,
which lies in the northeast corner of the Strait
of Georgia, the importation of seed is no longer
necessary. Due to peculiar oceanographic con-
ditions, regular annual oyster breeding occurs
here and since monitoring began in 1948, a com-
mercial set has occurred in every year but one,
1954. The discovery and development of Pendrell
Sound has not only ensured a steady supply of
oyster seed within the province but has also per-
mitted an oyster seed industry to develop, most
of which is exported (Plate 5).

The British Columbia oyster industry is now
faced with new difficulties and new culture
practices must be developed if the industry is to
prosper and expand. Although the province is
relatively free of pollution, 40% of the leased
oyster ground is closed because of it. In addition,
renewal of oyster leases requires the consent of
the upland owner which is becoming more dif-
ficult to obtain because much of the land now has
a high real estate value. Furthermore, the amount
of suitable intertidal oyster ground does not ex-
ceed about 2500 acres.

Several alternatives to the standard bottom
culture are possible but one, raft culture, appears
to be the most promising. This permits the culture
of oysters in a three dimensional aspect and is
potentially 1000 times more effective in presenting
food to the animals per unit of area than ground
culture. Furthermore, the coastline of British
Columbia appears well suited for raft culture with
its many fiords and inlets containing much rich
protected water.

Two courses may be followed for raft culture
in British Columbia. If breeding is early in
Pendrell Sound and the spat about 25 mm in
diameter at the time of collecting, then the seed
may be re-strung on wire so it is about one foot
apart and suspended directly on rafts. The oys-
ters will be large enough for harvesting in the
following fall, i.e. when 14 to 16 months old. If
the seed is small at the time of collecting, then it
Is grown on seed ground for one summer, re-
strung, rafted the following spring, and harvested
in the fall of the second year. Hence, production
may be obtained from raft culture in either one
or two years.

Experiments in one area of British Columbia
showed that in bottom culture, one case of seed
yielded 25 gallons of shucked oysters (1 ton round
weight) in three years. In contrast, a similar
amount of seed when grown one year on a raft,
yielded 40 gallons of shucked meats (1.6 tons),
and when held one year on the bottom and one
year on the raft, yielded 80 gallons of meats (3.2
tons). The yield per acre is about 25 times that of
bottom culture.

Oysters have been grown on experimental rafts
in many areas over the entire coast. Growth was
fastest in the Strait of Georgia, but satisfactory
in the northern area. However, the oysters would
require two summers oh rafts in the latter region
before harvesting. Certainly oyster production
in British Columbia could be greatly increased
by raft culture. A conservative estimate of annual
production from 1500 acres suitable for raft cul-
ture in the Strait of Georgia is between two and
three million gallons of shucked oyster meats,
(80,000 to 120,000 tons round weight).

Continued work in the field of molluscan aqua-
culture is needed and future research might in-
clude:

1. Breeding a Pacific oyster with a lighter
mantle suitable for the half shell trade.

2. Control of the environment to extend the
growing season and alternatively prevent
gonadal development so the oyster has a
high glycogen content for a longer period of
time.

3. Breed a stock of Pacific oysters with a
lower reproductive temperature.

4. Use of other species of oysters; e.g. the
Chilean or New Zealand oysters which have
short larval periods.

5. Culture of other species of mollusks; e.g.
scallop or perhaps mussels to provide cheap
food for high price fish (salmon).

REFERENCES

Quayle, D. B. 1969. Pacific oyster Culture in
British Columbia. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull
169. 193 pp.

Quayle, D. B. in press. Pacific oyster raft culture
in British Columbia.

Quayle, D. B. and N. Bourne in press. The clam
fisheries of British Columbia.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

FEEDING IN JANTHINA JANTHINA
Edward T. LaRoe

SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, MIAMI, FLORIDA

ABSTRACT

The pelagic gastropod Janthina janthina visits
our coast regularly. This delicate snail is a

voracious predator, capturing its prey with swift
movements and devouring it completely. (A brief
color movie of Janthina feeding was shown).

INTERTIDAL MARINE ANIMALS OF THE PACIFIC
NORTHWEST — THE MOLLUSKS

A 16 mm motion picture in color with sound.
Introduced by Arthur H. Clarke, National Museum
of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

28

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

CINEMICROGRAPHIC STUDIES OF CRAWLING BEHAVIOR IN
LARVAL AND JUVENILE BIVALVES '

John L. CulUney

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

Observations of pediveliger larvae and newly
metamorphosed bivalve mollusks have revealed
distinctive patterns of motion and locomotion in
different species. Using 16 mm cinemicrography I
have recorded differences in crawling behavior
of a number of common New England bivalves.

Pediveligers of Zirfaea crispata crawl with
rapid, rhythmic, muscular movements of the foot.
Gliding on the extended foot occurs generally at
very short intervals between bursts of muscular
activity. Crawling in this pholad species is similar
to that seen in the closely related family, Tered-
inidae.

Hiatella arctica seems to be less rhythmic in its
crawling movements than other bivalves observed.
Possibly, with further study, if we use variable
speed projection and frame-by-frame analysis, a
greater degree of underlying rhythmicity will be
discovered. Gliding and muscular activity are both
evident in Hiatella. Crawling involves a well-de-
fined portion of the lower surface of the foot be-
tween the anterior tip and the prominent “heel”.
The shell of young crawling individuals does not
follow the foot but moves from side to side in a
zigzag motion, as the foot traces a more nearly
linear path.

Cerastoderma pinnulata crawls in a manner
superficially resembling Hiatella but with much
greater rapidity. There is little or no involvement
of the foot’s diminutive “heel” in crawling.

In Anomia aculeata, the shape of the foot is
very much like that of Cerastoderma. However,
crawling movements are vastly different. Exten-
sive gliding is seen, followed by relatively weak

I This work was supported by a grant from the
Office of Naval Research, Contract No. N00014-
67-A-0298-0027 with Harvard University.

and slow muscular movements. Rhythmicity is
not generally apparent.

Young Tellina agilis, less than 500 microns long,
exhibit the ability almost instantaneously to ex-
pand the distal portion of the foot into a flattened
oval disk. Crawling is rapid, rhythmic, and en-
tirely muscular. This species also shows a
change in the pattern of locomotion with increas-
ing size and age. Individuals over 500 microns
long develop a rippling and thrusting muscular
movement not seen in younger specimens. This
activity is combined with the expansion of the
foot described above, which seems to become
relatively less pronounced in older individuals.

Newly metamorphosed My sella planulata crawl
with a slow, precise movement involving a highly
rhythmic bobbing of the shell on the anterior-
posterior axis. The “heel” is prominent and is al-
ways in contact with the substrate as the animal
crawls. Both muscular movements and gliding
are important in the crawling of this species.

The locomotory activities described above, and
which I have recorded on film, have already
proved useful in preliminary sorting of living
bivalves in plankton samples and collections of
microbenthos. With observations of more species,
crawling behavior could become a systematic tool
for distinguishing numerous pediveliger and
juvenile bivalves that are similar in shell mor-
phology.

Furthermore, precise knowledge of natural be-
havior of marine animals may be important in
detecting or assaying sub-lethal effects of
toxicants in the sea. Such features as the rhythmic
crawling of Mysella or the flaring of the foot in
Tellina could be affected by low concentrations of
pollutants damaging to neuromuscular coordina-
tion in complex organisms such as bivalve mol-
lusks.

29

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

CINEPHOTOMICROGRAPHY: A TOOL IN BIOLOGICAL STUDIES

Ruth D. Turner

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

If “a picture is worth a thousand words" when
describing a mollusk shell, then a nnoving picture
is worth a million when describing the activities
of the living animal. Moving pictures have been
used extensively in biological research for many
years but only relatively recently has it been pos-
sible to take movies through the microscope and
even more recently to make time-lapse movies of
living microscopic or minute organisms. Today,
though still rather expensive, the techniques and
equipment are available which allow the biologist
not especially trained in photography to record
his observations on film.

Anyone who has attempted to study the em-
bryology and development of invertebrates or
the functional anatomy and behavior of minute
organisms knows how tiring it is to spend long
hours peering through the microscope. He also
knows the difficulties and frustrations of simul-
taneously observing and recording events either
in writing or on tape. We have been working on
the larval development, behavior and settlement
of bivalves, especially the boring and fouling
species, for several years, making pictorial re-
cords with a 35mm still camera. These pictures
have been useful, but we have found it difficult
to describe the movements and behavior of the
larvae in words. We have also found that when
rechecking our observations or comparing the
activities of different specimens or species, our
notes were sometimes vague or lacking in some
essential detail. Consequently we turned to mov-
ing pictures in order to make a continuous record
that could be replayed as needed for analysis or
comparison of the anatomy and activities of in-
dividuals or species.

Rapid movements such as the swimming of
veliger larvae can be studied by means of slow
motion photography, while time-lapse can be used
to make a continuous record of slower movements
such as the penetration of the wood by newly
settled and metamorphosing pediveligers, a pro-
cess which may require two to three days. Know-
ing the speed at which the pictures were taken
(i.e. the number of frames per second, per minute
or even greater intervals) it is possible to time
precisely these events without having to sit over
the microscope — the camera does the work.
Moving pictures have been particularly useful in

studying the anatomy and metamorphosis of
bivalve larvae, for they are nearly transparent
and, when swimming or crawling, continually
turn so that one sees them from all sides. This
allows one to understand the movement of mus-
cles, the function of cilia, the path of food through
the digestive tract or the development of the gills
for example, in a way never possible with fixed
material. Movies are also an effective way to
study and record the reaction of bivalve larvae or
other planktonic organisms to changes in en-
vironmental conditions such as temperature,
salinity or the presence of pollutants.

The equipment used in taking the stills and
movies showing the life history of Nototeredo
knoxi (Bartsch) and Lyrodus pedicellatuB (Quatre-
fages) is given for the benefit of those who might
be interested in using these techniques. This work
was done with the aid of a grant from the Office
of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-67-
A-0298-0027 with Harvard University.

EQUIPMENT

Microscoj)e

Compound microscope — Leitz Laborlux --
for larvae, etc.

Dissecting scope — for close-up of siphons,
etc.

Camera

Leica 35mm — for stills
Bolex H16-Reflex 5 — for movies — for use
with the microscopes or with Pan Cinor
Lens for large animals, etc.

Lighting

Incident light

2 tungsten 3200° K. photoflood lamps —
500 watts

Sage Instruments Superstrobe Model 500
— to synchronize with shutter of movie
camera

Sage Instruments specimen shielding shut-
ter — for time-lapse
Transmitted light

Leica Ultropak illuminator — for stills
Sage Instruments Superstrobe — for movies
Exposure meter

Microsix-L — for stills

Sage Instruments Model 293 — for movies

30

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

HAMINOEA SOLITARIA SAY IN NEW YORK

Dorothy Raeihle

ELMHURST, NEW YORK

The opisthobranch Haminoea solitaria Say ap-
pears seasonally in many bays of Long Island, in
sheltered areas that offer a silty-sandy substrate.
Stations and date of appearance vary from year
to year, but they have been found with their egg
masses at and below the low tide line as early
as June 14th and as late as October 13th.
Usually the shells are white to colorless, with
traces of orange periostracal thickenings in the
evenly spaced spiral grooves that cover the body
whorl, They generally range to 8 and 10 mm in
height.

Breeding colonies were found at a station on
the bay side of Jones Island in the summers of
1958, 1963, 1970, and 1971. In 1970 there was a
particularly large colony. The shells reached 13
mm and practically all had a periostracum that
ranged in color from ivory in the lightest speci-
mens to orange-horn in the darkest. In August of
1967, at the same station, freshly dead specimens
rafted ashore on seaweed had the horn-colored
periostracum covering the shells except at the
area of depression around the protoconch. They
were of remarkable size, ranging from 15 to 20
mm in height. Dr. R. T. Abbott verified the identi-
fication as Haminoea solitaria Say, remarking,
"They are the giant form from New York first
named by Totten as insculpta in 1835. Sowerby
records It in 1868 from New York.”

The animal of Haminoea solitaria is dark grey.
It is quite extensible and, unlike some of the other
opisthobranchs, can retract into its shell. Living
specimens were collected for observation in 1963
and 1970, and each lot produced egg masses, in
the following manner: A few seconds after the
snail burrows into the substrate, a small “air hole”
is made. Next the hole is seen to be enlarged and
covered with a clear gelatinous material. Some
time later the spherical egg mass is pushed above
the surface of the substrate, the clear bubble hav-
ing been filled with an egg string containing
thousands of eggs. The egg mass is attached to
the substrate by a ribbon-like mucous cord that
may measure up to 35 mm. Most of its length is
beneath the surface, and the egg masses bob about
above the substrate like tiny tethered balloons.

Egg masses collected in the field measured 10

to 15 mm in diameter. The gelatinous outer wall
of the sphere, ± 1 mm in thickness, is smooth
and slick when freshly deposited. The individual
cases, which contain the minute ivory eggs,
measure 8 cases per mm. As the larvae develop
the outer surface of the sphere first turns rough
in spots, then layer by layer disintegrates to
coincide with the time of hatching. At 80° to 84°
F hatching began, in captivity, early on the third
day after deposit; at 72° to 76° hatching was not
until late in the third day. Hatching continued for
from 36 to 48 hours and at completion nothing but
a few shreds were left of the original sphere. (As
water temperatures in the bays during breeding
season range from 68° to 73° F, it is likely that
there is a longer incubation period in situ.)

The veliger has two fairly small velar lobes
with rather short cilia; the mass of the swimming
animal does not extend beyond the width of the
simple glassy nuclear shell. Veligers hatched in
captivity lived less than three days. Specimens
retrieved from the container were of two sizes
and were considered as newly hatched and about
two days old. The newly hatched, 1/10 mm, had
operculums that filled the apertural opening to
the rim of the shell; the two-day-old specimens,
1/8 mm, had shell growth on the body whorl that
extended beyond the closed operculum. Dr. Harold
J. Walter kindly examined specimens at over
150X and advised me that the veliger shells are
totally sculptureless, and that there are no traces
of punctation on the adult shell.

A silty substrate appears to be an important
factor in the successful deposit of egg masses. As
the animals were transferred to progressively
siltless substrates, sand grains would cling to
the egg masses until in clean coral sand the
weight of the particles was sufficient to hold the
egg masses in the substrate.

(Representative samples of egg masses and of
both adult and veliger shells and animals have
been placed with the American Museum of Natu-
ral History in New York, the National Museum
of Natural History in Washington, D. C., the
Marine Biological Laboratory at Helsing^r, and
with Dr. Harold J. Walter of Dayton, Ohio, whose
assistance is greatly appreciated.)

31

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

MOLLUSKS COINCIDENT WITH NORTH CAROLINA’S
CALICO SCALLOP FISHERY

Hugh J. Porter

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES
MOREHEAD CITY, NORTH CAROLINA

An active and profitable calico scallop fishery
existed off the coast of North Carolina during
1965-1967 and 1970-1971. Large beds occurred north-
east and southwest of Cape Lookout in 60-100 ft
depths. Several small beds between Cape Lookout
and Drum Inlet were being fished in July 1971
after the catch from the large beds had diminished
considerably. No commercial quantities of adult
scallops were found during 1968-1969.

The Mollusca coincident with the 1965-1968
North Carolina Calico Scallop beds and catches
are described by Porter and Wolfe (in press).
One hundred eighty-two different Mollusca are
enumerated and the following are new northern
range records:

Modulus modulus (Linne), Alabina cerithidiodes
(Dali), Strombus alatus Gmelin, Bursa bufo
(Bruguiere), Aspella anceps (Lamarck), Murex
rubidus F. C. Baker, Olivella adelae Olsson (?),
Ancistrosyrinx radiata Dali, Conus floridensis
Sowerby, Siphonaria alternata Say, Pododesmus
rudis (Broderip), Pseudochama radians (La-
marck), Tellina magna Spengler, Tellina punicea
Born, CoralUophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin),
Gastrochaena ovata Sowerby, Thracia morrisoni
Petit.

Collections from the 1970-1971 fishery added
few new mollusks to the total known North
Carolina fauna; however some species previously
thought to be rare appeared in numbers. These
included the following:

Amaea retifera (Dali), Cymatium krebsii (Morch),
Cyniatium parthenopeum (von Salis), Bufo bufo
(Bruguiere), Murex levictdtis (Dali), Coralliophila
caribaea Abbott, Trigonostoma smithi (Dali),
Conus sozoni Bartsch, Syntomodrillia moseri
(Dali). In June 1971, when fishermen started to
fish slightly north of earlier beds, most of the
above species ceased to appear but numbers of
large Pleuroploca gigantea (Kiener) and small or
medium-sized Cassis madagascariensis Lamarck
were found.

An explanation as to why species found abun-
dantly in the 1970-1971 fishery were not so in the
1965-1967 fishery is not clear. The fishery may not
have been in the identical area as it was earlier.
Local environmental factors before the 1970-1971
season may have been ideal for spawning, survival
of larvae, and growth of juveniles, but less so be-
fore the 1965-1967 season. Periods of such con-
ditions are not unusual off the coast of North
Carolina for many marine species. Unusual
hydrographic conditions off the southeastern
Atlantic Coast caused wholesale drift of larvae
from more southern spawning populations. The
larval drift capabilities of the cymatiums are well
known.

The paper by Porter and Wolfe is concerned
mainly with macro-sized Mollusca. To gain an idea
of micro-size mollusks occurring coincident with
the Calico Scallop fishery, stomach contents from
two samples of sea-stars, Astropecten articulatus
(Say), approximately 100 individuals each, were
examined under microscope in 1971. Wells, Wells
and Gray (1961) suggested that the stomach con-
tents of these sea-stars may reflect the faunal
composition of their habitat. Sea-stars of the May
1971 sample, believed to have been taken from
the bed east of Cape Lookout, had_a maximum
arm length which ranged 35-93mm (X — 60.0mm).
Sea-stars of the June 1971 sample, believed to have
been taken from the bed Just west of Cape Look-
out, had a maximum arm length which ranged
32-76mm (X ~ 54.5mm).

A total of 1210 mollusks representing 66 species
was found in the May sample. The June sample
had 3584 mollusks representing 70 species. Wells,
Wells, and Gray (1961) sampling 124 Astropecten
stomachs from a non-Calico Scallop producing
area off Ocracoke, N. C., recorded 1379 specimens
representing 74 species.

Species taken from the 1971 sea-star stomach
samples and not previously recorded from the
North Carolina calico scallop grounds by Porter

32

MOLLUSKS COINCIDENT WITH NORTH CAROLINA’S CALICO SCALLOP FISHERY

33

and Wolfe (1971) include the following (common
species — 10 or more specimens per sample — are
indicated by an asterisk): Arene tricarinata
(Stearns), Solariella sp., Tricola thalassicola
Robertson, Alvania auberiana (Orbigny), Cyclos-
^remella hiimilis Bush, Cyclostremescus trilix
(Bush), Teinostoma cryptospera (Verrill), Vitre-
nella terminalis Pilsbry & McGinty, Caecum
cooperi Smith, C. piilchellum Stimpson, *Meioceras
cubitatum Folin, Triphora pulchella (C. B.
Adams), Epitonium apiciilatum (Dali), E. candea-
nuni (Orbigny), E. championi Clench & Turner,
E. muUistriatum (Say), Balds conoidea (Kurtz
& Stimpson), B. intermedia Cantraine, *Olivella
bullula (Reeve), Trigonostoma smitJii (Dali),
Bullata sp., Cerodrillia simpsoni (Dali), Cryoturris
citronella Dali, Drillia actinocycla Dali, *Mangelia
oxytata Bush, Syntomodrillia moseri (Dali),
Vitricythara metria (Dali), Odostomia gibbosa
Bush, Orinella lochlini Bartsch?, Pyramidella
crenulata (Holmes), Pyramidella sp., Turbonilla
interrupta (Totten), Turbonilla sp., Acteondna
candei (Orbigny), Micromelo sp., Philine sagra
Orbigny, Pyrunciilus caelatus Bush, Rhizorus per-
siyyiilis (Morch), *8piratella trochiformes Or-
bigny?, ^^Nucidana acuta (Conrad), Crenella
glandula (Totten), Codakia sp., Mysella sp.,
Cardita tridentata (Say), Crassinella lunulata
(Conrad), Cerastoderma pinnulatum (Conrad),
Macoma tenta (Say), Tellina versicolor DeKay,
Semele nuculoides (Conrad), Pitar fulminata
(Menke), *P. morrhuana (Linsley), *Corbula con-
tracta Say, Pandora inflata Boss & Merrill,
^Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad), Cardiomya costellata
Deshayes.

Species taken from the 1971 sea-star stomach
samples are indicated in Table 1. Those species
not previously recorded from the North Carolina
Calico scallop grounds by Porter and Wolfe (1971)
are specified.

Data suggests that the composition of the sam-
ples was not similar. A species overlap of only
14 to 18% between the 1971 samples and that
recorded by Wells, etc. is indicated. Overlap be-
tween May and June samples was only slightly
better (267c). The May sample had more
gastropods than bivalves whereas in the June
sample this was strikingly reversed. The dis-
parity between numbers of specimens caught in
the May and June samples for the following
species was striking: Natica pusilla Say, Acteon
punctostriatus C. B. Adams, Nuculana acuta,
Argopecten gibbus (Linne), Abra lioica (Dali),
Corbula caribaea Orbigny, N otocorbula operculata
Philippi, Lyonsia hyalina, Cadulus caroUnensis
Bush. Additional samples must be taken to better
understand this variability.

The data for Argopecten gibbus is particularly
interesting (0 specimens in May, approximately
3,000 in June). It is possible that Astropecten has
a preference for young scallops and will thus
selectively feed on them to the exclusion of other
possible foods when the young scallops are pres-
ent in quantity. The June sample may be the re-
sult of this, or, it may be a true indication of rela-
tive densities of different molluscan species in the
fauna of the immediate area. It is possible that
this kind of sampling may now provide another
means for determining time and density of setting
by the Calico Scallop.

LITERATURE CITED

Porter, H. J. and D. A. Wolfe. Mollusca from the
North Carolina commercial fishing grounds
for the calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus
(Linne). In press. Journal de Conchyliologie,
Vol. 109.

Wells, H. W., M. J. Wells and I. E. Gray. 1961.
Food of the sea-star Astropecten articulatus.
Biol. Bull. 120:265-271.

BulMin of th@ Am§rkan Malaeologlml Union, Ine,
Fibruary ig?l

THE “SUPERBPECIES” DIPLODON DELODONTUS
J, J, Parndiz

SECTION OF INVERTEBEATES
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
PITTSIURGH, PENNSYLVANIA

Th® ip®ei@§=e0mpl@?^ ef Dlplodon MoAontus
(Lcimarek) eentalni six speeifieally idgntlflablg
taxa.

Semi authers eensidgrad thg§o as "ferms",
glinal varlatlens ef an unique spgeies, or synenyms
ef ether known speelgs.

The taxenemle units are

DiploAon soHilanns (Orbjgnyi, 1835,

D, uruguayonsk (LepV, I860.

D, martmiM (Ihering), 1893.

D, mpanmis (Kuster), 1S56.

D, pauUsta (Iherlng), 1893,

D. AiloAontus (Lamarck), 1819,

D, Aclodontm wymanl (Lea), 1860.

The species have defined areas ef distribution
from seuthern Brazil, Uruguay to northeast
Argentina, in the rivers Parang Uruguay and
ether tributaries ef La Plata River system,

Altheugh net entirely sympatrlc, their ranges
nevertheless overlap greatly. Therefore, any eon-
slderatien ef subspecies = except in the ease et
wymani = is useless.

Also, the treatment ef those named species as
eeelegieal ferms ef a polytypic species is not
supported by their habitats: different ferms may
occupy a single niche, or the same form may be
found in different habitats.

The variations, which have been called “forms
ef reaction'' or ecological forms, by previous
authors, are individuals, or groups of individuals,
resulting from cross-breeding.

Cross-breeding is not only highly probable: it
is easily detected when the parental species of
the hybrids are well recognized by prevalence
ef specific characters.

In the original descriptions and illustrations of
the six species mentioned, we found a great per-
centage of characteristics of constant specific
value.

The systematic confusion which prevailed In
this group of naiads was due to the fact that many
revisions were made with scarcity of materials
to corroborate such characteristics.

Hybridization is not uncommon in bivalves, be-
ing most likely to occur, and it occurs in naiads
on account of their system ef reproduction.

Furthermore, the genetic constituency in a
group ef species ef close relationship and common
aneestiy = which are the factors defining the
concept of the “superspeeles" as it has been ap-
plied in recent years = favors the possibilities of
cross-breeding when two or more populations,
within those species complex, overlap.

A “superspeeles" is neither a special kind of
species with taxonomic rank, nor referred with
particular nomenclature, but a purely genetic
concept which, if applied in pertinent eases, as
in our present ef the Diplodon delodontua com-
plex, helps to clarify some taxonomic eroblems.

In the superspeeles of Diplodon delodontua, the
following results of cross-breeding have been de-
tected by hybrids (individuals or lots represent-
atives of populations) among the materials
studied:

Hybrids:

Diplodon delodontua delodontua 8

X aoliaianuB j x d.wymani x uruguayenaia a
X martensl b

Diplodon uruguayenaia a Diplodon expanaua

X martenai § x expanaua 4 3 x pauUata

(1) Identified as D. wymani in most collections.

(2) Described as Unto peculiaria Lea.

(3) Specimens in many collections labelled (Iher=
Ing’s hand-writing) as Unio guahyhof^
(nomem nudum) are probably these hybrids.

(4) Hybrids of D. uruguayenaia x expanaua wero
given different specific names: D. trivialia
Simpson, Unio caipira Iherlng, Unio fokkeai
Dunker.

(5) Numerous specific names given to these
hybrids.

(8) The “typical” form of delodontua agrees en-
tirely with what Lea described as Unio rudua.

34

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc,
February IBIM

MAINTENANCE OF THE NAIAD AMBLEMA PLICATA
(SAY, 1817) IN AN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM
Martha H, Ftkes

OHIO C0OFERATIV1 FISHERY UNIT
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
COLUMBUS, OHIO

In order to eonduet an experiment using the
naiad AmbUma plicata (Say, 1817) it was neces-
sary to find a way to maintain this mollusk in an
artlfielal system for a long period of time. A
preliminary study was conducted to compare
various methods of maintaining naiads. Forty-
two naiads were collected 10 June 1969 and put
in a stationary well water system. Some were
placed directly on the slate bottom of an aquarium
and others were placed in a glass holder con-
structed to maintain the naiads in their natural
position. During the following month, 14 naiads
died. The water in the aquaria often had foam
along the sides and those naiads held in the glass
containers became sluggish and many gaped open.
Therefore, on 21 July, the remaining 28 naiads
were placed on the bottoms of aquaria in a con-
tinuous flow system using the same well water
that fluctuated In temperature from 12.2 to 16.6®C.
Six naiads were soon sacrificed for experimental
purposes. The remaining 22 naiads lived for 2
months in these conditions and appeared to be
siphoning normally. One death on 17 September
was presumed to be caused by starvation and the
green, planktonic algae Golenkinia sp. was added
to the system. Green pseudofeces were seen com-
ing from almost all the naiads within 2 hours. In
the next 11 days, two more naiads died and more
algae was added to the system. During the follow-
ing 3 weeks (28 September to 19 October) algae
was added every 5 or 6 days and no more deaths
occurred. These observations indicated that A.
plicata was using Oolenkinia sp. as a food source
and the preliminary experiment was terminated.

F’or experimental purposes, specimens of A.
plicata were collected on 20 October 1969 and
placed in the continuous flow system. Eighty-nine
naiads were designated as control organisms. The

first death occurred on 14 November and starting
then Oolenkinia ip. was added to the system every
4 or S days during most of the experiment. Green
pseudofeees were frequently seen. Three naiads
were sacrificed weekly for experimental purposes
and the sample siie was continually decreased.
However, 16 naiads survived for S months (17
March 1970). The long survival time was an-
other indication that Oolenkinia sp. was acting as
a food source for A, plicata. Other investigators
(Allen, 1914; Allen, 1921; Bovjerg, 19§7; Churchill
and Lewis, 1924) do not mention Oolenkinia sp.
as a food source for naiads, and further experi-
mental work will be needed to statistically test
this hypothesis.

Another observation was made between 20
December 1969 and 1 February 1970 when the iron
content of the water was high ranging from 0.3
to 0.8 mg/liter iron. During this time the naiads
produced a dark red pseudofeees that looked like
iron oxide, indicating that A. plicata may be able
to precipitate and concentrate the ferric ion from
water. Additional work must be done to confirm
this.

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, W. R. 1914. The food and feeding habits of
freshwater mussels. Biol. Bull. 27(3) :127-146.
Allen, W. R. 1921. Studies of the biology of fresh-
water mussels. Experimental studies of the
food relations of certain Unlonldae. Biol. Bull.
40(4):210-241.

Bovjerg, R. V. 1957. Feeding related to mussel
activity. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 64:650-653.
Churchill, E. P. and S. I. Lewis 1924. Food and
feeding in freshwater mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur.
Fish. 39:439-471.

35

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

FRESH-WATER MUSSELS OF LAKE LBJ, TEXAS

Harold D. Murray

TRINITY UNIVERSITY
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

Lake LBJ, formerly called Lake Granite Shoals,
has a surface area of 6,300 acres and is located in
Central Texas on the Colorado River. Lake LBJ
was completed in 1950, lowered by six feet in 1964,
and drained in 1970, reaching its lowest level on
October 1, 1970, with the remaining water at the
approximate level of the Colorado River prior to
lake construction in 1950. The Colorado River is
600 miles long and flows in a southeasterly course
to the Gulf of Mexico. The drainage basin of the
river is approximately 37,800 square miles in-
cluding the principal tributaries of the Concho,
Llano, Pedernales, San Saba, and Pecan Bayou.
The San Saba and Concho rivers are tributaries
of the Colorado River above Lake LBJ, and the
Llano River is a tributary of the lake.

The most recent and complete listing of the
naiads of Texas was by Strecker (1931). Most of
Strecker’s (1931) records for the Colorado system
are from the Concho River or from the Colorado
River in Travis County, 40 miles downstream
from the lake.

This report is considered significant for the
following reasons;

1) One rarely has the opportunity to view the
naiad fauna of a drained lake. This gives a
view of the numbers and kinds of naiads pres-
ent in a way that no other collecting procedure
can duplicate.

2) No study of the naiads of the Colorado
River has been reported since Strecker (1931).

3) Strecker (1931) recorded only three species
of naiads from the Colorado River at the site of
this lake: Amblema plicata (Say), Leptodea
fragilis (Rafinesque) and Potamilus (—Prop-
tera) purpuratus (Lamarck).

4) The former name of the lake. Granite
Shoals, clearly expresses the geologic nature of
the area. Because of the large granite out-
croppings and the sharp granite gravel in the
river, this immediate area is judged as unsuit-
able for most naiads. The construction of this
lake created numerous habitats suitable to

naiads as indicated by the increased kinds present
in the lake.

Most of the lake front property is privately
owned; however, five areas of access to the lake
were obtained. Although this appears to be a
small sampling area for a large lake, one should
realize that once on the dry lake bed an unlimited
footage of the lake becomes accessible.

The following species of naiads were collected
from Lake LBJ on January 10, March 27, and
April 3, 1971. All specimens were collected dead
but exposed in their living position.

Arcidens confragosus (Say). This is the western-
most record for this species in the Colorado
River with the previous record (Strecker,
1931) at Austin, Travis County, 40 miles
downstream.

Anodonta grandis forma grandis Say. Speci-

imens m.easuring 120-130mm were abundant
near the dam but were scarce at other sites.
No immatures of the form grandis were ob-
tained from the lake.

Anodonta grandis forma stewartiana Lea. Val-
entine and Stansbery (1971) placed stew-
artiana as a form of A. grandis as did Strecker
(1931). This is probably correct, but I observed
no intergrades of the form stewartiana with
the form grandis in this lake. The form
stewartiana was common in quiet, shallow
areas of the lake where numerous immatures
were obtained. The presence of the forms
grandis and stewartiana in the same lake with
no apparent intergrades and the presence of
the immatures of stewartiana form only in-
dicate that this taxonomic problem needs
further study.

Anodonta imbecilis Say,

Amblema plicata (Say). These large shells hav-
ing high umbos with few ridges on the
posterior slope are judged to be the form
peruviana (Lamarck).

36

FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

37

Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque). Lake LBJ
specimens, as with most South Texas forms,
have more pustules on the umbo than speci-
mens from the Mississippi drainage.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). One specimen was
recovered having two pustules on the lateral
slope. This is consistent with most of the
Texas Q. pustulosa in having few pustules.

Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque).

Potamilus {=Proptera) purpuratus (Lamarck).

Toxolasma i=Carunculina) parva (Barnes).
Only one specimen was recovered.

Cyrtonaias grandensis (Conrad). This is
Lampsilis tampicoensis Lea as listed by
Strecker (1931). In Texas, this species is
highly variable in size, color of nacre, and
color of the periostracum. This was the most
abundant species of naiad in Lake LBJ with
most specimens having a black periostracum
and a deep purple nacre.

Corbicula manilensis Philippi. Large popula-

tions occurred at two of five sites. All speci-
mens were judged to be less than three years
old which indicates a recent appearance in
the lake for the Asiatic clam.

Prior to draining. Lake LBJ contained ten
species of the family Unionidae and one species of
the family Corbiculidae. The presence of ten
unionid species shows a significant increase from
the three species recorded by Strecker (1931) for
this specific area of the Colorado River. This is
the first record of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula
manilensis, in Lake LBJ and in the Colorado
River.

LITERATURE CITED

Strecker, J. K. 1931. The distribution of the naiades
or pearly fresh-water mussels of Texas. Bay-
lor Univ. Mus. Spec. Bull. 2:1-71.

Valentine, Barry D. and David H. Stansbery. 1971.
An introduction to the naiads of Lake Texoma
region, Oklahoma, with notes on the Red
River fauna (Mollusca: Unionidae). Sterkiana
42:1-40.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF ELLIPTIO IN NORTH CAROLINA
Joseph P. E. Morrison

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
WASHINGTON, D. C.

In 1834 Conrad named Unio raveneli from the
Wateree Canal, South Carolina. It was collected
in company with Unio congaraea Lea, 1831, in
the same waters by Conrad’s declaration. These
two species both belong to the section Cunicula
Swainson, 1840 of the genus EUiptio Rafinesque,
1819. By anatomy, glochidia, and reproduction —
including parasitism on gills of host fishes — they
are proven to belong to the subfamily Am-
bleminae s.s., of the family Amblemidae Rafines-
que, 1820.

Examination of the North East Cape Fear
River, about 2 miles west of Chinquapin, Duplin
County, North Carolina, on July 11, 1970, showed
these two species living together, just as Conrad
had recorded them one and a third centuries ago.
39 males and 25 females of these mussels are
EUiptio congaraea Lea, 1831 (Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc., 4 : 72 : 6 : 4), of which Unio icterinus Conrad
1834 (New Freshwater Shells U. S., p. 41 : 6 : 15)
is a synonym. EUiptio congaraea is more quadrate
and much smoother in general appearance than
is E. complayiata Lightfoot, 1786. Its ecological
preference in the North East Cape Fear River is
for sandy bottoms, in which it burrowed com-
pletely below the water surface.

The second species, with a more elongate
shell, duller periostracum, and of greater pro-
portionate diameter, was more abundant in the
muddier bottoms closer to the river bank. There
were 9 males and 15 females in this sample
of the species named raveneli Conrad (New
Freshwater shells U.S., p. 39 : 6 : 4). Unio con-
fertus Lea, published later in 1834 (Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc., 5: 103 : 16 : 47), from the same Santee
River System, is a synonym of raveneli Conrad.

When these shells were cut open, and the
animals examined, it was found that all but three
(12 out of 15) females of raveneli were gravid
with eggs in the outer gills, on the date of col-
lection, July 11, 1970. This was in direct contrast
to the 25 females of congaraea, none of which
were gravid on this date, with either eggs or
glochidia in the gills. The discovery that EUiptio

congaraea and E. raveneli reproduce at different
times, proves their specific distinction as continu-
ing biological species that are sympatric. It cor-
roborates Conrad’s judgement of them as separate
species when he named raveneli in 1834. The wide-
spread EUiptio complanata was not found with
E, congaraea and E. raveneli near Chinquapin in
the North East Cape Fear River on July 11, 1970,
although it is known to live in this river system.

Also in the Cape Fear River System, and in
Lake Waccamaw, there is a third member of the
EUiptio angustata (producta) group, that was
first named folliculata Lea in 1838. This even more
elongate and narrow EUiptio species is stretching
out in the direction of the extremely longest and
most narrow EUiptio shepardiana Lea of the
Altamaha System. EUiptio folliculata lives along-
side E. raveneli Lea, and E. waccamawensis
Lea, 1863, in the sandy shallows of Lake
Waccamaw. (see: Wildlife in North Carolina, Vol.
35, No. 4., April 1971, pp. 10 - 12.) This corroborates
earlier records in the United States National
Museum.

In the Potomac River System, EUiptio com-
planatus Lightfoot, and EUiptio angustata Lea,
1831 (-[- producta Conrad, 1836) are living side
by side in sandy silt, silt, or clayey bottoms.

A search for further sympatric species observa-
tions led to Ortmann’s (1913, p. 319) listing of
three species from the Rappahannock River of
Virginia, E. complanata Lightfoot, E. angustata
Lea,(-|- producta Conrad) and E. lanceolata Lea,
1828. I know the latter two are sympatric, because
I collected them living side by side in the Hazel
River of the Rappahannock River System in 1934.

I found two EUiptio living together in the Tar
River, August 26, 1966 at the route 64 bridge,
1 1/2 miles west of Spring Hope, North Carolina.
In addition to 26 living EUiptio complanata Light-
foot and 14 living E. raveneli Conrad, there were
dead shells of both E. angustata Lea and E.
lanceolata Lea collected in the same 50 yard
stretch of the Tar River at that time and place.
In other words, there are 4 sympatric EUiptio

38

SYMPATIC SPECIES OF ELLIPTIO

39

species in the Tar River System.

If you question what Elliptio raveneli Conrad is
like — that is the only Elliptio species that was
collected alive from the muddy shore of University
Lake, west of Chapel Hill, August 24, 1966, along
with the pygmy mussel, Toxolasma pulla Conrad,
1838. It did not surprise me to learn that Unio
pygmaeus Lea, 1852 is a synonym of Conrad’s
name.

The entire Cape Fear River System includes
five sympatric species of Elliptio living in these
waters, : E. complanata, congaraea, raveneli,
angustata, and folliculata.

This story of sympatric species of one genus is
not unique in North American Ambleminae. I be-
lieve Dr. Stansbery has collected five Pleurobema
species in the same mussel bed of the Green River
of Kentucky. Apparently Rafinesque also original-
ly collected three of them together in the Ohio
River, 150 years ago. These five are: Pleurobema
clava Lamarck 1819 (-|- mytiloides Rafinesque,
1820); P. obliqimm Lamarck, 1819 cordatum
Rafinesque, 1820) ; P. obliquata Rafinesque, 1820
(-|- pyramidatam Lea, 1834); P. premorsa Rafines-
que, 1831 (-j_ plenum Lea, 1840); and P. sintoxia
Rafinesque, 1820 (-^ solidum Lea, 1838).

The commonest Lampsiline species found living
together in Wisconsin Rivers and Lakes are
Lampsilis luteola Lamarck, 1819, and Lampsilis
cardium Rafinesque, 1820. In the Ohio and Ten-
nessee regions, the most striking example of even
closer sympatry is the repeated recording of
Lampsilis ovata Say, 1817 and L. cardium
Rafinesque living together. The biological proof
of their speciation is that they are distinct in
shell, with different beak sculpture, and that each

exists alone in some places. Of the two, there is
only L. cardium in any of the waters of Wisconsin
known to me. In contrast, there is only L. ovata of
Say in the New River of Virginia (Kanawha
River System above the falls), and in the Potomac
River System, above the fall - line.

The named “form” cohongoronta Ortmann, 1912
is a form of ovata, and has no direct relation to
cardium of Rafinesque. Lampsilis o. cohongoronta
has not replaced Lampsilis cariosa Say, which in
the Potomac region is essentially a tide-water
species. Lampsilis o. cohongoronta filled a void
that was not previously filled by any Lampsilis
species, or that was not collected in by any
scientific worker for more than 200 years. What
I used to think was L. cariosa from the Upper
Potomac (and Shenandoah River) System, proved
some weeks ago to be only the slightly dwarf
form cohongoronta of ovata Say. There are no
L. cariosa specimens known to me from the
Potomac at any appreciable distance above the
fall - line.

Sympatry is also known for the Family
Unionidae. A couple of years ago, I personally
collected two species of Unio in the same cut-off
pond of the Danube Flood-plain, a little east of
Vienna, Austria. Those two species had animals
of different color, as described by the European
authorities. Of the subfamily Anodontinae, the
most striking sympatric example known to me
is the occurrence of Anodonta (Anodonta) im-
becilis Say, A. (A.) couperiana Lea, and A.
(Pyganodon) teres Conrad, living together in the
same bottoms in Greenfield Pond, Wilmington,
North Carolina.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

SOME OCCURRENCES AND ASSEMBLAGES OF
AQUATIC OHIO MOLLUSCA

Harold J. Walter

DAYTON, OHIO

This study, centered on my home town, began
in 1951, but was pursued sporadically until 1964
when an effort was launched to account for every
aquatic molluscan species at the locality here des-
ignated Ml. Like this assemblage, that at M2
came under observation at the start of the study;
it is thoroughly known, as is the assemblage at
M3. Each remaining locality’s mollusks are known
on the basis of one or a few field trips.

Locality Ml constitutes the last 1.6 miles of the
Stillwater River, where it joins the Great Miami
River in Dayton. Upstream, it has an obvious cur-
rent and gravelly shoals, but downstream, where
there are extensive mud shoals, artificial modifica-
tions have made it almost pondlike. Beds of water
willow iJusticia), leaf-litter in the shallows, and
early-season scouring out of shoals are important
in its molluscan ecology. The habitat is evidently
abnormally eutrophic, although reportedly mini-
mally subject to the generally severe water pollu-
tion in the region. Turbidity generally prevents
seeing specimens in more than a few inches of
water. Collections were mostly made by sieving
sediments and feeling in mud with the hands.

H. van der Schalie identified the Dysnomia. D.
H. Stansbery identified shells of Lampsilis fasciola
and for Actinonaias his suggestion regarding a
submitted shell is applied. F. Thompson con-
firmed hydrobiid identifications (excepting
Pomatiopsis) . H. Herrington identified some
Pisidium (localities GR6 and MI), Sphaermm
striatinum (Ml, CT), and S. fabale (CT), and con-
firmed identifications of S. sulcatum (M7) and

5. transversum (CT). Species discovered only as
shells, listed by number in accord with the lists
below, are 21, 32, 33, 37, 39, 46, 55-57, and 59. Abun-
dance of the 39 species taken at Ml, similarly des-
ignated, is suggested thusly: very abundant, 1, 4,

6, 9, 12, 17, 36; abundant, 2, 3, 8, 34; very common;
11, 16, 24, 30; common, 10, 23, 29, 35, 38; fairly com-
mon, 14, 19, 20, 26, 27, 31; uncommon, 7, 13, 15, 18,
22, 25, 32, 39; rare, 5, 21, 28, 33, 37. These species
make up the first list, wherein symbols for

habitats listed afterwards indicate additional
locality records.

1. Campeloma integrum (Say)-M8,GR7; 2. Cam-
peloma rufum (Haldeman); 3. Campeloma
decisum (Say)-M8,GR7; 4. Amnicola limosa (Say);

5. Probythinella lacustris (Baker) ; 6. Cincinnatia

integra (Say)-M8; 7. Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say)-
M2,3,8,10,GR4,6,8,CK3,CH; 8. Pleurocera canali-
culatum (Say)-M8; 9. Goniobasis livescens

(Menke)-M6-8,11,GR7,CK1,CH,D1; 10. Ferrissia

fragilis (Tryon)-GR8,Dl; 11. Ferrissia rivularis
(Say)-M8,CT; 12. Laevapex fuscus (Adams) -MS;
13. Micromenetus dilatatus (Gould)-M8; 14.
Helisoma trivolvis (Say)-M2,3,5,6,GR3,CK2,D1,
P, HC; 15. Gyraulus parvus (Say)-M2,3,6,GR1,CK1,
Dl; 16. Lymnaea humilis (Say) -M2,3, 6,8-10, GRl,

6, CK1,3,D1,CT; 17. Physa heterostropha (Say)-

M4,6-8,11,GR1,7,CK1,CH,D1,CT,GU,L; 18. Physa

gyrina (Say)-M2,3,5,6,9,GR3,8,CK1,2,CT,HC; 19.

Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque)-M8; 20. Amblema
pllcata (Say)-M8; 21. Cyclonaias tuberculata

(Raf.)-M8; 22. Elliptio dilatatus (Raf.)-M8,GR7;
23. Lasmigona costata (Raf.)-M8,GR7; 24.

Anodonta grandis (Say)-M6,8,11,GR7; 25. Anodonta
imbecillis (Say)-M8; 26. Alasmidonta marginata
(Say)-M8,GR7; 27. Strophitus undulatus (Say)-M8,
GR7, Dl; 28. Actinonaias carinata (Barnes); 29.
Carunculina parva (Barnes)-M6,8,GR7; 30.
Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea ( Barnes )-M6-8, 11,
GR7,D1; 31. Lampsilis ovata (Say)-M8,ll; 32.
Lampsilis fasciola (Raf.); 33. Dysnomia triquetra
(Raf.)-M8,GR7; 34. Sphaerium striatinum (La-
marck )-M6,8,GR7,Dl,CT; 35. Sphaerium fabale

(Prime)-M8,D1; 36. Sphaerium transversum
(Say)-M8,GR7,CT; 37. Pisidium dubium (Say); 38.
Pisidium compressum Prime-CK1,D1; 39. Pisidium
cruciatum Sterki.

Additional localities, by county:

Montgomery County (M): -2, seasonally dry
woods swamp adjoining Ml -3, ponded ditch drain-
ing storm sewer, across river from M2 -4, in cast-
off “grit” from Dayton sewage plant -5, swampy
pond, Northridge -6, Wysong’s gravel pit, return-
ing to wild state, west side of Dayton -7, Wolf

40

AQUATIC OHIO MOLLUSCA

41

Creek, near M6 -8, Great Miami River, Taylors-
ville Dam, Vandalia -9, small rocky sewer-creek
entering Stillwater River, Englewood Dam -10,
seepage on shale outcrop, adjoining M9 -11, Twin
Creek, Germantown Dam. Greene (GR) : -1, pol-
luted swampy creek, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base -2, muddy seepage pools around watercress
-3, woods pond. Yellow Springs -4, seepage around
limestone outcrop, Clifton Gorge, Little Miami
River bank -5, rivulet, silted sand, wooded hillside,
near Xenia -6, seepage, wooded hillside, near GR5
•7, Little Miami River, Spring Valley -8, pond-
marsh adjoining GR7. Clarke (CK) ; -1, clear
boggy creek, Medway -2, Great Cattail Marsh,
Medway -3, small ditches near boggy ground, near
Medway. Champaigne (CH): small clear creek,
Cedar Bog, near Urbana. Darke (D): -1, Miller’s
Fork of Twin Creek, Ithaca -2, among Calamus,
small intermittent oxbow of Dl. Clinton (CT):
Lytle Creek, near Wilmington. Pike (P) : Pike
Lake, near Bainbridge. Hamilton (HT) : small
lake, Sharon Woods, Sharonville. Guernsey (GU):
ditch-creek, east of Cambridge. Shelby (S): in
rotting log, isolated woods pool, near Ft. Loramie.
Hancock (HC) : vernal woods pools, near Van Lue.
Ottawa (O) : grassy swale-ditch, adjoining cattail
marsh, west of Port Clinton. Erie (E) : foul muddy

ditches, Cedar Point, Sandusky. Lorain (L) : pools
on limestone ledges, creek bed, east of Lorain.

Further species, with finds indicated by symbols
for the above localities:

40. Valvata tricarinata (Say)-CKl; 41. Viviparus
malleatus ( Reeve )-E; 42. Viviparus georgianus
(Lea)-HT; 43. Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry)-CKl,
CH; 44. Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea) •M3,
GR8; 45. Planorbula armigera (Say)-M5,GR8,HC:
46. Planorbula exacuous (Say)-M5: 47. Planorbula
umbilicatellus (Cockerell) -M2; 48. Helisoma

anceps (Menke)-M6-8,11,GR7,8,D1; 49. Lymnaea
umbilicata ( Adams )-HC; 50. Lymnaea parva

Lea-HC,L; 51. Lymnaea columella Say-P; 52.
Lymnaea catascopium (Say)-M2,5,GR2,CK1,2,D2,
GU,HC,0; 53. Lymnaea caperata (Say)-M2,GR8,
CK2,0,L; 54. Aplexa hypnorum (Linne)-D2,HC;
55. Quadrula quadrula (Raf.)-M6; 56. Plethobasis
cyphyus (Raf.)-M8; 57. Pleurobema clava ( La-
marck )-GR7; 58. Lasmigona complanata ( Barnes )-
M11,GR7; 59. Lasmigona compressa (Lea) -MS; 60.
Alasmidonta calceolus (Lea)-GR7,D1; 61. Anodon-
toides ferussacianics (Lea)-M6,GR7,D1; 62.

Sphaerium sulcatum (Lamarck) -M7,GR2,CK1; 63.
Sphaerium occidentale Prime-M2,GR8,HC; 64.
Sphaerium partumeium (Say)-S; 65. Pisidium
casertanum ( Poll ) -M2,GR5,CK1,CT.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

VAGABONDING FOR SHELLS IN RETROSPECT

William J. Clench

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

This day, this month 47 years ago, I left Ann
Arbor, Michigan with P. Sheldon Remington for
a collecting trip in the rivers and streams of
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. This 1924
expedition and its experiences have colored my
life throughout the intervening years, even to
this day. Shel Remington was my boyhood com-
panion when we both lived in the Boston area. We
spent many wonderful days together collecting
in the Blue Hill and the Quincy quarries south of
Boston during our formative years.

The 1924 trip was made when I was a graduate
student at the University of Michigan. It was
sponsored by Bryant Walker, a Detroit lawyer,
and Calvin Goodrich, an editorial writer for the
Toledo Blade, and later Curator of Mollusks at
the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor. In essence, our trip had two main
objectives. One was to make two or more collec-
tions from the Green, Cumberland, and Tennes-
see Rivers in Kentucky and Tennessee. The purpose
of this was to determine, on the basis of the
material and number of species collected, which
of the rivers would be selected for a more de-
tailed survey in the years ahead. Dr. Walker
selected the Green River and two trips were made,
one in 1925 with Carl Erlanson, a graduate
student in Botany at the University of Michigan.
This trip covered the upper reaches of the Green
River as well as down stream as far as Mumford-
ville, Hart County, Kentucky. In 1927, associated
with Dr. Peter Okkelberg, Professor of Zoology,
University of Michigan, we started from near
Mumfordville and continued collecting down
stream to Rochester, Butler County, Kentucky. On
both of these trips we collected as many tributary
streams as possible.

The purpose of the second part of the 1924 ex-
pedition was to redo the trip made in 1853 by J.
G. Anthony, then of Cincinnati, Ohio L Anthony,
an ardent student of freshwater mollusks, made
a walking and stage coach trip from Cincinnati,
Ohio through Kentucky, Tennessee and south as
far as Macon, Georgia. Unfortunately Anthony
did not keep a log of his trip and as he worked up
his materia] he became aware of errors in the

localities so in his published reports cited only
the state for most of his new species^. This led
to many uncertainties concerning his species,
most of which were in the very complex family
Pleuroceridae.

It was a difficult job to work out his trip in its
entirety, but he apparently went from Cincinnati
to Louisville, Nashville, Knoxville, Chattanooga
and on down to Macon, Georgia. He took several
side trips and apparently many people gave him
material. In his paper he also included material
sent to him by his correspondents such as B. W.
Budd, M. D. By following old stage coach routes
and inquiring from the local people we were
successful in collecting many of Anthony’s original
species, so that it is now possible to assign precise
localities to them.

Pollution was bad in 1924 but nothing to what it
is today. Then it was composed largely of silt with
a small amount of commercial waste. Many of
the rivers which we collected, then rich in ma-
terial, are almost devoid of mollusks as well as
most other forms of life, today. Though we did not
realize it at the time, we were making history
and preserving material that was to be lost to
future generations. For example, we made twelve
stations on the Clinch River and many of these
are now destroyed by the impounded waters of
flood control dams. This is true also of the
Tennessee River.

A detailed account of our 1924 trip was publish-
ed in the Nautilus 3.

1 See ‘John Gould Anthony with a Bibliography
and Catalogue of his species’ by Ruth D. Turner,
1946, Occasional Papers on Mollusks, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 1(8):
81-108.

2 J. G. Anthony 1854, ‘Descriptions of New Fluvi-
atile Shells of the Genus Melania Lam. from
the Western States of North America’. Ann.
Lyceum of Natural History, New York 6:80-130.

3 Remington, P. S. and W. J. Clench 1925, Vaga-
bonding for Shells. Nautilus, 38:127-143.

42

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

GREATER ADAPTABILITY OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS
TO NATURAL THAN ARTIFICIAL DISPLACEMENT

Marc J. Imlay

NATIONAL WATER QUALITY LABORATORY
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA

Freshwater mussels are artificially displaced
in their natural environment in many ways in-
cluding simple removal from the substrate, being
smothered by a substrate, and being disturbed in
their substrate during harvesting of a mussel bed.
The mussel may have the physical capacity to re-
cover from these events by digging back in (or
out), reorienting to the direction of current flow,
and regaining a desirable water depth and type
of substrate by migratory movement. But there
is evidence that the mussel is more prone to ac-
complish these feats when the displacement is of
natural rather than artificial origin. Animal be-
haviorists are learning that organisms utilize
their abilities to surmount difficulties when cer-
tain response-triggering mechanisms, much more
probably associated with naturally occurring prob-
lems, are present.

Smothering

The freshwater mussel presumably can ex-
tricate itself from a thin covering of sand or silt
by employing the foot and valves (Barnes, 1955,
1962). It is conceivable, however, that an unna-
tural covering, a covering at an atypical season,
or an otherwise artificial covering would not trig-
ger a response mechanism for digging out even
though the mussel has the physical means to do
so. The results of the following laboratory experi-
ments on mussel response to smothering as a
form of artificial displacement indicate that the
latter possibility occurs more often in practice.
Mussels were placed on their sides in large battery
jars, covered with sand, silt, or other substrate,
and provided with about 1 foot of continuously
aerated Lake Superior water at 16 C.

Detritus

On July 6, 1967, 9 Anodonta grandis were cover-
ed with 3 inches of detritus consisting of leaf,
twig, and other loose material from a creek. A
few mussels emerged each day until in 5 days all

had completely emerged. However, 16 Fusconaia
flava were covered on July 18 and in 7 days, 2
Fusconaia flava were almost emerged, one-half
way up, but 13 were on the bottom (10 dead). On
July 14, 8 Ligumia recta were covered and in 4
days 3 were at least partly emerged but at least 3
were on the bottom.

Sand, Silt, Fine gravel

Other substrates (sand, silt, and fine gravel)
were applied individually as smothering material
and created similar fates for the animals as did de-
tritus. Some species could emerge but more could
not. Many animals finally died of suffocation on
the bottom. The demonstrated failure of mussels
to climb out of smothering conditions explains in
part the devastating effects of dredging (van
der Schalie, 1941: 308), channelization and quarry
washing (Stansbery, 1970).

As an example of the difference to mussels be-
tween artificial and natural sand formation,
Grier (1922) may be quoted:

“An old bed of “niggerheads” existing at Wild’s
Landing was found to be absolutely covered
with sand deflected by the dams . . . the best
collecting in this area was from the sand bars.”

Methods of Harvest

Van der .Schalie (1941) has commented that
there has been “an excessive amount of mussel-
shell gathering with the use of “apparatus” in-
jurious to the mussel beds.” He urges (1948) en-
forcement against the illegal practices of com-
mercial hand-picking and forking because only
the acceptable method with the crow-foot bar
skims above the surface removing the larger,
higher mussels and not removing the young ones,
so necessary for replacement of the older stock.
Dennis (1971) explains the damage to mussel beds
by hand-picking or raking as a matter of re-
moving too many shells for restocking to be pos-
sible. I suggest that an additional explanation

43

MARC J. IMLAY

may be that brailing either removes a mussel
entirely from the water or does not disturb it at
all, leaving the substrate below relatively un-
disturbed. Forking and hand-picking on the other
hand, with the kicking of the substrate, overturn-
ing of rocks, raking the substrate, and throwing
back mussels too young for harvest, may amount
to artificial displacement of the mussels not col-
lected.

Removal from Substrate

On May 27, 1971, I placed 20 large male
Lampsilis ventricosa on their sides at one location
in 3 feet of water in a sandy area near the bank
of the Eau Claire River, Wisconsin. On July 11,
19 of these mussels were found in the same 4x4
foot placement area (thus no migration). All were
burrowed in except one almost on its side. All
were oriented posteriorly upstream and 14 essen-
tially parallel to the current flow.

However, earlier, in the late autumn, I left about
50 mussels (including Lampsilis ventricosa) on
their sides in a 4 x 4 foot sandy area near the
bank of the Eau Claire River and 3 months later
the mussels were still on their sides except for 2
or 3 which had burrowed in. There was no migra-
tion from tlie placement area. Thus artificial dis-

placement, in this case displacement at an atypical
season, was too extremely different from natural
displacement for the animals to adapt to it.

Stansbery (personal communication) observed
that mussels of certain species collected in sum-
mer and left on their sides in a pile for many
weeks remained that way.

It may be speculated that part of the explana-
tion for these experiences may be that certain
species of mussels establish a partial domicile by
growing into a shape which conforms to the
particular microhabitat pressures and require-
ments at the location of the particular mussel.
This follows the familiar experience of finding
arcuate and even odd shaped specimens in areas
with boulders, stones, and small patches of suit-
able sandy substrate. Such an older mussel would
be less adaptable to displacement than a younger
mussel.

The type oi distinction shown here between
artificial and natural imposition on the mussels
may be involved in the unhappy circumstance that
artificial river-lakes such as the large impound-
ments on the Tennessee River and elsewhere are
so inimical to mussels but natural river-lakes such
as Lake Pepin, Minnesota, or mussels-Shoals,
Alabama, supported even more species and num-
bers of mussels than have large rivers.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF THE NORTH FORK
HOUSTON RIVER AT SALTVILLE, VIRGINIA

David H. Sta fishery

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS, OHIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY

A combination of extensive deposits of valuable
chloride salts at the site of the headwaters of one
of the richest freshwater fauna regions of the
world has made Saltville, Virginia, a focal point
of concern to biologists and water pollution auth-
orities alike. For some 75 years the Olin Chemical
Corporation has maintained a soda ash operation
here with its chloride wastes going into the rela-
tively small North Fork Holston River. The Hols-
ton River proper is one of the largest headwater
tributaries of the Tennessee River which originally
had an endemic fauna of 24 species of naiads
alone. Unfortunately the chemical industry had
been in operation for at least seven years before
the first observations were recorded on its affects
on aquatic life. Adams (1915:18), in his classic
work on lo, notes that in August, 1900,

“At and below the alkali works the refuse
flowing into the river has covered all the rocks
and the bed of the stream with a whitish coat-
ing. Natives reported that fish had been killed
in great quantities by this refuse. Had this
factory been located a few miles farther up-
stream, lo would have become extinct in all this
portion of the stream. Such influences show the
importance of studying the animals of our
streams before such pollution.”

Adams had collected a fine series of lo fluvialis
(Say, 1825) from the river above the polluted
area. Collections in 1968 did not reveal the pres-
ence of lo at or anywhere above Saltville or at
Holston, 20 miles downstream. The only
pleurocerid snails found at that time came from
above the Olin Corporation outfall. Abundant
populations of Oxytrema (Pleurocera) unciale
(Haldeman, 1841) and Leptoxis (Anculosa) sub-
globosa (Say, 1825) extended from within the
Saltville city limits for miles upstream.

The first extensive collection of naiads made
at Saltville proper was by Ortmann. He lists
(1918:608) 15 species taken by himself in 1912 and
cites 9 species collected there by Peterson in 1917
making a total of 16 different species. Dr. William
J. Clench and I collected at Saltville in September

1968, and added two more unionid species bringing
the list up to 18. Five species previously recorded
(see table) were not found, however, indicating
a fauna decreasing in species diversity.

Adams (1915:18), in his search for lo, made an
effort to collect it at Holston in 1901. He found
“ . . . the river apparently afforded an excel-
lent habitat for lo. The water was shallow,
about a foot deep, with an abundance of large
rocks covered with a slimy algal growth and
varied current from eddy to that of moderate
swiftness. The water was clear, and yet no shells
were found. I then examined the river for about
a mile upstream ... no lo were found except an
old weathered shell. I was told by a resident
that occasionally the “alkali” refuse came down
in such a quantity as to give the river a milky
color. . . . Unionids were present, however, as
shown by the bivalves on the banks where they
had been opened by raccoons or muskrats.”
The naiad shells collected by Adams at Holston
became part of the Walker Collection and were
listed by Ortmann (1918:609). There were 14
species in this collection and efforts by Clench and
myself to find any of these forms at Holston in
1968 failed completely. The North Fork at Holston
still looked much the same as it did to Adams
in 1900, but the only mollusks found were a few
Physa sp. in a pool alongside the river. It appears
that the entire river fauna has been eliminated
from this site.

Recent attempts to collect the North Fork as
far downstream as Rotherwood, only one mile
above its mouth, did not reveal any living species
of river mollusks, naiads or pleurocerids. Ortmann
(1918:610) took 34 species of naiads at Rother-
wood in 1913. It appears that the North Fork is
devoid of mollusk life from Saltville as far down
as the point where it joins the South Fork forming
the Holston proper. What effect this badly pol-
luted tributary has on the main stream is not
known.

Just recently the Virginia Water Control Board
established strict new standards which make the

45

46

DAVID H. STANSBERY

SPECIES RECORDED

Saltville, Va.

Holston, Va.

Ortmann, 1912

Peterson, 1917

Stansbery and

Clench, 1968

Change

Adams, 1901

Stansbery and

Clench, 1968

Change

Subfamily Anodontinae

Strophitus undulatus tennesseensis Frierson, 1927

X

O

O

O

O

s

Alasmidonta marginata Say, 1818

X

o

O

O

O

s

Alasmidonta viridis (Rafinesque, 1820)

X

o

O

o

0

s

Pegias fabula (Lea, 1836)

X

X

O

X

o

Lasmigona cost at a (Rafinesque, 1820)

X

o

O

X

0

Subfamily Ambleminae

Fusconaia edgariana (Lea, 1840)

o

o

1

+

X

o

Fusconaia barnesiana (Lea, 1838)

X

X

3

S

X

0

Lexingtonia dolabelloides (Lea, 1840)

X

X

m

S

X

o

Pleurobema oviforyne (Conrad, 1834)

X

X

3

s

X

0

EUiptio dilatatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

o

0

0

s

X

0

Subfamily Lampsilinae

Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820)

o

o

1

+

o

o

s

Ptychobranchus subteyttuyyi (Say, 1825)

X

X

12

s

X

o

Actinoyiaias pectorosa (Conrad, 1834)

X

o

O

X

o

Toxolasyyia 7. lividian (Rafinesque, 1820)

o

X

O

X

o

Medioyxidus coyiradicus (Lea, 1834)

X

X

15

s

X

o

Conradilla caelata (Conrad, 1834)

o

o

O

s

X

0

ViUosa iris yiebxdosa (Conrad, 1834)

X

X

22

s

X

o

Villosa vayiuxeyyyi (Lea, 1838)

X

X

9

s

o

o

s

Laynpsilis ventricosa (Barnes, 1823)

X

o

1

s

o

o

s

Layyypsilis fasciola (Rafinesque, 1820)

X

0

4

s

X

o

Total Naiad Species Recorded

15

9

11

14

0

Faunal Change in Numbers of Species

-5

-14

X = species present
O = none taken
= species added
= species removed
S = same

continued operation of the Olin Corporation plant
at Saltville economically unfeasible. Present plans
are to phase out by December 1972 (Newcombe,
1971), but operations may stop before that time.
Just how rapidly and to what extent the biota of
the North Fork Holston can recover remains to
be seen. The principle purpose of this paper is to
summarize the changes which have occurred in
the mollusk fauna up to the present time and to
serve as a basis for comparison with such im-
provements as may hopefully occur in the not-
too-distant future.

LITERATURE CITED

Adams, Charles C. 1915. The variations and eco-
logical distribution of the snails of the Genus
lo. Memoirs National Academy of Sciences
XII (II):1-92,61 pis.

Newcombe, Jack and Grey Villet 1971. End of a
company town. Life 70(11) :36-45, 14 pis.

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1918. The nayades (fresh-
water mussels) of the upper Tennessee drain-
age. With notes on synonymy and distribution.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. LVII (6):521-626, 1
map.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.

February 1972

POPULATION CHANGES IN THE NAIAD MOLLUSK FAUNA OF THE
LOWER OLENTANGY RIVER FOLLOWING CHANNELIZATION AND
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

Caro! B. Stein

MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
COLUMBUS, OHIO 43210

During the 1950’s and early 1960’s the Olen-
tangy River just below the Fifth Avenue Dam in
Columbus, Ohio, supported large populations of
a wide variety of native aquatic animal species,
including many kinds of river mollusks. The bed
of the river was stable, consisting mainly of gravel
and cobbles in shallow riffles and runs between
small islands of water-willow and flood plain
trees, as shown in the top figure of plate 6.

Zoology students and faculty members of The
Ohio State University (OSU), located nearby,
frequently visited this site to study the various
native species and to obtain specimens needed
for research and classioom demonstration. More
than 20 collections made here between 1956 and
1967 by Dr. David H. Stansbery, myself, and other
OSU zoologists are now deposited in the mollusk
research collections of the OSU Museum of
Zoology.

Seventeen species of naiads (see table) are
known to have been living in the Olentangy below
the Fifth Avenue Dam as recently as the early
1960’s. Four additional naiad species were found
only as sub-fossil shells, indicating that they had
been extirpated from this site before 1956.

As shown in the center figure, the river channel
was greatly modified during the summer of 1968,
when a new freeway was constructed above the
river. All the islands and other irregularities of

the riverbed were eliminated, and the channel was
graded to a uniform depth. Pillars were placed in
the riverbed to support the new roadway. The
height of the dam was increased approximately
three feet.

In 1971, three years after channelization, the
site was again searched for naiads. Two after-
noons of collecting yielded only three living
specimens: two Anodonta imbecillis and one
Anodonta grandis. The only other naiad species
which were found were Strophitus undulatus (one
fresh shell) and LampsUis radiata luteola (two
fresh shells). All of the other naiad species ap-
pear to have been extirpated from this site. Those
species which were found are among the few
naiads which are able to live in the silt-bottom,
quiet-water pool impounded by the dam. It seems
probable that they were washed over the dam
during a period of high water following the
channelization.

Silt, diatoms, and filamentous algae now cover
the rocks in the river channel below the dam. One
small patch of water-willow, about two feet in
diameter, has become established in the chan-
nelized section of stream. How long a period will
be required for the re-establishment of a stable
and diversified naiad fauna at this site is un-
known.

47

48

CAROL B. STEIN

SPECIES

Family UNIONIDAE
Subfamily ANODONTINAE
Anodonta imbecillis Say, 1829
Anodonta grandis Say, 1829
Strophitus undulatus (Say, 1817)

Alasniidonta marginata Say, 1818
Alasmidonta calceolus (Lea, 1829)

Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque, 1820)
Subfamily AMBLEMINAE
Quadrula cylindrica (Say, 1817)

Amblema plicata (Say, 1817)

Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque, 1820)

Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad, 1836)

Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say, 1830)

Subfamily LAMPSILINAE
Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820)
Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819)
Toxolasma parva (Barnes, 1823)

Villosa iris (Lea, 1829)

Lampsilis radiata luteola (Lamarck, 1819)
Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes, 1823)

Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, 1820
Dysnomia triquetra (Rafinesque, 1820)
Dysnomia torulosa rangiana (Lea, 1839)

BEFORE AFTER

(1956-1967) (1971)

X X
X X
X X
X o
X o
X o

S-F O
X o
S-F O
X O
X o
X o

X o
S-F O
X o
X o
X X
X o
X o
X o
S-F O

NAIAD MOLLUSK FAUNA

49

PLATE 6

The Olentangy River below the Fifth Avenue Dam
in Columbus ) Ohio. Top: in 1961, showing habitat
conditions under which 17 species of naiads
thrived. Center: in 1968, during highway construc-
tion and channelization work. Bottom: in 1971,
three years after channelization.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

REPORT OF AMU CONSERVATION COMMITTEE

Dr. Dolores S. Dundee presided in the absence
of Mrs. Anne Spears, chairman; Mrs. Jeanne
Whiteside served as secretary pro tern.

Dr. Marc J. Imlay read the President’s Water
Pollution advisory Board’s annual conference Re-
solution IV: recommendations of the Bureau of
Sports Fisheries and Wildlife;

1. To declare the Merrimac River, Missouri a
wild river to prevent the Corps of Engineers
from damming it;

2. To set aside the following rivers as sanct-
uaries; the Clinch in West Virginia, the Powell
in Tennessee, and the Paint Rock in Alabama.

3. To provide funds for surveys in Texas;

4. To provide funds for publishing descriptions
and making color films for public recognition of
endangered species. Dr. Imlay also stated that
work is required by shell clubs, individuals, and
conservation groups to preserve rare and en-
dangered species, e.g. the geoduck clam on the
west coast.

Dr. David H. Stansbery reported that Senator
Royce of Wisconsin had offered a bill to declare a
one-year moratorium on funds for stream chan-
nelization. The bill was defeated in the Senate
but will be offered again.

Dr. Imlay introduced Mr. Earl B. Baysinger of
the Office of Endangered Species of the Depart-
ment of the Interior who recommended that the
AMU prepare a form suitable for the description
of mollusks to aid in the identification by mem-
bers of his office, giving the locality as well. He
also suggested that the AMU set up a review
committee to propose the names of endangered
species. Such species will be entered in the
Federal Register which must be referred to by
other Federal Departments in planning their
programs. However, the entering of species in
the Register alone does not insure local protec-
tion; this can be done only by the states through
legislation and enforcement, except on Federal
lands. Mr. Baysinger also pointed out that the
designation “rare and endangered species” is
defective, since his office recognizes only endan-
gered species, that is, those in danger of becoming
extinct. The term “rare” refers to small popula-

tions at present safe from extinction because of
isolation in difficult country, etc. They become
“endangered” in the event of a natural or man-
made catastrophe. Hence Mr. Baysinger suggested
that only the term “endangered” be used.

Dr. Arthur H. Clarke asked if the AMU will
lose its tax-exempt status should it engage in
lobbying. Mr. Baysinger answered that much can
be done by individuals and even organizations
without the Internal Revenue Service declaring
the organization a lobbyist. However, it is im-
portant to begin at the local level in town
councils, county commissioners, etc., to prevent a
potentially harmful project from getting started,
since once such a project is beyond the preliminary
planning stages, it is often too late.

Dr. Dundee appointed Dr. Imlay chairman of
a subcommittee to work out the descriptive form
suggested by Mr. Baysinger and to decide how
these forms will be distributed to taxonomists and
zoogeographers.

President Stansbery stated that the Executive
Council of the AMU will take up requests for funds
for the Conservation Committee in the budget. He
also stated that the AMU can accept donations
from individuals and clubs for this purpose.

In the general discussion, means of collating and
disseminating information on endangered species
were discussed. Collaboration with other groups
such as the Audubon Society, League of Women
Voters, etc, was proposed to plan preventive
measures. We were also asked how we as shell
collectors can undertake conservation. It was sug-
gested that we change our attitude toward nature
by discouraging not necessarily eliminating, live
collecting by AMU members. The next edition of
the AMU booklet on HOW TO COLLECT
SHELLS, will be renamed HOW TO COLLECT
AND STUDY MOLLUSKS and emphasis will be
placed on making observations, studying life
habits, etc. rather than indiscriminately collecting
to please passing whims. A committee was set
up to propose a revised code of ethics for the
collector.

Jeanne Whiteside

Sec’y pro tern

50

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, JULY 19, 1971

President David H. Stansbery, presiding, called
for a motion to waive reading of the minutes of
the previous annual business meeting since an
accounting had appeared in the Annual Reports
for 1970. Motion made, seconded, carried.

The reports of the Secretary and the Treasurer
were heard and approved. See following sheet (s)
for details. The budget for calendar year 1972
anticipates receipts and expenditures of $4,600,
with $3,200 of that amount for the printing of the
1971 Annual Report.

The Secretary reported on the Executive Council
Meeting held July 18, 1971, and gave the following
summary of matters considered: The format of
the Annual Reports may be changed so that we
will be able to get the best possible publication
at the lowest possible cost. The title will be
changed from Annual Reports to Bulletin. Be-
cause it is less expensive to print a smaller num-
ber of larger pages, the size of the pages of the
Bulletin will probably be larger. How to Collect
Shells will be revised before reprinting. Title is to
be changed to How to Collect and Study Mollusks.
Articles are to include emphasis on ecology and
conservation. No action is to be taken on moving
AMU’s state of incorporation from California, a
move that seemed desirable last year. It is possible
that we will be better off as an unincorporated
association. This will be studied further. The
Legal Committee was asked to consider the limits
of AMU activities in influencing legislation i-e-
garding endangered species. It was also asked
to consider results of dropping our non-profit
status. A number of new committees were created
to study particular problems, and to report by
next year. There are now ten committees — An-
nual Meeting Site, Auditing, Budget, Conservation,
Constitutional Revision, History and Archives,
Legal, Membership, Nominating, and Publica-
tions. The report of the Conservation Committee
was reviewed by the Council. An open meeting of
that Committee had been held on July 17. The
Committee now has a budget for expenses, and

channels of communication are clearer. It was
recommended that each member of the AMU
consider conservation as his own personal respon-
sibility, letting his conscience be his guide. The
President announced that the next Annual Meet-
ing will be in Galveston, Texas, starting July 10,
1972.

The Secretary read the report of the Nominat-
ing Committee and explained that some officers
are now elected for several years. The following
were nominated: President, Arthur S. Merrill;
President-Elect, Dolores S. Dundee; Vice Presi-
dent, Harold D. Murray; Corresponding Secretary,
for three-year term, Paul R. Jennewein; Council-
lors-at-Large, for two-year terms, Henry D. Rus-
sell and Carol B. Stein. The motion was made,
seconded and carried that the nominations be
closed. The Secretary was instructed to cast a
unanimous ballot for the slate.

Under new business, the desirability of formul-
ating an AMU Code of Ethics for collectors was
discussed by the membership. Copies of TIDE
LINES, a publication of the St. Petersburg Shell
Club, were passed out, as a Code was printed in
it. Mr. Jacobson said it does not go far enough to
suit him. He would like to see a pledge that starts,
“I will not collect live shells”, but allows for ex-
ceptions as conscience permits. Miss Stein recom-
mended that the Conservation Committee work
on formulating a Code of Ethics and present in-
formation to the members at the next meeting or,
preferably, prior to the meeting. Mrs. Beetle sug-
gested that the school field trip is a good place
to start to emphasize the importance of just look-
ing, not taking plants or animals. It might be
helpful to prepare a pamphlet for teachers, espe-
cially elementary school teachers, on how to con-
duct a field trip. This can be done by the AMU or
by a shell club.

Dr. Stansbery turned over the gavel to incom-
ing President Merrill, and the meeting was ad-
journed.

51

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1970

As of January 1, 1971, the membership of the
AMU was 823. The following is a tabulation of
membership by category, and comparison with
the previous year.

1/1/71

1/1/70

Individuals

Individuals under

510

514

Family Membership

235

185

Corresponding Members

37

28

Honorary Life Members

9

8

Clubs

32

37

Total

823

764

Since year-end, several of the clubs that had
been dropped for non-payment of dues have been
contacted, and three of them have renewed mem-
bership. About 100 names were dropped in 1970
for non-payment of dues. These were more than
compensated for by new members and by mem-
bers who added their spouses to the membership
rolls.

Respectfully submitted, Marian S. Hubbard, Re-
cording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE FISCAL YEAR
ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1970

Check Book Balance, January 1, 1970
Receipts

Memberships: Regular

2,604.25

Corresponding

149.25

Shell Clubs

188.00

2,941.50

Sales: How to Collect Shells

401.15

Bulletin (back issues)

137.45

Rare & Endangered Species

16.10

554.70

2,294.27

Proceeds of Key West Meeting 771.34

Page Charge to Authors 80.00

Interest on Bonds 158.55

Miscellaneous 2.69

TOTAL RECEIPTS

4,508.78

Total cash to be accounted for

6,803.05

52

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

Disbursements
Printing: Annual Report
Newsletter
Miscellaneous
Rare & End. Species

2,604.16

172.60

85.03

201.00 3,062.79

Postage 229.51

Office Supplies — Secretary & Treasurer 57.87

Bank Charge 25.37

Secretary’s Expenses — Annual Meeting 253.78

Office Expenses — Secretary & Treasurer 113.51

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES
Deposit in 5% savings account

3,742.83

1,000.00

TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS

Checking Account Balance, December 31, 1970

4,742.83

2,060.22

Total cash accounted for

6,803.05

Savings Account BlJf592, Colonial Federal Savings & Loan Association
Balance, January 1, 1970 663.30

Interest for year 47.94

From Checking Account 1,000.00

Total Balance 1,711.24

Recapitulation of Assets, December 31, 1970

Cash in Checking Account, Girard Trust 2,060.22

Treasurer’s Petty Cash 10.00

Secretary’s Petty Cash, transferred from Margaret 100.00

Teskey to Marian Hubbard

Savings Account 1,711.24

Savings Bonds — Girard Trust 3,000.00

Total Assets 6,881.46

Allocated to Life Membership Fund 1,470.88

AMU Net Worth, December 31, 1970 5,410.58

Changes in Capital Account:

AMU, Capital Account, Jan. 1, 1970 4,596.69

AMU, Capital Account, Dec. 31, 1970 5,410.58

Net Increase in Assets, 1970 813.89

Respectfully submitted, Bernadine B. Baker, Treasurer

Audited February 5, 1971 by R. 'Tucker Abbott and Russell H. Jensen

53

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

MEMBERS AND GUESTS IN ATTENDANCE:

Mr. Kirk Anders, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.

Mrs. Bernadine Baker, Havertown, Pa.

Mr. John Baker, Patrick A.F.B., Fla.

Mrs. Wilma Baker, Sarasota, Fla.

Mr. Earl Baysinger, Washington, D.C.

Ken Bazata, Lincoln, Neb.

Mrs. Dorothy Beetle, Newport News, Va.

Jerome M. Bijur, Naples, Fla.

Mr. & Mrs. Alvin Bippus, Toledo, Ohio
Mrs. Morley Bishop, Akron, N. Y.

Miss Shirley Bishop, Akron, N. Y.

Mr. & Mrs. Howard Blum, Pompano Beach, Fla.
Mrs. Hollis Q. Boone, Houston, '"ex.

Mrs. Jane Brooks, Fort Pierce, Fla.

Michael Castagna, Wachaprague, Va.

Dr. & Mrs. Arthur Clarke, Manotick, Ont., Canada
Dr. William Clench, Dorchester, Mass.

Mrs. Juliette Compitello, Bethesda, Md.

T. J. Costello, Miami, Fla.

Dr. John Culliney, Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. Dolores Dundee, New Orleans, La.

Lt. Col. Corinne Edwards, Coconut Grove, Fla.

Dr. & Mrs. John Ferguson, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Mrs. Kleinie Fieberg, Wilmette, 111.

Mr. & Mrs. E. Flynn Ford, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.

Dr. & Mrs. Lake Fowler, Galveston, Tex.

Mrs. Susan Gallagher, Treasure Island, Fla.

Dr. Carl Gugler, Lincoln, Neb.

Mr. & Mrs. M. T. Harris, Jacksonville, Fla.

Mr. & Mrs. Edwin Hicks, Eau Gallic, Fla.

Mr. & Mrs. Wayne Holiman, Edinburg, Tex.

Mrs. Marian Hubbard, Seaford, L. I., N. Y.

Mr. & Mrs. Mart Hulswit, New York, N. Y.

Mrs. Ruth Hunkins, Englewood, Fla.

Dr. Marc Imlay, Duluth, Minn.

Mr. & Mrs. Morris Jacobson, Rockaway, N. Y.
Mrs. Beth Johnson, North Myrtle Beach, S. C.
Mrs. Kenneth Johnson, Raleigh, N. C.

Mrs. Hessie Kemper, St. Louis, Mo.

Mrs. Lucia King, Ft. Myers, Fla.

Mrs. Florence Kuczynski, St. Petersburg, Fla.
Sophie Kuczynski, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Dr. Edward La Roe, Miami, Fla.

Judge & Mrs. Benjamin Lencher, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mr. & Mrs. K. R. Lewis, Merritt Island, Fla.

Mr. & Mrs. Albert Lindar, Chicago, 111.

Mr. & Mrs. Glen Long and family (2)

Mrs. Mary Long, Sonora, Cal.

Mr. & Mrs. Walter Lowry, Raleigh, N. C.

William Lyons, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Mrs. Cornelia Mclnnes, Raleigh, N.C.

Mr. & Mrs. Gary Magnotte, Pompano Beach, Fla.
Mrs. Terese Marsh, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.

Don Maurer, Lewes, Del.

Dr. Arthur Merrill, Easton, Md.

R. W. Menzel, Tallahassee, Fla.

Mr. & Mrs. Donald Moore and family (1)

Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Morrison, Washington, D. C.
Mr. & Mrs. Francis Murray, Lighthouse Point, Fla.
Dr. Harold Murray, San Antonio, Tex.

Miss Hellen Notter, Jacksonville, Fla.

Dr. & Mrs. J. J. Parodiz, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. & Mrs. Richard Petit and Betsy,

North Myrtle Beach, S. C.

Mr. & Mrs. Fred Pfaff, Chicago, 111.

Cynthia Plockelman, West Palm Beach, Fla.
Hugh Porter, Morehead City, N. C.

W. Lloyd Pratt, Jr., Fort Worth, Tex.

Mrs. Dorothy Raeihle, Elmhurst, N. Y.

Dr. & Mrs. Harald Rehder, Washington, D. C.
Howard Root, West Palm Beach, Fla.

John Root, West Palm Beach, Fla.

William Ross, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Dr. Henry Russell, Cambridge, Mass.

Mrs. Frieda Schilling, St. Louis, Mo.

Mr. J. Gunn Seville, Dunedin, Fla.

Miss Violet Seville, Dunedin, Fla.

William Shaw, Easton, Md.

Dr. & Mrs. Francis A. Smith, St. Petersburg, Fla.
Dr. & Mrs. David Stansbery and family (2),
Columbus, Ohio

Mr. & Mrs. Dan Steger, Tampa, Fla.

Carol Stein, Columbus, Ohio
Mrs. Leo Tate, Lake Jackson, Tex.

Mrs. Myra Taylor, San Antonio, Tex.

Mr. & Mrs. Albert Taxson, Bronx, N. Y.

Mrs. Fran H. Thorpe, Miami, Fla.

Mrs. Patricia Torrance, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Dr. Ruth Turner, Cambridge, Mass.

Gordon Nowell-Usticke, St. Croix, Virgin Islands
Mrs. J. Andrews Wasson, Corpus Christi, Tex.
Milton Werner, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Mrs. J. Smith Whiteside, Indian Harbour Beach,
Fla.

NOTE: In addition to those registered, a number
of members of the Astronaut Trail Shell Club
were in attendance, staffing the registration desk.

125 people registered, including 6 children.

54

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
COCOA BEACH, FLORIDA
JULY 15-19, 1971

Group photograph:

1. Mrs. Esther Parodiz, 2. Dr. Juan J. Parodiz,
3. Dr. William Clench, 4. Mrs. Lois Rehder, 5. Dr.
Harald Rehder, 6. Mrs. Bernadine Baker, 7. Dr.
David Stansbery, 8. Mrs. Mary Lois Stansbery, 9.
Mrs. Marian Hubbard, 10. M. Karl Jacobson, 11.
Mrs. L. Jacobson (Pinky), 12. Mrs. Louise Clarke,
13. Jerome Bijur, 14. Mrs. Lucia King, 15. Mrs.
Wilma Baker, 16. Kirk Anders, 17. Mrs. Morley
Bishop, 18. Mrs. Fran Thorpe, 19. Mrs. Kleinie
Fieberg, 20. Mrs. Kathryn Pfaff, 21 Albert Lindar,
22. Mrs. Charlotte Lindar, 23. Dr. Arthur Clarke, 24.
Carol Stein, 25. Dan Steger, 26. Mrs. Mary Long,
27. Dr. Henry Russell, 28. Mrs. Dorothy Beetle,
29. Mildred Smith, 30. Fred Pfaff, 31. Mrs. Cornelia
Mclnnes, 32. Mrs. Nell Lowry, 33. Walter Lowry,
34. Arthur Merrill, 35. Mrs. Anne Taxson, 36.
Mrs. Dorothy Morrison, 37. Mrs. J. Ferguson,
38. Dr. John Ferguson, 39. Mrs. Beth Johnson,
40. Mrs. Jeanne Whiteside, 41. Mrs. Connie Boone,
42. Dr. Dee Dundee, 43. Mrs. Mildred Tate, 44.
Mrs. K. R. Lewis, 45. Mrs. Emily Smith, 46. Dr.
Francis A. Smith, 47. Hugh Porter, 48. Bill Ross,
49. Mae Ross, 50. Francis Murray, 51. Louise
Murray, 52. Howard Blum, 53. Mildred Blum, 54.
Violet Seville, 55. J. Gunn Seville, 56. Albert

Taxson, 57. Dr. Joseph Morrison, 58. Judge Ben-
jamin Lencher, 59. Mrs. Benjamin Lencher,
60. Lt. Col. Corinne Edwards, 61. Howard Root,
62. Gary Magnotte, 63. Mrs. Rudi Magnotte, 64.
Dr. Carl Gugler, 65. Ken Bazata, 66. Michael
Castagna, 67. William Shaw, 68. Mrs. Jane Brooks,
69. Cynthia Plockelman, 70. Mrs. Mary Ford,
71. J. Flynn Ford, 72. John Root, 73. W. Lloyd
Pratt, Jr., 74. Mrs. Dorothy Raeihle, 75. Mrs.
Ruth Hunkins, 76. Mrs. Audrey Holiman, 77.
Wayne Holiman, 78. Mrs. Myra Taylor, 79. Dr.
Donald Moore, 80. Mrs. Cindy Moore, holding
Walter Moore, 81. William Lyons, 82. Mrs. Betsy
Petit, 83. Gordon Nowell-Usticke, 84. Mrs. Juliette
Compitello, 85. Mart Hulswit, 86. Mrs. Maria
Hulswit, 87. Dr. Edward LaRoe, 88. Milton Werner,
89. Hellen Notter, 90. Dr. Lake Fowler, 91. Mrs.
Lake Fowler, 92. Dr. Marc Imlay, 93. Jack
Costello, 94. T. J. Costello, 95. Mrs. Florence
Kuczynski, 96. Mrs. Sophie Kuczynski, 97. Mrs.
Susan Gallagher, 98. Linda Stansbery, 99. Mrs.
Miriam Hicks, 100. Richard Petit, 101. Dr. Harold
Murray, 102. Mrs. J. Andrews Wasson, 103. Edwin
Hicks, 104. Mrs. Patricia Torrance, 105. Mrs. Vera
Roberts, 106. Millie O’Mara, 107. Mrs. Eleanor
Hillman, 108. John Baker.

56

Bulletin of the American MalacoJogical Union, Inc.
February 1972

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
ACTIVE MEMBERS

Membership List Revised October 20, 1971

Abbott, Dr. and Mrs. R. Tucker, Delaware Museum
of Natural History, Greenville, Del. 19807
Academy of Natural Sciences Library, 19th and
the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Adams, Lawson, 584 Banyan Blvd., Naples,
Fla. 33940

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos G., College of Agriculture,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00709
Albert, Mrs. Ernest, 905 Bayshore Blvd., Safety
Harbor, Fla. 33572

Aldrich, Dr. Frederick A., Marine Sciences Re-
search Lab., Memorial Univ., St. Johns, New-
foundland, Canada (Decapod cephalopoda )
Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Road, Wynne-
wood, Pa. 19096

Allen, Dr. J. Frances, COOO 42nd Ave., No. 311,
Hyattsvilie, Md. 20781

Allen, James E., 1108 Southampton Dr., Alex-
andria, La. 71301 (Tertiary micro-niollusca)
Allen, Mrs. Lawrence K., Box 822, Port Isabel,
Texas 78578 iMurex, Pecten, world marines;
dealer)

Allen, Miss Letha S., 187 Argyle St., Yarmouth,
Nova Scotia, Canada (General)

Anders, Kirk W., Shells of the Seas, Inc., P. O.
Box 1418, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33302 (Volu-
tidae; all rare shells)

Anderson, Carieton J., Kettle Creek Road, Weston,
Conn. 06880

Andrews, Mrs. Jean (Wasson), 241 Melrose,
Corpus Christi, Tex. 78404
Angstadt, Mrs. Earle K., Longview Farm, 959
Whitner Rd., Reading, Pa. 19605
Arnold, Ben E., Rt. 5, Box 27, Port Orchard, Wash.
98366

Aslakson, Capt. and Mrs. Carl I., 5707 Wilson
Lane, Bethesda, Md. 20034
Athearn, Herbert D., Rt. 5, Box 376, Cleveland,
Tenn. 37311 (Freshwater)

Athearn, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 N. Main St., Fall River,
Mass. 02720 (Landshells)

Auerbach, Stuart, 1710 Algonquin Trail, Maitland,
Fla. 32751

Avery, Mrs. R. Gail, Box 2557, Harbor, Oregon
97415 (Shells of West America; exch.)

Baerreis, David A., 1233 Sweet Briar Road, Madi-
son, Wise. 53705 (Paleoecological interpreta-
tion through mollusks)

Baily, Dr. Joshua L., P. O. Box 1891, La Jolla,
Cal. 92038

Baker, Mrs. Horace B., 11 Chelten Road, Haver-
town, Pa. 19083

Baker, John A., P. O. Box 4524, Patrick AFB,
Fla. 32925 (General)

Baker, Nelson W., 279 Sherwood Dr., Santa Bar-
bara, Cal. 93105 (General)

Baker, Wilma, Orange Acres, Lot 65, Sarasota,
Fla.

Barlow, Mrs. G. Barton, 5 Downey Drive, Tenafly,
N. J. 07670

Barr, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. and J. W., Jr., 405
Prairie Street, St. Charles, 111. 60174 (Cowries)

Bauer, Mr. and Mrs. Hugo C., P. O. Box 894,
League City, Tex. 77573 (All mollusca)

Baum, Newman N., 83 Weaving Lane, Wantagh,
L. I., N. Y. 11793

Baxa, Mrs. Dorothy and Mr. Edward H., Box 177,
Genesee Depot, Wise. 53127 (Beginning coll.;
gaining knowledge of mollusks)

Bayne, Dr. and Mrs. C. J., Dept, of Zoology, Oregon
State Univ., Corvallis, Ore. 97331 (Gastropod
physiology)

Bazata, Kenneth R., Univ. of Nebraska, Oldfather
Hall 434, Lincoln, Neb. 68508 (Terrestrial
pulmonates)

Becker, Mr. and Mrs. Albert F., 2157 Sunrise Dr.,
LaCrosse, Wise. 54602 (Mississippi River
shells)

Bedell, Adele Koto, 2643 Laundale Dr., Beloit,
Wise. 53511

Beetle, Mrs. Dorothy, Peninsular Junior Natui’e
Museum, J. Clyde Morris Blvd., Newport
News, Va. 23601 (Land, freshwater world
shells)

Bennett, Charles G., 374 73rd Street, Ocean,
Marathon, Fla. 33050

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Dept, of Entomology,
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85717

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, Cal. 92373

57

ACTIVE MEMBERS

58

Bickel, David, Dept. Earth Sci., Minot State Col-
lege, Minot, N. D. 58701 (Systematics and
ecology of freshwater mollusks, exp. pleuro-
cerid snails)

Bijur, Jerome M., 135 7th Ave. N., Naples, Fla.
33940 (Buy, exch. Florida & Caribbean
marine)

Bippus, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin C., 2743 Sagamore
Rd., Toledo, Ohio 43606 (Marine gastropods)
Bishop, Stephen H., 4039 Turnberry Circle, Hous-
ton, Tex. 77025 (Metabolism)

Blaine, Mr. and Mrs. Alger P., 237 19th Ave. S.,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33705 (Summer; 74 Pal-
mer Ave., Springfield, Mass. 01108)
Blankenship, Shaw, Route 2, Crab Orchard, Ky.

40419 (Fresh water mussels)

Bleakney, Dr. J. Sherman, Dept, of Biology,
Acadia Univ., Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
(Nudibranchs and sacoglossans; ecology,
zoogeography, systematics)

Blum, Mr. and Mrs. Howard F., 2881 N. E. 22
Court, Pompano Beach, Fla. 33062
Boone, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Q., 3706 Rice Blvd.,
Houston, Tex. 77005

Borkowski, PhD., Cpt. Thomas V., 381-44-2275,
USAMEDC, Box 177, APO San Francisco, Cal.
96331 (Systematics, ecology-Littoi’inidae, also
micro-mollusks)

Born, Mrs, Thomas, 4345 Manolete, Pensacola,
Fla. 32504

Boss, Dr. Kenneth Jay, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 02138
Bottimer, L. J., Rte. 1, Box 50, Tow, Tex. 78672
(Recent and fossil)

Boyd, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene S., 6806 Gillis Road,
Victor, N. Y. 14564 (All aspects)

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Road, Ithaca,
N. Y. 14850

Bradley, John C., 469 Farmington Ave., Waterbury,
Conn. 06710 (Travel and collect)

Brady, E. Leo, P. O. Box 2515, Newburgh, N. Y.
12550 (land snails)

Branson, Branley A., P. O. Box 50, Eastern Ken-
tucky Univ., Richmond, Ky. 40475
Bratcher, Twila L., 8121 Mulholland Terrace,
Hollywood, Cal. 90046

Brill, Mr. and Mrs. James A., 804 Johnson Street,
Terrell, Tex. 75160

Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. John C., 3050 Sunrise Blvd.,
Ft. Pierce, Fla. 33450

Brown, Dorothy, 7090 Madera Drive, Goleta, Cal.
93017 (Pectens)

Brown, Wade G., 1317 Arnette Ave., Durham, N. C.

27707 (Rare W. Atlantic shells)

Broyles, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph E., 5701 Fairfield
Drive, Ft. Wayne, Ind. 46807
Brunson, Dr. Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ.,
Missoula, Mont. 59801

Bryan, Edwin H., Jr., Bishop Museum, P. O. Box
6037, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 (Pacific Biogeo-
graphy and Bibliography)

Buffalo Museum of Science, Research Library,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, N. Y. 14075
Burch, Dr. John B., Museum of ZooL, Univ. of
Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (Land and
freshwater mollusks)

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 1300 Mayfield Rd.,
Apt. 61-L, Seal Beach, Cal. 90740
Burch, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A., 236 Kuuhoa Place,
Kailua, Hawaii 96734 (Dredging)

Burgers, Dr. and Mrs. J. M., 4622 Knox Rd., Apt.

7, College Park, Md. 20740
Burggraf, Margaret R., 608 N. W. 26th Street, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33311 (Self-collected Florida
shells)

Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn, 14453 Nassau
Road, San Leandro, Cal. 94577
Burke, Alice L. and Thos. D., Jr., 1820 S. Austin
Blvd., Cicero, 111. 60650 (Marine mollusks of
eastern U. S. A.)

Caffin, John, 528 W. New York Ave., DeLand,
Fla. 32720 (World shells)

Campbell, Edward D., 3528 1/2 Meade Ave., Apt. E,
San Diego, Cal. 92116

Campbell, Mrs. Minnie Lee, 3895 DuPont Circle,
Jacksonville, Fla. 32205 (General collecting)
Cardeza, R. Adm. and Mrs. Carlos M., P. O. Box
6746, Houston, Tex. 77005 (Summer Address:
Rt. 1, Box 104, Sanibel, Fla. 33957. Florida
and Texas shells)

Carley, T. S., 407 Kingston, Deerfield, 111. 60015
Carlton, Jas. T., Dept. Invert. ZooL, Cal. Academy
of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. 94118 (Estua-
rine & brackish water mollusks)

Carney, W. Patrick, U.S. Naval Medical Research
Unit No. 2, Djakarta Detachment, APO San
Francisco, Cal. 96356

Carr, Mrs. Jack C., 912 Broadway, Normal, 111.

61761 (Exchange worldwide marine)
Castagna, Michael, Va. Inst. Marine Sci., Wacha-
preague, Va. 23480 (Pelecypod larval be-
havior)

Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N., 12719 San Vincente
Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. 90049 (Winter; P. O.
Drawer R, Sanibel, Fla. 33957. {Mitra, Cy-
praea; no exchanges)

Chace, Emery, 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.
90717

Chandler, Carl and Doris, P. O. Box 621, Rt. 28,
Chatham, Mass. 02633 (Winters: P. O. Box
2344, Ft. Myers Beach, Fla. 33931) (Cones,
Cypraea)

Chanley, Paul, c/o Shelter Island Oyster Co., P. O.
Box 353, Greenport, L. I., N. Y. 11944

59

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Chichester, Lyle F., Dept. Biol. Sci., Central Conn.
State College, New Britain, Conn. 06050
(Ecology of terrestrial gastropods, biology of
land slugs)

Christensen, Carl C., 1612 Kamole Street,

Honolulu, Hawaii 96821

Clark, John W., Jr., 1407 Westmoor, Austin, Tex.
(Economic exploitation of mollusks by pre-
historic Indians, their use in ecological re-
construction)

Clarke, Dr. and Mrs. Arthur H., Jr., Dept, of
Mollusks, Nat’l Museum of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada

Clarke, Dr. Rosemary, P. O. Box 615, Dubuque,
Iowa 52001

Class, Harry E., 35 Tyrell Street, Simcoe, Ont.,
Canada

Clench, Dr. Wm. J., 26 Rowena Street, Dorchester,
Mass. 02124

Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Wade
Oval, University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio 44106

Clover, Phillip W., Box 33, Div. 32, FPO, New York
09540 {Marginella, Mitra, Voluta, Conus,
Cypraea)

Coan, Dr. Eugene, 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto,
Cal. 94306

Cole, Mrs. Joseph H., Jr., 255 El Pueblo Way, Palm
Beach, Fla. 33480 (Florida and Caribbean
marine shells)

Compitello, Mrs. Juliette, 5630 Alta Vista Road,
Bethesda, Md. 20034

Conde, Vincent, Redpath Museum, McGill Univ.,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Conway, Miss Leslie E., 70 Stoneyside Lane,
Olivette, Mo. 63132

Cooper, Robert W. and Marjorie, 5012 Pfeiffer
Road, Peoria, 111.61607 (Florida marine; world
Murex, Pecten, Spondylus; SCUBA divers)

Corey, Mrs. David K., 206 Airport Road, Blacks-
burg, Va. 24060

Corgan, James X., Dept. Geography and Geology,
Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tenn.
37040 (Microscopic gastropods)

Cornell University, Albert R. Mann Library,
Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

Craine, Mrs. Ruth A., 161C Pelham Lane, Ross-
moor, Jamesburg, N. J. 08831

Cramer, Frances L., 766 Obispo Ave., Long Beach,
Cal. 90804 (Ecology; conservation)

Crittenden, Mrs. John S., 624 Waterfall Isle,
Alameda, Cal. 94501

Crutchfield, Mrs. Auralie, 48 Jan Drive West,
Hebron, Conn. 06248

Cull, Mrs. Robt. R., 7927 Chippewa Rd., Brecks-
ville, Ohio 44141

Cummings, Raymond W., 37 Lynacres Blvd.,
Fayetteville, N. Y. 13066 (Shells of the West
Indies, esp. Windward and Grenadine)

Cutler, Henry H.., 105 Abbott Rd., Wellesley Hills,
Mass. 01570

Cvancara, Dr. Alan Milton, Dept. Geology, Univ.
of N. Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak. 58201
(Pleistocene and Holocene continental mol-
lusks; Early Tertiary continental and marine
mollusks)

Davis, Derek S., Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada (Gastropod biology and
taxonomy)

Davis, Dr. George M., Dept. Mollusks, Academy
of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Davis, John D., 26 Norfolk Avenue, Northampton,
Mass. 01060 (Ecology of Marine bivalves)
Dawley, Dr. Charlotte, 114 So. Mendenhall St.,
Greensboro, N. C. 27403

Deatrick, Paul A., 218 S. W. 32 Ave., Miami, Fla.

33135 (Strombus, Busycon)

DeGaetano, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F., 5 Forest
Drive, Mendham, N. J. 07945 (Collect and buy
marine shells)

DeLuca, Mrs. John A., Miss Gladys, Deborah Rd.,
Hanover, Mass. 02339

Demond, Joan, Dept. Geology, Univ. of Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal. 90024

Desmond, Hon. Thos., 94 Broadway, Newburgh,
N. Y. 12550

Dexter, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph W., Dept. Biol. Sci.,
Kent State Univ., Kent, Ohio 44240
Dietrich, Mr. and Mrs. Louise E., 308 Veri Drive,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15220

Dixon, Mrs. Ruth S., 711 Parker St., Durham, N. C.
27701 (Marine mollusks)

Doucet, Mrs. P., Bay No. 24, 3313 Dewdney Trunk
Rd., Port Moody, B. C., Canada
DuBar, Dr. and Mrs. Jules R., Geoscience Dept.,
Morehead State Univ., Morehead Ky. 40351
(Cenozoic and recent mollusks — ecology and
paleoecology)

Dundee, Dr. Dolores S., Dept. Biol., La. State Univ.
in New Orleans, New Orleans, La. 70150
(Land mollusks; freshwater mussels)

Dunn, V. Roger, 4727 27th Ave., So., Gulfport, Fla.
33711

Dvorak, Stanley J. 3856 W. 26th St., Chicago, 111.
60623 (Muricidae)

Eddison, Grace G., M.D., 810 Soundview Dr.,
Mamoroneck, N. Y. 10543 (World marine)
Edmiston, Mrs. J. R., 5038 Hazeltine Ave., Apt.

301, Sherman Oaks, Cal. 91403
Edwards, D. Craig, Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Mass-
achusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01002 (Population
ecology & behavior of marine benthic mol-
luscs)

Ellin, Philip, 130 Cliff Ave., Winthrop, Mass. 02152
(Pecten, Terebra, Cypraea)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

60

Emerson, Dr. Wm. K., American Museum Nat.
Hist., Central Park W. at 79th, New York City
10024

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn, Mass.
01501

Erickson, Richard, Macalester College, St. Paul,
Minn. 55101 (General interest, esp. fossil and
freshwater)

Eubanks, Mrs. Edwin W., 9353 Bermuda Ave,
Baton Rouge, La. 70810

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave., N. E., Seattle,
Wash. 98115

Fackert, Dorothy M., R. D. 1, Box 355, Sussex, N. J.
07461

Farrell, Lyle H., Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H.
03216

Fassig, Mrs. Margaret L , 216 So. Occidental Blvd.,
Los Angeles, Cal. 90057

Fechtner, Mr. Frederick, 6027 N. Kenmore Ave.,
Chicago, 111. 60626 (Unionidae, Sphaeriidae,
Corbiculidae)

Feigert, Eugene C., 409 South Avenue, Van Wert,
Ohio 45891 (Cypraeidae and general)

Feinberg, Harold S., Dept. Living Invertebrates,
American Museum Nat. Hist., Central Park
W. at 79th St., New York City 10024 (Land
and freshwater mollusks)

Ferguson, Dr. and Mrs. John H., 226 Glandon
Drive, Chapel Hill, N. C. 27514

Fieberg, Kleinie, 1430 Lake Ave., Wilmette, 111.
60091

Field Museum of Natural History, Library — SO
11627, Chicago, 111. 60605

Fikes, Mrs. Martha H., 5837 Roberts Road,
Hilliard, Ohio 43026 (Pesticide usage in the
environment)

Fingold, Mr. and Mrs. A. S., University Sq. No. 1,
4625 Fifth Ave., Apt. 105, Pittsburgh, Pa.
15213

Finlay, C. John, 116 Tanglewood Lane, Newark,
Del. 19711 (Marine mollusks of the Western
Atlantic & Caribbean)

Fisher, Larklyn, Dept, of Zoology, Washington
State Univ., Pullman, Wash. 99163 (Phy-
siology, taxonomy)

Foehrenbach, Jack, 91 Elm St., Islip, L. I., N. Y.
11751 (Ecology of marine mollusks)

Foote, Mary K., Box 2075, South Padre Island,
Tex. 78578

Ford, Mr. and Mrs. E. Flynn, 2100 So. Ocean Dr.,
Apt. 8-M, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33316

Foster, Mrs. Fred H., 401 N. Justus St., P. O. Box
213, Oxford, Ind. 47971 (Shells in general)

Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Lake, 4508 Woodrow, Galves-
ton, Tex. 77550

Franke, Norman W., 214 Orin St., Pittsburgh, Pa.
15235 (Self-collected marine shells)

Franz, Dr. David R., Dept. Zool. and Entomology,
U. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268 (Ecology and
physiology marine mollusks, esp. Nudi-
branchs)

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, 111. Wesleyan Univ.,
Bloomington, 111. 61702

Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic
Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla. 32074 (West Atlan-
tic shells)

Frost, Eric, P.E.A., Box 304, Exeter, N. H. 03833
(Amateur)

Gallagher, Mrs. John, 12250 6th Street East,
Treasure Island, Fla. 33706
Garcia, Emilio F., 135 Oak Crest Dr., Lafayette,
La. 70501 (Bulimulinae, Pectinidae, Cy-
praeidae)

Garoian, Dr. Geo , Dept. Zool., So. 111. Univ., Car-
bondale, 111. 62901

Geological Survey of Canada Library, Room 350,
601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Gilbert, Mrs. Laura, 808 Westwood Drive, Abilene,
Tex. 79603

Gilbert, Professor & Mrs. William H., Colby Col-
lege, Dept, of Biology, Waterville, Maine
04901 (Marine & FW bivalves — ecology,
behavior & systematics; Tellina, Macoma)
Gilmour, Thos. H. J., Dept. Biology, U. of Saskat-
chewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
( Anisomyarian bivalves)

Girardi, Mrs. Jos. B., 707 Kent Road, Kenilworth,
111. 60043

Goethel, Lt. Col. (Ret.) Louis and Mrs., 9402
Nona Kay Dr., San Antonio, Tex. 78217 (Cy-
praea — buy and trade)

Gottlieb, Lee, 3580 Gull Road, Lake Park, Fla.

33403 (Marine gastropods)

Graaf, Gerrit de, 10915 S. W. 55th St., Miami, Fla.
33165

Grantier, Mrs. Bruce J., 7 Tiverton Drive, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada (Persian Gulf shells)
Graves, Mr. and Mrs. Howard B., Jr., 826 S.

Ingram Ave., Lakeland, Fla. 33801
Gregg, Wendell O., M.D., 2220 S. Harvard Blvd.,
Los Angeles, Cal. 90018

Griffin, Mary Jane, 705 Miller Street, Helena,
Ark. 72342 (Shells for beauty — scientific
collection)

Groeneveld, Miss Mae, 1183 Terrace St., Muskegon,
Mich. 49442, (Cypraea, conus)

Gruetzmacher, Inez, 534 1st St., Menominee, Mich.
49858

Guckert, Richard H., 433 Grace Road, Upper
Darby, Pa. 19082 (Systematics of freshwater
mussels; ecology, seasonal life histories fresh-
water mollusks; comp, ecology and physiology
of Nassariidae)

Gudnason, Mrs. Harold, 1959 Wrenn St., Oakland,
Cal. 94602

61

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Gugler, Carl W., Dept. ZooL, Univ. of Neb., Lin-
coln, Neb. 68508. (Terrestrial pulmonates)
Gunter, Dr. Gordon, Gulf Coast Research Lab.

Ocean Springs, Miss. 39564 (Ostreidae)

Hadley, Mrs. Esther, 48 Adella Ave., West Newton,
Mass. 02165

Hagge, Mrs. Daniel, 20 North Hill Rd., Wausau,
Wis. 54401

Hall, Mrs. Warner L., 727 Queen’s Rd., Charlotte,
N. C. 28207

Hallacker, Daniel J., 3243 Potter Street, Philadel-
phia, Pa. 19134 (Cones)

Hamilton, Mrs. Wm. J., 615 Highland Rd., Ithaca,

N. Y. 14851

Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Bodega Marine Lab., P. O.

Box 247, Bodega Bay, Cal. 94923
Hargreaves, Jacqueline A., 2208 48th Street, Lub-
bock, Tex. 79412

Harman, Dr. Willard N., Science, NYSU College,
Oneonta, N. Y. 13820 (Freshwater)

Harris, Mrs. E. Milton, 3237 Carlisle Rd., Birming-
ham, Ala. 35213

Harris, Larry G., Dept. Zoology, Univ. New
Hampshire, Durham, N. H. 03824 (Symbiotic
association of Gastropoda, esp. nudibranch-
coelenterate association)

Harris, Marion J. and Bessie B., Rt. 6, Box 347T,
Jacksonville, Fla. 32223

Harrison, Mrs. F. F., One Beaver St., Cooperstown,
N. Y. 13326

Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen, Bellaire,
Tex. 77401

Harwell, Mrs. Albert L., 5613 — 8 Court South,
Birmingham, Ala. 35212

Heck, Ralph L., P. O. Box 16712, Temple Terrace,
Fla. 33617 (World gastropods, esp. Conus,
Cypraea)

Hedges, Mrs. Arlene J. and Miss Barbara JoAnne,
404 North East Street, Crown Point, Ind.
46307 (Diversified interests)

Henderson, Jerry G., 1729 N. W. Greenbrier Way,
Seattle, Washington 98177 (General interest)
Mrs. Pat Hermann, Rt. 3, Box 324C, Panama City,
Fla. 32401 (land snails)

Herr, Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Sr., 7901 Dewitt
Drive, RFD No. 3, Baldwinsville, N. Y. 13027
Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., Cal. Academy of Sci., San
Francisco, Cal. 94118

Hesse, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H., 1241 Cocoanut
Road, Boca Raton, Fla. 33432
Hettick, Mrs. G. Riley, 933 Lynwood Dr., Bartles-
ville, Okla. 74003

Hickman, Mrs. Harriette L., 11015 First Ave.,
Stone Harbor, N. J. 08247 (Worldwide
Epitonium)

Hicks, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S., 1522 Palmwood
Drive, Eau Gallie, Fla. 32935 (General collect-
ing; also fossil shells)

Hidu, Dr. Herbert, Ira C. Darling Center, Univer-
sity of Maine, Walpole, Maine 04573 (Ecology
of estuarine mollusks)

Higbee, Mrs. Florence and Joan, 13 N. Bedford St.
Arlington, Va. 22201

Hinshaw, Merton E., 2542 N. Spurgeon, Santa
Ana, Cal. 92706

Holiman, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne, Box 246, Edinburg,

Tex. 78539

Holle, Dr. Paul A., Asst. Prof. Biology, State
Teacher’s College, Worcester, Mass. 01602
(Salt marsh snails)

Hollister, S. C., 5 Parkway Place, Ithaca, N. Y.
14850

Hood, Elizabeth G., 1742 Meredith Lane, Belleair,
Clearwater, Fla. 33516

Hopkins Marine Station Library of Stanford
Univ., Pacific Grove, Cal. 93950
Hopkins, Dr. and Mrs. Sewell H., Dept. Biol., Tex.

A and M Univ., College Station, Tex. 77843
Hornstein, Leon, 2211 Arden Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21209 (Amateur)

Houbrick, Mr. Richard Joseph, Smithsonian
Oceanographic Sorting Center, Washington,
D. C. 20560 (Zoogeography, systematics, evolu-
tion)

Howard, Mrs. Faye B., 4167 Creciente Dr., Santa
Barbara, Cal. 93105 (Gulf of California shells)
Hubbard, Mrs. Marian S., 3957 Marlow Court,
Seaford, N. Y. 11783

Hubricht, Leslie, 4026 35th St., Meridian, Miss.

39301 (U. S. land and freshwater)

Hulswit, Mart, 680 West End Ave., New York,
N. Y. 10025 (Collecting with SCUBA)

Hunkins, Mrs. Ruth E., 133 Brook to Bay, Engle-
wood, Fla. 33533 (Miniature shells; exch)
Imlay, Dr. and Mrs. Marc J., Nat. Water Quality
Lab. 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, Minn. 55804
Inchaustegui, J. M., 2121 Grape PL, Gretna, La.
70053

Ishikawa, Samuel, 551 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.
10017

Isom, Billy G., 318 Riverview Circle, Florence,
Ala. 35630

Jackson, R. H., 5219 Trentwood Drive, New Bern,
N. C. 28560

Jackson, Ralph W., Rt. 1, Cambridge, Md. 21613
(Exch. land shells)

Jacobs, George, 853 Riverside Dr., New York, N. Y.
10032 (Buy and exch. foreign land and marine
shells)

Jacobson, Morris Karl, 455 Beach 139 Street, Rock-
away Beach, N. Y. 11694

James, Mrs. Frederic, 850 W. 52nd St., Kansas
City, Mo. 64112

ACTIVE MEMBERS

62

Jennewein, Mr. and Mrs. Paul R., Box 394,
Wrightsville Beach, N. Carolina 28480 (Rais-
ing mollusks in aquaria; writing and illus-
trating articles on shell collecting)

Jensen, Mrs. Dorothy, 30-83 Crescent St., Apt. B-3,
Astoria, N. Y. 11102

Johns, Mrs. Veronica Parker, c/o Seashells Un-
limited, Inc., 590 Third Avenue, New York,
N. Y. 10016

Johnson, Col. and Mrs. Harvey A. (Ret.), 3915
S. W. 109th St., Seattle, Wash. 98146
Johnson, Mrs. Kenneth L., 3206 Sussex Rd.,
Raleigh, N. C. 27607 (World marine shells)
Johnson, Sp/6 Oliver M., E 264-34-3424, 95th Evac.
Hosp. (Dental Clinic), APO San Francisco,
Cal. 96349 (South China Sea shells)

Johnson, Richard I., 124 Chestnut Hill Road,
Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167 (Books)
Johnstone, Mrs. Kathleen Yerger, 2209 River
Forest Road, Mobile, Ala. 36605
Jones, Dr. David T., P. O. Box 284, Vinton, Iowa
52349

Jones, Richard H., 1432 Dorsh Road, So. Euclid,
Ohio 44121

Jordan, Leslie Ann, 24232 Via Aquara, Laguna
Niguel, Cal. 92677 (Parasites on Donax; gen-
eral coll, with emphasis on gastropods)

Junge, Reinhart, 89-19 171st St., Apt. 2-P, Jamaica,
Queens, N. Y. 11432

Katsaras, Nick, 479B S. Washington Ave., Ber-
genfield, N. J. 07621

Kay, Dr. E. Alison, Gen. Sci. Dept. Univ. of
Hawaii, 2450 Campus Road, Honolulu, Hawaii
96822 (Indo-Pacific marine mollusca: system-
atics and ecology)

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept. Geol., Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, Cal. 94305

Keferl, Eugene P., 4766 Riverside Ave., Columbus,
Ohio 43321 (Terrestrial gastropods)
Kelsheimer, Geo. E. and Geneva, 19137 Dresden
Drive, South Bend, Ind. 46637 (Live collecting;
cleaning and preservation methods)

Kemper, Mrs. Hessie, 11854 Josse Dr., St. Louis,
Mo. 63128

Kennedy, Mr. and Mrs. Douglas and Caroline, 1070
Northampton St., Holyoke, Mass. 01040
Kile, Chas. O., Box 2046, Agana, Guam 96910 (All
shells)

King, Lucia E., Presbyterian Apts. No. 1503, 1925
Virginia Ave., Ft. Myers, Fla. 33901
Kline, Mrs. Mary, 240 Makee Rd., Apt. 10-A,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96815

Klinkey, Martha, 336 Main Street, Batavia, 111.

60510 (Cypraea, Miirex, Strombus)

Knauer, Mrs. Freda S., 244 33rd St., Avalon, N. J.

08202 (N. J. & Florida marine shells; exch.)
Kohn, Dr. Alan J., Dept. Zool., Univ. of Washing-
ton, Seattle, Wash. 98105

Kondo, Dr. Yoshio, Bishop Museum, Box 6037,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96818

Kovach, Jack, Dept. Geology, Muskingum College,
New Concord, Ohio (Ecology, shell composi-
tion, paleontology of non-marine mollusks)
Kraemer, Dr. Louise R., Dept. Zool., Univ. of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 72702 (Fresh-
water lamillibranchs)

Krauss, N. L. H., 2437 Parker Place, Honolulu,
Hawaii 96822 (Carnivorous land snails;
biology)

Kuczynski, Florence, 7400 46th Ave. N., Lot 406,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33709 (Collect, photo-
graph, and exchange shells)

Kurz, Richard M., 1575 N. 118 St., Wauwatosa,
Wis. 53226 (Large specimen shells)

Laavy, T. L., Middleton Place Apts., A21, E. Earl
Street, Greenville, So. Car. 29609
Lamberts, Dr. Austin, 1520 Leffingwell, N. E.,
Grand Rapids, Mich. 49505
Landye, Jas. Jerry, Dept. Zool., Arizona State
Univ., Tempe, Ariz. 85281 (Freshwater)

Lang, Bruce Z., Eastern Wash. State College, Dept.
Biology, Cheney, Wash. 99004 (Ecology FW
mollusca — Goniobasis, Valvata, Parapholyx
— and effects of parasitism on mollusc popula-
tions)

LaRivers, Dr. Ira, Box 167, Verdi, Nev. 89439
LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, Dept. Geol. Ohio State
Univ., 125 S. Oval Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210
Laudig, Mr. and Mrs. David J., 700 Via Zumaya,
Palos Verdes Estates, Cal. 90274 (Molluscan
ecology, behavior)

Lawrence, Mrs. Kay, 88 Siders Pond Rd., Fal-
mouth, Mass. 02540 (Pectinidae)

Lemire, Ross, 184 Grandview Ave., Willowdale,
Ontario, Canada

Lencher, Judge and Mrs. Benj, Apt. 408, 144 N.

Dithridge St., Pittsburgh, Penn. 15213
Lerner, Martin, 64 Thompson Avenue, Oc('anside,
N. Y. 11572 (Worldwide marine shells)

Levin, Mrs. Milton I., 57 Stonicker Dr., Trenton,
N. J. 08638

Lewis, Harold, 125 McClenaghan Mill Rd., Wynne-
wood, Pa. 19096

Lewis, Dr. and Mrs. John R., 23 W. 551 Warren-
ville Rd., Lisle, 111. 60532
Lewis, Mrs. J. Kenneth, 9207 48th Ave., College
Park, Md. 20741

Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth R., 1221 Crane
Drive, Cherry Hill, N. J. 08034
Light, Frank B., Jr., The Cate School, P. O. Box
68, Carpinteria, Cal. 93013
Loizeaux, Mrs. A. D., 5369 Susquehanna Dr., Va.
Beach, Va. 23462

Long, Glenn A., 608 Stevenson Lane, Towson, Md.
21204 (Marine gastropods)

63

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Long, Mary E., 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, Cal.
95370 (Marine shells)

Lowry, Walter G. and Nelle H., 5404 Overlook
Drive, Raleigh, N. C. 27609 (Collect N. C.
marine; exchange for world marine)
Lubinsky, Dr. Irene, Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
(Marine bivalves of the Canadian Arctic)
Luttrell, Mr. and Mrs. A. L., 5800 Wall Lane, Rock-
ville, Md. 20852 (Marines and fossils)
Lyons, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. G., Florida Dept. Nat.
Resources, P. O. Drawer F, St. Petersburg,
Fla. 33731 (Florida and W. Indian mollusks)
MacBride, Grace, R. D. 1, Hartman Rd., North
Wales, Pa. 19454

MacMillan, Gordon K., 169 Glenfield Dr., Pitts-
burgh, Pa. 15235

MacPherson, Mrs. A. H., 13812 — 98th Avenue,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Canadian gastro-
pods; taxonomy)

Macquin, Mrs. Hazelle B., 437 Douglas Street, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84102 (Fossil mollusks of the
United States)

Maes, Virginia Orr, Dept. Mollusks, Academy Nat.
Sci., Philadelphia 19103

Mahavier, Mrs. W. E., 234 E. Woodland Ave., San
Antonio, Tex. 78212

Malek, Dr. Emile, Dept. Parasitology, Tulane

Univ. Medical School, New Orleans, La. 70112
Malone, Elsie, Sanibel Island, Fla. 33957 (Buy, sell,
exch. world shells)

Manes, Mrs. Sidney, Knollwood Rd., Fayetteville,
N. Y. 13066 iHaliotis: also land and fresh-
water species)

Mann, Mrs. Julia, Data Research Associates, 425
Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10016
Marsh, Mrs. Therese C., P. O. Box 22291, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33315 (S. E. Florida marine;
world bivalves)

Marshall, Mrs. Thos. H., 2237 N. E. 175th St.,
Seattle, Wash. 98155 (World shells; exch.)
Martin, Mrs. Winifred, Rt. 2, Box 222, Brazoria,
Tex. 77422

Martz, Mrs. Helen J., 2525 Eastwood Ave., Evans-
ton, 111. 60201

Mattera, Albert and Mrs. Emily, 4501 Traymore,
Bethesda, Md. 20014 (Murex)

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept. Zook, Univ. of Ilk,
Urbana, Ilk 61803

Mauseth, E. L., Alden, Minn. 56009 (All shells)
McAlester, A. Lee, 247 St. Ronan Street, New
Haven, Conn. 06511 (Bivalve evolution and
ecology)

McCall, Mrs. Diane, Buckingham Road, Box 8,
R.R. 3, Willimantic, Conn. 06226
McCallum, John and Gladys, Meadowvue Drive,
Rt. 2, Wexford, Pa. 15090

McCarty, Col. Wm. A., 424 Hunting Lodge Dr.,
Miami Springs, Fla. 33166
McClure, Mrs. Virginia H., 317 S. Wetherly Dr.,
Beverly Hills, Cal. 90211

McDonald, Mrs. Sharon C., Museum Zook, Univ. of
Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (Biology, re-
source management of Fw & marine gastro-
pods, esp. Lymnaea and Strombus)

McGinty, Thos. L., Box 765, Boynton Beach, Fla.
33435

Mclnnes, Mrs. Cornelia G., F-6 Raleigh Apts.,
Raleigh, N. C. 27605 (All marine mollusks)
McLean, Dr. James H., Los Angeles Co. Museum,
900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. 90007
Mead, Dr. Albert R., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721
Merrill, Dr. Arthur S., National Marine Fisheries
Service, Biological Laboratory, Oxford, Md.
21654

Merritt, Mr. and Mrs. Jack H., 2251 Euclid Ave.,
Ft. Myers, Fla. 33901

Mesibov, Robert E., 240 Cabrini Blvd., New York,
N. Y. 10033

Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Dept. Biology, Univ. of Tex.
at El Paso, El Paso, Tex. 79968 (Terrestrial
Gastropoda of S. W. United States)

Meyer, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G., Box 61, Captiva,
Fla. 33957

Michaelsen, Jeffry Ingalls, c/o J. W. Michaelsen,
Director, Nairobi, Pan American Airways,
Mailroom, Hangar 14, JFK International Air-
port, Jamaica, L. I., N. Y. 11430 (Indian Ocean
and South Pacific)

Michalski, David, 868 Emory Court, Upland, Cal.
91786 (General collection, especially more
colorful or showy families)

Michelson, Dr. Edw. H., 7 Richmond Rd., Natick.

Mass., 01760 (Medical malacology)

Miles, Dr. Chas. D., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Mo.

at Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. 64110
Miller, Barry B., Dept. Geology, Kent State Univ.,
Kent, Ohio 44240 (Non-marine Pleistocene
malacology)

Miller, Richard L., Dept. Biology, Temple Univ..

Philadelphia, Pa. 19122 (General interest)
Miller, Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Box
199-B, Rt. 4, Tucson, Ariz. 85718
Moberg, Capt. and Mrs. A. G., Keene Rd., RFD
154, Freetown, Mass. 02717
Mohorter, Willard, Museum Natural History,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 (Field collecting;
Cypraea, Murex, Pecten, Valuta)

Molesko, Mrs. Phyllis, 56C Nob Hill Road, New
London, Conn. 06320 (Collecting; underwater
research)

Monfils, Paul R., Johnson House, University of
Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01002

ACTIVE MEMBERS

64

Moore, Dr. and Mrs. Donald R., Institute of Marine
Science, Univ. of Miami, 10 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149
Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Div. of Mollusks, U. S.

Natl. Museum, Wash., D. C. 20560
Morrison, Robert W., 574-A Canal Road, Sarasota,
Fla. 33581 (Marine shells, esp. Cypraea,
Voluta, Oliva, Murex)

Mousley, Louis B., Director-Curator, Mousley
Museum of Natural History, 11555 Bryant
Street, Yucaipa, Cal. 92399
Murasko, Mrs. Janice, 95 Connolly Drive, Mill-
town, N. J. 08850 (Marine mollusks of Atlantic
coast)

Murray, Mrs. Francis A., 3741 N. E. 24th Ave.,
Lighthouse Point, Fla. 33064
Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biol. Dept., Trinity Univ.,
San Antonio, Tex. 78212 (Unionidae, distri-
bution and parasites)

Murray, Talbot E., Jr. and Mrs. Miriam G., Pacific
Marine Station, Dillon Beach, Cal. 94929 (In-
vertebrate embryology)

Musial, Eugene, 53 Idlewood Drive, Tonawanda,
N. Y. 14151

Myer, Dr. Donal G., Southern 111. Univ., Edwards-
ville, 111. 62025 (Land snails)

Myers, Paul R., 1208 W. Clark, Urbana, 111. 61801
(Biochemistry of excretion and cellular pro-
cesses involved; characterization of trans-
mitter substances, location in the ganglion)
Naide, Meyer, M.D., 2034 Spruce St., Philadelphia,
Pa. 19103

National Museum of Canada Library, Ottawa 4,
Ontario, Canada

Nicol, Dr. David, P. O. Box 14376, University
Station, Gainesville, Fla. 32601
Nicolaci, Mr. and Mrs. Domenick, 40 Sedgewick
Rd., Fairhaven, Mass. 02719 iPecten; exch)
Norton, Mrs. LeRoy, 49 State Street, Presque Isle,
Maine 04769

Noseworthy, Ronald G., P. O. Box 104, Grand
Bank, Newfoundland, Canada (No. Am. cir-
cumboreal mollusks; also Clausiliidae and
Turridae)

Notter, Hellen, 2529 Gilmore St., Jacksonville, Fla.
32204

Oatis, Mrs. Vincent P., 312 Holiday Park Dr., Pitts-
burgh, Pa. 15239 (Exchange world marines)
Ode, Dr. Helmer, 4811 Braeburn Dr., Bellaire, Tex.

77401 (Gulf of Mexico marines)

Oetzell, Miss Edith M., 518 S. Ardmore Ave., Villa
Park, 111. 60181 (Conus)

Old, Wm. E., Jr., Dept. Mollusks, Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Central Park W. at 79th St., New York,
N. Y. 10024

Olsson, Axel A., 1900 Ferdinand St., Coral Gables,
Fla. 33134 (Tertiary Mollusca; Panamic-
Pacific Mollusca; radulae)

Oppenheimer, Ella H., M.D., 7703 Crossland Rd.,
Baltimore, Md. 21208

Ostheimer, Alfred J. Ill, 4607 Kahala Ave.,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96815

Ostheimer, Ruth E. M., 146 S. Whitford Rd.,
Whitford (Exton P. O.), Pa. 19341
Pace, Gary, Dept. Biol., Univ. of Mich., Flint, Mich.
48503

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd.,
Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

Parker, Rosemarie, 2118 Glenn Summer Road,
Colorado Springs, Colo. 80909 (Marine gastro-
pods)

Parodiz, Dr. and Mrs. Juan J., Sect, of Inverte-
brates, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
15213 (Neotropical mollusks and freshwater
Gastropoda of U.S.A.)

Pasternack, Dr. and Mrs. Richard, 1224 Seminole
Dr., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33304
Petit, Mr. and Mrs. Richard E., Box 133, North
Myrtle Beach, S. C. 29582 (World shells)
Phillips, Betty and Ted, 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa
Barbara, Cal. 93105

Plockelman, Cynthia H., 311 Franklin Rd., W.
Palm Beach, Fla. 33405 (Caribbean Muricidae,
Naticidae)

Plummer, Mrs. Berniece, 47 Tulane Parkway,
Rochester, N. Y. 14623

Porter, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, Hudson House, Ardsley-
on-Hudson, N. Y. 10503

Porter, Mrs. Miriam E., 2013 So. Vernon PL, Mel-
bourne, Fla. 32901

Potter, Mrs. A. Leslie, Rt. 1, Fulton, N. Y. 13069
Potter, John William, 4815 Merlendale Court
N. W., Atlanta, Ga. 30327
Pratt, W. L., Jr., Dept. Nat. Sci., Ft. Worth Mu-
seum of Science and History, 1501 Montgo-
mery St., Ft. Worth, Tex 76107 (Texas and
Mexican land snails)

Ptolemy, Mrs. Wm. R., 220 Sanatorium Rd„
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Collect, exch.
World shells)

Pulley, Dr. Thos. E., Houston Museum of Nat.

Sci., P. O. Box 8175, Houston, Tex. 77004
Putnam, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P., General De-
livery, Fort Collins, Colo. 80521
Quammen, Eleanor K., Box 132, 402 Homestead
Rd., Wayne, Pa. 19087

Quigley, Jacqueline S., P. O. Box 14365, West
Omaha Station, Omaha, Neb. 68114 (Cypraea)
Radwin, Dr. Geo. E., 4341 Rodrigo Drive, San
Diego, Cal. 92115 (Gastropod taxonomy)
Raeihle, Dorothy and Geo., 5346 82nd St., Elm-
hurst, N. Y. 11373

Rathburn, Mary H., P. O. Box 455, Sarasota, Fla.
33578 (World shells)

65

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Rawls, Dr. Hugh C., Eastern Illinois Univ., Dept,
of Zool., Charleston, 111. 61920 (Ecology, tax-
onomy, distribution of land snails)

Reader, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R., 4772 49th Ave., N.,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33714 (Live mollusks)
Reeder, Richard L., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

85721 (Land pulmonates)

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U. S. Natl. Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20560

Rice, Thos. C., Rt. 4, Box 330, Poulsbo, Washington
98370 (All shells; exchange)

Richards, Charles S., Lab. of Parasitic Diseases,
Nat. Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 20014
(Freshwater mollusks, host-parasite rela-
tions, mollusk pathology and genetics)
Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Rickard, Mrs. George C., 9316 Harvey Road, Silver
Spring, Md. 20910

Ridge, Mrs. Lorraine, 17 Cassanova Drive, St.
Augustine, Fla. 32084

Ring, Eileen G., 1510 No. Euclid, Upland, Cal.
91786

Risser, Capt. R. D., USN (Ret.), Morrison Plane-
tarium, Cal. Acad. Sci., Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco 94118

Ritchie, Mrs. Rebecca P., Dock Ledge, Marblehead,
Mass. 01945 (World marine shells, esp.
Marginella)

Ritchie, Mrs. Robt. M., 17 Country Club PI., Bloom-
ington, 111. 61701

Robert, Miss Ginette, Inst. Oceanography, Dal-
housie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada (Ecology, systematics and evolution)
Robertson, Dr. Robert, Dept, of Mollusks, Acad-
emy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Robinson, Geo. D., 5347 Dartmouth Ave., N., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33710 (Collect, buy, sell,
exch.)

Root, John, P. O. Box 182, W. Palm Beach, Fla.
33402

Roper, Dr. Clyde F. E., Div. of Mollusks, U. S. Nat.
Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560 (System-
atics and ecology of the Cephalopoda)

Ropes, John W., P. O. Box 333, St. Michaels, Md.

21663

Rosentreter, Howard W., P. O. Box 532, Big Pine
Key, Fla. 33043

Rosewater, Dr. Joseph and Mrs., Div. of Mollusks,
U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560
Ross, Landon T., Jr., 1301 Taylor Road, Punta
Gorda, Fla. 33950

Ross, Mr. and Mrs. William A., 1101 Hampton
Road, W. Palm Beach, Fla. 33405 (Olividae
and Pectinidae)

Rotenberger, David N., 10316 Acapulca Way,
Orlando, Fla. 32810 (Shadow Boxes)

Roworth, Edwin C., 1301 Windsor Dr., Cardiff-by-
the-Sea, Cal. 92007 (World shells and sea life)
Roy, Dr. Edw. C., 915 Fabulous Dr., San Antonio,
Tex. 78213 (Invertebrate paleontology; non-
marine mollusks)

Ruehl, Theo. C., 112 Haverstraw Rd., Suffern, N. Y.

10901 (Murex, Valuta, Conus)

Russell, Chas. E., 10602 Jordan Road, Carmel,
Ind. 46032 (Land, freshwater)

Russell, Dr. Henry D., Springdale Ave., Dover,
Mass. 02030

Russell, Dr. Loris S., Royal Ontario Museum, 100
Queen’s Park, Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada
Russell, Richard H., Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. of Ariz.,
Tucson, Ariz. 85720

Russell-Hunter, Dr. W. D., Dept, of Biology, 112
Lyman Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse,
N. Y. 13210

Sankey, Harriet E., 7857 So. Shore Dr., Chicago,
111. 60649

Schell, Mr. and Mrs. Fredrick B., Jr., The Brook-
lands, Colebrook, Conn. 06021 (Retired; trav-
elers and collectors)

Schilling, Mrs. Frieda, 3707 Lan Drive, St. Louis,
Mo. 63125

Schoen, Mr. and Mrs. Donald, 11 Hamilton Ave.,
Bronxville, N. Y. 10708 (Ecology of intertidal
species)

Seip, Wm. F., 1555 Stonewood Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21212

Shasky, Donald R., M.D., 734 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, Cal. 92373

Shaw, William N., National Marine Fisheries
Service, Biological Laboratory, Oxford, Md.
21654 (Shellfish culture)

Sheafer, Clinton W. and Mabel H., P. O. Box 576,
Delray Beach, Fla. 33444
Sheets, Mrs. Elva, R. R. 4, Huntington, Ind. 46750
Shell Shop, The, 509 Embarcadero, Morro Bay,
Cal. 93442

Siekman, Mrs. Lula B., 5031, 41st Street South,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33711
Silverthorne, Lt. Gen. M. H., 4711 Dover Rd.,
Washington, D. C. 20016

Sinclair, Ralph M., U. S. Dept. Interior, FWPCA
Training, 4676 Columbus Pwy., Cincinnati,
Ohio 45226 (Pleurocerids and unionid ecology)
Singleton, Mrs. J. L., 7275 N. Beach Dr., Mil-
waukee, Wis. 53217

Sisson, Mr. and Mrs. C. H., 3300 Wisconsin Street,
Oakland, Cal. 94602 (Haliotis, Conus, Crj-
praea)

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley,
Cal. 94707

Smith, Egbert T., Ft. Myers Travel Agcy., Ft.
Myers, Fla. 33901

ACTIVE MEMBERS

66

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Francis, 1023 55th Ave., S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705 (Microscopic marine
mollusks of Florida)

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Harry M., 1410 Wayne St.,
Sandusky, Ohio 44870 (Local and foreign col-
lecting)

Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron Street, Palo
Alto, Cal. 94301

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Roland V., 215 Sunnyside
Ave., Ottawa, KIS OR4, Ontario, Canada
Smithsonian Institution Library, Acquisitions,
Washington, D. C. 20560

Snyder, Barry, 119 E. Ferry Road, Morrisville,
Pa. 19067

Snyder, Harry P., 716 King St., McKeesport, Pa.
15132

Snyder, Martin Avery, 745 Newtown Rd.,
Villanova, Pa. 19085

Solem, Dr. Alan and Barbara, Dept, of Zoology,
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
111. 60605

Soper, Arthur W., 69 Hunter’s Lane, Devon, Pa.
19333

Speers, Mrs. Anne B., c/o Superior Oil Co., Lake
Creek Camp, Box 71, Conroe, Tex. 77301
(Shells of Texas coast)

Sphon, Gale, Jr., c/o Los Angeles County Museum,
Invertebrate Zoology, 900 Exposition Blvd.,
Los Angeles, Cal. 90007

Stanford University Library, Acquisitions Div.,
Serial Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.
94305

Stansbery, Dr. David H., The Ohio State Museum,
Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Naiads)

Starrett, Dr. Wm. C., 111. Nat. Hist. Survey, Box
324, Havana, 111. 62644 (Aquatic biology)
Steger, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, 2711 68th St., Tampa,
Fla. 33619 (Marine fauna, Gulf of Mexico)
Stein, Carol B., The Ohio State University, Muse-
um of Zoology, 1813 North High Street,
Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Freshwater bivalves)
Steinke, Capt. Dale E., 2011 W. Barker, Peoria, 111.
61604 (Marine shells)

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Dept. Geology, Louisiana State
Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803.

Stevenson, Mrs. Thelma M., 1225 Valley View,
Vermillion, S. D. 57069 (Fossil mollusks and
their recent equivalents)

Stewart, Rev. Marlin B., Box 487, Pleasant Valley,
N. Y. 12569

Stickle, William B., Jr., Biology Dept., Univ. of
North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. D. 58201
Stingley, Dale V., P. O. Box 113, La Belle, Fla.
33935 {Crejndula)

Stix, Hugh S., 13 VanDam St., New York, N. Y.
10013

Stohler, Dr. Rudolf, Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Cal.,
Berkeley, Cal. 94720

Strieder, Denise J., M.D., 143 Laurel Road, Chest-
nut Hill, Mass. 02167 (American seashells)
Stringer, H. J., Jr., 1180 S. Ocean Blvd., Apt. B-11
Boca Raton, Fla. 33432

Stuart, Frances M., 19 East 65th Street, New York
N. Y. 10021 (Gastropods)

Sutow, Wataru W., M.D., 4371 North MacGregor
Way, Houston, Tex. 77004 (Strombus; ex-
change)

Sutton, Barbara, 254 West 73 Street, New York,
N. Y. 10023

Swan, Emery F., The Lacawac Sanctuary, R. F. D.
1, Lake Ariel, Pa. 18436

Talmadge, Robt. R. 2850 Pine St., Eureka, Cal.
95501 (Haliotidae)

Taxson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert, 25 Knoll’s Crescent,
Bronx, N. Y. 10463

Taylor, Dr. Dwight W., Nat. Hist. Museum, Box
1390, San Diego, Cal. 92112
Taylor, Mrs. Jud, 900 Burr Rd., Apt. 1-G, San
Antonio, Texas 78209 (Shells of the Texas
Coast)

Taylor, Mrs. Renford, 102 E. Hermosa, San
Antonio, Tex. 78212

Teixeira, Mrs. Frank, Sias Point, Box 274, Buz-
zards Bay, Mass. 02532 (Pecten; exch.)

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., P. O. Box 273, Big Pine
Key, Fla. 33043

Thomas, Dr. Grace, Dept. Zook, Univ. of Ga.,
Athens, Ga. 30601 (Sphaeriids)

Thomas, Miss Marguerite I., Box 312-A, Rt. 1,
Swansboro, N. C. 28584 (World marine; exch.)
Thompson, Jean, 11 Old Field Point Road, Green-
wich, Conn. 06830 (General interest)

Thorpe, Mrs. Fran Hutchings (Mrs. Foster B.),
3910 Battersea Road, Coconut Grove, Fla.
33133

Tidepool Gallery, 22762 Pacific Coast Highway,
Malibu, Cal. 90265

Torrance, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W., 5561 9th Ave. No.,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33710 (Aquarium and field
study of marine Mollusca; world exch.)
Turano, Andrew F., M.D., R. F. D. 1, Cemetery
Road, Colchester, Conn. 06415 (World marine
shells)

Turner, Dr. Ruth D., Museum of Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Mass. 02138

Ucko, Paul, 731 W. 183 St., New York, N. Y. 10033
(Shells in general)

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Library, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Tropical Atlantic
Biol. Lab., 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami,
Fla. 33149

University of Arizona Library, Tucson, Ariz. 85721
Univ. of Cal. Library, Serials Dept., San Diego
Accounting Office, LaJolla, Cal. 92037
Univ. of Cal. at Los Angeles Geology Library,
Los Angeles, Cal. 90024

67

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Univ. of Conn., Wilbur Cross Library, Serials
Dept., Storrs, Conn. 06268
Univ. of 111. Library, Urbana, 111. 61803
Univ. of Kentucky Library, Acquisitions Dept.,
Lexington, Ky. 40506

University of Maine Library, Orono, Maine 04473
University of Maryland Library, College Park,
Md. 20740

Univ. of Maryland Library, Natural Resources

Institute, Chesapeake Biological Lab., Solo-
mons, Md. 20688

Univ. of So. Cal., Hancock Foundation Library,
University Park, Los Angeles, Cal. 90007
Usticke, N. Gordon, 1 North St., Christiansted, St.

Croix, Virgin Islands 00821
Valentine, Dr. and Mrs. J. Manson, 1260 S. W. 1st
St., Miami, Fla. 33135

Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, University Museums,
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104

Van Erp, Mrs. G. D., 11306 Surrey Oaks Lane,
Houston, Tex. 77024

Van Riper, Dr. Mildred J., 611 No. Mayo St.,
Crystal Beach, Fla. 33523 (Display; world
shells)

Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester
Point, Va. 23062

Vokes, Dr. Harold and Emily, Dept. Geology,
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La. 70118
(Mesozoic and Tertiary mollusks. Fossil and
Recent Muricidae)

Wadsworth, Jas. Edgar, Wilson Court, Chapel
Hill, N. C. 27514 (Shell club promotion)
Waggoner, Mrs. Marguerite, 412 Main St., Lock-
port, La. 70374

Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Robt. J. L., 13 N. Shore Dr.,
Seaford, Del. 19973

Walker, Mr. R. L., Texaco Caribbean, Inc.,
Apartado 779, Santo Domingo, Dominican Re-
public (Dominican shells)

Waller, Dr. Thos. R., Dept. Paleobiology, U. S.
National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560
(Zoogeography, ecology, evolution of
Cenozoic Pectinidae)

Walter, Harold J., Ph.D., 7 Niagara Ave., Dayton,
Ohio 45405 (Lymnaeidae-Basommatophora-
Gastropoda)

Walter, Dr. Waldemar, Dept. Biology, Western 111.

Univ., Macomb, 111. 61455
Walton, Munro L., 1108 N. Central Ave., Glendale,
Cal. 91202 (Land snails)

Warehime, Mrs. Alan, R.D. 3, Hanover, Pa. 17331
(General interest)

Warmke, Germaine L., 1711 S. W. 43rd Ave.,
Gainesville, Fla. 32601

Wasili, Mrs. John, P. O. Box 8, Frisco, N. C. 27936
Watkins, T. Edward, 381 W. 24th St., Riviera
Beach, Fla. 33404

Wayne, Dr. Wm. J., Dept. Geol., Univ. Nebraska,
Lincoln, Neb. 68508 (Pleistocene non-marine
mollusks)

Weaver, Clifton S., 1038 Mokulua Drive, Kailua,
Oahu, Hawaii 96734

Webb, Dr. Glenn R., Rt. 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, Pa.
19522

Weber, Martha and Gertrude, 5450 7th Ave., N.,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33710
Weingartner, Mathilde P., 17 Amelia Ct., Staten
Island, N. Y. 10310

Weisbord, Norman E. and Nettie S., Dept. Geol.,
Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla.

32306 (Cenozoic and Recent mollusks)

Wells, Dr. Harry, 620 Presbyterian Ave., Laurin-
burg, N. C. 28352

Werner, Milton, 70 Richmond St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
11208

Westerfield, Mrs. Asher L., 429 Montgomery Ave.,
Haverford, Pa. 19041 (Marine shells)

Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, 4501 West Seneca
Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y. 13205
Whiteside, Mrs. Smith, 205 Marion Street, Indian
Harbour Beach, Fla. 32937
Widmer, Ernest C., P. O. Box 814, Orange Park,
Fla. 32073 (Exch. marine and freshwater
Florida material)

Wightman, Eugene P., Ph.D., 85 Harding Rd.,
Rochester, N. Y. 14612 (World marine)

Wilie, Wm. L., Jr., 1405 McFaddin, Beaumont, Tex.
77701 (Conus)

Willis, Kathryn, Dogwood Lane, Alpine, N. J.
07620 (Cypraea)

Wilson, Dr. Druid, Room E506, U. S. Natl. Museum,
Washington, D. C. 20560
Windnagel, John, 3581 Snouffer Road, Worthing-
ton, Ohio 43085

Wiswall, Harold C., 42 Winding River Road, Need-
ham, Mass. 02192 (W. Atlantic, Caribbean
mollusks)

Withrow, Mr. and Mrs. Carl C., 4825 9th St., S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705

Wolfe, Dr. Douglas A., U.S.B.C.F. Radiobiological
Lab., Beaufort, N. C. 28516 (W. Atlantic
marine Mollusca)

Work, Robert C., Institute of Marine Science,
Univ. of Miami, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway,
Miami, Fla. 33149

Wright, Rev. Calvin T., 4 Water Street, Assonet,
Mass. 02702 (Marine species)

Wulff, Ella May, R.D. 2, Bella Vista Drive, Wil-
limantic, Conn. 06226 (Marine gastropods)
Wurtz, Dr. Chas. B., 3220 Penn St., Philadelphia,
Pa. 19129 (Terrestrial Pulmonata)

Yokley, Paul, Jr., Florence State College, Florence,
Ala. 35630

Yokota, Hisao A., 1813 Derby Street, Berkeley,
Cal. 94703 (Indo-Pacific)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

68

Young, Ann Frame, P. O. Box 846, Marathon, Fla.

33050 (SCUBA; Cassidae)

Young, H. D., P. O. Box 1931, Seattle, Wash. 98111
(Exchange “documented” gastropods of
Pacific Northwest for “documented” species
from other areas; also purchase)

Young, Miss M. E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls
Church, Va. 22044

Zager, Mrs. Jane, 200 Mt. Pleasant Ave., West
Orange, N. J. 07052 (American shells)

Zanders, Tyrone Von, 4501 Phoenix Drive, Oxnard,
Cal. 93030

Zenon, Michele, 307 Charlane Parkway, North
Syracuse, N. Y. 13212 (Cowries)

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Aitena, Dr. C. O. van Regteren, Duindoornlaan
26, Bentveid, Holland

Australian Museum, P. O. Box A-285, Sydney,
N. S. W., Australia 2000

Boettger, Dr. Caesar, 33 Braunschweig Zoolog-
isches Inst., Pockelstrasse 10-A, West Ger-
many

British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
Road, London S. W. 7 5BD, England

Chrosciechowski, Przemyslaw K., Aptdo. 125,
Maracay (Ar.), Venezuela (Planorbidae)

Dazo, Dr. Bonifacio C., c/o Parasitic Diseases Div.
of Communicable Diseases W.H.O., Geneva,
Switzerland

deAlmeida, Mr. A. C., No. 16 Chilaw Road,
Negombo, Ceylon (Land snails)

Duarte, Eliseo, Casilla Correo 1401, Central, Mon-
■ tivideo, Uruguay (Exchange)

Galindo, Lie. Ernesto Santos, Lopez no. 1, Mexico
1, DF. (Marine shells)

Hallin, Sea-captain Per W., Gullregnsvagen 23,
43400 Kungsbacka, Sweden (General interest;
exchange)

Kilbourn, Mr. R. N. c/o Natal Museum, Pieter-
maritzburg, Natal, South Africa 197041971
Marine Biological Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, 3000
Helsing^r, Denmark

Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Labora-
toire de Malacologie, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris,
France

Netherlands Malacological Society, Zoologish
Museum Library, Middenlaan 53, Amsterdam,
Netherlands

Oliveira, Dr. Maury Pinto de, Institute de Ciencias
Biolo"gicas e de Geoci^ncias, Cidade Univer-
sitaria, Juiz de Fora, M. G., Brazil
Oyama, Dr. Katura, Geol. Survey of Japan,
Kawada-cho 8, P. O. Ushigome, Tokyo, Japan
Paget, Dr. Oliver E., Museum Natural History,
Burgring 7, Vienna, A-1014, Austria
Rios, Dr. Eliezer de Carvalho, Museu Oceano-
grafico, Box 379, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil (Marine shells, worldwide)
Stevenson, A. G., c/o Bowers, 28-30 Anzac Street,
Auckland 1, New Zealand
Univ. Auckland Library, Serials Dept., Auckland,
New Zealand

SHELL CLUBS AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL UNION

ASTRONAUT TRAIL SHELL CLUB, INC., P. O.

Box 515, Eau Gallie, Fla. 32935
BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard, Mass. 02138
BRAZASPORT MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCI-
ENCE, Box 355, Lake Jackson, Tex. 77566
BROWARD SHELL CLUB, 2800 N. W. 10th Ave.,
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33311
CHICAGO SHELL CLUB, Dept. Zoology, Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago 111.
60605

CLEVELAND SHELL CLUB, THE, 1432 Dorsh
Road, South Euclid, Ohio 44121
COASTAL BEND GEM & MINERAL CLUB, c/o
Mrs. Pat Ratliff, P. O. Dr. 1232, Bay City,
Tex. 77414

COASTAL BEND SHELL CLUB, c/o Corpus
Christi Museum, 1212 N. Water Street, Corpus
Christi, Tex. 78401

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALI-
FORNIA, 16321 Pacific Coast Highway, No.
150, Pacific Palisades, Cal. 90272
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION, BUFFALO SOCI-
ETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Buffalo
Museum of Science, Humboldt Parkway,
Buffalo, N. Y. 14211

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Peabody Mu.seum,
Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520
CONNECTICUT VALLEY SHELL CLUB, c/o
Earl Reed, Springfield Museum of Natural
History, 236 State Street, Springfield, Mass.
01103

69

MEMBERS

CROWN POINT SHELL COLLECTORS STUDY
GROUP, 404 North East Street, Crown Point,
Indiana 46307

FORT MYERS BEACH SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box
5057, Ft. Myers Beach, Fla. 33931
FORT MYERS SHELL CLUB, 1936 Coronado
Road, Fort Myers, Fla. 33901
GALVESTON SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box 894,
League City, Tex. 77573
GREATER ST. LOUIS SHELL CLUB, Museum
of Science and Natural History, Oak Knoll
Park, St. Louis, Mo. 63105
HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o
Aquarium, 2777 Kalakaua Avenue, Honolulu,
Hawaii 96815

HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, Museum
of Natural Science, Hermman Park, Houston,
Tex. 77005

JACKSONVILLE SHELL CLUB, 3895 DuPont
Circle, Jacksonville, Fla. 32205
KANSAS CITY SHELL CLUB, 5401 Mohawk
Lane, Shawnee Mission, Kansas 66205
LOUISVILLE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1216
Allison Lane, Jeffersonville, Ind. 47130
MIAMI MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P. O. Box
691, Coconut Grove, Fla. 33133
NAPLES SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box 1991, Naples,
Fla. 33940

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB, Div. of
Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Washing-
ton, D. C. 20560

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, Dept. Living Inverte-
brates, American Museum of Natural History,
Central Park W. at 79 Street, New York, N. Y.
10024

NORTH CAROLINA SHELL CLUB, c/o Ruth
Dixon, 711 Parker Street, Durham, N. C.
27701

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOG-
ICAL CLUB, c/o Salle Crittenden, 624 Water-
fall Isle, Alameda, Cal. 94501
PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, INC.,
Rt. 1, 2405 N. E. 279th Street, Ridgefield,
Wash. 98642

PALM BEACH COUNTY SHELL CLUB, P. O.
Box 182, W. Palm Beach, Fla. 33402

PHILADEPHIA SHELL CLUB, Dept. Mollusks,
Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia,
Pa. 19103

PITTSBURGH SHELL CLUB, Section of Inverte
brates, Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213

ROCHESTER SHELL AND SHORE CLUB, c/o
John Crucini, Librarian, 65 Eastland Road,
Rochester, N. Y. 14616

SACRAMENTO VALLEY CONCHOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, 7908 Seneca Way, No. Highlands,
Cal. 95660

ST. PETERSBURG SHELL CLUB, 7400 — 46th
Avenue No., Box 406, St. Petersburg, Fla.
33709

SAN ANTONIO SHELL CLUB, 9402 Nona Kay
Drive, San Antonio, Tex. 78217

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB, San Diego Museum
of Natural History, P. O. Box 1390, San Diego,
Cal. 92112

SANIBEL-CAPTIVA SHELL CLUB, Box 61,
Captiva, Fla. 33957

SANTA BARBARA MALACOLOGICAL SOCI-
ETY, INC., THE, P. O. Box 30191, Santa Bar-
bara, Cal. 93105

SARASOTA SHELL CLUB, 6512 Clemson Street,
Bradenton, Fla. 33505

SOUTH FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, Museum of
Science & Natural History, 3280 So. Miami
Ave., Miami, Fla. 33129

SOUTH PADRE ISLAND SHELL CLUB, P. O.
Box 2110, S. Padre Island, Tex. 78578

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONCHOLOGIST SOCI-
ETY, P. O. Box 876, Ft. Myers, Fla. 33902

TIDEWATER SHELL AND FOSSIL CLUB, Nor-
folk Museum of Arts and Sciences, Norfolk,
Va. 23510

WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS,
THE, c/o Dr. James H. McLean, Los Angeles
County Museum, Exposition Park, Los
Angeles, Cal. 90007

YUCAIPA SHELL CLUB, Mousley Museum of
Natural History, Yucaipa, Cal. 92399

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Bazata, Ken

10

Long, Glenn A.

5

Beetle, Dorothy E.

6

Maurer, Don

18

Boss, Kenneth J.

11

Menzel, R. W.

13

Bourne, Neil

25

Moore, Donald R.

11

Castagna, Michael

21

Morrison, Joseph P. E.

38

Clarke, Arthur H.

28

Murray, Harold D.

36

Clench, William J.

42

Parodiz, J. J.

34

Costello, T. J.

22

Porter, Hugh J.

16, 32

Culliney, John L.

29

Pratt, Wm. Lloyd

8

Duggan, William N.

21

Raeihle, Dorothy

31

Fikes, Martha H.

35

Shaw, William N.

12, 23

Gugler, Carl W.

10

Stansbery, David H.

45

Imlay, Marc J.

43

Stein, Carol B.

47

Jacobson, Morris K.

3

Turner, Ruth D.

30

LaRoe, Edward T.

28

Walter, Harold J.

40

IN MEMORIAM

Dr. Horace B. Baker
Wm. Phelps Corbett
Joseph J. Kuchar
Cliiton Morris
Dr. E. Laurence Palmer
Mrs. Ruth Richmond
Howard Root
Dr. Gunnar Thorson
Dr. Frank M. Warder

70

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

(tr^

WILLIAM H, DALL’
SECTIONAL LIBRARY'
DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS

BULLETIN
for 1972

AMU, Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
19724973
Officers

President ...........

President-Elect .......

Vice President .......

Recording Secretary . . .
Corresponding Secretary
Treasurer ...........

Publications Editor ....

Dolores S. Dundee
. Harold D. Murray
. . . John B. Burch
Marian S. Hubbard
Paul R. Jennewein
..... Myra Taylor
. Arthur H. Clarke

Councillors-at-Large

Dorothea Franzen Carol B. Stein

Henry D. Russell

Permanent Council Members (Past Presidents)

William J, Clench (1935)

Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (1937)
Harald A. Rehder (1941)

Henry van der Sehalie (1946-47)
A. Myra Keen (1948)

Elmer G. Berry (1949)

J. P. E. Morrison (1951)

Joseph C. Bequaert (1954)
Morris K. Jacobson (1955)

Allyn G. Smith (1956)

Ruth D. Turner (1957)

Aurele LaRocque (1968)

R. Tucker Abbott (1959)

Katherine V. W. Palmer (1960)
Thomas E. Pulley (1961)
William K. Emerson (1962)
Albert R. Mead (1963)

John Q. Burch (1964)

Juan J. Parodiz (1965)

Ralph W. Dexter (1966)

Arthur H. Clarke (1968)
Joseph Rosewater (1969)

Alan Solem (1970)

David H. Stansbery (1971)
Arthur S. Merrill (1972)

Honorary Life Members

Joseph C, Bequaert Katherine V. W. Palmer

William J, Clench Margaret C. Teskey

A. Myra Keen

Honorary Life President

S. Stillman Berry

The American Malacological Union, Inc.

Mrs. Marion S. Hubbard, Ree. Sec. Published

3957 Marlow Court March 23, 1973

Seaford, L. I., N.Y. 11783

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

era

BULLETIN
for 1972

AMU, Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING

Galveston, Texas July 9-14, 1972

The 38th Annual Meeting started off very socially
on Sunday, July 9th. After registering, the members
assembled at 5 o’clock in President Merrill’s suite for
his “hospitality hour”. Hors d’oeuvres, supplied by
our Texas hosts, included luscious melon as well as
traditional nibbles. It was a time for renewing ac-
quaintances and making new ones. We had several
members from California, and one from as far away
as Calgary, Canada. There were plenty of suggestions
regarding good places to eat, and plenty of offers of
transportation and company for dinner. The spacious
lobby of the Galvez Hotel permitted conversations to
be continued into the night.

Registration was resumed on Monday morning,
and our thoughtful committee made sure there was
someone at the desk all through the meeting to take
care of our questions and problems. The Annual
Meeting was called to order at 9:30 a.m., and papers
started promptly at 10:00. Those who were used to
having the papers start in the afternoon were sur-
prised, and some who arrived at the hotel late in the
morning were disappointed at having missed part of
the program. Let that be a warning to you!

At 5 p.m. we started boarding buses and headed
for supper at Jamaica Beach, which is west of Galves-
ton. Dinner was not actually on the beach but in an
open-air pavilion, one flight up. The tables were dec-
orated with molluscan goodies, a packet of local or
exotic shells at each place. The food was delicious, a
fried fish dinner served buffet style. It was nearly sun-
set when the buses started back toward the hotel.
One bus took some of us to the wide, sandy Gulf
beach before returning to the Galvez. Although the
tide was going out, the pickings were poor. However,
for most of us it was a new area and new shells, and
we did get a few live Donax and sand dollars. We were
eventually coaxed back to the bus and returned to
the hotel. It was then full low tide, so some con-
tinued the search with flashlights on the beach in
front of the Galvez Hotel. We found several species
alive on pilings, as well as young Oliva sayana making
tracks in the wet sand. The rock jetties held surpris-
ingly few mollusks, but someone interested in crabs
and other crustaceans would have been delighted.

Tuesday was a full day of papers, with a break at
noontime for the group photograph. Of the 127
people registered, less than 100 appeared to have
their picture taken. I am sure that more would have
ventured out of the air-conditioned comfort of the

hotel if they had known how quick and painless it
would be. You can see the fine results of the photo-
grapher’s work in the Bulletin. In addition to regis-
trants, there were a number of children and spouses
at the Galvez. The children and grandchildren got
acquainted with each other immediately; see the first
row of the group photograph.

The evening program was scheduled as an informal
gathering, but it was especially interesting. We heard
Twila Bratcher tell about the Ameripagos Expedition,
of which she was a member, and she showed her
slides. We also saw Parts 1, 3 and 4 of Intertidal Life
of the North American West Coast. Part 2 on Mol-
lusca was shown last year in Cocoa Beach. The movies
were produced for the National Museums of Canada
by the National Film Board of Canada and are avail-
able on loan from the National Museums of Canada in
Ottawa.

Wednesday morning was a symposium on genetics,
cytogenetics and hybridization of marine mollusks.
The afternoon consisted mostly of meetings. After
lunch, President Merrill met with his committee chair-
men, and the various committees met separately to
discuss and decide on various problems. Please note
here that the Conservation Committee is an open
committee, and all members are invited to attend
meetings and contribute to the discussions. The full
Executive Council met at 3:30 p.m. A summary of
their actions is given in the report of the Annual Busi-
ness Meeting in this Bulletin. The relatively few
members who were not on any committee had time
to go sightseeing or shopping.

The informal gathering that evening was Shell Club
Night, and as usual there was not enough time to do
or say all the things we wanted to do and say. Bessie
Goethel was mistress of ceremonies.

Thursday morning saw the last of the papers pre-
sented. Lunch was an extra special treat. In the lobby
was a sign inviting all AMU members to a “shrimp
and crab boil” aboard the Captain McGinn as guests
of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas McGinn, who were attending
their first Annual Meeting. Tom operates his own
shrimp boat out of Cut Off, Louisiana, and he had
been fishing Thursday morning. AMU members re-
sponded to his invitation with enthusiasm, and con-
sumed an extraordinary amount of seafood. We ex-
tend an extra-special “thank you” to the McGinns for
the delicious seafood.

The Annual Business Meeting was the only busi-

1

2

MARIAN S. HUBBARD

ness Thursday afternoon. Adjournment by 3:30 p.m.
gave the members plenty of time to get into their
finery for the Annual Banquet. As on previous even-
ings, there virere many presents and shells at the ban-
quet. At each place was a large freshwater mussel
from Lake LBJ, Texas, acquired when the lake was
drained. There were many door prizes, including
books. The table centerpieces were flower-like crea-
tions of driftwood, shells, and other marine life. We
thank Mrs. Phyllis Dale for contributing these beauti-
ful centerpieces. Ten percent of us went home with
one of them - those with the proper stickers under
their chairs. The after-dinner address by Dr. Carol
Lain of McGill University was about gymnosomatous
pteropods. She made these tiny and little-known
mollusks as interesting to us as they are to her,
through her excellent talk illustrated with slides.

Friday was the day for field trips. We were offered
a choice of three: full-day or part-day marine, or land
and freshwater collecting. I went on the full-day
marine trip. We collected at seven localities between
San Luis Pass and McFadden Beach, 10 miles west of
the Sabine River, before returning to the Galvez. Dr.
Pulley spent some time explaining the geological
history of the area while we were munching dough-
nuts on the bus. This explained the semi-fossil Rangia
shells we found at several spots. Mildred Tate handed
each of us a pair of Chione clenchi Pulley together
with an article pointing out how it differs from C.
latilirata and C. paphia. We had lunch at McFadden
Beach. Dr. Pulley put on a big leather apron and be-
came the chief cook, grilling frankfurters for us and
telling the uninitiated how to create chili dogs. There
was plenty to drink, and several cold watermelons to
carve up and eat in the shade of the bus. This “poor”
collecting day by Texas standards provided me with
at least 50 species, seven of them live. At Rollover
Pass we had the thrill of finding so many live Thais
haemastoma that you could pick the few with the
colouring you wanted and put back the other dozen

or more. One stop at the Galveston East Beach
Lagoon provided the first live Cerithidea pliculosa
and Melampus bidentatus that some of us had ever
seen. Dr. Pulley told us to look for Melampus under
debris well back from the water’s edge. This was the
first time I ever thought kindly about litterbugs, for
there was at least one Melampus under each beer can
that I turned over. On the ride back to the hotel we
compared notes about our finds and swapped or gave
away extras of special goodies, like Epitonium or
molluscan egg cases. We trailed into the back door of
the Galvez with buckets and plastic bags full.

We had showered, dined and started cleaning shells
before the last of the freshwater collectors arrived,
about 8 p.m. The highlight of their day - and prob-
ably the highlight of the year - was their trip to
Barker Dam. In planning the trip, the local people
hoped to have the water level of the lake lowered for
collecting. When Mrs. Connie Boone and Harold
Murray approached the local official to actually close
the dam, he had to call the head engineer in Galves-
ton for permission. After some 15 minutes’ delay,
permission was granted for a one-hour closing of the
gates. The gates were closed at 3 p.m., and by 3:15
the 3-4 feet of water had dropped to a few inches.
Freshwater mollusks were collected with ease while
the dam officials watched in amazement. At 4:00 the
gates were reopened and all left happy and in total
disbelief at what they had accomplished. Not only
had they increased the collections of several museums
but they were probably the first malacologists to have
a dam closed especially for their benefit. A special tip
of the hat to the Corps of Engineers!

Leaving is always a little sad, but we had to
chuckle as we checked out of the Galvez on Saturday
morning. A “yellow rose of Texas” from the Presi-
dent’s Hospitality Hour was still standing in a glass
full of water on the hotel’s front desk!

Marian S. Hubbard

Recording Secretary

PLATE 1. Group photograph, American Malacological Union, Inc. thirty-eighth annual meeting, 1972.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING
GALVESTON, TEXAS
JULY 9 - 14, 1972

Group photograph identification:

1. Eric Long, 2. Jeremy Long, 3. Frank Ukoli, 4. Glenn Long, 5. John B. Burch, 6. Doug Smith, 7. Priscilla
Merrill, 8. Lucille Taylor, 9. George A. Te, 10. Cleta Mahavier, 11. Philip T. LoVerde, 12, Henry D. Russell, 13.
Margaret Teskey, 14. William Clench, 15. Ann Young, 16. Arthur Merrill, 17. M. Karl Jacobson, 18. Paul Jen-
newein, 19. Marian Hubbard, 20. Florence Kuczynski, 21. Leona Grantier, 22. Jeanne Whiteside, 23. Kirk
Anders, 24. Adelaide Johnstone, 25. Kenneth Boss, 26. Gale Sphon, 27. Betty Allen, 28. Shi-Kuei Wu, 29. A1
Lindar, 30. Charlotte Lindar, 31. Kathryn Pfaff, 32. Corinne Edwards, 33. Daniel Steger, 34. Annie Schmidt, 35.
Dorothea Franzen, 36. Constance Boone, 37. Katy Fowler, 38. Harold D. Murray, 39. Robert Lipe, 40. Artie L.
Metcalf, 41. George M. Davis, 42. Charles S. Richards, 43. Benjamin Lencher, 44. Margo Musselwhite, 45. Jennie
Lencher, 46. Laura Bauer, 47. Fred Pfaff, 48. Harvey Meyer, 49. Albert Taxson, 50. Eleanor Mead, 51. Anne
Taxson, 52. Hugh J. Porter, 53. H. Wayne Holliman, 54. Irene H. Porter, 55. Jeneva Porter, 56. Carl Gugler, 57.
Twila Bratcher, 58. Ken Bazata, 59. Carol Lalli, 60. Louis Goethel, 61. Donald Moore, 62. Walter Moore, 63.
Cindy Moore, 64. Helen Ness, 65. David Stansbery, 66. Sarah Swartz, 67. Unice Nace, 68. Hellen Hotter, 69.
Mary E. Long, 70. Maude Meyer, 71. Carol Stein, 72. Betty Sue Miller, 73. A1 Mead, 74. Arthur Clarke, 75. W.
Lloyd Pratt, 76. Alice Burke, 77. Sam Miron, 78. Audrey Holliman, 79. Laura S. Barnes, 80. Ford Bratcher, 81.
Jennifer Merrill, 82. Lilburn Hettick, 83. Bessie Goethel, 84. Bobby Steger, 85. Frieda Schilling, 86. Dorothy
Morrison, 87. Hessie Kemper, 88. Joseph P. E. Morrison, 89. Anne Speers, 90. William Bledsoe, 91. Mildred Tate,
92. Wes Tunnell, 93. Paul McGee, 94. Larry Petersen, 95. Wilma Baker, 96. Marc Imlay, 97. Walter B, Miller, 98.
Hollis Q. Boone, 99. John A Baker, 100. Fannie Miron, 101. Harold Harry, 102. Alan Solem, 103. John Root.

Other members and guests who attended the meeting are: Hugo Bauer, Louise Beeman, Grace Broussard, Sybil
Burger, Nadalyn Gotten, John D. Davis, Dolores S, Dundee, Lake Fowler, Barkley Glass, Mrs. Barkley Glass,
Jewell Griffin, Mary J. Griffin, Mrs. Harold Harry, Virginia Joiner, Virginia Lee, Mrs. Paul McGee, Thomas
McGinn, Madeline Merren, Esse Merrill, Charlotte Patterson, Helmer Ode, Mary Pinkerton, Thomas E. Pulley,
Helen Quentin, Sammy Ray, Selma Snider, Barbara Solem, Linda Stephens, Myra Taylor, William J. Wardle,
Beuleah White, Zoula Zein-Eldin.

4

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS
READ AT AMU 38TH ANNUAL MEETING

MOLLUSKS FROM A SMALL LANDLOCKED MEXICAN LAGOON ' ^ "

Donald R. Moore *

Cozumel is an island at the extreme northwestern
end of the Caribbean Sea. It lies 16 km off the east-
ern coast of Quintana Roo, Yucatan, and 240 km due
southwest of Cabo San Antonio, Cuba. The island is
on the edge of the Yucatan Channel which funnels
Caribbean water into the Gulf of Mexico and the
Straits of Florida. The island does not lie on the shal-
low shelf as one would expect from its proximity to
Yucatan, but rises abruptly from depths of more than
300 m. The slope is also steep on the opposite
Yucatan coast hence there is a deep channel between
island and mainland. The Yucatan Current flows on
both sides of the island, and reef corals grow right to
shore on hard bottom.

The island is low, flat, and is composed of oolitic
limestone. Some evidence of solution and collapse
can be seen on the western side at Caleta Bay and at
Chancanab Lagoon. This lagoon is very small, about
150 by 200 m, and is completely landlocked. The
bottom is flat, and is about two m deep. The water is
quite saline, and several species of corals live there.
Water exchange with the open sea is maintained by an
underground passage. This underground passage is the
type locality for Dimyella starcki Moore, a small (3
mm ) oyster - like bivalve that Walter Starck collected
in 1961 (Moore, 1970).

There is a deep crevice around the edge where the
bottom meets the vertical side of the lagoon. This
shows that Chancanab Lagoon was once a cavern. The
roof collapsed and now the former upper surface
forms the floor of the lagoon. This event must have
happened in fairly recent times since the space be-
tween the lagoon floor edge and the vertical side of
the lagoon has not yet filled with debris. The old
passageway into the cavern was not completely
blocked by the fall, and permits water circulation
with the adjacent marine environment. This circula-
tion is sufficient to maintain some small corals

* Acknowledgement is made to the donors of the

Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the
American Chemical Society, for partial support of

this research.

^Contribution No. 1596 from the University of
Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospher-
ic Science.

*Institute of Marine Sciences, Miami, Fla. 33149

(Agaricia and Porites) and an interesting population
of small mollusks.

Those that could be considered macromollusks
were rather small and few in number. I observed
Cerithium litteratum, and collected, in sediment
samples, Cerithium eburnium, Chione cancellata, a
Tellina, and Divaricella quadrisulcata. I did not see
any large species such as Strombus gigas or Fasciolaria
tulipa.

A special effort was made to collect the little
oyster - like micromollusk Dimyella starcki. Rocks
brought up from within the passage entrance were
examined later with a hand lens, but without result.
Species of the Family Dimyidae appear to be nega-
tively phototropic, and the type specimens of D.
starcki were no exception. They were found on the
base of a colonial coral collected from deep within
the passage. However, when a sediment sample from
near the middle of the lagoon was sorted, twenty
upper valves of D. starcki were found. Since the water
in the lagoon is very still, the dimyids must have been
living attached to rocks very close to where the sam-
ple was collected. Thus D. starcki is unique among
the Dimyidae since it is the only known species that
will live in very shallow water where sunlight is
strong.

Altogether, 40 species of micromollusks and
young specimens of eight species of macromollusks
were picked out of the sediment sample. Those iden-
tified were as follows:

Gastropods

Tricolia bella Smith, 1937

Pachystremiscus pulchellus (Olsson & McGinty,
1958)

Pachystremiscus ornatus (Olsson & McGinty, 1958)
Alvania auberiana (Orbigny, 1842)

Amphithalamus vallei Aguayo & Jaume, 1947
Rissoina multicostata (C. B. Adams, 1850)

Rissoina bryerea (Montagu, 1803)

Zebina browniana (Orbigny, 1842)

Cochliolepis holmesi (Dali, 1889)

Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum pUcatum Carpenter, 1858
Meioceras nitidum (Stimpson, 1851)

Meioceras cornucopiae Carpenter, 1858
Rissoella galba Robertson, 1961
Cerithium eburneum Bruguiere, 1792

5

6

DONALD R. MOORE

Cerithium litteratum (Born, 1778)

Cypraeolina ovuliformis (Orbigny, 1842)
Odostomia laevigata (Orbigny, 1842)

Retusa candei (Orbigny, 1841)

Bivalvia

Dimyella sfarcfez Moore, 1970
Divaricella quadrisulcata (Orbigny, 1842)
Americardia guppyi (Thiele, 1910)

Condylocardia smithi (Dali, 1896)

Saxicavella sagrinata Dali & Simpson, 1901
Chione cancellata (Linnaeus, 1767)

In the unidentified material, two species of Nucul-
idae were of great interest. The larger, with a maxi-
mum size of less than two mm , is found over a wide
area throughout the Caribbean. Although I had
collected a number of specimens elsewhere, Chan-

canab Lagoon sediments were unusually rich in this
species, some 90 specimens in all.

The other nuculid is considerably smaller, and is
mature at about 500p. The largest specimen measured
520 p. It might be considered rash to call this micro-
scopic clam an adult, yet another species, only slight-
ly larger (600)U), has been found off the Atlantic
Coast of Nicaragua. The two species are clearly con-
generic, and both give every indication of maturity at
a very small size. The two species are evidently the
smallest bivalve species yet found.

LITERATURE CITED

Moore, Donald R. 1970. A new genus and species of
Dimyidae from the Caribbean coast of Mexico. J.
Conchyl., 107 (4): 137-141, 1 pi.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

THE CASE FOR A DRIFTLESS NATIONAL PARK

Marc J. Imlay *

In the Driftless Area of southeastern Minnesota,
southwestern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa and
northwestern Illinois at least four likely endangered
species of clams and snails still survive.

This is the famous Northern Area, about 150 miles
in diameter, that the four recent ice ages did not sig-
nificantly demolish with their great glacial drifts.
Other than by visiting this spectacular northern area
one must travel several hundred miles south to find
areas with ancient dendritic patterned drainages, low
mosquito counts, and tall conical outliers of deep
valleys.

Cumberlandia monodonta, an endangered
fresh-water mussel according to Stansbery (1971),
commonly known as the Spectacle-Case, is the only
species in an old genus. It appears to have more pro-
tein than other mussels in its shell composition and in
fact all the museum specimens I have seen have devel-
oped cracks even though they were collected whole in
the water.

Its ability to live in a very particular microhabitat
(firm mud and quiet water because of its aforemen-
tioned fragile condition but very near rapid water
because of high respiratory requirements) (Stans-
bery, 1967) is possibly why this anomaly is still with
us today. Cumberlandia monodonta was found in the
Driftless Area (Baker, 1928) at Prairie du Chien but
otherwise is only found hundreds of miles further
south. The Army Corps of Engineers, fortunately for
this species, has decided to relocate 157 old buildings
for flood control as an alternative to building a dam
on the Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien.

Hendersonia occulta, according to Morrison
(1929), a likely endangered flood plain snail in the
Driftless Area, is another matter. Found in the
Kiekapoo Valley, this conspicuous red snail that was
the original biological evidence of the Driftless Area,
is threatened by a dam that will inundate a full third
of the best part of the Kiekapoo Valley. Commonly
known as the “wild-cherrystone” snail, the rarity of
this helicinid operculate was described by Morrison in
1929. It is now considered by Morrison (1972) as a
species that may soon become endangered if it is not
already. The northern existence of a helicinid is some-
thing of an anomaly anyway and such southern forms
have been decreasing in northern areas.

On July 2, 1972, Dan Engstrom and I found Hen-

* Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife, Office of
Endangered Species, Washington, D. C. 20240

dersonia occulta in the upper reaches of the specific
area to be inundated by the dam. This species was
abundant on a slope under leaves in a dark sombre
cave-like waterfall area known as Ice Cave located in
the lower part of Wild Cat Mountain State Park. Low
shrubbery on nonsandy soil was evidently also neces-
sary.

Dan and I also found Hendersonia occulta that day
at the east side of Devils Lake, Wisconsin, on a slope
at the base of a talus fall, thus confirming an earlier
find there by Morrison (personal communication).
Situated at the edge of the Driftless Area, the spectac-
ular valley of Devils Lake is a nonglaciated remnant
of the old bed of the Wisconsin River.

Found relatively near the water on woody, leafy
ground, the snail was shielded from sunlight by the
very large rocks of the talus slope. Again, low shrub-
bery on nonsandy soil was evidently also necessary.

Devils Lake is located at Devils Lake State Park, an
intensive use recreation area.

Zonitoides limulatus was found by Dan Engstrom,
John Satterlee, and myself in an area to be inundated
by the Kiekapoo Dam. Morrison considers this snail
(personal communication) probably endangered and
certainly a candidate for the watch list of species that
may become endangered.

The known range of Discus macclintocki on the
Earth “is an area about ten feet long and a foot wide
at the mouth of a cave in Bixby State Park, Clayton

County, Iowa” in the Driftless Area (Hubricht,
1972).

The Duluth, Minnesota Chapter of the Izaak
Walton League of America has prepared a resolution
(Eaton, 1972) which includes a statement that “the
present program of producing wetlands with a few
exceptions is more environmentally sound by the
plugging of ditches for areas that were once wetlands
than by the impoundment of creeks in areas that are
naturally dry.” It was pointed out as an example that
if ever Discus macclintocki were thus flooded, it
might be eliminated from the Earth. Just such a
disaster has been uncovered recently by the Sierra
Club in California (Roth, 1972) where the habitat of
an endangered snail is threatened by “the manage-
ment of marshland for the benefit of waterfowl.”

There are undoubtedly many other relict species in
the Driftless Area. Some of these are probably of
strictly northern character and mostly as yet new
(undescribed) species which will spread to the rest of
the North during this present interglacial period of
which only about 10,000 years have passed. The

7

8

MARC J. IMLAY

Driftless Area is a priceless preview of the future. This
is what a far vaster area is predicted to be like prior to
the next glacial period. The Driftless Area must be
protected not only for its beauty (it is close in prox-
imity, as a primitive undeveloped area, to major
population centers), but also as the single “seed” area
for the post glacial redistribution of these species.
There is, in summary, a strong case for a Driftless
national, state and/or local park system which would
include portions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and
Illinois.

LITERATURE CITED

Baker, F. C. 1928. The Fresh Water Mollusca of
Wisconsin. Part II. Pelecypoda. Madison; Univer-
sity of Wisconsin. p. 51.

Eaton, J. G. 1972. Personal communication. National
Water Quality Laboratory, 6201 Congdon Blvd.,
Duluth, Minn. 55804. Duluth Chapter Izaak
Walton League.

Hubricht, L. 1972. Endangered land snails of the east-
ern United States. Sterkiana. 45: 33.

Morrison, J. P. E. 1929. On the occurrence of Hen-
dersonia in Crawford County, Wisconsin. Nautilus
43(2): 41-45.

Morrison, J. P. E. 1972. Personal communication,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

Roth, B. 1972. Mollusks-animals without advocates.
Sierra Club Bulletin, June, 1972. p. 6.

Stansbery, D. H. 1966. Observations on the habitat
distribution of the naiad Cumberlandia mono-
donta (Say, 1829). Annual Reports for 1966. The
American Malacological Union, Inc. p. 29-30.

Stansbery, D. H. 1971. Rare and endangered fresh-
water mollusks in Eastern United States in Pro-
ceedings of a Symposium on Rare and Endangered
Mollusks of the U. S., Fish and Wildlife Service, U.
S. Dept, of Interior. Federal Building, Fort Snell-
ing. Twin Cities, Minnesota 55111. 5-19 pp.

SHELL TRUMPETS AND CONCENTRIC CIRCLES IN PRE-COLUMBIAN TOMB OFFERINGS

Glenn A. Long *

ABSTRACT

To find the practical use of shell trumpets in a framework of ritual operation is the
ultimate goal of this study. Specifically, the purpose of the paper in hand is to make the
subject accessible to the membership. There is a second objective. A regular association of
shell trumpets and incised concentric circles is one category of recurrent elements and
this association is set apart for discussion in depth, herein.

Among cultural objects in use in the Americas before the Spanish Conquest were
specimens o/ Strombus gigas Linne, Pleuroploca gigantea (Keiner), and Turbinella angu-
lata (Solander). Their use was basically ritualistic. They were part of the shaman’s equip-
ment to call into operation the spirits, perhaps to awaken beneficent deities and ward off
affects of those which were evil. Often these shells were found in tombs, as were ceramic
replicas, accompanying human remains. In certain instances the shells were decorated
with incised patterns of concentric circles.

A mystery yet unsolved is the regular coincidence of shell trumpets and concentric
circle motifs in affiliation with aspects of death and phenomena of earthly and subter-
ranean significance. Vfe present data illustrative of this functional and motivic coincidence
and speculate toward a reasonable interpretation of their association.

*The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Md.
21218

SHELL TRUMPETS

9

PLATE 2. Conch Shell Trumpet, Pleuroploca gigantea (?)
Nayarit, Mexico
Proctor Stafford Collection

Photo, courtesy of the Los Angeles County Museum

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

VARIATIONS IN TRIODOPSIS MULTILINEATA IN NEBRASKA
Carl W. Gugler*

ABSTRACT

Unbanded and banded Triodopsis from Nebraska traditionally have been assigned to T.
albolabris and T. multilineata, respectively. On the basis of geographical distribution, the
unbanded Triodopsis would, of necessity, be assigned to T, a. alleni.

Biometric analyses and breeding experiments indicate that Nebraska Triodopsis should
be assigned to T. multilineata, with a smoothly continuous variation from the red, un-
described variety rubra to the unbanded, undescribed variety alba.

Morphological investigations of unbanded Triodopsis populations from the Lexington,
Missouri area reveal a conspicuous difference in the talon. The Missouri specimens have
the talon enveloped by a relatively thick, fatty sheath. Such a sheath is not conspicuous
in Nebraska specimens, either banded or unbanded.

This finding lends support to the interpretation of the Nebraska populations as vari-
ants of the species multilineata. Further studies of morphology and of the results of inter-
breeding are indicated, but the provisional conclusion is that the Missouri unbanded
Triodopsis represent the true T. a. alleni, while the Nebraska populations represent highly
variable T. multilineata.

*Dept. of Zoology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Neb. 68508

THE TALON OF SOME NEBRASKA SUCCINEIDS
Ken Bazata *

ABSTRACT

The morphology of the talon in two common Nebraska succineids was discussed.

Succinea ovalis has a talon with three chambers, viz., a basal, compact, egg chamber
and two elongate distal chambers for sperm storage. One of the sperm chambers is longer
than the other; its distal end is recurved over the end of the shorter chamber.

Seasonal variation in morphology of the talon was described.

The talon of S. pseudavara also has three chambers, but the sperm chambers are of
equal length, and the talon as a whole is relatively shorter. The sperm chambers are more
widely separated from each other than is the case in S. ovalis.

Pigmentation patterns in all components of the reproductive tract in both species are
highly variable.

On the basis of this study, with particular emphasis on variability within single popula-
tions, it seems premature to make firm statements of taxonomic and phylogenetic impli-
cations.

'Dept, of Zoology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Neb. 68508

10

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

ANCYLODORIS, ITS WELL-DESERVED OBLIVION
(MOLLUSCA, NUDIBRANCHIA)

Kenneth J. Boss *

The faunas of the ancient fresh-water lakes com-
mand attention because of their unusual diversity and
singular endemicity. The study of the mollusks of
Lake Tanganyika in Africa, Ohrid in Yugoslavia,
Titicaca in South America, and Baikal in Siberia is
scarcely over a hundred years old. Numerous mala-
cologists described - sometimes greatly overnamed -
the unusual mollusks of these isolated basins.
Theories were elaborated to account for their zoo-
geographic peculiarities. The idea of Reliktensee
proposed that the present inhabitants of the lakes
were veritable antediluvian remnants or survivors of a
far distant past and far different faunas. Certain
adherents of this notion could not forbear the at-
tractive, if not daring, idea that the lakes were in
reality ancient inland seas, turned to fresh-water
lakes. Indeed, some faunal elements, for example, the
seal in Lake Baikal, are of marine origin but others
were all too often figments of the author’s imagina-
tion. One such case is the alleged fresh-water opistho-
branch of Lake Baikal. Now of purely historical in-
terest, it at one time was considered additional proof
of the marine origin of the molluscan fauna of Lake
Baikal and occasioned a feud between the doyen of
Russian malacologists, Lindholm, and the celebrated
brothers, Wladyslaw and Benedikt Dybowski.

Ancylodoris baicalensis was described by W.
Dybowski in 1900. As if to counter possible criticism,
he attempted to justify the peculiar circumstances by
which the collection came into his hands and to ex-
plain the lack of any real locality data. Five speci-
mens then preserved at the Museum in Lemberg in
Galicia (now L’vov in the Ukraine) constitute the
type-series of A. baicalensis. No label certified the
provenance of these specimens and no record of them
is given in a recent appraisal of the Dybowski col-
lection (Zdun, 1969).

The importance of Ancylodoris as W. Dybowski
(1900) explained it, was that this was strong proof of
the marine origin of the Baikalian fauna. At that time
fresh-water opisthobranchs were thought to be un-
known.^

Benedikt Dybowski thundered his support not
only of this hypothesis but also of the provenance of
the specimens of Ancylodoris, stating that they came
from considerable depths in the lake, as indicated by

*Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer-
sity, Cambridge, Mass. 02138

their white color (Dybowski, 1900: 489). Lindholm
(1927) dryly added that two decades in alcohol might
have some effect on body color! B. Dybowski further
elaborated his strange ideas about the fauna of Baikal
(Dybowski and Grochmalicki, 1920), and he was one
of the few modern zoologists to find one of his works
on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works
in Zoological Nomenclature.

According to B. Dybowski (1911) the specimens
of Ancylodoris were obtained from Lake Baikal along
with several planarians which Grube described. As
Lindholm (1927) has summarized, the specimens
were shipped to W. Dybowski in Dorpat (Tartu),
Estonia during the 1870’s, then to Breslau, Germany
to Grube, then to Wrzesniowski in Warsaw, then to
Lemberg and finally to Niankow (in Minsk Province,
Russia) where W. Dybowski, retired and in poor
health (Hryniewiecki, 1910), rediscovered them and
described Ancylodoris. Lindholm (1927) tartly ob-
served that it might have been possible - over all those
travels in nearly 25 years - that some mix-up had
occurred.

Other evidence leads one to question the authenti-
city of these specimens. For example, Grube was an
authority on the Turbellaria and he published an
extensive monograph on the Baikalian forms. Grube
was a staunch proponent of the marine origin of that
fauna, and, as Lindholm (1927) commented, it is
virtually inconceivable that he would have overlooked
this potentially startling discovery.

The original description (Dybowski, 1900) is
reasonably complete though it deals principally with
external features. That his knowledge of zoology,
which had been appreciable during his professorship
in Dorpat, had declined through time and illness is
reflected both in his invention of the name Ancylo-
dorisand in certain textual remarks. He claimed that
the species had a two-fold nature, combining features
of the Opisthobranchiata and the Prosobranchiata;
thus, he brought together the names Ancylus and
Doris. Ancylus is of course not a prosobranch at all

^Lindholm (1927) summarized the species of
opisthobranchs known to have invaded estuarine or
nearly fresh-water habitats. Subsequently, true
fresh-water forms have been re-discovered which
were actually described in the late nineteenth cen-
tury and overlooked by the Dybowskis (Bayer and
Fehlmann, 1960).

11

12

but a pulmonate. * He also suggested that the tentac-
ular outgrowths on the mantle of Ancylodoris might
be retractible like the spines of ‘ein Igel’, a European
hedgehog, the spines of which have never been known
to have this ability. Later (1902) he recognized a
specific dorid having affinities to Ancylodoris.

With all the thorough studies of the molluscan
fauna of Lake Baikal (Kozhov, 1936: 1963), neither
any opisthobranch nor any specimen resembling
Ancylodoris has ever been reported (Cockerell,
1927). In spite of zealous searching for this snail,
Korotnev (1902), during his great expedition, noted
that he could not find it and that it should only
doubtfully be attributed to the fauna of Baikal. In his
review of Lake Baikal, Johansen (1925) referred to
Ancylodoris several times, particularly in regard to
the ideas concerning the marine origin of the fauna
fostered by the Dybowski brothers. However, he too
observed that it was never found again, and that if it
were, it might be shown to have been introduced.
Thus, the doubts raised by Lindholm (1927) are con-
firmed, and it can be surmised that the name Ancy-
lodoris applies to a nudibranch from some other
locality.

The probable relationships of Ancylodoris were
discussed by Lindholm (1927) who credited Odhner
(an acknowledged authority on the opisthobranchs)
with the opinions given. Dybowski (1902) himself
recognized that Ancylodoris was very much like an
unnamed nudibranch which Middendorff (1847: 184,
pi. 10, figs. 19-21) had referred to Doris and sug-
gested it was similar to the case of Lubomirskia, a
Baikalian sponge, which supposedly showed affinities
with a marine form from the Bering Sea. He went so
far as to aver that only more careful comparison of
these species would indicate whether they were the
same or closely related but different species. Midden-
dorff’s figured specimen was listed as occurring in the
Arctic Ocean along the coast of Russian Lapland and
in the Novaya Zemblya Islands. Unknown to Dy-
bowski, Herzenstein (1885) had already recognized
that the species figured by Middendorff was referable
to Doris bilamellata Linnaeus, a species presently
known from this region (Odhner, 1907: 1940).

Ancylodoris has been infrequently cited in the
literature and always placed among the dorid nudi-
branchs. Thiele (1931) questioned the provenance of
Ancylodoris and regarded its single species as of prob-
able marine origin. He placed the genus in the sub-
family Onchidoridinae of the Polyceridae and cited
its similarity to Calycidoris Abraham (1876). Hoff-
mann (1933) figured Ancylodoris, also noted its
similarity to Calycidoris and placed it in the Onchi-
doridinae. Boettger (1954) did likewise. Curiously, in
the more recent, extensive taxonomic reviews of

^ Probably misled by Dybowski’s mention of Ancylus,
Berg (1922) remarked that the character of the
tentacles and gills in Ancylodoris indicated a rela-
tionship to fresh-water gastropods.

ANCYLODORIS, ITS WELL DESERVED OBLIVION

nudibranchs. neither Pruvot-Fol (1954) nor Odhner
([in] Franc, 1968) mention Ancylodons,

Ancylodoris belongs in the family Lamell-
idorididae, a name now used in preference to the old
Onchidoridae for nomenclatorial reasons (Pruvot-Fol,
1954). Probably both Ancylodoris and Calycidoris
should be placed in the synonymy of Lamellidoris.
The type-species of these nominal genera have been
either synonymized or are closely related to one
another. Ancylodoris, with its type-species by mono-
typy. A.baicalensis, has been made virtually synony-
mous with Doris bilamellata Linnaeus (Dybowski,
1902) and that is the type-species of Lamellidoris
Alder and Hancock 1855 by monotypy (Russell,
1971). Calycidoris has as its type-species, C. guntheri
Abraham 187 6. Russell (1971) noted that no
type-locality was given for this species, although for
some reason he added that it was found in the Falk-
land Islands; he is presently unable to confirm this
locality (per. Comm.) Without explanation and with-
out mention of Ancylodoris, Odhner ([in] Franc,
1968) synonymized Doris sibirica Aurivillius 1887 of
the Arctic Ocean with C. guntheri and since sibirica
has been placed in Acanthodoris (Odhner, 1907), the
exact status of Calycidoris remains unresolved.

Ancylodoris falls into the synonymy of the
well-known Lamellidoris and into well deserved obli-
vion, closing an interesting chapter in the study of the
fauna of Lake Baikal.

LITERATURE CITED

Abraham, P. S. 1876. Notes on some genera of nudi-
branchiate Mollusca with notices of a new genus
and some hitherto undescribed species in the col-
lection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4) 18: 132-146, pis. 6, 7.

Bayer, F. M. and H. A. Fehlmann. 1960. The dis-
covery of a freshwater opisthobranchiate mollusk,
Acochlidium amboinenseStruhell, in the Palau Is-
lands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 73: 183-194, 3
figs.

Berg, L. S. 1922. Klima und Leben. Staatsverlag,
Moskau [not seen].

Boettger, C. R. 1954. Die Systematik der euthyneu-
ren Schnecken. Verhandl. Deutschen Zool. Gesell.,
Tubingen, p. 253-280.

Dybowski, B. 1900. Kilka uwag o nowych formach

zwierzat fauny Bajkalu. Kosmos, Lwow, 25:
487-491.

Dybowski, B. 1911. O faunie mieszakow bajkalskiech
(Uber die Fauna der Baikalmollusken). Kosmos,
Lwow, 36: 966-967.

Dybowski, B. and J. Grochmalicki. 1920. Badania
nad slimakmi bajkalskiemi (Etudes sur les gastro-
podes spire deroule du Lac Baikal et sur les formes
analogues des autres localites). Kosmos, Lwow,
45: 87-100, 355-370.

Dybowski, W. 1900. Beschreibung einer Hinterkiem-
er-Schnecke aus dem Baikalsee (Ancylodoris bai-
calensis m.). Nachrichtsbl. Deutsch. Malakoz.

ANCYLODORIS

13

Gesell., 32; 143-152, pi. 2, figs. 1-7.

Dybowski, W. 1901. Przyczynek do znajomosci
slimaka Bajkalskiego (Ancyiodoris baicaiemis
Dyb,). Wszechswiat, 20, no. 9: 141.

Dybowski, W, 1902. Die Verwandtschaft ¥on Ancy-
iodoris. Nachrichtsbl. Deutsch. Malakoz, Gesell. ,
34: 18-19.

Herzenstein, S, 1885. Materiali k fauni murmanskago
berega i bilago morya. Mollyuski. Beitrage zur
Kenntniss der Fauna der Murmankuste und des
Weissen Meeres. 1. Mollusca Trudy St. Petersburg,
Obschestva estest¥oispuitateIg’a Trans. Soc. Nat.
St. -Petersburg, 16: 635-814, In Russian.

Hoffmann, H. 1933. [in] Bronn. Klass. Ord. Tier-
reichs. Bd. 3 (Mollusca), Ab. (Gastropoda) 3rd
Buch, Opisthobranchia, 2 Lieferung: 153-312,
(175 + 180 figs.)

Hryniewiecki, B, 1910. Dr. Wladyslaw Dybov/ski.
Nekrolog. Sitzungsb. Naturf. Gesell. Dorpat, 19
(1-2): 1-15.

Johansen, H. 1925. Der Baikalsee. Mitt, geogr,
Gesell., Miinchen, 18: 1-202.

Korotnev, A. A. 1902. Zoogeographische Forschun-
gen am Baikal. Semlewedenie, Moscow, 9(4). [not
seen]. Cited in Johansen, 1925, p. 146-7.

Kozhov, M. M. 1936. The mollusks of Lake Baikal.
Trudy Baik. limnol, St. Acad. Sci. USSR, 8: 1-352
(German summary).

Kozhov, M. M. 1963. Lake Baikal and its life. Mono-
graphiae Biologicae, Junk, Hague, 11: 1-344.

Lindholm, W. A. 1927. Kritische Studien zur Mol-
luskenfauna des Baikalsees, Komm. Izucheniyu
Ozera Baikala (Trudy Comm, for the Study of
Baikal), II: 139-189.

Middendorf, A. T. 1847. Beitrage zu einer Malaco-
zoologia Rossica. 1: 513, pi. 10, figs. 19-21.

Odhner, J, H, 1907. Northern and Arctic inverte-
brates in the collection of the Swedish State Muse-
um (Riks Museum). 3. Opisthobranchia and Ptero-
poda, Stockholm. K. Svenska Veten. Akad. Hand!.
(N. F.)., 41 (4): 1-113, pis. 1-3.

Odhner, J, H. 1939. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from
the western and northern coasts of Norway. Det.
Kgl, Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. No. 1 : 1-93, 59
text

Odhner, N. J. 1968. [in] Franc, A. [in] Gr^se, P.
Traite de Zoologie. Vol. 5. Masson & Cie., Paris:
608-893.

Pruvot-Fol, A, 1954. Faune de France. 58. Mol-
lusques opisthobranches. Lechevalier, Paris, 460
p., 173 figs., 1 pi.

Ru^ell, H. D. 1971. Index nudibranchia. Delaware
Mus. Nat. Hist., 141 p.

Thiele, J. 1931. Handbuch Sys. Weichtierkunde.
Zweiter Teil, Jena, Fischer Verlag: 377-778.

Zdun, V, I. 1969, The collection of Baikal mollusks
of B'. Dybowski in the Zoological Museum of the
Univeristy of Lvov, p. 68-70. [in] loganzen, B. G.
1969. Siberian maiacological problems. Tomsk.

ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ANGUISPIRA KOCHI
Carl IP. Gugler *

ABSTRACT

Preliminary studies of Anguispira kochi from central United States and southern
Canada have revealed a number of interesting problems.

Anatomically, A. kochi is, in general, similar to A. altemata, except for the terminal
vas deferem. Pilsbry figured a typical muscular epiphallus for A. kochi. However, in
specimens from Missouri and from Illinois, the terminal vas deferens is complexly saccu-
lated. Histological studies are in progress.

The most perplexing problem encountered in our laboratory arises from the fact that a
sample of A. kochi sent to us from Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, produced living young
rather than the expected calcareous shelled eggs. Populations from Missouri have been
maintained in the laboratory, but have not reproduced. Populations from Illinois have
deposited eggs similar to those of Anguispira altemata.

Note. During discussions following presentation of this paper the opinion was expressed

that the Alberta snails may be Oreohelix strigosa (Gould). Ed.

*Dept. of Zoology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Neb. 68508

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF ELLIPTIO LIVING IN THE ST. JOHNS RIVER,

FLORIDA

Joseph P. E. Morrison *

Specimens of Elliptio monroensis (Lea, 1843),
Elliptio aheneus (Lea, 1843), and Elliptio jayensis
(Lea, 1838) were collected living together in the west-
ern margin of the St. Johns River, just below the
highway 192 bridge, west of Melbourne, Brevard
County, Florida, on the occasion of the A. M. U. field
trip, July 20, 1971.

Elliptio monroensis (Lea) is the member of the
typical E. crassidens group endemic in the St. Johns
River. To the northward, the larger F. dariensis (Lea)
is known only from the Altamaha River System. Still
further to the north, this typical group is represented
by Elliptio waccamawensis (Lea), from Lake Wacca-
maw, North Carolina.

Elliptio aheneus (Lea) is the Florida species of the
group until recently called the group of Elliptio pro-
ductus (Conrad). Northward, in the Altamaha River,
it is replaced by the most elongate of all Elliptio, E.
shepardianus (Lea). This group of elongated species
includes Elliptio angustatus (Lea, 1831), which oc-
curs in both South and North Carolina, and north-
ward as far as the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia.
The dark species E. angustatus is completely biologi-
cally separate from the golden, sand-dwelling Elliptio
lanceolatus (Lea, 1828). The true species E. lanceo-
latus is known only from five river systems in Mary-
land, Virginia, and North Carolina.

Unio buddianus Lea was also named in 1843 from

* Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20560

the St. Johns River System. However, Elliptio jay-
ensis (Lea, 1838) is the earliest name for the extreme-
ly common, variable, and widespread peninsular
Florida species often called “buckleyi”. Both Simp-
son in 1900, and Ortmann in 1912, said that these
two named forms so ran together that they were
undoubtedly one single species. When we look for
relatives, we find that Elliptio opacatus (Crosse &
Fisher), from Lake Catemaceo, southern Vera Cruz,
Mexico, is very similar in appearance and repro-
ductive characters to Elliptio jayensis (Lea).

On the date of collection, July 20, 1971, one
female of each of the three Elliptio species in the St.
Johns River was partly gravid, with eggs in the lower
part of the outer gills. All three were beginning their
short (tachytictic) period of reproduction. Therefore
they belong to the Family Amblemidae, subfamily
Ambleminae, and tribe Pleurobemini, carrying glochi-
dia only in the outer gills. I cannot believe that these
three species of the single genus Elliptio should be
assigned to three separate subfamilies, viz. Pleuro-
beminae Hannibal, 1912; Elliptioninae Modell, 1942;
and Popenaiadinae Heard & Guckert, 1971.

We are fortunate to have such a clear sympatric
record. These three Elliptio species have been living
together, yet maintaining their separate genetic dis-
tinction from the time of Isaac Lea’s descriptions
almost exactly 130 years ago.

14

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

TAXONOMIC GROUPINGS IN THE LYMNAEIDAE*

J. B. Burch\nd G. K. Lindsay*

ABSTRACT

The Lymnaeidae are one of the most common and wide-spread of all animal groups, its
species being found in the freshwaters of all the major land masses of the world. Many
species and genera have been named, but few malacologists seem to agree on their taxo-
nomy. This is hardly surprising since there is a dearth of critical scientific information
available on which to build solid systematic concepts. There is little information on gene-
tics, and almost no data on breeding potential or reproductive isolation for any of the
nominal species, and the morphological parameters of no species have been adequately
defined in terms of modern biological concepts.

In an effort to gather more systematic data of particular significance for understanding
the relationships of the various taxonomic units within the family, we have been using
various techniques, ranging from classical conchology to breeding studies. One technique
that has been specially illuminating is immunology of lymnaeid foot muscle proteins.
Briefly, our procedures included production of antisera in rabbits, and the observation of
precipitin reactions between these antisera and antigens of selected lymnaeid species. Of
particubr pertinence in our immuno-taxonomic study was the preabsorption of antigen
from one lymnaeid species and allowing the antibody of another species to diffuse
through it in order to meet and react with its own antigen. Thus, in any particular test,
we could determine whether or not the species to which we had antiserum contained the
same proteins found in the species furnishing the antigen, ie., whether or not the two
species in question had developed immunologically detectable differences in foot muscle
proteins during their evolutionary divergence.

Our results showed that, in general, classical taxonomic divisions within the family
based on shell characters are more reliable than radular teeth or characters of the repro-
ductive tracts (as previously used), Le,, our immunological studies correlated best with
shell characters. Lymnaea s.s,, Stagnicola, Fossaria (= Galba), Radix, Austropeplea,
Pseudosuccinea and Bulimnea each forms a distinct immunological group. Finer divisions
within these taxa could not be distinguished by our technique.

^Supported by research grants from the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U. S.
Public Health Ser¥ice (N. I. H. Training Grant No. 5
T1 AI 41), the National Science Foundation (grant
GB-7 569X and the Foreign Currency Program,
Office of International Activities, Smithsonian Insti-
tution,

*Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48104.

15

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

FOSSIL SNAILS OF THE GENUS ASHMUNELLA,
SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO, AND
REMARKS ON FORMER DISTRIBUTIONS
Artie L. Metcalf*

ABSTRACT

Four new species of fossils of the land snail genus Ashmunella (Pulmonata:
Polygyridae) from the Sacramento Mountains, Lincoln and Otero Counties, New Mexico,
were discussed. All were judged to be of Pleistocene age. Comparisons were made with
living species and some phylogenetic and zoogeographic inferences were made.

At present, in the genus Ashmunella, only the variable species A. rhyssa (Dali) seems
to inhabit the Sacramento Mountains. The known Pleistocene fauna indicates greater
diversity of species of the genus in the past. The question was considered whether this
diversity was more likely attributable to radiation within a closely allied species group or
whether the species were of diverse ancestries within the genus. The latter view was
deemed more plausible. One of the species of fossils was suggested as being related to the
group of A. thomsoniana (Ancey) of northern New Mexico and another to the group of
A. tetrodon Pilsbry and Ferriss of western New Mexico. Two species were considered as
belonging to the group of A. mearnsi (Dali) of southern New Mexico and extreme western
Texas. The similarity of one of these latter species to A. ferrissi Pilsbry of the Chiricahua
Mountains, Arizona, was pointed out. The similarity, in this case, was suggested as being
most likely a result of convergent evolution in two mountain ranges distant from each
other.

*Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at
El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968

16

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE SCAPHOPOD, DENTALIUM TEXASIANUM
Larry R. Petersen *

ABSTRACT

Details of the anatomy of scaphopods, other than shell and radula, have been
published on only three species, none of which are present in the New World. Dentalium
texasianum Philippi 1848 was collected alive in West Bay of the Galveston Bay Complex
in June 1966 and September 1967, but sampling of over 50 stations in that area between
January and October 1971 did not yield live specimens. Anatomical studies were made on
preserved material of the earlier collections. In most respects the anatomy agrees with the
accounts of other species. Two important features have not been previously described. (1)
There is a large, tubular cavity in the foot, opening at the base, and lined with epithelium
which is continuous with that of the external pedal surface. The cavity extends nearly to
the end of the foot. (2) There are two fleshy, semilunar valves extending across the man-
tie cavity slightly anterior to the mantle collar at the posterior end of the animal. The
valves are unequal in size and overlap each other. The larger valve extends from the dorsal
wall of the mantle ventrally and covers slightly more than half of the inner diameter of
the cavity. The ventral edge of this valve is thicker than the remainder of either valve and
may be muscular. The smaller valve extends from the ventral surface of the mantle dorsal-
ly and covers the remainder of the opening. It is slightly anterior to the larger valve. The
cavity of the foot may be filled with water by relaxing the oblique sphincter musculature
of the foot, which is then extended through the tight, thick mantle margin at the anterior
end by progressive contraction of that musculature. The valves may regulate the passage
of water at the posterior end of the animal, which has been described as a period of
gentle, continuous intake followed by a sudden forceful ejection through the same open-
ing. Presumably the valves are relaxed during intake, with the inward current produced by
cilia on the circular ridges in the middle of the mantle cavity. Ejection may result from
closure of the valves, followed by rapid retraction of the foot with simultaneous relaxa-
tion of the valves. This study is based on data submitted as a thesis for the Master of
Science Degree in Biology at Texas A & M University, 1972.

*Dept. of Biology, San Jacinto College, Pasadena,
Texas 77505

17

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE DIGESTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS OF SOME MURICID GASTROPODS
Shi-Kuei Wu

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

Twenty-four species of muricid gastropods collect-
ed from the intertidal zone of the coast of Taiwan,
the Gulf of California (U. S. A.), Virginia (U. S. A.)
and San Juan Islands (U. S. A.) were studied and
compared. In the digestive system, differences were
observed in the radula, accessory salivary gland and
the stomach. In the reproductive system, differences
were observed in the capsule gland, the prostate gland
and the penis.

Radula. The rachidian tooth of the muricid radula
can be divided into three types; (1) The Thais type:
five-cusped (one central, two lateral and two marginal
cusps), the lateral side of the lateral cusp has many
and deeply cut denticles; found in the genera Pur-
pura, Drupa, Morula, Thais, Thaisella, Acanthina,
Nucella, Urosalpinx and Eupleura, (2) The Murex
type: three-cusped (one central and two lateral
cusps), lateral side of lateral cusp smooth; found in
Chicoreus, Hexaplex, Muricanthus and Mancinella.
(3) An intermediate type: three-cusped, but the angle
of the margin somewhat raised to form a hump; the
lateral denticles of the lateral cusp exist merely as
wrinkles; found in Morula granulata.

Accessory salivary gland. Most muricid species
have a pair of long accessory salivary glands, except
for Morula granulata and M. uva, which have a pair of
short, symmetrical or asymmetrical accessory salivary
glands, and Mancinella tuberosa, Drupella cornus and
Thaisella rugosa, which lack accessory salivary glands.

Stomach. All muricids examined had U-shaped
stomachs, except Drupa ricina and D. arachnoides,
which had a pouch on the esophageal side of the
stomach.

Capsule gland. In cross-section the capsule gland
could be assigned to one of four types: (1) Those
species with a single left longitudinal fold (Fretter,
1941, Jour. mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 25: 173-211)
arising from the left lobe of the gland; anterioventral
lobe lacking (Morula granulata and M. uva). (2) Those
with a single left longitudinal fold arising at the junc-
tion of the left lobe of the gland and the ventral wall;
anterioventral lobe present (Drupa ricina, D. arach-

noides, D. morurn and Chicoreus torref actus). (3)
Those with a single left longitudinal fold arising from
the ventral wall of the gland; anterioventral lobe
present (Thais distinguenda, T. kineri. Purpura luteo-
stoma, Mancinella tuberosa and Acanthina angelica),
(4) Those with two or more longitudinal folds, the
main left longitudinal fold arising from the left lobe
of the gland; anterioventral lobe present (Urosalpinx
cinerea, Eupleura caudata, Thaisella rugosa, Nucella
canaliculata, N. emarginata and N. lamellosa).

Prostate gland. In cross-section the prostate gland
could be assigned to one of three types: (1) Those
species in which the lumen of the gland was round at
the right ventral corner of the gland and the rectum is
embedded in the gland (Morula granulata, M, uva, M.
borealis, Thaisella rugosa and Drupella cornus). (2)
Those in which the lumen of the gland was an ex-
tensive longitudinal slit and the rectum was free from
the gland (Drupa arachnoides, Thais distinguenda, T.
kineri, T. armigera, Urosalpinx cinerea and Eupleura
caudata). (3) Those in which the lumen of the gland
is multi-grooved and the rectum is free from the gland
(Nucella canaliculata, N. emarginata and N. lamel-
losa).

Penis. Three types of penes were observed: (1)
Those in which the basal portion was dorsoventrally
flat and the distal portion thin and long (Morula
granulata, Drupa arachnoides, Thais distinguenda, T.
kineri, T. armigera, Thaisella rugosa, Chicoreus torre-
f actus, Muricanthus nigritus, Urosalpinx cinerea,
Nucella canaliculata, N. emarginata and N. lamellosa).
(2) Those with the basal portion as in type 1, but the
distal portion was club-shaped (Purpura panama, P.
luteostoma and Drupella cornus). (3) Those with the
basal portion as in type 1 but with an anteriorly pro-
jected pad, and the distal portion was either thin or
thick (Morula uva and M. borealis).

The differences in morphology of the stomachs
and accessory salivary glands do not serve as good
systematic characters in muricid gastropods. How-
ever, the radulae and the reproductive systems are
useful in determining systematic categories within the
Muricidae.

18

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

NEW OUTBREAKS IN THE FLORIDA GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL INFESTATION

Albert R. Mead*

ABSTRACT

With the recent appearance of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, in a third major
infestation site in the Miami-Hollywood area, the problem that this snail has presented in
Florida has now reached its most critical and possibly decisive stage since the original
three year old infestation was discovered in 1969. Reports from the Indian subcontinent.
Southeast Asia, and the Far East indicate that this snail pest is continuing to spread with
no really effective means of control yet coming to light. Some wholly novel and exotic
molluscicides have been recommended; some seem promising, but in most cases the re-
sults are still preliminary and empirical. Certain sophisticated physiological and histo-
chemical investigations suggest strongly the possibility of their eventual use in highly
selective molluscan metabolic antagonists. The widespread introduction of predatory
snails, sciomyzid flies, and other types of predators as biological control agents is continu-
ing to produce enigmatic results. The tissue inhabiting nematode, Angiostrongylus
cantonensis (the causative agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans), appears
to be assuming a more and more important role as a stress factor in the disease syndrome.

A predatory terrestrial planarian, Geoplana sp., has been discovered in Florida, but the
nature of its predation on snails has not yet been determined.

*Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona,
Tucson, Ariz. 85721

19

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE CLINCH RIVER IN THE
SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS OF VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE
(MOLLUSCA: RIVAL VIA; UNIONOIDA)

David H. Stanshery *

The Mississippi River system of central North
America has the most diverse naiad mollusk fauna
known. While the exact number of species found here
is as yet uncertain, studies of the Ohio River system
alone have revealed at least 120 species and sub-
species. A consideration of the distribution patterns
of these species demonstrates that they can be placed
in three groups on a geographic basis (Ortmann,
19 24, 1925). Some species are found generally
throughout the Ohio basin. A second group is restrict-
ed to the Ohio River proper and its tributaries in the
Central Lowlands and the Interior Low Plateau. These
are referred to as the Ohioan fauna. A third group is
found only in streams of the Tennessee and Cumber-
land River systems flowing out of the Southern
Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau. This
assemblage is known as the Cumberlandian Fauna and
has a number of elements analogous to the Ozarkian
Fauna of the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains
west of the Mississippi.

The Cumberlandian Fauna of the main stem of the
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers has been largely
destroyed by impoundments, pollution, dredging
operations and other activities which have greatly
reduced or eliminated much of the naiad habitat.
Field studies over the past decade have revealed that
most species of this “high country” fauna still live in
those few tributaries of the Cumberland and Tennes-
see Rivers that remain relatively unmodified. The
fauna of the Clinch River above Norris Reservoir
appears to be one of the best preserved of the entire
area. This paper is a brief preliminary account of the
naiad species found today in the Clinch River and
some of its tributaries from its headwaters near
Tazewell, Virginia, down to the head of Norris Reser-
voir near Tazewell, Tennessee. In spite of quantities
of trash and obvious pollution in a number of places,
this part of the river still retains most of the species
recorded by Ortmann (1918) half a century ago
(1912-1915). A concerted effort has been made to
visit this free-flowing portion of the Clinch River at
every bridge, ford, or other point of access at times of
either normal or low water and to sample each of the
habitat areas present.

Wherever possible the shell midden heaps left by

♦Museum of Zoology, Ohio State University, Colum-
bus, Ohio 43210

raccoon, muskrat or other mammals were salvaged
and carefully checked. Such collections commonly
contained a few to several hundred fresh-dead shells.
Some middens containing over a thousand such speci-
mens were found. Representative series of each
species from each site studied are deposited in the
Ohio State University Museum of Zoology.

Although data from other tributaries of the Ten-
nessee and Cumberland Rivers are not presented here,
it seems reasonably certain from our work in the area
that the Clinch River has the greatest diversity of
Cumberlandian species yet surviving. The 28 endemic
species still living in the upper Clinch River are, with
rare exception, found nowhere outside the Cumber-
land and Tennessee River systems. Some of these
species are restricted to the Clinch River while others
reach peak abundance here.

Every reasonable effort should be made to pre-
serve this highly restricted, purely North American
mollusk fauna. Present plans to improve the econo-
mic life of the people of Appalachia by the further
impounding of these mountain rivers and the intro-
duction of heavy industry into these valleys could
easily destroy what little remains of this rare heritage.

LITERATURE CITED

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater
mussels) of the upper Tennessee drainage. With
notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc. Amer.
Philos. Soc. 57(6); 521-626.

1924. The naiad-fauna of the Duck River in Ten-
nessee. Amer. Midi. Nat. 9 (1): 3-47.

1925. The naiad-fauna of the Tennessee River
system below Walden Gorge. Amer. Midi. Nat. 9
(8): 321-373.

Stansbery, David H. 1970. Eastern freshwater mol-
lusks. The Mississippi and St. Lav^a•ence River
systems, p. 9-21. In A. H. Clarke (editor) Papers
on the rare and endangered mollusks of North
America. Malacologia 10 (1): 1-56.

1971. Rare and endangered mollusks in eastern
United States, p. 5-18. In S. E. Jorgensen and R.
W. Sharp (editors) Proceedings of a symposium on
rare and endangered mollusks (naiads) of the U.
S. Bur. Sport Fish, and Wild., Department of the
Interior, Region 3, Twin Cities, Minn., 79 p.

20

NAIDES OF THE CLINCH RIVER

THE NAIADES OF THE CLINCH RIVER
ABOVE NORRIS RESERVOIR

21

C - Cumberlandian
O - Ohioan
U - Undetermined

P - Previously recorded (Ortmann, 1918)

(Collected by Adams, 1899 and Ortmann, 1912-1915)
R - Recently recorded (Stansbery, 1972)

(Collected by Stansbery and others, 1963-1971)

E - Believed extinct (Stansbery, 1970, 1971)

FAMILY MARGARITIFERIDAE Ortmann, 1911.

1. Cumberlandia monodonta (Say, 1829),

FAMILY UNIONIDAE (Fleming, 1828) Ortmann, 1911.

SUBFAMILY ANODONTINAE (Swainson, 1840) Ortmann, 1910.

2. Strophitus undulatus shaefferianus (Lea, 1852).

3. Alasmidonta marginata Say, 1818.

4. Alasmidonta uiridis (Rafinesque, 1820).

5. Pegias fabula (Lea, 1836).

6. Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque, 1820).

7. Lasmigona holstonia (Lea, 1838).

SUBFAMILY AMBLEMINAE Morrison, 1955.

8. Quadrula cylindrka strigillata (Wright, 1898).

9. Quadrula sparsa (Lea, 1841).

10. Quadrula intermedia (Conrad, 1836).

11. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea, 1831).

12. Amblema plicata plicata (Say, 1817).

13. Fusconaia subrotunda lesueuriana (Lea, 1840).

14. Fusconaia cuneolus (Lea, 1840).

15. Fusconaia edgariana (Lea, 1840).

16. Fusconaia barnesiana (Lea, 1838).

17. Cyclonaias tuherculata (Rafinesque, 1820).

18. Lexingtonia dolabelloides (Lea, 1840).

19. Plethohasus cyphyus (Rafinesque, 1820).

20. Pleurobema oviforme (Conrad, 1834).

21. Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad, 1836).

22. Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840),

23. Pleurobema pyramidatum (Lea, 1831).

24. Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck, 1819).

25. Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque, 1820).

26. Lastena lata (Rafinesque, 1820).

SUBFAMILY LAMPSILINAE (von Ihering, 1901) Ortmann, 1910

27. Ptychohranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820).

28. Ptychohranchus subtentum (Say, 1825).

29. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea, 1828).

30. Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834).

31. Actinonaias ligamentina orbis Morrison, 1942.

32. Actinonaias pectorosa {Conrad, 1834).

33. Truncilla truncata Rafinesque, 1820.

34. Leptodea fragiiis (Rafinesque, 1820).

35. Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817.)

36. Toxolasma lividus lividus (Rafinesque, 1831).

37. Medionidus conradicus (Lea, 1834).

38. Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819).

39. Conradilla caelata (Conrad, 1834).

40. Villosa fabalisihea, 1831).

41. Villosa trabalis (Conrad, 1834).

Fauna

Recorded

U

R

C

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

C

R

u

p

R

C

p

R

C

p

R

C

R

C

p

R

U

p

R

u

p

R

c

p

R

C

p

R

c

p

R

c

p

R

u

p

R

C

p

R

u

p

R

C

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

U

p

R

C

p

R

u

R

C

R

C

p

R

c

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

u

p

R

c

p

R

c

p

R

u

p

R

c

p

R

u

p

R

c

p

R

22

DAVID H. STANSBERY

42. Villosa perpurpurea (Lea, 1861). C

43. Villosa iris nebulosa (Conrad, 1834). C

44. Villosa vanuxemi (Lea, 1838). C

45. Lampsilis ovata (Say, 1817). U

46. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes, 1823). U

47. Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, 1820. U

48. Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque, 1820). U

49. Epioblasma brevidens (Lea, 1831). C

50. Epioblasma haysiana (Lea, 1834). C

51. Epioblasma lenior (Lea, 1843). C

52. Epioblasma stewardsoni (Lea, 1852). C

53. Epioblasma capsaeformis (Lea, 1834). C

54. Epioblasma walkeri (Wilson and Clark, 1914). C

55. Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum (Reeve, 1865). C

NAIAD SPECIES RECORDED ONLY FROM THE LOWER (IMPOUNDED)
SECTION OF THE CLINCH RIVER (COLLECTIONS MADE BEFORE

IMPOUNDMENT)

56. Fusconaia subrotunda subrotunda (Lea, 1831). U

57. Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque, 1820). U

58. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, 1820. U

59. Plagiola lineolata (Rafinesque, 1820). U

60. Obovaria retusa (Lamarck, 1819). U

61. Leptodea leptodon (Rafinesque, 1820). U

62. Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth, 1828). U

63. Epioblasma arcaeformis (Lea, 1831). C

64. Epioblasma lewisi (Walker, 1910). C

65. Epioblasma propinqua (Lea, 1857). C

P R
P R
P R
P R
P R
P R
P R
P R
P R
P E

P E

P R
R

P R

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P E

P E

P E

While the details concerning each of the above species are beyond the scope of this report, some statistics may

be of interest.

Number of species and subspecies previously recorded from the upper Clinch River (Ortmann, 1918 ) . . .49

New Records for the upper Clinch River contained herein .6

Total species and subspecies recorded from the upper Clinch River . 55

Additional species recorded from the lower Clinch only (prior to impoundment) .10

Total species and subspecies recorded from the Clinch River 65

Species recorded from the Clinch River believed extinct .5

Species believed living in the Clinch River today 60

Species of Cumberlandian origin recorded from the Clinch River 33

Species of undetermined origin recorded from the Clinch River 32

New records for the Clinch River contained herein 3*

*Pegias fabula, Quadrula sparsa, and Epioblasma walkeri.

Bulletin of the American Maiacologkal Union, Inc,

March 1973

NEGLECTED TOPOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
THE GILL AND SHELL OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS
Harold W. Harry*

Several principles of organizations of the excurrent
mantle chamber of bivalve mollusks, which are of
prime importance in understanding the functional
anatomy and phylogeny of the group, have been
neglected in the literature.

The gill axes in bivalves are two parallel lines, usu-
ally straight but sometimes curved (particularly in the
asiphonate monomyaria), along which arise the paired
gill elements, either the lamellae of the protobranchs
or filaments of the filibranchs and eulamellibranchs.
The front part of the axes are extensively adnate to
the visceral mass, but the posterior ends of the axes
extend free behind the visceral mass for a varying
distance. The posterior, free extension is longer in
more primitive fornK (Protobranchia, Arcacea, Tri-
gonia, Pseudolamellibranchia). In most of the latter
forms, each gill axis is suspended by a muscular sep-
tum, which can contract to draw the gills upward,
thus effecting a pumping action. The gill elements
extend from the axes to the mantle laterally, and to
the visceral mass medially, where they effect func-
tional (non-fused) or structural (fused) junctions.
These junctions, together with the gill axes and
intervening gill elements, define the gill diaphragm, or
partition between the incurrent and excurrent cham-
bers of the mantle cavity. Behind the gill axes the
diaphragm is sometimes augmented by a small in-
growth of the fused inner lamellae of the mantle
margin.

Particulate matter which enters the incurrent man-
tle chamber is effectively denied passage to the excur-
rent one by the gill diaphragm. Feces, urinary pro-
ducts and gametes (in most) are shed into the excur-
rent chamber, and are removed by the same stream of
water, initiated by the gills, which brings water into
the incurrent mantle chamber. Sudden contraction of
the adductor muscles augment water movement, al-
ways forcing water out of both chambers of the man-
tle cavity. When the adductor muscles are relaxed, the
same amount of water enters and leaves the mantle
cavity in unit time. But the excurrent stream is al-
ways faster and more forceful than the incurrent one.
This results from the following principles:

(1) The excurrent opening of the mantle cavity of
bivalves is always smaller than the incurrent one.
Moreover, the excurrent chamber is always smaller in
volume than the incurrent chamber of the mantle
cavity. These arrangements are accomplished in more

*4612 Evergreen, Bellaire, Texas 77401

primitive members of the class by the position of the
gill axes in relation to the mantle and shell, as fol-
lows:

(2) The anterior ends of the gill axes of bivalves
originate at the level of the umbos or slightly behind
the umbos. When the umbos are far forward, the
front end of the gill axes may be far behind them. In
those cases in which the front ends of the gill axes are
not located directly under the umbo (Ensis, asipho-
nate monomyarians), each umbo is on a line which is
an extension of the gill axis.

(3) Originally, and in most bivalves, the posterior
ends of the gill axes are approximately just above the
part of the shell margin where the post-dorsal slope of
the shell’s periphery joins the ventral part of the shell
margin; or, in rostrate species, the hind end of the
axes end in the middle of the rostrum.

Siphons seem to have evolved independently sev-
eral times in the bivalvia. Although varied in struc-
ture, length and terminal appendages in different
groups, the excurrent siphon always appears before
the incurrent one, and in many bivalves it is the only
one present. It serves to reduce further the excurrent
opening, relative to the incurrent one. When the en-
trance of water is limited by a second siphon, the
opening of that siphon is always larger than that of
the excurrent one. These mechanisms further enhance
the flushing ability of the excurrent stream of water.

In most bivalves, the front end of the gill axes re-
tain their position subordinate to that of the umbos,
regardless of changes in the shape of the shell (Figs.
1-11). In species in which the umbos are distant from
the front end of the animal, the connection between
the gill surface and the mouth is made by lengthening
the gill filaments or the labial palps or both. This
varies widely in different groups. But the front end of
the gill axis can only approach the mouth in forms in
which the umbos are near the anterior margin of the
shell.

A major exception to these generalizations may be
the septibranchs, which according to drawings in the
literature, have centrally placed umbos, but the dia-
phragm extends far in front of them. The relative size
of the two mantle chambers and the siphonal open-
ings in septibranchs seem to be in accord with the
principles stated above.

In oysters (Fig. 9) the principles hold very well.
The occlusion of the promyal chamber on the right
side which occurs in some genera of oysters (it is oc-
cluded on the left in all species of the family) is an

23

24

HAROLD W. HARRY

additional method of decreasing the volume of the
excurrent mantle chamber.

In Tridacnidae (Fig. 11), most of the principles are
valid, despite much shifting of position of the gills
and other structures, and loss of the anterior adduc-
tor muscle. The anterior end of the gill remains at or
slightly behind the umbos, which are a short distance
behind the middle of the shell’s length. The front
ends of the gill axes have swung forward nearly 180 ,
however. But the excurrent siphon is smaller than the
incurrent, and the excurrent mantle chamber is small-
er in volume than the incurrent one. As also occurs in

oysters, it is the mouth which has moved to the front
end of the gill axes, rather than the opposite.

Many anatomical drawings of bivalves in the litera-
ture seem to be wrong in their placement of the gill
axes. Others do not adequately show the position or
extent of the axes because they are obscured by the
profile of the outer demibranch, which sometimes ex-
tends in whole or in part dorsal to the axes them-
selves. Such an extension is an additional mechanism
which reduces the volume of the excurrent mantle
chamber, thereby enhancing flushing ability of the
excurrent stream of water.

PLATE 3. All species are viewed from the right side.

Heavy dashed lines represent gill axes. The small
circle near the anterior margin of the shell is the
approximate position of the mouth. Larger circles
are the adductor muscles. 1, Glycymeris; 2,Cras~
sinella; .3, Area; 4, Tagelus; 5, Amblema; 6, Pinna;
7, Ensis; 8, Donax; 9, Ostrea; 10, Pteria; 11, Tr-
idacna (after Purchon 1955, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon-
don 31: 97). Ad, Adductor muscle; An, Anus; B,
Byssal retractor muscle; By, Byssus; Ft., Foot; Gi,
Gill; Go, Gonad; K, Kidney; Li, Ligament; Ma,
Mantle; Pa, Labial palps; Pc, Pericardium; Sh,
Shell; Incurrent and excurrent siphons are shown
by arrows. The excurrent mantle chamber is
darkly stippled.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

MOLLUSCAN POPULATION OF A SUBMERGED REEF
OFF PADRE ISLAND, TEXAS*

John W. Tunnell, Jr.

Department of Biology, Texas A & M University
College Station, Texas 77843

Seven and One-half Fathom Reef is a small topo-
graphic prominence located in the shallow neritic
waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.lt lies 74
kilometers south of the northern entrance to Padre
Island National Seashore and 3.2 kilometers offshore
from Padre Island in 14.0 meters of water.

The reef is an elongate sedimentary rock structure
composed of a silty quartz sandstone that is partially
cemented with calcium carbonate. It is approximately
350 meters long and averages about 50 meters in
width with a maximum relief of 5.4 meters. The gen-
eral topography is rough, with numerous crevices and
small caverns. The sides vary from steep cliffs, dotted
with pockets, to even, gentle slopes. Boring molluscs
and other organisms have extensively eroded the up-
per levels of -the structure, and sponges, hydroids,
bryzoans and algae have completely encrusted it. Fos-
sil mammal teeth and bones found in the crevices
(Tunnell and Causey, 1969) and fossil freshwater
snails in the rock indicate the reef is of terrestrial ori-
gin.

Bottom salinities adjacent to the reef during the
study varied from 28.1 to 35.9 ppt. Temperature
ranged from a low of 13.2 C in the winter to a high
of 30.1 C during the late summer.

The molluscan fauna of Seven and One-half
Fathom Reef was studied during 1968-1969. SCUBA
was employed as a working tool and proved to be a
way of adequately sampling this hard-rock structure
and of collecting life history data on animals in their
natural habitat.

Three sampling methods were utilized for collect-
ing molluscs: 1) mud samples from the crevices and
surrounding bottom, for representative micro-molluscs
associated with the structure; 2) rock samples, for
boring and attached species; and, 3) random collect-
ing by hand, for mobile macromolluscs. In the last
method most of the reef surface was examined in
situ, turning over rocks and searching crevices and
holes. Relative abundance of some of the larger, more
common species was obtained by taking meter square
quadrats along transects set across the reef. In addi-
tion, sponges, hydroids and algae were collected,
washed and examined for small molluscs.

* This research was conducted under Texas A & I
University Faculty Research Grants 449-G-68 and
449-4-69.

Using these three sampling methods 169 species of
molluscs were found representing 71 families. There
were 108 gastropods, 57 bivalves, 3 scaphopods and 1
cephalopod (Tunnell and Chaney, 1970).

Of the 97 species of micro-molluscs identified in
the mud samples, the following were the most abun-
dant; cf. Cingula sandersoni Verrill (shells only), juve-
nile (turritella stage) Vermicularia spirata Philippi,
Tectonatica pusilla (Say), Anachis obesa (C. B.
Adams) and Abra aequalis (Say). The shells and valves
of a number of other species were also quite abun-
dant: Parviturboides interruptus (C. B. Adams), -
Anachis sp., Retusa canaliculata (Say), Cylichna
bidentata (d’Orbigny), Odostomia seminuda (C. B.
Adams), Cresis ascicula (Rany), Lucina multilineata
(Tuomey and Holmes), L. amiantus (Dali), Chione
grus (Holmes), and Corbula contracta Say.

The most abundant boring pelecypod in nearly all
rocks examined was Lithophaga bisulcata (d’Orbig-
ny). As many as 158 individuals were removed from a
single rock measuring 140 x 140 x 400 mm. Grega-
riella coralliophaga (Gmelin) was the second most
abundant “borer” (actually found embedded in its
own secretion of fibers and accumulated sand, not
bored into rock). As many as 72 individuals were
counted on a single rock measuring 160 x 180 x 380
mm. An average of three Rupellaria typica (Jonas)
was found in each rock examined and Lithophaga
aristata (Dillwyn), Diplodonta punctata (Say) and
Rocellaria hians Gmelin (valves only) were represent-
ed by one individual in every 5-8 rocks. The sipun-
culid Phascolosoma antillarum Grube and Oersted
was also common in most rocks. Fifty individuals
were removed from one rock.

The most abundant large pelecypod attached to
the reef was Area imbricata Bruguiere. It was most
abundant, up to 287 individuals in one square meter,
on the upper levels of the reef. Area zebra (Swainson)
was also present, but much less abundant than A. im-
bricata. Barbatia domingensis (Lamarck) was also
very abundant, as many as 64 individuals were count-
ed attached to one rock measuring 140 x 140 x 400
mm, Ostrea equestris Say was found in abundance on
the lower seaward side of the reef where 336 individ-
uals were counted on rocks in one square meter of
one transect. Live individuals and shells of this species
literally covered most rocks along the entire bottom
length of this side of the reef. However, this species

25

JOHN W. TUNNELL, JR.

26

was not found anywhere else on the reef. An explana-
tion for this odd phenomenon is not clear at present.
Chama congregate Conrad was also quite abundant at-
tached to rocks and other shells.

Other macro-pelecypods which occurred alive and
are not commonly found along the usual mud-sand
substrate of most of the Texas coast were: Atrina rig-
ida (Solander), Pteria colymbus (Roding), Lyropecten
nodosus (Linne), Spondylus americanus Hermann,
Pododesmus rudis (Broderip) and Pseudochama radi-
ans (Lamarck).

Abundant gastropods were Calliostoma euglyptum
(A. Adams), Cypraea cervus Linne, Thais haemos-
toma (Linne), Anachis avara (Say) and Pisania tinctus
(Conrad). C. cervus was a cryptic species and usually
observed moving about in crevices or under large
rocks. Ten to fifteen of these large cowries could be
seen in one dive if these areas were examined. C.
euglyptum was usually found under rocks and in
pockets on the sides of cliffs. T. haemostoma was
generally found on the underside of rocks or moving
about over small rock piles. In July 1968 five individ-
uals were noted laying eggs on two Leptogorgia virgu-
lata Lamarck in approximately 11 meters of water.
On that same day three other individuals were noted
laying eggs on a branching hydroid. P. tinctus was
usually found on the underside of rocks on all por-
tions of the reef. Egg cases of this species were found
attached to rock samples collected during July 1968.
The small snail A. avara was commonly found all over
the reef.

Other species associated with this reef, but uncom-
mon or unreported along most of the Texas coast
were: Neosimnia acicularis (Lamarck), Cyphoma
megintyi Pilsbry, Cymatium pileare (Linne), Bursa
cubaniana d’Orbigny and Chicoreus pomum Gmelin.

Octopus vulgaris Lamarck was the largest and most
voracious molluscan predator observed on the reef. In
one instance this octopus was observed carrying a live
Cypraea cervus into its den. On another occasion one
was seen struggling with a large Pleuroploca gigantea
(Kiener). Each individual observed had a den within a
large rock or crevice that could repeatedly be visited
and observed in the same location on various trips to
the study area. Fresh shells observed immediately
outside of octopus dens and presumably eaten by
them were: Cypraea cervus, Oliva say ana Ravenel,
Area zebra, A. imbricate, and Barbatia Candida
(Helbling).

LITERATURE CITED

Tunnell, John W. and Billy D. Causey. 1969. Verte-
brate Pleistocene fossils from the continental shelf,
northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Texas A & I Univ.
Studies . 2 (1): 75-76.

.and Allan H. Chaney. 1970. A checklist of the

mollusks of Seven and One-half Fathom Reef,
northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Contr. Mar. Sci.
Univ. Tex. 15: 193-203.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

SOME NOTES ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE SHARK EYE,
POLINICES DUPLICATUS (SAY) AT ROCKAWAY BEACH, NEW YORK
Morris K, Jacobson*

There is little mention in the literature of the fact
that the Shark Eye, Polinices duplicatus (Say), at
least toward the center of its range, occurs in two dis-
tinct forms. This dimorphism is very noticeable in
many specimens in the population at Rockaway
Beach, New York, but in many cases, especially in
medium sized shells, it is less so. Some shells are quite
flat with a low, domelike spire. Others have a sharply
raised, triangular or pyramidal shape with the spire
strongly raised; the latter are in addition heavier than
the former. The difference between the two types of
shells is so strong that Smith & Prime (1870: 396)
thought that “two species are probably included
under [one] name.”

According to Dali (1892: 369) this difference is a
secondary sexual characteristic, the higher and heav-
ier shell being the male, the lower, lighter one the fe-
male. I was able to confirm this by examining some
live specimens at Rockaway. It occurred to me that it
might prove of interest to try to express this shell di-
morphism mathematically and to see if the less
strongly marked shells can statistically be fitted into
the picture.

Bernard (1968) reported on the measurements of
sexual dimorphism in a related naticid on the West
Coast, Polinices lewisi (Gould). Though Bernard
found no difference in the shell outline such as
occurs in P. duplicatus, he did find that “the shells
of males, particularly the older ones, were pro-
portionately thicker than those of the same sized
females.” (loc, cit., 3). He further noticed that this
difference grew greater as the snails matured. At
Rockaway, however, the difference was noticeable
in even some smaller shells.

I have worked with three characteristics in my
study of the Rockaway specimens: the height/di-
ameter index (h/d), the angle of diversion of the
spire, and the volume/weight index (v/w). The last is
arrived at by dividing the product of the height and
the diameter, loosely called the volume, by the
weight. So far the statistical results are too meager to
reach any conclusion. Nevertheless, a brief prelimi-
nary report might prove of interest.

For the purpose of this preliminary report, I se-

*455 Beach 139 St., Rockaway Beach, N. Y. 11694

lected three pairs of shells, each pair of approximate-
ly the same size, but one of each pair distinctly male,
the other female. The largest pair measured about 63
mm in diameter, the medium pair about 49, the
smallest about 40. Applying the three measurements
to each of these pairs, I found the following results:
h/d index

male female

.900 .846 smallest pair

.827 .920 medium pair

.920 .951 largest pair

Here we see no significant difference between the
male and female shells.

v/w index

male

female

49.7

67.3

smallest pair

39.8

70.8

medium pair

36.5

69.1

largest pair

Here the difference is significant, the male being dis-
tinctly heavier. The v/w index for the heavier male is,
of course, lower because the greater weight goes
fewer times into the volume.

angle of divergence

male

female

90°

110°

smallest pair

100°

110°

medium pair

100°

110°

largest pair

Here the male is clearly more acutely conical than the
female.

These results indicate that there is indeed a secon-
dary sexual dimorphism at least in the extreme shells.
It now remains to be seen whether this difference is
maintained when less distinctly differentiated shells
are taken into consideration.

LITERATURE CITED

Bernard, F. R. 1968. Sexual dimorphism of Po/m/ces
lewisi. Nautilus 82: 1-3.

Dali, W. H. 1892. Contribution to the Tertiary fauna
of Florida pt. 2, Trans. Wagner Free Inst., Philadel-
phia, p. 201-473, pis. 13-21, 1 map.

Smith, S. and T. Prime, 1870. Report on the Mollusca
of Long Island, N. Y. and its dependencies. Ann.
Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York 9: 377-407.

27

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF SHELL CHARACTERS IN SUCCINEIDS
INHABITING WATERFALLS*

C. M. Patterson

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104

ABSTRACT

Most representatives of the stylommatophoran family Succineidae are terrestrial
residents in humid habitats. Many species are amphibious, while some are arboreal and
others are adapted to living in extremely dry areas. At least two species, Lithotis rupicola
and Succinea bernardii, are found living aquatically on the vertical faces of rocks at water-
falls. The shells of these two anatomically distinct generic forms have evolved to become
so peculiarly similar that, based on shell characters alone, they would most likely be con-
sidered closely related. This is undoubtedly why Zilch (1959, in: Schindewolf Handbuch
der Palaozoologie, Lief. 1 (6): 1-701) placed both L. rupicola and S. bernardii together in
a third genus, the conchologically similar Camptonyx. In fact, S. bernardii was placed in
Camptonyx s. s. The anatomy of Camptonyx has not been studied.

Lithotis rupicola was collected from the vertical face of algae-covered rocks, a short
distance from the major waterfall at Khandalla in the Western Ghats, India, in June 1968.
Water flows down the rock wall and over the snails, so that Lithotis actually lives in an
aquatic environment. The most prominent feature of the shell of L. rupicola is a raised
spiral ridge which shields the pneumostome at the apertural margin. I refer to this feature
as the pneumostomal ridge. This ridge aids in channeling water over the shell to either
side of the ridge, thereby providing an air space around the pneumostome. Thus, the ani-
mal can live in an aquatic habitat and remain an air breather. Furthermore, the shell has
become depressed or almost limpet-like in form, allowing less resistance to water flow,
which would otherwise tend to dislodge the snail from the vertical rock surface. Along
with the depressed shell is an accompanying large aperture which entirely accommodates
the broad foot. The animals move about with only the tentacles protruding slightly from
beneath the shell margin, which keeps the water from “catching” the edge of the shell
and dislodging the animal.

The Tahitian Succinea bernardii was collected from a similar habitat as the Indian
Lithotis, near a waterfall in Fautaua Valley on the island of Tahiti. The shell of S. ber-
nardii strongly resembles that of L. rupicola in being similarly depressed and having a
prominent pneumostomal ridge.

A pneumostomal ridge is also present on a species of Succinea living in the spray zone
of a waterfall in Papenoo Valley, Tahiti, and on a species of Succinea living in the spray
zone of Thomson’s Falls, Kenya. Neither of these species lives directly in running water
nor do they have depressed shells. However, since water does continually collect on the
shell surface, they too have evolved a pneumostomal ridge to channel water away from
the pulmonary opening.

These are interesting shell characteristics which have evolved independently in the Suc-
cineidae as adaptations which aid some members of this worldwide group in occupying
aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats that would otherwise be unsuitable for them. Such adap-
tations in the shell undoubtedly accompany other physiological, morphological and be-
havioral traits.

* Research supported by N. 1. H. Training Grant No. 5
T1 AI 41 from the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service,

Grant GB-6450 (to Dr. Yoshio Kondo) from the
National Science Foundation, and a grant from the
Foreign Currency Program, Office of International
Activities, Smithsonian Institution.

28

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc,
March 1973

FIELD NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN K. STRECKER (1875-1933)

Harold D. Murray*

From March 6-9, 1972, I studied the naiad col-
lection at the Strecker Museum, Baylor University,
Waco, Texas. John K. Strecker was an early Texas
naturalist whose main interests were herpetology, or-
nithology, and malacology. Strecker (1931) published
a list of the Texas naiads which is today the most
complete listing for the state. The naiad collection of
the Strecker Museum is mostly disorganized and
presently contained in some 21 cardboard boxes of
assorted sizes.

There are no dates of collection on the specimens,
on the museum labels, or in the catalogues for the
naiads in the Strecker Museum. Dr. Bryce Brown, Di-
rector of the Museum, suggested I search the field
notes and correspondence of Strecker to determine
the dates of collection. I believe this is the first exam-
ination of Strecker’s correspondence pertaining to
mollusks.

The earliest field note indicating a naiad collection
by Strecker was June 11, 1906 for specimens from
the North Bosque River, McLennan County, Texas.
No naiad collected by Strecker should have a date
earlier than this, and the correspondence to follow
confirms this opinion. April 3, 1932 was the final
field note entry for naiads from the Cibolo Creek, 21
miles north of San Antonio, Texas.

I divided Strecker’s malacological correspondence
into three periods. The first period, October 14, 1906
to March 29, 1908, was a time of identification by
authorities and exchange of Texas naiads. The second
period was from March 29, 1908 to March 11, 1912,
when he apparently had no interest in naiads. During
the third period, March 11, 1912 until his death
January 9, 1933, there was considerable interest in
naiads. The reader should realize that the correspond-
ence was only letters written to Strecker and that I
have either paraphrased or quoted parts from these
letters.

A. The first period - October 14, 1906 to March 29,

1908.

Only five letters in this period mentioned naiads
with the first dated October 14, 1906, from W. E.
Snyder who wished to exchange shells. The four
month interval between the field date on June 11,
1906 and this letter confirms the field date of June
11 as the first naiad collection by Strecker. N. W.
Lermond (June 30, 1907), later secretary of the
AMU, and R. Rathbun (September 9, 1907),
Assistant Secretary of the U. S. National Museum,

♦Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78284

both wrote to indicate their desire to receive Texas
naiads.

On October 25, 1907, Berlin H. Wright wrote con-
cerning Strecker’s desire to exchange Texas naiads.
The following from that letter is both interesting and
revealing, “I have every species of naiad from Texas
in my collection; therefore do not need yours. I will,
however, send you duplicates of my material when I
get back to my collection.”

The last letter in this period was the first letter
from Bryant Walker dated March 24, 1908. Among
other things Walker stated, “ . . . Lampsilis purpur-
atus is not species but typical berlandieri. ” I believe
that the L. purpuratus mentioned involved specimens
of the first recorded field date (June 11, 1906) be-
cause in the margin of his field notes Strecker wrote
in different pen, “most of these are berlandieri ac-
cording to Walker.”

B. The second period - March 24, 1908 to March 11,

1912.

During this period, there were no letters received
by Strecker referring to naiads. Apparently Strecker
neither collected nor exchanged naiads during this
four year period; therefore, specimens collected by
Strecker should bear no dates for this period.

C. The third period - March 11, 1912 to 1933.

The second period ended with a letter from Bryant
Walker dated March 11, 1912, indicating that Walker
had forwarded naiads to Strecker.

Although J. D. Mitchell wrote numerous letters to
Strecker concerning herpetology and entomology, the
letter of March 27, 1912 was the first letter by
Mitchell to mention naiads, and stated, “ . . . You will
find Mr. Frierson is authority on Unios. He is one of
the finest ‘all around’ men I ever met.” Apparently,
Mitchell introduced Strecker to Frierson.

The first letter from L. S. Frierson to Strecker was
dated August 5, 1912 (five months after Mitchell’s
letter). Frierson noted that he was glad that Strecker
was working on a checklist of Texas Shells, and that
he (Frierson) had finished one for North America and
worked on it for two years. The correspondence
between Frierson and Strecker was numerous after
August 5th. What started as a polite, nonpersonal
relationship changed rapidly to a warm, personal
relationship between the two with each spending
many days in the home of the other. This was the
only professional relationship that became personal in
the correspondence.

Frierson wrote too many letters to detail them all;
hom’^ever, the following may interest many. Frierson

29

30

HAROLD D. MURRAY

wrote on June 10, 1916, “ . . . I want one or two
pairs, if possible of live Unio Berlandieri, Lea, sent
with my compliments to Dr. A. E. Ortmann, Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburg, and send me the bill. If possible, I
would like to see a gravid female myself. But the
Doctor doesn’t need that they be gravid. He can tell
how they ought to look, with his glasses ! Be sure he
gets a female.” (The underscoring is Frierson’s). Both
Frierson and Strecker were having difficulty with U.
berlandieri which was the complex I was examining at
the museum. There were no letters from Ortmann or
Frierson that they ever received these specimens.

It is unfortunate that there are no dates for the
naiads in the Strecker Museum. If one can correlate
the volume of correspondence on naiads to activity of
collecting naiads, it is reasonable to assume that no

naiads were collected by Strecker from early 1908 to
early 1912 and that the majority were collected be-
tween 1912 and 1932. Unfortunately, I see no way,
at present, of refining almost 21 years of collecting
by Strecker.

This study was done with the aid of a grant from
the Faculty Research and Development Council of
Trinity University. I wish to thank Dr. Bryce C.
Brown, Director of the Strecker Museum, for his
cooperation during this study.

LITERATURE CITED

Strecker, John K. 1931. The distribution of the
naiades or pearly fresh-water mussels of Texas.
Baylor Univ. Mus. Spec. Bull. 2: 171.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

ASPECTS OF MOLLUSCAN ZOOGEOGRAPHY
IN BAFFIN BAY AND THE GREENLAND SEA
Arthur H. Clarke*

Shallow-water marine moilusks from the vicinity
of Greenland have engaged the attention of natural-
ists for 200 years. It is therefore surprising that only
two archibenthal or abyssal biological bottom sam-
ples have ever been reported from off the west coast
of Greenland in Baffin Bay (Lemche, 1941: Thorson,
1951). On the basis of these samples Thorson(loc. cit.)
described two new species, however, and postulated
the existence of a partly endemic fauna in the abyssal
basin of Baffin Bay, isolated from the Labrador Sea
by a 300 fathom sill at Davis Strait.

In order to test this hypothesis, the writer made
arrangements with the Bedford Institute of Ocean-
ography to carry out dredgings in Baffin Bay aboard
C. S. S. Dawson and C. S. S. Hudson in 1970 and
1971. For comparative purposes, and through the
courtesy of the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office,
dredgings were also carried out in 1971 aboard U. S.
S. Lynch in the Labrador Sea and the Greenland Sea
and in the vicinity of Iceland. I am grateful to these
institutions for their support, to Mr. Brian T. Kidd
for reliable assistance in the field, and to Mrs. Muriel
F. I. Smith and Mrs. Jane Topping for conscientious
assistance in the laboratory.

A total of 24 dredge hauls were taken in Baffin
Bay and 23 were taken in the Labrador and Green-
land Seas, mostly from archibenthal and abyssal
depths. 174 species of moilusks were collected. A full
report is in preparation but a few of the observations
and conclusions will be presented here.

ENDEMICITY IN BAFFIN BAY

The material now available shows that the Baffin
Bay fauna is closely related to that of the Labrador
Sea and although it is reduced in number of species
the Baffin Bay fauna is essentially an extension of the
Labrador Sea fauna. The presence of some endemic
mollusk species occurring in depths greater than 300
fathoms, i.e. greater than the sill depth of Davis
Strait, suggests substantial antiquity of isolation of
the archibenthal and abyssal fauna there. These spe-
cies are Acrybia glacialis Thorson, Colus krampi
(Thorson), and some other species which may be
new, i.e. Proneomenia sp., Chaetoderma sp., and
Lyonsiella sp. Presumed antiquity is in agreement
with the most recent estimates of age for the termina-
tion of sea-floor spreading in Baffin Bay and the for-

*National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, KIA
OM8

mation of the Davis Strait sill, i.e. about 60 million
years ago (Keen et al, 1972).

THE EUROPEAN-NORTH AMERICAN
FAUNAL BOUNDARY

Initial examination of the molluscan fauna
dredged near Iceland showed that it was quite differ-
ent from that dredged in Baffin Bay and along the
coast of North America. Several genera and species
were present which do not occur in the western At-
lantic, e.g. Emarginula fissura, Aporrhais serresiana,
Nassarius incrassatus, Area nodulosa. Modiolus phase-
olinus, Chlamys septemradiatus, Hinnites distorta,
Parvicardium spp., Venus casina, Gari spp., etc. The
available distributional data on northern prosobranch
gastropods (Thorson, 1944; Maepherson, 1971) and
on northern lamellibranchs (Ockelmann, 1958) from
all depths, together with other data, were then ana-
lyzed to determine more fully the nature and magni-
tude of this faunal change.

The analysis showed that a dramatic change in the
faunal composition does occur along the island arc. If
pan-boreal species and those known only from Green-
land and/or Iceland are excluded, the faunal shift
may be expressed in a striking manner by using the
percentage of “European” species relative to the total
of “European” plus “North American” species in the
faunas of West Greenland, East Greenland, Iceland
and the Faroes. These percentages are 22%, 41%, 88%
and 100% respectively. The most dramatic shift oc-
curs as one progresses from East Greenland to Ice-
land, and it is caused principtdly by the large increase
(78) of “European” species and only secondarily by a
decrease (16) in “North American” species. Such
changes may be more apparent to a North American
worker than to a European. On zoogeographic
grounds, therefore, the island arc may be considered
as a region of transition between the North American
and European faunas and, if it is desirable to desig-
nate a boundary line between these zoogeographic
regions, the line should be located between East
Greenland and Iceland.

DYNAMIC ZOOGEOGRAPHY

It is usually difficult, and often impossible, to de-
cide whether new regional records for species are the
result of more thorough and/or more effective col-
lecting methods or if they signify migrations of the
species concerned. When large or conspicuous species

31

ARTHUR H. CLARK

32

are found in areas which have been well studied previ-
ously the probability appears great that faunal migra-
tions have occurred. Present examples of this are new
records of Laeocochlis granosa (Wood) from near the
Grand Banks, Neptiinea satura (Martyn) from near
Iceland, and Megayoldia thraciaeformis (Storer) from
the northern extremity of Baffin Bay. On the other
hand new records of small inconspicuous species may
not reflect faunal migrations, although the possibility
of such migrations surely exists. Examples here are
the new records for Adis walleri Jeffreys (near Ice-
land), Eulimella compactilis Jeffreys (Davis Strait),
and Axinulus pygmaeus (Verrill and Bush) (Baffin
Bay).

Natural range expansions of some marine animals
are well documented and there is every reason to be-
lieve that the zoogeography of archibenthal and abys-
sal molluscs is also dynamic. Our present concepts of
geographic distribution patterns of deep-water marine
molluscs are based on summations of all presumably
authentic species records accumulated over 50 to 100
years or more. The extent to which these conceptual
patterns reflect present reality is an important ques-
tion which deserves investigation.

LITERATURE CITED

Keen, C. E., D. L. Barrett, K. S. Manchester and D. 1.
Ross (1972). Geophysical Studies in Baffin Bay
and Some Tectonic Implications.Can. J. Earth Sci.
9 (3): 239-256.

Lemche, Henning (1941). The Godthaab Expedition
1928. Gastropoda Opisthobranchiata (excl. Ptero-
poda). Medd. omGr^n. 80 (7): 1-65.

Macpherson, Elizabeth (1971). The Marine Molluscs
of Arctic Canada, Prosobranch Gastropods, Chi-
tons and Scaphopods. Nat. Mus. Canada, Pub. in
Biol. Oceanog. No. 3: i-viii & 1-149, 7 pis.
Ockelmann, W. K. (1958). Marine Lamellibranchiata.
The Zoology of East Greenland. Medd. om Gr0n.
122 (4): 1-256, 3 pis.

Thorson, G. (1944). Marine Gastropoda Prosobranch-
iata. The Zoology of East Greenland. Medd. om
Grptn. 121 (13): 1-181.

(1951). The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Scapho-
poda, Placophora, Solenogastres, Gastropoda,
Prosobranchiata, Lamellibranchiata. Medd. om
Gr^fn. 81 (2): 1-117.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

THE AE/IERIPAGOS EXPEDITION

Twila Bratcher *

The purpose of the Ameripagos Expedition was to
study the molluscan fauna of the Galapagos Islands
with emphasis on those ¥/ithin scuba or snorkle dwing
range and on the Opisthobranchia. Both areas had been
neglected by former expeditions. Only one species of
nudibranch had been reported from that area. Ellen
Brennan, Jackie Grundman, David Muliiner, William
Old, Carolyn Polonsky, Gale Sphon and myself, Twila
Bratcher, spent the month of March 1971 based at
the Charles Darwin Research Station at Academy
Bay, Santa Cruz Island with field trips to 10 other
islands.

Planning for the expedition began in July 1969,
nearly one and a half years before our arrival in the
Galapagos. We received permission from Captain Sir
Thomas Barlow, Secretary General of the Charles
Darwin Foundation for UNESCO, to use the facilities
of the Darwin Station. This eliminated the necessity
of obtaining a special collecting permit from the Gala-
pagos National Park Service.

The Galapagos archipelago, 600 miles west of Ec-
uador, is surrounded by water warm enough for div-
ing only about three months of the year even though
it straddles the equator. During the remainder of the
time the Humboldt Current from the antarctic brings
water so frigid that even the air of the islands is
cooled. Around the first of the year the Humboldt
Current is replaced by the warmer Panama Current.
Fur seals and penguins co-exist with tropical fish and
corals. We recorded surface water temperatures there
as high as 80° F.

*8121 MulhoIIand Terrace, Hollywood, Calif. 90046

The divers carried underwater slates on which were
recorded such observations as: Conus diadema
Sowerby, 1834, were depositing square pink eggs, and
we noticed a number of Engina pyrastoma (Sowerby,
1832) on the eggs but could not be sure they were
feeding. Cerithium adustum Kiener, 1841, were copu-
lating and depositing eggs like small white dots at-
tached to threads. Thais melones (Duclos, 1832) were
feeding on Cerithium adustum. When a piece of cal-
careous coral broke away from the rock to which it
was attached, we discovered the habitat of Colubraria
iucasensk Strong & Hertlein, 1937, underneath and
completely covered by coral where it was attached to
the rock.

By intertidal and diving collecting we recorded 25
species of nudibranchs. Six of those are probably new
and are being researched by Dave Muliiner and Gale
Sphon.

The few beds of Caulerpa we discovered contained
both Lobiger souverbii Fischer, 1857, and the bi-
valved gastropod, Berthelinia chloris (Dali, 1918).

The personnel at the Charles Darwin Research
station were most helpful. They furnished us with
laboratory space and equipment and desk space. They
loaned us camping gear for a field trip when our own
equipment was late arriving, and they offered sugges-
tiom for field trip locations a,nd helped us in many
other ways.

33

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

SYMPOSIUM ON GENETICS, CYTOGENETICS
AND HYBRIDIZATION OF MARINE MOLLUSKS
J. B. Burch, Convener

The seven papers which were read at this sympos- in condensed form. The full papers will be published

ium are summarized below as abstracts or presented in Malacological Review, vol. 6, no. 2, 1973.

CYTOGENETICS OF GASTROPOD MOLLUSKS'

C. M. Patterson

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
ABSTRACT

Cytogenetic studies of gastropod mollusks have been concerned with hybridity, poly-
ploidy, chromosome morphology and behaviour, karyotype studies, sex chromosomes
and supernumerary chromosomes. A detailed review of these can be found in Patterson
(1969, Proc. Symp. Moll., Pt. 2, Mar. biol. Assoc. India, p. 635-686).

Hybridity.

There are only three purely cytogenetic studies of hybrid snails known to me; those of
Staiger (1954, Chromosoma, 6: 419-478), Burch (1964, Amer. malacol. Union, ann.
Reps., 31: 28-29), and current researches under way in our laboratories at The University
of Michigan. Staiger studied various populations of the muricid snail, Purpura lapillus. In
hybrid populations between n=13 and n=18 forms, individuals were found in which,
during meiosis, five metacentric chromosomes paired with ten acrocentrics. Presumably
the ten acrocentrics arose by splitting of the centromeres of five metacentric chromo-
somes.

Burch (1960, Amer. malacol. Union, ann. Reps., 26: 15) reported the chromosomal
features of four nominal species o/" Oncomelania, and later (1964, op. cit.^ studied the
cytology of hybrids of the four so-called species. From his results, the non-reduced viabil-
ity of the hybrids and the morphological similarities of the parental populations, Burch
concluded that the four nominal species, although isolated and widely separated geo-
graphically, were in reality only races of one species.

The third cytogenetic study is one currently in progress in our own laboratories in Ann
Arbor. We are studying the karyotypes of hybrid offspring from matings of Bulinus (Is-
idora) species having diploid and polyploid chromosome numbers. We hope to gain in-
sight into the evolution of the polyploid karyotypes and to determine how the polyploids
were produced.

Polyploidy.

Polyploidy has been reported to occur in the streptoneuran families Hydrobiidae and
Thiaridae. Sanderson (1940, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1939/40 (A): 109-110), in
studying the chromosomes of the parthenogenetic Potamopyrgus jenkinsi from Scotland,
found that there was only one non-reductional maturation division in the egg, and that
the diploid number of chromosomes appeared to be n=36 in some cells and n=44 in
others. Since Rhein (1935, Naturwissenschaften, 23 (6): 100) reported the continental
race of P. jenkinsi to have 20-22 pairs of chromosomes, Sanderson concluded that the

' Supported (in part) by N. I. H. Training Grant No. 5
T1 AI 41 from the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service.

34

CYTOGENETICS OF GASTROPOD MOLLUSKS

35

British snails are a tetraploid race which developed from their continental diploid rela-
tives.

Melanoides tuberculatus, a member of the Thiaridae, is apparently also a polyploid
species, or at least it contains polyploid populations. Jacob (1959, Cytologia, 24 (4):
487-497) found 16 pairs of chromosomes in one so-called race and 2n=90-94 in another
race, which he considered polyploid. However, it seems possible that two different species
were involved. Jacob considered the polyploid race to be an autoallopolyploid arising
from a cross between an autotetraploid parthenogenetic female of one species and a di-
ploid male of another species. M, lineatus and M. scabra were also thought by Jacob to be
polyploid. Another melaniid snail, Balanocochlis sp., is also presumably a polyploid, judg-
ing from its high chromosome number of n=60 (Burch, 1967, Venus, 25 (3/4): 118-135).

Among the Euthyneura, polyploidy has been reported in the families EHobiidae (one
isolated individual), Ancylidae and Planorbidae. Species of the freshwater limpet family
Ancylidae have chromosome numbers of n=15, n=17, n=18, n=30 and n=60 (Burch,
1967, op. cit.). Rhodacmea cahawbensis has the chromosome number n=15, while two
species each of Ancylus and Ferrissia have chromosome numbers that are multiples of 15.
That there is a polyploid series with no known intermediate haploid numbers in the sub-
family Ancylinae strengthens the contention that n=30 for Ferrissia (Ferrissinae) is also a
polyploid (tetraploid) condition.

Burch and his colleagues have also studied polyploidy in the Planorbidae. In the sub-
family Planorbinae, Gyraulus circuinstriatus has 18 pairs of chromosomes and the closely
related G. parvus has 36 pairs (1960, Nature 186: 497-498; 1965, Malacologia, 2 (2):
251). The greatest number of polyploid species yet studied are members of the planorbid
subgenus Bulinus s. s. Nearly 50% of the species studied cytologically are polyploids
(Burch, 1960, Z. Tropenmed. Parasit., 11: 449-452; 1964, Malacologia, 1 (3): 387-400;
1967, Malacologia, 5 (2): 127-135; 1967 Eth. Med. 5 (4): 245-257; Burch & Lindsay,
1970, Malacol. Rev., 3 (1): 1-18). Most of the polyploid species are tetraploids, but hexa-
ploid and octoploid species have also been found. Intermediate numbers produced by
aneuploidy have not been discovered.

Chromosome morphology and behavior and other cytological phenomena.

Morphology of mollusk chromosomes and their characteristics during cell division do
not differ from cytological conditions typically found in other animals. Chromosome
number variation within individuals and populations, heterochromatic chromosomes, su-
pernumerary chromosomes, bridges and fragments, univalents, trivalents and quadrival-
ents are among the cytological phenomena that have been observed in molluscan repre-
sentatives. Karyotypes based on chromosome morphology have been presented for about
35 species. The karyotype, although potentially useful in cytogenetics of moUusks, has
been used mainly in species discrimination. The most thorough comparative karyotype
analysis of a snail group is that of Burch (1967, J. ConchylioL, 107 (1): 3-51) for species
of the Japanese pleurocerid genus Semisulcospira. Chromosome numbers of species in this
genus range from n=7 to n=20, with most species having a distinctive karyotype.

Sex chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes have been reported for several streptoneuran snails. Patterson
(1965, Malacologia, 2 (2): 259-265) studied sex chromosomes in both male and female
individuals of the viviparid species Tulotoma angulata, whose sex chromosomes are XX in
the female with a dimorphic XY pair of sex chromosomes in the male.

Supernumerary chromosomes.

The most thorough study of supernumerary chromosomes of a mollusk is that of
Evans (1960, Heredity, 15: 129-138), where the occurrence of supernumerary chromo-
somes in wild populations of Helix pomatia were investigated. From one to six extra
chromosomes were found in various cells. All of the extra chromosomes were similar in
the two populations studied in that they were submedianly constricted and smaller than
chromosomes of the basic complement Evans felt that the supernumerary chromosomes
may have arisen from chromosome change occurring after a period of genotype instability
due to inbreeding of these normally cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

OYSTER GENETICS AND THE PROBABLE FUTURE ROLE
OF GENETICS IN AQUACULTURE
A. Crosby Longwell and S. S. Stiles
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Milford, Connecticut 06460

ABSTRACT

Techniques for artificial rearing of commercial edible oysters have already been
worked out. The oyster is generally regarded as a prime candidate for intensive aqua-
culture. Yet to be achieved is the true domestication of the oyster with the development
of a variety of different strains so well suited to the methods of intensive culture in hatch-
eries that a margin of profit is reasonably assured to the commercial breeder. Domestica-
tion along with some genetic interference with the course of wild populations could fur-
ther assure that this pelecypod mollusk contributes to the world food supply to the limit
of its not-insignificant potential. Such “domestication” can be achieved by the deliberate
application of genetic methods or, over a longer period, by trial and error breeding. Most
likely, it will be accomplished through the combined efforts of researchers and commer-
cial producers, the developments of one opening new avenues of approach to the other.
This paper tells what is known already about the genetics of the oyster, reviewing such
information in light of its significance in the application of different breeding programs to
oysters, and to the introduction on natural beds of specially bred new oyster stocks to
old wild populations. The review first presents background information on the cyto-
genetics of oysters, then goes on to consider them in the perspective of inbreeding, selec-
tive breeding, intra-and inter-species hybridization, and finally in respect to use in the
future of induced mutations in special breeding programs.

DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN NASSARIUS SPECIES
FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL FERTILIZATION
James N. Gather

Department of Zoology, University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

ABSTRACT

Sperm dissected from the testis or vas deferens and eggs dissected from either the
oviduct or from capsules formed by isolated unfertilized females of Ilyanassa obsoleta,
Nassariustrivittatus, N. vibex, N. fossatus and N. cinisculus have been used for hybrid-
ization studies. Sperm were collected by pipette and diluted two times with pasteurized
sea water containing 50 mg/l of sulfadiazine and 50 mg/l streptomycin in abiotic sea wa-
ter. Eggs washed three times in 15 ml of abiotic sea water were fertilized with 10-15
drops of sperm suspension. The cultures were gently shaken to mix sperm and eggs, al-
lowed to sit ten minutes, after which the eggs were transferred to fresh abiotic sea water.
Controls included isolated unfertilized eggs and eggs fertilized by sperm of the same
species. The latter group included at least 75% normal development of embryos or else
the experiments were discarded. Sperm from all of the above species were utilized, but
eggs in satisfactory condition were not obtained from all of the species. Activation of eggs
by non-specific sperm was approximately that of fertilized controls. First and second po-
lar bodies were formed as well as the third polar lobe. Arrest often occurred at first cleav-
age. Dispermic eggs had a tripolar cleavage and were arrested shortly thereafter. Greater
polyspermy involved either 1st cleavage or earlier arrest, regardless of whether or not the
sperm nuclei underwent migration. Thus far, no hybrid embryos have proceeded beyond
the trochophore equivalent, which has completed gastrulation and developed cilia. No
later organogenesis has been observed. Additional experiments are currently underway.

36

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc,
March 1973

ONCOMELANIA HUPENSIS (GASTROPODA: HYDROBIIDAE):
HYBRIDIZATION, GENETICS AND TRANSMISSION OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

George M. Davis *

ABSTRACT

A model is presented for studying the infraspecific molluscan genetic mechanism(s)
governing the transmission of the Oriental human blood fluke. Schistosoma japonicum.

The Japanese strain of parasite was used. Male, parasite resistant, smooth, small, albino
Oncomelania hupensis formosana from southern Taiwan were mated with female, suscep-
tible, ribbed, large, pigmented O. h. hupensis from mainland China.

Fi and F2 generations were produced. Production of Fj cross snails was significantly
lower than that of the control inbred subspecies; however, this was due to females not
being fertilized, not to lower output of young per female per month. Fecundity ofFj x
Fj crosses was equal to or greater than that of the control inbred subspecies.

The Fi generation was equal in size to parental O. h. hupensis, was pigmented and
with gradation in strength of ribbing, suggesting multiple allelic control of the last trait.

The F2 generation exhibited a 9: 3:3:1 ratio of pigmented-ribbed: pigmented-smooth:albi-
no-ribbed: albino-smooth. The F/ generation and all classes of F2 generation were suscep-
tible to infection at the same level as parental O. h. hupensis, i.e., 1.6 ± 0.4 percent.

Genes governing susceptibility are on a chromosome other than that controlling albinism
or ribbing.

* Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Phila-
delphia, Pa. 19103

GENETICS OF BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA (GASTROPODA: PLANORBIDAE)

Charles S. Richards*

ABSTRACT

The genetic aspects of susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata for infection with
Schistosoma mansoni have been studied. B. glabrata is hermaphroditic and isolated snails
can reproduce by self-fertilization. Generation time is about six weeks, enabling us to
follow eight consecutive generations in a year.

When two B. glabrata are mated, reciprocal cross-fertilization occurs. Pigmentation
serves as a genetic marker in crosses. Basic pigmentation is a single gene character, follow-
ing simple Mendeiian inheritance. Three alleles of the gene occur resulting in six possible
genotypes expressed as three pigment phenotypes. Wild type black pigmentation is domi-
nant, albino recessive, while “blackeye" is recessive to wild type but dominant over albi-
no.

The capacity of B. glabrata for both self- and cross-fertilization, short generation time,
a long reproductive span of about a year, and pigment alleles enable selfing an albino and
then mating it four or more times, alternating wild type and blackeye mates. The wild
type and blackeye mates can then be used as males in serial crosses with other albinos.

Five single gene characters have been demonstrated in B. glabrata, representing five of
the 18 linkage groups: (1) basic pigmentation, (2) pearl formation, (3) antler tentacles,

(4) everted preputium and swollen tentacles, and (5) adult insusceptibility to S. mansoni.

*National Institute of Allergy, & Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 20014

37

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.

March 1973

SOME SPECIES AFFINITIES IN THE OYSTER GENUS CRASSOSTREA

R. Winston Menzel ^

Department of Oceanography, Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida 32306

ABSTRACT

Twelve species of Crassostrea from various areas of the world were available for
study, including the local C. virginica and all the other principal commercial species.
Seventy-two reciprocal crossing attempts were made of the possible 132 combinations.
All crossing attempts were duplicated (as many as 12 times in some combinations),
making a total of 282 attempts, and attempts made to rear 98 of these. Seven of the
species were completely infertile with all other species, or showed less than 5%
fertilization. Cross fertilization (cell cleavage and embryo development) occurred in
crosses involving five species. Rearing hybrid embryos through to metamorphosis and
attachment was successful with four species (C. angulata, C. gigas, C. rhizophorae, C.
virginica). Although the fifth species (C. iredalei) had reciprocal fertilization with the
other four, cytological examination showed chromosome anomalies and the embryos
never lived beyond five days.

The above observations showed that five species of Crassostrea have close genetic
affinities, but C. iredalei is more distantly related to the other four than they are to each
other. Judging from ease of crossing, rearing larvae through metamorphosis, chromosomal
behavior and morphological similarity, the closest relationships are between (1) C.
angulata and C. gigas and (2) C. virginica and C. rhizophorae. It is concluded tentatively
that C. angulata is a subspecies of C. gigas and that C. rhizophorae is a subspecies of C.
virginica.

^Initial work supported by NSF Grant 5034 and
hybridization work continued through a Sea Grant
(NOAA) to State University System of Florida.

38

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc,
March 1973

CROSS-BREEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE AFRICAN SNAIL GENUS
BULINUS (GASTROPODA: PLANORBIDAE)!

Shi-Kuei Wu

Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

ABSTRACT

A totally albino strain (i. e., lacking even eye-pigment) of Bulinus tropicus (n=18)
from Onderstepoort, Transvaal, South Africa was crossed with pigmented snails of each
of the following seven populations: B. tropicus (n=18) from Malelane, Transvaal, South
Africa; B. natalensis (n=18) from Lake Sibayi, Natal, South Africa; B. tropicus (n=18)
from Lake Baharshangi, Ethiopia; B. truncatus (n=36) from Behaira Province, Egypt; B.
sericinus (n=36) from Toquor River, Ethiopia; B. hexaploidus (n=54) from Sulultu River,
Ethiopia; B. octoploidus (n=72) from Sheno, Ethiopia,

In two breeding experiments between the albino Bulinus tropicus (n=18) and the
pigmented B. tropicus (n=18, Transvaal), both albino and pigmented parents produced
only eye-pigmented Fj progeny. The eye-pigmented and albino characters segregated in
the expected 3:1 ratio in the F2 progeny produced by mating Fi siblings, and in the
expected 1:1 ratio when Fj individuals were backcrossed with albino snails. This indi-
cates that the eye-pigment character is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion in these
populations of Bulinus.

In three breeding experiments between the albino Bulinus tropicus (n=18) and pig-
mented B. natalensis (n-18. Natal), the three albino parents produced only pigmented Fi
progeny, demonstrating successful cross-fertilization and dominance of eye-pigment.
However, the three eye-pigmented parents failed to produce progeny. Here the genetic
exchange was in only one direction: from pigmented to albino snails. Observation of the
F2 progeny obtained by sibling mating of Fj snails showed that the eye-pigmented char-
acter segregated in the expected 3:1 ratio.

In four breeding experiments between the albino Bulinus tropicus (n=18) and pigment-
ed Bulinus tropicus (n=18, Ethiopia), only two albinos produced pigmented Fi progeny,
and these with 25% and 28% embryo mortality. None of the pigmented parents produced
eggs. The direction of genetic exchange was in only one direction: eye-pigmented to al-
bino snails.

In the above breeding experiments between diploid populations, genetic exchange
decreased as geographical separation increased.

In four breeding experiments between the albino Bulinus tropicus (n=18) and the
pigmented B. truncatus (n=36, Egypt), neither albino nor pigmented snails produced
progeny. In three breeding experiments between the albino B. tropicus (n=18) and the
pigmented B. sericinus (n=36, Ethiopia), only one pigmented snail produced Fi progeny:
19 eye-pigmented snails. Sibling mating of Fi progeny produced no F2 progeny. How-
ever, backcrosses of Fj progeny to the albino diploid (n=18) snails immediately produced
eggs, but with 100% mortality. This indicates that the Fj progeny were sterile when
mated to siblings, but they could at least produce non-developing eggs when backcrossed
to albinos.

In four breeding experiments between the albino Bulinus tropicus (n=18) and the

* Supported (in part) by a research grant (AI-07279)
from the National Institute of Allergy and Infec-
tious Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service, and (in
part) by grants from the National Science Founda-
tion, GB-13104 and GB-25986, to Dr. N. G.

Hairston, The University of Michigan, for research in
Systematic and Evolutionary Biology.

39

40

SHI-KUEI WU

pigmented B. hexaploidus (n=54), all four pigmented snails produced vigorous pigmented
Fj progeny. However, no F2 progeny were obtained from the sibling mating of Fj
progeny. In chromosome squash preparations of ovotestes from adult Fj snails, incom-
plete meiotic divisions and lack of sperm were observed. None of the albino snails pro-
duced eggs. The direction of genetic exchange in these crosses was in only one direction:
albino to pigmented snails.

In four breeding experiments between the albino Bulinus tropicus (n=18) and the
pigmented B, octoploidus (n=72), only one pigmented snail succeeded in producing Fi
progeny, which were sterile. A histological study of ovotestes of adult F/ progeny
showed an extremely low number of ova and a lack of sperm. The direction of genetic
exchange was again in only one direction: albino to pigmented snails.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

WESTERN ATLANTIC ERVILIA (PELECYPODA: MESODESMATIDAE):
ASPECTS OF SYSTEMATICS, DISTRIBUTION, BIOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR

John D. Davis *

Three species of Ervilia are found in the western
Atlantic: E. nitens (Montagu, 1808), E. concentrica
(Holmes, 1860), and E. subcancellata Smith, 1885.
Ervilia maculosa Dali, 1896 (described from small
specimens) is a synonym of E. concentrica. Ervilia
rostratula Rehder, 1943 (described from larger spec-
imens) is a synonym of E. subcancellata (described
from smaller specimens).

E. nitens ranges from southern Florida and the
Bahamas through the Caribbean to northern Brazil
(Rio Grande do Norte). E. concentrica is concen-
trated along the southeastern United States coast
from Cape Hatteras to Pensacola, Florida, with oc-
casional appearances in the northern West Indies. E.
subcancellata extends from Bermuda south to Florida
and the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of
South America to Sao Paula, Brazil.

Living specimens of Ervilia subcancellata were col-
lected in Bermuda in 1966 and studied at the
Bermuda Biological Station. In Bermuda, E. sub-
cancellata is found in intertidal and subtidal areas
where there is relatively fine substratum usually in
large part consisting of coral fragments and broken
shell. Larger rocks or coral fragments are often
present, and E. subcancellata may possibly tend to
concentrate adjacent to these larger objects for addi-
tional cover and protection.

The foot was slender and very active, and was
often extended for as much as 1.5 times the length of
the shell. The ventral margin of the foot had a
well-defined groove. Presumably, this groove secretes
the mucous strands for attachment to substratum
particles. Additional attachment in the substratum
may possibly be provided by the many papillae which
extend outward from the mantle margin.

The dorso-posterior excurrent siphon is the longer
of the two siphons and has no papillae surrounding the
distal opening. The more ventral incurrent siphon is
equipped with a number of long papillae. During
normal pumping/feeding activity these papillae curve
inward over the siphon opening, presumably pre-
venting entry of suspended particles or organisms.

*26 Norfolk Ave., Northampton, Ma.ss. 01060

Stomach contents were not examined, but consider-
ing the orientation of E. subcancellata in the sub-
stratum during these laboratory studies, I assume this
pelecypod to be a filter feeder.

A specimen placed in a dish of seawater with suit-
able substratum would remain completely still for
some time but eventually the siphons appeared and,
shortly after, the foot protruded. At first the foot felt
out the substratum, then was inserted between near-
by sand particles. Subsequently the clam quickly
pulled itself erect, several convulsive tugs drawing it
part way into the substratum. After a pause of from
several seconds to several minutes, 3-4 stronger tugs
pulled the clam virtually out of sight, only the
siphons remaining visible.

When preparing to dig in, the clam forced out a jet
of water between the dorsal edge of the foot and the
anterior adductor muscle, concurrently effecting a
quick closing of the valves. The valves reopened al-
most immediately. The sudden water current usually
forced some of the finer material away from the bur-
rowing site. This observed burrowing pattern of E.
subcancellata seems quite similar to the sequence
attributed to the freshwater clam Margaritifera mar-
garitifera by Trueman (1968) and later generalized
for burrowing bivalves by Stanley (1970). Particularly
interesting is the appearance of water currents from
the mantle margin during adduction of the valves. As
noted for E. subcancellata, this sudden flow of water
removes finer sediment particles from the burrowing
area. In M. margaritifera, according to Trueman, valve
adduction (closing) is rapid and corresponds with
expansion (dilation) of the foot and forced expulsion
of water from the mantle cavity. Concurrently, the
siphons are closed. The burrowing behavior pattern
and sequence of events of Ervilia subcancellata ap-
pears to be closely similar. It is altogether possible
that valve adduction, foot expansion and expulsion of
mantle cavity water are behavioral patterns common-
ly held by most pelecypod mollusks burrowing in
relatively coarse, loose substratum.

41

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc,
March 1973

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF RADIX LUTEOLA AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE IN LYMNAEID SYSTEMATICS^

J. B. Burch*andP. T. Lo Verde*

ABSTRACT

Taxonomy of the freshwater basommatophoran family Lymnaeidae has received much
attention in the past. Nevertheless, systematic relationships oftaxa within the family are

still open to debate. Some authors would lump all the Recent species into a single genus
("Lymnaea^, or at most two genera ('Lymnaea and Lanxj, while others recognize several
genera (e. g., Lymnaea s.s., Acella, Austropeplea, Bulimnea, Fossaria (=Galba), Lanx,
Pseudosuccinea, Radix, Stagnicola, etc.). These latter genera were all separated originally
on shell characters, a taxonomic practice criticized by some recent malacologists. Burch,
Lindsay & LoVerde (1971, Zool. Zh., 50 (8): 1158-1168) showed that in three species of
Lymnaeidae (one from North America, one from Poland, and the other species common
to both regions), shell characters are better indicators of systematic relationships than
characters of the reproductive system (as previously used).

Walter (1968, Amer. malacol. Union, ann. Reps., 35: 18-19, 23-25; 1969, Malacol.
Rev., 2: 1-102) has assigned considerable importance to the multifolded condition of the
lower “prostate” gland of the lymnaeid male reproductive system. Most lymnaeids have a
unifolded lower prostate (Roszkowski,! 926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Polonici Hist, natur., 5 (1):
1-14, and subsequent publications; Hubendick, 1951, Kungl. svenska Vet.-akad. Handl.,
ser. 4, 3 (1): 1-223), but in a few species it is unfolded, and in three species it is known to
be multifolded (the Holarctic Lymnaea stagnalis, the Polish Stagnicola corvus and the
Indian Radix luteola). If the folded condition of the lower “prostate” gland is of prime
importance in indicating systematic relationships in the Lymnaeidae, then one would
assume that the latter three species are rather closely related, in spite of their con-
chological differences. However, cytological and electrophoretic data (Burch & Lindsay,
1969, Malacol. Rev., 2: 135), as well as immunological studies (Burch, Lindsay &
LoVerde, op. cit; Burch & LoVerde, present report), do not support such conclusions. L.
stagnalis and S. corvus are not closely related. R. luteola is not closely related to either of
these two species, but it is closely related to all other species of Radix that we have been
able to compare. Thus, R. luteola is yet another species demonstrating that characters of
the reproductive anatomy are to be used with caution in assessing systematic relationships
within the Lymnaeidae.

*Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48104

* Supported by research grants from the National In-
stitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U. S.
Public Health Service (N. 1. H. Training Grant No. 5
T1 AI 60), the National Science Foundation (grant
GB-7569), and the Foreign Currency Program, Of-
fice of International Activities, Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

42

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

AGGREGATIVE BEHAVIOR IN VERONICELLID SLUGS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Dee S. Dundee *

ABSTRACT

A continuing series of experiments with veronicellid slugs has demonstrated
aggregative behavior which appears to be the result of a phaeromone (s).

Veronicella ameghini and V. floridana are being studied at present and an attempt to
determine the chemical nature of the phaeromone will be undertaken soon.

This finding is significant since little is known about moHuscan phaeromones. If such
phaeromones could be isolated from these and/or other molluscs, various possibilities
would present themselves: for example, as attractants for undesirable molluscs.

*Dept. of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univer-
sity in New Orleans, New Orleans, La. 70122

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF LAND SNAIL RADULAE

Alan Solem*

ABSTRACT

With a useful magnification range from 14x to more than 50,000x combined with
500x the depth of field mailable with optical equipment, the scanning electron micro-
scope is becoming the routine instrument for use in examining radular structure and func-
tion. The same radular tooth can be studied at a variety of magnifications and from many
different angles, enabling three-dimensional viewing and understanding of structure. By
modeling the radula into a simulated feeding stroke, the teeth position in both function-
ing and relaxed stages can be observed from the same preparation.

Carnivorous land snails have evolved in several different lineages. All agree in having a
reduced number of teeth with elongated single cusps. When the teeth are elevated for
slicing into their prey, great stress can be generated and transmitted to the tooth base.
Modifications of the anterior tooth margin to provide support during the stress period of
resistence to cutting differ from family to family. In the Oleacinidae the anterior tooth
margin is abruptly truncated; in some Haplotrematidae there is anterior elongation of the
tooth base; in some Sysirophiidae the modification is for folding; while in the Pary-
phantidae the teeth slice at a muck lower angle.

Most herbivorous families have a complex inter-row support system that functions to
convert resistence pressure encountered by one tooth into assistance for the tooth in the
next row. Examples from the Enidae, Partuiidae, and Camaenidae demonstrate the diver-
sity of suck support systems. Details of such inter-row support can vary widely between
closely related genera, or can be completely absent. Lack of similarity between two
sympatric Australian desert Camaenidae and the lack of any support structure in Papuina
from the Bismarck Archipelago suggest that this feature has no value in working out
higher classifications.

Several land snails have the teeth modified to form spade-like scraping cusps. Examples
from the Enidae and Partuiidae are used to show how an extremely similar structure can
be derived independently.

Other uses of the scanning electron microscope in studying pulmonate radulae will
include examination of wear patterns, growth rates, and the form and ontogeny of indivi-
dual teeth. These attributes will be of value in systematic revisions.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the American Philosophical Society for support
of the studies on carnivorous species.

*Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605

43

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

SALTATIONAL SPECIATION IN AMERICAN HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE
(GASTROPODA: PULMONATA)

Walter B. Miller*

The Helminthoglyptidae is a large family of New
World land snails ranging from British Columbia to
Patagonia. It appears to be most closely related to the
Bradybaenidae in Asia. The fossil record shows it to
be in North America during Eocene and possibly as
early as late Cretaceous. In the southwestern United
States and adjacent Mexico, there are 12 described
and at least three undescribed genera. Determination
of phylogeny among these genera is a complex task
involving the comparison of shell morphology, ana-
tomy, chromosome karyotype, and body proteins,
together with due regard for present and past zoogeo-
graphical considerations.

The family Helminthoglyptidae is characterized as
“dart-bearing helices”, but many of its genera have no
dart apparatus. In such cases, it is generally agreed
that dart-less forms have become secondarily simpli-
fied from a dart-bearing ancestor. The genera Sonorel-
la, Sonorelix, Mohavelix, Greggelix, and Tryonigens
are dart-less, while Helminthoglypta, Eremarionta,
Xerarionta, Plesarionta, and Micrarionta are dart-bear-
ing. It is tempting to hypothesize that all dart-less
genera form a monophyletic subfamily evolved from
one dart-less ancestor by way of adaptive radiation.
For example, Sonorelix could have evolved from an
Eremarionta-like ancestor by losing the dart appara-
tus; in turn, it could have given rise to Sonorella and
Greggelix and subsequently, Sonorella could have
given rise to Mohavelix and Tryonigens. Evidence

tends to indicate that the monophyletic concept of a
dart-less subfamily is incorrect. The first such bit of
evidence was in the discovery of a new species of Hel-
minthoglypta, H. micrometalleoides W. B. Miller,
1970, in very close proximity to Mohavelix micro-
metalleus (Berry, 1930) in the arid El Paso Mts. of
the Mojave Desert. Shell morphology and zoogeo-
graphy favor the hypothesis that Mohavelix arose
saltationally from H. micrometalleoides rather than
from a distant Sonorella ancestor. New evidence has
been uncovered in the Eremarionta argus (Edson,
1912) complex of the Mojave Desert. Shells of a new,
undescribed genus are indistinguishable from Er-
emarionta shells but the anatomy shows it to be
dart-less and very simplified. Again, shell morphology
and zoogeography strongly point to a saltational
speciation phenomenon. Other instances of probable
saltational speciation are being discovered in still
other helminthoglyptid genera but have not been
documented sufficiently to discuss at this time.

Saltational speciation is an extreme case of rapid
genetic drift and is probably brought about by major
chromosomal breakage and rearrangement in isolated,
desert populations decimated by severe climatic
stress. Studies are presently underway at the Univer-
sity of Arizona to compare karyotype and protein
patterns in the various genera of western helmin-
thoglyptids in an effort to find additional evidence to
assist in elucidating their phylogeny.

*Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona,
Tucson, Ariz. 85721

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

THE FAMILIES OF THE PEARLY FRESHWATER MUSSELS
Joseph P. E. Morrison *

Brooks, in 1875, reporting on North American
“Unio” (actually Amblemidae), may have been the
first to indicate the true story of the development
and relationships of the pearly freshwater mussels. He
reported that the shell nucleus develops first as an
undivided, saddle-shaped structure on the middle of
the slightly elongate embryo. This stage corresponds
to the lasidium and the haustorium larva of the
Mycetopodidae and the Mutelidae. In other words
this first stage corresponds to the Mutelacea. Because
the embryonic shell is later divided into two distinct
valves, the glochidium larva of the thionacea is con-
sidered more advanced. I consider the Unionacea
more advanced than the Mutelacea.

The Mutelacea possess the lasidium type of larvae,
with the strong development of anterior pallial pro-
cesses of the mantle, which are in effect attachment
processes that grow into the host tissues in a mucus
blister on the surface of the host fish. When these
larvae are completely mature, they break off their
attachment stalks and leave the fish hosts to begin
their adult lives. This Superfamily contains the fami-
lies Mutelidae, Etheriidae, Mycetopodidae and
Acostaeidae.

The Family MUTELIDAE, whose haustoria larvae
are incubated in the inner gills only, are African.
Spatha, Mutela, and a few other genera belong here.

The Family ETHERIIDAE (the “freshwater oys-
ters” of the larger African Rivers) are distinct because
they are cemented to rocks, or other shells in rapid
water. Characteristically they show blistered, greenish
nacre. In spite of being attached, they have retained
both anterior and posterior adductor muscles. The
occurrence of eggs in the inner gills of the females of
the Etheria mussels indicates their relationship with,
and derivation from, the unattached mutelid mussels
of the same region.

The Family MYCETOPODIDAE of South Ameri-
ca, are gravid in the inner gills only, with the lasidia
larvae described first by Von Ihering. These lasidia
larvae also attach in a mucus “blister” to the skin of
the fishes, then when mature, break off the attach-
ment stalk to start juvenile adult life. One genus,
Anodontites, is living as far northward as Vera Cruz,
Mexico. Bartlettia mussels are only modified
Anodontites hooked into firm (rocky ?) bottoms, but
are not cemented on. Most of the Mycetopodidae
possess markedly greenish nacre.

*Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20560

Another Family, the ACOSTAEIDAE, living in the
Magdalena River System, are the “South American
freshwater oysters”. The shells of Acostaea are
cemented to rocky bottoms, but unlike the “African
freshwater oysters”, they are modified in the adult to
retain only one (the posterior) adductor muscle.
Their unblistered greenish colored nacre is so obvious-
ly similar to the nacre of the Mycetopodidae from the
same region, that I consider them most closely
related.

The Unionacea reproduce by means of glochidia
larvae, distinctly bivalved from the later embryonic
stages onward. With many other characters involved,
there is more apparent divergence and/or convergence
in this complex of Families. They may have devel-
oped from more than one original ancestral stock.
This Superfamily contains the Families Margari-
tiferidae, Hyriidae, Unionidae, Amblemidae and
Pseudomulleridae.

The M ARGARITIFERIDAE stand alone, not
directly in the ancestral line of any other Family.
They have retained the most primitive gill structures,
with diagonal, incomplete gill septa, and incomplete
separation of the siphonal openings. Their very small
glochidia, borne in all four gills, are parasitic on the
gills of fishes. The very few species are relict, with
one species circumpolar, and a very few others south-
ward in southeast Asia, and southeast North America.
The only two highly sculptured members of this
Family are known from North Vietnam, West of Can-
ton, China, in the Pearl River System, and from the
southern United States (southern Alabama and
Louisiana).

The HYRIIDAE carry their lop-sided, subtri-
angular, hooked glochidia in the inner gills only. In
South America, Tetraplodon (Hyria) and other genera
including the widespread Diplodon have been studied
extensively by Bonetto and other authors. The glochi-
dia larvae of the hyriid mussels are normally parasitic
on the external surfaces (fins, tail, etc.) of their host
fishes. Bonetto has indicated that some species of
Diplodon may have secondarily dropped the parasitic
stage on fishes and metamorphose directly. With
identical characters by definition, this Family must
also include the genera and species of the Australian
Region often called the Hyridellidae, etc.. It seems
there are two Austral Regions, populated by surviving
members of the Hyriidae, while mussels we consider
more highly specialized moved in behind them, both
in Asia and in America.

The Family UNIONIDAE includes mussels that

45

46

JOSEPH P. E. MORRISON

reproduce by means of triangular, hooked glochidia
carried only in the outer gills of the gravid females.
These glochidia are normally shed in strings of mucus
trailing along the bottom. Chance contact by fish of
an appropriate species results in the glochidia being
clamped (hooked) onto the fin or tail edge, followed
by encystment, and successful parasitism and meta-
morphosis to the juvenile mu^el. The typical genus
Unio is living from Europe eastward across Asia to
China. Other relatives are known from Asia. On the
other hand this Family is represented in North
American waters only by members of the Subfamily
Anodontinae. These North American mussels, as well
as all other Anodontinae differ from the typical
Unioninae by the partial reduction of, or the com-
plete loss of, the hinge teeth.

The AMBLEMIDAE, the most highly specialized
free-living Unionacea, produce hookless glochidia,
usually of elongate shape, with short hinge lines.
Their glochidia are normally parasitic on the gills of
fishes. Some are gravid (carry the glochidia) in all
four gills; some in the full length of the outer gills;
the most highly specialized in only a part of the outer
gills. With one exception, members of the typical
Subfamily Ambleminae do not show any sexual
dimorphism of the shells. In Africa, Asia, and
America, genera of the Ambleminae include some of
the smallest and thinnest, as well as the largest and
thickest - shelled pearly freshwater mussels known.

The more specialized subfamily Lampsilinae shows
permanent modification of the marsupial portions of
the outer gills, and a corresponding permanent modi-
fication of the shells of the females, resulting in sexu-
al dimorphism of the adult shells.

The necessity of parasitism on the gills of the host
fish species has led to a variety of “bait - mechan-
isms” that serve to induce fish to “mouth” the glochi-
dia, and so enable the glochidia to reach the gill fila-
ments, to be there encysted and undergo their larval
metamorphosis. In United States waters, the crimson
glochidia of Fusconaia species, and the white glochi-
dia of Pleurobema and other related genera may be
shed in packages (conglutinates) resembling pink or
white (flat) worms lying on the bottom. Cyprogenia
has been recorded as shedding the conglutinates en-
tire; resembling coiled red worms, which are avidly

“eaten” by fish. Ptychobranchus ejects entire con-
glutinates which resemble in size, shape, and color,
newly hatched fish embryos. A “tasty” morsel to
attract predator fish species.

The mantle margins ventral to the siphons, of
some of the Lampsilinae of North America, show
“fish - bait” structures. The genus Toxolasma has
small caruncles, which move like “twiddling thumbs”
and attract small and/or young fish to eat the “wrig-
gling red worms”. Ligumia and Villosa have papillae
that resemble worms of various types. The mantle
margins of Villosa amygdala from southern Florida
possess varicolored brown and green papillae that
together resemble a caterpillar that has fallen into the
water and is lying on the bottom.

The extreme “fish - bait” structure and mechanism
is shown by Lampsilis species. The females have an
eye-spotted, minnow-like mantle flap below the
siphons. These specially innervated flaps move and
resemble the intermittent jerking of a wounded min-
now. This occurs when the glochidia are ripe in the
late spring and the females are “up-ended” in the
bottom, thereby fully showing this action. The host
fish gets a mouthful of glochidia (burst out of the
edge of the marsupia) when it attempts to eat the
“wounded minnow”.

Another extreme is shown by the blue or white
“flags” of certain Plagiola species, which may be
visible seven metres away in the clear water over the
shallows, in their glochidia shedding season. Plagiola
rangiana Lea was known to local fisherman as the
“White Mouth” when it was described 133 years ago.

The Family PSEUDOMULLERIDAE is the third
“freshwater oyster” family in the world. Pseudo-
mulleria is living in certain rivers of southern India.
The juvenile mussel starts as a small bilaterally
symmetrical bivalve, then is attached, and changes to
retain only one adductor muscle between the asym-
metrical attached and free valves of the adult mussel.
The general appearance, especially of the nacre of
Pseudomulleria, is so different from the green nacre
of Acostaea of South America that they should not
be considered members of the same Family, Only
examination of the marsupial gills and of the glochi-
dia of Pseudomulleria can prove from which other
Family of the Unionacea they have been modified.

Bulletin of the American Maiacoiogical Union, Inc.
March 1973

AMU COMMITTEE AND BUSINESS REPORTS
REPORT OF CONSERVATION COMMITTEE

The Conservation Committee meeting, attended

by approximately 16 persons, opened with a discus-
sion of the response of member shell clubs to a ques-
tionnaire concerning their interest and participation
in conservation problems, which was mailed out with
the AMU Bulletin in April. Unfortunately the ques-
tionnaire did not reach the clubs until a deadline date
for replying had expired and only about five clubs
returned their forms.

From this meager response it appears there is very
little conservation activity being carried out by shell
clubs with the exception of the Sanibel Island Shell
Club, which has a most active program in this field.

The responding clubs indicated that they would be
interested in a bibliography of inexpensive education-
al material on conservation, ecology, etc. A chairman
will be appointed who, with the help of other Conser-
vation Committee members, will compile such a bibli-
ography for distribution either through the AMU
Bulletin or by direct mail.

It was agreed that the AMU as an organization has
made little impression on most shell club members. If
we are to influence shell collectors, we should drama-
tize our existence. The committee therefore recom-
mended the AMU put themselves into the shell club
world by offering two awards, as follows:

1. An award to an individual in the form of a
‘noticeable’ trophy, plaque, framed certificate or
similar award to be given for the best exhibit in a
shell club show which demonstrated some maiacoio-
gical feature of a species or group of species. It was
emphasized that we should especially encourage
exhibits using photographs, slides, movies, drawings,
etc. of the living shell - preferably illustrating some
ecological characteristics, a phase of life history, or
some other biological approach, and perhaps not
exhibiting the actual shell of the species involved at
all.

2. An award to a shell club given on Shell Club
Night at the Annual AMU Meeting for submitting a
scrapbook as evidence that the club had completed
some outstanding conservation project. The decision
would be by committee, with a chairman receiving
the scrapbooks to be Judged prior to the meeting and
making a ‘digested’ evaluation to help the committee
select a winner.

It was requested that the President of AMU and
the Conservation Chairman appoint an Awards
Committee which would work out the necessary de-
tails of the two awards, such as who would be eligi-
ble, rules for entering, nature of the award, criteria
for judging, etc. These rules would be submitted for
the Council’s approval at the 1973 meeting and
should go into effect as soon as possible thereafter.

Because of the difficulty of thoroughly investiga-
ting all requests for help in either supporting or op-
posing legislation concerning conservation, the Con-
servation Committee requested that a broad policy
statement of AMU’s attitude on ecological matters be
drafted for the Council’s approval, permitting the use
of this statement in lieu of more pointed support
where such support is impossible because of lack of
time, knowledge, etc. Carol Stein was appointed
chairman of this project with the privilege of calling
on any other AMU members whose support or advice
she might need.

It was also suggested that a Creed of Collecting
Ethics be drafted for Council’s approval. This was
also assigned to Miss Stein, and it was hoped that pos-
sibly these two statements of policy could be ready
for publication in the AMU Bulletin for 1972. Coun-
cil members would be polled for approval.

A resolution urging judges to disqualify shell show
competitive exhibits utilizing specimens of any mol-
luscan species listed on U. S. government lists of
endangered species was passed by the Conservation
Committee, the Council and by the membership at
the annual business meeting. The resolution has been
published in the 1972 Fall AMU Newsletter. At the
moment use of only one species, Papustyla pulcherri-
ma from Manus Island, is so restricted.

A resolution requesting AMU support for legis-
lative measures protecting certain areas of the Drift-
less Area of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois
was tabled because of the lack of time for investiga-
tion of all the ramifications involved. The problem is
described in the paper by Marc J. Imlay, printed here-
in. Individuals were reminded they could support the
resolution privately.

The sum of $200.00 was allocated for the Conser-
vation Committee in 1972-73.

Respectfully submitted, Anne B. Speers, AMU
Conservation Committee Chairman.

47

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

REPORT OF AMU ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, JULY 13, 1972

President Arthur S. Merrill, presiding, called for a
motion to waive reading of the minutes of the pre-
vious annual business meeting because they had been
printed in the Bulletin for 1971. Motion made,
seconded, carried.

The reports of the Recording Secretary, Corres-
ponding Secretary and Treasurer for 1971 were heard
and approved. They are printed on the following
pages. A detailed budget was not submitted, but both
income and expenditures were estimated at $4,600
for fiscal 1973. It was noted that total 1971 expendi-
tures were $3,850 and the Council had authorized
special budget items totalling $600 in the coming
year.

President Merrill asked the various committee
chairmen to report, as they had in the Council meet-
ing, on their activities during the year and on action
by the Council. The membership thus got an unusual-
ly complete view of the number and variety of prob-
lems considered by the Council. Dr. Clench reported
that the History and Archives Committee had found a
place for the AMU Library - a room of our own at
the Delaware Museum of Natural History. A»n alloca-
tion of $400 has been made to buy used furniture for
the room. Mr. Jacobson reported for the Publications
Committee. He mentioned the new format for the
annual report, now called the Bulletin. A fourth edi-
tion of How to Collect Shells will be prepared in the
coming year. It will be titled “How to Collect and
Study Shells”, and although it will have similar arti-
cles, it will stress conservation more than past edi-
tions. Dr. Clarke reported for the Constitutional Revi-
sion and Legal Committees. A revision of the Consti-
tution and By-Laws of the AMU is progressing, but a
final draft is not yet ready for action by the member-
ship. Article VIII, prohibiting lobbying, will be delet-
ed. Article VIII of the By-Laws will be re-worded to
clarify the disposition of excess funds from an An-
nual Meeting or payment of a deficit from general
funds. Article III, Section 3 will be amended to avoid
double payment of officers’ travel expenses. AMU
dues for institutions will be $6 per year, starting with
1973. This includes colleges, libraries and government
entities; it is intended to compensate for the extra
time required to process these memberships.

Dr. Murray reported for the Membership Commit-
tee. He echoed the Recording Secretary’s concern
over decreasing membership, but said he could not
determine any particular cause. The Council will

investigate the possibility of establishing a junior
membership with lower dues for those under a certain
age. A greater emphasis on publicity will be made in
the coming year, especially in connection with the
Annual Meeting. The following resolution, approved
by the Council, was presented to and approved by the
membership: “It has been brought to the attention of
the Council that Mrs. Miriam Hicks has been answer-
ing, over a period of time, a number of inquiries from
young people who addressed letters to the AMU care
of the address of the former International League of
Young Shell Collectors. The AMU wishes to express
gratitude to Mrs. Hicks for her efforts in encouraging
young shell collectors. The Council approves that she
be authorized to forward any future mail to the Cor-
responding Secretary for reply, and be reimbursed for
postage expense in connection with this.”

Mrs. Speers reported for the Conservation Com-
mittee, and her report is printed in detail on Page 47.

Dr. Clench reported that the Annual Meeting in
1973 would be on the campus of the University of
Delaware in Newark, Delaware. Our hosts will be the
Delaware Museum of Natural History and the new
Wilmington Shell Club. The dates are June 24 to June
29.

Dr. Morrison presented the following slate, pre-
pared by the Nominating Committee: President,
Dolores S. Dundee; President-Elect, Harold D. Mur-
ray; Vice President, John B. Burch; Treasurer, Mrs.
Myra Taylor (3 years); Councillors-at-Large (2 years),
Corinne Edwards and Dorothea Franzen; Publications
Editor (5 years), Arthur H. Clarke. The other officers
do not require election this year. It was moved,
seconded and voted that the members accept the slate
as presented, and that the Secretary cast a unanimous
ballot. (Lt. Col. Edwards could not take office be-
cause she had not been a member for two years, as
required under the By-Laws, Article IV, 2.) The new
Treasurer will take office on January 1, 1973. Bunny
Baker and Karl Jacobson, the outgoing Treasurer and
Publications Editor, were commended for their years
of service to the AMU.

The new members of the various committees were
introduced.

Dr. Merrill turned the meeting over to the new
President, Dr. Dundee. As there was no new business.
Dr. Dundee adjourned the meeting.

Respectfully submitted, Marian S. Hubbard,
Recording Secretary.

48

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY FOR 1971

Since I took over the job of corresponding secre-
tary in July and handled the backlog, letters have
been coming into my mailbox at an average of five a
week. Most of these can be answered by supplying
the writer with one of the five pieces of duplicated
material on hand, together with a form letter thank-
ing the writer for his inquiry.

Some take a more specific form of answer. Some
have been referred to specialists in the field, with the
names taken from the AMU Bulletin. Others have
been in Spanish, Italian and French. Fortunately I did
study all three in college, together with German, so
that I could figure out what information they were
seeking.

I might say, Mrs. Marian S. Hubbard has offered
invaluable aid when I’ve been stumped, as well as
helping me get started.

Some letters have been challenging: the one from
an engineer in India who sent a picture of a chalce-
dony volute (with a left-handed spiral) and wondered
why specialists in this country couldn’t tell him all
about it. He was referred to Dr. Katherine Palmer.

There also was the little girl who asked what does
the American Malacological Union do, and the young-
ster who said he was interested in malacology and
please send him some.

Respectfully submitted, Paul R. Jennewein, Cor-
responding Secretary.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY FOR 1971

As of January 1, 1972, the membership of the
AMU was 717, a net decrease of 119 individuals and
an increase of 13 organizations. The following is a
comparison, by category, with the two previous
years:

Individual*

Individuals under Family Membership
(2 or more people per membership)
Honorary Life Members
Corresponding Members
Clubs and Regional Organizations
TOTAL

* Including Paid Life Members

The net loss of 106 is serious, but it conceals an
even more serious statistic: 192 people, or almost
25% of those on the rolls at 1/1/71, were dropped
during the year for non-payment of 1971 dues. I took
it upon myself to write to the people I thought were
really still interested in malacology, and I had good
results with renewals. I continued writing as I had
time, eventually sending 85 letters to 100 people in
the United States and 14 letters abroad. To date over
30 of these people have renewed (June 1972). New
people are joining at what appears to be a greater rate
than in 1971, when the average was five per month.

We would really like to know why so many people
have dropped membership. We know that some have
moved without leaving a forwarding address, and a
few have vratten to give a reason for resigning, but
most simply do not answer our letters.

From August 1970 to June 1971, the AMU had no

1/1/70

1/1/71

1/1/72

506

510

451

185

235

190

8

9

8

28

37

23

37

32

45

764

823

717

18

18

18

Corresponding Secretary. I answered as many of the
general inquiries as possible during that period, and
was much relieved when Paul Jennewein agreed to
accept the position. This left me with more time to
do things for which I had no time the previous year. I
can now read the club publications and pass along
pertinent information to Paul Jennewein. I can keep
in closer touch with the clubs and officers of the
AMU. I find that I still have a heavy load of corres-
pondence. I sent out well over 700 pieces of mail in
1971, although I was acting as Corresponding Secre-
tary for only the first five months.

I hope to continue to grow in knowledge of the
job, and be better able to serve you in the coming
year.

Respectfully submitted, Marian S. Hubbard,
Recording Secretary.

49

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
March 1973

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE FISCAL YEAR E^

Checkbook Balance, January 1, 1971

Receipts:

Memberships: Sustaining

50.00

Regular

2284.83

Corresponding

125.75

Shell Clubs

313.50

2774.08

Sales: HTCS

329.98

Rare & End. Species

193.25

Back Issues - Bulletin

75.15

598.38

Proceeds of Cocoa Beach Meeting

361.05

Page Charge to Authors

552.00

Interest on Bonds

166.14

Miscellaneous

6.71

Total Receipts

4458.36

Transferred from Savings Account

700.00

Total Cash to be accounted for

Disbursements:

Printing: Annual Report

3051.01

Other Printing

172.22

3223.23

Postage

262.75

Bank Charges

22.30

Sec’s Expenses to Annual Meeting

286.15

Miscellaneous Office Expenses

49.50

Total Operating Expenses
Transferred to Savings Account
Total Disbursements

Checking Account Balance, Dec. 31, 1971
Total cash accounted for

Savings Account B14592, Colonial Federal Savings & Loan Asso.

1711.24
84.26

1500.00 3295.50

700.00

Balance, January 1, 1971
Interest for the year
Deposit from checking account
Withdrawal

2060.22

5158.36

7218.58

3843.93
1500.00

5343.93
1874.65

7218.58

Balance, JanuEiry 1, 1972

2595.50

Recapitulation of Assets, December 31, 1971

Cash in Checking Account, Girard Trust 1874.65

Treasurer’s Petty Cash 10.00

Secretary’s Petty Cash - Marian Hubbard 100.00

Savings Account 2595.50

Savings Bonds - Girard Trust 3000.00

Total Assets 7580.15

Allocated to Life Membership Fund 1470.88

AMU Net Worth -December 31, 1971 6109.27

Changes in Capital Account:

AMU Capital Account, January 1, 1971 5410.58

AMU Capital Account, December 31, 1971 6109.27

Net Increase in Assets, 1971 698.69

Respectfully submitted, Bernardine B. Baker, Treasurer

Audited January 17, 1972 by Virginia O. Maes and George M. Davis

50

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc,
March 1973

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
ACTIVE MEMBERS

Membership List Revised October 20, 1972

Abbott, Dr. and Mrs. R. Tucker, Delaware Museum of
Natural History, Greenville, Del. 19807

Abel, Richard & Company, Inc., P. O. Box 4302,
Portland, Ore. 97208

Academy of Natural Sciences Library, 19th and the
Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

Adey, Mrs. John S., Jr., Lee’s Hill Rd., New Vernon,
N. J. 07976 (General interest)

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos G., College of Agriculture, Maya-
guez, Puerto Rico 00709

Albert, Mrs. Ernest, 905 Bayshore Blvd., Safety Har-
bor, Fla. 33572

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynne-
wood, Pa. 19096

Allen, Dr. J. Frances, 7507 23rd Ave., Hyattsville,
Md. 20783

Allen, James E., 1108 Southampton Dr., Alexandria,
La. 71301 (Tertiary micro-mollusca)

Allen, Mrs. Lawrence K., Box 822, Port Isabel, Texas
78578 {Murex, Pecten, world marines; dealer)

Allen, Miss Letha S., 187 Argyle St., Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, Canada (General)

Anders, Kirk W., Shells of the Seas Inc., P. O. Box
1418, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33302 (Volutidae; all
rare shells)

Anderson, Carleton J., Kettle Creek Rd., Weston,
Conn. 06880

Andrews, Mrs. Jean (Wasson), 241 Melrose, Corpus
Christi, Texas 78404

Angstadt, Mrs. Earle K., Longview Farm, 959 Whitner
Rd., Reading, Pa. 19605

Aslakson, Capt. Carl I., 5707 Wilson Lane, Bethesda,
Md. 20034

Athearn, Herbert D., Rt. 5, Box 376, Cleveland,
Tenn. 37311 (Freshwater)

Athearn, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 N. Main St., Fall River,
Mass. 02720 (Land shells)

Auerbach, Stuart, 1710 Algonquin Trail, Maitland,
Fla. 32751

Avery, Mrs. R. Gail, Box 2557, Harbor, Ore. 97415
(Shells of West America; exch.)

Baerreis, David A., 1233 Sweet Briar Rd., Madison,
Wise. 53705 (Paleoecological interpretation
through mollusks)

Baily, Dr. Joshua L., P. O. Box 1891, La Jolla, Cal.
92038

Baker, Mrs. Horace B., 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown,
Pa. 19083

Baker, John A., P. O. Box 4524, Patrick AFB, Fla.
32925 (General)

Baker, Nelson W., 279 Sherwood Dr., Santa Barbara,
Cal. 93105 (General)

Baker, Wilma, Orange Acres, Lot 65, Sarasota, Fla.
Barlow, Mrs. G. Barton, 5 Downey Dr., Tenafly, N. J.
07670

Barton, Mrs. James, 20 Newfield Dr., Rochester, N.
Y. 14616 {Cypraea; worldwide general collection,
especially Hawaiian)

Bates, John M., Director, Center for Aquatic Biology,
Eastern Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti, Mich, 48197
Bauer, Mr, and Mrs. Hugo C., P. O. Box 894, League
City, Texas 77573 (All Mollusca)

Baum, Newman N., 83 Weaving Lane, Wantagh, L. I.,
N. Y, 11793

Baxa, Mrs. Dorothy and Mr. Edward H., Box 177,
Genesee Depot, Wise. 53127 (Beginning coll.;
gaining knowledge of mollusks)

Bayne, Dr. and Mrs. C. J., Dept, of Zoology, Oregon
State Univ., Corvallis, Ore. 97331 (Gastropod
physiology)

Bazata, Kenneth R., Univ. of Nebraska, Oldfather
Hall 434, Lincoln, Neb. 68508 (Terrestrial
pulmonates)

Becker, Mr. and Mrs. Albert F., 2157 Sunrise Dr.,
LaCrosse, Wise. 54602 (Mississippi River shells)
Bedford, Mrs. Ann W., P. O. Box 6181, West Palm
Beach, Fla. 33405

Beetle, Mrs. Dorothy E., Peninsular Science Center,
524 J. Clyde Morris Blvd., Newport News, Va.
23601 (Land, freshwater world shells)

Bennett, Mr. and Mrs. Charles G., 374 73rd St.,
Ocean, Marathon, Fla. 33050
Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Dept, of Entomology, Univ.

of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85717
Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., 1336 Bird Rd., Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48103

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, Cal. 92373

Bickel, David, Dept. Earth Sci., Minot State College,
Minot, N. Dak. 58701 (Systematics and ecology of
freshwater mollusks, esp. pleurocerid snails)

Bijur, Jerome M., 135 7th Ave. N., Naples, Fla.

33940 (Buy, exch. Florida and Caribbean marine)
Bippus, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin C., 2743 Sagamore Rd.,
Toledo, Ohio 43606 (Marine gastropods)

Blaine, Mr. and Mrs. Alger P., 237 19th Ave. S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705 (Summer; 74 Palmer Ave.,
Springfield, Mass. 01108)

51

52

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Blankenship, Shaw, Route 2, Crab Orchard, Ky.

40419 (Fresh water mussels)

Bleakney, Dr. J. Sherman, Dept, of Biology, Acadia
Univ., Wolfville, No¥a Scotia, Canada
(Nudibranchs and sacoglossans ; ecology,
zoogeography, systematics)

Bledsoe, William D., 11763 Sunset Blvd., Los
Angeles, Cal. 90049

Blum, Howard F,, 2881 N. E. 22 Court, Pompano
Beach, Fla, 33062

Blum, Mr, and Mrs. Robert M., 1916B Lombard St.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19146 (Cowries, scallops)

Boone, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Q., 3706 Rice BWd.,
Houston, Texs^ 77005

Born, Mrs. Thomas, 4345 Menolete, Pensacola, Fla.
32504

Boss, Dr. Kenneth Jay, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 02138

Bottimer, L. J., Rte. 1, Box 50, Tow, Texas 78672
(Recent and fossil)

Bouchard, Richard J., Pine Acres Rd., Amherst, N. H,
03031

Boyd, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene S., 6806 Gillis Rd.,
Victor, N. Y. 14564 (All aspects)

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.
14850

Bradley, John C., 469 Farmington Ave., Waterbury,
Conn. 06710 (Travel and collect)

Brady, E, Leo, P, O. Box 2515, Newburgh, N. Y.
12550 (Land snails)

Branson, Branley A., P. O. Box 50, Eastern Kentucky
Univ., Richmond, Ky. 40475
Bratcher, Mrs. Twila L. and Mr. Ford, 3121
Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, Cal. 90046
Bretsky, Sara S., Dept, of Earth & Space Sciences,
State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, N. Y.
11790 (Ecology and evolution of Bivalvia,
especially Tertiary and Recent)

Bright, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C., 30 West Chestnut Hill
Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 19118 (Marine gastropods)
Brill, Mr. and Mrs. James A., 804 Johnson St., Terrell,
Texas 75160

Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. John C., 3050 Sunrise Blvd., Ft.
Pierce, Fla. 33450

Broussard, Mrs. Grace, Rt. 2, Box 185, Beaumont,
Texas 77705 (Sea shells of Gulf coast)

Brown, Dorothy, 7090 Madera Dr,, Goleta, Cal.
93017 (Pectens)

Brown, Dr. and Mrs. Harvey E., Jr., 9455 S. W. 81st
Ave., Miami, Fla. 33156

Brown, Wade G. 1317 Arnette Ave., Durham, N. C.

27707 (Rare W. Atlantic shells)

Broyles, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph E., 5701 Fairfield Dr.,
Ft. Wayne, Ind. 46807

Brunson, Dr. Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ.,
Missoula, Mont. 59801

Bryan, Edwin H., Jr., Bishop Museum, P. O. Box
6037, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 (Pacific
biogeography and bibliography)

Buehler, William, 2019A Lincoln Ave., Stevens Point,
Wise. 54481 (Freshwater)

Buffalo Museum of Science, Research Library,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, N. Y. 14075
Bullis, Harvey R., Jr., 400 Glenridge Rd., Key
Biscayne, Fla. 33149

Burch, Dr. John B., Museum of ZooL, Univ. of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (Land and
freshwater mollusks)

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 1300 Mayfield Rd.,
Apt. 61-L, Seal Beach, Cal. 90740
Burch, Dr. and Mrs. ITiomas A., P. O. Box 309,
Kailua, Hawaii 96734 (Dredging)

Burgers, Dr. and Mrs. J. M., 4622 Knox Rd., Apt. 7,
College Park, Md. 20740

Burggraf, Margaret R., 608 N. W. 26th St., Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33311 (Self-collected Florida
shells)

Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn, 14453 Nassau Rd.,
San Leandro, Cal. 94577

Burke, Alice L. and Thos. D., Jr., 1820 S. Austin
Blvd., Cicero, 111. 60650 (Marine mollusks of
eastern U. S. A.)

Burmeister, Carol, 310 Parker Ave., Algoma, Wise.

54201 (Cowries, top shells and turbans)

Caffin, John, 528 W. New York Ave., DeLand, Fla.
32720 (World shells)

California Institute of Technology, Millikan Library,
Pasadena, Cal. 91109

Campbell, Mrs. Minnie Lee, 3895 DuPont Circle,
Jacksonville, Fla. 32205 (General collecting)
Cardeza, R. Adm. and Mrs. Carlos M,, P. O. Box
6746, Houston, Texas 77005 (Summer Address:
1718 Jewel Box Dr., Sanibel, Fla. 33957 (Florida
and Texas shells)

Cardin, T/Sgt. Charles, 3301 Civic Center Dr., Apt.

3A, N. Las Vegas, Nevada 89030
Carlton, Jas. T., Dept. Invert. Zook, California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. 94118
(Estuarine and brackish water, mollusks)

Carney, W. Patrick, U. S. Naval Medical Research
Unit No, 2, Djakarta Detachment, APO San
Francisco, Cal. 96356

Carr, Mrs. Jack C., 912 Broadway, Normal, 111. 61761
(Exchange worldwide marine)

Castagna, Michael, Virginia Inst. Marine Sciences,
Wachapreague, Va. 23480 (Pelecypod larval
behavior)

Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N,, P. O. Drawer R,
Sanibel, Fla. 33957 {Mitra, Cypraea; no
exchanges)

Chase, Emery, 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.
90717

Chandler, Carl and Doris, P. O. Box 261, Chatham,
Mass. 02633 (Cones, Cypraea)

Chanley, Paul, c/o Shelter Island Oyster Co., P. O.

Box 353, Greenport, L. L, N. Y. 11944
Chichester, Lyle F,, Dept. Biol. Sci., Central Conn.
State College, New Britain, Conn. 06050 (Ecology
of terrestrial gastropods, biology of land slugs)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

53

Christensen, Carl C., Dept, of Biol. Sciences, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 83721
Clark, John W., Jr,, 1407 Westmoor, Austin, Texas.
(Economic exploitation of mollusks by prehistoric
Indians, their use in ecological reconstruction)
Clarke, Dr. Arthur H., Dept, of Mollusks, National
Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OM8,
Canada

Clench, Dr. Wm. J., 26 Rowena St,, Dorchester, Mass.
02124

Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Wade Oval,
University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Coan, Dr. Eugene, 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.
94306

Cole, Mrs. Joseph H., Jr., 255 El Pueblo Way, Palm
Beach, Fla. 33480 (Florida and Caribbean marine
shells)

Compitello, Mrs. Juliette, 5630 Alta Vista Rd.,
Bethesda, Md. 20034

Conde, Vincent, Redpath Museum, McGill Univ.,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Conolly, Mrs. Joseph B,, Jr., 68 Wheatley Rd., Glen
Head, N. Y. 11545 (Long Island shells)

Cooper, Robert W. and Marjorie, 5012 Pfeiffer Rd.,
Peoria, El. 61607 (Florida marine; world Murex,
Pecten, Spondylus; SCUBA divers)

Cooper, Samuel W., County Atty’s Office, Douglas
County Courthouse, 17th & Farnam Sts., Omaha,
Neb. 68102 (Generd interest)

Corgan, James X., Dept. Geography and Geology,
Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tenn. 37040
(Microscopic gastropods)

Cornell Univ., Albert R. Mann Library, Ithaca, N. Y.
14850

Cotten, Mrs. Nadalyn, 299 Vincent Ave., Metairie,
La. 70005 (Gulf of Mexico and West Indies)

Craine, Mrs. Ruth A., 161C Pelham Lane, Rossmoor,
Jamesburg, N. J. 08831

Cramer, Frances L., 766 Obispo Ave., Long Beach,
Cal. 90804 (Ecology; conservation)

Crittenden, Mrs. John S., 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda,
Cal. 94501

Cull, Mrs. Robt. R., 7927 Chippewa Rd., Brecksville,
Ohio 44141

Cummings, Raymond W., 37 Lynacres Blvd.,
Fayetteville, N. Y. 13066 (Shells of the West
Indies, esp. Windward and Grenadine)

Cutler, Henry H., 105 Abbott Rd., Wellesley Hills,
Mass. 01570

Cvancara, Dr. Alan Milton, Dept. Geology, Univ. of
North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak. 58201
(Pleistocene and Holocene continental mollusks;
Early Tertiary continental and marine mollusks)
Danforth, Louise L., 729 Indian Beach Lane, Sarasota,
Fla. 33580

Davis, Dr. George M., Dept. Mollusks, Academy of
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Davis, John D., 26 Norfolk Ave., Northampton, Mass.
01060 (Ecology of marine bivalves)

Dawley, Dr. Charlotte, 114 S. Mendenhall St.,
Greensboro, N. C. 27403

Deatrick, Paul A., 218 S. W. 32 Ave., Miami, Fla.

33135 (Strombus, Busycon)

De Gaetano, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F., 5 Forest Dr.,
Mendham, N. J. 07945 (Collect and buy marine
shells)

DeLuca, Mrs. John A., Miss Gladys, Deborah Rd.,
Hanover, Mass. 02339

Demond, Joan, Dept. Geology, Univ. of California,
Los Angeles, Cal. 90024

Desmond, Hon. Thos., 94 Broadway, Newburgh, N.
Y. 12550

Dexter, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph W., Dept. Biol. Sci., Kent
State Univ., Kent, Ohio 44240
Dietrich, Mr. and Mrs. Louise E., 308 Veri Dr.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15220

Dixon, Mrs. Ruth S., 711 Parker St., Durham, N. C.
27701 (Marine mollusks)

Doucet, Mrs. P., Bay No. 24, 3313 Dewdney Trunk
Rd., Port Moody, B. C., Canada
DuBar, Dr. and Mrs. Jules R., Geoscience Dept.,
Morehead State Univ., Morehead, Ky. 40351
(Cenozoic and Recent mollusks - ecology and
paleoecology)

Dundee, Dr. Dolores S., Dept. Biol., Louisiana State
Univ. in New Orleans, New Orleans, La, 70150
(Land mollusks; freshwater mussels)

Dunn, V. Roger, 4727 27th Ave. S., Gulfport, Fla.
33711

Dury, Ralph, Director, Cincinnati Museum of Natural
History, 1720 Gilbert Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio
45202

Dvorak, Stanley J., 3856 W. 26th St., Chicago, El.
60623 (Muricidae)

Eddison, Grace G., M. D., Box 249, Rural Rte. #3,
Lemons Mill Pike, Lexington, Ky. 40505 (World
marine)

Edmiston, Mrs. J. R. 5038 Hazeltine Ave., Apt. 301,
Sherman Oaks, Cal. 91403

Edwards, Lt. Col. Corinne E., P. O. Box 691,
Coconut Grove, Fla. 33133
Edwards, D, Craig, Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01002 (Population
ecology and behavior of marine benthic mollusks)
Ellin, Philip, 130 Cliff Ave., Winthrop, Mass. 02152
(Pecten, Terebra, Cypraea)

Ellis, Richard, 1185 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.
100 28 (Conchs, cones, Murex)

Emerson, Dr. Wm. K., American Museum Nat. Hist.,
Central Park W. at 79th St,, New York, N. Y.
10024

Emery, Mrs. Adele K., Box 1265, South Miami, Fla.

33143 (Florida east coast marines)

Erickson, Carl W,, 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn, Mass.
01501

Eubanks, Mrs. Edwin W., 9353 Bermuda Ave., Baton
Rouge, La. 70810

Eyerdam, Walter J., c/o Mrs. David Homchick, 8640
15th N. E., Seattle, Wash. 98115

54

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Fackert, Dorothy M„, 2 Wilson Rd,, Apt. 16B, Sussex,
N. J. 07461

Farrell, Lyle H., Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H.
03216

Fassig, Mrs. Margaret L., 216 S. Occidental BWd., Los
Angeles, Cal, 90057

Fechtner, Frederick R., 6027 N. Kenmore Ave.,
Chicago, 111. 60660 (Unionidae, Sphaeriidae,
Corbiculidae)

Feinberg, Harold S., Dept. Living Invertebrates,
American Museum Nat, Hist., Central Park W. at
79th St,, New York, N. Y. 10024 (Land and
freshwater mollusks)

Fenzan, William J., 385 Dohner Dr., Wadsworth,
Ohio 44281 (Worldwide marine)

Ferguson, Dr. and Mrs. John H., 226 Glandon Dr.,
Chapel Hill, N. C. 27514

Ferreira, Antonio J., M. D., 2060 Clarmar Way, San
Jose, Cal. 95128 (Ecology, behavior, physiology,
systematics of American mollusks )

Fieberg, Kleinie, 1430 Lake Ave,, Wilmette, 111.
60091

Field Museum of Natural History, Library - SO
11627, Chicago, 111. 60605

Fingold, Mr. and Mrs. A. S., University Sq. No. 1,
4625 Fifth Ave., Apt. 105, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
Finlay, C. John, 116 Tanglewood Lane, Newark, Del,
19711 (Marine mollusks of the Western Atlantic
and Caribbean)

Foehrenbach, Jack, 91 Elm St., Islip, L, L, N. Y.

11751 (Ecology of marine mollusks)

Foote, Mary K., Box 2075, South Padre Island, Texas
78578

Ford, Mr. and Mrs. E. Flynn, 2100 S. Ocean Dr., Apt.

8-M, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33316
Foster, Mrs. Fred H., 401 N. Justus St., P. O. Box
213, Oxford, Ind. 47971 (Shells in general)
Fowler, Dr. and Mrs, Lake, 4508 Woodrow,
Galveston, Texas 77550

Franke, Norman W., 214 Orin St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

15235 (Self-collected marine shells)

Franz, Dr. David R., Dept. Zool. and Entomology,
Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06268
(Ecology and physiology marine mollusks, esp.
Nudibranchs)

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ.,
Bloomington, 111, 61702

Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic
Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla. 32074 (West Atlantic
shells)

Gallagher, Dr. and Mrs. John, 12250 6th St. E.,
Treasure Island, Fla. 33706
Garcia, Emilio F., 135 Oak Crest Dr., Lafayette, La.
70501 (Bulimulinae, Pectinidae, Cypraeidae)

Garoian, Dr. Geo., Dept. Zook, Southern Illinois
Univ., Carbondale, III. 62901
Garrett, Mrs. Sharon V,, 227 Winchester Dr.,
Hampton, Va. 23366

Garrison, Joseph C., Puerto Rico Glass Corp., G. P. O.
Box 4272, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 (Marine
mollusks)

Geological Survey of Canada Library, Room 350, 601
Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA OE8
Gilbert, Mrs, Laura, 808 Westwood Dr., Abilene,
Texas 79603

Gilbert, Professor and Mrs, William H,, Colby College,
Dept, of Biology, Waterville, Me. 04901 (Marine
and freshwater bivalves - ecology, behavior and
systematics; Tellina, Macoma)

Gilmour, Thos. H. J., Dept. Biology, Univ. of Sas-
katchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchev/an, Canada
(Anisomyarian bivalves)

Girardi, Mrs. Jos. B,, 707 Kent Rd., Kenilworth, 111.
60043

Goethel, Lt. Col. (Ret.) Louis and Mrs,, 9402 Nona
Kay Dr., San Antonio, Texas 78217 (Cypraea -
buy and trade)

Goldberg, A. H., M. D., 566 William St,, Stratford,
Ontario, Canada (Marine shells)

Goodfriend, Glenn A., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of
Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I., 02881 (Molluscan
ecology)

Gottlieb, Lee, 3580 Gull Rd., Lake Park, Fla. 33403
(Marine gastropods)

Graaf, Gerrit de, 10915 S. W. 55th St., Miami, Fla,
33165

Grantier, Mrs, Bruce J., 7 Tiverton Dr,, Ottawa,
Ontario K2E 6L4, Canada (Persian Gulf shells)
Graves, Mr. and Mrs. Howard B., Jr., 826 S. Ingram
Ave., Lakeland, Fla. 33801
Gregg, Wendell O., M. D,, 2220 S, Harvard Blvd„ Los
Angeles, Cal. 90018

Griffin, Mary Jane, 705 Miller St., Helena, Ark.

72342 (Shells for beauty - scientific collection)
Grimm, F. Wayne, P. O. Box 7227, Vanier, Ontario,
Canada (Holarctic terrestrial mollusks)

Groeneveld, Miss Mae, 1183 Terrace St., Muskegon,
Mich. 49442 (Cypraea, Conus)

Gruetzmacher, Inez, 534 1st St., Menominee, Mich.
49858

Guckert, Richard H., 433 Grace Rd., Upper Darby,
Pa. 19082 (Systematics of freshwater mussels;
ecology, seasonal life histories freshwater
mollusks; comp, ecology and physiology of
Nassariidae)

Gudnason, Mrs. Harold, 1959 Wrenn St., Oakland,
Cal. 94602

Gugler, Dr. Carl W., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. 68508 (Terrestrial
pulmonates)

Gunter, Dr. Gordon, Gulf Coast Research Lab.,
Ocean Springs, Miss. 39564 (Ostreidae)

Gustave, Al, Creative Designs, Inc., 207 E. Camelback
Rd., Phoenix, Ariz. 85012

Hadley, Mrs. Esther, 48 Adella Ave., West Newton,
Mass. 02165

Hagge, Mrs. Daniel, 20 North Hill Rd., Wausau, Wise.
54401

ACTIVE MEMBERS

55

Hall, Mrs. Warner L., 727 Queen’s Rd., Charlotte, N.

C. 28207

Hallacker, Daniel J. 3243 Potter St., Philadelphia, Pa.
19134 (Cones)

Hamilton, Mrs. Wm. J., 615 Highland Rd., Ithaca, N.
Y. 14851

Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Bodega Marine Lab., P. O. Box
247, Bogeda Bay, Cal. 94923
Hansell, Mrs. C. Edward, Mimosa Hall, Roswell,
Georgia 30075

Hargreaves, Jacqueline A., 2208 48th St., Lubbock,
Texas 79412

Harman, Dr. Willard N., Science, NYSU College,
Oneonta, N. Y. 13820 (Freshwater)

Harris, Don V., Jr., 888 16th St. N. W., Washington,

D. C. 20006

Harris, Mrs. E. Milton, 3237 Carlisle Rd.,
Birmingham, Ala. 35213

Harris, Larry G., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of New
Hampshire, Durham, N. H. 03824 (Symbiotic
association of Gastropoda, esp.
nudibranch-coelenterate association )

Harris, Marion J. and Bessie B., Rt. 6, Box 347T,
Jacksonville, Fla. 32223

Harrison, Mrs. F. F., One Beaver St., Cooperstown, N.
Y. 13326

Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen, Bellaire, Texas
77401

Harwell, Mrs. Albert L., 5613 8 Court South,

Birmingham, Ala. 35212

Haven, Dr. Dexter, 336 Lafayette Rd., Yorktown,
Va. 23490 (Mercenaria mercenaria, Mya arenaria,
Crassostrea uirginica)

Heard, Dr. William, Dept. Biol. Sci., Florida State
Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306
Heck, Ralph L., P. O. Box 16712, Temple Terrace,
Fla. 33617 (World gastropods, esp. Conus,
Cypraea)

Hedges, Mrs. Arlene J., 404 North East St., Crown
Point, Ind. 46307 (Diversified interests)

Henderson, Jerry G., 1729 N. W. Greenbrier Way,
Seattle, Wash. 98177 (General interest)

Hepler, Neil M. and Laura E., P. O. Box 461,
Deerfield Beach, Fla. 33441 (Cephalapoda, Conus,
Cypraeidae)

Hermann, Mrs. Pat., Rt. 3, Box 324C, Panama City,
Fla. 32401 (Land snails)

Hernandez, Mr. and Mrs. Leonardo, 90 Park Terrace

E. , Apt. 6E, New York, N. Y. 10034 (Tropical
Western Atlantic mollusks and Caribbean land

mollusks)

Herr, Mr. and Mrs. Frank L., Sr., 7901 Dewitt Dr.,
RFD No. 3, Baldwinsville, N. Y. 13027
Hesse, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H., 1241 Cocoanut Rd.,
Boca Raton, Fla. 33432

Hettick, Mrs. G. Riley, 933 Lynwood Dr.,
Bartlesville, Okla. 74003

Hickman, Mrs. Harriette L., 11015 First Ave., Stone
Harbor, N. J. 08247 (Worldwide Epitonium)

Hicks, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S., 1522 Palmwood Dr.,
Eau Gallic, Fla. 32935 (General collecting; also
fossil shells)

Hill, Frederick C., Univ. of Louisville, Water
Resources Laboratory, Belknap Campus,

Louisville, Ky. 40208

Holiman, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne, Box 246, Edinburg,
Texas 78539

Holle, Dr. Paul A., Asst. Prof. Biology, State
Teacher’s College, Worcester, Mass. 01602 (Salt
marsh snails)

Hollister, S. C., 5 Parkway Place, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850
Hood, Elizabeth G., 1742 Meredith Lane, Belleair,
Clearwater, Fla. 33516

Hoover, Mrs. G, R., 5,07 Cedar St., Ketchikan, Alaska
99901 (Amateur; for recreation, pleasure and
aesthetic appreciation)

Hopkins Marine Station Library of Stanford Univ.,
Pacific Grove, Cal. 93950

Hornstein, Leon, 2211 Arden Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21209 (Amateur)

Houbrick, Mr. Richard Joseph, Smithsonian
Oceanographic Sorting Center, Washington, D. C.
20560 (Zoogeography, systematics, evolution)
Howard, Mrs. Faye B., 4167 Creciente Dr., Santa
Barbara, Cal. 93110 (Gulf of California shells)
Hubbard, Mrs. Marian S., 3957 Marlow Court,
Seaford, N. Y. 11783

Hubricht, Leslie, 4026 35th St., Meridian, Miss.

39301 (U. S. land and freshwater)

Hulswit, Mart, 680 West End Ave., New York, N. Y.

10025 (Collecting with SCUBA)

Hunkins, Mrs. Ruth E. 133 Brook to Bay,
Englewood, Fla. 33533 (Miniature shells; exch.)

Hunter, Rev. Elwood B., 3385 S. Winchester Blvd.,
Campbell, Cal. 95008

I ml ay, Dr. and Mrs. Marc J,, Bureau of Sport
Fisheries & Wildlife, Office of Endangered Species,
Washington, D. C.

Inchaustegui, J. M., 2121 Grape PI., Gretna, La.
70053

Ishikawa, Samuel, 551 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.
10017

Isom, Billy G., 318 Riverview Circle, Florence, Ala.
35630

Jackson, R. H., 5219 Trentwood Dr., New Bern, N.
C. 28560

Jackson, Ralph W., Rt. 1, Cambridge, Md. 21613
(Exch. land shells)

Jacobs, George, 853 Riverside Dr., New York, N. Y.
10032 (Buy and exch. foreign land and marine
shells)

Jacobson, Morris Karl, 455 Beach 139 St., Rockaway
Beach, N. Y. 11694

Jacobson, Mrs. Ursula, 5618 E. Montecito, Phoenix,
Ariz. 85018 (Indo-Pacific, esp. cones and cowries;
West Coast-Panamic)

James, Mrs. Frederic, 850 W. 52nd St., Kansas City,
Mo. 64112

56

ACTIVE MEMBERS

James, Dr. R. H. and Kathy James, 2524 Beaurue,
Norman Okla. 73069 (Cypraea)

Janowsky, Robert and Dorothy, 125 East 86th St.,
Brooklyn, N. Y. 11236 {Cypraea, Murex, volutes)
Jennewein, Mr. and Mrs. Paul R., Box 394,
Wrightsville Beach, N. C. 28480 (Raising mollusks
in aquaria; writing and illustrating articles on shell
collecting)

Jensen, Mrs. Dorothy, 30-83 Crescent St., Apt. B-3,
Astoria, N. Y. 11102

Johns, Mrs. Veronica Parker, c/o Seashells Unlimited,
Inc., 590 Third Ave., New York, N. Y. 10016
Johnson, Col. Harvey A. (Ret), 3915 S. W. 109th St,
Seattle, Wash. 98146

Johnson, Mrs. Kenneth L., 3206 Sussex Rd., Raleigh,
N. C. 27607 (World marine shells)

Johnson, Richard L, 124 Chestnut Hill Rd., Chestnut
Hill, Mass. 02167 (Books)

Johnstone, Mrs. Adelaide B., 5713 Hinman Dr.,
Corpus Christi, Texas 78412
Johnstone, Mrs. Kathleen Yerger, 2209 River Forest
Rd., Mobile, Ala. 36605

Jones, Dr. David T., P. O. Box 284, Vinton, Iowa
52349

Jones, Dr. Meredith L., Curator, Div. of Worms,
National Museum of Natural History, Washington,
D. C. 20560

Jones, Richard H., 1432 Dorsh Rd., S. Euclid, Ohio
44121

Jordan, Leslie Ann, 24232 Via Aquara, Laguna
Niguel, Cal. 92677 (Parasites on Donax; general
coll, with emphasis on gastropods)

Junge, Reinhart, 89-19 171st St., Apt. 2-P, Jamaica,
Queens, N. Y. 11432

Kalas, Dr. Leonard, 3303 33 Street N. W., Calgary 44,
Alberta, Canada (Taxonomy and ecology of
non-marine mollusca, Recent and fossil)

Katsaras, Nick, 479B S. Washington Ave.,
Bergenfield, N. J. 07621

Keen, Dr. A Myra, Dept. GeoL, Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, Cai. 94305

Keferl, Eugene P., 4766 Riverside Ave., Columbus,
Ohio 43321 (Terrestrial gastropods)

Kelsheimer, Geo. E. and Geneva, 19137 Dresden Dr.,
South Bend, Ind. 46637 (Live collecting; cleaning
and preservation methods)

Kemper, Mrs. Hessie, 11854 Josse Dr., St. Louis, Mo.
63128

Kennedy, Mr. and Mrs. Douglas and Caroline, 1070
Northhampton St., Holyoke, Mass. 01040
Key, Mrs. Mary, 327 S. Bath Club Blvd., N.

Reddington Beach, Fla. 33708 (General)

Kile, Chas. O., Box 2046, Agana, Guam 96910 (All
shells)

Kinarney, Thomas, 1555 N. Hampton Rd., New
Carlisle, Ohio 45344

King, Lucia E., Presbyterian Apts. No. 1503, 1925
Virginia Ave., Ft. Myers, Ha. 33901
Kinney, Harold C., 2805 Bibb St., Shreveport, La.
71108 (Cypraea)

Kline, Mrs. Mary, 240 Makee Rd., Apt. 10-A,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96815

Klinkey, Martha, 336 Main St., Batavia, 111. 60510
(Cypraea, Murex, Strombus)

Knauer, Mrs. Freda S., 244 33rd St., Avalon, N. J.

08202 (N. J. and Florida marine shells; exch.)
Koehler, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold A., P. O. Box 457,
Watertown, Conn. 06795 (Cowries and cones)
Kohn, Dr. Alan J., Dept. ZooL, Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, Wash. 98105

Kondo, Dr. Yoshio, Bishop Museum, Box 6037,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96818

Kovach, Jack, Dept. Geology, Muskingum College,
New Concord, Ohio (Ecology, shell composition,
paleontology of non-marine mollusks)

Kraeuter, Dr. John N., Marine Institute, Sapelo
Island, Ga. 31327 (Ecology, distribution and
systematics of Scaphopoda; ecology and
distribution of benthic infaunal communities of U.
S. East Coast)

Krauss, N. L. H., 2437 Parker Place, Honolulu,
Hawaii 96822 (Carnivorous land snails; biology)
Kuczynski, Florence, 7400 46th Ave. N., Lot 406, St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33709 (Collect, photograph and
exchange shells)

Kurz, Richard M., 1575 N. 118 St., Wauwautosa,
Wise. 53226 (Large specimen shells)

Laavy, T. L., Middleton Place Apts., A21, E. Earl St.,
Greenville, S. C. 29609

Lalli, Dr. Carol M., Marine Sciences Centre, McGill
Univ., Moiltreal 110, Quebec, Canada (Pteropod
mollusks)

Lamberts, Dr. Austin, 4300 Waialae, B 503,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96816

Landye, Jas. Jerry, Dept. ZooL, Arizona State Univ.,
Temple, Ariz. 85281 (Freshwater)

Lane, Lewis B., 204 Ransom St., Fuquay-Varina, N.

G 27526 (Land and marine)

Lang, Bruce Z., Eastern Washington State College,
Dept. Biology, Cheney, Wash. 99004 (Ecology
freshwater mollusks ■ Goniobasis, Valvata,
Parapholyx - and effects of parasitism on mollusk
populations)

Lange, Dr. W. Harry, Jr., Div. of Entomology &
Parasitology, College of Agriculture, Univ. of
California, Davis, Cal. 95616
LaRoeque, Dr. AurMe, Dept. Geol., Ohio State Univ.,
125 S. Oval Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210
Laudig, David J., 700 Via Zumaya, Palos Verdes
Estates, Cal. 90274 (Molluscan ecology, behavior)
Lawrence, Mrs. Kay, Box 73, Sanibel, Fla. 33957
(Pectinidae)

Lemire, Ross, 184 Grandview Ave., Willowdale,
Ontario, Canada

Lencher, Judge and Mrs. Benj., Apt. 408, 144 N.

Dithridge St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
Lerner, Martin, 64 Thompson Ave., Oceanside, N. Y.

11572 (Worldwide marine shells)

Leslie, John, 15722 Torry Pines Rd., Houston, Texas
77058 (Haliotk)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

57

Levin, Mrs. Milton I., 57 Stonicker Dr., Trenton, N. J.
08638

Lewis, Harold, 138 S. Twentieth St., Philadelphia, Pa.

19103

Lewis, Dr. and Mrs. John R., 23 W. 551 Warrenville
Rd., Lisle, 111. 60532

Lewis, Mrs. J. Kenneth, 9207 48th Ave., College
Park, Md. 20741

Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth R., 1705 Pelican Dr,,
Merritt Island, Fla. 32952

Light, Frank B., Jr., The Cate School, P. O. Box 68,
Carpinteria, Cal. 93013

Linney, Mr. and Mrs. George, 2648 13th St., Port
Arthur, Texas 77640

Loizeaux, Mrs. A. D., 5369 Susquehanna Dr., Virginia
Beach, Va. 23462

Long, Glenn A., 608 Stevenson Lane, Towson, Md.

21204 (Marine Gastropods)

Long, Mary E., 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, Cal. 95370
(Marine shells)

Long, Steven J., 110 Cuyama Ave., Pismo Beach, Cal.
93449 (Opisthobranchs, nudibranchs,
cephalaspideans, notaspideans, lamellarians)

Lowry, Walter G. and Nelle H., 552 Old Lundy Rd.,
Macon, Ga. 31204 (Collect North Carolina marine;
exchange for world marine)

Lubarsky, Bernard and Mrs. Sue, 71 Barberry Dr.,
Berea, Ohio 44017 (General)

Lubinsky, Dr. Irene, Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Marine
bivalves of the Canadian Arctic)

Luttrell, Mr. and Mrs. A. L,, 5800 Wall Lane,
Rockville, Md. 20852 (Marine and fossil)

Lyons, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. G., Florida Dept. Nat.
Resources, P. O. Drawer F, St. Petersburg, Fla.
33731 (Florida and West Indian mollusks)
MacBride, Grace, R. D. 1, Hartman Rd., North Wales,
Pa. 19454

MacMillan, Gordon K., 169 Glenfield Dr., Pittsburgh,
Pa. 15235

Macpherson, Mrs. A. H. 13812 98th Ave., Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada (Canadian gastropods; taxonomy)
Macquin, Mrs. Hazella B., 437 Douglas St., Salt Lake
City, Utah 84102 (Fossil mollusks of the U. S.)
Madden, Maurice J., Box 43, Pedricktown, N. J.

08067 (Shell collecting and identification)

Maes, Virginia Orr, Dept. Mollusks, Academy Nat.

Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Magnuson, Nannette, Environmental Sciences Div.,
Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc., 1810
Frontage Rd., Northbrook, 111. 60062 (Marine and
estuarine ecology; parasitic gastropods)

Mahavier, Mrs. W. E., 234 E. Woodland Ave., San
Antonio, Texas 78212

Malek, Dr. « Emile, Dept. Parasitology, Tulane Univ.

Medical School, New Orleans, La. 70112
Malick, Donald, 5514 Plymouth Rd., Baltimore, Md.

21214 (Buy, sell, exchange fossils)

Malone, Elsie, Sanibel Island, Fla. 33957 (Buy, sell

exchange world shells)

Manes, Mrs. Sidney, Knollwood Rd., Fayetteville, N.
Y. 13066 (Haliotis; also land and freshwater
species)

Mann, Mrs. Julia, Data Research Associates, 425 Park
Ave. S., New York, N. Y. 10016
Maritimes Regional Library, Dept, of the
Environment, Fisheries Service, P. O. Box 550,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Marsh, Mrs. Therese C., P. O. Box 22291, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33315 (S. E. Florida marine;
world bivalves)

Marshall, Mrs. Thos. H., 2237 N. E. 175th St.,
Seattle, Wash. 98155 (World shells; exch.)

Martz, Mrs. Helen J., 2525 Eastwood Ave., Evanston,
111. 60201

Mattera, Albert and Mrs. Emily, 4501 Traymore,
Bethesda, Md., 20014 (Murex)

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept. Zool., Univ. of Illinois,
Urbana, 111. 61803

Maupin, Lou and Roberta, P. O. Box 376, Big Pine
Key, Fla., 33043

Mauseth, E. L., Alden, Minn. 56009 (All shells)
Mazurkiewicz, Michael, River Rd., Newcastle, Maine
04553 (Larval development and ecology of estu-
arine mollusks)

McCallum, John and Gladys, Meadowvue Dr., Rt. 2,
Wexford, Pa. 15090

McCarty, Col. Wm, A., 424 Hunting Lodge Dr.,
Miami Springs, Fla. 33166

McClure, Mrs. Virginia H., 37434 Sumac Ave. E.,
Palmdale, Cal. 93550

McDonald, Mrs. Sharon C., Museum Zool., Univ. of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (Biology,
resource management of freshwater and marine
gastropods, esp. Lymnaea and Strombus)

McGinn, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M., P. O. Box 89, Cut
Off, La. 70345

McGinty, Thomas L. and Paul, Box 765, Boynton

Beach, Fla. 33435

Mclnnes, Mrs. Cornelia G., F-6 Raleigh Apts.,
Raleigh, N. C. 27605 (All marine mollusks)
McLean, Dr. James H., Los Angeles Co. Museum, 900
Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. 90007
McMillan, William L., P. O. Box 26A, Tavernier, Fla.
33070 (Cypraea)

Mead, Dr. Albert R., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721
Menzel, Dr. R. W., Dept. Oceanography, Florida State

Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306 (after May 31,
1973) (Oysters, clams)

Merren, Mrs. E. J., 2601 6th St., Port Arthur, Texas
77640

Merrill, Dr. and Mrs. Arthur S. (Esse), National
Marine Fisheries Service, Biological Lab., Oxford,
Md. 21654

Merritt, Mr. and Mrs. Jack H., 2251 Euclid Ave., Ft.
Myers, Fla. 33901

Mesibov, Robert E., 240 Cabrini Blvd., New York, N.

Y. 10033

58

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Dept. Biology, Univ. of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968 (Terrestrial
gastropoda of S. W. United States)

Meyer, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G., Box 61, Captiva, Fla.

33924

Michelson, Dr. Edw. H., 7 Richmond Rd., Natick,
Mass. 01760 (Medical malacology)

Miles, Dr. Chas. D., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Missouri
at Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo, 64110
Miller, Barry B., Dept. Geology, Kent State Univ.,
Kent, Ohio 44 240 (Non-marine Pleistocene
malacology)

Miller, Richard L., Dept. Biology, Temple Univ.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19122 (General interest)

Miller, Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Box 199-B,
Rt. 4, Tucson, Ariz. 85718

Miron, Sam and Fannie, 5238 Sanford, Houston,

Texas 77035

Moberg, Capt. and Mrs. A. G., Keene Rd., RFD 154,
Freetown, Mass. 02717

Mohorter, Willard, Museum Nat. Hist., Cincinnati,
Ohio 45202 (Field collecting; Cypraea, Murex,
Pecten, Valuta)

Molesko, Mr. and Mrs. Norman, 56C Nob Hill Rd.,
New London, Conn. 06320 (Collecting;
underwater research)

Monfils, Paul R., 169 Triangle St., Amherst, Mass.

01002 (Worldwide marine, esp. Cypraeidae)

Moore, Dr. and Mrs. Donald R., Institute of Marine
Science, Univ. of Miami, 10 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149
Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Div. of Mollusks, U. S.

National Museum, Wash., D. C. 20560
Morrison, Robert W., 5101 Ocean Blvd., Sarasota,
Fla. 33581 (Marine shells, esp. Cypraea, Valuta,
Oliva, Murex)

Mountain, L., #3 Taft Bldg., 22608 Ocean Ave.,
Torrance, Cal. 90505 (Marine ecology)

Mousley, Louis B., Director-Curator, Mousley
Museum of Nat. Hist., 11555 Bryant St,, Yucaipa,

Cal. 92399

Murasko, Mrs. Janice, 95 Connolly Dr., Milltown, N.

J. 08850 (Marine mollusks of Atlantic coast)
Murray, Mrs. Francis A., 3741 N. E, 24th Ave.,
Lighthouse Point, Fla. 33064
Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biol. Dept., Trinity Univ., San
Antonio, Texas 78284 (Unionidae, distribution
and parasites)

Murray, Talbot E., Jr., and Mrs. Miriam G., Pacific
Marine Station, Dillon Beach, Cal. 94929
(Invertebrate embryology)

Musial, Eugene, 53 Idlewood Dr., Tonawanda, N. Y.
14151

Mussel white, Margo, 10815 Janet Lee, San Antonio,

Texas 78230 (Cowries)

Myer, Dr. Donal G., Southern Illinois Univ.,
Edwardsville, 111. 62025 (Land snails)

Myers, Mr. and Mrs. Brevard S., 2746 Hampton Ave.,

Charlotte, N. C. 28207

Naide, Meyer, M. D., 2034 Spruce St., Philadelphia,
Pa. 19103

National Museum of Canada Library, Ottawa, Ontario
KIA OM8, Canada

Nicol, Dr. David, P. O. Box 14376, University
Station, Gainesville, Fla. 32601
Nicolaci, Mr. and Mrs. Domenick, 40 Sedgewick Rd.,
Fairhaven, Mass. 02719 {Pecten; exch.)

Hotter, Hellen, 2529 Gilmore St., Jacteonville, Fla.
32204

Oat is, Mrs. Vincent P., 312 Holiday Park Dr,,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15239 (Exchange world marines)
Ode, Dr. Helmer, 4811 Braeburn Dr., Bellaire, Tex^
77401 (Gulf of Mexico marine)

Oetzell, Miss Edith M,, 518 S. Ardmore Ave., Villa
Park, 111. 60181 (Conus)

Old, Wm. E., Jr., Dept. Mollusks, American Museum
Nat. Hist., Central Park W. at 79th St., New York,
N. Y. 10024

Olsson, Axel A., 1900 Ferdinand St., Coral Gables,
Fla. 33134 (Tertiary mollusca; Panamic-Pacific
mollusca; radulae)

Oppenheimer, Ella H., M. D., 7703 Crossland Rd.,
Baltimore, Md. 21208

Ostheimer, Alfred J., Ill, 5017 Maunalani Circle,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96816

Ostheimer, Mrs. Ruth M., 146 S, Whitford Rd.,
Whitford (Exton P. O.), Pa. 19341
Pace, Gary, Dept. Biol., Univ. of Michigan, Flint,
Mich. 48503

Paleontological Research Institution, 1259
Trumansburg Rd., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850
Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd.,
Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

Parodiz, Dr. and Mrs. Juan J., Sect, of Invertebrates,
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
(Neotropical mollusks and freshwater gastropoda
of U. S. A.)

Pasternack, Dr. and Mrs. Richard, 1224 Seminole Dr.,
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33304

Petit, Mr. and Mrs. Richard E., Box 133, North
Myrtle Beach, S. C. 29582 (World shells)

Petrowski, Joseph, Academic Press, Inc., Ill 5th
Ave., New York, N. Y. 10003

Pettigrew, J. H., 2145 Trade Mart, Dallas, Tex^
75207 (Large examples specimen shells)

Phillips, Betty and Ted, 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa
Barbara, Cal. 93105

Porter, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, Hudson House,
Ardsley-on-Hudson, N. Y. 10503
Porter, Hugh J., c/o Univ. of North Carolina, Inst, of
Marine Sciences, Morehead City, N. C. 28557
(Systematics, culture of bivalves)

Porter, Mrs. Miriam E., 2013 S. Vernon Place,
Melbourne, Fla. 32901

Potter, Mrs. A. Leslie, Rt. 1, Fulton, N. Y. 13069
(Fosil mollusks)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

59

Pratt, W. Lloyd and Mrs. Suzann, Ft, Worth Museum
of Science and History, 1501 Montgomery St., Ft.
Worth, Texas 76107 (Texas and Mexican land
snails)

Ptolemy, Mrs. Wm. R., 220 Sanatorium Rd.,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Collect, exch. world
shells)

Pulley, Dr. Thos, E., Houston Museum of Nat. Sci., P.

O. Box 8175, Houston, Texas 77004
Quammen, Eleanor K., Box 132, 402 Homestead Rd.,

Wayne, Pa. 19087

Quigley, Jacqueline S., P. O. Box 14365, W. Omaha
Station, Omaha, Neb. 68114 (Cypraea)

Radwin, Dr. Geo. E., 4341 Rodrigo Dr., San Diego,
Cal. 92115 (Gastropod taxonomy)

Raeihle, Dorothy and Geo., 5346 82nd St., Elmhurst,
N. Y. 11373

Rathburn, Mary H., P. O. Box 455, Sarasota, Fla.
33578 (World shells)

Rawls, Dr. Hugh C., Eastern Illinois Univ., Dept, of
Zoology, Charleston, 111. 61920 (Ecology,
taxonomy, distribution of land snails)

Reader, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R., 4772 49th Ave. N., St.

Petersburg, Fla. 33714 (Live mollusks)

Reeder, Richard L,, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
85721 (Land pulmonates)

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U. S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C. 20560

Rheem, Miss Avon, P. O. Box 664, Galveston, Texas
77550

Rice, Thomas C., OF SEA AND SHORE Publications,

P. O. Box 33, Port Gamble, Wash. 98364 (Dealer)
Rice, Mrs, Winnie H., P. O. Box 638, Rockport,

Texas, 78382 (Gulf of Mexico mollusca)

Richards, Charles S., Lab. of Parasitic Diseases, Nat.
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 20014 (Fresh-
water mollusks, host-parasite relations, mollusk
pathology and genetics)

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

Ridge, Mrs. Lorraine, 148 Washington St., St.
Augustine, Fla. 32084

Ritchie, Mrs. Rebecca P., Dock Ledge, Marblehead,
Mass. 01945 (World marine shells, esp. Marginella)
Ritchie, Mrs. Robt. M., 17 Country Club Place,
Bloomington, III. 61701

Robertson, Dr. Robert, Dept, of Mollusks, Academy
of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Root, John, P. O. Box 182, W. Palm Beach, Fla.
33402

Roper, Dr. Clyde F. E., Div. of Mollusks, U. S.
National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560
(Systematics and ecology of the Cephalopoda)
Ropes, John W., P. O. Box 333, St. Michaels, Md.
21663

Rosentreter, Howard W., P, O. Box 532, Big Pine
Key, Fla. 33043

Rosewater, Dr. and Mrs. Joseph, Div. of Mollusks, U.
S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

Ross, Landon T., Jr., 1301 Taylor Rd., Punta Gorda,
Fla. 33950

Ross, Mr. and Mrs. William A., 1101 Hamptoi: Rd.,
West Palm Beach, Fla. 33405 (Olividae and Pectin-
idae)

Rossman, Mrs. Jeanne N., 3600 Montrose Blvd., #
305, Houston, Texas 77006
Rotenberger, David N., 10316 Acapulca Way,
Orlando, Fla. 32810 (Shadow boxes)

Roworth, Edwin C., 1301 Windsor Dr.,
Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Cal. 92007 (World shells and
sea life)

Ruehl, Theo. C., 112 Haverstraw Rd., Suffern, N. Y.

10901 (Murex, Valuta, Conus)

Russell, Chas. E., 10602 Jordan Rd., Carmel, Ind.
46032 (Land, freshwater)

Russell, Dr. Henry D,, Springdale Ave., Dover, Mass.
02030

Russell, Dr. Loris S., Royal Ontario Museum, 100
Queen’s Park, Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada
Russell, Mrs. Richard, 2229 Hollister Terrace,
Glendale, Cal. 91206 (Most popular families)
Russell, Richard H., Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85720
Rutter, Kurt L., P. O. Box 107, Stanton, N. J. 08885
(Shells of the littoral area)

Sankey, Harriet E., 7857 S. Shore Dr., Chicago, Rl
60649

Sayler, Mrs. Jane, 4870 Fairfield Rd., Memphis,
Tenn, 38116

Schell, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B., Jr., The
Brooklands, Colebrook, Conn. 06021 (Retired;
travelers and collectors)

Schilling, Mrs. Frieda, 3707 Lan Dr., St. Louis, Mo.
63125

Schmidt, Mrs. Anne C., 1321 Lincoln, Apt. 4,
Norman, Okla. 73069 (Cypraeidae, Ovulidae,
Olividae)

Schoen, Mr. and Mrs. Donald, 11 Hamilton Ave.,
Bronxville, N. Y. 10708 (Ecology and intertidal
species)

Seip, Wm. F., 1555 Stonewood Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21212

Sessoms, Roberta G, and Junius B., Ill, 461 N.

Hanover St., Pottstown, Pa. 19464
Shasky, Donald R., M. D., 734 W. Highland Ave.,

Redlands, Cal. 92373

Shaw, William N., National Marine Fisheries Service,
Biological Lab., Oxford, Md. 21654 (Shellfish
culture)

Sheafer, Clinton W. and Mabel H., P. O. Box 576,
Delray Beach, Fla. 33444

Sheets, Mrs. Elva, R. R. 4, Huntington, Ind. 46750
Shell Shop, The, 509 Embarcadero, Morro Bay, Cal.
93442

Shelley, Dr. Rowland, N. C. State Museum of Nat.
Hist., Box 27647, Raleigh, N. C. 27611
(Freshwater mollusks of North Carolina)

60

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Shipman, Mrs. Robert G., 11 Bantle Rd.,
Glastonbury, Conn. 06033 (Molluscan habitats
and life patterns)

Sickel, James B., Emory Univ., P. O. Box 21185,
Atlanta, Ga. 30322 (Unionidae ecology and
physiology)

Silverthorn, Lt. Gen. M. H., 4711 Dover Rd.,
Washington, D. C. 20016

Sinclair, Ralph M., Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water Programs, National Training
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 (Pleurocerid and
unionid ecology)

Smith, Aliyn G,, 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley,
Cal. 94707

Smith, Egbert T., Ft. Myers Travel Agency, Ft.
Myers, Fla. 33901

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Francis, 1023 55th Ave. S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705 (Microscopic marine
mollusks of Florida)

Smith, Mr, and Mrs. Harry M., 1410 Wayne St.,
Sandusky, Ohio 44870 (Local and foreign
collecting)

Smith, Mrs. J. Russell, 3052 Fondren Dr., Dallas,
Texas 75205 (Teacher)

Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron St., Palo Alto,
Cal. 94301

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Roland V., 215 Sunnyside Ave,,
Ottawa, KIS OR4, Ontario, Canada

Smithsonian Institution Library, Acquisitions,
Washington, D. C. 20560

Snyder, Barry, 119 E. Ferry Rd., Morrisville, Pa.
19067

Snyder, Harry P., 716 King St., McKeesport, Pa.
15132

Snyder, Martin Avery, 745 Newtown Rd., Villanova,
Pa. 19085

Solem, Dr. Alan and Barbara, Dept, of Zoology, Field
Museum of Nat. Hist., Chicago, 111. 60605

Solomon, Harvey S., 3431 Bruckner Blvd., Bronx, N.
Y. 10461

Soper, Arthur W., 69 Hunter’s Lane, Devon, Pa.
19333

Southeast Missouri State College, Kent Library,
William LeRoy, Cape Girardeau, Mo. 63701

Speers, Mrs. Anne B., c/o Superior Oil Co., Lake
Creek Camp, Box 71, Conroe, Texas 77301 (Shells
of Texas coast)

Spencer, Gladys M., 1305 12th Ave., Sterling, 111.
61081

Sphon, Gale, Jr., c/o Los Angeles County Museum,
Invertebrate Zoology, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los
Angeles, Cal. 90007

Stainken, Dennis, 51 Coughlan Ave., Staten Island, N.
Y, 10310 (Anatomy and physiology of bivalves;
effects of marine pollutants)

Stannard, Mrs. Carroll D., Little Stannard Beach,
Westbrook, Conn. 06498

Stansbery, Dr. David H., The Ohio State Museum,
Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Naiads)

Steger, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, 2711 68th St., Tampa, Fla.

33619 (Marine fauna, Gulf of Mexico)

Stein, Carol B., The Ohio State Univ,, Museum of
Zoology, 1813 N. High St., Columbus, Ohio
43210 (Freshwater bivalves)

Steinke, Capt. Dale E., 2011 W. Barker, Peoria, 111.
61604 (Marine shells)

Stentz, Miss Terry L., 3043 S. 31st St., Lincoln, Neb.

68502 (Freshwater mollusca; student and curator)
Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Dept. Geology, Louisiana State
Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803
Stevenson, Mrs. Thelma M., 1225 Valley View,
Vermillion, S. Dak. 57069 (Fossil mollusks and
their recent equivalents)

Stewart, Rev. Marlin B., 54 Elm St., Westfield, N, Y.
14787

Stickle, William B., Jr., Dept, of Zoology and
Physiology, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge,
La. 70803

Stifel, Peter B., 3617 Littledale Rd., Kensington, Md.
20795

Stingley, Dale V., P. O. Box 113, laBelle, Fla. 33935
Stix, Hugh S., 13 VanDam St., New York, N. Y.
10013

Stohler, Dr. Rudolph, Dept. Zoology, Univ, of
California, Berkeley, Cal. 94720
Strieder, Denise J., M. D,, 143 Laurel Rd., Chestnut
Hill, Mass. 02167 (American seashells)

Stringer, H, J., Jr., 1180 S. Ocean Blvd., Apt, B-11,
Boca Raton, Fla. 33432

Sutow, Wataru W., M. D., 4371 N. MacGregor Way,
Houston, Texas 77004 {Strombus; exch.)

Sutton, Barbara, 11 Riverside Dr., Apt. 8A, New
York, N. Y. 10023

Swan, Emery F„ 3 Faculty Rd,, Durham, N. H.
03824

Swartz, Miss S. L., 306 20 Ave. S. W., Calgary 3,

Alberta, Canada

Swift, Charles H., 606 E. Peter St., Edinburg, Texas
78539 (Shells of Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico
coast)

Talmadge, Robert R., 2850 Pine St., Eureka, Cal.

95501 (Haliotidae; benthic invertebrates)

Tan, Barbara L., 11722 Eucalyptus St., Hawthorne,
Cal, 90250 (West Coast and Baja California)
Taxson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert, 25 Knoll’s Crescent,
Bronx, N. Y. 10463

Taylor, Dr. Dwight W., Nat. Hist. Museum, Box 1390,
San Diego, Cal. 92112

Taylor, Mrs. Jud, 900 Burr Rd., Apt. 1-G, San
Antonio, Texas 78209 (Shells of the Texas coast)
Teixeira, Mrs. Frank, P. O, Box 274, Buzzards Bay,
Mass. 02532 (Pecten; exch.)

Terry, Mrs. Carolyn J., 388 Burns St., Forest Hills, N.
Y. 11375

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., P. O. Box 273, Big Pine
Key, Fla. 33043

Thomas, Dr. Grace, Dept. Zook, Univ. of Georgia,
Athens, Ga. 30601 (Sphaerlids)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

61

Thomas, Miss Marguerite L, Box 312-A, Rt. 1,
Swansboro, N. C. 28584 (World marine; exch.)
Thomas, Mr. Ronald F., Univ. of Miami, School of
Marine & Atmospheric Science, 10 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149
Thorpe, Mrs. Fran Hutchings (Mrs. Foster B.), 3910
Battersea Rd., Coconut Grove, Fla. 33133
Ti depool Gallery, 22762 Pacific Coast Highway,
Malibu, Cal. 90265

Tippett, Dr. and Mrs. Bonn L., 10281 Gainsborough
Rd., Potomac, Md. 20854

Torrance, Mrs. Patricia A., 5561 9th Ave. N., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33710 (Aquarium and field study
of marine mollusks; world exch.)

Trapani, Miss Carmen M., 2020 N. Mattis Ave., Apt.

208 K, Champaign, 111. 61820
Tunnell, John W., Jr., Biology Dept., Texas A & M
Univ., College Station, Texas 77843 ( Systematics,
distribution and ecology of reef and bank mollusks
in Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean)

Turano, Andrew F., M. D., RFD 1, Cemetery Rd.,
Colchester, Conn. 06415 (World marine shells)
Turgeon, Donna D. and Kenneth W,, Dept. Zoology,
Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. 03824
(Bivalve systematics; ecology of gastropods)

Turner, Dr, Ruth D., Museum of Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Mass. 02138

U. S. Dept, of Commerce, National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, Biological Lab., Oxford, Md.
21654

U. S, Fish & Wildlife Service, Library, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Tropical Atlantic
Biological Lab., 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami,
Fla. 33149

University of Arizona Library, Tucson, Ariz. 85721
Univ. of California at Los Angeles Geology Library,
Los Angeles, Cal. 90024
Univ. of Illinois Library, Urbana, HI. 61803
Univ. of Kentucky Library, Acquisitions Dept.,
Lexington, Ky. 40506
Univ. of Maine Library, Orono, Me. 04473
Univ. of Maryland Library, College Park, Md. 20740
Univ. of Maryland Library, Natural Resources
Institute, Chesapeake Biological Lab., Solomons,
Md. 20688

Usticke, N. Gordon, 1 North St., Christiansted, St.

Croix, Virgin Islands 00821
Valentine, Dr. and Mrs. J. Manson, 1260 S. W. 1st St.,
Miami, Fla. 33135

Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, University Museums, Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48104

Van Erp, Mrs. G. D., 11306 Surrey Oaks Lane,
Houston, Texas 77024

Vega, Luis Eduardo, M. D., U. S. Naval Hospital,
Fleet Post Office, New York, N. Y, 09551
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester
Point, Va. 23062

Vokes, Dr. Harold and Emily, Dept. Geology, Tulane
Univ., New Orleans, La. 70118 (Mesozoic and
Tertiary mollusks; fossil and Recent Muricidae)
Wadsworth, Jas. Edgar, Wilson Court, Chapel Hill, N.

C. 27514 (Shell club promotion)

Waggoner, Mrs. Marguerite, 412 Main St., Lockport,
La. 70374

Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. L., R. D. 1 Box 21,
Marathon, Fla. 33050

Waller, Dr. Thos. R., Dept. Paleobiology, U. S.
National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560
(Zoogeography, ecology, evolution of Cenozoic
Pectinidae)

Walter, Dr. Waldemar, Dept. Biology, Western Illinois
Univ., Macomb, 111. 61455

Walton, Munro L., 1108 N. Central Ave., Glendale,
Cal. 91202 (Land snails)

Warmke, Germaine L., 1711 S. W. 43rd Ave.,
Gainesville, Fla. 32601

Wasili, Mrs. John, P. O. Box 8, Frisco, N. C. 27936
Wayne, Dr, Wm, J., Dept. Geol., Univ. of Nebraska,
Lincoln, Neb. 68508 (Pleistocene non-marine
mollusks)

Webb, Dr. Glenn R., Rt. 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, Pa.
19522

Weber, Martha and Gertrude, 5450 7th Ave. N., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33710

Weingartner, Mathilde P., 17 Amelia Ct., Staten
Island, N. Y. 10310

Weisbord, Norman E. and Nettie S., Dept. Geol.,
Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306
(Cenozoic and Recent mollusks)

Wells, Dr. Harry, 620 Presbyterian Ave., Laurinburg,
N. C. 28352

Werner, Milton, 70 Richmond St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
11208

West, Arthur C., Seashell Treasures, 715 Glover Ave.,
Chula Vista, Cal. 92010 (Dealer)

Westerfied, Mrs. Asher L., 429 Montgomery Ave.,
Haverford, Pa. 19041 (Marine shells)

Wheel, Mr. and Mrs. Adlai B,, Pet Haven, 4501 W.

Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y. 13205
Whiteside, Mrs. Smith, 205 Marion St., Indian
Harbour Beach, Fla. 32937
Widmer, Ernest C., P. O. Box 814, Orange Park, Fla.
3 207 3 (Exch. marine and freshwater Florida
material)

Wightman, Eugene P., Ph, D., 85 Harding Rd.,
Rochester, N. Y, 14612 (World marine)

Wilie, Wm. L., Jr., 1405 McFaddin, Beaumont, Texas
77701 (Conus)

Wilson, Dr. Druid, Room E506, U. S. National
Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560

Windnagel, John, 3581 Snouffer Rd., Worthington,
Ohio 43085

Winner, Mrs. Beatrice E., C. R. T., 439 11 Street,
West Palm Beach, Fla. 33401
Wiswall, Harold C., 42 Winding River Rd., Needham,
Mass. 02192 (W. Atlantic, Caribbean mollusks)

62

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Withrow, Mr. and Mrs. Carl C., 4825 9th St. S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705

Wolfe, Dr, Douglas A., U. S. B. C. F. Radiobiological
Lab., Beaufort, N. C. 28516 (W. Atlantic marine
mollusca)

Woods, William L., 2721 Murray Ridge Rd., San
Diego, Cal. 92123 (Panamic mollusks - Turridae,
Columbellidae)

Work, Robert C., Institute of Marine Science, Univ.
of Miami, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla.
33149

Wright, Rev. Calvin T., 4 Water St., Assonet, Mass.
02702 (Marine species)

Wright, Eugenia, 3968 Coquina Dr., Sanibel Island,
Fla. 33957

Wulff, Mrs. Ella May, R. D. 2, Bella Vista Dr.,
Willimantic, Conn. 06226 (Marine gastropods)

Wurtz, Dr. Chas. B., 3220 Penn St., Philadelphia, Pa.
19129 (Terrestrial Pulmonata)

Yokley, Paul, Jr,, Florence State College, Florence,
Ala. 35630

Young, H. D., P. O. Box 1931, Seattle, Wash. 98111
(Exch. “documented” gastropods of Pacific
Northwest for “documented” species from other
areas; also purchase)

Young, Miss M. E.,6314 Waterway Dr., Falls Church,
Va. 22044

Zager, Mrs. Jane, 200 Mt. Pleasant Ave., West Orange,
N. J. 07052 (American shells)

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Australian Museum, P. O. Box A-285, Sydney, N. S.
W,, Australia 2000

Boettger, Dr. Caesar, 33 Braunschweig Zoologisches
Inst., Pockelstrasse 10-A, West Germany
British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,
London S. W. 7 5BD, England
Chrosciechowski, Przemyslaw K., Apto. 125 Maracay
(Ar.), Venezuela

Comply, Guy, 53 Rue Jean-Jaures, Raizet Abymes,
Guadeloupe

de Brambila, Mrs. Ruzena, El Marisol, Mulege, B. C.
Sur, Mexico

Duarte, Eliseo, Casilla Correo 1401, Central,
Montevideo, Uruguay

Galindo, Lie. Ernesto Santos, Lopez No. 1, Mexico,
D. F,, Mexico

Lea, Miss Trygve Berg, Oscar Wistningsgt. 56, 4000
Stavanger, Norway

Leslie, Theodore, 883 Craig Street, Belize, British
Honduras

Miyauti, Dr. Tetuo, Miyademy Fisheries Lab.,
Ikenoura, Futami-cho, Watarai-gun, Mie-ken,
519-06 Japan

National Lending Library for Science & Technology,
Accessions Dept., Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England
LS23 7BQ

Oyama, Dr. Katura, Geol. Survey of Japan,
Kawada-cho 8, PO Ushigome, Tokyo, Japan
Ponder, Dr. Winston, Australian Museum, 6-8 College
Street, Sydney, N. S. W., Australia
Rivero, Oscar Pintado, Arq., Rio Mississippi No. 33,
2 Piso, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, Mexico 5, D. F.
Mexico

South Australian Museum, Library, North Terrace,
Adelaide, S. A. 5000, Australia
Stevenson, A. G., c/o Bowers, 28-30 Anzac Street,
Auckland 1, New Zealand
Tropiano, Saverio, Via Luigi Gherzi 14/16, 16138
Genoa, Italy

AFFILIATED SHELL CLUBS AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ASTRONAUT TRAIL SHELL CLUB, INC., P. O.

Box 515, Eau Gallie, Fla. 32935
BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, Mollusk
Department, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass. 02138

BRAZASPORT MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCE,
Box 355, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566
BROWARD SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box 1738, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33311

CENTRAL FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, 717 aemwood
Place, Orlando, Fla. 32803

CHICAGO SHELL CLUB, Dept. Zoology, Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 111. 60605

CLEVELAND SHELL CLUB, THE, 6720 Forest
Glen, Solon, Ohio 44139

COASTAL BEND GEM & MINERAL CLUB, c/o Mrs.
Pat Ratliff, P. O. Dr. 1232, Bay City, Texas
77414

COASTAL BEND SHELL CLUB, c/o Corpus Christi
Museum, 1212 N. Water Street, Corpus Christi,
Texas 78401

ACTIVE MEMBERS

63

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA, 16321 Pacific Coast Highway, No.
150, Pacific Palisades, Cal. 90272
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION, BUFFALO
SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Buffalo
Museum of Science, Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo,
N. Y. 14211

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Peabody Museum,
Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520
CONNECTICUT VALLEY SHELL CLUB, c/o Earl
Reed, Springfield Museum of Natural History, 236
State Street, Springfield, Mass. 01103
CROWN POINT SHELL COLLECTORS STUDY
GROUP, 404 North East Street, Crown Point,
Indiana 46307

FORT MYERS BEACH SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box
5057, Ft. Myers Beach, Fla. 33931
FORT MYERS SHELL CLUB, 1936 Coronado Road,
Fort Myers, Fla. 33901

GALVESTON SHELL CLUB, Box 2072, Galveston,
Texas, 77550

GREATER ST. LOUIS SHELL CLUB, Museum of
Science and Natural History, Oak Knoll Park, St.
Louis, Mo, 63105

HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o
Aquarium, 2777 Kalakaua Avenue, Honolulu,
Hawaii 96815

HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, 3706 Rice
Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77005
JACKSONVILLE SHELL CLUB, 3895 DuPont
Circle, Jacksonville, Fla. 32205
KANSAS CITY SHELL CLUB, 5401 Mohawk Lane,
Shawnee Mission, Kansas 66205
LOUISVILLE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 2901
Falmouth Drive, Louisville, Ky, 40205
NAPLES SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box 1991, Naples, Fla.
33940

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB, Div, of
Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.
C. 20560

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, Dept. Living
Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park W. at 79 Street, New York,
N. Y. 10024

NORTH CAROLINA SHELL CLUB, 1409 Ruffin
Street, Durham, N. C. 27701
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLO-
GICAL CLUB, c/o Salle Crittenden, 624 Waterfall
Isle, Alameda, Cal. 94501

PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, INC., Rt. 1,
2405 N. E. 279th Street. Ridgefield, Wash. 98642

PALM BEACH COUNTY SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box
182, W. Palm Beach, Fla. 33402

PHILADELPHIA SHELL CLUB, Dept, of
Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

PITTSBURGH SHELL CLUB, Section of
Invertebrates, Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213

ROCHESTER SHELL AND SHORE CLUB, c/o John
Crucini, Librarian, 65 Eastland Road, Rochester,
N. Y. 14616

SACRAMENTO VALLEY CONCHOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, 7908 Seneca Way, N. Highlands, Cal.
95660

ST. PETERSBURG SHELL CLUB, 7400 46th
Avenue N., Box 406, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33709

SAN ANTONIO SHELL CLUB, 9402 Nona Kay
Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78217

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB, San Diego Museum of
Natural History, P. O. Box 1390, San Diego, Cal.
92112

SANIBEL-CAPTIVA SHELL CLUB, Post Office
Drawer R, Sanibel, Fla. 33957

SANTA BARBARA MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
INC., THE, P. O. Box 30191, Santa Barbara, Cal.
93105

SARASOTA SHELL CLUB, 6512 Clemson Street,
Bradenton, Fla. 33505

SOUTH FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, Museum of
Science & Natural History, 3280 S. Miami Avenue,
Miami, Fla. 33129

SOUTH PADRE ISLAND SHELL CLUB, P. O. Box
2110, S. Padre Island, Texas 78578

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONCHOLOGIST
SOCIETY, P. O. Box 876, Ft. Myers, Fla. 33902

TIDEWATER SHELL AND FOSSIL CLUB, P. O.
Box 62421, Virginia Beach, Va. 23462

WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, THE,
c/o Dr. James H. McLean, Los Angeles County
Museum, Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Cal.
90007

YUCAIPA SHELL CLUB, Mousley Museum of
Natural History, Yucaipa, Cal. 92399

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Bazata, Ken

10

Lo Verde, P. T.

42

Boss, Kenneth J.

11

Mead, Albert R.

19

Bratcher, Twila

33

Menzel, R. Winston

38

Burch, J. B.

15, 34, 42

Metcalf, Artie L.

16

Gather, James N.

36

Miller, Walter B.

44

Clarke, Arthur H.

31

Moore, Donald R.

5

Davis, George M,

37

Morrison, Joseph P. E.

14, 45

Davis, John D.

41

Murray, Harold D.

29

Dundee, Dee S.

43

Patterson, C. M.

28, 34

Gugler, Carl W.

10, 13

Petersen, Larry R.

17

Harry, Harold W.

23

Richards, Charles S.

37

Imlay, Marc J.

7

Solem, Alan

43

Jacobson, Morris K.

27

Stansbery, David H,

20

Lindsay, G. K,

15

Stiles, S. S,

36

Long, Glenn A.

8

Tunnell, John W., Jr.

25

Longwell, A Crosby

36

Wu, Shi-Kuei

18, 39

IN ME MORI AM

Mrs. Arthur H. (Louise) Clarke (January, 1973)
Harold S, Colton (December, 1970)

Dr. Leo G. Hertlein (January, 1972)

Dr. William C. Starrett (December, 1971)

Mrs. Edward L. Strater (July, 1971)

Symposium on genetics, cytogenetics and hybridization of marine mollusks.

John B. Burch (Convenor)

Cytogenetics of gastropod mollusks

C. M. Patterson 34

Oyster genetics and the probable future role of genetics in aquaculture

A. Crosby Longwell and S. S. Stiles 36

Development of hybrids between Nassarius species following experimental fertilization

James N. Cather 36

Oncomelania hupensis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): hybridization, genetics and transmission of
Schistosoma japonicum

George M. Davis .......... ........... 37

Genetics of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda; Planorbidae)

Charles S. Richards 37

Some species affinities in the oyster genus Crassostrea

R. Winston Menzel .38

Cross-breeding experiments with the African snail genus Bulinus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)

Shi-Keui Wu 39

Western Atlantic Ervilia (Pelecypoda: Mesodesmatidae): Aspects of symstematics, distribution, biology,
and behavior

John D, Davis 41

The systematic position of Radix luteola and its significance in lymnaeid systematics

J. B. Burch and P. T. LoVerde 42

Aggregative behavior in veronicellid slugs: a preliminary report

Dee S. Dundee 43

Scanning electron microscope studies of land snail radulae

Alan Solem 43

Saltational speciation in American Helminthoglyptidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

Walter B. Miller 44

The families of the pearly freshwater mussels

Joseph P. E. Morrison 45

AMU COMMITTEE AND BUSINESS REPORTS

Report of Conservation Committee 47

Annual Business Meeting 48

Report of the Corresponding Secretary 49

Report of the Recording Secretary 49

Report of the Treasurer 50

LIST OF AMU MEMBERS 51

Index of Authors 64

In Memoriam 64

NOTICE

Most scientific journals send manuscripts to qual-
ified reviewers to assist authors in avoiding errors and
in improving their papers. The AMU has now adopted
a similar policy. The AMU Council will constitute our
review board and be^nning in 1973 all manuscripts
except short abstracts will be sent to appropriate
members of this review board (usually two) prior to
acceptance for publication.

The AMU Bulletin has also adopted as its standard
the Style Manual for Biological Journals published by
the American Institute of Biological Sciences, Wash-
ington. All manuscripts accepted for publication be-
come the property of the AMU and may be edited for
style in accordance with this standard.

bulle™

OF THE
AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, INC.

CONTENTS

AMU THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING

Account of the meeting . ... . .1 ,

Group photograph and list of members and guests 3

PAPERS READ

Mollusks from a small landlocked Mexican lagoon

Donald R. Moore 5 ■

The case for a Driftless National Park

Marc J. Imlay .7 '

Shell trumpets and concentric circles in pre-Columbian tomb offerings

Glenn A. Long .8 '

Variations in Triodopsis multilineata in Nebraska

Carl W. Gugler . . . 10 '

The talon of some Nebraska succineids

Ken Bazata 10 '

Ancylodoris, its well-deserved oblivion

Kenneth J. Boss .11 :

Aspects of reproductive biology of Anguispira kochi

Carl W.Gugler . . 13 :

Sympatric species of E/lipffo living in the St. Johns River, Florida s

Joseph P. E. Morrison .14 \ r

Taxonomic groupings in the Lymnaeidae ,

J, B. Burch and G. K. Lindsay . .16 ; ;;

Fossil snails of the genus Ashmunella, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, and remarks on former . ; '

distributions

Artie L. Metcalf .16 '.o-;

Anatomical studies of the scaphopod, Dentalium texasianum

Larry R. Petersen 17 . ;

Comparative studies on the digestive and reproductive systems of some muricid gastropods '

Shi-Kuei Wu . . . .18 ,

New outbreaks in the Florida giant African snail infestation

Albert R. Mead 19. .i;

A preliminary report on the naiad fauna of the Clinch River in the Southern Appalachian Mountains '

of Virginia and Tennessee (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida)

David H. Stansbery 20 '

Neglected topographical relationships between the gill and shell of bivalve mollusks

Harold W. Harry 23; ;

Molluscan populations of a submerged reef off Padre Island, Texas :

John W. Tunnell, Jr 25

Some notes oh sexual dimorphism in the Shark Eye, PoUnices dupUcatus (Say) at Roekaway Beach,

New York

Morris K. Jacobson .27

Parallel evolution of shell characters in succineids inhabiting waterfalls ,

C. M. Patterson 28 , ■

Field notes and correspondence of John K. Strecker (1875-1933)

Harold D. Murray 29 ,

Aspects of molluscan zoogeography in Baffin Bay and the Greenland Sea

Arthur H. Clarke 31 ;

The Ameripagos Expedition

Twila Bratcher .33 ; /;i

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

BULLETIN

for 1973

AMU Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1973-1974

Officers

President

President-Elect

Vice President

Recording Secretary . . .
Corresponding Secretary

Treasurer

Publications Editor ....

.Harold D. Murray
. Donald R. Moore
Dorothea Franzen
Marian S. Hubbard
Paul R. Jennewein
. . .Myra L. Taylor
. Arthur H. Clarke

Councillors-at-Large

Carl W. Gugler (to 1974) Harold W. Harry (to 1975)

William Lloyd Pratt, Jr. (to 1974) James H. McLean (to 1975)

Permanent Council Members (Past Presidents)

William J. Clench (1935)

Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (1937)
Harald A. Rehder (1941)

Henry van der Schalie (1946-47)
A. Myra Keen (1948)

Elmer G. Berry (1949)

J. P. E. Morrison (1951)

Joseph C. Bequaert (1954)
Morris K. Jacobson (1955)

Allyn G. Smith (1956)

Ruth D. Turner (1957)

Aurdle LaRocque (1958)

R. Tucker Abbott (1959)

Katherine V. W. Palmer (1960)
Thomas E. Pulley (1961)
William K. Emerson (1962)
Albert R. Mead (1963)

John Q. Burch (1964)

Juan J. Parodiz (1965)

Ralph W. Dexter (1966)

Arthur H. Clarke (1968)

Joseph Rosewater (1969)

Alan Solem (1970)

David H. Stansbery (1971)
Arthur S. Merrill (1972)
Dolores S. Dundee (1973)

Honorary Life Members

Joseph C. Bequaert
Emery P. Chace
William J. Clench

A. Myra Keen
Katherine V. W. Palmer
Margaret C. Teskey

Honorary Life President

S. Stillman Berry

The American Malacological Union, Inc.

Mrs. Marian S. Hubbard, Rec. Sec,

3957 Marlow Court
Seaford, N.Y. 11783

Published
May 22, 1974

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

BULLETIN
for 1973

AMU, Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION

HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION 1931-1973

Margaret C. Teskey*

The American Malacological Union had its
inception in 1929 or 1930. It began as an idea in the
fertile mind of Mr. Norman Lermond, an energetic
and individualistic Norwegian gentleman who oper-
ated a small natural history museum and arboretum
in Thomaston, Maine. After discussing the merits of
such an organization with his good friend, William J.
Clench of Harvard, he dispatched the first of a series
of letters to every person of his acquaintance of
whom he had knowledge as being in any way
interested in mollusks or their shells.

Response was so favorable that he named his
movement the American Association of Conchol-
ogists, and called a meeting to organize. The meeting
was held by invitation of Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, at the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in April,
1931. By then 169 persons had sent in dues of
twenty-five cents and were enrolled as charter
members, and 29 of them attended the organizational
meeting.

A constitution was drafted and adopted, the name
American Malacological Union proposed and accep-
ted, and Dr. Pilsbry was elected to be the first
president after Mr. Lermond had declined the office.
He chose instead to become corresponding secretary,
but was not active; soon his duties were incorporated
with those of Financial Secretary Imogene S.
Robertson of Buffalo.

The following year a meeting was held at the U.S.
National Museum, Washington, D.C. Several additions
were made to the constitution, and Dr. Paul Bartsch
was elected to succeed Dr. Pilsbry and to conduct the
1933 meeting at Harvard.

Over the following decade the AMU grew slowly
but at a steady pace. Annual meetings were held at
Stanford University (Junius Henderson, President),
Buffalo Museum of Science (President Clench being
out of the country and unable to preside, the meeting
was conducted by Vice-President Calvin Goodrich),
St. Petersburg, Florida (Goodrich), University of
Michigan (Joshua L. Baily, Jr.), University of Havana,
Cuba (Carlos de la Torre), Royal Ontario Museum of
Zoology in Toronto, Canada (Maxwell Smith), again
at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia
(H. B. Baker), then at the invitation of Mr. Lermond,
at Rockland, Maine (Harald A. Rehder).

*P.O. Box 273, Big Pine Key, Fla. 33043

A part of the program at the Maine meeting
(1941) was in the form of a collecting symposium,
and several papers were read on the subject of
collecting and preparing land, freshwater and marine
mollusks. The Annual Bulletin in which these papers
were printed was a handy reference source, so much
in demand that in 1955 the symposium papers were
to be incorporated into the popular AMU publica-
tion, How to Collect Shells.

World War II interrupted annual meetings for a
period of four years, but by carrying on voluminous
correspondence Imogene Robertson managed to
compile and issue annual report bulletins for 1943
and 1944-45; in this last was reported the death of
Norman Lermond at age 83.

The 1946 meeting was the twelfth, and a return
visit to the U.S. National Museum; since President
Louise M. Perry had resigned, Vice-President Henry
van der Schalie occupied the chair. It was an
especially joyous occasion, as old friends and new
gathered to exchange news and experiences after so
long an absence.

The offices of Corresponding and Financial
secretaries had been held by Mrs. Robertson since the
second year, and at this meeting they were formally
incorporated into one; her husband, Harold R.
Robertson, was elected to fill the newly created
office of Treasurer.

The following year the AMU met for the second
time on the Pacific coast, at Asilomar, in Pacific
Grove, California; Dr. van der Schalie again
conducted the meeting. On this occasion the idea of
forming a west coast division was discussed
informally. It received such favor that the following
year (1948) the Pacific Division of the American
Malacological Union was organized, and held the first
annual meeting at Stanford, California.

The AMU convened that year at the Carnegie
Museum at Pittsburgh (A. Myra Keen), and during
succeeding years at the University of Miami (Elmer
Berry), The Chicago Natural History Museum (Fritz
Haas), then again in the Museum of Science in
Buffalo (J. P. E. Morrison).

Harold Robertson had passed away earlier that
year (1951), and Mrs. Robertson had assumed his
duties along with her own. Her health, however, was
failing and at the meeting in August she tendered her
resignation. Termination of her long and faithful

1

2

MARGARET C. TESKEY

service was accepted with regret, and upon her
recommendation Margaret C. Teskey was made
Secretary-Treasurer.

Mounting popular interest was increasingly evident
as local shell clubs were organized in California, New
York and Florida. As each came into being it was
invited to affiliate with the AMU as a member club;
currently forty-nine local groups are in existence, and
the annual accounting of their activities attests to the
fact that the collection and study of shells holds a
reward for all.

Annual AMU meetings continued with
ever-mounting attendance. The Musuem of Compar-
ative Zoology at Harvard was re-visited in 1952
(Jeanne Schwengel), then for the first time meetings
were held at the University of Kansas (A. Byron
Leonard), the University of New Hampshire (Joseph
C. Bequaert) and at Wagner College on Staten Island,
New York (Morris K. Jacobson).

A revised constitution was adopted in 1954,
containing a clause relating to the Pacific Division and
its precepts; in 1956 the Pacific Division postponed
their annual meeting and members went all out to
entertain the AMU at San Diego (Allyn G. Smith).
Peabody Museum at Yale University provided the site
of the 1957 meeting (Ruth Turner). Dr. Pilsbry
attended this meeting but died three months later at
the age of ninety-five.

A repeat visit to the University of Michigan was
made the following year (Aur^le La Rocque), then
for the third time the AMU returned to its birthplace
in Philadelphia (R. Tucker Abbott). Redpath Museum
at McGill University in Montreal, Canada hosted the
1960 convention (Katherine V. W. Palmer), and next
summer the AMU paid a third-time visit to the U.S.
National Museum (Thomas E. Pulley). St. Petersburg
again in 1962 (William K. Emerson) and the following
year a third visit was made to the Buffalo Museum of
Science (Albert R. Mead).

By now the AMU had achieved a recognized place
among the scientific societies of the world, and listed
among the corresponding members were names from
such distant lands as Japan, the Philippines, Australia,
Saudi Arabia, Yap, the Netherlands. The annual
report bulletins had become a valued reference source
since they contained abstracts of most of the papers
read at both annual meetings, together with a
constantly updated membership list complete with
current addresses.

The AMU went to New Orleans in 1964 as guest of
Louisiana State University in New Orleans (John Q.
Burch), and adopted an extensive constitution,
incorporating the By-Laws of the Pacific Division.
Next year an invitation to return to Wagner College
on Staten Island was accepted (Juan J. Parodiz), and
the annual bulletin reporting this meeting was
expanded to contain an index of all papers read since
1949.

By now a membership approaching 800 had
created an intolerable workload for

Secretary-Treasurer Teskey, though relieved of a
portion of her duties when in 1954 the Executive
Council had created a new office, that of Publications
Editor. George M. Moore was elected to fill it,
succeeded in 1962 by Karl Jacobson who remained
publications editor until 1972 when he resigned and
his duties were a^umed by Arthur H. Clarke who
currently holds the office.

In 1962 the office of Secretary -Treasurer was
separated and Jean M. Cate was elected AMU
Treasurer, a post she held for three years, resigning
then in favor of another Californian, Mae Dean
Richart. Mrs. Richart resigned in 1966 and Mrs. H. B.
Baker was elected and served until 1972. Myra Taylor
is now AMU Treasurer.

The years and the AMU rolled along, with the
annual meetings red letter days on the calendar of
most of the country’s malacologists, professional and
amateur alike. The friendly attitude of professional
malacologists towards the non-professional has long
been remarked upon, creating camaraderie reflected
in the success of over forty years of happy annual
reunions.

The 1966 meeting at the University of North
Carolina (Ralph W. Dexter) was such a meeting, as
was the next when the AMU went north to meet in
Ottawa, Canada, at the invitation of the National
Museums of Canada (Leo G. Hertlein). Then to
Corpus Christ!, Texas in 1968, (Arthur H. Clarke)
when six Texas shell clubs united to play host in lieu
of university auspices. The Pacific Division became
inactive during this year and was declared dissolved in
1972.

The University of Wisconsin — Green Bay
welcomed the AMU to its campus at Marinette,
Wisconsin (Joseph Rosewater) and at this meeting in
her home town Secretary Teskey tendered her
resignation to become effective the following year
when the AMU convened in Key West, Florida (Alan
G. Solem). At that meeting Marian S. Hubbard was
elected Recording Secretary, her duties now to be
shared by a Corresponding Secretary, Paul R.
Jennewein. Both are currently in office. A
much-amended and thoroughly revised constitution
was adopted at this 1970 meeting.

The 1971 meeting was again held in Florida, at
Coco Beach (David H. Stansbery). Next year Texas
again beckoned, this time to Galveston (Arthur S.
Merrill); Tucker Abbott entertained at the University
of Delaware in 1973 (Dee Dundee). In 1974 Harold
D. Murray will occupy the chair when the AMU visits
Springfield, Massachusetts.

Forty-two years after its organization, nine charter
members are still on the AMU roster: Carlos G.
Aguayo, William J. Clench, Wendell O. Gregg, Ralph
W. Jackson, Aur^e La Rocque, Katherine Van Winkle
Palmer, Horace G. Richards, Aliyn G. Smith, Druid
Wilson. Six have been honored with life membership:

(Continued on page 68)

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING

Newark and Greenville, Delaware June 24-28, 1973

Members started arriving at the campus of the
University of Delaware in Newark on Sunday
afternoon, June 24th. We went first to Clayton Hall
where the smiling clerk handed us packets of room
keys, information, tickets and our name tags all ready
to pin on. Clayton Hall was the center of our
activities for most of the convention. It looked
“brand new”, and had indeed been dedicated only
the previous November. There was a large conversa-
tion area, several meeting rooms, a banquet hall, and
a large auditorium with comfortable seats in raised
tiers like a theater. We found no “ivy” on this new
North Campus of the University but there were
plenty of trees and a number of mockingbirds and
other birds to serenade us. There were two types of
rooms available. Both were air conditioned. Pencader
A was a building that looked like a two-story motel.
Rooms were entered directly from the outside. An
inside door led to a short hall and the bathroom that
was used by six or eight rooms. The other dormitory,
Christiana Tower, looked like a modern apartment
building, and operated like one, residents having a
key for the outer door as well as a room key.
First-time visitors from Pencader were shocked to
find that they could not get into the building but
students passing by saw our badges and cheerfully let
us in.

After getting settled in our rooms, the next step
was finding a place to eat supper. Most people went
to a restaurant a few miles down the road, near Route
95. They had a long wait, as the restaurant was not
equipped to cope with so many extra customers. A
few of us chose the pizza place recommended by the
desk clerks which was only a few hundred yards
away. We were rewarded with excellent pizza and
meatball heroes at modest prices. Then back to
Clayton Hall for more getting acquainted and
re-acquainted. On tables at the rear of the auditorium
were displays of publications from the AMU and
from several museums. Of prime interest to many was
a pile of color plates from a publication of the
Delaware Museum, with instructions to “take one”.
Voluta junonia was probably the most popular shell,
and one smiling member was heard to say, “This is
probably the only way I’ll ever get one”. Clayton Hall
closed at 10 pm, but activity continued even later in
some of the rooms and resumed in Clayton Hall on
Monday morning as more members and visitors
arrived. We had most of our meals at the university

cafeteria, a short walk from Clayton. The food was
surprisingly good for institutional fare and no one
went away hungry. (The only problem was an
unusually early hour for dinner — the result of union
problems with the cafeteria employees).

The 39th Annual Meeting of the AMU was
officially convened at 11 am by President Dee
Dundee, Introductory remarks were brief. Tucker
Abbott, chairman of the local committee, was
everywhere during the meeting — fixing microphones,
solving problems, announcing details of many things
such as bus pickups, and still had time to socialize.
There were other people behind the scene, however,
including Russ Jensen, members of the Wilmington
Shell Club and Ken Bazata, our projectionist, who
was isolated in a projection room for most of the 21/2
days when papers were presented.

Papers were presented on Monday afternoon, and
that evening was Shell Club Night. Unfortunately, the
Executive Council had a meeting at the same time,
and some of us had to miss the gathering of shell club
members. The Council had so many things to discuss
and decide upon (some of them controversial) that
they had not finished by 11:10 when the staff finally
closed Clayton Hall. That meeting was resumed on
Tuesday night. With the Texans promising a party to
start as soon as the meeting finished, the Council
completed its deliberations in one hour.

On Tuesday we had our meetings at the Delaware
Museum of Natural History in Greenville where we
were delivered by bus about 9 am. We had time to
look at the public displays, and then assembled in the
300-seat auditorium. Heads of many game animals
were mounted high along the side walls of the
auditorium. Mr. John I. DuPont welcomed the AMU
members to his museum. Then we had the option of
staying for two nature films or touring the parts of
the museum normally closed to visitors. Those of us
who went upstairs found Wilmington Shell Club
members stationed along our tour route, explaining
the different sections if necessary. Workers from the
older, crowded, museums looked longingly at all the
new shell cabinets with sections marked “for
expansion”, the glassed-in library and spacious work
areas. As there were so many of us, we were not able
to poke into the shell cabinets. We did see a few
special shell displays in this area. Of particular
interest was the museum’s shell catalogue. Many of us
were gratified to find that, as with our personal
collections, Delaware had many shells numbered but

3

4

MARIAN S. HUBBARD

not named. On the way back downstairs we passed
through a mezzanine with a number of offices,
including the AMU library. This room now has
furniture and cabinets as well as the AMU
scrapbooks, old Annual Reports, shell club publica-
tions, and a small but increasing collection of
memorabilia and pictures of shell collectors.

Papers were presented in the late morning and all
afternoon. Lunch was held at the cafeteria of the
Winterthur Museum near the Delaware Museum and
supper was held back at the university. After supper
Clayton Hall was again the center of interest. Dan
Steger and Bob Lipe held a symposium on specimen
photography, sharing their special techniques with
interested members. Others made good use of the
conversation corners in the reception area and later
drifted off to private parties in Christiana Tower.

Wednesday morning was devoted to papers. At
mid-day, some 210 of us went out into the blinding
sunshine for our group photograph. This was about
the brightest sun we had seen in three days of high
humidity and pleasant temperatures. After lunch, the
last papers were presented and the Annual Business
Meeting was called to order at 3 pm. The minutes of
that meeting are printed in this Bulletin. Perhaps the
most notable vote was that in favor of a joint meeting
with the Western Society of Malacologists on the west
coast in the summer of 1975. So save up and plan to
go west in ’75.

The Annual Banquet was on Wednesday evening,
with 210 in attendance. It was also held in Clayton
Hall. At each place was a small dish of mints, the
dishes made from scallop shells and decorated with
various small shells. Place cards at the head table were
held on a base of mushroom coral, decorated with
small cowries and other shells. Each table had a
lighted candle in a Busycon shell in the center and
one of the six people at the table could take the
candle. The lucky person was the one with a slip of
paper under his or her chair, and the eager turning of
chairs made for a wonderful “seventh inning stretch”.
On the head table were bouquets of beautiful hand-
made shell “flowers”; and the most extraordinary
eggs, decorated with beads, spangles, and tiny shells
and pictures of seashells flat on the eggshells, like
decoupage. The eggs were hung by loops from
branches, very much like Christmas tree bails. After
the delicious dinner came acknowledgements, intro-
ductions, and a film titled “Take Two from the Sea”.
This was promotional material for eating more clams
and oysters, and was done in a humorous vein for the
Department of Commerce.

Tucker Abbott made some introductions, in-

cluding our cook, Mohammed Solomon from Egypt.
President Dundee introduced the head table and past
presidents. She then took the opportunity to thank
the teachers who had most influenced her. Dr.
Dorothea Franzen and Dr. Henry van der Schalie,
explaining with much levity how she went from snails
and slugs to fresh water mussels and back again. She
then went with much greater seriousness to her
concern for the AMU, noting that there are very few
younger members. It is possible that major changes
will be required to make the AMU more truly a union
of malacologists.

Thursday morning was a time for saying first
farewells to those who were not going on the field
trip to Lewes, Delaware. The morning was overcast,
but two busses and a few cars left for Lewes at 9 am
amid forecasts of an 80% chance of rain. We arrived
at the beach around 11 am and the sun got brighter as
we travelled there. It turned out to be a lovely day.
We scoured the beach for what was there. Only a few
of the luckier or more skillful turned up any live
mollusks (mostly on mud flats back of the beach
proper) but the beachcombing was interesting and
whetted appetites for the brown-bagged lunches.
Most tantalizing were the many fragments of angel
wings, as much as four square inches in area, but no
whole valves. We were told that no live ones have
been found nearby within memory and no one
knows where these fragments come from.

About 1:30 the busses took us to the nearby
biological station to see how clams, oysters and
lobsters were bred and raised in tanks, some to be put
back into the bay or ocean on attaining the proper
size. There was a nice, smelly flat exposed at low tide
when we got to the research station. In addition to
many small live snails, we saw live sea anemones, one
almost two inches across the disc when contracted,
and dead horseshoe crabs — the mature males with
peculiarly hooked front claws. The young man who
did not recognize an operculum turned out to be not
the son of an inland land snail collector but a local
reporter covering our outing. He was absolutely
amazed at how much more we could see on the beach
than he could see there.

Most of the cars left us there and headed for home
in New Jersey, Pennsylvania or the Washington, D.C.
area. The busses took the rest of us back to Clayton
Hall through the same green fields. Many of us left
for home immediately thereafter, but far-away
travelers were allowed to stay at the college Thursday
night. So off we all went with calls of, “See you in
Springfield next year!”

Marian S. Hubbard, Recording Secretary

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

MEMBERS AND GUESTS IN ATTENDANCE
AT THE 39th ANNUAL MEETING

Group photograph identification:

1. James B. Sickel, 2. John W. Ropes, 3. Leslie Hubricht, 4. William Lloyd Pratt, 5. Susan Pratt, 6. Milton Werner,
7, Mathilde Weingartner, 8. William G. Lyons, 9. Saul D. Rotter, 10. Gordon Usticke, 11. M. Karl Jacobson, 12.
Mattie Chanley, 13. Carl W. Gugler, 14. Ken Bazata, 15. Mique Pinkerton, 16. John Barr, 17. Donald T. Bosch,
18. Eloise Bosch, 19. Jack Foehrenbach, 20. Harold D. Murray, 21. Sue Davis, 22. H. Wallace Roberts, 23. Mattie
Heist, 24. Florence Kuczynski, 25. Sophie Kuczynski, 26. William Reader, 27. Ted Katsigianis, 28. William
Harman, 29. David Constantine, 30. Olive Le-wis, 31. Dorothy Raeihle, 32. Virginia Orr Maes, 33. Daniel J.
Bereza, 34. Harold Mills, 35. Vivian Mills, 36. Carol Lalli, 37. Thomas J. Banek, 38. Carol B. Stein, 39. Esther
Reader, 40. E. J. Cetnar, 41. Barbara McGinn, 42. Thomas McGinn, 43. Clyde F. E. Roper, 44. Walter E. Sage III,
45. Ann Cohen, 46. Grace Rickard, 47. Martha Klinkey, 48. Ruth Shasky, 49. Donald Shasky, 50. Jerry
Harasewych, 51. Helen K. King. 52. Veronica Cetnar, 53. Artie Metcalf, 54. Joseph R. Houbrick, 55. Peter Myers,
56. Leigh Stacey, 57. Miriam Schriner, 58. Howard Schriner, 59. Eugene P. Keferl, 60. Jay Tripp, 61. Bonnie
Oatis, 62. Mary Long, 63. Wilma Baker, 64. Anthon Bagdon, 65. Irene Stacey, 66. Sergio Fernandez, 67. Cherita
Stark, 68, John Lewis, 69, Esther Lewis, 70. Leroy Heist, 71. Patricia Bagdon, 72. Prasong Temcharoen, 73. Mrs.
T. Myers, 74. T. Myers, 75. Adelaide Johnstone, 76. Laura Hepler, 77. A1 Avellanet, 78. Neil Hepler, 79. Helene
Avellanet, 80, Hendryk B. Stenzel, 81. Hollis Boone, 82. Constance Boone, 83. Thomas Pulley, 84. Charles M.
Courtney, 85. Ellen McHugh, 86. Juan Jose Parodiz, 87. K. Elaine Hoagland, 88. Mrs. William Hamilton, 89.
George M. Davis, 90. Roberta Curington, 91. Hal Lewis, 92. Meredith L. Jones, 93. J. Dayton, 94, Esther Wheel,
95. Therese Marsh, 96. Ada Dayton, 97. Adlai Wheel, 98. Bessie Harris, 99. Major Marion Harris, 100. Wayne
Holiman, 101. Myra L. Taylor, 102. Robert Robertson, 103, Gladys McCallum, 104. Esther Parodiz, 105. Carl
Aslakson, 106. Ann Marti, 107. Jennifer Merrill, 108. Carolyn Jenkinson, 109. John Jenkinson, 110. Russell
Jensen, 111. Jean Cate, 112. Crawford Cate, 113. R. Tucker Abbott, 114. Ruth D. Turner, 115. Dorothea
Franzen, 116. Audrey Holiman, 117. Donald Moore, 118. Albert Taxson, 119. Cynthia Moore, 120. V/alter
Moore, 121. Anne Taxson, 122. Arthur H. Clarke, 123. John McCallum, 124. Marian Aslakson, 125. Esse Merrill,
126. Arthur Merrill, 127. Kenneth J. Boss, 128. Ralph Dexter, 129. Ann Adams, 130. Robert Janowski, 131.
Elmo Adams, 132. Germaine L. Warmke, 133. Charlotte Johnson, 134. Veronica Johns, 135, Cornelia Mclnnes,
136. Harriet Riggs, 137. Hugh J. Porter, 138. Marguerite Thomas, 139. Jack Carnes, 140. Sue Carnes, 141. Aurele
LaRocque, 142. Henry van der Schalie, 143. Kirk W. Anders, 144. Dorothy Janowski, 145. David Stansbery, 146.
Sarah Swartz, 147. Frieda Schilling, 148. Hessie Kemper, 149. Mrs. David S. K. Corey, 150. Austin Barker, 151.
Henry Dow, 152. Nellie Dow, 153. Albert Lindar, 154. Charlotte Lindar, 155. Miriam K. Hicks, 156. Mrs. A.
LaRocque, 157. Dan Steger, 158. Katherine V. W. Palmer, 159. Juliette Compitello, 160. Lula B. Siekman, 161.
Mary Lois Stansbery, 162. Betty Lipe, 163. Robert Lipe, 164. Katherine Seitz, 165. Ellen Barker, 166. Mrs. H. B.
Baker, 167. William J. Clench, 168. Viola Perrault, 169. Twila Bratcher, 170. Miriam E. Porter, 171. Adaline
Westerfield, 172. Ruth Craine, 173, Mrs. Ralph Dexter, 174. Ruth Greenberg, 175. Corinne Edwards, 176.
William Bledsoe, 177. Betty Allen, 178. Lawrence Allen, 179. Paul Jennewein, 180. Doris Ferguson, 181. Marian
Hubbard, 182. Dee S. Dundee, 183. Bobbye Steger, 184. Jan Greenberg, 185. Elmer Neudecker, 186. Mildred
Neudecker, 187. Kleinie Fieberg, 188. Alice Imlay, 189. Grace R. MacBride, 190. Mary Rosewater, 191. Joseph
Rosewater, 192. Marc Imlay, 193. Hellen Notter, 194. John Ferguson.

Members and guests who were registered but are not in group photograph:

Katie Benson, David Bickel, K. David Brown, Paul Chanley, Carla Cicchi, Alfdis Courtney, Susan Cumins, Sue
Evans, John and Magda Finlay, Stanley Fraser, Neil and Laura Hepler, Ginnie Jennewein, Lawrence E. Jerome,
George L. Jerome, Gladys R. Jerome, Richard H. Jones, Judge and Mrs. Benjamin Lencher, Glenn Long,
Elizabeth McKinley, Joseph and Dorothy Morrison, Jane M. Oram, Eileen Posey, Ruth Price, Lauralee Rappleye,
Mary Ropes, Gary Rosenberg, Florence A. Ruhoff, Ronald Sasaki, Grace J. Thomas, Butch Weir, Jeannie
Whiteside, Lucia Zoecher.

5

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

PAPERS READ AT AMU 39th
ANNUAL MEETING*

AMERICAN MALACOLOGISTS - A BIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY (16184973)
R. Tucker Abbott*

The American poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote
over a hundred years ago that “there is properly no
history; only biography.” The history of American
Malacologists (or conch ologists, in the terminology of
some) is also a web of biographies — the life story of
people: early American explorers, farmers, natural-
ists, school teachers, scholars and physicians.

Among the ranks of pioneering shell collectors and
mollusk students in America were a President of the
United States (Thomas Jefferson), a Secretary of War
(Joel Poinsett), several U.S. Senators, a dozen
admirals and generals, a member of the Canadian
Parliament, numerous judges, and six college
presidents.

There has long been a need for a register or
biographical reference book in the field of malaco-
logy, one similar to American Men and Women of
Science or Who’s Who in America, but one that
would include the lives of amateur conchologists as
well as professional, college-trained research workers.
Malacology is unique among the American fields of
scholarly endeavors because no other science has had
so many devoted amateurs contribute so much to its
reservoir of knowledge or to its general welfare and
progress. In addition, there has been a need for an
historical account, a sort of “Who Was Who,”
especially for research workers, curators, and
historians.

American Malacologists was created in 1972
with R. Tucker Abbott as editor-in-chief. Miss M. E.
Young as managing editor, and with the following
consulting editors: Arthur H. Clarke, William J.

* Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville,
DE. 19807.

Clench, Ralph W. Dexter, Aur^le La Rocque, William
E. Old, Jr., Allyn G. Smith, and Margaret C. Teskey.
It was published in late 1973.

In addition to the main purpose of serving as a
source book of current and past biographies, the
editors have assembled and will keep on record an
historical file of letters, papers, photographs and
other data that someday will serve the community of
science historians and students of malacology. We
urge biographees to contribute such material for
safekeeping for the use of generations to come. These
archives will be deposited with the American
Malacological Union or the Delaware Museum of
Natural History in Greenville, Delaware.

Help is needed in completing the biographies of
over 400 deceased persons who once worked with
mollusks in the Americas, such as Mrs. George
Andrews of Tennessee, Rev. E. R. Beadle of
Philadelphia, Richard E, Call of Connecticut, and the
Rev. J. Rowell of California, to name but a few. A list
of these forgotten people is available from the
editor-in-chief. It is hoped that interested students of
malacological history will contribute additional
information.

A second edition is planned for 1976, and those
persons not already included in this first one may
apply for a free application form from the publisher
of American Malacologists. Photographs or early
sketches of deceased malacologists and amateur
conchologists are particularly needed for use in a
forthcoming edition.

Plans have been launched to assemble and publish
a European Malacologists and an International
Malacologists. Details may be obtained from our
editorial offices.

*Author’s manuscripts which contain substantially
more than 300 words are considered as scientific
papers. They have each been evaluated by appropriate
referees and those which are acceptable have been

edited and are printed in this section. Shorter
manuscripts are considered as abstracts. They have
been edited (but not referred) and are printed in a
following section.

8

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

9

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

An analysis, however short, of the biographees is a
measure of the current state of the science and hobby
of malacology in the Americas. It should be born in
mind that the contents in this first edition are far
short of being a true representation of living
malacologists, particularly from Central and South
America.

The first edition of American Malacologists
contains approximately 1,000 living registrants. Of
the 3,500 applications mailed to members of shell
clubs in the United States, members of the American
Malacological Union, the American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography, the National Shell-

fisheries Association and subscribers to such scientific
journals as The Nautilus and Indo-Pacific Mollusca,
about one third responded. We believe that the
appearance of the first edition of American
Malacologists will stimulate a large proportion of the
non-respondents to apply for listing in the second
edition. Among the probable reasons for not
submitting applications are a dislike of filling out
questionaires; procrastination; lack of appreciation of
the purposes and value of this project; present lack of
interest in mollusks; and, in some cases, a feeling of
not belonging in the directory.

LIVING MALACOLOGISTS

Geographical Distribution — A complete geograph-
ical index of biographees is included in the book. The
highest number of biographees (155) live in
California. The 1971 membership of the Western
Society of Malacologists consists of 164 Californian
residents, indicating that a majority of the more
serious malacologists of that state responded to our
applications. Florida was second with 127 biograph-
ees. Among the 10 leading states all were sea-board,
except Pennsylvania and Illinois.

The states having the most biographees are, in
descending order, California (15%), Florida (13%),
New York (7%), Texas (7%), Pennsylvania (5%),
Massachusetts (3.5%), New Jersey (3.1%), North
Carolina (3%), Illinois (2.8%), Maryland (2.6%).

According to The Naturalists Directory of 1878,
those interested in mollusks (205) were distributed as
follows: New York (14%), California (13%), Massa-

chusetts (11.5%), Ohio (11%), Pennsylvania (8%),
Illinois (5%), and Florida less than 1%. By 1895, New
York had dropped to 10%, and Florida had risen to
3%. Ever since colonial days the drift has been from
the northeastern quarter of the nation to the
southwest and southeast.

Occupations — An accurate determination of the
occupation of each biographee was sometimes
difficult, and in some instances several occupations
were listed for some people. The most difficult to
ascertain properly was “housewife” or “homemaker”,
a term generally applied to a wife or a female head of
the household. Of the 200 women listed (20% of the
total biographees), only 101 claimed “homemaker”
as an occupation, and often this was supplemental to
being a teacher, librarian or nurse.

Among the 1,000 living registrants we found the
following full or part-time occupations or activities.

College professors (assistant prof, and above)

147

14.7

Homemakers; housewives

101

10.1

School teachers (below college level)

92

9.2

Authors of popular books and textbooks

58

5.8

Editors or consultants of professional mollusk journals

57

5.7

Museum directors

5

.5

Occupations of Professional Malacologists (of 400 persons)

Systematists; taxonomists; museum curators

107

27.0

Marine biologists (marine or zoologists)

106

26.5

Shellfishery biologists

86

21.5

Freshwater and land ecologists; limnologists

73

18.2

Paleontologists ; Paleoconchologists

57

14.2

Parasitologists

12

3.0

Entomologists

8

2.0

Ethnoconchologists

3

.7

10

R. TUCKER ABBOTT

Occupations of Amateur Conchologists (of 600 persons)

Homemakers (active or retired)

101

17.0

Teachers (below college level)

84

14.0

Physicians

44

7.3

Shell dealers

33

5.5

Engineers (civil, electrical, etc.)

29

4.9

Chemists, biochemists

27

4.5

Newspaper reporters; journalists

17

2.8

Accountants; statisticians

16

2.6

Professional artists; illustrators

14

2.3

U.S. Navy career personnel

14

2.3

Nurses

13

2.1

Ministers, priests, missionaries

9

1.5

Attorneys and judges

9

1.5

Librarians

9

1.5

Sociologists; social workers

7

1.1

Current Research Activities — The responses of the
400 living professional malacologists to the query
concerning research activities was quite naturally a
blend of past interest, research accomplishments and
competency in certain subjects, on the one hand, and
of current, new, exploratory research and awakening
interests, on the other hand. It would also be
expected that with some research workers interests
would vary from year to year. In general terms, below
are the research areas most frequently mentioned by
the 400 professionals;

Systematic research — The nature of the question
on the application did not permit an adequate
response. Some research systematists are currently
active in several groups of mollusks, but undoubtedly
felt that their mention was not significant. It was
surprising to learn how few competent taxonomists
were currently working on some of the larger and
more important families, such as the Turridae,
Conidae, Cardiidae, Veneridae, to mention but a few
groups that probably have less than a half-dozen
workers. Among the 100 families and genera being
taxonomically investigated at present, the following

Biology and ecology of bivalves

62 persons

have the most workers:

Biology of oysters

48

Marine community studies

48

Unionidae

28 persons

Marine mollusk ecology

42

Pleuroceridae

13

Aquaculture or mariculture

41

Cephalopoda

10

Freshwater mollusk ecology

36

Corbicula

9

Embryology and development

31

Mactridae

8

Biology of gastropods

29

Turridae

6

Biochemistry of mollusks

24

Feeding habits

24

Pollution and oil spillage

22

Behavior of mollusks

22

Freshwater community studies

18

History of malacology

17

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

DECEASED MALACOLOGISTS

In the section of “Who Was Who in American
Malacology,” containing brief biographies of 535
deceased persons, we attempted to add, when known,
any biographical sources. Obituaries appearing in the
leading malacological and paleontological journals
were an important source, as well as the various
editions of American Men of Science, Who’s Who,
and Max Meisel’s A Bibliography of American Natural
History.

The occupations of these 535 were not unlike
those of today, with teachers leading the field (127),
then physicians (70), followed by paleontologists
(54), ministers (20), newspaper editors and printers
(17) and engineers (13).

It has been said that many naturalists and
malacologists live to a ripe old age. We made a
distributional curve of the ages at death and
apparently the adage has some truth in it. Of 215
shell collectors bom before 1850, one third of them
lived to be over 81 years of age, 10 lived well into
their 90’s. The group of 205 born between 1850 and
1900 fared a little better, one third living beyond 82
and 13 living well into their 90’s.

Among the well-known malacological nonagen-
arians were George H. Clapp of Pittsburgh (90), J. T.
Gulick of Hawaii (91), Isaac Lea of Unionidae fame
(94), E. L. Mark, embryologist at Harvard (99), H. A.
Pilsbry of Philadelphia (94), two Cubans — Felipe
Poey (90) and Carlos de la Torre (92), Julia Rogers
who wrote The Shell Book (93) and D. Thaanum of
Hawaii (96).

But dying young was the fate also of many famous
mollusk workers: C. B. Adams (of yellow fever at the
age of 39); baptist preacher, Daniel Barnes, author of
many new unionids, killed falling from a stagecoach
at 43; Dr. Bruce Campbell died in 1973 at the age of

39, William M. Gabb (39), Thomas Say, America’s
first conchologist of note (47), William Stimpson (49)
and G. W, Tryon (49).

Among the odd facts is the case of two
malacologists born about a hundred years apart —
both were born in Boston, both graduated from
Harvard, both died at the age of 44, and both died in
a hospital in Rome — the two were Amos Binney and
Richard W. Foster. Four shell collectors have been
killed by trains, two have died of accidental arsenic
poisoning, one of them being Henry Hemphill who
used this poison to cure small land snails. The first
auto fatality occurred in 1909, when Henry A. Ward
of Ward’s Natural History Establishment was killed.
Lt. Joseph P. Couthouy, the Boston conchologist
who survived the rigors of Wilkes’ U.S. Exploring
Expedition in the 1830’s was felled by a bullet from a
Confederate sniper’s rifle as he stood at the turret of
his civil war vessel in the swamps of Louisiana.

The earliest European shell collectors include John
Josselyn (born 1618) who wrote about the shellfish
of New England in 1672. The Roman Catholic priest,
E. F. Kino, collected shells throughout the Gulf of
California in 1685. An anonymous account of the
oysters and mussels of Virginia was published in
London in 1649. The first true systematic malac-
ologist of American origin was Thomas Say of
Philadelphia and, later, New Harmony, Indiana.

American Malacologists, a 495-page, hardbound
book, is available for $12.50 from the editorial
headquarters at 6314 Waterway Drive, Falls Church,
Virginia 22044. Biographees receive a 30 percent
discount; institutional libraries a 10 percent discount.
If billing is required, charges are made for postage and
handling.

11

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

THE EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION AND CANALIZATION
ON THE MOLLUSKS OF THE UPPER DELAWARE WATERSHED

Willard N. Harman *

Lakes are ephemera! geological phenomena. The
most stable, although dynamic, aquatic biotopes are
our major rivers. As would be expected, our greatest
diversity of freshwater mollusks occur in these
environments. Unfortunately, many of our rivers,
including the Delaware, are becoming chains of
impoundments. In the Northeast these are
constructed primarily for flood control and urban
water supplies.

The construction of reservoirs in tropical climates
has increased the populations of pulmonates that are
vectors of schistosomiasis, causing serious health
problems. However, the same impoundments
eliminate mollusks specialized for existence in the
erosional areas of rivers. Even snails adapted for life
in impounded waters are often eliminated from
comparatively deep, steep-sided reservoirs typical of
those found in the Northeast. In lakes of this
character, variable water levels preclude the
development of stable shallow water communities.
This has been so effective in removing snails that
varying the water levels of impoundments has been
used as a control measure for snails in tropical areas
(Jobin, 1970).

One of the most serious effects of the construction
of reservoirs is the destablization of substrates and
increased siltation. Canalization, often associated
with the construction of highways, has the same
effects, and has also been used for snail control
(Palmer et al., 1969). As a result of these activities silt
is often found in suspension. This has an abrasive
action on molluscan shells that erodes the
periostracum, allowing carbonic acids to quickly
corrode the CaCOa layers underneath. It also affects
light penetration, reducing primary productivity and
decreasing the dissolved oxygen levels. When this silt
is deposited, it fills the spaces between rocks reducing
most of the surface area for the growth of organisms
and eliminating many benthic species. Bivalves are
quickly buried and gastropod eggs do not develop
properly (Chutter, 1969). This same phenomenon
also increases the possibility of adsorption and
absorption of various toxic chemicals (Cairns, 1968).

These activities have adversely affected more than
three-fourths of the Delaware watershed north of the
Beaverkill. The major streams exhibit vast reaches
practically devoid of mollusks. In these waters, which

* Dept, of Biology, S.U.N.'Y. at Oneonta, N.Y. 13820.

are used as water supplies for New York City, the
water levels fluctuate as much as 20m annually, and
daily changes of 2 m have been recorded. Aquatic
plants, that provide food and cover for many
mollusks, are unable to grow, and adult mollusks and
their eggs are often stranded completely out of the
water.

Drains from the deeper waters of these reservoirs
normally maintain extremely low temperatures
throughout the year in the streams below them. This
reduces productivity, resulting in extremely low food
supplies, very slow growth and inhibition of
reproduction. Variable amounts of precipitation,
typical of the Northeast, result in ephemerally large
flows of water out of these reservoirs (compared to
the usual restricted flow) which often flushes snails
away in the downstream areas. This technique has
also been artificially induced and utilized as a snail
control procedure (Jobin and Ippen, 1964).

Figure 1 illustrates a typical situation in which the
species of mollusks present in an area increase as one
moves downstream from the headwaters. Apparently
this is a result of the waters becoming larger, more
chemically and physically stable, and therefore more
conducive to inhabitation. The example is the
relatively undisturbed Chenango River in east-central
New York State. The coarse stippling indicates areas
where 10 or more species of mollusks are found; the
fine stippling indicates from 5 to 9 species; the
outlined areas, from 2 to 4; and no pattern indicates
1 or less.

In the Delaware (Figure 2) we see the effects of
reservoir construction and canalization. Note the
normal increase in species numbers above the
impoundments and how the populations are now
isolated from each other in tributaries that enter the
reservoirs. For 10 to 20 miles below the reservoirs the
cold water precludes the development of stable
populations although some specimens are found that
have presumably washed from the tributaries.
Canalization along route 17 (the heavy dark line) has
disrupted species along its right of way. It can be seen
that where meanders of the river were left
undisturbed, greater numbers of species still maintain
themselves.

The group most seriously affected appears to be
the larger bivalves. The only habitat that retains an
apparently normal bivalve fauna is just above the
Cannonsville reservoir. In that locality we have
collected Anodonta cataracta, Alasmidonta undulata.

12

EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION 13

Fig. 1, Chenango River, New York. Fig. 2, Upper Delaware River, New York.
See text for explanation.

14

WILLARD N. HARMAN

A marginata, Strophitus undulatus and Elliptio
complanata, along with the prosobranchs Campeloma
decisum and Amnicola limosa and several pulmonate
snails, including the limpet Ferrissia rivularis. In many
other localities bivalves are absent and mollusks are
represented only by a few tolerant pulmonates such
as Gyraulus parvus, Helisoma spp. and Physa spp.

LITERATURE CITED

Cairns, J. 1968. Suspended solids standards for the
protection of aquatic organisms. Purdue Univ. Eng.
Bull. Part 1. 129: 16-27.

Chutter, F. M. 1969. The effects of silt and sand on
the invertebrate fauna of streams and rivers.
Hydrobiologia 34: 57-76.

Jobin, W. R. 1970. Control of Biomphalaria glabrata
in a small reservoir by fluctuation of the water
level. Amer. J. Tropical Med. and Hygiene 19:
1049-1054.

Jobin, W. R. and A. T. Ippen. 1964. Ecological design
of irrigation canals for snail control. Science 145:
1324-1326.

Palmer, J. R., A. Z. Colon, F. F. Ferguson and W. R.
Jobin. 1969. The control of schistosomiasis in
Patillas, Puerto Rico. Publ. Health Rept. 84:
1003-1008.

BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CAUSES OF
MORTALITY IN NEW ENGLAND CREPIDULA SPECIES

K. Elaine Hoagland*

Mortality in Crepidula species is notable for its
seasonal and year-to-year variability (Adam and
Leloup, 1934). It is of interest economically since
Crepidula are attacked by many of the same
predators as oysters, yet the two groups differ in
susceptibility to physical mortality factors (Korringa,
1946). This present report summarizes preliminary
qualitative investigations into causes of death in adult
populations of C. fornicata, C. plana, and C. convexa,
the three species found in New England.

Table 1 details known causes of death and reduced
viability in New England Crepidula. Except where a
literature citation is given, data were obtained from
field observations at Nahant, Woods Hole, Vineyard
Haven, and Duxbury, Massachusetts, supplemented
by laboratory tests.

Some factors are not by themselves usually fatal,
but contribute to mortality in concert with other
factors (see asterisks in Table 1). Such synergistic
effects have been demonstrated in the laboratory. For
example, C. fornicata stressed by low oxygen were
more adversely affected by a temperature increase
from 10 C to 20 C than were animals held under
continuous aeration. Oxygen needs increase with
temperature in metabolic processes. Crepidula
maintained on suboptimal food were more easily
pried loose by crabs and starfish than well-fed
animals. In nature, those animals whose shells are
infested by Cliona or Polydora must put energy into
shell repair that they would otherwise use in body
maintenance and reproduction. Also, a shell riddled
by Cliona provides increased surface area for fungal
growth.

* Biological Laboratories, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Interspecific competition for space is often a factor
in death of Crepidula. It forces them into marginal
habitats, where they are less well protected against
physical causes of mortality and more available to
predators. Marginal habitats for C. fornicata at
Nahant are the rocky-shore tidepools surrounded by
soft, unsuitable substrate and by submerged rocks
covered with algae. Temperature fluctuations and
exposure to the air at low tide cause high mortality of
spat in these tidepools. Fast-growing barnacles and
colonial tunicates sometimes grow over Crepidula and
kill them outright, as observed on spat collectors put
out at Woods Hole.

Crepidula maintained in water tables in the
laboratory are often attacked by fungi, bacteria, and
protozoa. Only in areas of restricted circulation are
these factors expected to be important in nature.
Crepidula are also attacked by trematode cercaria;
they commonly cause resorption of the gonads
without killing the adult. Chemicals such as copper
sulfate are used commercially to kill Crepidula on
oyster shells (Walne, 1956). All three New England
species thrive in water containing organic pollution
and oil scum, although large amounts of oil interfere
with respiratory and feeding functions of the gill.

Exact ranking of mortality factors is not yet
possible, but different rank orders are expected for
different geographical areas and substrate types. Off
Vineyard Haven, in 10 to 20 feet of water on a
muddy bottom, starfish are very abundant and
predacious gastropods are rare. Less than 1% of
empty shells examined had been drilled. In Woods
Hole, drilling gastropods are relatively unimportant
macropredators compared with flatworms, crabs, and
starfish, yet about 5% of all C. fornicata beach shells
collected in one year were drilled. The percentage was
less for the other species. The proportion of drilled

CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN CREPIDULA

15

shells increases in summer months. Drilled C.
fornicata fall between 15 and 25 mm in length with
few exceptions, showing predator size-selection. Only
one of a sample of fifty C. fornicata kept in a tank
with Urosalpinx cinerea and Nucella lapillus from
September to April was drilled, indicating low winter
predation by these organisms. Both snails have been
observed feeding on C. fornicata in Woods Hole, the
locality from which specimens for the experiment
were collected.

A look at Table 1 reveals that C. fornicata is
subject to a greater number of predators than the
other two species. Crepidula living on rocky
substrates are not subject to predation by Lunatia
heros, but C. fornicata can be attacked if living in
stacks on muddy bottoms. The animals directly in
contact with the soft substrate in which Lunatia live
are vulnerable. Stacking of C. fornicata increases local
density and consequently these animals are more
affected by such density-dependent predators as
starfish. Hancock (1955) and Paine (1969) have
reported that starfish establish food-preference
hierarchies based on energy value and ease of capture
of prey. Starfish should take C. fornicata when it is
the most abundant (in terms of biomass) and
easily-obtained species among available prey.
Laboratory studies revealed that small starfish up to
150 mm in diameter can detach healthy C. fornicata
up to 20 mm in length, so they are restricted to the
juveniles and males at the top of the stacks. In
Vineyard Haven, however, large starfish take a heavy
toil on C. fornicata adults which range from 20 to 50
mm long (John S. Rankin, personal communication).

Of stacked C. fornicata dredged from mud off
Vineyard Haven, 80% were infested with boring
worms, and 30% with Cliona. Such shell infestations
are less common in animals attached to rocks, and are
rare in animals found at the low tide line. Tide line
populations are so often killed by abiotic factors and
washed ashore that their shells are poor homes for
boring symbionts.

The alga Codium fragile is responsible for deaths of
stacked C. fornicata. It attaches to clumps of shells,
and as it grows, it floats them and increases the
chances of their being washed ashore. This is very
important in the Vineyard Haven population, where
Codium is a recent invader (Fralick and Mathieson,
1973) to which Crepidula has not evolved a
protective mechanism. Another unusual mode of
death in C. fornicata comes about when the snails
attach to the underside of a horseshoe crab which
then molts or dies and the crab’s carapace or body
washes ashore, stranding the Crepidula.

Crepidula plana is subject to the same causes of
mortality as C. fornicata when located on an exposed
surface. In its preferred habitat inside an empty snail
shell it is less easily destroyed by macropredators,
except flatworms. A shell also occupied by a hermit
crab offers even greater protection. Spat settlement
experiments showed that C. plana settled

preferentially on shaded, concave surfaces and that
spat attaching to exposed surfaces subsequently
moved to protected areas. Among the Crepidula, C.
plana has the least clinging ability for its size, and its
habit of living in a protected cavity has partially
reduced the need fot a strong foot. When protected
space is limited, C. plana spat settle on rocks and
suffer high mortality.

Crepidula conuexa has the greatest tolerance to
desiccation and changes in salinity and temperature
of the three species. It usually lives on the shells of
living gastropods, thereby being subject to the host’s
predators. It is the most mobile of the Crepidula, and
therefore is not as affected by overgrowth or other
interspecific competition. Population density of C.
conuexa is lower than for the other species in all
localities studied. Numbers are regulated primarily by
restricted births — fewer eggs are laid per female
(60-300 per brood) than for either C. plana
(2,000-9,000) or C. fornicata (4,000-15,000). Low
density and small size of individuals make C. conuexa
insignificant prey to drilling snails and other large
predators.

In the Crepidula species, as in all living organisms,
“old age’’ death takes place through intrinsic
deterioration of body processes (referred to as
accumulation of somatic mutations). In all species,
mortality rate is inversely proportional to age and
size. Major predators change with substrate type and
water depth as well as with the species. Species
differences in mortality are based partly on ecological
specializations such as substrate preference. The ratio
of abiotic to biotic mortality depends on the time of
year, water depth, and density and age structure of
the population.

C. fornicata is vulnerable to the greatest number
and intensity of mortality factors, due to its size,
abundance, and orientation on exposed surfaces. It
has the highest reproduction rate and is the most
densely packed of the three species in the regions
studied. It acts as an energy funnel from the plankton
to carnivores and decomposers. Where plentiful, C.
fornicata absorbs a large portion of the energy of the
ecosystem and plays a key role in energy flow and
nutrient cycling. Therefore, its means of death are
important factors in ecosytem interactions. C. plana
and C. conuexa are not present in such quantity as to
play this role.

Extrinsic mortality factors place selection pressure
on life history parameters such as birth rate and age
at maturity. In C. fornicata, populations living in
stacks on muddy substrates are subject to
density-dependent predation. We expect an
evolutionary trend toward production of fewer
offspring with more energy devoted to each one. On
the other hand, populations living on rocks at the low
tide line are subject to intense density-independent
mortality from physical factors. For these individuals,
there should be a tendency toward greater numbers
of offspring. In the Woods Hole area, the two habitats

TABLE 1: SOME MORTALITY FACTORS IN NEW ENGLAND POPULATIONS OF CREPIDULA

16

K. ELAINE HO AG LAND

CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN CREPIDULA

17

are connected by a planktonic larval stage and no
genetic isolation occurs, hence these trends are not
realized. Yet there is an environmentally-induced
mechanism by which animals living in the dense
populations are able to postpone the sex change from
male to female and effectively reduce the number of
offspring produced in the lifetime of each individual.
This kind of adjustment in reproduction can be
considered as an energy-saving defense against
predators which attack only when there are large
numbers of the prey species available.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank R. D. Turner for helpful suggestions and
for reading the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Adam, W. and E. Leloup. 1934. Sur la presence du
gasteropode Crepidula fornicata (Linne, 1758) sur
la cote Beige. Bull. Musee royal d’Histoire nat. de
Belgique, 10: 1-6.

Fralick, R. A. and A. C. Mathieson. 1973. Ecological
studies of Codium fragile in New England, U.S.A.
Mar. Biol. 19: 127-132.

Frank. P. W. .1965. The biodemography of an
intertidal snail population. Ecology, 46: 831-844,
8 figs.

Hancock, D. A. 1955. The feeding behavior of
starfish on Essex oyster beds. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U. K., 34: 313-331.

Korringa, P. 1946. The decline of natural oyster beds.
Basteria, 10: 36-41.

Korringa, P. 1952. Recent advances in oyster biology.

Quarterly Rev. Biol., 27: 266-308 and 339-365.
Paine, R. T. 1969. The Pisaster-Tegula interaction:
Prey patches, predator food preference, and
intertidal community structure. Ecology, 50:
950-961.

Verrill, A. E. and S. I. Smith. 1874. Report upon the
invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and
adjacent waters, with an account of the physical
features of the region. In Report of Prof. S. F.
Baird on the Condition of the Sea-fisheries of the
South Coast of New England in 1871 and 1872,
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
295-747.

Walne, P. R. 1956. Biology and distribution of
Crepidula fornicata in Essex rivers. Fish. Invest.
London, Ser. II, 20: 1-50, 33 figs.

REMARKS ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF NORTHERN
SOUTH AMERICA

Donald R. Moore*

I think that most people believe the northern coast
of South America — from French Guiana to Panama
— to be a tropical paradise: sandy beaches with
coconut palms and the coral reef lying a little
offshore. This is far from the truth. Nearly half of
this coastline is low lying, swampy, and with muddy
bottom offshore. The remainder of the coast is
largely mountainous, and the bottom usually drops
away rapidly. There are some few islands with coral
reefs between Trinidad and Aruba, a distance of
around 750 kilometers. Corals live, of course, along
the rocky shoreline of the mountainous area, but the
only reef development may be along the sides of
small steep sided bays indenting the coastline. The
bottom of the bay is soft mud, while sand is usually
found offshore along the open coast.

The molluscan fauna is composed of wide-ranging
West Indian species and an endemic element that is as
yet rather poorly known. While the mollusks have
been somewhat neglected, a number of papers have
been published during the last 100 years. Among
these are Higgins (1876), Dautzenberg (1900),
Bentham Jutting (1927), Coomans (1958), Rodriguez

*Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33149.

(1959), Rehder (1962), Bullis (1964), Work (1969),
Kaufmann and Getting (1970), and Altena (1971).

Some of the above investigations were confined to
coral reef areas. Most of the species listed in these
works are common to much of the tropical western
Atlantic. In the paper by Altena (1971), however, on
the bivalve Mollusca of Surinam, approximately 25%
of the species comprise the endemic faunal element.
One third of these have been recently described by
Altena.

In November 1972, I visited the Instituto
Colombo- Aleman, Santa Marta, Colombia. While
there I collected by diving in shallow water on both
sandy and rocky bottoms and also on a small coral
reef clinging to the side of Ensenada de Concha. The
most interesting material, however, came from a
series of bottom grabs from the muddy bottom of the
bay, 20 to 35 m in depth.

These samples contained considerable numbers of
small gastropods and scaphopods but these were
greatly outnumbered by the bivalves. Two species of
Nucula, N. dalmasi Dautzenberg, 1900, and N.
venezuelana Weisbord, 1964, were fairly common.
Both species have been reported from Surinam by
Altena and both are known only from the northern
coast of South America. Other bivalves included

18

DONALD R. MOORE

Nuculana chazaliei (Dautzenberg, 1900), and Tellina
versluysi Dautzenberg, 1900. Santa Marta is the type
locality for both species. Limopsis antillensis Dali,
1881, would have been a surprise, but Altena had
already found it at Surinam. The most abundant
bivalve appears to be a small lucinoid, Parvilucina
(Microloripes) clenchi (Altena, 1968). There were
hundreds of specimens, many showing signs of
maturity, but the largest was only 1.2 mm long.

Of the above identified species, Limopsis antillensis
and Tellina versluysi (this species synonymized with
T. martinicensis d’Orbigny by Boss, 1966) range into
the northern Caribbean. The others appear to be
confined to the northern coast of South America.

This work, of course, covers much too small a
proportion of the fauna to enable more than a general
statement to be made. However, it is now apparent
that a number of shallow water species are only
found along the northern coast of South America.
The percentage of species making up this portion of
the fauna will not be known for some time. As stated
above, a rough count of Altena’s bivalves from
Surinam shows about 25% endemic to the region. I
expect that this figure is too high since Surinam is a
mud and sand region, but it does indicate the
presence of an important faunal element in the tropi-
cal western Atlantic.

LITERATURE CITED

Altena, C. O. Van Regteren. 1971. The marine
Mollusca of Surinam (Dutch Guiana) Holocene and
Recent. Part H. Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. Zool.
Verb., 119: 1-100, 10 pis., 1 map.

Benthem Jutting, T. van. 1927. Marine mollusks of
the island of Curacao. Bidjr. Dierk.,25: 1-36.

Boss, Kenneth J. 1966. The subfamily Tellininae in
the western Atlantic. The genus Tellina (Part I).
Johnsonia, 4 (45): 217-272, pis. 127-142.

Bullis, Harvey R., Jr. 1964. Muricidae (Gastropoda)
from the northeast coast of South America, with
description of four new species. Tulane Stud.
Zook, 11 (4): 99-107, 1 pi.

Coomans, Henry C. 1958. A survey of the littoral

, Gastropoda of the Netherlands Antilles and other
Caribbean Islands. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 8:
42-111, 16 pis.

Dautzenberg, Ph. 1900. Croisieres du yacht Chazalie
dans I’Atlantique. Mollusques. Mem. Soc. Zool.
France, 13: 145-265, pis. 9-10.

Higgins, H. H. 1876. Mollusca of the Argo Expedition
to the West Indies. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpool,
31:405-423,1 pi.

Kaufmann, R. and K.*J. Getting. 1970. Prosobranchia
aus dem Litoral der karibischen Kuste Kolumbiens.
Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters., 21: 33-398, 148
figs.

Rehder, Harald. 1962. Contribucion al conocimiento
de los moluscos marines del archipielago de Los
Roques y La Archila. Mems. Soc. Cienc. nat. ‘La
Salle’, 22: 116-138.

Rodriguez, G. 1959. The marine communities of
Margarita Island, Venezuela. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf &
Carib., 9 (3): 237-280, 26 figs.

Work, Robert C. 1969. Systematics, ecology, and
distribution of the mollusks of Los Roques,
Venezuela. Bull. Mar. Sci., 19 (3): 614-711, 4 figs.

DIPLODON CHARRUANUS (d’Orbigny): A REVISION

Juan J. Parodiz*

The species Diplodon charruanus (d’Orbigny,
1835) (Unionacea, Hyriidae) is typical of, and almost
restricted to, Uruguay. Although it is abundant,
within the genus it is one of the species most
frequently misidentified. While revising several
museum collections I found many specimens labelled
D. charruanus which belong to several different
species, and also the true D. charruanus under other
species names. Furthermore, in the literature its
synonymy has included many names which are not
synonyms.

Such confusion is not just the result of the
variability of the species; actually D. charruanus is
less variable than species in other groups of Diplodon,
e.g. D. delondontus (Lamarck) and D. burroughianus
(Lea).

D. charruanus was described by d’Orbigny in 1835
and it was repeated with added illustrations in 1842.

*Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

The type lot was accessioned in the British Museum
in 1854. Johnson (1971 ) designated a lectotype from
the Rosario River, Dept, of Colonia, Uruguay, plus 12
lectoparatypes. In 1868, G. B. Sowerby II gave a
description under the name Unio charruanus, but his
illustration was entitled as belonging to the “var.”
rhuacoicus. Actually the illustration is of typical D.
charruanus, Sowerby having confused the original
figures in d’Orbigny. Diplodon rhuacoicus
(d’Orbigny) is an entirely different species but the
mistake was perpetuated in the literature. Even
Ortmann (1921) synonymized D. rhuacoicus under
D. charruanus.

In 1914 Simpson supplemented the previous
descriptions of D. charruanus from observations he
made on specimens from Isaac Lea’s collection. Lea
had indicated that the specimens had been received
from d’Orbigny. Thus, in each of the three
descriptions of D. charruanus up to that time, those
of d’Orbigny, Sowerby and Simpson, there are

DIPLODON CHARRUANUS

19

indicated characteristics in each which are lacking in
the other two.

Meanwhile, it had been overlooked that Lea in
1860 had described a new species as Unio lepidus, a
name which, being preoccupied, Lea himself changed
to lepidior in 1870. Its description contains all the
characteristics which the other authors had added to
D charruanus and the illustration also shows it to be
that species.

In his very important work “South American
Naiads” Ortmann (1921) produced a redescription of
Diplodon charruanus. It was exhaustive in every
detail, but unfortunately, none of the specimens that
Ortmann had at that time in the Carnegie Museum
collection were actually D. charruanus. Surprisingly,
he too overlooked the mistakes of Sowerby and Lea.
The specimens he referred to as D. charruanus from
Santa Isabel in Uruguay belong to another species
described by Ortmann himself as Diplodon berthae.
On the pages following D. charruanus, Ortmann also
gave a full description of Diplodon piceus (Lea). This
was what Haas (1930) thought to be the true D.
charruanus, and in most modern collections this is the
species labelled as D. charruanus. Recently I had the
opportunity to revise the collection at the Seckenberg
Museum studied by Haas and I found that in the lots
he had labelled D. charruanus, specimens of D.
charruanus and D. piceus are mixed.

The main difference that Ortmann found between
the specimens he called D. charruanus and D. piceus
was that the first grows from nonparasitic and
hookless glochidia, while in D. piceus he detected
hooks. These facts were confirmed by Bonetto
working on living material, but it must be
remembered that Ortmann had seen only glochidia of
D. berthae, which is hookless and non-parasitic as in
D. charruanus. Because of this similarity in larvae,
Bonetto, following Haas’ synonymy, included D.
berthae under D. charruanus.

Owing to confused nomenclature, and the large
number of names wrongly accepted as synonyms, it
was believed that D. charruanus had a wide
distribution in the Parana, Uruguay and La Plata
rivers. Actually D. charruanus does not inhabit the
large rivers but is found only in smaller streams of
Uruguay, mainly in the southwest, although a few
populations have also been recorded from across the
border in the southernmost part of Brazil.

The shells of Diplodon charruanus have a shiny
green-brownish periostracum, darker on the posterior
half, with angulated posterior margin. The umbos
show strong radial sculpture, and the posterior wing is
marked with flutings. The cardinal tooth is trifid. It
does not demonstrate unusual clinal variation.

Diplodon piceus differs by its opaque, totally black
periostracum, less angulated posterior and more oval
outline, virtual absence of a wing and absence of
flutings. The cardinal tooth is less complex than in D.
charruanus, bifid but stronger. The valves are
generally thicker and heavier. Gerontic specimens,
especially those from rapid streams, have eroded
umbones and look like D. uruguayensis (Lea). It
occupies a larger geographical area extending from
the Argentina province of Entre Rios across central
Uruguay into southern Brazil and exhibits
conspicuous clinal variation.

When these differences are recognized, it is not
difficult to separate the two species. Often it has been
said that species in the genus Diplodon are very
difficult, or sometimes impossible, to tell apart by the
shells alone. That is an overstatement. Larval features
are of course of great importance in distinguishing
genera, subgenera, or groups of species. At the species
level, however, two species which in the larval stage
may look almost identical may show features in their
subsequent development into adults which are
remarkable enough to distinguish them completely.

LITERATURE CITED

Haas, F. 1930/31. Versuch einer kritischen Sichtung
der sudamerikanischen Najaden. Senckenbergiana
12 (4/5): 175, 13 (1): 30; (2): 87.

Johnson, R. I., 1971. The types and figured

specimens of Unionacea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the
British Museum (Natural History). Bull, of the
British Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 20(3): 73-108, 2 pis.

Lea, I. 1860. Descriptions of fifteen new species of
Uruguayan Unionidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia 12:90-92.

Lea, I. 1870. A synopsis of the Family Unionidae,
Fourth Edition [etc.]. Philadelphia, pp. i-xxx +
25-184.

d’Orbigny, A. 1835. Synopsis terrestrium et
fluviatilium molluscorum in suo per Americanum
Meridionalum itinere. Mag. de Zool., 1835.

d’Orbigny, A. 1842. Voyage dans I’Amerique
Meridionale. Paris.

Ortmann, A. E. 1921. South American Naiades. . . .
Mem. Carnegie Mus. 8: 451-670, pis. 34-48.

Simpson, C. T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the
naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels, i-xii -i-
1-1540. Bryant Walker, Detroit.

Sowerby, G. B. II. 1868. Monograph on the Genus
Unio. Conch. Icon. 16 (1), pi. 93, fig. 505.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

■>

MOLLUSKS FROM M/V EASTWARD STATIONS 11542 AND 11545
EAST OF CHARLESTON, S.C.

Hugh J. Porter

Sand-inhabiting fauna east of Charleston, South
Carolina, was sampled twice on March 16, 1969
during cruise E-50L-69 of the Duke University M/V
Eastward while searching for a southern extension of
the offshore-reef system of North Carolina
(Macintyre and Pilkey , 1969, Menzies ct a/. ( 1966).
Sampling at both stations (#11542 & 11545, see
Table 1) was by “small biological trawl”, bar
mesh size. Sediment from each station was washed
through a series of wire screens, the smallest having
1/8 bar mesh and screened remains were sorted
under a binocular microscope. Fine sand occurred at
#11542 but that at #11545 was much coarser and
was difficult to wash through the 1/8” mesh screen.
The latter station was also near a small ridge.

Station # 11545 (coarse sand and 50 m depth)
contained 90 species of mollusks (Table 2). Species
most abundant were: Solariella lacunella, Anachis
pretrii cf., Psarostola minor, Prunum uirginianum,
Viridrillia cerviana, Cadulus quadridentalus,
Dentalium sowerbyi, D. taphrium, and Notocorbula
operaculata. Few bivalve species were abundant.

The deeper water station #11542, with its
fine-grained sediment, had only 63 species of
mollusks represented (Table 2). Most abundant were:
Arene variabilis, Niso aeglees, Olivella bullula, Terebra
protexta, Turbonilla cf. dalli. Scaphander watsoni,
Dentalium laqueatum, D. sowerbyi, Nucula crenulata,
Nuculana acuta, Limopsis sulcata, Tellina squamifera,
Verticordia fisheriana, and V. ornata. The abundance
of bivalves at this station unlike the previous may be
attributed partly to the fineness of its substrate.

Of 144 different mollusks reported, 28 may be
new records for South Carolina waters (Table 2).

Only ten species occurred at both stations and of
these only one, Dentalium sowerbyi, was common at
both.

Shoemaker (1972) listed 48 molluscan species
occurring on the South Carolina offshore calcareous
reefs. Of these, only eight were similar to those from
the sandy area of #11545 and 11542. The overlap of
occurrence by these reef mollusks for station #11545
was 9% and for station #11542 was 0%. This low
degree of overlap may have been affected by the rock
dredge used by Shoemaker. His dredge had larger

mesh size than the “small biological trawl” and thus
was unable to retain smaller forms.

Comparison of molluscan species caught
(unpublished U.N.C. Institute of Marine Sciences
data) from the calcareous reef area off the North
Carolina coast, 50-140 m depth, with species from
stations #11545 and 11542, shows a much greater
similarity than that exhibited by the samples of
Shoemaker and stations #11545 and 11542.
Sixty-nine percent of the mollusks of station #11545
and 57% of the mollusks of #11542 have also been
collected from North Carolina reefs. Samples from
the North Carolina reef area were taken by “small
biological trawl” and the rock dredge. Although most
North Carolina samples are from reef outcroppings,
some included varying amounts of sand from the
back- and fore-reef areas. This latter may account for
the greater species overlap between the North
Carolina and the #11545 and #11542 areas than
between the Shoemaker species and those from
#11545 and 11542 stations.

Comparison was also made of molluscan species
caught (unpublished U.N.C. Institute of Marine
Sciences data) from a shallow area (26-29 m depth)
east of Cape Fear, North Carolina, containing a bed
of Glycymeris americana (Table 1) with those from
stations #11545 and 11542. Forty-eight percent of
the mollusks from station #11545 and 11% from
#11542 had also been collected on the glycymerid
bed.

Analysis of data suggests that molluscan fauna
from the two stations, #11545 and #11542, is quite
diverse and that the fauna of each station is
dissimilar. As station #11545 (50 m depth) exhibits a
greater overlap of molluscan species with the
glycymerid bed (26-29 m depth) than does #11542
(depth 150 m), it is suggested that much of this
dissimilarity may be attributed to depth. Further, the
high degree of species overlap between the area of
stations #11545 and 11542 and the calcareous reef
area off the North Carolina coast suggests a definite
faunal relationship between these two areas.

LITERATURE CITED

*University of North Carolina, Institute of Marine
Sciences, Morehead City, NC. 28557

20

Macintyre, I. G. and O. H. Pilkey. 1969. Tropical reef
corals: tolerance of low temperatures on the North
Carolina continental shelf. Science 166: 374-375.

MOLLUSKS FROM EASTWARD STATIONS

21

Menzies, R. J., O. H. Pilkey, B. W. Blackwelder,
Deborah Dexter, P. Huling, and L. McCloskey.
1966. A submerged reef off North Carolina. Int.

TABLE 1. Station locality data.

Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 51: 393-431.

Shoemaker, A. H. 1972. Reef mollusks of South
Carolina. Nautilus 85: 114-120.

Station # Lat. Long. Depth Subsirate

E11542

32 41.9’N

78 23.5’W

130 meters

Fine sand

E11545

32°41.8’N

78°34.6’W

50 meters

Coarse sand

D.M. 0232

33°28.5’N

77°27.5’W

26-29 meters

Shell-sand

E=M/V Eastward; D.M.=M/V Dan Moore. Station #E11545 is approximately 8 miles
west of #E11542.

STATION

E11545 E11542

ARCHITECTONIDAE

TABLE 2. Species recorded from stations
#E11542 & E11545.

STATION
E11545 E11542

FISSURELLIDAE
Diodora cayenensis
(Lamarck) R

ACMAEIDAE

*Acmaea cf. leucopleura

(Gmelin) R

TROCHIDAE

Calliosloma pulchrum

(C. B. Adams) R

Microgaza rolella
Dali

Solariella lacunella

(Dali) A*

Solariella lamellosa
(Verrill & Smith)

TURBINIDAE

Arene tricarinala

(Stearns) R*

Arene variabilis
(Dali)

PHASIANELLIDAE
*Tricolia bella

(M. Smith) R

Tricolia tlialassicola

Robertson C

VITRINELLIDAE

Aerotrema cistronium

(Dali) C

Unknown sp.

Heliacus bisulcatus

(Orbigny) R

Philippia krebsii

(Morch) R

TURRITELLIDAE
Turritella acropora

Dali C

Turritella exolela

(Linne) R

CERITHIDAE

Litiopa melanostoma

Rang R

Seila adamsi

(H. C. Lea) R

R TRIPHORIDAE

Trifora sp. R

C* EPITONIIDAE

Epitonium novangliae

(Couthouy) R*

EULIMIDAE
Niso aeglees
A* Bush

Unknown sp.

CALYPTRAEIDAE
Calyplraea centralis

(Conrad) C*

ERATOIDAE

Erato maugeriae

(Gray) R

Trivia antillarum

Schilder R

*before scientific name = possible range extension into South Carolina waters;

*following station information = live specimens found.

R = rare (Ispecimen); C = common (2-9 specimens); A = abundant (10 or more specimens).

< C£i

22

HUGH J. PORTER

ATLANTIDAE
Atlanta peroni
Lesueur
NATICIDAE
Natica pusilla
Say

Polinices lacteus
(Guilding)

Sigatica carolinensis
(Dali)

MURICIDAE

Murex leuiculus
(Dali)

Murex rubidus
F. C. Baker
Unknown sp.
COLUMBELLIDAE
*Anachis calliglypta
(Dali and Simpson)
*Anachis cf. petrii
(Duclos)

Anachis translirata
(Ravenel)

Mitrella lunata
(Say)

Mitrella raveneli
(Dali)

Psarostola minor
(C. B. Adams)
BUCCINIDAE

Antillophos candei
(Orbigny)

Cantharus tinctus
(Conrad)

Colubraria lanceolata
(Menke)
NASSARIDAE
Nassarius albus
(Say)

Nassarius trivittatus
(Say)

OLIVIDAE

?*Oliuella bullula
(Reeve)

MARGINELLIDAE
Bullata ovuliformis
(Orbigny)

Marginella aureocincta
Stearns

Prunum virginianum
Conrad
MITRIDAE

Mitra hendersoni
(Rehder)

Uromitra wandoensis
(Holmes)

C

C*

R

C*

R

A*

R

C

A*

R

R

C*

C*

C

A*

R

C

TURRIDAE

Ancistrosyrinx radiata
C Dali

Bactrocylhara cf. sp.
*Brachycythara barbarae
Q Lyons

*Cerodrillia bealiana

(Schwengel and McGinty)
*Cryoturris citronella
C (Dali) cf.

Cryoturris sp.

Daphnella morra
(Dali)

*Eubela cf. mcgintyi
Schwengel

*Glyphostoma gabbii
Dali

Inodrillia aepynota
(Dali)

C *Ithycythara lanceolata

(C. B. Adams)
*Ithycythara parkeri
Abbott

*Ithycythara psila
(Bush)

Kurtziella cf. limonitella
(Dali)

C Viridrillia cervina

Bartsch

^ Unknown sp.

TEREBRIDAE

Terebra protexta
(Conrad)

PYRAMIDELLIDAE
Turbonilla cf. dalli
(Bush)

*Turbonilla winkleyi
Bartsch

Turbonilla sp. 1
Turbonilla sp. 2
Turbonilla sp. 3
^ Turbonilla sp. 4

ACTEONIDAE

Acteon punctostriatus
A* (C. B. Adams)

ACTEOCINIDAE

Cylichna cf. verrilli
C (Dali)

Unknown sp.

SCAPHANDRIDAE
Scaphander watsoni
Dali

PHILINIDAE

*Philine cf. planata
Dali

*Philine tincta
Verrill

R

R

R

C

A*

R

R

OO O O 0> ?30 OOO

MOLLUSKS FROM EASTWARD STATIONS

23

BULLIDAE

Bulla occidentalis
A. Adams
ATYIDAE

?*Atys cf. caribaea
(Orbigny)

RETUSIDAE
Retusa caelata
(Bush)

SIPHONODENTALIIDAE
Cadulus agassizii
Dali

Cadulus carolinensis
Bush

*Cadulus minusculus
Dali

Cadulus quadridentatus
(Dali)

DENTALIIDAE

Dentalium laqueatum
Verrill

Dentalium sowerbyi
Guilding

Dentalium taphrium
Dali

NUCULIDAE

Nucula crenulata
A. Adams

*Nucula delphinodonta
Mighels

NUCULANIDAE
Nuculana acuta
(Conrad)

Nuculana aspecta
(Dali)

*Yoldia sapotilla
(Gould)

SOLEMYIDAE

*Solemya cf. occidentalis
(Deshayes)

ARCIDAE

Arcopsis adamsi
(E. H. Smith)
GLYCYMERIDAE
Tucetona pectinata
(Gmelin)

LIMOPSIDAE
Limopsis sulcata
Verrill and Bush
MYTILIDAE

Amygdalum cf. papyria
(Conrad)

*Crenella cf. fragilis
(Verrill)

PECTINIDAE

Aequipecten muscosus
(Wood)

Chlamys benedicti
Verrill and Bush

R

R

A*

A*

A*

C*

R*

C*

c*

c

c

c

c

c

c

A

A*

A

C*

A*

C

R

R

A*

C

PROPEAMUSIIDAE
Cyclopecten nanus
Verrill and Bush
Cyclopecten thalassinus
(Dali)

LIMIDAE

Limatula setifera
Dali

*Limatula subauriculata
Montagu

Limea bronniana
(Dali)

CHAMIDAE

Chama macerophylla
Gmelin

ASTARTIDAE
Astarte nana
Dali

*Astarte smithii
Dali

CRASSATELLIDAE
Crassinella lunulata
(Conrad)

MESODESMATIDAE
Ervilia concentrica
(Holmes)

TELLINIDAE
Macoma tenta
(Say)

Tellina squamifera
Deshayes
Tellina probrina
Boss

Tellina sybaritica
Dali

SCROBICULARIDAE
Abra lioica
(Dali)

SEMELIDAE

Semele bellastriata
(Conrad)

Semele nuculoides
(Conrad)

Semele purpurascens
(Gmelin)

VENERIDAE

Chione cancellata mazy ski

Dali

Chione latilirata
Conrad

Gouldia cerina
(C. B. Adams)
Macrocallista maculata
(Linne)

LUCINIDAE

Lucina leucocyma
Dali

Phacoides filosus
Stimpson

C

C

C

C

C

R*

C

c

c*

R

C

A*

C

c c*

c*

c*

c*

c*

c*

c*

c*

R*

R*

24

HUGH J. PORTER

UNGULINIDAE

Diplodonla punctata

(Say) (2 varieties) C

THYASIRIDAE

*Thyasira cf. gouldi
(Philippi)

CARDITIDAE

Cardita dominguensis

Orbigny C

Venericardia perplana

(Conrad) R

Venericardia tridentata

(Say) R*

CORBULIDAE

Corbula dietziana

C. B. Adams C*

Notocorbula operculata

(Philippi) A*

HIATELLIDAE
Hiatella artica

(Linne) R

PANDORIDAE

Pandora bushiana

Dali C*

Pandora inflata

Boss and Merrill C*

LYONSHDAE
Lyonsia hyalina

(Conrad) R*

THRACHDAE

*Cyathodonta semirugusa

(Reeve) R

POROMYIDAE

Poromya granulata

(Nyst & Westendorp) C*

VERTICORDIIDAE
Verticordia fisheriana

Dali A*

Verticordia ornata

(Orbigny) A*

CUSPIDARIIDAE

Cardiomya costellata

(Deshayes) C

*Cuspidaria granulata

(Dali) C

* Cusp id aria turgid a

Verrill and Bush C

Unknown sp. R

A REVISION OF THE MAINLAND SPECIES OF
THE BULIMULID LAND SNAIL GENUS RABDOTUS

W. L. Pratt, Jr.^

Six species of the genus Rabdotus Albers, 1850 are
known to inhabit the North American mainland and
are treated in the present study. An indeterminate
number of species inhabiting the Baja California
peninsula and adjacent islands will be the subject of
future research.

In the following checklist synonyms are given as
they appear in Pilsbry (1946). Bulimulus dealbatus
pasonis Pilsbry, 1902, for example, is cited as
Bulimulus pasonis, following Pilsbry (1946); fuller
synonymies as well as figures and descriptions of
most of the taxa can be found in that work. For
forms outside the range of Pilsbry (1946) the original
description has been cited.

Subgenus Rabdotus (s. str. )

Rabdotus dealbatus dealbatus (Say, 1821 )

(Synonymy: Bulimulus d. dealbatus (Say); B. d.
liquabilis Reeve, 1848; B. d. neomexicanus Pilsbry,
1946; B. d. ozarkensis Pilsbry and Ferris, 1906).

Northeastern Mexico to eastern Kansas, east to

*Asst. Curator of Science, Fort Worth Museum of
Science and History, Fort Worth, TX. 76107.

western Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri. Disjunct
colonies in relict grasslands in southern Illinois,
Kentucky, Mississippi, and Alabama. R. d.
neomexicanus is simply a disjunct population in the
mountains of southern New Mexico. Similar large
forms occur at various localities in east central Texas.
Rabdotus dealbatus ragsdalei (Pilsbry, 1890)
(Synonymy: Bulimulus dealbatus ragsdalei

Pilsbry).

A narrow zone west of the range of R. d. dealbatus
in Texas, from the Red River to the Rio Grande.
Rabdotus dealbatus durangoanus (Martens, 1893)
(Synonymy: Bulimulus durangoanus Martens; B.
pasonis Pilsbry, 1902; B. novoleonis Pilsbry, 1953).

Chihuahuan desert from Durango and Nuevo Leon
to southern New Mexico in desert mountains. This is
the taxon formerly treated under the name Rabdotus
pasonis and regarded as a distinct species (Pratt,
1969). In the mountains of southern New Mexico and
adjacent Texas it overlaps R. d. dealbatus without
interbreeding, as noted by Pilsbry (1946: 19).

However, it intergrades with R. d. ragsdalei in Terrell
County, Texas and with R. d. dealbatus on the
eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental in western

BULIMULID LAND SNAIL

25

Nuevo Leon and eastern Coahuila. The type of
Bulimulus novoleonis Pilsbry is a normal specimen of
this taxon. Bulimulus durangoanus Martens is also
based on this widespread Chihuahuan desert form and
by the law of priority Marten’s name must replace the
more familiar Bulimulus pasonis of Pilsbry.

Rabdotus alternatus (Say, 1830)

(Synonyms: Bulimulus alternatus alternatus (Say);
B. a. mariae (Albers, 1850); B. a. hesperius Pilsbry
and Ferriss, 1924; B. schiedeanus (Pfeiffer, 1841 );B.
patriarcha (Binney, 1858), for figure and description
see Binney, 1885.

Val Verde, Bexar, and Jackson Counties, Texas,
south to southern Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi; up
valley of Rio Grande to above Presidio, Texas.
Scattered disjunct colonies in Chihuahuan Desert of
Chihuahua, Coahuila, and northern Durango, and in
the rain shadow of Pico Orizaba in eastern Puebla and
adjacent Vera Cruz and Oaxaca. Highly variable. The
Chihuahuan desert and Puebla populations seem to
be subspecifically distinct from those of south Texas
and northeastern Mexico. The name Rabdotus
alternatus hesperius (Pilsbry and Ferriss) is available
for the Chihuahuan desert populations, from the
Pecos River, Texas, westward and was also applied by
Pratt (1969). The name Bulimulus schiedeanus
(Pfeiffer) was first applied to these populations by
Martens (1893), followed by Pilsbry (1946) and in
part by Hubricht (1960) and Pratt (1969). It seems
preferable, however, to restrict that name to the
population in the Pico Orizaba rain shadow, which
was considered typical by Martens (1893), which then
becomes Rabdotus alternatus schiedeanus (Pfeiffer).
In view of the protean variability of the species and in
the absence of adequent material from Mexico it
seems the wisest course to minimize the use of
trinomens for the present.

Rabdotus mooreanus mooreanus (Pfeiffer, 1868)

(Synonymy: Bulimulus dealbatus mooreanus

(Pfeiffer); B. schiedeanus pecosensis Pilsbry and
Ferris.., 1906; B. mooreanus pecosensis P. & F.,
Hubricht, 1960).

Texas, from Pecos River to border of
pine-hardwood forests, Webb, Duval, and San Patricio
Counties, north to Red River. Disjunct colonies in
Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, and Missouri. As noted
by Hubricht (1960) the southern limit of R.
mooreanus seems to be determined by competition
with R. alternatus. Although relict colonies of R.
mooreanus occur within the range of R. alternatus,
the two species never occur together at the same
locality.

Rabdotus mooreanus jonesi (Clench, 1937).

(Synonomy: Bulimulus dealbatus jonesi Clench).

Relict grasslands on the Selma chalk of west
central Alabama and adjacent Mississippi. Hubricht
(in litt.) has considered these populations to be
introduced, but the character combination of R. m.
jonesi is not matched by any material from west of

the Mississippi River. It seems probable that the
Alabama and Mississippi populations are xerothermal
relicts, as are the grasslands in which they occur.

Rabdotus nigromontanus (Dali, 1897)

(Synonymy: Bulimulus nigromontanus Dali; B.
sonorensis Vxlshry, 1928).

Tumacacori Mountains of Santa Cruz County,
Arizona south to Carbo, Sonora. The type material of
Bulimulus sonorensis is not distinguishable from R.
nigromontanus.

Subgenus Hannarabdotus Emerson and Jacobson,
1964.

Rabdotus pilsbryi (Ferriss, 1925)

(Synonymy: Bulimulus pilsbryi Ferriss).

Eastern Big Bend region of Texas and isolated
localities near Jimenez, Chihuahua and Rodeo,
Durango. Probably in desert mountains through much
of the Chihuahuan desert.

Rabdotus baileyi (Dali, 1893)

(Synonymy: Bulimulus baileyi Dali).

Sonoran Desert of Mexico from the Rio
Magdalena, Sonora to northern Sinaloa. A disjunct (?)
occurrence at Mazatlan.

LITERATURE CITED

Binney, W. G. 1885. A manual of American land
snails. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 28: pp. 526.

Dali, W. H. 1893. Land snails of the genus Bulimulus
in Lower California, with descriptions of several
new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 16: 639-647, pi.
71-72.

Emerson, W. K. and M. K. Jacobson, 1964. Terrestrial
mollusks of the Belvedere expedition to the Gulf
of California. Trans. San Diego Soc. of Nat. Hist.
13: 313-332.

Hubricht, L. 1960. The genus Bulimulus in southern
Texas. Nautilus 74: 68-70.

Martens, E. von. 1893. Biologia Central! Americana;
Terrestrial and Freshwater Mollusca. (Date of
pertinent fascicle; published from 1890 to 1901).

Pilsbry, H.A. 1928. Mexican Mollusks. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 80: 115-117.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America
(north of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. Monogr.
3, 2(1): i-viii, 1-520.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1953. Land mollusks from Nuevo
Leon, Mexico. Nautilus 67: 46-47.

Pfeiffer, L. 1841. Symbolae ad Historium Heliceorum
(in three vols., 1841-1846) 1:43 (reference not
seen).

Pratt, W. L. 1969. A preliminary revision of the land
snail genus Rabdotus in Texas. Ann. Rept. Amer.
Malacol. Union 1969: 47-49.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

TAXONOMIC PROBLEMS WITH INDO-PACIFIC TRICOLIA (PHASIANELLIDAE)

Robert Robertson^

This is a progress report on a monograph of the
Phasianellidae for “Indo-Pacific Mollusca” Eight
Indo-West-Pacific species of Tricolia Risso, s. str., are
being recognized, and three species in the subgenus
Hiloa Pilsbry. Singled out for discussion here are the
relationships between a pair of species of Tricolia, s.
str., and the problems of categorizing species of
Hiloa.

Tricolia indica Winckworth ranges from western
India to the Strait of Malacca and has a shell closely
resembling that of a new species I am describing from
East Africa (Kenya to the Somali Republic). These
zoogeographic neighbors are the same shape and size
and have similar sculpture. They differ in the
coarseness of their sculpture, in their colors and
patterns, in the presence or absence of an umbilical
chink, in the thickness of the shell, and in the size of
the first whorl. The two species are the only ones
known in the family to have posterior median
projections on the jaws. Initially, I was inclined to
rank the new taxon as a subspecies of T. indica. Then
I discovered that their radulae differ greatly. Relative
to shell size, the radula of T. indica is much smaller
than that of T. n.sp., has much smaller teeth, and has
fewer marginals in much more curved and broadly
overlapped transverse rows. T. indica has the
innermost pair of laterals fused into a pseudocentral,
and only three pairs of unfused laterals remain. The
outermost marginals are widened, fused, and spinose.
No other phasianellid radula is similar. I could name a
new monotypic genus or subgenus based on T. indica,
but I believe that such action would be wrong.
Excepting the radula, the evidence points to T. indica
being closely related to T. n.sp. There is a striking
difference in the habitat of the two species. T. n.sp.
lives among algae, as is usual for phasianellids. T.
indica, on the other hand, lives on a siliceous sand
bottom where there are no macroscopic plants and
where the water is opaque with suspended detritus. I
have collected the species off Cochin, India, and this
habitat is unlike that of any other phasianellid. I
suggest that T. indica has evolved a special, perhaps
carnivorous diet and as a consequence has a special
radula. Other data show that phasianellid radulae are
more evolutionarily plastic than are the shells. I

*Academy of Natural Sciences, Nineteenth and The
Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103

conclude that genera and subgenera should not be
distinguished in any group of gastropods on radular
characters alone. Radula differences should be
considered in the context of the total biology of the
animals.

The subgenus Hiloa is endemic to the
Indo-West-Pacific, and is the predominant group of
minute phasianellids in the area. I have had available
for study more than 5,800 specimens. Their sexually
dimorphic shells and radulae have already been
discussed in a preliminary paper (1971, A.M.U. Ann.
Rept. for 1970, pp. 75-78, 2 figs.). Provisionally I am
recognizing three latitudinally separated, allopatric
species: Tricolia (Hiloa) megastoma (Pilsbry) from
Japan, T. (H.) variabilis (Pease) from most of the
tropical Indo-West-Pacific, and T.(H.) uirgo (Angas)
from New South Wales, Australia. The only
consistent differences noted between these is that the
two subtropical species have larger first whorls of
both the shell and the operculum; also, their
periostracums are thicker. These characters could be
climatically induced, and they may be shown to
intergrade clinally. The Japanese species attains larger
shell sizes than either of the others, but the size
disparities between populations of T.(H.) variabilis
are far greater. The Japanese species also has more
pairs of marginal radular teeth, but the numbers of
these correlate with shell size throughout the
subgenus. Differences between populations of T.(H.)
variabilis are more extreme than those supposedly
differentiating the species. The following characters
are shown to vary geographically:

1. The numbers of spiral threads or cords above the
suture on the early teleoconch whorls

2. The percentages of shells that predominantly are
spirally dotted or spirally lined

3. The maximum attained shell sizes

4. The numbers of pairs of marginal radular teeth
in adults

5. The cusping of the pseudocentral radular teeth
in adults

Excepting characters 3 and 4, each shows a wholly
different pattern of geographic variation. Thus there
is a complex geographic mosaic of characters. A
pelagic larval stage is suppressed, and the restriction
of gene flow between populations helps to explain
the origin and maintenance of the geographic
polymorphism. Despite the polymorphism, there is
no evidence for genetically definable subspecies. Such

26

PROBLEMS WITH TRICOLIA

27

taxa either would have to be based on a single
character, or each population in the mosaic would
have to be considered distinct. The whole subgenus

may be one genetic continuum, in which case it
would be far the most polymorphic marine gastropod
species known.

VERTICAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC CEPHALOPODS
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. PRELIMINARY REPORT.

Clyde F. E. Roper^

Although benthic and neritic cephalopods of the
Mediterranean Sea have been studied since Aristotle
first observed Octopus behavior, the pelagic forms
have received very little attention. The Mediterranean
Biological Studies Program of the Smithsonian
Institution, an outgrowth of the Ocean Acre Program
in the Sargasso Sea (see Gibbs and Roper, 1970;
Gibbs et. al, 1971), provided the opportunity to
study in detail the midwater macrofauna with
particular emphasis on diel vertical distribution of
species and their seasonal and geographical variation
in occurrence and abundance. The precision and
detail required for collecting specimens for such a
study was achieved through use of a net-closing
device, the discrete-depth cod-end sampler, rigged to
a 3 m Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT) (Aron et.
al., 1964). This instrument permits collecting of three
replicate samples at any desired depth during a single
lowering of the trawl. The closing devices are
actuated from shipboard through use of a
multiconductor towing warp; monotoring of depth of
net and ambient temperature permats precise
placement and control of the fishing depth of the
trawl during each tow.

Five localities were selected as collecting stations
(Figure 1) and were sampled during the summer of
1970 and the winter of 1972. The sampling regime
consisted of IKMT discrete-depth tows both day and
night at 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800
and 1000 meters and neuston tows at the surface.
Sampling at all depths for all stations was not possible
to complete because of lack of time. Station I was
not sampled in winter. Station data are presented
elsewhere (Gibbs, 1972).

During the two cruises a total of 591 cephalopods,
representing 21 species, was captured: 362 specimens
representing 15 species in summer; 229 specimens
representing 17 species in winter. A total of 760.2
hours was spent in trawling; trawling time was about
equally divided between the two cruises (summer:
368.1 hrs; winter: 392.1 hrs). All species captured
were members of the North Atlantic fauna, so no
endemic component of the Mediterranean fauna is
represented. A preliminary report on the cephalopods

*Division of Mollusks, National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
20560

taken during the summer cruise has appeared (Roper,
1972).

Limited space precludes a detailed report of all
species here so the results for four species will be
discussed as examples of the types of vertical and
seasonal distributions exhibited by pelagic
cephalopods in the Mediterranean. A more
comprehensive account will be published elsewhere.
All day and night closing-net and neuston net
captures have been standardized for analysis of
vertical distribution to number of specimens captured
per hour of trawling (spec. /hr) at any given depth. In
the consideration of vertical distribution, specimens
captured within 1 hour before or after sunrise or
sunset were eliminated because these are the primary
hours during which active vertical movements take
place. In order to access the seasonal abundance and
distribution all captures at each station were
analyzed, e.g. discrete, oblique, open-net, neuston net
and twilight-captured specimens.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

1. Fourteen discrete specimens of Heteroteuthis
dispar, a small sepiolid squid, were captured in
summer during daytime over a range of 150-500 m at
an average rate of capture of 1.7 (range 1. 0-7.0)
specimens per hour of trawling; 64% of the sample
population was concentrated in a narrow band at
400-425 m. At night an average of 2.5 (1.0-5. 3)
spec./hr (30 discrete specimens) was captured
between 25 and 300 m, with 81% of the sample
concentrated at 25-100 m. Therefore, in the summer
H. dispar in the Mediterranean appears to undergo a
diel vertical shift where the “center” of the
population moves vertically about 350 m during the
morning and evening crepuscular periods. The vertical
range is broad and a 150 m overlap of the day and
night distributions occurs. In winter two specimens
(average of 0.8 (0.7-1. 0) spec./hr) were captured in
the closing net during the day at 500 and 525 m. At
night an average of 3.8 (1.0-6. 6) spec./hr (8

specimens) was taken at 25-200 m, 90% of them at
25-100 m. Although data are less complete for winter
it seems likely that a vertical shift similar to that of
summer occurs. An average of 1.2 spec./hr (3 spec.,
one from an open net) was caught in less than 75 m
in winter, while 2.7 spec./hr (29 spec.) were captured
in less than 75 m in the summer.

28

CLYDE F. E. ROPER

The determination of seasonal occurrence and
relative abundance at each station utilizes all
specimens captured by all gear, the result recorded as
total number of specimens per hour of travirling (tot.
spec./hr). The results are presented in Table I.

H. dispar was absent from station 1 in summer but
occurred in about equal numbers at stations 2 and 3.
While the species appears to be absent from station 4,
fishing effort there may have been too low to pick up
specimens in low abundance. Station 5, with greater
effort, yielded a low rate of abundance. In winter H.
dispar was entirely absent from stations 2 and 3
(station 1 was not sampled) but was present in equal
abundance at stations 4 and 5. H. dispar was
significantly more abundant at station 5 in winter
than in summer. The absence of H. dispar in the
northern Balearic (station 2) and Tyrrhenian (station
3) Seas in winter and in the Ionian (station 4) and
Levantine (station 5) Seas in summer may indicate a
seasonal shift of the population toward the eastern
basins in wintertime.

2. Pyroteuthis margaritifera, a known strong diel
vertical migrator, was represented by 22 specimens
captured in the closing net. In the summer during
the day an average of 1.0 (l.OT.O) specimens per
hour (4 specimens) was captured between 400 and
600 m, with 50% concentrated at 400 m. At night an
average of 1.4 spec./hr (1. 0-2.0) (8 specimens) was
captured between 50 and 250 m with 75% of the
sample population concentrated at 150-200 m. In
summertime a strong diel migration is indicated that
may extend over a vertical distance of 150-550 m. In
winter an average of 4.0 spec./hr (4.0) (4 specimens)
was captured at 400 m during daytime, while at night
an average of 1.3 spec./hr (1. 0-2.0) (4 specimens) was
taker at 75-375 m, with 50% at 75 m. Although a
diel vertical migration does occur during winter, too
few data points are available for a complete
description to be, made.

P. margaritifera was absent from stations 1, 2, and
4 during summer; it was present at stations 3 and 5 in
concentrations of 0.13 and 0.03 total specimens per
hour respectively. Although the greatest trawling
effort was at stations 3 and 5, stations 1 and 2 were
adequately sampled; very little trawling was done at
station 4, so the apparent absence of P. margaritifera
may not be real. In winter, no specimens of P.
margaritifera were captured at stations 2 and 3, but
the species did occur in about equal abundance at
stations 4 and 5. P. margaritifera appears to exhibit
an eastward shift of the population in winter, leaving
the summertime center of abundance in the
Tyrrhenian Sea (station 3) entirely devoid of
specimens in winter. The relative abundance of P.
margaritifera in winter is about three-fifths that of
summer.

3. A total of 31 specimens of Ctenopteryx sicula
was captured in closing nets, 23 in summer and 8 in
winter. In summertime during the day 7 specimens
were captured at an average rate of 1.7 specimens per

hour (1. 0-3.0) over a range of 100-150 m. At night 8
specimens were taken at an average of 2.7 spec./hr
(1. 0-4.0) at 50-150 m, with 88% taken at 50-100 m.
The 8 additional specimens captured during twilight
were caught at an average of 3.2 spec./hr (1. 0-6.0) at
25-100 m with the center of abundance at 50-100 m.
In winter an average of 2.1 (1. 0-4.0) spec./hr (8
specimens) was captured at night at 50-100 m with a
peak of abundance (75%) at 50-75 m. No captures
were made during the day. At present it is uncertain
if C. sicula is a vertical migrator, because, while the
data show an apparent limited ascent at night to
25-100 m from 100-150 m, daytime sampling at less
than 100 m was minimal.

C. sicula was present in equally low abundance in
the summer at stations 1 and 2, while a 10-fold
increase occurred at station 3, the center of
abundance in summertime (Table I). No specimens
were taken at stations 4 and 5. In winter the center of
abundance occurred at station 4 where captures were
slightly greater than the summertime abundance at
station 3. No material was taken at station 2; the
catches at stations 3 and 5 were negligible. Therefore,
the center of abundance of C. sicula appears to shift
from the Tyrrhenian Sea in the summer eastward to
the Ionian Sea in winter.

4. Onychoteuthis banksi, the most abundant
cephalopod captured during the Mediterranean
studies, was also the only cephalopod that was
captured at every station both summer and winter. A
total of 104 specimens was captured in the closing
net, 84 in the summer and 20 in the winter. In the
summer during the d^y an average rate of capture of
1.7 specimens per hour (0.8-5. 0) was made between
50 and 800 m; 46% of the captures was concentrated
at 50-100 m and 38% at 750 m. At night an average
catch of 4.5 spec./hr (0.8-24.0) was attained between
0 and 300 m, with only one capture at 300 m and the
rest at 100 m or less; 49% of the captures occurred at
50 m and 37% at 100 m. In the winter an average of
1.2 spec./hr (1.0-1. 3) was captured during the day,
one specimen each at 75 m and 375 m. At night
during the winter an average of 4.1 spec./hr
(1.0-12.0) was taken between 0 m and 150 m; 83% of
the captures was concentrated at 25-75 m (50% at 25
m).

O. banksi clearly has a broad vertical range,
particularly during the daytime (summer), but
heaviest concentrations occur in the upper 100 m
both day and night. The range is more restricted at
night when nearly the entire population occurs at
25-100 m. As strong, active swimmers the larger
juveniles and the adults are able to make occasional
excursions to depths of 600-800 m during the day,
apparently returning toward the surface waters at
night. Winter captures, less numerous than those of
summer, occur over a more restricted range of depths
(0 - 375 m).

O. banski was present at all 5 stations during the
summer, with maximum abundance at station 3,

PELAGIC CEPHALOPODS

29

followed by station 2; it was least abundant at station
1 (Table I). In winter the center of abundance of the
sample population occurred at station 4 where the
species was three times more abundant than at station
3. Captures at stations 2 and 5 were very low.

O. banksi, therefore, is distributed throughout the
area of study both summer and winter, but is
concentrated in the central basins. The site of greatest
abundance occurs in the Tyrrhenian Sea (station 3) in
summer and shifts eastward to the Ionian Sea (station
4) in winter.

SUMMARY

The cephaiopods collected during the
Mediterranean Biological Studies Program exhibit
several different types of diel vertical distributions,
four of which are: 1) Heteroteuthis dispar shifts up
toward the surface at night but retains a significant
zone of overlap of day and night distributions. 2)
Pyroteuthis margaritifera exhibits strong diel vertical
movements of at least 200-500 m in extent with no
overlap. 3) Onychoteuthis banksi is distributed

broadly througiiout the water column to about 800
m but is concentrated in the upper 100 m. 4)
Ctenopteryx sicula is very restricted in vertical range,
limited to the upper 150 m.

Seasonal differences also occur. In general, relative
abundance of a species is considerably lower in winter
than in summer. A general trend exists for the
displacement of the bulk of the population of each
species toward the eastern basins in wintertime.
Station 3 was most productive in the summer, while
station 4 was most productive in the winter.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the following for support during
the Mediterranean Biological Studies Program:
biologists of the Smithsonian Institution, University
of Rhode Island, Naval Oceanographic Office,
(Washington) and Underwater Systems Center (New
London); Office of Naval Research (Contract No.
N00014-67-A-399-0007 ); officers and crew of the
research vessels TRIDENT and SANDS. I am
especially grateful to M. J. Sweeney and R. D. Gatton
for preparing specimens and data for analysis.

Figure 1. Location of collecting stations in the Mediterranean Sea.

30

CLYDE F. E. ROPER

TABLE I. Total number of specimens captured per hour of trawling (all sampling
devices included).

Station No.

H. dispar

P. margaritifera

O. banksi

C. sicula

Summer

1.

0.00

0.00

0.06

0.02

2.

0.36

0.00

0.36

0.02

3.

0.34

0.13

0.52

0.20

4.

0.00

0.00

0.26

0.00

5.

0.02

0.03

0.15

0.00

TOTAL AVERAGE

0.21

0.05

0.32

0.07

Winter

1 .

Not Sampled

2.

0.00

0.00

0.00+

0.00

3.

0.00

0.00

0.13

0.01

4.

0.11

0.11

0.42

0.21

5.

0.11

0.09

0.02

0.00+

TOTAL AVERAGE

0.04

0.03

0.07

0.02

+P"ewer than 0.01 spec. /hr.

LITERATURE CITED

Aron, VV., N. Raxter, R. Noel, and W. Andrews. 1964.
A description of a discrete depth plankton sampler
with some notes on the towing behavior of a 6-foot
Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl and a one-meter ring
net. Limnol. and Oceanog. 9 (3), pp. 324-333.

Oibbs, R. H., Jr. 1972. Mediterranean Biological
Studies. Part 1. Gear, sampling methods, and
bioi jgical sample processing. Smithsonian Inst.
Rep. July, 1972, 1, pp. 5-25.

Gibbs, R. H., Jr. and C. F. E. Roper. 1971. Ocean
Acre: preliminary report on vertical distributions
of fishes and cephalopods. In Proceedings of an

International Symposium on Biological Sound
Scattering in the Ocean. U.S. Navy, Maury Center
Report 005, pp. 120-135.

Gibbs, R. H., Jr., C. F. E. Roper, D. W. Brown, and
R. H. Goodyear. 1971. Biological studies of the
Bermuda Ocean Acre. I. Station data, methods,
and equipment for cruises 1 through 11, October,
1967 — January, 1971. Smithsonian Inst. Rep.
September, 1971, 49 pp., 14 figs.

Roper, C. F. E. 1972. Mediterranean Biological
Studies. Part 5. Ecology and vertical distribution of
Mediterranean pelagic cephalopods. Smithsonian
Inst. Rep. July, 1972, 1, pp. 282-316.

STUDIES ON ASCENSION ISLAND MARINE MOLLUSKS

Joseph Rosewater^

Ascension in the tropical mid-South Atlantic is a
young island compared to most nearby land masses.
It is fairly well established that Ascension is of
Pleistocene origin, and various estimates of its age
range from 10,000 to over one million years with
volcanic activity probably having taken place in the
past few hundred years (Wilson, 1963; Duffey, 1964;
Atkins, et al., 196 4). The nearest land mass, the
island of St. Helena, is considerably older, probably
dating from the Miocene. The geological youth of

*Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Mollusks,
Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC 20560

Ascension makes it of interest faunistically. The
marine shallow water invertebrates living there now
must have arrived during the elapsed time since the
emergence of the island’s cooled volcanic substance.
It is, therefore, a kind of laboratory on which one can
study the effects of dispersal of marine animals by
currents and other means and also the effects of
isolation as they may be expressed in the evolution of
distinct island species.

The mollusks of Ascension were first well
enumerated by E. A. Smith (1890b) in a report which
listed 42 species of which 9 were from deep water
and not properly characterized as shallow water
species. Little further has been written on the island

ASCENSION ISLAND MOLLUSKS

31

except for the reports of Stearns (1892) and Packer
(1968) which added virtually no new species to the
fauna. Ekman (1953) practically ignored Ascension in
his remarks on Atlantic island zoogeography because
of lack of information. In recent years the island has
become more accessible. During World War II it was a
refueling stop for transoceanic flights and most
recently it has done service as a missile tracking
station. Some of its recent human inhabitants have
collected m.arine animals, including mollusks, and the
collection of one such person, Mrs. Kay Hutchfield,
was sent to me for identification. In 1971 Dr. R. B.
Manning visited Ascension and made an intensive
collection of shallow water marine invertebrates.
These collections have been studied with some rather
interesting results.

The information from the new collections of
mollusks, when added to the previous records, results
in a 100 percent increase in the number of species
inhabiting Ascension (84: 42). The question

immediately arises: “Have these additional species
arrived since the initial census by Smith?”. This
cannot be answered definitely, of course, although it
is possible that some of them are new arrivals and
that this influx will continue barring some
catastrophic occurrence on the island. At least part of
the increase may be due to more complete collections
having been made more recently. A rounding of the
figures of known species when compared with the
supposed geologic age of the island, 100: 1,000,000
respectively, yields a possible arrival rate for new
immigrants of one each 10,000 years! If the age of
the island is even twice that, it would mean one new
species each 20,000 years, a really insignificant
change when the totality of geologic time is imagined.

Most of the mollusk species now living on
Ascension originated elsewhere, that is they are
generally considered to be inhabitants either of
western Atlantic, eastern Atlantic, or of both areas,
i.e., amphi- Atlantic. In a smaller number of cases they
are inhabitants in addition of another faunal area, i.e.,
they are pantropical species. In a very few cases, they
are endemic, apparently having evolved on the island,
possibly from an ancestral form now extinct.

In the case of marine invertebrates having
planktonic larvae it is generally conceded that ocean
currents may transport them over varying distances
and in this way they have achieved their present
distributions. Other means are needed to explain the
distributions of non-planktonic forms. The
suggestions have been made that they may rely on
wind and even bird transport or may be carried on
floating objects. Man is often implicated. A recently
proposed explanation becomes involved with
continental drift (Chace and Manning, 1972). In the
present case no new explanation for the transport of
species will be attempted. It is here considered of
sufficient interest that most of the various species
have originated elsewhere and that by some means
they have arrived at Ascension. The recent papers of

Scheltema (1968, 1971a, b) in which the North
Atlantic drift, the westward-flowing North and South
Equatorial currents, the eastward- flowing Equatorial
counter current and undercurrent are discussed are
considered to be especially pertinent in explaining
Atlantic ocean distributions.

An analysis of the geographic origins of the marine
mollusks of Ascension indicates that about 23% of
them are derived from the western Atlantic, 27% from
the eastern Atlantic, 21% occur in both eastern and
western Atlantic, 10% are pantropical, while only
about 10% are endemic.* When these statistics for
Ascension are compared to the information known
for St. Helena (Smith 1890a) an interesting
correlation becomes apparent. Approximately 14% of
the marine mollusks of St. Helena are from the west
and 14% from the east; 5% occur in both east and
west; 16% are pantropical; and 51% are endemic. It is
significant to note that faunal relationships of the
two mid- Atlantic islands are roughly comparable as to
the source of their faunas, but there is a major
discrepancy in the numbers of endemic species: 51%
of the fauna being endemic on St. Helena and only
7% on Ascension. The reason for this discrepancy
may lie in the comparative ages of the two islands,
that of St. Helena being of the order of 20 million
years, while Ascension is only 1 to 2 million.

This result, although still rather tentative, supports
what probably would be predicted concerning
endemicity in the two islands based on their ages. If
isolation over a long time period allows genetic
differentiation and with it speciation, it should be
more evident on St. Helena than it is on Ascension
and the figures substatiate this. Regarding the origin
of the fauna of Ascension (and also of St. Helena
which probably is comparable) the species seem not
to have arrived predominantly from either east or
west, but rather equally from both directions and
include immigrants from other faunal zones as well.
This lends credence to the belief that given sufficient
time and a vehicle such as the ocean currents, species
will colonize any area they can reach that is
ecologically acceptable.

LITERATURE CITED

Atkins, F. B., P. E. Baker, -J. D. Bell, G. W. Smith.
1964. Oxford Expedition to Ascension Island,
1964. Nature 204 (4960): 722-724.

Chace, Fenner A. and Raymond B. Manning. 1972.
Two new Caridean shrimps, one representing a new
family, from marine pools on Ascension Island
(Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) Smithsonian
Contrib. Zool. (131): 1-18.

Duffey, Eric. 1964. The terrestrial ecology of
Ascension Island. J. Applied Ecol. 1 (2): 219-251.
Ekman, Sven. 1953. Zoogeography of the Sea.
Sidgwick and Jackson Limited, London, pp. XIV -^
417.

* Only 81 of 89 Ascension Island species are included.

32

J. ROSEWATER & H. VANDER SCHALIE

Packer, John C. 1968. Ascension Island. A Concise
Handbook. Privately printed, Georgetown,
Ascension Island, pp. 1-68.

Scheltema, Rudolf S. 1968. Dispersal of larvae by
equatorial ocean currents and its importance to the
zoogeography of shoalwater tropical species.
Nature 217 (5134): 1159-1162.

Scheltema, Rudolf S. 1971a. Larval dispersal as a
means of genetic exchange between geographically
separated populations of shallow-water benthic
marine gastropods. Biol. Bull. 140 (2) 284-322.

Scheltema, Rudolf S. 1971b. Dispersal of
phytoplanktonic shipworm larvae (Bivalvia:
Teredinidae) over long distances by ocean currents.
Mar. Biol. 2(1): 5-11.

Smith, Edgar A. 1890a. Report on the marine
molluscan fauna of the Island of St. Helena. Proc.
Zool. Soc. London 1890, part 2, pp. 247-317, pis.
21-24.

Smith, Edgar A. 1890b. On the marine Mollusca of
Ascension Island. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890,
part 2, pp. 317-322.

Stearns, Robert E. C. 1893. Preliminary report on the
molluscan species collected by the United States
scientific expedition to West Africa in 1889-90.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 16 (940): 317-339.

Wilson, J. Tuzo. 1963. Evidence from islands on the
spreading of ocean floors. Nature 197 (4867):
536-538.

SNAIL-RELATED PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
IN THE MEKONG
Henry van der Schalie*

Snail biology appears to be more important in large
dam developments in the Mekong than most planners
realize. This is well illustrated in the region of the
recently completed Uboratana (also called Nam Pong)
Dam of Northeast Thailand. A few of the snail-related
health problems are cited to emphasize the need in
the planning stages for better consideration of the
feasibility of such dam-building projects.

To provide more protein in the native diet a small
fish-pond had been built near Khon Kaen, but it was
avoided for fishing when the non-human schistosome.
Schistosoma spindale, developed to troublesome
proportions. The pond was being used for immersing
the water buffalo which, in turn, left behind the
parasite eggs that hatched to infect the pond snails,
Indoplanorbis exustis, living there in large numbers.
One of the men to whom we spoke about this
problem rolled up his pants and displayed a severe
case of schistosome dermatitis. While the conditions
have not as yet been studied, non-human bird
schistosomes, also, will undoubtedly prove to be a
nuisance in this region.

The water from this same pond was used to soak
jute, or “kenaf” as it is called locally. The stalks of
the plant are allowed to rot and soften and the fiber
is then stripped to make the jute. There was no
evidence that the women doing this work were
infected, but the rotting process was a source of
pollution to the local streams.

Another small pond in this same region contained
many Pila (ampullarid) snails used as a source of
protein. Unfortunately, those snails were often not
properly cooked with the result that many of the
local people suffered from brain lesions. The snails
become infected with the rat lung worm — a

* University Museums, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, MI. 48104

nematode called Angiostrongylus cantonensis; the
larvae of the parasite travel through the brain tissues
of the definitive hosts enroute to the lungs. It was of
interest to find that, while the Thai people in that
northeast Thailand region were seriously infected, the
people in the vicinity of the Prek Thnot Dam
southwest of Phnom Penh (Cambodia) cook Pila
snails thoroughly and the incidence of brain lesions is
far less.

Another snail-borne disease of serious proportions
and common to persons living in the neighborhood of
the Uboratan Dam is opisthorchiasis — a human liver
disease acquired from eating improperly cooked fish.
People living in the region of the impoundment were
paid for their flooded land but no provision was made
for re-housing them. They settled in a filthy village
not far from the dam. Parafossarulus (bythiniid)
snails inhabiting the margin of that man-made lake
are infected by miracidia from the human wastes and
these people are in turn infected when they eat
poorly cooked fish. Human infections there are
reported to be near one hundred percent!

Perhaps a more serious threat to health in the
lower Mekong is the recently discovered strain of
Schistosoma japonicum carried by a snail
(Lithoglyphopsis aperta) and representing a genus not
hitherto suspected of carrying Oriental
schistosomiasis (blood fluke). In a floating village
made up of Vietnamese people living on the river
opposite Cratie, Cambodia, the incidence was known
(and reported informally by authorities in the World
Health Organization) as 50 percent. No one can
predict how prevalent this disease may become when
the many dams projected for that region are
constructed. This problem has recently been
discussed in a short paper with the title: Dam(n)
Large Rivers — Then What? (The Biologist, 55: 39-35,
1973).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

THE PLEUROCERIDAE AND UNIONIDAE OF
THE NORTH FORK HOLSTON RIVER ABOVE SALTVILLE, VIRGINIA

David H. Stansbery* and William J. Clench^

The Ridge and Valley Province of the Southern
Appalachians in the western part of the state of
Virginia is well named since it is characterized by
parallel mountain ranges or ridges alternating with
deep stream-occupied valleys. The North Fork
Holston River, flowing southwest, shares such a valley
with Walker Creek, which flows northeast as a
tributary of the ancient New River system. The
headwaters of these two master streams interdigitate
here on the valley floor and approach each other
within a few hundred feet. The composition of the
molluscan faunas of these two streams is strikingly
dissimilar in spite of the fact that both are small,
cool, swift, mountain headwaters and both are part of
the Ohio River drainage system. This paper is the
result of an effort to determine the composition and

*The Ohio State University Museum of Zoology
Columbus, OH. 43210

distribution of the pleurocerid and unionid mollusks
living today in the North Fork Holston River above
Saltville, Virginia, and what changes may have
occurred in this fauna since the reports of Say
(1825), Adams (1915) and Ortmann (1918).
Publications on the mollusks of the Holston River by
Lewis (1871), Boepple and Coker (1912) and
Remington and Clench (1925) refer to the fauna of
the Holston proper far downstream below Saltville
and below the confluence of the North, Middle and
South Forks of the river. There is a need to study the
entire length of the North Fork in some detail in
order to document and interpret past and future
changes in the fauna. This study is a direct outgrowth
of our work on the fauna at Saltville in 1968
(Stansbery 1972).

33

34

D. STANSBERY AND W. J. CLENCH

The North Fork Holston River rises from several
springs in the vicinity of Sharon Springs, Virginia, and
follows a tortuous course SW about 30 air miles down
the valley between Brushy and Walker Mountains to
Saltville, Virginia. The Karst topography of the valley
floor reveals the presence of soluble limestone which
may well contribute to the well-being of the mollusk
fauna.

Thomas Say (1825) noted that his specimens, the
types, of Fusus fluvialis (now lo fluvialis), were
collected by Vanuxem “on the north fork of the
Holston River, near the confluence of a brook of salt
water”. This site has been generally assumed to be at
or in the vicinity of Saltville. Adams (1915:18) found
lo fluvialis present at Saltville “From above the ‘alkali
works’ upstream for 2 or 3 miles” on 20 August
1900. He failed to find lo downstream from the
chemical plant’s effluent. Other pleurocerids were not
mentioned.

When Ortmann (1918) collected the North Fork
Holston River (17 September 1912) in his study of
the naiades of the upper Tennessee River drainage, he
worked no further upstream than Saltville. His
material from this site combined with that collected
there by an O. A. Peterson (20 June 1917) (Ortmann
1918:608) totaled 16 species of unionids.
Pleurocerids were not included in the study.

A search of the Saltville site above the polluting
outfall in 1968 yielded specimens of 9 of the
unionids recorded by previous workers plus 2
additional unionids and 2 pleurocerid species not
previously recorded (Stansbery 1972). No trace of /o
fluvialis was found. The closing of the Olin
Corporation plant at Saltville in 1972 (Newcombe
and Villet, 1971:36) brought about conditions
favoring the possible recovery and repopulation of
the North Fork below Saltville. Since the reseeding of
the river may well depend in large part upon the
populations now living upstream, it has seemed
desirable to do this study.

Collections of bivalves and gastropods were made
along the main stem at each bridge or reasonable
point of access in 1968 or 1972 or both. The three
main tributaries , Spring Branch, Lick Creek, and
Laurel Creek were each sampled once. A total of 16
sites were studied as indicated in the table giving a
mean sampling frequency of one collection for each 4
or 5 river miles on the North Fork proper. All
specimens collected were either living mollusks or
fresh shells indicating the presence of a living
population. We found no direct evidence, “bones” or
sub-fossil material, indicating the previous existence
of lo fluvialis or any other fluviatile mollusk not
presently living in this part of the Holston today.

The results, when arranged in tabular form,
demonstrate an expected increase in species diversity
going downstream towards Saltville. This varied from
0 at the uppermost site to a total of 20 species at
Saltville. The frequency of occurrence and range of
distribution within the main stem were calculated for

each species found. Spirodon patula, Villosa iris
nebulosa, and Villosa vanuxemi had the greatest
range, being found at all but the uppermost site. The
least common species were Goniobasis simplex, found
only at two of the uppermost sites and Strophitus
undulatus shaefferianus, Lasmigona costata,
Ptychobranchus fasciolaris, and Lampsilis ventricosa,
all of which were restricted to two sites at or near
Saltville. None of the typical headwater species
“dropped out” going downstream, except Goniobasis
simplex, indicating that the entire North Fork above
Saltville might well be termed “headwaters”. Since all
but one of the naiad species previously recorded from
Saltville may still be found there and two species have
recently been added to the list, we must infer that the
pollution responsible for the destruction of most or
all of the molluscan fauna below Saltville has had
little or no known effect on the fauna above that
point. If any unionids living above Saltville were
dependent on factors downstream, such as host
fishes, these species must have either been destroyed
before the earliest collections were made, thus leaving
no record, or have somehow escaped detection by all
studies in the area to date.

If Ortmann’s reason for not seeking naiades above
Saltville was the belief that no additional species
(headwater species) were to be found there, we are
confident that his reasoning was correct.

We are at a loss to explain the absence of lo
fluvialis from its former habitat “above the ‘alkali
works’ upstream for 2 or 3 miles”. While possibilities
would include such modern contaminants as
detergents and pesticides, we can only conclude that
whatever factor(s) was responsible did not eliminate
the naiades or the other pleurocerid species present.
To demonstrate, with reasonable certainty, the
presence or absence of a species, especially a rare
species, from an area of free-flowing stream is a task
frequently fraught with many difficulties but these
are apt to be relatively minor problems, indeed, when
compared to those one may encounter in attempting
to discern the reasons for such presence or absence. It
is our hope that this summary will provide a base
from which the recovery of the mollusk fauna of the
North Fork Holston River below Saltville can be
measured.

LITERATURE CITED

Adams, Charles C. 1915. The variations and
ecological distribution of the snails of the Genus
lo. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 12(2): 1-92, 61
pis.

Boepple, J. F. and Robert E. Coker. 1912. Mussel
resources of the Holston and Clinch Rivers of
eastern Tennessee, U.S. Bur. Fish, Document No.
765: 1-13.

Lewis, James. 1871. On the shells of the Holston
River. Amer. J. Conch. 6 (3): 216-226.

PLEUROCERIDAE AND UNIONIDAE

35

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D. STANSBERY & W. J. CLENCH

Newcombe, Jack and Grey Villet. 1971. End of a
company town. Life 70 (11): 36-45, 14 pis.

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater
mu^els) of the upper Tennessee drainage. With
notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc. Amer.
Philos. Soc. 57 (6): 521-626, 1 map.

Remington, P. S. and William J. Clench. 1925.

Vagabonding for shells. Nautilus 38 (4): 127-143.
Say, Thomas. 1825, Descriptions of some new species
of fresh water and land shells of the United States.
J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 5:129.

Stansbery, David H. 1972. The mollusk fauna of the
North Fork Holston River at Saltville, Virginia.
Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union 1971:45-46.

IN THE PATH OF A WARM, SALINE EFFLUENT

R. D. Turner^

Problems arising from warm effluents, particularly
in rivers, are not new and it is not the purpose of this
paper to review the subject. Rather it is to show what
can happen and will happen with increasing
frequency as additional fossil fuel or nuclear powered
plants are constructed along our coastline.

In December 1969 the Jersey Central Power and
Light Company began the operation of the Oyster
Creek Nuclear Generating Station at Forked River,
New Jersey. The town of Forked River was chosen
for the site of the plant because: 1) the proximity of
the South Branch of Forked River and Oyster Creek
allowed the use of the former stream as the ‘intake
canal’ or source of cooling water and the latter as the
‘discharge canal’; 2) the area is rural but within 50
miles of New York City and Philadelphia and 3) the
prevailing offshore winds would carry most air
pollutants out to sea.

Unfortunately I was not acquainted with the area
before the plant went into operation so cannot make
‘before and after’ comparisons on a personal basis.
However, papers by Nelson and others at the New
Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station, plus
a first hand knowledge of present conditions in
neighboring creeks give a good idea of conditions in
these creeks before 1969. Like other small streams
which margin the western shore of Barnegat Bay they
used to be freshwater to within a short distance of
their entrance into the bay. The depth and extent of
the saltwater wedge on the bottom varied from time
to time in accordance with the rainfall and
subsequent run-off from the land (Nelson, 1922).
Based on personal observations, discussions with local
residents, and tests made in neighboring creeks during
the past two and one half years, it is apparent that
formerly Oyster Creek often had ice in the winter and
in summer was a comfortable temperature for
swimming. We know that “Oyster Creek, which was
freshwater to about 2,500 feet downstream of US

*Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA. 02138

Route 9, is now salt-water from it’s entrance into thp
discharge canal above the highway to its mouth”.
Salinities in the creek now range from 12%oto 25%oand
the temperature of the water, except when the plant
is shut down, never drops below 10 C in the winter
and may reach 36 C in summer. The rate of flow and
the volume of Oyster Creek (the discharge canal) has
increased tremendously as a result of the 460,000 to
1,240,000 gallons of water per minute circulated by
the plant for cooling purposes. The amount varies in
relation to the temperature of the water in Barnegat
Bay.

Forked River and its South Branch may now be
considered an arm of Barnegat Bay because the
current is up-stream so that the temperature and
salinity of the water is the same as the adjacent
waters of the Bay. As a result of these changes
freshwater species have been eliminated from both
creeks below the plant and various marine species are
gradually invading them. Though data are being
accumulated on several species, in this short paper I
will concentrate on the invasion of marine boring
bivalves (Teredinidae), the group with which I have
been most concerned.

Marinas and small docking facilities have been a
part of the Oyster Creek environment since 1944 but
it was not until the summer of 1971 that the owners
of these facilities became aware of shipworms
(Teredinidae) in the creek. At the request of the
marina owners I visited the area on August 25, 1971
and was shown a portion of the keel of a yacht (Fig.
1) which had been attacked by borers. Since the
yacht could have picked up the borers in Barnegat
Bay, where they are known to exist, native and trash
wood in the creek was examined for borers and
several specimens were found.

' Draft Environmental Statement by the Directorate
of Licensing, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission related
to the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station,
Jersey Central Power and Light Company. Docket
No. 50-219, Chapter 5, p. 17, paragraph 5.5.21. July
1973.

SALINE EFFLUENT

37

It can be speculated that one of the yachts brought
the borers into the creek, and perhaps one did. This,
however, has nothing to do with the problem because
wooden ships and floating wood have been carrying
shipworms around the world since man first started
plying the seas. In fact, during the days of
exploration and until metal ships became common,
ports were, whenever possible, located well up rivers
where the low salinity would kill off both boring and
fouling organisms. The point here is that conditions
in Oyster Creek have changed. This stream, once a
safe place for untreated piling and wooden ships, is
now heavily infested.

Before discussing further the present situation in
Oyster Creek it is important to consider the biology
of the species of borers found there. Two species of
Teredinidae, Bankia gouldi (Bartsch) and Teredo
navalis Linnaeus, occur in Oyster Creek in an area
extending from its mouth upstream at least as far as
Sands Point Marina. The following life history data
were obtained from laboratory experiments and field
observations (Culliney, 1969; Turner, 1966, 1971).

Adult Bankia gouldi (Bartsch) can tolerate
salinities ranging from 10 %o to 35 %o and
temperatures from 5 C to 33 C. They are oviparous
and spawn between 17.5 C and 30 C. At 25 C and a
salinity of 30 %o development of the larvae from
fertilization of the egg to the pediveliger stage takes
about 25 days. The larvae grow normally at salinities
of 10%o to 32 %o but do so more slowly below 19%o.
Development from settlement to sexual maturity at
22 C to 25 C and a salinity of 30 %o requires about
33 days. Thus generation time ranges from 2 to 3
months.

Adult Teredo navalis Linnaeus can tolerate
salinities ranging from 5 %o to 32 %o and temperatures
from 2°C to 35 C (Blum, 1923). They are short-term
larviparous species and brood the young to the
straight-hinge veliger stage. The young are released at
temperatures ranging from 13 C to 30 C and their
planktonic life at 25 C and a salinity of 30 %o lasts
about 15 days. The larvae can tolerate salinities
ranging from 10 %o to 30 %o but grow slower at
salinities below 15%o. Sexual maturity is reached
about 33 days after settlement at temperatures of
22°C to 25°C (Culliney- 1969) and in 24 days at
80° F to 86° F [=27 - 30° C] (Potts, 1920).
Thus this species has about the same generation time
as B. gouldi.

Teredo navalis differs from B. gouldi in being able
to tolerate slightly lower temperatures and salinities
and in having a planktonic period of about 15 days
while that of gouldi is about 25 days.

In the summer of 1921 there was a sudden, heavy
attack of Teredo navalis in the inner area of Barnegat
Bay. Nelson (1922) published a paper, “The
European Pileworm, a dangerous marine borer in
Barnegat Bay”, based on this occurrence. He
described its attack on the oyster platforms in tidal
creeks entering the bay and compared it to Bankia

fimbriata Jeffreys [=B. gouldi (Bartsch)] as the
species in the bay was then called. Nelson felt that
the sudden influx of navalis was a result of an
increase in salinity to 10 %o caused by the drought,
1921 being one of the five driest years on record.
This no doubt was part of the answer but the
reduction of dissolved plant material in the water
resulting from the decreased run-off was probably
equally important. Culliney (1973) has shown that
the larvae of T. navalis are far more susceptible to
humic materials in the water than those of B. gouldi.
An estuarine area draining extensive marshes such as
are found along Barnegat Bay receives large amounts
of humic materials during heavy rains so that the
water becomes red or tea-colored. At such times there
is a marked drop in the numbers, if not local
extinction, of T. navalis larvae in the plankton.
During the 10 year drought which plagued the area
the reduction in humic materials, combined with the
increased salinity near the mouths of the creeks,
made conditions ideal for the influx of T. navalis and
the increase of breeding populations.

It is evident that the relative abundance of these
two species, the ranges of which overlap, may vary in
a given locality according to conditions. Though T.
navalis may be found in the inner areas of Barnegat
Bay it is not as common there as B. gouldi and its
populations fluctuate from year to year. In the outer
part of the bay and at localities not so greatly
influenced by marsh run-off such as Sandy Hook,
Barnegat Light at the Coast Guard Station, the light
ship off Sandy Hook, and Cape May, Teredo navalis is
the dominant species (Wallour, 1960). This
distribution pattern seems to reflect the sensitivity of
T. navalis to humic materials in the water.

Nelson (1924) stated that pumped water samples
taken close to piling at Barnegat Pier contained 88
mature teredinid larvae per 100 qt sample, while the
greatest number taken in a 100 qt sample in the open
bay was 10. On the basis of this he agreed with
Harrington (1921) that wood extracts attract larval
teredinids. He suggested that, as the tidal currents
carried the borer larvae past the piling some substance
exuding from the wood caused them to congregate
there. These field data support laboratory
experiments showing that mature larvae have the
ability to detect wood and to settle even in the face
of rather strong currents such as those which now
exist in Oyster Creek.

In order to prove the existence of breeding
populations of teredinids in Oyster Creek and the fact
that the larvae could mature and settle despite the
strong current, a series of collecting panels were
exposed. Two sets, one inshore and one off-shore (at
the outer ends of the wharves), were put out at each
of the three marinas with which we were working,
and an additional set was put at the mouth of Oyster
Creek. A set of control panels were exposed in
Stout’s Creek, a stream which, according to those
acquainted with the area, is similar to what Oyster

38

R. D. TURNER

Creek was like in the 1960’s. An additional control
set was exposed at Holly Park, an area known to
harbour shipworms.

Panels measuring 8 " x 4 x % , of straight grained
soft pine were attached to horizontal racks and set
about 6 inches above the water-sediment interface.
The first sets of 12 panels, plus a control were
exposed on September 7, 1971, and one panel plus a
monthly control were removed each month until
September 1972. A second series was submerged at
the same sites on August 18, 1972 and these are being
removed in the same fashion. These tests, show that
the attack in Oyster Creek was light during the first
year but increased noticeably after the July-August
spawning (Fig. 2). Reproductive success and the
growth of breeding populations in the creek is
evidenced by the heavy attack on the panels removed
during the period from October 1972 to March 1973
(Fig. 3). Both B. gouldi and T. navalis occur in the
panels and both appear to breed more than once a
year. The spawning periods of the two species do not
seem to coincide though further testing is needed to
prove this. The greatly increased volume of water in
the creek apparently reduces the concentration of
humic material following heavy rains to a level below
that which affects navalis.

At Stout’s Creek, the control locality, only a single
specimen (1 cm long) of B. gouldi was found in the
panels. The occurrence of a borer at this site probably
results from the dredging now going on in the creek,
which allows the salt water wedge to creep upstream.
Cold winter temperatures (2.5 C) and low salinities
will, however, keep populations in such a situation at
low levels.

As would be expected, none of the first series of
Holly Park panels was attacked until after the
June-July spawning as evidenced by the 54 young B.
gouldi in the control and 45 in the panel removed
August 18, 1972. Only one specimen has been found
in the second series of panels (submerged August 18,
1972) so it would appear that most of the B. gouldi
larvae had matured and settled prior to that date.
This is in contrast to stations in Oyster Creek where
settlement of B. gouldi continued into November and
T. navalis settled in February. No T. navalis were
taken in the Holly Park panels though the species had
been found in the area previously. This probably
reflects variations in the amount of humic materials
in the w'ater at this site.

On the basis of these data it appears that: 1) As a
result of the effluent from the Jersey Central Power
and Light Company Plant, temperature and salinity
conditions in Oyster Creek are now suitable for
continued growth of both B. gouldi and T. navalis. 2)
The warm water has increased the growth rate,
extended the breeding season and eliminated winter
kill-offs of these species. Consequently the breeding
populations are kept at high levels and population
increase enhanced. 3) To date the temperature in
Oyster Creek has not risen high enough in summer to

exceed the tolerance of the borers and so reduce the
populations. This, however, should never be allowed
to happen as it would result in the death of nearly
everything else in the creek. 4) The attack of marine
borers is so severe that, if present conditions
continue, it will be necessary to replace piling and
other structures periodically, even if they are treated,
and check all wooden vessels at frequent intervals. 5)
If the isopod crustacean borer, (Limnoria) known to
occur in Barnegat Bay, is introduced into Oyster
Creek it will also become a problem as will any
tropical borer accidentally carried in by yachts. 6)
Though the fouling organisms have not been studied
in detail it is evident that Balanus eburneus Gould
(Pilsbry, 1916), the most noisome of the foulers, are
growing faster and have a longer breeding season than
is typical for other areas in Barnegat Bay.

Several additional problems attributable, I believe,
to the operation of the plant also plague Oyster Creek
and should be mentioned briefly.

The silt load of the creek below the plant has
increased greatly as it now receives in addition to its
normal load the run off from both the South Branch
and the Middle Branch of Forked River which were
captured in the “intake canal”. Added to this is the
silt resulting from the severe erosion of the
unprotected banks of the Creek just below the plant.
Where the Creek widens in the vicinity of the Marinas
the current lessens and the silt burden is dropped in
the dock area. On several occasions I have seen yachts
get stuck on mud banks as they entered the Marina.

In cool and humid weather, vapors rising from the
heated water of the Creek produce fog. The
consequent continuous damp atmosphere results in
the development of mold, mildew and dry rot on the
wood panelling, seats and furnishings of the yachts as
well as the corrosion of instruments and metal
fixtures.

An unsightly “sludge” apparently from the plant,
comes down the creek at irregular intervals and fish
kills result from thermal shock when the plant shuts
down in winter. Though these do not affect the
Marinas directly they do affect the water quality and
are unpleasant.

What has happened in Oyster Creek may occur in
any area where such changes in the environment
occur. Certainty whenever thermal effluents enter the
the marine environment in temperate and boreal
waters marine boring and fouling problems can be
expected to develop in the vicinity of waterfront
structures.

LITERATURE CITED

Blum, H. F. 1923. On the effects of low salinity on
Teredo navalis. [in] The San Francisco Bay Marine
Piling Survey, Third Ann. Prog. Rept. Appendix
III pp. 349-368.

SALINE EFFLUENT

39

Culliney, J. 1969. Larval biology and recruitment of
the shipworms Teredo navalis and Bankia gouldi in
the Newport Estuary, North Carolina. Ph.D.
Thesis, Duke Univ., Durham, N.C. 173 pp.

Culliney, J. 1973. Settling of larval shipworms.
Teredo navalis Linnaeus and Bankia gouldi
(Bartsch), stimulated by humic material (Gelb-
stoff). Proc. 3rd Internat. Congress on Marine
Corrosion and Fouling, pp. 822-829.

Harrington, C. R. 1921. A note on the physiology of
the shipworm (Teredo noruegica). Biochem. J.
15(6): 736-741.

Nelson, T. C. 1922. The European pileworm, a
dangerous marine borer in Barnegat Bay, New
Jersey. New Jersey Agri. Expt. Sta., p. 1-15, 8 figs.

Nelson, T. C. 1924. Marine Borers, [in] Kept. Dept.
Biol., New Jersey Agri. Coll. Expt. Sta. 1924. pp.
244-245.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia)
contained in the collections of the U.S. National

Museum; including a monograph of the American
species. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 93: 1-366, pis. 1-76.

Potts, F. A. 1921. Experiments on the rate of growth
of sessile marine organisms other than corals.
Carnegie Inst. Washington, Year Book 19 [for
1920] pp. 197-198.

Turner, R. D. 1966. A Survey and Illustrated
Catalogue of the Teredinidae. Mus. Comp. Zook,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 265 pp., 64 pis.,
25 figs.

Turner, R. D. and A C. Johnson. 1971. Biology of
marine wood-boring Molluscs, [in] Marine Borers,
Fungi and Fouling Organisms in wood, Jones and
Eltringham, editors. Chapter 13, pp. 259-301, figs.
1-14.

Wallour, D. B. 1960. Marine borer activity in test
boards operated during 1959. 13th Prog. Rept.,
William F. Clapp Laboratories, Duxbury, Mass. pp.
1-xxxx + 1-59.

Fig. 1 Borer damage in keel of yacht. Oyster Creek Marina, Oyster Creek,
Waretown, New J rsey, August 1971.

Temperature 0° C Number of spec!

40

R. D. TURNER

Fig. 2 Graph showing borer attack at Sands Point Marina, Oyster Creek, Waretown, New
Jersey, Sept. 1971 to June 1973, temperature and salinity records taken at time the panels
were removed and ranges of tolerance of the adults and larvae.

SALINE EFFLUENT

41

Fig. 3 X-ray of a portion of panel exposed at Briarwood Yacht Basin, Oyster
Creek, Waretown, New Jersey, from Aug. 1972 to June 1973 showing extent of
attack (nat. size).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS
READ AT AMU 39th ANNUAL MEETING

FURTHER MICROANATOMICAL STUDIES OF DENTALIUM
Ken Bazata*

The shells of Dentalium pilsbryi and D. texasianum are confusingly similiar.
Observations of living specimens reveal that strikingly different foot characteristics permit
separation of these two species without any question, D. pilsbryi has a spade-shaped foot
with two erectile lateral flaps which aid in burrowing. D. texasianum has an elongate,
cylindrical foot without flaps.

Serial sections of the siphonal ends show a more complex valve system in D. pilsbryi.
D. pilsbryi has a pair of valve flaps dorsally and a single ventral valve flap. D. texasianum
has a pair of single, overlapping valve flaps. In one serially sectioned specimen, assignable
to D. texasianum on the basis of the foot characteristics, there was no valve system at all,
but simply a solid transverse septum.

^Department of Zoology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE. 68508

A SURVEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIAN FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS*
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Arthur H. Clarke"^

In August, 1972 freshwater mollusks were collected, ecological observations were
recorded, and water analyses were performed by A. H. Clarke and B. T. Kidd at
approximately 100 localities throughout British Columbia. Some taxonomic problems are
still unresolved so a complete report cannot be presented at this time. Preliminary results
indicate that: (1) Anodonta nuttaliana Lea (= A. wahlamatensis Lea) occurs together with
A. kennerlyi Lea in the Fraser and Columbia river systems and the two species are
distinct; (2) scanning electron microscope photographs show that the radula of Lymnaea
atkaensis Dali is closely similar to that of L. stagnalis L. but dissimilar to that of L.
catascopium Say; (3) in Lake Wabamun, Alberta, Helisoma trivolvis subcrenatum
Carpenter and H. binneyi (Tryon) intergrade completely; (4) 40 to 50 freshwater species
are present in British Columbia, and (5) four zoogeographic groups are present, viz.:
Central West Coast endemics (ca. 35%); Beringian relicts (ca. 5%); widespread boreal and
subarctic species (ca. 55%), and introduced species (ca. 5%). Further field work is planned
for 1973.

*National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada KIA OM.

42

ABSTRACTS

43

OXYNOE ANTILLARUM (MORCH) AND LOBIGER SOUVERBIEI
(P. FISCHER) ON FLORIDA S LOWER GULF COAST
(OPISTHOBRANCHIA: OXYNOIDAE)

Charles M. Courtney"^

In an effort to develop baseline data on fish and invertebrate abundance in the waters
surrounding Marco Island, Florida, a regular monthly trawl monitoring study was begun
in July of 1971, Several living specimens of Oxynoe antillarum (March) and Lobiger
souverbiei (P. Fischer) appeared for the first time in 1973 and were most abundant over a
scoured sand bottom which was sparsely populated by the algae Caulerpa spp. The
sudden appearance of the two oxynoids marks the first appearance of O. antillarum on
Florida’s lower west coast and reaffirms the presence of L. souverbiei.

*Marco Applied Marine Ecology Station, Marco Island, FL. 33937

ANNUAL CHANGES IN POPULATIONS OF TWO INTERTIDAL GASTROPODS
(NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS AND LITTORINA SAXATILIS) AT CAPE ANN,
MASSACHUSETTS, 1956-1972

Ralph W. Dexter*-

Annual changes in abundance of these two species in the Cape Ann area between
1933-37 have previously been described by the writer (Nautilus 58:18-24, 1944). At
Station J, a mud flat on Little River, a side channel of the Annisquam Tidal Inlet, single
annual counts of N. obsoletus from various tidal levels were made between 1956-64,
along with other marine invertebrates. A special report was published for 1960 (Nautilus
75: 85-86, 1961). Between 1965-72, 10 random samples of this snail were counted
annually along the level of greatest concentration. The range and average number per
quarter square meter were as follows: 1965 (62-122, 91); 1966 (19-92, 38); July 1967
(19-100, 48); Sept. 1967 (24-189, 97); 1968 (105-375, 203); 1969 (32-419, 162); 1970
(19-86, 42); 1971 (0-19, 6); 1972 (0).

After preliminary observations during 1963-65, the range and average number per
quarter square meter for L. saxatilis at High Bank section of Whale Cove on the open
ocean off Rockport, between 1966-72, were as follows, from 10 random samples taken at
the level of greatest density: 1966 (0-14, 5); 1967 (11-51, 19); 1968 (24-103, 53); 1969
(0-22, 6); 1970 (24-46, 33); 1971 (0-16, 8); 1972 (5-49, 30).

These snail populations, sampled in the summer season, fluctuate widely and
fortuitously from year to year at the same locality. During three summers, 1960, 1961,
and 1972, the entire population of N. obsoletus completely left the sampling station,
apparently as a result of schooling behavior as described by Jenner (Biol. Bull.
113:328-329, 1957).

’Dept, of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH. 44242

44

ABSTRACTS

A TRILOBED SHELL OF
PLACOPECTEN MAGELLANICUS
(GMELIN)

Ralph W. Dexter^

Merrill has reported on abnormal shells of the
Atlantic deepsea scallop Placopecten magellanicus
(Ann. Kept. Amer. Malacol. Union for 1964, p. 2;
ibid, for 1966, pp. 35-36; U.S.F. and IT.S. hshery
Bull. 66: 273-279. 1967). An unusual specimen
consisting of three lobes (anterior, posterior, and
lateral) was taken by a fishing dragger on Brown’s
Bank off the coast of New England in June, 1966,
and given to the writer by John B. Auditore (Marine
Biological Supply, Gloucester, Mass.). It is 12.2 cm in
length, 8.5 cm in height, and 4.4 cm in thickness and
its age is five years. Possibly a growth of encrustation
caused the abnormal growth, but more likely it either

*Dept. of Biological Sciences, Kent State University,
Kent, OH. 44242

Trilobed Placopecten magellanicus from Brown’s
Bank.

suffered a physical blow at the middle, ventral
margin, or it hit an obstruction while growing which
caused the mantle to form the three lobes.

CRITERIA EMPLOYED IN THE RECOGNITION AND DESCRIPTION
OF OXYLOMA DEPRIMIDA FRANZEN
Dorothea Franzen*

Distinctive characteristics of Oxyloma deprimida Franzen are: 1. The nuclear whorl is
depressed. The tip of the nuclear whorl appears to be somewhat “tucked in” under the
penultimate whorl. 2. The epiphallus enters the penis subterminally producing a terminal
extension of the penis, the penial appendix. In O. deprimida the base of the penial
appendix is broad which makes it appear to be a terminal extension of the penis rather
than an appendix distinctly separated from the body of the penis by a constriction as in,
for example, O. haydeni (W. G. Binney). The epiphallus enlarges as it approaches the
penis and merges imperceptibly with it. 3. The albumen gland is smaller than is the
prostate gland. The acini of the albumen gland are smaller than those of the prostate
gland. The relatively large, twinned, unequal seminal vesicles are coarsely peppered with
black pigmentation, whereas the inflated fertilization sac is lightly pigmented. The large,
coiled hermophroditic duct is darkly pigmented. 4. This species does not live on the
ground but 3 to 5 feet above the ground and/or water level, on cattails and willows. 5.
Oxyloma deprimida matures in September or October which is several months later than
the maturation time of other species of Oxyloma as known in the Mississippi Valley.

*Illinois Wesleyan Univ., Bloomington, IL. 61702.

ABSTRACTS

ASPECTS OF THE ANATOMY OF CIONELLA LUBRICA
Carl W. Gugler'^

The appearance of the penial complex varies greatly, according to its degree of
activation. In the inactive state the epiphallus region is slightly larger than vas deferens;
when active it is markedly distended and glandular. In the inactive state the penial
appendix is slender and uniform in diameter, distal to a basal bulbous element; when
active, the distal end is greatly swollen and the basal bulb exhibits an internal valve-like
structure.

In the inactive state the digitiform prostate glands are minute; when active they are
greatly swollen and packed with eosinophilic granules. Granules of similar appearance,
encased by a hyaline substance are found in the swollen distal end of the active appendix.
Similar granules also are found in the active spermatheca. In no case have spermatozoa
been observed in either the active appendix or the active spermatheca.

At the junction of the albumen gland, spermoviduct, and little hermaphroditic duct, a
slender tube, the talon, extends over the surface of the albumen gland. In some of the
specimens examined the talon contained unoriented spermatozoa.

*Dept. of Zoology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. 68508.

CHARLES WRIGHT (1811-1885) IN CUBA
Morris K. Jacobson*

Charles Wright, the well-known American botanist and collector, — princeps longe
collectorum (by far the first of collectors) as he was called by Grisebach — collected land
shells extensively in Cuba during the years 1856 and 1867. Approximately 30 names of
new species of land shells were credited to him by Pfeiffer and others. It is shown that in
all likelihood Wright suggested the names alone, that the descriptions were not written by
him, and that the species should be credited to Pfeiffer, Sowerby, Orbigny, Presas and
others. A complete list of these nomina and their latest forms, together with a brief
account of the life of Wright has appeared in Sterkiana, No. 53: 1-6, 1974.

*455 Beach 139th Street, Rockaway Beach, NY 11694

MARINE MOLLUSC AN DISTRIBUTION/DENSITY SURVEY:

A PROPOSAL TO THE AMU
Lawrence E. Jerome*

The author introduced the concept of an expert opinion survey to determine
molluscan population changes which may have occurred within the memory span of
malacologists and conchologists. He pointed out that this information is irretrievable by
any other means and suggested that the AMU sponsor and/or participate in such a survey.

He discussed the relevant statistics for the survey and demonstrated that an order of
magnitude may be a realistic tolerance. He proposed a scale for rating relative abundances
similar to that used by bird watchers and based on this factor-of-ten tolerance. **

Surveys are usually conducted with a “schedule” or questionnaire; the author
presented a sample check list which might serve as a questionnaire for the proposed
survey. He then discussed the handling and mapping of the data, which must first be
normalized and their standard deviations determined.

45

46

ABSTRACTS

Finally, the author discussed the use of topographical maps for obtaining
environmental data which is suitable for making correlation studies between
environmental and molluscan population changes.

* 1467 Navarro Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95051

**An ad hoc AMU committee is studying this proposal and will present its findings to
the AMU Council in 1974. Ed.

GATUN LAKE AS A FRESHWATER BARRIER IN THE PANAMA CANAL
Meredith L. Jones*

A general orientation of the geographical and physical characteristics of the Panama
Canal was presented. Data obtained with a Beckman Model RS5-3 Portable Salinometer
indicates that a freshwater continuum (or essentially so) extends from Miraflores Lake
through the Pedro Miguel Locks and Gatun Lake, to, and including, the highest chamber
of the Gatun Locks. This forms an effective barrier against the migration of ste nohaline
organisms between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Comments were made concerning the
vertical homogeneity of the water masses within the lock chambers.

*National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560.

REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SPIRATELLA INFLAT A
(D’ORBIGNY), A THECOSOMATOUS PTEROPOD*

C. M. Lain** and F. E. Wells, Jr.**

Reproduction and development of the protandric hermaphrodite, Spiratella inflata,
was studied in Barbados, West Indies. Specimens larger than 1.1 mm in shell diameter are
mature females, constituting 1.9% of the total population. The characteristic inflated
body whorl and expanded mantle cavity of S. inflata form a spacious chamber, in which
females brood young through the early veliger stage. Embryos begin development at the
posterior portion of the mantle cavity near the common genital pore and move forward
adhering to the mantle lining as they develop. Lack of a capsule or mucus around the eggs
and embryos is correlated with the absence of albumen and mucous glands in females.
Veligers released by the parent have a sinistral shell of one whorl measuring 0.067 mm in
diameter. A bilobed velum, eyespots and foot with a transparent operculum are present
upon release. Wing rudiments later develop in free-swimming veligers and metamorphosis
to the adult state is complete at 0.4 mm shell diameter.

* Research supported by Grant No. A5248 from the National Research Council of Can-
ada to CML.

**Marine Sciences Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

ABSTRACTS

47

FROG MOTIFS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MOLLUSKS OF HOHOKAM AND
MOGOLLON INDIAN CULTURES

Glenn A. Long*

This is a preliminary report of research on carved
shell ornaments from archaeological remains of
pre-Historic Indian cultures in the Southwest. In the
current phase of study, a checklist of frog images is
being compiled and motific groups are being
catalogued. Forty-three pendants and eight bracelets
carved with frog motifs, or overlaid with turquoise
mosaic, comprise the initial checklist.

Of the carved pendants without overlay, several
motific groups can be identified. The bracelets with
frog images carved or the umbonal region of the
shells are less varied in form than are the pendants.
The pendants and the bracelets were made from
whole valves of various Glycymeris species, such as G.
gigantea (Reeve) and G. maculatus (Broderip). Other
shells were also used but less frequently.

Frog motifs are not restricted to worked shell.
Stone and clay vessels are known from the
Southwest which incorporate frog images in relief
modelling and carving.

Conclusions which can be drawn, so far, are few.

*The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD.

21218.

Shell (Glycymeris gigantea (Reeve)?, carved in the
form of a frog, Hohokam, Central Arizona (P:14:14).
From the collections of the Arizona State Museum
(A23646) (Photo by G.A. Long).

Among them we have found that: (1) incidence of
carved frog pendants is rather frequent in
archaeological contexts throughout the Hohokam and
Mogollon culture areas and (2) that when not found
in association with architectural fill and floor debris,
the pendants have been excavated most frequently in
connection with burials.

FOSSIL AND LIVING FRESHWATER MUSSELS (UNIONACEA) FROM THE PECOS RIVER,

NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS

Artie L. Metcalf*

The Pecos River arises in north-central New Mexico, traverses eastern New Mexico and
western Texas and empties into the Rio Grande above Del Rio, Texas. At the present
time, its discharge is rigidly controlled by a series of reservoirs and the river terminates in
Amistad Reservoir. The middle reaches of the river suffer from salinization and from
some pollution from oil fields.

The lowest segment of the river is deeply entrenched in Cretaceous limestone,
suggesting a relatively great age for that part of the valley. The mid-upper part in eastern
New Mexico seems, however, to be relatively young, having removed Pliocene sediments
that presumably formerly occupied the valley.

At present, unionaceans are found almost exclusively in the lowest, cany onlands part
of the river. A few collections made in the past indicate that the richest fauna was at the
mouth near the Rio Grande in that area now covered by Amistad Reservoir. At least two
species still persist in the lower river: Popenaias popeii (Lea) and Cyrtonaias grandensis
(Conrad) and the former may still persist in southern New Mexico.

Holocene bank deposits along the Pecos in its middle section have yielded radiocarbon
dates in the range of 3600 to 1130 years B. P. These deposits also contain only the two
species listed above. One late Pleistocene locality near Toyah, Texas, contains Anodonta
grandis Say and a lampsiline tentatively assigned to the genus Disconaias.

48

ABSTRACTS

At what is judged to be a still older (undated) Pleistocene locality below Lake
McMillan (a reservoir) in New Mexico, the same Disconaias (?) occurs along with another,
unidentified lampsiline, a Quadrula, and Megalonaias nervosa (Raf.).

Affinities of the Lake McMillan fauna seem to be with the lower Rio Grande system
and possibly some systems to the south of it. Construction of a new reservoir that will
inundate the Lake McMillan fossil locality has been authorized.

*Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso TX 79968.

NORTH CAROLINA SCALLOP FISHERY, 19724973

Hugh J. Porter

This talk was illustrated by a silent 16 mm motion picture documenting the fishery.
Location, description, and investigative efforts of the 1972-1973 fishery were covered.
Scenes showing scallops being caught, types of gear used, fauna associated with scallops,
unloading of scallop catch and pictures of scallop processing by automatic scallop
shucking machinery were included. Research and development of film was supported by
Grant #456 of the North Carolina Board of Science and Technology.

*Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Morehead City, NC 28557.

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH
AND REPRODUCTION IN AQUATIC SNAILS
Henry van der Schalie* and Elmer G. Berry*

Nuclear reactors, either built or projected, are destined to bring large amounts of heat
into lakes, streams and regions where natural waters will be used to cool the machinery in
nuclear power stations. This may have profound effects on the resident populations of
freshwater mollusks. The research, which is partially summarized here, sought to
determine what these effects might be. The study extended over a three-year period and
used seven species of freshwater snails for stressing in aquaria with temperatures ranging
between 6 C and 36 C at 6 intervals. Following the initial tests, the same species were
again tested in aquaria at 2 C intervals in a temperature range compatible for each.
Species tested included: Lymnaea stagnalis and L. emarginata (= castacopium); Helisoma
trivolvis, H. anceps and H. campanulatum; Physa gyrina; and Amnicola limosa.

The results can be summarized by noting that the lymnaeids, which have a northern
distribution, grow best under “cool” conditions (about 18 to 20 C) with egg-laying
somewhat better under slightly warmer conditions (22 C); the planorbids cultured better
under warmer conditions (about 25 C) with egg production best at about 28 C but
restricted at 30 C — conditions that resemble for some species the tropical and
sub-tropical environments; the Physa tested had the widest range of tolerance in that they
grew and reproduced in temperatures ranging between 14 C and 30 C — an indication
that this group occupies perhaps the widest range of conditions in nature of any of the
snails tested.

The study showed that none of the snails studied could grow and reproduce below
12°C or above 30 C; while all seemed to reproduce better at temperatures higher than
their optimum for growth, the adverse effects of heat on the gonads lowered egg
production at the upper temperature ranges. Consequently, as shown by gonad tissue
studies, temperature approaching 30 C usually results in some degree of sterility. This
effect has also been observed on the gonads of fish.

The data, although unfortunately limited largely to the pulmonate (“pond”) snails,
serve to indicate the dangers to mollusks in regions where the ambient temperatures of an
environment will be changed appreciably by effluents from reactors. The tolerances
measured also give a better appreciation of climates during interglacial periods which
heretofore were designated “hot” or “cool” almost solely on what was known about the
geographical distribution of the snails.

ABSTRACTS

49

This report, with tables and graphs, was recently published in: Ecological Research
Series, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-R3-7 3-021, February, 1973 and in
Sterkiana, No. 50, June, 1973.

*University Museums, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104.

THE MOLLUSKS OF THE DUCK RIVER DRAINAGE
IN CENTRAL TENNESSEE

Henry van der Schalie*

Based on three consecutive years of collecting, A. E. Ortmann (1924) published his
observations on the mussels in a paper with the title: The Naiad-Fauna of Duck River in
Tennessee (American Midi. Nat. 9:18-62). He reported 63 species and forms and showed
that the Duck River contained two distinct faunal elements. The upper river stations
(Wilhoite and Columbia) had a Cumberlandian fauna; the lower half below Centerville
had a Mississippian (Ohioan or Interior Basin) fauna. In 1931 another survey was made of
mollusks of that river system by Calvin Goodrich and Henry van der Schalie, the former
concentrating on the pleurocerid snails, the latter on the mussels. The collections
reported serve as a supplement to Ortmann’s original collections; in the Buffalo River
only one headwater station (at Riverside) was established by Ortmann; the present report
adds four stations and shows that the Buffalo had as many mussel species as the Duck. All
of these records are now significant since in both drainages the mussels have all but
disappeared.

When the information contributed by both surveys is combined, the following
conclusions are warranted:

1) Of the 63 species and forms of mussels reported by Ortmann in his survey, the
collections ten years later yielded 48, indicating that this river had a surprisingly
rich mussel fauna.

2) The Cumberlandian fauna is restricted in the Duck to stations above Centerville; the
lower half of the river contained only Mississippian mussels.

3) The additional four stations established in the Buffalo River indicate that it has a
Cumberlandian assemblage. This condition prevails even though the Buffalo enters
the lower Duck which is Mississippian and parallels the lower Tennessee which also
is entirely Mississippian.

4) Excluding the Buffalo itself, neither drainage now has an appreciable mussel fauna
in the tributaries; pleurocerids are still abundant in the smaller streams.

5) For all practical purposes the mussels of both the Duck and the Buffalo have
disappeared with only a few dwindling pockets left near Columbia and Centerville
in the Duck.

6) The Oriental clam (Corbicula) has made serious inroads into both drainages and
tends to crowd out the native mussels; there is evidence they now substitute as food

for mink and muskrats.

7) While the mussels are disappearing, the pleurocerid snails remain unusually
abundant; Goodrich’s studies indicate that there are nine species and three forms;
most of them show clinal tendencies.

Unfortunately, studies involving biomass have never been made, although it is
established that the many shoals in this drainage system were virtually paved with mussels
and pleurocerid snails. While the mussels have disappeared at an alarming rate, the snails
are still legion there.

♦University Museums, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

AMU COMMITTEE AND BUSINESS REPORTS
REPORT OF AMU ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, JUNE 27, 1973

President Dee S. Dundee, presiding, called for a
motion to waive reading of the minutes of the
previous annual business meeting because they had
been printed in the Bulletin for 1972. Motion made,
seconded, carried.

The Recording Secretary read reports of the
Secretaries and the Treasurer for 1972; they are
printed in this Bulletin.

Reports of the various committees to the
Executive Council were summarized by the Re-
cording Secretary. The Publications Editor reminded
members that, starting with 1973, manuscripts for
the Bulletin will be sent to appropriate members of a
review board (present members of the Executive
Council) prior to acceptance for publication. We have
exhausted our supply of HOW TO COLLECT
SHELLS and the Fourth Edition has been delayed by
lack of a Special Editor for revision.

The Conservation Committee reported that kits
with conservation materials had been mailed to
member clubs on March 1 and June 1, 1973. The
Council authorized Mrs. Merrill, Chairman, to
investigate the possibility of our putting out a
booklet for fresh water and land habitats similar to
the American Littoral Society’s “202 Questions for
the Endangered Tidal Zone”. She will investigate the
cost and seek potential sponsors. A proposed Code of
Ethics, prepared by Carol Stein and approved by the
Council, was presented to the membership and
approved. (This was printed in the Fall Newsletter).

The Awards Committee recommended that the
AMU establish two annual $50 prizes. One is to be
for the individual member or club member,
non-professional, for an illustrated paper related to
conservation. The other will be to a member club for
a project related to conservation, and will be judged
on the basis of a scrapbook.

The budget approved by the Council for 1974 was
unbalanced, with anticipated receipts of $4,100 and
budgeted expenditures of $4,700. The actual deficit
will probably be less than $600 because no increase in
income was forecast over 1972, and some budget
items may not be fully utilized, especially the
increased allowance for printing and postage. The
budget includes $2,500 for the Bulletin, $600 for the
Newsletters (both printing and postage for each),
$200 for Conservation Committee activities, $500 for
miscellaneous expenses and supplies, $200 for other
printing, $600 for officers’ meeting expenses, and a
new provision for $100 in prizes.

The Membership Committee, headed by Dr. J. B.
Burch, sent letters to lapsed members, students, and
other prospective members. There has been an en-
couraging recent increase in the number of new
members.

The Executive Council moved that the AMU
membership express its approval of the principles and
endeavors of the Council of Systematic Malacology.
This new association considers inter-institutional
problems that are not suitable for AMU considera-
tion. Members now include managers of systematic
collections of mollusks (i.e. museum curators), and
utilizers of resources are also invited. (See Malacolog-
ical Review, No. 6, pp. 73-74 (1973) ).

A resolution concerning the maintenance of the
existing fresh water barrier in the Panama Canal, as
approved by the Council, was presented to the
membership and approved. (This Gatun Lake
Resolution was printed in the AMU Newsletter (Fall,
1973) ). (See also the Abstract of Dr. Meredith Jones’
presentation, printed in this Bulletin, for background
material relating to the problem).

The site of the 1974 Annual Meeting will be
Springfield, Mass. Our hosts will be the Connecticut
Valley Shell Club and the Springfield Museum of
Science. The dates were subsequently set as August 4
through 8, 1974.

Most of the publications of member clubs,
supplied to the AMU over the years, have now been
transferred to the AMU Library at the Delaware
Museum. Members are welcome to read the
scrapbooks and other material available there.

Mr. Emery P. Chace of Lomita, California, was
recommended as an Honorary Life Member. The
motion was unanimously approved by the member-
ship. Mr. Chace is probably our oldest member, and
he still attends meetings of the Conchological Club of
Southern California.

The Nominating Committee presented and the
membership elected the following slate of officers for
the coming year: President, Harold D. Murray;
President-Elect, Donald R. Moore; Vice President,
Dorothea Franzen; Recording Secretary, Marian S.
Hubbard (3 years); Councillors-at-Large, William
Lloyd Pratt, Jr. (1 year), Harold W. Harry and James
H. McLean (2 years). The other officers do not
require election this year.

The Legal Committee has recommended that the
AMU remain incorporated in California this year, but
re-incorporate in Delaware in 1974 after provision has

50

REPORTS

51

been made for a legal address in that state. Proposed
changes in the Constitution and Bylaws of the AMU
were read and explained, and approved by the
members present. They will be confirmed by a mail
ballot to all members, which will be included with the
Fall Newsletter.

Mrs. Twila Bratcher, as President and on behalf of
The Western Society of Malacologists, invited the
AMU to hold a joint meeting with the WSM on the
West Coast in 1975. (It was later announced that the
meeting will be in San Diego). The Executive Council
agreed to discuss this in more detail if enough
members expressed an interest in such a meeting.
Some 70 of the members present, including about 10
who live on the West Coast, said they would expect
to attend a Western joint meeting. Since many more
papers would be presented, the members were asked
if they preferred the usual 4 or 5 day meeting with
double sessions, or a week-long meeting. The
members seemed to favor the longer meeting,
especially because the purpose of meeting jointly was
to share each others’ interests. Donald Moore and
Joseph Rosewater will meet with representatives of
the WSM to work on details of a 1975 Meeting.

During the year members of the Conservation
Committee tried to make arrangements to get one or
more mollusks on the stamps of the National Wildlife
Federation. It was moved to have lo fluvialis put on a
stamp but that the exact location of the habitat not
be published to avoid further depletion of this
fresh-water snail.

Under New Business, Mr. Lawrence Jerome of
California asked the AMU to support his proposed
study of molluscan distribution and density for the
East Coast of the United States. He needs money for
maps and other materials, as well as help from AMU
members and member clubs. (See his Abstract in this
Bulletin for details, )

The incoming President, Dr. Harold D. Murray,
was introduced and took over the gavel. He
announced the chairmen of the various committees of
the Executive Council. Among the announcements,
Marc Imlay told the members about some develop-
ments relating to conservation, but the members
could not vote on them because they were not
properly presented. Carol Stein will function in a
liaison capacity for conservation, collecting
cross-specialty information, and working on a
conservation directory, something especially needed
in the field of endangered species. The Conservation
Committee would like to modify last year’s
resolution of the membership regarding endangered
shells in competitive exhibits. They would like the
member clubs to exclude not only the species on the
official U.S. Government list, but those included in
an International Convention, the so-called World List.

The members passed most enthusiastically a
resolution thanking Dr. Abbott and the Delaware
Museum.

Respectfully submitted, Marian S. Hubbard, Re-
cording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY FOR 1972

Mail came in about the same rate as last year, with
possibly a slight increase. It was averaging about a
letter a day. About 50 per cent of this mail was from
youngsters, grammar to high school. Those in high
schools were using shells in their science projects.

Most of the mail was answered through one of five
types of form letters or informational lists. A few
required more thought and additional comments. A
small percentage was from overseas with most of
those, strangely enough, from the Philippines, where
apparently sales of shells is a thriving business in
theory if not in actuality.

There is still high demand for “How to Collect
Shells,” with checks, money orders and crumpled
dollar bills returned with a form letter indicating that
we hope another edition will be out soon and we’ll let
them know when it’s available again.

Membership applications go out to any who
appear to be that interested in becoming members,
especially where no state club or regional organi-
zation on malacology is nearby.

Respectfully submitted, Paul R. Jennewein,
Corresponding Secretary.

52

REPORTS

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY FOR 1972

As of January 1, 1973, the membership of the following is a comparison, by category, with the

AMU was 760, showing a net increase of 41 previous two years:

individuals and 2 clubs over the previous year. The

1/1/71

1/1/72

1/1/73

Individual

510

451

479

Individuals under Family Membership
(2 or more people per membership)

235

190

208

Honorary Life Members

9

8

6

Corresponding Members

37

23

20

Clubs and Regional Organizations

32

45

47

TOTAL

823

717

760

In the fall of 1972, about 70 members were
dropped for non-payment of dues. The efforts of the
Membership Committee, headed by Jack Burch,
started early in 1973 and appear to be bearing fruit.
Personal letters sent to lapsed members have so far
resulted in 11 people re-joining, mostly paid for 1972
as well as 1973. Letters were also sent to students and
scientists not then members of the AMU. In addition,
information about AMU membership was sent to all
MALACOLOGICAL REVIEW subscribers, and there
was a notice in the April issue of THE NAUTILUS
about both the Annual Meeting and membership.
New members do not always tell us why they joined,
but many people joining this year did not have the
Application for Membership form sent out by the
Corresponding Secretary. As of June 6, 1973,
membership was up to 836, including 50 organiza-
tions and 25 corresponding members. However, we
expect that upwards of 50 of these 836 will be
dropped by year-end for non-payment of 1973 dues.

Although I am only Recording Secretary, I try to
quickly answer correspondence that requires only a

form or a few words. I pass along more involved
inquiries to Paul Jennewein. Including welcome
letters to new members, I sent out about 50 pieces of
mail a month. I find that even after almost 3 years
this office is never “routine”. I write an individual
letter to each new member because in most cases I am
giving or requesting information that could not be
covered by a form. As much as possible I read the
various club publications and advertising material that
arrives. I pass along information to other officers and
committee chairmen when I think they would be
interested. Since last October I have had frequent
correspondence with Myra Taylor, the new Treasurer.
We have a number of points to present to the
Executive Council for advice and guidance relating to
our activities. This is an attempt to codify our current
practices and to ensure that the Council is aware of
all of our activities. It will take continued effort to
make the system work efficiently.

Respectfully submitted, Marian S. Hubbard,
Recording Secretary.

REPORTS

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1972

CHECK BOOK BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 1972.
RECEIPTS:

1874.65

Memberships; Regular

2609.75

Corresponding

88.25

Clubs & Institutions

246.00

2944.00

Sales: HOW TO COLLECT SHELLS

256.12

RARE & ENDANGERED SPECIES

8.05

Back Issues-Bulletin

165.75

429.92

Proceeds of Galveston Meeting

315.78

Page charge to authors

199.50

Interest on Savings Certificate

166.60

Miscellaneous credits

11.75

693.63

Total Receipts from activities

4067.55

Transferred from Savings Account

500.00

4567.55

TOTAL CASH TO BE ACCOUNTED FOR:

. . .6442.20

DISBURSEMENTS:

Printing: Annual Report

2292.85

Other printing

206.45

2499.30

Postage

410.20

Bank charges

25.44

Office expenses

153.83

2 Secretaries’ expenses — annual meet.

560.00

Filing Fee-State of California

10.00

Miscellaneous expenses

21.50

1180.97

Total Disbursements

3680.27

Check Book Balance, December 31, 1972

2761.93

TOTAL CASH ACCOUNTED FOR:

. . . 6442.20

53

54

REPORTS

Savings account B14592, Colonial Federal Savings & Loan Association.

Balance, Jan. 1 2595.50

Interest 82.20 2677.70

Withdrawal to checking account 500.00

Balance 10/31/72 2177.70

Withdrawn and sent to Myra Taylor 2177.70

Savings Account #8289670, Broadway National Bank

Opened account, November 15, 1972 2177.70

Balance, December 31, 1972

TIME CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT # 6659, Broadway National Bank

RECAPITULATION OF ASSETS, DECEMBER 31, 1972:

Cash in Checking Acct., Broadway Nat’l. Bank i

Treasurer’s Petty Cash — Myra Taylor

Secretary’s Petty Cash — Marian Hubbard

Savings Account #8289670, Broadway Nat’l. Bank

Time Savings Certificate #6659, Bdy. Natl. Bank

TOTAL ASSETS

Allocated to Life Membership Fund

A. M. U. NET WORTH - DECEMBER 31, 1972

CHANGES IN CAPITAL ACCOUNT:

A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, JANUARY 1, 1972
A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, DECEMBER 31, 1972

NET INCREASE IN ASSETS, 1972

2177.70

3000.00

2761.93

25.00

100.00

2177.70

3000.00

8064.63

1470.88

6593.75

6109.27

6593.75

484.48

Respectfully submitted, Myra L. Taylor, Treasurer

Audited by T. E. Pulley (19 May, 1973) & Harold D. Murray (2 June, 1973)

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
ACTIVE MEMBERS

Membership List revised October 27, 1973.

Abbott, Dr. and Mrs. R. Tucker, Delaware Museum of
Natural History, Greenville, Del. 19807.

Abel, Richard & Company, Inc., P.O. Box 4302,
Portland, Ore. 97208.

Adair, Mrs. Mary Lucy C., 2527 Loving Avenue,
Dallas, Texas 75214 (Coloured or striped shells;
Murex).

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos G., Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Puerto
Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708.

Albert, Mrs. Ernest, 905 Bayshore Blvd., Safety
Harbor, Fla, 33572.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynne-
wood, Pa. 19096.

Allen, Dr. J. Frances, 7507 23rd Ave., Hyattsville,
Md. 20783.

Allen, James E., 1108 Southampton Dr., Alexandria,
La. 71301 (Tertiary micro-mollusca).

Allen, Mrs. Lawrence K,, Box 822, Port Isabel, Texas
78578 (Murex, Pecten, world marines; dealer).

Allen, Miss Letha S,, 187 Argyle St., Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, Canada (General).

Anders, Kirk W., Shells of the Seas Inc., P.O. Box
1418, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33302 (Volutidae; all
rare shells).

Anderson, Carleton J., Kettle Creek Rd., Weston,
Conn. 06880,

Anderson, Gregory L., Pacific Marine Station, Dillon
Beach, Cal. 94929.

Andrews, Mrs. Jean (Wasson), 241 Melrose, Corpus
Christi, Texas 78404.

Angstadt, Mrs. Earle K., 247 Penn St., Reading, Pa.
19602.

Aslakson, Capt. & Mrs. Carl I., 5707 Wilson Lane,
Bethesda, Md. 20034.

Athearn, Herbert D., Rt. 5, Box 376, Cleveland,
Tenn. 37311 (Freshwater).

Athearn, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 N. Main St., Fall River,
Mass. 02720 (Land shells).

Avellanet, Mrs. Helene, 341 Griggs Ave., Teaneck,
N.J. 07666.

Avery, Mrs. R. Gail, Box 2557, Harbor, Ore. 97415
(Shells of West America; exch.).

Babrakzai, Mr. Noorullah, Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

Baerreis, David A., 1233 Sweet Briar Rd., Madison,
Wise. 53705 (Paleoecological interpretation
through mollusks).

Bagdon, Mr. & Mrs. Anthon, 440 Home Dr.,
Levelgreen, Trafford, Pa. 15085.

Baily, Dr. Joshua L., P.O. Box 1891, La Jolla, Cal.

92038.

Baker, Mrs. Horace B., 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown,
Pa. 19083.

Baker, John A., 147 Hedgegrove Ave., Satellite
Beach, Fla. 32937 (General).

Baker, Nelson W., 279 Sherwood Dr., Santa Barbara,
Cal. 93110 (General).

Baker, Wilma, Orange Acres, Rte. 1, Lot 65,
Sarasota, Fla. 33577.

Balsam, Arthur, 1911 Fawn Dr., Philadelphia, Pa.
19118.

Banek, Thomas J., 220 Littleton Rd., Parsippany,
N.J. 07054 (Marine gastropods, taxonomy and
ecology).

Bannister, Mrs. Betty S., 2800 E. 3rd St., Tucson,
Ariz. 85716.

Barker, C. Austin, 2 Hickory Dr., Rye, N.Y. 10580.

Barlow, Dr. & Mrs. G. Barton, 5 Downey Dr.,
Tenafly, N.J.

Barnett, Dr. Herbert C., Brazilian-American Bio-
medical Program, U.S. Consulate, Salvador
(Bahia), APO New York, N.Y. 09676.

Barr, John W., Jr., 4N 737 Crane Rd., St. Charles, 111.
60174 (Cowries).

Barton, Mrs. James, 20 Newfield Dr., Rochester, N.Y.
14616 (Cypraea, worldwide general coll, especially
Hawaiian).

Bauer, Mr. & Mrs. Hugo C., 5205 Ave. O-V2,
Galveston, Texas 77550 (All Mollusca).

Baum, Newman N., 83 Weaving Lane, Wantagh, L.I.,
N.Y. 11793.

Baxa, Mrs. Dorothy, Box 177, Genesee Depot, Wise.
53127 (Beginning coll.; gaining knowledgt of
mollusks).

Bayne, Dr. and Mrs. C. J., Dept, of Zool., Oregon
State Univ., Corvallis, Ore. 97331 (Gastropod
physiology).

Bazata, Kenneth R., 430 Oldfather Hall, Univ. of
Nebraska, Dept, of Zool., Lincoln, Neb. 68508
(Terrestrial pulmonates; Dentalium).

Becker, Mr. & Mrs. Albert F., 2157 Sunrise Dr.,
LaCrosse, Wise. 54601 (Mississippi River shells).

Bedford, Mrs. Ann W., P.O. Box 6181, West Palm
Beach, Fla. 33405.

Beetle, Mrs. Dorothy E., 375 W. Galbraith Ave., #42,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45215.

55

56

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Dept, of Entomol., Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85717.

Bereza, Daniel J., 825 N. 24th St., Philadelphia, Pa.
19130 (Unionidae and Pleuroceridae ).

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., 1336 Bird Rd., Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48103.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, Cal. 92373.

Bickel, David, Dept. Earth Sci., Minot State College,
Minot, N. Dak. 58701 (Systematics and ecology of
freshwater mollusks, esp. pleurocerid snails).

Bijur, Jerome M., 135 7th Ave. N., Naples, Fla.
33940 (Buy, exch. Florida and Caribbean marine).

Bippus, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin C,, 2743 Sagamore Rd.,
Toledo, Ohio 43606 (Marine gastropods).

Blankenship, Shaw, Route 2, Crab Orchard, Ky.
40419 (Fresh water mussels).

Bleakney, Dr. J. Sherman, Dept, of Biol., Acadia
Univ., Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada (Nu-
dibranchs and sacoglossans; ecology, zoo-
geography, systematics).

Bledsoe, William D., 11763 Sunset Blvd., Los

Angeles, Cal. 90049.

Blum, Howard F., 2881 N.E. 22 Court, Pompano
Beach, Fla. 33062.

Blum, Mr. and Mrs. Robert M., 1916B Lombard St.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19146 (Cowries, scallops).

Boone, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Q., 3706 Rice Blvd.,
Houston, Texas 77005.

Born, Mrs. Thomas, 4345 Manolete, Pensacola, Fla.
32504.

Borror, Kathy Gail, 612 Northridge Road, Columbus,
Ohio 43214.

Bosch, M. D., Donald T., 4035 South Rose Street,
Apt. 202, Kalamazoo, Mich. 49001.

Boss, Dr. Kenneth Jay, Mus., Comp., Zook,
Cambridge, Mass. 02138.

Bottimer, L. J., Rte. 1, Box 50, Tow, Texas 78672
(Recent and fossil).

Boyd, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene S., 6806 Gillis Rd.,
Victor, N.Y. 14564 (All aspects).

Bracco, Mrs. Alice, 26 Madison St., New York, N.Y.
10038 (General interest; buying and finding).

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Rd., Ithaca, N.Y.
14850.

Brady, E. Leo and Mrs. Frances, P.O. Box 2515,
Newburgh, N.Y. 12550 (Land snails).

Branson, Branley A., P.O. Box 50, Eastern Kentucky
Univ., Richmond, Ky. 40475.

Bratcher, Mrs. Twila L., 8121 Mulholland Terrace,
Hollywood, Cal. 90046.

Bretsky, Sara S., 91 Upper Sheep Pasture Rd., East
Setauket, N.Y. 11733 (Ecology and evolution of
Bivalvia, especially Tertiary and Recent).

Bricker, Mrs. Minnie, Miss Donna Bricker, and Mr.
Walter Kurman, R. D. 3, Hanover, Pa. 17331.

Brill, Mr. and Mrs. James A., 804 Johnson St., Terrell,
Texas 75160.

Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. John C., 3050 Sunrise Blvd., Ft.
Pierce, Fla. 33450.

Brown, Dr. and Mrs. Harvey E., Jr. 9455 S.W. 81st
Ave., Miami, Fla. 33156.

Brown, Wade G. 1317 Arnette Ave., Durham, N.C.
27707 (Rare W. Atlantic shells).

Broyles, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph E., 5701 Fairfield Dr.,
Ft. Wayne, Ind. 46807.

Brumbelow, Mary Linda, 501 E. Fairlane, #34, Rapid
City, S.Dak. 57701 (Worldwide Cypraea, Conus,
Valuta, Murex, Marginella).

Brunson, Dr. Royal Bruce, Univ. of Montana,
Missoula, Mont. 59801.

Bryan, Edwin H., Jr., Bishop Museum, P.O. Box
6037, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 (Pacific bio-
geography and bibliography).

Buehler, William, 2019 A Lincoln Ave., Stevens Point,
Wise. 54481 (Freshwater).

Burch, Dr. John B., Mus. Zook, Univ. of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (Land and freshwater
mollusks).

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 1300 Mayfield Rd.,
Apt. 61-L, Seal Beach, Cal. 90740.

Burch, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A., P.O. Box 309,
Kailua, Hawaii 96734 (Dredging).

Burgers, Dr. and Mrs. J. M., 4622 Knox Rd., Apt. 7,
College Park, Md. 20740.

Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn, 14453 Nassau Rd.,
San Leandro, Cal. 94577.

Burke, Alice L. and Thos. D., Jr., 1820 S. Austin
Blvd., Cicero, Ilk 60650 (Marine mollusks of
eastern U.S.A.).

Burky, Dr. Albert J., Dept, of Biok, Univ. of Dayton,
Dayton, Ohio 45409.

Burmeister, Carol, 310 Parker Ave., Algoma, Wise.
54201 (Cowries, top shells and turbans).

Cahill, Michael, 1639 Madison Street, Apt. #4,
Hollywood, Fla. 33020 (Florida marine).

Campbell, Mrs. Minnie Lee, 3895 DuPont Circle,
Jacksonville, Fla. 32205 (General collecting).

Cardeza, R. Adm. and Mrs. Carlos M., P.O. Box 6746,
Houston, Texas 77005 Summer Address; 1718
Jewel Box Dr., Sanibel, Fla. 33957 (Florida and
Texas shells),

Cardin, T/Sgt. Charles, 818 Can.,,hor St., Vandenberg
AFB, Cal. 93437.

Carlton, Jas. T., Dept. Invert. Zook, Cal. Acad. Sci.
San Francisco, Cal. 94118 (Estuarine and brackish
water mollusks).

Carney, W. Patrick, U. S. Naval Medical Research
Unit No. 2, Djakarta Detachment, APO San
Francisco, Cal. 96356.

Carr, Mrs. Jack C., 912 Broadway, Normal, Ilk 61761
(Exchange worldwide marine).

Castagna, Michael, Locustville, Va. 23404 (Pelecypod
larval behavior).

Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N., P.O. Drawer R.,
Sanibel, Fla. 33957 (Mitra, Cypraea; no ex-
changes).

Cetnar, Eugene J., M.D. and Mrs. Veronica Cetnar,
4322 Bishop, Detroit, Mich. 48224.

Chace, Emery P. 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.
90717

ACTIVE MEMBERS

57

Chandler, Carl and Doris, P.O. Box 621, Chatham,
Mass. 02633 (Cones, Cypraea).

Chanley, Mr. & Mrs. Paul E., Fred Rd., New Suffolk,
N.Y. 11956.

Cheng, Dr. Thomas C., Inst, for Pathobiol. Lehigh
Univ., Bethlehem, Pa. 18015.

Chichester, Lyle F., Dept. Biol. Sci., Central Conn.
State College, New Britain, Conn. 06050 (Ecology
of terrestrial gastropods, biology of land slugs).

Childs, Richard M., M.D., and Donna S. Childs, M.D.,
5325 Mission Woods Terrace, Shawnee Mission,
Kansas 66205.

Christensen, Carl C., Dept, of Biol. Sci., Univ, of
Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

Christie, John Doyle, Ph.D., Tropical Public Health,
Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington
Ave., Boston, Mass. 02115 (Medical Malacology).

Clark, John W., Jr., Texas Archeological Salvage
Project, Balcones Research Center, Rt. 4, Box
189, Austin, Texas 78757. (Economic exploitation
of mollusks by prehistoric Indians, their use in
ecological reconstruction).

Clarke, Dr. Arthur H., Head of Invert. Sec., Nat. Mus.
Can., Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0M8, Canada.

Qarke, Michael D.. 1179 Brown Rd., Hanover, Mich.
49241.

Clench, Dr, Wm. J., 26 Rowena St., Dorchester, Mass.
02124.

Close, Henry T., 2808 Wendland Dr., N.E., Atlanta,
Ga. 30345 (Liguus fasciata, Terebra, Murex;
Coral).

Coan, Dr. Eugene, 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.
94306.

Compitello, Mrs. Juliette, 5630 Alta Vista Rd.,
Bethesda, Md. 20034.

Cooper, Robert W. and Marjorie, 5012 Pfeiffer Rd.,
Peoria, 111. 61607 (Florida marine; world Murex,
Pecten, Spondylus; SCUBA divers).

Corey, Mrs. David S. K., 206 Airport Rd., Blacksburg,
Va. 24060.

Courtney, Charles M., 161 Tahiti Rd., Marco Island,
Fla. 33937 (Aquatic Ecologist/Malacologist).

Craig, Michael M., Dept, of Zool. Univ. of Mich., Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48104,

Craine, Mrs. Ruth A., 161C Pelham Lane, Rossmoor, <
Jamesburg, N.J. 08831.

Cramer, Frances L., 766 Obispo Ave., Long Beach,
Cal. 90804 (Ecology; conservation).

Crittenden, Mrs. John S., 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda,
Cal. 94501.

Crocker, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur M., Laurel Hollow,
Syosset, N.Y. 11791.

Cull, Mrs. Robt. R., 7927 Chippewa Rd., Brecksville,
Ohio 44141.

Cummings, Raymond W., 37 Lynacres Blvd.,

Fayetteville, N.Y. 13066 (Shells of the West
Indies, esp. Windward and Grenadine).

Cutler, Henry H., 105 Abbott Rd., Wellesley Hills,
Mass. 02181.

Cvancara, Dr. Alan Milton, Dept. Geol., Univ. of
North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak. 58201
(Pleistocene and Holocene continental mollusks;
Early Tertiary continental and marine mollusks).

Danforth, Louise L., 3435 Bee Ridge Rd., Apt. 220,
Sarasota, Fla. 33580.

Davis, Dr. Derek S., Nova Scotia Mus. 1747 Summer
Street, Halifax, N.S., Canada (Gastropod biology
and taxonomy).

Davis, Dr. George M,, Dept. Mollusks, Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

Davis, Dr. John D., 26 Norfolk Ave., Northampton,
Mass. 01060 (Ecology of marine bivalves).

Deatrick, Paul A., 218 S.W. 32 Ave., Miami, Fla.
33135 (Strombus, Busycon).

de Graaff, Mr. Gerrit, 10915 S.W. 55 St., Miami, Fla.
33165.

DeLuca, Mrs. John A., Miss Gladys, 61 Deborah Rd.,
Hanover, Mass. 02339.

Demond, Joan, Dept. Geol., Univ, of California, Los
Angeles, Cal. 90024.

Dexter, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph W., Dept. Biol. Sci., Kent
State Univ., Kent, Ohio 44242.

Dietrich, Mr. & Mrs. Louis E., 308 Veri Dr.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15220.

Dixon, Mrs. Ruth S., 711 Parker St., Durham, N.C.
27701 (Marine mollusks).

Draine, Flossie M., P.O. Box 764, Roundup, Mont.
59072 (Marine; shell crafts).

Du Bar, Dr, and Mrs. Jules R., Geoscience Dept.,
Morehead State Univ., Morehead, Ky. 40351
(Cenozoic and Recent mollusks — ecology and
paleoecology).

Dundee, Dr. Dolores S., Dept. Biol., Louisiana State
Univ. in New Orleans, New Orleans, La. 70122
(Land mollusks; freshwater mussels).

Dvorak, Stanley J., 3856 W. 26th St., Chicago, 111.
60623 (Muricidae).

Dyer, Mr. & Mrs. John S., Jr., Box 238, Brookside,
N.J. 07926 (Gastropods).

Eddison, Grace G., M.D., District Three State
Hospital, Paris, Kentucky 40361 (World marine).

Edmiston, Mrs. J. R. 5038 Hazeltine Ave., Apt. 301,
Sherman Oaks, Cal. 91403.

Edwards, Lt. Col. Corinne E., P.O. Box 691, Coconut
Grove, Fla. 33133.

Edwards, D. Craig, Dept, of Zool., Morrill Science
Center, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01002
(Population ecology and behavior of marine
benthic molluscs).

Ellis, Richard, 1185 Park Ave., New York, N.Y.
10028 (Conchs, cones, Murex).

Emerson, Dr. Wm. K., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Central
Park W. at 79th St., New York, N.Y. 10024.

Emery, Mrs. Adele K., Box 1265, South Miami, Fla.
33143 (Florida east coast marines).

Emmling, Philip J., Zool. Dept., Univ. of Wise. —
Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wise. 53201 (Freshwater;
particularly sphaeriid clams).

58

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn, Mass.
01501.

Eubanks, Mrs. Edwin W., 9353 Bermuda Ave., Baton
Rouge, La. 70810.

Evans, Susan E., 244 Congress Ave., Lansdowne, Pa.
19050 (Conus, Cypraea, Murex).

Eyerdam, Walter J.. c/o Mrs. David Homchick, 8640
15th N.E., Seattle, Wash. 98115.

Fackert, Dorothy M., 2 Wilson Rd., Apt. 16B, Sussex,
N.J. 07461.

Farrell, Lyle H., Ll.D., L.H.D., Box 57, Andover,
N.H. 03216.

Fechtner, Frederick R., Miss Cynthia May Fechtner,
and Master James Fred Fechtner, 2611 Fitch Ave.,
Apt. B. W., Chicago, 111. 60645.

Feinberg, Harold S., Dept. Living Inverts., Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., Central Park W. at 79th St., New
York, N.Y. 10024 (Land and freshwater mollusks).

Fenzan, William J., 385 Dohner Dr.,Wadsworth, Ohio
44281 (Worldwide marine).

Ferguson, Dr. and Mrs. John H., 226 Glandon Dr.,
Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514.

Ferreira, Antonio J., M.D., 2060 Clarmar Way, San
Jose, Cal. 95128 (Ecology, behavior, physiology,
systematics of American mollusks).

Fieberg, Kleinie, 1430 Lake Ave., Wilmette, 111.
60091.

File, Sharon, Ph.D., Delta Primate Center, Tulane
Univ., Covington, La. 70433 (Fresh water
planorbids, especially as trematode intermediate
hosts).

Fingold, Mr. and Mrs. A.S., University Sq. No. 1,
4625 Fifth Ave., Apt. 105, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213.

Finlay, C. John, 116 Tanglewood Lane, Newark, Del.
19711 (Marine mollusks cf the Western Atlantic
and Caribbean).

Fisher, Larklyn, Dept, of Zook, Washington State
Univ., Pullman, Wash. 99163 (Physiology, tax-
onomy ).

Flansburg, Ronald R., D.V.M., 2910 Ponoma Court,
Brookfield, Wise. 53005 (Shells).

Foehrenbach, Jack, 91 Elm St., Islip Manor, L.I.,
N.Y. 11751 (Ecology of marine mollusks).

Foote, Mary K., Box 2075, South Padre Island, Texas
78578.

Ford, Mr. and Mrs. E. Flynn, 2100 S. Ocean Dr., Apt.
8-M, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33316.

Foster, Mr. & Mrs. Edward W., 30 Bamboo Dr.,
Naples, Fla. 33940.

Foster, Mrs. Fred H., 401 N. Justus St., Oxford, Ind.
47971 (Shells in general).

Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Lake, 4508 Woodrow,
Galveston, Texas 77550.

Franke, Norman W., 214 Orin St., Pittsburgh, Pa.
15235 (Self-collected marine shells).

Franz, Dr. David R., Biol. Dept., Brooklyn College,
Brooklyn, N.Y. 11210 (Ecology and physiology
marine mollusks, esp. nudibranchs).

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ.,
Bloomington, 111. 61702.

Fraser, Stanley, R. R. 5, Smith Falls, Ontario, Canada
(Amateur).

Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic
Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla. 32074 (West Atlantic
shells).

Fuller, Samuel L. H. and Mrs. Mary L. B. Fuller,
Acad. Nat. Sci. 19th St. and The Parkway,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 (World Naiads, Unionacea
and Mutelacea).

Gallagher, Mrs. Susan, 12250 6th St. E., Treasure
Island, Fla. 33706.

Garcia, Emilio F., 135 Oak Crest Dr., Lafayette, La.
70501 (Bulimulinae, Pectinidae, Cypraeidae).

Garoian, Dr. Geo., Dept. Zook, Southern Illinois
Univ., Carbondale, Ilk 62901.

Garrett, Mrs. Sharon V., 605 York-Warwick Dr.,
Yorktown, Va. 23490.

Gilbert, Mrs. Laura, 808 Westwood Dr., Abilene,
Texas 79603.

Gilbert, Prof, and Mrs. William H., Colby College,
Dept, of Biol., Waterville, Me. 04901 (Marine and
freshwater bivalves — ecology, behavior and
systematics; Tellina, Macoma).

Gilmour, Dr. Thos. H. J., Dept. Biol., Univ. of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
S7N OWO (Anisomyarian bivalves).

Girardi, Mrs. Jos. B., 707 Kent Rd., Kenilworth, Ilk
60043.

Glick, Dr. Robert N., 13500 E. 12 Mile Rd., Warren,
Mich. 48093. (Cowries, cones, olives; beginners).

Goethel, Lt. Col. (Ret.) Louis and Mrs., 9402 Nona
Kay Dr., San Antonio, Texas 78217 (Cypraea —
buy and trade).

Goodfriend, Glenn A., 5520A Ellis Ave., Apt. 3W,
Chicago, Ilk 60637 (Molluscan ecology).

Goossen, Robert W., 59 Bayside Village, Newport
Beach, Cal. 92660 (South Pacific — self collected).

Gottlieb, Lee, 3580 Gull Rd., Lake Park, Fla. 33403
(Marine gastropods).

Graf, Robert A., 3217 Maxim Dr., Fort Wayne, Ind.
46805.

Grantier, Mrs. Bruce J. (Leona), 7 Tiverton Dr.,
Ottawa, Ont., K2E 6L4, Canada (Persian Gulf
shells).

Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth and Mrs. Jan Greenberg, 22762
Pacific Coast Hwy., Malibu, Cal. 90265.

Gregg, Wendell O., M.D., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los
Angeles, Cal. 90018.

Groeneveld, Miss Mae, 1183 Terrace St., Muskegon,
Mich. 49442 (Cypraea, Conus).

Gruetzmacher, Inez, 534 1st St., Menominee, Mich.
49858.

Guckert, Richard H., P.O. Box 185, Thomasville, Ga.
31792 (Systematics of freshwater mussels; ecol-
ogy, seasonal life histories freshwater mollusks;
comp, ecology and physiology of Nassariidae).

Gudnason, Mrs. Harold, 105 Danefield Place, Moraga,
Cal. 94556.

Gugler, Dr. Carl W., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. 68508 (Terrestrial pulmo-
nates).

ACTIVE MEMBERS

59

Gunter, Dr. Gordon, Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean
Springs, Miss. 39564 (Ostreidae).

Gustave, Al, Creative Designs, Inc., Box 7762,
Phoenix, Ariz. 85011.

Hadley, Mrs. Esther, 48 Adella Ave., West Newton,
Mass. 02165.

Hagge, Mrs. Daniel, 20 North Hill Rd., Wausau, Wise.
54401.

Hall, Mrs. Warner L., 727 Queen’s Rd., Charlotte,
N.C. 28207.

Hamilton, Mrs. William J., Jr., 615 Highland Rd.,
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Bodega Marine Lab., P.O. Box
247, Bogeda Bay, Cal. 94923.

Harman, Dr. Willard N., Science SUNY College,
Oneonta, N.Y. 13820 (Freshwater).

Harris, Don V., Jr., 888 16th St. N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20006.

Harris, Mrs. E. Milton, 3237 Carlisle Rd., Birming-
ham, Ala. 35213.

Harris, Larry G., Dept. Zool. Univ. of New
Hampshire, Durham, N.H. 03824 (Symbiotic
association of Gastropoda, esp.
nudibranch-coelenterate association).

Harris, Major Marion J. and Mrs. Bessie B., Rte. 6,
Box 347T, Jacksonville, Fla. 32223.

Harrison, Mrs. F. F., One Beaver St., Cooperstown,
N.Y. 13326.

Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen, Bellaire, Texas
77401.

Haven, Dr. Dexter, 336 Lafayette Rd., Yorktown,
Va. 23490 (Mercenaria mercenaria, Mya arenaria,
Crassostrea virginica).

Heck, Lt. Col. Ralph L., P.O. Box 16712, Temple
Terrace, Fla. 33617 (World gastropods, esp.
Conus, Cypraea).

Hedges, Mrs. Arlene J., 404 North East St., Crown
Point, Ind. 46307 (Diversified interests).

Henderson, Jerry G., 1729 N.W. Greenbrier Way,
Seattle, Wash. 98177 (General interest).

Hendress, Don C. and Mrs. Cheryl, 124 Eleventh
Street, Streator, 111. 61364 (World shells).

Hepler, Neil M. and Laura E., P.O. Box 467, Deerfield
Beach, Fla. 33441 (Cephalapoda, Conus, Cypra-
eidae).

Herman, Dr. Loren H., 16 Randolph Dr., Dix Hills,
N.Y. 11746 (Cones).

Hernandez, Mr. & Mrs. Leonardo, 622 West 113 St.
New York, N.Y. 10025 (Tropical Western Atlantic
mollusks and Caribbean land mollusks).

Herr, Mr. and Mrs. Frank L., Sr., 7901 Dewitt Dr.,
RFD No. 3, Baldwinsville, N.Y. 13027.

Hesse, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H., 1241 Cocoanut Rd.,
Boca Raton, Fla. 33432.

Hettick, Mrs. G. Riley, 933 Lynnwood Dr., Bartles-
ville, Okla. 74003.

Hickman, Mrs. Harriette L., 11015 First Ave., Stone
Harbor, N.J. 08247 (Worldwide Epitonium).

Hicks, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S., 1522 Palmwood Dr.,
Eau Gallic, Fla. 32935 (General collecting; also
fossil shells).

Hill, Charles W., Dept, of Oceanography, Texas A &
M Univ., College Station, Texas 77843 (Marine
mollusks, especially Muricidae).

Hill, Frederick C., Univ. of Louisville, Water
Resources Lab., Belknap Campus, Louisville, Ky.
40208.

Hoagland, K. Elaine, Biol. Lab., Harvard Univ.,
Cambridge, Mass. 02138 (Ecology and evolution
of marine mollusks).

Holiman, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne, Box 246, Edinburg,
Texas 78539.

Holle, Dr. Paul A., 131 Holman St., Shrewsbury,
Mass., 01545 (Salt marsh snails).

Hollister, S. C., 5 Parkway Place, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.
Homan, Mrs. Jacqueline A., The Museum, Texas
Tech. Univ., P.O. Box 4499, Lubbock, Texas
79409.

Hopkins, Dr. & Mrs. Sewell H., 709 Garden Acres
Blvd., Bryan, Texas 77801.

Horishney, Allan W., 4029 Hayhurst, Tucson, Ariz.
85716.

Hornstein, Leon, 2211 Arden Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21209 (Amateur).

Houbrick, Richard S., 311 N. Piedmont St., #1,
Arlington, Va. 22203 (Zoogeography, systematics,
evolution).

Hubbard, Mrs. Marian S., 3957 Marlow Court,
Seaford, N.Y. 11783.

Hubricht, Leslie, 4026 35th St., Meridian, Miss.

39301 (U.S. land and freshwater).

Hulswit, Mart, 680 West End Ave., New York, N.Y.

10025 (Collecting with SCUBA).

Hunkins, Mrs. Ruth E., 133 Brook to Bay,

Englewood, Fla. 33533 (Miniature shells; exch.).
Hunter, Dr. R. D., Dept, of Biol. Sci., Oakland Univ.,
Rochester, Mich. 48063 (Physiological ecology of
freshwater pulmonates).

Hyett, Marvin R, M.D., 2031 Locust St., Philadel-
phia, Pa. 19103.

Imlay, Dr. and Mrs. Marc J., Bureau of Sport Fish. &
Wildlife, Office of Endangered Species, Washing-
ton, D.C.

Inchaustegui, J. M., 2121 Grape PI., Gretna, La.
70053.

Ing, Mrs. May and Master Michael Ing, Box 1750,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708 (Small and minute
shells of West Indies).

Ishikawa, Samuel, 551 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y.
10017.

Isom, Billy G., 606 Crest St., #8, Florence, Ala.
35630.

Jackson, R. H., 5219 Trentwood Dr., New Bern, N.C.
28560.

Jackson, Ralph W.,Rte. 1, Box 229, Cambridge, Md.
21613 (Exch. land shells).

Jacobson, Morris Karl, 455 Beach 139 St., Rockaway
Beach, N.Y. 11694.

Jacobson, Mrs. Ursula, 5618 E. Montecito, Phoenix,
Ariz. 85018 (Indo-Pacific, esp. cones and cowries;
West Coast- Panamic).

60

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Janowsky, Robert and Dorothy, 125 East 86th St.,
Brooklyn, N.Y. 11236 (Cypraea, Murex, volutes).

Jennewein, Mr. and Mrs. Paul R., Box 394,
Wrightsville Beach, N.C. 28480 (Raising mollusks
in aquaria; writing and illustrating articles on shell
collecting).

Jensen, Mrs. Dorothy H., P.O. Box 2205, Astoria,
N.Y. 11102.

Jensen, Russell H., R.D. #1, Box 55, Chadds Ford,
Pa. 19317 (Bermuda mollusks).

Jerome, Lawrence E., 1467 Navarro Dr., Santa Clara,
Cal. 95051 (Distribution and population densities
of mollusks).

Johns, Mrs. Veronica Parker, c/o Seashells Unlimited,
Inc., 590 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A. (Ret.), 3915 S. W. 109th St.,
Seattle, Wash. 98146.

Johnson, Mrs. Kenneth L., 3206 Sussex Rd., Raleigh,
N.C. 27607 (World marine shells).

Johnson, Dr. & Mrs. Louis, 1508 Wesley Parkway,
N.W., Atlanta, Ga. 30327.

Johnson, Richard I., 124 Chestnut Hill Rd., Chestnut
Hill, Mass. 02167 (Books).

Johnstone, Mrs. Adelaide B., 5713 Hinman Dr.,
Corpus Christi, Texas 78412.

Johnstone, Mrs. Kathleen Yerger, 2209 River Forest
Rd., Mobile, Ala. 36605.

Jones, Dr. David T., P.O. Box 284, Vinton, Iowa
52349.

Jones, Dr. Meredith L., Curator, Dept. Invert. Zook,
Nat. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10th & Constitution Ave.
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20560.

Jones, Richard H., 1432 Dorsh Rd., S. Euclid, Ohio
44121.

Katsaras, Nick, 479B S. Washington Ave., Bergen-
field, N.J. 07621.

Kay, Dr. E. Alison, General Science Dept., Univ. of
Hawaii, 2450 Campus Rd., Honolulu, Hawaii
96822 (Indo-Pacific marine mollusca: systematics
and ecology).

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept. Geol., Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, Cal. 94305.

Keferl, Eugene P., 4766 Riverside Ave., Columbus,
Ohio 43220 (Terrestrial gastropods).

Kemper, Mrs. Hessie, 11854 Josse Dr., St. Louis, Mo.
63128.

Kile, Chas. O., Box 2046, Agana, Guam 96910 (All
shells).

King, Lucia E., Heron Club, 434 Broad Ave. South,
Naples, Fla. 33940.

Klein, Mrs. Isabelle H., Atkins Rd., R.D. #3, Geneva,
Ohio 44041 (Land snails).

Kline, Mrs. Mary, 240 Makee Rd., Apt. 10-A,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96815.

Koehler, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold A., P.O. Box 457,
Watertown, Conn. 06795 (Cowries and cones).

Kohn, Dr. Alan J., Dept. Zool., Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, Wash. 98195.

Kondo, Dr. Yoshio, Bishop Museum, Box 6037,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96818.

Kovach, Jack, Dept. Geol., Muskingum College, New
Concord, Ohio 43762 (Ecology, shell composition,
paleontology of non-marine mollusks).

Kraemer, Dr. Louise R., Dept. Zool., Univ. of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 72701.

Kraeuter, Dr. John N., Mar. Inst., Sapelo Island, Ga.
31327 (Ecology, distribution and systematics of
Scaphopoda; ecology and distribution of benthic
infaunal communities of U.S. East Coast).

Krauss, N.L.H., 2437 Parker Place, Honolulu, Hawaii
96822 (Carnivorous land snails; biology).

Kuczynski, Mrs. Florence, 7400 46th Ave. N., Box
406, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33709 (Collect, exchange,
photograph all shells).

Kurz, Richard M., 1575 N. 118 St., Wauwatosa, Wise.
53226 (Large specimen shells).

Laavy, T. L., Apt. A21, 311 W. Earle St., Greenville,
S.C. 29609.

Lalli, Dr. Carol M., Mar. Sci. Centre, McGill Univ.,
Montreal 110, Quebec, Canada (Pteropod mol-
lusks).

Lamberts, Dr. Austin E., 1520 Leffingwell N.E.
Grand Rapids, Mich. 49505.

Landye, Jas. Jerry, Dept. Zool., Arizona State Univ.,
Temple, Ariz. 85281 (Freshwater).

Lane, Lewis B., 204 Ransom St., Fuquay-Varina,
N.C. 27526 (Land and marine).

Lang, Bruce Z., Eastern Washington State College,
Dept. Biol, Cheney, Wash. 99004 (Ecology
freshwater mollusks — Goniohasis, Valvata, Para-
pholyx — and effects of parasitism on mollusk
populations).

LaRoeque, Dr. Aurdle, Dept. Geol, Ohio State Univ.,
125 S. Oval Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210.

Laudig, Mr. & Mrs. David J., 2672 Via Pacheco, Palos
Verdes Estates, Cal. 90274 (Molluscan ecology,
behavior).

Laursen, Dan, Ph.D., Washtenaw Community College,
Ann Arbor, Mich, 48106 (Arctic and Subarctic
mollusks, esp. Greenland; free living larvae of
Caribbean and Gulf area).

Lemire, Ross, 184 Granview Ave., Thornhill, Ont.
L3T IJl, Canada.

Lencher, Judge and Mrs. Benj., Apt. 408, 144 N.
Dithridge St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213.

Lent, Mrs, June M., 32 Raleigh Dr., Nashua, N.H.
03060 (Worldwide marine).

Leonard, Dr. A. Byron, Dept, of Systematics & Ecol,
Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66044.

Lerner, Martin, 64 Thompson Ave., Oceanside, N.Y.
11572 (Worldwide marine shells).

Leslie, John, Univ. of Dallas, Box 286, Irving, Texas
75060.

Levin, Mrs. Milton L, 57 Stonicker Dr., Trenton, N.J.
08638.

Lewis, Edward E., P.O. Box 1425, Ann Arbor, Mich.
48106.

Lewis, Harold, 138 S. Twentieth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
19103.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

61

Lewis, Mrs. J. Kenneth, 9207 48th Ave., College
Park, Md. 20741.

Lewis, Dr. and Mrs. John R., 25 W. 551 Warrenville
Rd., Lisle, 111. 60532.

Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth R., 1705 Pelican Dr.,
Merritt Island, Fla. 32952.

Lindar, Mr. & Mrs. Albert J., 5124 Cornell Ave.,
Chicago, 111. 60615 (Collecting Conus, Cypraea,

Murex).

Linney, George K., 2648 ~ 13th St., Port Arthur,
Texas 77640.

Lipe, Robert and Mrs. Betty Lipe, 8929 — 91st
Terrrace, Seminole, Fla. 33542 (Florida shells;
Marginellidae worldwide; live marine photo-
graphy).

Loizeaux, Mrs. A. D., 5369 Susquehanna Dr., Virginia
Beach, Va. 23462.

Long, Dr. Glenn A., The Baltimore Museum of Art,
Art Museum Dr., Baltimore, Md. 21218 (Ethn-
oconchology).

Long, Mary E., 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, Cal. 95370
(Marine shells).

Long, Steven J., 100 Cuyama Ave., Pismo Beach, Cal.
93449 (Opisthobranchs, nudibranchs. cephala-
spideans, notaspideans, lamellarians).

LoVerde, Philip Thomas, Mollusc Div., Mus. Zool.,
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104
(Freshwater pulmonates and intramolluscan stages
of trematode parasites).

Lowry, Walter G. and Nelle H., 552 Old Lundy Rd.,
Macon, Ga. 31204 (Collect North Carolina marine;
exchange for world marine).

Lubarsky, Bernard and Mrs. Sue, 71 Barberry Dr.,
Berea, Ohio 44017 (General).

Lubinsky, Dr. Irene, Dept. Zool., Univ. of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Man., Canada (Marine bivalves of the
Canadian Arctic).

Lyons, William G., Florida Dept. Nat. Resources,
Mar. Lab., 100 Eighth Ave. S.E., St. Petersburg,
Fla. 33701 (Florida and West Indian Mollusks).

MacBride, Grace, R.D. 1, Hartman Rd., North Wales,
Pa. 19454.

Mackie, Dr. Gerry L., Malacology Unit, Nat. Mus.
Can., Ottawa, Ont. KIA OM8, Canada

(Sphaeriids).

MacMillan, Gordon K., 169 Glenfield Dr., Pittsburgh,
Pa. 15235.

Macpherson, Mrs. A. H. 13812 98 th Ave.,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5N OGl (Canadian
marine gastropods; taxonomy).

Macquin, Mrs. Hazelle B., 437 Douglas St., Salt Lake
City, Utah 84102 (Fossil mollusks of the U.S.).

Madden, Maurice J., Box 43 Pedricktown, N.J. 08067
(Shell collecting and identification).

Maes, Virginia Orr, Dept. Mollusks, Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

Mahavier, Mrs. W. E., 234 E. Woodlawn Ave., San
Antonio, Texas 78212.

Malek, Dr. Emile, Tulane Univ., Medical School, 1430
Tulane Ave., New Orleans, La. 70112.

Malick, Donald, 5514 Plymouth Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21214 (Buy, sell, exchange fossils).

Malone, Mrs. Elsie, 1017 Periwinkle Way, Box 54,
Sanibel Island, Fla. 33957.

Marsh, Mrs. Therese C., P.O. Box 22291, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33315 (S. E. Florida marine;
world bivalves).

Marshall, Mrs. Thos. H., 2237 N.E. 175th St., Seattle,
Wash. 98155 (World shells; exch.).

Marti, Mrs. Ann, Box 892, Balboa, Canal Zone.

Martz, Mrs. Helen J., 2525 Eastwood Ave., Evanston,
111. 60201.

Mathiak, Mr. Harold A. and Mrs. Julia, 209 S. Finch
St., Horicon, Wis. 53032 (Natural history of
Wisconsin clams and recent species distribution.
Effects of fish toxicants on clams).

Mattera, Albert and Mrs. Emily, 4501 Traymore,
Bethesda, Md., 20014 (Murex).

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept. Zool., Univ. of Illinois,
Urbana, 111. 61801.

Mauseth, E. L., Alden Minn. 56009 (All shells).

Mayer, Hildegard M., Cedar Pte., Apt. L-4, 2000 E.

Ocean Blvd., Stuart, Fla. 33494 (Epitonium).

Mazurkiewicz, Michael, River Rd., Newcastle, Me.
04553 (Larval development and ecology of
estuarine mollusks).

McAlester, Prof. A. Lee, Peabody Museum, Yale
Univ., Whitney Ave., New Haven, Conn. 06520
(Bivalve evolution and ecology).

McCallum, John and Gladys, Meadowvue Dr.,Rte. 2,
Wexford, Pa. 15090.

McCarty, Col. Wm. A., 424 Hunting Lodge Dr.,
Miami Springs, Fla. 33166.

McDonald, Mrs. Sharon C., Mus. Zool., Univ. of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (Biology,
resource management of freshwater and marine
gastropods, esp. Lymnaea and Strombus).

McGinn, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M., P.O. Box 89, Cut
Off, La. 70345.

McGinty, Thomas L. and Paul, Box 765, Boynton
Beach, Fla. 33435.

McGowan, Mrs. Susan E., P.O. Box 621, Captain
Cook, Hawaii 96704 (Observation of and research
regarding live mollusks).

McGrath, Robert E., 4434 S. 10, TerreHaute, Ind.
47802 (Common large shells).

McHugh, Mrs. John, 4654 Quarry Rdg., Rockford, 111.
61103 (Murex).

Mclnnes, Mrs. Cornelia G., F-6 Raleigh Apts.,

Raleigh, N.C. 27605 (All marine mollusks).

McLean, Dr. James H., Los Angeles Co. Mus., 900
Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. 90007.

McMillan, William L., P.O. Box 26A, Tavernier, Fla.
33070 (Cypraea).

McRae, Mrs. Catherine, 903 King’s Crown Dr.,
Sanibel, Fla. 33957 (Pectinidae).

Melvin, Di. & Mrs. A. Gordon, 863 Watertown St.,
West Newton, Mass. 02165 (Collectors; dealers in
shells and shell books).

Menzel, Dr. R. W., Dept. Oceanography, Florida State
Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306 (Oysters, clams).

62

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Merrill, Dr. and Mrs. Arthur S. (Esse), Nat. Mar. Fish.
Serv. Biol. Lab., Oxford, Md. 21654.

Merritt, Mr. and Mrs. Jack H., 2251 Euclid Ave., Ft.
Myers, Fla. 33901.

Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Dept. Biol., Univ. of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968 (Terrestrial Gastropoda
of S.W. United States).

Meyer, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G., Box 61, Captiva,
Fla. 33924.

Michelson, Dr. Edw. H., 7 Richmond Rd., Natick,
Mass. 01760 (Medical malacology).

Micoine, Mrs. Colette, P.O. Box 622, Carson City,
Nev. 89701 (Cyprea, Conus, Voluta).

Miles, Dr. Charles D., 6325 W. 73rd Terrace, Overland
Park, Kansas 66204.

Miller, Barry B., Dept. Geol., Kent State Univ., Kent,
Ohio 44240 (non-marine Pleistocene malacology).

Miller, Richard L., Dept. Biol., Temple Univ.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19122 (General interest).

Miller, Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Box 199-B,
Rte. 4, Tucson, Ariz. 85718.

Mills, Mr. & Mrs. Harold J., 575 Thornwood Lane,
^Northfield, 111. 60093.

Moberg, Capt. & Mrs. A. G., Keene Rd., R.F.D. Box
154, East Freetown, Mass. 02717.

Molesko, Mrs. Norman, 56C Nob Hill Rd., New
London, Conn. 06320 (Collecting; underwater
research).

Monfils, Paul R., 169 Triangle St., Amherst, Mass.
01002 (Worldwide marine, esp. Cypraeidae).

Monroe, Mrs. Helen E., 500 N. Roosevelt Blvd.,
#411, Falls Church, Va. 22044 (Cones, amateur).

Moore, Dr. and Mrs. Donald R., School of Mar. Sci.
Univ. of Miami, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway,
Mia. li, Fla. 33149.

Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Div. of Mollusks, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C. 20560.

Morrison, Robert W., 5101 Ocean Blvd., Sarasota,
Fla. 33581 (Marine shells, esp. Cypraea, Voluta,
Oliva, Murex).

Mousley, Louis B., Director-Curator, Mousley Mus. of
Nat. Hist., 11555 Bryant St., Yucaipa, Cal. 92399.

Muangman, Pongsa-Pyn, M.D., 42-B Dunfey Lane,
Windsor, Conn. 06095 (Cowries, cones, olives).

Murasko, Mrs. Janice, 95 Connolly Dr., Milltown,
N.J. 08850 (Marine Moll, of Atlantic Coast).

Murray, Mrs. Francis A., 3741 N. E. 24th Ave.,
Lighthouse Point, Fla. 33064.

Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biol. Dept., Trinity Univ., San
Antonio, Texas 78284 (Unionidae, distribution
and parasites).

Mussel white, Margo, 10815 Janet Lee, San Antonio,
Texas 78230 (Cowries).

Myer, Dr. Donal G., Southern Illinois Univ.,
Edwardsville, 111. 62025 (Land snails).

Myers, Mr. and Mrs. Brevard S., 2746 Hampton Ave.,
Charlotte, N.C. 28207.

Myers, Paul R., R.R. #1, Quincy, 111. 62301.

Naide, Meyer, M.D., 2034 Spruce St., Philadelphia,
Pa. 19103.

Nelson, Frank J. and Mrs. Lee Nelson, 1856 Madison
St., Ridgewood, N.Y. 11227 (Non-marine and
Archaeogastropoda, World-wide).

Nicol, Dr. David, P.O. Box 14376, University Station,
Gainesville, Fla. 32601.

Nicolaci, Mr. & Mrs. Domenick, Bella Vista Is., Box
147, Fairhaven, Mass. 02719 (Pecten; exchange).

Noseworthy, Ronald G., P.O. Box 104, Grand Bank,
Newfoundland, Canada (North American circum-
boreal mollusks; also Clausiliidae and Turridae).

Notter, Hellen, 2529 Gilmore St., Jacksonville, Fla.
32204.

Oatis, Mrs. Vincent P., 312 Holiday Park Dr.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15239 (Exchange world marines).

Ode, Dr. Helmer, 4811 Braeburn Dr., Bellaire, Texas
77401 (Gulf of Mexico marine).

Oetzell, Miss Edith M., 518 S. Ardmore Ave., Villa
Park, HI. 60181 (Conus).

Old, Wm. E., Jr., Dept. Mollusks, Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Central Park W. at 79th St., New York, N.Y.
10024.

Olsson, Axel A., 1906 Ferdinand St., Coral Gables,
Fla. 33134. (Tertiary Mollusca. Panamic-Pacific
Mollusca, radulae).

Oppenheimer, Ella. H., M.D., 7703 Crossland Rd.,
Baltimore, Md. 21208.

Ostheimer, Alfred J., Ill, 5017 Maunalani Circle,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96816.

Ostheimer, Mrs. Ruth M., 146 S. Whitford Rd.,
Exton, Pa. 19341.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd.,
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Parodiz, Dr. and Mrs. Juan J., Sect, of Invert.,
Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. (Neotropical
mollusks and freshwater Gastropoda of U.S.A.).

Perrault, Viola, Deer Pt. B.O.Q., Rm. 328, FPO New
York, N.Y. 09593.

Peterson, David B., c/o RCA Autec Project, Box 341,
FPO New York, N.Y. 09559.

Peterson, Mrs. Dorothy B., 1425 Hillcrest Dr.,
Melbourne, Fla. 32935.

Petit, Mr. and Mrs. Richard E., Box 133, North
Myrtle Beach, S.C. 29582 (World shells).

Petrowski, Joseph, Academic Press, Inc., Ill 5th
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003.

Phillips, Betty and Ted, 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa
Barbara, Cal. 93110.

Plockelman, Cynthia H., 311 Franklin Rd., West Palm
Beach, Fla. 33405 (Caribbean Muricidae, Nati-
cidae).

Porter, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, Hudson House,

Ardsley-on-Hudson, N.Y. 10503.

Porter, Mrs. Miriam E., 2013 S. Vernon Place,
Melbourne, Fla. 32901.

Post, Mrs. Alfred P., Jr., P.O. Box 65, Darlington, Md.
21034.

Potter, Rev. & Mrs. A. Leslie, 9 Plateau Rd.,
Asheville, N.C. 28805.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

63

Pratt, W. Lloyd and Mrs. Suzann, Ft. Worth Mus. Sci.
and Hist., 1501 Montgomery St., Ft. Worth, Texas
76107 (Texas and Mexican land snails).

Priest, Mrs. Adele Medellin de, 306 East Summit
Place, San Antonio, Texas 78212 (General).

Pulley, Dr. Thos. E., Houston Mus. Nat. Sci., P.O.
Box 8175, Houston, Texas 77004.

Quhmmen, Mrs. Eleanor K., 402 Homestead Rd.,
Strafford-Wayne, Pa. 19087.

Quigley, Jacqueline S., 11450 W. Dodge Rd., Omaha,
Neb. 68154.

Radwin, Dr. Geo. E., 4341 Rodrigo Dr., San Diego,
Cal. 92115 (Gastropod taxonomy).

Raeihle, Dorothy and Geo., 5346 82nd St., Elmhurst,
N.Y. 11373.

Rains, Thomas D., Rt. 4, Fraternity Church Rd.,
Winston-Salem, N.C. 27107 (Bivalve and Scap-
hopod Ecology).

Rathburn, Mary H., P.O. Box 455, Sarasota, Fla.
33578 (World shells).

Rawls, Dr. Hugh C., Eastern Illinois Univ., Dept.
Zool., Charleston, 111., 61920 (Ecology, Tax-
onomy, distribution of land snails).

Raymer, Robert, 296 Mahoning Ave., N.W., Warren,
Ohio 44483 (Marine shells; Spondy/us).

Reader, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R., 4772 49th Ave. N., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33714 (Live mollusks).

Reeder, Richard L., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
85721 (Land pulmonates).

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington,
D.C. 20560

Rice, Thomas C., OF SEA AND SHORE Publications,
P.O. Box 33, Port Gamble, Wash. 98364 (Dealer).

Rice, Mrs. Winnie H., P.O. Box 638, Rockport, Texas,
78382 (Gulf of Mexico Mollusca).

Richards, Charles S., Lab. of Parasitic Diseases, Nat.
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md. 20014 (Freshwater
mollusks, host-parasite relations, mollusk path-
ology and genetics).

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel-
phia, Pa. 19103.

Rickard, Mrs. George C., 9316 Harvey Rd., Silver
Springs, Md. 20910.

Ridge, Mrs. Lorraine, 14 Eugene Place, St. Augustine,
Fla. 32084.

Riggs, Harriet H., Rte. 1, Box 255, Swansboro, N.C.
28584 (Worldwide Pectens; North Carolina Mol-
luscs).

Ritchie, Mrs. Robt. M., 17 Country Club Place,
Bloomington, 111. 61701.

Roberts, Mr. & Mrs. H. Wallace, Hopkinson House,
Apt. 2016, Washington Square South, Phila-
delphia, Pa. 19106.

Robertson, Dr. Robert, Dept, of Malacol. Acad., Nat.
Sci., 19th & The Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
(Marine).

Root, John, P.O. Box 182, W. Palm Beach, Fla.
33402.

Roper, Dr. Clyde F. E., Div. of Mollusks, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Washington, D.C. 20560 (Systematics and
ecology of the Cephalopoda).

Ropes, John W., P.O. Box 333, Church Neck, St.
Michaels, Md. 21663.

Rosentreter, Howard W., P.O. Box 29, Big Pine Key,
Fla. 33043.

Rosewater, Dr. and Mrs. Joseph, Div. of Mollusks,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C. 20560.

Ross, Mary K., 2927 — 42nd St., Highland, Ind.
46322 (Cowries, Murex, olives, cones, all marine
bivalves; exchange).

Ross, Mr. and Mrs. William A., 1101 Hampton Rd.,
West Palm Beach, Fla. 33405 (Olividae and
Pectinidae).

Rotter, Saul D., M.D., 170 North Ocean Blvd., Palm
Beach, Fla. 33480 (Cones, volutes, cowries,
olives).

Roworth, Edwin C., 1301 Windsor Dr.,

Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Cal. 92007 (World shells and
sea life).

Ruehl, Theo. C., 112 Haverstraw Rd., Suffern, N.Y.

10901 (Murex, Valuta, Conus).

Russell, Chas. E., 10602 Jordan Rd., Carmel, Ind.
46032 (Land, freshwater).

Russell, Dr. Henry D., Springdale Ave., Dover, Mass.
02030.

Russell, Dr. Loris S., Royal Ont. Mus., 100 Queen’s
Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6.

Russell, Ml'S. Richard, 2229 Hollister Terrace,
Glendale, Cal. 91206 (Most popular families).
Russell-Hunter, Dr. W. D., Dept. Biol., 112 Lyman
Hall, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, N.Y. 13210.

Rutter, Kurt L., P.O. Box 107, Stanton, N.J. 08885
(Shells of the littoral area).

Sage, Walter E., Ill, 1123 Hathaway, Louisville, Ky.
40215 (All mollusks).

Sartor, James C., 5606 Duxbury, Houston, Texas
77035 (Olividae).

Sayler, Mrs. Jane, 4870 Fairfield Rd., Memphis,
Tenn. 38116.

Scheetz, Mrs. George W., 413 Skippack Pike, Fort
Washington, Pa. 19034.

Schell, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B., Jr., The
Brooklands, Colebrook, Conn. 06021 (Retired;
travelers and collectors).

Schilling, Mrs. Frieda, 3707 Lan Dr., St. Louis, Mo.
63125.

Schriner, Mr. & Mrs. Howard, Jr., Rte. #2, Box
127, LaBelle, Fla. 33935.

Seip, Wm. F., 1555 Stonewood Rd., Baltimore, Md.
21239.

Seitz, Mrs. Katherine, Mountain View Rd., Skillman,
N.J. 08558.

Sharpe, Stephen George, Amherst, R.R. #2, Nova
Scotia, Canada (South African shells; conservation of
Strombus gigas; pen pals).

Shasky, Donald R., M.D., 734 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, Cal. 92373.

Shaw, William N., 209 Sycamore Ave., Easton, Md.
21601.

Sheafer, Clinton W. and Mrs. Mabel H., 417 N.W. 17
St., Delray Beach, Fla. 33444.

Sheets, Mrs. Elva, R.R. 4, Huntington, Ind. 46750.

64

ACTIVE MEMRERS

Shelley, Dr. Rowland, N.C. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Box
27647, Raleigh, N.C. 27611 (Freshwater mollusks
of North Carolina).

Sherman, J. M., 33-60 21 St., Long Island City, N.Y.
11106.

Shipman, Mrs. Robert G., 11 Bantle Rd., Glaston-
bury, Conn. 06033 (Molluscan habitats and life
patterns).

Sickel, James B., Emory Univ., P.O. Box 21185,
Atlanta, Ga. 30322 (Unionidae ecology and
physiology).

Siekman, Mrs. Lula B., 5031 — 41st St. S.,
St. Petersburg, Fla. 33711.

Silverthorn, Lt. Gen. M. H., 4711 Dover Rd.,
Washington, D. C. 20016.

Singleton, Mrs. J. L., 1007 Stratford Lane,

Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 48013.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley,
Cal. 94707.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Francis, 1023 55th Ave. S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705 (Microscopic marine

mollusks of Florida).

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Harry M., 1410 Wayne St.,
Sandusky, Ohio 44870 (Local and foreign
collecting).

Smith, Mrs. J. Russell, 3052 Fondren Dr., Dallas,
Texas 75205 (teacher).

Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron St., Palo Alto,
Cal. 94301.

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Roland V., 215 Sunnyside Ave.,
Ottawa, KIS OR4, Ont., Canada.

Snyder, Harry P., 716 King St., McKeesport, Pa.
15132.

Snyder, Martin Avery, 745 Newtown Rd., Villanova,
Pa. 19085.

Solem, Dr. Alan and Barbara, Dept, of Zook, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, 111. 60605.

Soper, Arthur W., P.O. Box 431, Devon, Pa. 19333.

Spencer, Gladys M., 1305 12th Ave., Sterling, 111.
61081.

Sphon, Gale, Jr., c/o Los Angeles County Mus., Invert.
Zook, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal.
90007.

Stacey, Leigh B., 711 17th Ave., S., St. Petersburg,
Fla. 33701 (Florida marine and fossil).

Stainken, Dennis, 51 Coughlan Ave., Staten Island,
N.Y. 10310 (Anatomy and physiology of bivalves;
effects of marine pollutants).

Stansbery, Dr. David H., The Ohio State Univ., Mus.
Zook, 1813 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio
43210 (Naiads).

Stark, Mrs. Cherita L., 43-57 Union St., Apt. 3G,
Flushing, N.Y. 11355 (Small and minute marine
species).

Steger, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, 2711 68th St., Tampa, Fla.
33619 (Marine fauna. Gulf of Mexico).

Stein, Dr. Carol B., The Ohio State Univ., Mus. Zook,
1813 N. High St., Columbus, Ohio 43210
(Freshwater bivalves).

Steinke, Capt. Dale E., 6001 Craftsbury Dr.,

Charlotte, N.C. 28215 (Marine shells).

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Dept. Geok, Louisiana State Univ.,
Baton Rouge, La. 70803.

Stern, Mr. Edward M., Dept. Zook & Physiol.,
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803
(Systematics and ecology of terrestrial gastropods
and Unionidae).

Stewart, Rev. Marlin B., 54 Elm St., Westfield, N.Y.
14787.

Stickle, Dr. William B., Jr., Dept, of Zook and
Physiol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La.
70803.

Stifel, Peter B., 3617 Littledale Rd., Kensington, Md.
20795.

Stilwell, James M., 5856 Riverside Dr., Dublin, Ohio
43017.

Stingley, Dale V., P.O. Box 113, LaBelle, Fla. 33935.

Stix, Hugh S., 13 VanDam St., New York, N.Y.
10013.

Stohler, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, Cal.
94709.

Sutow, Wataru W., M.D., 4371 N. MacGregor Way,
Houston, Texas 77004 {Strombus; exch.).

Sutton, Barbara, 11 Riverside Dr., Apt. 8 A, New
York, N.Y. 10023.

Sutton, Roy and Mrs. Bobbi Sutton, 101 Tenth Ave.,
Absecon, N.J. 08201.

Swan, Emery F., 3 Faculty Rd., Durham, N.H.
03824.

Swartz, Miss S. L., 306 20 Ave. S. W., Calgary 3,
Alberta, Canada.

Swift, Charles H., 606 E. Peter St., Edinburg, Texas
78539 (Shells of Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico
coast).

Talmadge, Robert R., 2850 Pine St., Eureka, Cal.
95501 (Haliotidae; benthic invertebrates).

Taxson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert, 25 Knoll’s Crescent,
Bronx, N.Y. 10463.

Taylor, Dr. Dwight W., Nat. Hist. Mus., Box 1390,
San Diego, Cal. 92112.

Taylor, Mrs. Jud, 900 Burr Rd., Apt. 1-G, San
Aitonio, Texas 78209 (Shells of the Texas coast).

Teixeira, Mrs. Frank, P.O. Box 274, Buzzards Bay,
Mass. 02532 (Pecten; exch.).

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., P.O. Box 273, Big Pine
Key, Fla. 33043.

Thomas, Dr. Grace, Dept. Zook, Univ. of Georgia,
Athens, Ga._30601 (Sphaeriids).

Thomas, Lawrence E., The Shell Shop, P.O. Box 590,
Morro Bay, Cal. 93442.

Thomas, Miss Marguerite L, Box 312-A, Rte. 1,
Swansboro, N.C. 28584 (World marine; exch.).

Thomas, Mr. Ronald F., Univ. of Miami, School of
Marine & Atmospheric Science, 10 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

65

Thorpe, Mrs. Fran Hutchings (Mrs. Foster B.), 3910
Battersea Rd., Coconut Grove, Fla. 33133.

Tippett, Dr. and Mrs. Donn L., 10281 Gainsborough
Rd., Potomac, Md. 20854.

Tomkin, Mrs. Gary, 419 Johnson Ave., Cuyahoga
Falls, Ohio 44221.

Torrance, Mrs. Patricia A., c/o S. D. Kaicher, 5633-B
18th Way South, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33712
(Aquarium and field study of marine mollusks;

world exchange).

Tunnell, John W., Jr., Biol. Dept., Texas A & M
Univ., College Station, Texas 77840 (Systematics,
distribution and ecology of reef and bank mollusks
in Gulf of Mexico).

Turano, Andrew F., M.D., RFD 1, Cemetery Rd.,
Colchester, Conn. 06415 (World marine shells).

Turner, Dr. Ruth D., Mus. Comp. Zook, Cambridge,
Mass. 02138.

Urbaniak, Mrs. Roman and Miss Suzanne, 2668 N.
Holton St., Milwaukee, Wise. 53212 (Begin-
ners).

Usticke, Gordon, 1 North St., Christiansted, St.
Croix, Virgin Islands, 00820.

Valentine, Dr. and Mrs. J. Manson, 1260 S.W. 1st St.,
Miami, Fla. 33135.

Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, University Museums, Ann
Arbor, Mich. 48104.

Vega, Luis Eduardo, M.D., U.S. Naval Hospital, FPO
New York, N.Y. 09551.

Veverka, John A. and Mrs. Sandra A., 598 Arlington
Ave., Mansfield, Ohio 44903 (Land and freshwater
mollusks).

Vokes, Dr. Harold and Emily, Dept. Geok, Tulane
Univ., New Orleans, La. 70118 (Mesozoic and
Tertiary mollusks; fossil and Recent Muricidae).

Wadsworth, Jas. Edgar, Wilson Court, Chapel Hill,
N.C. 27514 (Shell Club promotion).

Waggoner, Mrs. Marguerite, 412 Main St., Lockport,
La. 70374.

Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. L., R.D. 1, Box 21,
Marathon, Fla. 33050.

Waller, Dr. Thos. R., Dept. Paleobiok, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Washington, D.C. 20560 (Zoogeography, ecology,
evolution of Cenozoic Pectinidae).

Walter, Dr. Waldemar, Dept. Biok, Western Illinois
Univ., Macomb, Ilk 61455.

Walton, Munro L., 1108 N. Central Ave., Glendale,
Cal. 91202 (Land snails).

Ward, Wilson B., P.O. Box 26341, Houston, Texas
77032 (Cypraea, Conus, representative shells of
other genera).

Warmke, Germaine L., 1711 S.W. 43rd Ave.
Gainesville, Fla. 32601.

Wasili, Mrs. John, P.O. Box 8, Frisco, N.C. 27936.

Wayne, Dr. Wm. J., Dept. Geok, Univ. of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NeH 68508 (Pleistocene non-marine
mollusks).

Webb, Dr. Glenn R.,Rte. 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, Pa.
19522.

Weingartner, Mathilde P., 17 Amelia Ct., Staten
Island, N.Y. 10310.

Weisbord, Norman E. and Nettie S., Dept. Geok,
Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306
(Cenozoic and Recent mollusks).

Weiss, Mr. Fred, 6 Plymouth Rd., Great Neck, N.Y.
11023.

Wells, Dr. Harry, 620 Presbyterian Ave., Laurinburg,
N.C. 28352.

Werner, Milton, 70 Richmond St., Brooklyn, N.Y.
11208.

Westerfield, Mrs. Asher L., 429 Montgomery Ave.,
Haverford, Pa. 19041 (Marine shells).

Wheel, Mr. and Mrs. Adlai B., Pet Haven, 4501 W.
Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N.Y. 13215.

Whiteside, Mrs. Smith, 205 Marion St., Indian
Harbour Beach, Fla. 32937.

Widmer, Ernest C., P.O. Box 814, Orange Park, Fla.
32073 (Exch. marine and freshwater Florida
material).

Wightman, Eugene P., Ph.D., 85 Harding Rd.,
Rochester, N.Y. 14612 (World marine).

Wilie, Wm. L., Jr., 1405 McFaddin, Beaumont, Texas
77701 (Conus).

Williams, Dr. James D., Biok Dept., Tuskegee
Institute, Alabama 36088 (Freshwater mussels;
zoogeography and systematics).

Wilson, Dr. Druid, Room E506, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Washington, D.C. 20560.

Winner, Mrs. Beatrice E., C.R.T., 2087 S. Waterway
Dr., Juno, Fla. 33408.

Wiswall, Harold C., 42 Winding River Rd., Needham,
Mass. 02192 (W. Atlantic, Caribbean mollusks).

Withrow, Mr. and Mrs. Carl C., 4825 9th St. S., St.
Petersburg, Fla. 33705.

Wolfe, Dr. Douglas A., Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv.,
Beaufort, N.C. 28516 (Western Atlantic marine
mollusks).

Woods, William L., 2721 Murray Ridge Rd., San
Diego, Cal. 92123 (Panamic mollusks — Turridae,
Columbellidae).

Wright, Rev. Calvin T., 4 Water St., Assonet, Mass.
02702 (Marine species).

Wright, Kirk and Mrs. Rosemary, Box 423, Fitchburg,
Mass. 01420.

Wulff, Mrs. Ella May, R.D. 2, Bella Vista Dr.,
Willimantic, Conn. 06226 (Marine gastropods).

Wurtz, Dr. Chas. B., 3220 Penn St., Philadelphia, Pa.
19129 (Terrestrial Pulmonata).

Yokley, Paul Jr., Ph.D., Box 653, Florence State
Univ., Florence, Ala. 35630.

Young, Mrs. Ann Frame, P.O. Box 846, Marathon,
Fla. 33050.

Young, H. D., P.O. Box 1931, Seattle, Wash. 98111
(Exch. “documented” gastropods of Pacific
Northwest for “documented” species from other
areas; also purchase).

Young, Miss M. E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls Church,
Va. 22044.

Zach, Mr. Reto, 317, 35 Charles Street W., Toronto,
Ont., Canada M4Y 1R6.

Zager, Mrs. Jane, 200 Mt. Pleasant Ave., West Orange,
N.J. 07052 (American shells).

Bulletin of Mie American Malacological Union, Inc.
May 1974

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Altena, Dr. C. O. Van Regteren,. Duindoornlaan 26,
Bentveld, Holland.

Baba, Dr. Kikutaro, Shigigaoka 35, Minami-ll-jyo,
Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara-ken, Japan 636
(Opisthobranchia — taxonomy, morphology).

Carter, Mr. J. H. Molyneux, 130 Algernon Rd.,
Norwood, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Chrosciechowski, Przemyslaw K., Aptdo, 125, Mar-
acay (Ar. ), Venezuela (Planorbidae).

Galindo, Lie. Ernesto Santos, Lopez No. 1, Mexico 1,
D. R, Mexico (Marine shells).

Haritatos, Emmanuel, Anagnostopoulou 8, Athens
136, Greece.

Hwang Shin Rong, P.O. Box 58530, Taipei, Taiwan
(Cypraeidae, Conidae).

Lafont, Jean, mas des Hourtes, 30740 Le Cailar,
France.

Lane, Mr. C. T., Nature Biological Co., P.O. Box
22489, Taipei, Taiwan, China (Collection marine
shells; pearl culture; SCUBA).

Lea, Mr. Trygve Berg, Oscar Wistningsgt. 56, 4000
Stavanger, Norway (Shells and snails of arctic and
boreal waters).

Leslie, Theodore A., 883 Craig St., Belize, British
Honduras.

Lo, C. T., Ph.D., Dept. Parasitol., College of
Medicine, National Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan,
China 100 (Medical malacology; shell collection).

Nautilus, P.O. Box 3, 58043 Castiglione della Pescaia,
Italy (All bivalves; land and fresh water mollusks;
shell shop).

Oliveira, Sra. Maria Inez Mendonpa de, Instituto de
Antropologia da Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Norte, Av. Hermes da Fonseca, 1396,
Natal, Brazil (Fossil mollusks, espec. correlation
with recent marine mollusks found locally).

Oyama, Dr. Katura, Geol. Survey of Japan,
Kawada-cho 8, P.O. Ushigome, Tokyo, Japan.

Paget, Dr. Oliver E., Mus. Nat. Hist., Burgring 7,
Vienna, A-1014, Austria.

Pajer, Miss Zdenka, Tomsiceva 8, 64000 Kranj
(Slovenija), Yugoslavia (General collection, princi-
pally Adriatic Sea; biology student).

Temcharoen, Mr. Prasong, Dept, of Parasitology,
Faculty of Public Health, 420/1 Rajvithi Road,
Dusit, Bangkok 4, Thailand (Fresh and brackish
water snails).

Walker, R. Lindsay, Apartado Postal 344, San
Salvador, El Salvador, C.A. (Local shells).

AFFILIATED SHELL CLUBS AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ASTRONAUT TRAIL SHELL CLUB, INC., P.O. Box
515, Eau Gallie, Fla. 32935.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, Mollusk Dept.,
Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. 02138.

BROWARD SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 1738, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla. 33302.

CARIBE SHELL CLUB, DeDiego Ave. 316, Suite
504, Santurce, Puerto Rico 00909.

CENTRAL FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, 717 Clemwood
Place, Orlando, Fla. 32803.

CHICAGO SHELL CLUB, Dept. Zool., Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Chicago, 111. 60605.

CLEVELAND SHELL CLUB, THE, 6720 Forest
Glen, Solon, Ohio 44139.

COASTAL BEND GEM & MINERAL SOCIETY, c/o
Mrs. Pat Ratliff, P.O. Dr. 1232, Bay City, Texas
77414.

COASTAL BEND SHELL CLUB, c/o Corpus Christi
Museum, 1919 N. Water St., Corpus Christi, Texas
78401.

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA, c/o Los Angeles County Museum,
900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. 90007.

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION, BUFFALO SO-
CIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Buffalo Mus.
Sci., Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, N.Y. 14211.

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Peabody Museum,
Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. 06520.

CONNECTICUT VALLEY SHELL CLUB, c/o Earl
Reed, Springfield Mus. Sci., 236 State St.,
Springfield, Mass. 01103.

CROWN POINT SHELL COLLECTORS STUDY
GROUP, P.O. Box 462, Crown Point, Ind. 46307.

FORT MYERS BEACH SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box
5057, Ft. Myers Beach, Fla. 33931.

FORT MYERS SHELL CLUB, 1936 Coronado Rd.,
Fort Myers, Fla. 33901.

GALVESTON SHELL CLUB, Box 2072, Galveston,
Texas 77550.

GEORGIA SHELL CLUB, THE, 2808 Wendland Dr.
N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30345.

GREATER ST. LOUIS SHELL CLUB, 4032 Garden
Lane, Granite City, 111. 62040.

GREATER TAMPA SHELL CLUB, c/o Mus. Sci. &
Nat. Hist., 1101 River Cove, Tampa, Fla. 33604.

66

CLUBS & ORGANIZATIONS

67

HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o
Aquarium, 2*111 Kalakaua Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii
96815.

HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, 3706 Rice
Blvd., Houston, Texas 77005.

JACKSONVILLE SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 8651,
Jacksonville, Fla. 32211.

KANSAS CITY SHELL CLUB, 5401 Mohawk Lane,
Shawnee Mission, Kansas 66205.

LOUISVILLE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 2901
Falmouth Dr., Louisville, Ky. 40205.

NAPLES SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 1991, Naples, Fla.
33940.

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB, Div. of
Mollusks, U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C. 20560.

NEW JERSEY SHELL CLUB, 653 Briarcliff Ave.,
Maywood, N.J. 07607.

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, Dept. Living Invert.,
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Central Park W. at 79 St.,
New York, N.Y. 10024.

NORTH CAROLINA SHELL CLUB, 1409 Ruffin
St., Durham, N.C. 27701.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACO-
ZOOLOGICAL CLUB, c/o Salle Crittenden, 624
Waterfall Isle, Alameda, Cal. 94501.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, INC.,Rte.l,
2405 N.E. 279th St., Ridgefield, Wash. 98642.

PALM BEACH COUNTY SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box
182, W. Palm Beach, Fla. 33402.

PHILADELPHIA SHELL CLUB, Dept, of Malacol.,
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

PITTSBURGH SHELL CLUB, Section of Invert.,
Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh,
Pa. 15213.

ROCHESTER SHELL AND SHORE CLUB, c/o John
Crucini, Librarian, 65 Eastland Rd., Rochester,
N.Y. 14616.

SACRAMENTO VALLEY CONCHOLOGICAL SO-
CIETY, 7908 Seneca Way, N. Highlands, -Cal.
95660.

ST. PETERSBURG SHELL CLUB, 7400 46th Ave.
N., Box 406, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33709.

SAN ANTONIO SHELL CLUB, 9402 Nona Kay Dr.,
San Antonio, Texas 78217.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB, San Diego Mus. Nat.
Hist., P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, Cal. 92101.

SANIBEL-CAPTIVA SHELL CLUB, 1215 Seagrape
Lane, Sanibel Island, Fla. 33957.

SANTA BARBARA MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
INC., THE, P.O. Box 30191, Santa Barbara, Cal.
93105.

SARASOTA SHELL CLUB, 3934 Marlborough Place,
Sarasota, Fla. 33577.

SOUTH FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, Mus. of Sci. &
Nat. Hist., 3280 S. Miami Ave., Miami, Fla. 33129.

SOUTH PADRE ISLAND SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box
2110, S. Padre Island, Texas 78578.

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONCHOLOGIST SO-
CIETY, P.O. Box 876, Ft. Myers, Fla. 33902.

TIDEWATER SHELL AND FOSSIL CLUB, P.O. Box
62421, Virginia Beach, Va. 23462.

WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, THE,
c/o Dr. James H. McLean, Los Angeles County
Mus., Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Cal. 90007.

WILMINGTON SHELL CLUB, 2607 W. 16 St.,
Wilmington, Del. 19806.

YUCAIPA SHELL CLUB, Mousley Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Yucaipa, Cal. 92399.

INSTITUTIONS - - DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Academy of Natural Sciences Library, 19th and The
Parkway, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Brazosport Museum of Natural Science, c/o Mrs.
Mildred Tate, Box 355, Lake Jackson, Texas
77566

Buffalo Museum of Science, Research Library,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, N. Y. 14075
Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, 1720 Gilbert
Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Wade Oval,
University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Cornell University, Albert R. Mann Library, Ithaca,
N. Y. 14850

Field Museum of Natural History, Library — SO
11627, Chicago, 111. 60605

Geological Survey of Canada Library, 601 Booth St.,
Room 350, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA OE8

Mari times Regional Library, Dept. of the

Environment, Fisheries Service, P.O. Box 550,
Halifax, N.S., Canada

National Museums of Canada, Library, Metcalf and
McLeod Streets, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA OM8
Paleontological Research Institution, 1259
Trumansburg Rd., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850
Smithsonian Institution Library — Acquisition'-,
Washington, D.C. 20560
Stanford University Library, Acquisitions Div., Serial
Dept., Stanford University, Stanford, Cal. 94305
U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS,
Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, Oxford
Laboratory, Oxford, Md. 21654
U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Libraries
Division, Technical Processes Branch D823, 8060
13th St., Room 806, Silver Spring, Md. 20910
University of Arizona, Library, Serials Dept., Tucson,
Ariz. 85721

University of California at L.A., Geology Library,
405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. 90024
University of Connecticut, Serials Dept., Wilbur Cross
Library, Storrs, Conn. 06268

68

INSTITUTIONS

University of Kentucky Library, Acquisitions Dept.,
Lexington, Ky. 40506

University of Maine Library, Raymond H. Fogler,
Librarian, Orono, Maine 04473

University of Manitoba, Elizabeth Dafoe Library,
Receiving Section, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3T
2N2

University of Maryland, Library, Natural Resources
Institute, Chesapeake Biological Lab., Solomons,
Md. 20688

University of Southern California, Hancock Library
of Biology and Oceanography, Allan Hancock
Foundation, University Park, Los Angeles, Cal.
90007

Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester
Point, Va. 23062

FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS

Australian Museum, P. O. Box A-285, Sydney,
N.S.W., Australia 2000

British Museum (Natural History), General Library,
Cromwell Rd., London, S.W.7 5BD, England
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,
Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium
Natal Museum, The Librarian, Loop St.,
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
National Lending Library for Science & Technology,
Accessions Dept., Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England
LS23 7BQ

South Australian Museum, Library, North Terrace,
Adelaide, South Australia, 5000 Australia
University of Auckland, Biological Sciences Library,
Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

Margaret C. Teskey
(Continued from page 2)

William J. Clench, Joseph C. Bequaert, Emery P.
Chace, Katherine V. W. Palmer, Margaret C. Teskey,
A. Myra Keen. The hononary life president, S.
Stillman Berry, was first honored with life member-
ship in 1954.

Attendance at the annual meetings averages about
25% of total membership. A program of diversified
scientific papers has been followed from the
beginning, though of recent years an effort is being
made to group some of them into symposia.
Conservation is being stressed, though to date the

effort to convince shell collectors not to take live
mollusks seems confined to lip service. The World
Health Organization’s program of medical
malacology, commercial interests served by research
on behalf of the National Shellfisheries Association,
promotion of mollusk-related science in schools and
universities — all, together with many others, are
being aided by the work of AMU. Also aided are
untold numbers of people who love shells for their
beauty alone. Truly, Norman Lermond builded better
than he knew!

INDEX OF AUTHORS

R. Tucker Abbott

8

Kenneth R. Bazata

42

Artie L. Metcalf

47

Elmer G. Berry

48

Donald R. Moore

17

Arthur H. Clarke

42

Juan Jose Parodiz

18

William J. Clench

33

Hugh J. Porter

20,48

Charles M. Courtney

43

William L. Pratt

24

Ralph W. Dexter

43,44

Robert Robertson

26

Dorothea S. Franzen

44

Clyde F. E. Roper

27

Carl W. Gugler

45

Joseph Rosewater

30

Willard N. Harman

12

Henry van der Schalie

32,48,49

K. Elaine Hoagland

14

David H. Stansbery

33

Morris K. Jacobson

45

Margaret C. Teskey

1

Lawrence E. Jerome

45

Ruth D. Turner

36

Meredith L. Jones

46

Fred E. Wells, Jr.

46

Carol M. Lalli

46

Glenn A. Long

47

IN MEMORIAM

Mrs. Dorothy Brown (1971)
Hon. Thomas Desmond
Rev. H. B. Herrington
George Jacobs
Egbert T. Smith
Mrs. Carroll D. Stannard

69

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Criteria employed in the recognition and description of Oxyloma deprimida Franzen

Dorothea Franzen 44

Aspects of the anatomy of Cionella lubriea

Carl W. Gugler 45

Charles Wright (1811-1885) in Cuba

Morris K. Jacobson 45

Marine molluscan distribution/density survey: a proposal to the AMU

Lawrence E. Jerome 45

Gatun Lake as a freshwater barrier in the Panama Canal

Meredith L. Jones .46

Reproduction and development in Spiratella inflata (d’Orbigny), a thecosomatous pteropod

C. M. Lalli and F. E. Wells, Jr 46

Frog motifs on archaeological mollusks of Hohokam and Mogollon Indian cultures

Glenn A. Long . .47

Fossil and living freshwater mussels (Unionacea) from the Pecos River, New Mexico and Texas

Artie L. Metcalf 47

North Carolina scallop fishery (1972-1973)

Hugh J. Porter .48

The effects of temperature on growth and reproduction in aquatic snails

Henry van der Schalie and Elmer G. Berry 48

The mollusks of the Duck River drainage in central Tennessee

Henry van der Schalie .49

AMU Committee and Business Reports

Annual Business Meeting 50

Report of the Corresponding Secretary .51

Report of the Recording Secretary .52

Report of the Treasurer 53

List of AMU Members 55

Index of Authors 69

In Memoriam 69

NOTICE

Most scientific journals send manuscripts to qualified reviewers to assist authors in avoiding errors and in
improving their papers. The AMU has now adopted a similar policy. The AMU Council constitutes our review
board and all manuscripts except abstracts are sent to appropriate members of this review board (usually two)
prior to acceptance for publication.

The AMU Bulletin has also adopted as its standard the Style Manual for Biological Journals published by the
American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington. All manuscripts accepted for publication become the
property of the AMU and may be edited for style in accordance with this standard.

BULLETIN
OF THE
AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

CONTENTS

Special Contribution — History of the American Malacological Union 1931-1973

Margaret C. Teskey .1

AMU Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting

Account of the meeting 3-4

Group photograph and list of members and guests 5-7

Papers read at 39th AMU Annual Meeting:

American Malacologists — a biological survey (1618-1973)

R. Tucker Abbott .8

The effects of reservoir construction and canalization on the mollusks of the Upper Delaware Watershed

Willard N. Harman .12

Biological and physical causes of mortality in New England Crepidula species

K. Elaine Hoagland .14

Remarks on the molluscan fauna of northern South America

Donald R. Moore .17

Diplodon charruanus (d’Orbigny): a revision

Juan J. Parodiz .18

Mollusks from M/V Eastward Stations 11542 and 11545 east of Charleston, S.C.

Hugh J. Porter .20

A revision of the mainland species of the bulimulid land snail genus Rabdotus

W. L. Pratt, Jr. ................ .24

Taxonomic problems with Indo-Pacific Tricolia (Phasianellidae)

Robert Robertson .26

Vertical and seasonal distribution of pelagic cephalopods in the Mediterranean Sea. Preliminary report

Clyde F. E. Roper .27

Studies on Ascension Island marine mollusks

Joseph Rosewater . .30

Snail-related public health problems in the Mekong

Henry van der Schalie .32

The Pleuroceridae and Unionidae of the North' Fork Holston River above Saitville, Virginia

David H. Stansbery and William J. Clench .33

In the path of a v^arm saline effluent

R. D. Turner .36

Abstracts of papers read at AMU 39th Annual Meeting
Further microanatomical studies of Dentalium

Ken Bazata .42

A survey of British Columbian freshwater mollusks — preliminary results.

Arthur H. Clarke .42

Oxynoe antillarum (Morch) and Lobiger souverbiei (P. Fischer) on Florida’s lower gulf coast
(Opisthobranchia: Oxynoidae)

Charles M. Courtney .43

Annual changes in populations of two intertidal gastropods (Nassarius obsoletus and Littorim saxatilk) at
Cape Ann, Massachusetts 1956-1972

Ralph W. Dexter .43

A trilobed shell of Placopecten magelianicus Gmelin
Ralph W. Dexter

.44

BULLETIN OF
THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

Fortieth Annual Meeting

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1974-1975

Officers

President Donald R. Moore

President-Elect Dorothea Franzen

Vice President George M. Davis

Recording Secretary Constance Boone

Corresponding Secretary Paul R. Jennewein

Treasurer Myra L. Taylor

Publications Editor Arthur H. Clarke

Associate Editor (Newsletter) Dorothy E. Beetle

Councillors-at-Large

Harold W. Harry (to 1975) Carl W. Gugler (to 1976)

James H. McLean (to 1975) Constance Boone (to 1976)

Permanent Council Members (Past Presidents)

William J. Clench (1935)

Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (1937)
Harald A. Rehder (1941)

Henry van der Schalie (1946-47)
A. Myra Keen (1948)

Elmer G. Berry (1949)

J.P.E. Morrison (1951)

Joseph C. Bequaert (1954)
Morris K. Jacobson (1955)
AllynG. Smith (1956)

Ruth D. Turner (1957)

Aurele LaRocque (1958)

R. Tucker Abbott (1959)

Katherine V.W. Palmer (1960)
Thomas E. Pulley (1961)
William K. Emerson (1962)
Albert R. Mead (1963)

Juan J. Parodiz (1965)

Ralph W. Dexter (1966)
Arthur H. Clarke (1968)
Joseph Rosewater (1969)

Alan Solem (1970)

David H. Stansbery (1971)
Arthurs. Merrill (1972)
Dolores S. Dundee (1973)
Harold D. Murray (1974)

Honorary Life Members

Joseph C. Bequaert
Emery P. Chace
William J. Clench

Honorary Life President

S. Stillman Berry

A. Myra Keen
Katherine V.W. Palmer
Margaret C. Teskey

The American Malacological Union, Inc.

Mrs. Constance Boone, Rec. Sec.

3706 Rice Blvd. Published May, 1975

Houston, Texas 77005

BULLETIN OF
THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

1974

Fortieth Annual Meeting

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
LORTIETH ANNUAL MEETING

The 1974 meeting of the American Malacological
Union was held in a setting of art, history, and
science in the Museum Complex in Springfield,
Massachusetts. The hard-working members of the
Connecticut Valley Shell Club, under the leadership
of their president, Earl Reed, were busy at the
Registration Desk by 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, August
3, 1974, at Tolman Hall in the Museum of Science.
Early arrivals gathered to greet old friends, make new
ones, and have coffee and lemonade. Members of the
local committee wore blue ribbons attached to their
name tags and Executive Council Members wore red
ribbons, a thoughtful touch provided by the CVSC
Committee, which enabled everyone to identify those
who might lend a hand in solving any problems which
might arise.

Saturday night saw the early arrivals in gala attire,
for it was the President’s Reception, hosted by AMU
President, Harold D. Murray, assisted by the members
of the Connecticut Valley Shell Club. Slides taken by
Myra Taylor at previous meetings were shown on a
wall of the Museum, and members were surprised and
amused to see themselves or friends in sober and
sedate poses. A word of warning to those of you who
may be tempted to arrive late at future meetings;
next time come early so you will not miss out on any
activities!

The Stonehaven Hotel, located just across the
street from the Museum Complex, was the hub of
activity for the members when not in the meetings. A
map of the area, showing the locations of meetings
and other activities, was posted on the bulletin board
so that everyone could find just where all events
occurred.

On Sunday morning the registration desk was
again the scene of activity, when late arrivals were on
hand to get name tags and talk “shells,” before the
meeting got under way.

In the afternoon. President Harold D. Murray
called the meeting to order in the Museum of Fine
Arts, and a cordial welcome was given by Chairman
Earl Reed, on behalf of the City of Springfield, the
Springfield Science Museum, and the Connecticut
Valley Shell Club. After announcements, Harold
thanked Mr. A.M. Frias Martins, photographer of the
exquisite shell pictures exhibited in Tolman Hall,
George Buckley and Walter Baranowski, who were
projectionists for the meeting and Ruth D. Turner
and Walter Baranowski who prepared the beautiful
program cover. Excellent papers were then given

following the introductions, beginning with a com-
mentary on America’s first malacologist, Thomas Say.

The Conservation Committee met on Sunday
evening, with Mrs. Jeanne Whiteside presiding.
Among the many items of business of the Conser-
vation Committee was the action to have the AMU
enter a legal case involving Big Darby Creek in Ohio.
This action required the expenditure of $50.00. The
action to intercede in the case was finally approved at
the Annual Business Meeting but since the AMU
Constitution and By Laws do not provide for dis-
bursement of AMU Funds for such purposes the
AMU membership was asked to contribute. Before
the convention had adjourned, members had donated
$88.40 to the Conservation Committee for the legal
action.

On Monday morning more papers were given, and
the meeting was presided over by Don Moore.
Members of the AMU assembled for the group picture
just before lunch. In the afternoon the meeting was
convened by Dorothy Beetle. Monday evening’s
program consisted of a movie, “Undersea Oasis,”
shown in the Museum of Science, while the members
of the Executive Council met elsewhere.

Dorothea Franzen convened the meeting on
Tuesday morning, and Gladys McCallum was in
charge of the afternoon meeting. In the evening,
Constance Boone was moderator for Shell Club
Night, which consisted of a varied and interesting
program beginning with a discussion by R. Tucker
Abbott of “Preparing Exhibits and Judging Shell
Shows,” and an especially interesting program on
Melo amphora given by Frank Abbottsmith, of Balga,
Western Australia.

Following Shell Club Night, the Texas Delegation
honored their Texas President, Harold D. Murray,
with a party, to which all AMU members were
invited. The Stonehaven Hotel very graciously
donated a suite to the Texans for the party, but even
so, guests overflowed the rooms and party-goers were
to be found along the hallways. This Texas Party has
by now become a tradition, and some of the guests
were bidding the hosts good-bye at a very early hour
in the morning. The Texan hosts were: Adelaide
Johnstone, Corpus Christi; Constance Boone,
Houston; Betty Allen, Port Isabel; Suzanne and Lloyd
Pratt, Fort Worth; and Myra Taylor, San Antonio.

(Continued on page 79)

1

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

PLATE 1. MEMBERS AND GUESTS IN ATTENDANCE AT THE FORTIETH ANNUAL MEETING

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

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I, 107 Susan F. Carnes, 108 Veronica Parker

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

PAPERS READ AT AMU 40th
ANNUAL MEETING

CYTOTAXONOMY OE SOME ARIZONA OREOHELICIDAE (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA)
Noorulkih Babmkzai*, Walter B. Miller*, and Oscar G. Ward*.

Members of the land snail family Oreohelicidae
were at one time placed in the Camaenidae as the
subfamily Oreohelicinae by Pilsbry (1939). Later,
Wurtz (195 5) considered them sufficiently distinct
from other Camaenidae to warrant familial rank.
Bequaert and Miller (1973) concurred in this opinion.
The family consists of the single genus Oreohelix,
with two subgenera, Oreohelix s. s. and O. (Radio-
centrum). The two subgenera differ in their em-
bryonic whorls, reproductive anatomy, and type of
reproduction. Oreohelix s. s. is ovoviviparous and has
a reduced albumen gland, while O. (Radiocentrum ) is
oviparous and has a large albumen gland. The two
subgenera are widely distributed in the western
United States and northwestern Mexico (Bequaert
and Miller, 1973).

Burch (1965) and Patterson (1969) reviewed the
chromosome numbers and systematics in euthy-
neuran snails and other molluscs and discussed the
importance of chromosome numbers and other cyto-
logical characters in molluscan systematics. Studies
on Australian camaenids by Laws (1965, 1973), and
on a Japanese camaenid by Inaba (1959) have shown
that the chromosome number in the Camaenidae is
n=29 without exception. It was, therefore, of interest
to us to study the chromosomes of some Oreoheli-
cidae to see how they would compare with those of
the Camaenidae. In this communication we report the
chromosome numbers of 6 species and the karyo-
types of 4 species of Oreohelicidae.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Live adult snails were collected from their type
localities and identified by one of us (W.B. Miller).
The following species were studied cytologically :

1. Oreohelix (Radiocentrum j clappi Eerriss, 1904,
from South Fork of Cave Creek, Chiricahua
Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona (three speci-
mens).

2. Oreohelix (R.j chiricahuana Pilsbry, 1905, from
Crystal Cave, Cliiricahua Mountains, Cochise
County, Arizona (twelve specimens).

3. Oreohelix (Oreohelix) anchana Gregg, 195 3, from
the Sierra Ancha, Gila County, Arizona (six
specimens).

4. Oreohelix (O.) concentrata Dali, 1896, from Miller

Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County,
Arizona (seven specimens).

5. Oreohelix (O.) subrudis Reeve, 1854, from Greer,
White Mountains, Apache County, Arizona (three
specimens).

6. Oreohelix (O.) houghi Marshall, 1929, Mogollon
Rim, near Pine, Gila County, Arizona (six speci-
mens).

Mitotic and meiotic chromosome spreads of
ovotestis tissue were obtained by the hypotonic
squash technique (Babrakzai and Miller, 1974).
Observations were made under a Wild compound
microscope with 15x oculars and photomicrographs
were taken on Kodak High Contrast Copy Film.

The nomenclature of centromeric position for the
classification of chromosomes as proposed by Levan
et ah, (1964) has been followed in this study. The
following symbols have been used in describing
karyotypes:

p, short arm of the chromosome.

q, long arm of the chromosome.

p+q, length of the chromosome.

RL, relative length of chromosome expressed
as percentage of the genome and multi-
plied by 10.

q/p, arm ratio.

Cl centromeric index, ratio of short arm to
total length of chromosome, expressed as
percentage.

A chromosome with arm ratio between 1.01
and 1.6 and Cl (centromeric index) between 37.5 and
49.9 will be referred to as metacentric (m) chromo-
some. If the arm ratio is between 1.7 and 2.9, and Cl
is between 25.0 and 37.4, the chromosome is con-
sidered submetacentric (sm). Similarly a chromosome
is considered subtelocentric (st), if the arm ratio is 3
or more and the Cl is less than 25.0. For comparison
of karyotypes, the methods of Bogart (1970) and
Raicu et ah, (1973) have been followed.

RESULTS

1. Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) clappi

We found only spermatogonial mitotic chromo-
somes from the specimens of this species. Chromo-
somal data are presented in Table 1. The diploid
chromosome number is 62 as seen in Fig. 1. Figure 2

* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.

4

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ipig. 1. Karyotype of O. (R.j clappi.

Fig. 3. Karyotype of O. (R.) chiricahuana.

Fig. 2. Idiogram of O. (R.) clappi. Fig. 4. Idiogram of O. (R.) chiricahuana.

OR£OHELIX(R.)CLAPPI

OREOHELIKR.; CHIRICAHUANA

6

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

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Fig. 5. Karyotype of O. (O.) anchana.

Fig. 7. Karyotype of O. (O.j concentrata.

Fig. 6. Idiogram of O. (O.) anchana.

Fig. 8. Idiogram of O. (O.) concentrata.

(D

0REOHEllX{O.)ANCHfiNj)

OREOHELlKO.ICOXCEHTRtU

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

1

Fig. 9. Diakinesis of O. (R.j clappi, arrow points to
the quadrivalent.

Fig. 10. Part of diakinesis of O. (R.) clappi from
another specimen, arrow points to the ring shaped
univalent.

Fig. 11. Pachytene chromosomes of O. (O.j anchana.
Fig. 12. Diakinesis chromosomes of O. (O.) anchana.

Fig. 13. Diakinesis chromosomes of O. (O.j con-
centra ta.

Fig. 14. Metaphase 11 chromosomes of O. (O.) con-
cert trata.

Fig. 15. Diakinesis chromosomes of O. (O.j subrudis.
Fig. 16. Metaphase I chromosomes of O. (O.) sub-
rudis.

8

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

shows an idiogram of the haploid set of chromosomes
constructed from the data of Table I. O. (R.) clappi
has \4 m, IS sm and 2 st chromosomes. The largest
chromosome is 7.3% of the entire genome.

2. Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) chiricahuana

The meiosis in this species seems to be compli-
cated due to chromosomal aberrations. Meiotic
chromosomes were obtained from only two speci-
mens. One specimen had 30 bivalents and a quadri-
valent (Fig. 9) at diakinesis, while another specimen
had a ring shaped chromosome in addition to the
haploid complement (Fig. 10). The ring shaped
chromosome is apparently an isochromosome pairing
with itself. Spermatogonial metaphase chromosomes
were counted to be 2n = 64 in a third specimen. The
karyotype of O. (R.j chiricahuana (Fig. 3) has 12 m,
16 sm and 4 st chromosomes. Figure 4 shows the
idiogram of the haploid set of O. (O.) chiricahuana
based on the data in Table II. Neither meiosis nor
mitosis was found in the rest of the 9 specimens;
however, three carefully dissected specimens showed
a characteristic anomaly in the reproductive anatomy.
In all three, the hermaphroditic duct had no connec-
tion to the talon or fertilization chamber in the
albumin gland, and these hermaphroditic ducts ended
blindly, apparently rendering the individual snails
sterile.

3. Oreohelix (Oreohelix) anchana

We obtained both mitotic and meiotic chromo-
somes. Thirty two bivalents were found in pachytene
(Fig. 11) and diakinesis (Fig. 12) in many primary
spermatocytes. The spermatogonial metaphases, with-
out exception showed 64 chromosomes. Therefore
the haploid number of O. (O.) anchana is n = 32 and
the diploid number is 2n = 64 (Fig. 6). The karyotype
of O. (O.) anchana (Fig. 5) has 18 m and 14 sm
chromosomes. The idiogram of this species is pre-
sented in Fig. 6, based on data from Table III.

4. Oreohelix (Oreohelix ) concentrata

The haploid number of this species was deter-
mined from spermatogonial diakinesis (Fig. 13) and
metaphase II (Fig. 14) to be n = 32. The diploid
number is 2n = 64 (Fig. 7). The karyotype of O. (O.)
concentrata (Fig. 7) has 20 m, 10 sm and 2 st
chromosomes. Figure 8 shows the idiogram of the
haploid set of chromosomes, based on data from
Table IV.

5. Oreohelix (Oreohelix) subrudis

Only meiotic chromosomes of this species were
found. The haploid chromosome number is n = 32 in
diakinesis (Fig. 15) and metaphase I (Fig. 16).

6. Oreohelix (Oreohelix) houghi

The haploid chromosome number in this species is
n = 32 in diakinesis and metaphase L

DISCUSSION

The chromosome numbers in Oreohelicidae (n =
31-32) are quite different from those of the related
family Camaenidae (Laws, 1973) in which the
haploid chromosome number is n = 29 in 26 species
studied so far. Cytological data also separate the

Oreohelicidae from the Camaenidae. In the Light of
Burch’s (1965) hypothesis that there is a progressive
increase in chromosome number from more primitive
families to specialized ones, Oreohelicidae could be
regarded as an advanced and specialized family of
land snails. The chromosome numbers reported for
helicacean and polygyracean families are reviewed in
Table V. From these data it is evident that the
Oreohelicidae have the highest chromosome number
of all the families in the two superfamilies. The high
number of chromosomes in one species of Poly-
gyridae, Triodopsis fraudulenta, has been considered
by White (1973) and Patterson (1969) to be due to
supernumerary chromosomes.

The karyotypes of the four species are different, as
shown in the idiograms (Figs. 2, 6 and 8). The idio-
grams of O. (O.) anchana and O. (O.) concentrata
(Figs. 6 and 8) show differences in chromosome
morphology, types, lengths, etc., even though
chromosome number is the same in both species (n =
32). To derive one species from the other, one has to
postulate many changes in the karyotypes of these
two species, namely homozygous translocations and
pericentric inversions. Several such changes have been
observed by one of us in the land snail family Helmin-
thoglyptidae (Babrakzai unpublished).

The difference in chromosome numbers between
the two species of subgenus Radiocentrum (n = 31 or
32) and those of Oreohelix s.s. (n = 32) is also of
interest. Particularly significant is the difference in
karyotypes. Oreohelix s.s. has a majority of meta-
centric (m), while Radiocentrum has a majority of
submetacentric chromosomes {sm). In view of
anatomical and morphological differences already
reported, we consider that Radiocentrum deserves
full generic rank.

In plants, “catastrophic selection” and “saltational
chromosomal speciation” have been proposed by
Lewis (1962, 1966). Miller (1967, 1970 and 1973)
and Bequaert and Miller (1973) have hypothesized
that the same phenomenon is mainly responsible for
speciation in desert snails (i.e., saltational speciation
by major chromosomal rearrangements). The karyo-
types of the four species of Oreohelicidae of this
report tend to support such a “saltational speciation”
hypothesis. However, the interesting fact is that
despite changes in the karyotype, i.e., chromosomal
rearrangements, etc., the chromosome number
usually remains the same.

The large number of anomalies in O. (R.) chiri-
cahuana indicates a possibly high genetic load,
probably brought about by intensive, continuous
inbreeding. These snails are restricted to very small
habitats consisting of widely scattered clumps of bear
grass (Nolina microcarpa) on arid Upper Sonoran
slopes in the Chiiicahua Mountains. Gene exchange
between populations in different bear grass clumps is
probably infrequent. Accordingly, under such circum-
stances of excessive inbreeding, chromosomal aber-
rations become more frequent, and many of them are
either lethal or prevent reproduction. The reduced
number of reproductive survivors in the population
would hasten genetic drift and tend to bring about
saltational speciation.

9

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Table 1. Karyotypic data of (9reo/2d/x Table III. Karyotypic data of C)reo/;e//x

(Radiocentnim) clappi. (Oreohelix) anchana.

No.

RL

q/p

C!

Qassification

No.

RL

q/p

Cl

Classification

1

73.0

1.3

44.2

m

1

73.1

1.4

41.9

m

2

43.3

1.4

41.0

m

2

51.8

1.3

42.7

m

3

36.2

1.04

49.0

m

3

46.4

1.04

48.9

m

4

33.2

1.3

43.6

m

4

31.8

1.1

46.6

m

5

32.6

1.3

43.5

ni

5

31.2

1.4

41.9

m

6

31.6

1.1

47.2

m

6

30.6

1.4

41.9

m

7

30.1

1.1

47.1

m

7

29.6

1.5

40.0

m

8

26.6

1.1

46.7

m

8

29.6

1.1

46.7

rn

9

24.5

1.3

43.5

m

9

28.6

1.4

41.4

m

10

23.6

1.1

47.8

m

10

24.1

1.3

42.6

m

11

21.3

1.4

41.7

ni

11

22.7

1.6

39.1

m

12

19.5

1.2

45.5

in

12

22.5

1.6

37.7

m

13

18.8

1.3

43.4

m

13

22.1

1.5

40.2

m

14

16.0

1.6

37.8

m

14

21.7

1.4

40.9

m

15

60.6

2.7

26.9

sm

15

20.0

1.6

37.6

m

16

50.4

1.8

35.2

sm

16

18.7

1.1

47.4

m

17

47.9

2.4

29.6

sm

17

16.8

1.4

41.2

m

18

44.3

1.8

36.0

sm

18

16.2

1.6

39.0

m

19

40.4

2.5

28.1

sm

19

57.3

2.3

31.0

sm

20

37.6

2.8

26.4

sm

20

45.4

2.3

30.4

sm

21

35.5

2.3

30.0

sm

21

42.5

2.6

27.9

sm

22

32.6

2.1

32.6

sm

22

42.5

2.4

29.3

sm

23

32.6

1.9

34.8

sm

23

38.7

2.7

27.0

sm

24

29.4

2.3

30.1

sm

24

36.6

2.7

27.0

sm

25

26.2

1.9

33.8

sm

25

34.0

2.4

29.1

sm

26

25.2

2.1

32.4

sm

26

33.6

1.9

35.3

sm

27

24.1

2.1

32.4

sm

27

33.2

2.1

32.7

sm

28

19.5

1.9

34.5

sm

28

23.9

2.0

33.9

sm

29

13.1

2.1

32.4

sm

29

21.7

1.8

36.4

sm

30

28.7

4.2

19.8

St

30

20.7

2.0

33.3

sm

31

21.3

3.9

20.0

St

31

17.4

2.9

34.1

sm

32

14.8

2.0

33.3

sm

Table IT

Karyotypic data of Oreohelix

Table IV.

Karyotypic data of Oreohelix

(Radiocentrum) chiricahuana.

(0) concentrata.

No.

RL

q/p

Cl

Qassification

No.

RL

q/p

Cl

Classification

1

61.4

1.2

46.2

m

1

65.1

1.04

48.9

m

2

55.4

1.2

45.8

m

2

52.6

1.2

44.7

m

3

46.4

1.1

48.2

m

3

40.7

1.1

47.6

m

4

36.8

1.04

48.9

m

4

38.0

1.6

38.0

m

5

33.8

1.3

44.4

m

5

37.4

1.1

48.1

m

6

32.9

1.2

46.6

m

6

34.6

1.1

48.0

m

7

30.8

1.6

39.0

m

7

33.0

1.04

48.7

m

8

29.9

1.2

45.2

m

8

31.9

1.3

43.4

m

9

26.9

1.6

39.0

m.

9

30.4

1.2

45.5

m

10

23.3

1.4

42.5

m

10

28.3

1.4

41.2

m

11

21.6

1.4

41.7

m

11

26.9

1.4

41.2

m

12

20.1

1.5

40.3

m

12

26.0

1.5

40.4

m

13

41.3

2.0

33.4

sm

13

24.9

1.6

38.9

m

14

38.3

2.4

29.8

sm

14

24.9

1.2

44.4

m

15

37.4

1.8

36.1

sm

15

24.4

1.5

39.8

m

16

32.9

1.7

36.4

sm

16

24.1

1.1

48.3

m

17

32.9

2.1

31.9

sm

17

22.2

1.3

43.8

m

18

31.4

2.5

28.7

sm

18

20.8

1.1

46.7

m

19

31.4

2.0

33.4

sm

19

19.1

1.4

42.0

m

20

28.4

2.8

26.4

sm

20

17.5

1.6

38.1

m

21

26.9

2.6

27.9

sm

21

44.6

1.9

34.8

sm

22

24.8

2.6

27.8

sm

22

37.1

1.8

35.8

sm

23

23.9

2.2

31.3

sm

23

36.0

2.2

30.8

sm

24

21.8

2.2

31.7

sm

24

34.1

1.8

35.0

sm

25

20.9

2.5

28.7

sm

25

33.2

2.0

33.3

sm

26

19.5

2.2

30.8

sm

26

31.9

2.8

26.1

sm

27

18.9

2.7

27.0

sm

27

29.9

2.8

25.9

sm

28

18.0

2.0

33.3

sm

28

27.7

1.9

35.0

sm

29

38.9

3.2

23.1

St

29

21.0

2.3

30.3

sm

30

34.2

3.6

21.9

St

30

19.4

2.5

28.6

sm

31

29.9

4.0

20.0

St

31

31.9

4.8

17.4

St

32

28.4

3.7

21.1

St

32

30.5

3.4

22.7

St

10

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Table V. Chromosome numbers of Polygyracea and Helicacea: number of
species for each family (after Laws, 1973).

Family (number of
genera known cyto-
logically)

Haploid chromosome numbers

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Polygyridae (7)1

2

16

1(1)

(1)

Camaenidae (15)

26

Bradybaenidae (5)

9

8

Helminthoglyptidae (9)2

6

6

Helicidae (19)

1

3

8

3

2

8

10

3

6(1)

Oreohelicidae (2)3

1

5

^Babrakzai and Miller, 1974.
^Babrakzai unpublished.
^Present study.

CONCLUSIONS

We have drawn the following conclusions from

these cytological findings:

1. The validity of separating the Oreohelicidae from
the Camaenidae is substantiated cytologically (the
haploid chromosome number of Camaenids is n =
29 in all species reported so far).

2. The Oreohelicidae have the highest chromosome
number so far reported in the Helicacea.

3. All four species of Oreohelix s. s. have a haploid
number of n = 32. Karyotypes obtained for only
two of the species show small but significant
differences which lend support for their specific
separation heretofore based only on morphological
characters.

4. Of the two species of Radiocentrum, one had a
haploid number of n = 32 while the other had n =
31. Their karyotypes differed from each other
only slightly but differed markedly from those of
Oreohelix s. s.

5. The cytological evidence at hand indicates major
chromosomal differences between species of
Oreohelix s. s. and Radiocentrum . When added to
the well-known differences in morphology and
reproductive physiology, this evidence strongly
suggests that Radiocentrum is sufficiently dif-
ferent from Oreohelix s, s. to be considered a
separate genus. Accordingly, we hereby elevate
Radiocentrum to full generic status.

6. The different haploid numbers of the two species
of Radiocentrum along with their marked morpho-
logical differences suggest the possible existence of
two species-groups or even subgenera under Radio-
centrum. Additional karyotype investigations of
species morphologically similar to R. chiricahuana
such as R. hachetana and R. ferrissi and species
similar to R. clappi such asR. labrenana would be
desirable.

7. Differences in karyotypes indicate that speciation
is accompanied (or accomplished) by substantial
chromosomal rearrangement. This tends to
support the hypothesis that speciation in many
desert snail populations tends to be saltational by
major chromosomal rearrangement.

8. A large number of reproductive anomalies found
in R. chiricahuana indicates a possible high genetic
load, which can be explained as a result of exces-
sive inbreeding. This situation tends to intensify
rapid genetic drift and promote saltational
speciation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are thankful to Richard Reeder, Carl
Christensen and Peter D’elisqu for their help in col-
lecting the specimens; to Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert for
criticizing the manuscript; to Margaret Vescovi for
illustrations and Sianoosh Babrakzai for her help in
preparing the karyotypes.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

11

LITERATURE CITED

Babrakzai, N. and W.B. Miller. 1974. A colchicine
hypotonic squash technique for the chromosome
spreads of puimonate land snails. Malacol. Rev. 7:
37-38.

Bequaert, J.C. and W.B. Miller. 1973. The molluscs of
the arid South West, 271 pp. Tucson, Univ. Ariz.
Press.

Bogart, J.B. 1970. Systematic problems in the
amphibian family Leptodactylidae (Anura) as indi-
cated by karyotypic analysis. Cytogenetics 9:
369-383.

Burch, J.B. 1965. Chromosome numbers and system-
atics in euthyneuran snails. Proc. First Europ.
Malacol. Cong. 1961: 215-241.

Inaba, A. 1959. Cytological studies in Molluscs, il. A
chromosome sup/ey in the stylommatophoric
pulmonata. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. Ser. B, Div. I.
18: 71-94.

Laws, H.M. 1965. Chromosomes of snails introduced
into South Australia and the Northern Territory.
Rec. S. Aust. Mus. IS: 79-87.

Laws, H.M. 1973. The chromosomes of some Austra-
lian Camaenid land snails. Cytologia 38: 229-235.

Levan, A., K. Fredga and A.A. Sandberg. 1964.
Nomenclature for centromeric position on
chromosomes. Hereditas 52: 201-220.

Lewis, H. 1962. Catastrophic selection as a factor in
speciation. Evolution 16: 257-271.

Lewis, H. 1966. Speciation in flowering plants.
Science 152: 167-172.

Miller, ¥/.B. 1967. Anatomical revision of the genus
Sonorella (Pulmonata: Helminthoglyptidae). Ph.D.
Dissertation. Univ. Ariz. 293 pp.

Miller, W.B. 1970. A new species of Helminthoglypta
from Mojave Desert. Veliger 12: 275-278.

Miller, W.B. 1972. Greggelix, a new genus of auto-
chthonous land snails (Helmintholyptidae) from
Baja California. Nautilus 85(4): 128-135.

Miller, W.B. 1973. Saltational speciation in American
Helminthoglyptidae (Gastropoda :Pulmonata).
Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union 1973, p. 44.

Patterson, C.M. 1969. Chromosomes of Molluscs.
Proc. Symp. Mollusc. Part IL Mar. Biol. Assoc.
India 635-686.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America
north of Mexico. Vol. L Part I. Lancaster, Pa.
Wickersham Printing Co., 573 p.

Raicu, P., E. Taisescu and P. Banarescu. 1973. A com-
parative study of the karyotype in the genus
Gobio (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Cytologia 38:
731-736.

¥/hite, M.J.D. 1973. Animal cytology and evolution.

3rd Ed. 961 p. Cambridge, Univ. Press, England.
Wurtz, C.B. 1955. The American Camaenidae (Mol-
lusca: Pulmonata). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
107: 99-143 + 19 plates.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

DORMANCY IN MOLLUSKS

Kenneth J. Boss*

Mollusks possess an extraordinary range of toler-
ances to environmental extremes. The ability to enter
relatively inactive physiological states is probably
mainly responsible for the far reaching exploitation
of biotopes of gastropods and bivalves. Dormant or in-
active stages may include aestivation during hot, dry
periods or hibernation during the prolonged cold of
winter. Dormancy is best documented among fresh-
water bivalves and terrestrial and aquatic gastropods,
both prosobranch and pulmonate. Among pelecy-
pods, several lineages have invaded freshwater and the
unionaceans are the most numerous and successful.
Species of North American, South American, Asiatic
and African genera have been shown to withstand
prolonged periods in stagnant waters and even
months of aestivation in dried stream beds. A note-
worthy example is a species of Aspatharia in East
Africa which survives over the dry season embedded
in dessicated mud amid clumps of dried aquatic vege-
tation; the species is capable of living for over 12
months without immersion in water.

Prosobranch snails possess an operculum which
may tightly cover the aperture and seal the animal
within its shell. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial
prosobranchs utilize this structure when hibernating
and aestivating. Littoral and supralittoral snails
exhibit a graded series of adaptation in which the
highest supralittoral species are capable of surviving
the longest period out of water, upwards of 12
months. Some of the freshwater prosobranchs, simi-
larly endowed, incline to crawl out of stagnant or
inhospitable waters, attach to emergent vegetation, or
burrow deeply into the substrate. The physiological
events precipitating dormant behavior and facilitating
its prolonged duration have been studied extensively
among ampulariids. Terrestrial operculates tend to be
mainly tropical or subtropical, possibly reflecting an
evolutionary disinclination to tolerate the colder
winters of the temperate and more polar zones. With
a tightly closing operculum, terrestrial prosobranchs
encountered problems with respiration, even though
the consumption of oxygen is markedly reduced
during aestivation. Several lineages of cyclophorids
and neocyclotids have elaborated accessory shelly
structures, such as tubes, pores and pipes, to facilitate
contact between the aestivating animal and its exter-
nal environment.

In contrast to the prosobranchs, the pulmonates,
which normally lack the permanent and apparently
rather impervious operculum, may, as the occasion
arises, form an analogous structure, the epiphragm
which can cover the whole of the aperture, assist in
attaching the animal to a substrate and modulate
gaseous exchange by its permeability or porosity. The
basommatophoran pulmonates, being principally
freshwater, burrow into the substrate (physids,
lymnaeids and planorbids) or attach to the stems of
aquatic vegetation (ancylids) during untoward
weather Some terrestrial forms (succineids) strongly
attach themselves to trees during the rainy seasons
and, in one case (a South American ancylid), the
animal may almost entirely close over the broad
ventral aperture with a shelly matrix and form a
cocoon. The cycle of activity for some cold temper-
ate basommatophorans, especially forms in tempo-
rary forest pools, may be less than 30 days per year
during which feeding and reproduction take place;
the remainder of the year the animals remain
dormant in the substrate.

Stylommatophoran pulmonates counter extremes
of heat and cold by aestivating or hibernating with
the aperture of the shell closed by an epiphragm.
Frequently the dormant snail sequesters itself in a
burrowed chamber with its aperture and epiphragm
oriented upward. The slugs, lacking shells or having
only reduced shells, may burrow deeply and form
highly resistant cocoons. The stimuli initiating
dormancy, the behavioral sequences leading to the
formation of burrows, cocoons, and the like, as well
as the complex physiological and biochemical events
attending dormancy are best documented among
stylommatophorans, especially the helicacean taxa.

The capability of enduring the exigencies of a
rigorous physical environment plays an important
role in the maintenance and expansion of geographic
ranges of species and, by inference, probably has
profound effects on the processes of evolution, in-
cluding speciation and extinction. A thoroughly
documented review of dormancy in mollusks has
been published separately (Boss, 1974).

LITERATURE CITED

Boss, K.J. 1974. Oblomovism in the Mollusca. Trans.

Amer. Micros. Soc. 93: 460-481, 19 figs.

* Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.

12

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OP
SOME MOLLUSCAN SPECIES OF
PLEASANT BAY, ORLEANS, MASSACHUSETTS

George D. Buckley*

Pleasant Bay is largely undeveloped and unpol-
luted. It is approximately 3700 acres in water surface
area at high tide, 2300 at low tide. The Bay’s bio-
logical and physical characteristics are poorly known.
The Bay is under ever increasing development and
pollution pressures. The purpose of the ongoing study
from which this paper was generated is to develop a
data base of the physical characteristics of Little
Pleasant Bay and to develop a faunal and floral
survey.

The shellfisheries of the Bay yield a valuable har-
vest each year. Most of the proceeds from this harvest
are received by local fishermen. There is little
management of the resources of the Bay, largely
because little is known about their reproduction and
behaviour. The major organisms represented in the
harvest are Pecten irradians, Mercenaria mercenaria,
Mya arenaria, and Busycon canaliculatum. Crassostrea
was once found in abundance but of late seed oysters
have not set. There is talk of a Mytilus fishery, as in
Spain but a pilot project will not be undertaken until
next year at the earliest. The commercial and private
harvesters have to compete with the abundant sea
gulls which have been known to decimate localized
populations of shellfish at low tide. Limulus poly-
phemus, the horseshoe crab has been wrongly accused
of being a major shellfish predator. They prey only
occasionally on young Mya and Mercenaria. Their
importance in endotoxin research and the fact that
they stir up the bottom by plowing for food thus
increasing filtrant for bivalves outweigh their
record as a predator. Their numbers are in
decline in Pleasant Bay and thoughtless killing of
them as predators has worsened the situation. Poli-
nices and Lunatia are more serious predators and

although they prefer certain species in certain areas
are actually fairly cosmopolitan in their diet.
Urosalpinx cinerea is more abundant and predacious
in the Bay than are the previous two species.

The populations of organisms discussed are sur-
viving and indeed prospering in a unique environ-
ment. The vast, protected salt marshes provide ample
breeding, hatching and growing facilities. Except for
water temperature which frequently drops below
freezing in winter and in July can average 23°C the
physical environment is a reasonably stable one with
pH of 7.8 and salinity of 2.6% average.

It is more than plausable that, given proper study
and management. Pleasant Bay’s yield could be great-
ly increased. A series of critical environmental choices
must be made if this is to happen. The pressures for
recreation, housing and industrial development are
great. With these will come environmental change and
possible harm to the shell fisheries. Development may
provide more dollars but a greater percent of those
dollars doubtless will not end up in the local eco-
nomy and the shell fisheries dollars which for the
most part do, will diminish with increased destruction
of the environment. It is hoped that the iron law of
the primacy of cash will not succeed in Pleasant Bay.
Given the almost pristine nature of the Bay, such
organizations as the Cape Cod Marine Science Center
and the Association for the preservation of Cape Cod
are seeking to enlighten people about the value of
such a natural resource as Pleasant Bay. It is advisable
to seek declaration of Pleasant Bay as a natural
resource area under Coastal Zone Management regu-
lations, which would limit commercial and recrea-
tional development, on and near the Bay.

* Dept, of MoUusks, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 and Cape Cod Marine Science
Centre, P.O. Box 908, Orleans, MA.

13

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

MOLLUSKS FROM SOUTHERN NICHUPTfe LAGOON,

QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO

Susan F. Carnes*

Vertical and horizontal changes in moUuscan
faunas recovered from eight soft-sediment cores from
Nichupte Lagoon, Quintana Roo, Mexico permit
recognition of four subenvironments and reflect the
encroachment of a mangrove swamp onto the lagoon.
Previously, Brady, (1971) analyzed these cores as part
of a project describing the sedimentology of coastal
lagoons on the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula.
Sediments from the selected cores represent lagoonal,
tidal delta, back lagoon marsh and mangrove swamp
environments. Surface distribution of moUuscan
faunas in Nichupt6 Lagoon agrees with corresponding
subenvironments and distribution of moUuscan
faunas in Florida Bay reported by Turney <& Perkins
(1972).

Some of the species commonly found in muddy
lagoonal sediments include (in order of decreasing
abundance):

Meioceras nitidum
TricoUa affinis
Bittium varium
Modulus modulus
Cerithium ebumeum
Zebina browniana
Alvania auberiana
Acmaea pustulata
OUveUa dealbata
Granula lavaleeana
Marginellopsis serrei
Caecum pulchellum
C. imbricatum

C. floridanum
Marginella denticulata
Tegula fasciata
Menestho impressa
Pachystremiscus pulchellus
P. ornatus
Rissoina bryerea
R. cancellata
Chione cancellata
Cardita floridana
Cumingia telhnoides
Pinctada radiata
Anomia simplex

Tidal delta sediments contain a mixed fauna of
lagoonal and open marine character.

Peaty sediments of the back lagoon marsh contain
abundant sawgrass, mangrove and algal detritus.
Mollusks found here include:

Potamopyrgus bakeri Cerithidea costata
P. crystahna Anomalocardia brasiliana

P. coronatus Pseudocyrena floridana

MoUusks common to both lagoonal and back
lagoon marsh sediments include:

Retusa candei Brachidontes exustus

Bulla striata Gemma gemma

Crepidula spp. Laevicardium mortoni

Prunum apicinum

The lower portion of a 140 cm core (Brady’s core
112) from the back lagoon marsh consists of sedi-
ments and fauna observed in the present-day lagoon.
Overlying these lagoonal sediments are marsh sedi-
ments with fresh- and brackish-water moUusks. The
upper portion of the core contains mud and peat that
yields terrestrial gastropods including:

Truncatella bilabiata Blauneria heterochta

T. pulchella Gastrocopta cf. G. serviUs

T. caribaeensis Melampus spp.

T. clathrus

The vertical change in sediment type and moUus-
can fauna observed in this core documents the en-
croachment of the mangrove swamp into the lagoon.

LITERATURE CITED

Brady, Michael J., 1971. Sedimentology and diagene-
sis of carbonate muds in coastal lagoons of N.E.
Yucatan. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rice University,
Houston, Texas, 288 p., 53 text-figs., 6 tbls., 1
map.

Turney, W.I. and B.F. Perkins, 1972. MoUuscan distri-
bution in Florida Bay. University of Miami, Com-
parative Sedimentology Lab, Sediments III, 37 p.,
19 text-figs., 12 tbls.

* Department of Geology and Minerology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210

14

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

MOLLUSK UTILIZATION BY NOOTKA INDIANS,
2300 B.C. TO A.D. 1966

by Louise R. Clarke and Arthur H. Clarke*

INTRODUCTION

The Nootka are one of several mutually exclusive
Indian nations which flourished between southern
Alaska and northern Cahfornia prior to the middle of
the nineteenth century (see Drucker, 1963). Numer-
ous radiocarbon datings of charcoal and shells have
revealed that Yuquot, a presently existing Nootkan
village on the central west coast of Vancouver Island,
British Columbia (49°35’,36”N, 126°37’06”W), may
be the oldest continuously occupied settlement in
North America. Little is known, however, about its
history, or about the history of any Indian group in
the whole region, prior to the first European contact
200 years ago.

To meet this lack, in 1966 the National Historic
Parks and Sites Branch of Parks Canada carried out a
meticulous and extensive archaeological investigation
of the huge midden on which the present Indian
village now stands.

The material excavated is now under study by a
number of specialists but some preliminary general
reports have already been published (Folan, 1969;
Folan and Dewhirst, 1970). Detailed reports on the
ethnohistoric aspects of the research will appear in
the archaeological hterature (e.g. see Clarke and
Clarke, in press, for analysis of molluscan data) but it
seems appropriate that a summary of the results
regarding mollusks should be presented here.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The excavation was done in a transverse area in the
central part of the midden and to a maximum depth
of 18 feet. Five foot grid squares, 30 in number, were
laid out on the surface of the site. The material under-
lying each square was excavated in a series of num-
bered layers each six inches thick. Based on midden
matrix characteristics, associated artifacts and radio-
carbon dates four zones were recognizable in the
midden. From top to bottom these zones and then-
ages are as follows: I, A„D„ 1789 to 1966; II, A.D.
800 to 1789; III, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 800; IV pre-2300
B.C. to 1000 B.C.

After careful sorting, mollusks were found to be
represented in 520 of the grid square levels and to

constitute 35% of the 96 cubic feet of faunal material
which was recovered. Each shell and shell fragment
was weighed and, when possible, identified. (In many
Zone IV samples, however, the mollusks and bones
were so compacted that accurate faunal analysis was
impossible.)

RESULTS

The data generated are too voluminous to present
here but a summary is given in Table 1. Numerical
ratings reflect dominance within a zone, i.e. 1 indi-
cates the most abundant species, 2 the next most
abundant, etc. Species which occurred less than three
times within a zone are designated by -t. Absence is
indicated by -.

CONCLUSIONS

In interpreting the significance of the chart it is
important to note that the five species which head
the hst account for more than 90% of the mollusk
remains found in the site both in terms of frequency
of occurrence and in shell weight. The striking shift in
dominance by epifauna {cliiQlly Mytilus californianus
and Nucella (^“Thais”) lamellosa) in Zones II, HI and
IV to dominance by infauna (Saxidomus giganteus,
Protothaca staminea and Tresus (=“Schizothaerus”)
nuttalli) in Zone I (see Fig. 1) was probably caused
by over-hunting and extinction of the local sea otter
population about 1790 (Clarke and Clarke, in press).
Sea otters consume marine invertebrates, including
clams, in large quantities (Kenyon, 1969) and where
sea otters exist in dense populations they exert pro-
found effects on the intertidal and subtidal marine
invertebrate communities (Estes and Palmisano,
1974).

All of the species found in the excavation occur
alive in British Columbia at the present time
(Bernard, 1970; Rice, 1972). Since no unquestion-
ably exotic species are present there is no evidence on
that score that climatic changes have taken place.

Other evidence which may indicate climatic
changes is meager. Natica clausa was found eight
times in Zone HI, it was absent from Zone H, and was
found 1 1 times in Zone 1. This is a wide-ranging cold

* National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0M8.

15

16

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Table 1. Relative Abundance of Marine Molluscs Within Zones

Zones

Species

I

11

III

IV

Saxidomus giganteus Deshayes

1

3

3

3

Protothaca staminea (Conrad)

2

4

4

4

My film californiamis Conrad

3

1

1

1

Tresus nuttalU (Conrad)

4

5

6

5

Nucella lamellosa (Gnielin)

5

2

2

2

Katharina tunicata (Wood)

6

8

+

+

Tegula funebralis (A. Adams)

7

10

11

-

Astraea gibberosa (Dillwyn)

8

6

5

-

Nucella canaliculata (Dudos)

9

7

7

-

Clinocardium nuttalli (Conrad)

10

+

-

-

Hinnites multirugosus (Gray)

11

11

8

-

Acmaea mitra Rathke

12

-

-

-

Natica clausa Brod. & Sby.

13

-

9

-

Glycytneris subobsoleta (Carp.)

14

+

-

-

Tegula pulligo (Gmelin)

15

+

+

-

Nucella lima (Gnielin)

16

+

-

-

Cryptochiton stelleri (Midd.)

17

12

-

-

Calliostoma ligatum (Gould)

18

-

-

-

Searlesia dira (Reeve)

19

13

12

-

Polinices lewisi (Gould)

20

9

10

-

Nucella emarginata (Deshayes)

21

+

-

-

Pododesmus machroschisma (Desh.)22

-

-

-

Spisula falcata (Gould)

23

-

-

-

Diodora aspera (Rathke)

24

-

-

-

Olivella boetica (Marrat)

25

+

-

-

Littorina sitkana Philippi

+

+

+

-

Crepidula adunca Sowerby

4-

+

-

-

Crepidula nummaria Gould

+

-

+

-

Monilopsis incisa (Carp.)

-h

-

-

Dentalium sp.

•f

-

-

-

Notoacmaea scutum (Rathke)

+

-

-

-

Colisella digitalis (Rathke)

+

-

-

-

Crepipatella lingulata (Gould)

+

-

-

-

Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin)

+

-

-

-

Oenopota reticulata (Brown)

+

-

-

-

Humilaria kennerlyi (Reeve)

+

-

-

-

Panopea generosa (Gould)

+

-

-

-

Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad)

-

+

-

-

Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

+ (top)

-

-

-

Total species

39

22

18

6

water species and its absence from Zone II may imply
a warmer period throughout that time. The presence
of Pseudochama exogyra (one find) only in Zone II
give some support to this tentative interpretation. P.
exogyra now occurs from Panama to Oregon and as a
disjunct population in the Queen Charlotte Islands.

In general the material indicates that, except for
the period from 800 to 1789 A.D. which may have
been slightly warmer, the climate on the outer coast
of Vancouver Island probably has not changed signi-
ficantly during the past 3000 years, and possibly for
more than 4000 years. Research on postglacial
climates in western Canada, using data from tree ring
and mountain glacier studies, provides some support
for this conclusion (e.g. see Rampton, 1971). The
records presented also document the presence of the

species concerned on the central west coast of
Vancouver Island for significant periods of past time.

This research was supported by Parks Canada and
by the National Museum of Natural Sciences, both
agencies of the Government of Canada. The material
reported here is stored in the Mollusc Unit of the
National Museum of Natural Sciences, National
Museums of Canada.

Fig. 1. Relative abundance of infauna and epifauna
within zones. Bar areas are proportional to shell
weights. See text.

LITERATURE CITED

Bernard, F.R. 1970. A distributional checklist of the
marine molluscs of British Columbia: based on
faunistic surveys since 1950. Syesis 3: 75-94.

Clarke, Louise R. and A.H. Clarke. [1975]. A zoo-
archaeological analysis of the mollusc remains
from Yuquot, B.C. Parks Canada, Dept, of Indian
and Northern Affairs, (in press).

Drucker, P. 1963. Indians of the Northwest Coast.
American Museum Science Books, American
Museum of Natural History, New York. (Originally
published in 1955 by the McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., New York.)

Estes, J.A. and J.F. Palmisano, 1974. Sea otters: their
role in structuring nearshore communities. Science
185(4156): 1058-1060.

Folan, W.J. 1969. Yuquot, British Columbia: the pre-
history and history of a Nootkan village, part 1,
introduction and ethnohistory of the village.
Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 3(2):
217-231.

Foian, W.J. and J.T. Dewhirst, 1970. Yuquot, where
the wind blows from all directions. Archaeology
23(4): 276-286.

Kenyon, K.W. 1969. The sea otter in the Eastern
Pacific Ocean. North American Fauna, No. 68.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Rampton, V. 1971. Neoglacial fluctuations of the
Natazhat and Klutlan Glaciers, Yukon Territory,
Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 7(5): 1236-1263.

Rice, T. 1972. Marine shells of the Pacific Northwest.
Ellis Robinson Publishing Co., [Seattle, Washing-
ton],

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

PREFERRED PREY OF POLINICES DUPLICA TUS
IN CAPE COD INLETS

D. Craig Edwards*

A fundamental aspect of any animal’s ecological
niche is its feeding relationships, including not only
the range of foods eaten but also the preferred sizes
and kinds. Food preferences are critical in deter-
mining the impact of a predator on (a) a prey popula-
tion and the stability of their interaction (MacArthur,
1955; Murdoch, 1969) and (b) community structure
(Paine, 1966; Harper, 1969). Feeding data are of
particular interest for a species like Polinices diipli-
catus which preys on commercially valuable bivalves
such as Mya arenaria {Hanks, 1952) and Mytilus
edulis (Hanks, 1960) as well as other mollusks
important as food for bottom fishes. This report on
the diet and preferred prey of P. duplicatus sum-
marizes information obtained during long-term, on-
going studies of the ecology of New England’s naticid
gastropods.

In the Cape Cod area P. duplicatus is near its
northern geographic limit (Miner, 1950; Hanks, 1960)
and is subject to as extreme annual and daily varia-
tions in seawater temperature as any known (Sanders,
1968, 1969; Green and Hobson, 1970). Moreover,
here, in contrast to lower latitudes, the snail is often
restricted to the intertidal sand flats of bays and
harbors, being replaced near true mean low water and
below by Lunatia heros (cf. Hanks, 1952). In such a
“physically controlled” regime, a few generalist
species with broad niches might be expected to
dominate higher trophic levels (Sanders, 1968).

Although supplementary observations were made
at Wellfleet Harbor (Lieutenant Island) and Nauset
Marsh (channels), the main study site was a 200 x
200 m area of sand flat at Barnstable Harbor (Indian
Trail access). Extending from a salt marsh to the
vicinity of an eelgrass bed, the site encompassed the
vertical range of Polinices, though Lunatia heros
occurred in the lower 100 m (see Gilbert, 1973, for
beach profile and sediment data). From 1968 to 1973
direct field observations on foods and sizes of prey
taken by different sizes of predators were made by
first excavating buried snails and ascertaining what, if
anything, they were eating and then measuring both
predator and prey. The best procedure was to lift
snails gently from below, but, even so, many re-
tracted quickly into their shells, releasing any prey.
The criteria for feeding were: (a) prey held firmly in

the snail’s foot or wrapped in a substantial mucus
sheath and/or (b) prey’s shell etched or bored, but not
devoid of fresh tissue. The few cases of unburied
snails carrying prey wrapped in a posterior fold of the
foot were used; simple excavation of a probable prey
with a snail, however, was insufficient.

An indication of the relative abundance of alter-
native prey in the study area was obtained from high-
to-low shore transect sampling, taking either 62.5
cm2 cores (1.5 mm sieving mesh) or 1/4 to 1/2 m2
quadrats (3 mm mesh) to 1 0-1 5 cm depths. Each April
(1969-72) 20 cores and 2-8 m2 of quadrat samples
were taken. In 1969, 12 m2/4 quadrats from the
upper 100 m of the area (where Lunatia rarely occur-
red) were analysed for both live and dead (bored +
unbored) prey; and, in 1970, in a subarea (adjacent to
the upper 50 m of the transects) where Mya briefly
flourished, 16 m2/4 samples were examined lor Poli-
nices and Mya (live and dead). Stratified-random
sampling designs were used.

Naticids distinctively mark their prey with bore
holes, but the percentage of empty shells so marked
is, although sometimes used for these purposes, a
poor indicator of either feeding rates (Green, 1968;
Edwards and Huebner, in prep.) or prey preferences.
Other predators destroy (e.g. crabs), remove (man,
birds, fish), or leave mollusk shells to the actions of
currents and hermit crabs; whereas P. duplicatus, by
burrowing to feed, “deposits” even surface-dwelling
prey. Probably for such reasons, the majority of all
empty shells taken in 1969 were bored (Table 1) The
proportion is even greater, if special cases are omit-
ted. Gemma numbers thousands per m2 (cf. Green
and Hobson, 1970) and is eaten by newly settled
snails (Turner, 1951; Hanks, 1960), but is too small
to be adequately sampled by my methods; whereas
Ensis is eaten, but not drilled. Excluding these
species, the overall value was 3/4ths bored, whether
for all bivalves, all gastropods, or the three best-
sampled species of each or both. Similarly, in 1970,
70% of 619 empty Mya were bored. The percentage
of bored shells may then be as high for less preferred
prey as for the greatly preferred Mya (see below). The
experimentally verified food list of Polinices (Table
1) is a minimal one, since additional potential mol-
luscan prey were available in exceptional years.

* Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002.

17

18

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Table 1

Empty shells of prey species taken in 1969 (2N = 1757)

Species

N

% bored

Sizes bored

X ± SD (mm)

Bivalves

Mya arenaria

137

78

10 ±5

Mytilus edulis

27

30

38±il

Mercenaria mercenaria

37

100

11 ±7

Tellina agilis

3

0

-

Spisula solidissima

7

71

10±2

Lyonsia hyalina

1

0

-

Ensis directus

5

0*

-

Gemma gemma

586

15

<3

Gastropods

Littorina littorea

912

75

9 ±4

Nassarius obsoletus

23

74

9 ±6

Polinices duplicatus

17

76

10±2

Lunatia heros

1

100

8

Nassarius trivittatus

1

100

11

* See text for details.

In direct field observations (Table 2) 222 Polinices
(13-49 mm shell diam.) were taken attacking 12
species of prey (4-121 mm shell length). Coverage of
'~1 year and older snails was adequate, with sampling
bias favoring larger, more evident ones. Very small
snails were harder to locate and, owing to their tactile
sensitivity, especially difficult to excavate without
loss of food items. Diets usually reflected fluctuations
in prey populations, but several feeding preferences

were evident. First, large Polinices generally ate larger
and more variable sizes of prey than small ones (Table
2; Fig. 1). On a species-specific basis, there were signi-
ficant correlations (nonparametric tests) between the

50'

10 20 30 40 50

Diameter of Polinices (mm)

Fig. 1. The positive association (p < 0.001) between
the sizes of predators and their Mya prey (N=124)

sizes of predators and two of the prey, Mya (p <
0.001) and Mytilus (p < 0.01). Available Mya, main-
ly new young, however, limited size-selection, for in
experimental studies (Edwards and Huebner, in prep.)

Table 2

Attacks on each prey species: % per time or place; total numbers; and sizes of animals

Species

Barnstable Harbor site

General area

Mytilus Mytilus Mya

present absent subarea

1968-69 1970-72 1969-70

Other

sites

1970-73

Total

numbers

1968-73

Sizes (mm)*

Prey Predator

X ± SD X ± SD

Bivalves

Mya arenaria

43

41

92

17

124

19±10

32 ±8

Mytilus edulis

28

4

18

35 ±13

37 ±6

Tellina agilis

2

22

14

18

8 ±2

24 ±6

Mercenaria mercenaria

6

4

1

3

7

17±6

31 ±8

Spisula solidissima

6

2

4

9 ±3

29 ±7

Ensis directus

4

i

3

4

50 ±51

27 ±10

Lyonsia hyalina

7

4

8 ±2

22 ±7

Gastropods

Littorina littorea

7

17

1

14

17±5

29 ±6

Nassarius obsoletus

4

63

24

17 ± 1

35 ±4

Nassarius trivittatus

2

2

2

13±1

18 ± 1

Lunatia heros

4

2

16 ±1

38 ±5

Polinices duplicatus

2

1

21

33

Total attacks

54

54

79

35

222

Total species

9

9

5

5

12

Kendall’s coefficient of rank correlation between unrounded mean sizes of predators and prey yielded p = 0.075 for all
12 comparisons or p = 0.05 for the 6 best-sampled ones.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

19

larger prey were preferred (e.g., the relationship
between predator (X) and prey sizes (Y) was Y =
12.23 + 0.64 X (N=377) for snails offered a surfeit of
1-year old Mya). Similarly, although the sizes of Poli-
nices and Tellina were not significantly associated (p
< 0.10), the snails selectively attacked the largest of
these small clams (cf. Gilbert, 1973). Second, feeding
under differing food regimes (“natural experiments”)
indicated preferred species of prey. Two obvious
changes occurred at Barnstable: during the winter of
1969-70, Mytilus, previously an abundant, larger
prey, vanished from the sand flats; and in 1969 and
1970 only, and just in one small subarea, sizable (>
25 mm) year-old Mya were numerous. Prior to the
first change the strong dominance and 1,2 rank of
Mya and Mytilus in the snails’ diet (Table 2, col. 1)
directly reflected prey abundances. Allowing for size
factors favoring My in feeding observations, there
was no evidence for a preference between these
bivalves. With the loss of Mytilus, feeding shifted
toward Tellina and Littorina, increasing the diet’s
evenness while maintaining its species diversity (Table
2, col. 2). Mya, with highly variable annual recruit-
ment, alternated with Tellina for top rank in abun-
dance; its continuing dominance in the diet implied a
preference, though size factors would also favor Mya
over Tellina. Tellina (like the vanished Mytilus) was
more numerous downshore. The larger, but heavy-
shelled, Littorina was ubiquitous, never plentiful, but
always ranked at or near third in abundance. Nassa-
rius trivittatus, numerous in 1970-71, and N. obso-
letus, always present in moderate numbers, were
under-represented in the diet of Polinices. With the
second change in feeding regimes, Mya, now available
in preferred sizes as well as dominant in numbers,
truly monopolized a low-diversity diet (Table 2, col.
3). Even when Mytilus was present (1969), Mya
constituted 90% of the diet. Indeed, Polinices, in-
cluding tagged ones, were attracted to the Mya sub-
area: Huebner (1972) took 1.4 and 2.2 snails per m2
in 1969 and I took 1.5/m2 in 1970. In contrast, den-
sities v/ere 0.4-0.7/m2 in the general area and Russell
Hunter and Grant (1966) found 0.6/m2 in another
nearby area. The “natural experiments” thus indi-
cated Mya as the preferred species of prey. At other
sites (Table 2, col. 4) the only unusual feature was
the feeding on Nassarius obsoletus, which represented
all of the observations at the Wellfleet site in 1970.
By itself such a pure diet might suggest a preference,
but, given the Barnstable findings, it is more likely
that Nassarius is a low-ranking prey taken when
better alternatives are lacking.

Two experimental studies further clarified feeding
patterns. The apparent preference between the high-
ranking Mya and Mytilus prey was tested by first
training 7 snails (31-33 mm) on each pure diet for 80
days in field cages and then providing each predator
with a 5 Mya ("^22 mm) w 5 Mytilus (~28 mm)
choice situation in laboratory aquaria provided with
sand and seawater. The training period alone showed
Polinices grew significantly faster on a Mya diet. In
the preference test, training had very little effect and
all snails adopted a pure Mya diet within 1 5 days
(Table 3). When size differences are not great, Mya is

Table 3

Attacks on Mya and Mytilus (2N = 426) in a prey-
preference test. Although 7 predators had been
trained on each diet, both groups preferred Mya.
The preference increased with time.

Training

Days 1-5

Days 6-10

Days 11-15

diet

N

%Mya

N

% Mya

N

% Mya

Mytilus

52

87

64

95

86

99

Mya

64

95

73

96

87

100

clearly the greatly preferred prey. Feeding on Nassa-
rius obsoletus and N. trivittatus, very similar, apparent-
ly low-ranking prey, was comparably tested. Eight
Polinices (32-35 mm), half from the tidal level where
each prey was common, were kept in individual field
cages stocked with 15 of each nassariid. Prior co-
existence did not affect feeding, which initially was
minimal; over a period of 25 days N. trivittatus was
preferred 41 to 6. Next, 2 Polinices (32-33 mm) were
trained on each pure diet for 64 days and then each
predator was offered a 5 M. trivittatus w 5 N. obso-
letus choice situation for 10 days. During training the
N. trivittatus diet was the more popular (42 eaten vj'
10), and only on it was growth appreciable. In the
preference test, predators preferentially ate the low-
ranking prey upon which they had been trained,
favoring either N. trivittatus 6:1 or N. obsoletus 4:0.
The untrained predator’s preference fox N. trivattatus
is probably related to the defensive behavior of N.
obsoletus. ¥/hen Polinices contacts N. obsoletus, the
latter, which exhibits little of the twisting, “leaping”
predator-avoidance response of other nassariids,
extends its proboscis and “bites” the massive foot of
the intruder. Normally both then depart, but if the
prey is captured it continues to bite its captor, even
as the latter wraps its victim in its mesopodium and
burrows into the substrate. Perhaps in response,
Polinices wraps this prey, as it does Ensis, in an
especially heavy mucus sheath.

Within the restriction of complete dependence on
molluscan prey (Edwards and Huebner, in prep.),
Polinices duplicatus is indeed a dominant, generalist
predator in the Cape Cod area, eating at minimum all
13 regularly available mollusks of the Barnstable site,
and occurring in unusual abundance (nearly l/m2)
for a high-level consumer. Feeding patterns, however,
are complex. Polinices exhibits strong preferences for
prey both by size and species. Moreover, as in other
marine invertebrates (Landenberger, 1968; Murdoch,
1969), training has little effect and dietary switching
is unlikely when the most-preferred prey is available;
whereas the effects of feeding experience and the
prospects for switching increase when only low-
ranking prey occur. Yet even predation on system-
atically and ecologically similar species involves
distinctive behavioral interactions.

20

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was initiated with support from the
Univ. of Mass. Research Council and aided by the
Dept, of Zoology. Graduate ecology classes helped
with transect sampling. John Jenkinson, via the NSF-
URP program, and Gary Norman assisted in feeding
tests with Nassarius. As a Visiting Investigator in the
Systematics-Ecology Program (M.R. Carriker, Direc-
tor), I benefited from the facilities of the Woods Hole
(Mass.) Marine Biological Laboratory.

LITERATURE CITED

Edwards, D.C. and J.D. Huebner. in prep. Feeding
and growth rates of Polinices duplicatus preying
on Mya arenaria at Barnstable Harbor, Massa-
chusetts.

Gilbert, W.H. 1973. Spatial patterns, behavior, and
systematics of Tellina agilis (Bivalvia: Mollusca).
Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Mass., Amherst.

Green, R.H. 1968. Mortality and stability in a low
diversity subtropical intertidal community. Eco-
logy 49: 848-854.

Green, R.H. and K.D. Hobson. 1970. Spatial and
temporal structure in a temperate intertidal com-
munity, with special emphasis on Gemma gemma
(Pelecypoda: Mollusca). Ecology 51 : 999-101 1 .
Hanks, J.E. 195 2. The effect of changes in water
temperature and salinity on the feeding habits of
the boring snails, Polinices heros and Polinices
duplicata. In: Fifth Rep. Invest. Shellfish. Mass.,
Mass. Div. Mar. Fish. (Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst.,
coll, reprints 1953, Contr. No. 656).

Hanks, J.E. 1960. The early life history of the New
England clam drills, Polinices duplicatus (Say),
Polinices heros (Say), and Polinices triseriata (Say)
(Naticidae: Gastropoda). Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. New
Hampshire.

Harper, J.L. 1969. The role of predation in vegeta-
tional diversity, pp. 48-61. In: Diversity and
stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven Symp.
Biol., No. 22.

Huebner, J.D. 1972. Physiological ecology and
bioenergetics of Polinices duplicatus (Mollusca:
Prosobranchia). Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Mass.,
Amherst.

Landenberger, D.E. 1968. Studies on selective feeding
in the Pacific starfish Pisaster in southern Cali-
fornia. Ecology 49: 1062-1075.

MacArthur, R.H. 1955. Fluctuations of animal popu-
lations, and a measure of community stability.
Ecology 36: 533-536.

Miner, R.W. 1950. Field book of seashore hfe. G.P.
Putnam’s Sons, New York.

Murdoch, W.W. 1969. Switching in general predators:
experiments on predator specificity and stability
of prey populations. Ecol. Monogr. 39: 335-354.

Paine, R.T. 1966. Food web complexity and species
diversity. Amer. Naturalist 100: 65-75.

Russell Hunter, W. and D.C. Grant. 1966. Estimates
of population density and dispersal in the naticid
gastropod, Polinices duplicatus, with a discussion
of computational methods. Biol. Bull. 131:
292-307.

Sanders, H.L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a com-
parative study. Amer. Naturalist 102: 243-282.

Sanders, H.L. 1969. Benthic marine diversity and the
stabihty-time hypothesis, pp. 71-80. /«: Diversity
and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven
Symp. Biol., No. 22.

Turner, H.J., Jr. 1951. The survival of the boring snail
on depleted clam flats. In: Fourth Rep. Invest.
Shellfish. Mass., Mass. Div. Mar. Fish. (Woods Hole
Oceanogr. Inst., coll, reprints 1952, Contr. No.
615).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

THE VALUE OF ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS IN
NAIAD TAXONOMY (BIVALVIA: UNIONACEA)'

Samuel L.H. Fuller* * and Daniel J. Bereza*

Study of the anatomy of Nearctic naiades began
with the descriptions and illustrations incorporated in
Lea’s “Observations on the genus Unio" (1834-1874).
Lea’s notes lay unexploited until Simpson, notably in
his “Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water
mussels” (1900), coupled some of them with his own
discoveries and created the first naiad classification to
be based in large measure upon anatomical data.
Commencing with his “New system of the Union-
idae” (1910), Ortmann contributed a long series of
papers which developed an anatomically based naiad
system that not even the best later re-evaluation (i.e..
Heard and Guckert, 1971) could radically alter.

Although the value of anatomical information in
naiad systematics has been generally recognized, there
have been oddly few attempts (e.g., Ortmann, 1917;
Kraemer, 1970; Fuller, 1971) to use such knowledge
taxonomically — i.e., in discrimination between and
among species. This paper is intended to show how
anatomical discriminants can be employed to separate
conchologically similar and/or congeneric species.

Most naiad specimens available to early investi-
gators had been immersed ahve in preservative. Such
material exhibits adequately preserved anatomical
features of systematic value (e.g., the marsupium),
but the inner lobe of the mantle margin, where lie
most details of pigmentation and form that are of
taxonomic value, is so badly contracted and
shrunken that full and accurate observation is not
possible. However, if a mussel is relaxed and fixed
before storage in alcohol, the delicate, contractile
margin can be preserved in a nearly or quite hfelike
aspect, whereupon sound observations can be made.

We have chosen three pairs of at least nominally
congeneric species to illustrate the kinds of valuable
information that can be gained from properly pre-
served naiad material. Unless otherwise credited, the
notes below have not previously been pubhshed, in-
sofar as we are aware.

Our first pair of congeners is Lamp sills teres
(Rafinesque), the Yellow Sand Shell, widespread in
the Interior Basin and Gulf drainages, and L. fasciola
(Rafinesque) of the Basin. The latter represents the
advanced members of its genus: the postbasal inner
mantle lobe is an extensively pigmented “flap” of

piscine form. On the outer surface of the lobe,
pigment is rather dark and solid along the distal
margin, including the flap, and forms longitudinal
streaks on the proximal portion. There is a very dark
“eyespot” at the posterior end of the flap, and over
the anterior part (or “tail”) pigment is opalescent,
giving the appearance of the scales of a fish. These
patterns are greatly reduced on the inner surface of
the lobe.

In Lampsilis teres there are some conspicuous dif-
ferences from L. fasciola in both form and pigmen-
tation of the postbasal mantle margin. The longitu-
dinal streaks on the inner lobe are very faint, and the
band along the distal margin of the lobe is very
narrow. There is no eyespot. Although the lobe is
very broad postbasally, development of a flap is
hmited to additional broadening of the lobe in the
region where the tail of the flap occurs in L. fasciola.
Finally, pigmentation is usually limited to the outer
surface of the lobe, but on the inner surface some
specimens have a broad orange band along the distal
margin. Is the presence or absence of this band mere-
ly a polymorphic phenomenon, or, perhaps, does it
hold promise as a discrimmant between L. teres and a
very similar nominal species, L. fallaciosa ‘Smith’
Simpson, the Slough Sand Shell?

These data suggest that Lampsilis teres is less
advanced than L. fasciola and that reconstruction of
the evolutionary history of this genus is possible on
the basis of anatomical evidence. Improved taxo-
nomic understanding should follow. For example, we
have a preserved male of the rare L. binominata
Simpson of the Apalachicola river system in the
eastern Gulf drainage. There is a faint eyespot, which
would doubtless be more conspicuous were the
specimen a female. This species is surely an advanced
member of its genus.

The shells of Lampsilis teres and L. fasciola are
quite distinct, so anatomical information is not neces-
sary for the separation of these species. Nevertheless,
the profound differences between their anatomies
reflect the potential of this kind of information in
separating conchologically similar species. Kraemer
(1970), for example, demonstrated that several
Interior Basin Lampsilis are separable according to
characters of their mantle flaps. Similarly, the flap of

1 Portions of this study were supported by the Department of Limnology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia;

others, by National Science Foundation grant GB-40064.

* Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

L. ochracea (Say) is “greatly reduced” (Fuller, 1971),
whereas L. cariosa (Say) has a strongly developed
flap.^ Thus the separation of these two concho-
logically confusing species (which are restricted to the
Atlantic drainage, where they sometimes occur
together) not only is easy on the basis of anatomical
observation, but also can be done from living
material, thereby obviating the need to remove any
specimens from a strugghng population for identifi-
cation purposes (see Fuller, 1971).

Our second pair of congeners is Villosa delumbis
(Conrad) and V. vibex (Conrad). Both occur in the
southern Atlantic drainage; the latter, in the eastern
Gulf drainage as well. Pigment of the outer surface of
the inner lobe along the postbasal mantle margin is
dark and rather solid in V. delumbis and ends
abruptly a short distance anteriad from the incurrent
mantle aperture. This pattern allies this species with
V. lienosa (Conrad) of the Gulf drainage, but is quite
different from the pigmentation of V. vibex, which
consists of dark streaks, extends the length of the
animal, and includes an eyespot. In all three respects,
this pattern is typical of advanced Lampsilis. There is
no mantle flap, but, especially in older females of V.
vibex, there is strong papillation in the region where
the tail of the flap occurs in advanced Lampsilis. On
the basis of such evidence, plus the observations
(above) on L. teres, should we consider that Lampsilis
and Villosa are distinct genera, congeneric subgenera,
or worthy of separation at all?

Our first two sets of examples provide new infor-
mation, to be sure, but create unresolved problems as
well. The third example demonstrates that some taxo-
nomic problems can be at least partially solved with
anatomical evidence. Endemic to the Choctawhatchee
river system in the eastern Gulf drainage, Elliptio
mcmichaeli Clench and Turner has darkly pigmented
mantle apertures, and most papillae of the inner
row at its incurrent aperture are weak versions
of the arborescent incurrent papillae (Lea, 1860) that
are characteristic of the Margaritiferidae {sensu Heard
and Guckert, 1971) and, in varying degrees of devel-
opment, of many Nearctic Unionidae: Ambleminae
(i.e., the Amblemidae of Heard and Guckert). It is
generally accepted that these two groups are less
advanced than the Unionidae; Unioninae {sensu
Ortmann, 1910, but minus tetragenous genera), to
which E. mcmichaeli belongs. Accordingly, the
presence of even weakly arborescent papillae in this
species persuades us that it is primitive within its
genus.

Now, Johnson (1970) considered Elliptio
mcmichaeli a synonym of E. fraterna (Lea) of the
Savannah river system in the southern Atlantic
drainage and, presumably (ibid.), of the Choctawhat-
chee and the neighboring Apalachicola and Ochlock-

onee systems to the east. However, the mantle
margins of E. fraterna are only faintly pigmented, and
its incurrent papillae, conspicuously fewer than those
of E. mcmichaeli, are simple or bifid. We interpret
these characters as clearly in advance of the corres-
ponding features of E. mcmichaeli. Thus it appears
that these two conchologically similar species of
Elliptio not only are easily separated on anatomical
grounds, but also are of two different evolutionary
grades within their genus. This line of inquiry does
not guarantee that there is no prior objective
synonym for either species, but it does demonstrate
that they are not synonyms of each other.

2 Morrison (1975) states that Lampsilis ochracea has no
flap and belongs in the genus Leptodea. Recently collected
and better preserved than Fuller’s (1971), our material
also shows that no flap exists. This alone does not prove
that the species is a Leptodea, but, nevertheless, Morrison
may be quite correct.

LITERATURE CITED

Fuller, S.L.H. 1971. A brief field guide to the fresh-
water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionacea) of
the Savannah river system. ASB [ Association of
Southeastern Biologists] Bull. 18; 137-146.

Heard, W.H., and R.H. Guckert. 1971. A re-
evaluation of the Recent Unionacea (Pelecypoda)
of North America. Malacologia 10: 333-355.

Johnson, R.I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeo-
graphy of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of
the southern Atlantic slope region. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 140: 263-450.

Kraemer, L.R. 1970. The mantle flap in three species
of Lampsilis (Pelecypoda: Unionidae). Malaco-
logia 10: 225-282.

Lea, I. 1834-1874. Observations on the genus Unio.
Volumes 1-13. Philadephia, PA.

Lea, I. 1859. New Unionidae of the United States. J.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., New Ser. 4; 191-233.

Morrison, J.P.E. 1975. Maryland and Virginia mussels
of Lister. Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union 1974: 36-39.

Ortmann, A.E. 1910. A new system of the Unionidae.
Nautilus 23: 1 14-120.

Ortmann, A.E. 1912. Notes upon the families and
genera of the naiades. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8:
222-365.

Ortmann, A.E. 1917. A new type of the naiad (or
nayad) genus Fusconaia. Group of F. barnesiana
(Lea). Nautilus 31: 58-64.

Simpson, C.T. 1900. Synopsis of the naiades, or
pearly fresh-water mussels. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
22: 501-1044.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

SPECIATION WITHIN THE TRIODOPSIS FALL AX GROUP
(PULMONATA: POLYGYRIDAE) -
A PRELIMINARY REPORT

F. Wayne Grimm*

INTRODUCTION

The genus Triodopsis s.s., (Family Polygyridae) is
an explosively evolving group of land snails which is
confined to humid eastern North America. A closely
related subgenus, Cryptomastix , which exhibits
similar patterns in the evolution of its species, occurs
in western North America. Members of the genus
Triodopsis may be found in many habitats in eastern
North America, from the humid boreal forests at the
tops of the higher Appalachians, through the south-
ern hardwoods and swamps, to the semiarid postoak
savannahs of the south-central United States. Species
and individuals are most numerous in the deciduous
and mixed forests of the southern Appalachians.
They usually Live on the ground under leaf-litter, logs,
or stones and emerge from their retreats at night to
feed upon fungi or dead plant tissue. In the mild
climate of the southern Atlantic and Gulf coastal
plain they are active from late fall to late spring, and
aestivate in summer. Inland, and in cooler climates,
they hibernate from two to five months of the year
and are active through the spring and summer. During
their active periods, particularly in the early spring,
they deposit clutches of four to ten eggs in loose soil
beneath some cover. The young hatch in from two to
three weeks and most reach maturity in six to eight
months. The adults live from two to four years in the
laboratory, and deposit eggs at irregular intervals, the
shortest interval noted between clutches being three
weeks and the longest six months. Although they are
hermaphroditic, they do not self-fertilize. They mate
repeatedly and often, although one mating seems to
be enough to fertilize a snail for at least a year, if not
for its hfetime.

Most of the work which has been done on the
sytematics of this genus at the species level by Pilsbry
(1940), Hubricht (1950a,b; 1952a,b; 1953; 1954;
1958; 1971), and Vagvolgyi (1968) has been based
upon morphology of the shell. Pilsbry (1940) and
Webb (1952; 1954; 1959) have illustrated and dis-
cussed the anatomy of a few members of the genus in
the course of more comprehensive studies. To date,
no publications exist which correlate the shell
morphology, internal morphology of the genitalia.

the ecology, behavior, and distribution of these
animals. The taxonomy of this genus must be based
upon all of these factors taken together, because, as
Hubricht (1953) and Vagvolgyi (1968) have shown,
forms which have strikingly dissimilar shell morpho-
logy often interbreed. My own work is showing that
some forms which have similar shells belong to dif-
ferent species groups anatomically and genetically.
Triodopsis juxtidens juxtidens (Pilsbry), Triodopsis
anteridon Pilsbry, Triodopsis fallax hopetonensis
(Shuttleworth), Triodopsis cragini Call, and
Triodopsis claibornensis Lutz resemble each other
quite closely, but are more closely related to other
species than to each other.

Thirty-one named forms in Triodopsis s.s. are
based on shell morphology. Often, poorly sampled,
isolated populations have formed the basis upon
which the taxonomy of the genus is based. Vagvolgyi
(1968), by studying only the shell morphology of
many small and few large population samples taken
from several places within the ranges of the named
taxa and constructing character indices, reduced the
total number of recognized taxa to sixteen, and de-
scribed a new subspecies.

Over a period of about ten years I have managed
to collect, breed, and dissect most of the named taxa
within the subgenus, but most of the hybridization
experiments were interrupted or terminated by
moving my place of residence and the colonies about.
Therefore, this paper is devoted to the one species
group within the genus which I think I understand,
and includes a few observations of other groups
which may differ from those of previous workers.
The aim of this paper is also to arouse interest in this
group of snails so that the enormous gaps in our
knowledge may be filled.

DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS, ITS SUBGENERA,
AND SPECIES GROUPS WITHIN TRIODOPSIS
SENSU STRICTO

In this work, the genus Triodopsis Rafinesque,
1819 is being taken in the broad sense (Pilsbry, 1940)
to include polygyrid land snails in which the lower
portion of the penis is enveloped by a thin muscular

* Design and Display Division, National Museums of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

sheath which is connected to the retractor muscle by
a retentor muscle. The spermathecal duct is muscular
and is expanded conspicuously, and the interior
chamber of the penis is papillose. This genus com-
prises a diverse group of animals. Each of its three
subgenera is fundamentally distinctive, but the genus
itself possesses traits common to other members of
the triodopsine Polygyridae; the penial sheath and
the expanded spermathecal duct. For this reason, a
good case can be made to elevate these subgenera to
the level of genera (Webb, 1952; 1954; 1959). This
step requires a complete anatomical revision of the
Polygyridae, a task too large to be discussed here. For
informative discussions of polygyrid systematics at
the generic level, consult Pilsbry, 1940, and Webb,
1952, 1954, 1959.

Although examination of both the shells and the
genitaha of triodopsine snails usually indicates the
species group to which they belong, the anatomical
differences between members of the same subgenus
often appear negligible. In fact, most of the smaller
species in Triodopsis s.s., although they differ in size
and arrangement of penial papillae, can and do in-
seminate each other in the laboratory. Unless in-
seminated by another individual, Triodopsis will not
oviposit. Eggs resulting from cross insemination by
members of different species groups do not hatch.

SUBGENUS Xolotrema Rafinesque, 1819:425, type
Triodopsis denotata (Ferussac) = T. notata
(Deshayes) designated by Pilsbry, 1940: 823.

This subgenus is characterized anatomically by
possessing a verge through which the vas deferens
opens into an ejaculatory pore (Webb, 1952: 7 - 8;
1954: 16). It includes two sections: Xolotrema s.s.,
which comprises Triodopsis denotata (Ferussac,
1821) and its allies, and N eohelix Von Ihering, 1892,
which comprises Triodopsis albolabris (Say, 1816)
and its allies. All shells have a closed umbilicus.

SUBGENUS Cryptomastix Pilsbry, 1939: XVII;
1940, 852-853, type Triodopsis mullani olneyae
(Pilsbry, 1891).

This western subgenus is characterized anatomical-
ly by possessing a well differentiated epiphallus
terminating in a short, vestigial flagellum. There is no
verge, and the penis contains two major ridges of
papillae and several minor ones. Recent collecting in
the northwestern U.S. has suggested to me that the
relationships between members of this subgenus are
at least as complex as those between eastern Trio-
dopsis s.s. , if not more so.

SUBGENUS Triodopsis sensu stricto Rafinesque,
1819: 425, type T. liinala Rafinesque = Helix
tridentata Say, 1817.

This subgenus is characterized anatomically by
possessing a penis-chamber which contains several
converging rows of papillae and bears no verge or
stimulator. The vas deferens is not thickened to form
a conspicuous epiphallus, and there is no flagellum.
The shell is umbilicate and usually possesses three
apertural teeth. The other characters are as defined for
the genus. This subgenus contains several species
groups which may be defined on the basis of a com-
bination of shell characters, genital characters, and

genetic affinity (determined by breeding experiments
in the laboratory, coupled with observed hybridi-
zation in the field).

1 have been unable to assign all named species to
groups, as breeding experiments have been terminated
without completion in many cases, and cases of
parallelism are common.

The following species-groups are now recognizable
in Triodopsis s.s. :

1) The Triodopsis tridentata group, characterized by
having an ovate-triangular aperture with a marginal
hp-swelling and pointed, widely spaced lip teeth.
Triodopsis tridentata (Say, 1817), Triodopsis tennes-
seensis (Walker and Pilsbry, 1902), Triodopsis com-
planata (Pilsbry, 1898), Triodopsis platysayoides
(Brooks, 1933) and Triodopsis burchi Hubricht,
1950, belong to this group. I have collected Trio-
dopsis tridentata with all species in this group except
T. complanata and have observed no hybridization.
An anatomical description of the group is being
prepared.

2) The Triodopsis fraudulenta group, characterized
by having a penis with a widely expanded apical
chamber and a narrow stalk. Triodopsis fraudulenta
(Pilsbry, 1894) and Triodopsis anteridon Pilsbry,
1940, definitely belong to this group, as these species
were found interbreeding at several stations in Green-
brier County, West Virginia, and pure populations
were crossed in the laboratory. By shell characters,
several other species may belong to this group, but
they have not been studied.

3) The Triodopsis juxtidens group, characterized by
having the upper and lower hp teeth close together,
and by having a high, straight parietal tooth which
points at or above the upper lip tooth. The extended
penis differs from that of T. tridentata by having
larger, more widely spaced papillae and by having a
more receding ejaculatory pore and a narrower stalk.
Shells of several samples resemble T. anteridon very
closely, but that species interbreeds with Triodopsis
fraudulenta. Triodopsis juxtidens, Triodopsis tri-
dentata, and Triodopsis fraudulenta have been found
together many times without showing signs of inter-
breeding. The Triodopsis juxtidens group comprises
Triodopsis juxtidens juxtidens (Pilsbry, 1894) and
Triodopsis juxtidens discoidea (Pilsbry, 1904). I
found intermediate populations in the New River
gorge near Hinton, West Virginia, and Vagvolgyi
(1968: 173) found similar populations farther down-
stream in Clay Co., West Virginia.

4) Triodopsis vulgata Pilsbry, 1940, which is charac-
terized anatomically by a penis which has approx-
imately twenty rows of tiny papillae (compared with
the usual five to eight) and a terminal ejaculatory
pore, appears to be somewhat isolated. It is possible
that some of the species which have not been assigned
to a group are related to this one. Pilsbry’s (1940:
807) description of the specimen from Wilmington,
North Carolina applies to T. juxtidens. This unique
species has been considered by Pilsbry (1940: 805) to
be a subspecies of Triodopsis fraudulenta, and by
Vagvolgyi (1968: 175) to be a subspecies of T.
neglecta. Webb (1959: 24-38) illustrated the genitalia

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

25

of both T. neglecta and T. vulgata, showing that
despite the similarity of their shells, the species are
quite different.

5) The Triodopsis cragini group, characterized ana-
tomically by having a greatly elongated, tlireadlike
penis and by having the expansion of the sperma-
thecal stalk some distance above its base (Figure 3,c).
This group includes Triodopsis cragini Call, 1886,
Triodopsis vultuosa (Gould, 1848), and Triodopsis
henriettae (Mazyck, 1877). Although shells of
members of this group are difficult to separate from
some members of the Triodopsis fallax group, the
unique genitalia show that this group is isolated.
Members of this group interbreed occasionally.

6) The Triodopsis fallax group is characterized gene-
tically. All of the taxa produce fertile hybrids in the
laboratory when deliberately crossed with each other.

and many, but not all of them cross in the field. None
cross with members of other groups. Although these
forms vary in penial papillation, they all apparently
possess a concentrated group of comparatively large
papillae in the apical chamber of the penis. This
character does not separate them from several other
members of Triodopsis s.s., however. The shells of
these snails vary greatly, but they possess no shell
characters which differentiate them collectively from
other groups in the subgenus, although each taxon
within the group is distinct. This group includes Trio-
dopsis fallax fallax (Say, 1825), Triodopsis fallax
obsoleta (Pilsbry, 1894), Triodopsis fallax messana
Hubricht, 1952, Triodopsis fallax vannostrandi
(Bland, 1875), Triodopsis fallax liopetonensis
(Shuttleworth, 1852), Triodopsis fallax alabamensis
(Pilsbry, 1902), and Triodopsis soelneri (J.B. Hen-
derson, 1907).

Figure 1. The Triodopsis fallax fallax complex. Shells.

A. Triodopsis fallax fallax (Say) NMC 63190. Milford, Baltimore Co., Maryland. F.W.G.!

B. Triodopsis fallax obsoleta (Pilsbry) NMC 59884. New Bern, Craven Co., North Carolina. Leslie Hubricht!
TOPOTYPES.

C. Triodopsis fallax obsoleta (Pilsbry) NMC 59894. Leon (Pig Point), Anne Arundel Co., Maryland. F.W.G.!

D. Triodopsis fallax fallax X Triodopsis fallax obsoleta. NMC 60535. Chincoteague, Accomack Co., Virginia.
F.W.G.! TOPOTYPES of Triodopsis liopetonensis chincoteaguensis Pilsbry.

E. Triodopsis fallax messana Hubricht NMC 59862. Whiteville, Columbus Co., North Carolina. Leslie
Hubricht, PARATYPES.

F Triodopsis fallax messana Hubricht NMC 59869. Nichols, Marion Co., South Carolina. F.W.G. & W.A.
McDonald!

G. Triodopsis soelneri J.B. Henderson NMC 95880. North Shore Lake Waccamaw, Columbus Co., North
Carolina. F.W.G. ! TOPOTYPES.

H. Triodopsis soelneri X Triodopsis fallax messana. NMC 59878. Creek embankment, Bladenboro, Bladen Co.,
North Carolina F.W.G. & W.A. McDonald!

26

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

Members of the Triodopsis fallax complex range
from the piedmont of Pennsylvania and New Jersey
southward on the piedmont and coastal plain to
northern Florida and westward on the Gulf coastal
plain to eastern Alabama. In isolated places, members
enter and cross the Appalachians, and to many places
outside their natural ranges the anthropochorous
members have been introduced by man.

Triodopsis fallax has produced populations which
occupy several degrees of intermediacy between being
full species and races of the same species. Although
several of these populations fail to interbreed when
they contact each other, all of them interbreed
readily with Triodopsis fallax fallax in the laboratory,
and many of them interbreed with it in the field. The
following seven populations may be clearly distin-
guished on the basis of shell morphology, habitat
preference, and geographic range.

The Triodopsis fallax fallax herd. Figure 1.

This is the northern herd of populations. When
dentition is reduced, the aperture becomes sharp-
edged, and the lip swelling is retained only on the
inner, ventral edge of the lip. Members of this herd
readily interbreed when in contact with each other, as
a rule. Triodopsis soelneri retains its identity even
when in contact with the closely related Triodopsis
fallax messana, however. Hybrids between these two
populations are extremely rare.

Triodopsis fallax fallax (Say, 1825) Figure 1: A;
Figure 3:B

COLOR light buff brown; SCULPTURE finely
striate; SPIRE medium domed; WHORLS 4.5 — 5.0;
UMBILICUS medium to narrow; LIP EDGE sharp
dorsally, swollen ventrally; UPPER LIP TOOTH very
large, rounded, always inflected; LOWER LIP
TOOTH large, buttressed on columellar side;
PARIETAL TOOTH large, high, arcuate; FULCRUM
present; LUSTRE dull; RANGE piedmont and coastal
plain New Jersey to central Virginia, piedmont and
eastern Appalachians to northern Georgia; HABITAT
thin upland woods, clearings, roadsides. Anthro-
pochorous.

Triodopsis fallax messana Hubricht, 1952 Figure
1: E,F

COLOR dark red brown to walnut brown; SCULP-
TURE very finely striate; SPIRE medium domed;
WHORLS 4.5 - 5.0; UMBILICUS narrow to barely
perforate; LIP EDGE sharp; UPPER LIP TOOTH
large, rounded to pointed, flush with lip, or some-
times inflected; LOWER LIP TOOTH large, buttress-
ed on columellar side; PARIETAL TOOTH large, high
arcuate; FULCRUM absent; LUSTRE shining;
RANGE coastal plain, inland near Miocene terrace,
eastern North Carolina and South Carolina;
HABITAT pine woods, low hardwood stands, cypress
swamps, roadsides. Anthropochorous.

Triodopsis fallax obsoleta (Pilsbry, 1894) Figure
1 ; B,C Figure 3; A, a

COLOR dark red brown to walnut brown; SCULP-
TURE coarsely to finely striate; SPIRE low domed;
WHORLS 4.5 - 5.0; UMBILICUS medium to wide,
funicular; LIP EDGE sharp; UPPER LIP TOOTH

medium to absent, pointed, rarely inflected; LOWER
LIP TOOTH small to medium, usually buttressed if
larger than 0.2 mm.; PARIETAL TOOTH small, low,
shghtly arcuate; FULCRUM absent; LUSTRE shining;
RANGE outer coastal plain, pleistocene to holocene
land from Maryland to northeastern South Carolina.
Rare in the southern portion of its range. HABITAT
low woods, marshes, roadsides, clearings. Anthro-
pochorous.

Triodopsis soelneri (J.B. Henderson, 1907) Figure
1: G

COLOR dark red brown; SCULPTURE finely striate;
SPIRE medium domed; WHORLS 4.5 - 5.0; UMBI-
LICUS barely perforate; LIP EDGE sharp, inner edge
swollen; UPPER LIP TOOTH obsolete, rarely present
as a tiny swelling; PARIETAL TOOTH large, low,
arcuate; FULCRUM absent; LUSTRE shining;
RANGE small area between Lumber and Cape Fear
Rivers on outer coastal plain in far southeastern
North Carohna; HABITAT low woods, pine woods.

Figure 2. The Triodopsis fallax alabamensis complex.
Shells.

A. Triodopsis fallax alabamensis (Pilsbry) NMC
59834. Wooded Hillside 5 miles south of
Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Alabama. Leshe
Hubricht!

B. Triodopsis fallax vannostrandi (Bland) NMC
59841. Allendale, Allendale Co., South Carolina.
F.W.G.!

C. Triodopsis fallax liopetonensis (Shuttleworth)
NMC 59858. Whiteville, Columbus Co., North
Carolina. F.W.G.! Found with the type popu-
lation of Triodopsis fallax messana Hubricht,
without intergradation.

D. Triodopsis fallax fallax X Triodopsis fallax
alabamensis NMC 59842. Columbia, Richland.
Co., South Carolina. Leslie Hubricht! PARA-
TYPES of Triodopsis fallax affinis Hubricht.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

27

The Triodopsis fallax alabamensis herd. Figure 2.

This is the southern herd of populations. When
dentition is reduced, the aperture usually retains a
swollen edge. The teeth usually stand out more con-
spicuously from the aperture than they do in the
previously discussed examples. The parietal tooth
often is more abrupt, its inner edge quite low, its
outer edge high and sharp. They hybridize readily
with Triodopsis fallax fallax in nature, as well as with
each other, but they hybridize with other members of
the northern herd only if isolated in the laboratory
with them.

Triodopsis fallax alabamensis (Pilsbry, 1902)
Figure 2; A

COLOR light buff to tight red brown; SCULPTURE
coarsely striate; SPIRE high to medium domed;
WHORLS 5.5 - 6.5; UMBILICUS wide, well-like,
sometimes medium; LIP EDGE usually swollen;
UPPER LIP TOOTH large, rounded, sometimes in-
flected; LOWER LIP TOOTH large, buttressed;
PARIETAL TOOTH short, high, straight or with
curved remnant; FULCRUM usually absent; LUSTRE
dull; RANGE western North Carolina and south-
western Virginia to eastern Alabama; HABITAT
open, mesic woods, roadsides.

Triodopsis fallax vannostrandi (Bland, 1875)
Eigure 2:B

COLOR light buff; SCULPTURE coarsely striate,
SPIRE high to medium domed; WHORLS 5.5 - 6.5;
UMBILICUS narrow; LIP EDGE swollen; UPPER LIP
TOOTH large, rounded, inflected; LOWER LIP
TOOTH large, buttressed; PARIETAL TOOTH short,
high, straight or arcuate; EULCRUM absent;
LUSTRE dull; RANGE south-central South Carohna
to northern Florida, west to eastern Alabama;
HABITAT pine barrens, pine woods, clearings, low
ground when within the range of alabamensis
(Hubricht, pers. comm.).

Triodopsis fallax hopetonensis (Shuttleworth, 1852)
Figure 2:C.

COLOR dark walnut brown; SCULPTURE medium
to coarsely striate; SPIRE low domed; WHORLS 4.5
- 5.0; UMBILICUS medium to wide; LIP EDGE
usually swollen, sometimes sharp; UPPER LIP
TOOTH medium to large, rounded to slightly
pointed, inflected; LOWER LIP TOOTH medium to
large, buttressed; PARIETAL TOOTH medium to
large, high, curved, often short; FULCRUM absent;
LUSTRE dull; RANGE southern Atlantic and Gulf
coastal plain from southeastern Virginia to Elorida,
west to Alabama, with introduced populations out-
side of its range in Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama,
the piedmont of Virginia, and New Jersey. This is the
most synanthropic member of the fallax complex,
being found in cities, along roadsides and in dumps.
In southern North Carolina, eastern South Carolina,
and eastern Georgia it is found in the woods, on
barrier islands behind sand dunes, and in other
“natural” situations. Outside of this area it is usually
synanthropic. It crosses readily with Triodopsis fallax
fallax and with other members of the southern 'herd,
but is reproductively isolated from members of the
northern herd in nature, but not in the laboratory.

As can be seen from the descriptions, most of the
shell characters used to distinguish the taxa inter-
grade, but not evenly. Each of these nominate,
morphologically distinct populations has a specific
geographic and environmental range, and large
samples collected from “natural” habitats such as
woods, marshes, and swamps are remarkably homo-
geneous. In a few places, scattered, homogeneous
intermediate populations exist, but these are rare and
may be the product of introgressive hybridization in
the distant past. Some populations of Triodopsis
fallax obsoleta, particularly when the lip teeth have
been enlarged by introgression from messana or
fallax, are difficult to distinguish from hopetonensis.
The lip of the aperture is a bit thinner in large
toothed obsoleta, and the color of the shell a bit
more reddish than in hopetonensis. Both Leslie
Hubricht (1958; pers. comm.) and I have found easily
distinguishable populations of obsoleta and messana
Uving with hopetonensis without intergradation.
Hopetonensis does cross with the others in the labora-
tory, however, producing fertile hybrids. Perhaps this
is due to restricted choice of mating partners and
withdrawal of seasonal climatic and photoperiodic
changes.

Hybridization is quite common between certain
members of this complex in urban areas and on waste
ground. I have seen no dine anywhere. Wild hybrid
swarms seem to be quite rare. I know of only two,
and one appears to be largely the result of human
activity and partially the result of natural causes. On
the Delmarva Peninsula, east of Chesapeake Bay,
Triodopsis fallax fallax occupies the northern half of
the peninsula, and a multitude of colonies of hybrids
between it and obsoleta occupy the southern half.
Each colony appears to be quite uniform, occupying
some stable stage of intermediacy between the two.
There is no dine. One of these colonies was given the
name Triodopsis hopetonensis chincoteaguensis
Pilsbry, 1940: 813. Some colonies resemble Trio-
dopsis fallax hopetonensis, some resemble obsoleta,
and some resemble messana.

West of Chesapeake Bay and north of the
James River, in Virginia, T.f fallax occupies the pine
woods and mixed mesic woods of the inner coastal
plain. The outer edges of the pleistocene necks are
occupied by T.f obsoleta, especially in wet woods
and marshes. In trash heaps and along the railroad in
the city of Hampton, however, where the two have
met quite recently, every grade of intermediacy
between the two extremes may be found in a single
colony.

In the pine woods near Columbia, South Carolina,
where T.f. fallax and T.f. vannostrandi meet, there
are a few homogeneous intermediate colonies. In the
town itself, fallax, hopetonensis, alabamensis, and
vannostrandi have combined in varying degrees
on waste ground, giving rise to many populations of
“weed snails”. The combination Triodopsis f. fallax X
Triodopsis f. alabamensis has appeared in other dis-
turbed areas from southwestern Virginia to central
Georgia, and has been given the name Triodopsis
fallax affinis by Leslie Hubricht (Eigure 2: D).

The following hybrid populations have been found

28

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Figure 3. Genitalia of Triodopsis.

A. Triodopsis fallax obsoleta (Pilsbry). NMC 59893. Leon, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland. Retracted anterior
genitalia, with views of interior of penis (a) and spermathecal duct. Scale = 1mm.

B. Triodopsis fallax fallax (Say). NMC 63132. Chance, Somerset Co., Maryland. Extended penis. The shells of
members of this population indicate slight introgression from obsoleta. Scale = 1 mm.

C. Triodopsis cragini Call. TOPOTYPES. Chetopa Co., Kansas. Retracted anterior genitalia and outhne of
extended penis. Figures redrawn from Webb, 1959, pp. 27 - 28.

in the field: fallax X obsoleta (synanthropic and
natural); messana X obsoleta (synanthropic); mmana
X soelneri (synanthropic, only once); fallax X hope-
tonensis (synanthropic); vannostrandi X hopetonensis
(synanthropic); fallax X vannostrandi (synanthropic
and apparently natural); fallax X vannostrandi X
hopetonensis (synanthropic); fallax X alabamensis
(synanthropic).

The following taxa have been found living together
without intergradation: messana and hopetonensis;
obsoleta and hopetonensis; soelneri and hopetonensis;
soelneri and messana. Although fallax has not been
found with messana, a small intermediate population
which may be of hybrid origin has been found in
southern North Carolina.

I believe that the two major inland populations,
Triodopsis fallax fallax in the north, and Triodopsis
fallax alabamensis in the south, give rise to similar
populations of dark snails with reduced teeth when
they moved onto the unstable coastal plain from the
older land of the piedmont, probably in Pleistocene
times or earlier (see Hubricht, 1971: 42). Although
the coastal plain populations resemble each other by
being dark in color and having reduced apertural
teeth, all of the populations are distinct, and it is
likely that they resulted from different waves of
migration onto the coastal plain. From Triodopsis
fallax fallax two populations with severely reduced
dentition resulted: T.f. obsoleta on the outer coastal
plain between the Delmarva peninsula and north-

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

29

eastern South Carolina, and T. soelneri in the Bay
District between the Cape Fear and Lumber Rivers in
southern North Carolina. In the north, obsoleta is
coming into contact with fallax, possibly because
rising seas since Wisconsin time are driving it inland.
Soelneri appears to have been isolated longest. It may
have occupied more territory in the past. Messana
appears to have arisen quite recently. It may have
arisen from an early precursor of soelneri. Because of
the rarity of the messana X soelneri cross, it is
obvious that these two entities have evolved a fairly
effective reproductive barrier.

From Triodopsis fallax alabamensis, two popula-
tions have resulted: Triodopsis fallax vannostrandi on
the sand barrens and pine savannahs and Triodopsis
fallax hopetonensis on the lower coastal plain. In
eastern Alabama, T.f. alabamensis occupies upland
woods and T.f. vannostrandi the low ground
(Hubricht, pers. comm.). T. f. hopetonensis now has a
very wide distribution largely because of its anthro-
pochorous habits. It has evolved to the point where it
can co-exist in nature with T. f. obsoleta, T. f.
messana, and T. soelneri without hybridization.

Within the subgenus Triodopsis s.s., the following
species are too poorly known to assign to a species
group, although each taxon appears to be distinct.
They require either dissection or attempts to be made
to cross them with presumed relatives, or both: Trio-
dopsis pendula Hubricht, 1952; Triodopsis neglecta
(Pilsbry, 1899); Triodopsis palustris Hubricht, 1958;
Triodopsis picea Hubricht, 1958; Triodopsis rugosa
Brooks and MacMillan, 1940; Triodopsis fulciden
Hubricht, 1952; Triodopsis claibornensis Lutz, 1950.
None of these appear to truly intergrade with other
species in the material examined. A report is soon to
be prepared on the structure of the genitalia of most
of these species.

LITERATURE CITED

Grimm, F. Wayne. 1961. Land Snails of the Delmarva
Peninsula (abstr.). Ann. Rept. Amer. Malcol.
Union 1961: 3-4.

Grimm, F. Wayne. 1966. Speciation in the Triodopsis
fallax complex (abstr.). North Carolina Acad. Sci.
Proc. and Abstr. Nov. 1966: 101-102.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1950a. The distribution of Trio-
dopsis soelneri (J.B. Henderson) in North Carolina.
Nautilus 64: 67.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1950b. The Polygyridae of Pitt-
sylvania County, Virginia. Nautilus 64: 6-9.

Hubricht, Leshe. 1952a. Three new species of Trio-
dopsis from North Carolina. Nautilus 65: 80-82.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1952b. The Landsnails of Pitt-
sylvania County, Virginia. Nautilus 66: 10-13.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1953. Landsnails of the southern
Atlantic Coastal Plain. Nautilus 66: 1 14-1 25.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1954. A new subspecies of Trio-
dopsis. Nautilus 68: 28-30.

Hubricht, Leshe. 1958, New species of landsnails
from the eastern United States. Trans. Kentucky
Acad. Sci. 19: 70-76.

Hubricht, Leshe. 1971. The Landsnails of South
Carolina. Sterkiana 41: 41-44.

Lutz, L. 1950. A hst of the land Mollusca of Clai-
borne County, Tennessee, with description of a
new subspecies of Triodopsis. Nautilus 63: 99-105,
121-123.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1939-1940. Land Mollusca of North
America (North of Mexico). Monogr. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philad. no. 3, v. 1 , pts. 1 & 2.

Vagvolgyi, Josenh. 1968. Svstematics and Evolution
of the genus Triodopsis (Mollusca: Pulmonata:
Polygyridae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 13(7): 145-
254.

Webb, Glenn R. 1952. Pulmonata, Polygyridae: a
sexological revision of some triodopsin land snails.
Gastropodia 1(1): 7-8.

Webb, Glenn R. 1954. The Life-history and sexual
anatomy data on Ashmunella with a revision of
the triodopsin snails. Gastropodia 1(2): 13-18.

Webb, Glenn R. 1959. Pulmonata, Polygyridae: notes
on the sexology of Triodopsis, a new subgenus,
Haroldorbis, and a new section, Shelfordorbis.
Gastropodia 1(3): 23-25.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

THE FALL LINE AS A BARRIER TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME
UNIONIDS (BIVALVIAiUNIONIDAE)

John J. Jenkinson*

The Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of
eastern and southern North America is an area of flat
or gently rolling topography and soft or poorly-
compacted bedrocks. The coastal and marine sedi-
ments which make up the bedrock of this province
have been deposited in association with the rise and
then gradual fall of the sea level since the beginning
of Upper Cretaceous tiro,e, about iOO million years
ago.

Along the inner edge of the Coastal Plain, the soft
Cretaceous sediments interface with older and much
harder rocks. Streams which arise in these older
physiographic provinces, and flow across the Coastal
Plain to the ocean, often include a steep rapids or
falls where they flow off the last of the resistant
strata and onto the easily eroded Coastal Plain
deposits. Along the East Coast this line of falls, or
Fall Line, runs from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
through Richmond, Virginia, Columbia, South Caro-
lina, and Macon, Georgia to Montgomery, Alabama.
The Fall Line has been of considerable economic
interest because it generally marks the head of river
navigation and offers an excellent source of water
power to run mills, and more recently, electric
generating stations.

Some recent research on the distribution of
aquatic organisms may also make the Fall Line the
subject of considerable biological and zoogeographic
interest. In his study of the fishes of Alabama, Smith-
Vaniz (1968) states that the Fall Line clearly delimits
the ranges of numerous species. This statement, and
the fact that members of the bivalve Family
Unionidae are obligate fish parasites during part of
their life cycles, leads directly to the conclusion that
the Fall Line may serve as a barrier for some unionids
as well as for their fish hosts. No previous discussion
of this hypothesis has been published, however, both
Heard (1970) and Johnson (1970) mention the
general paucity of unionid species above the Fall
Line.

An examination of the effect of the Fall Line was
included in the evaluation of a unionid survey of four
creek systems in east-central Alabama (Jenkinson,
1973). This study included Halawakee Creek and the
Uchee Creek system of the Chattahoochee River
drainage and Saugahatchee Creek and the Uphapee
Creek system of the Tallapoosa River drainage. The
headwaters of these creeks originate near Auburn,
Lee County, Alabama. The Fall Line crosses tributa-
ries of both Uchee and Uphapee creeks and essential-
ly divides the study area into northern and southern
halves.

Forty-seven of the eighty collection sites yielded
2646 specimens of 27 species of unionids. While none
of the 27 species were collected only above the Fall
Line, 1 5 species were collected largely or only below
it. Personal collections outside the study area and the
site records listed by Clench and Turner (1956),
Johnson (1967; 1970) and van der Schalie (1938)
demonstrate that ten of the 15 species have been
taken above the Fall Line in more than one river
system. Recently, site records of the remaining five
species in the collection of the Museum of Zoology,
Ohio State University (OSUM) were added to the
published and personal data. The following annotated
list presents the accumulated distributions of these
five species with special reference to the Fall Line.
The scientific names used in this list are generally
those of the current literature; their use here is not
necessarily meant to reflect support for these specific
names or combinations.

Anodontoides radiatus (Conrad, 1834)

This Study: Forty-six specimens were collected at
eight sites; two of these specimens were taken
from one site above the Fall Line.

Other Records: Nineteen sites in the Alabama,
Escambia and Apalachicola river systems; one of
these sites is above the Fall Line [Chattahoochee
River, West Point, Troup Co., Georgia (Clench and
Turner, 1956) (Johnson, 1967)].

* Department of Zoology-Entomology, Auburn University. Present address: Museum of Zoology, Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH 43210.

30

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Alasmidonta triangulata (Lea, 1858)

This Study: Seventeen specimens were collected at
four sites, all below the Fall Line.

Other Records: Fourteen sites in the Apalachicola,
Ogeechee, Savannah, and Cooper-Santee river
systems; one of these sites is above the Fall Line
[Mulberry Creek (of Chattahoochee River) 3 mi S
Mountain Hill, Harris Co., Georgia (Clench and
Turner, 1956)].

Fusconaia rubida (Lea, 1861)

This Study: Twenty specimens were collected at four
sites, all below the Fall Line.

Other Records: Thirty-seven sites in the Amite,
Tangipahoa, and Alabama river systems; six sites
on the Cahaba River (van der Schalie, 1938) and
one site each in the Black Warrior and Coosa river
drainages (OSUM) are above the Fall Line.

Pleurobema pyriforme (Lea, 1840)

This Study: Thirty-six specimens were collected at
three sites; six of these specimens were taken at
one site above the Fall Line.

Other Records: Twenty sites in the Apalachicola,
Ocholockonee, and Suwannee river systems, none
of which is above the Fall Line.

Lampsilis subangulata (Lea, 1840)

This Study: Forty-three specimens were collected at
seven sites, none of which is above the Fall Line.
Other Records: Thirty-four sites in the Chocta-
whatchee, Apalachicola, and Ocholockonee river
systems; two of these sites are above the Fall Line
[Flint River 5 mi E Alvaton, Meriwether /Pike Cos.,
Georgia (OSUM) and Flint River 3 mi SE Gay,
Meriwether/Pike Cos., Georgia (personal)].

This rather limited study suggests that these five
species of unionids are largely restricted to the
Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. Their general
lack of penetration above the Fall Line may be
caused by substrate, water chemistry, turbidity, fish-
host, or some combination of these and/or other
requirements, all of which may change drastically as a
stream falls onto the Coastal Plain. The lack of pene-
tration of some unionids and fishes may also be the
result of the physical barrier of the falls themselves.

On Little Uchee Creek, for example, the falls consists

31

of a solid face of bedrock two to three meters high
which extends completely across the stream.

Regardless of the reasons for the general restric-
tion of these five species to the Coastal Plain, this
study suggests that the distributions of some unionids
are limited by the Fall Line or by factors related to
this feature. If this suggestion is supported by addi-
tional site records for these and other Coastal Plain
species, some of our present concepts of migration
patterns, affinities among species, and other zoo-
geographic relationships may have to be modified. We
may also realize, and be able to document, that some
Coastal Plain species are in greater danger of extinc-
tion than we had previously believed. Whatever the
outcome of these additional studies, we will certainly
add.'to our meager knowledge of the unionids of the
Coastal Plain.

LITERATURE CITED

Clench, W.J. and R.D. Turner, 1956. Freshwater
mollusks of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida from
the Escambia to the Suwannee River. Bull. Fla.
State Mus., Biol. Sci. 1(3): 97-239.

Heard, W.H. 1970. 3. Eastern freshwater mollusks (II)
The South Atlantic and Gulf drainages. Pages
23-27 IN A.H. Clarke, ed. Papers on the rare and
endangered mollusks of North America. Malaco-
logia 10(1): 3-56.

Jenkinson, J.J. 1973. Distribution and zoogeography
of the Unionidae (Mollusca:Bivalvia) in four creek
systems in east-central Alabama. M.S. Thesis.
Auburn Univ. 96 pp.

Johnson, R.I. 1967. Additions to the unionid fauna
of the Gulf drainage of Alabama, Georgia and
Florida (Mollusca:Bivalvia). Breviora 270: 21 pp.
Johnson, R.I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeo-
graphy of the Unionidae (Mollusca:Bivalvia) of the
Southern Atlantic Slope Region. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. 140(6): 263-450.

Smith-Vaniz, W.F. 1968. Freshwater fishes of
Alabama. Auburn Univ. Agri. Exp. Sta. 21 1 pp.
van der Schalie, H. 1938. The naiades (fresh-water
mussels) of the Cahaba River in northern Alabama.
Occ. Pap. Mus. ZooL, Univ. Mich. 392. 29 pp.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

VARIATIONS IN THE INCURRENT AND EXCURRENT APERTURES OF
QUADRULA QUADRULA RAFINESQUE, 1820 AND QUADRULA PUSTULOSA (LEA,

1831)* *

Frank L. Kokai*

Early students of North American naiads recog-
nized soft parts as an aid to identification and classi-
fication. Rafinesque (1820) was the first to illustrate
soft parts and Barnes (1823) stated that “perfect
accuracy” in distinction between species depends
upon examination of soft parts. Agassiz (1851)
reported that identification should be based on shell
characters and soft parts and listed the structures he
felt were significant to taxonomy. Isaac Lea (1859)
discussed the value of observing soft parts and speci-
fically illustrated naiad apertures and papillae. George
B. Simpson (1884) was among the first to write an
extensive paper on naiad soft parts with detailed
illustrations. Charles T. Simpson (1900) organized the
naiads on the basis of soft parts wherever possible.

While these experts, and others, recognized varia-
tion in shell characters, little was written about varia-
tion of the soft parts. Descriptions of soft parts dealt
mainly with the gills, and terms such as “large”,
“numerous”, “normal”, etc. are found applying to
other structures (Baker, 1898, Ortmann, 1912). In
some cases color is the only description (Ortmann,
1911, 1912). Very httle recent quantitative work has
been done to determine how much variation occurs in
the soft parts and how variation may affect taxo-
nomy. The objective of this study was to measure and
compare soft parts to determine variability and
perhaps find potential taxonomic characters.

Specimens used for this study were collected by
skin diving and SCUBA diving in Fishery Bay of
western Lake Erie between Gibraltar Island and
South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio. Twenty-
eight collections were made during the summer of
1970 which yielded 833 specimens representing 3
subfamilies, 15 genera, and 18 species of the family
Unionidae. Twenty-eight Quadrula pustulosa (Lea,
1831 ) and twenty-five Quadrula quadrula Rafinesque,
1820 were among those specimens collected and this
material became the basis of this study.

Specimens were returned to the laboratory where
the shells were pegged open with small cork stoppers.

The specimens were then fixed in a solution of 75%
ethanol, 20% water, and 5% glycerine. After fixing,
the soft parts were dissected from the shells and
stored separately. Shells and soft parts were processed
into the collections of the Ohio State University
Museum of Zoology where they are now preserved.

A data sheet was prepared for each specimen to
note the following: species, catalog number, collec-
tion number, length of incurrent, excurrent, and
accessory apertures, type and number of aperture
papillae, structures of the mantle such as flaps, papil-
lae, and ridges, marsupium length, shape, and devel-
opment, length of the animal, and additional com-
ments such as parasite infestations etc. This paper
represents only a portion of the entire study. Lengths
of the three apertures and the entire animal were
measured using a needlepoint divider and a metric
rule. All measurements were taken to the closest
millimeter. Papillae were observed and counted using
a binocular microscope at a magnification between
16x and 24x.

q = Quadrula quadrula
p- Quadrula pustulosa

I

qI

VARIATION IN APERTURE LENGTH
Fig. 1. Absolute Variation in Aperture Length.

1 Q. pustulosa (Lea. 1831) = 0. bullata Rafinesque, 1820 according to Dr. J.P.E. Morrison (pers. comm.) but in the interest of
clarity the more familiar name Q. pustulosa is used here.

* The Ohio State University, Museum of Zoology, Columbus, OH 43210.

32

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

33

Absolute measurements of the three apertures of
Q. quadrula and Q. pustulosa (figure 1 ) indicate the
excurrent aperture is the smallest and least variable of
the three in both species. Quadrula pustulosa has a
greater variability in excurrent aperture length and a
larger mean, 9 mm compared to 7 mm. The incurrent
aperture was slightly larger in both species with a
mean of 12 mm in Q. quadrula and 11 mm in Q.
pustulosa. Quadrula pustulosa was again more vari-
able. The accessory aperture is the largest and most
variable with a mean of 13 mm for both species.
Because the absolute measurements are dependent on
animal size, greater aperture variability in one species
could be explained by a greater range of animal size.
Although Q. pustulosa was more variable in animal
size and incurrent and excurrent apertures, Q.
quadrula was more variable in absolute accessory
aperture length

To compare relative lengths of apertures of
animals of different sizes, a length index was cal-
culated by dividing animal length into aperture
length. This percentage was then multiplied by 1000
to give a whole number (figure 2). The use of this
index reveals that an “average” Q. quadrula has an
incurrent aperture with an index of 100, an accessory
of 160, and an incurrent of 170. The accessory
aperture is the most variable. Several specimens have
very large (25% animal length) or small (7% animal
length) accessory apertures but most were about 15%
animal length, roughly the same size as the incurrent
aperture.

q

° 300-

o

X

e E 200-
E E

t ^ 150

-'”‘100

0

relative length of apertures
Fig. 2. Relative Length of Apertures.

The “average” Q. pustulosa has relatively larger
apertures with indices of 120 for the excurrent, 200
for the incurrent, and 220 for the accessory. Both
species have approximately the same degree of
relative variability for the excurrent and accessory
apertures, but Q. pustulosa has a more variable in-
current aperture.

The most obvious structures of the apertures are
the incurrent aperture papillae. Both species have
complex and variable arrangements and number of

= Quadrula quadrula
=: Quadrula pu s t u I o s a

papillae. Many of the species taken from Lake Erie
have as few as 25 solitary papillae along each margin
of the aperture. The papillae of Q. quadrula and Q.
pustulosa are more numerous and are arranged in
“clusters” which border the aperture margin.

In Q. quadrula the clusters are brown at the base
and white at the tips giving a gross appearance of
brown As the animal gets older, the papillae darken
until reaching a brown-black color. The number of
clusters varies between 8-14 per side, but one side of
the animal may have more clusters than the other.
The number of individual papillae per cluster varies
between 4-23. These papillae may bifurcate several
times (figure 3). The number of papillae tips ranges
from 90 to 140 per aperture side. Between the
clusters are solitary papillae which may bifurcate. The
presence of these papillae between clusters appears to
be at random but they are always found at the dorsal
and ventral margin of the aperture.

Fig. 3. The papillae of Quadrula quadrula Rafinesque,
1820 located in the inner margin of the right incur-
rent aperture (x20). Characteristics of the papillae are
bifurcations from clusters, brown base, and white
tips.

In Q. pustulosa the papillae are also arranged in
clusters but three general differences occur: 1) the
color of the papillae is somewhat lighter, although
this is hard to observe without the aid of a micro-
scope, 2) there are less solitary papillae between the
clusters, and those which do exist rarely bifurcate, 3)
the papillae of the clusters rarely bifurcate. The
number of clusters per aperture side is 12-28 and the
number of papillae per cluster is 10-19. Total number
of papillae is between 120-160 per side.

For these two species of this population the use of
aperture size ratios is not justifiable as a taxonomic
character. The relative size ratios of the incurrent,
excurrent, and accessory apertures are 10: 17: 16 in (2.
quadrula and 12:20:22 in Q. pustulosa. The high
degree of variability, particularly the accessory
apertures, makes these ratios meaningless. No speci-
men exhibited these ratios exactly and most speci-
mens were not close to the mean in more than one
relative aperture size.

Ortmann (1911) states that papillae of the
branchial (incurrent) opening “although slightly
varying in their development (offer) no remarkable
differentiations.” I cannot agree with this statement.
The 18 lake species observed do have distinct

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

papillae. For the two species in this study, correct
identification could be made on the basis of papillae
with approximately 80% accuracy. Further studies
should be made to determine what differences occur
between lake and stream forms, other species of the
genus, and other genera. Further study could disclose
a helpful taxonomic aid.

LITERATURE CITED

Agassiz, Louis. 1851. Some comments on naiads by
Prof. Agassiz from the minutes of the Boston
Society of Natural History, Nov. 20, 1850. Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 3; 356-363.

Baker, Prank Collins. 1898. The Mollusca of the
Chicago Area. Pt. 1. Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv., Chi.
Acad. Sci., Ill, pp. 1-130, pi. i-xxvii, figs. 1-12.
Barnes, D.H. 1823. On the genera Unio and Alasmo-
donta; with introductory remarks. Amer. J. Sci. &
Art, 1st ser.,6(l): 107-127,6(2): 258-280.

Lea, Isaac. 1859. New Unionidae of the United

States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. IV, New Ser. pp.
191-233, pi. 21-32.

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1911. A monograph of the
najades of Pennsylvania. Part 1. Mem. Carnegie
Mus. 4(6): 279-347, 4 pis., 8 figs.

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1912. Notes upon the famihes
and genera of the Najades. Ann. Carnegie Mus.
8(2): 222-365.

Rafinesque, C.S. 1820. Monographie des coquilles
bivalves et fluviatiles de la riviere Ohio, contenant
douze genres et soixante-huite especes. Annales
Generates des Sciences Physiques, 15e livraison du
5e tome: 287-322, 3 pis.

Simpson, Charles Torrey. 1900. Synopsis of the
naiads or pearly freshwater mussels. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 22(1205): 501-1004, pi. XVIII.

Washington, D.C.

Simpson, George B. 1884. Anatomy and physiology
of Anodonta fluviatilis. Ann. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus.
Nat. Hist. 35: 169-191, 1 1 pis.

PHILOBRYIDAE IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Donald R. Moore*

The Philobryidae are a group of poorly known
bivalves living mainly in the southern hemisphere.
They are poorly known because most species measure
two or three millimeters, and httle is known of them
beyond the original description. The family was un-
known in the tropical western Atlantic until com-
paratively recently.

David Nicol (1970), when discussing living Antarc-
tic bivalves stated that only one species of Philo-
bryidae Philobrya setosa (Carpenter, 1864), eastern
Pacific, was now living in the northern hemisphere.
Unfortunately, Nicol had overlooked the description
of two small philobryids described from the Carib-
bean in 1958. Philobrya inconspicua Olsson and
McGinty, 1958, and Cosa caribaea Abbott, 1958, are
very small bivalves, and are considered quite rare.
Both have been reported only from the type locality,
Bocas del Toro for P. inconspicua, and Grand
Cayman for C. caribaea.

Shortly after reading Nicol’s article, I collected
bottom samples from depths of 12 m and 14 m near
Buck Island, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Cosa
caribaea was found to be a common species at this
depth, but was not present in samples from lesser
depths behind the reef. Thus the supposed rarity of
this species is apparently simply an artifact of col-
lecting. The small size of the species (1.5 mm) also
contributes to our lack of knowledge of this bivalve.

I also examined a bottom sample from Arrow-
smith Bank, a small flat topped rise a few km east of
northeastern Yucatan, and found a third Caribbean
species (description in manuscript). This material
came from a depth of 37 to 405 m trawled up a steep
slope, and was found in CaC03 sand which pre-
sumably had been carried down slope from the flat
top. The original depth must have been some 25 to
35 m. This material was collected by the University
of Miami R/V Gerda on a cruise to Arrowsmith Bank

* The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149.

34

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

35

in 1967.

This, then, makes a total of four philobryids hving
north of the Equator. However, Abbott, 1958,
suggested that Limopsis antillensis Dali, 1881, also
belonged in the Philobryidae. At first glance, this
seems a poor idea as the prodissoconch is not a large
cap-like structure typical of many philobryids. A
close examination, though, does show a number of
characters that L. antillensis has in common with the
two Caribbean species of Cosa. They are: straight
hinge line, small, triangular ligament, low cancellate
sculpture, two or three internal ribs which become
prominent on the posterior margin, many fine tubules
which run through the shell at right angles, and a
large posterior adductor muscle scar, obsolete
anterior scar. In addition, the hinge of L. antillensis is
like that of Gratis with two or three teeth on each
side of the ligament.

A similar species, described from the Upper
Miocene of Matanzas, Cuba, is Limopsis pentodon
Aguayo and Borro, 1946. This little clam, known
only from the original description, has been found in
Recent sediments collected off the coast of Behze by
Dr. Donald Marszalek, and from the north coast of
Jamaica by Dr. Peter Supko and John F. Meeder.

Both L. antillensis and L. pentodon appear to
belong to the genus Gratis Hedley, 1915. They are
both small, ranging in size from about 2.5 to 4.0 mm.
Gratis antillensis is found in the Upper Gulf of
Mexico, and so is the only known philobryid hving on
the Atlantic continental shelf of the United Sta*-es.
Gratis, until now, has only been known from the
south Pacific: these new records greatly extend the
range of the genus.

So now, instead of one species living in the
northern hemisphere, there are six. They are as
follows:

Philobrya setosa Carpenter (eastern Pacific)

P. inconspicua Olsson and McGinty

Gosa caribaea Abbott

Gosa sp. (Arrowsmith Bank)

Gratis antillensis Dali
C. pentodon Aguayo and Borro
The number for the tropical western Atlantic is
also six, for Klappenbach, 1966, described Gosa
brasiliensis from the southern coast of Brazil.

Finding additional species of philobryids in the

Northern Hemisphere is of interest to zoogeo-
graphers, paleontologists, and bivalve specialists. What
is far more interesting is the implication that Aus-
tralian and Caribbean mollusc faunas are more closely
related than is usually thought. This relationship is
concealed by a welter of generic and subgeneric
names, or by the placing of closely related groups in
different families or even orders. Hence an Orbites-
tella in the Caribbean is placed in Gyclostrerniscus,
while Amphithalamus in Australian waters is put into
Scrobs. There are many genera and some famihes
which are found in only one of the two areas, but
much more effort has gone into pointing out dif-
ferences than in showing affinities.

LITERAl URE CITED

Abbott, R.T. 1958. The marine mollusks of Grand
Cayman Island, British West Indies. Monogr. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. No. 11: 1-138, pis. 1-5.

Aguayo, C.G. and P. Borro. 1946. Algunos moluscos
Terciarios de Cuba. Rev. Soc. Malac. “Carlos de la
Torre” 4(2): 43-49, pi. 3.

Carpenter, P.P. 1864. Diagnoses of new forms of
mollusks collected at Cape St. Lucas, Lower
California, by Mr. J. Xantus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 3, 13: 311-315.

Dall, W.H. 1881. Preliminary report on the Mollusca.
Reports on the results of dredging .... in the Gulf
of Mexico (1877-1878) and in the Caribbean
(1879-1880) by the U.S. Coast Survey steamer
“Blake” .... 15. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
9: 33-144.

Hedley, C. 1915. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part
12. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales 39: 695-755, pis.
77-85.

Klappenbach, M.A. 1966. Un nuevo representante del
genero “Gosa'’ obtenido en aguas brasilenas
(Mollusca, Pelcypoda). Rev. Brasil Biol. 26(1):
23-27, 4 figs.

Nicol, D. 1970. Antarctic pelecypod faunal peculia-
rities. Science 168(3936): 1248-1249.

Olsson, A. A. and T. McGinty. 1958. Recent marine
mollusks from the Caribbean coast of Panama with
the description of some new genera and species.
Bull. Amer. Paleo. 39(177): 1-58, pis. 1-5.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA MUSSELS OF LISTER

Joseph P.E. Morrison*

Freshwater Mussels from the colonies figured as
“Mya”, “Mytilus”, and “Pectunciilus” by Lister in
1686 included members of each subfamily living
today in the Chesapeake Bay Region. Most of them,
such as Elliptio complanatus Lightfoot, and Lampsilis
radiata Gmelin, have been universally recognized
since they were scientifically named. In contrast, two
species of the James River of Virginia are not com-
monly known by their earliest names. Of the
Unionidae, subfamily Anodontinae, the “Red Ano-
donta” is correctly known as Anodonta (Pyganodon)
fucata Dillwyn, 1817, while the plate 157, figure 12
"Pectunculus”, of the Amblemidae, subfamily
Lampsilinae, is only correctly known as Leptodea
fluviatilis Gmelin, 1791. The various mistaken listings
of these names, and fluviatilis, or their omis-
sions, are indicated in the following synonymies of
the past century and a half.

ANODONTA (PYGANODON) FUCATA (Dillwyn,
1817)

Figs. 5-8

1686 — - Lister, Hist. Conch., pi. 154, fig. 9. (Va.)
1770 — Lister (Huddesford), Hist. Conch., pi. 154,
fig. 9 (Va.)

1786 Mytilus fucatus Solander Mss, Lightfoot, Port-
land Cat., p. 29, lot 672. (Md.) NUDE NAME.
1817 Mytilus fucatus Dillwyn, Descr. Cat., p. 317.

(minus the European avonensis synonymy).

1823 Mytilus fucatus Dillwyn, Index to Lister, p. 13.
1829 Anodonta implicata Say, N. Harmony Diss., 2,
no. 22, p. 340.

\S3A Anodonta implicata Conrad, New Freshwater
Shells, p. 73.

1835 Anodonta implicata Ferussac, Guerin’s Mag., p.
250.

1838 Anodonta newtonensis Lea, Trans. Am. Phil.

Soc., 6: 79, pi. 21, fig. 66.

\S38 Anodonta newtonensis Lea, Observations, 2:
79, pi. 21, fig. 66.

1838 Margarita (Anodonta) implicata Lea, Synopsis,
p. 30.

\S38 Margarita (Anodonta) newtonensis Lea,
Synopsis, p. 30.

1840 Anodonta implicata Say, New Land and Fresh-
water Shells, p. 10.

\MQ Anodonta implicata L.W. Say, Terr. & Fluv.
Shells, p. 1 1 .

1841 Anodon implicata Gould, Invertebrata Mass., p.
118, fig. 78.

\8A3 Anodon implicata DeKay, Nat. Hist., N.Y.,
Moll., p. 202.

I S43 Anodon excurvata DeKay, Nat. Hist., N.Y.,
Moll., p. 202, pi. 17, fig. 233.

1845 Anodonta housatonica Linsley, Am. Journ.,
Sci., Ser. I, 48: 277. NUDE NAME.

1845 Anodon newtoniana Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Nomencl., p. 67.

1848 Anodonta housatonica Gould, Am. Journ. Sci.,
Ser. II, 6: 234, figs 4-5.

1851 Anodonta implicata Stimpson, Shells of New
England, p. 1 5.

1851 Anodonta housatonica Stimpson, Shells of New
England, p. 1 5.

185 2 Margaron (Anodonta) implicata Lea, Synopsis,
p. 50.

\853 Anodonta implicata Conrad, Proc. A.N.S.P.,
6:264.

1853 Anodonta excurvata Conrad, Proc. A.N.S.P.,
6:264.

1856 Anodonta implicata Girard, Proc. Nat’l. Inst.

Wash., D.C., N. Series, vol. 1 , no. 2, p. 79.

\862 Anodonta williamsii Lea, Proc. A.N.S.P., 6:
169.

1862 Anodonta williamsii Lea, Observations, 11: 31,
pi. 10, fig. 26.

\861 Anodon newtonensis Sowerby, Conch. Icon.,
17, pi. 17, fig. 62.

1870 Anodon implicata Binney’s Gould, Invertebrata
Mass., p. 1 80, fig. 48 1 .

\810 Margaron (Anodonta) implicata Lea, Synopsis,

p. 80.

\810 Margaron (Anodonta) williamsii Lea, Synopsis,

p. 81.

1873 Anodonta implicata Clessin, Conch. Cab.
Anodonta, p. 78, pi. 19, fig. 3.

* Division of Mollusks, U.S. National Museum (Natural History), Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560

36

Figs. 1-4: Mytilus fluviatilis Gmelin. Neotype. USNM 709986
Figs. 5-8: Mytilus fucatus Dillwyn. Neotype. USNM 709985

38

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc.; 1974.

1874 Anodon implicata Hartman & Michener, Conch.
Cestrica, p. 94, fig. 193.

1890 Anodonta implicata Carpenter, Nautilus, 4: 57.
1900 Mytilus fucatus Simpson, Proc. U.S.N.M., vol.
22, p. 622. (incorrectly synonymous under
cygnaea of Europe).

\90Q Anodonta implicata Simpson, Proc. U.S.N.M.,
vol. 22, p. 633.

1914 Mytilus fucatus Simpson, Descript. Cat., p. 362
(not avonensis Mont., incorrectly synonymous
under cygnaea of Europe).

1914 Anodonta implicata Simpson, Descript. Cat., p.
391.

1919 Anodonta implicata Ortmann, Mem. Carnegie
Mus., 8: 159, pi. 11, fig. 2,3.

1927 Anodonta implicata Erierson, Checklist, p. 16.
\9A6 Anodonta implicata Johnson, Occ. Pap. Moll.,
I: 112, pi. 16, fig. 1,2.

1959 Anodonta implicata Clarke & Berg, Cornell
Univ. Exp. Sta. Mem. no. 367, p. 40, fig. 42.
1962 Anodonta implicata Athearn & Clarke, Nat’l
Mus. Canada, Bull. 183, p. 26, pi. 2, figs. 1-2.
1969 Anodonta (Pyganodon) implicata Haas, Tier-
reich 88, Unionacea, p. 368.

\910 Anodonta (Pvganodon) implicata Johnson,
Bull. M.C.Z., vol. 140, no. 6, p. 360, pi. 15, fig.
4; pi. 16, figs. 1-2.

1973 Anodonta implicata Johnson & Baker, Proc.
A.N.S.P., 125 (no. 9), p. 158.

The name given by Dillwyn in 1817 is distinctive;
fucata means painted, or painted red, in Latin. This
agrees with the very brief Latin description of Lister
— Musculus angustior, suhfuscus, paulo crassior, — for
this species of Anodonta, which is elongate in typical
adult shells. The pale copper or salmon color of the
nacre is normally specific, as Johnson has noted in
1970. Also characteristic is the habitat in sand or
gravel bottoms, in contrast to that of most other
Anodonta species, in muddier or silty sands. This
species, fucata of Dillwyn, is apparently not, and has
not been living south of the Chesapeake Bay Drain-
age, since Lister figured it. The pale colored form
from the Potomac River south of Mount Vernon
named williamsii by Lea may now be extinct because
of pollution. It is interesting to note the re-discovery
of this species in Virginia, almost 300 years after the
original Listerine locality was published.

The first specimen of this Anodonta I ever per-
sonally collected was found in shallow water in
current— swept gravel, in the lower Appomattax
River, of the James River System, near Hopewell,
Virginia, June 12, 1973. This specimen, from near the
original locality of Lister, U.S.N.M. No. 709985, is
hereby declared the NEOTYPE of the species
Anodonta (Pyganodon) fucata Dillwyn, 1817.

LEPTODEA ELUVIATILIS (Gmelin, 1791)

Eigs. 1 -4

1686 Pectunculus - Lister, Hist. Conch., PI. 157, fig.

12.

1770 Pectunculus - Lister (Huddesford Edn.), pi.
157, fig. 12.

1791 Mytilus fluviatilis Gmelin, Syst. Naturae, 13th
Edn., p. 3359.

1801 Anodonta fluviatilis Bose, Hist. Nat. de Coquil-
les, vol. 3, p. 146.

1816 Anodontes fluviatilis Cuvier, La Regn. Animal,
vol. 2, p. 472.

1817 Mytilus fluviatilis Dillwyn, Descr. Cat., p. 316.
1817 Unio ochraceus Say, Nicholson’s Encyclopedia,

p. 2, pi. 3, fig. 8.

1820 Lampsilis rosea Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. de Sci.

Phys. Bruxelles, vol. 5, p. 299; separate, p. 33.
1820 Unio (Metapteraj ochracea Raf., Ann. Gen. de
Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, vol. 5, p. 300. separate, p.
34.

1823 Mytilus fluviatilis Dillwyn, Index to Lister,
Hist. Conch., p. 13.

\^24 Anodonta fluviatilis Bose, Hist. Nat. de Coq.
(2nd Edn.), vol. 3, p. 143.

1826 4/ya ochracea Eaton, Zool. Textbook, p. 218.
Symphynota ochracea Lea, Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc., vol. 3, p. 455.

\832 Lampsilis rosea Raf., (Poulson Translation), p.
28.

1832 Unio (Metaptera) ochracea Raf. (Poulson Trans-
lation), p. 29.

1834 Unio ochraceus Conrad, New Freshwater Shells,
p. 70.

1834 Symphvnota ochracea Lea, Observations, I, p.
69.

1835 Unio ochraceus Ferussac, Guerin’s Magazine, p.
25.

1836 Margarita (Unio) ochracea Lea, Synopsis, p. 23.
1836 Unio ochracea Conrad, Mon. Unionidae, no. 4,

p. 37, pi. 18, fig. 2.

1836 Unio ochracea (var. A.) fluviatilis Conrad, Mon.
Unionidae, no. 4, p. 37.

1838 Margarita (Unio) ochracea Lea, Synopsis, p. 18.
1838 Unio ochracea Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
vol. 6, pp. 48-57.

1838 Unio ochracea Lea, Observations, vol. 2, pp.
48-57, pi. 15, fig. 44 (anatomy).

1841 Unio ochraceus Gould, Invertebrata Mass., p.
112, fig. 74.

1842 Unio ochraceus Hanley, Test. Moll., p. 190.

1843 Unio ochraceus Hanley, Bivalve Shells, p. 190,
pi. 20, fig. 48.

1843 Unio ochraceus DeKay, Nat. Hist. N.Y., p. 193,
pi. 69, figs. 237, 238.

1845 Lampsilis rosea Raf., Chenu — Reprint, p. 14.
1845 Unio (Metapteraj ochracea Raf., Chenu -
Reprint, p. 1 5.

1851 Lampsilis ochracea Stimpson, Shells of New
England, p. 14.

1852 Margaron (Unio) ochraceus Lea, Synopsis, p.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

39

1853 Unio ochracea Conrad, Synopsis, Proc. A.N.S.

Phila., vol. 6, pp. 254, 265.

1856 Unio ochracea Girard, Proc. Nat’l. Inst. Wash.,
N. ser., 1 (2), p. 79.

1856 Unio ochraceus Kiister, Conch. Cab., Utiio, p.
163, pi. 47, fig. 1.

1863 Unio ochracea Lea, Journ. A.N.S.P., ser. 2, vol.
5, pp. 401-456.

1863 Unio ochracea Lea, Observations, vol. 10, pp.
37-92.

1864 Lampsilis rosea Raf., Binney & Tryon -
Reprint, p. 44.

1864 Unio (Metapteraj ochracea Raf., Binney &
Tryon — Reprint, p. 45.

1868 Unio ochraceus Sowerby, Conch. Icon., 16, pi.
63, fig. 317.

1870 Unio ochraceus Binney’s Gould, Invertebrata
Mass., p. 173, fig. 476.

1872 Margaron (Unio) ochraceus Lea, Synopsis, p.
42.

1874 Unio ochraceus Hartman & Michener, Conch.
Cestrica, p. 39, fig. 184.

1895 Unio ochraceus Simpson, Nautilus, vol. 8, p.
122,figd.

1900 Lampsilis ochraceus Simpson, Bull. U.S.N.M.,
vol. 22, p. 530.

1914 Lampsilis ochraceus Simpson, Descr. Cat.
Naiades, p. 49.

1919 Lampsilis ochracea Ortmann, Mem. Carnegie
Mus.,vol. 8,p. 318, pi. 20, figs. 6-7.

1927 Lampsilis ochracea Frierson, Checklist N.
Amer. Naiades, p. 68.

1929 Lampsilis ochracea Reardon, Proc. U.S.N.M.,
vol. 75, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 1-10 (anatomy).

1947 Lampsilis ochracea Johnson, Occ. Papers Moll.,
M.C.Z.,vol. l,p. 150, pi. 20, figs. 1-2.

1959 Lampsilis ochracea Clarke & Berg, Cornell Univ.

Exp. Sta., Mem. no. 367, p. 57, figs. 55-56.

1962 Lampsilis ochracea Athearn & Clarke, Nat. Mus.

Canada, Bull. no. 1 83, p. 30, pi. 4, figs. 3-4.

1965 Lampsilis ochracea Da\vley, Sterkiana, no. 19,
p. 36.

1969 Lampsilis (Lampsilis) ochracea Haas, Tierreich,
Unionacea, p. 454.

1970 Lampsilis ochracea Johnson, Bull. M.C.Z., vol.
140, no. 6, pp. 388-390, pi. 21, figs. 14-15.

1973 Unio ochraceus Johnson & Baker, Proc.
A.N.S.P., vol. 125, no. 9, p. 163.

A search of all pertinent literature shows that
Conrad in 1836 correctly named this species. His
account of Unio ochracea, var. fluviatilis Gmelin,
from Virginia, tells the whole story. Lister figured
this shell as Pectunculiis, thereby declaring it had
(sub-equal) teeth on the hinge, both anterior and
posterior to the beaks or umbones. Conrad said:
“variety A (fluviatilis) is very abundant in James
River, Virginia, where I found vast numbers of shells
brought ashore by seines used in the shad fishery in
March. So accurately does the above mentioned
variety agree with Lister’s figure and description, that
I cannot doubt the identity .... The specimen

figured has a double cardinal tooth in each valve.”
Such double cardinal teeth in each valve coincides
with Lister’s original placement of the shell as
Pectunculus. Conrad’s reference to the shad fishery
specimens seined from the James River probably indi-
cates the original method and place of discovery of
this species, almost, if not exactly, three hundred
years ago.

The references by Isaac Lea and others, of flu-
viatilis of Dillwyn to Anodonta cataracta Say, 1817,
are false. There is no Anodonta species from Colonial
Virginia that has high enough, swollen umbones to
match Lister’s figure 12. Apparently Gmelin called it
Mytilus fluviatilis because he saw no hinge teeth in
the (external only) figure. He forgot to read Lister’s
Pectunculus', we agree with Conrad’s correction of
this mistake by Gmelin.

Conrad’s 1836 reference to the earliest name
fluviatilis Gmelin, 1791 was completely and/or deli-
berately ignored by Isaac Lea, who left all fully
dentate mussels in the genus Unio all his life. On the
other hand. Lea in 1872, page 77, footnote, was not
too sure about the name for Lister’s plate 157; he
said: “probably Unio cariosus Say.” In the past
century, it was “Unio” for all references except
Rafinesque 1820, et seq., Stimpson 1851, and then
Simpson in 1900, who apparently put ochracea under
Lampsilis on account of the sexual dimorphism of the
shells. All previous authors in this century have left
the species in Lampsilis, simply because they did not
study the anatomy critically or comparatively.

Personal research on this species, mostly since
1971, has proven two things. Firstly - ochracea of
Say is the same as fluviatilis of Gmelin. Secondly — it
does not belong to the genus Lampsilis. Both Isaac
Lea in 1838, and Reardon in 1929, figured the gross
anatomy of this Atlantic species. Recent exami-
nations of numerous females from the Tar River, and
from Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, have corro-
borated the figures of Lea and Reardon. With smaller
glochidia, and a complete lack of “mantle flaps” or
papillae on the mantle margins of females, ventral to
the siphonal area, it is clearly a species of Leptodea.
This genus, of the subfamily Lampsilinae, has not
previously been recognized as including any species
living in the Atlantic Slope rivers.

No one has yet determined the fish host or hosts
of this mussel, but I believe it will be found to be one
of the anandromous species of Herring, Alewife, or
Shad, of the genus Alosa. Leptodea fluviatilis has not
been carried by its fish hosts above the Fall Line, in
rivers wherever there is a distinct falls, as at the Great
Falls of the Potomac. I have not seen any specimens
of this species, or of Lampsilis cariosa Say, that were
found living upstream of the Great Falls of the
Potomac.

The specimen figured was taken with a mussel bar
in 18 feet of water in the lower Appomattox River,
of the James River System, near Hopewell, Virginia,
June 12, 1973. Because of its almost complete
accordance with Lister’s figure 12 of Pectunculus,
this specimen, Leptodea fluviatilis U.S.N.M. No.
709986, is here selected as the NEOTYPE of Mytilus
fluviatilis Gmelin, 1791.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF MALACOLOGY AT
THE DELAWARE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

John Dyas Parker*

With the great burst of exploration triggered by
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, about 1450,
one country after another sent out exploring expedi-
tions. This enthusiasm has continued until the present
time. The first expeditions returned with souvenirs
for those who had advanced the money, and many of
these souvenirs were exotic shells. Soon the wealthy
or politically powerful had curio cabinets of this
material and eventually a brisk trade in shells result-
ed. From this beginning shell collections sprang up all
over Europe, reaching a peak between 1650 and
1800.

S. Peter Dance, of the British Museum (Natural
History), has gathered information on these collec-
tions in a fascinating book called Shell Collecting, an
Illustrated History. While this book is a wonderful
help to the student of European collections and
collectors, it doesn’t have much to say about North
American collections. Not until 1973 when Dr. R.
Tucker Abbott and a group of associates compiled
American Malacologists had much been done about
malacological history of this continent. Last Novem-
ber I suggested to Dr. Abbott that material be collect-
ed in an archive to be established at the Delaware
Museum of Natural History. The American Malaco-

logical Union maintains such a library at the DMNH,
but we decided if we were to put funds into our
endeavor, our collection should be the property of
the museum and remain there permanently. We then
notified the AMU that it could duplicate anything we
had in our historical library.

Dr. R. Tucker Abbott and I put up most of the
funds to meet the costs involved while the DMNH
underwrote the housekeeping expenses. Using
American Malacologists as a base, 1 started in January
to write over 670 persons listed in the book. From
these I have received many obituaries, biographies,
vitas, much correspondence and nearly 1000 pictures
of collectors. My wife, a graduate librarian, and I set j
up dossiers on each person listed in AM and establish-
ed a 1 4 division color code so we could see at a glance !
what was available on each collector. Among the illus-
trations on hand for future historians are photographs
of such well-known malacologists as H.A. Pilsbry,
C.M. Cooke, L. Hertlein, G.D. Hanna, A. A. Olsson,
W.J. Eyerdam, and E.P. Chace. These are but a few of j
the hundreds of items now in this unique historical j
library at the Delaware Museum of Natural History.
Further contributions are welcome. i

* Deleware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, DE 19807.

REMARKS ON WESTERN ATLANTIC HA(AC///N

Dorothy Raeihle*

The identification of several species of Anachis is
difficult because of the variability in color and dimen-
sion of shells within a species or among specimens
from the same station. In addition, the appearance of
the living animals is so alike that one description is
applicable not only to several species of Anachis but
also to species of Mitrella and Nitidella. Of Anachis
personally observed in aquaria, one still unidentified
species, collected in the Florida Keys, deposited cap-

sules each containing a single egg to hatch as crawling
young (Raeihle 1969; cf. ANSP 219895, 334590).
Each of the other species so observed, and those in
Brazil observed by Marcus and Marcus (1962),
hatched as swimming veligers.

Anachis iontha (Ravenel, 1861) collected at
Sanibel, Florida, varied greatly in color. It was iden-
tified by comparison of its egg capsules with those
figured for Pyrene albella iontha (Ravenel, 1861) by

*211 Milligan Road, West Babylon, NY 11704.

40

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

41

Perry and Schwengel (1955, PI. 50, fig. 344) and later
with shells in the collection of ANSP. A. floridana
Rehder, 1939 from Sebastian Inlet, Florida; A. trans-
lirata (Ravenel, 1861) from Long Island, New York,
and A. avara (Say, 1822) from Jekyll Island, Georgia
and Lake Worth, Florida also bred in the aquaria,
each species depositing a capsule of distinctly dif-
ferent sculpture. The identifications of these species
were resolved when their egg capsules were figured by
Scheltema (1968). It was most interesting that
Marcus and Marcus reported egg capsules with
structures identical to the above three species for
Anachis collected near Ubatuba, Brazil, respectively
A. brasiliana (v. Martens, 1897) and A. veleda
(Duclos, 1846) both of which deposited egg capsules
in captivity. The third type of egg capsule was field-
collected; Marcus and Marcus attributed them to A.
sparsa (Reeve, 1859) on the basis of comparison of
the shells of the hatching veligers to the protoconch
of adult A. sparsa. However, as these capsules are
structured as those of A. avara (Say) — like little
volcanoes, 2 ± mm — it indicates the desirability of
live observation of A. avara (C.B. Adams, 1845) (= A.
moleculina Duclos, 1835) whose range includes the
area where the capsules were collected.

Through the courtesy of Dr. J.J. Parodiz, Dr. E.C.
Rios, and Mr. Omar E. Sicardi, shells of South
American Anachis species were received for com-
parison with North American specimens. The shells of
A. floridana and A. brasiliana, both to around 1 1
mm, are so alike that small differences of color flecks,
and the lack of ribs on postnuclear whorls of A.
brasiliana, could be attributed to ecological con-
ditions. Their egg capsules are of the same structure;
1 ± mm, moderately globose with a flaring, starlike
collar around the hatch area. The shells of A. trans-
lirata and A. veleda are both about 1 6 mm and have
the same general dimensions. They show strong
similarities but the many ribs of A. veleda are heavy
and somewhat keeled at the sutures in comparison
with the fine ribs and low shoulders of A. translirata.
Their egg capsules are of like structure: 1-1/2 — 2
mm, resembling tiny crushed turbans.

As the shells of Anachis avara (Say) and A. sparsa
(Reeve) were observed to be quite unhke, the shells
of A. avara (Say) and A. avara (C.B. Adams) (= A.
moleculina Duclos) were compared and found to be
close in size (14 ± mm), dimension and pattern of
dentition, but the northern specimens were more
strongly ribbed, more colorful, and with more
rounded denticles. To add to the confusion, some
specimens of A. avara (Adams) (= A. moleculina) in
appearance suggested a large form of A. brasiliana. If
the reproduction of A. sparsa as well as A. avara
(Adams) (= A. moleculina) can be observed in cap-
tivity, (hopefully) their egg capsules may resolve the
questions of relationship.

Anachis obesa (C.B. Adams, 1845) was also col-
lected at Sanibel, Elorida, but did not thrive in our
aquarium and so feeding and reproduction was not
observed. These shells compare closely with one lot
of “A. isabellei (D’Orbigny, 1841)” from Uruguay.
This is in accord with the report of Parodiz (1962)
who gives the southern limit of A. obesa as Rio
Negro, Patagonia. Other lots of Anachis isabellei from
Brazil and Uruguay also give substantiation to the
opinion of Parodiz, who discussed differences
between A. obesa and A. isabellei and their confusing
synonymies, and to the opinions of Sicardi (1967;
also personal communication, 1974) and Figueiras
and Sicardi (1972) who consider that two species
have been lumped under A. isabellei. Again, live
observation may be of value. Unfortunately, living
specimens of Anachis are very difficult to obtain
along the coast of South America because of gene-
rally unfavorable collecting conditions.

In researching the species named in these remarks
an interesting pattern of distribution appeared. The
northern and southern species compared occurred in
similar degrees of north and south latitude; the ranges
of all the Anachis discussed were generally within
latitudes from approximately 10° to 40° north or
south.

LITERATURE CITED

Figueiras, A., and O.E. Sicardi. 1972. Catalogo de los
moluscos marinos del Uruguay, Part VII. Com-
mun. Soc. Malacol. Urug. 3: 169-186. figs.

161-183.

Marcus, E. and E. 1962. Studies on Columbellidae,
Bol. Fac. Files. Cienc. Let. Univ. Sao Paulo Ser.
Zool. No. 261 (24), pp. 335-402, 8 pi.

Parodiz. J.J. 1962. On South Atlantic Columbellidae.
Nautilus 76: 74, iii.

Perry, L. and J. Schwengel. 1955. Marine Shells of
Western Coast of Florida. Paleontological Res.
Inst., Ithaca, N.Y. 318 pp., 55 pi.

Raeihle, D. 1969. Egg Cases of Nitidella ocellata
Gmelin and an Anachis. Am. Malacol. Union. Ann.
Rep. Bull. No. 36, pp. 25-26.

Rios, E.C. 1970. Coastal Brazilian Seashells, Museu
Oceanografico de Rio Grande, R. S. 253 1/2-1/2/.
60 pi. 4 maps.

Scheltema, A.H. 1968. Redescriptions of Anachis
avara (Say) and Anachis translirata (Ravenel) with
notes on some related species (Prosobranchia,
Columbellidae). Breviora No. 304, pp. 2-19, 1 pi.,
4 text-fig.

Sicardi, O.E. 1967. Especies Atribuidas a la Influencia
de la Corriente del Brasil. Comun. Soc. Malacol.
Urug. 2: 49-60.

Sicardi, O.E. 1974. Personal communication.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

MOLLUSKS OF GATUN LOCKS, PANAMA CANAL'

Joseph Rosewater* *

The East chambers of Gatun Locks were de-
watered early in March 1974 for repairs. On March 3,
4, and 5 collections were made from floors and walls
of the drained upper, middle and lower chambers
respectively. Mollusks were collected at six main
stations corresponding to the upper and lower
portions of each chamber. As the Gatun Locks carry
ship traffic from the freshwater Gatun Lake down 85
feet to the level of the Atlantic Ocean this survey was
thought to be a good test of the preventive effect of
the freshwater barrier of the lake on transport of
marine species through the canal.

Hildebrand (1939) reported only two mollusk
species from Gatun Locks: Brachidontes exustus
(Linne) and Neritina meleagris Lamarck [= N. usnea
(Roding)] both also mentioned in the present report;
but he made no definite mention of the several addi-
tional species found in the present survey. It is not
known whether these additional species were present
at that time and not collected or if they are new
introductions. The locks are dewatered on a more or
less regular basis as repairs or cleaning are necessary.
Depending on the length of time the chambers are
dry, it is probable that many hving aquatic in-
habitants are killed and must be recruited anew when
the chambers are refilled.

As mentioned by Jones and Dawson (1973) a
number of attempts have been made to theorize on
the possibihties for passage of marine animals through
the locks and the conditions which would permit
such passage. Jones and Dawson made the first care-
ful temperature and salinity measurements in the
several locks of the canal. In the case of the Gatun
Locks their readings show that the upper chamber
nearest Gatun Lake is virtually fresh water; the
middle has a salinity of only a few parts per
thousand; the lowest chamber is considerably more
saline with readings ranging from 6.3%o in the upper
part to 14.3%o at its lower end. These salinities
apparently are high enough to support life in the
marine species found. The upper and middle
chambers are inhabited by species with tolerances
ranging from freshwater (Neritina and Mytilopsis) to
brackish water. See Table 1.

OBSERVATIONS ON DEWATERED EAST
CHAMBERS

Upper chamber - the walls and floor were uni-
formly fairly bare. Neritina predominated in the
upper portion with Mytilopsis appearing in the lower
part; dead shells of Isognomon and Brachidontes were
present and are believed to have been washed in
from the middle chamber.

Middle chamber - Neritina was still present but
Mytilopsis was becoming more numerous; a few
Brachidontes were present in the upper part, they
were very common at mid point and many were
present in the lower part, A few living /rognom on lay
unattached on the floor of the lower part showing
evidence of having been washed in from the lowest
chamber.

Lower chamber - Neritina was absent; living
Isognomon were attached to the walls and floor in
large numbers throughout the lock, but were
increasingly numerous toward the lower part.
Brachidontes noticeably clustered around the sump
holes in the floor. Thais was present at least from the
mid to lower end, where the wails were heavily
encrusted with organisms; Area, Chama, sponge, and
tube worms. A single specimen of Alexania was
collected with its egg mass from the underside of a
rock on the floor near the middle of the chamber.

CONCLUSION

The assemblages of mollusks collected in the
several chambers of Gatun Locks give considerable
support to the statement of Jones and Dawson
(1973) that the Panama Canal constitutes a barrier to
the migration of the stenohahne marine biota
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

LITERATURE CITED

Hildebrand, S.F. 1939. The Panama Canal as a Pass-
ageway for Fishes, with Lists and Remarks on the
Fishes and Invertebrates Observed. Zoologica,
N.Y. Zool. Soc. 24(1): 15-45, 2 plates.

Jones, M.L. and C.E. Dawson. 1973. Salinity -
Temperature Profiles in the Panama Canal Locks.
Mar. Biol. 21: 86-90, 4 figs.

1 This study is a portion of the National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama
Survey in progress since 1971 to provide adequate coOections of-and research on-that fauna in the event a sea level canal is to
be constructed.

* National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560.

42

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

43

Table 1

Dominant Living

Mollusks found in East Chambers, Gatun Locks,

March 1974.

Species

Upper Chamber

Middle Chamber

Lowest Chamber

1/ 21 31

U(O.l) L(0.3)

U(l.l)

L(1.3)

U(6.3)

L(14.3)

Neritina usnea (Roding)

X X

X

X

Mytilopsis sallei (Reciuz)

X

X

X

Brachidontes exustus (Linne)

X

X

X4/

X

Isognomon alatus (Gmelin)

X

X

X

Alexania floridana (Pilsbry)

X

Thais haemastoma floridana

X

X

(Conrad)

Area zebra Swainson

Area imbricata Bruguiere

Chama macerophylla Gmelin

Sphenia antillensis Dali and
Simpson

1/ U = Upper to middle portion of lock chamber

21 figures in parentheses are salinities in parts per thousand read at chamber bottoms in April 1972
(Jones and Dawson, 1973)

3/ L = Middle to lower portion of lock chamber

4/ living only around sump holes

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

METAL CONTENT OF THE NAIAD SHELL AND
ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SEX AND AGE'

Linda D. Saville* * and Sandra S. Sterrett*

GAMMA SPECTRUM OF A SAMPLE AFTER A 5 MINUTE IRRADIATION

adapted from Meirltt (t9T4)

Fig. 1. Gamma spectrums of a naiad shell sample after a five-minute irradiation showing the radioactive decay
two minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes and four hours after irradiation.

Naiades are sessile filter-feeding animals and de-
posit their shells in characteristic annual layers. Thev
are also known to deposit certain metals in the
CaC03 crystal lattice (Turekian and Armstrong, 1960;
Nelson, 1966). These characteristics make them good
candidates for biological monitors of heavy metal
pollution in our rivers and streams.

Before their reputation as a monitor can be
established much preliminary work on the natural

variation in the shell content of metals due to age,
sex, formation year and species must be determined.
This is the work in which we are currently engaged.
Specifically, in the part of our study represented
here, we looked at metal differences in relation to sex
and age in Amblema plicata (Say, 1817) and
Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque, 1820).

All naiades used were collected from the Muskin-
gum River at Lowell, Ohio, and thus the environment

1 Tins study was funded by the Water Resources Center with the assistance of the Ohio State University’s Nuclear Reactor Lab
and Museum of Zoology.

* Ohio State University, Water Resources Center, Columbus, OH 43210.

44

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

45

Ca Mn Na Ca

Fig. 2. Comparisons of the Ca, Mn and Na levels in two different layers from seven-year-old A. plicata speci-
mens; one laid down in 1969 when the animals were three years old and one laid down in 1973 when the
animals were seven. Information based on five males and two females. The stippled area represents the range of
metal content values.

was eliminated as a variable. The shells were separated
into annual peripheral nacre layers (Sterrett and
Saville, in press), and each layer was analyzed for
metals by neutron activation (Heath, 1964). The
detection system used was a Nal(Tl) crystal and a
400 channel pulse height analyser.

Samples were irradiated for five minutes to deter-
mine the presence of short-hved nuclides and for four
hours to detect longer hved nuclides. Since the four-
hour irradiation results have not yet been analyzed
this paper concerns only the five-minute irradiation
results. Ca, Mn and Na were found in all samples. The
amounts of the metals present in each sample are
represented in the form of counts per minute per
gram, a value proportional to the concentration of
the metal in the shell.

Sex differences were tested by using two different
layers from seven-year-old A. plicata specimens; one
laid down in 1969 when the animal was three years
old and one laid down in 1973 when the animal was
seven. The results are based on five males and two
females (see fig. 2). Such a small sample size makes
definite conclusions difficult, but in this test sex
differences did not seem to be significant. Significant
sex differences would not be expected in the three-
year-old samples since the animals were almost
certainly not sexually mature at this age (Stein,
1973). The fact that sex differences seem insigni-
ficant in both seven- and three-year-old samples from
the same individual lends support to the possibility
that sex differences are not important. Mn, the most
variable of the three metals (see ranges, stippled area

46

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

AGE DIFFERENCES

Fig. 3. Comparisons of Ca, Mn and Na levels in four-, five- and seven-year-old A. plicata specimens and nine-, 10-
and 1 1-year-old Q. quadrula specimens. Information is based on four four-year-old specimens, three five-year-
old specimens, seven seven-year-old specimens, four 10-year-old specimens and four 1 1 -year-old specimens. The
stippled area represents the range of metal content values.

in fig. 2), also would be expected to show sex diffe-
rences plainly, if they existed, and does not. In a
study of Mn content of gastropod shell, sex was not
seen to be significant (Merhni, et al., 1965). Since it is
probable that sex makes little or no difference in the
ability of the individual to deposit either Ca, Mn or
Na in its shell, sex was disregarded as a variable in the
remainder of our analyses.

Individuals of A. plicata of four, five and seven
years old and Q. quadrula of nine, 10 and 11 were
tested for age differences (see fig. 3). Ca and Na
differences appear to be insignificant in all cases,
while Mn differences appear to be significant. In both
species Mn levels increase with increasing age. Merlini,
et al., (1965) found that Mn content increased with
shell size (i.e. with age) in specimens of Unio. Nelson
(1961) suggests that differences in the metal content

of naiad shell related to age may be due to surface to
volume relationships. Since young animals have a
greater surface to volume ratio, ionic exchange is
more rapid and metals would have a greater chance of
escaping back into the environment. He also suggests
that differences in growth rates with increasing age
may lead to metal concentration differences.

Ca and Na levels seem to change little with age,
although fig. 3 suggests that Ca levels do seem to
increase slightly with age. Ca levels would be
expected to be closely controlled regardless of age
since the vast majority of the shell is made up of
CaC03. That Ca levels are quite consistent has been
demonstrated (Nelson, 1961). Na levels in an animal
are also usually under quite strict control. Mn on the
other hand, may be less carefully controlled. In
noting the ranges of Mn levels (fig. 3) we found our

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74,

data support this supposition.

So far our work suggests differences in metal levels
are more closely related to age than to sex, and that
sex is probably not a significant factor in this work.

Quite a bit of work is yet to be done. The analysis
of our four-hour irradiations will yield information
on metals with longer-lived nuclides. We can then see
if this information matches the results already
obtained for sex and age differences. Further age and
sex studies will be carried out on older and younger
specimens, and achieving (hopefully) better ratios of
male to female. Studies of differences between
species are also underway. Analyses of prismatic,
periostracum and laminar nacre are being planned to
determine if metals show up equally well in all shell
layers.

After inherent differences of the shell’s metal con-
centrations are fairly well established, water samples
and shell layer samples can be correlated to see how
well the shell reflects the metal content of the water
environment.

LITERATURE CITED

Heath, R.L. 1964. Scintillation spectrometry gamma-
ray spectrum catalogue. 2nd ed., Vol. 1 of 2. U.S.
Atomic Energy Comm. 203 pp.

Merhni, Margaret, F. Giardi, R. Pietra, A. Brazzelli.

1965. The stable manganese content of molluscs
from Lake Maggiore determined by activation
analysis. Limnol. Ocean. 10: 371-378.

Merritt, John C., Jr. 1974. The development of a
technique to analyze the elemental content of
naiad shells using neutron activation analysis. M.S.
Thesis, Ohio State Univ.

Nelson, D.J. 1961, The strontium and calcium rela-
tionships in Clinch and Tennessee River mollusks,
p. 203-212. In V. Schults and A. W. Klement, Jr.,
(Eds.). Radioecology. Chapman & Hall, Ltd.,
London.

Nelson, D.J. 1966. High-purity calcium carbonate in
freshwater clam shell. Science 152(3727):
1368-1370.

Stein, Carol B. 1973. The life history of Amblema
plicata (Say, 1817), the three-ridge naiad
(Mollusca: Bivalvia). Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State
Univ.

Sterrett, Sandra S., and Linda D. Saville. 1975. A
technique to separate the annual layers of a naiad
shell (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Unionacea) for analysis
by neutron activation. Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union,
Inc., 1974:55-57.

Turekian, Karl K., and Richard L. Armstrong 1960.
Magnesium, strontium, and barium concentrations
and calcite-aragonite ratios of some recent mollus-
can shells. J. Mar. Res. 1 8(3): 133-151.

CHARACTER WEIGHTING IN EAND SNAIL CLASSIFICATION

Alan Solem *

One of the most common disputes in systematic
hterature concerns the relationships between taxa.
One specialist uses character “A” to indicate close
similarity, while another specialist maintains that
character “B” indicates a different grouping. How we
should select and evaluate characters for systematic
analysis is at the center of biological theorizing by
systematists in the 1970’s. Studies based on mollusks
lag far behind studies on other groups in terms of
attempting to cope with these problems.

This report attempts to survey briefly the basic
data sets that have been used to classify land snails, to
indicate major gaps in our knowledge, and then to
describe one way in which selection and weighting of
characters can be approached. It is not an attempt at

* Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605.

an exhaustive review, but a very preliminary outline
to stimulate thought. It deliberately does not try to
catalog or categorize current studies.

Because of its many and obvious features, plus ease
of preservation, the shell of snails has been and con-
tinues to be used extensively in classification. From
an initial division (Linne, 1758) into Helix and
Bulimus on the basis of shape, progressively more
detailed features have been studied and utilized.
Ferussac (1821-2) cited the peripheral shape,
sculpture, presence or absence of apertural barriers,
and umbilical contours as criteria in separating
groups. Beck (1837) showed an intuitive genius in
recognizing shell similarities and differences that led
to his dividing the land snails into 126 “sections”.

47

48

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

Many of these genera are used today in very nearly
their original sense. Building on this basis, Albers
(1850) and von Martens (1860) coped with the rising
number of land snail species by expanding the
number of genera, sections and families. All of this
work was conchological. It is still a rare situation
where features enabling identification of a biospecies
cannot be discovered in the shell. Frequently, how-
ever, the initial discovery that more than one species
was represented among a series of populations
occurred because data from other organ systems,
behaviour, genetics, biochemistry, or breeding experi-
ments showed that reproductive isolation existed.
Subsequent study usually finds shell differences from
which identifications can be made.

Currently the shell microstructure is just starting
to be examined. The study of suboptical features in
sculpture, periostracum, shell layers, bonding of the
organic and calcareous layers, details of embryo-
logical development of the shell, and shell repair
mechanisms, all can be expected to yield basic data of
great potential systematic utihty.

Robert Hooke (1665) called the jaw of a snail its
“teeth”, illustrating this as one of the first biological
objects examined through a microscope. It was not
until the time of Morch (1860, 1865), however, that
a systematic evaluation of the jaw in land pulmonates
was undertaken. Morch’s division of the land
mollusks into major groups based on jaw shape,
structure and ridging is now only of historical inter-
est. The convergent nature of jaw shape and gross
sculpture is generally accepted, although the classi-
fication of Pelseneer (1906) still was based on
Morch’s system. Studies of jaw microsculpture,
chemical composition, and micro-architecture could
yield highly useful data. Casual observations (Solem,
unpublished) with the scanning electron microscope
(SEM) suggest that major differences exist in the jaws
of land mollusks.

Scattered observations on the radula occurred in
the early to mid-1800’s, but it was the monumental
work by Troschel (1856-1893) that estabhshed the
utility of the radula in distinguishing genera, species
and even families. Continued use of radular data,
from information obtained through optical micro-
scopes, gradually is being replaced by studies using
the SEM.

The first illustrations of land snail genitaha were
by Swammerdam in the mid-1600’s. Although not
published until 100 years later (Swammerdam, 1752),
they set a level of knowledge and quahty not equalled
until nearly 1900. Exquisite illustrations by Leidy
(1851) slightly preceded pioneer works by Schmidt
(1855) and Moquin-Tandon (1855), who used the
genital system in systematic studies. While Fischer
0883) gave high systematic weight to the number of
genital openings, it remained for Pilsbry (1893) to
articulate the basic outline of systematically
important features. His (Pilsbry, 1893, p. 389) recom-
mendations that one should observe the

“Shape of the penis and presence or absence of

internal papilla and external appendix; presence or

absence of flagellum or epiphallus; point of inser-
tion of the retractor muscle and of the vas

deferens. Upon the female system should be
noticed the absence or presence and form of dart
sacks, darts, mucous glands or appendicula; the
length of the spermathecal duct; the form of the
caeca of the ovotestis and whether they are
embedded in the liver or free; and finally whether
the right eye-peduncle is retracted between the
branches of the genitalia or to the left side”
set a standard that held essentially unchanged until
about 1960. Since then a number of workers have
begun examining finer details of the genital system,
analyzing homologies and functional significance, and
attempting to develop some ideas as to directionality
of observed changes. Only a few taxa have been
sampled and this work is in purely initial stages of
development.

Use of the pallial cavity configurations and
excretory system in land snail classification dates
from Semper and Simroth (1894) and Pilsbry (1900a,
1900b). Critical comments and expanded observa-
tions by Watson (1920), Wachtler (1934) and H.B.
Baker (1955) have led to an ordinal level classifica-
tion of the stylommatophoran land snails based
largely on this organ complex. The data prior to the
studies of BouiUon (I960) and Bouillon and Delhaye
(1970) were based on gross dissection. A huge variety
of taxa remain to be studied at the tissue and cellular
levels of observation.

Study of the caudal mucus gland, foot grooves,
and integument date from work in the 1 890’s, with
Pilsbry (1896) assigning high significance to the foot
grooves, although Watson (1920), Wachtler (1935)
and H.B. Baker (1955) assigned somewhat lesser
weight. The fine structure and functional significance
of these structures still remain to be determined.

Work on the nervous system (Bargmann, 1930 and
Van Mol, 1967), chromosome numbers (J.B. Burch,
et. ah), karyotype analysis (Butot and Kiauta, 1967),
and various studies on the molecular level (immuno-
logy, electrophoresis, protein evolution) are beginning
to yield data of great potential value in systematics.

Unfortunately the tendency still prevails for each
worker to focus on one set of characters and make
sweeping conclusions concerning affinities of species
based on one organ system. All too often the desira-
bility of using data from a variety of systems is
ignored. The examples of Semper (1870-1880),
Pilsbry (1893, 1893-4, 1900a, 1900b, 1919, 1948),
Watson (1915, 1920), Steenberg (1925) and the
many contributions by H.B. Baker in which a variety
of systems are studied still have not been adopted as
standards. The recommendation of Pilsbry (18934,
p. xxvii) that

“a natural (^phylogenetic) classification of Pul-
monates should be based upon:

Organs of protection (Shell, mantle, integument
of body).

Organs of locomotion (foot with pedal-grooves,
tail gland, etc.).

Organs of reproduction (genitalia, comparative
size of eggs, etc.).

Organs of nutrition O'aw and teeth, intestinal
tract, kidney).

Nervous system (including sense-organs such as

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

tentacles, etc.).

Muscle system.”
remains equally timely now.

As in systematic studies in most groups of organ-
isms, the initial “whole organism” impressions con-
cerning land snails in the late 1700’s expanded into
studies of organ systems through gross dissections,
histological observations in the late 1800’s and early
1900’s on the tissue level with optical microscopes,
cellular observations with new techniques of prepara-
tion and modern optical equipment in the mid-
1900’s, and recently into suboptical studies with
transmission and scanning electron microscopes.
Simultaneously with the latter approaches, bio-
chemical studies have commencedo The electron
microscope and biochemical studies require sophis-
ticated equipment available only at a few centers and
training in technology that until very recently was
not available routinely to graduate students. The
resulting almost overwhelming mass of potential data
in every field undoubtedly has served to focus
attention on the problem of how to evaluate con-
flicting evidence.

In the early 1960’s, the phenetic approach, based
on the Adansonian idea that “all characters are of
equal value”, enjoyed a brief vogue. Realization that
many characters are correlated, demonstrations con-
cerning the prevalence of convergent evolution, and
the growing triumphs of functional morphology in
understanding the origin and significance of
structures led a return to phyletic analysis. Formerly
handled on a relatively intuitive basis, this school of
systematics considers that “some characters are
important in interpreting directions of evolutionary
change, while others are relatively trivial". The
obvious questions relating to this view are “How do
you tell which character is important and which is
trivial? ”, “If two organisms have the same character,
is this the result of common origin or convergent
evolution? ”, “Are the similarities and differences
shown by species being studied the result of con-
vergence, divergence, or independent origin? ”

The pheneticists claim that it is virtually impos-
sible to answer these questions. Certainly it is diffi-
cult to do so, but at least an approximation is
possible. The approach I am attempting to use in
understanding the patterns of land snail evolution,
and hence higher systematic categories, involves
trying to separate different levels of evolutionary
change. Implicit in this approach is the concept of
“progress”, that is, change in ecological relationships
over time, leading to “success” measured by group
survival, diversification in ways of living, and/or
persistence in a taxonomic sense.

I The most significant level of evolutionary change,

I and presumably the rarest, involves a shift in adaptive
; zones, such as the movement from water to land,
changes in water conservation patterns on land,

■ evolution from shelled mollusk to slug, and possibly
the shift from cell content sucking to detritus con-
sumption. A second, and much more common level,
involves the process of diversification, whether in an
ecological vacuum or as a more gradual process. The
change from terrestrial to arboreal life, herbivore to

49

carnivore, moist to semi-arid habitat dweller, detritus
to “live plant” (algal sheets, fungi, plants) feeder, and
major shifts in niche position are included in this
level. Finally there is the most common level of
change, involving sympatric species interactions. The
well established concepts of competitive exclusion,
character displacement, niche specialization, and
effects of predator selection will result in changes at
the population or species level. Tliey also initiate the
beginnings of shifts leading to diversification or a real
change in adaptive zone.

All the characters observed in a group of snails,
whether the characters be shell, anatomical, cellular,
behavioral, or biochemical, must be thought of in
terms of functional significance to the snail, parti-
cularly in comparison with potentially related species.
It must be asked “Could this behavioral/genetic/
biochemical/anatomical/shell/radular variation be the
result of selection caused by local species inter-
actions; does it permit a shift in way of living com-
pared with similar species; is the character common
through a group, present in a few, or unique to one
species; do the species all have very similar “life
styles” or is one species “different” in its ecological
role; is the different type simply an “odd ball” or
does it presage a “new way” of living.”

In theory this approach would require an in-
credible amount of work, since reviewing all charac-
ters would be a monumental task. In practice, the
high degree of character correlation within a group
means that a relatively small number of features vary
extensively, a major grouping of characters serves to
separate clusters of species (genera and families), and,
when dealing with closely related taxa, only a few
species show evidence of exploring “new ways of
living”.

Organisms do not exist in a static world, but con-
stantly interact with other species. In recent years
dramatic advances in understanding species and
community ecology have occurred. A “marriage” of
the data from systematic observations and the
accumulated ecological data offers perhaps the best
hope for a real advance in understanding the evolu-
tion and coping with the diversity of the 25,000 land
snail species.

We are only beginning to study this diversity, the
newly available electronic tools and biochemical tech-
niques have been used by a handful of workers, and
many lifetimes of study are needed. Yet without a
framework of reference, in the absence of a clearly
defined way in which to evaluate the significance of
the observed variations, it will be extremely difficult,
if not impossible, to develop a classification and
understanding of land snail evolution with predictive
values. The major practical advantage of phyletic
classification lies in its ability to predict many
features of the behaviour, feeding, possible parasites,
and general ecology of “unknown species” showing
structural affinity to a group. We do not, at present,
have a truly phyletic classification of the land snails,
but hopefully the methodology briefly outlined
above can lead to the development of one.

50

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

LITERATURE CITED

Albers, J.C. 1850. Die Heliceen. Berlin, 262 pp.

Baker, H.B. 1955. Nautilus 68(4): 109-1 12.
Bargmann, H.E. 1930. Linnean Society of London
(Zoology) J. 37: 1-92.

Beck, H. 1837. Index Molluscorum Christian! Fre-
deric!. Copenhagen, 124 pp.

Bouillon, J. 1960. Annales des Sciences Naturelles:

Zoologie et Biologie Animale (12) 2: 719-749.
Bouillon, J. & W. Delhaye. 1970. Annales des
Sciences Naturelles: Zoologie et Biologie Animale
(12)12: 1-26.

Butot, L.J.M. & B. Kiauta. 1967. Beaufortia 14
(174): 157-164.

Ferussac, A.E.J. 1821-2. Tab. Syst. de Animales
Moll., Part 2. Paris.

Fischer, P. 1883. Manuel de Conchyhologie et de
Paleontologie Conchyliologique 5: 417-512.

Hooke, R. 1665. Micrographia. London, 274 pp.
Leidy, J. 1851. Special Anatomy of the Terrestrial
Gastropods of the United States. In A. Binney’s
The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the
United States, and the Adjacent Territories of
North America. Boston: Little and Brown, pp.
198-260.

Linne, K. von. 1758. Systema Naturae (10) 1.

Martens, E. von. 1860. Die Heliceen. Zweite Ausgabe.
Leipzig, pp. 1-312.

Moquin-Tandon, A. 1855. Histoire Naturelle des
Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de France.
Vol. ML Paris.

Morch, O.A.L. 1860. Malakozoologische Blatter 6:
102-126.

Morch, O.A.L. 1865. Jour, de Conchyl. 13: 265-283.
Pelseneer, P. 1906. Molliisca. In Lankester’s Treatise
on Zoology.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1893. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1892: 387-404.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1893-4. Man. Conch. (2) 9: 1-366.
Pilsbry, H.A. 1896. Nautilus 9 (10): 109-1 1 1.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1900a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1900: 561-567, pi. 17.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1900b. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1900: 568-581.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1919. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 40:
1-370.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America
(North of Mexico), vol. 2, pt. 2.

Schmidt, A. 1855. Abhandlungen des Naturwissen-
schaftlichen Vereines fiir Sachsen und Thirringen
in Halle. I: 1-52.

Semper, C. 1870-1880. Reisen im Archipel der
Philippinen. Dritter Band, Landmollusken: 1-264.
Semper, C. & H. Simroth. 1894. Reisen im Archipel
der Philippinen. Dritter Band, Landmollusken,
Sweites Erganzungsheft: 45-91.

Steenberg, C.M. 1925. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
Dansk naturhistorisk Forening 80: 1-211.
Swammerdam, J. 1752. Bibel der Natur. Leipzig.
Troschel, F. 1856-1893. Das Gebiss der Schnecken. 2
vol.

Van Mol, J.-J. 1967. Mem. Acad. Roy. Belgique (8°)
37 (5): 1-168.

Wachtler, W. 1934. Zoologischer Anzeiger 105 (7-8):
161-172.

Wachtler, W. 1935. Jahrbucher der Akademie
gemeinniitziger Wissenschaften zu Erfurt 52:
107-135.

Watson, H. 1915. Annals of the Natal Museum 3 (2):
107-267.

Watson, H. 1920. Proc. Malacol. Soc. London 14 (1):
6-30.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

THE PLEUROCERIDAE AND UNIONIDAE OF

THE MIDDLE FORK HOLSTON RIVER IN VIRGINIA

David H. Stansbery* and William J. Clench*

The Middle Fork Holston River is one of several
headwater streams of the Tennessee River system. It
has its origin in a number of cold springs just above
the village of Groseclose in the Ridge and Valley
Province of the Southern Appalachians of western
Virginia. From this point it flows in meandering
fashion southwest down its valley, joining the South
Fork Holston River at what is now the head of South
Holston Impoundment, This man-made modification
is responsible for the elimination of most forms of
river life from the impounded part of the South Fork;
but the impoundment appears to have had httle
effect on the Middle Fork except for a few miles near
its mouth. Other factors which may have a delete-
rious effect on the Middle Fork mollusk fauna in-
clude domestic and industrial wastes from the com-
munities of Marion and Chilhowie and the silts and
pesticides associated with valley farming.

Favorable factors for molluscan life include the
soluble limestone bedrock of the entire length of the
Middle Fork valley. Topographic maps show the
valley dotted with sinkhole depressions. The forested
slopes on either side, in combination with abundant
rainfall, provide a relatively constant source of cool,
clear water throughout the year. The high gradient
and coarse substrate of the stream bed result in
frequent riffles or shoals which maintain high levels
of dissolved oxygen and keep the particulate food of
the filter-feeding bivalves available in suspension.

Considering these factors, it is not surprising that
the Middle Fork Holston and many other upper
Tennessee system tributaries have (or had) such an
unusual abundance, in both species and numbers, of
river mollusks. What is surprising is that Reed Creek,
a tributary of New River, which flows northeast out
of this same valley and whose headwaters inter-
digitate with those of the Middle Fork, had only a
very few species of river mollusks. Quite obviously,
the fauna of a river system depends on more than
favorable habitat. Whether or not ancestral forms of
any given species had access to a stream system
clearly appears to be a major factor to be considered
in each such problem.

It is the primary objective of this study to deter-
mine what species of pleurocerid snails and unionid
bivalves live in the Middle Fork Holston River and to
learn the pattern of distribution of the various species
within the stream. This information provides a base
for an equally interesting problem, that of deter-
mining what factors are responsible for the origin and
maintenance of these patterns of distribution We
hope that this report will provide inspiration and
insight to others who are also interested in solving the
problems of ecological zoogeography.

Several early studies (Say, 1825; Lewis, 1871;
Pilsbry and Rhoads, 1896; and Beopple and Coker,
1912) dealt with the Holston River in general terms
or the Holston proper below the confluence of the
forks. The earhest known specific reference to Middle
Fork mollusks, however, was that of Adams (1915:
19) in his study of lo fluvialis (Say, 1825). Adams
notes that

“The probabilities are that lo does not occur in
the Middle Fork, nor in the South Fork, above the
junctions of the two streams near Barron, Va. I
examined the streams at this place . . . but found
no evidence of them upon the rocky shoals which
abound in the Middle Fork near its mouth . . .”

We also found no trace of lo in this study.

In his study of the naiades of the upper Tennessee
system, Ortmann (1918: 610) made 2 collections on
the Middle Fork in Smyth County, Virginia. At
Marion, about 10 miles below the source, he found
two unionid species. At Chilhowie, about 20 miles
below the source and slightly more than halfway to
the mouth, he was successful in taking 1 2 species.
The air-distance from Marion downstream to
Chilhowie is only about 10 miles, while the increase
in unionid diversity revealed in Ortmann’s collections
is a factor of six. This fact, in view of our recent
experience on the North Fork Holston River
(Stansbery and Clench, 1974), led us to carefully
sample the Middle Fork every few miles from its
origin through Marion to Chilhowie, and to make
enough collections below Chilhowie to give us the
distribution patterns of the species involved.

* The Ohio State University Museum of Zoology, Columbus, OH 43210.

51

52

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Collections were made along the main course at
each reasonable point of access in 1968, 1970, 1973,
and 1974. The approximately 40 mile distance was
sampled at 21 sites. Four of these sites were re-
sampled on a second or third occasion to compensate
for such factors as high water, poor lighting, or lack
of time, on the first visit. We made a sincere effort to
determine the entire mollusk fauna at each site
although this sometimes required spending all or most
of a day at a single collection site. All specimens
collected were either living or represented by fresh
shells unless otherwise indicated. No evidence was
found of the previous existence of species not hsted
here. We found the fauna to consist of 4 pleurocerids
and 18 unionids, a total of 22 species.

A comparison of the Middle Fork faunal list with
that of the North Fork, 23 species, shows the number
of species present to be nearly the same. An exami-
nation of species composition, however, reveals some
interesting differences. Species absent from the
Middle Fork but recorded for the North Fork include
Strophitiis undulatus tennesseensis (Frierson, 1927),
Fusconaia edgariana (Lea, 1840), Toxolasma (=
Caruncidina 1. livid us (Raf., 1831) and lo Jluvialis
(Say, 1825). All of these species were recorded
only for the lowermost 3-4 miles of the North
Fork suggesting that the Middle Fork retains
its headwater environment for a much greater
distance downstream. This is further indicated by the
presence of Lasmigona holstonia*, long known as a
headwater species (Ortmann 1918: 557), at 3 of the 4
uppermost sites of the Middle Fork. There are no
records of this species for the North Fork.

The pleurocerid species of the two forks are the
same except for the time-honored records of lo from
the lowermost North Fork at Saltville. An examina-
tion of the distribution of these snails reveals pat-
terns, however, that are quite different from those
that were expected. Goniobasis simplex was found at
all of the upper 14 collection sites in the Middle Fork
while in the North Fork it was limited to only 2 of
the upper 4 sites. It was also found that Pleurocera
uncialis did not become part of the fauna until the
11th site with Spirodon patula and Anculosa sub-
globosa appearing at the 12th site. This evidence
further emphasizes the persistence of headwater con-
ditions far downstream in the Middle Fork.

The arrangement of Middle Fork species in a distri-
butional table reveals in graphic form the sudden
change in diversity suggested by Ortmann’s 2 col-
lections (made in 1912 and 1913) and further
supported by the observations noted above. Species
diversity varies from 1 to 3 throughout the first 1 1
sites of the Middle Fork, a distance of over 20 miles.
Over the same distance the North Fork achieves a
diversity of 10 species. The 13th site on the Middle
Fork, however, shows a dramatic increase in diversity
to 13 species. Ortmann’s collections indicate that this
condition is of at least 50 years’ duration.

Whatever the conditions responsible for this per-
sistent headwater habitat in the Middle Fork, they are
effectively, and rather suddenly, reduced at this point
about midway between Marion and Seven Mile Ford.
The transition zone in both streams is indicated by

the point where Goniobasis simplex, the uppermost
headwater pleurocerid, is joined by Spirodon patula,
another headwater species and where Villosa iris
nehiilosa and Villosa vanuxemi are joined by Pegias
fabula, Pleurobema oviforme, and Medionidus con-
radicus. This transition occurs just over 5 miles down-
stream from the source of the North Fork and about
17 miles downstream from the source of the Middle
Fork.

The topographic maps of the area were examined
in the hope that some physiographic feature or
features might provide a probable answer. The most
apparent differences are the narrower upper valley,
greater habitation, and extensive Karst topography of
the Middle Fork valley. Since this distribution pattern
existed at the time of Ortmann’s collections (1912
and 1913) before Marion and Chilhowie had grown to
their present size, factors associated with recent
population increases do not appear to be responsible.
The number of solution depressions combined with
vegetated slopes and a relatively long narrow valley,
at least down to Marion, may well reflect a stream
generously provided with cold ground water. This
could readily result in lower mean stream tempera-
tures and the maintenance of headwater habitat for
an unusually long distance downstream. The physio-
graphy of the valley and the sudden increase in
mollusk diversity independently place the area of
change midway between Marion and Chilhowie,

While the above may explain the absence of
certain species from upper Middle Fork, it does not
explain the presence of Elliptio dilatatus, a common
species here or Epioblasma (= Dysnomia) walkeri, one
of the rarest forms present.

The understanding of the nature and origin of
faunal distributions, even in stream headwaters, is
fraught with many difficulties. Not the least of these
is our ignorance of many, perhaps most, of the
factors involved. Certainly aquatic organisms and the
streams in which they live have evolved together. It ||
may well be that our crude efforts to understand the
relationships existing between them today may i
eventually lead to a far better understanding of both
than we could have achieved through the study of
each independently.

* See table for authors and dates of species if not given in
text.

LITERATURE CITED

Adams, Charles C. 1915. The variations and ecolo-
gical distribution of the snails of the Genus lo.
Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 12(2): 1-92, 61 pis.
Boepple, J.F. and Robert E. Coker. 1912. Mussel
resources of the Holston and Chnch Rivers of
eastern Tennessee. U.S. Bur. Fish. Document No.
765: 1-13. I

Goodrich, Calvin. 1950. Goniobasis proxima (Say).
Nautilus 63(3): 78-80.

Lewis, James. 1871. On the shells of the Holston j
River. Amer. J. Conch. 6(3): 216-226. i

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater
mussels) of the upper Tennessee Drainage. With j

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

53

notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. 57(6): 521-626, 1 map.

Pilsbry, Henry A. and Samuel N. Rhoads. 1896. Con-
tributions to the Zoology of Tennessee. No. 4,
Mollusks. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 48:
487-506.

Say, Thomas. 1825. Descriptions of some new species
of fresh water and land shells of the United Slates.
J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 5: 129.

Stansbery, David H. and William J. Clench. 1974. The
Pleuroceridae and Unionidae of the North Fork
Holston River above Saltville, Virginia. Bull. Amer.
Malacol. Union 1973: 33-36.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

A TECHNIQUE TO SEPARATE THE ANNUAL LAYERS
OE A NAIAD SHELL (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA, UNIONACEA)
FOR ANALYSIS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION'

Sandra S. Sterrett* * and Linda D. Saville*

Trace metals discharged into our streams and
rivers, even though usually in small concentrations,
are often toxic to some of the aquatic hfe. Because
the concentrations are so minute and vary greatly
with time, detection of the source is not feasible by
ordinary chemical monitoring. In such situations
analysis of an aquatic organism that would con-
centrate the metals to a measurable level and inte-
grate the variations in concentration over its growing
season can indicate the presence of toxic metals. If
the indicator organism is relatively immobile, analysis
of specimens from different sites can help locate the
effluent responsible.

Naiades are relatively immobile, are widely dis-
tributed (Simpson 1914) and are known to con-
centrate many trace metals in their shells (Girardi and
Merlini 1963). But what makes the naiad an espe-
cially good indicator organism is the fact that the
shell is deposited in annual layers (Chamberlain
1930). If these layers could be isolated and analyzed
individually, annually integrated trace metal con-
centrations could be determined for a specific loca-
tion as far back in time as the age of the naiad would
permit.^ This study was undertaken to develop an
accurate shell separation technique and an appro-
priate analytical technique to make the historical
information in the naiad shell available.

Activation analysis was chosen as our analytical
technique because of its sensitivity to metals and
because it requires only a small amount of sample
material. For activation analysis of naiad shells, at
least 0.5 gram of sample material is required (Merritt
1974).

Before developing a method for separating the
naiad shell into annual layers, an understanding of
shell formation was necessary. A naiad shell actually
has four layers formed by different areas of the

^ NOTE: Some naiades commonly live 15-25 years and some
have been estimated at 40-60 years (Isely 1931, Stansbery
1961).

mantle and each layer has its own annual layers. Two
thin outer layers are formed by the free ventral edge
of the mantle: the outer protein membrane, the
periostracum, and under the periostracum, the
crystalline prismatic layer (Wilbur 1964). The layer
forming the bulk of the shell, the peripheral nacre, is
deposited by the surface of the mantle ventral, or
peripheral, to the pallial line. The thin laminar nacre
is deposited by the surface of the mantle dorsal, or
central, to the pallial hne (Nelson 1964). (See Fig. 1.)

Fig. 1. A diagram of the shell and mantle showing the
four shell layers with their annual layers in cross
section.

The mantle first deposits the periostracum which
serves as an organic matrix on which CaC03 is crystal-
lized into the three crystalline shell layers (Bevelander
and Benzer 1948, Taylor et ah, 1969).

As in trees, the annual layers in naiades are a result
of seasonal changes in growth rate. During periods of
low temperature, the mantle withdraws and ceases
shell formation (Coker et al. 1921). Repeated inter-
ruptions in shell formation during the spring and fall
result in an area of discontinuity visible as a dark line.
The greater amount of periostracum at this border
results in an area higher in protein than the other
parts of the shell. Theoretically, if the shell is baked

1 This study was funded by the Water Resources Center with the assistance of The Ohio State University’s Nuclear Reactor
Laboratory and Museum of Zoology.

* Ohio State University, Water Resources Center, Columbus, OH 43210.

55

56

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

at high temperatures, the protein of the periostracum
will ash and not the CaC03, leaving a weak spot or
crack that delineates the part of the shell formed in a
single growing season.

Utilizing these facts, Nelson (1964) described a
baking method for separating annual layers. He cut
each valve in half medially and ashed it in a muffle
furnace at 400 C for four hours. The annual rings of
each layer were then separated with a scalpel. A
second separation technique was described by Pahl
(1967). He also cut each valve in half medially but
ashed it in a muffle furnace at 500 C for 10 minutes
and separated only the nacre into the annual layers
using a sharp probe and forceps.

Although both Nelson and Pahl sawed the shells in
half, we attempted to separate the layers on a whole
baked valve. The layers, however, stuck together at
the edges just anterior and posterior to the umbo.
When pressure was applied to separate the layers, the
whole shell crumbled. Sawing the shell in half
removes one edge enabling better separation. We
found that if the valves are cut from the umbo to the
ventral edge at both the anterior and posterior
margins, the wedge produced separates far better than
either the whole valve or a half. (See Fig. 2.) The
shells were cut with an automatic saw using a car-
borundum-charged blade which produced a smoother
cut and was a great deal easier than a hack saw.

Fig. 2. One valve of a Lasmigona complanata (Barnes
1923) sawed in preparation for baking.

The shells baked by the shorter method separated
much more easily than those baked by the long
method. Those wedges baked longer developed many
separations within an annual layer and tended to
crumble. The prismatic layer was much easier to
separate from the peripheral nacre in the wedges
baked for 10 minutes. We found that shells s^arated
well even when baked for five minutes at 600 C. (See
Fig. 3.)

Because the prismatic layer is much too thin and
does not develop cracks at the annual layers, it was
not used for analysis. The laminar nacre (formed
within the pallial line) is too thin in some species and
tends to flake apart easily. On the other hand, the
layers of the peripheral nacre usually weighed 0.5
gram except for the first year of growth and could be
separated easily with forceps and a sharp probe.

Samples of peripheral nacre were prepared from
five species collected in the Muskingum River in
Ohio: Lasmigona complanata (Barnes, 1823),
Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque, 1820), Amblema
plicata plicata (Say, 1817), Obliquaria reflexa (Raf.,
1820), and Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817). Of these, T.
alatus and L. complanata were the easiest to separate.

By cutting the valves into wedges and baking them
for five minutes at 600°C, the peripheral nacre can be
separated into annual layers. An analysis can be made
of each layer, except the first, producing an historical
record of metal concentrations which were present in
that naiad’s environment. Analysis of naiad shells
collected before and after the installation of a suspect
pollutant could determine the resultant change in
water quality. Using recently collected naiades, the
difference between metal concentrations above and
below a suspect effluent could be determined.
Analysis of a recently deposited layer could indicate
the presence of hazardous elements before they reach
a damaging concentration, and indicate the source
and the range downstream. The full potential of
information available from naiad shells remains to be
determined.

Fig. 3. The peripheral nacre from the center wedge
shown in Fig. 2. The wedge was baked in a muffle
furnace at 600°C for five minutes and the layers
separated with a needle and forceps.

LITERATURE CITED

Bevelander, Gerrit, and Benzer, P. 1948. Calcification
in marine molluscs. Biol. Bull. 94; 176-183.

Chamberlain, Thomas K. 1930. Annual growth of
fresh-water mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Eish. 46:
713-739.

Coker, R.E., Shira, A.F., Clark, M.W., and Howard,
A.D. 1921. Natural history and propagation of
fresh-water mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 37:
79-181.

Girardi, F., and Merlini, Margaret. 1963. Studies on
the distribution of trace elements in a mollusk
from a freshwater environment by activation
analysis. EURATOM: EUR 474.e.: 25 pp.

Isely, E.B. 1931. A fifteen year growth record in
freshwater mussels. Ecology 12(3): 616-619.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Merritt, John C., Jr. 1974. The development of a
technique to analyze the elemental content of
naiad shells using neutron activation analysis. M.S.
Thesis, Ohio State Univ.

Nelson, Daniel J. 1964. Deposition of Sr in relation
to morphology of clam shells. Verb. Internal.
Verein. Limnol. 55: 898-902.

Pahl, George. 1969. Radioactive and stable strontium
analysis of Upper Mississippi River clamshells.
Symposium on Radioecology CONF - 670503:
234-239.

Simpson, Charles T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of

the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Detroit:
Bryant Walker, 1540 pp.

Stansbery, David H. 1961. The naiades (Mollusca,
Pelecypoda, Unionacea) of Fishery Bay, South
Bass Island, Lake Erie. Sterkiana 5: 1-37.

Taylor, J.D., Kennedy, W.J., and Hall, A. 1969. The
shell structure and mineralogy of the Bivalvia.
Bull. Br. Mus. Zoo. London: 115 pp.

Wilbur, K.M. 1964. Shell formation and regeneration.
In Wilbur, K.M., and Yonge, C.M., (Ed.). Physio-
logy of Mollusca Vol. 1. Academia Press Inc., New
York, N.Y.: 473 pp„

SHELL GROWTH RATES OE THE COMMON MUCKETS
ACTINONAIAS LIGAMENTINA (LAMARCK, 1819) COMPLEX

Mary E. St. John*

The growth of the Actinonaias ligamentina
(Lamarck, 1819) complex (figure 1), has not been
studied, even though this complex is very common in
many rivers of midwestern North America. This inves-
tigation is part of an attempt to discover the basic
growth patterns of populations of this complex in
localities over the range. All of the collections used
are in the Ohio State University Museum of Zoology.

Data on growth in length were collected from
specimens from seven rivers. These were the Grand
River, Ontario (55 specimens), Sandusky River, Ohio
(100 specimens), Walhonding River, Ohio (111 speci-
mens), Green River, Kentucky (120 specimens),
Powell River, Tennessee (100 specimens). Clinch
River, Tennessee (120 specimens), and the Kiamichi
River, Oklahoma (90 specimens). The length, defined
as the maximum anterio-posterior dimension, of each
annual ring on each shell was measured. The mean
length for each year of growth was calculated and
these means were used to construct the bar graphs.

The most rapid growth rate occurs during the
second or third growing season in all the populations,
with the possible exception of those in the Kiamichi
River The shells of the Kiamichi A. 1. gibba
(Simpson, 1900) were so badly eroded around the
umbo, even in specimens collected alive, that accurate
determination of the earliest growth rates was nearly
impossible. All the populations showed the most
rapid decrease of growth rates between the fourth
and ninth years. In the tenth year and beyond, a
slower, steady decline was established.

* Ohio State University, Newark Campus, Newark, OH 43055.

As shown in the bar graphs, figure 2, the most
rapid growth rate, an average 20.3 mm per year, is
found in the A. 1. carinata (Barnes, 1823) from the
Sandusky River. Actinonaias 1. carinata from the
Grand River maintained a rapid rate of growth for a
longer period of time than those of the other rivers.
Shells from these three samples were larger than those
of the other rivers. The largest specimen was an
individual at least 40 years old from the Sandusky
River, with length 175 mm, width 86 mm, height 101
mm, and weight 1017 grams. The right valve of this
shell measured 19 mm thick near the ventral margin.
The slowest average growth rate during the first three
years was 12 mm per year, and occurred in the A. 1.
ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819) from the Powell River.
Beyond the fourth year, the A. 1. carinata of the
Green River and the A. 1. gibba of the Kiamichi River
maintained the slowest growth rates, dropping to an
average of 0.3 mm per year in the oldest shells. The
shells from the Green River were the most variable in
size and shape of all the populations studied.

Among shells approximately 20 years old, the
average total length was 151 mm in the Sandusky
River, 136 mm in the Grand River, 128 mm in the
Walhonding River, 121 mm in the Powell River, 121
mm in the Chnch River, 104 mm in the Kiamichi
River, and 100 mm in the Green River.

Some of the difference in total length attained is
due to differences in the shape of the shell of the
three varieties, as illustrated in figure 1. Actinonaias 1.
ligamentina is relatively square, with a shorter length

57

58

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

A B C

Figure 1. The Common Mucket, Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck)

A = A.l. carinata (Barnes) OSUMZ catalogue number 10509.54 from the Grand River, Ontario. L= 138 mm,
H = 77 mm, W = 53 mm, age = 18 years.

B= A.l ligamentina (Lamarck) OSUMZ catalogue number 16759.156 from the Clinch River, Tennessee. L =
105 mm, H = 75 mm, W = 45 mm, age = 13 years.

C = A. I gibba (Simpson) OSUMZ catalogue number 32825 collected alive from the Kiamichi River,
Oklahoma. L = 106 mm, H = 67 mm, W = 47 mm, age = 12 years.

never seen it dry or not flowing in over 40 years of
observation. The current is moderate, and the bottom
is coarse sand and gravel with some soft silt in the run
and gravel and cobbles in the riffle. Each living naiad
is about two-thirds buried in the gravel bottom areas.
Water chemistry tests in September, 1972 (St. John, |
1973) revealed calcium averaging 230 ppm and bicar- i
bonate averaging 210 ppm. These calcium and bicar-
bonate levels were higher than those found in any of
the other rivers studied. In the Green River, the
calcium content, measured in June, 1971, averaged
76 ppm, and the bicarbonate content averaged 82
ppm. Radlinski (1972: 295) gave water chemistry for
the Kiamichi River; calcium averaged 1.3 ppm and
bicarbonate averaged 8,8 ppm.

relative to the height (the dorsoventral dimension)
when compared with the other two. Actinonaias I
carinata and A. 1. gibba are about equally elongate.

Some of the difference in growth rates and total
size attained is related to environmental conditions,
especially the concentration of calcium and of
bicarbonate. The most rapid growth rate occurs in the
Sandusky River specimens of A. I carinata, most of
which were collected in one area, about one mile
south of Upper Sandusky, Ohio. This is evidently a
local environment with very favorable conditions for
this species. The site is a run, downstream from
several miles of alternate riffles and runs, with water
from a few inches to about 4 ft deep. Stansbery
(personal communication, 1973) reports that he has

LITERATURE CITED

Radlinski, W.A. 1972. Quality of surface waters of
the U.S. Parts 7 and 8, Lower Mississippi River
basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins. GeoL
Surv. V/ater-Supply Paper 2014.

St. John, M.E. 1973. Shell growth and variation in
tht Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819) com-
plex (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae). Ph.D. Dis-
sertation. Ohio State Univ. Columbus, OH.

Stansbery, D.H. 1973. Personal communication. Ohio
State Univ. Mus. Zool. Columbus, OH.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

STUDIES OF BIVALVE LARVAE USING THE SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE AND CRITICAL POINT DRYING

R.D. Turner* and P.J. Boyle*

INTRODUCTION

The study of minute organisms using the Scrnning
Electron Microscope (SEM) is now routine but the
quality of the results is directly proportional to the
care with which specimens are selected and prepared.
Consequently the techniques used and the care taken
in cleaning, drying and mounting specimens are most
important for successful SEM work.

The purpose of this paper is to point out some of
the problems that may be encountered working with
bivalve larvae and to present techniques which we
have found to be successful. Our research involves
problems which we have found can best be accom-
plished and illustrated using the SEM: 1) Studies on
the variation in the sculpture and hinge structure of
the valves of pediveliger larvae and their importance
in systematic work both on an inter and intra specific
level 2) Studies of larval transport by currents based
on the ability to identify larvae to species 3) The
morphology of the foot, velum, apical “flagellum”,
cilia and microvilli of pediveliger larvae to aid in an
understanding of their function and their possible use
in systematic work.

PREPARATION OF SHELLS

Bivalve larvae form a major component of the
plankton (Thorson 1946; Thiede 1974) and though
the percentage varies greatly with season and locality,
large numbers are routinely taken in plankton tows.
Most of these larvae, unfortunately, remain uniden-
tified or are determined only to family or possible
genus. McBride (1914) believed that the veliger larvae
of bivalves were so similar that they could not be
distinguished. Since that time many papers on bivalve
larvae have been published, the more notable recent
ones being those of Jorgensen (1946), Rees (1950)
and Loosanoff, and Davis (1963), Loosanoff, Davis
and Chanley (1966), Chanley and Andres (1971). All
of these authors, however, depended largely on shell
shape and size to distinguish species, the hinge struc-
ture and sculpture generally being beyond the ability
of the instruments then available to examine and

photograph them. The shells of bivalve larvae seldom
reach 400 microns in length, most are strongly
convex and many are nearly spherical, characters
which make them nearly impossible to photograph
through the light microscope.

Turner and Johnson (1969) and Scheltema (1971)
using the SEM illustrated two species of teredinids
which showed marked differences in sculpture and
hinge structure. We have now examined 6 additional
species of teredinids and 3 pholads using the SEM and
on the basis of these micrographs it is apparent that
the sculpture and hinge structure can be effectively
illustrated and that larvae of species within the same
genus can be readily distinguished. All of the larvae
which we have used in our SEM studies are reared in
the laboratory from known parents so that identifi-
cation to species is positive.

Cleaning the tiny larval shells is one of the major
problems in SEM work. The soft parts can be
removed from preserved or relaxed living specimens
by teasing with fine needles, soaking in a weak base
or digestive enzyme, or by sonicating. These methods
are not always successful, particularly if the valves
are tightly closed, and many of the specimens may be
lost in the process. If living larvae are available
feeding them to small anemones is an effective way of
cleaning them. The anemones digest the soft parts
and egest empty, gaping valves. The sea anemones, all
less than 1 cm in diameter, are kept in a series of petri
dishes and the larvae are pipetted directly onto the
tentacles. To insure complete removal of all soft
tissue the anemones should not be over fed, so no
more than five larvae should be given at one time.
The gaping valves should be picked up immediately
on release from the anemones before they become
covered with bacteria and debris. (Culliney, Boyle and
Turner, 1975).

To further clean the valves they should be washed
5 or 6 times by gently shaking them for 3-4 minutes
in a small vial of distilled water to which a minute
drop of Teel or other detergent can be added. After
each wash the water should be decanted or pipetted
off the valves immediately after they settled to the
bottom. The process should then be repeated an

* Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.

59

60

equal number of times using 75 to 80% alcohol. The
specimens can then be stored in 95% alcohol as
recommended by Thiiiot-Quievreux (1972).

If the shells, on inspection with a compound
microscope, look completely clean they can be
mounted on metal stubs using double coated tape or
other adhesives, coated with gold-palladium and
examined under the SEM.

This process, however, may be unsatisfactory for
three reasons: 1) The valves are seldom clean enough
for the high magnifications possible with the SEM 2)
Mounting individual valves on the stub is extremely
time consuming and specimens may be damaged or
pick up dirt in the process 3) Specimens mounted on
double coated tape or other media available at the
present time are, in a matter of a few months, envel-
oped by the medium and so lost. Consequently, rare
specimens or those needed for a permanent museum
record should not be examined with the SEM.

The procedure used in our studies began with the
cleaning of the shells as outlined above and storing
them in 95% ethyl alcohol. Einal preparation for SEM
examination consisted of rinsing the specimens in
distilled water, placing them in an ultra filtration cell
(Amicon Model 12 without the stirrer) using a PM 30
Diaglo ultra filter. The filter was numbered for iden-
tification purposes with a fine Esterbrook Perm-color
pen, and placed in the bottom of the ultrafiltration
cell. The cell was filled 1/2 to 2/3 with distilled
water, the specimens pipetted in and the top clamped
into place. The cell was connected to a nitrogen tank
and then submerged in a water bath in a 3M sonicator
(Plate 1, fig„ 5). After sonicating for about 1 minute,
the nitrogen was turned on gradually and the water
was slowly replaced by nitrogen. As soon as the
nitrogen began to bubble out of the vent on the
bottom of the cell it was removed from the bath and
the nitrogen allowed to continue to pass through the
filter until it appeared dry. This deposited the speci-
mens on the surface of the plastic filter and they
adhered firmly to it. The filter was removed, after
drying the outside of the cell, and examined under a
dissecting microscope. If it was still damp some
rearranging of the specimens was possible using a fine
needle. When the filter was dry (this is very important
for successful coating) it was attached to the stub
with conductive paint and placed in the sputter
coater, the pressure raised to 200 psi and the speci-
mens coated with gold-palladium for about 1-1/2
minutes. The specimens were then ready for exami-
nation with the SEM. After examination and photo-
graphing, the filter was removed from the stub and
stored in a small plastic box as a permanent part of
the collection (Plate 1, figs. 1-2).

The advantages of this system are: 1) It is relative-
ly easy to examine populations of larvae, 2) The
plastic filters do not “consume” the specimens, so the
picture is not the only permanent record of the
material examined thus permitting the examination
of rare specimens 3) It is possible to re-examine the
specimens years later.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974,

Plate I

Fig. 1. Filters with specimens
attached after examination
with SEM and ready for
storage in the collection.

Fig. 2. Close up of filter
showing coated larvae.

Fig. 3. Capsule made from
pyrex tubing, plastic caps and
nytex for use in the critical
point dryer.

Fig. 4. Pick-up tool made
from applicator stick and
double coated tape.

Fig. 5. Ultrafiltration cell in
sonicator and attached to
nitrogen tank.

PREPARATION OF SOFT TISSUE

The examination of soft tissue with the SEM is
relatively new and to date has been confined mainly
to bacteria, protozoa, phytoplankton, small inverte-
brates and isolated tissue (Anderson, 1951, 1956;
Hollenberg and Erickson 1973 - review and biblio-
graphy; Paerl and Shimp 1973; Por and Bromley
1974). An effective and commonly used procedure
for preparing soft tissue for examination with the
SEM is by critical point drying, the procedure used in
this study. To our knowledge this is the first time
relaxed bivalve larvae have been examined in this

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 19 74.

61

Plate II

Fig. 1. Teredo navalis Linnaeus, valve of pediveliger (360 X).

I Fig. 2. Sculpture of the same (1000 X).

I Fig. 3. Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages), valve of pediveliger (260 X).
Fig. 4. Sculpture of the same (1000 X).

62

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Plate III

Fig. 1. Nototeredo kno.xi Bartsch, valve of pediveliger (600 X).
Fig. 2. Sculpture of same (2000 X).

Fig. 3. Teredo furcifera von Martens, valve of pediveliger (300 X).
Fig. 4. Sculpture of same (3000 X).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

63

way. The following procedures were used in preparing
of the specimens illustrated on Plate 4.

Relaxation of specimens. To obtain fully relaxed
specimens 100-200 active larvae were placed in a petri
dish with 50 ml sea water and 8 ml of 7.5% MgCl2
made with distilled water. They were left undisturbed
for 1 hour, or until most larvae were swimming, then
another 8 ml of the MgCl2 solution was added and
within an hour the specimens were fully relaxed.
Experience, however, has shown that the reaction of
larvae differ. Lyrodus pedicellatus relaxed readily
with MgCl2 but not with propylene phenoxetol while
Martesia striata relaxed in both solutions. Experimen-
tation is needed to find the best relaxant for a given
species. When the larvae were fully relaxed the
solution was pipetted off leaving only enough to
cover the specimens. Further immobilization was
accomplished by placing the dish in the refrigerator
for 1 5 minutes and then in the freezing compartment
until the first ice crystals began to form at the edge of
the dish. This must be watched carefully because the
specimens must not be allowed to freeze.

Fixation. The specimens were fixed by flooding
them with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde buffered with
sodium cacodylate (0.025 M in seawater). We dissolve
1.07g sodium cacodylate in 200 ml of lju filtered sea
water; add 8.0 ml of 25% glutaraldehyde to 92 ml of
the buffered sea water. This solution was changed 5
times at 5 minute intervals. At this stage the speci-
mens can be stored for a few weeks unfrozen in the
refrigerator.

Dehydration. Dehydration of the specimens is
accomplished by running them up through a series of
miscible liquids to liquid CO2 (such that at no time is
there a liquid -liquid phase boundary which would
distort the specimens). This is accomplished in 3
steps. 1) The alcohol series. The water is gradually
replaced by alcohol to 100%. Concentrations, time
intervals and the number of changes per concen-
tration are shown in Table 1. The alcohol solutions
from 7.5% to 50% were made with 3.5% sodium
chloride solution adjusted to pH 8 which is isotonic

with sea water to prevent osmic shock to the fixed
tissue. Alcohols from 75% to 95% were made with
distilled water to prevent the precipitation of salts on
the surface. If necessary, specimens can be stored for
a short time in 95% alcohol. 2) The amyl acetate
series. The alcohol was gradually replaced with amyl
acetate, (which is miscible with both alcohol and
liquid carbon dioxide) according to Table II. After
the last change in 100% amyl acetate the specimens
were transferred to a container made to fit the
“bomb” chamber of the critical point dryer. This
container was made from pyrex tubing fitted at each
end with a plastic cap from which the center had
been removed. A disc of nylon screen (nytex) of a
mesh size small enough to contain the specimens was
placed over the ends of the tube and the plastic cap
pushed firmly into place. The tube containing the
specimens to be dried was submerged in a bottle of
100% amyl acetate until it was placed in the critical
point dryer.

Replacement of amyl acetate by liquid C02- After
checking the critical point dryer to be sure that every-
thing was functioning properly the container of speci-
mens was removed from the jar of 100% amyl
acetate, drained briefly on a piece of paper towel to
remove excess liquid and sealed quickly into the
bomb which must be at a temperature of 25°C or
below. For a discussion of the principle behind the
functioning of a critical point dryer, the critical
temperature and pressure, see Anderson (1951,
1956). There are now several models of CPD’s on the
market, each with its own manual of operation and
this should be studied carefully before the specimens
are placed in the bomb chamber.

After removal of the specimens from the dryer
they should be mounted immediately in as dry and
clean an atmosphere as possible so that the specimens
do not pick up moisture or dirt. If they cannot be
mounted immediately they should be left in the con-
tainer and placed in a dessicator.

Attachment of specimens to the stub. Two dissec-
ting microscopes were used for this process: under

Table I - Time Table - The Alcohol Series

Table II - Time Table - Amyl acetate Series

% ETOH

Time (min.)

# of Changes

Notes

7.5

1

1

Made with 3.5% NaCl solution
adjusted to pH 8

7.5

20

1

15

1

1

”

15

20

1

30

1

1

”

30

20

1

50

1

1

”

50

20

1

75

5

6

Made with distilled water
unbuffered

85

5

8

95

5

10

Can store for short period

100

6

3

% Amyl acetate
20
20
40
60
80
100

Time No. of Oianges

1 min. 1

6 1

6 1

6 1

6 1

6 3

64

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

Plate IV — Critical point dried Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages).

Fig. 1. Side view of entire larvae with foot and velum extended, note the cilia covering the foot (180 X).
Fig. 2. Enlargement of cilia on the velum (1000 X).

Fig. 3. Anterior view of vellum showing the ‘apical flagellum’ (200 X).

Fig. 4. Enlargement of the ‘apical flagellum’ (2000 X).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

65

one we had the loose dried specimens and under the
other the stub with double coated tape on which they
were to be mounted. The specimens were transferred
from the tube to a slide a few at a time by gently
tapping the side of the tube. They were picked up
one at a time using a piece of double coated tape
which had been cut to a fine point, wrapped around
the end of a small applicator stick and then trimmed
to the finest possible point. By gently touching the
point of the double stick tape to the dried specimen
it was easily picked up, transferred to the stub and
placed in the desired position without damage to the
specimen. The specimens should be distributed on the
stub so that they do not interfere with each other
during coating or when viewing with the SEM. The
best medium to date for the mounting of critical
point dried specimens is double coated tape because
it allows time for the careful transfer and placement
of specimens not possible with the quick drying
liquids. The disadvantage is that it will eventually
“consume” the specimens. However, if, after exami-
nation, the stubs are kept in a dessicator in a cool
place they should last for a considerable time. When
all specimens were mounted on the stub the tape was
attached to the stub with conductive paint to reduce
charging. It was then placed in a dessicator and kept
in a cool, dry place until ready for coating.

Coating and examination. The specimens were
coated using a mini sputter coater and viewed- with a
JEOL Inc. Scanning Electron Microscope model JSM
35.

CONCLUSIONS

Variation in sculpture of four species of Tere-
dinidae is shown on Plates 2 and 3. The high magnifi-
cation possible with the SEM clearly shows the finest
growth lines on the valves. Since we know the exact
age of these laboratory reared larvae, careful counting
of these growth lines should give us some indication
of their periodicity.

The most exciting result from the examination of
the critical point dried larvae was the demonstration
that the apical flagellum is not a single element but a
bundle of large cilia (Plate 4).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are most grateful to Mr. T. Huber and Mr. A.
Kabaya of JEOL U.S.A. Inc. for their kind help and
the use of a JSM35 Scanning Electron Microscope; to
the Amicon Corporation for their interest in our
problem and the loan of an ultrafiltration cell and to
the Oceanic Branch, Office of Naval Research for
support of our research under Contract Number No.
14-67 A-0298-0027 with Harvard University. We also
thank Mr. B. Calloway for aid in preparation of speci-
mens and Dr. J. Culliney and Dr. K. Boss for reading
the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Anderson, T.F. 1951. Techniques for the preservation
of three-dimensional structures in preparing speci-
mens for the electron microscope. Trans. New
York Acad. Sci. 13: 130.

Anderson, T.F. 1956. Electron microscopy of micro-
organisms [in] Physical Techniques in Biological
Research. 3: Chap. 5: 177-240. G. Oster and A.
Pollistor, editors.

Chanley, P.E. and J.D. Andrews. 1971. Aids for the
identification of bivalve larvae of Virginia. Malaco-
logia 11(1): 45-119, figs. 1-51.

Culliney, J.C., P.J. Boyle and R.D. Turner. 1975.
New approaches and techniques for studying
bivalve larvae. In Culture of marine invertebrate
animals, pp. 257-271, figs. 1-2. W.L. Smith and
M.H. Chanley, eds. Plenem Publ. Co. NY.

Hollenberg, M.J. and A.M. Erikson. 1973. The scan-
ning electron microscope: potential usefulness to
biologists. J. Histochem. and Cytochem. 21: 109-
130.

Jorgensen, C.B. 1946. Lamellibranchia [in] Thorson,
Reproduction and larval development of Danish
marine bottom invertebrates. Meddel. fra Komm.
for Danmarks Fiskeri - og Havundersogelser
(Plankton). 4(1): 277-31 1, figs. 161-189.

Loosanoff, V.L. and H.C. Davis. 1963. Rearing of
bivalve mollusks. Advances Mar. Biol. 1, 1-136,
figs. 1-41.

Loosanoff, V.L., H.C. Davis and P.E. Chanley. 1966.
Dimensions and shapes of larvae of some marine
bivalve mollusks. Malacologia 4(2): 351-435, figs.
1-61.

McBride, E.W. 1914. Text-book of embryology.
Invertebrata. Macmillan & Co., N.Y. 1 : 1-692.

Paerl, H.W. and S.L. Shimp. 1973. Preparation of
filtered plankton and detritus for study with scan-
ning electron microscopy. Limnol. and Oceanog.
18:802-805.

For, F.D. and H.J. Bromley. 1974. Morphology and
anatomy of Maccabeus tentaculalus (Priapulida:
seticoronaria). J. Zool. London 173: 173-197.

Rees, C.B. 1950. The identification of lamellibranch
larvae. Hull Bull. Mar. Ecol. 3(19): 73-104, pis.
1-5.

Scheltema, R.S. 1971. Dispersal of phytoplankto-
trophic shipworm larvae (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)
over long distances by ocean currents. Mar. Biol.
11: 5-11, fig. 1.

Thiede, J. 1974. Marine Bivalves: Distribution of
mero-planktonic shellbearing larvae in Eastern
North Atlantic surface waters. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology 15: 267-290.

Thiiiot-Quievreux, K. 1972. Microstructures de
Coquilles Larvaires de Prosobranches au Micro-
scope Electronique a Balayage. Arch. Zool. exp.
gen. 113: 553-564.

Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval devel-
opment of Danish marine bottom invertebrates.
Meddel fra Komm. for Danmarks Fiskeri — og
Havundersogelser (Plankton) 4(1): 1-523, figs.
1-195.

Turner, R.D. and A.C. Johnson. 1969. Some problems
and techniques in rearing bivalve larvae. Bull.
Amer. Malacol. Union 1969, pp. 9-13, pi. 1.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ

THOMAS SAY - AMERICA’S FIRST MALACOLOGIST
R. Tucker Abbott *

Commentary on the life of Thomas Say of Philadelphia, who was one of the first
malacologists of America.

* Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, DE 19807

DREDGING FOR SCAELOPS OFF VERO BEACH
Kirk W. Anders*

A slide presentation of a dredging operation in the Summer of 1971, operating out of
Vero Beach. Information regarding other species of mollusks which were collected during
the operation was given.

* P.O. Box 1418, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33302

A COLEECTING TRIP WITH EERMOND IN THE FEORIDA EVERGLADES

William J. Clench *

(Abstract not available.)

* 26 Rowena Street, Dorchester, MA 02124

EVOLUTION OF THE HYDROBIIDAE:

AN ANALYSIS OF TWO DISTINCT LINEAGES

George M. Davis*

Existing taxonomic arrangements of gastropods considered to be Hydrobiidae result
from the analysis of shell, radulae, opercula, and verges. Analyses of all morphological
traits and their ontogeny leads to the conclusion that European and North American taxa
allied to Hydrobia are in a lineage (Hydrobiinae) apart from that involving taxa from
South America, South Africa, Australia, and the Orient. The latter taxa are currently
grouped in the subfamilies Triculinae and Pomatiopsinae. Characters of importance in
addition to the above mentioned traits are the ontogeny of the female reproductive
system, mechanisms by which sperm enter the female reproductive system, and geo-
graphic origins of the faunas.

* Department of Malacology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19103

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

67

DR. JARED P. KIRTLAND, CLEVELAND’S FIRST MALACOLOGIST,
AND SOME OF HIS CORRESPONDENCE

Ralph W. Dexter*

Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793-1877), under the influence of his grandfather Dr.
Jared Potter, studied nature and collected shells as a boy in Connecticut. In 1810 he
joined his father, founder of Poland, Ohio (near Youngstown), where he collected mol-
lusks from the Mahoning River. After his medical training at Yale University (M.D., 1815)
and practice of medicine in Connecticut, he returned to Ohio in 1823 to practice medi-
cine and continue his study of Ohio natural history. In 1829 he discovered separate sexes
in the Unionidae, and in 1840 discovered the byssus in larval stages of that family. During
1836-37 he wai in charge of Zoology for the First Geological Survey of Ohio and
published an official report in 1838. His principal interests were the mollusks, fishes, and
birds. While engaged in medical practice, teaching in medical schools, founding an aca-
demy and museum of natural sciences, and conducting experimental work in horticulture
in the Cleveland area, he continued his studies on Ohio freshwater and land mollusks. He
was on the Board of Managers for the Smithsonian Institution and corresponded with
many naturalists throughout the country. Two letters sent in 1841 to Dr. D. Humphreys
Storer, an officer and curator at the Boston Society of Natural History, relate to col-
lecting bivalves in Lake Erie and Dr. Kirtland’s praise for the work on midwestern mol-
lusks by John Gould Anthony.

* Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242

INTRODUCED MOLLUSCS
Dee S. Dundee*

(Abstract not available.)

* Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122

AN ECOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF NUDIBRANCH
ZOOGEOGRAPHY IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC

David R. Franz*

The nudibranchs of the northwest Atlantic coast of North America comprise two
distinct faunal groups: a small component of endemic temperate species; and a larger
group of amphi- Atlantic boreal (amphiboreal) species. The latter confer a decided boreal
cast to the North American fauna. South of New York, the relative importance of the
amphiboreal component declines, and temperate species dominate. South of Cape Hat-
teras, nudibranch diversity increases with the influx of subtropical and Caribbean species.

About 70% of New England nudibranchs are amphiboreal species. Analysis of faunal
overlap between New England and other locations in the North and Northeast Atlantic
using a numerical similarity coefficient (the Simpson Index) indicates significant simi-
larity with locations from West Greenland to the Netherlands, and northern Norway to
England. On the Brittany coast, similarity with New England becomes insignificant. Thus,
Thus, the New England nudibranch fauna is essentially a subset of the larger boreal
Atlantic fauna. Distributions of amphiboreal species may have been continuous across the
North Atlantic arc during the post-pleistocene “hypsithermal” period. However at
present, populations of less cold-tolerant species are absent from Iceland and West Green-
land.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

Two ecological correlates of amphiboreal nudibranchs are: (Ij broad feeding niches as
measured by the number of prey species; (2) specialization on transient prey species of
low biomass. An analysis of feeding data for North Atlantic nudibranchs shows that in
England, the amphiboreal component of the fauna is more prey-diverse than the fauna as
a whole. In New England, this same component appears to be less prey-diverse, reflecting
the absence in American waters of many potential alternate prey species. If many of the
amphiboreal nudibranchs of New England are relatively recent colonizers of the northwest
Atlantic, the quality of prey diversity may have been the singularly most important
requirement for success in a new geographical area where the number of potential prey
species is much reduced.

* Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210

THOUGHTS ON THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
AND ECOLOGY OF PATELLIFORM MOLLUSKS

Elaine Hoagland*

The patelliform shell has evolved independently in several lines of mollusks. This is not
a single convergence, but is composed of a least three major trends; adaptation for grazing
on rocky shores (chitons; Archaeogastropods), adaptation for life on vegetation in creeks
and ponds (pulnionates), and modification for life as subtidal, sedentary, filter feeding
organisms (Calyptraeacea; oyster-like bivalves). The general benefits and liabilities of the
patelliform shell were reviewed for all mollusks. Ecological parallels between the oysters
(including the Anomiacea and Chamacea) and the Calyptraeacea were related to morpho-
logical adaptations in the groups.

* Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138

PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF TWO VERONICELLIDS
M.L. Ibanez* and D.S. Dundee*

Phospholipids of Veronicella ameghini and V. floridana were isolated and compared.
In addition, the fatty acids were isolated and identified for each of the phospholipids. No
qualitative dijferences were found although quantitative differences were detected
between the two species. The authors report the presence of cardiolipin, phosphatidyl
ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin with small amounts of phos-
phatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol also present.

* Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122

MOLLUSKS IN LITERATURE, ETC.

Morris K. Jacobson *

Popular tnyths about mollusks and the uses poets, novelists, seers, and prophets have
made of mollusks were discussed. Some remarks on the trials of museum curators and
some slides referring to Charles Wright (1811-1885) were also included.

Rockaway Beach, New York, NY 1 1694

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19 74.

69

SHIPBOARD OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY
OF GYMNOSOMATOUS PTEROPODS FROM
THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND ANTARCTIC OCEANS'

C.M. Lain*

The biology of several gymnosomatous pteropods from the South Atlantic and Antarc-
tic Oceans was studied during the Hudson 70 Expedition, sponsored by the Canadian
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources.

Feeding experiments were conducted with Spongiobranchaea australis d ’Or/? the
most abundant gymnosome in subantarctic surface waters. In the laboratory, this gym-
nosome fed upon live specimens of the thecosomatous pteropod, Clio antarctica Dali, by
completely extracting the prey body from its shell. The only recognizable gut contents
from rapidly preserved specimens were gizzard plates o/Clio spp., confirming that this is
a natural food ofS. australis.

Bipolarity was re-examined in the thecosomes Spiratella (“Limacina”) retroversa
(Fleming) and S. helicina (Phipps), which show very little anatomical difference from
their northern counterparts. However, distinct external anatomical differences distinguish
the clionid gymnosome of Antarctic waters from Clione limacina (Phipps) of the northern
hemisphere. A slimmer body shape, proportionately longer head and larger foot lobes, the
distinct neck region dorsal to the wings, and the prominent papillae of the larval anterior
ciliary band are among those features of the Antarctic clionid which immediately dis-
tinguish it from Clione limacina and justify the usage of the name Clione antarctica E.A.
Smith. Results of feeding experiments demonstrated that Clione antarctica feeds upon
Spiratella retroversa and S. helicina, as does Clione limacina in northern waters.

' Research supported by Grant No. A5248 from tlie National Researcli Council of Canada.

*. Marine Sciences Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Que. Canada.

PINCTADA MARGARITIFERA (LINNE) USED IN
FIJIAN BREASTPLATES

Gleiui A. Long*

This paper was read under the title “Identification of Pecten sp. (? ) Used in Fijian Breast Plates” making
reference to the use of mistaken nomenclature for shell material in ethnographic objects. Our intention is to
provide accurate identifications of ethnoconchological materials.

Pinctada margaritifera (Linne) is the species of pearl shell used in all Fijian breast plates which were exa}nined
at first hand. That identification was made on evidence of the characteristic combination of size, color, growth
and muscle scar configuration in the examined species. Color variations were examined in the hope that such
variances might lead to the determination of collecting localities of shells used in the breast plates. So far, these
studies have lead to no conclusions.

Species identification was a simple procedure, but discovering and defining ethnological use and anthropo-
logical significance of the shell used in breast plates is far more difficult. Anthro-
pological attribution of the breast plates should tentatively be broadened to include
Fiji and Tonga both on the basis of motific characteristics of inlaid whale ivory and
with regard to accounts of the geographical distribution of lineages whose head-men
possessed these ornaments.

Further, there are unanswered questions regarding the origins of intrinsic value
attributed to pearl shell. In addition, due to the appearance of distinct artistic styles
in the manufacture of these breast plates we are obliged to inquire as to the
significance of potential tribal dynastic influence over yet unidentified artists.

Nevertheless, accumulated data suggest that breast plates made with whale ivory
alone or with shell were produced over a relatively short time, roughly commen-
surate with the first century of continuous contact by trade and exploration by
European and American seafarers. This leads to the question of whether drastic
economic change and increased accumulation of wealth by certain Fijian or Tongan
chieftains was the cause of shell and whale ivory breast plate production. Did white
men, in fact, stimulate a modification in the fabrication of breast plates which
heretofore was thought to be endemic?

* Tire Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD 21218

Fiji or Tonga Breast Plate
(Shell) Pinctada margariti-
tera, whale ivory.

Accession number
55.251.160

Gift of Mr. Alan Wurtz-
burger, Baltimore Museum
of Art.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

AROAPYRGUS COSTARICENSIS HYBROBIID SNAIL HOST
OF PARAGONIMIASIS IN COSTA RICA
E.A. Malek*, R. Brenes* and G. Rojas*

The systematics of the hydrobiids of Central and South America are still unstable.
Early reporting on this group placed several species under a few genera, common among
which are Paludina, Hydrobia, Amnicola and Littoridina. Later reports considered also
Pterides, Idiopyrgus, Lyrodes, Potamopyrgus and Cochliopa. Thanks to the works by
Baker (1930), Morrison (1946), Taylor (1966) and Thompson (1968) the status of some
genera and species was clarified, and still more work is needed.

Interest in the study of this group of mollusks increased in recent years because it
became known that they are of significance in the transmission of several species of lung
flukes of humans and other mammals in Central and South America, rather than the
melaniid snails which had been suspected to act in this capacity.

Aroapyrgus costaricensis is here described from Costa Rica as the snail intermediate
host of Paragonimus mexicanus in that country. It was collected from Balsa de Atenas
and San Mateo (Province of Alajuelaj, from Tres Rios (Province of Cartago) arid from
Rincon de Osa (Province of Puntarenas). It had been placed earlier under Hydrobia by
Morch, Amnicola by von Martens, and even recently under Pyrgophorus. Information in
this paper deals with its systematics, morphology, laboratory maintenance and ecology of
its habitats, with special reference to the capacity of the snail in transmitting the infec-
tion to freshwater crabs, which are the second intermediate hosts of paragonimiasis in
Costa Rica, as well as in other parts of Central America, and in South America. In the
morphological features emphasis is placed on the shell, on the verge in the male, the
pallial oviduct in the female which is modified to form a brood pouch in this viviparous
snail, on the radula, shape of the gill and number of gill filaments. The closest species to
A. costaricensis is A. alleei described from Panama by Morrison (1946).

* Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, LA and Faculdad de
Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica.

WEST COAST MALACOLOGISTS, A CANDID PORTFOLIO
James H. McLean*

Portraits of malacological personalities taken at meetings of the Western Society of
Malacologists were shown.

* Los Angeles Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA 90007

REDISCOVERY OF VERRILL’S NUDIBRANCHS AND SEVERAL NEW
ADDITIONS TO THE OPISTHOBRANCHS OF NEW ENGLAND

M. Patricia Morse*

During the last ten years a number of species of opisthobranch molluscs have been
found which have not been studied since their original descriptions were recorded in the
literature. Coryphella stimpsoni Verrill and C. salmonacea Couthouy have been redis-
covered and their direct development patterns recorded. Recently an 80 mm specimen of
Dendronotus robustus Verrill was taken in Beverly, Massachusetts and placed in a tank at
the Marine Science Institute in Nahant. The nudibranch was maintained on Tubularia sp.
and an egg mass was deposited.

In Waquoit Bay, a large population of Doriopsilla pharpa Marcus was found feeding on
the boring sponge, Clione celata, which bores into oyster shells. This nudibranch appears
to have been transplanted from south of New Jersey, where it was described by Marcus,
and has established a breeding population along the Southern Cape Cod Coast due to
aciuaculture practices.

Additionally, two new species of opisthobranchs have been described from our labo-
ratory. First is Okenia ascidicola Morse which is found feeding on the tunicate, Mogula
manhattensis. The organisms bore a hole in the test of the solitary tunicate and proceed

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

71

to feed on the contents. They then crawl inside the test and take up residence. The
second discovery was a new species of the order Acochlidicea, Unela nahantensis Doe.
This is an interstitial opisthobranch found in the coarse gravel beach at the Nahant Marine
Science Institute and its maximum length is 2. 7 mm.

Year round studies and new techniques used for interstitial opisthobranchs have been
important in increasing our knowledge of New England opisthobranchs. (Contribution
number 34 from the Marine Science Institute, Northeastern University).

* Santa Catalina Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Southern California, Avalon, CA 90704.

ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OL LAND SNAILS IN THE
CHIHUAHUAN DESERT OL BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS.

W. Lloyd Pratt*

Land snail habitats within the park include the Rio Grande floodplain, desert ranges of
Cretaceous limestone, and the wooded Chisos Mountains of Tertiary igneous rock. The
desert land snail fauna of the floodplain and desert mountains is entirely separate from
the montane woodland fauna: there are no species and only two genera of broad eco-
logical amplitude common to both.

Two species are found on the floodplain. Polygyra texasiana (Moricand) is found
around springs at Rio Grande Village and Rabdotus alternatus (Say) is generally distri-
buted in the mesquite - seepwillow woodland of the floodplain.

Eight species are found in the desert mountains. Rabdotus alternatus (Say) is generally
distributed in the shrub desert of the lower slopes and three species of Holospira (H.
hamiltoni Dali, H. yucatanensis Bartsch, and H. riograndensis inhabit rock ledges

in the same habitat. Succinea luteola Gould, Metastoma roemeri (Pfeiffer), Rabdotus
dealbatus durangoanus (Martens), and Rabdotus pilsbryi (Ferriss) are found in desert
grassland on the flat tops of the ranges. The desert species seem to be obligate calciphiles
and are absent from the largely igneous bajada of the Chisos Mountains.

Twenty-three species of the montane fauna inhabit a variety of wooded habitats in the
Chisos Mountains: Succinea sp., Cionella lubricella (Porro), Vallonia perspectiva Sterki,
Pupilla hebes (Ancey), Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfeiffer), G. ashmuni (Sterki), G. pentodon
(Say), Columella columella (Benz), Pallifera Helicodiscus eigenmanni Punc-
tum vitreum Baker, Radiodiscus millecostatus Pilsbry and Ferriss, Glyphyalinia identata
(Say), Euconulus fulvus (Muller), Striatura meridionalis (Pilsbry and Ferriss), Hawaiia
minuscula (Binney), Pseudosubulina cheatumi Pilsbry, Thysanophora homi (Gabb),
Microphysula ingersolli (Bland), Polygyra chisosensis Pilsbry, Humboldtiana chisosensis
Pilsbry, H. edithae Parodiz, and H. agavophila Pratt. R.H. Wauer has collected two addi-
tional tnontane species, an undescribed Polygyra allied to P. chisosensis and
Humboldtiana texana Pilsbry, in a small area of stunted evergreen woodland on the Sue
Peaks in the Dead Horse Mountains.

* Science Dept., Fort Worth Museum of Science and History, Forth Worth, TX

THE SHELL IN CEPHALOPOD PHYLOGENY

Clyde F.E. Roper*

Cephalopods arose as a distinct Class of mollusks 400-500 million years ago. During
most of their evolutionary history, cephalopods retained one of the primary molluscan
features - a hard, external shell. The fossil cephalopods are a very large and diverse group
of mollusks, whose diversity is expressed in a complex classification that is based on a
single structure of the whole animal, the shell. In the absence of other preserved charac-
ters, the high degree of variation in the cephalopod shell through more than 400 million
years of evolution has enabled paleontologists to distinguish more than 10,000 species.

Only during the last moment of geological time has the shell become incorporated
internally with the structure of the mantle, until in Recent cephalopods the shell has lost
its predominence as a primary phylogenetic character. Although the shell is an extremely

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

varied structure throughout the living cephalopods, animals that possess similar-looking
shells are not necessarily closely related, based on more significant systematic characters.
If a neontologist were limited to using only the shell or gladius upon which to base a
classification, some strange relationships would emerge when compared with the modern
classification based on such characters as tentacles, fins, a radulae, gills, liver-pancreas,
eyes, suckers, etc.

A brief survey demonstrated this enigma by illustrating species grouped according to
apparent relationships based on similar structure of shells or gladii and comparing the
results with the currently accepted classification.

The shell has undergone an extreme modification in most Recent cephalopods to such
an extent that it is hardly recognizable as a molluscan feature. Even within the class
extensive variation in form and structure ranges from the coiled, chambered, external
o/ Nautilus, the calcareous, finely septate cuttlebone o/ Sepia, the featherlike gladius
or pen of some squids, the cartilaginous stylets of octopuses, to the entire absence of a
pen in some species of each major Order.

The 16 basic groups revealed by this preliminary study indicate the broad diversity in
structure of the cephalopod shell. The groups arranged by shell similarities only contained
a mixture of actually unrelated species. For example, one group consisted of species from
different suborders, while another contained species from different orders.

The shell of cephalopods, therefore, while of supreme importance in the systematics
and phytogeny of fossil forms, is of more limited value in determining relationships of
living species.

* Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560

SCAPHOPODS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN*
Victor Scarabuio *

A check list and the latitudinal and bathymetrical distribution of the scaphopods from
Cape San Roque (Brazil) to the Antarctic Peninsula are presented, based on material of
Argentinian, Uruguayan, Brazilian, North American, French, and British Institutions.

33 species were reported and placed as follows: in the family Dentaliidae in two
genera: Dentalium with 20 and Fustiaria (4) and in the Siphonodentaliidae in four
genera: Cadulus (6): Entalina (1 ): Pulsellum (3) and Siphonodentalium (1 ).

New records of species coming from both higher and lower latitudes are also reported.
The study of the assemblages of forms from the North and South Western Atlantic
confirm the preference of the group for temperature-warm to tropical regions.

The deepest record cited in the literature for living scaphopods from the southwestern
Atlantic is 34 75 m /'Dentalium amphialum Watson 1879 “off Rio de la Plata”). New deep
sea material that is under study will add more information.

Tire final list will be published with Patrick M. Arnaud from the Marine Station of Endoume
(Marseille, France).

* Depto. de Ecologja, Facultad de H. y Ciencias and Instituto de Investigacion de Ciencias Biologicas,
Avda. Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay.

THE UNIONID MOLLUSKS RESTRICTED TO
THE TENNESSEE AND CUMBERLAND RIVER SYSTEMS
David H. Stansbery*

A review of the unionid mollusks found only in the Cumberland and Tennessee River
systems has resulted in a greater list than previously known and a theory of origin of this
fauna.

The Ohio State University, Museum of Zoology, Columbus, OH 43210

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1974.

73

THE EFFECT OF “ONCE THROUGH” POWER PLANT
COOLING OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS
James M. Stilwell, *M. Claire Matthews'^ and Duane E. Bell*

Growth rates have been determined for the dominant species of freshwater naiads
collected in the vicinity of three fossil fuel electric power plants located on the Muskin-
gum River in Ohio. The species composition and diversity of the naiad population in the
area of one of the plants have been compared with data collected 10 years previously.
Curves derived from shells collected upstream and downstream of the thermal outfalls of
these plants were then compared. No significant differences in growth rates could be
attributed to the increased temperatures found downstream of the plants.

* Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH

NOTES ON SOME NEPTUNEIDS

Robert R. Talmadge*

Although the circumboreal marine gastropods belonging to the genus Neptunea are,
for the most part, neritic to bathyl in habit, a few localized populations have been found
living in the lower subtidal levels. In some instances, this was attributed to breeding,
storm-wave debris, or still-living snails discarded along with fisheries trash. However, most
records of such intertidal populations are caused by still unknown reasons.

Several species of Neptunea, usually those inhabiting a geographical range of less than
1200 miles in linear extent, have little, if any, significant shell differences, either within a
population or between populations. Other species exhibit the same shell characteristics
within a population, but alter shell forms in other populations on distal portions of the
range of the species. This is the basis for the biological unit, “Subspecies or Geographical
Race”. The variation trend may be gradual, usually noted in a species with a continuous
distribution, or there may be major breaks in shell morphs, usually found in species with
a discontinuous distribution. A third unit of neptuneids consists of populations which
may have one or more shell morphs, repeated many times within the distributional area.
The percentage of shells of the various forms varies between populations, creating a rather
confusing situation, which only in part may be based upon geographical races. Ana-
tomical comparisons are a must in this situation to verify if one or more species, especial-
ly sibling species, are present.

Curator of Natural History, College of the Redwoods, Eureka, CA 95501

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

AMU COMMITTEE AND BUSINESS REPORTS
REPORT OF AMU ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, AUGUST 7, 1974

The Annual Business Meeting of the AMU was
called to order by President Harold D. Murray. A
motion to approve the minutes of the 1973 Annual
Business Meeting as published in the 1973 AMU
Bulletin was approved.

President Murray summarized the reports of the
Recording Secretary and Corresponding Secretary as
submitted to the Executive Council August 5, 1974.
The Convention approved the reports as summarized,
and they are printed on the following pages.

Mrs. Myra Taylor, Treasurer, summarized the
Treasurer’s report for 1973. She noted that in the
past page charges have been paid for by authors who
are funded by a grant or an institution, but AMU
pays for the charges if authors are not so funded. A
motion to continue this policy with a clarification of
the policy statement was approved. The Treasurer’s
and Auditors’ reports for 1973 were approved and are
printed on the following pages.

President Murray summarized the report of the
chairman of each committee of the Council, giving
the action of the Executive Council on August 5,
1974:

Publications Committee - It was announced that
Mrs. Jeanne Whiteside had resigned her position as
editor of the Newsletter to assume the chairmanship
of the Conservation Committee. A statement of
thanks was made for her efforts as Newsletter editor.
The new editor for the Newsletter, Mrs. Dorothy
Beetle, was announced. Dr. Arthur Clarke reported
that he hoped to expedite publication of the Bulletin
and that referees would soon be receiving copies of
manuscripts. The report was accepted as summarized.

Membership Committee — This committee had
prepared a new form for attracting new members to
the AMU, and it was noted that some new members
had been obtained using this form. The Council
approved $25.00 expenditure for costs accumulated
by the chairman. Dr. Dorothea Franzen. The report
was accepted as summarized.

Conservation Committee — The Council approved
the request of the Conservation Committee to pre-
pare a list of member experts to be compiled to assist
major environmental groups in their works. Member
experts would appear on the list only with their per-
mission. The Council approved the establishment of
an ad hoc committee of the Council to set the guide
lines of the Conservation Committee. A request to
the Council to have mail-out bulletins of committee
activities was defeated, and the Awards Committee

was eliminated because of a lack of interest. The
request of the Committee to involve the AMU in legal
action on the Big Darby Creek, Ohio, Case was
defeated by the Council. The report was accepted as
summarized.

History and Archives Committee — The committee
and the Council expressed its thanks to Mr. Dan
Steger and Mrs. Gladys McCallum for slides donated
to the Archives collection. A request was made by the
chairman. Dr. William J. Clench, for more materials
for the Archives. The report was accepted as sum-
marized.

Nominating Committee — This committee pre-
sented the following slate of officers for 1974. The
officers were unanimously approved by the Council
on August 5:

President Dr. Donald R. Moore

President-Elect Dr. Dorothea Franzen

Vice-President Dr. George M. Davis

Corresponding Secretary Mr. Paul Jennewein

Co uncillors-at- Large Dr. Carl Gugler

Mrs. Constance Boone

There were no nominations from the floor and the
slate was approved unanimously.

Annual Meeting Site Committee — The committee
reported the receipt of an invitation to meet with the
Western Society of Malacologists at San Diego State
University, San Diego, California on June 22-26. The
Council approved this site for the 1975 meetings and
the report was approved by the Convention.

Budget Committee — This ad hoc committee was
reported by the Treasurer, Mrs. Myra Taylor. She
noted that there may be a $350.00 anticipated deficit
for 1975; however, the sale of How to Study and
Collect Shells might offset this deficit, and there is
over $2,000.00 in a time certificate in case of emer-
gency. Action to raise dues was deferred until 1975.

President Murray reported on other items ap-
proved by the Council on August 5. It was approved
by the Council that the incorporation of the AMU
would remain in California. The Council approved the
immediate publication of the How to Study and
Collect Shells, authorizing the Recording Secretary to
sell the publication at 25% discount for the purchase
of ten or more copies, and 40% discount for the
purchase of 50 copies or more. The Council also
reaffirmed its policy of not exchanging publications
with other organizations. In further action, the
Council clarified that there are only single Life

74

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

memberships available and no joint life memberships.

Under new business before the Convention, it was
moved, seconded, and approved that the AMU act as
an intervening defendant in the case between the
City of Columbus, plaintiff, and the Ohio Department
of Natural Resources, defendant, in which case the
city is attempting to prevent the state from designa-
ting Big Darby Creek as a state scenic river, and to
declare the state scenic river law unconstitutional. In
the event the court declares the AMU ineligible to be
an intervenor, then the AMU will submit an amicus
curiae brief in support of state scenic river desig-
nation for Big Darby Creek. Although the above
motion was presented to the Council on August 5 and

defeated, it was presented as new business before the
Convention. It was also moved, seconded, and
approved that implementation of the above motion
be started by the Conservation Committee without
delay, that $50.00 be allocated for lawyer’s fees, and
that an ad hoc committee be authorized to petition
the Department of Fish and Wildlife to add four addi-
tional endangered species to the list.

The question of whether AMU should have a
student section, with awards to encourage them, was
assigned to the Membership Committee for study.

The President adjourned the meeting at 3:50 p.m.

Leona Grantier, Secretary pro tern

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY

As of January 1, 1974, the membership of the
AMU was 790, showing a net increase of 28 indivi-
duals and 2 clubs over the previous year. The fol-
lowing is a comparison by category with the previous
two years:

1/1/72

1/1/73

1/1/74

Individual

451

479

492

Individuals under Family Membership
(2 or more people per membership)

190

208

216

Honorary Life Members

8

6

7

Clubs and Regional Organizations

45

47

49

Corresponding Members

23

20

26

TOTALS:

717

760

790

Included with the “individuals” were a number of
institutions that were not segregated prior to 1973,
when a separate dues category was approved. The
following chart gives the full breakdown and member-
ship status as of June.

Institutions (U.S. and Canada)

1/1/74

28

6/26/74

32

Individuals

464

485

Individuals under Family Membership

216

228

Honorary Life Members

7

7

Clubs and Regional Organizations

49

50

Corresponding — Institutions

7

7

— Individuals*

19*

28*

790

837

* Members with mailing addresses outside of U.S. and
Canada segregated for convenience in mailing. In-
cluded regular members in Western Hemisphere, 5 at
1/1/74 and 14 at 6/26/74.

75

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

The increase in membership between 1/1/73 and
1/1/74 masks a large turnover of members. About
110 individuals, including family memberships, were
dropped for non-payment of 1973 dues, yet new
memberships more than made up for the loss. At least
50 and often over 75 members are lost each year, and
only the increase in new members last year kept us
from losing ground. We must keep trying to recruit
new members to make up for the inevitable losses.
Since most of those dropped are amateurs, it seems
hkely that they have simply lost interest, rather than
that we have done something wrong.

Our members are very lax about notifiying the
AMU when they move. I can expect some 2% of any
bulk mailmg to be returned with an address correc-
tion, or sometimes with no forwarding address at all.
If the Post Office gives us the new address, it costs us
triple postage plus 10(/ to deliver the mail correctly,
often after considerable delay. (There is postage out,
back and out again, plus 10^ service charge.) Some-
times the Post Office clerk does not forward OR
return the mail — and we may lose a BULLETIN
worth almost $3. Even worse, we lose contact with a
member and can’t even bill him! PLEASE let us
know before you move! ! Also, please let us know if
you do not get a BULLETIN or a Newsletter within

two months of the expected time. Occasionally I have
gotten back an undelivered publication with the
original address label missing.

During the past year I was able to help a member
in a special way, and I want to let everyone else know
about this as a possible source of information. A
professional from a northern state was going to study
Gulf of Mexico mollusks last summer. He asked me if
I could help with names of collectors in that area. My
address label stickers are filed in Zipcode order, so I
lent him the stickers for that geographical area. He
chose the names he wanted and wrote to a number of
amateurs in the area. He got excellent responses. His
comment to me was that the amateurs were delighted
that their collections could be of some real use to
others - happy that they could be of assistance to a
professional. I hope all researchers will keep this in
mind in case of future need. We probably have a
number of members who are not listed in AMERI-
CAN MALACOLOGISTS, as our members are con-
stantly changing, and constantly moving from place
to place.

Respectfully submitted, Marian S. Hubbard,
Recording Secretary

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY

Letters asking for information or other help con-
tinued to arrive in batches at about the same rate as
last year. Big spurts occurred before Christmas and in
early spring. The average was running about a letter a
day. About one in three letters asked for the
booklet, HOW TO COLLECT SHELLS.

An item on the AMU in “Sea Secrets” supple-
mental leaflet of the International Oceanographic
Eoundation in Miami that goes to schools and libra-
ries, prompted a number of inquiries to Marian S.
Hubbard, whose address was listed. The item sug-
gested writing the AMU for its list of 50 shell clubs or
its pubhcation, HOW TO COLLECT SHELLS. Mrs.
Hubbard attempted to answer the first few, then
passed the rest to the Corr. Secy.

Eorm letters continued to help in letting most
inquirers receive prompt replies. Some required a
httle more information than could easily be placed on
a form letter. About half the mail continued to come
from youngsters who had read one or more of the
books or guides on shells and wanted more specific
information. A few asked for the baffling “more
information” without any hint at what sort of infor-
mation.

The Philippines, with their wealth of shells, were
the source of most of the overseas inquiries, and
virtually all were from prospective dealers who sought

information on going into business, lists of shells with
values and possible customers. In most cases, they
were referred to dealers who might help them.

Apart from the routine, the corresponding secre-
tary sent a wire to the AMU’s newest Honorary Life
Member on the closing afternoon of 1973’s Annual
Meeting, then followed it up with a letter when he
reached home. (Months later he learned Emery P.
Chace’s last name doesn’t have an “s” as the address
in the AMU BULLETIN for 1972 indicates.)

Letters of thanks were also written to various orga-
nizations and individuals and correspondence was
caught up finally in September, despite temptations
of fishing, shelling and sailing.

Late in September, letters were written to 14
editors of magazines and to officials of various orga-
nizations interested in the resolution on maintaining
the existing fresh water barrier in the Panama Canal,
which resolution was adopted June 27, 1973. The
letter that went to editors is as follows;

The American Malacological Union, an 840-
member organization interested in the scientific
aspects of mollusks and their shells, recently went
on record as opposing the Panama Canal Com-
pany’s proposal for a brackish water canal across
the Isthmus of Panama.

While the AMU recognizes the need for sufficient

76

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

water to facilitate the movement of ships through
the canal, it views the pumping of sea water into
the Gatun Lake environment as a potentially
dangerous act, in that it would allow the mixing of
Atlantic and Pacific organisms.

Such a saline canal, the organization feels, would
form a barrier to the net north-south movement of
terrestrial and fresh water creatures, as well as
destroy the present animal populations in and
immediately around Gatun Lake and the Canal.

The AMU considers the plan as being ecologically
irresponsible and strongly urges the use of other
alternatives available to the Panama Canal Com-
pany.

A similar but different letter went to individuals
and officials interested in the program and project.
Both the resolution and supporting data were dupli-
cated so that recipients would have copies.

Letters were received from the following maga-
zines or newsletters, indicating they were considering
publishing the letters: BioScience, Natural History,
Newsweek, Science, Sport Fishing Institute and Time.

Letters were also received from David S. Parker,
Governor of the Canal Zone and President of the
Panama Canal Company, and Juan Antonio Tack,
Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Republica de
Panama. Parker indicated his company was not
committed to pumping sea water. He said he had

commissioned a scientific group to prepare an en-
vironmental impact statement on technical alter-
natives and would pass the AMU statement on to this
committee. He said he was committed to both the
letter and spirit of the Environmental Policy Act in
this regard.

Tack’s three-page letter was in Spanish and said in
part: “Nos es muy grato llevar al conociemiento de
ustedes nuestra decidida cooperacion en mantenerlos
debidamente informados sobre cualquier medida que
se trate de implantar contraviniendo los principios de
la inalterabilidad de las condiciones de equilibrio
ecologico existente hoy en la via acuatica inter-
oceanica emplazada en territorio panameho.” This
appeared to indicate that he is aware of the problem
and appreciated the interest of the AMU.

As for the publication of the letter, the only news-
letter in that list which the corresponding secretary
receives regularly is the Sport Fishing Institute Bulle-
tin. It didn’t appear there. There’s no information on
its appearing elsewhere, although SCIENCE indicated
a letter from Dr. Victor G. Springer of the Biological
Society of Washington contained the information
that the AMU had passed a similar resolution to the
one passed by the Biological Society of Washington.

Respectfully submitted, Paul R. Jennewein, Cor-
responding Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1973.

CHECK BOOK BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 1973
RECEIPTS:

Memberships: Regular

2589.92

Sustaining

50.00

Life

125.00

Corresponding

101.25

Clubs & Organizations

562.75

3428.92

Sales: HOW TO COLLECT SHELLS

48.40

RARE & ENDANGERED SPECIES

19.75

Back issues — BULLETIN

100.70

188.85

Miscellaneous credits

55.97

55.97

Total Receipts from Activities:

TOTAL CASH TO BE ACCOUNTED FOR:

3673.74

DISBURSEMENTS:

BULLETIN

2436.32

NEWSLETTERS

305.07

Archives

398.00

Conservation Committee

151.27

Printing

158.21

Postage

176.46

Office Expenses & Supphes

107.15

Annual Meeting Expenses

164.23

Filing Fee — State of California

5.00

2761.93

6435.67

77

78

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

Travel — 2 Secretaries + Treasurer

596.54

Miscellaneous expenses

55.44

Total Disbursements

4553.69

Check Book Balance, December 31, 1973

1881.98

TOTAL CASH TO BE ACCOUNTED FOR:

6435.67

Savings Acct # 8289670, Broadway Nat’l Bank

2177.70

Interest added to Savings # 8289670, balance.

90.33

2268.03

CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT, # 6659, Bdy Nat’l Bank

3000.00

Lnt. added, balance

22.85

3022.85

RECAPITULATION OF ASSETS, DECEMBER 31, 1973:

Cash in checking account, Broadway National Bank

1881.98

Treasurer’s Petty Cash — Myra Taylor

25.00

Secretary’s Petty Cash — Marian Hubbard

100.00

Savings Account # 8289670, Broadway National Bank

2268.03

CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT, # 6659, Broadway Nat’l Bank

3022.85

TOTAL ASSETS:

7297.86

ALLOCATED TO LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND: 1 595.88

A.M.U. NET WORTH - DECEMBER 31, 1973 5701.98

CHANGES IN CAPITAL ACCOUNT:

A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, JANUARY 1 , 1973 6593.75

A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, DECEMBER 31, 1973 5701.98

NETDE’CREMSF IN ASSETS - 1973 $ 891.77

Respectfully submitted,
Myra L. Taylor, Treasurer

AUDITED: DATE:

T.E. Pulley and Constance E. Boone 1 March, 1974

Betty Allen 11 March, 1974

TREASURER’S NOTE: DECREASE IN NET ASSETS DUE TO SEVERAL FACTORS:

1 . Expenditures for Archives Room and Conservation Committee

2. No receipts from 1973 A.M.U. meeting and no page charges from authors.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

REPORT OF CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
1974 ANNUAL MEETING

The meeting, chaired by Mrs. Jeanne Whiteside in
the absence of Mrs. Esse Merrill, was open to all;
attendance was approximately 37.

The treasurer’s report for 1973 showed a balance
of $48.73 (out of $200 allocated to this committee)
plus $100 for two awards for conservation projects,
for which no entries were submitted. The sum for
awards is still available.

A third set of conservation kits has been made up

and distributed.

During a discussion of what AMU can do in the
conservation field, attention was called to a publi-
cation of the Izaak Walton League, “2002 Questions
for the Endangered Coastal Zone.” It was suggested
that information be included in the Newsletter
regarding what literature is presently available, avoid-
ing duplication of the aforementioned, including
locality data on polluted areas.

A U.S. mollusk census, similar to that being under-
taken in Great Britain, was rejected.

After a discussion of what AMU can do in the
conservation field, it was moved, seconded and
approved that we compile a list of experts in mol-
lusks, providing the list to major environmentalists,
offering our aid and assistance in any way we can.

Regarding a policy on state shells (some feeling it
would cause over-collecting, and some that it would
work for protection), it was decided by vote that this
be left to individual states.

The National Wildlife Federation is to put out
seals of various species of wildlife, and it was agreed
that AMU would advise the N.W.F. as to an appro-
priate selection of endangered mollusks to portray.

In response to a question about a list of endan-
gered species, it was reported that so far the list con-
tains 15 California land snails, 35 midwestern mussels
and 10 crustaceans.

It was pointed out in regard to the role of the
conservation committee and its effectiveness, that the
total environment needs protection, not just specific
moUusks, and that we should adhere to our Code of
Ethics adopted in 1973. We were reminded, however
that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers demands
specific names.

It was agreed that the committee’s role is hamper-
ed by having only annual meetings. To counteract
this time lag it was suggested regional chairmen could
keep in touch with local action, that the newsletter
be supplemented by two notices yearly, that regional
chairmen be chosen to advise members in their area of
activity affecting conservation, and that AMU could
voice its feelings to Corps of Engineers and similar
groups. It was also suggested that we lend our name
to existing organizations. After a reading of the con-
servation policy formulated in 1973, it was moved,
seconded and passed that the conservation committee
issue a bulletin on a regular basis informing members
of general areas of interest related to endangerment
of habitat and that regional directors assist.

It was moved, seconded and passed that the con-
servation committee study and take to the member-
ship in 90 days an opinion on the National Land Use
Act in regard to whether or not to support this Act.

Leona Grantier, Secretary pro tern

(Continued from page 1)

The last session was convened by Carol Stein and
after lunch the members gathered for the Annual
Business Meeting in the Museum of Fine Arts.

On Wednesday at 6:00 p.m. members gathered at
the Stonehaven Hotel for a reception, followed by
I the Annual banquet. The management of the Stone-
! haven honored those at the head table with
I champagne. The banquet address was given by Dr.

Ruth Turner, and concerned her experience in the
' Deep Sea Research Vessel, “Alvin.” Ruth’s beautiful-
! ly presented program was accompanied by color
I slides, and the audience genuinely enjoyed her inter-
I esting presentation. After introductions and acknow-
ledgements, the Past Presidents were presented to the
group, and the new Officers were introduced. The

final adjournment of the 1974 AMU meeting came
and those who were leaving early the next morning
bade farewell to friends until next year.

Some of us could not leave our friends so soon,
however, so on Thursday morning approximately 40
persons journeyed in private cars to a drained canal
near the Connecticut River. Within minutes most of
the members were wading in shallow water collecting
several species of unionids just below the locks of the
canal. By noon we began to tire, and those on the
field trip drifted back to the Stonehaven or started
home.

Respectfully submitted, Myra Taylor, Treasurer

79

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

THE AMERICAN MALACOEOGICAL UNION, INC.
ACTIVE MEMBERS 1974

Membership List Revised January, 1975

Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker, Delaware Museum of Natural
History, Box 3937, Greenville, DE. 19807.

Abbott, Mrs. Sue D., Suite D-l-A, R.D. 3, Box 250,
Hockessin, DE. 19707.

Abreu, Mrs. Vivian B., 2709 Dewey St., Tampa EL.
33607 (Sea life relationship to human race).

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos G., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708.

Alarcon, Sr. Benito Euenzalida, Correo, Isla de
Pascua, Chile (Easter Island species).

Albert, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest, 905 S. Bayshore, Safety
Harbor, EL. 33572.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynne-
wood, PA. 19096.

Allen, James E., 1 108 Southampton Dr., Alexandria,
LA. 71301 (Tertiary micro-mollusca).

Allen, Dr. J. Erances, 7507 23rd Ave., Hyattsville,
MD. 20783.

Allen, Mrs. Lawrence K., Box 822, Port Isabel, TX.
78578 {Murex, Pecten, world marines; dealer).

Allen, Miss Letha S., 187 Argyle St., Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, Canada B5A 3X2 (General).

Anders, Kirk W., Shells of the Seas, Inc., P.O. Box
1418, Ft. Lauderdale, EL. 33302 (Volutidae, all
rare shells).

Anderson, Carleton Jay Jr., 56 Kettle Creek Rd.,
Weston, CT. 06880.

Anderson, Gregory L., Pacific Marine Station, Dillon
Beach, CA. 94929.

Angstadt, Mrs. Earle K., 247 Penn St., Reading, P.A.
19602.

Aslakson, Capt. and Mrs. Carl L, 5707 Wilson Lane,
Bethesda, MD. 20034.

Atheam, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D., Museum of Flu-
viatile Mollusks, Rt. 5, Box 499, Cleveland, TN.
3731 1 (Freshwater mollusks).

Atheam, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 N. Main St., Fall River,
MA. 02720 (Land shells).

Avellanet, Mrs. Helene, 115 Sunaire Terrace, Noko-
mis, FL. 33555.

Avery, Mrs. R. Gail, Box 2557, Harbor, OR. 97415
(West American mollusks; exchange).

Babrakzai, Mr. Noorullah, Dept. Biological Science,
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

Baerreis, David A., 1233 Sweet Briar Rd., Madison
WI. 53705 (Paleoecological interpretation through
mollusks).

Bagdon, Mr. and Mrs. Anthon, 440 Home Dr., Traf-
ford, P.A. 15085.

Baily, Dr. Joshua L. Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San
Diego, CA. 92103.

Baker, Mrs. Horace B., 1 1 Chelten Rd., Havertown,
PA. 19083.

Baker, John, A., 147 Hedgegrove Ave., Satellite
Beach, FL. 32937 (General).

Baker, Nelson W., 69-990 Papaya Lane, Cathedral
City, CA. 92234 (General).

Balsam, Arthur, 1911 Fawn Dr., Philadelphia, PA.
19118.

Banek, Thomas J., 466 Thatcher Rd., Springfield, PA.
19064 (Marine gastropods, taxonomy and eco-
logy).

Barker, C. Austin, 2 Hickory Dr., Rye, NY. 10580.
Barlow, Dr. and Mrs. G. Barton, 5 Downey Dr.,
Tenafly,NJ. 07670.

Barnett, George H., Koran Ave., M.D. # 23, New-
burgh, NY. 12550.

Barnett, Dr. Herbert C., Brazilian-American Bio-
medical Program, U.S. Consulate, Salvador
(Bahia), APO New York, NY. 09676.

Barton, Mrs. James, 20 Newfield Dr., Rochester, NY.
14616 (Cypraea; worldwide general, esp.
Hawaiian).

Bates, Dr. John M., 1900 Dexter Ave., Ann Arbor,
ML 48103.

Battles, Harold J., 502 Pinon Dr., Morro Bay, CA.

93442 (Worldwide marine).

Bauchman, Frank A., 1601 Big Bethel Rd., Hampton,
VA. 23666 (Collecting).

Bauer, Mr. and Mrs. Hugo C., 2126 45th St., Gal-
veston, TX. 77550 (all Mollusca).

Baum, Newman N., 83 Weaving Lane, Wantagh, L.I.,
NY. 1 1793.

Baxa, Mrs. Dorothy, Box 177, Genesee Depot, WI.
53127.

Bayne, Dr. C.J., Dept, of Zoology, Oregon State
Univ., Corvallis, OR. 97331 (Gastropod physio-
logy).

Bazata, Kenneth R., Dept, of Life Sciences, Univ. of
Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 68508.

Beetle, Ms. Dorothy E., 375 W. Galbraith Ave. #42,
Cincinnati, OH. 45215.

Bennett, Dr. Terry M., Medical Advisor, U.S.

Embassy, APO New York, NY. 09697 (Exchange).
Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Dept, of Entomology, Univ.

of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85717.

Bereza, Daniel J., 825 N. 24th St., Philadelphia, PA.

19130 (Unionidae; Pleuroceridae).

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., 13409 Accent Way,
Germantown, MD. 20767.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1 145 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, CA. 92373.

Bickel, David, Dept. Earth Sciences, Minot State
College, Minot, ND. 58701 (Systematics and eco-

80

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 19 74.

81

logy of freshwater mollusks, esp. Pleurocerids).

Bijur, Jerome M., 135 Seventh Ave. N., Naples, FL.
33940 (Buy, exchange Florida and Caribbean
marine).

Bippus, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin C., 2743 Sagamore Rd.,
Toledo, OH. 43606 (Marine gastropods).

Blankenship, Shaw, Rt. # 2, Crab Orchard, KY.
40419 (Freshwater mussels).

Blaser, James, 1846 Laurel Lane, Amherst, OH.
44001 (Florida mollusks; Ohio freshwater mol-
lusks).

Bleakney, Dr. J. Sherman, Dept, of Biology, Acadia
Univ., Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada BOP 1X0
(Nudibranchs and sacoglossans; ecology, zoo-
geography, systematics).

Bledsoe, William D., 352 Bon Hill Rd., Los Angeles,
CA. 90049.

Boone, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Q., 3706 Rice Blvd.,
Houston, TX. 77005.

Borror, Kathy Gail, 612 Northridge Rd., Columbus,
OH. 43214.

Boss, Dr. Kenneth J., Museum of Comparative Zoo-
logy, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Bottimer, L.J., Rt. 1, Box 50, Tow, TX. 78672
(Recent and fossil mollusks).

Bowen, Philip R., 1004 Collins St., Hartsville, SC.
29550.

Boyd, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene S., 6806 Gillis Rd.,
Victor, NY. 14564 (Phylum Mollusca — all
aspects).

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Rd., Ithaca, NY.
14850.

Brady, Mr. and Mrs. E. Leo, P.O. Box 2515,
Newburgh, NY. 12550 (Land snails).

Branson, Dr. Branley A., P.O. Box 50, Eastern
Kentucky Univ., Richmond KY. 40475.

Bratcher, Mrs. Twila, 8121 Mulholland Terrace,
Hollywood, CA. 90046.

Bretsky, Mrs. Sara S., 91 Upper Sheep Pasture Rd.,
East Setauket, NY. 1 1733 (Ecology and evolution
of Bivalvia, Tertiary and Recent).

Bricker, Mrs. Minnie, Miss Donna Bricker, Walter
Kurman, R.D. 3, Hanover, PA. 17331 (Conchs and
Whelks).

Brill, Mr. and Mrs. James A., 805 Johnson St., Terrell,
TX. 75160.

Britton, Joseph C., Dept, of Biology, Texas Christian
Univ., Ft. Worth, TX. 76129.

Brooks, Mrs. John C., 3050 Sunrise Blvd., Ft. Pierce,
FL. 33450.

Brown, Dr. and Mrs. Harvey E. Jr., 9455 S.W. 81st
Ave., Miami, FL. 33156.

Broyles, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph E., 5701 Fairfield Dr.,
Ft. Wayne, IN. 46807.

Brunson, Dr. Royal Bruce, Univ. of Montana, Mis-
soula, MT. 59801.

Bryan, Edwin H. Jr., Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037,
Honolulu, HI. 96818 (Pacific biogeography and
bibliography).

Buckley, George D., 164 Renfrew St., Arlington, MA.
02174.

Buehler, William, 113 16th Ave. East, Ashland, WI.
54806 (Freshwater mollusks).

Buerk, Minerva S., M.D., 331 Penn Rd., Wynnewood,

PA. 19096 (Anatomy, histology).

Bullis, Harvey R. Jr., 121 Island Dr., Key Biscayne,
FL. 33149.

Burch, Mrs. John Q., 1300 Mayfield Rd., Apt. 61-L,
Seal Beach, CA. 90740.

Burch, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A., P.O. Box 309,
Kailua, HI. 96734 (Dredging).

Burger, Sybil B., 3700 Gen. Patch N.E., Albuquerque,
NM. 87111 (Gulf of Mexico; land snails).

Burgers, Dr. and Mrs. J.M., 4622 Knox Rd., Apt. 7,
College Park, MD. 20740.

Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn, 14453 Nassau Rd.,
San Leandro, CA. 94577.

Burke, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Jr., 1820 S. Austin
Blvd., Cicero, IL. 60650 (Marine mollusks of
Eastern USA).

Bulky, Dr. Albert J., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of
Dayton, Dayton, OH. 45409.

Cahill, Michael, 1639 Madison St., Apt. #4, Holly-
wood, FL. 33020 (Florida marine).

Cameron, Hugh C., 3704 Edwards Rd., Cincinnati,
OH. 45208 (Collecting).

Campbell, Mrs. Minnie Lee, 3895 DuPont Circle,
Jacksonville, FL. 32205 (General).

Canon, Sr. Jose R., instituto de Fomento Pesquero,
Casiila 1287, Santiago, Chile (Benthic ecology;
South American Mollusca).

Capo, Thomas R., 28 Windward Lane, Easthampton,
NY. 1 1937 (Benthic ecology).

Cardeza, R. Adm. and Mrs. Carlos M., P.O. Box 6746,
Houston, TX. 77005; summer add. - 1718 Jewel
Box Dr., Sanibel, FL. 33957 (Florida and Texas
shells).

Cardin, T/Sgt. Charles, 818 Camphor St., Vandenberg

AFB, CA. 93437.

Carlton, James T., Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Cali-
fornia, Davis, CA. 95616 (Estuarine and brackish
water mollusks).

Carney, Dr. W. Patrick, Dept, of Experimental Para-
sitology, NMRI, NNMC, Bethesda, MD. 20014.

Carr, Mrs. Jack C., 912 Broadway, Normal, IL. 61761
(Exchange worldwide marine).

Castagna, Michael, Va. Institute of Marine Science,
Wachapreague, VA. 23480 (Pelecypod larval
behavior).

Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N., 905 Strangler Fig
Lane, Sanibel, FL. 33957 (Mitra, Cypraea: no
exchanges).

Cetnar, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene J., 4322 Bishop Rd.,
Detroit, MI. 48224.

Chace, Emery P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, CA.
90717.

Chandler, Car! B. and Doris M., P.O. Box 621,
Chatham, MA. 02633 (Cones, Cypraea).

Chanley, Mr. and Mrs. Paul E., P.O. Box 645, New
Suffolk, NY. 1 1956.

Chauvin, Daniel, 3950 Hollister # 79, Houston, TX.
77055.

Cheng, Dr. Thomas C., Institute for Pathobiology,
Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA. 18015.

Christie, Dr. John D., Research and Control Dept.,
P.O. Box 93, Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies.

Chrosciechowski, Przemyslaw K., Aptdo 125,
Maracay (Ar.), Venezuela (Planorbidae).

82

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

Chichester, Lyle F., Dept. Biological Science, Central
Conn. State College, New Britain, CT. 06050
(Ecology of terrestrial gastropods, biology of land
slugs).

Christensen, Carl C., Dept, of Biological Sciences,
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

Clark, John W. Jr., Texas Archeological Survey, Rt. 4,
Box 189, Austin, TX. 78757 (Economic exploita-
tion of mollusks by Indians).

Clarke, Dr. Arthur H., Head Invertebrate Division,
National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.,
Canada KIA 0M8.

Clarke, Michael D., 1179 Brown Rd., Hanover, MI.
49241.

Clench, Dr. William J., 26 Rowena St., Dorchester,
MA. 02124.

Coan, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto,
CA. 94306.

Coleman, Dr. Richard W., Dept, of Biology, Upper
Iowa College, Fayette, lA. 52142 (Environmental
interrelationships, plants-Lnvertebrates).

Compitello, Mrs. Juliette, 5630 Alta Vista Rd.,
Bethesda, MD. 20034.

Cooper, Robert W., 5012 Pfeiffer Rd., Peoria, IL.
61607 (Florida marine; Murc.v, Pecten, Spondvlus,
SCUBA).

Corgan, Dr. James X., Dept. Geography and Geology,
Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, TN. 37040
(Microscopic gastropods).

Courtney, Charles M., c/o Marco Applied Marine Eco-
logy Station, North Barfield Dr., Marco Is., FL.
33937 (Aquatic ecologist/malacologist).

Craig, Michael M., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48 104.

Craine, Mrs. Ruth A., Penick Memorial Home “F”,
East Rhode Island Ext., Southern Pines, NC.
28387.

Cramer, Frances L., 766 Obispo Ave., Long Beach,
CA. 90804 (Ecology; conservation).

Cull, Mrs. Robert R., 7927 Chippewa Rd., Brecks-
ville, OH. 44141.

Cummings, Raymond W., 37 Lynacres Blvd., Fayette-
viUe, NY. 13066 (West Indies shells, esp. Wind-
ward and Grenadine Is.).

Curington, Roberta M., 6746 Ransome Dr., Balti-
more, MD. 21207 (Marine gastropods).

Cutler, Mr. and Mrs. Henry H., 105 Abbott Rd.,
Wellesley Hills, MA. 02181.

Cvancara, Dr. Alan Milton, Dept. Geology, Univ. of
N. Dakota, Grand Forks, ND. 58201 (Pleistocene
and Holocene continental mollusks, early Tertiary
continental and marine).

Danforth, Louise L., 2920 Yorktown St., Sarasota,
FL. 33581.

Daniels, Mrs. Kathleen K., 121 Stephens Lane,
Verona, PA. 15147 (Marine; educational mate-
rials).

Davis, Dr. Derek S., Nova Scotia Museum, 1747
Summer St., Hahfax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3M
3A6 (Gastropod biology and taxonomy).

Davis, Dr. George M., Dept, of Mollusks, .Academy of
Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadel-
phia, PA. 19103.

Davis, Dr. John D., 26 Norfolk Ave., Northampton,

MA. 01060 (Ecology of marine bivalves).

Deatrick, Paul A., 218 S.W. 32 Ave., Miami, FL.
33135 (Strombus, Busyconj.

de Graaff, Gerritt, 10915 S.W. 55 St., Miami, FL.
33165.

De Luca, Mrs. John A. and Miss Gladys De Luca, 61
Deborah Rd., Hanover, MA. 02339.

De Oliveira, Dr. Maury Pinto, Chefe Secao de Malaco-
logie do ICBG da UFJF, 36100 Juiz de Fora,
Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Demond, Miss Joan, 4140 Grandview Blvd. # 1, Los
Angeles, CA. 90066.

Dexter, Miss Norma, 135 E. Main St. # 3, Clinton,
CT. 06413 (Cypraea).

Dexter, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph W., Dept. Biological
Sciences, Kent State Univ., Kent, OH. 44240.

Dietrich, Mr. and Mrs. Louis E., 308 Veri Dr., Pitts-
burgh, PA. 15220.

Dixon, Mrs. Ruth S., 711 Parker St., Durham, NC.
27701 (Marine).

Dobos, John D., 1300 Porter, Apt. 45, Dearborn, ML
48124.

Duarte, Sr. Eliseo, Casilia Correo 1401, Central,
Montevideo, Uruguay.

DuBar, Dr. and Mrs. Jules R., Geoscience Dept.,
Morehead State Univ., Morehead, KY. 40351
(Cenozoic and recent mollusks — ecology and
paleoecology).

Dundee, Dr. Dolores S., Dept, of Biological Science,
Louisiana State Univ., New Orleans, LA. 70122
(Land mollusks, freshwater mussels).

Dvorak, Stanley J., 3856 W. 26th St., Chicago, IL.
60623 (Muricidae).

Dyer, Mr. and Mrs. John S. Jr., Box 238, Brookside,
NJ. 07926 (Gastropods).

Eddison, Dr. Grace G., District Three State Hospital,
Paris, KY. 40361 (World marine).

Edmiston, Mrs. J.R., 5038 Hazeltine Ave., Apt. 301,
Sherman Oaks, CA. 91403.

Edwards, Lt. Col. Corinne E., USAF (Ret.), P.O. Box
691, Coconut Grove, FL. 33133 (Chitons; self-
collected).

Edwards, D. Craig, Dept, of Zoology, Morrill Science
Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
01002 (Population ecology and behavior of marine
benthic molluscs).

Emerson, Dr. William K., American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St.,

New York, NY. 10024.

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn, MA.
01501.

Eubanks, Dr. Elizabeth R., 9821 Childress Dr.,
Austin, TX. 78753 (Florida marine shells).

Evans, Miss Susan E., 244 Congress Ave., Lansdowne,
PA. 19050 (Conus, Cypraea, Murexj.

Fackert, Miss Dorothy M., 2 Wilson Rd., Apt. 16B,
Sussex, NJ. 07461.

Farrell, Dr. Lyle H., Box 57, Andover, NH. 03216.

Fechtner, Frederick R., 2611 W. Fitch Ave., Chicago,
IL. 60645.

Feinberg, Harold S., Dept, of Living Invertebrates,
American Museum of Natural History, Central
Park W. at 79th St., New York, NY. 10024 (Land
and freshwater mollusks).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974,

83

Fenzan, William J., 385 Dohner Dr., Wadsworth, OH.
44281 (Worldwide marine).

Ferguson, Dr. and Mrs. John H., 226 Glandon Dr.,
Chapel mu, NC. 27514.

Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J., 2060 Clarmar Way, San
Jose, CA. 95128 (Ecology, behavior, physiology,
systematics of American Mollusca).

Fieberg, Mrs. Kleinie, 1430 Lake Ave., Wilmette, IL.
60091.

Fingold, Mr. and Mrs. A.S., University Square # 1,
4625 Fifth Ave., Apt. 105, Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

Finlay, C. John, 1 16 Tanglewood Lane, Newark, DE.
19711 (Marine mollusks Western Atlantic and
Caribbean).

Flansburg, Dr. Ronald R., 2910 Pomona Court,
Brookfield, WI. 53005.

Foehrenbach, Jack, 91 Elm St., Islip Manor, NY.
11751 (Marine ecology).

Foote, Miss Mary K., Box 2075, South Padre Island,
TX. 78578.

Ford, Mrs. E. Flynn, 2100 S. Ocean Dr., Apt. 8 M,
Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 33316.

Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Edward W., 30 Bamboo Dr.,
Naples, FL. 33940.

Foster, Mrs. Fred H., 401 N. Justus St., Oxford, IN.
47971.

Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Lake, 4508 Woodrow, Galves-
ton, TX. 77550.

Franke, Norman W., 165 1 Nash Ave., Pittsburgh, PA.
15235 (Self-collected marine).

Fox, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold, 112 Rennard Place, Phila-
delphia, PA. 19116 (Pecten, Spondylus, Murex).

Franz, Dr. David R., Biology Dept., Brooklyn
College, Brooklyn, NY. 11210 (Ecology and
physiology, marine mollusks, esp. Nudibranchs).

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ.,
Bloomington, IL. 61701.

Fraser, Stanley, R.R. 5, Smith Falls, Ont., Canada.

FuUer, Samuel L.H. and Mrs. Mary L.B. Fuller, Aca-
demy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway,
Philadelphia, PA. 19103 (World Naiads, Unionacea
and Mutelacea).

Fullington, Richard W., Dallas Museum of Natural
History, P.O. Box 26193, Dallas, TX. 75226 (Land
and freshwater gastropods of North America).

Gad, Kathleen J., 8911 W. Burleigh, Milwaukee, Wl.
53222.

Gale, Dr. William F., Ichthyological Assoc. Inc., R.D.
# 1, Berwick, PA. 18603 (Sphaeriids).

Galindo, Lie. Ernesto Santos, Lopez # 1, Piso 6,
Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

Gallagher, Mrs. Susan, 12250 6th St. East, Treasure
Island, FL. 33706.

Garoian, Dr. George, Dept, of Zoology, Southern
Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL. 62901.

Gilbert, Mrs. Laura, 808 Westwood Dr., Abilene, TX.
79603.

Gilbert, Prof, and Mrs. William H., 1 1 West St., Water-
ville, ME. 04901 (Marine and freshwater bivalves -
ecology, behavior, systematics; Tellina, Macoma).

Gilmour, Dr. Thomas H.J., Dept. Biology, Univ. of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N OWO
(Anisomyarian bivalves).

Girardi, Dr. Elizabeth-Louise, 707 Kent Rd., Kenil-

worth, IL. 60043.

Glazebrook, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, P.O. Box 651,
Marathon, FL. 33050.

GUck, Dr. Robert N. 13500 E. 12 Mile Rd., Warren,
MI. 48093 (Cowries, cones, olives).

Goethel, Lt. Col. (Ret.) and Mrs. Louis N., 9402
Nona Kay Dr., San Antonio, TX. 78217
{Cypraea - buy and trade).

Goodfriend, Glen A., Div. of Invertebrates, Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL. 60605.

Graf, Robert A., 3217 Maxim Dr., Fort Wayne, IN.
46805.

Grantier, Mrs. Bruce J., 7 Tiverton Dr., Ottawa,
Ont., Canada K2E 6L4 (Persian Gulf shells).

Greenberg, Mrs. Janis, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy.,
Malibu, CA. 90265 (Tidepool Gallery).

Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy.,
Malibu, CA. 90265 (Tidepool Gallery).

Gregg, Dr. Wendell O., 2546 Hill St., Huntington
Park, CA. 90255.

Grimm, F. Wayne, 356 Mayfield, Apt. 3, Vanier,
Ont., Canada (Holarctic terrestrial mollusks).

Groeneveld, Miss Mae, 1183 Terrace St., Muskegon,
ML 49442 (Cypraea, Conus).

Guckert, Richard H., P.O. Box 185, Thomasville, GA.
31792. (Systematics of freshwater mussels; eco-
logy; physiology of Nassariidae).

Gudnason, Mrs. Harold, 105 Danefield Place, Moraga,
CA. 94556.

Gugler, Dr. Carl W., School of Life Sciences, Univ. of
Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 68508 (Terrestrial pul-
monates).

Gunter, Dr. Gordon, Gulf Coast Research Lab.,
Ocean Springs, MS. 39564 (Ostreidae).

Gustave, Al, 3929 North Third St., Phoenix, AZ.,
85012 (Murex, Astraea, Latiaxis).

Haas, Dr. John W., 1653 Medical Arts Bldg., Min-
neapolis, MN. 55402 (Volutes, Pectens, Spon-
dylus).

Hadley, Mrs. Esther, 48 Adella Ave., West Newton,
MA. 02165.

Hagge, Mrs. Daniel, 20 North Hill Rd., Wausaw, WL
54401.

Hall, Mrs. Warner L., 727 Queen’s Rd., Charlotte, NC.
28207.

Hamilton, Mrs. William J. Jr., 615 Highland Rd.,
Ithaca, NY. 14850.

Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Bodega Marine Lab., P.O. Box
247, Bodega Bay, CA. 94923.

Harasewych, Jerry, Academy of Natural Sciences,
Dept, of Mollusks, 19th and the Parkway, Phila-
delphia, PA. 19103.

Harman, Dr. Willard N., P.O. Box 63, Otego, NY.
13825.

Harris, Don V. Jr., 888 16th St. N.W., Washington,
DC. 20006.

Harris, Mrs. E. Milton, 3237 Carlisle Rd., Birming-
ham, AL. 35213.

Harris, Major Marion J. and Mrs. Bessie B. Harris, Rt.
6, Box 347 T, Jacksonville, FL. 32223.

Harrison, Mrs. Francis F., One Beaver St., Cooper-
stown, NY. 13327.

Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen St., Bellaire,
TX. 77401.

84

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 19 74.

Haven, Dr. Dexter S., 336 Lafayette Rd., Yorktown,
VA. 23490. (Mercenaria rnercenaria, Mya arenaria,
Crassostrea virginica).

Hecht, Mrs. Paul L., 3636 Mineola Dr., Sarasota, FL.
33579.

Heck, Lt. Col. Ralph L., P.O. Box 16712, Temple
Terrace, FL. 33617 (Gastropods, esp. Conus,
Cypraea ).

Hedges, Mrs. Arlene, 404 North East St., Crown

^ Point, IN. 46307.

Henderson, Jerry G., 1729 N.W. Greenbrier Way,
Seattle, WA. 98177

’’Hensley, Steven V., 2488 S. Fletcher Dr., Fernandina
Beach, FL. 32034 (Ecology of freshwater Pele-
cypoda).

Hepler, Neil M. and Laura E., 435 S. Federal Hwy.,
Deerfield Beach, FL. 33441 (Cephalopoda,
Cypraeidae).

Herr, Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Sr., 7901 Dewitt Dr.,
RFD #3, Baldwmsville, NY. 13027.

Hesse, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H., 1241 Cocoanut Rd.,
Boca Raton, FL. 33432.

Hettick, Mrs. G. Riley, 933 Lynnwood Dr., Bartles-
ville, OK. 74003.

Hickman, Carole S., Biology Dept., Swarthmore
College, Swarthmore, PA. 19081 (Tertiary mol-
luscan paleontology).

Hickman, Mrs. Harriette L., 11015 First Ave., Stone
Harbor, NJ. 08247 (Worldwide Epitonium).

Hicks, Mrs. Edwin S., 1522 Palmwood Dr., Eau
Gallic, FL. 32935 (Recent and fossil marine shells
of Western Atlantic).

Hill, Frederick C., Univ. of Louisville, Water Re-
sources Lab., Belknap Campus, Louisville, KY.
40208.

Hillman, Dr. Robert E., Battelle-Clapp Laboratories,
Duxbury, MA. 02332 (Molluscan ecology and
physiology).

Hoagland, Ms. Elaine, Dept, of Mollusks, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge,
MA. 02138 (Ecology and evolution of marine
mollusks).

Hohman, Betty Jean, 10 Ferris, Apt. 101, Highland
Park, MI. 48203 (Cones, Volutes, Murices).

Holiman, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne, Box 246, Edinburg,
TX. 78539.

Holle, Dr. Paul A., 131 Holman St., Shrewsbury, MA.
01545 (Salt marsh snails).

Hollister, Dean S.C., 201 Hollister Hall, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, NY. 14850.

Homan, Mrs. Jacqueline A., Tire Museum, Texas Tech
Univ., P.O. Box 4499, Lubbock, TX. 79409.

Hopkins, Dr. and Mrs. Sewell H., 709 Garden Acres
Blvd., Bryan, TX. 77801.

Hornstein, Leon, 2211 Arden Rd., Baltimore, MD.
21209.

Houbrick, Dr. Richard S., Supervisor for Benthos,
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center,
Washington, DC. 20560 (Zoogeography, systema-
tics, evolution).

Hubbard, Mrs. Marian S., 3957 Marlow Court, Sea-
ford, NY. 1 1783 (Littorinidae; all juvenile
mollusks).

Hubricht, Leslie, 4026 35th St., Meridian, MS. 39301

(U.S. land and freshwater).

Hulswit, Mart, 680 West End Ave., New York, NY.
10025 (SCUBA).

Hunkins, Mrs. Ruth E., 133 Brook to Bay, Engle-
wood, FL. 33533 (Miniature shells; exchange).

Hunter, Dr. R.D., Dept, of Biological Sciences, Oak-
land Univ., Rochester, MI. 48063 (Physiological
ecology of freshwater pulmonates).

Hurd, John C., Dept, of Zoology-Entomology,
Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL. 36830 (Systematics of
Unionidae).

Hyett, Dr. and Mrs. Marvin R., 2031 Locust St.,
Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

Imlay, Dr. Marc J., Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Office of Endangered Species, Washing- j
ton, DC. 20240.

Ing, Mrs. May and Michael Ing, Box 1750, Mayaguez, j
Puerto Rico 00708 (Small and minute shells of j
West Indies). I

Ishikawa, Samuel, 551 Fifth Ave., New York, NY. I
10017. ■

Isom, Billy G., Rt. 2, Box 1 12, Amy Dr., Killen, AL. j
35645. !

Jackson, R.H., 5219 Trentwood Dr., New Bern, NC. [
28560.

Jackson, Ralph W., Rt. # 1, Box 229, Cambridge, i
MD. 21613 (Exchange land shells). !

Jacobson, Morris K., 455 Beach 139 St., Rockaway j
Beach, NY. 11694.

Jacobson, Mrs. Ursula, 5618 E. Montecito, Phoenix, |

AZ. 85018 (Indo-Pacific, esp. cones and cowries;
West Coast-Panamic). ;

Janowsky, Robert and Dorothy, 946 Ralph Ave., ;

Brooklyn, NY. 1 1236 (Cypraea, Murex, Volutes).

Jenkinson, Mr. and Mrs. John J., 189 W. Lakeview
Ave., Columbus, OH. 43202. |

Jennewein, Mr. and Mrs. Paul R., Box 394, Wrights- i:

ville Beach, NC. 28480 (Raising mollusks in i.

aquaria; writing and illustrating articles on shell '
collecting). ;

Jensen, Russell H., Box 3937, Delaware Museum of ;
Natural History, Greenville, DE. 19807 (Mollusks [

of Bermuda). I

Johns, Veronica Parker, c/o Seashells Unhmited, Inc.,

590 Third Ave., New York, NY. 10016.

Johnson, Mrs. Barbara N., 510 Groveland, Minnea- i;

polls, MN. 55403.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A. (Ret.) 3915 S.W. 109th St.,
Seattle, WA. 98146.

Johnson, Mrs. Kenneth L., 3206 Sussex Rd., Raleigh,

NC. 27607 (World marine). i;

Johnson, Richard L, 124 Chestnut Hill Rd., Chestnut
HiU, MA. 02167. ■

Johnstone, Mrs. Adelaide B., 226 Wasp, Corpus
Christi, TX. 78412.

Johnstone, Mrs. Kathleen Yerger, 2209 River Forest
Rd., Mobile, AL. 36605.

Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Archie L., 4370 S.W. 14 St.,
Miami, FL. 33134 (Liguusj.

Jones, Meredith L., Division of Worms, USNM,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 20560.

Jones, Richard H., 1432 Dorsh Rd., South Euclid,

OH. 44121.

Katsaras, Nick, 479B S. Washington Ave., Bergen-

▲

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 19 74.

85

field, NJ. 07621.

Kay, Dr. E. Alison, General Science Dept., Univ. of
Hawaii, 2450 Campus Rd., Honolulu, HI. 96822
(Indo-Pacific marine; systematics and ecology).

Keegan, Mrs. Barbara, c/o Catholic Relief Serv.,
Apartado 2617, Managua, Nicaragua, Central
America (Caribbean and Pacific mollusks of
Central America).

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology, Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, CA. 94305.

Keferl, Eugene P., 4766 Riverside Dr., Columbus,
OH. 43220. (Terrestrial gastropods).

Kemper, Mrs. Hessie, 1 1854 Josse Dr., St. Louis, MO.
63128.

Kennedy, Miss Caroline H., 196 West 10th St., New
York, NY. 10040.

King, Lucia E., Heron Club, 434 Broad Ave. South,
Naples, FL. 33940.

Klein, Mrs. Isabelle H., Atkins Rd., R.D. # 3, Geneva,
OH. 44041 (Land snails).

Kline, Mrs. Mary, 240 Makee Rd., Apt. 10-A,
Honolulu, HI. 96815.

Klinkey, Mrs. Martha, 336 Main St., Batavia, IL.
60510 fCypraea, Murex, Strombiis).

Kohn, Dr. Alan J., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Washing-
ton, Seattle, WA. 98195.

Kokai, Frank L., 3472 Green Meadows St., Colum-
bus, OH. 43207.

Kondo, Dr. Yoshio, Bishop Museum, Box 6037,

Honolulu, HI. 96818.

Kovach, Jack, Dept, of Geology, Muskingum College,
New Concord, OH. 43762 (Ecology, shell com-
position, paleontology of non-marine).

Kraemer, Dr. Louise R., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 72701 (Freshwater
lamellibranchs).

Kraeuter, Dr. John N., Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Wachapreague, VA. 23480 (Ecology,
distribution and systematics of Scaphopoda;
benthic infaunal of U.S. East Coast).

Krauss, N.L.H., 2437 Parker Place, Honolulu, HI.
96822 (Carnivorous land snails; biology).

Krieger, Kenneth A., P.O. Box 22721 Emory Univ.,
Atlanta, GA. 30322 (Ecology and systematics of
Hydobiidae and Pleuroceridae).

Kuczynski, Mrs. Florence, 7400 N. 46th Ave., Box
406, St. Petersburg, FL. 33709 (Collect, exchange,
photograph shells).

Kurz, Richard M., 1575 N. 118 St., Wauwatosa, WI.
53226 (Specimen shells).

Kuzirian, Alan M., Univ. of New Hampshire, Dept, of
Zoology, Durham, NH. 03824 (Nudibranch bio-
, logy).

! Laavy, T.L., Apt. A21, 311 W. Earle St., Greenville,
i SC. 29609.

! Lalli, Dr. Carol M., Marine Sciences Centre, McGill
I Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada H3C 3G1 (Ptero-

I pods).

I Lamb, Cathy, 312 N. Thomas St. #3, Arlington, VA.
i 22203.

Lamberts, Dr. Austin, 1520 Leffingwell, N.E., Grand
Rapids, MI. 49505 (Coral reefs and associated
mollusks).

Landye, James Jerry, Dept, of Zoology, Arizona

State Univ., Temple, AZ. 85281.

Lane, Lewis B., 204 Ransom St., Fuquay-Varina, NC.
27526 (land and marine).

Lang, Bruce Z., Eastern Washington State College,
Dept, of Biology, Cheney, WA. 99004 (Ecology of
freshwater mollusks and effects of parisitism on
populations).

Lange, W. Harry, Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of
California, Davis, CA. 95616.

LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, 102 W. Beaumont Rd.,
Columbus, OH. 43214.

Laudig, Mr. and Mrs. David, 2672 Via Pacheco, Palos
Verdes Est., CA. 90274.

Laursen, Dr. Dan, Washtenaw Community College,
Ann Arbor, ML 48106 (Arctic and Subarctic
mollusks, esp. Greenland; free living larvae of
Caribbean and Gulf area).

Lemire, Ross, 184 Grandview Ave., Thornhill, Ont.
Canada L3T IJl.

Lencher, Mrs. Jennie R., 144 N. Dithridge St., Apt.
408, Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

Leonard, Dr. A. Byron, 562 Snow Hall, Univ. of
Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 66045.

Lemer, Martin, 64 Thompson Ave., Oceanside, NY.
1 1572 (Worldwide marine).

Leslie, John, 15722 Torry Pines Rd., Houston, TX.
77058 (Haliotis).

Lewis, Harold, 138 S. Twentieth St., Philadelphia,
PA. 19103.

Lewis, Mrs. J. Kenneth, 9207-48th Ave., College
Park, MD. 20740.

Lewis, Dr. and Mrs. John R., 23 W. 551 Warrenville
Rd., Lisle, IL. 60532.

Linney, George K., 2648 13th St., Port Arthur, TX.
77640.

Linsley, Robert M., Dept, of Geology, Colgate Univ.,
Hamilton, NY. 13346 (Paleozoic Gastropoda).

Lipe, Robert and Mrs. Bette Lipe, 8929-9 1st Terrace,
Seminole, FL. 33542 (Florida shells; Marginellidae
worldwide; photography).

Loizeaux, Mrs. A.D., 5369 Susquehanna Dr., Virginia
Beach, VA. 23462.

Long, Dr. Glenn A., Baltimore Museum of Art, Art
Museum Dr., Baltimore, MD. 21218 (Ethnocon-
chology).

Long, Mary E., 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, CA. 95370
(Marine shells).

Long, Steven J., 110 Cuyama Ave., Pismo Beach, CA.
93449 (Opisthobranchs, Nudibranchs, Cephalas-
pideans, Notaspideans, Lamellarians).

Lowry, Walter G. and Nelle H., 552 Old Lundy Rd.,
Macon, GA. 31204 (Collect N.C. marine, ex-
change).

Lubinsky, Dr. Irene, 32 Thatcher Dr., Winnipeg,
Man., Canada R3T 2L2 (Canadian Arctic bivalves).

Lyons, William G., Florida Dept, of Natural Re-
sources, Marine Lab, 100 Eighth Ave. S.E., St.
Petersburg, FL. 33701 (Florida and West Indian
mollusks).

MacBride, Grace, R.D. 1, Hartman Rd., North Wales,
PA. 19454.

Mackie, Dr. Gerry L., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of
Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada NIG 2W1
(Sphaeriids).

86

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

MacMillan, Gordon K., 169 Glenfield Dr., Pittsburgh,
PA. 15235.

Macquin, Mrs. Hazelle B., 437 Douglas St., Salt Lake
City, UT. 841 02 (Fossil moUusks of U.S.).

Maes, Dr. Virginia Orr, Dept, of MoUusks, Academy
of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Phila-
delphia, PA. 19103.

Mahavier, Mrs. W.E., 234 E. Woodlawn Ave., San
Antonio, TX. 78212.

Malek, Dr. Emile, Tulane Univ. Medical School, 1430
Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA. 70112 (Parasito-
logy).

Mahck, Donald, 5514 Plymouth Rd., Baltimore, MD.
21214 (Buy, seU, exchange fossils).

Malone, Mrs. Elsie, 1017 Periwinkle Way, Box 54,
Sanibel Island, FL. 33957 (Buy, seU, exchange
world sheUs).

Marsh, Mrs. Therese C., P.O. Box 22291, Ft. Lauder-
dale, FL. 33315 (^E. Fla. marines; worldwide
bivalves).

MarshaU, Ms. Susan, P.O. Box 103, Coconut Grove,
FL. 33133.

Marshall, Mrs. Thomas H., 2237 N.E. 175th St.,
Seattle, WA. 98155 (World shells; exchange).

Marti, Mrs. Ann, Box 892, Balboa, Canal Zone.

Martz, Mrs. Helen J., 2525 Eastwood Ave., Evanston,
IL. 60201.

Mathiak, Mr. and Mrs. Harold A., 209 S. Finch St.,
Horicon, WI. 53032 (History of Wisconsin mussels;
species distribution).

Mattera, Albert and Mrs. Emily, 4501 Traymore St.,
Bethesda, MD. 20014 (Murex).

Mauseth, E.L., Alden, MN. 56009.

Mayer, Miss Hildegard M., Cedar Pointe, Apt. L-4,
2000 E. Ocean Blvd., Stuart, FL. 33494 (Epi-
tonium).

Mazurkiewicz, Michael, River Rd., Newcastle, ME.
04553 (Larval development and ecology of
estuarine moUusks).

McAlester Prof. A. Lee, Peabody Museum, Yale
Univ., Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT. 06520
(Bivalve evolution and ecology).

McCaUum, Mr. and Mrs. John, R.D. 2, Meadowvue
Dr., Wexford, PA. 15090.

McCarty, Col. WUliam A., 424 Hunting Lodge Dr.,
Miami Springs, FL. 33166.

McGinn, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M., P.O. Box 89, Cut
Off, LA. 70345.

McGinty, Thomas L. and Paul L., Box 765, Boynton
Beach, FL. 33435.

McGrath, Robert E. and Mrs. ZeUa Roberta McGrath,
4434 S. 10th, Terre Haute, IN. 47802.

McHugh, Mrs. John, 4654 Quarry Ridge, Rockford,
IL. 61103 (Murex).

Mclnnes, Mrs. CorneUa G., F-6 Raleigh Apts.,
Raleigh, NC. 27605 (All marine).

McLean, Dr. James H., Los Angeles County Museum,
900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90007.

McMillan, William L., P.O. Box 26A, Tavernier, FL.
33070 (CypraeaJ.

McRae, Mrs. Catherine, 903 King’s Crown Dr., Sani-
bel, FL. 33957 (Pectinidae).

Mead, Dr. Albert R., Dept, of Biological Sciences,
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

Menzel, Dr. R.W., Dept, of Oceanography, Florida
State Univ., TaUahassee, FL. 32306 (Oysters;
clams).

MerrUl, Dr. Arthur S., National Marine Fisheries
Service, Biological Lab, Oxford, MD. 21654.

Merritt, Mr. and Mrs. lack H., 2251 EucUd Ave., Ft.
Myers, FL. 33901.

Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of
Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX. 79968 (Terrestrial
Gastropoda of S.W. U.S.).

Metz, Mrs. P.A., 6 Walsh Hail, Univ. of Alaska, Fair-
banks, AK. 99701 (Clams, esp. Macoma).

Meyer, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G., P.O. Box 61, Captiva,
FL. 33924.

Michelson, Dr. E.H., 15 Edmands Rd., Apt. 89,
Framingham, MA. 01701, (Medical malacology).

Micoine, Mrs. Colette, P.O. Box 622, Carson City,
NV. 89701 (Cypraea, Conus, Voluta).

Miles, Dr. Charles D., 6325 West 73rd Terrace, Over-
land Park, KS. 66204.

MUler, Barry B., Dept, of Geology, Kent State Univ.,
Kent, OH. 44240 (Non-marine Pleistocene, Mala-
cology).

MUler, Richard L., Dept, of Biology, Temple Univ.,
PhUadelphia, PA. 19122.

Miller, Dr. Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Tucson,
AZ. 85718.

Moberg, Capt. and Mrs. A.G., Keene Rd., RFD Box
154, East Freetown, MA. 02717.

MonfUs, Paul R., 239 Orms St., Providence, RI.
02908 (Worldwide marine, esp. Cypraeidae).

Monroe, Mrs. Helen E., 500 N. Roosevelt Blvd., Apt.
411, Falls Church, VA. 22044 (Cones).

Moore, Dr. and Mrs. Donald R., School of Marine and
Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami, 10 Ricken-
backer Causeway, Miami, FL. 33149.

Morrison, Eugene, Rt. 3, Box 306-B, Perry, FL.
32347 (Marine Gastropoda).

Morrison, Dr. J.P.E., Div. of MoUusks, U.S. National
Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Morrison, Robert W., 5101 Ocean Blvd., Sarasota,
FL. 33581 (Cypraea, Voluta, Oliva, Murex).

Mousley, Louis B., Mousley Museum of Natural
History, 1 1555 Bryant St., Yucaipa, CA. 92399.

Murray, Mrs. Francis A., 3741 N.E. 24th Ave., Light-
house Point, FL. 33064.

Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biology Dept., Trinity Univ.,
San Antonio, TX. 78284 (Unionidae; distribution
and parasites).

Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Talbot E. Jr., Graduate School
of Oceanography, Univ. of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RL 02881.

Musselwhite, Miss Margo, 10815 Janet Lee, San
Antonio, TX. 78230 (Cowries).

Myer, Dr. Donal G., Southern Illinois Univ. at
Edwardsville, IL. 62025 (Land snails).

Myers, Mr. and Mrs. Brevard S., 2746 Hampton Ave.,
Charlotte, NC. 28207.

Naide, Dr. Meyer, 2034 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Nelson, Mr. and Mrs. Frank J., 95-24 110 St.,
Richmond HiU, NY. 11419 (Non marine and
Archaeogastropoda, worldwide).

Nicol, Dr. David, P.O. Box 14376, University Station,

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

87

Gainesville, FL. 32601.

Nicolaci, Mr. and Mrs. Domenick, Bella Vista Is., Box

147, Fairhaven, MA. 02719 (Pecien; exchange).
Nielsen, Richard L., Box 278, Fletcher Academy,
Fletcher, NC. 28732 (Non-marine aquatic mol-
lusks).

Noseworthy, Ronald G., P.O. Box 104, Main St.,
Grand Bank, Newfoundland, Canada AOE IWO
(North Am. circumboreal moUusks; also
Clausihidae and Turridae).

Notter, Miss Hellen, 2529 Gilmore St., Jacksonville,
FL. 32204.

Nowell-Usticke, Gordon, 1 North St., Christiansted,
St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00820.

Nunnally, Mrs. Sally and Doug Nunnally, 512 North
Channel Dr., Apt. B, Wrightsville Beach, NC.
28480.

Oatis, Mrs. Vincent P., 312 HoUday Park Dr., Pitts-
burgh, PA. 15239 (World marines; exchange).

Ode, Dr. Helmer, 4811 Braeburn Dr., Bellaire, TX.

77401 (Gulf of Mexico marines).

Oetzell, Miss Edith M., 518 S. Ardmore Ave., Villa
Park, IL. 60181 (Conus).

O’Gorman, Ms. Barbara and Bill Schutze, 1 14-62 41st

Ave., Flushing, NY. 1 1355 (Drawing specimens;

SCUBA).

Old, William E. Jr., Dept, of Mollusks, American
Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. and
79th St, New York, NY. 10024.

Oppenheimer, Dr. Ella H., 7703 Crossland Rd., Balti-
more, MD. 21208.

Ostheimer, Alfred J. Ill, 5017 Maunalani Circle,
Honolulu, HI. 96816.

Ostheimer, Mrs. Ruth M., 146 S. Whitford Rd.,
Exton, PA. 19341.

Pace, Dr. Gary L., Univ. of Michigan, Biology Dept.,
Ann Arbor, MI. 48503.

Paine, Walter C., Valley News, Box 877, White River
Junction, VT. 05001.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V.W., 206 Oak Hill Rd., Ithaca,
NY. 14850.

I

1

!

Parker, John Dyas and Mrs. Kathleen de Groot
Parker, 149 Trent Rd., Penn Wynne, Philadelphia,

PA. 19151 (Tertiary fossils and historical con-

chology).

Parodiz, Dr. and Mrs. Juan Jose, Sect, of Inverte-
brates, Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pitts-
burgh, PA. 15213 (Neotropical mollusks and fresh-
water Gastropoda of USA).

Pate, John B., P.O. Box 51, Addison, TX. 75001
(Amateur shell and fossil collector; Panamanian
shells).

Perrault, Miss Viola, Box 50, U.S. Navy, FPO New
York, NY. 09593.

Peterson, Mrs. Kay, 25 Scenic Dr., Warwick, RI.

02886 (Marine gastropods).

Petit, Mr. and Mrs. Richard E., Box 133, North
Myrtle Beach, SC. 29582 (Worldwide shells).
Peyton, Gary, 1238 Peden #2, Houston, TX. 77006.
Phillips, Betty and Ted, 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa
Barbara, CA. 93110.

Plockelman, Cynthia H., 31 1 Franklin Rd., West Palm
Beach, FL. 33405 (Caribbean Muricidae, Nati-
cidae).

Porter, Mr. and Mrs. Dan F., Hudson House, Ardsley-

on-Hudson, NY. 10503.

Porter, Hugh J., Institute of Marine Science, Univ.

of North Carolina, Morehead City, NC. 28557.
Porter, Mrs. Miriam E., 2013 S. Vernon PL, Mel-
bourne, FL. 32901.

Post, Mrs. Alfred P. Jr., P.O. Box 65, Darlington, MD.
21034.

Pratt, Mr. and Mrs. W. Lloyd Jr., Forth Worth
Museum of Science and History, 1501 Mont-
gomery St., Forth Worth, TX. 76107.

Price, Miss Ruth G., Fenwick Island, DE. 19944.
Priest, William G. Jr., 306 East Summitt PL, San
Antonio, TX. 78212.

Pulley, Dr. Thomas E., Director, Houston Museum of
Natural Science, P.O. Box 8175, Houston, TX.
77004.

Putnam, Mrs. Judith Dorr, P.O. Box 1178, Ft.

CoUins, CO. 80521 (Sphaeriidae).

Quammen, Mrs. Eleanor K., 402 Homestead Rd.,

Wayne, PA. 19087.

Radwin, Dr. George E., 4341 Rodrigo Dr., San Diego,
CA. 92115 (Gastropod taxonomy).

Raeihle, Mr. and Mrs. George, 211 Milligan Rd., West

Babylon, NY. 11704.

Raines, Mrs. Kathleen Jane Parker, P.O. Box 73,
Mystic, lA. 52574 (Behavior and species specifi-
city of Kansas aquatic gastropods).

Rains, Thomas D., Rt. 1, Box 354-A-38, Chardale
Dr., Clemmons, NC. 27012 (Bivalve and
scaphopod ecology).

Rappleye, Miss Lauralee, 4605 Beechwood Rd.,
College Park, MD. 20740 (Busyconj.

Rathburn, Mary H., P.O. Box 455, Sarasota, FL.
33578 (Worldwide shells).

Rawls, Dr. Hugh C., Eastern Illinois Univ., Dept, of
Zoology, Charleston, IL. 61920 (Ecology, taxo-
nomy, distribution of land snails).

Reader, Mr. and Mrs. William R., 4772 49th Ave.

North, St. Petersburg, FL. 33714 (Live mollusks).
Reeder, Richard L., Dept, of Biological Sciences,
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721 (Land
pulmonates).

Rehder, Dr. and Mrs. Harald A., U.S. National
Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
DC. 20560.

Rice, Thomas C., Of Sea and Shore Publications, P.O.

Box 33, Port Gamble, WA. 98364 (Dealer).

Rice, Mrs. Winnie H., P.O. Box 638, Rockport, TX.

78382 (Gulf of Mexico Mollusca).

Richards, Charles S., Lab. of Parasitic Diseases,
National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD. 20014
(Freshwater mollusks, host-parasite relations,
mollusk pathology and genetics).

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural
Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Rickard, Mrs. George C., 9316 Harvey Rd., Silver
Spring, MD. 20910.

Ridge, Mrs. Lorraine, 14 Eugene PL, St. Augustine,
FL. 32084.

Riggs, Mrs. Harriett H., Rt. 1, Box 255, Swansboro,
NC. 28584 (Worldwide Pectens; North Carolina
mollusks).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974,

Rios, Dr. Eliezer C., Museu Oceanografico de Rio
Grande, Caixa Postal 379, Rio Grande, Rio Grande
Do Sul, Brazil.

Ritchie, Mrs. Robert M., 17 Country Club PI.,
Bloomington, IL. 61701.

Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. H. Wallace, Hopkinson House,
Apt. 2016, Washington Square South, Philadel-
phia, PA. 19106 (Marine).

Robertson, Dr. Robert, Dept, of Malacology,
Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Park-
way, Philadelphia, PA. 19103 (Marine).

Root, John, P.O. Box 182, West Palm Beach, FL.
33402.

Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E., Div. of Mollusks, U.S.
National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560
(Systematics and ecology of Cephalopoda).

Ropes, John W., P.O. Box 333, Church Neck, St.
Michaels, MD. 21663.

Rosentreter, Howard W., P.O. Box 29, Big Pine Key,
FL. 33043.

Rosewater, Dr. and Mrs. Joseph, Division of Mollusks,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Ross, Miss Mary K., 2927 42nd St., Highland, IN.
46322 (Cowries, Murex, Olives, Cones, marine
bivalves; exchange).

Ross, Mr. and Mrs. William A., 1101 Hampton Rd.,
West Palm Beach, FL. 33405 (Olividae and Pec-
tinidae).

Rotter, Dr. Saul D., 170 North Ocean Blvd., Palm
Beach, FL. 33480 (Cones, Volutes, Cowries,
Olives).

Roworth, Edwin C., 1301 Windsor Rd., Cardiff-by-
the-Sea, CA. 92007 (World shells and sea life).

Ruehl, Theodore C., Rt. 202, 1 12 Haverstraw Rd.,
Suffern, NY. 10901 (Murex, Valuta, Conus).

Russell, Charles E., 10602 Jordan Rd., Carmel, IN.
46032 (land; freshwater shells).

Russell, Dr. Henry D., 50 Springdale Ave., Dover,
MA. 02030.

Russell, Dr. Loris S., Royal Ontario Museum, 100
Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 2C6.

Russell-Hunter, Dr. W.D., Dept, of Biology, 112
Lyman Hall, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY. 13210.

Rutter, Kurt L., P.O. Box 107, Stanton, NJ. 08885
(Shells of the littoral area).

Sage, Walter E. HI, 1123 Hathaway, Louisville, KY.
40215.

St. John, Dr. Mary Ellen and Dr. F. Lee St. John,
1571 North 21 St., Newark, OH. 43055 (Naiads,
esp. Actinonaias ligamentina).

Sartor, James C., 5606 Duxbury, Houston, TX.
77035 (Olividae).

Saville, Linda D., Ohio State Univ. Water Resources
Center, 1791 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH. 43210.

Sayler, Mrs. Jane, 4870 Fairfield Rd., Memphis, TN.
38116.

Schell, Mr. and Mrs. Frederic B. Jr., 1200 Peppertree
Lane, Apt. 102, Sarasota, FL. 33581 (winter); The
Brooklands, Colebrook, CT. 06021.

Schilling, Mr. and Mrs. Albert E., 419 Linden Ave.,
Glenside, PA. 19038 (Mr. -Cypraea: Mrs. -Murex;
both. Conus).

Schilling, Mrs. Frieda, 3707 Fan Dr., St. Louis, MO.
63125.

Schonfeld, Mrs. Rivka, 136 E. 64th St., New York,
NY. 10021 (Indo-Pacific and West Indies).

Schriner, Mr. and Mrs. Howard Jr., Rt. #2, Box 127,
LaBelle, FL. 33935.

Schwartz, Mrs. Sally W., 2761 Leeds Rd., Columbus,
OH. 43221.

Scarabino, Sr. Victor, Museo Nacional de Historia
Natural, C.C. 399, Montevideo, Uruguay.

Seip, William F., 1555 Stonewood Rd., Baltimore,
MD. 21239.

Sharpe, Stephen George, Amherst, R.R. # 2, Nova
Scotia, Canada (South African shells; conservation
of Strornbus gigas\ pen pals).

Shasky, Dr. Donald R., 734 W, Highland Ave., Red-
lands, CA. 92373.

Shaw, William N., 209 Sycamore Ave., Easton, MD.
21601 (Shellfish culture).

Sheafer, Clinton W. and Mabel H., P.O. Box 576,
Delray Beach, FL. 33444.

Sheets, Mrs. Elva D., R.R. 4, Huntington, IN. 46750.

Shelley, Dr. Rowland, N.C. State Museum, Box
27647, Raleigh, NC. 2761 1 (Freshwater mollusks
of North Carolina).

Shipman, Mrs. Robert G., 1 1 Bantle Rd., Glaston-
bury, CT. 06033 (Molluscan habitats and life
patterns).

Shoemaker, Alan H., 2136 Rolling Hills Rd.,
Columbia, SC. 29210 (Littoral and shallow sub-
littoral mollusks).

Sickel, James B., Biology Dept., Emory Univ.,
Atlanta, GA. 30322 (Unionidae ecology and
physiology).

Siekman, Mrs. Lula B., 5031 41st St. South, St.
Petersburg, FL. 3371 1.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley,
CA. 94707.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Francis, 1023 55th Ave. South,
St. Petersburg, FL. 33705 (Microscopic marine
mollusks of Florida).

Smith, Mrs. Hattie Little, P.O. Box 1053, Foley, AL.
36535 (Gulf of Mexico).

Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron St., Palo Alto,
CA. 94301.

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Roland V., 215 Sunnyside Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIS 0R4.

Smrchek, Dr. Jerry C., Research Biologist, Waposa,
Inc., 6900 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, DC.
20015 (Effects of poOution on freshwater Mol-
lusca).

Snyder, Martin Avery, 745 Newtown Rd., Villanova,
PA. 19085.

Sohl, Dr. Norman F., U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.
Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Solem, Dr. Alan and Barbara, Dept, of Zoology, Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL. 60605.

Soper, Arthur W., P.O. Box 431, Devon, PA. 19333.

Spencer, Miss Gladys M., 1305 12th Ave., Sterling,
IL. 61081.

Spurr, Charles B., Rt. 3, Box 85, Cut Off, LA. 70345
(Marine).

Stainken, Dennis, 51 Coughlan Ave., Staten Island,
NY. 10310 (Anatomy and physiology of bivalves;
effects of marine pollutants).

Stansbery, Dr. David H., Museum of Zoology, Ohio

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 19 74.

89

State Univ., 1813 North High St., Columbus, OH.
43210 (Naiads).

Steger, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, 271 1 68th St., Tampa, FL.
33619 (Marine fauna of Gulf of Mexico).

Stein, Dr. Carol B., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State
Univ., 1813 North High St, Columbus, OH. 43210
(Naiads, Gastropoda).

Steinke, Capt. Dale E., 6001 Craftsbury Dr., Char-
lotte, NC. 28215 (Marine).

Stenzel, Dr. H.B., Dept, of Geology, Louisiana State
Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803.

Stern, Edward M., Dept, of Zoology and Physiology,
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803
(Systematics and ecology of terrestrial gastropods
and Unionidae).

Sterrett, Sandra S., Ohio State Univ., Water
Resources Center, 1791 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH.
43210 (Naiads).

Stewart, Rev. Marlin B., 54 Elm St., Westfield, NY.
14787.

Stickle, Dr. William B. Jr., Dept, of Zoology and
Physiology, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge,
LA. 70803.

Stingley, Dale V., P.O. Box 1 13, LaBelle, FL. 33935.

Stix, Hugh S., 13 Vandam St., New York, NY.
10013.

Stohler, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, CA.
94709.

Stough, Mrs. Jeanne F., Box 741, Curundu, Canal
Zone (Marginella).

Strieder, Dr. Denise J., 143 Laurel Rd., Chestnut Hill,
MA. 02167 (American shells).

Stuardo, Dr. Jose, Centro de Ciencias del Mar,
U.N.A.M., Apdo Postal 70-305 y 306, Mexico 20,
D.F., Mexico (General).

Sutow, Dr. Wataru W., 4371 North MacGregor Way,
Houston, TX. 77004 (Strombus', exchange).

Sutton, Barbara J., 11 Riverside Dr., Apt. 8A, New
York, NY. 10023.

Swan, Emery F., Dept, of Zoology, Spaulding Bldg.,
Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. 03824.

Swartz, Miss S.L., 306 20 Ave. S.W., Calgary 3,
Alberta, Canada.

Talbot, Robert, 2640 Killarney Rd., Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada V8P 3G8 (Conidae, Cypraeidae
of Pacific; intertidal life of Pacific Northwest).

Talmadge, Robert R., 2850 Pine St., Eureka, CA.
95501 (Haliotidae; benthic invertebrates).

Tate, Mrs. Mildred, Brazosport Museum of Natural
Science, Box 355, Lake Jackson, TX. 77566.

Taxson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert, 25 Knoll’s Crescent,
Bronx, NY. 10463.

Taylor, Dr. Dwight W., Box 1 124, Rohnert Park, CA.
94928.

Taylor, Mrs. Jud, 900 Burr Rd., Apt. 1-G, San
Antonio, TX. 78209 (Shells of the Texas coast).

Taylor, Mrs. Judy, c/o Collector’s Cabinet, 670 Lin-
coln Rd., Miami Beach, FL. 33139 (Dealer).

Teixeira, Mrs. Frank, P.O. Box 274, Buzzards Bay,
MA. 02532 (Pecten-, exchange).

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., P.O. Box 273, Big Pine
Key, FL. 33043.

Thomas, Dr. Grace, Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of
Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602. (Sphaeriids).

Thomas, Lawrence E., 590 Embarcardero, Morro
Bay, CA. 93442.

Thomas, Miss Marguerite T., Box 312-A, Rt. 1, Swan-
sboro, NC. 28584 (World marine; exchange).

Thompson, Dr. Fred G., Florida State Museum,
Gainsville, FL. 32601 (Land and freshwater mol-
lusks; systematics).

Thorpe, Mrs. Fran Hutchings (Mrs. Foster B.), 3910
Battersea Rd., Coconut Grove, FL. 33133.

Tippett, Dr. and Mrs. Donn L., 10281 Gainsborough
Rd., Potomac, MD. 20854.

Tunnell, John W. Jr., Dept, of Sciences, Texas A. & I.
Univ. at Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX. 78411
(Systematics, distribution and ecology of reef and
bank moliusks of Gulf of Mex.).

Turano, Dr. Andrew F., R.F.D. # 1, Cemetery Rd.,
Colchester, CT. 06415 (World marine).

Turner, Dr. Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoo-
logy, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Upatham, Dr. Edward Suchart, Research and Control
Dept., P.O. Box 93, Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies
(Ecology of snails and their relationship to para-
sitic trematodes).

Urbaniak, Mrs. Roman and Miss Susanne Urbaniak,
2668 N. Holton St., Milwaukee, WL 53212.

Valentine, Dr. and Mrs. J. Manson, 1260 S.W. 1st St.,
Miami, FL. 33135.

Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, University Museums,
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, ML 48104.

Van de Velde, Sharon C., 1518 Flippen Court,
Anaheim, CA. 92802 (Ultrastructure of molluscs).

Vega, Dr. Luis Eduardo, U.S. Naval Hospital, F.P.O.,
New York, NY. 09551.

Veverka, John A. and Mrs. Sandra A., 598 Arlington
Ave., Mansfield, OH. 44903 (Land and freshwater
moliusks).

Villarroel, Miss Maria, Centro de Ciencias del Mar y
Limnologia, UNAM, Apdo Postal 70-305 y 306,
Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico.

Vokes, Dr. Harold and Dr. Emily, Dept, of Geology,
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA. 70118 (Mesozoic
and Tertiary moliusks; fossil and recent Muri-
cidae).

Wadsworth, James Edgar, Wilson Court, Chapel Hill,
NC. 27514.

Waggoner, Mrs. Marguerite, 412 Main St., Lockport,
LA. 70374.

Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Robert J.L., R.D. 1, Box 21,
Marathon, FL. 33050 (Purchase shells).

Walker, R. Lindsay Jr., Apartado Postal 344, San
Salvador, El Salvador, Central America.

Waller, Dr. Thomas R., Dept, of Paleobiology, U.S.
National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560 (Zoo-
geography, ecology, evolution of Cenozoic
Pectinidae).

Walter, Dr. Waldemar, Dept, of Biology, Western Illi-
nois Univ., Macomb, IL. 61455.

Ward, Wilson B., P.O. Box 26341, Houston, TX.
77032 {Cypraea, Conus, representative world-
wide).

Warmke, Germaine L., 1711 S.W. 43rd Ave., Gaines-
ville, FL. 32608 (Shells of Puerto Rico).

Wartenbergh, Mrs. Marolyn, 511 North Cascade
Terrace, Sunnyvalle, CA. 94087.

90

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

Wasili, Mrs. John, P.O. Box 8, Frisco, NC. 27936.

Waters, Ruth A., 135 East Main St., Apt. 3, Clinton,
CT. 06413 (U.S. marine, principally East Coast).

Wayne, Dr. William J., M.H. 112, Dept, of Geology,
Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 68508.

Webb, Dr. Glenn R., Rt. 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, PA.
19522.

Weingartner, Mathilde P., 17 Amelia Court, Staten
Island, NY. 10310.

Weisbord, Norman E. and Nettie S., Dept, of Geo-
logy, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL. 32306
(Cenozoic and recent).

Weiss, Fred, 6 Plymouth Rd., Great Neck, NY.
11023.

Weiss, Harold M., 3607 Sarah Dr., Wantagh, NY.
11793 (Conidae and Cypraeidae).

Welch, Miss Isabelle E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls
Church, VA. 22044 (General).

Wells, Dr. Harry, 620 Presbyterian Ave., Laurinburgh,
NC. 28352.

Werner, Milton, 70 Richmond St., Brooklyn, NY.
11208.

Westerfield, Mrs. Asher L., 429 Montgomery Ave.,
Haverford, PA. 19041 (Marine).

Wheel, Mr. and Mrs. Adlai B. Sr., 4501 West Seneca
Turnpike, Syracuse, NY. 13215.

White, Joseph P. and Mrs. Joan D. White, Neuville,
Oracabessa P.O., St. Mary, Jamaica, West Indies
(Local shells).

Whiteside, Mrs. Smith, 205 Marion St., Indian
Harbour Beach, FL. 32937.

Whitney, Dr. Marjorie A., 60 Rose Park Dr., Toronto
Ont., Canada, M4T IRl.

Widmer, Ernest C., P.O. Box 814, Orange Park, FL.
32073 (Exchange marine and freshwater Florida
mollusks).

Wightman, Dr. Eugene P., 85 Harding Rd., Rochester,
NY. 14612 (World marine).

Wilie, William L. Jr., 1405 McFaddin, Beaumont, TX.
llimiConus).

Williams, Dr. James D., Biology Dept., Tuskegee
Institute, AL. 36088 (Freshwater mussels; zoo-

geography and systematics).

Wilson, Dr. Druid, Room E506, U.S. National
Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Windnagel, John, 3581 Snouffer Rd., Worthington,
OH. 43085 (Florida sheUs).

Wiswall, Harold C., 42 Winding River Rd., Needham,
MA. 02192 (Western Atlantic, Caribbean mol-
lusks).

Withrow, Mr. and Mrs. Carl C., 4825 9th St. S., St.
Petersburg, FL. 33705.

Wolfe, Dr. Douglas A., National Marine Fisheries
Service, Beaufort, NC. 28516 (Western Atlantic
marine mollusks).

Woods, William L., 2721 Murray Ridge Rd., San
Diego, CA. 92123 (Panamic mollusks; Turridae,
Columbellidae).

Work, Robert C., School of Marine Science, Univ. of
Miami, 10 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL.
33149.

Wright, Mr. and Mrs. Kirk, Box 423, Fitchburg, MA.
01420.

Wu, Shi-Kuei and Mrs. Ching-Chen Wu, 1450 Ithaca
Dr., Boulder, CO. 80303 (Functional morphology
of mollusks; Muricids; land and freshwater mol-
lusks of Rocky Mountain area).

Wulff, Mrs. Ella May, R.D. 2, Bella Vista Dr., Willi-
mantic, CT. 06226 (Marine gastropods).

Wurtz, Dr. Charles B., 3220 Penn St., Philadelphia,
PA. 19129 (Terrestrial Pulmonata).

Yochelson, Dr. Ellis, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.
National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Yokley, Dr. Paul Jr., Box 653, Univ. North Alabama,
Florence, AL. 35630.

Young, H.D., P.O. Box 1931, Seattle, WA. 98111
(Exchange “documented” gastropods of Pacific
Northwest for “documented” species from other
areas; also purchase).

Young, Miss M.E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls Church,
VA. 22044.

Zager, Mrs. Jane, 200 Mt. Pleasant Ave., West Orange,
NJ. 07052 (American shells).

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Altena, Dr. C.O. van Regteren, Duindoornlaan 26,
Bentveld, Holland.

Ant, Professor Dr. Herbert, Wielandstr. 17, D-47
Hamm, Germany.

Baba, Dr. Kikutaro, Shigigaoka 35, Minami-1 1-jyo,
Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara-ken, Japan 636
(Opisthobranchia — taxonomy, morphology).

Boettger, Dr. Caesar, Zoologisch Inst., Pockelstrasse
10 A, 3300 Braunschweig, West Germany.

DeLos Santos, Jose T., 273 Karuhatan, Valenzuela,
Bulacan, Philippines D-226.

Haritatos, Emmanuel, Anagnostopoulou 8, Athens
136, Greece.

Martins, A.M. Frias, Seminario-Colegio do Santo
Cristo, Ponta Delgada, San Miguel, Azores.

Miyauti, Dr. Tetuo, Miyademy Fisheries Lab,
Ikenoura, Futami-cho, Watarai-gun, Mie-ken,

519-06 Japan.

Oyama, Dr. Katura, Geol. Survey of Japan, Kawada-
cho 8, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Paget, Dr. Oliver E., Naturhistorisches Museum,
Burgring 7, A-104, Vienna, Austria.

Pajer, Miss Zdenka, Tomsiceva 8, 64000 Kranj
(Slovenija), Yugoslavia.

Piani, Piero, P.O. Box 2192, Bologna, E.L. Italy
40100.

Rong, Hwang Shin, P.O. Box 58530 Taipai, Taiwan,
(Cypraeidae, Conidae).

Sibley, Frederick D., Logistics Division Hdqtrs.,
USAREUR, Ob Gaisbergweg 10/A, 69 Heidelberg,
Germany.

Trinidad, Dr. Victor Jose V., # 10 Orchid St., Cebu
City, Philippines 6101 (Cowries, cones, olive and
Tibia shells).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974,

91

AFFILIATED SHELL CLUBS AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ASTRONAUT TRAIL SHELL CLUB, INC., P.O.

Box 515, Eau Gallie, FL. 32935.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, Mollusk

Department, Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, MA. 02138.

BROWARD SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 1738, Ft.
Lauderdale, FL. 33302.

CHICAGO SHELL CLUB, Dept, of Zoology, Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL. 60605.
CLEVELAND SHELL CLUB, 30 Park Lane, Chagrin
Falls, OH. 44022.

COASTAL BEND GEM & MINERAL SOCIETY, P.O.

Dr. 1232, Bay City, TX. 77414.

COASTAL BEND SHELL CLUB, c/o Corpus Christ!
Museum, 1919 North Water St., Corpus Christi,
TX. 78401.

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALI-
FORNIA, c/o Los Angeles County Museum, 900
Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90007.
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION BUFFALO SOCIETY
OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Buffalo Museum of
Science, Humboldt Parkv/ay, Buffalo, NY. 14211.
CONCHOLOGISTS OF AMERICA, 946 Ralph Ave.,
Brooklyn, NY. 11236.

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Peabody Museum of
Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
06520.

CONNECTICUT VALLEY SHELL CLUB, c/o Earl
Reed, Springfield Museum of Science, 236 State
St., Springfield, M A. 01103.

CROWN POINT SHELL COLLECTORS’ STUDY
GROUP, INC., P.O. Box 462, Crown Point IN.
46307.

FORT MYERS SHELL CLUB, 1936 Coronado Rd.,
Fort Myers, FL. 33901.

GALVESTON SHELL CLUB, Box 2072, Galveston,
TX. 77550.

GREATER ST. LOUIS SHELL CLUB, 50 DeVore
Dr., ElUsville, MO. 63011.

GREATER TAMPA SHELL CLUB, 2507 W. Ken-
more Ave., Tampa, FL. 33609.

HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O.

Box 10391, Honolulu, HI. 96816.

HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC., 3706
Rice Blvd., Houston, TX. 77005.

INDIANA’S FIRST SHELL CLUB, 404 North East
St., Crown Point, IN. 46307.

JACKSONVILLE SHELL CLUB, INC., 3895 Dupont
Circle, Jacksonville, FL. 32205.

JERSEY CAPE SHELL CLUB, 32 34th St., Avalon,
N.J. 08202.

LOUISVILLE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O.

Box 7663, St. Matthews, KY. 40207.

NAPLES SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 1991, Naples, FL.
33940.

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB, Div. of Mol-
lusks, U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC.

20560.

NEW JERSEY SHELL CLUB, 653 Briarcliff Ave.,
Maywood, NJ. 07607.

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, INC., Dept, of Living
Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park W. at 79 St., New York, NY.
10024.

NORTH CAROLINA SHELL CLUB, 1409 Ruffin
St., Durham, NC. 27701.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOO-
LOGICAL CLUB, 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda,
CA. 94501.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, INC., Rt. 1,
2405 N.E. 279th St., Ridgefield, WA. 98642.

PALM BEACH COUNTY SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box
182, West Palm Beach, FL. 33402.

PHILADELPHIA SHELL CLUB, Dept, of Malaco-
logy, Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the
Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

PITTSBURG SHELL CLUB, Sect, of Invertebrates,
Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh,
PA. 15213.

ROCHESTER SHELL AND SHORE CLUB, 65 East-
land Rd., Rochester, NY. 14616.

ST. PETERSBURG SHELL CLUB, 7400 - 46th Ave.
North, Box 406, St. Petersburg, FL. 33709.

SAN ANTONIO SHELL CLUB, 9402 Nona Kay Dr.,
San Antonio, TX. 78217.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB, San Diego Museum of
Natural History, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA.
92112.

SANIBEL-CAPTIVA SHELL CLUB, 1215 Seagrape
Lane, Sanibel Island, FL. 33957.

SANTA BARBARA MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
INC., P.O. Box 30191, Santa Barbara, CA. 93105.

SARASOTA SHELL CLUB, 3934 Marlborough PI.,
Sarasota, FL. 33577.

SOUTH FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, Museum of
Science and Natural History, 3280 South Miami
Ave., Miami, FL. 33129.

SOUTH PADRE ISLAND SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box
2110, South Padre Island, TX. 78578.

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONCHOLOGIST
SOCIETY, INC., P.O. Box 876, Ft. Myers, FL.
33902.

TIDEWATER SHELL AND FOSSIL CLUB, P.O. Box
62421, Virginia Beach, VA. 23462.

WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, c/o
Dr. James H. McLean, Los Angeles County
Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA.
90007.

WILMINGTON SHELL CLUB, 116 Tanglewood
Lane, Nottingham Manor, Newark, DE. 19711.

YUCAIPA SHELL CLUB, Mousley Museum of
Natural History, 1 1555 Bryant St., Yucaipa, CA.
92399.

92

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

INSTITUTIONS - DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Library,
19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

BUFFALO MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, Research
Library, Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY. 14211.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Millikan Library, 1201 East California Blvd., Passa-
dena, CA. 9 1 109.

CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY,
Wade Oval, University Circle, Cleveland, OH.
44106.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Albert R.
Mann Library, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 14850.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Libra-
ry, Chicago, IL. 60605.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, Library,
Room 350, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada
KIA 0E8.

MARITIMES REGIONAL LIBRARY, Dept, of Envi-
ronment, Fisheries Services, P.O. Box 550,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA, Library,
Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA 0M8.

OF SEA AND SHORE MUSEUM OF SHELLS AND
MARINE LIFE, INC., P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble,
WA. 98364.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Library Acquisi-
tions, Washington, DC. 20560.

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE, Kent
Library, William LeRoy, Cape Girardeau, MO.
63701.

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, Morris
Library, Carbondale, IL. 62901.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, Acquisi-
tions Div., Serials Dept., Stanford University,
Stanford, CA. 94305.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA,

NMFS, Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center,
Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, MD. 21654.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA,

Fisheries Library, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami,
FL. 33149.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA,

Libraries Division, Technical Processes Branch-

D823, 8060 13th St., Room 806, Silver Spring,
MD. 20910.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS
ANGELES, Geology Library, Geophysics, 405
Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA. 90024.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SAN DIEGO,
SIO Library - MAX, P.O. Box 2367, La Jolla, CA.
92037.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Serials Depart-
ment, Wilbur Cross Library, Univ. of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT. 06268.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY, Serials
Dept., Urbana, IL. 61801.

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY LIBRARY, Acquisi-
tions Dept., P.O. L 16976X, Lexington, KY.
40506.

UNIVERSITY OF MAINE LIBRARY, Darling
Center, Walpole, ME. 04573.

UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Elizabeth Dafoe
Library, Receiving Section R., Winnipeg, Man.,
Canada R3T 2N2.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND LIBRARY, College
Park, MD. 20742.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography,
Allan Hancock Foundation, University Park, Los
Angeles, CA. 90007.

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE,
Gloucester Point, VA. 23062.

FOREIGN:

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, Librarian, P.O. Box
A-285, Sydney South, N.S.W., Australia 2000.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), Crom-
well Road, London, SW7 5BD, England.

BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION, Acces-
sions Department, Boston Spa, Wetherby, York-
shire, LS23 7BQ, England.

INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES
DE BELGIQUE, Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles,
Belgium.

MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE,
Librarian, Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertebres
Marins et Malacologie, 55, Rue De Buffon, 75
Paris (5®) France.

NATAL MUSEUM, Librarian, Loop St., Pieter-
maritzburg, South Africa.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA, Russell
Street, Melbourne, Australia 3000.

NAUTILUS, P.O. Box 3, 58043 Castiglione della
Pescaia, Italy.

SCIENCE REFERENCE LIBRARY, Bayswater
Branch, 10, Porchester Gardens, London, W2 4DE,
England.

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, Library, North
Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
5000.

UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND, Biological Sciences
Library, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union Inc., 1974.

93

INDEX OF AUTHORS

R. Tucker Abbott

66

Carol M. Lalli

69

Kirk W. Anders

66

Glenn A. Long

69

Noorullah Babrakzai

4

Emile A. Malek

70

Duane E. Bell

73

M. Claire Matthews

73

Daniel J. Bereza

21

James H. McLean

70

Kenneth J. Boss

12

W.B. Miller

4

P.J. Boyle

59

Donald R. Moore

34

R. Brenes

70

J.P.E. Morrison

36

George Buckley

13

M. Patricia Morse

70

Susan F. Carnes

14

John D. Parker

40

Arthur H. Clarke

15

W.L. Pratt

71

Louise R. Clarke

15

Dorothy Raeihle

40

William J. Clench

51,66

G. Rojas

70

George M. Davis

66

Clyde F.E. Roper

71

Ralph W. Dexter

67

Joseph Rosewater

42

D.S. Dundee

67,68

Linda D. Saville

44,55

D. Craig Edwards

17

Victor Scarabino

72

David R. Franz

67

Alan Solem

47

Samuel L.H. Fuller

21

David H. Stansbery

51,72

F. Wayne Grimm

23

Sandra Sterrett

44,55

K. Elaine Hoagland

68

James M. Stilwell

73

M.L. Ibanez

68

Mary E. St. John

57

Morris K. Jacobson

68

Robert R. Talmadge

73

John J. Jenkinson

30

Ruth D. Turner

59

Frank Kokai

32

O.G. Ward

4

IN MEMORIAM
John Q. Burch
Walter J. Eyerdam
E. Flynn Ford
Dr. David T. Jones
Judge Benjamin Lencher
Mrs. John D. (Kathleen) Parker
Mrs. Robert (Marian) Robertson
Harry M. Smith
Munroe Lawrence Walton

EDITORIAL POLICY

Most scientific journals send manuscripts to qualified reviewers to assist authors in avoiding errors and in
improving their papers. The AMU has now adopted a similar policy. The AMU Council constitutes our review
board and all manuscripts except abstracts are sent to appropriate members of this review board (usually two)
prior to acceptance for publication.

The AMU Bulletin has also adopted as its standard the Style Manual for BiologicalJournals published by the
American Institute for Biological Sciences, Washington. All manuscripts accepted for publication become the
property of the AMU and may be edited for style in accordance with this standard.

NOTICE

A new edition of the popular symposium HOW TO STUDY AND COLLECT SHELLS published by the
American Malacological Union is now available. Copies can be bought from

Mr. Paul R. Jennewein, Corresponding Secretary
American Malacological Union
Box 394

Wrightsville Beach
North Carolina 28480

The price is $2.50.

Evolution of the Hydrobiidae: An analysis of two distinct lineages

George M. Davis 66

Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, Cleveland’s first malacologist, and some of his correspondence.

Ralph W. Dexter 67

Introduced Molluscs

Dee S. Dundee 67

An ecological interpretation of nudibranch zoogeography in the Northwest Atlantic

David R. Franz 67

Thoughts on the functional morphology and ecology of patelliform mollusks

Elaine Hoagland 68

Phospholipids of two veronicellids

M.L. Ibanez and D.S. Dundee 68

Mollusks in literature, etc.

Morris K. Jacobson 68

Shipboard observations on the biology of gymnosomatous pteropods from the South Atlantic and Antarctic
oceans

C.M. Lalli 69

Pinctada margaritifera (Linne) used in Fijian breast plates

Glenn A. Long 69

Aroapyrgus costaricensis hybrobiid snail host of paragonimiasis in Costa Rica

E.A. Malek, R. Brenes and G. Rojas 70

West Coast malacologists, a candid portfolio

James H. McLean \ 70

Rediscovery of Verrill’s nudibranchs and several new additions to the opisthobranchs of New England

M. Patricia Morse 70

Ecological distribution of land snails in the Chihuahuan desert of Big Bend National Park, Texas

W. Lloyd Pratt 71

The shell in cephalopod phylogeny

Clyde F.E. Roper 71

Scaphopods of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Victor Scarabino 72

The unionid mollusks restricted to the Tennessee and Cumberland River systems

David H. Stansbery 72

The effect of “once through” power plant cooling on freshwater Naiads

James M. Stilwell, M. Claire Matthews and Duane E. Bell 73

Notes on some neptuneids

Robert R. Talmadge 73

AMU Committee and Business Reports:

Annual Business Meeting 74

Report of the Recording Secretary 75

Report of the Corresponding Secretary 76

Report of the Treasurer 77

Report of the Conservation Committee 79

List of AMU Members 80

Index of Authors 93

In Memoriam 93

CONTENTS

AMU Fortieth Annual Meeting

Account of the meeting

Group photograph and list of attending members and guests

Papers read at the 40th AMU Annual Meeting:

Cytotaxonomy of some Arizona Oreohelicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

Noorullah Babrakzai, Walter B. Miller and Oscar G. Ward

Dormancy in Mollusks

Kenneth J. Boss

Ecological aspects of some molluscan species of Pleasant Bay, Orleans, Massachusetts

George D. Buckley

Mollusks from southern Nichupte Lagoon, Quintana Roo, Mexico

Susan F. Carnes

Mollusk utilization by Nootka Indians, 2300 B.C. to A.D. 1966

Louise R. Clarke and Arthur H. Clarke

Preferred prey of Polinices duplicatus in Cape Cod inlets

D. Craig Edwards

The value of anatomical characters in naiad taxonomy (Bivalvia: Unionacea)

Samuel L.H. Fuller and Daniel J. Bereza

Speciation within the Triodopsis fallax group (Pulmonata: Polygyridae) - A preliminary report

F. Wayne Grimm

The Fall Line as a barrier to the distribution of some unionids (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

John J. Jenkinson . . .

Variations in the Incurrent and excurrent apertures of Quadrula quadrula Rafinesque, 1820 and Quadrula
pustulosa (Lea, 1831)

Frank L. Kokai

Philobryidae in the Northern Hemisphere

Donald R. Moore

Maryland and Virginia mussels of Lister

Joseph P.E. Morrison

The Historical Library of Malacology at the Delaware Museum of Natural History

John Dyas Parker

Remarks on Western Atlantic Anachis

Dorothy Raeihle

Mollusks of Gatun Locks, Panama Canal

Joseph Rosewater

Metal content of the naiad shell and its relationship to sex and age

Linda D. Saville and Sandra S. Sterrett . 4- . .

. ‘ ’'A ■' ‘ ‘''n''-

Character weighting in land snail classification ' •

Alan Solem ‘

The Pleuroceridae and Unionidae of the Middle Fork Holston River in Vir^nia . ■ ;■ ,

David H. Stansbery and William J. Clench V.. 1 ‘

A technique to separate the annual layers of a naiad shell (Mollusca,.BibaMa, l/nianpcea) for .analysis by
neutron activation ^

Sandra S. Sterrett and Linda D. Saville ‘ ’.'i'

Shell growth rates of the common muckets Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819) complex

Mary E. St. John

Studies of bivalve larvae using the scanning electron microscope and critical point drying

R.D. Turner, and P.J. Boyle

Abstracts of papers read at AMU 40th Annual Meeting:

Thomas Say — America’s First Malacologist

R. Tucker Abbott

Dredging for scallops off Vero Beach

Kirk W. Anders

A collecting trip with Lermond in the Florida Everglades

William J. Clench

/ WILLIAM H. DALL’
^SfCTlONAL LIBRARY

division of MOLLuI^

BULLETIN OF
THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL

UNION, Inc.

for 1975

/ WILLIAM H. CALL'
SECTIONAL LIBRARY
DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS

JOINT MEETING
of The

W^estern Society
[>f Malacologists

The American
Malacological Union

Eighth

ilnnual Meeting

San Diego, Caliiornia
22-26 June 1975

FE» 8? 19/U

Forty First
Annual Meeting

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1975-1976
OFFICERS

Treasurer-Myra L. Taylor

Councillor-at-large-Herb Athearr and Carl W. Gugler
(to 1976) Hugh Porter and Carol Lalli (to 1977)
Publications Editor-Dee S. Dundee

Permanent Council Members (Past Presidents)

President-Dorothea S. Franzen
President Elect-George M. Davis
Vice President-Henry D. Russell
Recording Secretary-Constance E. Boone
Corresponding Secretary-Paul R. Jennewein

William J. Clench (1935)

Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (1937)
Harald A. Rehder (1941)

Henry van der Schalie (1946-47)
A. Myra Keen (1948)

A. Byron Leonard (1950)

J.P.E. Morrison (1951)

Joseph C. Bequaert (1954)
Morris K. Jacobson (1955)

Allyn G. Smith (1956)

Ruth D. Turner (1957)

Aurele LaRocque (1958)

R. Tucker Abbott (1959)
Katherine V.W. Palmer (1960)
Thomas E. Pulley (1961)
William K, Emerson (1962)
Albert R. Mead (1963)

Juan J. Parodiz (1965)

Ralph W. Dexter (1966)
Arthur H. Clarke (1968)
Joseph Rosewater (1969)
Alan Solem (1970)

David H, Stansbery (1971)
Arthur S. Merrill (1972)
Dolores S. Dundee (1973)
Harold D. Murray (1974)
Donald R. Moore (1975)

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

Joseph C. Bequaert A. Myra Keen

Emery P. Chace Katherine V.W. Palmer

William J. Clench Margaret C. Teskey

HONORARY LIFE PRESIDENT

S. Stillman Berry

NEWSLETTER EDITOR

Dorothy E. Beetle

(For addresses of any of the above
see membership list in the back)

Published January 30, 1976.

AMU BULLETIN

The AMU Bulletin is the official annual publication
of the American Malacological Union. It is published
after each annual meeting. Communications about
editorial matters should be sent to Dr. Dee Dundee,
Editor, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Univ. of New
Orleans, LA. 70122. Subscription orders from
institutions, inquiries about missing issues and other
circulation matters should be addressed to Mrs.
Constance E. Boone, 3706 Rice Blvd., Houston, TX.
77005. Subscription rate for non-members of the AMU:
$10; back issues for members and affiliate institutions:
write for rates and availability; AMU membership: $7
plus $1 per additional family member. Corresponding
membership: (outside W. hemisphere) $7 plus $1.50
postage. Affiliate members (shell clubs, libraries,
museums, etc.): $10. Initiation or reinstatement fee for
any member: $1.50. Printing by the Hauser Press,
Inc., New Orleans.

The Western Society of Malacologists is a West
Coast-based national organization dedicated to the study
of malacology. It normally issues an Annual Report based
on its yearly meeting. This year a brief Annual Report is
being issued containing the Society’s essential business,
the abstracts and papers from the joint meeting being
contained in this AMU Bulletin. Distribution of the
WSM’s Annual Report is free to its regular and student
members who are, at the time of issue, in good standing.
Membership dues are $5 for regular members and $2 for
students. Others of a regular member’s family may join
for an additional $1; each family receives only one Annual
Report. Correspondence regarding membership in the
Western Society of Malacologists and orders for back
copies of the Annual Report or other of the Society’s
publications should be addressed to the Treasiurer, Mr.
Merton J, Goldsmith, 1622 No. 20th St., Phoenix, Arizona
85006. "

The current officers of the WSM are: James |
Nybakken-iVesidenf ; Helen Dushane-fYrs# Vice President', ^
Peter N. D’Eliscu-Second Vice President; Clifton L. i
Martin-TVeosurer; Louie Marincovich, Carol Skoglund- j
Members-at-Large; James H. McLean, George E. Radwin,
and Twila Bratcher-TAree most recent Past Presidents;
and Eugene V. Coaa-Editor. 1

BULLETIN OF
THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

for 1975

JOINT MEETING
of The

Western Society
of Malacologists

The American
Malacological Union

San Diego, California
22-26 June 1975

Eighth

Annual Meeting

Forty First
Annual Meeting

Meeting Committees

Auction: Mr. Robert Schoening and members of
the Southwestern Malacological Society.
Exhibits: Mr. Clifford Martin
Mr. Loyal J. Bibbey
Mrs. Jeanne Pisor
Historian: Mrs. Bernadine Hughes
Hospitality & Refreshments:

Mr. & Mrs. Roland Taylor
Mrs. Barbara Good
Mrs. Margaret Mulliner
Mr. Loyal J. Bibbey
Mr. James Seay

Registration: Mr. Bertram Draper
Mrs. Lucinda Draper
Mr. Clifton Martin
Mrs. Blanche Brewer
Photograph: Mr. David K. Mulliner
Banquet Favors: Mrs. Gertrude Wahrenbrock and
the Yucaipa Shell Club
Program Coordination: Dr. Donald R. Shasky
Publicity: Mrs. Prudence Hutsching
Audio-Visual: Mr. Leroy Poorman, Mr. James T.
Carlton, Mr. Hans Bertsch

Exhibits

R. Tucker Abbott- “American Malacologists,
Past and Present”

Phillip Clover- “Margineliidae and the cypraeid
genus Zoila"

Barbara Good - “Marine Mollusks of San Diego”

A.M. Frias-Martins- “Photographs of Micro-
mollusca of the Azores”

James Lance & David K. Mulliner- “Outstanding
nudibranch Photographs”

Bill and Lois Pitt- “Fossil Mollusks from Costa
Rica”

Don and Jeanne Pisor- “Growth Series”

Leroy and Forrest Poorman- “Giants of their
species”

Donald R. Shasky- “Tropical West American
Cancellariidae”

Southwestern Malacological Society- “Learning
to See”

JOINT MEETING

American Malacological Union, Inc. and Western Society of Malacologists
June 22-26, 1975 San Diego, California

Malacologists from East and West joined for
this historic meeting in June, 1975, at San Diego
State University, at San Diego, California.
President George Radwin of WSM acted as host
chairman for the event, and duties of directing
events of the sessions were shared with AMU
President Donald R. Moore. This meeting was
dedicated to the memory of William Healey Dali,
one of America’s outstanding malacologists.

Opening day of the meeting on Sunday,
June 22, found members of both organizations
registering, greeting friends, gathering programs
and other information about events and checking
into Olmeca Dormitory. It was difficult to get
every thing handled, dash over for lunch in the
Cafeteria and then get to the afternoon session in
Aztec Hall on time. Afternoon papers included
reports on the legacy left for malacology by Dr.
Dali, personal reminiscences of Dr. Dali by Dr.
Wendell P. Woodring and reports on correspond-
ence with Dr. Dali from Dr. Joshua L. Daily, Jr.

Sunday night everyone enjoyed the luau given
by the San Diego Shell Club on the lawn outside
Olmeca Dorm. Highlight of the evening was
performance of the hula by Twila Bratcher.

Members were then invited to Aztec Hall for
films on collecting and a delightful presentation
by Dr. Robert Robertson, of photos of members
taken through the years.

Some members of both organizations appro-
priated one of the study rooms of the dormitory
and viewed slides of Nudibranchs. The tides were
right and those who had permits planned dawn
excursions.

Monday found members on time for the
session after a hearty breakfast in the cafeteria.
One of the delights for members was the
association and meeting with malacologists such
as E.P. Chace, Dr. Myra Keen, Dr. S. Stillman
Berry (who is honorary life president of AMU),
together with directors and curators of most of the
major American museums. Monday afternoon’s
session was a symposium of Eastern Pacific-
Western Atlantic faunal affinities, chaired by Dr.
Emily H. Yokes.

The Conchological Club of Southern California
catered a “chuckwagon style” dinner on the lawn
outside the dormitory on Monday evening. The
good food, homemade cakes, seconds available,
made the evening a really pleasant one.

Executive board meetings were held by both
WSM and AMU that evening while other
members were entertained with a report on the

life and times of Dr. Stillman Berry. There was a
report from one of AMU’s new affiliate clubs, the
Jersey Cape Shell Club, and an account of the
1974 AMU fresh water field trip at Springfield,
Mass.

Meetings moved along on schedule on
Tuesday. Everyone gathered for the photo at
noon which was so much on schedule that AMU’s
incoming president. Dr. Dorothea Franzen,
missed it as she hurried back from the cafeteria.

The evening’s auction was well attended.
There were so many, many shells available that
the hour grew late and another session was set for
another day. Bids were high with some very
spirited ones for packets of minute shells and
fossils.

The Council of Systematic Malacologists also
met Tuesday night.

Wednesday’s papers rolled along until 3:30
p.m. when the annual business meeting of AMU
was. called to order. Although there was
important business to be handled. President
Moore conducted the meeting smoothly and
ended it in plenty of time to allow members to get
ready for the festive banquet that evening.

There was an impressive number of past
presidents of AMU and WSM introduced by
President Moore. He thanked President Radwin
for the success of the joint meeting and ended up
with presenting a check for his own membership
in WSM.

The banquet speaker, Sam Hinton of the
University of California at San Diego, gave a
delightful talk on ‘‘The Taxonomy of Common
Names,” completing his presentation with
equally delightful combination of song and guitar.

The forty-first session of AMU was officially
over. Papers scheduled for the next morning had
been cancelled. There remained the WSM
general business meeting. Those not attending
this had time to visit in the dormitory lobby and
view more thoroughly the exhibits set up there.
Members also had had the opportunity during this
meeting to go on field trips to Scripps, to collect
Nudibranchs if they had permits and to view a
reef if not, to visit mollusi and fossil departments
of local institutions. Many also chose to visit the
famous San Diego zoo, to dip into Mexico, a few to
try hang gliding. The cool climate of San Diego,
the really cold Pacific waters, proved surprising to
many Eastern members. But all agreed the joint
meeting, girls’ dormitory and all, was fun and
certainly worth the travel. Registration totalled
232.

1

2

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

PLATE 1. - MEMBERS AND GUESTS IN ATTENDANCE AT THE FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 197^

TRIBUTE TO WILLIAM HEALEY BALL

WILLIAM HEALEY BALL - THE LEGACY HE LEFT FOR MALACOLOGY

Joseph Rosewater

Invertebrate Zoology (Mollusks), National Museum of Natural History
Washington, D.C. 20560

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL-1843-1927.

Members of the Western Society of Malaco-
logists and of the American Malacological Union,
our officers and councils have seen fit to dedicate
this joint meeting to William Healey Dali. If he
were with us today I think he would approve
because from what I have learned of him I know
that he was a man capable of accepting his own
greatness with humility. He would certainly enjoy
the scientific papers which are to come and would,
no doubt, comment on many of them construct-
ively. To many of us Dali’s immediate importance
may seem to lie in his having been in charge of the
mollusk collections of the Smithsonian Institution
in Washington, D.C., for 47 years, from
1869-1915. But this is not the only reason for
dedicating this meeting to Dali. His contributions
to our science were immense in their number and

in breadth of coverage, spanning our country from
coast to coast and from border to border, and
beyond to encompass the world. This legacy he
left is of great importance to members of both our
organizations.

it is necessary to examine the life and
contributions of this man to make more clear why
we are honoring his memory and why the legacy
he left for malacology is such a rich one.
There have been a number of memoirs to Dali in
which his life was described and his scientific
accomplishments extolled. I have extracted many
of the following details from a number of them,
including Gates (1905); Merriam (1927, 1928);
Bartsch, Rehder & Shields (1946); Herron (1948);
Woodring (1958); Boss, Rosewater & Ruhoff
(1968); and information in the Smithsonian
Archives.

Dali was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on
August 21, 1845. His father was a minister who
probably inspired him in his intellectual pursuits.
His mother was a radical reformer, a highly
energetic and intelligent woman from whom he
probably acquired much of his discipline and
drive. Dali left school at 17, and due to the lack of
funds and also a professed lack of interest in a
formal higher education, he did not enroll at a
university, but did study Zoology under Louis
Agassiz and mollusks under A. A. Gould, whose
classical book -- ‘Tnvertebrata of Massachusetts”
(1841) awakened in Dali his life-long dedication to
malacology. He became a student member of the
Boston Society of Natural History during that
time. He then accepted a job in Chicago between
1863-1865 where he worked for the Illinois Central
Railroad. There he met Robert Kennicott of the
Chicago Academy of Sciences who offered him a
position as naturalist in the Scientific Corps of the
Western Union International Telegraph Expedit-
ion to Explore Alaska for the purpose of finding an
overland telegraph route through Alaska and
Siberia to Europe. The party sailed from New
York on March 21, 1865, via Nicaragua for San
Francisco. At the May 1, 1865, meeting of The
California Academy of Sciences mention of Dali’s
name was first made in its Proceedings. He was
then 19 years old. As San Francisco was the base

4

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

5

of operations for the telegraph survey, Dali
returned there several times a year. From a
perusal of its Proceedings he participated in as
many of the meetings of the Academy as possible,
and presented a number of scientific papers on
various aspects of West Coast malacology.

In these early years, Dali made numerous trips
to Alaska during which he explored much of this
unknown land, cataloging its ethnology, geology,
and natural history. Thousands of specimens of
mollusks and other animals were returned to the
Smithsonian collections as Dali had an agreement
to collect for the Institution.

In 1869, after returning from the Alaskan
telegraph surveys and later work in charge of
Coast and Geodetic Survey steamers charting the
Alaskan coast, Dali took up residence at the
Smithsonian in Washington. Although it is not
realized by some, he was never an employee of
the Smithsonian, but of the U.S. Geological
Survey. His title as “Honorary Curator’’ was a
just appellation as he was responsible for the
arrangement of the collections and many of the
curatorial methods that persist until the present
day.

Dali produced over 1600 publications during
his career. Many of these, it is true, were
non-scientific in nature, but many also were
significant contributions. Woodring (1958) listed
69 major works that Dali produced in his lifetime.
Many of us would] be grateful to have one of our
papers placed in this category. His most
important works are generally considered to be
the publications arising from his explorations of
Alaska, and the famous one on the paleontology of
the southeastern United States, the “Contribut-
ions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.’’ But many
persons consider his descriptions of the molluscan
fauna of the Caribbean area made in the “Blake
Report,’’ his classification of bivalves, or his
survey of the northwest coast mollusks to be
equally important.

Not counting suprageneric taxa, Dali describ-
ed 5,427 species and genera of mollusks, worms,
crustaceans, brachiopods, tunicates, and mam-
mals; 5,302 were mollusks. As this joint meeting
was to take place on the west coast of America, I
thought it might be fitting to determine how much
of this descriptive effort of Dali’s was exerted
here. A survey of the Boss, et. al. (1968)
catalogue of Dali’s names for West Coast entities
yielded the following results. Roughly one third
or 1,745 of his taxa bear eastern Pacific localities.
The largest numbers of these species come from
California (513), West Mexico (384), Alaska (362),
western Central America (215), and the balance

from Canada (66), the other western states (139),
and South America (66). Woodring (1958) pointed
out that of the approximately 2,000 species and
subspecies of mollusks known in 1921 from Alaska
to southern California almost half (47 percent)
were described by Dall. Only an unusual man
could have done what he did.

Wh^t made Dali great? How could one man
have accomplished so much in his lifetime? For
one thing he lived 82 years, some 62 of which
were spent in the pursuit of scientific knowledge
and in the publication of the results of his
research. In addition he lived at a time which has
been called “The Descriptive Age of Malacol-
ogy. ” when the catches from the great
expeditions of the middle and late 19th Century
were being studied and enumerated. The only
other American worker known to have surpassed
Dall in numbers of described taxa is Henry A.
Pilsbry who introduced 5,680 names. Paul
Bartsch ran third with a mere 3,278 according to
Rehder, in Ruhoff & Rehder (1973). But there are
other reasons for Dali’s success. He appears to
have acquired an encyclopedic knowledge in
many areas other than malacology, including
anthropology, vertebrate zoology, geography,
paleontology, meteorology and other fields. He
was a hard and energetic worker and must have
had enormous powers of concentration. He is said
to have been marvelously well organized
(Woodring, 1958). Dall suggested the following
as a work ethic: “Do the work next you, and do it
with all your might. Nothing is too trifling to do
well, and no knowledge attainable is useless’’
(Gates, 1905).

What should we do in response to the legacy
Dall left us? Should we attempt to duplicate
Dali’s work by describing more taxa? Certainly
there is describing to be done, but not to the
extent that he did it. What it would appear that
we need much more than that is a better
understanding of the biology and relationships of
our known malacological fauna and a synthesis of
our knowledge, that is, an orderly grouping of the
species and higher categories, rather than a
further proliferation of individual taxa. The
legacy that Dall and the others of his time gave us
is a huge body of data with which to work and to
study. It is our task and that of those who follow
to try to analyze that data and build from it a more
complete understanding of the Phylum Mollusca.

In conclusion, I think Dall may have explained
his own success rather well in the following
much-quoted statement, “The only lesson which
may be said to be absolutely clear is, that
naturalists are born, and not made; that the

6

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973^'

sacred fire cannot be extinguished by poverty nor
lighted from a college taper. That the men whose
work is now classical, and whose devotion it is our
privilege to honor, owed less to education in any
sense than they did to self-denial, steadfastness,
energy, a passion for seeking out the truth, and an
innate love of nature. These are the qualities
"which enabled them to gather fruit of the tree of
knowledge” (Dali, 1888).

LITERATURE CITED

Bartsch, P., H. A. Rehder and B. E. Shields.
1946. A bibliography and short biographical
sketch of William Healey Dali. Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., 104 (15); 1-96.

Boss, K. J., J. Rosewater, & F. A. Ruhoff. 1968.
The zoological taxa of William Healey Dali. U.
S. Nat’! Mus. Bull. 287: 1-427.

Dali, W. H. 1888.

Some American conchologists. Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington 4: 95-134

Gates, M. E. 1905.

Men of mark in America. Men of Mark
Publishing Co., Washington, D.C., vol. 1, 422

pp.

Gould, A. A. 1841.

Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts.

Folsum, Wells & Thurston, Cambridge, Mass.,
373 pp.

Herron, E. A. 1948.

William Healey Dali - Alaska Pioneer. Natural
History 57 (4): 176-179
Merriam, C. Hart 1927.

William Healey Dali. Sci. 65, (1684): 345-347.
(reprinted, 1928, Smithsonian Rep. for 1927:
563-566.)

Ruhoff, F. A. & H. A. Rehder 1973.

Bibliography and zoological taxa of Paul
Bartsch, with a biographical sketch. Smith-
sonian Contrib. to Zook, 1973 (143): 166 pp.
Woodring, W. P. 1958.

William Healey Dali, 1845-1927. Nation. Acad.
Sci. Biograph. Mem., 31: 92-113

PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

W.P. Woodring

U.S. National Museum of Natural History
Washington, D.C. 20560

I first met William Healey Dali in 1915, while I
was a student at Johns Hopkins University. From
1919 until his death in 1927 it was my good
fortune to work across the hall from his spacious
laboratory- library in the U.S. National Museum,
now the U.S. National Museum of Natural
History.

Though he made important contributions in
many fields, he will be remembered chiefly for his
work in malacology and Cenozoic molluscan
paleontology. Many malacologists are not aware
that from the time when he left the Coast Survey
in 1884 until his retirement in 1925, he was a
Paleontologist on the staff of the U.S. Geological
Survey. From 1881 until his death he was
Honorary Curator of Mollusks at the U.S. National
Museum, and from 1869 to 1914 he was Curator in
fact, if not in title.

He was a superb curator. He kept in
immaculate condition his library and the
collections under his supervision. A microscope
was used only for anatomical work; for shells a
hand lens was sufficient.

He was not a gregarious person. He arrived at
his office on time and left on time. It was his
custom to carry his lunch, which he ate by himself
as he read. He was never hurried or harrassed,
and I saw him really angry only once. I remember
him as almost always writing and smoking a
long-stemmed German pipe. He had a lucid,
orderly, disciplined mind. It seemed that he
instinctively organized his work in the most
effective way.

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
PRESENTED AT JOINT MEETING

THE BEHAVIOR AND TENTACLE MORPHOLOGY OF PTERIOMORPHIAN BIVALVES:
A MOTION-PICTURE STUDY

Thomas R. Waller
Department of Paleobiology
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C. 20560

Crawling, swimming, and the behavior and
morphology of tentacles in the Pteriomorphian
families Pteriidae, Limidae, Pectinidae, Spon-
dylidae, and Anotniidae have been studied by
means of close-up cinematography. This paper
examines those aspects previously unknown or
poorly understood and considers some general
behavioral patterns and morphological features in
an evolutionary context.

Methods and Materials

The species to be discussed are listed in Table
1, which also gives their size, reproductive
maturity, and collecting locality in Bermuda,
where the study was carried out in September,
1973. The molluscs were collected by SCUBA
diving and transported, generally in aerated
containers, to the Bermuda Biological Station,
where they were place in aquariums supplied with
running sea water and substrates resembling in
texture those of the natural habitats.

Mr. Kjell Sandved, professional photographer
on the staff of the U.S. National Museum of
Natural History, did the filming using Beaulieu
16mm motion-picture cameras equipped with a
90mm Macro-kilar lens or 40 and 60mm Zeiss
Luminar macro lenses with specially devised
semi-automatic diaphragms. The special aquar-
iums were constructed of optically flat Corning
glass or quarter-inch plexiglass kept free of
condensation by an electric hair dryer. Lighting
was by means of two 650 watt quartz-iodine
floodlights with heat-filtering lenses. In some
cases overnight time-lapse sequences were run
using only a 200 watt Ascor strobe unit
synchronized on timed demand with the rate of
travel of the film. All photography was on color
film (Kodak Ektachrome Commercial No. 7242
and 7252).

In the case of Argopecten gibbus and Pecten
ziczac, individuals first observed and filmed in an
aquarium were later transported to an area of
clear, shallow water for underwater filming.

Bivalves capable of swimming generally do
not swim unless provoked, either by a predator or
an adverse environmental change. The principal
stimulus used in this study, both in the aquarium
and the underwater filming, was the starfish
Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck). This
potential predator was found near the living sites
of some of the bivalves, but was never found in
the act of preying on them. Whether it is an
actual predator on the species studied in Bermuda
is unknown, but the vigorous reactions of the
limids and pectinids to its approach suggest that it
is.

OBSERVATIONS

Pteriidae

Pinctada imbricata, which normally lives
attached by the byssus to a hard object or
substrate (Waller, 1973), is capable of crawling
after being forcibly detached (Stanley, 1970). A
specimen 35mm in height managed to crawl,
unobserved at night, up the glass side of an
aquarium, where it secreted a new byssal
attachment of nine threads radiating widely from
the byssal notch. In this position the individual
showed no escape reaction to the approach of a
starfish, merely closing its valves when actually
contacted by the tube feet.

The tentacles of Pinctada which can be
observed when the shell is gaping during the
normal feeding position are tho^e located on the
edges of the inner lobes of the mantle. A series of
tentacles is also present on the middle lobe lying
adjacent to the inner surface of the shell, but
these were not extended or active and not
observable on the film, even in the night
time-elapse sequences. The inner-lobe tentacles
showed no unusual motion during the approach of
the starfish, and in fact they appeared to be
incapable of any significant extension, retraction,
or complex movement. Unlike the more advanced
middle-lobe tentacles of Lima (Gilmour, 1967) or

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

Pecten, which are circular in cross-section and
have complex muscular, hydrostatic, and neural
systems, those of Pinctada are flattened, ramose
structures that appear to be little more than
extensions of the edge of the inner mantle lobe.
The only type of movement observed consisted of
groups of tentacles giving short quick flexures
involving the adjacent inner lobe.

A young Pteria colymbus 8mm in length
exhibited an extraordinary ability to lower and
raise itself on a thread. The specimen, still
attached to the branch of alcyonarian coral on
which it was found, was placed in its natural
position in the aquarium. During this transfer the
little Pteria maintained its original living position,
with the anterior side of its right valve pressed
against the alcyonarian and its elongate, posterior
wing directed upward.

When the floodlights in the laboratory were
turned on, the specimen released its hold on the
branch of coral and fell a distance of 15 or 20cm,
spinning a very thin thread as it fell. It remained
suspended on the thread with its antero-ventral
margin upward for a short time and then, with
valves agape, extended the tip of its foot to
contact the thread, rotated into a position with
anterior side upward, and began to climb up the
thread (Fig. 1). In all bivalves, the foot is
relatively larger in younger individuals than in
mature ones, and Pteria is no exception. The foot
extended to a length beyond the shell nearly equal
to half the length of the shell itself. It probed and
gyrated within a narrow radius about the thread,
but in general seemed to align its basal groove
with the thread during upward climbing. At
times, however, the thread would pass the distal
tip of the foot on the dorsal side, opposite to the
grooved side. Presumably, at this growth stage
the entire foot is ciliated, and the thread is being
moved downward by ciliary activity as the bivalve
climbs upward. Upward movement was smooth
and gliding, with only an occasional abrupt pedal
retraction.

At times the specimen lost its grip on the
thread and fell freely, but each time it would
either secrete or release more thread so that it
would be suspended again before reaching the
bottom. It appeared that these falls were
marked on the thread by a blob of clear material
that apparently was released at the precise
moment that the fall occurred.

Finally, the Pteria managed to climb all the
way back up to its original site of attachment.
Upon reaching the branch of coral, it turned itself
around to its original living position, so that the
posterior wing, which was downward during

thread-climbing, pointed upward. This entire
process was repeated several times in response to
turning on the floodlights in a darkened
laboratory.

We were unable to determine the nature of the
thread. It was extremely thin and clear, except
for a few blobs of clear material along its length,
and could be either a byssal or a mucous thread.
At one point in the film it can be seen that the
thread emerges from a protuberance at the base
of the foot at a point that seems to correspond to
the position of the byssal duct. On this basis
alone I am inclined to think that the thread is a
byssus, possibly not hardened by contact with the
more distal glands of the foot (assuming that the
foot of young Pteria has multiple glands
somewhat as in the foot of larval Ostrea described
by Cranfield, 1973). No thread remained behind
after the climb, and presumably the excess thread
was moved by ciliary activity along the base of the
foot and disposed of in the usual manner of
pseudofaeces or excess mucus.

Limidae

Two individuals of Lima lima 21mm in height
were found byssally attached side by side beneath
the holdfast of a large gray finger sponge. They
made no attempt to escape when the sponge was
turned over, but in the aquarium these same
individuals, lying free on the bottom after being
forcibly detached, responded to the approach of a
starfish. The initial response was to gape widely
with the brilliant red pallial curtains and pale
tentacles extending and undulating. When
contact with the starfish occurred, each limid slid
laterally with a single clap of its valves, turning
away from the starfish as it slid. The same
sequence of gape, rigid pallial curtains, tentacle
extension and undulation, and a single short jet
causing a lateral slide occurred repeatedly, but at
no time did this species actually rise up off the
bottom and swim freely. During the clapping
movement, the tentacles are withdrawn nearly
but not completely into the shell and the valves
themselves do not close completely. If a specimen
is traumatized, however, complete retraction of
the tentacles and valve closure are possible.

Lima lima does not show any preference for
lying on a particular valve and has no righting
reaction such as that displayed by most pectinids.
The foot was prominent in the individuals studied,
and they showed a strong tendency to extend the
foot and probe for an attachment site whenever
they were adjacent to a hard object. Once an
attachment was secured, pedal retraction would
pull the flattened antero-dorsal region of the shell

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

9

against the substrate, with the plane of
commissure approximately perpendicular to the
attachment surface.

The tentacles of Lima lima are developed from
the middle lobe of the mantle adjacent to the inner
surface of the shell. They are of variable length,
but the variation is continuous and there seems to
be only one kind of tentacle present. All are
circular in cross- section and greatly extendible,
the largest located toward the interior of the shell
and the shortest toward the exterior. The surface
of each tentacle is papillose with a very vague
annular arrangement of some of the papillae.
Very distinct annuli, such as those described by
Gilmour (1967) on the tentacles of Lima Mans, are
absent. Tiny, dark red eyes are present on each
valve near the bases of the tentacles. The inner
lobes of the mantle, or pallial curtains, have
smooth margins without tentacles as in all limid
species thus far investigated.

A young specimen of Lima lima 6mm in height
climbed up the glass side of the aquarium with its
relatively large foot, which was capable of
extending to a length about equal to the diameter
of the shell. During climbing, the plane of
commissure was approximately perpendicular to
the glass, the dorsal margin (hinge line) trailing,
the ventral margin leading, and the flattened,
straight anterior margin pressed against the
glass. As is well known (Yonge, 1953), this
position during crawling is unlike that of any other
bivalve group, the foot being rotated 180° from its
normal position.

The sequence of movements involved (1)
extension of the foot, which probed from side to
side before pressing down its tip; (2) a quick pedal
retraction which pulled the shell up to the
extended tip of the foot, accompanied by a
simultaneous partial quick retraction of the
tentacles and a clap of the valves; and (3)
extension of the foot again. Precisely how the
‘ animal held on to the side of the aquarium while
extending and probing with the foot was not
observed. Possibly adhesion was by means of the
heel of the foot, which may have remained affixed
to the glass while the distal portion of the foot
extended, or possibly it was by means of the
I tentacles which border the antero-dorsal, flatten-
! ed margin of the shell. It did not appear that
j climbing was by means of the alternate spinning
I and release of byssal threads as is done by adult
Lima lima (Stanley, 1970).
j Tentacles of the young Lima lima are not
annulated like those of the mature specimens.
Only a very faint pink coloration is present on the
j pallia! curtains and tentacles, allowing the dark

red eyes to stand out in contrast.

Four specimens of Lima pellucida ranging in
height from 11 to 18mm were observed. This is a
small species, reaching a maximum height of
about 25mm, and to judge by the presence of
brightly colored gonadal tissue the two largest
specimens are mature.

Lima pellucida severs its byssal attachment
and swims readily when its living site is
disturbed. Like Lima Mans (Gilmour, 1967), its
tentacles are very extendible, reaching a length
about equal to or slightly greater than the shell
diameter, and bear distinct annuli. These rings
presumably consist of mucous glands, because
the tentacles, like those of Lima Mans, are sticky
and autotomize readily. Also like that species,
Lima pellucida is unable to completely retract its
tentacles.

The swimming behavior of the Bermudian
specimens is also similar to that of the Eastern
Atlantic species described by Gilmour (1967), but
cinematography does not clearly reveal a rowing
motion by the tentacles. Rather, they sweep
backward at the precise moment that the valves
close and the shell jets forward, so that it appears
that they are behaving passively in the slipstream
of water.

Individuals were capable of swimming above
the bottom in flights approaching 50cm in length.
More commonly, they would move by hopping
along the bottom. When the dorsally projecting
tentacles, which remain much more rigid than
those elsewhere around the margin during
swimming, would contact the bottom, a new valve
adduction would jet the shell forward and upward
again. During swimming in a straight path, water
emerges from the shell through a single, nearly
circular jet formed by the opposed pallial curtains
in the postero-dorsal region. Movements are
coordinated remarkably well and the animal is
able to change its direction abruptly, even during
a single valve ad4uction, by allowing additional
jets of water to emerge elsewhere along the
margin. Once the animal finds a crevice or
manages to land next to an object on the bottom,
it probes with an extended foot in preparation for
a new site of byssal attachment. I did not observe
any excavating movements by the tentacles such
as those described in Lima Mans by Gilmour
(1967).

Unlike pectinids, which habitually lie with the
right valve against the attachment surface, limids
seem to be able to rest on either valve and to lack
an overturning reaction. During resting phases
between swimming movements, Lima pellucida is
able to balance itself, probably by means of its

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

extended tentacles and gaping valves, so that its
plane of commissure remains essentially vertical.
Peciinidae

Three species of scallops differing markedly in
shell form (see illustrations in Warmke & Abbott,
1961) were filmed in the act of swimming in
response to an approaching starfish. Chlamys
imbricata, like most species currently assigned to
the genus, has inequilateral valves with long
anterior and short posterior auricles. The
umbonal angle is narrow and shell height
(perpendicular to hinge) generally exceeds shell
length. Both valves are low in convexity, the left
valve being somewhat flatter than the right.
Argopecten gibbus is strongly biconvex, as its
species name implies, but nearly equilateral.
Pecten ziczac has a flat or even slightly concave
upper (left) valve and a deeply convex lower
valve, is equilateral, and has a broad umbonal
angle. The living habits of these species have
been described previously (Waller, 1973), and the
swimming behavior of scallops is well known.

The most marked behavioral difference in
swimming movements is that Argopecten gibbus
jets water alternately between the antero-dorsal
and postero-dorsal regions of its shell, so that it
twists from side to side with each clap of the
valves. In contrast, both the Chlamys and the
Pecten jet water simultaneously from the two
sides, although the latter may use the alternating
method when first rising off the bottom. Pecten
ziczac is the most graceful swimmer of the three,
proceeding the furthest in a single flight and
gliding further between claps, an outcome which
is predicted on the basis of the aerodynamics of
shell geometry (Stanley, 1970). Not predicted,
however, is the low angle of attack assumed by
Pecten ziczac in a long flight, during which its
plane of commissure is essentially horizontal.

Pecten ziczac also exhibits a clear sequence of
movements as it buries its convex lower valve in
the sandy substrate. The scallop tilts itself so that
its anterior margin is inclined toward the bottom.
Then by clapping its valves it jets water from
openings formed by the pallial curtains on both
the anterior and posterior sides of the shell. The
anterior jet, directed at the substrate, blows away
the sand, whereas the posterior jet provides an
opposing thrust to keep the scallop in position.
This process occurs repeatedly while the scallop
moves around the periphery of the growing
depression. Finally, it slides into the depression
and allows the sand suspended by additional
clapping to settle on its flat upper valve. This is
almost exactly the same pattern of behavior
shown by Pecten maximus (Baird, 1958) and is

apparently a common trait among many pectinids
which live unattached by a byssus (Waller, 1969).

Each of the three species has three sets of
tentacles (Fig. 2), as do all members of the family
Pectinidae thus far observed. Two sets are
developed from the middle lobe of the mantle, one
being a series of densely spaced short tentacles
which border the edge of the shell, the other
being a series of widely spaced highly extendible
tentacles with bases somewhat more toward the
interior. A third set, which is lacking in the
Pectinacean families Propeamussiidae (Waller,
1972b), Spondylidae, and possibly the Plicatuli-
dae (Watson, 1930) is developed along the edge of
the inner lobe or pallial curtain. These three sets
have been termed, respectively, fringing, explor-
atory, and guard tentacles (Waller, 1972a).

Time-lapse photography indicates that fring-
ing tentacles undergo some extension and
retraction but are relatively inactive compared to
the exploratory tentacles, which can extend to a
length nearly equal to half the diameter of the
shell. All three types of tentacles have essentially
smooth surfaces and lack the papilli or annuli
found on the tentacles of limids. Instead, the
pectirtid tentacles are characteristically pigment-
ed. Generally opaque white spots or bands form
on the exploratory and fringing tentacles,
whereas darker pigments may appear on the
guard tentacles.

The guard tentacles are relatively short
compared to the other types and when inactive
have a fixed shape, curved so that their convex
side is outward (Fig. 2). When the pallial curtains
are nearly in contact with one another, the guard
tentacles interfinger to form a coarse screen-.
When sedimentary particles are introduced, the
tentacles, either individually or in groups, flick
outward, seemingly to bat the particles out of the
incurrent stream. During the intake of water
preparatory to swimming, at which time the
pallial curtains are very rigid, the guard tentacles
fold outward and against the outer surface of their
respective pallial curtains just before the valves
clap. At no time did the guard tentacles vary their
length, and it appeared that their action is
primarily muscular rather than hydrostatic.

During swimming, the exploratory and
fringing tentacles retract withii:^ the shell margins
except for those which protrude at the ends of the
auricles. These remain protruding and rather
rigid, just as do the dorsal tentacles of the limids.
Spondylidae

Both a large and small Spondylus americanus
were studied by means of time-lapse photo-
graphy. Spondylids have fringing and exploratory

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

1

tentacles and well- developed eyes like those of
pectinids but lack guard tentacles, the edges of
the pallial curtains being smooth. The
exploratory tentacles appear less extendible and
less active than those in the pectinids. Spondylus
reacts to an approaching starfish simply by tightly
closing its valves, reopening them slowly after the
danger is past.

Anomiidae

The tentacle system of Pododesmus rudis is
like that of Spondylus, but the anomiid lacks eyes.
Upon the approach of a starfish, the individual
gaped slightly, and when the tube feet of the
starfish contacted the mantle of the bivalve, the
valves moved in a gentle clapping or pumping
action before closing.

CONCLUSIONS

The behavioral traits and tentacle morpholo-
gies of the bivalves herein reported appear to be
remarkably conservative in an evolutionary sense.
In terms of both features, the families studied fall
readily into three groups: (1) the Pteriidae, (2)
the Limidae, and (3) the Pectinidae, Spondylidae,
and Anomiidae.

The tentacle systems of both Pinctada and
Pteria, like those of all pteriid genera thus far
studied, are basically simple and lack the
functional specialization of the other groups. The
behavior of these bivalves in the face of attack by
a potential predator is also similar. They simply
close their valves and hang on by means of their
sturdy byssal attachment.

In contrast to the generalized tentacle systems
and passive behavior of the Pteriidae, the
tentacles of the Limidae are highly developed, as
shown by Gilmour (1967); eyes are present; and
limids exhibit a well-known swimming behavior in
response to predator attack. In contrast to the
Pectinacea, however, the tentacles of the Limidae
are relatively undifferentiated, all exhibiting
about the same degree of complexity and activity.

The Pectinacea possess highly differentiated
tentacles, two types on the middle lobe of the
mantle in the Spondylidae, Propeamussiidae, and
Pectinidae, and an additional set on the inner lobe
of the mantle in the Pectinidae. Their mode of
swimming is entirely different from that of the
Limidae, the valves assuming a horizontal rather
than a vertical position, there being two principal
jets rather than pne, and the tentacles being
completely retracted into the shell during
swimming except for those which protrude from
the ends of the auricles. Unlike limids, which lie
on either valve or attach with the plane of

commissure more or less vertical, the pectinids
are distinctly and consistently pleurothetic with
the right valve downward, and most exhibit a
distinctive overturning reaction when upside
down. The spondylids, although incapable of
swimming because of their cemented habit, have
an arrangement of middle-lobe tentacles and eyes
like that of the pectinids and appear to deploy the
tentacles in a similar fashion, both while agape
and while clapping the valves. Recent
observations by the author on a variety of Atlantic
and Pacific pectinids and a species of Atlantic
Propeamussiidae indicate that the basic behavior-
al traits of these families are remarkably similar,
even though anatomical and paleontological
evidence suggests that they have had separate
evolutionary histories for over 225 million years
(Waller, 1972b).

In spite of a considerably different anatomical
arrangement because of its prominent calcified
byssus, the tentacle system and response of the
anomiid Pododesmus is similar to that of the
pectinids and spondylids.

The thread-climbing of young Pteria reported
here is similar to byssal or mucous thread-
climbing in other molluscan groups (Pelseneer,
1935, p. 362) and is possibly a specialized trait
that has evolved independently in many groups.
It serves to keep the young from being swept
away from their original attachment sites or
prevents them from falling to the bottom, where
environmental conditions for feeding and survival
may be less favorable. In the case of young
Mytilus edulis, the early dissoconch stages are
capable of hanging from the surface film by short
byssal threads (Nelson, 1928). Nelson supposed
that this served to prolong the pelagic larval stage
until contact could be made with a suitable, object
for permanent byssal attachment.

Verrill (1897) noted that “threads of adhesive
mucus are formed by the foot glands of many land
slugs and by certain marine species at the present
time (e.g., Litiopa bonbyx, a small gastropod that
attaches itself to floadng sargassum in this
way).’’ I was able to observe thread-climbing by
the tiny Sargassum snail, Litiopa melanostoma,
which had been shaken from its normal foothold
on sargassum. Indeed the behavior is almost
identical to that of the young Pteria, except that in
the snail, mucus could be seen accumulating at
the posterior end of the foot.

Verrill (1897) hypothesized an evolutionary
relationship between mucous threads and byssal
threads, suggesting that the earliest form of
adhesion was temporary and perhaps aided by
secretion of mucus from the surface of the foot.

12

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Noting that “such a mode of adhesion to objects is
common among planarians, small nemerteans,
annelids, and the young forms of many groups at
the present time,’’ he supposed that “from such a
primitive adhesive foot the transition to a larger
foot with more specialized cells situated in a
groove for the secretion of stronger byssus-like
threads of mucus would have been easy.’’

The three groups formed on the basis of
behavioral traits and tentacle specializations are
also readily separable on the basis of shell
microstructure, itself a highly conservative series
of characters representing a genetically deter-
mined sequence of biochemical events during the
ontogeny of the mantle epithelium (Taylor,
Kennedy, & Hall, 1969). Virtually all extent
Pteriacea (Group 1 above) have shells consisting
of an outer layer of simple prismatic calcite and
inner layers of nacreous aragonite. Group 2, the
Limidae, have an outer calcitic layer which in
some respects resembles the fibrillar calcite of the
Mytilacea but which appears to be a unique
microstructure found only in the Limacea (Waller,
in preparation). It is not merely finely foliated
calcite as reported by Taylor, Kennedy, & Hall
(1969). Group 3 (Pectinidae, Spondylidae, and
Anomiidae, as well as the Propeamussiidae,
Plicatulidae, Dimyidae, and Ostreacea), is
characterized by the presence of foliated calcite
microstructure, which appears to be an evolution-
ary derivative of a particular type of simple
prismatic calcite also present at least in the early
ontogeny of these groups (Waller, in this volume).
Aspects of shell microstructure are preservable in
the fossil record, and these groups can be traced
back into the Paleozoic era well beyond 250
million years.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution, and the Smithsonian
Research Foundation for funding this project; Mr.
Kjell Sandved for his excellent photography; and
Mr. Warren Blow for his resourceful assistance
underwater and in the laboratory. Mrs. Ann
Cohen alerted me to a thread-climbing perform-
ance of the sargassum snail; Dr. Edward Ayensu
loaned a photo-optical analyzer; Dr. Klaus
Reutzler provided a boat and motor; and Ms.
Maureen Downey identified the starfish.
Laboratory facilities were provided by the
Bermuda Biological Station. The illustrations are
the work of Mr. Larry Isham. Drs. Joseph
Rosewater and Richard Houbrick read the
manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

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Cranfield, H.J. 1973. A study of the morphology,
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Gilmour, T.H.J. 1967. The defensive adaptations
of Lima Mans (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Jour.
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Nelson, T.C. 1928. Pelagic dissoconchs of the
common mussel, Mytilus edulis, with observ-
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genera. Woods Hole Marine Biol. Lab., Biol.
Bull. 55: 180-192

Pelseneer, Paul. 1935. Essai d’ethologie zoologi-
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Stanley, S.M. 1970. Relation of shell form to life
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Taylor, J.D., W.J. Kennedy, and A. Hall. 1969.
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Verrill, A.E. 1897. A study of the family
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Sci. 10: 41-95

Waller, T.R. 1969. The evolution of the

Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia),
with emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary
species of eastern North America. Paleont.
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1972a. The Pectinidae (Mollu-
sca: Bivalvia) of Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall
Islands. Veliger 14(3): 221-264.

— — 1972b. The functional signifi-.

cance of some shell microstructures in the
Pectinacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Intern. Geol.
Congr., Montreal, Sect. 7, Paleo.: 48-56.

________________ 1973. The habits and habitats

of some Bermudian marinp mollusks. Nautilus
87(2): 31-52.

Warmke, G.L., and R.T. Abbott. 1961. Caribbean
Seashells. Livingston Publ. Co., Narberth,
Pennsylvania, 346 p.

Watson, H. 1930. On the anatomy and affinities
of Plicatula. Proc. Malacol. Soc. London 19(1):
25-31.

Yonge, C.M. 1953. The monomyarian condition in
the Lamellibranchia. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Edinburgh 62(12): 443-478.

13

Bulletin of the Amencan Malacological Union, Inc., 1973
Table 1.

Bermuda specimens studied by means of closeup cinemotography. Numbered specimens are in the
collections of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, U.S. National Museum of Natural History,
Washington, D.C.

Length (L)
or

USNM Height (H)

Species Number Quantity in mm Immature Mature Locality

Pinctada imbricata Roding,
1798

710705

1

35(H)

X

North Lagoon adjacent to
Bailey’s Bay, 3 to 4 m.

Pteria colymbus (Roding,

1798

710706

1

8(L)

X

Same.

Lima lima (Linne, 1758)

710707

2

21-23 (H)

X

Castle Harbor, 4.5 m.

Lima lima (Linne"", 1758)

710717

1

6(H)

X

North Rock, 5 meters.

Lima pellucida C.B. Adams,
1846

710708

4

12-18 (H)

X

X

Harrington Sound, 1 to 6
meters.

Chlamys imbricata (Gmelin,
1791)

710709

2

14-27 (H)

X

X

Castle Harbor, 2 to 4
meters.

Argopecten gibbus (Linne,
1758)

710710

17

26-55 (H)

X

X

Harrington Sound, 1 to 8
meters.

Pecten ziczac (Linne,

1758)

710711

4

43-70 (H)

X

X

Harrington Sound, 3.5 to

7 m.

Spondylus americanus
Hermann, 1781

710712,

710718

2

21-60 (H)

X

X

“Bermuda”

Pododesmus rudis (Broderip,

710713

1

X

“Bermuda”.

1834)

Fig. 1. Young Pteria
colymbus 8 mm in length
(USNM 710706) in act of
climbing up a byssal or
mucous thread.

Fig. 2. The tentacle
system of Argopecten
gibbus (USNM 710710),
showing fringing and
exploratory tentacles on
the middle lobe (next to
shell) and guard tenta-
cles on the inner lobe of
the mantle.

14

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

PRELIMINARY REVISION OF SUPRASPECIFIC TAXA IN THE
CERITHIINAE FLEMING, 1822 (Cerithiidae: Prosobranchia)

Richard S. Houbrick

Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C. 20003

Generic classification within the subfamily
Cerithiinae Fleming, 1822 is a matter of
controversy. Taxonomists working with cerithids
long have been plagued with problems resulting
from an overabundance of proposed generic and
subgeneric taxa. Because many proposed
Cerithiinae groups cannot be defined sharply by
any differential diagnoses, some groups, par-
ticularly within Cerithium, sensu lato, merge into
one another.

The genera Rhinoclavis Swainson, 1840, and
Pseudovertagus Vignal, 1904, are regarded both
as generic and subgeneric taxa by various
authors. These also have been synonymized with
other cerithiid supraspecific taxa such as
Cerithium, Clava, Vertagus, Aluco, and Proclava.
Other proposed subgeneric groups are ranked by
various authors in any number of combinations.
The result is taxonomic chaos. For instance, a
quick survey of shell manuals and literature
reveals that the common Indo-Pacific cerithiid,
Rhinoclavis sinensis, has been given 14 different
generic and subgeneric assignments;

Cerithium
Cerithium [Aluco]
Cerithium [Vertagus]
Cerithium [Rhinoclavis]
Cerithium [Ochetoclava]
Cerithium [Clava]
Rhinoclavis

Rhinoclavis [Ochetoclava]
Rhinoclavis [Rhinoclavis]

Hinton (1972)

Von Martens (1880)
Tinker (1958)

Ladd (1972)

Kira (1959)

Thiele (1925)
Cernohorsky (1972)
Kira (1959)

Abbott (1950)

Vertagus

Clava

Ochetoclava

Clypeomors

Pseudovertagus

Dautzenberg & Bouge (1933)
Morris (1958)

Kuroda (1971)

Kosuge (1969)

Cotton (1964)

Taxonomic confusion with Cerithiids was
mentioned by some earlier monographers. Both
BruguHere (1792) and Kiener (1841) divided
cerithiids into groups based on canal length and
curvature, but Kiener noted difficulty in assigning
species to various genera. Sowerby (1855)
remarked that many authors described new
genera without reviewing the complete array of
cerithid species critically. He lumped all of the
species in his monograph under the genus
Cerithium and went on to say, “...it is easy to take
two or three species here, and form them into a
genus under one name, and to take two or three
there to make a genus under another name; but it
is not easy to take every species and to place each
in its appropriate genus. For if the species are
placed in a line, it is almost impossible to mark
the boundaries of the separate groups. I know an
instance of a most accomplished conchologist
attempting to arrange an extensive collection of
Cerithiidae according to the modern style of
numerous small genera, and the result was, of
course, that he had a great many species which he
did not know what to do with; and instances
occurred in which specimens of the same species
were placed apart in different genera.
Endeavouring, therefore, to give a correct account
of the species, and of course keeping those most
alike, nearest to each other, I leave the task of
forming generic groups to those who think them
useful.’’

I believe Sowerby’ s last phrase bears much
merit and attention. I am aware of 70 generic and
subgeneric groups described under the broad
concept of “Cerithium.” The usefulness and
value of these numerous subdivisions should be
seriously questioned. This is more than just a
matter of individual opinion. Although generic

Bulletin of the American Malacologica! Union, Inc., 1973

15

allocations are subjective, they should be based
on some criteria and have a certain utility. As
Boss (1973) has recently remarked, the proliferat-
ion of supraspecific nomina is astonishing and
obfuscates rather than elucidates relationships.

Similar supraspecific proliferation and con-
fusion exists in other prosobranch groups such as
cones (with 52 genera) and cowries (with 41
genera). A temporary solution is to relegate all
related species to one broad generic group. For
example, Kay (1960) proposed using Cypraea in
place of numerous generic names assigned to
species of Cypraeinae and Kohn (1963) assigned
all species of Coninae to the genus Conus.
However, I believe that this would not be
expedient for the cerithids and merely would
generate more problems. Instead, I have chosen
to reject groups that convey no more information
than is already provided by good species, and to
keep only those that are clearly useful.

Mayr (1969) suggested two criteria to follow
when considering need for new taxa above the
species level: 1) an indication or clarification of a
distinct phylogenetic relationship; 2) usefulness
as an information retrieval system. Another
criterion frequently used in science is “Occam’s
Razor’ ’ : i.e., 'avoiding unnecessary multiplication
of entities and choosing the simplest explanation
for phenomena until proof of more complicated
processes is obtained.

My evaluation of supraspecific Gerithiinae
taxa employs the above criteria in .considering
conchological and anatomical characters. I also
have used available ecological information. A
thorough literature survey has reduced some taxa
to synonymy. I have discarded groups proposed
on the basis of what I regard as specific characters
or equivocal supraspecific characters.

Many nomina have been proposed to
accomodate fossil species and are difficult to
evaluate; although I have included groups dating
from the Cretaceous, most fossil nomina are in
need of critical review beyond the scope of a short
paper. I propose herein to deal mostly with
Recent taxa.

In formulating a workable classification, it is
important to note that cerithids are polymorphic
in shell size, color and sculpture. This is reflected
at both generic and specific levels and has been
the cause of undue splitting. I believe

supraspecific groups that have been created
merely on the basis of a few equivocal sculptural
characters are unreliable and invalid; moreover,
some taxa have diagnostic characters that are
based on specific rather than generic criteria.
Nevertheless, new genera and species are
proposed continually, sometimes almost reckless-
ly. The most blatant example is the recent paper
of Nordsieck (1974) in which two common
Mediterranean species, Cerithium vulgatum and
C. rupestre were divided into six genera
comprising 56 species, six subspecies, and eight
forms,- surely a classic “reductio ad absurdum. ”

Radular characters, although of some value,
should not be weighed too heavily. For example,
two cerithiid species assigned to the genera
Proclava and Clavocerithium have radulae that
are virtually identical, yet these two are
far-removed concholo'gically. Undoubtedly this
radular similarity is due to convergence and
suggests that cerithiid radulae are not conserva-
tive in characters and Should not be overempha-
sized.

Protoconchs almost always are lacking, even
in very juvenile specimens, and therefore are
impractical taxonomic tools. When present, they
are rather nondescript, and I find no merit in their
use. Ornamentation of post-nuclear whorls is
more reliable.

I believe apertural characters should be
weighted most heavily in evaluating higher taxa.
These have greatest stability and show little
variation in Recent or fossil groups.

Although gross anatomical studies have been
somewhat of a disappointment, I have been able
to find anatomical characters separating the
genera Rhinoclavis and Cerithium. I have studied
living representatives of Cerithium, Rhinoclavis,
Thericium, Clypeomorus, and Semivertagus in
the field, reviewed their gross anatomy, made
observations on life histories, and studied their
habitats and feeding. Anatomical studies also
have been completed using preserved animals of
the groups Proclava, Clavocerithium, Ocheto-
clava, and Pseudovertagus. Scanning electron
micrographs have been made of the radulae of all
species in each group. Most of the Recent generic
and subgeneric taxa I recognize may be traced
back to the Pliocene. Using the" above data and
applying the criteria discussed, I suggest the
phylogeny and tentative classification presented
below:

16

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Fig. 1. Inferred phylogeny of supraspecific taxa
in the Cerithiinae.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

17

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, R.T., 1950. The molluscan fauna of the
Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean. Bull.
Raffles Mus., Singapore, No. 22:#68-98.

Boss, K., 1973. Occasional Papers on Mollusks
(Preface), 3:x-xi.

Bruguiere, J.G., 1789; 1792. Encyclopedie

Methodique, Histoire Naturelle des Vers.
Paris. Bol. 1(1): 1-344, 1789; (2):#345-757, 1792.
Cernohorsky, W., 1972. Marine Shells of the
Pacific, Vol. 2. Sydney. 411 p.

Chavan, A., 1948. Nouveaux genres et sous-
genres de Mollusques. Seances Soc. Geol.
France, Paris, Compte Rendu, No. 15-16:#352-
245.

— - — 1952. Quelques int^ressants

types de Cerithes. Cahiers Geologiques de
Thoiry-Seyssel, No. 12:#103-104.

Clark, B.L. and J.W. Durham, 1946. Eocene
faunas from the Department of Bolivar,
Colombia. Geol. Soc. Amer., Memoir 16. 126p.
Cossmann, M., 1889. Cataloque illustre des
coquilles fossiles de 1’ Eocene des environs de
Paris. Ann. Soc. Malac. Beligique, 24:#7-385
12 pis.

1906. Essais de pal^oconchol-

ogie compare'e. Vol. 7, Paris. 261 p.

— — — 1920. Mollusques eloceniques de

la Loire-Infe^rieure, Supplement. Bull. Soc.
Scien. Natur. I’Ouest France (Nantes), Serie 3,
Vol. 5: 53-141.

Cotton, B.C., 1964. Mollusks of Arnhem Land.

Records of the American- Australian Exped. to
Arnhem Land, 4:#8-36.

Dautzenberg, P. and J.L. Bouge, 1933. Les
mollusques testaces marins des establisse-

ments Fran§ais de FOcdanie. J. de ConchylioL,
77(2):#145-326.

Fischer, P., 1884-1887. Manuel de conchyliologie
et de paleontologie conchyliologique, etc. Paris.
1369 p.

Fleming, J., 1822. The philosophy of zoology or a
general view of the structure, functions &
classifications of animals, etc. 2 V. Edinburgh.
Hinton, A., 1972. Shells of New Guinea and the
Central Indo-Pacific. Port Moresby. 94 p.
Jousseaume, F., 1888. Mollusques de la Mer
Rouge et du Golfe d’Aden. Mem. Soc. Zool.
France, l:#165-223.

Kay, A., 1960. Generic revision of the Cypraei-
nae. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 33:#278-287.
Kiener, L.C., 1841-42. Species general et

iconographie des coquilles vivantes, etc., vol. 5,

Genre Cerite, 104 p.

Kira, T., 1959. Coloured Illustrations of the shells
of Japan. Osaka. 239 p.

Kohn, A.J., 1963. Type specimens and identity of
the described species of Conus, 1. The species
described by Linnaeus, 1785-1767. J. Linn. Soc.
London, Zoology., 44(301):#740-768.

Kosuge, S., 1969. Fossil mollusks of Oahu,
Hawaii Islands. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, 12
(4): 783-794.

Kuroda, T., T. Habe and K. Oyama, 1971. The
Sea Shells of Sagami Bay. Tokyo. 489 p., 121
pis., 1 map.

Ladd, H., 1972. Cenozoic fossil mollusks from
Western Pacific Islands; Gastropods (Turri-
tellidae through Strombidae). Geol. Surv. Prof.
Pap. 532: 1-79.

Ludbrook, N.H., 1957. The molluscan fauna of the
Pliocene strata underlying the Adelaide Plains.
Part 4, Gastropoda (Turritellidae to Struthio-
lariidae). Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 80 (4):
17-58.

Martens, E. von, 1,887. Beitrage zur Meeresfauna
der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen.
Mollusken. Berlin. 181-352.

Mayer-Eymar, 1870. Description de coquilles
fossiles des terrains Tertiaires inferieurs
(suite), J. de Cpnchyliol., 18:323-228, pi. xi.

Mayr, E., 1969. Animal species and evolution.
Harvard. 797 p.

Monterosato, M., 1890. Conchiglie delle profund-
ita del mare di Palermo. Naturalista Siciliano,
9(7): 140-151; 157-166.

Morris, P., 1952. A field guide to shells of the
Pacific coast and Hawaii. Boston, 220 p.

Nordsieck, F., 1974. The genus Thericium

Monterosato in the European seas. La
Conchiglia 6, No. 1(59): 3-12.

Olsson, A., 1929. Contributions to the Tertiary
paleontology of Northern Peru: Part 2, Upper
Eocene mollusca and brachiopoda. Bull. Amer.
Paleont., 15(57): 1-36.

Olsson, A. & A. Harbison, 1953. Pliocene
mollusca of Southern Florida. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., Monographs No. 8. 457 p.

Sacco, F., 1895. I Molluschi dei terreni

terziarii del Piemonte e delle Liguria, 17: 1-83.

Sowerby, G.B., 1855. Thesaurus conchyliorum,
vol. 2, Cerithium, p. 847-859.

Swainson, W., 1840. A treatise on malacology.
London. 419 p.

Thiele, J., 1925. Gastropoda der Deutschen
Teifsee-Expedition, vol. 2. Deutsche Teifsee-
Expedition 1898-1899, 17(2): 38-382.

1929. Handbuch der System-
atischen Weichtierkunde, vol. 1, Jena. 778 p.

18

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Tinker, S.W., 1958. Pacific Sea Shells. Rutland.
240p.

Tryon, G.W., 1887. Manual of Conchology.

First series; 9: Cerithium, 127-149.

Vignal, M.L., 1904. Liste des coquilles de la
famille des Cerithide^s recuilles par M. Ch.
Gravier aux environs de Djibouti et d’Obock.
Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., 10: 354-359.
Woodring, W.P., 1928. Miocene mollusks from

Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2, gastropods and
discussion of results. Carneigie Inst. Wash.
Pub. No. 385. 546 p.

Woodring, W.P. & H.B. Stenzel, 1959. Geology
and paleontology of the Canal Zone and
adjoining parts of Panama: Description of
Tertiary mollusks (Gastropods: Vermetidae to
Thaididae). Geol. Surv. Profr Pap. 306-B: 147-
239.

SUBFAMILY CERITHIINAE:
GENERA AND SUBGENERA

CERITHIUM

RHINOCLAVIS

PSEUDOVERTAGUS

C. [Cerithium] Bruguiere, 1789
C. [Gourmya] Bayle in Fischer, 1884
C. [Thericium^ Rochebrune in Monterosato, 1890
C. [Conocerithium] Sacco, 1895
C. [Semivertagus] Cossmann, 1889
C. [Is chno cerithium] Thiele, 1929
\ *C. [Perucerithium] Olsson, 1929

*C. [Tiaracerithium] Sacco, 1895
*C. [Chondrocerithium] Monterosato in Coss-
mann, 1906

*C. [Chavanicerithium] Ludbrook, 1957
*C. [Pseudoaluco] Clark & Durham, 1946
*C [Hopkinsiana] Olsson, 1929
*C. [Striovertagus] Chavan, 1948

R. [Rhinoclavis] Swainson, 1840
R. [Ochetoclava] Woodring, 1928
\ R. [Proclava] Thiele, 1929

}*R. [Dir o cerithium] Woodring & Stenzel 1958
I }*R. [Bellatara] Mayer-Eymar, 1870

J P. [Pseudovertagus] Vignal, 1904
I *P. [Cerithioclava] Olsson & Harbison, 1953

CLYPEOMORUS JOUSSEAUME, 1888

CL A VOCERITHIUM

C. [Clavocerithium] Cossmann, 1920
*C. [Indocerithium] Chavan, 1952

LIOCERITHIUM TRYON, 1887

Represents Fossil Taxa

Tinker, S.W., 1958. Pacific Sea Shells. Rutland.
240p.

Tryon, G.W., 1887. Manual of Conchology.

First series; 9: Cerithium, 127-149.

Vignal, M.L., 1904. Liste des coquilles de la
famille des Cerithide^s recuilles par M. Ch.
Gravier aux environs de Djibouti et d’Obock.
Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., 10: 354-359.
Woodring, W.P., 1928. Miocene mollusks from

Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2, gastropods and
discussion of results. Carneigi6 Inst. Wash.
Pub. No. 385. 546 p.

Woodring, W.P. & H.B. Stenzel, 1959. Geology
and paleontology of ,, tire Canal Zone and
adjoining parts of Panama: Description of
Tertiary mollusks '"(Gastropods: Vermetidae to
Thaididae). Geol. Surv. Profr Pap. 306-B; ,147-
239.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

19

IS MEIOCERAS LIVING IN THE INDO-PACIFIC?
(GASTROPODA: CAECIDAE)

Donald R. Moore

University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
Miami, Florida 33149

The genus Meioceras was established by
Carpenter (1858) for a West Indian species with
an unusual second stage. This stage was not
curved on a single plane like most Caecidae, but
evidently retained a vestige of the ancient spiral
coiling of its ancestors. The result was widely
open spiral looking something like a cow’s horn.
The adult shell, however, shows very little of the
spiral twist and is slender to tumid in. shape,
glossy smooth, opaque, some shade of light
brown, and sometimes with an intricate color
pattern of dashes, dots or broad bands.

There are four species in the western Atlantic:
M. nitidum Stimpson, 1851; M. cornucopiae
Carpenter, 1858; M. tumidissimum Folin, 1869;
and M. cubitatum Folin, 1968. Only M. nitidum
has the second stage shaped like a cow’s horn.
There are many available names, mostly
synonyms of M. nitidum. There does not seem to
be any species ol Meioceras in the eastern Pacific.

Three of the tropical Atlantic species are
extremely abundant: M. nitidum in shallow,
inshore locations, M. cornucopiae around coral
reefs, and M. cubitatum in deeper water on the
continental shelf (Moore, 1973, 1975). They are
still poorly known because of the confusing
number of synonyms and the small number of
studies on micromolluscs in general.

Several species have been described from the
Indo-Pacific. The Marquis de Folin in 1881 in two
different papers described M. sandwichensis
from Hawaii and M. elongatum from Hong Kong.
A single broken specimen from Iraq was
described as “Meioceras sp. nov.” by Eames &
Wilkins, 1957, but it has not been named since.
Kisch (1959) reported three specimens of M.
carpenteri Folin from Mer de Chine. Habe (1963)
described M. kajiyamai from the Amami Islands,
and referred Caecum legumen Hedley, 1899 to
Meioceras.

At first glance, it appears that the genus is
well established in the Indo-Pacific. A careful
survey of the species, however, shows a different
picture. Meioceras is very close to Fartulum
Carpenter, 1857, and probably would not have
been created if Carpenter had not found the
striking second stage of M. nitidum. Species of
Fartulum are very similar in size and shape to
Meioceras, but lack color and color patterns. So,

M. sandwichensis, M. kajiyamai, and M.
legumen should all be referred to Fartulum since
they lack color. M. carpenteri, from “Mer de
Chine,’’ is clearly Meioceras, but the three
specimens are M. nitidum, probably mislabeled
as to locality.

This leaves M. elongatum Folin. The type
specimens in the Folin collection are mature, but
in poor condition. They look much like Meioceras;
however, they also resemble another gastropod
genus named Parastrophia Folin, 1869. The type
species of this genus, P. cornucopiae (Folin,
1869), was described from Hong Kong. Folin’s
drawing of P. cornucopiae was extremely fanciful,
and no one seems to have recognized the species
since. Type material of both species is very poor,
except for one specimen of P. cornucopiae. It is
immature, but does retain the protoconch which is
very distinctive and different from that in other
gastropods. Spirolidium sumatranum Theile,

1925, is evidently a fine, mature specimen of P.
cornucopiae. Parastrophia has been put in the
Family Ctiloceratidae by Iredale & Laseron
(1957). The elongate Ctiloceratids (some are
secondarily recoiled) differ from the Caecidae in
that the older portions of the shell are not shed
periodically. Instead, the protoconch usually

wears away. The mollusk counteracts this erosion
by infilling the apical end of the shell with
calcareous material. This varies in extent from
species to species and individual to individual.
The result is that a Parastrophia that has been
long dead before being collected can look very
much like a member of the Caecidae. Iredale &
Laseron (1957) established two subfamilies of
Ctiloceratidae based on whether or not the coiled
portion of the protoconch is retained. The chief
characteristic of the Pedumicrinae is that the
coiled portion of the protoconch is retained. In
any one lot of Parastrophia (Pedumicra Iredale &
Laseron is a synonym) the aduit3 may or may not
have lost a portion of the protoconch. The other
subfamily, the Watsoniinae, has a protoconch in
which the posterior part is always lost. This
subfamily, as constituted by Iredale & Laseron,
consisted of two genera, Watsonia Folin 1879 and
Gladioceras Iredale & Laseron, 1957, with a single
species in each. However, they did not recognize
that their new genus and species, Gladioceras
armorum, was identical with Watsonia elegans

20

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Folin 1879. Hence this would leave Watsoniinae
with a single species. As I have already indicated
(Moore, 1967), IFafsonm is actually little different
from Parastrophia, and Watsoniinae should be
suppressed in favor of Pedumicrinae.

Iredale & Laseron suggested that Meioceras
was related to Pedumicra [ — Parastrophia] and
should be transferred from the Caecidae to the
Ctiloceratidae. This theory cannot hold since
Meioceras has the typical growth form of the
Caecidae; as growth continues, first the proto-
conch and early part of the teleoconch is
discarded; then, when nearing maturity, another
length of teleoconch is dropped off. A septum is
constructed to close off the posterior end of the
shell each time. There can be no doubt that
Meioceras is a typical member of the Caecidae.

Meioceras, then, may live in the Indo- Pacific,
but it appears that all of the species from this
region so far referred to the genus should be
placed in the caecid genus Fartulum or in the
Ctiloceratidae.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I take pleasure in thanking James Behensky
for the bottom sample from Kealakekua Bay,
Hawaii, in which I found the specimen of
Fartulum sandwichensis. Thanks are due others
who have provided Pacific material: Harvey
Bulbs, Dr. Richard Houbrick, Dr. Thomas
Borkowski, and John F. Meeder. This work was
supported in part by NSF Ship Funding Grant
GD-31576 and a number of other NSF grants;
also, the American Chemical Society Petroleum
Research Fund Grant No. 5063-AC2.

LITERATURE CITED

Carpenter, P.P. 1857. Catalogue of the collection
of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum.
Oberlin Press, Warrington, 564 p.

Carpenter, P.P. 1858. First steps towards a
monograph of the Caecidae, a family of rostri-
ferous Gasteropoda. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1858; 413-444.

Fames, F.E. and G.L. Wilkins. 1957. Six new
molluscan species from the alluvium of Lake
Hamar near Basrah, Iraq. Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond., 32 (5): 198-203, pis. 27-28.

Folin, L. 1868. Baie de Bahia. Les Fonds de la
Mer. 1 (11): 48-51, pi. 5.

Folin, L. 1869a. Le genre Meioceras. Annls. Soc.

Linn. Maine et Loire, II: 1-15, 1 pi.

Folin, L. 1869b. Hong Kong. Les Fonds de la Mer.

1 (25): 118-122, 174, pi. 15.

Folin, L. 1879. On the Mollusca of the H.M.S.
Challenger Expedition. The Caecidae, com-
prising the genera Parastrophia, Watsonia, and
Caecum. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879: 806-812.

Folin, L. 1881a. Quelques Caecidae des mers de
Chine. Les Fonds de la Mer, 4 (7): 16-17, pi.
1, figs. 7-9.

Folin, L. 1881b. UnMeiorceras dcsWes Sandwich.

Les Fonds de la Mer, 4 (8): 18, pi. 1, figs. 10-11.
Habe, T. 1963. Eight minute species of shells
from Amami Islands far south of Kyushu,
Japan, including six new species. Venus: Jap.
Journ. Malacology, 22 (3): 229-237, 8 figs.
Hedley, C. 1899. The Mollusca of Funafuti
(Supplement). Mem. Aust. Museum, 3 (9):
549, 565, figs. 59-80.

Iredale, T. and C.F. Laseron. 1957. The system-
atic status of Ctiloceras and some comparative
genera. Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W. 1955-
1956: 97-109, 2 pis.

Kisch, B.S. 1959. La collection de Caecidae du
Marquis de Folin en Museum National

d’Histoire Naturelle. J. Conchyl., 99 {1): 15-42,

2 figs.

Moore, D.R. 1967. Systematics and zoogeography

of the Ctiloceratidae. Ann. Rep. Amer. Malac.
Union, 1966, (abstract): 40-41.

Moore, D.R. 1973. Ecological and systematic
notes on Caecidae from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin
Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci., 22(4): 881-899, 12 figs.,
2 maps.

Moore, D.R. 1975. The micromollusca of the
MAFLA project. Unpublished report to the
Bureau of Land Management, Washington,
D.C.: 1-32.

Theile, J. 1925. Gastropoda der deutschen
tiefsee- expedition. Teil 2. Wissenschaftliche
Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition,
17 (2): 35-348, pis. 13-46, 31 text figs.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

21

THE PELAGIC OCTOPOD OCYTHOE TUBERCULA

r/.

'A RAFINESQUE, 1814

. Clyde Roper and Michael J. Sweeney
National Museum of Natural Histoiy,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.G. 20560

A large octopo|i from southern Australia was
sent to the National Museum of Natural History
(NMNH) by Brian Smith, National Museum of
Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, for identification.
The specimen was a large female of the pelagic
octopod Ocyihoe tuberculata^ Rafinesque, 1814.
Because this species is- uncommon in collections,
this fine specimen ' stimulated a search of the
literature to determine the previously reported
specimens and their distribution. The South Aus-
tralian specimen is the first recorded capture of O.
tuberculata- from the .waters of Australia.
Furthermore, the species previously has not been
reported from the entire central Pacific or the
Indian Oceans. This paper records major
extentions in range that verify a world-wide
distribution, and it adds new information
concerning certain aspects of the biology of O.
tuberculata.

HISTORICAL REVIEW

The original description of Ocythoe
tuberculata by Rafinesque (1814) was very short
and carried no illustrations. The translation from
the French follows:

“XVII G. Ocythoe Eight arms, the upper
two winged towards the inside, with inner
suckers pedunculate, joined by the lateral
wings, no membrane at the base of the
arms.

73.- Ocythoe tuberculata. Ventral side
tuberculate, dorsum smooth, arms [as]
long as the body, keeled on the outer side,
with two rows of suckers, eight suckers
around the mouth.”

Rafinesque’ s only other mention of the species
appeared in 1840 in an obscure paper that
comprised the first number in' a proposed series of
ten booklets entitled “Amenities of Nature”; each
number was to be extensively illustrated. 'Unfor-
tunately, Rafinesque died in 1840, and neither the
remaining nine numbers nor any of the 10 supple-
ments of illustrations was published. The article
added valuable information to the initial meager
description of O. tuberculata, and it clarified the
misconception of contemporary biologists that O.
tuberculata (or Todarus) was the animal that lived

in the Argonauta shell. Rafinesque’ s comments
on Ocythoe are quoted here because the 1840
work is not readily available and largely has been
overlooked resulting in misinterpretations by
some subsequent workers who had not seen it.
(See also Binney & Tryon, 1864).

“12. On the 3 Genera of Cephalopodes,
Ocythoe, Todarus and Anisoctus.

“My G. Ocythoe altho’ adopted by
Leach and others, is .yet a problematical
animal for many, and I find even in late
Journals discussions on its being or not
the animal of the Argonauta shell - it
would be wiser to ask me (the original
discoverer) for my opinion or experience -
I once wrote to Leach about tit, but it was
during his sickness, and I believe he
omitted to publish my remarks, which
were at variance with his. It is ;time
therefore to settle this question, or rather
throw new doubts on it perhaps; ■ my
recollections of my Ocythoe are quite
vivid as a very remarkable animal.

“I omitted in my short account of the
Genus (in my precis- of 1814) to- state the
size of this animal, and ' thence have
originated many wrong -surmises. T did
not state that it was the animal of the
Argonauta' since I never d-reamt of such a
thing, knowing theTo<ia-r«5 as the animal
often found in it, (in Sicily,) while the
Ocythoe never could dwell in . it, being
larger than a man’s head, and weighing
13 pounds.

“Such was my Ocythoe tuberculata
type of the genus and certainly not the
same as that of Leach: this animal was
brought to me alive in 1811 as a rare kind
of Octopus, it was ferocious endeavoring
to bite and wound the holder, although
out of water for one hour: it changed color
like a Chameleon from white to red in its
angry and dying moments. It was killed
as usual with the Octopus by turning its
head [ = mantle], a process well known to
the Fishermen of the Mediterranean: else
they-will live long out of the water and are

22

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

dangerous till dead. I did eat this
Ocythoe which afforded a meal for many,
and it was as good as usual with the
Octopus. The Fishermen never told me
that it dwelt in the Argonauta, while all
deemed their Todaru the animal of it,
calling the shell and animal by the same
name, while the Ocythoe was called
Pulpu.

“I do therefore aver that my Ocythoe
is not the animal of the Argonauta, and
could never be, by its size and thick
spherical body, unfit even to enter it.”

Rafinesque leaves little doubt that he ate the
type-specimen! Robson (1932), citing Isnard
(1922), erroneously stated that the type-specimen
originally was in Orbigny’s collection, but Isnard
actually referred to the deposition of Verany’s
types. We can deduce that the type was a female

because it was ‘‘...larger than a man’s head and
(weighed) 15 pounds.” Males of Ocythoe are
known to be small, and probably do not exceed
about 30 mm in mantle length (ML).

A summary of the verifiable records of
specimens of O. tuberculata is presented in Table
1. Jatta (1896) and Naef (1923 a) gave extensive
synonymies, although both omitted reference to
Rafinesque ’s obscure 1840 paper. A great deal of
nomenclatorial turmoil, only partly reflected in
Table 1, accompanied O. tuberculata for
three-quarters of a century, until Jatta (1896) was
able to stabilize the uncertainty. Robson (1932)
reviewed the literature but gave little specific data
about the specimens he had, so their sizes and
localities cannot be verified. The measurements
of length listed in Table 1 are those given by the
original authors or deduced from the discussions
or from illustrations.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

23

Table 1, A summary of the records of Ocythoe tuberculata.

Author, date: page

Species Name

No. Sex Size* (mm) Location

Remarks

Rafinesque, 1814:29

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

9

-

Med.

Type; no longer extant

Verany, 1851:37

Octopus catenulatus

1

9

280 ML

Med.

Plate 12

Verany, 1851:34

Octopus carena

1

cf

30 DML

Med.

Plate 14, figures 2,3

Verany, 1851:126

Hectocotylus

octopodis

1

cf

-

Med.

Plate 41

Verrill, 1880:293

Parasira catenuiata

1

9

51 ML

NW Atl.

Also, Verrill, 1882:362,

Plate 33

Ortmann, 1888:642

Tremoctopus

doderleini

1

9

200 VML

NW Pac.

Tokyo Bay, Japan,

Plate 20

Jatta, 1896:198

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

(f

30 ML

Med.

Gulf of Naples,

Plates 6,7,19

Jatta, 1896:198

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

9

100 ML

Med.

Gulf of Naples.

Plates 6,7,19

Joubin, 1900:26

Ocythoe tuberculata

3

9

?-200 ML

Med.

Stomach of Grampus

griseus

Wulker, 1910:4

Ocythoe tuberculata

3

9

?-60 ML

NW Pac.

Sagami, Japan. Plate 1

Berry, 1916:3

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

9

160 DML

NE Pac.

Southern California

Degner, 1925:81

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

d

20 ML

Med.

R/V THOR

Sasaki, 1929:26

Ocythoe tuberculata

2

cf

18-21 VML

NW Pac.

Sagami, Japan.

Plates 3,8

Sasaki, 1929:26

Ocythoe tuberculata

5

9

70-160 VML

NW Pac.

Sagami, Japan.

Plates 3,8

Bouxin & Legendre,
1936:30

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

-

35 BL

NE Ad.

Bay of Biscay

Joubin, 1937:38

Ocythoe tuberculata

7

cf

8-30 TL

N Atl.

R/V DANA. Figures 36,37

Joubin, 1937:38

Ocythoe tuberculata

7

9

8-120 TL

N Atl.

R/V DANA, Figures 36,37

Berry, 1955:177

Ocythoe tuberculata

9

9

16-163 ML

NE Pac. Southern California. Figure 1
Stomach of Alepisaurus borealis

Rees & Maul,
1956:274

Ocythoe tuberculata

6

9

12-190 DML

N Pac.

Madeira Islands. Stomach of

Alepisaurus ferox

Torchio, 1965:270

Ocythoe tuberculata

2

9

155-175 DML

Med.

Figure 4

Voss, 1967:86

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

9

21 ML

SE Atl.

South Africa

Hardwich, 1969:68

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

cf

16 DML

NE Pac.

Southern California. In salp

Young, 1972:92

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

cf

14 ML

NE Pac.

Southern California

Young, 1972:92

Ocythoe tuberculata

3

9

12-80 ML

NE Pac.

Southern California

Roper & Sweeney

Ocythoe tuberculata

1

9

310 DML

Southern Australia

*DML - Dorsal Mantle Length; VML - Ventral Mantle Length; ML - Mantle Length

(Aspect unknown); BL - Body Length (Mantle & Head); TL - Total Length.

24

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Ocythoe tuberculata. Dots may represent more than one record where localities
are close together (see Table 1.).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

The anatomy of Ocythoe tuberculaia has been
described and illustrated by several authors, and
the references are cited because they represent
specimens not necessarily referred to in Table 1.
Illustrations of the whole female and male animals
are given by Jatta (1896), Naef (1923), and Young
(1972). The internal anatomy was described by
Jatta (1896), Marchand (1907), and Naef (1923).
The radula was illustrated by Brock (1880) and
Young (1972). Verany & Vogt (1852) and Naef
(1923) described the spermatophore. The beak
was figured by Jatta (1896) and Iverson & Pinkas
(1971). Naef (1928) described the embryology.

A USTRALIAN SPECIMEN
The specimen was given to the South
Australian Fisheries Department after it was
discovered stranded on the beach at Port
Macdonnell, South Australia, during a storm on 9
August 1973. The body was strongly compressed,
probably because the animal had lain on the
beach for some time. The mantle length is 310
mm dorsally and 270 mm ventrally, although both
values may have been slightly affected by the
flattening of the mantle. Even so, this specimen
represents the largest recorded to date, the
maximum previously reported was the 280 mm
(presumed mantle length) specimen of Verany
(1851). The specimen is a mature female with
approximately 104,000 eggs (volumetric deter-
mination) in the ovarian sac and oviducts. The
eggs measure 1.75 mm in length and 1.00 mm in
width (average of a number of measurements).
No embryos were found in the narrow,
unexpanded oviducts, and the eggs, all nearly
identical in size, appeared to be unfertilized.
There are 19 and 20 lamellae on the outer and
inner demibranchs, respectively, of both gills.
Measurements and counts of the specimen are
presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Measurements (in mm) and counts of
female specimen of Ocythoe tuberculata from

South Australia.

Dorsal Mantle Length*- ....310

Ventral Mantle Length - 270

Arms - Left... ........Right

I Broken .............500

II 360 ..Broken

25

HI 335 ......340

IV 410.... .....400

Number of Gill Lamellae -

Left (outer demibranch) 19

Left (inner demibranch) 20

Right (outer demibranch) 19

Right (inner demibranch)......... 20

Number of Eggs (volumetric measure) 104,000

Size of Eggs (average)

Length...... 1.75

Width 1.00

* Measured from posterior tip of the mantle to
midpoint between the center of the eyes.

DISTRIBUTION

The occurrence of O. tuberculata in the waters
of South Australia represents a considerable
extension in the range of this species. The
majority of records of O. tuberculata have been
concentrated in the northern hemisphere, primar-
ily in the western Mediterranean Sea and the
eastern North Atlantic (Canaries, Azores, and
Madeira) and less frequently in the western North
Atlantic (Sargasso Sea, Gulf Stream) (Figure 1).

We include an additional record of O.
tuberculata from the Mediterranean Sea, a
female, 62 mm ML, captured at the surface
(USNM 727831), as well as specimens from off
Bermuda: 1 male, 9 mm ML, at 200 m (USNM
728669) and 1 male, 6 mm ML, at 96-102 m
(USNM 728670).

Other records come from the eastern North
Pacific off southern California and the western
North Pacific off Japan (Figure 1). It has not been
recorded previously from the Indian Ocean or
from the entire central Pacific Ocean. Only a
single record exists for the entire southern
hemisphere, that from the South Atlantic off
South Africa (Voss, 1967).

Since the sole South Australian specimen was
found washed ashore after a storm, little can be
stated about its probable natural location. Knox
(1963) stated that warm surface currents ran
eastward from the Indian Ocean during April
through November, north of the cold West Wind
Drift, with an apparent reversal in direction

26

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

during the austral summer. If currents during the
period around 9 August 1973 conformed to this
pattern, it seems possible that the specimen could
have come as a stray from the west and indicates
that the species may indeed occur in the Indian
Ocean. It is interesting to note that the extensive
ENDEAVOUR investigations in the great Austral-
ian Bight did not capture the species (Berry,
1918).

The occurrence of O. tuberculata off South
Africa also may indicate its presence in the Indian
Ocean as the Agulhas Current is a strong,
persistant outflow capable of dispersing animals
from that ocean towards the Atlantic. On the
other hand, the Agulhas Current can act as a cool,
forceful barrier to the eastward extention of a
warm water species from the Atlantic. Until
specimens are captured in the Indian Ocean
proper, the occurrence of O tuberculata there will
remain somewhat problematical.

The question of the existence of O. tuberculata
in the broad expanse of the Pacific Ocean is
answered in an unpublished report on the
cephalopods collected by National Marine Fisher-
ies Service vessels from the Fisheries Center in
Hawaii (Burgess, unpublished). That report lists
the following eleven specimens (sex not given)
from the central North Pacific:

1 specimen, 15 nun ML, 32°12’N 154° 48’W

1 specimen, 55 mm ML, 37°54’N 174°46’W

2 specimens, 20,35 mm ML, 38°32’N 147°16’W
5 specimens, 18-80 mm ML, 39°49’N 146°25’W
2 specimens, 15,23 mm ML, 40°00’N 145°00’W
R. E. Young (pers. comm.) reports no specimens
of O. tuberculata in the waters around Hawaii, in
spite of intensive sampling effort during recent
years. All specimens listed above ate concentrat-
ed well north of Hawaii, although NMFS surveys
have extended throughout the central North
Pacific and southward to the Equator.

Therefore, Ocythoe tuberculata appears to be
a cosmopolitan epipelagic species in warm waters
of the world, but some intriguing gaps remain in
its currently recorded distribution, particularly in
the Indian Ocean and the southern hemisphere.
One other pattern appears to emerge from the
records. Captures of O. tuberculata occur
primarily in the vicinity of land masses and
islands, although oceanic captures do occur. The
absence of O. tuberculata from intensively
surveyed areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian
Oceans where oceanographic conditions appear
conducive to its occurrence remains to be
explained by a more intensive study.

The depth distribution of O. tuberculata
appears to be limited to the near-surface waters.

The closing- net captures recorded above from the
Sargasso Sea and the Mediterranean occurred at
the surface, 100 m, and 200 m. Other captures
are presumed to be from near the surface, and
some were taken right at the surface or by divers.
Joubin (1937) records open-net captures from 50
m to 1000 m, but undoubtedly the deeper records
are incorrect and the specimens were captured at
shallower depths when the open net was
retrieved.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES

A marked sexual dimorphism occurs that
results in an extreme disparity of size at maturity.
Females attain a dorsal mantle length (DML) in
excess of 300 mm, the largest recorded to date
being the South Australian specimen at 310 mm.
Unfortunately, Rafinesque did not give the size of
the holotype, but it must have approached that of
the Australian specimen, as he said it was as large
as a man’s head and weighed 15 pounds. Males,
on the other hand, remain small and apparently
do not exceed a DML of about 30 mm (Table 1).
Males have an extraordinarily well- developed
hectocotylus on the third right arm, the structure
of which is described in detail by Naef (1923). The
hectocotylus, containing the spermatophores, is
detached during mating and remains in the
mantle cavity of the female during an extended
period of fertilization.

The count of 104,000 eggs from the South
Australian specimen indicates the high fecundity
in Ocythoe. Naef (1923) had estimated 100,000
eggs in one of his specimens. Size of the eggs is
very small, 1.75 mm in length and 1.00 mm in
width. A large number of smal eggs apparently is
the rule in epipelagic octopods, as Tremoctopus
violaceus, for instance, has been known to carry
139,000 eggs, the smallest of which were 3.6 mm
long and 2.1 mm wide and presumably were
fertilized (Hamabe, 1973).

Ocythoe tuberculata is reported to be
viviparous, several authors having observed
embryos in various stages of development in
broadly expanded oviducts. While Jatta (1896)
found embryos ready to hatch, Naef’s (1923)
specimens were in earlier stages of development.
Sasaki (1929) claimed that the embryos developed
in the “renal sacs,’’ but this seems a curious and
unhospitable site for embryonic development.
We suggest that the renal sacs of Sasaki’s
specimen may have been damaged or poorly
preserved to the extent that embryos were
washed in from the oviducts or ruptured ovarian
sac. The oviducts of the South Australian
specimen were narrow and unexpanded and the

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

27

eggs contained therein showed no indication of
development. No hectocotyli were present in the
mantle cavity, so even though this specimen is
very large and fully mature, it apparently had not
mated.

Jatta (1896) observed that the male Ocythoe
resides in the empty palhal chamber of the pelagic
salp, Salpa tilesii. Apparently this interesting
association is a universal trait, as Hardwich (1970)
while SCUBA diving observed a male O.
tuberculata in the test of the salp, Tethys vagina.
The octopod deserted the test when first
disturbed, then re-entered it and was captured.
While Naef (1923) commented on the possible
phylogenetic significance of this behavior in
relation to the evolution of the shell in the related
Argonauta (females only), additional observations
are required before any behavioral or phylogen-
etic conclusions can be made.

A considerable number of epipelagic preda-
tors reportedly prey on O. tuberculata including
the lancetfishes, Alepisaurus borealis (by Berry,
1955) and A. ferox (by Rees & Maul, 1956); the
tunas, Thunnus alalunga (by Iverson, 1971), T
thunnus (by Pinkas, 1971), and Germon germon
(by Bouxin & Legendre, 1936); and Risso’s
dolphin, Gram/»u5 (by Joubin, 1900). The

vertical ranges of these predators, where known,
are fairly extensive, so we are unable to precisely
relate this predation to the vertical distribution of
O. tuberculata, although indications are that it
encompasses the upper 100-200 m.

A CKNO WLEDGEMENTS

We thank Brian Smith for the opportunity to
examine the specimen and for permission to use it
for the basis of our review of distribution and
biology. We also are grateful to Harald Rehder,
NMNH, for the translation of Rafinesque’s
original description and for additional aid in
interpseting peculiar Rafinesqueian words. We
appreciate the assistance of Richard E. Young,
University of Hawaii, who secured information
concerning records of specimens in the central
Pacific Ocean. C.C. Lu and J. Rosewater kindly
read the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED
Berry, S.S. 1916

The octopod Ocythoe in California. Pomona

Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 8(1): 1-4, 1

fig.

-1918.

Report on the Cephalopoda obtained by the

F.I.S. “Endeavour” in the Great Australian
Bight and other Southern Australian localities.
Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments
carried on by the F.I.S. “Endeavour”, 1909-14,
4(5):203-298.

1955

On Recent Californian Occurances of the Rare
Octopod Ocythoe. California Fish and Game

41(2):177-181, 1 fig.

Binney, W. G. & G. W. Tryon, Jr. 1864.

The complete writings of Constantine Smaltz
Rafinesque on Recent and Fossil Conchology.
Philadelphia, 96 pages.

Bouxin, J. & R. Legendre. 1936.

La Fauna Pelagique de I’Atlantique Recueillie
dans des Estomacs de Germons au Large du
Golfe de Gascogne, II: Cephalopodes. Anna-
les de L’Institut Oceanographique, 16(l):l-99.

Brock, J. 1880.

Versuch einer Phylogeni der Dibranchiaten
Cephalopoden. Morphologischen Jahrbuch,
6:1-112, 2 pis.

Burgess, L. A. (unpublished)

A report on the cephalopod collection of the
Hawaii Area Fishery Research Center at
Honolulu, Hawaii. National Marine Fishery
Service, Unpublished Report. 1970.

Degner, E. 1925.

Cephalopoda. Report on the Danish Oceano-
graphical Expeditions 1908-10 to the Medi-
terranean and Adjacent Seas, 2(l):l-94, 52 figs.

Hamabe, M. 1973.

Egg mass and newborns of Tremoctopus
violaceus Delle Chiaje, caught in the harbor of
Kasumi, Hyogo Prefecture. Bulletin of Tokai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,

72:1-5, 2 figs.

Hardwich, J. E. 1970.

A Note on the Behavior of the Octopod Oythoe

tuberculata. California Fish and Game,
56 (1): 68-70.

Isnard, P. 1922.

A propos d’un Ocythoe tuberculata (Rafin-
esque) Steenstrup, donne au Musee d’Historie
Naturelle de Nice. Riviera Scientifique, Nice,
1922:(2-3):27-32.

28

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

Iverson, I. L. K. 1971.

Albacore Food Habits. California Department
of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 152:11-46.

Iverson, I. L. K. & L. Pinkas. 1971.

A Pictorial Guide to Beaks of Certain Eastern
Pacific Cephalopods. California Department of
Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 152:83-105.

Jatta, G. 1896.

Cefalopodi Viventi nel Golfo di Napoli. Fauna
und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 23:1-264, 31
pis.

Joubin, L. 1900.

Cephalopodes Provenant des Campagnes de la
Princesse-Alice (1891-1897). Resultats des
Campagnes Scientifiques par Albert I, 17:1-
135, 15 pis.

-1937.

Les Octopodes de la Croisiere du “Dana”
1921-22. Dana Report, 11:1-49, 53 figs.

Knox, G. A. 1963.

The Biogeography and Intertidal Ecology of the
Australasian Coast. Oceanography and Marine
Biology, and Annual Review, 1:341-404, 5 figs.

Marchand, W. 1907.

Studien liber Cephalopden I. Der mannliche
Leitungsapparat der Dibranchiaten. Zeits-
chrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 86(3):
311-415, 66 figs.

Naef, A. 1923.

Die Cephalopoden. Systematik. Fauna e Flora

del Golfo di Napoli, 35. 1 (1): 149-863.

Naef. A. 1928.

Die Cephalopoden. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di
Napoli, 35. l(2):l-357.

Ortmann, A. 1888.

Japanische Cephalopoden. Zoologische Jahr-
bu'cher, 3:639-670, 6 pis.

Pinkas, L. 1971.

Bluefin Tuna Food Habits. California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin,
152:47-63.

Rafinesque, C. S. 1814.

Precis des Decouvertes et Travaux Somio-
logiques. Palermo. 55 pp.

________ 1840.

Amenities of Nature or Annals of Historical and
Natural Sciences. Philadelphia. 84 pp.

Rees, W. J. & G. E. Maul. 1956.

The Cephalopoda of Madiera, Records and Dis-
tribution. Bulletin of the British Museum
(Natural History), Zoology, 3(6):259-281.

Robson, G. C. 1932.

A Monograph of the Recent Cephalopoda. Part
II. The Octopoda. British Museum (Natural
History) London, 359 pp.

Sasaki, M. 1929.

A Monograph of the Dibranchiate Cephalopods
of the Japanese and Adjacent Waters. Journal
of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imper-
ial University, 20:1-357, 30 pis.

Torchio, M. 1965.

Osservazioni Eco-etologiche su Taluni Cefalo-
podi del Mar Figure. Atti della Societa Ital-
iana di Scienze Natural! e del Museo Civico di
Storia Naturale di Milano, 104(3):265-289, 8
figs.

Verany, J. B. 1851.

Cephalopodes de la Mediterranee. Genoa. 132
pp., 41 pis.

Verany, J. B. & C. Vogt. 1852.

Memoire sur les Hectocotyles et les Males de
Quelques Cephalopodes. Annales des Science
Naturelles, 17(3):147-188, 4 pis.

Verrill, A. E. 1880.

Synopsis of the Cephalopoda of the N.E.
American Coast. American Journal of Science,
19:284-295, 5 pis.

_________ 'l 882.

The Cephalopoda of the North-eastern Coast of
America. Part II. Transactions of the Con-
necticut Academy of Science, 5:259-446.

Voss, G. L. 1967.

Some Bathypelagic Cephalopods from South
African Waters. Annals of the South African
Museum, 50(5):61-88, 9 pis.

Wulker, G. 1910.

Uber Japinische Cephalopoden. Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Munchen, 3(1):1-71, 5 pis.

Young, R. E. 1972.

The Systematics and Areal Distribution of
Pelagic Cephalopods from the Seas off
Southern California. Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Zoology, 97:1-159.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

29

MANGROVE AND SEAWALL OYSTER COMMUNITIES
MARCO ISLAND, FLORIDA

Charles M. Courtney

Marco Applied Marine Ecology Station
North Barfield Drive - Marco Island, Florida 33937

INTRODUCTION

Studies of aquatic macroinvertebrates are
important for several reasons: first, the kinds of
invertebrates present can be diagnostic of faunal
areas and community structure thereby serving to
compare local ecotypes with those of faunistic
studies in other areas (Collard and D’Asaro,
1973); second, the aquatic macroinvertebrates
furnish food for fish, many of which are of game
and commercial value (Carter et al., 1973); and
last, these organisms are often regarded as
important indicators of water quality (Hester and
Dendy, 1962). It is obvious from the available
literature that the marine environment of
fingerfill canals along the Gulf of Mexico deserves
particular attention. Few authors , have studied
the littoral communities in these man-made
waterways (e.g., Trent, Pullen and Moore, 1972;
and Gallagher and Reid, 1974) comparing them to
their natural- system counterparts. The present
study seeks to offer such a comparison of the
inhabitants associated with a typical local hard
substrate colonizer, Crassostrea virginica.

An attempt will also be made to analyze
community changes from the mouth to the head of
either a natural or a man-made system.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The Study Area

The study area is centered on the southwest
coast of Florida at 25° 57’ North Latitude, roughly
the juncture of the Carolinian and West Indian
faunal provinces and at the approximate northern
limit of the great mangrove-dominated forest that
makes up The Ten Thousand Islands, Florida.
From the northeast the area known as the Big
Cypress Swamp stretches down to the east of the
study area until it unites with the Ten Thousand
Islands. Marco Island, the largest and
northernmost of these islands, has undergone the
rapid transformation from a mangrove island to a
residential waterfront development in recent
years, although man’s presence on the island
dates back to at least 1500 B.C. (Tebeau, 1957).

Sampling Procedures

Oyster community sampling was confined to

the vertical concrete seawalls in the man-made
waterway systems and to the intertidal prop roots
of the red mangrove tree, Rhizophora mangle, in
the natural waterway systems. Both of these
substrates appeared to support a relatively
uniform population of the eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica. The oysters in turn form
the habitat for a rather diverse, predominately
invertebrate community. The collection method
involved the encirclement of the intertidal oyster
community on the vertical seawalls by a one
square meter frame. The encircled area was then
cleared of its attached oyster community by
prying and scraping with a straightened mason’s
hoe. Intertidal mangrove prop roots were also
encircled by the frame. Each root falling within
the frame was cut at ground level and above the
maximum height of oyster attachment. It should
be noted that whereas the seawall represented a
two dimensional (Im) surface area for attach-
ment, the prop roots were three dimensional and
presented nearly twice the surface area for
attachment. All of the oysters and their
associated fauna from each sample were caught in
a 45 cm x 20 cm bottom net and then placed in
10% formalin for preservation. Twenty stations,
randomly selected along the axis of natural and
man-made systems, were sampled in this manner
from October 1972 to July 1974. All samples were
then sorted for community inhabitants and the
organisms identified to the lowest possible taxa
and counted. The combined community wet
weight was determined to the nearest .1 kg.
Twelve additional stations were selected in
natural and man-made waterway systems to test
for differences in the ratio of dead to live oysters
and a subsample of 30 oysters was removed from
each and the Condition Index or C.I. (Engle, 1950)
determined.

C.I. = Meat Weight x 100
Shell Volume

The shell volume was determined by subtracting
the volume of water displaced by the empty valves

30

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

from the volume of water displaced by the live
oysters (Galtsoff, 1964). The meat from each
oyster was dried for hours at 80 °C in a drying
oven and weighed. At least 20 different oysters
from each subsample were treated in this manner.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The type of hard substrate community that
is found in the Gulf of Mexico has been discussed
by numerous authors (Collard and D’Asaro, op.
cit.; Coomans, 1969; McDougall, 1943; Parker,
1960; Tabb et al., 1962; and Wells, 1961).

In the present study 24 molluscan species
were identified in addition to the oysters
themselves, and of these 12 were found at both
natural and man-made stations: Diodora

cayensis, Littorina scabra angulifera, Crepidula
plana, C. acuelata, Urosalpinx perruguta, Pisan-
ia tincta, Opisthobranchia sp., Aplysia wilcoxi,
Musculus lateralis, Branchiodontes exustus,
Lithophaga bisulcata, and Lasea adansoni. Nine
species were found exclusively in mangrove
collections: Turitella sp., Melongena corona, An-
achis semiplicata. Bulla striata, Hypselodoris sp..
Area imbricata, Carditamera floridana. Pseudo -
irus typica and Martesia striata. Three species
were found exclusively at man-made stations:
Haminoea elegans, Barbatia Candida, and Mytil-
opsis leucophaeata. The highest molluscan
diversity was found at a natural station. Only
Branchiodontes exustus was ubiquitous in
occurrence and an obvious co- dominant mollusk
with the oyster. The borer Lithophaga bisulcata
was, however, well represented at a variety of
natural and man-made stations. Though annelid
identifications were only to the family level, it was
obvious that relatively few polychaete species (9)
could tolerate the intertidal hard substrate
habitat. Those families represented included the
Sigalionidae, Hesionidae, Nereidae, Cirratulidae
and Sabellidae. An unidentified cirratulid was
abundant, though extremely clumped in its
distribution. Massive entanglements of many
individuals of this species were found at a few
stations.

Isopods and amphipods were abundant in
nearly every collection. Taxonomic difficulties
precluded proper identification, however. Sphae-
roma terebrans was observed boring in nearly
every mangrove prop root, testifying to the
observations of Rehm and Humm (1973). Only
those S. terebrans collected among the oysters
themselves were counted for the purposes of this
study. The Cirripedia, earliest colonizers of these
substrates were present, but were not counted
except at three stations where dead to liye ratios

were determined: the ratio at the mouth of a
man-made waterway was .21 and the ratio
increased to .46 at the head of the waterway. A
natural station in proximity to this waterway
produced a .39 dead to live ratio. Thirteen other
curstaceans were collected: Palaemon floridanus,
Periclimenes longicaudatus, P. americanus, Syn-
alpheus fritzmuelleri, Thor floridanus, Petro-
listhes armatus, Eurypanopeus depressus, Pan-
opeus occidentalis, Neopanope texana, Eurytium
limosum, Menippe mercenaria, Ocypode quad-
rata, and Aratus pisonii. Petrolisthes armatus, a
filter-feeding porcelanid crab was, by far, the
numerical dominant. This one species rivaled the
amphipoda in abundance. Large numbers of the
zoea and megalops of this species have been
observed in man-made waterways (Courtney,
1974;, Hatcher, personal communication). Of the
several predacious crabs collected, Eurypanopeus
depressus and Eurytium limosum were found at
nearly every station in large numbers.

At least seven species of ascidians were
collected, the styellids being the numerical
dominants. While the methods of collection did
not completely eliminate the problem of escape,
six fish species were collected: Gobiosoma

robustum, Lagodon rhomboides, Archosargus
probatocephelus, Gobiesox strumosis, Bathygob-
ius soporator and Microgobius gulosus.

It is helpful to look at each sampling station as
a community unto itself. The pattern of a few
common species associated with many rare
species is characteristic of community structure.
Stress tends to reduce the numbers of rare species
and to concentrate dominance in a few common
species. The Shannon Function (H) or index of
diversity combines variety and evenness com-
ponents as one overall index which can be used
for making comparisons among stations (Odum,
1971). Higher H values indicate greater diversity.
Table 1 ranks the stations by order of decreasing
diversity indices.

Natural station diversities appear to be not
significantly different from those at man-made
stations. There is a downward trend in diversity
as one proceeds in to the heads of both natural
and man-made systems. Four of the seven lowest
ranked diversities are at the heads of such
systems. The relatively poor showing for stations
31 and 32 may be attributed to reduced protective
substrate at these natural stations, since there
were relatively few oysters in the square meter
sample from each (0 and 9.07 kg, respectively).
Natural communities had a wet-weight average of
23.1 kg per station, while man-made stations
averaged 18.3 kg.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

31

Table 1 . The Shannon Index* of diversity for each

oyster community

decending order.

station,

ranked

in

STATION H

STATION

H STATION

H

1

2.174

21**

1.900

2

1.520

3

2.171

13

1.853

7

1.521

4

2.058

12

1.751

9

1.325

6

1.982

26**

1.730

22**

1.017

20**

1.909

25**

1.597

10

1.017

8

1.908

11

1.590

32**

.815

31**

0

ratio of dead to live oysters was lower and more
stable than in the natural system indicating a
greater percent of living animals.

The results of this study show that oysters
settle on seawalls in numbers equal to their
natural system counterparts, the mangrove prop
root oysters. Further, a large majority of the
oyster community inhabitants find local man-
made systems conducive to their development
and survival. A multitude of factors (e. g.,
physical and chemical tolerances; tidal flushing
rates; climatology; etc.) can account for the
presence or absence of particular species.
Clumped distributions were found to be the rule
rather than the exception.

LITERATURE CITED

* H — log ^

N ^ N

Where ni is the number of individuals of a
species and N is the sum of all individuals of all
species.

** = Natural mangrove stations.

The condition indices depicted in Table 2
indicate that the oysters on the seawalls have a
higher average condition index (10.79) than their
natural system counterparts (6.94). A general
decrease in condition was noted with distance into
both natural and man-made systems.

Table 2. Condition Index (C.I.) and dead to live
oyster ratio comparisons between man-
made and natural systems.

Carter, M. R., L.A. Burns, T.R. Cavinder, K. R.
Dugger, P. L. Fore, D. B. Hicks, H. L. Ravells,
andF. W. Schmidt. 1973. Ecosystems Analysis
of the Big Cypress Swamp and Estuaries; I-l to
XVIII-9, U.S^E.P.A. Region IV, Atlanta,
Georgia.

Coomans, Harry E. 1969. Biological aspects of
mangrove mollusks in the West Indies.
Malacologia 9 (l);79-84.

Collard, S. B. and C. N. D’Asaro. 1973. Ben-
thic invertebrates of the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Pages OIG-l to IIIG-27 in J. I. Jones, R. E.
Ring, M.D. Rinkel, and R. E. Smith, eds. A
summary of knowledge of the eastern Gulf of
Mexico. State University System of Florida,
Institute of Oceanography, St. Petersburg,
Florida.

Natural System

C.I.

Ratio

Mouth

7.55

.94

Middle

6.50

.59

Head

6.95

.80

Man-made System

Mouth

12.50

2.27

Middle

11.64

14.62

Head

11.05

5.07

Courtney, C. M. 1974. The marine macroinverte-
brates of Marco Island, Florida. Pages 1-204 in
Annual report of the Marco Applied Marine
Ecology Station for 1974. (The Deltona Cor-
poration, Miami, Florida)

Engle, J. B. 1950. The condition of oysters as
measured by the carbohydrate cycle, the
condition factor, and the per cent dry weight.
National Shellfish Assoc., 41:20-25.

Gallagher, S. B. and G. K. Reid. 1974. Repro-
ductive behavjor and early development
in Littorina scabra angulifera and Littorina irro-
rata (Gastropod; Prosobranchia) in the Tampa
Bay region of Florida. Malacolog. Review,
1974, 7:105-125.

The condition index was higher in the

man-made system than in the natural system Galtsoff, P.S. 1964. The American Oyster. U.S.

indicating more meat per volume of shell, but the Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish. Bull., 64:480 p.

32

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Hester, F. E. and J. S. Bendy. 1962. A multiple
plate sampler of aquatic macroinvertebrates.
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 91 (4):420-421.

McDougall, K.D. 1943. Sessile Marine
Invertebrates of Beaufort, North Carolina. Eco-
logical Monographs, 14(3): 323-373.

Odum, E. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology.

Saunders, Philadelphia. 574 p.

Parker, R. H. 1960. Ecology and distributional
patterns of marine macroinvertebrates, north-
ern Gulf of Mexico. Bull, of the Amer. Assoc,
of Pet. Geologists. American Petroleum Insti-
tute, Project 51:302-331.

Rehm, A. and H.J. Humm. 1973. Sphaeroma
terebrans: a threat to the mangroves of
southwestern Florida. Science 182:173-174.

Tabb, D., D. Dubrow and R. Manning. 1962.
Ecology of northern Florida Bay and adjacent
estuaries, Florida Board of Conservation Tech-
nical Series, No. 39:1-79.

Tebeau, C.W. 1957. Florida’s last frontier: the
history of Collier County. University of Miami
Press, Miami, Florida. 260 p.

Trent, W. L., E. J. Pullen, and D. Moore. 1972.
Waterfront housing developments: their effect
on the ecology of a Texas estuarine area. In:
Marine Pollution and Sea Life. West Byfleet,
Surrey. December 1972. Fishing News (Books)
Ltd.

Wells, H.W. 1961. The fauna of oyster beds with
special reference to the salinity factor.
Ecological Monographs 31 (33):239-266.

Bulletin of the American Malacologicai Union, Inc., 1975

33

THE SHALLOW WATER MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE SWAN ISLANDS, HONDURAS
Joseph C. Britton

Department of Biology, Texas Christian University
Fort Worth, Texas 76129

The Swan Islands (17®24’N; 83°55’W) are
small emergent crests of the Bonacca Ridge
system in the western Caribbean. They lie
approximately 590 miles SSW of Miami, 350 miles
WSW of Jamaica, and 175 miles ENE of Roatan,
Honduras. Little Swan is the eastern most island.
It is about IV^ miles long and has a maximum
width of about mile. Great Swan is separated
from the little island by 400 yards of shoal reef
which is usually subjected to very strong currents.
The larger island is slightly more than two miles
long and has a maximum width of about mile.
A third small low rocky outcrop. Booby Cay, lies
off the southwestern coast of Great Swan,
separated from it by a shallow narrow channel.

There have been few collections of mollusks
made at the Swan Islands. Fifty-seven lots (216
specimens) of marine mollusks collected by C. H.
Townsend prior to June, 1887, are deposited in
the National Museum of Natural History. I have
located and examined 35 of these lots (163
specimens), confirming their identifications.
George Nelson explored the Swan Islands in
April, 1913. He brought back a collection of
marine and terrestrial mollusks to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Some
of the land snails were subsequently deposited in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Clapp (1914) described the land snails collected
by Nelson. The collection of marine mollusks
consisted of 1 13 lots deposited in the MCZ. I have
located and confirmed identifications for 67 of the
these lots. Pilsbry (1930) re-examined the land
snails collected by Nelson and reported on
additional terrestrial mollusks collected from the
Swan Islands by the Pinchot Expedition in April,
1929. Apparently no marine specimens were
taken during the latter expedition.

There are only a few scattered reports of
marine mollusks from the Swan Islands in the
literature. The majority of these have been lines
from “Specimens Examined” sections of various
Johnsonia reports. The first four volumes of
Johnsonia have recorded only 21 species from the
Swan Islands. Thus, this present paper
significantly increases the number of mollusks
known to occur at or near the Swans. A total of
159 mollusks have been identified as follows: 115

Gastropoda, 34 Bivalvia, 8 Amphineura, and 2

Cephalopoda.

Since 1973 Texas Christian University person-
nel have participated in three trips to the Swan
Islands. The first trip was from April 16-22, 1973,
the second from July 17 to August 13, 1974, and
the last from January 7-21, 1975. I participated in
the first and last trips collecting mollusks and
other invertebrates, whereas Dr. Donald E. Keith
and Mr. Louis Tortora kindly provided the
mollusks from their 1974 venture. Every available
collecting technique was employed including
beachcombing, detailed quantitative analysis of
hard-bottom intertidal substrates, underwater
collecting by snorkle and SCUBA techniques, and
shoveling and screening of shallow bottom loose
substrates. Due to lack of an appropriate vessel,
dredging was not possible. The collecting
localities are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Map of the Swan Islands showing
collecting localities. Localities as follows:

BC, Booby Cay; BP, Buffalo Point; BR,
Blowing Rock; DOC, rocks immediately
south of the dock at Harbor Bay; DP,
Dillard Point; FB, Fowler’s Bay; GB,
Goat’s Bay; JB, Jacobson’s Bay; JDH,
Jim Duff’s Hole; JP, James’ Point; LS,
reef off the northern coast of Little Swan;
NB, North Beach (James’ Bay); NP',
Northwestern Point; NTB, Natural
Bridge lagoon; SB, Smith’s Bay; WB,
western-most beach at Mack Point.

The littoral and shallow sublittoral (less than
12 m depth) marine environments around the
lands are composed of four ecologically distinct
components: 1) loose sand (with beach and
subtidal units), 2) T/ia/assm-stabilized sand, 3)
rocky intertidal (with ironshore and coral rubble
units), and 4) spur and groove patch reefs. Since
the majority of the collections were made off
Great Swan Island, the descriptions which follow
emphasize the environments there.

Loose sandy beaches occur at Harbor Bay,
Mack Point, North Beach, Fowler’s Bay,
Jacobson’s Bay, and Smith’s Bay. There are
additional minor sandy patches at smaller inlets
around the island. Extensive loose sublittoral

34

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

GASTROPODA

FAMILY SPECIES

MCZ USBM BC BP BR DOC DP FB FBR PP GB JB JDH JP LS BB NP NTB SB WB

■LITTORINIDAE

ECHIRINUS NODULOSUS
LITTORINA FLOCCOSA
LITTORISA LINEOLATA
LITTORINA MKLEAGRIS
LITTORINA ZICZAC
NODILITTORISA TUBSRCULATA
TECTARIUS MURICATUS
HAGILIDAE

CORALLIOPBILA ABBRSVIATA
CORALLIOPHILA ABERRANS
CORALLIOPBILA CARIBAEA
MARGINELLIDAE

BYALINA ALBOLINEATA
BY ALINA AVENA
MARGINELLA LACTEA
MARGINSLLA SP .

PERSICULA FLUCTUATA
PERSICULA PULCBERRIMA
PRUNUM lARNEUM
PRUNUM GUTTATUM

MITRIDAE

MITRA BARBADSNSIS
MITRA FLORIDA
MODULIDAE

MODULUS MODULUS
MORICIDAE

DRUPA NODULOSA
MUREX POMUM
PURPURA PATULA
TBAIS DELTOIDS A
TBAIS RUSTICA
NASSARIIDAE

NASSARIUS ALDUS
NATICIDAE

NATICA CAN REN A
POL IN ICES L ACTE US
NERITIDAE

NERITA PELORONTA
NERITA TESSELLATA
NERITA VERSICOLOR
SMARAGDIA VI RID IS

o

* o

o

o o

* X * o

A

o

o

A

A

A

o

lO

A

A

I

I

lO

I

o

0

o

©

0

o

o

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

35

GASTROPODA

OLIVIDAE

OLIVA RETICULARIS
OLI VELLA RIVE A

OVULIDAE

Cl FROM A GIBBOSUM
PHASIARELLIDAE

TRICOLIA ADAMSI
FLARAXIDAE

PLARAXIS LIREATUS
PLARAXIS RUCLEUS
POTAMIDIDAE

BATILLARIA MIRIMA
PIRAMIDELLIDAE

PIEAMIDBLLA DOLABRATA
STROMBIDAE

STROMBUS GIGAS
STROHBUS RARIRUS
TEREBRIDAE

TEREBRA HASTATA

TORRIDAE

TORN A MACULOSA
TROCEIDAE

CALLIOSTOMA ADELAE

CALLIOSTOMA JUJUBIRUM
CITTARIUM PICA
TBGULA LIVIDOMACULATA
TURBIRIDAE

ASTRAEA CAELATA
ASTRAEA TUBER

TURRIDAE

DAPHSELLA LIMNEIFORMIS
FERIMOREA JARETAE
MONILISPIRA ALBIRODATA
MORILISPIRA LEUCOCYMA
VERMITIDAE

SERPULORBIS DECUSSATA
SERPULORBIS RUSE I

XARCIDAE

VASVM MURICATUM
lASCUS ARGULATUS
ACMAEIDAS

ACMAEA JAMAICERSIS
ACMAEA LEU COPLEURA
ACMAEA PUSTULATA
APLYSIIDAE

APLYSIA SP.

BUCCIRIDAE

CARTBARUS AURITULUS
COLUBRARIA LARCEOLATA
ERGIRA TURBIRELLA
PISARIA PUSIO

BULLIDAE

BULLA OCCIDBRTALIS
BULLA SP.

CALYPTRAEIDAE

CALYPTRAEA CERT R All S
CAPULIDAE

CAPULUS INTORTUS
CASSIDIDAE

CASSIS TUBE ROSA
CYPRAECASSIS TBSTICULUS
MO RUM ORISCUS
CERITHIIDAE

CERXTEIUM ATRATUM
CERITHIUM EBURREUM
CEBIT dIUM LITfERATUM
COLUMBELLIDAE

COLUMBELLA MERCATORIA
RITIDELLA RITIDA
RITIDELLA OCELLATA
PYRE RE OVULATA

CORIDAE

CORUS JASPIDEUS
COR US MUS
CORUS REGIUS

MCZ USNM BC BP BR DOC DP FB FBR PP GB JB JDH JP LS RB RP RTB SB VB

o

o

o

A

o

o

o

o

o o o

I

lO

o

o

X

o

o

o

o

o

o

I

I

o

I o

o

A

A

A

o

o

o

o

o

o

AI

I

o

o

A

o

36

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

MCZ USBM BC BP BS DOC DP FB FBR PP GB JB JDS JP LS SB SP STB SB MB

CIMATIIDAE

CHAROSIA VARIEGATA
CTMATIUM SICOBAEICm
CIMATIUM PILEARS
C1PRAEIDAS

CyPRAEA Cl SERE A x

CIPRAEA SPBRCA *

CTPRABA ZEBRA
SLLOBIIDAE

MBLAMPUS COFPEUS
MELAMPUS MOMILE x

TRALIA OVULA
EPIWMIIDAE

EPITONIUM LAMELLOSUH
EPITONIUM UHIFASCIATUM
OPALIA HOTESSIERIASA
SRATOIDAE

TRIVIA SIX *

TRIVIA PEDICULUS *

FASCIOLARIIBAB

FASCIOLARIA TULIPA
LATIRUS CARISIFSRUS
LBUCOZOMIA NASSA LEUCOZONALIS
LEUCOZOSIA OCELLATA
FISSURSLLIDAE

diodora DISOMI

D I Odor A lister i x

DIODORA MI NUT A

DIADORA VI RJ DU LA x

FISSURELLA ASGUSTA
FISSURELLA BABBADENSIS
FISSURELLA FASCICULARIS x

FISSURELLA NODOSA *

LUCAPINEILA LIMATULA
HIPPOSICIDAE

CHEILEA EQUESTRIS
HIPPONIX ABTIQUATUS
HIPPOSIX SUBRUFUS
HIDATINIDAB

MICROMELO US DAT A x

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

A

&

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

I

o

o

BIVALVIA

ARCIDAE

ARC A IMBBICATA
ARCA ZEBRA
ARCOPSIS ADAMSI
BAR3ATIA CASCELLARIA
BARBATIA CANDIDA
CARDIIDAE

AMERICARDIA MEDIA
LAEVICARDIUM LAEVIGATVti

CHAMIDAS

CHAMA COSGREGATA
CHAM A MACEROPHYLLA
CHAMA SARD A
PSEUDOCBAMA RADIANS
GLICIMERIDIDAE

GLICIMERIS DECUSSATA
GLICTMERIS PECTINATA
ISOGNOMOSIDAE

ISOGNOMON RADIATUS

LIMIDAE

LIMA SCABRA
LUCINIDAE

CODAKIA ORBICULARIS
CODAKIA ORBICULATA
DIVARICELLA QUADRISULCATA
LUCINA PENSILVANICA
MITILIDAE

MODIOLUS AMERICAN US
OS T RE I DAE

OSTREA FRONS
PBTRICOLIDAE

PETRICOLA LAPICIDA

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o o
o

o

A

o

o

O'

o

A

o

lO lo o o

o o

o

lO Q

o

o o

&

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

37

MCZ USNM BC BP BR DOC DP FB FBR FP GB JB JDH JP LS NB RP NTB SB WB

SEMELIDAE

SEMELE PROFICUA x

SPONDILIDAS

SPONDILUS AMEBIC ANUS
TELLINIDAE

ARCOPAGIA FAUSTA x x o

TELLINA AEQUISTRIATA
TELLINA GOULDII
TELLINA INTERBUPTA
TELLINA LISTERI
TELLINA RADIATA
STRIGILLA FLEXUOSA
STRIGILLA MIRABILIS o

VENERIDAE

CHIONE CANCELLATA

o

1

I

o

o

o

o

o

o

AMPBINBURA

CHITOMIDAE

ACANTEOPLEURA GRANVLATA
CM I TON M ARMOR AT US
CHITON SQUAMOSDS
CHITON TUBERCULATUS
CHITON VIRIDIS
CRTPTOPLACIDAE

ACANTHOCHITON SPICULOSA
ISHNOCHITONIDAE

ISHNOCHITON LIMACIFORMIS
LSPIDOCHZTONIDAS

LEPIDOCBITONA LIOZONIS
MOPALIIDAE

CERATOZONA SQVALIDA

*

A

A

A

CEPHALOPODA

LOLIGINIDAEi???)

SQUID SP. X

OCTOPODIDAE

OCTOPUS SP. A

38

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

sand occurs in Harbor Bay, parts of James’ Bay
off North Beach, and off Booby Cay. Sand is
seasonal in the channel between Booby Cay and
Great Swan Island; it is present in the summer but
removed by currents in the winter. Shell debris
accumulates on all sandy beaches, but those at
Mack Point and a small sandy area just south of
Buffalo Point have proved to be highly productive
shell drops. No living mollusks were collected
from intertidal or subtidal loose sands. A few
paired valves of Arcopagia fausta and Codakia
orbicularis were recovered from the sandy floors
of Harbor and James’ Bays.

r/ja/as5M-stabilized sand flats are major
ecological units in shallow sublittoral areas
throughout the Caribbean. However, the
Thalassia flats of Great Swan are poorly
developed. The largest grass-stabilized area is in
James’ Bay off the eastern end of North Beach. It
lies behind one of the best reefs off the island.
Nevertheless, these grass beds are patchy and
rarely at a depth of more than one meter below
msl. Less extensive T/tatessta- stabilized sand
occurs at Jacobson’s Bay and Smith’s Bay. Moll-
usks most commonly associated with this habitat
include Cerithium atratum, C. eburneum, C. lit-
teratum, Columbella mercatoria. Modulus modu-
lus, Nassarius albus, Polinices lacteus, Vasum
muricatum, Strombus gigas, S. raninus, Tonna
maculosa. Bulla occidentalis, Codakia orbicularis,
Lucina pensylvanica, and Arcopagia fausta.

The dominant littoral habitat of Great Swan
Island is the calcareous ironshore (see Doran,
1954, or Abbott, 1958, for an explanation of the
term). Almost all of the southern coast (except
Smith’s Bay) is ironshore, as are the northern
shores between bays and east of Jacobson’s Bay.
A pattern of intertidal zonation similar to that
described by Lewis (1960) for Barbados is evident.

The supralittoral ironshore is dominated by
,Tectarius muricatus and Nodilittorina tubercu-
lata. Echininus nodulosus occurs in significantly
fewer numbers than any of the other common
Swan Island littorines. Littorina ziczac is very
abundant in the splash zone, as is Nerita
peloronta and N. versicolor. The lower littoral
ironshore is characterized by Acmaea leuco-
pleura, A. pustulata, Diodora listeri, Fissurella
angusta, F. nodosa, Cittarium pica. Purpura
patula. Chiton marmoratus, C. squamosus, C.
tuberculatus, and Acanthopleura granulata.
Quantitave studies of the intertidal ironshore of
Great Swan Island are in progress.

Coral rubble occurs in the intertidal zone along
portions of North Beach, Jacobson’s Bay,
Fowler’s Bay, Smith’s Bay, and on the eastern
side of the channel between Booby Cay and Great

Swan Island. Mollusks of the ironshore may be
found at appropriate levels in coral rubble. A few
additional species are characteristic of the rubble:
Nerita tessellata, Planaxis nucleus, P. lineatus
and Arcopsis adamsi.

A true fringing reef with typical morphology is
wanting off any portion of Great Swan Island.
Spur and groove patch reefs form the dominant
shallow sublittoral habitat. Tortora (1975) has
identified 17 species of Scleractinia and 12 species
of Octocorallia from the Swan Islands reefs.
Mollusks commonly found in association with the
reef complex include Engina turbinella, Pisania
pusio, Columbella mercatoria. Conus mus,
Leucozonia nassa leucozonalis, L. ocellata,
Hipponix antiquatus, Coralliophila abbreviata, C.
aberrans, C. caribaea, Drupa nodulosa, Murex
pomum, Thais deltoidea, Cyphoma gibbosum.
Area imbricata, Barbatia cancellaria, and Petri-
cola lapicida. A complete list of the mollusks from
the Swan Islands is given in Table 2.

There are two species among the Swan Islands
fauna worthy of note. Mitra florida was found in
beach drift on several occasions, an apparent
range extension for the species. A single young
(less than 5 mm) living specimen of Calliostoma
adelae was collected from the base of a gorgonian
off James Point during the summer, 1974.
Although small, the specimen has the typical
features of C. adelae (Clench «& Turner, 1960). It
is quite different from C. jujubinum which also
occurs at the Swans. Prior to this report, C.
adelae was known only from southern Florida.

A comparison of the Swan Islands f auna with
that of other Caribbean localities is of interest.
The Swan Islands seem to have fewer kinds of
habitats than most other nearby islands. There
are no fine-grained shallow water sediments, no
mangrove forests, very little grass-stabilized
sand, and no estuarine conditions. Some or all of
these ecosystems occur at Grand Cayman
(Abbott, 1958); Panama (Olsson & McGinty,
1958); Belize, formerly British Honduras (Robert-
son, 1963); Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968); Los
Roques (Work, 1969); and Roatan, Honduras
(personal observation). Thus, the total diversity
of mollusks at these localities should be greater
than at the Swan Islands.

Table 1: A comparison of the Swan Islands
molluskan fauna with those of three other
Caribbean localities, tot total numbers;
com: numbers in each category which
occur at both localities. Numbers are
counts of species {not subspecies);
Pteropoda, Vermitidae, and Aplysiacea
are excluded here.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

39

Table 1

GASTROPODA BIVALVIA AMPHINEURA TOTALS
tot com tot com tot com tot com

Swan Islands

112

32

9

...

156

Grand Cayman

194

81

72

24

11

7

277

112

Costa Rica

181

51

38

14

8

3

227

68

Los Roques

80

50

34

18

3

2

117

70

As one compares the known Swan Islands
fauna with those reported by the above authors,
certain difficulties become apparent. Simple lists
of numbers of species (as in Table 1) may express
differences in habitat diversity or possibly
differences in collecting technique or season.
Olsson & McGinty’s (1958) report of 534 species
and subspecies probably approaches the actual
diversity which occurs off Panama; however, this
report does not emphasize habitat relationships.
Robertson (1963) gives an excellent account of
habitats but does not include a complete list of the
collected species. Of these papers, only Abbott
(1958), Houbrick (1968), and Work (1969) provide

sufficient habitat data and species listings to
enable comparisons with the Swan Islands data.
There are still additional difficulties with the
comparisons. For example, Houbrick gives
strong emphasis to microfaunal beachdrift in his
list of Costa Rica mollusks. At least 30 of the
gastropods are beachdrift microfauna. The
paucity of microgastropods at the Swan Islands
may reflect inadequate collecting technique
despite the specific attempt to search for them in
January, 1975. In any case, the microfaunal
difference between the two areas suggests that
the collections, localities, or both are not exactly
comparable.

SPECIES COMMON TO ALL LOCALITIES: 34

The percentage of mollusks at
the Swan Islands which also
occur at listed localities:

The percentage of mollusks at
listed localities which also
occur at the Swan Islands:

Grand Cayman

71.8%

40.4%

Costa Rica

43.6%

. 29.9%

Los Roques

44.9%

59.8%

Table 2: A list of the species of the Swan Islands
mollusks. Symbols: MCZ, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard; USNM,
National Museum of Natural History,
Washington, D.C.; *, rocky intertidal
collected alive; A , reef-associated

collected alive; I, Thalassia-stahilized
sand collected alive; o, beach drift (dead
shells); x, present. Additional locality
symbol explanations appear under the
map, Fig. 1.

40

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

The Swan Islands mollusks show greatest
correspondence with the nearby Grand Cayman
fauna. Greater species diversity at Grand
Cayman is also apparent. The poorest
relationship between faunas is with that of Costa
Rica. This is du^ in part to the differences in
numbers of microfauna, but more importantly to
numerous continental shore species at Costa Rica
in habitats which are absent at the Swan Islands.
It would be interesting to compare the Swan
Islands mollusks with those of the Honduran Bay
Islands, and hopefully this will soon be possible.

A relatively high percentage of Los Roques
mollusks are also part of the Swan Islands fauna,
but the reciprocal percentage is considerably less.

This probably represents the recruitment of
southern Caribbean species at the Swan Islands
by larval transport in prevailing surface currents.
A more detailed analysis of individual faunal
components at every locality is necessary before
additional zoogeographical considerations should
be attempted.

The collections of Swan Islands mollusks have
been deposited in the Texas Christian University
Museum.

Acknowledgements

Funds for this work were provided by the
Texas Christian University Research Foundation
and the Research Fund of the Department of
Biology, Texas Christian University. I am also
indebted to the Overseas Operations Division of
the National Weather Service, NOAA, United
States Department of Commerce, for providing
logistics support and accommodations during
each trip to the Swan Islands. Without their
assistance, this work would not have been
possible.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, R. T. 1958. The marine mollusks of

Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies.
Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 11: 1-138.

Clapp, W. F. 1914. List of land shells from Swan
Island, with descriptions of five new species.
Naut. 27(9): 97-101.

Clench, W. j; & R. D. Turner. 1960. The genus
Callio stoma in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia
4(40): 1-80.

Doran, E. 1954. Land forms of Grand Cayman
Island, British West Indies. Texas J. Sci. 6(4):
360-377.

Houbrick, J. R. 1968. A survey of the littoral
marine mollusks of the Caribbean coast of
Costa Rica. Veliger 11(1): 4-23.

Lewis, J. B. 1960. The fauna of rocky shores of
Barbados, West Indies. Canadian J. Zool. 38:
391-435.

Olsson, A. A. & T. L. McGinty. 1958. Recent
marine mollusks from the Caribbean coast of
Panama with the description of some new
genera and species. Bull. Amer. Paleo.

39(177): 1-58.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1930. Results of the Pinchot South
Sea Expedition, 1. Land mollusks of the Carib-
bean islands, Grand Cayman, Swan, Old Provi-
dence, and St. Andrew. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil. 82: 221-261.

Robertson, R. 1963. The mollusks of British Hon-
duras. Proc. Phil. Shell Club 1(7): 15-20.

Tortora, L. R. 1975. The coral assemblages of the
Swan Islands, Honduras. Master’s Thesis,
Texas Christian University, 118 p.

Work, R.C. 1969. Systematics, ecology, and dis-
tribution of the mollusks of Los Roques, Vene-
zuela. Bull. Mar. Sci. 19(3): 614-711.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

41

NEW GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION FOR PHILOPHTHALMUS SP. IN THIARID
SNAILS AND WATERFOWL IN TEXAS

M. Bowie Kotrla

Biology Department, Trinity University,

San Antonio, Texas 78284

In 1964, two thiarid snails, Tarebia granifera
(Lamarck) and Melanoides tuberculata (Muller),
were reported in Brackenridge Park, San Antonio,
Texas and in Landa Park, New Braunfels, Texas
(Murray, 1964). Both species are important as
trematode hosts in the Orient. T. granifera is the
intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani,
Metagonimus yokogawai, Haplorchis taichui and
Diorchitrema formosanum. Melanoides tubercu-
lata is the intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis
and Diorchitrema formosanum (Hunter, et al.,
1960).

These snails were biannually surveyed for
evidence of trematode cycles because of their
parasitological significance and their proximity to
numerous species of animals in the San Antonio
Zoo. No trematode cycles were found until 1968
when the first trematode cycle in these snails in
the western hemisphere was discovered (Murray
& Stewart, 1968). The trematode was later
identified as Philophthalmus sp., an ocular
parasite of waterfowl and occasionally mammals
(Murray & Haines, 1969). Identification was
based on the morphology of the rediae, the
megalurus type cercariae, and the flask- shaped
metacercariae, diagnostic of the genus (Dawes,
1968). It was found that the areas of highest
infection were close to and within the San Antonio
Zoo, with a mean ratio of infected to uninfected
snails of 1:3.

Repeated studies revealed no trematodes in
these snails in the Landa Park area until
September, 1974. In an effort to obtain
uninfected T. granifera for electron microscopic
studies, 20 snails were collected from one site.
One of the 20 snails contained trematode rediae
which were identified as Philophthalmus sp. , the
same as the Brackenridge Park snails.

Forty-five collecting sites were chosen so that
most areas of the park would be sampled.
Included among these areas were those which
showed evidence of usage by waterfowl. Where
possible, a sample of 50 T. granifera and 50 M.
tuberculata was collected. All snails were kept at
room temperature in water from the collecting
site. Occasionally, artificial aeration was used;

however, none of the samples was kept over six

days after collection. The presence of trematode
infection was determined by smashing the upper
spires of the shell to expose the hepatopancreas.

A total of 2007 T. granifera and 211 M.
tuberculata were examined from the 45 sites. No
infected M. tuberculata were found, probably due
to the small numbers collected and to the
preference of Philophthalmus miracidia for T.
granifera. Thirteen of the 45 sites contained
infected T. granifera and of the sites frequented
by waterfowl, 78% yielded infected snails.

A high correlation between waterfowl usage
and infected snails occurred close to and within
the property of the Lower Colorado River
Authority of Texas. These sites are protected
from the public and are therefore used by a
number of ducks. It is also in this area that a ratio
of 1:16, the highest concentration of infected
snails, occurred.

Philophthalmus sp. could have been intro-
duced to Landa Park from any one or combination
of three sources: (1) infected snails, (2) infected
migratory waterfowl, or (3) infected waterfowl
from the San Antonio Zoo. The only known source
of infected T. granifera in Texas is the San
Antonio Zoo and Brackenridge Park in San
Antonio. It seems unlikely that anyone would
take these snails to Landa Park because they are
hard to obtain without collecting equipment.
Migratory waterfowl could have introduced the
parasite to Landa Park, but the Park Director
indicates that migratory flocks have not been
observed using the park. There have been
waterfowl donated to Landa Park from the San
Antonio Zoo and this is the most likely method of
the parasite’s spread.

In Landa Park, Philophthalmus sp. is of
possible significance as a parasite of man. The
positive sites in the lake above the public
swimming pool and in the effluent below the pool
indicate that, although no positive snails were
found in the pool, miracidia are traveling through
the pool. The pool has untreated artesian water
coming directly from the lake to the pool which
supports a large snail population. There is

42

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

sufficient water running through the pool to
support a large population of snails, even in the
winter when the pool is drained. In addition to the
danger of snails in the swimming pool becoming
infected, there is the danger of cercariae entering
the pool with a potential consequence of human
infection. A similar problem is encountered in the
private swimming area, where two positive sites
occurred. This is also untreated water in which
people swim. Philophthalmus sp. have been
successfully introduced to mammals through
direct cercarial contact with the eye (Alicata &
Ching, 1960). Philophthalmus sp. have also been
reported in man in Asia (Penner & Fried, 1963),
and as a possible human parasite in New Zealand
(Howell, 1965). Consequently, there is some
concern over persons swimming in both the public
and private swimming areas in untreated water.

LITERATURE CITED

Alicata, J.E. & H.L. Ching. 1960. On the infection
of birds and mammals with the cercaria and

metacercaria of the eyefluke, Philophthalmus.

J. Parasit. 46:16.

Dawes, Ben 1968i The trematoda. Cambridge
University Press, London. 644 pp.

Howell, M.F. 1965. Notes on a potential
trematode parasite of man in New Zealand.
Tuatura 13:182-184.

Hunter, George W. Ill, William W. Frye, &
J. Clyde Swartzwelder. 1960. A manual of
tropical medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. 892pp.
Murray, Harold D. 1964. Tarebia granifera and
Melanoides tuberculatus in Texas. Bull Amer.
Malacol. Union 1964:15-16.

.& Alderus Stewart. 1968. Establishment of

a trematode cycle in Tarebia granifera
(Lamarck) in Texas. Bull. Amer. Malacol.
Union 1968:17-18.

— & Deborah Haines. 1969. Philophthalmus

sp. (Trematoda) in Tarebia granifera and
Melanoides tuberculatus in south Texas.
Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union 1969:44-45.
Penner, L. & B. Fried. 1963 Philophthalmus
hegeneri sp. n. An ocular trematode from birds.
J. Parasit. 49:974-977.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

43

MELANOIDES TUBERCULATA (MULLER),
LAS MORAS CREEK, BRACKETVILLE, TEXAS.

Harold D. Murray

Biology Department, Trinity University
San Antonio, Texas 78284

In 1971, Dr. Joseph P.E. Morrison suggested
that I collect Popenaias [Elliptio] popei Lea, from
Las Moras Creek, Kinney County, Texas, where
Dr. E.A. Mearns had obtained specimens in 1898.
Extensive field work along the 48 km of Las Moras
Creek in April, 1971, yielded no living P. popei,
and additional attempts to obtain it in May, 1973,
March, 1975, and June, 1975, failed. It is my
opinion that P. popei has been extirpated from
Las Moras Creek; furthermore, under present
circumstances it is unlikely that this species will
be re-established.

Photographs of the area were obtained on
June 7, 1975, at which time the probable cause for
the extirpation of P. popei was observed. A crew
of five workers was methodically removing the
heavy plant growth occurring in the creek. Large
sickles were being used to rip the plants from the
substrate, allowing large masses of plants, mud
and debris to float downstream. This process,
according to local owners, is repeated 2 or 3 times
a year and started in 1971.

Although the possible extirpation of P. popei
is important, a second discovery is certainly of
equal significance. In April, 1971, the author was
surprised to discover a population of the
introduced thiraids, Melanoides tuberculata,
in the headwaters of Las Moras Creek. The
importance of M. tuberculata, and its close
relative Tarebia granifera, as potential and actual
intermediate hosts for trematodes in the United
States was reported by Murray & Stewart (1968),
Murray & Haines (1969), and Murray (1971).

Three unusual situations relate to the
occurrence of M. tuberculata in Las Moras treek.
First, the introduction and spread of thiarids in
the United States has been generally associated
with large cities. I believe most populations were
established by persons dumping the contents of
unwanted aquariums in available streams
(Abbott, 1952; Murray, 1971). Bracketville,
Texas (population 1,530), on the north bank of the
headwaters of Las Moras Creek and Fort Clark
Springs, a resort facility on the south bank, make
the total population of the immediate area less
than 1,700 people.

Second, the habitat of Las Moras Creek is
similar to the habitats in South Central Texas

where populations of 51,645 snails per m2 occur
(Murray & Wopschall, 1965). The artesian water
of the creek is from the same underground source
as that in South Central Texas, 241km east. In
Texas, thiarids normally exist in shallow, slow
running water (0.6-1. 2 m in depth) on a substrate
consisting of soft mud or soft mud-sand
combinations. In general, this habitat is repeated
in Las Moras Creek. It was surprising, however,
to find M. tuberculata occurring in a large pool
(3-3.7 m deep) receiving over 7,570 liters of water
per minute. The bottom and sides of the pool
were lined with large rocks between which was
fine sand on which the snails lived.

Third, the largest M. tuberculata collected in
South Central Texas measured 40 mm in length.
In April, 1971, dead shells measuring 70-80 mm
were observed in Las Moras Creek, but the source
of these large snails was not found. This
observation was repeated in May, 1973. In
March, 1975, M. Bowie Kotrla of Trinity
University insisted we examine the deep pool
mentioned above. It was here that the large 70-80
mm snails lived, and apparently they do not
survive outside this pool. These are the largest
M. tuberculata reported in the United States.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, R. Tucker. 1952. A study of an
intermediate host (Thiara granifera) of the
oriental lung fluke (Paragonimus westermani).
Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 102:71-116.

Murray, Harold D. 1971. The introduction and
spread of thiarids in the United States. The
Biologist 53(3):133-135.

— — .& D. Haines. 1969 Philophthalmus sp.

(Trematoda) in Tarebia granifera and Mela-
noides tuberculatus in south Texas. Bull.
Amer. Malacol Union 1969:44-45.

— — A A.J. Stewart. 1968. Establishment of a
trematode cycle in Tarebia granifera
(Lamarck) in Texas. Bull. Amer. Malacol.
Union 1968:17-18.

_ — & Leon J. Wopschall. 1965. Ecology of
Melanoides tuberculata (Muller) and Tarebia
granifera (Lamarck) in south Texas. Bull.
Amer. Malacol. Union 1965:25-26.

44

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

SYMPOSIUM: ORGANIZER: DR. EMILY YOKES

EASTERN PACIFIC - WESTERN ATLANTIC FAUNAL AFFINITIES

GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE PANAMIC REGION
Emily H. Vokes

Department of Geology, Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana 70118

The theory of plate tectonics provides us with
some clues to the geologic history of the Panamic
region, although by no means does it provide all
of the answers. At the end of the Paleozoic Era
South America, Africa, North America, and
Eurasia had all come together to form a
mega-continent. Then a great rift opened in what
is now the Atlantic Ocean, pushing Europe and
Africa to the east. North and South America to the
west. In the middle Mesozoic the western
margins of both the North and South American
plates began to be pulled under by subduction
and the mountains of the Sierra Nevada and
Andes were initiated. Toward the end of the
Mesozoic South America began to encroach on
North America and an east-west trending range of
mountains was created in the ancestral Caribbean
Sea. Subsequently the North American plate has
been moving westward more rapidly than the
South American one and the intervening area has
been wrenched apart by great transverse faults,

causing the fractionation of the mountain range
into several parts: The Sierra Madre del Sur of
Mexico; the Sierra Madre de Guatemala,
Honduras, and Nicaragua; and the islands of the
Greater Antilles. The down-dropped blocks
between are the depths of the Caribbean.
Continued westward movement by both plates, in
addition, has resulted in a line of volcanoes from
Guatemala to Panama that have connected up the
two continents along what is now Central
America.

The break between the two continents was
open from late Mesozoic time until probably no
more than 5 million years ago, when it was
completely closed, creating a land barrier
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The
faunas, which had formerly been the same, were
suddenly isolated and as evolution has progress-
ed, new forms have appeared, with the result that
today the majority of the species on both sides are
very similar but no longer identical.

ATLANTIC ANCESTORS OF THE EAST PACIFIC FAUNA
Harold E. Vokes

Department of Geology, Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana 70118

When one examines the fossil record it
becomes apparent that almost the entire
molluscan fauna of the tropical eastern Pacific (or
Panamic) Province is directly descended from
western Atlantic (specifically Caribbean) ances-
tors. This is a reflection of the effect of the ocean
currents, caused by the rotation of the earth,
during the interval when the interoceanic
passageways were open. The similarity of the two
faunas has long been known. However, there is
but a small number of identical species common
to the opposite sides of the Isthmian barrier.
Studies during this century have almost doubled
the number of species known from each region,
but the number of species in common has not
notably increased, undoubtedly reflecting a
modern trend toward finer species definition
(“splitting”).

The state of our knowledge of the fossil record
is also expanding at a rapid rate, so that the
comparison of the two faunas made but a scant 10
years ago by Woodring has to be markedly
revised. Of 43 genera or subgenera considered by
Woodring as “paciphiles” (i.e., present in the
fossil record of the western Atlantic but now
extinct in that province while still living in the
eastern Pacific) at least five have been discovered
living in the western Atlantic, mostly off Brazil,
formerly a ‘ ‘Terra Incognita’ ’ of mollusks. On the
other hand, at least seven more genera of
paciphiles, which were not known in 1966, can be
added to the ranks. Woodring, conversely cites,
only four “caribphiles” (those surviving in the
Caribbean only), and these evidently represent
basically Caribbean forms that attempted to
colonize the Pacific coast but did not succeed.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

45

THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF SURINAM (DUTCH GUIANA)

C.O. van Regteren Altena

Duindoornlaan 26
Bentvelt, Netherlands

The coast of Surinam is about 338 kilometers
long and stretches from east to west. There are
no rocks, and the beaches consist of clay, mud and
sandbanks; the bottom is flat. Along nearly the
whole coast the places where mollusks can fix
themselves to a substrate are trunks of Avicennia,
the sea-dike west of Nieuw Nickerie, and,
especially in the estuaries, the jetties or the banks
strengthened by wood or stone.

The mollusk-fauna is poor; 144 species have
been found washed ashore — 67 gastropods, one
scaphopod, 75 bivalves and one cephalopod. An
oceanic current runs from the Amazon River along
the South American coast and transports water
which is rich in mud. For this reason the coastal
water is murky and does not clear until about 16
kilometers off the coast, this distance varying to
the season. Further out the bottom gradually
hardens, and the number of species grows, with
more gastropods than bivalves. Where on the
shelf the bottom is hard a very rich molluscan
fauna is present; only a small part of this fauna
has been dredged by the Coquette (a fishing-boat
which investigated the possibility of fishing in
depths up to 55 meters in 1959. She also procured
mollusks on some journeys in 1963.) The number
of known species has been considerably enlarged
by material dredged by the Snellius and the
Luymes. That material is now being sorted and
studied. Therefore, we limit ourselves here to
what has been washed ashore and has been found
on the “shell-ridges.”

The “shell-ridges” are shoals of sand and
shells in the coastal region; they started out as
shore banks deposited on the coast, the oldest
being about 6,000 years old, the Young Holocene.
In that same period a large trough- shaped bay
around the Corantijn River was filled, so that
Young Holocene shells were also found there,
e.g., in Coronie-35 (near Totness) and Aliiance-28
(near Alliance). The shell-ridge near Cupido at
the Maratakka River is situated about 32 km from
the coast, while near the Marowijne River the
most inland ridge is only 5 kilometers from the
coast.

Twenty species (14 gastropods, 6 cephalo-
pods) are found only on shell-ridges. The
gastropods are small to very small species and

may be overlooked in shore collecting or may still
be obtained by offshore dredging. So of this
group little can be said. But among the bivalves
Lucina pectinata (Gmelin) and Sanguinolaria
cruenta (Lightfoot) attract special attention
because (1) they are found in more than one place,
(2) are relatively large, and (3) have not yet been
dredged. These may show that some change have
taken place in the fauna in the last 6,000 years.

Of the 144 species (67 gastropods, 1
scaphopod, 75 bivalves, 1 cephalopod) which have
been washed ashore, there are 84 (47 gastropods,
36 bivalves, 1 cephalopod) not collected by the
Coquette, but many of these are known from
drill-holes and/or from the shell-ridges. Few are
living only in the upper part of the estuaries and
the lower part of the rivers, but one may assume
that most live near the coast. Of those which live
in the surf, some species have been found alive.

Among the mollusks which are found on the
coast the bivalves dominate. This may be due to
appearance, because the gastropods are usually
smaller, and, for instance, the two species of
Anachis [Parvanachis] and the small opistho-
branchs may be washed ashore in large
quantities. But on the beach one arrives at the
impression that the bivalves are far in the
majority. Three species are the most conspicu-
ous, namely Crassostrea lacerata (Hanley) (this
name is preoccupied; a specialist should decide
which name is valid and should be used), Chione
subrostrata (Lamarck) and Mulinia cleryana
(Orbigny), quoted in order of frequency. Lunatia
marochiensis (Gmelin) and Prunum prunum
(Gmelin) are the most common gastropods. The
pulmonates should be mentioned separately,
because they live on land or tree trunks
(sometimes more than 2 kilometers from the
coast) and use sea-water only for egglaying. Of
the four pulmonate species, Melampus coffea (L.)
occurs most frequently, while Ellobium pellucens
(Menke) is also common.

A survey of the species that have been found
in the estuary of the Surinam River and farther
up-stream before the Brokopondo-dam closed it
follows. The water moves to and fro with the
tides, and the percentage of salt in the water
depends on the rainfall. The polyhaline water

46

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

penetrated sometimes to the jetty of Geyersvlijt
(about 11 km up-stream), the mesohaline water
began in the neighbourhood of Nieuw Amsterdam
(about 6 km up-stream) and goes to about 35 km,
the oligohaline from about 19 to 48 km and the
fresh water began at about 35 km up-stream. The
measurements have been carried out on surface
water in 1939 and 1940.

Table 1 shows how the different species are
distributed:

The specimens of Neritina zebra which were
found in Jodensav^nne had been used as food by
the natives and thus do not count. Jodensavanne
lies about 88 km up-stream and is the farthest
inward locality investigated. The surface water is
completely fresh, and so I suppose that the eggs
of the last two species, namely Corbicula rotunda
and Psiloteredo healdi, which are still found alive
here, hatch only in deeper water.

Table 1

Distribution of Species in the Suriname River

Littorina scabra angulifera (Lamarck)
Thais coronata trinitatensis (Guppy)

Neritina zebra (Bruguiere
Melampus paranus (Morrison)
Melampus coffea (L.)

Ellobium pellucens (Menke)
Mytella charruana (Orbigny)
Crassostrea lacerata (Hanley)
Cyrenoida floridana~(Dd^
Lignopholas clappi (Turner)
Neoteredo reynei (Bartsch)
Anticorbula sinuosa (Morrison)

Corbicula rotunda (t*rime)
Psiloteredo healdi (Bartsch)

- — polyhaline

— mesohaline

— oligohaline

LITERATURE

Altena, C.O. van Regteren, 1969. The marine
molluska of Suriname (Dutch Guiana) Holocene
and Recent. Part 1. General Introduction.
Zool. Verb., 101.

See also the following papers:

, 1971. Idem. Part 2. Bivalvia and

Scaphopoda. - Zool. Verb., 119.

, 1975. Idem. Part 3. Gastropoda and

Cephalopoda. - Zool. Verb., 139.

PACIFIC OUTPOSTS OF THE TERTIARY CARIBBEAN PROVINCE
A . Myra Keen

Department of Geology, Stanford University,

Stanford, California 94305

The occurrence of the muricid genus Tality-
phis in the Temblor Miocene (Round Mountain
silt member), near Bakersfield, California, points
up the extention of Woodring’s “Tertiary
Caribbean Province’’ northwestward from
Panama to central California. Modern concepts of
continental drift, sea-floor spreading, and plate
tectonics help to explain the distribution of a
warm-water tropical assemblage, such as the one
in which the Talityphis occurred, to an area that is
now much cooler. The elevation of the Isthmus of
Panama cut off the Pacific fauna from its
Caribbean roots; but, paradoxically, the fauna
survived on the Pacific side much more prolifically

than it did on the Atlantic side, where current
patterns were disrupted and temperatures
markedly lower during late Cenozoic time. The
fossil record in the Pacific is meager but shows
that the warm-water element persisted in
southeastern California into the Pliocene.
Pliocene records in the Gulf of California and
Panama prove its continuance, and Pleistocene
occurrences are well distributed from Baja
California to Ecuador. In spite of the steep,
narrow continental slope, the old Tertiary
Caribbean Province fauna persists here, its
richest expression now in the environs of Panama
Bay.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

47

MARINE MOLLUSKS OF PANAMA BAY

Donald R. Shasky

734 W. Highland Avenue
Redlands, California 92373

The spring tidal range at Panama City,
Panama, is between 4.9 and 5.2 meters (16 to 17
feet), with broad expanses uncovered at low tide.
Most intertidal areas, both east and west of
Panama City, contain the expected species of
mollusks. However, within the area west of
Panama City and the Panama Canal entrance is a
relatively small area in which molluscan species
that are usually taken only offshore may be
observed intertidally. This small area is bounded
by Palo Seco, Canal Zone, on the east and Vera
Cruz (Camaron), Panama, on the west, with
Venado Island at its hub, a total distance of about
8 kilometers.

One or more as-yet unknown factors, in
addition to the low tides, may be responsible for
this phenomenon because:

(1) A large number of “offshore” species are
found here intertidally.

(2) Similar zones of equally low tides occur at
Farfan and Kobe Beaches within this area but
rarely have “offshore” species.

(3) The “offshore” species are rarely taken on
the exposed flats on the outside of Venado Island
— just on the inside.

(4) The “offshore” species are sometimes
taken here at plus tides when relatively little area
is exposed.

The following is a partial list of the “offshore”
species that have been taken in this area alive
intertidally. To my knowledge none have
previously been reported from the intertidal zone.

Leptopecten tumbezensis (Orbigny, 1846)

Semele junonia (Verrill, 1870)

Alora gouldii (A. Adams, 1857)

Natica grayi (Philippi, 1852)

N.idiopoma (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)

N. Othello (Dali, 1908)

N. broderipiana (Recluz, 1844)

N.elenae (Recluz, 1844)

Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby, 1825)

Distorsio constricta (Broderip, 1833)

D- decussata (Valenciennes, 1832)

Bursa nana (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)
Pterynotus pinniger (Broderip, 1833)

Aspella indentata (Carpenter, 1857)

Trophon carduus (Broderip, 1833)

Strombina dorsata (Sowerby, 1932)

SUurrita (Sowerby, 1832)

Latirus concentricus (Reeve, 1847)

L mediamericanus (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)
Lyria barnesii (Gray, 1825)

Subcancilla gigantea (Reeve, 1844)
Cancellaria decussata (Sowerby, 1832)
C^gemmulata (Sowerby, 1832)

C. ventricosa (Hinds, 1843)

C.tessellata (Sowerby, 1832)

C.jayana (Keen, 1958)

C,balboae (Pilsbry, 1931)

Ctmitriformis (Sowerby, 1832)

C. clavatula (Sowerby, 1832)

C»bulbulus (Sowerby, 1832)

C^solida (Sowerby, 1832)

Conus orion (Broderip, 1833)

Cducidus (Wood, 1828)

CAornatus (Sowerby, 1833)

Calliclava albolaqueata (Carpenter, 1865)
Crassispira maura (Sowerby, 1834)
Ctturricula (Sowerby, 1834)

48

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

SOME RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY -
SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE SURVEY OF PANAMA
1971 - 1975

Joseph Rosewater

National Museum of Natural History
Washington, D.C. 20560

A survey of the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of
Panama that involved intertidal and shallow water
collecting and included sampling of all canal locks
has been conducted since 1971 to obtain an
adequate and timely representation of the fauna
prior to proposed construction of a sea level canal.
The area has been visited at least twice a year, in
spring and fall, and several additional trips were
made at irregular intervals. The substantial
collections of mollusks obtained have been
processed at the National Museum of Natural
History, and 340 species from Panama’s
Caribbean coast have been identified, as
compared with 534 species reported by Olsson &
McGinty (1958), 322 by Bayer, et al. (1970), and
297 by Radwin (1969) from the same general area.
Specimens from the Pacific coast currently are
being classified. We hope that these recently
made collections, when combined with those
already in the NMNH. will provide “baseline
before” material for study of the fauna in the
event the oceans are connected by a passageway
allowing the biota to move more freely between
the Pacific and Caribbean.

Virtually nothing was known of the molluscan
fauna of the Panama Canal locks with the
exception of the few species mentioned by
Hildebrand (1939) and sporadic mention else-
where. The Gatun Locks were surveyed in March
1974 (Rosewater, 1975). Collections were also
made when the upper and lower Miraflores Locks
and Pedro Miguel Lock on the Pacific end of the
Canal were dewatered in August 1974 and
February 1975, respectively. These have been
analyzed and the data are presented in Table I.

Of the 74 species collected in the locks the
numbers are considerably higher in the Mira-
flores complex than they are in the Gatun Locks.
This appears to be correlated with the higher
salinity values at Miraflores, but possibly also in
part to a richer fauna in Panama Bay than in
Limon Bay, the latter explanation suggested by
F.M. Bayer (pers. comm.).

Two lock-occurring species live at each end of
the canal in both the Miraflores and Gatun locks:
Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz, 1849) (Dreissenidae)

Table 1

Mollusks of Panama Canal Locks
Lock Salinity ^ Number of Species

Miraflores

Lower

12-30 + V®®

59(M-B)

Upper

1.5-6V°°

19(B-F)

Pedro Miguel

.1-.3V°° (.5?)

3 (B-F)

Gatun

Upper

.1-.3V°°

2 (B-F)

Middle

1-2.5V°°

4 (B-F)

Lower

5.7-14.3°/'’°

lO(B-M)
^ Total = (74)

B = Brackish
F = Fresh
M = Marine

1 Salinity ranges from Jones & Dawson (1973)

2 Total number of species collected alive in locks,
excepting repetitions in some locks.

and Alexania floridana (Pilsbry, 1945) (Epiton-
iidae) found in the lower lock at both ends and
which may be transported on fouling organisms
such as anemones attached to ships.

The discovery of Alexania floridana in the
locks was surprising. Its habitat in 21 to 24
meters of water on the floor of the locks contrasts
strongly with that usually reported: high tide line
among rocks. In connection with these studies
Alexania now also is known to occur in the Gulf of
California where it was discovered by M.J.
Goldsmith in 1973 at Sonora, Mexico (pers.
comm.). The genus Alexania has now been found
in Florida, the Gulf of Mexico area, on each side
of the Panama Canal, in the Gulf of California, in
South Africa, southern India and Japan. It
usually has been reported to be associated with
the anemone Aiptasiomorpha luciae (Verrill) a
cosmopolitan species (Hedgpeth, 1954; Pilsbry,
1945; Robertson & Oyama, 1958; Robertson &

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

49

Habe, 1965). Alexania may be confused with
Recluzia (J anthinidae) which it resembles strong-
ly in many shell and soft-part characters. A
helpful distinguishing feature is the presence of
an operculum in Alexania and its absence in the
pelagic Recluzia.

Aligena cokeri Dali, 1909, is listed by Keen
(1971) in the family Montacutidae and by Abbott
(1974) in Lasaeidae of which the former is
declared a synonym. It is a member of the large
group of small clams belonging to the Superfamily
Galeommatacea (Erycinacea) which often are
associated with other invertebrate animals as
commensals or perhaps as parasites (Boss, 1965).

When Dali described A. cokeri he stated that it
was found attached to Cho^etopterus-like worm
tubes, the makers of which lived in the beach at
Capon, Peru. The same bivalve, was found at
Pilot House Beach Naos, Island, next to the
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Labora-
tory on the Pacific side of Panama, attached to the
tubes of the annelid, Mesochaetopterus alipes
Monroe, 1933, by M.L. Jones.

To date all reported commensals of species of
Aligena have been polychaetes (Boss, 1965;
Gage, 1968; Harry, 1969; Table 2). The only
association described in detail is that of Aligena
elevata which was loosely attached near the lower
end of the tube of the worm, Clymenella torquata
(Leidy, 1855), and which moved around freely in
that vicinity, apparently feeding on food stirred
up by the burrowing activities of the worm in the
sand interstices (Gage, 1968).

the animal and shell which are applied to the
tube. Further observation may reveal that the
clam utilizes the current in the worm’s tube for its
own respiration and feeding. If this is the case it
is a unique association, although quite possibly
similar associations are entered into by the other
Aligena exhibiting valve furrows like those of A.
cokeri.

Aligena cokeri seems to be distributed
sparsely on the upper 10cm of the worm tubes.
Clams of the family Montacutidae (or Lasaeidae)
are known to brood their young within the mantle
cavity (Gage, 1968), and A. cokeriis no exception.
Young clams are attached to the outside of the
worm tubes in the vicinity of adults and also
elsewhere on the tubes. It is possible that they
are released inside the worm tubes, find their way
out of the tubes and burrow through the sand to a
position on the exterior of the tube. It is also
possible they leave the mantle cavity of the adult
and directly attach to the worm tube without
passing into the tube cavity. An examination of
decalcified animals reveals 4 tracts of thickened
mantle tissue, 2 on each side of the area of byssal
extrusion and attachment. These correspond to
the position of the edges of the dorso-ventral
furrov/s in the valves. They appear to be capable
of engorgement with the clam’s body fluid thus
pressing the ventral mantle tissues against the
worm tube and making a tight seal for the
siphons.

Table 2

Aligena - Annelid Associations

Mollusk

Annelid

Distribution

Aligena cokeri Ball, 1909

Mesochaetopterus alipes Monro, 1933

Panamic

Aligena elevata (Stimpson, 1851)

Clymenella torquata (Leidy, 1955)

Mid-Atlantic

Aligena ~texasiana Harry, 1969

“Polychaetes”

Gulf of Mexico

Aligena cokeri is more permanently attached
to the tube of Mesochaetopterus alipes. Close
examination of the attachment site of the clam
reveals a byssal attachment with a perforation
through the tube on each side of that attachment.
When a clam is carefully examined in-situ it
appears that the perforations in the tube
correspond to the positions of incurrent and
excurrent siphonal openings on the ventral side of

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, R.T. 1974. American Seashells, 2nd
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York,
pp. 1-663

Bayer, F.M., G.L. Voss & C.R. Robins 1970.
Bioenvironmental and radiological safety
feasibility studies Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic

50

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

canal. Report on the marine fauna and benthic
shelf slope communities of the isthmian region.
Processed report (University of Miami): 99pp.,
appendix 311 pp.

Boss, K.J. 1965. Symbiotic Erycinacean Bivalves.
Malacologia 3(2): 183-195.

Gage, John. 1968. The mode of life of Montacuta
elevata, a bivalve ‘commensal’ with Clymenella
torquata (Polychaeta). Canadian Journal of
Zoology 46: 877-892.

Harry, H.W. 1969. A review of the living
Leptonacean bivalves of the Genus Aligena.
The Veliger 11(3): 164-181.

Hedgpeth, J.W. 1954. Anthozoa: the anemones.
Gulf of Mexico its origin, waters, and marine
life. Fishery Bull. 89, U.S. Department of
Interior. Fishery Bull. Fish and Wildlife Service
55: 285-290.

Hildebrand, S.F. 1939. The Panama Canal as a
passageway for fishes, with lists and remarks
on the fishes and invertebrates observed.
Zoological, N.Y. Zool. Soc. 24(1): 15-45.

Jones, M.L. & C.E. Dawson. 1973. Salinity-
temperature profiles in the Panama Canal
Locks. Mar. Biol. 21: 86-90.

Keen, A.M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West
America, 2nd ed. Stanford University Press.
1064p.

Olsson, A. A. and T.L. McGinty. 1958. Recent
Marine Mollusks from the Caribbean Coast of
Panama with the description of some new
genera and species. Bull.Amer. Paleontology
39(177): 1-58.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1945. Stenacme floridana an
American member of the Amphibolacea. The
Nautilus 58(4): 112-116.

Radwin, G.E. 1969. A Recent Molluscan Fauna
from the Caribbean Coast of Southeastern
Panama. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.
15(14): 229-236.

Robertson, R. & K. Oyama. 1958. The Family
Stenacmidae. The Nautilus 72(2): 68-69.

Robertson, R.&T. Habe. 1965. Alexania replaces
Habea (Epitoniidae). The Nautilus 78(4):

140-141.

Rosewater, J. 1975. Mollusks of Gatun Locks,
Panama Canal. Bull. Amer. Malac. Union, Inc.
1974: 42-43.

RECENT AND FOSSIL TYPHINAE OF THE NEW WORLD
Anthony D’Attilio

Natural History Museum , Dept. Invertebrate Zoology
Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390
San Diego, California 92212

There are 53 nominal species of Recent and
fossil Typhinae in the New World; of these, 33 are
extinct and 20 are living. A comparison of the
present distribution of the Recent species on the
two sides of Panama reveals nine Caribbean and
eleven Panamic species. One of the nine
Caribbean species is undescribed and is now in
press. Two species included in the nine known
Caribbean species, Typhinellus sowerbii and
Typhina cleryi, also are found in the eastern
Atlantic, and T. sowerbyi also occurs in the
Mediterranean. Thus, only seven typhine species
are strictly limited to the Caribbean province.

As in other groups of mollusks, several Recent
species-pairs, or cognates, can be identified on
the two sides of the Panamic, and these are:

Western Atlantic Eastern Pacific

1) Tripterotyphis lowei

2) Pterotyphis pinnatus fimbriatus

3) Talityphis sp. latipennis

(Southern Caribbean)

Additional cognate-like resemblances are
apparent between some recent species in the
eastern Pacific and extinct western Atlantic
species.

Only two of the known fossil species occur in a
presently non-tropical region, the Californian
Talityphis lampada Keen and Laevityphis anti-
quus Gabb. The remaining 31 extinct species all
have been found in tropical formations of the
Tertiary Caribbean Faunal Province, as defined
by Woodring in 1966. In other words, no known
extinct typhine species are strictly Panamic in
distribution. Although there is some controversy
as to the precise date of closure of the
Atlantic- Pacific seaways, many workers, includ-
ing Woodring, seem to think that it could not have
happened before the late Pliocene or early
Pleistocene (2-3 million years ago). This

Bulletin of the American Maiacological Union, Inc., 1975

51

observation is noteworthy in that there are three
genera represented in the modern Panamic
province that are not, known to be represented in
the Tertiary Caribbean province. These genera,
all monotypic are Typhisopsis (T. coronatus),

Haustellotyphis (H. cumingit), and Cinclidotyphis
(C. myrae). Another genus apparently in this
category is Distichotyphis {D. vemae), but its
abyssal habitat and its morphology suggest that it
should not be compared with other typhines.

FAUNAL AFFINITIES OF THE ARCHITECTONICIDAE
IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC

Robert Robertson

Department of Malacology, The Academy of Natural Sciences,
19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.

The architectonicid fauna of the eastern
Pacific is depauperate, only 10 living species
being known in the region. The genera
Pseudomalaxis and Philippia are absent. In the
western Atlantic 21 living architectonicid species
are known, while in the eastern Atlantic and
Mediterranean there are 19 species (Merrill &
Robertson, unpublished; these numbers include 5
undescribed species). In the Atlantic and
Mediterranean as a whole there are 30 species
because 10 occur on both sides of the Atlantic (2 of
these are separable as subspecies pairs). The
genera Pseudomalaxis and Philippia respectively
comprise 4 and 5 Atlantic species.

The living eastern Pacific architectonicids
comprise 3 non-endemic species (Heliacus
perrieri (Rochebrune, 1881), H. trochoides
(Deshayes, 1830); and Architectonica nobilis
Roding, 1798), 2 endemic subspecies {H. architae
panamensis Bartsch, 1918; and H. caelatus
planispira Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932), and 5 endemic
species [H. bicanaliculatus (Valenciennes, 1832);
H. mazatianicus Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932; H. n. sp.
aff. H. alleryi (Monterosato, 1878); H. radialis
(Dali, 1908); and Discotectonica placentalis
(Hinds, 1844;.].

Judging either by identity or close conchologi-
cal similarity, 6 living eastern Pacific architect-
onicids {Heliacus perrieri, H. mazatianicus, H. n.
sp., fH. radialis, Ajchitectonica nobilis, and
Discotectonica placentalis) have closest faunal
affinities with Atlantic species. Two {H. architae
panamensis and H. bicanaliculatus) have about
equal Atlantic and Indo- West- Pacific affinities.
H. caelatus planispira would have closest
Indo-West-Pacific affinities were it not for the
closely similar iT. stonemanae (Maury, 1917) from
Middle Miocene strata of the Dominican Republic
and Panama. Only H. trochoides has unequivocal
Indo-West-Pacific affinities.

Heliacus trochoides is here newly reported in
the eastern Pacific, 1 living specimen having been

collected by Twila Bratcher at Ayangue, Ecuador,
an extension of known range 4,000 mi. eastward
from the Marquesas. It is doubtful whether a
breeding population is established in Ecuador,
the specimen possibly having originally come
from Polynesia as a veliger in the equatorial
countercurrent.

The other 2 non-endemic species are of
geological antiquity in middle America, the stock
of Heliacus perrieri being represented in the
Upper Pliocene by H. robertsae Durham, 1950,
and the fossil record of Architectonica nobilis
extending back to the Lower Miocene. The shells
of A. nobilis tend to be more darkly colored than
those in the Atlantic. The only other difference so
far detected between eastern Pacific and Atlantic
A. nobilis is that in the former region protoconch
size is unimodal while in the latter region it is
bimodal (Pacific protoconchs accord with the
larger-sized Atlantic protoconchs).

Two other lineages of architectonicids still
present in the eastern Pacific have probably been
in the area continuously since at least the Miocene
or Pliocene. The stock of H. caelatus (Hinds,
1844) was represented by H. stonemanae (Maury,
1917) and H. lowei Durham, 1950 (Pleistocene,
Gulf of California). The stock of H. mazatianicus
and H. bisulcatus (Orbigny, 1842), its Atlantic
homologye, was represented by “Architectonica”
eurybis Olsson, 1964 (Lower Miocene, Ecuador).
H. anaglyptus Woodring, 1959 (Middle Miocene,
Panama) is the only fossil architectonicid from the
late Cenozoic in the region with no living
homologue in middle America or the Atlantic.

The Architectonicidae are an old, slowly
evolving group sometimes developing forms
which are widely disjunct geographically but
which are closely similar or even indistinguish-
able conchologically. Their zoogeography is
therefore of special interest. Only Heliacus
trochoides has recently succeeded in crossing
Ekman’s “East Pacific Barrier.”

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 19T5

LIVING CONUS FROM THE NEW WORLD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ‘TWIN SPECIES’,

William E. Old, Jr.

Department of Living and Fossil Invertebrates
The American Museum of Natural History
New York, New York 10024

Approximately 70 living species of Conus
occur in the New World, of which about 30 are
distributed in the Panamic Marine Province, and
about 40 species occur in the tropical Western
Atlantic. A number of species occurring in the
two provinces can be recognized as ‘twin species,’

or cognate pairs. The remaining American
species do not appear to have close living
relatives.

The following taxa apparently represent New
World cognates:

C.

C.

C.

C.

C.

c.

c.

c.

c.

c.

c.

Eastern Pacific

Western Atlantic

brumieus Wood, 1828
gladiator Broderip, 1833
purpurascens Sowerby, 1833
orion Broderip, 1833
virgatus Reeve, 1849
regularis Sowerby, 1833
regularis monilifer Broderip, 1833
arcuatus Broderip & Sowerby, 1829
poormani Berry, 1968
recurvus Broderip, 1833
perplexus Sowerby, 1857

C. regius Gmelin, 1791
C. mus Hwass, 1792

C. ermtneus Born, \lld){ = testudinarius Hwass,

1792)

C. beddomei Sowerby, 1901 { = brasiliensis

Clench, 1942)

C. daucus Hwass, 1792
C. clerii Reeve, 1844
C. floridanus Gabb, 1868
C. austini Rehder & Abbott, 1951
C. villepini Fischer & Bernardi, 1857
C. centurio Born, 1778
C. pygmaeus Reeve, 1844

The following American species are strikingly
similar to Old World species:

Conus aurantius Hwass, 1792
C. calif ornicus Hinds, 1844
C. vittatus Hwass, 1792
C. lucidus Wood, 1828

C. cabritii Bernardi, 1858 (New Caledonia)
C. africanus Kiener, 1849 (West Africa)

C. cumingii Reeve, 1848 (Western Pacific)
C. boschi Clover, 1972 (Muscat)

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION AND NICHE PARTITIONING
IN NORTH AMERICAN CREPIDULA (GASTROPODA: CALYPTRAEIDAE)

K. Elaine Hoagland Davis

Department of Biology, Lehigh University,

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015

Sympatric congeners present an array of
interesting questions to ecologists. How do
closely-related species partition the available
resources? Do differences in morphology reflect
species differences in niche dimensions? Why are
there more congeners in some localities than in
others? How can we explain the existence of

comparable yet distinct species on different
coasts, often matched one for one within a genus
or a family? The genus Crepidula is ideal for the
study of such questions, for much is known of its
patterns of morphology, life history, and
sympatry.

The “niche” is the composite of those

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

53

elements which characterize a species’ existence
in its environment, and therefore is multidimen-
sional. Usually, the ranges which a species
occupies along three or four niche “axes” are
sufficient to discriminate niches of closely-related
species. Axes may include such factors as food
size, technique of food acquisition, substrate
preference, time of activity, vertical range of
feeding, and horizontal living space. The axes are
related to limited resources, especially food and
space.

In Crepidula, there are five basic ecological-
morphological groups (guilds) which I have
delineated by multivariate analysis of species
characters. Each group is composed of species
whose ranges rarely overlap, but sympatry of
species between groups is common. Each group
contains species with similar niche dimensions.
The groups are:

1. Large, convex, subtidal species which are
photopositive, form stacks upon one another, and
have veliger larvae — C. fornicata, C. onyx,
probably C. dilatata.

2. Small, convex, inter- or subtidal species
with no veliger stage and no stacking. The young
are photopositive but not gregarious. — C.
convexa, C. adunca, probably C. rostrata.

3. Moderate to large, concave or flat species
living subtidally without stacking. They are
characterized by photonegative habits, loss of
shell pigment, and frequent occupation of inner
surfaces of dead shells. — C. plana, C.
nummaria.

4. Small to moderate, flat species with wide
depth and latitudinal ranges, and which do not
form stacks but live usually at low density on
boulders or dead shells. — C. dorsata, C.

aculeata.

5. Moderate-sized species living offshore on
shells, not forming stacks. — C. maculosa, C.
norrisiarum.

Additional morphological and ecological
characters aid in separation. On the basis of these
groups, the major habitat dimensions for
Crepidula are: 1) type of substrate; 2) light
preference; 3) depth preference; and 4) a general
size factor, which is correlated with species of
predators and types of larval development, hence
mortality schedules and timing of development of
the larvae. Size also partially dictates substrate
preferences since food particle size probably is
related to body size, although this is not proven

for Crepidula. Whether or not filter-feeding
organisms are ever limited by food is also not
known. It is important to note that physiological
tolerances are not in themselves niche dimen-
sions.

In warm climates, particularly Panama, there
are several Crepidula species from each of the five
guilds. Moving north to temperate areas, the
numbers are reduced to one from each guild, and
finally in cold climates (New England and Alaska)
the guilds intermediate in adult size drop out.
This indicates the importance of adult size as a
niche discriminator, and shows that niche
broadening occurs in cold temperate regions,
where some critical resources are perhaps not
great enough, or consistent enough, or temporally
dipersed enough, to allow closer species packing.
However, temperate zones on both coasts of
America are characterized by higher numbers of
individuals per species than the tropics.

There are ecological and morphological
equivalents for Crepidula on the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of North America (and elsewhere in
the world) which are not necessarily closely
related, as indicated by shell features such as
muscle scars and the shape of the internal
septum. Convergence or parallel evolution has
occurred, so that Crepidula fit into similar
ecological roles in geographically separted but
comparably-organized shallow subtidal benthic
communities; that is, there is convergence of the
communities as a whole.

Because of the correspondence of morpho-
logical and ecological-behavioral characters, it is
possible to predict the life history patterns of
some species. For example, C. excavata and C.
dilatata are expected to parallel C. fornicata and
C. onyx, while C. rostrata is expected to be
analogous to C. convexa and C. adunca. One can
also predict competition at least for space to occur
between members of the same guild if one of the
species is transported to the locality of another

hence C. fornicata and C. onyx probably

could not coexist at equilibrium. Finally, the
colonizing ability of a given Crepidula species is
determined in part by whether or not its guild is
represented and by the degree of species packing
which already exists in the new locale. The
reason C. fornicata has done so well in Europe
and the Pacific Northwest is that there was a lack
of Crepidula from guild number one, and a lack of
organisms from other genera assuming this role,
allowing C. fornicata to fill a void.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

EASTERN PACIFIC-WESTERN ATLANTIC FAUNAL AFFINITIES
-MURICINAE AND MURICOPSINAE

Emily H. Vokes

Department of Geology Tulane University,

New Orleans, Louisiana 70118

As predominantly shallow-water, tropical
mollusks, the majority of the members of the
muricid subfamilies Muricinae and Muricopsinae
are well represented in the ranks of twin-species,
or cognates, found in both the western Atlantic
and eastern Pacific faunas.

Among the Muricinae the genus-groups of
Murex, s.s., Phyllonotus, Hexaplex or Murican-
thus, Aspella, Dermomurex, Calotrophon, and
Attiliosa all have several cognates within their
ranks and evolutionary patterns are especially
well exemplified among certain of the lines, such
as Murex, s.s., and Muricanthus.

What is more surprising are the genus-groups
that are not present on one side of the Isthmus but
are on the other. Thus the genus groups of
Chicoreus, s.s., Siratus, and Pterynotus are in the
Atlantic but totally lacking in the Pacific. It is

assumed that the ecologic niches that the species

of these groups might have invaded were already
occupied by some other line. Likewise Paziella is
moderately common in the deeper waters of the
western Atlantic but represented by a single
deepwater form from the Galapagos Islands in the
Pacific. In contrast, Purpurellus is found in the
eastern Pacific and the eastern Atlantic, but is not
present in the western Atlantic today, although it
is present in the fossil record.

The subfamily Muricopsinae is especially
noteworthy for the prepondance of cognates,
virtually every species having its twin. The single
exception to this is the genus-group Homalocan-
tha, again found in the eastern Pacific and the
eastern Atlantic but never at any time in the
western Atlantic.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

ABSTRACTS AND TITLES OF PAPERS
PRESENTED AT JOINT MEETING

CERBERILLA MOSSLANDICA, MCDONALD & NYBAKKEN, 1975,

A NEW SPECIES OF NUDIBRANCH FROM MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA,

WITH COMMENTS ON OTHER ENIGMATIC OR UNDESCRIBED SPECIES FROM CALIFORNIA.

Gary McDonald

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
P.O. Box 223
Moss Landing, Ca. 95039

Abstract

During a benthic sampling program conducted
in Monterey Bay, California, in 1971-1972, 112
specimens of a small eolid were collected. Later
study showed that it is most closely allied to the
genus Cerberilla. This new species, Cerberilla
mosslandica, was found in depths of 16 to 63
meters on a mud-sand bottom.

In the laboratory C. mosslandica was found to
burrow into the substrate and to feed upon an
as-yet unidentified burrowing sea anemone. This
species had been found by earlier benthic
sampling programs, as evidenced by specimens in
collections from Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific
Grove, California.

A number of other unidentified species occur
both intertidally and subtidally along the
California coast, such as Coryphella sp.,
Trinchesia sp., Dendrodoris sp., and a number of
porostomes and other nudibranchs which have not
yet been assigned to a genus. Coryphella sp. and
Trinchesia sp. are not yet identified with a species
because the genera are large and each extant
species must be checked to be sure that they are
not already named from another part of the world.
The porostomes are particularly difficult because
they lack a radula or other hard structure which is
taxonomically useful.

OREOHELICID LAND SNAILS OF THE SALMON RIVER VALLEY, IDAHO

Alan Solem

Department of Zoology,

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605

More taxa of Oreohelix occur in the Salmon
River Valley of Idaho near Riggins, Lucile and
White Bird than in any other part of the range for
the genus. Most of the species are allopatric, with
clear differences in preferred niche and exposure,
but in one place both Oreohelix strigosa strigosa
(Gould, 1846) and Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932,
occur in the same small rock piles. Differences in
shell, radula, pallial and genital structures of
these two populations are used as a standard
against which to measure the significance of
differences between allopatric populations. If
differences in shell, radula and genitalia are equal
or greater than the differences found between the
sympatric species, then species level different-
iation is hypothesized. The ecological differ-
ences, such as shaded rock piles, small rock piles

on steep slopes, deep limestone talus, water worn
stream side boulders or flood inundated talus,
under boulders in flat grasslands, and deep
volcanic rock talus, also serve to distinguish

species.

These probably are relicts, not taxa in a phase
of active speciation, and generally occur in very
limited colonies. At least two taxa, Oreohelix
idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) and
Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975, are in clear and
imminent danger of extinction due to human
disturbance of their limited colonies. Recommen-
dations for their protection have been made to the
Federal Office of Endangered Species in the
Department of the Interior. (Many aspects of this
paper were published in The Veliger, vol. 17,
number 1, pp. 16-30, July 1, 1975.)

55

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

ASHMUNELLAS OF THE SAN ANDRES AND ORGAN MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO AND
FRANKLIN MOUNTAINS, TEXAS

Artie L. Metcalf

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas

at El Paso, Texas 79968 Abstract

In extreme western Texas and south central
New Mexico are three mountain ranges, the San
Andres, Organ and Franklin, listed north to
south. Three species-groups of the genus
Ashmunella (Pulmonata: Polygyridae) are repre-
sented in the mountains. On Salinas Peak,
northern San Andres Mts., occurs A. salinasensis
Vagvolgyi, a species belonging to the group of A.
rhyssa (Dali), which is widespread in the Sierra
Blanca and Sacramento Mts. to the east. A.
organensis Pilsbry is presently restricted to the
Organ Mts., but there is fossil evidence
suggesting former, more widespread occurrence
of an “A. organensis group.” All other
Ashmunellas of these mountains seem to belong
to an “A. kochi group.” The type locality of A. k.
kochi Clapp, one of the largest Ashmunellas, is
judged to be on Black Brushy Mt. in the southern
San Andres Mts. Immediately to the north on San

Andres Peak is a smaller relative, A. kochi
sanandresensis Vagvolgyi. At least one other,
undescribed member of the A. kochi group occurs
in the southern San Andres Mts. In the Organ
Mts. occurs A. auriculata Vagvolgyi, a small
member of the A. kochi group, as well as an
undescribed species. Among the most highly
modified of Ashmunellas, conchologically, is A.
pasonis (Drake), with two subspecies occurring in
the Franklin Mts., a more northern A. p. pasonis
(Drake) and a more southern subspecies, A. p.
polygyroidea Vagvolgyi. A.p. pasonis is judged to
be more advanced, conchologically, A. p.
polygyroidea more conservative. It is suggested
that a propagule from the northern {A. p. pasonis)
subspecies somehow reached the San Andres
Mts., where A. p. pasonis also occurs in two
separated areas in the central and southern part
of the range.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FAMILY CAECIDAE ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF THE AMERICAS

Bertram C. Draper

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
900 Exposition Blvd.

Los Angeles, California 90007

Abstract

In 1850 Gray named the family Caecidae from
a single genus Caecum Fleming, 1813. We now
recognize 4 genera on the American Pacific
Coast -Caecwm; Elephantanellum Bartsch, 1920;
Elephantulum Carpenter, 1857; and Fartulum
Carpenter, 1857. The genus Caecum includes two
subgenera. Caecum, s.s., and Micranellum
Bartsch, 1920. Over 200 species of Caecidae have
been named worldwide, and 56 of these are from
the American Pacific Coast.

After years of uncertainty, the family Caecidae
has been placed in the superfamily Rissoacea by
Dr. Donald Moore in 1962, on the basis of
anatomical characteristics. A chronology of the
naming of Caecid species from the Eastern Pacific
starts with C.B. Adams naming of 7 species of
Caecum from Panama in 1852, five of which still
appear valid. Carpenter added 17 species and 5
varieties from Mazatlan, Mexico, in 1857 and 2
more from California in 1864. (Dali renamed one
of the latter in 1885 due to unavailability of
Carpenter’s name.)

In 1867 de Folin named 21 species from
Panama. His published descriptions appear to be
unavailable in most libraries, except for three
species refigured with English descriptions by
Tryon in 1887. Bartsch named 14 new species in
1920 from North American Pacific waters, but Dr.
Tucker Abbott synonymized all but three of
Bartsch’ s species in American Seashells, 1954.

Strong and Hertlein named 2 species from
Panama in 1939, and both are probably synonyms
of earlier-named species. Garrell Long added a
new species from the Gulf of California in 1972.
From Chile one species was named by J. Stuardo
in 1962, and a second was added by Louie
Marincovich in 1973.

The variability of the caecid shell sculpture,
especially between progressive growth stages as
well as in mature shells, has resulted in many
synonyms. The final total of valid Eastern Pacific
species should be far less than the original 56.

The tiny animals of the Caecidae are difficult
to study. They appear to feed on diatoms or other

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57

minute organisms in sand or under rocks. They
are monosexual, and their spawned eggs develop
into pelagic larvae. The earliest shell growth is of
coiled form similar to a vitrinellid. Then the shell
straightens out into a curved tube which enlarges
with growth either by gradual taper or by abrupt
enlargement of the shell diameter at irregular
growth periods. Both growing and mature shells
show marked variations in sculpture within most

species.

A plug or septum is developed to close the
posterior end of the postnuclear shell, and new
plugs are developed at intervals as needed, the
older portion of the shell being truncated at the
position of the newer plug. The caecid operculum
is of horny or corneous material, circular and
multispiral, often appearing to have two or three
layers.

ON SOME SPECIES OF DISCODORIS
AND THE USE OF THE RADULA IN NUDIBRANCH TAXONOMY

Hans Bertsch

Donner Laboratory and Department of Zoology, University of California

Berkeley, California 94720 Abstract

Many taxonomic groups have turned out to be
little more than size categories. In particular,
species of opisthobranch mollusks have often
been differentiated based on size differences of
the radulae or other parts of the anatomy, only
later to be synonymized because researchers
collect intermediate forms.

Certain opisthobranch species have a wide
range of radular variation in the number of rows
of teeth and the number of teeth per half-row.
Regression analyses show that these variations

indicate merely differences in size, not in taxa.
The number of teeth alone cannot be used to
establish the validity of a new species. If the
radular count is a criterion for separation, the
relative proportion between the number of rows
and the number of teeth per half-row must be
considered.

The opisthobranch radula is an important
taxonomic character, but it must be treated as a
biological entity subject to variation, and not as
the product of a typological mold.

THE ORIGIN OF FOLIATED-CALCITE SHELL MICROSTRUCTURE IN THE SUBCLASS
PTERIOMORPHA (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA)

Thomas R. Waller

Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D.C. 20560 Abstract

The ontogeny, taxonomic distribution, and
interrelationships of the major shell microstruc-
tures present in the shells of extant and fossil
Pteriomorphian bivalves suggest that the foliated
calcite of extant Pectinacea, Ostreacea, and
Anomiacea has evolved from simple prismatic
calcite, not nacreous aragonite as suggested by
others. Scanning electron microscopy of the early
growth stages of prisms in these groups reveals
that they are homogeneous in texture adjacent to
the periostracum. At later stages, folia appear
within the prisms themselves and in some groups,
notably the Propeamussiidae, a lateral, onto-
genetic transition occurs, with prismatic calcite
giving rise to foliated calcite. The reverse trend,
in which foliated calcite develops into prismatic
calcite, in unknown.

A nacreous origin of foliated calcite in unlikely
since there is an extensive taxonomic gap in the

distribution of the major aragonitic structures.
Nacre, which is prominent in the extant
Mytilacea, Pinnacea, and Pteriacea, is absent
from extant groups which bear foliated calcite.
When aragonitic layers other than myostraca are
present in foliated shells, they are crossed
lamellar. A nacreous origin is also unlikely for
functional reasons. If shell strength has been
important in evolution, which seems likely in view
of the epifaunal habits of most members of the
subclass, then foliated calcite is a poor
replacement of nacre because it is inferior in all
mechanical properties thus far measured.

The most likely hypothesis is that foliated
calcite evolved as a functional analogue of nacre
in certain groups that for some unknown reason
lost the ability to secrete nacre very early in their
history. The ancestors of foliated-calcite bearing
groups probably had simple prismatic calcitic

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outer layers and crossed-lamellar aragonitic inner
layers. Foliated calcite evolved later as a middle
layer derived from and underlying the prismatic
structure. The foliated structure then increased
in prominence until prismatic structure itself was
eliminated from one or both valves, as in many of
the modern Pectinacea, Ostreacea, and Ano-
miacea. As discussed elsewhere, more elaborate
surface sculpture, including sharp spines and
scales, can be developed from foliated structure
than from prismatic, and such sculpture is of

obvious adaptive significance for epifaunal

groups.

Contrary to reports that the outer shell layer in
the Limacea consists of finely foliated calcite,
scanning electron microscopy reveals that it has a
distinctive microstructure that may have evolved
separately from that of the true foliated groups.

An ongoing survey of shell microstructure in
fossil Pteriomorphia thus far supports these
hypothetical trends.

STRUCTURES OF RECENT CEPHALOPOD RADULAE

Alan Solem and Clyde F.E. Roper

Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Invertebrate Zoology (Mollusks), National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

A review of published scanning electron
micrographs of cephalopod radulae, together with
illustrations of the radula of Loligo plei,
Histioteuthis dofleini, Vampyroteuthis infernalis,
and Octopus briareus permit identification of
different functions for marginal plates, clear
distinction between teeth and plates, and
clarification of the basic number and patterns of
teeth and plates in major taxonomic categories.
Marginal plates may function either to erect outer
marginal teeth or to support them against stress.
Nautiloid cephalopods differ from coleoids in
having two extra lateral teeth and two inner
marginal support plates. Coleoids vary in cusp
patterns on the rachidian and lateral teeth, with
the teuthoids varying from possession of strong
marginal plates to their complete loss. Octopods
are characterized by a greatly reduced lateral
tooth, a very enlarged and usually multicuspid
rachidian tooth, and massive marginal plates.
Vampyroteuthis is unique among examined

species in having an anterior prolongation of the
rachidian that provides support against stress
during feeding. The conspicuous grooves present
on the teeth of many cephalopods function during
compaction or infolding of the teeth towards the
midline of the radula. These grooves cause the
outer teeth to “lock” down either on the support
plates (Nautilus) or against the inner marginals
and laterals (coleoids). When the outer marginal
plates are greatly reduced or lost, the grooving on
the teeth often is reduced or lost and a different
pattern of tooth folding and/or erection is
evolved. In some teuthoid taxa that lack marginal
plates an entirely new structure is present, a
marginal tooth ligament that extends from the
anterior basal plate of the outer marginal tooth to
either the basal membrane or the posterior part of
the basal plate of the next anterior outer marginal
tooth. This structure was not reported previously.
(This paper was published in The Veliger, vol. 18,
number 2, October 1, 1975.)

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS ASPELLA (GASTROPODA; MURICIDAE)

George E. Radwin

Department of Invertebrate Zoology , Natural History Museum.

Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92212 Abstract

The genus Aspella includes some of the
strangest-looking muricids. Their shells are, in
general, small, white, compressed, and lack
spines. On the basis of their flattened shells they
were assigned by many 19th century authors to
the bursid genus Ranella. In spite of their
un-Murex-like appearance, they have been

assigned to the Muricidae since Dali’s time on the
strength of the clearly muricoid radular dentition.

Although many muricid supraspecific groups
seem to intergrade with allied groups, no clear
lines of demarcation being apparent, Aspella is a
notable exception. It is well-defined and separate
from virtually all muricid genera and is distinctive

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59

in its reduced number of adult varices and
flattened body whorl.

Although confused by some workers with
Favartia, it appears that these two genera do not
even belong in the same muricid subfamily.
Another confusion stems from the mistaken use of
Aspella as a genus for species properly assigned
to Dermomurex (e.g., D. obeliscus and D.

■ paupercula). These two genera, although closely
related, are easily separated by the differences in
the cross-sectional shape of the body whorl (round
in Dermomurex, elliptical in Aspella) and the
fewer varices in the body whorl of the latter
genus.

The fossil record of Aspella is sparse, but it
seems to first appear in the Oligocene of France.
Although first appearing in the fossil record of
European areas, there are no species living today
throughout the eastern Atlantic proper.

Recent Aspella has a world-wide tropical and
subtropical distribution in moderately shallow
water. Although there are five nominal species

available, a problem has clouded the genus, as
there appears to be no way to determine the
identity of the type species, Aspella anceps
Lamarck, 1822. The unfigured holotype has not
been recognized in the Lamarckian Collection. In
addition, the description, which is apparently of a
beachworn specimen, would fit almost any
species of Aspella. Fortunately, for the integrity
of the genus, the generic concept would not be
changed if an appeal to the ICZN were made to
change the type species to one more readily
recognized; the species of Aspella all resemble
each other quite closely in characters of generic
rank.

In addition to the four recognizable species of
Aspella, I have identified seven other species that
differ from each other in their sculptural details
and in the microsculpture of the intritacalx, the
soft, flat-white, chalky layer that is a prominent
feature of this group. The new species are to be
described in an appendix to our book, now in
press.

THE NUDIBRANCH DENDRONOTUS FRONDOSUS: IS IT ONE SPECIES OR FOUR?

Gordon A. Robilliard

Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 3489 Kurtz Street
San Diego, California 92110

Abstract

The nu dibranch, Dendronotus frondosus, is a
circumboreal species which shows considerable
variation in color, color pattern, and external
morphology though the usual taxonomic charact-
eristics (radula, jaws, reproductive system) are
remarkably conservative. However, on the basis
of observations and data obtained over a six-year
period in the San Juan Islands, Washington, I am
able to show that the “species” D. frondosus is
actually comprised of three and probably four
ecologically distinct populations. The four
phenotypes which may be distinguished on the
basis of color-— red mottled, white, dark brown,

light brown — — can also be distinguished
ecologically primarily on the basis of prey and
secondarily on the basis of habitat (substratum
and water depth). The evidence for genetic
isolation of these phenotypes is less convincing
and, at present, is circumstantial. A series of
critical laboratory experiments designed to
answer specific questions about the genetic
isolation of the phenotypes are suggested. Until
these experiments are completed, D. frondosus as
presently described is provisionally accepted as a
valid species comprised of a number of
ecologically discrete populations.

NOTES ON FUSITRITON

Robert R. Talmadge

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco, California 94118

Although I have seen several brief notations
that the marine gastropod Fusinus oregonensis
(Redfield, 1846) is utilized by the Indians of the
Pacific Northwest as food, I have been unable to
substantiate this. The flavor of the flesh is not
only bitter, but has a strong aftertaste of iodine,

Abstract

and when placed in a frying pan emits an
objectionable odor. For some reason when boiled
this odor is not present. Apparently, there are no
natural, intertidal predators of this snail.

In Japan I learned that in some regions
Fusitrition oregonensis is consumed by the local

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

inhabitants, and in some regions they are fished
and exported to major cities. However, in the
extreme nothern area the species is discarded
because of its flavor. The less common F. galea
Kuroda and Habe, 1961, with a milder flavor, is
used more often as food, but at the present time
the commercial range of this species is restricted
because of pollution and overfishing.

The tiny Fusitrition midwayensis Habe and
Okutani 1968, is too small and uncommon to be
considered a food item. Some specimens have
been dredged in 900 + meters (500 fathoms) off a
plateau on the south side of the Gorda
Escarpment on the eastern end of the Mendocino
Fracture Zone.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF MONOPLACOPHORA FROM THE
CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

James H. McLean

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles Co. Museum of Natural History

900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007 ®

Several additional species of monoplaco-
phoran limpets have been described since the
original discovery by the Galathea Expedition in
1952 of the living species Neopilina galathea
Lemke, 1957, representing a class of mollusks
presumed extinct by the end of the Devonian. All
of the described species and additional records
have been reported from abyssal or hadal depths.

In 1965 two specimens of a limpet with a
maximum length of 2.4mm were taken on rocks
snagged on hook and line by a fisherman in the
vicinity of the Cortez Bank, due west of San
Diego, California, one at a depth of 174m, and the
other at 229m. The rocks bearing the limpets
were transmitted to Dr. S. Stillman Berry of
Redlands, California, who removed the extremely
small specimens, which had dried in place.

Because of my general interest in limpets, I
borrowed the specimens and prepared a radular
slide from one of them. At first 1 thought it
represented an unknown patellacean limpet, but
several months ago 1 realized that the radula had
the monoplacophoran formula consisting of a
narrow rachidian and five pairs of laterals, the
fourth pair bearing a broadly fringed cutting
edge. Although the animal of the first specimen

had been sacrificed for the radular preparation,
the remains of the animal in the second specimen
showed the typically monoplacophoran character-
istics of a tightly coiled intestine visible through
the shell, a velum, a posterior anus, and radiating
shell muscles. The sole of the foot was evidently
left on the rock upon removal, because the radular
sac is exposed and no traces of the monoplaco-
phoran gills can be found. The thin, oval shell has
an anteriorly positioned apex as do all living
species, but lacks all traces of the concentric or
clathrate sculpture known in the other living
species. On this distinction plus details of the
radula to be discussed elsewhere in the formal
description of the new species, a new genus is
indicated.

The relatively shallow water occurrence of a
living monoplacaphoran is contrary to all previous
expectations for the group. Of greater
importance, however, is the certainty that the new
form occurs attached to a hard substrate.
Previously described species have not been
associated with hard substrates and have been
presumed capable of existing on soft substrates, a
mode of life unknown in any of the limpet families
within the gastropods.

THE GENUS PILSBRYSPIRA: ITS POSITION IN HISTORY AND THE FAMILY TURRIDAE

Virginia O. Maes

Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Abstract

The genus Pilsbryspira Bartsch, 1950, (Turr-
idae: Prosobranchia) is commonly represented in
shallow, usually rocky, warm water habitats of the
Eastern Pacific and the Western Atlantic.

The group probably arose in early Pliocene in
the Caribbean basin from crassispirine stock.
Ancestral forms probably had beaded sculpture

similar to the Western Atlantic Pilsbryspira
leucocyma (Dali, 1883) known from Florida
Pliocene formations as well as the Recent. Strong
spiral shell sculpture, particularly a heavy
subsutural cord, appears to have developed after
the separation of the Eastern Pacific and Western
Atlantic faunas. Strong spiral sculpture is most

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

61

highly developed in Eastern Pacific species.
Protoconch whorls are slightly fewer and first
whorl diameter is greater in Western Atlantic
representatives.

The buccal masses of the six species of

Pilsbryspira examined by dissection and serial
sections are crassispirine in form. They have an
odontophoral cartilage, functional musculature,
and a radular ribbon. Examination of the radular
teeth in SEM preparations and glycerin jelly
mounts show them to be modified duplex, and
they are used attached to the radular ribbon

within the buccal cavity.

Species now allocated to the genus were
placed in Crassispira subgenus Monilispira
Bartsch & Rehder, 1939, on the basis of shell
characters. They were removed from the genus
and subfamily because the teeth were thought to
be of the hollow, true toxoglossate type which are
used singly at the tip of the oral tube (as in
Conus). This study shows sufficient distinction to
separate Pilsbryspira from Crassispira and
Monilispira. However, the genus Pilsbryspira
does belong in the subfamily Crassispirinae.

THE EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON ALGAE BY LIMPETS AND LITTORINES
Thomas Bachman

Department of Marine Biology, Lockhhed Ocean Laboratory
3380 North Harbor Drive, San Diego, California 92101

The requirement for substrate heterogeneity

by intertidal limpets and littorines was invest-
igated. On sea walls located at Hood Canal,
Washington, several exclusion experiments were
established in April 1974. By January 1975 limpet

and littorine removal areas were recolonized by

diatoms and ulvoids. The algae were most

abundant in winter, followed by a summer die off.
The technique of excluding habitat from Littorina
scutulata, L. planaxis, Collisella digitalis, C.
strigatella, and Notoacmea persona may enable
investigations on mechanism of co-existence by
these species.

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF S. STILLMAN BERRY

Leroy Poorman

15300 Magnolia St., Space 55 Abstract

Westminster, California 92673

This is a resume of major events and activities
in the life of S. Stillman Berry to the present time.

Ralph and Evelyn Berry, his parents, came
from Unity, Maine, to a homestead on the
Musselshell River in Montana in 1877 and 1878,
respectively. Six years later, Evelyn returned to
Unity, where, on March 16, 1887, twins were
born. One of the twins survived only a few hours.
The other became Dr. S. Stillman Berry.

The harsh Montana winters proved too severe
for the frail baby. The mother and boy spent the
next ten years traveling about, hunting for a
climate which his health could tolerate. At last,
they settled in Redlands, California, where he has
resided in the same house since 1913.

Stillman collected his first mollusk at Point
Judith, Rhode Island, when five years old. In
Redlands, at thirteen, he authored his first article.
The illustrated paper was published in St.
Nicholas Magazine and was about a cactus wren’s
nest.

The years from 1905 to 1909 were spent at
Stanford University. He received his Bachelor of

Arts Degree in 1909 together with keys from Phi
Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. During this time, he
had been in communication with Dali at the
National Museum. In 1907, Dali and Bartsch,
together and separately, named three molluscan
species after him.

The academic year 1909-1910 was spent at
Harvard where he met all the requirements for a
Master of Science Degree. In September, 1910,
he returned to Stanford and was home when his
father died in June, 1911. F ollowing several years
of concentrated study. Dr. S. Stillman Berry was
hooded at Stanford in May, 1913. His dissertation
was concerned with Cephalopods. The study of
this class of mollusks lias been a lifelong interest
which may well prove to be his greatest scientific
achievement. He had already described his first
cephalopod in 1911. It is Abraliopsis scintillans
(Berry), an important food source for the
Japanese.

Summers on the ranch, which has grown to an
impressive 50,000 acres, laid the foundation for a
keen interest in paleozoology and conservation.

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

His close association with his mother, the effect of
the ranch which was rich in fossil remains of
several geologic ages, and an alert and inquiring
mind developed a warm personality which has
always attracted a wide circle of close and lifelong
friends. These include people from museums and
research institutions, and those with diverse
interests such as hybridization of iris, geneology
and stamps.

One may summarize the important things
which have happened to him this way:
Conchological Club of Great Britain and Ireland

(Life Member); San Diego Society of Natural
History (Honorary Fellow); Smithsoniam Institu-
tion (Research Associate); American Association
for the Advancement of Science (Life Member,
1917); Boston Malacological Society (Charter
Member); Malacological Society of London (Life
Member); American Malacological Union (Honor-
ary Life President, 1960); and a copy of the
Emperor’s book on the Shells of Sagame Bay was
personally sent to him through Japan’s Washing-
ton Embassy.

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE LAND MOLLUSK FAUNAS OF THE ISLANDS
OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND NORTHERN BAJA CALIFORNIA

Barry Roth

Department of Geology, California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco, California 94118 Abstract

The Channel Islands of California and the
islands off the Pacific coast of northern Baja
California, Mexico, support 44 species and
subspecies of indigenous land mollusks. The
dominant families are the Helminthoglyptidae
and Pupillidae. Number of taxa per island is
roughly proportional to land area and increases in
an approximately logarithmic manner to the area
of sampling. In comparison to the nearby
mainland, the southern Channel Islands have
greater faunal diversity per unit of land area.
Their highest diversity may have been achieved
during a Holocene low sea-level stand 14-16,000
years before present, with faunal “packing” and
extinctions following a subsequent decrease in
available land area.

Twenty-six, or 59.1 per cent of the native

species are strictly insular endemics, known only
from one or more of the islands; seven other forms
are considered subspecies of mainland species.
Islands closer than 29 kilometers from shore,
except Anacapa, have no insular endemic species;
islands farther from the mainland show 50 to 100
per cent endemism.

The northern Channel Islands show zoogeo-
graphic relationship to coastal California to the
north. The southern Channel Islands have faunal
affinities to the Baja California mainland and to
Guadalupe Island, with a smaller number of
Californian elements. The nearshore Mexican
islands show very close affinity to the adjacent
mainland, while Guadalupe Island contains a
mixture of geographic elements.

ORIGIN OF ASIAN “HYDROBIIDAE” IN TIME AND SPACE
George M. Davis

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Abstract

Asian snails previously considered Hydro-
biidae are of a lineage different from true
European Hydrobiidae. Evidence to date
indicates that the origin of the Asian taxa was in

Gondwanaland over 150 million years ago.
Introduction to mainland Asia was probably via
the Indian plate.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

63

COMMENTS ON COSMOPOLITANISM

James T. Carlton

Department of Geology, University of California,

Davis, California 95616 Abstract

Many shallow-water benthic marine organ-
isms have been referred to in the literature as
being “cosmopolitan” in distribution, informa-
tion of importance if we are interested in the
origin of cosmopolitan species, percentage of
endemic species within a province, or the
distribution of a species in light of its biology and
ecology.

For at least two reasons it is tempting to
categorize an organism as cosmopolitan. First, it
seems to many workers to be logical to infer the
presence of a species between two points of
collection (even if these be Alaska and San
Francisco!), and lists of “inferred species” in a
faunal account are common. This perhaps stems
from the worry that where we find many animals
reflects more the distribution of zoologists than
the distribution of organisms. Second, we search
for patterns in nature, and it is conceptually
simpler to assign an animal, or a set of animals, to
the category “cosmopolitan,” than to deal with it
at some lower distributional category. By making
such an assignment, we set a h.rge number of
awkward, confused, fragmented, and disjunct
records into an elegant, clear, whole, and
continuous picture.

However, we fail to reinvestigate adequately,
if at all, the nature of the records upon which
world-wide occurrences have been assigned;
many of these records date to the nineteenth
century and predate our current concept of the

species in question. In fact, many “cosmopo-
litan” species are found, after analysis of those
original records which are verifiable, to have
disjunct and widely- separated occurrences, or to
involve in fact more than one species. Moreover,
species which have been transported by man
around the world (synanthropic species) are also
commonly but erroneously referred to as
“cosmopolitan,” though they most often show
classical disjunct distributions, occurring in no
more than 20 or 25 separate harbors in the world.

The word cosmopolitan encompasses all
populations, however peripheral or disjunct, and
allows no understanding of real distributional
patterns, of centers of dispersal if such exist, and
of other zoogeographic phenomena. I would
suggest that (1) exact stations at which species
have been collected be reported in statements of
distribution, if these do not involve scores of
localities, and if these span two or more
provinces, so that such data will be amenable to
precise analysis; (2) we resist copying and
recopying from one work to another the ranges
and distributions of species, with each transcrip-
tion gaining a little more generality, but instead
attempt to seek and check original sources and
records; and (3) we bring into question on a
taxonomic basis those species which are said to be
cosmopolitan, in light of the fact that the
amazingly wide distributions of some marine
organisms may reflect more the marvels of
taxonomy than of nature.

EVOLUTIONARY RATES IN GASTROPODS
Peter U. Rodda

Department of Geology, California Academy of Sciences
San Francisco, California 94118

Abstract

Existing radiometric dates and stratigraphic
correlations are sufficient to provide a reliable
framework for evaluating evolutionary rates in
fossil organisms. For gastropods the best
available data are derived from papers that review
genera areally or stratigraphically, and in which
the contained species are summarized phylo-
genetically. Existing data mostly concerns
marine species no older than Cretaceous. The
time span of individual species in inferred

phylogenies (the phylogenetic span) ranges from
25 million years/species to 0.5 million years/
species, with a mean value of 5 million

years/species. Phylogenetic spans tend to

decrease from the Permian to the Cenozoic,

suggesting increasing rate of speciation. Mean
phylogenetic span is a measure of the average
rate of evolutionary turnover of gastropod

diversity through time. Total potential taxonomic
diversity of easily fossilizable gastropods since

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Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

the beginning of the Cambrian Period can be
calculated using this mean rate of change, the
total time span, the present species diversity and
the temporal pattern of changing diversity. Time
span is 600 million years. Present diversity of
easily fossilizable gastropods is estimated at
30,000 species. Pre-Cretaceous diversity was
much lower and increased sharply in the Early
Cretaceous; the curve of changing diversity is of
exponential form. Calculated total potential
taxonomic diversity is approximately 600,000

species, possibly only two-thirds of which are
likely to be preserved. Living and fossil
gastropods already described number about
45,000, or 10 percent of the potentially knowable
gastropod species. Additional calculations using
high and low values for phylogenetic rate and
varied estimates of living and pre-Holocene
diversity do not affect the major conclusion: The
great majority of gastropod species have yet to be
described.

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE THREE ORDERS OF THE
PROSOBRANCH GASTROPODS

Hal Lewis and George M. Davis
Academy of Natural Sciences, Department of Malacology
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Abstract

The relationships between the three proso-
branch gastropod orders is questioned. It is
unlikely that Mesogastropoda and Neogastropoda
have evolved from Archeogastropoda due to
differences in kidney position. Twenty-four of the

twenty-six characters used to distinguish Neo-
gastropoda occur in Mesogastropoda. The
remaining two, while different, are believed to
derive from Mesogastropod characters.

BODY SIZE DISPERSAL AND THE ORIGIN OF THE PACIFIC LAND SNAIL FAUNA

Joseph Vagvolgyi and Thomas Brideridge
Biology Department Staten Island Community College
Staten Island, New York 10312

Minute and very small land snails, whose shell that most Pacific land snails reached their present

is below 21mm in size, are significantly more area of distribution through aerial dispersal,

frequent in the Pacific land snail fauna than in winds and birds,

continental ones. This supports the interpretation

FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF FEEDING IN THE PREDATORY WHELK,

ACANTHINA SPIRATA (GASTROPODA: PROSOBRANCHIA)

George T. Hemingway

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego

La Jolla. Calitornia 92037

Acanthina spirata may be found in the rocky
intertidal zone from Tomales Bay California to
Camalu, Baja, California. Most commonly it is in
association with a variety of sessile barnacles
upon which it preys, but also among the tubes of
annelids and vermetid gastropods, mussels, and
aggregating anemones where it finds shelter.

The anatomy of the anterior portion of the
animal is similar to that described for Urosalpinx
cinerea by Carriker in 1943 and for Thais {Nucella)

lamellosa by Fretter & Graham in 1962. Paired
odontophoral cartilages support a typical quinqui-
cuspid rachidian radula with scythe-like marginal
teeth. The buccal mass and “palate” are
protected by a- cuticle. The receding radula
nestles into the sublingual epithelium where it is
probably dissolved. The pharynx opens dorsally
from the buccal cavity, passes posteriorly to bend
anteriorly over the ventral surface of the
invaginated proboscis, again passes posteriorly

Bulletin of the American Malacologicai Union, Inc., 1975

65

through the cephalopedal ganglion and poster-
odorsally through the mass of the Gland of
Leiblein. Anterior to the ganglion, a pair of
acinous salivary glands direct their contents
through ducts which parallel the pharynx, to
empty in the dorsolateral buccal cavity. A pair of
simple tubular accessory salivary glands originate
in the cephalic hemocoel ventral to the salivary
glands. Their ducts join as they enter the
proboscis. This common accessory salivary gland
duct empties very anteriorly in the mouth. Just
posterior to the transverse groove of the
propodium, is the boring gland (Accessory Boring
Organ).

Predation upon bivalves involves dissolution
of the valve at a suitable site on its margin by a

secretion of the boring gland, the boring gland
remaining in contact with the shell for periods of
1.5 to 5 minutes. The softened matrix is then
removed by radular rasping. Approximately 8 to
20 teeth are used at each rasping stroke. In the
laboratory the relatively thin margin of a mussel
shell may be penetrated in much less than a day.

The whelk feeds upon mussel tissue by
extending the proboscis through the bored hole
and rasping the softer tissues with the radula.
Swallowing seems to involve suction as well as
retraction of the buccal mass. Each stroke of less
than a second’s duration results in a bolus of flesh
so that two or three boli may be seen at once in the
transparent pharynx. Gregarious feeding upon
mussels is frequent.

METAL AND PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION AND CONCENTRATION IN THE MOLLUSCS
OF THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN

Peter Neal D ’Eliscu

Department of Biology, University of Santa Clara . .

Santa Clara, California 95053

Gross tissue lead levels in some mollusks of
Lake Tahoe Basin localities have increased by
factors of 1.1 to 2.0 from 1970 to 1975. Levels of
DDT in the tissues of these mollusks have
increased by factors of 1.4 to 3.1 in different
localities. Gametogenesis in Pisidium casert-
anum Poli, a sphaeriid clam, was shown to be
disrupted at low levels of lead and DDT
concentration. Gametocyte maturation may
slow or stop, with the introduction of these
pollutants. Laboratory investigations have
established a 50% reduction of mature gamete
production in this monoecious species at lead
concentrations of 2 PPM and DDT concentrations
of 20 PPM. Yearly clam samples (1970-1975) from
Sage Hen Creek, Alder Creek, Prosser Creek,
Dam, Tahoe City (Truckee River and near-by trout
research facility), Eagle Lake, and the El Dorado

National Forest Visitor’s Center showed gross
tissue lead levels ranging from .4 to 1.6 PPM.
Specimens of Pisidium from these localities
showed gross tissue DDT levels of 1.1 to 16.1
PPM. Populations of this clam at the outlet of
Lake Tahoe (The Truckee River at Tahoe City) and
at the Visitor’s Center showed numerical declines
of 22% and 25% respectively during the 1973
season, the peak period of DDT concentration in
soft tissues. An occasional clam predator, the
leech Glossiphonia sp. at the Prosser Creek Dam
locality proved to have 8.1 times the average
tissue DDT concentration of its prey, Pisidium.
This partial chain biological magnification of a
toxic substance is significant when considering
the fish and bird populations of the Lake Tahoe
Basin.

EXTINCT AND ENDANGERED POPULATIONS OF THE ENDEMIC MUDSNAIL
CERITHIDEA CALIFORNICA IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

James T. Carlton
Department of Geology

University of California, Davis, California 95616

Abstract

The northernmost Eastern Pacific populations

of the potamidid Cerithidea califomica (Haldeman
1840) were confined to a five-bay system in
central California: Bodega Harbor, Tomales Bay,

Drakes Estero, Bolinas Lagoon, and San
Francisco Bay. The Bodega Harbor population
appears to have become extinct about 1963 due to
road construction, leaving the northernmost

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populations of Cerithidea in at least two stations
in southern Tomales Bay, Inverness and
Millerton.

Examination of a few fragmentary nineteenth
century literature records and of museum
specimens from the 1870s to the 1940s reveals
that Cerithidea was once widespread and common
throughout San Francisco Bay. Today, Cerithidea
is apparently restricted to a few small populations

at the southern tip of the San Francisco Bay
estuary. Its near demise in the bay may be most
strongly related to habitat destruction through the
filling of Saiicomia salt marshes and higher
intertidal mudflats since the 1850s. The influence
of the introduction of the Western Atlantic
estuarine mudsnail /lyanassa obsoleta about 1900,
which maintains extremely large populations in
the bay, remains to be investigated.

ANOTHER CHECK-LIST PLAN?

A. Myra Keen

Department of Geology, Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305

Abstraet

The need for a comprehensive American check
list has been felt for some time. As early as 1936
proposals for a committee on check lists were put
before the AMU’s executive council, and in 1937
such a committee was appointed. In 1940 its
chairman resigned and a new one was appointed.
As this committee was never afterward called
upon for a report, the project lapsed, although in
1947 one of the papers given in the Pacific
Division meeting was a fresh plea for a list. One

must conclude that appointed committees are not
sufficiently motivated to get the job done.
Perhaps this sort of list can better be attempted
by volunteer workers who agree to take units
within their competence and jointly, to put
together something that no one worker could hope
to complete. Such a committee of volunteers is
already laying plans for a West Coast list. Will it
succeed?

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON RABDOTUS IN BAJA CALIFORNIA

Carl C. Christensen and Walter B. Miller
Department of General Biology, University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721

Approximately thirty species of the land snail
genus Rabdotus Albers (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae)
occur in Baja California, Mexico, and on nearby
islands in the Gulf of California. We are
preparing a taxonomic revision of these species.
Results from study of genital anatomy and shell
morphology indicate the necessity of certain
changes in the assignment of species to
subgenera now defined on the basis of shell
characters alone. Rabdotus, s. s., contains
species having globose or ovate shells, a simple
peristome, not expanded or reflected. The vagina
and penis are short, the epiphallus long (about
half the combined length of the penis, epiphallus,
and epiphallic caecum). The subgenus Plico-
lumna Cooper contains species with elongate or
turrited shells, angulate or keeled nuclear whorls,
and a simple or somewhat expanded peristome.

The genitalia are similar to those of Rabdotus,
S.S.; the penis and vagina are short, the
epiphallus relatively long (one-third to one-half
the combined length of the penis, epiphallus, and
epiphallic caecum). In some species the mantle
bears darkly pigmiented markings, a feature not
found in other Baja California Rabdotus. The
third subgenus, Leptobyrsus Crosse & Fischer,
contains species having oblong shells with
rounded nuclear whorls and an expanded or
reflected peristome. The genitalia are character-
ized by a long vagina and long penis (over half the
combined length of the penis, epiphallus, and
epiphallic caecum) and a short epiphallus. We
include as a synonym of Leptobyrsus the
subgenus Puritanina Jacobson and probably also
the subgenus Hannarabdotus Emerson &
Jacobson. The shell characters used to

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67

distinguish these taxa from Leptobyrsus are

unreliable and may vary within a single species or
between species which appear on anatomical
grounds to be closely related. The type species of

Leptobyrsus and Puritanina. are indistinguishable
anatomically. The type species of Hannarabdotus
has not yet been dissected.

THE INTRODUCTION OF GIEMSA AND CENTROMERIC BANDING
TECHNIQUES OF CHROMOSOMES TO MOLLUSCAN CYTOTAXONOMY

Noorullah Babrakzai, Oscar G. Ward & Walter B. Miller
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721

Chromosome banding techniques in the past
six years have revolutionized the science of
cytogenetics in general and the study of
karyotypes in particular, rendering the classical
methods of homologous chromosome identificat-
ion almost obsolete overnight. Subjecting mitotic
metaphase chromosome spreads to banding
techniques results in banded chromosomes. The
number and position of chromosomal bands is
unique and reproducible for each homologous
chromosome pair in the diploid set. Chromosome
banding, therefore, greatly facilitates identificat-
ion of homologous chromosome pairs, construct-
ion of karyotypes, identification of chromosomal
aberrations and variations within or between
species populations. These techniques were
essentially developed by mammalian cytogeneti-
cists over the past six years, and as a result, have
achieved fine resolution by the human cytogeneti-
cists.

The present study is an attempt to use these
new techniques for molluscan cytotaxonomy.
Snail ovotestes were found to be of little value for
consistent and large numbers of mitotic chromo-
some spreads. Thus, we used snail embryos to
overcome this obstacle.

Embryos of Bradybaena similaris (Brady-
I baenidae). Helix aspersa (Helicidae), Discus
I cronkhetei (Endodontidae), and Rumina decollata
j (Achatinellidae) were used for this study. The
I only exception was ovotestes squashes of
j Sonorella simmonsi (Helminthoglyptidae).

I Embryos with diameters of 0. 5-1.0 mm yielded

1 a maximum number of mitotic chromosome

spreads. The snail egg capsules were broken in a
colchicine (10 M) hypotonic citrate (0.5%

sodium citrate) solution under the dissection

microscope to free the embryos from the
surrounding albumin. The embryos were
incubated in fresh colchicine hypotonic citrate
solution for 30-40 minutes at room temperature;
fixed in methanol-acetic acid (3:1) for 30 minutes;
and transferred to 45% acetic acid for 15 minutes.
One embryo was squashed on a drop of 45%
acetic acid under a coverslip. The entire batch of
slides, thus prepared, was frozen in dry ice and
the coverslips removed with a sharp razor blade.
For the Giemsa (G) banding the “ASG
technique” of Sumner, et al., 1972 (Nature New
Biol., 252:31-32) was used, and for centromeric
(C) banding the ‘‘BSG technique” of Sumner,
1972 (Exptl. Cell Res., 75:304) was applied. In
successful preparations chromosomes with
Giemsa bands can be easily karyotyped.
Karyotypes of Bradybaena similaris and Discus
cronkhetei were prepared from ”G” banded
chromosome spreads. A comparison of 12 mitotic
chromosome spreads of B. similaris from 12
embryos indicated heteromorphism in the length
of the largest metacentric and telocentric
chromosome pairs.

The “C” banding technique was used on
mitotic spreads from embryos of B. similaris and
ovotestes squashes of Sonorella simmonsi. The
constitutive heterochromatin around the centro-
meres of B. similaris chromosomes is relatively
small in amount when compared to human or
mammalian chromosomes. The same can be
inferred from the interphase nuclei of the
ovotestes of S. simmonsi. Thus, “G” and “C”
banding techniques may prove to be two new tools
in molluscan cytotaxonomy.

68

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

ABUNDANCE. DIVERSITY AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF AN
INTERTIDAL NUDIBRANCH POPULATION

James Nybakken

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
Moss Landing, California 95039 Absfraet

A three-year study of nudibranch populations
on Asilomar State Beach, California, indicated
dominance was shared among 9 species which
comprised 87% of the total number of individuals
enumerated. The average number of species
found per month was 13, but a species-area plot
indicated that 28-29 species was the maximum
number which could be expected. Species
diversity (H) varied over months and years, but
the variation was not significantly different
among months such that the average diversity

(H=L82) can be considered a measure of the
diversity of the system. Diversity was found to
correlate most highly with species number and
less with number of individuals. Fluctuations in
numbers of individuals and numbers of species
among months and years was not different than
that expected by chance except for one month.
Hence the population structure appears stable in
time. There was no evidence of sudden
appearances and disappearances of species.

SCUBA ASSISTED STUDIES OF FRESHWATER SNAILS

G.L. Pace, E.J. Szuch, andR. W. Dapson
Biology Department, University of Michigan-FIint
Flint, Michigan 48503

In early August, 1974, SCUBA was used to
study the depth-distribution of the snails of New
Mission Bay, a small inlet of Grand Traverse Bay,
Lake Michigan. Five 0.5m ^ samples were
collected 6.1m apart along each of six depth
contours at two locations (1.5, 3, 4.6, 6.1, 7.6,
9.1m and 3, 3.8, 4.6, 6.1, 7.6, 9.1m, respectively).
Three species dominated the benthic molluscan
community. Gyraulus parvus (Say) reached peak
mean densities of 2.4/m ^ and 28.4/m ^ at 10 ft
depths in both locations. These densities

represent 60% and 92% of the specimens of G.
parvus collected from the two localities. Most
specimens of G. parvus were collected from small
pebbles. Both Marstonia decepta (Baker)

{ = Amnicola lustrifa Pilsbry) and Valvata tricar -
inata (Say) attained their highest mean densities
at the 10 ft depth (164.8/m ^ and 29.6/m
respectively) of one locality, and the 12.5 ft depth
(152.4/m 2 and 49.2/m , respectively) of the

other. These densities represent 60% and 54% of
the M. decepta and 37% and 30% of the V.
tricarinata specimens collected from the two
localities. Most M. decepta and V. tricarinata
were collected from sand-silt substrates.
Continuing work will attemp to verify and explain
these distributions in these and other localities.

Late in September, 1974, three O.lm^
samples were collected at each of seven meanders
and seven reaches alternating along Runyan
Creek, Livingston Co., Michigan. The molluscan
community was composed almost entirely of

Absfraet

Viviparus georgianus Lea (= V. contectoides
[Binney]). Densities averaged 520/m 2 and
reached a maximum of 864/m 2. Four of the
meander stations and four of the reach stations
showed sex ratios significantly (pc«0. 001) different
from 1.0. The mean female/male density ratios
were 1.5 for reach stations and 1.3 for meander
stations. There was no discernible pattern among
populations which contained equal as opposed to
unequal numbers of females and males. Data
were subjected to a computerized three-factor
analysis of variance test to determine the
individual and simultaneous effects of the
following three factors on wet body weight:
gender, stream position, and station type
(meander or reach). Females were significantly
(p« 0.001) heavier than males with an average
female/male weight ratio of 1.8. Weights also
varied significantly with stream position
(p« 0.001) (females larger downstream) and type
(meander or reach) of station (p<0.05>0.02) (no
pattern). Differences between female and male
weights were significantly (p<0.05>0.02) effected
by stream position (greater downstream) but not
by station type. Also, the weight differences
among the stations were significantly (p«0.001)
effected by station type (no pattern). Further-
more, there was a positive interaction among all
three factors effecting weight (p<0.02>0.01).
Continuing work will attempt to explain the bases
of these interactions.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

69

THE EFFECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE ON SEASONAL GROWTH
TRENDS IN THE OWL LIMPET, LOTTIA GIGANTEA

Gregory P. Daly

Department of Zoology, San Diego State University
San Diego, California 92115

Growth and reproduction of Lottia gigantea
(Gray), the owl limpet, were studied for a
one-year period at a location in Baja California
Norte.

Through histological analysis of gonadal
tissue, Lottia was found to spawn once annually.
Spawning occurred during February 1974 and was
followed by a brief resting phase with gonad
redevelopment recommencing during the summer
months. Several “simultaneous” hermaphro-
dites were found among the monthly samples.
Females dominated the larger size classes of
mature individuals, while the smaller size classes
were predominantly male. Age at first
reproduction was calculated as 3 years.

By monthly measurement of marked
individuals, seasonal growth patterns were
established. Periods of shell growth and gonad
development were mutually exclusive, the former
occuring in all size classes only in the spring
months after the cessation of spawning. Small
(nonreproductive) individuals, however, were
found to grow on a limited basis throughout the
year.

Although highly variable, annual growth data
conformed reasonably well to the Brody-von
Bertalanffy model and were treated accordingly (k
= .1775). Annual growth rate appeared to be
affected by tidal position and possibly by sex.

AN ANALYSIS OF FEEDING OF TWO SPECIES
OF BENTHIC OPISTHOBRANCHS

David Shonman

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, California 95039

Acteocina culcitella and Cylichna attonsa, two
cephalaspidean opisthobranchs, co-occur at ten
benthic stations in northern Monterey Bay,
California. These stations ranged in depth from
16 to 63 meters and were sampled quartely during
a 11/^ year period using a Smith-Mcintyre grab.
Both species exhibited similar patterns of
population abundance, and both are known to
burrow into the substrate in search of food. Gut
content analysis of snails from three stations
showed that Acteocina (240 specimens) had
ingested numerous foraminifera (representing 13
genera) and many sediment particles, along with
small numbers of ostracods, juvenile bivalves,
and polychaete worms. Analysis of 330
specimens of Cylichna showed that they too had

ingested foraminifera and sediment particles, but
the foraminifera, with three exceptions, were all
of the same genus, Nonionella (N. basispinata and
N. Stella). No recognizable remains of other
organisms were found. Sediment cores taken at
each station allowed comparison of the foramini-
fera ingested by the snails with those available in
the substrate. Living foraminifera were found
within the top three centimeters of substrate, and
different foraminiferal species were not vertically
statified but were well integrated. Anatomical
studies demonstrated differences in radula
formulae and gizzard plate configuration, and
these may partially explain the differences in prey
items selected by these species.

THE HOMING DEPRESSION OF THE LIMPET, COLLISELLA SCABRA (GOULD, 1846)

David R. Lindberg

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences

San Francisco, California 94118 Abstract

The acmaeid, Collisella scabra (Gould, 1846), gigantea (Sowerby, 1843) by radular action. The
erodes a complex home scar on the shells of home scar is composed of two distinct depress-
Mytilus calif ornianus Conrad, 1837 and Lottia ions; the outer depression corresponds to the

70

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

limpet’s shell margin, and the inner, deeper
depression to the foot dimensions of the limpet.
The home scar insures a tight, desiccation-
resistant seal between the limpet and the
substrate and may aid in resistance to wave action
and predation.

Erosion of the home scar occurs as a separate
activity not associated with feeding and the
feeding range of the limpet appears to be

restricted to its specific molluscan substrate.

Collisella digitalis (Rathke, 1833) also erodes a
dual depression home scar on Lottia gigantea and
a flat surface on the barnacle, Pollicipies
polymerus Sowerby, 1833.

Two exotic acrnaeids, Patelloida nigrosulcata
(Reeve, 1855) and Scurria parasitica form coffea
(Orbigny, 1841) also erode complex home scars on
their respective molluscan substrates.

THE VERDESIAN PROVINCE: A NEW WEST AFRICAN MARINE
MOLLUSCAN FAUNAL PROVINCE

Ed Petuch

Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

Based upon detailed taxonomic and distribu-
tional analyses of major intertidal mollusk
families, a new marine molluscan faunal province
has been proven to exist on the west coast of
Africa. The new province ranges from
approximately 9®N latitude to 18®N latitude,
encompassing the coastal regions of Senegal,
Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and the Cape
Verde Islands. I propose the name “Verdesian
Province” for this zoogeographic unit in reference

to the Cape Verde Peninsula, its apparent
faunistic center. On a north-south gradient
running along the West African coast, the
Verdesian Province occupies a mid-way position
between the Mauretanian and Guinean Provinces.
Large percentages of species in several of the
major intertidal mollusk families analyzed were
found to be endemic to the Verdesian Province:
56% in the Conidae, 50% in the Cypraeidae, 60%
in the Marginellidae, and 20% in the Volutidae.

RELICT MUSSELS FROM TWO CONTINENTS
Joseph P.E. Morrison

Division of Mollusks, U.S. National Museum (Nat. Hist.)

Washington, D.C. 20560 Abstract

The Margaritifera of the ‘‘Pine Barrens” of
south central Alabama are relict populations,
living far south of the usual habitat of the family.
Search for their relatives proved that Gibbosula
Simpson 1900 from North Vietnam is a parallel
relict with the same characters that is now known
to belong to the same family (Margaritiferidae).

Another relict from this same Alabama region
is Pseudodontoideus , which may be closer to Unie
of Europe than any other mussel known from
United States waters. The full story of these relict
species will be published in a future issue of
Sterkiana.

THE NAIAD MOLLUSKS OF THE ROCKCASTLE RIVER OF THE CUMBERLAND
PLATEAU OF EASTERN KENTUCKY (BIVALVIA: UNIONOIDAE)

David H. Stansbery

Museum of Zoology, The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio 43210

A series of 28 sites in the Rockcastle River
system have been studied over the past 14 years.
These collections, combined with literature
records, reveal the presence of 29 naiad species.
The maximum diversity, 28 species, occurs at

Livingston, Kentucky, about midway in the 53
mile length of the river. A review of records for
the Livingston site since 1904 indicates a fauna
decreasing in both diversity and numbers.

Bulletin of the American Matacological Union, Inc., 1973

71

KARYOTYPE STUDIES m ASHMUNELLA (PULMONATA: POLYGYRIDAE)

Richard L. Reeder and Walter B. Miller
Department of General Biology, University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721

Abstrae!

Land snails of the genus Ashmunella living in
southeastern Arizona currently present a
confusing taxonomic picture. The parallel
evolution of shell type in numerous populations,
both within and among isolated mountain ranges,
has made determination of species a difficult task.
Furthermore, the reproductive anatomy is also of
little use in species discrimination. Species of the
Huachuca Range have both divisions of the
bipartite penis equal in size, while species of the
Chiricahua Range have the upper sac narrower
than the lower. Among the species of each range
there is little variation other than size.

Because of the difficulty with using shell
morphology and reproductive anatomy, we began
karyotype studies of the Arizona Ashmunella.
All species thus far investigated have a haploid
number of 29, thus members alone are of no
value. Karyotypes of five species are presented
here. The chromosome nomenclature is after

Levan, et al. (1964, Hereditas 52: 201-220).

The karyotype of Ashmunella levettei (Bland)
of the Huachuca Mountains consists of 5 M, 19m,
3 sm, and 2 st chromosome pairs. Ashmunella
mogollonensis Pilsbry of the Blue Mountains has
5 M, 16 m, 5 sm, and 3 st pairs. Of the remaining
species, ail from the Chiricahua Mountains, A.
esuritor Pilsbry has 5 M and 24 m. pairs; A.
angulata Pilsbry has 5 M, 19 m, and 5 sm, pairs;
and A. lenticula Gregg has 5 M, 13 m, and 10 sm
pairs, and one st pair.

Although, at this point, the evidence is
inconclusive as to the overall value of karyotypes
as a taxonomic tool in Ashmunella, we have found
them useful in the species examined. We have
also established a generic karyotype pattern for
Ashmunella which, hopefully, will prove useful in
comparison with patterns of other polygyrid
genera when such patterns become available.

THE AVAILABILITY OF TAXA PROPOSED IN THE
MINUTES OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Eugene V. Coan

Department of Geology, California Academy of Sciences
Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 941 18

Abstrae!

The new molluscan taxa first proposed in the
Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern
California are available for taxonomic use and
must be taken into account. The Minutes were
mimeographed, but the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature recommends against but
does not forbid this means of reproduction.
While the Minutes were not available for formal
subscription, they were available to the public for
free (or later for a minimum “assessment”), and
they were widely distributed to malacological
research institutions. The first few taxa proposed
in the Minutes were advanced in a tentative
fashion, but these have been accepted in
molluscan literature and were republished by
Burch less than a year later in unambiguous form;

little would be gained by not accepting them from
their first appearances.

Altogether 29 new taxa were proposed in the
Minutes by John Q_. Burch, Thomas A. Burch,
Wesley Coe, A. Hyatt Verrill, A.M. Strong
(posthumously), and Robert Talmadge. Almost
all were illustrated, and the type ^specimens of all
the West American taxa are in recognized type
collections. A number of the taxa from the
Minutes will prove to be synonyms. Moreover,
this form of publication is not a desirable means of
advancing new taxa, and it is to be hoped that the
publication of new taxa and taxonomic innova-
tions will continue to be confined to a few,
properly edited scientific journals.

72

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

KARYOTYPIC COMPARISON BETWEEN

HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE AND BRADYBAENIDAE (GASTROPODA: PtJLMONATA)

Noorullah Babmkzai and Walter B. Miller
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona 85721 Abstract

Members of the Old World pulmonate family
Bradybaenidae have been considered by many
workers to be very close relatives of the New
World Helminthoglyptidae based on morphology
of the shell and genital anatomy. The
chromosome numbers in the two families are also
comparable: n = 28-29 in Bradybaenidae and

n = 29-30 in Helminthoglyptidae. However,
chromosome numbers alone shed little light on
the relationship between the two families.

One of us (W.B.M.) collected specimens of
Brady baena similaris in July, 1974, from Hawaii.
For the description of a karyotype the nomen-
clature of chromosomes proposed by Levan, et a!.,
1964 (Hereditas 52:201-220), has been adopted.
The karyotypes of Sonorelix, Greggelix and
Helminihoglypia (Helminthoglyptidae) are
compared to that of B. similaris.

The karyotype of Sonorelix borregoensis
(n = 29, 2n = 58) has 13 m, 15 sm, and one pair of
St chromosomes. Greggelix indigena (n = 29,
2n = 58) has 16 m, 10 sm, and 3 st pairs of
chromosomes. Helminthoglypta cf. H. lowei
(n = 30, 2n = 60) has 17 m, 10 sm, and 3 st pairs of
chromosomes.

The karyotypes of the Bradybaenid species B.
similaris (n = 28, 2n = 56) has 2 to, and 26 pairs of
t chromosomes. This is in distinct contrast to the
three karyotypes of Helminthoglyptidae. While
all the species of Helminthoglyptidae (14 species
belonging to 9 genera) have a majority of
metacentric (m) or submetacentric {sm) chromo-
somes, the reverse is true for B. similaris, where
the majority of chromosomes are telocentric.

The karyotypes of Helminthoglyptid species,

while differing among each other by 2-4
chromosome types, generally have the same
overall pattern. This observation alone necessit-
ates further cytological study in Bradybaenidae to
determine if a karyotype with a majority of t
chromosomes is the rule or an isolated occurrence
in B. similaris.

If other species of Bradybaenidae have similar
karyotypes, then there is a significant cytological
difference between the two otherwise seemingly
related families. Similarly, if we assume that the
Helminthoglyptids evolved from the Brady-
baenids and the karyotype of B. similaris is a
“representative” one for the family, then one
must assume that the ancestral Helminthoglyptid
had a majority of telocentric chromosomes.
Subsequently, evolution of Helminthoglyptids
was followed by the change from telocentric
chromosomes to metacentric and submetacentric
chromosomes. The most likely mechanisms for
such changes are homozygous pericentric inver-
sions and not centric fissions. This is because
centric fissions would almost double the haploid
chromosome number, i.e., n = 50 or more, which
is not observed in any Helminthoglyptid studied
so far.

On the other hand if the ancestral stock had a
majority of metacentric and submetacentric
chromosomes, retained by Helminthoglyptids,
then the karyotypes of Bradybaenids further
evolved by more than 25 homozygous pericentric
inversions converting metacentric or submeta-
centric chromosomes into telocentric chromo-
somes. At any rate B. similaris is cytologically
different from Helminthoglyptids.

SPONDYLUS: THE RED SHELL

Glenn A. Long Abstraet

The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Maryland 21218

We deal here with color, the color red, and one
particular source of that color -- the marine
pelecypod genus Spondylus, most notably, S.
princeps.

Invariably Spondylus is identified as status
material among the goods traded by aboriginal

peoples of the New World. Our attention is
focused here on the sort of object Spondylus was
when it reached the market place and how it was
used in ancient times. Was Spondylus valued as
shell, or as a source of red pigment for personal
and ceremonial use?

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

73

Evidence presented from ethnological and
archaeological sources supports the notion that
traders and consumer peoples in the New World
exchanged Spondyius as a raw material of a

specific color for use in objects of personal
adornment, as visible indicators of accumulated
wealth and as sacraments for ritual offering.

THE IMPACT OF MOLLUSCS FEEDING ON SOME WEST INDIAN GORGONIANS

Christopher L. Kitting,

Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University
Pacific Grove, California 94025

Abstract

9

A 400 m area containing 110 gorgoman
colonies was observed repeatedly during Feb-
ruary and March, 1975, on a patch reef at St.
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Ninety per cent of the
colonies were sea fans, Gorgonia ventalina.
Twenty per cent of these demonstrated wounds
from mollusks. For all 5 mollusk species found on
the gorgonians, time-lapse underwater photo-
graphs documented the progressive damage and
subsequent regeneration of the prey colonies.
Two Simnialena marferula (= Neosimnia acicu-
laris) and 1 unidentified nudibranch each browsed
only on sea fan polyps. Rapid polyp regeneration
prevented an observable wound on the fans.
Groups of 6 to 20 Coralliophila caribaea on the
bases of 3 of the sea fans maintained a localized
area on the colonies stripped of living tissue.
Sample specimens defecated gorgonian spicules,
but this species possibly feeds on other prey as

well. The common Cyphoma gibbosum usually
consumed only a small area of sea fan tissue
before leaving a colony. The coenenchyme could
regenerate within 1 month. However, these
snails removed extensive tissue from a sea whip,
Plexaureila. After such damage, colony regener-
ation did not occur. The 2 Cyphoma signatum
which were present remained on a Plexaureila
colony, where each localized wound could
regenerate largely within 2 weeks. Thus, the
impact of molluscan predators ranges from
browsing to extensive tissue removal. Prey
regeneration occurs only where damaged is
localized, and where algae do not establish
themselves on the exposed gorgoman skeleton.
Restricting predation to localized damage
apparently conserves the existing prey colonies
and may prevent “tracking” by any visual
predators on the mollusks.

PAPERS PRESENTED;
ABSTRACTS NOT AVAILABLE

Sphon, Gale G.- -Department of Invertebrate
Zoology, Los Angeles County Museum of
Natural History. “The Mitridae of the
Galapagos”.

Berry, S. Stillman--! 145 W. Highland Ave.,
Redlands, CA. 92373. “Thoughts on Ocythoe” .
Abbott, R. Tucker-Delaware Museum of Natural
History, Box 3937, Greenville, DE. 19807.

“American Seashells--Supplement and Third
Edition”.

Talmadge, Robert R.- -College of the Redwoods,
Eureka, CA. 95501. “Northern California
Paleontological Sites”.

Bailey, Joshua L., Jr. --Department of Marine
Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History
Museum. “Recollections of William Healey
Dall, Based on Correspondence”.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

AMU ANNUAL REPORTS

AMU ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, JUNE 25, 1975, SAN DIEGO

The General Business Meeting was called to
order by President Donald R. Moore at 3:30 p.m.
Wednesday, June 25, 1975, in Aztec Hall, San
Diego State University, San Diego, California.

Minutes of the 1974 business meeting as
published in the 1974 Bulletin were approved.

The report from the Recording Secretary was
approved. (Published below)

The report from the Treasurer was approved
as read. (Published below) Treasurer Myra
Taylor reported to members that the addition to
the Dues Notice in 1974 of a space for donations to
AMU met some acceptance and appreciation for
such money for the treasury was acknowledged.
She also urged members to send in changes of
addresses to help save on postage to redirect
mail.

President Moore summarized the report from
the Corresponding Secretary. Approved.
(Published below)

The increased value of the Bulletin to
malacologists everywhere was remarked by
President Moore as he announced the resignation
of Dr. Arthur Clarke as Publications Editor and
reported the Council’s recognition of the
outstanding job done by Dr. Clarke. A vote of
thanks from general membership was taken at
this time to express appreciation to Dr. Clarke.

A report from the budget committee was
deferred until after the discussion of dues.

The nominating committee report was read as
follows:

President D.S. Franzen

President-Elect George Davis

Vice-President Henry Russell

Recording Secretary .Connie Boone

Treasurer Myra Taylor

Councilor-at-Large Herb Athearn

Councilors-at-Large Hugh Porter

Carol Lalli

Publications Editor Dee Dundee

The election of Recording Secretary is for the
remaining one year term of a three year term due
to resignation of the former secretary, the election
of Athearn for one year to fill vacancy left by
moving Boone to secretary. Lalli and Porter are
elected for two years. Chairman, Dr. Harold
Murray; Dr. Dee Dundee, Dr. Bill Clench, and Dr.

Dave Stansbery, committee members. Slate
approved.

It was announced that the annual meeting will
be held at Columbus, Ohio, in 1976. Invitations
have been received from St. Petersburg, Florida,
and from Tampa, Florida, for future meetings.

Dr. William Clench’s report on History and
Archives was summarized by President Moore.
The Archives, located at the Delaware Museum of
Natural History, has some new additions of slides
from members. More photos, slides, clippings,
etc., are requested.

The auditing report showed books to be
balanced and the report of the Treasurer was
properly signed. Approved.

A report from Council to authorize ads in
several malacological journals to inform the public
about AMU and membership was approved. The
offer by Dr. Tucker Abbott to mail paperback
copies of American Malacologists and Supple-
ment to new members in 1975 and 1976 was
approved and accepted with appreciation. Dr.
Abbott also offered a free ad in Nautilus.
Approved.

Dr. George Davis reported to Council on
possible student awards or student membership
category. Council voted to not make such awards
in 1976. Council voted to refrain from separate
membership for students. Approved.

Dr. Dave Stansbery made a report on the Big
Darby litigation which AMU entered in 1974. The
matter is still in litigation, and while this is going
on the fauna is safe in Big Darby.

Jeanne Whiteside reported to Council that she
had few responses to her request for expert
witnesses to aid in answering requests for
assistance in Conservation problems. She
suggested the need for regional chairmen and was
asked to secure these by volunteer effort.

Dr. Moore presented Council action in
approving the following Resolution:

Whereas, The Deltona Corp. of Florida has
applied to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to
do extensive dredge and fill at Marco Island,
Florida; and

Whereas, The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Jacksonville District, is accepting comments to be
reviewed and incorporated in the final Environ-
mental Impact Statement; and

74

Bulletin of the American Maiacoiogical' Union, Inc., 1975

75

Whereas, Dr. A. Myra Keen, Professor
Emeritus of Stanford University states:

“The loss of over 50 linear miles of
natural shoreline that would be turned
into sterile canals and seawalls; the
destruction of 2,052 acres of man-
groves and the total disturbance of
over 4,000 acres in the dredge and fill
operations are a matter of grave
concern, not merely to the people of the
immediate area but also to citizens at
large. This regipn borders on the
Everglades, which we have been at
great pains to set aside as a national
park. The lagoons to be destroyed are
a part of an ecological system that is of
far more than local significance.
During my years as a professor at
Stanford University I taught a course
on Biological Oceanography, and in
my studies of the subject came to
realize that this part of Florida is one
of the richest nursery grounds any-
where on earth. The shrimp, for
example, that are harvested a hundred
miles to the southwest of there spent
their juvenile stages in the warm,
nutrient-rich waters of the mangrove
swamps in the Everglades area and
northward, right in the heart of which
this dredge-and-fill operation would be
taking place. Thus, the destruction of
the habitat would have repercussions
not only locally but also for commercial
fishermen whose livelihood is gather-
ed tens of miles away.”; and
Whereas, The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Jacksonville District, will hold a public hearing on
this matter, now therefore be it

Resolved, That the American Malacological
Union, Inc., wishes to be on record as opposing
the issuance of these permits because it would be
detrimental to the environment.

President Moore gave a background discuss-
ion on Marco Island area. Charles M. Courtney
gave a report from Deltona and his work at the
Marco Applied Marine Ecology Station.
Members asked questions on acreage owned by
Deltona. After further discussion, Dr. J.P.E.
Morrison made the motion that the resolution be
approved. Approved, report of such action to be
immediately sent to appropriate parties.

Dues recommended by Council and approved
by members are as foUows( (Effective J anuary 1 ,
1976)

Regular member (Western Hemisphere) $7.00
Each additional family member

(one mailing) fl.OO

Corresponding member (outside Western

Hemisphere) $7.00

Each additional family member

(one mailing) fl.OO

PLUS Postage by Seamail |1.50

Affiliate member (shell club, corp., library,
museum, etc.) flO.OO

New member fee or reinstatement fee of $1.50 to
remain the same.

All above categories receive all mailings and the
Bulletin, plus listing in the Bulletin.
Subscription for Bulletin only (Institutional,
may be had on continual billing) $10.00

There was some discussion on possible cut
rates for charter or “over-65” members and
postage fees. No Action.

The Budget Committee, composed of Dr.
.Harald Rehder, chairman, and Drs. Abbott and
Bill Ermerson, proposed the following budget for

1976:

RECEIPTS ANTICIPATED:

Memberships |5,000

Sales: (HTSCS) 550

Sales: Back issues of Bulletin 100

From 1975 meeting 300

Page charges- -Bulletin 1,000

Miscellaneous income 50

17,000

EXPENDITURES ANTICIPATED:

Printing Bulletin $4,200

Printing Newsletter 1 , 000

Printing Miscellaneous 250

Conservation Committee 100

Postage 500

Office Supplies and Expenses 200

State of California Filing Fee 5

Travel for Secretaries, Treasurer 500

Expenses for President, Vice-President 100

Expenses for Editor 50

Miscellaneous 95

17,000

Dr. Rehder noted that a separate amount of

1600.00 was designated to go back into the Capital
fund from sales of How to Study and Collect
Shells.

It was reported by President Moore that
Council had approved mandatory charges for
papers published in the Bulletin over 500 words.
Dr. Dundee, Editor, would announce charges
after checking out printing costs. The 1975

76

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Bulletin will be a joint Bulletin with the Western
Society of Malacologists, a large issue. Costs
would be worked out by the Editors. WSM will
publish and distribute its membership list
separately. Only one Bulletin will be mailed to a
member, even though member in both organiz-
ations.

A call for new business to be brought to the
attention of full membership gained no response.
The motion to adjourn was approved. The
forty-first annual meeting of AMU closed at 4:30
p.m., with the banquet that night to be the final
session for AMU.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1974.

CHECK BOOK BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 1974 1,881.98

RECEIPTS:

Memberships:

Regular
Corresponding
Sustaining
Clubs & Institutions
Sales: HOW TO STUDY & COLLECT
RARE & ENDANGERED SPECIES
Back Issues, BULLETIN

2449.75

92.25

75.00

528.75 3145.75

SHELLS 92.00

2.65

101.87 196.52

Proceeds of Springfield Meeting
Page charges to authors
Contributions to Legal Fund
Miscellaneous receipts

366.08

811.00

103.40

111.68 1392.16

Total receipts from activities
Transferred from Savings Account

4734.43

2000.00 6734.43

TOTAL CASH ACCOUNTED FOR:

8616.41

DISBURSEMENTS:

Costs, 5,000 copies of HOW TO

STUDY & COLLECT SHELLS 3041.86

BULLETIN 2664.65

NEWSLETTERS 826.28

Conservation Committee 23.67

Membership Committee 25.00

Other printing 88.05

Other postage 217.53

Expenses for 2 officers to Springfield 592.92

Filing Fee, State of California 5.00

Office supplies 52.04

Miscellaneous expenses 136.05

Total disbursements

7673.05 7673.05

CHECK BOOK BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1974

TOTAL CASH ACCOUNTED FOR:

Savings Acct #2-6621, 1st Federal Savings
Withdrawn from Savings
Interest added - Balance 12/31/74
Savings Cert. #60-3332 02 1st Federal
Interest added - Balance 12/31/74

943.36

8,616.41

♦2299.62

2000.00

♦108.21 *407.83

♦3162.86

*220.86 *3383.72

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973 77

RECAPITULATION OF ASSETS, DECEMBER 31, 1974:

Cash in checking account, Broadway National Bank $ 943.36

Treasurer’s Petty Cash, Myra Taylor 25.00

Secretary’s Petty Cash, Marian Hubbard - closed out -0-

Secretary’s Petty Cash, Constance Boone 75.00

Savings Account #2-6621, 1st Federal Savings & Loan 407.83

Certificate of Deposit #60-332 02, 1st Federal Savings & Loan 3383.72

TOTAL ASSETS: 14834.91

ALLOCATED TO LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND : 1595.88

A.M.U. NET WORTH -DECEMBER 31, 1974 3239.03

CHANGES IN CAPITAL ACCOUNT:

A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, JANUARY 1 , 1974 5701 .98

A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, DECEMBER 31, 1974 3239.03

NET DECREASE IN ASSETS IN 1974 $2462.95

Respectfully submitted,

Myra L. Taylor, Treasurer

AUDITED:

Thomas E. Pulley 15 June, 1975

Harold D. Murray 7 March, 1975

Bessie G. Goethel 7 March, 1975

TREASURER’S NOTES: DECREASE IN NET ASSETS DUE TO SEVERAL FACTORS:

1. Cost of new edition, 5,000 copies of HOW TO STUDY & COLLECT SHELLS

2. Increased costs of paper, printing and postage, etc.

*3. Savings accciints were moved in order to benefit by increased interest rates, from 5% to 5V4 %

on Passbook, and from 5%%to 6%% on CD. Extra interest on old Passbook #8289670 was 31.59
and on CD was l-^.Ol, after books were closed for 1973. Hence, the difference in old figures for
1973 and new ones for 1974.

78

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY

Memberships for 1974 reviewed in January,
1975, were as follows:

Honorary Life Members 6

Honorary Life President 1

Regular Memberships

(all Western Hemisphere) 551

Additional F amily Members 105

Corresponding memberships 15

Affiliated Memberships
(Institutions)

Domestic 29

Foreign 11

Clubs, Regional organizations 47

Life Members 20

Total 785

Several 1974 memberships were accepted
after January, due to some mail delays, etc., so
that the 1974 total did reach the total of 1973.

The count above compares with recent years
as follows: 1973, 790; 1972, 760; 1971, 717.
Only the totals can be compared because a
realignment has been made on regular member-
ships in accordance with the By-Laws which state

that all members residing in the Western
Hemisphere are regular members.

A check with the Treasurer’s records confirms
the following statistics: Unpaid 1974 member-
ships include 104 regular members, 2 affiliate
members, and 3 corresponding members; 9
regular members resigned; 2 affiliates resigned; 3
deaths.

By the end of 1975 new cards will be
completed. A request is made from members to
update titles and areas of study and interest for
use in the Bulletin Membership list.

As of June 1, 1975, we have 42 new members,
3 new affiliates, one reinstatement, and three new
life members. There have been four deaths and
one resignation.

Correspondence consists of letters of welcome
to new members, mailing of Newsletters to new
members, mailing of copies of Rare and
Endangered Species Symposium and old
Bulletins. There is a continual flow of
correspondence on the collection of the initial
membership fee of |1.50 which is frequently
overlooked by new members.

Respectfully submitted,
Constance E. Boone
Recording Secretary

REPORT OF CORRESPONDING SECRETARY 1975

Publication of “How to Study and Collect
Shells’’ was a boon and found ready acceptance
once the booklets arrived just before Christmas
1974. Several (16) of the shell clubs took
advantage of the offer of 25 per cent off the cost in
quantities of 10 or more and 40 per cent off on
quantities of 50 or more. Form letters had gone
out in November urging them to grab the
opportunity. A total of 358 copies were
distributed this way. Letters also went out to
persons who had sent checks for the previous
booklet. And several of these placed orders for
copies. There are still persons sending in $2
checks, as indicated in some of the older shell
guides. Booklets go out to these folks and most of
them have sent in balances. A few $1 checks have
come in. These are returned with the request to
send a check of the larger amount. Included in
the letter is a list of books available -- which may
help indicate the bargain they’re receiving in the
AMU guide. Assisting in this booklet distribution
project were R. Tucker Abbott and Karl Jacobson.
Karl rode herd on the booklet’s printers and
managed to find a temporary home for the

booklets with Tucker, both of them sending me
boxes when I requested them. i

Form letters have continued to lessen the
chore of writing to persons inquiring about the
organization, the hobby, the list of clubs, and j

occasionally “what do you do in the AMU?’’ A j

few of those wishing more detailed information on j
whom to contact in a particular field take a bit
more time and more correspondence. The |
corresponding secretary was glad to see that more !
persons in distant lands are learning English. »

There have been fewer letters in Spanish, Italian j

and German, which, fortunately, he is still able to I
read.

The AMU’s resolution on the Panama Canal !
was published in the August 1974 issue of the SFI '
Bulletin, published by the Sport Fishing Institute. [
Shortly after I received my copy, I got a call from a I
radio newsman in Michigan. He asked questions j
on the resolution with the interview later j
broadcast over the University of Michigan |
network. j

Respectfully submitted, Paul R. Jennewein j
Corresponding Secretary. !

Bulletin of the American Malacologicai Union, Inc., 1915

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, INC.

ACTIVE MEMBERS 1975

Membership List Revised September 1, 1975

Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker, Delaware Museum of Natural
History, Box 3937, Greenville, DE. 19807.

Abbott, Mrs. Sue D., Suite D-1-A,R.D. 3, Box 250,
Hockessin, DE. 19707.

Abreu, Mrs. Vivian B., 2709 Dewey St., Tampa FI.
33607 |Sea life relationship to human race).

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos G., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708.

Alarcon, Sr. Benito Fuenzalida, Correo, Isla de
Pascua, Chile (Easter Island species).

Albert, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest, 905 S. Bayshore, Safety
Harbor, FL. 33572.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood,
PA. 19096.

Allen, James E., 1108 Southampton Dr., Alexandria,
LA. 71301 (Tertiary micro-moUusca).

Allen, Dr. J. Frances, 7507 23rd Ave., Hyattsville,
MD. 20783.

Allen, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence K., Box 822, Port Isabel,
TX. 78578 (Murex, Pecten, world marines; dealer).

Allen, Miss Letha S., 187 Argyle St., Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, Canada B5A 3X2 (General).

Anders, Kirk W., Shells of the Seas, Inc., P.O. Box
1418, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 33302 (Volutidae, all rare
shells).

Anderson, Carleton Jay Jr., 56 Kettle Creek Rd.,
Weston, CT. 06880.

Anderson, Gregory L., Pacific Marine Station, DiUon
Beach, CA. 94929.

Anderson, Richard V., Dept, of Biological Scs., Northern
ni. Univ., DeKalb, IL. 60115 (Freshwater Pelecypods).

Andrews, Jean, 200 Ave. D., #363, Denton, TX. 76201.

Angstadt, Mrs. Earle K., 247 Penn St., Reading, P.A.
19602.

Arnold, Charles E., 3206 Floyd Ave., Richmond, VA.
23221 (Collecting, photographing).

Aslakson, Capt. Carl I., 5707 Wilson Lane, Bethesda,
MD. 20034.

Atheam, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D., Museum of Fluviatile
MoUusks, Rt. 5, Box 499, Cleveland, TN. 37311
(Freshwater mollusks).

Atheam, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 N.Main St., FaU River, MA.

02720 (Land sheUs).

AveUanet, Mrs. Helfne, 105 Clipper Way, Fair Winds
Villas, Nokomis, FL. 33555.

Avery, Mrs. R. Gail, Box 2557, Harbor, OR. 97415 (West
American mollusks ;exchange).

Babrakzai, Mr. NooruUah, % General SFVOOSHJ
SAMSAM; Vanak, Tehran, Iran

Baerreis, David A., 1233 Sweet Briar Rd., Madison WI.
53705 (Paleoecological interpretation through mollusks)

Bagdon, Mr. and Mrs. Anthon, 440 Home Dr., Trafford,
PA. 15085.

Baily, Dr. Joshua L. Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San
Diego, CA. 92103.

Baker, Mrs. Horace B., 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, PA.
19083.

Baker, John, A., 147 Hedgegrove Ave. Satellite Beach,

FL. 32937 (General).

Baker, Nelson W., 69-990 Papaya Lane, Cathedral City,
CA. 92234 (General).

Balsam, Arthur, 1911 Fawn Dr., Philadelphia, PA.
19118.

Banek, Thomas J., 466 Thatcher Rd., Springfield, PA.

19064 (Marine gastropods, taxonomy and ecology).
Barker, C. Austin, 2 Hickory Dr., Rye, NY. 10580
Barlow, Mrs. G. Barton, 5 Downey Dr., Tenafly, NJ. 07670
Barnett, Mr. and Mrs. George H., Koran Ave., M.D. #23,
Newburgh, NY. 12550.

Barton, Mrs. James, 20 Newfield Dr., Rochester, NY.

14616 (Cypraea; worldwide general, esp. Hawaiian).
Bateman, William J., 15 Pilgrim Circle, Methuen, MA.
01844 {Cypraea, Voluta).

Bates, Dr. John M., 1900 Dexter Ave., Arm Arbor, MI.
48103.

Battles, Harold J., 602 Pinon Dr., Morro Bay, CA.
93442 (Worldwide marine).

Bauchman, Frank A., 1601 Big Bethel Rd., Hampton, VA.
23666 (Collecting).

Bauer, Mr. and Mrs. Hugo C., 2126 45th St., Galveston,
TX. 77550 (all MoUusca).

Baum, Newman N., 83 Weaving Lane, Wantagh, L.I.,
NY. 11793.

Baxa, Mrs. Dorothy, Box 177, Genesse Depot, WI. 53127.
Bayne, Dr. C.J., Dept, of Zoology, Oregon State Univ.,
Corvallis, OR. 97331 (Gastropod physiology).

Bazata, Kenneth R., Industrial Biotest Labs, Inc., Bldg.
1374; Air Park West, Lincoln, NE. 68524 (Terrestrial
puhnonates; Dentalium).

Bearse, David T., Grad. School of Oceanography, Univ.

of R.I., Kingston, RI 02881 (Shellfisheries).

Beetle, Ms. Dorothy E., 375 W. Galbraith Rd. #42,
Cincinnati, OH. 45215.

Bennett, Sally, 514 W. Rose Lane, Phoenix, AZ. 85013
(Panamic Province shells).

Bennett, Dr. Terry M., Medical Advisor, U.S. Embassy,
APO New York, NY. 09697 (Exchange).

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85717.

Bereza, Daniel J., 825 N. 24th St., Philadelphia, PA.

19130 (Unionidae)Pleuroceridae).

Berman, Lynn, 8 Peter Cooper Rd., New York, NY. 10010
(Marine).

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Ebner G., 8506 Beech Tree Comt,
Bethesda, MD. 20034.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands,
CA. 92373.

Bickel, David, Dept. Earth Sciences, Minot State College,
Minot, ND. 58701 (Systematics and ecology of fresh-
water mollusks, esp. Pleurocerids).

79

80

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Bijur, Jerome M., 135 Seventh Ave. N., Naples, FL.
33940 (Buy, exchange Florida and Caribbean marine).

Bing, Ruth Rosser, P.O. Box 2612, MuMenburg Station,
Plainfield, NJ. 07060 (Art-Photography, oil painting).

Bippus, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin C., 2743 Sagamore Rd.,
Toledo, OH. 43606 (Marine gastropods).

Blankenship, Shaw, Rt. #2, Crab Orchard, KY. 40419
(Freshwater mussels).

Blaser, James, 1846 Laurel Lane, Amherst, OH. 44001
(Florida moilusks; Ohio freshwater moUusks).

Bleakney, Dr. J. Shennan, Dept, of Biology, Acadia
Univ., Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada BOP 1X0
Nudibranchs and sacoglossans; ecology, zoogeography,
systematics) .

Bledsoe, William D., 352 Bon Hill Rd., Los Angeles, CA.
90047.

Boone, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Q., 3706 Rice Blvd.,
Houston, TX. 77005.

Borror, Kathy Gail, 612 Northridge Rd., Columbus, OH.
43214.

Boss, Dr. Kenneth J., Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Bottimer, L.J., Rt. 1, Box 50, Tow, TX. 78672
(Recent and fossil moUusks).

Bowen, Philip R., 1004 Collins St., Hartsville, SC. 29550.

Boyd, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene S., 6806 GilHs Rd., Victor,
NY. 14564 (Phylum Mollusca - all aspects).

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Rd., Ithaca, NY. 14850.

Brady, Mr. and Mrs. E. Leo, P.O. Box 2515, Newburg,
NY. 12550 (Land snails).

Brandyberry, John J., 6323 Middlebranch Ave., NE,
North Canton, OH. 44721 (Marine mollusca).

Branson, Dr. Branley A., P.O. Box 50, Eastern Kentucky
Univ., Richmond KY. 40475.

Bratcher, Mrs. Twila, 8121 MulhoUand Terrace, Holly-
wood, CA. 90046.

Brean, Clark, 705 E. Sherman, Lebanon, OR. 97355
(Student, Cypraea).

Bretsky, Mrs. Sara S., 91 Dept, of Earth and Space
Sciences State Univ. of NY, Stonybrook, NY. 11794.
(Ecology and evolution of Bivalvia, Tertiary and Recent)

Bricker, Mrs. Minnie, Miss Donna Bricker, Walter
Kurman, R.D. 3, Hanover, PA. 17331 (Conchs and
Whelks).

Brill, Mr. and Mrs. James A., 804 Johnson St., Terrell,
TX. 75160.

Britton, Joseph C., Dept, of Biology, Texas Christian
Univ., Ft. Worth, TX. 76129.

Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. John C., 3050 Sunrise Blvd., Ft.
Pierce, FL. 33450.

Brooks, Dr.and Mrs. James C. Jr., P.O. Box 490127,
College Park, GA 30349 (Cypraea, Mur ex).

Brown, Dr. and Mrs. Harvey E. Jr., 9455 S.W. Slst Ave.,
Miami, FL. 33156.

Broyles, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph E., 5701 Fairfield Ave., Ft.
Wayne, IN. 46807.

Brunson, Dr. Royal Bruce, Univ. of Montana, Missoula,
MT. 59801.

Bryan, Edwin H. Jr., Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037,
Honolulu, HI. 96818 (Pacific biogeography and
bibliography).

Buckley, George D., 164 Renfrew St., Arlington, MA.
02174.

Buehler, William, 113 16th Ave. East, Ashland, WI. 54806
(Freshwater moilusks).

Buerk, Dr. Minerva S., Maybrook Chalet, 331 Penn Rd.,
Wynnewood, PA. 19096 (Anatomy, histology).

Bulls, Harvey R. Jr., 121 Island Dr., Key Biscayne FL.
33149.

Burch, Mrs. John Q., 1300 Mayfield Rd., Apt. 61-L, Seal
Beach, CA. 90740.

Burch, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A., P.O.Box 309, Kailua, HI.
96734 (Dredging).

Burger, Sybil B., 3700 Gen. Patch N.E., Albuquerque, NM
87111 (Gulf of Mexico; land snails).

Burgers, Dr. and Mrs. J.M., Lnstitute Fluid Dynamics, U.
of Maryland, College Park, MD. 20742.

Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn, 14453 Nassau Rd., San
Leandro, CA. 94577.

Burke, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Jr., 1820 S. Austin Blvd.
Cicero, IL. 60650 (Marine moilusks of Eastern USA).

Burky, Dr. Albert J.,Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Dayton,
Dayton, OH. 45409.

Cahill, Michael, 1639 Madison St., Apt. #4, Hollywood,
FL. 33020 (Florida marine).

Cameron, Hugh C., 3704 Edwards Rd., Cincinnati, OH.
45208 (Collecting).

Campbell, Mrs. Minnie Lee, 3895 DuPont Circle,
Jacksonville, FL. 32205 (General)

Canon, Sr. Jose R., Instituto de Foment© Pesquero, Casilla
1287, Santiago, Chile (Benthic ecoIogy;South American
Mollusca).

Capo, Thomas R., 28 Windward Lane, Easthampton, NY.
11937 (Benthic ecology).

Cardeza, R.Adm. and Mrs. Carlos M., P.O.Box 6746,
Houston, TX. 77005; summer add. -1718 Jewel Box Dr.,
Sanibel, FL. 33957 (Florida and Texas shels).

Cardin, MSGT. Charles, Box 3539, APO San Francisco,
CA. 96328.

Carlton, James T., Dept of Geology, Univ. of California,
Davis, CA. 95616 (Estuarine and brackish water
moOusks).

Camey, Dr. W. Patrick, Dept of Experimental Parasitology
NMRI, NNMC, Bethesda, MD. 20014.

Carr, Mrs. Jack C., 912 Broadway, Normal, IL. 61761
(Exchange worldwide marine).

Castagna, Michael, Va. Institute of Marine Science,
Wachapreague, VA. 23480 (Pelecypod larval behavior b

Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N., P.O. Drawer 710, Rancho
Santa Fe, CA. 92067. (Mitra, Cypraea; no exchanges).

Cetnar, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene J., 4322 Bishop Rd., Detroit,
MI. 48224.

Chace, Emery P., 24205 Eshelman Ave.,Lomita, CA 90717

Chandler, Carl B. and Doris M., P.O.Box 621, Chatham,
MA. 02633 (Cones, Cypraea).

Chanley, Mr. and Mrs. Paul E., P.O.Box 645, New Suffolk
NY. 11956.

Chauvin, Daniel, 3950 Hollister #79, Houston, TX. 77055.

Cheng, Dr. Thomas C., Institute for Pathobiology, Lehigh
Univ., Bethlehem, PA. 18015.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

81

Chichester, Lyle F., 31 Chamberlain St., New Britain, CT.
06052 (Ecology of terrestrial gastropods, biology of land
slugs).

Christie, Dr. John D., The Rockefeller Foundation 111
West 50th St., N.Y., NY. 10020.

Christensen, Carl C., Dept, of General Biology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

Chrosciechowski, Przemyslaw K., Aptdo. 125, Maracay
3KO, Venezuela (Planorbidae).

Clark, John W. Jr., Texas Historical Commission, P.O.Box
12276, Capitol Station, Austin, TX. 78711 (Economic
exploitation of moUusks by prehistoric Indians).

Clarke, Dr. Arthur H., Head Invertebrate Division
National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
KIA OM8.

Clarke, Michael D., 1179 Brown Rd., Hanover, MI. 49241.

Clench, Dr. William J., 26 Rowena St., Dorchester, MA.
02124.

Clover, Phillip W., P.O.Box 83, Glen EUen, CA. 95442.

Coan, Dr.Eugene V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Ca.
94306.

Cohen, Anne C., 6803 Florida St., Chevy Chase, MD.
20015 (Loliginidae; Litiopa melano stoma).

Coleman, Dr. Richard W., Dept of Biology, Upper Iowa
College, Fayette, LA. 52142. (Environmental inter-
relationships, plants-invertebrates).

Compitello, Mrs. Juliette, 5630 Alto Vista Rd., Bethesda,
MD.' 20034.

Cooper, Robert W., 5012 Pfeiffer Rd., Peoria, IL. 61607
(Florida marine; Murex, Pecten, Spondylus, SCUBA).

Corgan, Dr. James X., Dept of Geography and Geology,
Austin Peay State Univ.,ClarksviUe, TN. 37040
(Microscopic gastropods).

Courtney, Charles M., c/o Marco Applied Marine Ecology
Station, North Barfield Dr., Marco Is., FL. 33937
(Aquatic ecologist/malacologist).

Craig, Michael M., Div. of Biol. Sciences, the Univ. of
Mich., Ann Arbor, MI. 48104.

Craine, Mrs. Ruth A., Penick Memorial Home “F”, East
Rhode Island Ext., Southern Pines, NC. 28387.

Cramer, Frances L., 766 Obispo Ave., Long Beach, CA.
90804 (Ecology; conservation).

Cull, Mrs. Robert R., 7927 Chippewa Rd., Brecksville,
OH. 44141.

Cummings, Raymond W., 37 Lynacres Blvd., FayetteviUe,
NY. 13066 (West Indies shells, esp. Windward and
Grenadine Is.).

Curington, Roberta M., 6746 Ransome Dr., Baltimore, MD
21207 (Marine gastropods).

Cutler, Mr. and Mrs. Henry H., 105 Abbott Rd., Wellesley
HiUs, MA. 02181.

Cvancara, Dr. Alan Milton, Dept. Geology, Univ. of N.
Dakota, Grand Forks, ND. 58201 (Pleistocene and
Holocene continental moUusks, early Tertiary continen-
tal and marine).

Danforth, Louise L., 2920 Yorktown St., Sarasota, FL
33581.

Daniels, Mrs. Kathleen K., 121 Stephens Lane, Verona,
PA. 15147 (Marine; educational materials).

Daniels, Ronnie H., 101 Brock Ave., Blytheville, AR.
72315 (Marine: Volutes, Murex, Cowries).

Davenport, Mrs. Lillim B. 802 Cape Ave., Cape May Point
NJ. 08212 (Anything pertaining to the sea).

Davis, Dr. Derek S., Nova Scotia Museum, 1747 Summer
St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3M 3A6 (Gastropod
biology and taxonomy).

Davis, Dr. George M. and Davis, Dr. Elaine Hoagland,
Dept, of MoUusks, Academy of Natural Science, 19th
and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 191C3, and (Mrs.)
Ass’t. Prof, of Biology, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA
18015.

Davis, Dr. John D., 26 Norfolk Ave., Northampton, MA.
01060 (Ecology of marine bivalves).

Deatrick, Paul A., 218 S.W. 32 Ave., Miami, FL. 33135
{Strombus, Busycon).

de Graaff, Gerritt, 10915 S.W. 55 St., Miami, FL. 33165.

DeLuca, Mrs. John A., and Miss Gladys DeLuca, 61
Deborah Rd., Hanover, MA. 02339.

Dennis, Ms. SaUy, TVA, Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife
Develop., Norris, TN. 37828 (Freshwater mussels).

DeOliveira, Dr. Maury Pinto, Dept. Biologia-Malacologia,
Universidado Federal DeJuiz DeFora, Cidade Univer-
siteriae, 36100 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, BrazU

Demond, Miss Joan, 4140 Grandview Blvd. #1, Los
Angeles, CA. 90066.

Dexter, Miss Norma, 135 E.Main St. #3, Clinton, CT.
06413 {Cypraea).

Dexter, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph W. , Dept. Biological Science,
Kent State Univ., Kent. OH. 44242.

Dietrich, Mr. and Mrs. Louis E., 308 Veri Dr., Pittsburgh,
PA. 15220.

Dixon, Mrs. Ruth S., 711 Parker St., Durham, NC. 27701
(Marine).

Dobos, John D., 1300 Porter, Apt. 45, Dearborn, MI.
48124.

Duarte, Sr. Eliseo, Casilia Correo 1401, Central,
Montevideo, Uruguay.

DuBar, Dr. and Mrs. Jules R., Lakeview Hgts., Morehead,
KY. 40351 (Cenozoic and recent moUusks - ecoloby and
paleoecology).

Dundee, Dr. Dolores S., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of New
Orleans-Lakefront, New Orleans, LA. 70122 (Land
moUusks, freshwater mussels).

Draper, Bertram, C., 8511 Bleriot, Los Angeles, CA. 90045

Druger, Dr. George, Box 172, Tripler AMC, APO San
Francisco, CA. 96438 (Scuba).

Dvorak, Stanley J., 3856 W. 26th St., Chicago, IL. 60623
(Muricidae).

Dyer, Mr. and Mrs. John S. Jr., Box 238, Brookside, NJ.
07926 (Gastropods). ^

Eddison, Dr. Grace G., Region D., Respiratory Disease
Hospital, Paris, KY. 40361.

Edmiston, Mrs. J.R., 5038 Hazeltine Ave., Apt. 301,
Sherman Oaks, CA. 91423.

Edwards, Lt. Col. Corinne E., USAF (Ret.), P.O.Box 691,
Coconut Grove, FL. 33133 (Chitons; self-coUected).

Edwards, D. Craig, Dept, of Zoology, MorriU Science
Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. 01002

82

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

(Population ecology and behavior of marine benthic
molluscs).

Emerson, Dr. William K., American Museum of Natural

History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY.
10024.

English, Rita C. and English, James F., 10300 Terrace
Court, Parma, OH. 44130 (Fossils; Florida and
Caribbean; ecology of mangrove areas).

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn, MA. 01501.
Eubanks, Dr. Elizabeth R., 2162 E. Minton Dr., Tempe,
AZ. 85282. (Florida marine).

Evans, Miss Susan E., 244 Congress Ave., Lansdowne, PA
19050 (Conus, Cypraea, Murex).

Eversole, Dr. Arnold G., Dept, of Entomology and
Economic Zoology, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC. 29631
(Interpopulation variation and bioenergetics of moUus-
can populations).

Fackert, Miss Dorothy M., 2 Wilson Rd., Apt. 16B,
Sussex, NJ 07461.

Farber, Mrs. Jeanie, 4169 Carmain Dr.N.E., Atlanta, GA
30342 (all shells).

Farrell, Dr. Lyle H., Box 57, Andover, NH. 03216.
Fechtner, Frederick R., 2611 W. Fitch Ave., Chicago, EL.
60645.

Feinberg, Harold S., Dept, of Fossil and Living
Invertebrates, American Museum of Nat. Hist., Central
Park West at 79th St., N.Y., NY 10024 (Land and
freshwater mollusks).

Fenzan, William J., 385 Dohner Dr., Wadsworth, OH.
44281 (Worldwide marine).

Ferguson, Dr. and Mrs. John H., 226 Glandon Dr., Chapel
HUl, NC. 27514.

Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J., 2060 Clarmar Way, San Jose, CA
95128 (Ecology, behavior, physiology, systematica of

American MoUusca).

Fieberg, Mrs. Kleinie, 1430 Lake Ave., Wilmette, EL.
60091.

Fingold, Mr. and Mrs. A.S., University SquEue §\, 4625
Fifth Ave., Apt. 105, Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

Finlay, C.John, 116 Tanglewood Lane, Newark, DE. 19711
(Marine mollusks )Vestem Atlantic and Caribbean).
Flansburg, Dr. Ronald R., 2910 Pomona Court, Brookfield
WI. 53005.

Foehrenbach, Jack, 91 Elm St., Islip Manor, NY. 11751
(Marine ecology).

Foote, Miss Mary K., Box 2075, South Padre Island, TX.
78578.

Ford, Mrs. E. Flynn, 2100 S.Ocean Dr., Apt. 8 M, Ft.
Lauderdale, FL. 33316.

Forrest, Frank, 2717 Vinewood Dr., Speedway, IN. 46224.
Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Edward W., 30 Bamboo Dr., Naples
FL. 33940.

Foster, Mrs. Fred H., 401 N. Justus St., Oxford, IN. 47971

Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Lake, 4508 Woodrow, Galveston, TX
77550.

Franke, Norman W., 1651 Nash Ave., Pittsburgh, PA.

15235 (Self-collected marine).

Fox, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold, 112 Rennard Place, Phildelphia
PA 19116 (Pecten, Spondylus, Murex).

Franz, Dr. David R., Biology Dept., Brooklyn College,
Brooklyn, NY 11210 (Ecology and physiology, marine
mollusks, esp. Nudibranchs).

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ., Bloom-
ington, IL. 61701.

Fraser, Stanley, R. 5, Smiths Falls, Ont., Canada K7A 4S6

Fuller, Samuel L.H. and Mrs. Mary L.B. Fuller, Academy
of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia
PA 19103 (World Naiads, Unionacea and Mutelacea).

FuUington, Richard W., 1111 Ave. A., Denton, TX 76201
(Land and freshwater gastropods of N.A.; Curator,
Invertebrate Zoology, DaUas Museum of Nat. Hist.)

Gad, Kathleen J., 8911 W. Burleigh, Milwaukee, WI
53222.

Gale, Dr. Wilham F., Ichthyological Assoc.Inc.,R.D. #1,
Berwick, PA. 18603 (Sphaeriids).

Galindo, Lie. Ernesto Santos, Lopez #1, 6. Piso, Mexico,
D.D.I., Mexico.

Gallagher, Mrs. Susan, 12250 6th St. East, Treasure Island
FL 33706.

Garoian, Dr. George, Dept, of Zoology, Southern Illinois
Univ., Carbondale, IL. 62901.

Gilbert, Mrs. Laura, 808 Westwood Dr., Abilene,TX 79603

Gilbert, Prof, and Mrs. William H., Dept, of Biol., Colby
College, Waterville, ME. 04901 (Marine and freshwater
bivalves) .

Gihnour, Dr. Thomas H.J., Dept. Biology, Univ. of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N OWO
(Anisomyarian bivalves).

Girardi, Dr. Elizabeth-Louise, 707 Kent Rd, Kenilworth IL

60043.

Glazebrook, Sandra R., P.O.Box 651, Marathon, FL 33050

Ghck, Dr. Robert N. 13500 E. 12 MUe Rd., Warren, MI
48093 (Cowries, cones, olives).

Goethel, Lt.Col.(Ret.) and Mrs. Louis N., 9402 Nona Kay
Dr., San Antonio, TX 78217 (Cypraea - buy and trade)

Goodfriend, Glenn A., Comm, on Evol. Biology, U. of
Chicago, IL. 60637 (Molluscan ecology).

Graf, Robert A., 3217 Maxim Dr., Fort Wayne, IN 46805

Greenberg, Bayle, c/q Tidepool Gallery, 3907 W. 50th St.,
Edina, MN. 55424.

Greenberg, Mrs. Janis, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy., Malibu,
CA. 90265 (Tidepool Gallery).

Greenbert, Mrs. Ruth, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy., Malibu,
CA. 90265 (Tidepool GaUery).

Gregg, Dr. WendeU O., 2546 Hill St., Huntington Park
CA. 90255.

Grimm, F. Wayne, 356 Mayfield, Apt.3, Vanier, Ont.,
Canada (Holarctic terrestrial mollusks).

Groeneveld, Miss Mae, 1183 Terrace St., Muskegon, MI.
49442 (Cypraea, Conus).

Guckert, Richard H., P.O.Box 185, Thomasville, GA. 31792
(Systematica of freshwater mussels; ecology; physiology
of Nassariidae)

Gudnason, Mrs. Harold, 105 Danefield Place, Moraga, CA
94556.

Gugler, Dr. Carl W., 305 Bessey HaU, U. of Neb., Lincoln,
NE. 68508 (Terrestrial pulmonates).

Gunter, Dr. Gordon, Gulf Coast Research Lab., Ocean
Springs, MS. 39564 (Ostreidae).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

83

Gustave, Al, 3829 North Third St., Phoenix, AZ., 85012
(Murex, Astraea, Latiaxis).

Haas, Dr. John W., 1653 Medical Arts Bldg., Minneaplois
MN. 55402 (Volutes, Pectens, Spondylus).

Hadley, Mrs. Esther, 48 Adella Ave., West Newton, MA.
02165.

Hagge, Mrs. Daniel, 20 North Hill Rd.,Wausaw,WI. 54401
Hall, Mrs. Warner L., 727 Queen’s Rd., Charlotte, NC.
28207.

Hamilton, Mrs. William J. Jr., 615 Highland Rd., Ithaca,
NY. 14850.

Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Bodega Marine Lab., P.O.Box 247
Bodega Bay, CA. 94923.

Hange, Mrs. Maye E., 923 Arbor St., Costa Mesa, CA.
92627.

Harasewych, Jerry, Academy of Nat. Sciences, Dept, of
MoUusks, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Hargreave, Dr. David, Ass’t. Prof. Nat.Scs., College of
Gen. Studies, Western Mich.Univ., 1104 Berkshire Dr.,
Kalamazoo, MI. 49007 (Collecting and photography).
Harman, Dr. Willard N., Biology Dept., Suny College at
Oneonta, Oneonta, NY. 13820 (Fresh water mollusca).
Harris, Don V.Jr., 888 16th St. N.W., Washington, DC.
20006.

Harris, Ira Alexander, 9365 S.W. 77th Ave., #2006, Miami

FL. 33156.

Harris, Mr. & Mrs. E. Milton, 3237 Carlisle Rd.,
Birmingham, AL. 35313.

Harris, Major Marion J. and Mrs. Bessie B. Harris, Rt. 6,
Box 347 T, JacksonviUe, FL. 32223.

Harrison, Mrs. Francis F., One Beaver St., Cooperstown,
NY. 13326.

Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen St., Bellaire, TX.
77401.

Haven, Dr. Dexter S., 336 Lafayette Rd., Yorktown, VA.
23690 (Mercenaria mercenaria, Mya arenaria, Crasso-
trea virginica).

Hecht, Mrs. Paul L., 3636 Mineola Dr., Sarasota, FL.
33579.

Heck, Lt. Col. Ralph L., P.O. Box 16712, Temple Terrace,
FL. 33617 (Gastropods, esp. Conus, Cyprae).

Hedges, Mrs. Arlene, 404 North East St., Crown Point,
IN. 46307.

Henderson, Jerry G., 1729 N.W. Greenbrier Way, Seattle,
WA. 98177.

Hensley, Steven V., 2488 S. Fletcher Dr., Femandina
Beach, FL. 32034 (Ecology of freshwater Pelecypoda).
Herman, Dr. Richard D., 919 Hamilton Place, Wyomissing
PA. 19601 (Collecting Murex, Cypraea; biology).
Hepler, Neil M. and Laura E., 435 S. Federal Hwy.,
Deerfield Beach, FL. 33441 (Cephalopoda, Conus,
Cypraeidae).

Herr, Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Sr., 7901 Dewitt Dr., RFD #3,
BaldwinsviUe, NY. 13027.

Hesse, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H., 1241 Cocoanut Rd., Boca
Raton, FL. 33432.

Hettick, Mrs. G. Riley, 933 Lyimwood Dr., Bartlesville,
OK. 74003.

Hickey, Ms. MaryT., 183 Neck Path Rd., E. Hampton, NY
11937 (Scallops).

Hickman, Carole S., Biology Dept., Swarthmore College,
Swarthmore, PA. 19081 (Tertiary moUuscan paleon-
tology).

Hickman, Mrs. Harriette L., 11015 First Ave., Stone
Harbor, NJ. 08247 (Worldwide Epitonium).

Hicks, Mrs. Edwin S., 1522 Palmwood Dr., Eau Gallie, FL
32935 (Recent and fossil marine shells of Western
Atlantic) .

Higbee, Florence and Higbee, Joan, 13 N. Bedford St.,
Arlington, VA. 22201.

Hill, Frederick C., Univ. of LouisvUle, Water Resources
Lab., Belknap Campus, Louisville, KY. 40208.

Hillman, Dr. Robert E., BatteUe-Clapp Laboratories,
Duxbury, MA. 02332 (MoUuscan ecology and physio-
logy).

Hohman, Betty Jean, 10 Ferris, Apt. 101, Highland Park,
MI. 48203 (Cones, Volutes, Murices).

Holiman, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne, Box 246, Edinburg, TX.
78539.

HoUe, Dr. Paul A., 131 Holman St., Shrewsbury, MA.
01545 (Salt marsh snails).

Hollister, Dean S.C., 201 Hollister Hall, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, NY. 14850.

Homan, Mrs. Jacqueline A., 2208 48th St., Lubbock, TX.
79412.

Hopkins, Dr. and Mrs. SeweU H., 709 Garden Acres Blvd.
Bryan, TX. 77801.

Homstein, Leon, 2211 Arden Rd., Baltimore, MD. 21209.

Houbrick, Dr. Richard S., Supervisor for Benthos,
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, Washing-
ton, DC. 20560 (Zoogeography, systematics, evolution).

Hoyer, Kerry Bryce, 1210 S. Downing, Seaside, OR. 97138
(Olives, Cones, Cowries, Murex).

Hubbard, Mrs. Marian S., 3957 Marlow Court, Seaford,
NY. 11783 (Littorinidae; aU juvenile moUusks).

Hubricht, Leslie, 4026 35th St., Meridian, MS. 39301
(U.S. land and freshwater).

Hulswit, Mr. & Mrs. Mart, 680 West End Ave., New York
NY. 10025 (SCUBA).

Hunkins, Mrs. Ruth E., 133 Brook to Bay, Englewood, FL.
33533 (Miniature sheUs; exchange).

Hunter, Dr. R.D., 1630 W. BueU Rd., Lake Orion, MI.
48035 (Physiological ecology of freshwater pulmonates).

Hurd, John C., 104 Boulevard, LaGrange, GA. 30240
(Systematics of Unionidae).

Hyett, Dr. and Mrs. Marvin R., 403 SUverhiU Rd., Cherry
HiU, NJ. 08034.

Imlay, Dr. Marc J., Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Office of Endangered Species, Washington, DC. 20240.

Ing, Mrs. May C. and Michael B. Ing, BeUa Vista Hospital
Box 1750, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708 (SmaU and
minute sheUs of W.I.).

Ishikawa, Samuel, 551 Fifth Ave., New York, NY. 10017.

Isom, BiUy G. and Wanda S. Isom, Rt. 2, Box 112, Amy
Drive, KiUen, AL. 35645.

Jackson, R.H., 5219 Trentwood Dr., New Bern, NC. 28560

Jackson, Ralph W., Rt. #1, Box 229, Cambridge, MD.
21613 (Exchange land sheUs).

Jacobson, Morris K., 465 Beach 139 St., Rockaway Beach,
NY. 11694.

84

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

Jacobson, Mrs. Ursula, 5618 E. Montecito, Phoenix, AZ.
85018 (Indo-Pacific, esp. cones and cowries; West
Coast-Panamic).

James, Brian, 24 The Links Rd., Apt. 210, Willowdale,
Ont., Canada

Janowsky, Robert and Dorothy, 946 Ralph Ave., Brooklyn,
NY. 11236 (Cypraea, Murex, Volutes).

Jenkinson, Mr. and Mrs. John J., 189 W. Lakeview Ave.,
Columbus, OH. 43202.

Jennewein, Mr. and Mrs. Paul R., Box 394, WrightsviUe
Beach, NC. 28480 (Raising moUusks in aquaria; writing
and illustrating articles on shell collecting).

Jensen, Russell H., Box 3937, Delaware Museum of
Natural History, Greenville, DE. 19807 (MoUusks of
Bermuda) .

Johns, Veronica Parker, c/o SeasheUs Unlimited, Inc., 590
Third Ave., New York, NY. 10016.

Johnson, Mrs. Barbara N., 510 Groveland, MinneapoUs,
MN. 55403.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A. (Ret.) 3915 S.W. 109th St.,
Seattle, WA. 98146.

Johnson, Mrs. Kenneth!., 3206 Sussex Rd., Raleigh, NC.
27607 (World marine).

Johnson, Richard I., 124 Chestnut HiU Rd., Chestnut HiU,
MA. 02167.

Johnstone, Mrs. Adelaide B., 226 Wasp, Corpus Christi,
TX. 78412.

Johnstone, Mrs. Kathleen Yerger, 2209 River Forest Rd.,
MobUe, AL. 36605.

Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Archie L., 4370 S.W. 14 St., Miami,
FL. 33134 (Liguus).

Jones, Meredith L., Division of Worms, USNM,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 20560.

Jones, Richard H., 1432 Dorsh Rd., South Euclid, OH.
44121.

Katsaras, Nick, 479B S. Washington Ave., Bergenfield,
NJ. 07621.

Kay, Dr. E. AUson, General Science Dept., Univ. of
Hawaii, 2450 Campus Rd., Honolulu, HI. 96822 (Indo-
Pacific marine; systematics and ecology).

Keegan, Mrs. Barbara, c/o Catholic Relief Serv.,
Apartado 2617, Managua, Nicaragua, Central America
(Caribbean and Pacific moUusks of Central America).

Keeler, James H., 30 Park Lane, Chagrin FaUs, OH. 44022
(Marine, esp. micro Gastropods— Epitoniidae and
Terebridae) .

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology, Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, CA. 94305.

Keferl, Eugene P., 4766 Riverside Dr., Columbus, OH.
43220. (Terrestrial gastropods).

Kemper, Mrs. Hessie, 11854 Josse Dr., St. Louis, MO.
63128.

Kennedy, Miss Caroline H., 196 West 10th St., New York,
NY. 10040.

King, Lucia E., Heron Club, 434 Broad Ave. South, Naples
FL. 33940.

Klein, Mrs. IsabeUe H., Atkins Rd., R.D. #3, Geneva, OH.
44041 (Land snails).

Kline, Mrs. Mary, 240 Makee Rd., Apt. 10-A, Honolulu,
HI. 96815.

Klinkey, Mrs. Martha, 336 Main St., Batavia, IL. 60510
{Cypraea, Murex, Strombus).

Kohn, Dr. Alan J., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, WA. 98195.

Kokai, Frank L., 3472 Green Meadows St., Columbus, OH.
43207.

Kondo, Dr. Yoshio, Bishop Museum, Box 6037,
Honolulu, HI. 96818.

Kotrla, M. Bowie, Dept, of Biology, Trinity Univ., 715
Stadium Dr., San Antonio, TX. 78284 (Parasites of
snaUs).

Kovach, Jack, Dept, of Geology, Muskingum CoUege, New
Concord, OH. 43762 (Ecology, sheU composition,
paleontology of non-marine).

Kraemer, Dr. Louise R., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of
Arkansas, FayetteviUe, AR. 72701 (Freshwater lameUi-
branchs).

Kraeuter, Dr. John N., Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Wachapreague, VA. 23480 (Ecology, distri-
bution and systematics of Scaphopoda; benthic
infaunal of U.S. East Coast).

Krauss, N.L.H., 2437 Parker Place, Honolulu, HI. 96822
(Carnivorous land snails; biology).

Krieger, Kenneth A., P.O.Box 22721 Emory Univ.,
Atlanta, GA. 30322 (Ecology and systematics of
Hydobiidae and Pleuroceridae) .

Kubat, Melanie, 331 Woodland Dr., S. Hempstead, NY.
11550 (Designing with shells).

Kuczynski, Mrs. Florence, 7400 N. 46th Ave., Box 406, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33709 (Collect, exchange, photograph
shells) .

Kurz, Richard M., 1575 N. 118 St., Wauwatosa, WI. 53226
(Specimen shells).

Kuzirian, Alan M., Univ. of New Hampshire, Dept, of
Zoology, Durham, NH. 03824 (Nudibranch biology).

Laavy, T.L., Rt. 5, Maruca Dr., Greenville, SC 29609.

LaCrosse, Richard L., 379 Gardner Dr., Fort Walton
Beach, FL. 32548 (Worldwide collecting).

Lalli, Dr. Carol M., Marine Sciences Centre, McGill Univ.,
Montreal, Que., Canada H3C 3G1 (Pteropods).

Lamb, Cathy, 312 N. Thomas St. #3, Arlington, VA. 22203

Lamberts, Dr. Austin, 1520 Leffingwell, N.E., Grand
Rapids, MI. 49505 (Coral reefs and associated moUusks)

Landye, James Jerry, Dept, of Zoology, Arizona State
Univ., Temple, AZ. 85281.

Lane, Lewis B., 204 Ransom St., Fuquay-Varina, NC.
27526 (land and marine).

Lang, Bruce Z., Eastern Washington State CoUege, Dept,
of Biology, Cheney, WA. 99004 (Ecology of freshwater
moUusks and effects of parisitism on populations).

Lange, W. Harry, Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of CaUfomia

Davis, CA. 95616.

LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, 102 W. Beaumont Rd., Columbus,
OH. 43214.

Laudig, Mr. and Mrs. David, 2672 Via Pacheco,
Palos Verdes Est., CA. 90274.

Laursen, Dr. Dan, 4901 East Eastland, Tucson, AZ. 85711
(Artie, Subarctic moUusks; Free Uving larvae of
Caribbean and Gulf areas).

Lee, Dr. Harry G., 709 Lomax St., JacksonviUe, FL. 32204.

Lemire, Ross, 184 Grandview Ave., ThomhiU, Ont.
Canada L3T IJl.

Lencher, Mrs. Jennie R., 144 N. Dithridge St., Apt. 408,
Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

85

Lenhard, Louis, P.O. Box 58, Martinsville, VA. 24112
(Terrestrial mollusks).

Leonard, Dr. A. Byron, 562 Snow Hall, Univ. of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS. 66045.

Leonard, Fred L., 800 N. 41st Ave., Hollywood, FL.33021
Lemer, Martin, 64 Thompson Ave., Oceanside, NY. 11572
(Worldwide marine).

Leslie, John, 15722 Torry Pines Rd., Houston, TX. 77058
{Haliotis).

Lewis, Harold, 138 S. Twentieth St., Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Lewis, Mrs. J. Kenneth, 9207-48th Ave., College Park,
MD. 20740.

Lewis, Dr. and Mrs. John R., 23 W. 551 Warrenville
Rd, Lisle, IL. 60532.

Linney, George K., 2648 13th St., Port Arthur, TX. 77640.
Linsley, Robert M., East Lake Road, Hamilton, NY 13346.
Lipe, Robert and Mrs. Bette Lipe, 8929-91st Terrace,
Seminole, FL. 33542 (Florida shells; MargineUidae
worldwide; photography).

Loizeaux, Mrs. A.D., 5369 Susquehanna Dr., Virginia
Beach, VA. 23462.

Long, Dr. Glenn A., 608 Stevenson Lane, Towson, MD.
21204 (Ethnoconchology).

Long, Mary E., 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, CA. 95370
(Marine shells).

Long, Steven J., 110 Cuyama Ave., Pismo Beach, CA.
93449 (Opisthobranchs, Nudibranchs, Cephalaspideans,
Notaspideans, Lamellarians).

Lowry, Walter G. and Nelle H., 552 Old Lundy Rd., Macon

GA. 31204 (Collect N.C. marine, exchange).

Lubinsky, Dr. Irene, Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Manitoba,

Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3T 2N2 (Marine bivalves of
the Canadian Arctic).

Lyons, William G., Florida Dept, of Natural Resources,
Marine Lab, 100 Eighth Ave. S.E., St. Petersburg, FL.
33701 (Florida and West Indian moUusks).

MacBride, Grace, R.D. 1, Hartman Rd., North Wales, PA.
19454.

Mackie, Dr. Gerry L., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Guelph,
Guelph, Ont., Canada NIG 2W1 (Sphaeriids).
MacMillan, Gordon K., 169 Glenfield Dr., Pittsburgn, PA.
15235.

Macquin, Mrs. Hazelle B., 437 Douglas St., Salt Lake City
UT. 84102 (Fossil mollusks of U.S.)

Maes, Dr. Virginia Orr, Dept, of Mollusks, Academy of
Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia,
PA. 19103.

Mahavier, Mrs. W.E., 234 E. Woodlawn Ave., San
Antonio, TX. 78212.

Malek, Dr. Emile, Tulane Univ. Medical School, 1430
Tulane Ave., New Orleans, La. 70112 (Parasitology).
Malick, Donald, 5514 Plymouth Rd., Baltimore, MD.

21214 (Buy, sell, exchange fossils).

Malone, Mrs. Elsie, 1017 Periwinkle Way, Box 54, Sanibel
Island, FL. 33957 (Buy, sell, exchange world shells).
Marsh, Mrs. Therese C., P.O. Box 22291, Ft. Lauderdale,

FL. 33315 (S.E. Fla. marines; worldwide bivalves).
Marshall, Donald S., Far Lands House, 3414 Halcyon Dr.,

Alexandria, VA. 22305.

Marshall, Ms. Susan, P.O. Box 103, Coconut Grove, FL,
33133.

Marshall, Mrs. Thomas H., 2237 N.E. 175th St., Seattle,
WA. 98155 (World sheUs; exchange).

Marti, Mrs. Ann, P.O.Box 7, Trinity, AL. 35673

Martz, Mrs. Helen J., 2525 Eastwood Ave., Evanston,
IL. 60201.

Mastenbroek, Paul W., P.O.Box 67, Woodbridge, Ontario
L4L 1A9, Canada (Ecology of mollusks in boreal and
arctic parts of Atlantic).

Mathiak, Mr. and Mrs. Harold A., 209 S. Finch St.,
Horicon, WI. 53032 (History of Wisconsin mussels;
species distribution).

Mattera, Albert and Mrs. Emily, 4501 Traymore St.,
Bethesda, MD. 20014 (Murex).

Mauseth, E. L., Aiden, MN. 56009.

Mayer, Miss Hildegard M., Cedar Pointe, Apt. L-4, 2000
E. Ocean Blvd., Stuart, FL. 33494 (Epitonium).

Mazurkiewicz, Michael, River Rd., Newcastle, ME. 04553
(Larval development and ecology of estuarine moUusks)

McAlester, Prof. A. Lee, Peabody Museum, Yale Univ.,
Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT. 06520 (Bivalve
evolution and ecology).

McCallum, Mr. and Mrs. John, R.D. 2, Meadowvue Dr.,
Wexford, PA. 15090.

McCarty, Col. William A., 424 Himting Lodge Dr., Miami
Springs, FL. 33166.

McGinn, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M., P.O.Box 89, Cut Off,
LA. 70345.

McGinty, Thomas L. and Paul L., Box 765, Boynton Beach
FL. 33435.

McGrath, Robert E. and Mrs. Zella Roberta McGrath,
4434 S. 10th, Terre Haute, IN. 47802.

McHugh, Mrs. John, 4654 Quarry Ridge, Rockford, IL.
61103 (Murex).

Mclnnes, Mrs. Cornelia G., F-6 Raleigh Apts., Raleigh,
NC. 27605 (AU marine).

McLean, Dr. James Hj., Los Angeles County Museum, 900
Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90007.

McMUlan, William L., P.O.Box 815, Tavernier, FL. 33070
(Cypraea).

McRae, Mrs. Catherine, 903 King’s Crown Dr., Sanibel,
FL. 33957 (Pectinidae).

Mead, Dr. Albert R., Dept, of Biological Sciences, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 86721.

Menzel, Dr. R.W., Dept, of Oceanography, Florida State
Univ., Tallahassee, FL. 32306 (Oysters; clams).

Merrill, Dr. Arthur S., National Marine Fisheries Service,
Biological Lab, Oxford, MD. 21654.

Merritt, Mr. and Mrs. Jack H., 2251 Euclid Ave., Ft.
Myers, FL. 33901.

Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Dept, oj Biology, Univ. of Texas at
El Paso, El Paso, TX. 79968 (Terrestrial Gastropoda of
S.W. U.S.)

Metz, Mrs. P.A., 6 Walsh HaU, Univ. of Alaska,
Fairbanks, AK. 99701 (Clams, esp. Macoma).

Meyer, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G., P.O.Box 61, Captiva, FL.
33924.

Michelson, Dr. Edward H., Richmond Rd., Natick, MA.
01760 (Medical Malacology).

Micoine, Mrs. Colette, P.O.Box 622, Carson City, NV.
89701 (Cypraea, Conus, Valuta).

MOes, Dr. Charles D., 6325 West 73rd Terrace, Overland
Park, KS. 66204.

86

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

Miller, Barry B., Dept, of Geology, Kent State Univ., Kent
OH. 44242 (Non-marine Pleistocene, Malacology).

Miller, Richard L., Dept, of Biology, Temple Um¥.,
Philadelphia, PA. 19122.

Miller, Dr. Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Tucson, AZ.
85718.

Moberg, Capt. and Mrs. A.G., Keene Ed., RFD Box 154,
East Freetown, MA. 02717.

Moia, Marcela, O’Higgins 2057, piso 8 A, Buenos Aires,
Argentina (South American, Argentina general)

Monfils, Paul R., 239 Onns St., Providence, RI. 02908
(Worldwide marine, esp. Cypraeidae).

Monroe, Mrs. Helen E., 500 N. Roosevelt Blvd., Apt. 411,
Falls Church, VA. 22044 (Cones).

Moore, Dr. and Mrs. Donald R., School of Marine and
Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Ricken-
backer Causeway, Miami, FL. 33149.

Morrison, Eugene, Rt. 3, Box 306-B, Perry, FL. 32347
(Marine Gastropoda).

Morrison, Dr. J.P.E., Div. of Mollusks, U.S. National
Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Morrison, Robert W., 5101 Ocean Blvd., Sarasota, FL.
33581 iCypraea, Valuta, Oliva, Mur ex).

Mousley, Louis B., Mousiey Musexim of Natural History,
11555 Bryant St., Yucaipa, CA. 92399.

Murray, Mrs. Francis A., 3741 N.E. 24th Ave., Lighthouse
Point, FL. 33064.

Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biology Dept., Trinity Univ., San
Antonio, TX. 78284 (Unionidae; distribution and
parasites) .

Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Talbot E. Jr., Grad. Sch. of Ocean-
ography, Unvi. of R.I., Narragansett, RI. 02882.

Musick, Mrs. John W. and Richard M. Musick, 1238
E. Bayshore Dr., Virginia Beach, VA. 23451.

(SheB collecting for profit).

Musselwhite, Miss Margo, 10815 Janet Lee, San Antonio,
TX. 78230 (Cowries).

Myer, Dr. Donal G., Southern Illinois Univ. at
Edwardsville, IL. 62025 (Land snails).

Myers, Mr. and Mrs. Brevard S., 2746 Hampton Ave.,
Charlotte, NC. 28207.

Naide, Dr. Meyer, 2034 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA. 19103

Nelson, Mr. and Mrs. Frank J., 95-24 110 St., Richmond
Hill, NY. 11419 (Non marine and Archaeogastropoda,
worldwide) .

Nicol, Dr. David, P.O.Box 14376, University Station,
Gainesville, FL. 32604.

Nicolaci, Mr. and Mrs. Domenick, Bella Vista Is., Box 147,
Fairhaven, MA. 02719 (Pectera, -exchange).

Nielsen, Richard L., Box 278, Fleteher Academy, Fletcher,
NC. 28732 (Non-marine aquatic mollusks).

Noseworthy, Ronald G., P.O.Box 104, Main St., Grand
Bank, Newfoundland, Canada AOE IWO (North Am.
circumboreaJ mollusks; also Clausiliidae and Turridae).

Hotter, Miss Hellen, 2529 Gilmore St., Jacksonville, FL.
32204.

Nowell-Usticke, Gordon, 1 North St., Christiansted, St.
Croix, Virgin Islands 00820.

Nunnally, Mrs. Sally and Doug Nunnally, 512 North
Channel Dr., Apt. B, WrightsviOe Beach, NC. 28480.

Oatis, Bona D., 312 Holiday Park Dr., Pittsburgh, PA.
15239 (World marines ;exciiaiige).

Ode, Dr. Helmer, 4811 Braebum Dr., Bellaire, TX. 77401
(Gulf of Mexico marines).

Oesch, D. Ronald, 9 Hffl Dr., Glendale, MO. 63122
(Missouri mussel zoogeography).

Oetzell, Miss Edith M., 518 S. Ardmore Ave., VOla Park,
IL. 60181 (CoTOs).

O’Gotman, Ms.Barbafa and Bill Schutze, 114-62 41st Ave.
Flushing, NY. 11355 (Drawing specimens; SCUBA).

Old, William E. Jr., Dept, of Mollusks, American Museum
of Natural History, Central Park W. and 79th St., New
York, NY. 10024.

Olsen, Philip L., 10708 Blossom Lane, Silver Spring, MD.
20903 (Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod mollusks).

Oppenheimer, Dr. Ella H., 7703 Crossland Rd., Baltimore
MD. 21208.

Ostheimer, Alfred J. Ill, 5017 Maunalani Circle, Honolulu
HI. 96816.

Ostheimer, Mrs. Ruth M., 146 S. WMtford Rd., Exton, PA
19341.

Otero, D. Jose Hernandez, Capitan Quesada, S/N, Gaidar
(Gran Canaria), Espana.

Pace, Dr. Gary L., Univ. of Michigan, Biology Dept., Flint
ML 48503.

Paine, Anna, 6918 Lake Kenilworth Dr., Apt. Ill, New
Orleans, LA. 70126.

Paine, Walter C., Valley News, Box 877, White River
Junction, VT. 05001.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V.W., 206 Oak Hm Rd., Ithaca, NY
14850.

Parker, John Dyas, 149 Trent Rd., Penn Wynne, Phila-
delphia, PA. 19151 (Tertiary fossils and historical con-
chology).

Parodiz, Dr. and Mrs. Juan Jose, Sect, of Invertebrates,
Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA.
15213 (Neotropical mollusks and freshwater Gastropoda
of USA).

Pate, John B., P.O.Box 1025, Amada, CO. 80001 (Ama-
teur shell and fossil collector; Panamanian shells).

Perrault, Miss Viola, Box 50, U.S. Navy, FPO New York,
NY. 09593.

Peterson, Mrs. Kay, 25 &emc Dr., Warwick, RI. 02886
(Marine gastropods).

Petit, Mr. and Mrs. Richard, P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle
Beach, SC. 29582.

Petrikin, Mrs. Carolyn B., 6301 31st Terrace North, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33710. (President, St. Petersburg SheO
Club).

Peyton, Gary, 927 Christine, Houston, TX. 77017.

Phillips, Betty and Ted, 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa Barbara,
CA. 93110.

Plockelman, CyntMa H., 311 Franklin Rd., West Palm
Beach, FL. 33405 (Caribbean Muricidae, Natiddae).

Porter, Mr. and Mrs. Dan F., Hudson House, Ardsley-on-
Hudson, NY. 1050P.

Porter, Hugh J., Institute of Marine Science, Univ. of
North CaroHna, Morehead City, NC. 28557. (System-
atica, culture of bivalves.

Porter, Mrs. Miriam E., 2013 S. Vernon PL, Melbourne,
FL. 32901.

Post, Mrs. Alfred P. Jr., P.O.Box 65, Darlington, MD.
21034.

Bulletin of tke American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

87

Powers, Joe, Bonded Oil Co., 2525 N. Limestone St.,
Springfield, Ohio 45501 (Marine Shells Worldwide).

Pratt, Mr. and Mrs. W. Lloyd Jr., Fort Worth Museum of
Science and History, 1501 Montgomery St., Fort Worth,
TX. 76107.

Price, Miss Ruth G., Fenwick Island, DE. 19944.

Priest, William G. Jr., 306 East Summit PL, San Antonio,
TX. 78212.

Pulley, Dr. Thomas E., Director, Houston Museum of
Natural Science, P.O.Box 8175, Houston, TX. 77004.

Putnam, Mrs. Judith Dorr, P.O.Box 1178, Ft. Collins, CO.
80521 (Sphaeriidae).

Quammen, Mrs. Eleanor K., 402 Homestead Rd., Wayne,
PA. 19087.

Queen, Loma B. (Mrs. C.B.), 202 Nottingham Rd., Jack-
sonville, NC. 28540 (Mollusks of the Southeast Atlantic)

Radwin, Dr. George E., 4341 Rodrigo Dr., San Diego, CA.
92115 (Gastropod taxonomy).

Racela, Dr. and Mrs. Antonio S. Jr., 126 W. 116th St.,
Kansas City, MO. 64114 (Philippine land and sea shells)

Raeihle, Mr. and Mrs. George, 211 Milligan Rd., West
Babylon, NY. 11704.

Raines, Mrs. Kathleen Jane Parker, 505 N. Park St.,
CenterviUe, lA. 52544 (Behavior and species specificity,
aquatic gastropods).

Rains, Thomas D., Rt. 1, Box 354-A-38, Chardale Dr.,
Clemmons, NC. 27012 (Bivalve and scaphopod ecology).

Rappleye, Miss Lauralee, 4605 Beechwood Rd., College
Park, MD. 20740 {Busycon).

Rathbum, Mrs. Mary H., Rt. 2, Box 344, Sarasota, FL.
33577 (Worldwide sheUs).

Rawls, Dr. Hugh C., Eastern Illinois Univ., Dept, of Zoo-
logy, Charleston, IL. 61920 (Ecology, taxonomy, distri-
bution of land snails).

Reader, Mr. and Mrs. William R., 4772 49th Ave. North,
St. Petersburg, FL. 33714 (Live moUusks).

Reeder, Richard L., Faculty of Nat. Sci., Univ. of Tulsa,
Tulsa, OK. 74104 (Land pulmonates).

Rehder, Dr. and Mrs. Harold A., 5620 Ogden Rd.,
Washington, DC. 20016.

Rhode, Homer J., 977 Botany Lane, Rockledge, FL. 32955
(Marine collecting).

Rice, Thomas C., Of Sea and Shore Publications, P.O.Box
33, Port Gamble, WA. 98364 (Dealer).

Rice, Mrs. Winnie H., P.O.Box 638, Rockport, TX. 78382
(Gulf of Mexico Mollusca).

Richards, Charles S., Lab. of Parasitic Diseases, National
Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD. 20014 (Freshwater
mollusks, host-parasite relations, moUusk pathology and
genetics).

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences,
19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

Rickard, Mrs. George C., 9316 Harvey Rd., Silver Spring,
MD. 20910.

Ridge, Mrs. Lorraine, Rt. 3, Box 253-B-l, FL. 32084.

Riggs, Mrs. Harriet H., Rt. 1, Box 255, Swansboro, NC.
28584 (Worldwide Pectens; North Carolina mollusks).

Rios, Dr. Eliezer C., Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande,
Caixa Postal 379, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil

Ritchie, Mrs. Robert M., 17 Coimtry Club PL, Blooming-
ton, IL. 61701.

Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. H. Wallace, Hopkinson House,
Apt. 2016, Washington Square South, Philadelphia, PA.
19106 (Marine).

Robertson, Dr. Robert, Dept, of Malacology, Academy of
Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia,
PA. 19103 (Marine).

Romach, Eileen Jokinen, Biol. Dept., Suffolk Univ.,
Boston, MA. 02114 (Freshwater Gastropods).

Root, John, P.O.Box 182, West Palm Beach, FL. 33402.

Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E., Div. of MoUusks, U.S. National
Museum, Washington, DC. 20560 (Systematics and
ecology of Cephalopoda).

Ropes, John W., P.O.Box 333, Church Neck, St. Michaels,
MD. 21663.

Rosentreter, Howard W., P.O.Box 29, Big Pine Key, FL.
33043.

Rosewater, Dr. and Mrs. Joseph, Division of MoUusks,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Ross, Miss Mary K., 2927 42nd St., Highland, IN. 46322
(Cowries, Murex, OUves, Cones, marine bivalves;
exchange).

Ross, Mr. and Mrs. WiUiam A., 1101 Hampton Rd., West
Palm Beach, FL. 33405 (OUvidae and Pectinidae).

Rotter, Dr. Saul D., 170 North Ocean Blvd., Palm Beach,
FL. 33480 (Cones, Volutes, Cowries, OUves).

Roworth, Edwin C., 1301 Windson Rd., Cardiff-by-the-
Sea, CA. 92007 (World shells and sea Ufe).

Ruehl, Theodore, C., Rt. 202, 112 Haverstraw Rd., Suf-
fem, NY. 10901 {Murex, Valuta, Conus).

RusseU, Charles E., 10602 Jordan Rd., Carmel, IN. 46032
(Iand;freshwater sheUs).

RusseU, Dr. Henry D., 50 Springdale Ave., Dover,
MA. 02030.

Russel, Dr. Loris S., Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s
Park, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 2C6.

RusseU-Hunter, Dr. W.D., Dept, of Biology, 112 Lyman
HaU, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY. 13210.

Rutter, Kurt L., P.O.Box 107, Stanton, NJ. 08885 (SheUs
of the Uttoral area).

Sage, Walter E. HI, 1123 Hathaway, LouisviUe, KY. 40215

St. John, Dr. Mary EUen and Dr. F. Lee St. John, 1571
North 21 St., Newark, OH. 43055 (Naiads, esp.
Actinonaias ligamentina) .

Sartor, James C., 5606 Duxbury, Houston, TX. 77035
(OUvidae).

SaviUe, Linda D., Ohio State Univ. Water Resources
Center, 1791 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH. 43210.

Sayler, Mrs. Jane, 4870 Fairfield Rd., Memphis, TN.
38226.

Scarabino, Sr. Victor, Museo Nacional de Historia
Natural, C.C. 399, Montevideo, Uruguay.

ScheU, Mr. and Mrs. Frederic B. Jr., 1200 Peppertree
Lane, Apt. 102, Sarasota, FL. 33581 (winter); The
Brooklands, Colebrook, CT. 06021.

Schilling, Mr. and Mrs. Albert E., 419 Linden Ave., Glen-
side, PA. 19038 (Mr. -Cypraea; Mrs. -Murex; both.
Conus).

Schilling, Mrs. Frieda, 3707 Lan Dr., St. Louis, MO.
63125.

Schonfeld, Mrs. Rivka, 136 E. 64th St., New York, NY.
10021 (Indo-Pacific and West Indies).

88

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

Schriner, Mr. and Mrs. Howard Jr., Rt. #2, Box 127,
LaBeUe, FL. 33935.

Schwartz, Mrs. SaUy W., 2761 Leeds Rd., Columbus, OH.
43221.

Seip, William F., 1555 Stonewood Rd., Baltimore, MD.
21239.

Sharpe, Stephen George, Amherst, R.R. #2, Nova Scotia,
Canada B4H 3X9 (South African shells ;conservation of
Strombus gigas; pen pals).

Shasky, Dr. Donald R., 229 Cajon St., Redlands, CA.
92373.

Shaw, William N., 209 Sycamore Ave., Easton, MD.
21601 (Shellfish culture).

Sheafer, Clinton W. and Mabel H., P.O.Box 576, Delray
Beach, FL. 33444.

Sheets, Mrs. Elva D., R.R. 4, Huntington, IN. 46750.
Shelley, Dr. Rowland, N.C. State Museum, Box 27609,
Raleigh, NC. 27611 (Freshwater mollusks of North
Carolina) .

Shepler, Dr. and Mrs. L. Gordon, 416 72nd St., Brooklyn,
NY. 11209 (St. Croix and Fire Island, NY. shells).
Shipman, Mrs. Robert G., 11 Bantle Rd., Glastonbury,
CT. 06033 (MoUuscan habitats and life patterns).
Shoemaker, Alan H., 2136 Rolling Hills Rd., Columbia,
SC. 29210 (littoral and shallow sublittoral mollusks).
Sickel, James B., Biol. Dept., Murray State Univ.,
Murray, KY. 42071 (Unionidae ecology and physiology).
Siekman, Mrs. Lula B., 5031 41st St. South, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33711.

Skoglund, Carol, 3846 Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ.

85018 (Panamic Province shells).

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, CA.
94707.

Smith, Douglas G., Dept, of Zoology, Douglas G., Dept, of
Zoology, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, MA. 01060 (Land
and freshwater mollusca of NE North America).
Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Francis, 1023 55th Ave. South, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33705 (Microscopic marine mollusks of
Florida).

Smith, Mrs. Hattie Little, P.O.Box 1053, Foley, AL. 36535
(Gulf of Mexico).

Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron St., Palo Alto, CA.
94301.

Smith, Lawrence C., 51 Coppertree Lane, Babylon, NY.

11702.

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Roland V., 215 Sunnyside Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIS 1R4.

Smrcheck, Dr. Jerry C., 3316 King William Dr., Olney,
MD. 20832 (Effects of pollution on freshwater mollusca)
Snyder, Martin Avery, 746 Newtown Rd., Villanova, PA.
19085.

Sohl, Dr. Norman F., 7105 Vermillion PL, Aimandale, VA.
22003.

Solem, Dr. Alan, Dept, of Zoology, Field Museum of Nat.

History, Chicago, ILt 60605.

Soper, Arthur W., P.O.Box 431, Devon,PA. 19333.
Spencer, Miss Gladys M., 1305 12th Ave., Sterling, IL.
61081.

Sphon, Gale G. Jr., Los Angeles County Museum, Inverte-
brate Zoology, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA.

90007.

Spurr, Charles B., P.O.Box 686, Golden Meadow, LA.
70357.

Stainken, Dennis, 51 Coughlan Ave., Staten Island, NY.
10310 (Anatomy and physiology of bivalves; effects of
marine pollutants).

Stansbery, Dr. David H., Museum of Zoology, Ohio
State Univ., 1813 North High St., Columbus, OH. 43210
(Naiads).

Steger, Mrs. Dan, 2711 68th St., Tampa, FL. 33619
(Marine fauna of Gulf of Mexico).

Stein, Dr. Carol B., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State Univ.
1813 North High St., Columbus, OH. 43210 (Naiads,
Gastropoda).

Steinke, Capt. Dale E., 6001 Craftsbury Dr., Charlotte,
NC. 28215 (Marine).

Stenzel, Dr. H.B., Dept, of Geology, Louisiana State
Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803.

Stem, Edward M., Dept, of Zoology and Physiology,
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803
(Systematics and ecology of terrestrial gastropods and
Unionidae).

Sterrett, Sandra S., 1278 Hunter Ave., Columbus, OH.
43201 (Naiades).

Steward, Supt. Orville M., c/o Holly Hill— Mrs. Vincent
Astor, P.O.Box 336, Briarcliff Manor, NY. 10510.

Stewart, Rev. Marlin B., 54 Elm St., Westfield, NY. 14787.

Stickle, Dr. William B. Jr., Dept, of Zoology and Phys-
iology, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803.

Stingley, Dale V., P.O.Box 113, LaBelle, FL. 33935.

Stix, Hugh S., 13 Vandam St., New York, NY. 10013.

Stohler, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, CA. 94709.

Stough, Mrs. Jeanne F., Box 741, Curundu, Canal Zone
(Marginella) .

Strieder, Dr. Denise J., 143 Laurel Rd., Chestnut Hill,
MA. 02167 (American shells).

Stuardo, Dr. Jose, Centro de Ciencias del Mar, U.N.A.M.,
Apdo Postal 70-305 y 306, Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico
(General).

Sutow, Dr. Wataru W., 4371 North MacGregor Way,

Houston, TX. 77004 (StromdMS, -exchange).

Sutton, Barbara J., 450 E. 20th St., Apt. 5H, New York,
NY. 10009.

Swan, Emery F., 3 Faculty Rd., Durham, NH. 03824.

Swartz, Miss S.L., 306 20 Ave. S.W., Calgary 3, Alberta,
Canada.

Talbot, Robert 2640 Killamey Rd., Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada V8P 3G8 (Conidae, Cypraeidae of
Pacific :intertidal life of Pacific Northwest).

Talmadge, Robert R., 2850 Pine St., Eureka, CA. 95501
(Haliotidae; benthic invertebrates).

Tate, Mrs. MOdred, Brazosport Museum of Natural
Science, Box 355, Lake Jackson, TX. 77566.

Taxson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert, 25 Knoll’s Crescent, Bronx,
NY. 10463.

Taylor, Dr. Dwight, Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach,
CA. 94929.

Taylor, Mrs. Jud, 900 Burr Rd., Apt. 1-G, San Antonio,
TX. 78209 (Shells of the Texas coast).

Taylor, Mrs. Judy, c/o Collector’s Cabinet, 670 Lincoln
Rd., Miami Beach, FL. 33139 (Dealer).

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

89

Teixeira, Mrs. Frank, P.O.Box 274, Buzzards Bay, MA.
02532 {Pecten; exchange).

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., P.O.Box 273, Big Pine Key,
FL. 33043.

Thomas, Dr. Grace, Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Georgia,
Athens, GA. 30602. (Sphaeriids).

Thomas, Miss Marguerite T., Box 312-A, Rt. 1, Swansboro
NC. 28584 (World marine ;exchange).

Thompson, Dr. FredG., Florida State Museum, Gainsville
FL. 32601 (Land and freshwater mollusks;systematics).

Thorpe, Mrs. Fran Hutchings (Mrs. Foster B.), 3910
Battersea Rd., Coconut Grove, FL. 33133.

Tippett, Dr. and Mrs. Bonn L., 10281 Gainsborough Rd.,
Potomac, MD. 20854.

Tumiell, John W. Jr., Dept, of Sciences, Texas A. & I.
Univ. at Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX. 78411
(Systematica, distribution and ecology of reef and bank
moOusks of Gulf of Mexico).

Turano, Dr. Andrew F., R.F.D. #1, Cemetery Rd.,
Colchester, CT. 06415 (World marine).

Turner, Dr. Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Upatham, Dr. Edward Suchart, Research and Control
Dept., P.O.Box 93, Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies
(Ecology of snails and their relationship to parasitic
trematodes) .

Urbaniak, Mrs. Roman and Miss Susanne Urbaniak, 2668
N. Holton St., Milwaukee, WI. 53212.

Vagvolgyi, Dr. Joseph, Biology Dept. , B-eo4, Staten Island
Community College, 715 Ocean Terrace, Staten Island,
NY. 10312 (Evolutionary theory ;zoogeography).

Valentine, Dr. and Mrs. J. Manson, 1260 S.W. 1st St.,
Miami, FL. 33135.

Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, University Museums, Univ. of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48104.

Van de Velde, Sharon C., 1518 Flippen Court, Anaheim,
CA. 92802 (Ultrastructure of molluscs).

Vega, Dr. Luis Eduardo, 21 W. Linger Lane, Phoenix, AZ.
85021.

Veverka, John A. and Mrs. Sandra A., 598 Arlington Ave.,
Mansfield, OH. 44903 (Land and freshwater moUusks).

Vidan, Mrs. Mercedes G., 27 Golfview Dr., Newark, DE.
19702 (Marine Gastropods).

Villarroel, Miss Maria, Centro de Ciencias del Mary
Limnologia, UNAM, Apdo Postal 70-305 y 306, Mexico
20, D.F., Mexico.

Vokes, Dr. Harold and Dr. Emily, Dept, of Geology,
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA. 70118 (Mesozoic and
Tertiary mollusks; fossil and recent Muricidae).

Wadsworth, James Edgar, Wilson Coimt, Chapel Hill, NC.
27514.

Waggoner, Mrs. Marguerite, 412 Main St., Lockport, LA.
70374.

Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Robert J.L., R.D. 1, Box 21,
Marathon, FL. 33050 (Purchase shells).

Walker, R. Lindsay Jr., Apartado 06 Postal 344, San
Salvador, El Salvador, Central America.

Waller, Dr. Thomas R., Dept, of Paleobiology, U.S.
National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560 (Zoo-
geography, ecology, evolution of Cenozoic Pectinidae).

Walter, Dr. Waidemar, Dept, of Biological Sci., Western
Illinois Univ., Macomb, EL. 61455.

Ward, WUson B., P.O.Box 26341, Houston, TX. 77207
(Cypraea, Conus, representative worldwide).

Warmke, Germaine L., 1711 S.W. 43rd Ave., Gainesville,
FL. 32608 (SheUs of Puerto Rico).

Wartenbergh, Mrs. Marolyn, 511 North Cascade Terrace,
Sunnyvale, CA. 94087.

Wasili, Odessa, P.O.Box 8, Frisco, NC. 27936.

Waters, Ruth A., 135 East Main St., Apt. 3, Clinton, CT.
06413 (U.S. marine, principally East Coast).

Wayne, Dr. William J., M.H. 112, Dept, of Geology, Univ.
of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 68508.

Webb, Dr. Glenn R., Rt. 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, PA. 19522

Webb, Mr. and Mrs. John, 27132 Butternut Ridge Rd.,
North Olmsted, OH. 44070.

Weingartner, Mathilde P., 17 Amelia Court, Staten Island,
NY. 10310.

Weisbord, Norman E. and Nettie S., Dept, of Geology,
Florida State Univ., TaUahassee, FL. 32306 (Cenozoic
and recent).

Weiser, Mrs. Ernest, 3388 Bayfront Dr., Baldwin, NY.
11510.

Weiss, Fredric, 6 Plymouth Rd., Great Neck, N.Y. 11023.

Weiss, Harold M., 3607 Sarah Dr., Wantagh, NY. 11793
(Conidae and Cypraeidae).

Welch, Miss Isabelle E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls
Church, VA. 22044 (General).

Wells, Dr. Harry, 620 Presbyterian Ave., Laurinburgh,
NC. 28352.

Welty, Stephen L., Box 639, Dubois, WY. 82513.

Werner, Milton, 70 Richmond St., Brooklyn, NY. 11208.

Westerfield, Mrs. Asher L., 429 Montgomery Ave.,
Haverford, PA. 19041 (Marine).

Wheel, Mr. and Mrs. Adlai B. Sr., 4501 West Seneca
Turnpike, Syracuse, NY. 13215.

White, Kenneth J., R.Ph., 4735 RosweU Rd., N.E., Apt.
25-B, Atlanta, GA. 30342 (Caribbean).

Whiteside, Mrs. Smith, 205 Marion St., Indian Harbour
Beach, FL. 32937.

Whitney, Dr. Marjorie A., 60 Rose Park Dr., Toronto Ont.,
Canada, M4T IRl.

Widmer, Ernest C., P.O.Box 814, Orange Park, FL. 32073
(Exchange marine and freshwater Florida moUusks).

Wightman, Dr. Eugene P., 85 Harding Rd., Rochester,
NY. 14612 (World marine).

Wilie, William L. Jr., 1405 McFaddin, Beaumont, TX.
77701 (Conus).

Williams, Dr. James D., 10805 Bucknell Dr., Silver Spring,
MD. 20902 (Freshwater mussels; zoogeography and
systematics).

Wilson, Dr. Druid, Room E506, U.S. National Museum,
Washington, DC. 20560.

Windnagel, John, 3581 Snouffer Rd., Worthington, OH.
43085 (Florida shells).

Wiswall, Harold C., 42 Winding River Rd., Needham,
MA. 02192 (Western Atlantic, Caribbean mollusks).

Withrow, Mr. and Mrs. Carl C., 4825 9th St. S., St.
Petersburg, FL. 33705.

Wolfe, Dr. Douglas A., Rt. 2, Box 184, Beaufort, NC.
28516 (Western Atlantic marine mollusks).

Woods, WilMam L., 2721 Mmray Ridge Rd., San Diego,
CA. 92123 (Panamic mollusks; Turridae, Colum-
beUidae).

90

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

Work, Robert C., 7610 S.W. 63rd Court, South Miami,
FL. 33143.

Wright, Mr. and Mrs. Kirk, Box 2191, Fitchburg, MA.
01420.

Wu, Shi-Kuei and Mrs. Ching-Chen Wu, 1450 Ithaca Dr.,
Boulder, CO. 80303 (Functional morphology of
mollusks; Muricids; land and freshwater moUusks of

Rocky Mountain area).

Wulff, Mrs. EUa May, R.D. 2, BeUa Vista Dr., Willi-
mantic, CT. 06226 (Marine gastropods).

Wurtz, Dr. Charles B., 3220 Penn St., Philadelphia, PA.

19129 (Terrestrial Puhnonata).

Yergin, Margaret (Maggi), 2706 Cameron Blvd., Isle of
Palms, SC. 29451 (Marine mollusks).

Yochelson, Dr. EUis, U.S. Geological Survey, E. 317, U.S.

National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Yokley, Dr. Paul Jr., Box 5153, Univ. North Alabam,
Florence, AL. 35630.

Young, Mrs. Ann Frame, P.O.Box 846, Marathon, FL.
33050 (Scuva, Cassidae).

Young, H.D. and Wilma G. Young, P.O. Box 1931,
Seattle, WA. 98111 (Exchange Pacific Northwest gas-
tropods; also purchase).

Young, Miss M.E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls Church, va.
22044.

Zager, Mrs. Jane, 200 Mt. Pleasant Ave., West Orange,

NJ. 07052 (American shells).

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Altena, Dr. C.O. van Regteren, Duindoomlaan 26,
Bentveld, Holland.

Ant, Professor Dr. Herbert, Wielandstr. 17, D-47 Hamm,
Germany.

Baba, Dr. Kikutaro, Shigagaoka 35, Minami-ll-jyo,
Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara-ken, Japan 636 (Opistho-
branchia— taxonomy, morphology).

Boettger, Dr. Caesar, Zoologisch Inst., Pockelstrasse 10
A, 3300 Braunschweig, West Germany.

Bosch, Dr. Donald, P.O.Box 11, Muscat, Sultanate of
Oman.

DeLos Santos, Jose T., 273 Karuhatan, Valenzuela,
Bulacan, Philippines D-226.

Haritatos, Emmanuel, Anagnostopoulou 8, Athens 136,
Greece.

Lazere, Miss Shirley, 72 Salisbury Ave., Slugh, Berks.,
SL2 lAQ, England.

Martins, A.M. Frias, Seminario-Colegio do Santo Cristo,
Ponta Delgada, San Miguel, Azores.

Miyauti, Dr. Tetuo, Miyademy Fisheries Lab, Ikenoura,
Futami-cho, Watarai-gun, Mie-ken, 519-06 Japan.

Otero, D. Jose Hernandez, Capiten Quesada, S/N, Gaidar
(Gran Canaria), Espana.

Oyama, Dr. Katura, Qeol.Survey of Japan, Kawadacho 8,
Shinjuku-ku, TokyU, Japan.

Paget, Dr. Oliver E., Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring
7, A-104, Vienna, Austria.

Pajer, MissZdenka, Tomsiceva8, 64000 Kranj (Slovenija),
Yugoslavia.

Piani, Piero, P.O.Box 2192, Bologna, E.L. Italy 40100.

Rong, Hwang Shin, P.O.Box 58530 Taipai, Taiwan,
(Cypraeidae, Conidae).

Sibley, Frederick D., Logistics Division Hdqtrs.,
USAREUR, Ob Gaisbergweg 10/A, 69 Heidelberg,
Germany.

Trinidad, Dr. Victor Jose V., #10 Orchid St., Capitol Site,
Cebu City, Philippines 6401 (Cowries, cones, olive and
Tibia shells).

AFFILIATED SHELL CLUBS AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ASTRONAUT TRAIL SHELL CLUB, INC., P.O. Box 515,
Eau GaUie Station, Melbourne, FL. 32935.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, MoUusk Depart-
ment, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
MA. 02138.

BROWARD SHELL CLUB, P.O.Box 1738, Ft. Lauderdale,
FL. 33302.

CHICAGO SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Kleinie Fieberg, 1430
Lake Ave., Wilmette, IL. 60091.

CLEVELAND SHELL CLUB, 30 Park Lane, Chagrin FaUs,
OH. 44022.

COASTAL BEND GEM & MINERAL SOCIETY, P.O. Dr.
1232, Bay City, TX. 77414.

COASTAL BEND SHELL CLUB, c/o Corpus Christi
Museum, 1919 North Water St., Corpus Christi, TX.
78401.

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CAOFORNIA,
c/o Los Angeles County Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd.,

Los Angeles, CA. 90007.

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION BUFFALO SOCIETY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY. 14211.
CONCHOLOGISTS OF AMERICA, 946 Ralph Ave.,

Brooklyn, NY. 11236.

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Peabody Museum of
Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
06520.

CONNECTICUT VALLEY SHELL CLUB, c/o Earl Reed,
Springfield Museum of Science, 236 State St., Spring-
field, MA. 01130.

CROWN POINT SHELL COLLECTORS’ STUDY GROUP,
INC., P.O.Box 462, Crown Point, IN. 46307.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1973

91

FORT MYERS SHELL CLUB, 1936 Coronado Rd., Fort
Myers, FL. 33901.

GALVESTON SHELL CLUB, Box 2072, Galveston, TX.
77550.

GREATER ST. LOUIS SHELL CLUB, 50 DeVore Dr.,
Ellisville, MO. 63011.

GREATER TAMPA SHELL CLUB, 2507 W. Kenmore
Ave., Tampa, FL. 33614.

HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O.Box
10391, Honolulu, HI. 96816.

HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC., 3706 Rice
Blvd., Houston, TX. 77006.

INDIANA’S FIRST SHELL CLUB, 404 North East St.,
Crown Point, IN. 46307.

JACKSONVILLE SHELL CLUB, INC., 3895 Dupont Circle,

Jacksonville, FL. 32205.

JERSEY CAPE SHELL CLUB, Box 205, Avalon, N.J.
08202.

LOUISVILLE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O.Box
7663, St. Matthews, KY. 40207.

MINNESOTA SOCIETY OF CONCHOLOGISTS, c/o 3829
27th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN. 55406.

NAPLES SHELL CLUB, P.O.Box 1991, Naples, FL. 33940.
NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB, Div. of MoUusks,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

NEW JERSEY SHELL CLUB, 653 BriarcUff Ave., May-
wood, NJ. 07607.

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, INC., Dept, of Living
Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History,
Central Park W. at 79 St., New York, NY. 10024.
NORTH CAROUNA SHELL CLUB, 619 Quaker Lane,
High Point, NC. 27262.

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL
CLUB, 624 Waterfall Isle, Alameda, CA. 94501.
PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, INC., Rt. 1, 2405
N.E. 279th St., Ridgefield, WA. 98642.

PALM BEACH COUNTY SHELL CLUB, P.O.Box 182,
West Palm Beach, FL. 33402.

PHILADELPHIA SHELL CLUB, Dept, of Malacology,
Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway,
Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

PITTSBURG SHELL CLUB, Sect, of Invertebrates,
Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA.
15213.

ROCHESTER SHELL AND SHORE CLUB, c/o Frank F.

Velte, 114 Duim St., Rochester, NY. 14621.

ST. PETERSBURG SHELL CLUB, 7400-46th Ave. North,
Box 406, St. Petersburg, FL. 33709.

SAN ANTONIO SHELL CLUB, 9402 Nona Kay Dr.. San
Antonio, TX. 78217.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB, San Diego Museum of Natural
History, P.O.Box 1390, San Diego, CA. 92112.
SANIBEL-CAPTIVA SHELL CLUB, 1215 Seagrape Lane,
Sanibel Island, FL. 33957.

SANTA BARBARA MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.,
P.O.Box 30191, Santa Barbara, CA. 93105.
SARASOTA SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Helene Avellanet,
Treas., 105 Clipperway, Fair Winds Villas, Nokomis,
FL. 33555.

SOUTH FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, c/o Archie L. Jones,

4370 SW 14th St., Miami, FL. 33134.

SOUTH PADRE ISLAND SHELL CLUB, P.O.Box 2110,
Port Isabel, TX. 78578.

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONCHOLOGIST SOCIETY,
INC., P.O.Box 876, Ft. Myers, FL. 33902.
SOUTHWESTERN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 3846 E.

Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ. 85018.

TIDEWATER SHELL AND FOSSIL CLUB, P.O.Box 62421,
Virginia Beach, VA. 23462.

WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, 8511
Bleriot, Los Angeles, CA. 90045.

WILMINGTON SHELL CLUB, 116 Tanglewood Lane,
Nottingham Manor, Newark, DE. 19711.

YUCAIPA SHELL CLUB, Mousley Museum of Natural
History, 11555 Bryant St., Yucaipa, CA. 92399.

INSTITUTIONS DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Library, 19th and
the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

BUFFALO MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, Research Library,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY. 14211.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Acqui-
sitions 1-32, Millikan Library, 1201 East California
Blvd., Pasadena, CA. 91109.

CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Wade
Oval, University Circle, Cleveland, OH. 44106.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Albert R. Mann
Library, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 14850.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Library,
Chicago, IL. 60605.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, Library, Room
350, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA OE8.

aUNOIS WESLEYAN UNIV. LIBRARY, Bloomington,
IL. 61701.

MCKELDIN UBRARY, Univ. of Md., College Park, MD.
20742.

MARITIMES REGIONAL OBRARY, Dept, of Environ-
ment, Fisheries Services, P.O.Box 550, HaMfax, Nova
Scotia, Canada.

MASS. MARITIME ACADEMY, Library, Buzzards Bay,

MA. 02532.

NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF fANADA, Library, Ottawa,
Ont., Canada KIA OM8.

OF SEA AND SHORE MUSEUM OF SHELLS AND
MARINE LIFE, INC., P.O.Box 219, Port Gamble,
WA. 98364.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Library Acquisitions,
Washington, DC. 20560.

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE, Kent
Library, William LeRoy, Cape Girardeau, MO. 63701.
SOUTHERN aiJNOIS UNIVERSITY, Morris Library,
Carbondale, IL. 62901.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, Serials Dept.,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA. 94305.

92

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1975

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA, NMFS,
Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, Oxford
Laboratory, Oxford, MD. 21654.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA, Fisheries,
Library, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami, FL. 33149.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA, Libraries
Division, Technical Processes Branch"D823, 8060
13th St., Room 806, Silver Spring, MD. 20910.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES,
Geology Library, Geophysics, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los
Angeles, CA. 90024.

UNIVERSITY OF CAOFORNIA AT SAN DIEGO, SIO
Library - MAX, P.O.Box 2367, LaJolla, CA. 92037.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Serials Department,
Wilbur Cross Library, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
06268.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS UBRARY, Serials Dept.,
Urbana, IL. 61801.

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY UBRARY, Agriculture

Library, Agriculture Science Center N., Lexington,
KY. 40506.

UNIVERSITY OF MAINE, Raymond H. Fogler Ubrary,
Darling Center, Orono, Maine 04473.

UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Elizabeth Dafoe Ubrary,
Receiving Section R., Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3T 2N2

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND UBRARY, Natural
Resources Institute, Chesapeake Biological Lab.,
Solomons, MD. 20688.

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, RSMAS Ubrary, 4600 Ricken-
backer, Miami, FL. 33149.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CAUFORNIA, Hancock
Library of Biology and Oceanography, Allan Hancock
Foundation, University Part, Los Angeles, CA. 90007.

TEXAS A&I UNIVERSITY AT CORPUS CHRISTI, Ubrary,
P.O.Box 6010, Corpus Christi, TX. 78411.

UNIVERSEDAD DE ORIENTE, Centro de Investigaciones
Cientificas, Boca de Rio, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela.

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, Glou-
cester Point, VA. 23062.

FOREIGN:

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, Ubrarian, P.O.Box A-285,
Sydney South, N.S.W., Australia 2000.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CromweU
Road, London, SW7 5BD, England.

BRITISH UBRARY LENDING DIVISION, Accessions
Department, Boston Spa, Wetherby, Yorkshire, LS23
7BQ, England.

INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE
BELGIQUE, Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles,

Belgium.

MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE,

Librarian, Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertebres

Marins et Malacolgie, 55, Rue De Buffon, 75 Paris
(5e) France.

NATAL MUSEUM, Ubrarian, Loop St., Pietermaritzburg,
South Africa.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIAZ, Russell Street,
Melbourne, Australia 3000.

NAUTILUS, P.O.Box 3, 58043 Castiglione della Pescaia,
Italy.

SCIENCE REFERENCE UBRARY, The British Ubrary,
Bayswater Branch, 10, Porchester Gardens, London,
W2 6HD, England.

SOUTH AUSTRAUAN MUSEUM, Ubrary, North Terrace,
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000.
UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND, Biological Sciences
Library, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.

3n iOUmorimn

Mr. Hugh C. Cameron

Mrs. Bruce J. Grantier

Mr. Dan Steger

EDITORIAL POLICY

The original plus two copies of manuscripts (full-length or abstracts) must be submitted to the editor
within one month after the annual meeting. No others will be accepted. Each author should also retain a
copy of his paper.

Manuscripts must be typed, double-spaced, and in the format described in the Style Manual for
Biological Journals published by the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2000 P Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20036. All measurements must be converted to the metric system. Tables should be
placed on separate sheets with a title at the top and numbered consecutively with arabic numbers.
Legends accompanying photographs must be on separate sheets.

All full-length papers will be sent to at least two external reviewers selected from the AMU Council
which serves as the review board.

All manuscripts accepted for publication became the property of the AMU and may be edited for style
as described above.

Page charges will be levied for all manuscripts. Reprints may be ordered at the time proofs are sent to
authors. Reprints may have portions of adjacent papers on them. Due to the high cost of printing we can
no longer offer clean copies.

93

INDEX OF AUTHORS

C. O. Van Regteren Altena.

Noorullah Babrakzai. 67,72

Thomas Backman........................... •••••61

Hans Bertsch.. ••••■ .....57

Thomas Brideridge .....64

Joseph C. Britton .......................33

James T. Carlton .63,65

Carl C. Christensen..................... ...............66

Eugene V. Coan ....71

Charles M. Courtney. •■■29

Gregory P. Daly.......................... .....69

R. W. Dapson 68

Anthony D‘Attilio.................................. ........... 50

George M. Davis 62,64

K. Elaine Hoagland Davis................ ...52

Peter Neal D'Eliscu.............. ......................65

Bertram C. Draper.... ....56

George T. Hemmingway................ ................64

Richard S. Houbrick... .....14

A. Myra Keen..... 46,66

Christopher L. Kitting.................. .................73

M. Bowie Kotrla 41

Hal Lewis 64

David L. Lindberg....... 69

Glenn A. Long.. .72

Virginia O. Maes...... .....60

Gary McDonald 55

James H. McLean............... ....60

Artie L. Metcalf .....56

Walter B. Miller ..66,67,71,72

Donald R. Moore................................. .......19

Joseph P. E. Morrison...... 70

Harold D. Murray............. 43

James Nybakken.... ..68

William E. Old, Jr 52

G. L. Pace.......................................................68

Ed Petuch 70

Leroy Poorman 61

George E. Radwin............ 58

Richard L. Reeder 71

Robert Robertson..... ....................................51

Gordon A. Robilliard........ .59

Peter U. Rodda....... .....63

Clyde Roper 21

Clyde F. E. Roper... 58

Joseph Rosewater................................ ........48

Barry Roth.... .......62

Donald R. Shasky..... 47

David Shonman 69

Alan Solem... 55,58

David H. Stansbery. ..................................70

Michael J. Sweeney.......... 21

E. J. Szuch........... 68

Robert R. Talmadge .....59

Joseph Vagvalgzi 64

Emily H. Vokes. ...44,54

Harold E. Vokes..... 44

Thomas R. Waller ....7,57

Oscar G. Ward 67

CONTENTS

AMU-WSM Joint Meeting............. 1

Group photograph & List of attending Members &

and Guests..... ....2

Papers Given at Joint Meeting (See Next Page)

Tribute To William Healy DaO 4

AMU Annual Reports 74

Report of The Treasurer.... 76

Report of The Recording Secretary .....78

Report of The Corresponding Secretary, 1975 78

List of AMU Members as of Sept. 1, 1975................ 79

List of Corresponding Members .......90

Affiliated Shell Clubs and Regional Organizations.... 90

Institutions - Domestic and Foreign 91

Index of Author s 93

Editorial Policy................................................. 92

Notices 93

NOTICE

A new edition of the popular symposium HOW TO STUDY AND COLLECT SHELLS published by the

American Malacological Union is now available. Copies may be purchased for $2.50 from Mr. Paul
Jennewein, Corresponding Secretary, Box 394, Wrightsville Beach, NC 28480.

An Index to the “Bulletin of the American Malacological Union” has been prepared by Ms. Margaret
Teskey and will be available the first part of 1976. The cost will be $5.50 for orders placed prior to
December 31, 1975 and $6.50 thereafter. Order through Jud Taylor, 900 Burr Rd., Apt. 1-G, San Antonio,

TX. 78209.

CONTENTS

Contribated Papers Presented At Joint Meetings
The Behavior and Tentacle Morphology of

Pteriomorphian Bivalves - Thomas R. Waller......?

Preliminary Revision of Supraspecific Taxa In The
Cerithiinae Fleming, 1822 - Richard S. Houbrick..l4
Is Meiocerm Living In The Indo-Pacific? -

Donald R. Moore.... ....... .......................... .....19

The Pelagic Octopod Ocythoe Tnbercnlatte

Rafinesque, 1814 - Clyde Roper and Michael J.
Sweeney. .................................................. .21

Mangrove and Seawall Oyster Communities Marco
Island, Florida - Charles M. Courtney............ ...29

The Shallow Water Marine Mollusks Of The Swan
Islands, Honduras - Joseph C. Britton............... 35

New Geographical Location For PMIophtolmns Sp.

In Thiarid Snails and Waterfowl In Texas ■ M.
Bowie

Melanoides Tnbercalata (Muller), Las Moras Creek
Bracketville, Texas - Harold D. Murray............. 43

Eastern Pacific - Western Atlantic Faanal Affinities
Geologic History of the Panamic Region -

Emily H. Yokes......... ................... ................44

Atlantic Ancestors Of The East Pacific Fauna -

Harold E. Yokes..................... ................44

The Marine Mollusks of Surinam (Dutch Guiana)

- C. O. van Regteren Altena............................45

Pacific Outposts Of The Tertiary Caribbean

Province - A. Myra Keen................................ 46

Marine Mollusks of Panama Bay - Donald R.
Shasky........................... ............................ 47

Some Results of The National Museum of Natural
History - Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Survey of Panama - Joseph Rosewater. ............. .48

Recent and Fossil Typhinae of The New World

- Anthony

Faunal Affinities of The Architectoniddae in The
Eastern Pacific - Robert Robertson................... 51

Living Conns From The New World, With Special
Reference To ‘Twin Species’

-William E. Old, Jr. ......................................52

Patterns Of Evolution And Niche Partitioning In
North American Crepidala (Gastropoda:
Calyptraeidae) - K. Elaine Hoagland Davis......... 52

Eastern Pacific-Western Atlantic Faunal Affinities -
Muricinae and Muricopsinae - Emily H. Yokes.... 54

Abstracts And Titles Of Papers Presented At Joint
Meeting

Cerberilla Mosslandica, McDonald & Nybakken, 1975,
A New Species Of Nudibranch From Monterey Bay,
California, With Comments on Other Enigmatic or
Undescribed Species From California - Gary
McDonald.................................................. 55

Oreohelicid Land Snails Of The Salmon River

Valley, Idaho - Alan Solem... ...... .....................55

Ashmunellas Of The San Andres and Organ
Mountains, New Mexico and Franklin Mountains,
Texas - Artie L. Metcalf...... ...................... .....56

An Overview Of The Family Caecidae On The Pacific
Coast Of The Americas - Bertram C. Draper....... 56

On Some Species Of Discadoris And The Use Of The
Radula In Nudibranch Taxonomy - Hans Bertsch..57
The Origin of Folkted-Calclte Shell Microstructure In
The Subclass Pteriomorpha (Moilusca: Bivalvia)

- Thomas R. Waller....................................... 57

Structures of Recent Cephaiopod Radulae - Alan Solem

and Clyde F. E. Roper........ ....... ....................58

A review of The Genus Aspella (Gastropoda;Muriddae)

- George E.

The Nudibranch Dendronotas Frondosnsi Is Is It One
Species Or Four? - Gordon A. Robilliard............59

Notes On Fositriton - Robert R. Talmadge..............59

A New Genus and Species of Monoplacophora From
The Continental Shelf of Southern California -
James H.

The Genus Pilsbryspiras Its Position In History and
The Family Turridae - Virginia O. Maes............. 60

The Effects of Grazing on Algae by Limpets and
Littorines - Thomas Backman..........................61

The Life and Times of S. Stillman Berry -
Leroy

Preliminary Analysis of The Land Mollusk Faunas of
The Islands of Southern California and Northern
Baja California - Barry Roth............ ................62

Origin of Asian “Hydrobiidae” in Time and Space

- George M. Davis...... ................ ..................62

Comments On Cosmopolitanism - James T. Carlton.. 63
Evolutionary Rates In Gastropods - Peter U. Rodda...63
Evolutionary Relationships Between The Three

Orders Of The Prosobranch Gastropods -

Hal Lewis and George M. Davis....... ................64

Body Size Dispersal And The Origin Of The Pacific
Land Snail Fauna - Joseph Vagvolgyi and
Thomas Brideridge..,..................,.................64

Functional Morphology Of Feeding In The Predatory
Whelk, AcantMna Spirato (Gastropoda: Proso-
branchia) - George T. Hemingway. .................. .64

Metal And Pesticide Contamination And Concentration
In The Molluscs Of The Lake Tahoe Basin -
Peter Nea! D’Eliscu....... .......................... .....65

Extinct And Endangered Populations Of The Endemic
Mudsnail CeritMiea CaMfomica In Northern
California - James T. Carlton.............. ...... .......65

Another Check-List Plan - A. Myra Keen..... ...........66

Preliminary Observations On Rabdotas In Baja
California - Carl C. Christensen and Walter B.

Miller 66

The Introduction Of Giemsa And Centromeric Banding
Techniques Of Chromosomes To Molluscan
Cytotaxonomy - Noorullah Babrakzai, Oscar G.

Ward & Walter B. Miller 67

Abundance, Diversity And Temporal Variability Of An
Intertidal Nudibranch Population -
James Nybakken 68

Scuba Assisted Studies Of Freshwater Snails -

G. L. Pace, E. J. Szuch, and R. W. Dapson 68

The Effects Of The Reproductive Cycle On Seasonal
Growth Trends In The Owl Limpet, Lottia Gigantea -

Gregory P. Daly 69

An Analysis Of Feeding Of Two Species Of Benthic

Opisthobranchs - David Shonman 69

The Homing Depressions Of The Limpet, CoUisella
Scabra (Gould, 1846) - David R. Lindberg 69

The Verdesian Province: A New West African Marine

Molluscan Faunal Province - Ed Petuch 70

Relict Mussels From Two Continents - Joseph P. E.

Morrison 70

The Naiad Mollusks Of The Rockcastle River Of The
Cumberland Plateau Of Eastern Kentucky

(Bivalvia: Unionoidae) - David H. Stansbery 70

Karyotype Studies In Asbmunella (Pulmonata:

Polygyridae) - Richard L. Reeder and

Walter B. Miller 71

The Availability Of Taxa Proposed In The Minutes Of
The Conchological Club Of Southern California -

Eugene V. Coan 71

Karyotypic Comparison Between Helminthoglyptidae
And Bradybaenidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) -

Noorullah Babrakzai and Walter B. Miller 72

Spondylus: The Red Shell - Glenn A. Long 72

The Impact Of Molluscs Feeding On Some West Indian

GorgOnians - Christopher L. Kitting 73

Papers Presented, Abstracts Not Available 73

This issue represents a cooperative effort by the WSM
Editor, Dr. Eugene V. Coan and the AMU Editor, Dr.
Dee S. Dundee. All papers included have been edited
by both. In addition, the full-length papers have been
read by outside referees.

2L r-'

401- -

■'

■'1:' <i "

V' r '

‘•r V ,

r'l

BULLETIN OF

!: •

THE AMERICAN

1 -•

MALACOLOGICAL

'

jt

UNION, Inc.

far 1976

FORTY SECOND ANNUAL MEETING

Columbus, Ohio - 2-6 oi August 1976

The American
Malacological Union

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, INC.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1976-1977
OFFICERS

Treasurer-Myra L. Taylor as

Councillor-at-large-Herb Athearr and Richard S. Houbrick

(to 1978)

Hugh Porter and Carol Lalli (to 197'^
Publications Editor-Dee S. Dundee ^

Legal Advisor-H. Wallace Roberts, Ex-Officio Council Member

Permanent ConncU Members (Past Presidents)

Allyn G. Smith (1956)

Ruth D. Turner (1957)

Aurele LaRocque (1958)

R. Tucker Abbott (1959)
Katherine V.W. Palmer (1960)
Thomas E. Pulley (1961)
William K. Emerson (1962)
Albert R. Mead (1963)

Juan J. Parodiz (1965)

Ralph W. Dexter (1966)
Arthur H. Qarke (1968)
Joseph Rosewater (1969)

Alan Solem (1970)

David H. Stansbery (1971)
Arthur S. Merrill (1972)
Dolores S. Dundee (1973)
Harold D. Murray (1974)
Donald R. Moore (1975) ^

Dorothea S, Franzen (1975)

President-George M. Davis
President Elect-Carol B. Stein
Vice President- William E. Old
Recording Secretary— Constance E. Boone
Corresponding Secretary— Paul R. Jennewein

William J. Clench (1935)

Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (1937)
Harald A. Rehder (1941)

Henry van der Schalie (1946-47)
A. Myra Keen (1948)

A. Byron Leonard (1950)

J.P.E. Morrison (1951)

Joseph C. Bequaert (1954)
Morris K. Jacobson (1955)

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

Joseph C. Bequaert
Emery P. Chace
William J. Clench

HONORARY LIFE PRESIDENT
if - S. Stillman Berry

AMUBULLETIN

The AMU Bulletin is the official annual publication
of the American Malacological Union. It is published
after each annual meeting. Communications about
editorial matters should be sent to Dr. Dee Dundee,
Editor, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Univ. of New
Orleans, LA. 70122. Subscription orders from insti-
tutions, inquires about missing issues and other
circulation matters should be addressed to Mrs.
Constance E. Boone, 3706 Rice Blvd., Houston, TX.
77005. Subscription rate for non-members of the AMU:
$10; back issues for members and affiliate institutions:
write for rates and availability; AMU membership: $7
plus $1 per additional family member, corresponding
membership: (outside W. hemisphere) $7 plus $1.50
postage. Affiliate members (shell clubs, libraries,
museums, etc.): $10. Initiation or reinstatement fee for
any member: $1.50. Printing by the Hauser Press,
Inc., New Orleans. Typesetting by Roy’s Typesetting
Service, New Orleans.

NEWSLETTER EDITOR
Dorothy E. Beetle
(For addresses of any of the above
see membership list in the back) 'I’i
Published December 30, 1976^

EDITORIAL POUCY

The original plus two copies of manuscripts M
(full-length or abstracts; indicate which it is) must be
submitted to the editor within one month after the
annual meeting. No others will be accepted. Each
author should also retain a copy of his paper.

Manuscripts must be typed, double-spaced, and in 43
the format described in the Style Mannal for ndoglcal
Journals published by the American Institute of
Biological Sciences, 2000 P Street NW, Washington,
D.C. 20036. All measurements must be converted to
the metric system. Tables should be placed on separate
sheets with a title at the top and numbered
consecutively with arabic numbers. Legends accomp-
anying photographs must be on separate sheets. Ex-
amine the last issue for proper format.

All full-length papers will be sent to at least two
external reviewers selected from the AMU Council, or
other specialists.

All manuscripts accepted for publication become
the property of the AMU and may be edited for style as
described above.

Page charges will be levied for all manuscripts. Re-
prints may be ordered at the time proofs are sent to
authors. Reprints may have portions of adjacent papers
on them. Due to the high cost of printing we can no
longer offer clean copies.

A. Myra Keen
Katherine V.W. Palmer
Margaret C. Teskey

BULLETIN OF
THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, Inc.

for 1976

The American
Malacological Union

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CONTENTS

AMU Annual Meeting........... ................3

Group Photograph

List of attending Members & Guests....................... i

Contributed Papers Presented At 1976 Meetingi
Sphaeriidae Natality and Its Significance in Water

Quality Studies - G.L. Mackie. 5

Species of the Genus Unlomems - J.P.E. Morrison. ..10
Variations in Aperture Characteristics of Eighteen
Species of Unionidae from Lake Erie -

Frank L. Kokai......... ...............12

Chromosome Numbers of Some North American
Naiades (BivalviarUnionacea) -

John J. Jenkinson.... .............16

Endangered Freshwater Mollusks of Northwestern

North America - Arthur H. Clarke 18

The Effect of Gravel Dredging on Mussel

Production - Paul Yokley, Jr. 20

Pelecypods From the Kanopolis Local Fauna
(Yarmouthian), Ellsworth County, Kansas -

Barry B. Miller. 23

Printing of the Unpublished Velins (53 plates) of
Lamarck (1802-1809) Sur les Fossiles des
Environs de Paris, ... Especes ... Animaux
Marins Sans Vertebres... -
Katherine V. W. Palmer,..,.............................26

Changes in the Distribution of lo Fluvialls (say, 1825)
in the Upper Tennessee River System (Mollusca,
Gastropoda, Pleuroceridae) -

David H . Stansbe'ry and Carol B . Stein .28

The Role of the “Home Scar” in Pulmonate

Limpets - Susan Blackford Cook.. 34

Spiral Cord Variation of Odostomia Impressa (Say)
and 0. Seminuda (C.B. Adams) Family
Pyramidellidae - Hugh J. Porter 38

Abstracts of Papers Presented at 1976 Meetings
Dr. Victor Sterki and Some of His Malacological

Correspondence - Ralph W. Dexter .41

The Distribution of the Margaritiferidae: A

Review and a New Synthesis - Douglas G. Smith.. 42
Notes on Unionacean Mollusks of the Rio Grande
System, United States and Mexico - Artie L.

Metcalf & Edward M. Stern ....................42

Origin and Affinities of the Freshwater Mussels
(Unionidae) of Southeastern Louisiana -
Edward M. Stern............,..........,..................43

EUlptio at the Schacht Site, Hanover Township,
Luzerne County, Pennsylvania - Glenn A. Long
& Robert W. Rusbar.. ..43

Bivalve Molluscan Mariculture -

Matoira H. Chanley..... .....44

Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Content
of the Shells of Some Sphaeriid Clams -

Dennis M. Catalano& Albert J. Burky.... .....44

Brief Notes on a Few Species Observed in

Captivity - Dorothy Raeihle .....................45

The Development of the Larval and Early Postlarval
Shell of the Bay Scallop, Argopecten Irradians -

Thomas R. Waller................. ...................46

Ecological Studies on Halophilic Ellobiidae in

the Azores - A.M. Frias Martins 47

Galapagos Finches; Caspian Cockles -

Kenneth J. Boss 47

Laboratory Culture and Metamorphosis of Larval
Aplysia Brasiliana Rang (Gastropoda,
Opisthobranchia) - Ned E. Strenth &

James E. Blankenship.. 48

Micromolluscs of the Continental Shelf, Northeastern
Gulf of Mexico - Donald R. Moore. ...... ..............48

Polymorphism, Climate and Biome Development,

A Hypothesis - Arthur H. Clarke... 49

Mollusks of Badlands National Monument, SD -

Dorothy E. Beetle 49

Land Snail Distribution in Remnant Natural

Areas in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas -

W. Lloyd Pratt, Jr........... ..50

Energy Content of Parasitized (Trematode) and
Non-Parasitized Saccinea Ovalls (Gastropoda:
Pulmonata, Trematoda: Leucochloridiidae) -

Daniel J. Hornbach & Albert J. Burky ......51

Phyllonotus (Gastropoda, Muricidae), a Worldwide
Tropical and Subtropical Genus -
George E. Radwin..................................,.....51

Survival of Triodopsis Albolabris in a Fire-Type

Habitat - Virginia A. Vail.. 52

Non-Marine Mollusks and Paleoenvironments of
the Paleocene Fort Union Group, North Dakota

and Montana - David Bickel 52

Papers Presented, Abstracts Not Available 53

The Occurrence of Two European Succineids,
Saccinea Oblong and Saccinea Pntris, in North

America - F. Wayne Grimm 53

Papers Presented, Abstracts Not Available............. 53

Symposlom: Corrent Trends in Malacology
Organizer: Dr. Dorothea S. Franzen
Moderator: Dr. Harold D. Mnrray
Current Trends in Molluscan Systematics:

Methods, Techniques - George M. Davis ..54

Problems of Estimating Populations of Fossil

Molluscs - A. Byron Leonard 54

Molluscan Genetics and Host-Parasite Relations -

Charles S. Richards 55

Malacology and Parasitology as They Pertain

to Health - Henry Van der Schalie 55

Procedures and Methods in Molluscan Cytology
and Cytogenetics - Noorullah Babrakzai,

Walter B. Miller & Sianoosh Samsam 57

Current Trends in Malacology: Environmental
Impact Studies and Endangered Species

Research - Carol B. Stein & Marc J. Imlay 62

AMU Annual Reports 68

Report of the Treasurer 71

Report From The Recording Secretary 72

Report of The Corresponding Secretary, 1976 73

List of AMU Members as of Oct. 10, 1976 74

List of Corresponding Members 85

Affiliated Shell Clubs and Regional Organizations.... 86

Domestic Institutions 87

Foreign Institutions 87

Index of Authors 88

Notices 89

AMU ’76 Columbus-Local Committee 89

Presiding at the ’76 AMU Paper Sessions 89

Reviewers for this issue 89

2

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION. INC.
Forty-Second Annual Meeting

Aug. 2 - 6, 1976
Columbus, Ohio

The Forty-Second Annual Meeting of the
American Malacological Union was held on the
campus of Ohio State University at Columbus,
Ohio, August 2 - 6, 1976, with 129 members
registered.

Members began to arrive early on Sunday,
Aug. 1, checking in at Blackburn House Dormi-
tory on campus. Registration was smoothly
accomplished that day and on Monday, allowing
members to have ample time to visit in the lobby
and to roam the campus area to sample restaur-
ants. AMU had Blackburn all for its own
members, overflowing to the next dormitory also.

Monday afternoon a conservation meeting was
called for those interested.

The first scheduled event was a trek to Black
Forest Inn, a campus gathering place, for a very
informal get-together on Monday before the
opening session at 7:15 p.m. at Independence
Hall.

Dr. Dorothea Franzen, president, opened the
session with a warm welcome and presented Dr.
David Stansbery, director of the Museum of
Zoology of the Ohio State University, who
introduced Dr. Richard H. Bohning, dean of the
College of biological Sciences at OSU.

Papers of the evening were on land and fresh
water mollusks, with a tribute to Dr. Victor Sterki
and notes from some of his correspondence. The
stress on fresh water and land mollusks was thus
well established for this meeting.

Members from Texas rounded out the evening
by inviting everyone to the basement recreation
room at Blackburn House for an hour or so of
friendly talk and song.

Tuesday the meeting sessions began at Hitch-
cock Hall, starting at 8:45 a.m. The group photo-
graph was accomplished at noon with members
seated in the comfortable seats. No sun glare this
time!

Members of the conservation committee and
interested members met in tbe cafeteria at lunch-
time to formulate recommendations to Council.

The aftertoon session featured papers on a
wide variety of subjects, ending in time for

everyone to dash to have the evening meal at the
campus cafeteria. Council met that night in the
Executive Office of the Museum of Zoology. The
conservation committee held another meeting
before sending in recommendations to Council.
Other AMU members were afforded the
opportunity to visit the Museum of Zoology where
members of the staff opened drawers of
catalogued mollusks and answered questions for
some of our members having their first chance to
visit such a research collection. All those visiting
the Museurn were impressed with the stacks of
preserved fresh water and land material for
research being put together by Dr. Stansbery, Dr.
Carol Stein and staff members. The move back to
Sullivant Hall at 1813 N. High Street has just
recently been accomplished. The rows of cases
and the collection of “wet” specimens were
impressive.

A full quota of papers on Wednesday morning
moved along with good timing by the moderator.
Dr. Katherine V.M. Palmer was in attendance for
the first time in recent years and presented some
unpublished plates of Lamarck from a rare series
of Eocene and living mollusks. These are due to
be published, with the reprinted text.

The afternoon’s session was requested and
planned by President Franzen and moderated by
Dr. Harold Murray. The Symposium on the
Current Trends in Malacology featured a number
of selected subjects to stir interest from amateurs
and professionals.

That evening a FIRST for AMU was a highly
successful and popular Literature Auction, with
Morris Jacobson as auctioneer. Members
swarmed over the tables of sale books and
reprints and even bid against themselves in
eagerness to acquire the auction materials, all of
which were donated to AMU for this event. Slides
from the new exhibit on mollusks at the American
Museum of Natural History in New York City
were shown also.

Thursday’s sessions were full to the brim with
papers. However, the schedule was adhered to
very well, and the annual business meeting at

3

3:30 p.m. lasted approximately an hour, giving
everyone time to relax and dress up for the social
hour and annual banquet at the OSU Faculty
Club. After quite a sumptuous feast, members
retired to a meeting room to hear commentaries
and see slides on marine bivalves by Dr. Thomas
R. Waller. Dr. Franzen presented her officers
and committees and introduced an impressive
number of former AMU presidents. The gavel
was handed over to Dr. George Davis. Officially,
AMU ended this annual session.

The weather in Columbus had been ideal the
whole week. The sun had shown brightly every
day, and nights had been so cool that the
dormitory staff had had to provide blankets for us
sleeping in single bunk beds. However, the
morning after the banquet dawned with rain and
heavy clouds. This was the day set for the field
trip. Some twenty cars of members started off for

the first of three sites, but only about six ended up
at the final stop. We had lunch in the rain at a
lakeside park, but it didn’t seem to matter too
much to those who figured they would get wet
anyway collecting land and fresh water mollusks.
We scrambled through a bog to get fresh water
snails, collected snails and fossils as we slid and
slithered down a river bank, and we waded Little
Darby Creek to dig around the water willows.
One amateur participant saw a snake and gave
up. Another stuck it out, wearing a plastic
garment bag to ward off the rain. All faced going
back to the dorms and checking out in heavy rain.
Parts of Columbus were, flooded that day. AMU
members didn’t seem to mind. The 42nd annual
meeting had been too good a meeting to damper
their spirits.

Constance E. Boone

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
PRESENTED AT THE 1976 MEETING

SPHAERIIDAE NATALITY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN WATER QUALITY STUDIES

G. L. Mackie

Department of Zoology, University of Guelph,

Guelph, Ontario NIG2W1

Benthic indicator organisms and diversity of
aquatic invertebrate communities are common
methods used in the assessment of water quality.
However, these methods often employ quantitat-
ive techniques with deficiencies that introduce
substantial errors in population estimates; there
are no sampling devices that sample all substrates
and all communities equally well, some size
classes of organisms are often lost in washing
procedures, and there are no techniques for
separating all the benthic organisms from a
sample of substrate. There are many other
sources of error and investigators are constantly
trying to devise new techniques that will improve
quantitative estimates of benthic populations.

Rather than devising new quantitative samp-
ling techniques we are using natality data which
requires only a sufficient number of organisms for
determining the numbers of young produced by
individuals or by a unit of population. Natality is
described here as realized natality - the amount of
successful reproduction that actually occurs over a
period of time (Smith 1974). It is influenced by
environmental conditions, nutrition, population
density, mortality and competition. Natality is
measured as a rate and may be expressed either
as crude birth or specific birth rate. Crude birth
rate is expressed in terms of population size
(Smith 1974), as for example 50 young/growth
container/month. Specific birth rate is expressed
relative to a specific criterion, as for example 50
newborn/month/length class x.

Natality rates are more easily determined for
some animals than for others. Sphaeriids are
ideal organisms for study because they are
cosmopolitan and, most important, are ovovivi-
parous. The orderly development of larval stages
in brood sacs (Mackie, Qadri, & Clarke 1974)
facilitates relatively simple enumeration of larvae.
Most other benthic organisms are oviparous
making it very difficult to determine natality
rates.

The use of sphaeriid natality as an index of
environmental stress is a new concept. However,
before its use can be assessed the effects of other
environmental parameters on sphaeriid fecundity

must be known, especially temperature, sediment
properties, population density, and competition
which are functional in most benthic commun-
ities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the
effects of these parameters and common environ-
mental pollutants such as sulfate, road salts, pulp
and paper wastes, and raw sewage and slaughter-
house wastes on the natality of a sphaeriid using
controlled laboratory and field experiments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Musculium securis was used as the test animal
because it is easy to maintain in the laboratory
and grows and reproduces relatively quickly (60 -
80 days). With few exceptions, newborn M.
securis were obtained from Carp Pond (Mackie,
Qadri, & Clarke 1976) and grown in 100 mm
diameter X 50 mm height “Pyrex” dishes
containing 50 g air-dried soil, 2 g air-dried black
willow or white elm leaves, and distilled or deion-
ized water to capacity of each dish. After allowing
one day for equilibration, 5 pre-measured
newborn M. securis were added to each dish.
Three replicates were made for each magnitude of
environmental parameter tested. The parameters
examined in the laboratory were temperature (5C,
IOC, 18C, 25C), sediment texture (particle sizes of
0.05 mm i.e. silt and clay, 0.050-0. 125mm fine
sand, 0.125-0. 50mm i.e. medium to fine sand, and
0.50-2. 00mm i.e. coarse to very coarse sand),
different sediments and leaves (see Table 1 for
different combinations of sediments and leaves
used), population density (5, 10, 20, 30, 40
parents per dish), sulfate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100,
200, 300, 400, 500 mgS04/l), and road salts (rock
salt, pure sodium chloride, and calcium chloride
in concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000
mg/1). The parameters examined in the field
were competition and industrial and municipal
wastes. Growth tubes were used to maintain M.
securis in the field (Mackie 1973). The effects of
competition on sphaeriid natality were deter-
mined for M. securis and M. transversum in
Britannia Bay of the Ottawa River near Ottawa,
Canada. The densities used (Table 2) were based

5

6

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

TABLE 1

Mean natalities of Musculium securis adults
showing the effects of the abiotic factors,
temperature, sediment textures, and different
kinds of leaf and sediment substrates. Means

side- scored by the same line are not significantly
different at P = 0.05. Standard deviation of the
mean in parenthesis. 5 pre-measured newborn in
each dish at start.

Variable Mean Variable Mean

Natality Natality

Temperature (C)

per growth dish

Sediment Texture

per growth dish

25

14.7

(3.1)

Fine sand

21.3

(3.1)

18

49.7

(4.2)

Silt-clay

19.7

(3.5)

10

0

Medium fine sand

4.7

(1.5)

5

0

Very coarse sand

1.0

(1.7)

Sediment only

0

Leaves only

0

Different Leaves

per growth dish

Different Leaves per growth dish

on Sediments

Elm

40.3

(6.8)

Cedar

40.7

(5.0)

Spruce on birch-aspen

44.0

(2.7)

Willow

38.3

(4.2)

Willow on willow-elm

42.0

(5.3)

Oak

34.0

(1.7)

Oak on oak-maple

35.3

(5.7)

Birch

31.3

(8.3)

Aspen on birch-aspen

11.0

(3.6)

Spruce

29.0

(4.4)

Maple on oak-maple

7.3

(1.2)

Aspen

27.3

(4.0)

Birch on birch-aspen

7.0

(4.6)

Maple

5.3

(2.3)

Cedar on cedar

5.7

(1.5)

No leaves

0

Spruce on spruce

0

on natural population sizes in Britannia Bay. The
effects of industrial and municipal effluents were
determined by placing twenty growth tubes, each
containing one newborn M. securis from
Britannia Bay, at distances of 50 m, 330 m, 700,
and 1000 m below the outfalls of a pulp and paper
plant and immediately upstream of the outfalls
( = control); twenty tubes were also placed 1.6 km
below a slaughterhouse and several raw sewage
outfalls with the growth tubes placed in Britannia
Bay as controls. The number of young produced
by parents in each tube was recorded at the end of
the experiment. Details of these materials and
methods may be found in Mackie (1973).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tables 1 to 3 show that some levels of each
environmental variable tested have a profound
affect on the natality of M. securis. Environ-
mental stress is indicated where natality rates are

significantly less (P<0.05) than in control dishes.
Table 1 shows that of the magnitudes tested, sig-
nificantly smaller natalities occurred in the
laboratory growth dishes kept at 25C and at less
than IOC, in sediments coarser than 0.125 mm,
and generally on sediments and leaves character-
istic of the coniferous forest region.

On the basis of the numbers of reproductive
adults in the population density experiments, the
carrying capacity of the growth dishes was
approximately 16 parents. Table 2 and .Fig. 1
show that natality rates were significantly smaller
in dishes maintained above carrying capacity and
where intraspecific (compare a with b and e, and
m with n and p, Table 2) and interspecific
competition (compare c and 1, d and k, f and j, g
and i, and o and q, r and w, s and v, t and x, Table
2) were present.

Of the concentrations of pollutants tested,
significantly smaller natalities occurred in con-
centrations greater than 100 mgS04/l, 200 mg

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

7

TABLE 2

Mean natalities of Musculium securis adults scored by the same line are not significantly

showing the effects of the biotic factors, popu- different at P = 0.05. Standard deviation of the

lation density and competition. Means side- mean in parentheses.

Mean

Natality

Per dish

47.0 (3.6)

63.0 (2.5)

66.3 (3.0)

71.3 (2.7)

73.7 (3.7)

Density per dish
5

10

20

30

40

Variable

Mean

Natality

Variable

Competition Per parent

M. securis:

M. transversum M. securis only

a

1:0

9.8

(2.4)

b

10:0

7.0

(0.3)

c

9.:1

7.2

(0.6)

d

19:1

4.5

(0.8)

e

20:0

4.5

(0.4)

f

16:4

4.7

(1.0)

g

18:2

4.4

(0.5)

h

10:10

3.4

(0.8)

i

2:18

2.3

(2.1)

j

4:16

2.2

(0.5)

k

1:19

2.3

(0.6)

1

1:9

1.7

(1.5)

Competition (cont’d)

M. securis:

per parent

M. transversum

M. transversum

only

m

0:1

11.8

(3.2)

n

0:10

9.5

(0.3)

o( = l)

1:9

9.3

(0.7)

P

0:20

6.4

(0.4)

q( = c)

9:1

6.3

(0.6)

r(=j)

4:16

6.0

(0.8)

s( = i)

2:18

6.0

(0.4)

t( = k)

1:19

6.1

(0.9)

u( = h)

10:10

4.4

(0.3)

v( = g)

18:2

0.7

(1.2)

w( = f)

16:4

0

II

19:1

0

NaCl/1, and less than 600 mgCaCl/1 (Table 3).
River water contaminated with pulp and paper
wastes and with raw sewage and slaughterhouse
wastes (Mackie 1973) also significantly reduced
natality rates of M. securis (Table 3).

The results of these studies indicate that the
natality of M. securis is either directly or inversely
related to the intensity of environmental
variables, especially pollutants. This implies that
the natality of M. securis and other sphaeriids is
potentially a good index of environmental stress.
However, before natality of other sphaeriid
species can be used as an index of water quality,
the effects of various pollutants must be
determined for several species since some e.g.
Sphaerium striatinum respond to slight fertiliza-
tion by increased productivity (Ingram et al 1953)
and others e.g. M. securis by decreased
productivity. Also, because of the heterogene-
ity of the natural habitat and the multiplicity of

factors (e.g. temperature, sediment texture, com-
petition, etc.) which operate through factor
interaction, experiments should be done in the
field on natural populations. Stations should be
established above ( = control) and at several
distances below the outfalls. Habitat character-
istics should be similar, except for those features
altered by pollution, and natalities compared with
those in the control station. It is essential that a
control station be established because natalities
may vary from one year to the next and among
different bodies of water (Mackie, Qadri, &
Clarke 1976).

If these criteria are met, then any changes in
water quality would be accompanied and be
detected by changes in the natality index. Values
significantly less than those obtained in the
control station would indicate an aggrevation in
water quality. Values significantly greater than
those obtained in the control station would

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

TABLE 3

Mean natalities erf Musculium securis adults Means side-scored by the same line are not

showing the effects of sulfate, rock salt, sodium significantly different at P = 0.05. Standard

chloride, calcium chloride, pulp and paper waste deviation of the mean in parentheses,

and raw sewage and slaughterhouse wastes.

Variable

Mean

Natality

Variable

Mean

Natality

Sulfate mg/1

per growth dish

Rock Salt mg/1

per growth dish

40

52.0 (9.2)

0

54.3

(5.1)

20

43.1 (7.0)

200

33.7

(2.5)

0

43.6 (5.6)

400

19.3

(3.2)

60

43.3 (9.2)

800

8.3

(2.7)

80

40.7 (1.2)

600

3.0

(1.5)

100

39.7 (0.6)

600

0

200

21.0 (15.6)

1000

300

10.7 (2.9)

400

10.3 (5.7)

500

0

Sodium

Pulp and Paper

per growth tube

Chloride mg/1

per growth dish

Above outfalls

3.8 (1.6)

0

54.3

(5.1)

1000 m below

2.1 (0.6)

200

28.7

(2.1)

700 m below

1.8 (1.1)

400

22.0

(7.6)

300 m below

0.8 (1.3)

600

8.7

(4.1)

50 m below

0

800

5.0

(5.6)

1000

0

Sewage and

Calcium

Slaughter

per growth tube

Chloride mg/1

Per Growtl:

i Dish

Above outfalls

9.8 (2.4)

0

54.3

(5.1)

Below outfalls

0

800

40.7

(8.1)

600

31.3

(5.1)

1000

30.3

(7.5)

200

28.7

(2.1)

400

22.0

(8.5)

indicate that the species responds to the ambient
conditions by increased productivity. The habitat
that supports the highest natality would probably
be the habitat most characteristic of the species.
Therefore, if a species is more prolific in organ-
ically enriched areas, it is probably an indicator of
those conditions.

Applying the index to the Ottawa River, the
highest natality (2.44) in the natural population of

M. securis in 1972 was obtained in Britannia Bay,
the control station. The mean natality of M.
securis below the pulp and paper outfalls was 1.70
newborn per parent. This was significantly less
than that obtained in Britannia Bay, indicating an
aggrevation in water quality.

DENSITY OF PARENTAL STOCK
PER GROWTH DISH

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

9

LITERATURE CITED

Ingram, W. M., D. G. Ballinger, and A. R.
Gaufin. 1953. Relationship of Sphaerium soli-
dulum Prime to organic pollution. Ohio J. Sci.
53: 230-235

Mackie, G. L. 1973. Biology of Musculium
se cutis (Pelecypoda: Sphaeriidae) in two
i temporary forest ponds, a river, and a perma-

I nent pond near Ottawa, Canada. Ph.D. thesis,

i Univ. Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. 175p.

!

Mackie, G.L., S.U. Qadri, and A.H. Clarke. 1974.
Development of brood sacs in Musculium
securis (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae). The Nautilus
88: 109-111.

Mackie, G. L., S.U. Qadri, and A. H. Clarke.
1976. Reproductive habits of four populations
of Musculium securis (Pelecypoda: Sphaeriida)
near Ottawa, Canada. The Nautilus 90:
76-86.

Smith, R. L. 1974. Ecology and field biology.
Harper and Row. N.Y. 686p.

LITTER SIZE PER REPRODUCTIVE ADULT

Fig. 1 - Relation between the average litter size per reproducive adult and the density of
parental stock of M. securis in laboratory growth dishes. Curve was fitted by eye.

10

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

SPECIES OF THE GENUS UNIOMERUS

J. P. E. Morrison
Washington, D. C.

The genus Uniomerus Conrad, 1853 (p. 268),
originally included the species declivis Say,
camptodon Say, subcroceus Conrad, sayii Ward,
rivularis Conrad, porrectus Conrad, symmetricus
Lea, and excultus Conrad. According to the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
the type- species of the genus must be one of these
originally- included names.

Simpson (1900, p. 739) stated that Unio tetra-
lasmus Say was the type of Uniomerus. However,
since tetralasmus is not one of originally included
names, it cannot be recognized as the type-spec-
ies. In the synonymy of U. tetralasmus, Simpson
listed excultus, subcroceus, and symmetricus, all
of which were among the names originally
included by Conrad. According to Article 69 (a)
(iv) of the International Code, “If an author
designates (or accepts another’s designation) as
type-species a nominal species that was not
originally included, and if, but only if, at the same
time he synonymizes that species with one of the
originally included species, his act constitutes
designation of the latter as type- species of the
genus.’’ Because Simpson synonymized under
tetralasmus not just one but three of the originally
included species, his act cannot be construed as
the designation of any one of the three as type-
species.

In the same way the reverse synonymy of
Ortrpann (1912, p. 272) in putting declivis and six
other so-called species as synonyms or varieties
under tetralasmus which he declared to be the
type, does not hold. We now know that
tetralasmus and declivis are separate species.
The first clear designation of declivis Say, 1832 as
the type-species is that of Frierson (1927, p. 10).

Three species can be recognized in the genus
Uniomerus. These are separable not only on the
basis of shell characters, but also on zoogeo-
graphic and anatomical grounds. Their exact time
of reproduction, details of glochidial shape and
structure, and fish host species are still unknown.

Uniomerus carolinianus (Bose, 1801)

Unio caroliniana L.A.G. Bose, 1801, Histoire
Naturelle Des Coquilles, Deterville edition, Paris,

vol. 3, p. 142, pi. 23, fig. 2; refers to Tableau
Encyclop6dique et Methodique, pi. 239 (249), fig.
5 (“Se trouve dans les eaux dormantes en Carol-
ine’’); 1824, ibid., p. 139.

Synonyms: the following names are here
considered synonyms of U. carolinianus Bose, and
are listed by name, author and date only. For full
citations of references see Johnson (1970:339-
340): Unio obesus Lea, 1831; U buddianus Lea,
1843: U. paludicolus Gould, 1845; U. ineptus Lea,
1852; U columbensis Lea, 1857; U. plantii Lea,
1857; U cicur Lea, 1861; U. squalidus Lea, 1863;
U. bisselianusluGa., 1867; U. jewettUhedL, 1867; U.
pawensis Lea, 1868; U. rivicolus Conrad, 1868.

Simpson (1900; p. 741) was correct when he
observed that carolinianus “is quite probably U.
obesus. ” However, his decision to use Lea’s later
name was not in accordance with the present
international rules, which state that the earliest
valid name is the one to be used for a species.

In Bose’s introduction he observes that a
species of Unio [probably U. carolinianus^ was
found living in mud which was dried so hard it
could not be broken with a spade, and which was
only watered by the occasional rains of the
summer months. Any species found in such a
habitat could only be a member of the genus
Uniomerus. It could not possibly be a Margarit-
ifera, nor could it be a synonym of Elliptio
complanatus, as I had considered it until I read
Bose’s description of its habitat.

This is the Uniomerus of the Atlantic
drainage. It is presently known from North
Carolina southward all the way around Florida, to
and including the Flint River system of Georgia.
Its reported presence in southern Virginia needs
confirmation.

This species, like U. declivis from Ohio, has
both male and female individuals, in approxi-
mately equal numbers, according to the gill
structure of specimens I have examined.

Uniomerus declivis [Say, 1932]

Unio declivis Say, 1831 [1832] Transylvania
Journal of Medicine vol. 4, p. 527 (Bayou Teche,

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

11

Louisiana); 1832, American Conchology no. 4, pi.
35.

Synonyms: (see Johnson, 1970): Unio campto-
don Say, 1832; U. geometricus Lea, 1832. U. ex-
cultus Conrad, 1838; U. sayii Ward {in Tappan),
1839; U. parallelus Conrad, 1841, non Sowerby,
1840; U. symmetricus Lea, 1845; U. rivularis
Conrad, 1853; U. porrectus Conrad, 1854; U.
manubius Gould, 1855.

This species differs from tetralasmus by
having a much more distinct point at the posterior
base, and by the fact that males and females occur
in approximately equal numbers. Frierson (1903)
has discussed the differences between the shells
of these two species in detail, with illustrations.

The species declivis Say is recorded from the
Lake Erie drainage, Ohio and Indiana; from
Tennessee; from the Coosa River system in
Alabama, and southwest across Texas to the
south side of the Rio Grande system in
Chihuahua, Mexico.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say, 1831)

Unio tetralasmus Say 1831, American Conch-
ology, no. 3, pL 23. (Bayou St. John, near New
Orleans [Louisiana]).

Synonyms (see Johnson, 1970): Unio bland-
ingianus Lea, 1834. U. hebes Lea, 1852. U. sub-
croceus Conrad, 1854; U. jamesianus Lea, 1857.

Unio tetralasmus has a much more rounded
posterior end than U. declivis. It is only in some
of the oldest specimens, when the shells become
markedly arcuate, that it becomes quite difficult
to separate the two species. In contrast to the
dioecious species declivis, tetralasmus individuals
all possess the female type of gill structure, and
hence are evidently either parthenogenetic or

hermaphroditic.

This species occupies much the same
geographic area as U. declivis. I have seen
specimens from Lake Erie, Ohio; from Indiana,
Illinois, Tennessee, Mississippi, and south to the
Coosa River drainage in Alabama, and in the west
from Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas,
Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas.

LITERATURE CITED

Conrad, T.A. 1853. A synopsis of the family of
Naiades of North America, with notes, and a
table of some of the genera and subgenera of
the family, according to their geographical dis-
tribution, and descriptions of genera and sub-
genera. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, pp. 243-269.
Frierson, L. S. 1903. The specific value of Unio
declivis. Say. The Nautilus, vol. 17, pp. 49-51.
Frierson, L. S. 1927. A classified and annotated
check list of the North American Naiades.
Waco, Texas. Baylor University Press, pp.
1-111.

Johnson, R. 1. 1970. The systematics and zoo-

geography of the Unionidae (Mollusca:Bivalv-
ia) of the Southern Atlantic Slope Region.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, vol. 140(6), pp. 263-449, 22 plates.

Ortmann, A. E. 1912. Notes upon the families

and genera of the Najades. Annals of the
Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, pp. 222-365, pis.
18-20.

SiApson, C. T. 1900. Synopsis of the Naiades,
or Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels. Proceedings
of the United States National Museum, vol. 22,

pp. 501-1044, plate 28.

12

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

VARIATIONS in APERTURE CHARACTERISTICS
of

EIGHTEEN SPECIES of UNIONIDAE
from

LAKE ERIE

Frank L. Kokai

Ohio State University Museum of Zoology
Columbus, OH 43210

Anatomical data pertaining to the soft parts of
North American naiades (Unionidae) have been
published almost since the discovery of the fauna.
Rafinesque (1820) published figures of two
species illustrating gills, palps, mantle lobes and
foot, and the visceral mass arrangement. Barnes
(1823), Kirtland (1834), Agassiz (1851), and Lea
(1859) all stated the importance of soft anatomy in
naiad classification. George B. Simpson (1884)
was the first to do a detailed study of the anatomy
of a North American naiad.

Near the beginning of the twentieth century,
students such as Sterki (1895, 1898) and C. T.
Simpson (1900) began to utilize soft parts in naiad
systematics. Ortmann (1910, 1911, 1912) built
upon and expanded this trend. These authorities
chose to use both soft part features and shell
characteristics in classification and phylogeny.
As a result, most of the “higher” classification
(i.e. genera, subfamily, family, super-family,
etc.) is currently based on soft anatomy while
species and subspecies are based on shell
characters. On the species level the soft part
descriptions often were qualitative terms such as
“large,” “normal,” etc. (Baker 1898).

Modern workers recognize the exhibition of
both genetic and environmental variation in a
species’ shell structure but, until recently, have
done very little in this regard with the soft parts.
Recent work by Kraemer (1970), Fuller and
Bereza (1974), and Kokai (1974) has only begun to
quantatively explore this variation. This study
deals with the variation of the number, size, and
arrangement of the papillae of the incurrent
apertures of 18 species of naiades from one
community in western Lake Erie. The intent of
this study was to determine what soft part
variation exists among, and within, the species of
western Lake Erie.

The approximately 800 specimens used in this
study were collected during the summer of 1970
from Fishery Bay of Lake Erie between South

Bass and Gibraltar Islands, Ottawa Co., Ohio.
This area was chosen because of the great
abundance of naiades, the relatively large number
of species, and its proximity to the Stone
Laboratory of the Ohio State University.
Specimens were preserved in a solution of 75%
ethanol, 20% water, and 5% glycerin. This
preservative somewhat alters the appearance of
the soft parts because of some tissue contraction,
dissolving of pigment, etc. The descriptions
below, however, refer to specimens which were
preserved exactly the same way and yielded
consistent results in this type of solution. Obser-
vations of papillae were made using a binocular
microscope at magnifications between 16x and
60x.

TABLE 1

Number of

Species Collected Specimens

1) Anodonta grandis grandis Sdcy , 5

2) Quadrulaquadrula{RdLiinesqae,\%2Q) 6

3) Quadrulapustulosa(fea..\%7t\) 28

4) Amblemaplicataplicata {Say. 1817) 156

5) FusconatayZam (Rafinesque. 1820) 92

6) Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque, 1820) 3

7) Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad, 1886) 40

8) Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque, 1820) 88

9) Ptychobranchus fasciolaris

(Rafinesque, 1820) 6

10) Obliquaria rejlexa (Rafinesque, 1820) 5

11) Obovaria subrotunda (Rafinesque, 1820) 7

12) Truncilla truncata (Rafinesque, 1820) 6

13) Leptodeafragilis (Rafinesque, 1820) 55

14) Potamilus alatus (Say, 1811) 108

15) Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819) 8

16) Ligumia nasuta (Say, 1811) 8

17) Lampsilis radiata luteola

(Lamarck, 1819) 149

18) Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes, 1828) 6

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

13

All species collected (Table 1) had papillae
lining the margin of the incurrent aperture. Al-
though many additional variations exist, the
papillae of Lake Erie species were of four basic
types. 1) TENTACULATE - elongated, solitary
structures with a relatively uniform diameter from
base to tip (Figure 1); 2) CONICAL - solitary

papillae in which the diameter is obviously
greater at the base) 3) BIFURCATED - papillae
having two tips arise from the same base; 4) AG-
GREGATED - papillae in which more than two
tips arise from a mutual base (Figure 2). Many
species have combinations of, or slight deviations
from, these four basic types. Several types of
variation occurred among different specimens of
the same species. First, the smaller, and
presumably younger, specimens usually had
fewer and smaller papillae than the larger
specimens. Secondly, if a species had papillae
which bifurcated or split, the bifurcations were
more numerous in the larger specimens. These
variations imply that, at least for some species
from Lake Erie, the morphology and number of
papillae change with age. The increase in
appillae numer is more readily observed when a
large sample size is available. Table 2 shows
variation in papillae number with an increase in
animal size for 156 specimens of Amblema plicata

TABLE 2

Animal Size

Number of
Specimens

Papillae Number

40-49 mm

2

18-31

50-59 mm

6

30 - 52

60-69 mm

28

40-63

70-79 mm

45

39-84

80-89 mm

39

54-86

90-99 mm

30

66-97

100-109 mm

2

90-101

110-119 mm

4

110-132

Table 2. Number of papillae of the right side of
the incurrent aperture of Amblema plicata plicata
(Say, 1817) versus increase in animal size. In
general, as the animal gets larger, the number of
aperture papillae increases.

plicata (Say, 1817). It should be noted that these
data, although typical, are not necessarily repre-
sentative of papillae numbers for other Lake Erie
species. Third, in some species the papillae, or
clusters of papillae, were distinctly “ranked” in
rows along the periphery of the aperture, but in
other species the papillae were randomly distrib-
uted. A short description of the papillae of the
incurrent apertures follows.

Anodonta grandis grandis Say, 1829.

Papillae in smaller specimens appear to be
two-ranked with the inner papillae tentaculate
and the outer papillae a short protuberance. In
larger specimens the papillae of both ranks are
more-or-less equal in length with less distinction
of the rows. Bifurcations of the papillae occurred
in only one specimen.

Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque, 1820).

Most papillae are joined into distinct
assemblages with as many as 23 papillae tips per
cluster. The clusters are singly ranked along the
aperture margin and vary in number in size.
Solitary papillae may occur between, and lateral
to. the larger clusters. The individual papillae are
shorter than the aggregated clusters and
sometimes bifurcate.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea, 1831).

The papillae of Q. pustulosa are arranged in
the most distinct assemblages of all the species
from Lake Erie. The aggregated papillae are
two-ranked, subequal in length, and have
between 10 and 19 papillae tips per cluster. There
are very few solitary papillae between the clusters
or on the lateral edge of the aperture margin,

Amblema plicata plicata (Say, 1817.

The papillae of this species are the most
variable in arrangement of all species observed.
In a few specimens the papillae were solitary and
bifurcating but in most specimens they were
solitary conical or tentaculate. The smaller speci-
mens generally had short, two-ranked protuber-
ences and the larger specimens had elongated
papillae distributed randomly along the periphery
of the aperture. Aggregated papillae were not
seen.

Fusconaia jlava (Rafinesque, 1820).

Papillae are aggregated as in the genus

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Quadrula. The papillae were small, of equal
length, and numbered as many as 30 per cluster.
The aggregations are two- ranked with the larger
clusters medial. Shorter, solitary, non- bifurcating
papillae are common throughout the entire lateral
periphery of the aperture.

Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque, 1820).

Aggregate papillae arise from a mutual base

but very short, bifurcating papillae occur
between, and lateral to, the clusters. Aggregated
papillae have five or six tips per group. The
clusters may be two or three ranked and are
smaller near the dorsal and ventral extremes of
the aperture.

Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad, 1836).

Structure and arrangement basically the same
as for Fusconaia flava. The number of papillae
per cluster is much less however, with usually no

more than six tips per assemblage.

Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque, 1820).

Papillae are solitary and may be two or three
ranked around the perimeter of the aperture.
Those of the lateral ranks are shorter. The larger
specimens have longer papillae of more equal
length arranged so that the ranking is obscured.

Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820).

Young specimens have papillae which are sub-
equal, two-ranked, solitary protuberances. Older
specimens have papillae slightly more elongated
into a cone shape with the height of the cone
being approximately three times as great as the
base.

Obliquaria rejlexa (Rafinesque, 1820).

Papillae are solitary, contiguous, and tentacu-
late. No ranking could be determined. The
papillae are slightly smaller at the dorsal and
ventral extremes of the aperture. There are no
bifurcations.

Tuncilla truncata (Rafinesque, 1820).

Papillae are gathered into a contiguous mass.
All are tentaculate with no bifurcations. They are
equal in length throughout most of the margin of
the aperture but a few shorter papillae are near
the dorsal and ventral extremes.

Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque, 1820).

L. fragilis has relatively large papillae which

are few in number. Individual papillae are very
conical and are very close together.

Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817).

Two types of papillae are about equally
numerous. Half are conical solitary structures
which are about four times as long as they are
wide. Half are aggregates with two, three, or four
papillae tips. The solitary papillae are more
common at the dorsal and ventral extremes of the
aperture.

Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819).

The papillae are subequal, single ranked,
conical and contiguous. The length of each is
about four or five times its width. Bifurcations
occur in a few papillae of one specimen.

Ligumia nasuta (Say, 1817).

Papillae of equal length, without ranking, and
tentaculate. Length of each about five times its
width. Papillae are slightly more numerous than
in L. recta and have no bifurcations.

Lampsilis radiata luteola (Lamarck, 1819).

Subequal, tentaculate papillae are three
ranked in younger specimens but more randomly
distributed in older. Bifurcations and splitting of
the individual papillae is common. Length of each
is about six times the width. Bases of some of the
papillae are fused in some specimens.

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes, 1823).

Papillae are two or three ranked, some fused
at the base, conical or Y-shaped bifurcations, and
subequal in length. The base is very broad with
small papillae tips. The tips are about one third
as long as the entire structure of the papillae.

The species of naiades from Lake Erie
demonstrated considerable variation in number,
size, shape, and distribution of papillae along the
margin of the incurrent aperture. The most
obvious difference among the species was the
aggregation of individuality of papillae. With the
exception of A. plicat all members of the
subfamily Ambleminae had aggregated papillae.
Potamilus alatus was the only species outside the
Ambleminae that had aggregated papillae. Fur-
ther study of the soft parts of other species. Lake
Erie species found in streams, and additional
specimens of species represented by inadequate
sample size, is needed before the value of

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

15

apertural structures in naiad classification can be
determined with certainty.

Figure 1. The papillae of Elliptio dilatatus (Raf-
inesque, 1820). These papillae are characteristic
of the solitary, tentaculate type in which the
diameter is uniform from base to tip. (x 30)

Figure 2. Aggregated papillae of Quadrula quad-
rula Rafinesque, 1820 (x 16). The characteristic of
aggregated papillae is several tips arising from a
mutual base.

LITERATURE CITED

Agassiz, Louis. 1851. Some comments on
naiads by Prof. Agassiz from the minutes of
the Boston Society of Natural History, Nov. 20,
1850. Proc. Boston. Soc. Nat. Hist. 3:356-357.

Baker, Frank Collins. 1898. The Mollusca of the
Chicago Area. Pt. 1. Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv.,
Chi. Acad. Sci., Ill, pp. 1-130, pi. i-xxvii,
figs. 1-12.

Barnes, D. H. 1823. On the genera Unio and
Alasmodonta; with Introductory Remarks.
Amer. J. Sci. & Art. 1st ser., 6(1): 107-127,
6(2): 258-280.

Fuller, S. L. H. and D. J. Bereza. 1974. The
Value of Anatomical Charcters in Naiad Tax-
onomy (Bivalvia: Unionacea). Bull. Amer.
Malacol. Union 1974: 21-22

Kirtland, J. P. 1834. Observations on the Sexual
Characters of the Animals belonging to
Lamarck’s family of the Naiads. Amer. J. Sci.
& Art., 1st. ser., 26(21): 117-120.

Kokai, Frank L. 1974. Variations in the
Incurrent and Excurrent Apertures of Quadru-
la quadrula Rafinesque, 1820 and Quadrula
pustulosa (Lea, 1831). Bull. Amer. Malacol.
Union 1974: 32-34.

Kraemer, L. R. (1970) The Mantle Flap in Three

Species oi Lampsilis (Pelecypoda: Unionidae).

Malacologia 10: 225-282.

Lea, Isaac. 1859. Observations on the Genus
Unio. VII (1): 1-43, 12 pis., Philadelphia.

Ortmann, A. E. 1910. A New System of the Un-
ionidae. Naut. 23(10): 94-95.

Ortmann, A. E. 1911. A Monograph of the Nai-
ades of Pennsylvania. Part I. Mem. Carnegie
Mus. 4(6): 279-347, 4 pis., 8 figs.

Ortmann, A. E. 1912. Notes Upon the Families
and Genera of the Najads. Ann. Carnegie
Mus. 8(2): 222-365.

Rafinesque, C. S. 1820. Monographie des coq-
uilles bivalves et fluviatiles de la rivier Ohio,
contenant douze genres et soixante-huite
especes. Annales Generales des Sciences
Physiques, 15e livraison du 5 e tome: 287-332,
3 pis.

Simpson, Charles Torrey. 1900. Synopsis of the
Naiads or Pearly Freshwater Mussels. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 22 (1205): 501-1004, pi. XVIII.
Washington, D. C.

Simpson, George B. 1884. Anatomy and Physi-
ology oi Anodonta fluviatilis. Ann. Rep. N. Y.
St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 35: 169-191, 11 pis.

Sterki, Victor. 1895. Some Notes on the Genital
Organs of Unionidae, with Reference to
Systematics. Naut. 9(8): 91-94.

Sterki, Victor. 1898. Some Observations on the
Genital Organs of Unionidae, with Reference
to Classification. Naut. 12(2): 18-21,, 12(3):
38-32.

16

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN NAIADES
(Bivalvia; Unionacea)

John J. Jenkinson
The Ohio State University
Museum of Zoology
Columbus, Ohio

Within the last two decades an increasing
number of biologists have been determining the
chromosme number of various species and using
this (and other chromosomal information) as an
aid in classification. The rationale behind the use
of chromosomal characters in systematics is that
chromosomes provide information which is
largely unaffected by environmental conditions.
Additionally, genetic research has shown that
changes in the number and morphology of the
chromosomes can result in changes in the
morphology and functioning of the organism.

In the Phylum Mollusca the chromosome
numbers of approximately 0.5% of the species are
known (Patterson, 1969), and the vast majority of
these are gastropods. On the basis of the 23
pelecypod chromosome numbers compiled by
Menzel (1968), he suggested that the chromo-
some number in all bivalves is a conservative
feature of family-level groupings. This suggest-
ion lent considerable weight to the study of the
chromosomal characters in the naiades, a group of
freshwater bivalves which is presently under-
going considerable revision at essentially all tax-
onomic levels. This project, now underway, is
intended to determine if any of the several
chromosomal characters can be used to improve
naiad classification. This report, however, deals
only with the most obvious chromosomal
character — the number of chromosomes.

METHODS

The specimens used in this study so far have
either been naiades collected for inclusion into the
bivalve collection of the Ohio State University
Museum of Zoology or were collected specifically
for this project from streams near Columbus,
Ohio. No conscious attempt has, as yet, been
made to sample either the geographic or
taxonomic diversity of naiades found in North
America. Samples of labial palp or inner gill
tissue were removed from the living animal,
placed in a hypotonic solution and then fixed in
freshly-mixed glacial acetic acid and absolute

methanol (Arrighi and Hsu, 1974). The fixed
material was swabbed onto slides which were
air-dried or flame-dried and then stained in 2%
Giemsa stain. All slides examined were scanned
at 200x and chromosomes were counted and
photographed at lOOOx using an Olympus phase-
contrast microscope.

(It should be noted that, in its present form,
this technique often yields no chromosome
spreads at all. Under the best conditions
produced so far, only a few chromosome spreads
occur on any one slide. A brief experiment with
the vertebrate mitotic inducer, phytohemaglut-
enin, failed to increase the number of spreads.)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To date, fifteen North American naiad species
have been examined in sufficient detail to justify
the publishing of chromosome numbers (Table 1).
These species include representatives of the two
long-standing families Margaritiferidae and Un-
ionidae and all three of the classic subfamilies of
the Unionidae. The diploid chromosome number
of all of these species is 38.

The geographic and taxonomic variety present
in this assemblage seems to be sufficient to
suggest that all North American naiades possess
38 chromosomes. The only published chromo-
some numbers for naiades based on whole cell
preparations (Van Griethuysen et al., 1969)
indicates that Unio pictorum and Anodonta
anatina of Europe also have 38 chromosomes.
[Lillie (1901) reported 32 chromosomes (n= 16) for
Elliptio complanatus, however, his study was
based on sectioned material.] While it is likely
that there will be species found with atypical
chromosome complements, it would not seem at
all surprising if the vast majority of species in the
Superfamily Unionacea were found to possess the
same number of chromosomes — 38. Future
research will either support or refute this
prediction and, in addition, provide chromosomal
evidence concerning the relationship of the
Unionacea to the Mutelacea, the other Super-
family of large, strictly freshwater bivalves.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

17

Table 1. Chromosome numbers of fifteen species of North American naiades. Also listed are the number of spreads
which gave this chromosome count, the number of specimens of each species which provided these spreads and the
locations from which these specimens were collected.

Species

Chromosome

Number

No. Complete
Spreads Counted

No. Animals
Examined

Collection Site

Margaritiferidae

Margaritifera margaritifera

form falcata

38

8

1

Wilamette River, Oregon

Unionidae

Anodontinae

Alasmidonta arcula

38

3

1

Ohoopee River, Georgia

Alasmidonta marginata

38

8

1

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Anodonta grandis

38

14

1

Buffalo Creek, Ohio

Anodontoides ferussacianus

38

12

1

Buffalo Creek, Ohio

Lasmigona costata

38

8

1

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Unioninae

Gonidea angulata

38

4

1

Wilamette River, Oregon

Quadrula quadrula

38

4

1

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Tritogonia verrucosa

38

3

1

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Lampsilinae

—

Lampsilis radiata luteola

38

8

2

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Potamilus alatus

38

5

1

Buck Creek, Kentucky

Ptychobranchus fasciolaris

38

3

1

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Toxolasma lividus glans

38

3

1

Buck Creek, Kentucky

Villosa iris

S8

11

1

Big Darby Creek, Ohio

Villosa lienosa

38

5

1

Buffalo Creek, Ohio

LITERATURE CITED

Arrighi, F. E. and T. C. Hsu. 1974. Staining
constitutive heterochromatin and Giemsa
crossbands of mammalian chromosomes.
Pages 59-71 in Yunis, J.J. ed., Human
Chromosome Methodology, 2nd., Academic
Press, New York, London. 376 pp.

Lillie, F. R. 1901. The organization of the egg of
Unio based on a study of its maturation, fer-
dlization and cleavage. J. Morph. 17:227-292.

Menzel, R. W. 1968. Chromosome number in
nine families of marine pelecypod mollusks.
Nautilus 82:45-50, figs. 1-17.

Patterson, C. M. 1969. Chromosomes of mol-
luscs. Proc. Symp. Moll., II, Mar. Biol. Assoc.
India, 1969: 635-686.

Van Griethuysen, G. A., B. Kiauta and L. J. M.
Butot. 1969. The chromosomes of Anodonfa
anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) and Unio pictorum
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca, Bivalvia:Unioni-
dae). Basteria 33:51-56.

18

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

ENDANGERED FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF NORTHWESTERN
NORTH AMERICA

Arthur H. Clarke

National Museums of Canada, Ottawa

Recent field work by the writer and associates
has shown that at least six species and subspecies
of freshwater mollusks living in the northwestern
United States and in western Canada are
endangered. These were not cited in the Sym-
posium on Rare and Endangered Mollusks
presented at the 1968 A.M.U. annual meeting
(published in Malacologia vol. 10, no. 1, 1970) and
it therefore seems desirable that they be briefly
discussed here. Other species in the region may
be also threatened but more research is necessary
before this can be determined.

Juga acutifilosa (Stearns, 1890) (Pleuroceri-
dae), the Graceful Keeled Horn Snail, is a rather
large (30 mm), slender and spectacular species
with strong crenulated spiral keels and without
any longitudinal plicae. It now occurs only in a
single spring-fed pool (and in its outlet for about
100 yards downstream) located close to Willow
Creek in Lassen County, northern California,
southeast of Eagle Lake. Archaeological shells
indicate that its distribution was previously much
more extensive. The single locality where it now
lives is accessible to cattle and is subject to
alteration by the private owner if he wishes to do
so.

It is of interest that J. acutifilosa deposits
gelatinous egg masses resembling those of some
freshwater pulmonates. One medium-sized
specimen kept in the laboratory deposited an
irregular subcylindrical and crescent-shaped egg
mass about 10 mm long and 6 mm wide containing
about 100 pale, turquoise-coloured eggs. (Fig. 1).
Similar masses, larger than the one measured
were observed in the field. These are quite
different from the egg masses deposited by
eastern pleurocerids and, if they are similar to
those of other western species, they provide
additional justification for the separation of
western pleurocerids as a distinct genus.

Lithoglyphus columbiana (Pilsbry, 1899)
(Hydrobiidae), the Great Columbia River Spire
Snail, is a large (714 mm) dark species with a
conspicuous narrow shoulder on the body whorl
and with the upper part of the body whorl

Fig. 1. Egg mass of Juga acutifilosa deposited in
an aquarium. Scale line = 10 mm.

flattened and sloping to the rounded, almost
basally located periphery. It apparently now
survives only in the main channel of the Columbia
River and only in the vicinity of the Hanford
Atomic Energy Works in southeastern Washing-
ton. Because of damming this is the only free-
flowing portion of the river remaining in the
United States. If the river there is dammed or
polluted the species will probably become extinct.

It formerly lived in the Spokane and Little
Spokane rivers and downstream in the Columbia
to its mouth. Until recently the species was
known as Fluminicola columbiana.

Lanx nattall nattall (Haldeman, 1841)
(Lancidae) the Giant Columbia River Limpet, is
about 14 mm long, heavy-shelled, with an anterior
apex located in the mid-line and an internal,
ring-like muscle scar which gaps on the right side.
It also appears to be presently restricted to the
deep main channel of the free-flowing portion of
the Columbia River in the vicinity of the Hanford
Atomic Energy Works in southeastern Washing-
ton. Like Lithoglyphus columbiana, this species
will probably become extinct if its only refuge is
dammed or polluted. Its former range included

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

19

the Snake River from its mouth as far east as
Rupert, Idaho and the Columbia River from its
mouth upstream at least to Trail, British
Columbia.

Physa johnsoni Clench, 1926 (Physidae), the
Banff Springs Physa, is small (9 mm) inflated,
with a short, flat-sided spire and in most
specimens with white longitudinal and spiral
streaks giving a cancellate appearance. Its
previous range included several warm and cold
springs in Banff National Park near Banff, Alberta
but these springs have now been “developed” for
the tourist trade and the snail now appears to be
restricted to one small, rapidly-flowing, warm
stream near Middle Spring, Banff, Alberta.

Physa jennessi athearni Clarke, 1973, the
Blunt Albino Physa, is up to 7 mm long, with
white shell and body, with a blunt spire and a
dominant, peripherally flattened body whorl. It is
known only from Johnson Lake and Horseshoe
Lake both in Jasper National Park near Jasper,
Alberta. Such lakes are often “improved” for
fishing by poisoning them and then introducing
trout. If this happens P. jennessi athearni will
become extinct.

Physa species (undescribed), the Liard Hot
Springs Physa, is small (5.5 mm), fragile, with
flatly rounded whorls and a bluntly pointed apex.
Its reproductive anatomy is distinctive and links it
with a few other isolated species in the Lfnited
States. It is known only from a ten-foot by
one-foot cool vegetated portion of the outlet of
Liard Hot Springs in extreme northern British
Columbia near the Alaska Highway. If that spring
is further “developed” the species will become
extinct.

Full bibliographic references and other
information on the species cited, except for the
undescribed Physa, may be found in Taylor, 1975
and Clarke, 1973.

Field assistance was provided by the late Dr.
D.G.S. Wright, the late Francoise Dehenne and
my wife, Judith Clarke; laboratory assistance by
Muriel F. I. Smith and Jane M. Topping and
artistic support by Aleta Karstad Schueler who
illustrated the egg mass of /. acutifilosa. Valuable
information on Juga acutifilosa was contributed
by Allyn G. Smith who also told me the location of
the surviving colony. I am very grateful for all of
this help. The author also wishes to thank the
National Museums of Canada and the Office of
Endangered Species, United States Department
of the Interior, for providing funds for this work.
A more detailed report giving precise localities
will soon be on file at both institutions but such
data are purposely kept vague in this paper to
safeguard the populations concerned.

LITERATURE CITED

Clarke, A. H., 1973. The freshwater molluscs of
the Canadian Interior Basin. Malacologia 13
(1 -1-2): i-xiv + 1-510, 28 pis.

Taylor, D. W. 1975. Index and bibliography of
Late Cenozoic freshwater Mollusca of Western
North America, Claude W. Hibbard Memorial
Volume 1. Museum of Paleontology,
University of Michigan. Papers on Paleontol-
ogy. No. 10: 1-384.

20

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

THE EFFECT OF GRAVEL DREDGING ON MUSSEL PRODUCTION

Paul Yokley, Jr.

Box 5153, University of North Alabama
Florence, AL 35630

INTRODUCTION

The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency has
been and now is concerned about the adverse
effects of gravel dredging on the biota in the
Tennessee River. This study was initiated and
supported through the cooperative participation
of the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and
NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration under PL88-309, Project No.
2-245-R.

The objectives of this study have been to find
those methods and organisms that reveal best the
effects of gpravel dredging on the biotic
communities. Many macrobenthic organisms and
plankton were collected above and below the
gravel dredging to compare their densities. Mus-
sels were tagged, for the purpose of comparing
gp-owth rates and placed in areas above and below
dredging. The best methods for measuring
effects of gravel dredging were (1) use of tagged
mussels as biological monitors and (2) use of a
variety of artificial substrates which could be
colonized with aquatic invertebrates. Growth
differences of the mussels and different densities
of the aquatic invertebrates above and below the
dredging sites were recorded. A longer study
period would validate the effects even better
particularly since the gp-avel dredging is occurring
along much of the length of the Tennessee River
and each dredged area is different especially in
water volume, rate of flow, and depth. Individ-
ual gravel dredging sites may reveal minimal
effects in a short study but the total combined
effect should be much more noticeable.

LOCATION OF STUDY
The primary study area was located at
Tennessee River Mile 174 to 175 above Saltillo,
Tennessee at Petticoat Riffle, This stretch of the
Tennessee River averages 400 meters in width
and 5 to 11 meters in depth except at Petticoat
Riffle where the depth is 4 to 5 meters. Petticoat

Riffle is approximately 200 meters in length and
150 meters in width.

The suction gravel dredge picks up all the
bottom material, carries it upward and then it is
sorted to sizes and washed. The undesirable
material is returned immediately to the river often
leaving the bottom irregular and from one to
several meters deeper than before the dredging.
The wash water is also returned directly to the
river leaving suspended solids in the water for
some distance (depends upon particle size, rate of
flow, and depth) below the dredge.

METHODS

Mussels were identified, aged, weighed,
measured and marked before placement in study
locations. Tagging of mussels was accomplished
by using a metal template with 25 drill holes in it
in rows of 5. The template was placed against the
right or left valve and small drill holes,
representing numbers, made on the shell surface.
Using both right and left valves for marking
surfaces almost 1500 mussels can be marked in
one area. Each mussel was weighed in grams,
and the length, height and width were measured
in millimeters. The age was determined by
counting the concentric growth rests. These
mussels were returned directly to the river
bottom. The location of these tagged mussels was
determined by extending a line from a fixed point
on the shore to the point out in the river where the
mussels were actually placed.

One of the weaknesses of this placement
method is the difficulty of relocating the
organisms. Much time is required to measure,
weight, mark and place these mussels in the
selected sites and when they are lost much infor-
mation is lost. Approximately 500 mussels were
used to determine the effects of gravel dredging.

These mussels were collected from a large
population at T.R.M. 170.3 located above Swallow
Bluff Island in a clean gravel environment and
where the water is relatively shallow and free
flowing. The species selected was Fusconaia

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

21

ebena, which is the most dominant species now in
the Tennessee River. It is commercially valuable
in the cultured pearl industry. The species
depends on the skipjack herring which is its host
fish during its parasitic stages. A minimum of
eight to twelve years is required for this mussel to
grow large enough to be harvested and sold.
These mussels may live and continue to grow for
twenty or thirty more years in a good
environment.

When water quality is good the species F.
ebena may grow several times larger at a given
age than others in a poor environment. Quality of
habitat has a significant effect on growth rates of
mussels, therefore the mussels selected were all
members of a population in a specific area above
Swallow Bluff Island. The original sizes and
weights in age categories were nearly alike above
and below the gravel dredge.

The marked mussels were placed in several
locations to determine the effect of altered
conditions on them. (1) Some were placed in an
area immediately behind the dredge where the
bottom had been altered by removal of several
sizes of gravel. These mussels were gone when a
search for them occurred. (2) Some were placed
on the bottom at a previously dredged site along
Wolfe Island; these had disappeared after one
month. A second group of fifty to sixty marked
mussels were again placed in that same location.
A month later th4y were gone. (3) Some were
placed below the gravel dredge where the bottom
had not been altered but where the influence of
suspended materials could be measured on the
growth of the mussels. These were recovered
after one year in this location and their weight and
growth changes recorded. (4) Some were placed
above the dredge and their location marked by
one of the red buoy cans in the river. These were
lost, however, because the red buoy was moved.
(5) Another group was placed upstream in a
habitat not influenced by silt or suspended
materials and after one year these were collected,
remeasured and reweighed.

The differences in weight increase and growth
above and below the gravel dredge are rather
large (Figs. 1 & 2). These differences are further
magnified when one considers the total area of the
Tennessee River affected, the total number of
mussels involved and the life span potential for
mussels.

The loose irregular bottom material in a
dredged area will not support mussels for several

Figure 1. Mean percentage weight increase in
Fusconaia ebena after one year.

Above Dredge

Age Group in Fears

Figure 2. Mean shell growth of Fusconaia ebena
millimeters per year.

22

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

months to years because it tends to shift. Also,
the assortment of particle sizes is not immediate-
ly favorable for mussels, especially the first year
stages. Since the bottom must first attract fish
hosts carrying the larval mussels, it may be many
years before a lost population of mussels returns
to a dredged area. Mussel beds result from the
host fish concentrating in an area. As the fish are
feeding or spawning the metamorphosed mussels
drop from their gills or fins and begin a free-living
existence if the bottom is favorable. Then, for five
or more years they go unnoticed while growing to
about one inch in diameter. Another five years
must elapse before they reach harvestable size for
the cultured pearl industry. Whatever areas are
dredged thus lose their mussel production for at
least a decade. This is further amplified by the
fact that these spawning areas are continuously
being reduced and lost. Therefore, recovery time
increases because the removed populations won’t
have neighboring populations from which the loss
can be regained.

The ability to recover decreases after each en-
vironmental change and extends the potential
time for recovery.

CONCLUSION

The resilience of the Tennessee River is not
the same along its length nor are the organisms
equally capable of reverting to their original
densities.

Freshwater mussels are sedentary and have
low resilience requiring much longer time to
recover after a habitat alteration. Anything which
causes the host fish of a mussel species to avoid or
leave an area also eliminates the mussels. Many

of the fish species that serve as hosts to
freshwater mussels are not tolerant to silt.

Mussels have had a prominent historical and
economic significance in the Tennessee River.
The ecological role of mussels has not been
completely evaluated but it is known that the
quality of water they inhabit is usually good.
Mussels do filter suspended organic matter from
the water and improve its quality for fish and
other swimming forms. Mussels are natural food
for muskrats, some aquatic birds and some fish.

The number of mussel species living in the
Tennessee River today is less than half the
number recorded fifty years ago. The remaining
species are decreasing now even faster based on
surveys made in the past few years. When a
mussel species disappears the host fish species
and many other interrelated organisms have
probably disappeared.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1 . Surveys and impact studies should precede any
new gravel dredging sites in the Tennessee River
and its tributaries. These impact statements
should be presented to appropriate state game
and fish agencies who, in turn, should take
necessary action to preserve the fauna.

2. Biological monitors ought to be placed above
and below gravel dredges in all areas of the
Tennessee River to assess the intensity of the
effect on the biota. Monitoring should occur on a
continuing basis in order to compile data on the
differences between the results at each dredging
site.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

23

PELECYPODS FROM THE KANOPOLIS LOCAL FAUNA
(YARMOUTHIAN), ELLSWORTH COUNTY, KANSAS

Barry B. Miller-

Department of Geology, Kent State University
Kent, OH 44242

The Kanopolis local fauna includes a diverse
assemblage of fossil vertebrates and molluscs that
were collected by C. W. Hibbard and field parties
from the University of Michigan Museum of
Paleontology, during the summers of 1969, 1970
and 1971. A field party from Kent State
University collected molluscs from this locality
during the summer of 1971. The University of
Michigan field parties were supported by N.S.F.
grant GB-20249 to Dr. Hibbard; and the Kent
State University field party was in part supported
by a grant to the author from the K.S.U. Research
Council.

The pelecypods were recovered from lenses of
medium to coarse sand exposed in the SWVi
NEI/4 sec. 25, T15 S., R. 8 W., Ellsworth County,
Kansas (Figure 1). The pelecypod fauna is of
special interest because of: (1) the scarcity of
Yarmouthian assemblages from the Pleistocene of
Kansas; (2) the relative abundance and
taxonomic diversity of the unionids; and (3) its
implications concerning the drainage history of
the Smoky Hill-Kansas system. Study of many of
the various faunal elements is in progress, but
completed reports are now available for the

amphibians, reptiles (Holman, 1972) and fish
(Neff, 1975). The gastropods are now being
studied by Mr. W. Terrance Kay, Kent State
University, and the pelecypods are the subject of
this paper. This report is based on all of the
identifiable unionid material (88 valves), but only
a small part ( + 550 valves) of the sphaeriids in the
collections.

0 too Ml.

Figure 2. Distribution of Arcidens confragosus
(dot) in Kansas and location of Kanopolis local
fauna (star). (After, Murray and Leonard, 1962.)

Preservation of the unionid material was poor
with much of it either badly fragmented or
exfoliated. Specimens had to be impregnated
with a solution of acetone- soluble resin that
hardened upon drying, and excavated as blocks of
fossil bearing matrix. The sphaeriids were
collected by a screenwashing technique develop-
ed by Hibbard (1949). The condition of the
unionid material made identification difficult or in
some cases impossible, thus the unionids in the
fauna probably represent only the minimum
number of individuals and taxa.

Data for the Kanopolis pelecypod fauna are
summarized in Table 1. The fauna includes four
species, Tritogonia verrucosa, Arcidens confra-
gosus, Quadrula pustulosa and Carunculina
parva, not previously reported as fossil in the
state, and extends the stratigraphic range of four
other species, Uniomerus tetralasmus, Quadrula

24

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Table 1

KANOPOLIS LOCAL FAUNA PELECYPODS

Species KSU Catalog Number Number of Specimens

Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque) S557

Arcidens confragosus (Say) 3560

Ligumia subrostrata (Say) 3556

Anodonta grandis [Sdiy) 3552

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say) 3558

Carunculina parva (Barnes) 3554

Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque) 3553

cf. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea) 3555

cf. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea) 3559

Pisidium casertanum (Poli) 3561

Pisidium compressum (Prime) 3562

Sphaerium lacustre (Muller) 3563

Sphaerium transversum (Say) 3564

Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck) 3565

1 (left valve)

2 (articulated) + 2 (right valves)

2 (articulated) + 3 (left) + 4 (right valves)

3 (left valves)

2 (left valves)

7 (left( + 2 (right valves)

7 (left) + 10 (right valves)

19 (left) + 10 (right valves)

1 (articulated) + 4 (left) + 4 right valves)
7 (valves)

1 (articulated) + > 200 (valves)

5 (valves)

44 (valves)

10 (articulated) + > 300 (valves)

quadrula, Anodonta grandis and Sphaerium
transversum, back to the Yarmouthian Stage.

All of the unionid species except Arcidens
confragosus and Lampsilis anodontoides can now
be found living in the Smoky Hill-Kansas
drainage within Ellsworth County (Miller and
Hibbard, 1972). The closest extant record of L.
anodontoides in the Smoky Hill-Kansas system is
from Riley County (Scammon, 1906). The only
reported Holocene occurrence of A. confragosus
in Kansas is from the Marais des Cygnes River
(Figure 2) (Murray and Leonard, 1962). With the
exception of Sphaerium lacustre, all of the
sphaeriids are known to occur in Ellsworth County
(Miller and Hibbard, 1972).

Most of the unionid species are restricted to
lotic environments. The lenticular- shaped,
medium to coarse sand from which the unionids
were collected, together with the diversity of the
unionid fauna, suggest that the depositional site
was a series of point-bars in a river of at least the
size of the modern Smoky Hill River where it now
flows through Ellsworth County. The preserva-
tion of articulated valves and of delicate beak
sculpture in some specimens are considered
indicative of slow moving water with little or no

suspended load and a stable, nonshifting
substrate.

The Kanopolis local fauna has been consider-
ed Yarmouthian in age based on the evolutionary
development of some of the vertebrate taxa and
the climatic implications of the fauna (Zakrzewski,
1975). The pelecypod fauna, unfortunately,
includes no species that are useful in assessing
the age of the assemblage.

Figure 3. Distribution of Pleurobema cordatum
catillus (dots) in Kansas. The location of the
Sandahl local fauna is indicated by the square,
and the McPherson Valley by the small dot
pattern. (After, Miller, 1970.)

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

25

The presence of A. confragosus in the
Kanopolis local fauna marks the second disjunct
occurrence of a unionid species as a fossil in the
upper Smoky Hill drainage. Miller (1970)
reported Pleurobema cordatum catillus from the
Illinoian stage Sandahl local fauna. This species
is now restricted in Kansas to the Verdigris and
Cottonwood-Neosho systems (Figure 3). Some of
the fish taxa from the Kanopolis local fauna also
have modern distributions in Kansas which are
centered in the Verdigris-Cottonwood-Neosho
drainage (Neff, 1975). These distributions invite
speculation on the possibility of a former
confluence between the upper Smoky Hill, the
Cottonwood-Neosho, and perhaps the Marais des
Cygnes Rivers sometime during the Yarmouthian
and/or Illinoian stages of the Pleistocene.

LITERATURE CITED

Hibbard, C. W., 1944. Techniques of collect-

ing microvertebrate fossils: Univ. Mich. Mus.
Paleontol., contrib., 8(2): 7-19.

Holman, J. A., 1972. Herpetofauna of the Kano-
polis local fauna (Pleistocene: Yarmouth) of
Kansas: Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters,
5:87-98.

Miller, B. B., 1970. The Sandahl local fauna

Illinoian) from McPherson County, Kansas:
Ohio Journ. Sci., 70(1): 39-50.

Miller, B. B. and C. W. Hibbard, 1972. Recent
Mollusca of Ellsworth County, Kansas:
Sterkiana, 46:11-14.

Murray, H. D. and A. B. Leonard, 1962. Hand-
book of unionid mussels in Kansas: Univ.
Kansas Mus. Nat. History, Misc. Publ.
Publ., 28:1-184.

Neff, N. A., 1975. Fishes of the Kanopolis local
fauna (Pleistocene) of Ellsworth County,
Kansas: in Smith, G. R. and Friedland, N. E.
(eds.). Studies in Cenozoic Paleontology and
Stratigraphy: C. W. Hibbard Mem. Vol. #3:
Univ. Mich. Mus. Paleontol. Papers on Pale-
ontol., 12:39-48.

Scammon, R. E., 1906. The unionidae of Kan-

sas, part I: Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 3:279-
372, pis. 52-86.

Zakrzeski, R. J., 1975. Pleistoncene strati-

graphy and paleontology in western Kansas:
the state of the art, 1974: in Smith, G. R. and
Friedland, N.E., (eds.), Studies in Genozoic
paleontology and stratigraphy: C. W. Hibbard
Mem. Vol. #3: Univ. Mich. Mus. Paleontol.
Papers on Paleontol., 12:121-128.

26

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

PRINTING of the UNPUBLISHED VELINS (53 plates) of LAMARCK (1802-1809)
SUR les FOSSILES des ENVIRONS de PARIS, ... ESPECES ...
ANIMAUX MARINS SANS VERTEBRES...

Katherine V. W. Palmer
Paleontological Research Institution
Ithaco, N.Y.

To those persons who traffic in the study and
names of the genera of the molluscan world,
Recent and fossil forms, the name of Jean
Baptiste Lamarck (Jean- Baptiste- Pierre- Antoine
de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck) is one of the
familiar names next to Linnaeus. Such common
generic names as Terebra, Phasianella, Pyrami-
della, Crepidula, Cancellaria, Nucula, Crassatel-
la. Modiolus, Petricola are Lamarckian. There
would be more if that ill-advised ruling of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature had not replaced such old familiar names
of Lamarck, 1799, ol Solarium, Sigaretus, Pyrula,
and Rostellaria by Architectonica, Sinum, Ficus,
and Tibia of Roeding in Bolten, 1798. In 1799
Lamarck published the “Prodrome d’une nouvelle
Classification des Coquilles...’’ in which the
forementioned names of Lamarck originated. In
1801, “Systeme des Animaux sans vertebre ou
tableau general des classes, des orders et des
generes de ces animaux’’; in 1802-1809,
Memoires “Surles fossiles des environs de Paris,
comprenant la determination des especes qui
appartiennent aux animaux marins sans verte-
bras, et dont la plupart son figures dans la
collection des velins du Museum’’; in 1818-1822,
“Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebras, ’’
of seven volumes, were published. The greater
portions of those works were on mollusks and
contain basic genera of that group. In the
1802-1809 treatise on the fossil mollusks of the
Eocene of the Paris Basin, Lamarck continually
brought out the characters of the genera as
exhibited by living forms over the seas of the
world, and he made new generic names based on
Recent shells.

The taxonomic books of Lamarck, except the
1802-1809 series on the mollusks of the Eocene of
the Paris Basin, are fairly accessible in special
libraries even though they are rare and probably
difficult to obtain as personal copies. The
1802-1809 work was published in about 45

separate parts through a seven year period in the
Annals of the Museum national d’Histoire
naturelle. This is a rare series for a general
library to have and a tedious chore for a student to
search and examine. The title stated that figures
of the species for the most part were in the
Collection of the Velins of the Museum. From
1805-1809 Lamarck did publish illustrations with
figures, 28 plates, of some of the species; but such
figures did not include the complete series of
illustration of the references to the “Velins”
(Plates 1-53).

The treatise of 1802-1809 is imperative for
students working on the Eocene of the world, as
well as the fossil and Recent Mollusks.
Researchers are handicapped in using the series
because of the inaccessibility of the rare work and
because of the mysterious reference to Velins.
Because of the uniqueness of the Velins it is
possible to examine those illustrations only in
Paris and in the archives of the National Museum.

To understand the situation involved in the
association of Lamarck and the Velins, one must
recall a portion of the life of the man. In the years
1772-76 Lamarck studied medicine and botany in
the “Jardin du Roy.” In the following years he
was occupied and published on botanical subjects.
In 1788 he had the post of Botanist in the Jardin
du Roi until 1793; by decree of the New
Convention, the Jardin du Roi became the
Museum d’Histoire naturelle. Lamarck was
named Professor of Zoology in charge of the study
of invertebrate animals. It was during the
following years that he continued his elaboration
of the classification of the invertebrates in
association with the Museum. Prior to Lamarck’s
time in the 17th century, drawings of plants had
been executed and preserved. These were the so-
called Velins, and by 1660 they comprised five
large folio volumes. The series was continued and
included the works by famous artists. Hence in
1890 Lamarck recognized the importance of the

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

27

Velins and utilized the method to illustrate his
great and extensive production of the famous
fossils of the Paris Basin. The collection consisted
of the fossils of Defrance and of Lamarck from the
rich Eocene deposits in the area surrounding
Paris.

A review of the background of the periods
immediately before, and during, the research and
production of Lamarck’s life is in order. In 1789
the French Revolution began with the Fall of the
Bastile. The Bastile was across the River Seine
from the then Jardin royal des Plantes. In 1793
the Jardin royal became the Museum Natural
history. Lamarck during those years v/as from
45-49 years of age. He was the Professor of
Zoology, in the Museum, and the events of the
Reign of Terror were witnessed at close quarters.
In 1799 he wrote the Prodrome which established
the names of many well-known genera of
mollusks. The 1802-1809 was past the initial
decree of cancellation of the first name of persons,
the decree is apparent in the format of
publications. The title page gave the name of
Lamarck (no initials), his discussion stated that
the collection studied was that of “citoyen
Defrance,” 1802, and citoyen Defiance is
so-called through 1803, in 3 parts; then on he is
designated M. Defrance. Lamarck in 1802 is
“Lamarck” and also in parts through 1804; from
then on through 1809, he is “M. Lamarck.”

Lamarck’s descriptions in the Memoirs of the
species and genera are explicit. They are of
simple French, include pertinent characters, give
general descriptions and differentiation of genera
from older named groups and measurements of
the specimens.

Regardless of Lamarck’s philosophy of
evolution, he stands out as the excellent

systematist of Mollusca. In many aspects of the
science he was ahead of his time. No present-day
student of the group can count his molluscan
studies as complete without access to Lamarck’s
fossil work of the Paris Basin Eocene.

Funds for the publication of the Lamarck
Velins were made possible by the generous help
of Robert and Shirley Hoerle of West Palm Beach,
Florida. I am compiling the explanations of the
Velins and the reprint of the text. A history and
description of the Velins by M. Laissus,
conservateur of the Bibliotheque centrale du
Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, and a
biographical sketch of Lamarck by Denise
Mongin, paleontologist in Paris, will be included
as introductions with the plates. A photograph of
the statue of Lamarck which is in the Jardin des
Plantes will be the frontispiece.

Over years of work on the Eocene and the
mollusks, one has been puzzled, worried, and
frustrated as to the so-called references to the
“Velins.” In 1956, a set of copies of Velins of
Lamarck was advertised in an European Second
Hand Catalogue. It was purchased. In 1974 a
second set (copies) was obtained. Many of the
copies of the Velins bear the mark of the Museum
national d’Histoire naturelle. Also, by checking
the text of Lamarck with the indication given with
the figures and Velin copies, the authenticity of
the illustrations is verified. Because the original
plates (Velins) are in the Museum in Paris, the
copies of the photographed set must be used for
the publication. After about 174 years a complete
folio of the illustrations of Lamarck, 1802-1809
work, will be available. A reprint of the complete
text is also in preparation. The 45 separate parts
will be combined to make one book. The
publication of text and plates will be advertised so
that students will become aware of the availability
of the books.

28

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OE 10 FLUVIALIS (SAY, 1825) IN THE UPPER
TENNESSEE RIVER SYSTEM (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA, PLEUROCERIDAE)

David H. Stansbery and Carol B. Stein
Museum of Zoology, The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

In 1825 Thomas Say described a new species
of river snail from the headwaters of the North
Fork of the Holston River at Saltville, Virginia.
Because the form of this species at this site
resembled marine shells of the Genus Fusus, Say
called it Fusus fluvialis, the “Fusus of the
rivers. ’ ’ Professor Lardner Vanuxem, a geologist-
paleontologist, had collected the type material.
He sent specimens to his friend Isaac Lea as well
as to Say. Lea (1831: 122), in the belief “that no
genus should contain pelagian and fluviatile
shells in common,’’ established the Genus lo to
receive Vanuxem’ s Holston River shells, which he
redescribed as lo fusiformis. Thus the Spiny
River Snail of the southern Appalachians has
come to be known, under the rules of zoological
nomenclature, as lo fluvialis (Say, 1825).

Additional collections in the upper Tennessee
River system over the years brought to light
additional forms of lo which were given additional
names. As the variability of this group of river
snails became known to malacologists, interest in
it grew. This interest reached its peak in the
monographic study of the genus made over its
entire known range by Dr. Charles C. Adams. Al-
though Adams’ collections were made in 1899,
1900, and 1901, his classic study was not
published until 1915.

With perception uncommon in that early
period, Adams (1915; 8) wrote;“When we

consider the rapid rate at which our native plants
and animals are being destroyed by the
encroachment of civilization, it will be realized
that in a few generations a fairly full account of
many of our species will be forever lost. I hope
that the present record will be a contribution to
the preservation of such ‘vanishing data,’ and
that the photographic record and the collection
[now preserved at the Smithsonian National
Museum of Natural History] will preserve a
reliable sample of one of nature’s vast
experiments.’’

Adams confirmed the fact that the lo
specimens found in the upper reaches of the

Powell, Clinch, and North Fork Holston Rivers
were smooth forms which lacked spines. Moving
downstream in these rivers, he found phases of lo
best described as smooth, undulate, nodulous,
low-spined, and finally prominently- spined.
Specimens from the uppermost populations in the
South Fork Holston River, however, were mainly
undulate, while those of the Nolichucky were
spinose. In general, the farther downstream an lo
was taken, the more prominent its spines were
likely to be. An exception to this generalization
occurred in the main stem of the Holston River
near Rogersville, where large numbers of the
smooth shells, typical of the headwaters fo*m,
were found, together with spinose shells and
many intergrading forms.

As can easily be seen from Adams’ excellent
series of plates, a great deal of variaticr was
found in the lo populations of each locality, and
the smooth forms appear to intergrade completely
with the most spinose forms, indicating that these
animals all represent a single, highly polymor-
phic species.

DISTRIBUTION

No valid records of living or fossil lo are known
outside the Tennessee River System. It reached
its greatest abundance, at least in historic times,
in the middle and upper reaches of the Tennessee
system upstream from Chattanooga. The
downstream limit of its distribution evidently was
Muscle (Mussel) Shoals, Alabama, where Hinkley
(1906: 40) found a single living specimen of the
spinose turrita form in 1904. The upstream limits
of lo ’s distribution were reached in tributaries the
size of the North Fork Holston River at Saltville,
Virginia, the type locality. Goodrich (1913)
extended its known range in the Clinch River
upstream to Cedar Bluff. A single specimen of
the Turrita form was reported from Little River
about eight miles above its mouth by Clench in
1928. Adams searched the Hiwassee and
Sequatchie Rivers and South Chickamauga Creek
without finding any specimens of this complex.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

29

30

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

The known original range of lo, except for the lone
Muscle (Mussel) Shoals record and another live
specimen taken in the main stem of the Tennessee
River a few miles above Bridgeport, Alabama, by
Adams, is shown in Figure 1.

The present distribution of lo fluvialis is
shown in Figure 2, which is based upon
specimens collected within the past two decades
now deposited in the Ohio State University
Museum of Zoology collection. These specimens,
their condition, year of collection, and locality are
listed in the accompanying table. lo appears to
have been extirpated from the main stem of the
Tennessee River, the entire Holston River
system, and the French Broad River. We have
found it living at one site in the Nolichucky River,
where it is now very rare. In the Powell River we
have found living specimens from near Penning-
ton Gap, Lee County, Virginia, downstream as far
as Riverview, Claiborne County, Tennessee. The
Clinch River from Blackford, Russell County,
Virginia, downstream to Sneedville, Hancock
County, Tennessee, harbors most of the world’s
remaining populations of living Jo.

HABITAT REQUIREMENTS

Our early collections of lo led us to believe that
it was a creature of rushing waters, and that the
collector should be prepared to collect with one
hand while hanging on to a firmly seated boulder
or a bedrock ledge “for dear life’’ with the other.
lo populations are definitely associated with the
rapid waters of riffles or shoals, but we soon
learned that they are also found in the smoother
stretches of runs below these rapids. An lo swept
into a deep, quiet pool, however, appears to be an
lo doomed to an early death. We have found only
dead shells of this species in such pools. It may
be, however, that these shells were washed into
the pools after the animals had died.

Ms. Annie Law, a collector of the 1800’s,
observed; “The muscular power of lo is
astonishing. I frequently find one adhering to a
rock half as large as my head, and when I take up
the shell, it brings the rock with it and requires
much force to separate it’’ (Lewis, 1871: 233).

HABITAT CHANGES

Nearly all of the shoals of the Tennessee River
and the lower reaches of its major tributaries are
now buried beneath many feet of slack water in
impoundments behind high dams. We know of no
recent records of living lo from these impound-

ments. lo also appears to be absent from the
rapid tailwaters of these dams, perhaps because
of the great short-term variations in stream flow

associated with power generation during peak and
low demand periods.

In addition to lo ’s eradication from its former
downstream range, it is now losing headwater
habitat because of pollution. Athearn (1968: 44)
reported, “The June 1967 pollution of the Clinch
River in Virginia by the Appalachian Power
Company killed hundreds of thousands (of
mollusks.) Among the many mollusks and other
plants and animals killed was the best remaining
concentrated population of our AMU symbolic
mollusk lo fluvialis.”

Several communities, such as Tazewell,
Virginia, along the lo streams of the upper
Tennessee have recently installed municipal
sewage treatment facilities, replacing former
septic tank systems. Below the outfalls of these
sewage treatment plants the rich endemic
molluscan fauna of these streams is rapidly
disappearing. The killing effect appears to be
spreading downstream from these towns and is
affecting not only the pleurocerids, but also the
naiades. Communities which still have the septic
tank treatment systems, such as Fort Blackmore,
Dungannon, and Clinchport, do not appear to
have an adverse effect on the molluscan fauna of
the rivers.

Below Big Stone Gap in the upper Powell
River, lo and other aquatic mollusks are absent
for some miles downstream. The suspected cause
is acid mine drainage from the North Fork above
Big Stone Gap. The South Fork of the Powell at
and above Big Stone Gap still retains a rich
pleurocerid fauna, though lo evidently never
occurred this far upstream. If coal mining is
expanded further into the Clinch River watershed,
acid mine drainage could eliminate the richest
remaining populations of lo.

In the North Fork of the Holston River the lo
population has suffered from the outfall of the
chemical industry at Saltville since before 1900
(Adams, 1915: 18). No living populations of /o are
now known to exist anywhere in the Holston River
system (Stansbery, 1972; Stansbery and Clench,
1974). Since the Saltville chemical plant has now
ceased operations, it is possible that the Holston
River will eventually recover its ability to support
a diversity of molluscan life. If so, then perhaps it
will be possible to successfully reintroduce lo into
the Holston from seed populations in the Powell,

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

31

Clinch, or Nolichucky---if these are still surviving.

Efforts are being made to preserve the natural
integrity of what is left of lo’s habitat. If the
remaining high-quality stretches of the upper
Clinch, Powell, and Nolichucky can be protected
from further degradation, this unique American
river snail and the many other endemic species
associated with it in the upper Tennessee
drainage may be preserved for future genera-
tions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our appreciation to
the following people, who have contributed
specimens of lo to the OSUM collection or who
have helped us make the field collections of
specimens upon which this paper is based:

Herbert D. Athearn, Constance Boone, Kathy G.
Borror, David Carter, William J. Clench, Jon E.
Ditmars, John Frederick, Jr., Carolyn Cooper
Jenkinson, John J. Jenkinson, Edna Kirby,
Harvey Meyer, Frank J. Moore, Joanne Stillwell
Kirkpatrick, William Stillwell, Donald P. Tanner,
and Richard A. Tubb.

10 FLUVIALIS SPECIMENS COLLECTED SINCE 1950, DEPOSITED IN THE

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY

(Records

arranged in upstream to downstream sequence for each river listed.)

POWELL RIVER

Virginia, Lee County

OSUM-7260

Live

1967

2.3 mi. SE of Pennington Gap

OSUM-7264

Live

1967

7.7 mi. SW of Pennington Gap

Tennessee, Claiborne County

OSUM-7267

Live

1967

At Hoop, 9 mi. NE of Tazewell

OSUM-7270

Live

1967

At Hoop, 9 mi. NE of Tazewell

OSUM-7274

Live

1968

At Hoop, 9 mi. NE of Tazewell

OSUM-7276

Live

1969

At Hoop, 9 mi. NE of Tazewell

OSUM-7277

Live

1973

At Hoop, 9 mi. NE of Tazewell

OSUM-7278

Live

1967

At Riverview, 10.5 mi. W of Hoop

CLINCH RIVER

Virginia, Russel County

OSUM-4535

fresh

1965

At Blackford, 2.5 mi. SE of Honaker

OSUM-7279

subfossil

1973

At Blackford, 2.5 mi. SE of Honaker

OSUM-7285

subfossil

1965

At Cleveland, 10.8 mi. WSW of Honaker

OSUM-7286

live

1973

At Cleveland, 10.8 mi. WSW of Honaker

OSUM-7297

subfossil

1963

At Boody (Fink), 1 mi. E of St. Paul

OSUM-7299

fresh

1963

At. St. Paul, 9 mi. WSW of Cleveland

OSUM-7298

dead

1965

At St. Paul, 9 mi. WSW of Cleveland

OSUM-7291

subfossil

1973

At St. Paul, 9 mi. WSW of Cleveland

Virginia, Scott

County

OSUM-7300

live

1965

At Dungannon, 7.3 mi. NE of Fort Blackmore

OSUM-7301

live

1963

At Fort Blackmore, 10.7 mi. NE of Clinchport

OSUM-7302

live

1965

At Fort Blackmore, 10.7 mi. NE of Clinchport

OSUM-7306

live

1963

At Clinchport, 2.2 mi. N of Speers Ferry

OSUM-7303

fresh

1970

At Clinchport, 2.2 mi. N of Speers Ferry

OSUM-7308

live

1973

At Clinchport, 2.2 mi. N of Speers Ferry

OSUM-7311

live

1965

Above the mouth of Copper Creek, 1.3 mi. S of Clinchport

32

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

OSUM-7315

live

1966

At the mouth of Copper Creek

OSUM-7317

live

1973

At the mouth of Copper Creek

OSUM-7312

live

1970

Copper Creek immediately above its mouth

OSUM-7316

live

1963

At Speers Ferry, 2 mi. S of Clinchport

OSUM-7320

live

1963

1-2 mi. below Speers Ferry

OSUM-7322

live

1963

1-2 mi. below Speers Ferry

OSUM-7321

live

1965

1-2 mi. below Speers Ferry

OSUM-7323

live

1974

6.2 mi. SW of Clinchport, 12.2 mi. NE of Kyles Ford

Tennessee, Hancock County

OSUM-4528

fresh

1972

13.8 mi. SW of Clinchport, 4.5 mi. E of Kyles Ford

OSUM-7330

live

1968

Below The Rounds, 3.5 mi. E of Kyles Ford

OSUM-7324

live

1972

Below The Rounds, 3.5 mi. E of Kyles Ford

OSUM-7327

live

1974

Below The Rounds, 3.5 mi. E of Kyles Ford

OSUM-7331

fresh

1970

2 mi. above Kyles Ford, 1J.2 mi. E of Sneedville

OSUM-7334

fresh ca

1958

At Kyles Ford, 10.2 mi. ENE of Sneedville

OSUM-7335

live

1965

» »

OSUM-7338

live

1967

OSUM-7339

subfossil

1968

OSUM-7342

live

1969

OSUM-7343

fresh

1971

’ ’

OSUM-7346

live

1973

OSUM-7349

subfossil

1967

OSUM-7351

live

1967

From Brooks Island to Alder Hollow, 5 mi. E of Sneedville

OSUM-7363

live

1968

OSUM-7354

live

1969

’ *

OSUM-7358

live

1974

OSUM-7366

fresh

1967

Below Garland Hollow, 1.1 mi. SE of Sneedville

OSUM-7367

live

1972

OSUM-7370

live

1974

Tennessee, Claiborne/Grainger Counties

OSUM-7376

subfossil

1968

Below U.S. Rt. 25E bridge, 7.2 mi. SE of Tazewell

NOLICHUCK\

' RIVER

Tennessee, Greene County

OSUM-7255

subfossil

1968

2.5 mi. S of Chuckey (Indian midden shells)

OSUM-7259

live

1964

Hale Bridge, 3.3 mi. SE of Warrensburg

OSUM-7258

live

1968

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

33

LITERATURE CITED

Adams, Charles C. 1915. The variations and
ecological distribution of the snails of the genus
lo. Memoirs Nat. Acad, of Sci., 12 (2): 1-92,
61 pis.

Athearn, Herbert D. 1968. Changes and
reductions in our freshwater moiluscan popula-
tions. Amer. Malacological Union Ann. Repts.
for 1967; 44-45.

Clench, William J. 1928. lo fluvialis turrita
Anthony. Naut. 42 (1): 36.

Goodrich, Calvin. 1913. Spring collecting in
southwest Virginia. Naut. 27 (7): 81-82; (8):
91-95.

Hinkley, A. A. 1906. Some shells of Mississippi
and Alabama. Naut. 20 (3): 34; (4): 40; (5): 52.

Lea, Isaac. 1831. Description of a new genus of
the family Melaniana of Lamarck. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc. 4: 122-123.

Lewis, James. 1871. On the shells of the Holston
River. Amer. J. of Conch., 6 (3): 216-226.

Say, Thomas. 1825. Descriptions of some new
species of fresh water and land shells of the
United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 5: 129.
Stansbery, David H. 1972. The mollusk fauna of
the North Fork Holston River at Saltville,
Virginia. Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union 1971:
45-46.

Stansbery, David H., and William J. Clench.
1974. The Pleuroceridae and Unionidae of the
North Fork Holston River above Saltville, Vir-
ginia. Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union, 1974:
33-36.

34

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

THE ROLE OF THE “HOME SCAR” IN PULMONATE LIMPETS

Susan Blackford Cook
Department of Zoology
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210

Pulmonate limpets in the genus Siphonaria
consistently return to locations on intertidal rock
surfaces termed “home sites” (Cook 1969, 1971).
Although the exact timing and extent of grazing
movements away from home sites can vary with
the phase of the monthly tidal cycle and the
particular population studied (Cook in prepara-
tion), homing individuals invariably occupy home
sites at dead low tide and at maximum flood tide.
When limpets are away from home sites, the
areas can be recognized by a characteristic bluish
or greenish tint. On relatively soft rocks, the
home site is also marked by a slight depression or
“home scar”. When limpets are at home on such
rocks, the outline of each animal’s shell fits
snugly against the edge of the scar.

Several “raisons d’etre” have been proposed
for the tightly fitting scars of homing limpets,
both pulmonates such as Siphonaria and
prosobranchs such as Acmaea scabra. These
include protection from desiccation during low
tide when the limpets are out of water and
exposed to the direct rays of the sun, protection
from wave action at high tide, protection from
predators both at high and low tides and
protection of soft parts against damage from
sediment swept across rock surfaces at high tide.
Wolcott’s work (1973) suggests that scars are
significant in preventing desiccation during aerial
exposure at low tide in the prosobranch Acmaea
scabra; there is no information on the function of
scars in pulmonate limpets.

Records of the movements of individual
limpets within populations should provide data on
when and how animals are lost from limpet
populations. In turn this information should
provide insight into the possible ways in which
scars benefit limpets. For example, intensive
observation may show that limpets are success-
fully attacked by predators when they are off their
scars and are relatively safe from predation when
“at home”: this would indicate that scars may
serve as “refugia” against predation. In this

paper I describe preliminary observations on the
role of home scars in two species of Siphonaria.

Work on Siphonaria normaiis Gould was
carried out at the Mid-Pacific Marine Laboratory,
Enewetak Island, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall
Islands (formerly known as the Eniwetok Marine
Laboratory, Eniwetok Island, Eniwetok Atoll).
Work on Siphonaria alternata Say was done at the
Bermuda Biological Station for Research, St.
George’s West, Bermuda. At both locations
quadrats of various sizes were outlined on inter-
tidal rocks with paint. Most records of the
movements of individual animals within the
quadrats were made by noting successive
positions of individuals on a map of the quadrat
drawn to scale. To construct this record, dis-
tances of individuals from home scars were
periodically measured with a ruler to the nearest
half centimeter, while headings were visually
estimated relative to home scars and the outlines
of the quadrat. Occasionally movements were
recorded on film with a 35 mm time-lapse camera.
At Enewetak individual animals could be identi-
fied by distinctive shell shape and markings; in
Bermuda limpets were marked by attaching a
numbered label to each animal’s dry shell at dead
low tide with Eastman 910 cement.

Siphonaria normaiis in Enewetak move in
response to tidal cycles in a manner similar to that
of Siphonaria normaiis in Hawaii (Cook 1969).
The animals begin to move as the water level falls
past their scars on ebbing tides and move again as
the flood tide begins to dampen their scars. Each
movement period includes an outbound grazing
trip away from the scar and a return leg back to
the scar. Animals return home well before dead
low tide and well before the height of the flood
tide. Siphonaria alternata in Bermuda have the
same response to flooding tides as do S. normaiis;
however, Bermuda limpets occasionally anticipate
the ebbing tide and begin to move when their
scars are still covered by 10 - 15 cm. of water
(Cook in preparation). Otherwise, their response

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

35

to ebb tides is similar to that of S. normalis. Ob-
servations of both species began about an hour
before the expected onset of movement and
continued until all animals had returned home.
With the exception of certain individuals which
occasionally failed to home (see below), animals
were never seen to move except at the anticipated
time. Mortality was estimated by the loss of
individuals between observation periods; since
limpets do not move more than 20 cm on any
given trip (Cook in preparation), any limpet which
was not found within 20 cm of the perimeter of the
quadrat was considered missing.

Two sites (4-1 ^nd 5-1) were examined closely
at Enewetak. Site 4-1 (25 cm x 25 cm, containing
19 limpets) was located on a gently sloping inter-
tidal bench on the lagoon side of Enewetak Island
(Site Fred) about .5 m above Mean Lower Low
water. Site 5-1 (15 cm x 15 cm, containing 22
limpets) was located 1.0 m above MLLW in a
more steeply sloping area at the base of a seawall
several hundred meters southwest of site 4-1.
Limpets in quadrats 4-1 and 5-1 were observed on
different days.

In Bermuda all quadrats were located on
limestone benches adjacent to the Bermuda
Biological Station’s boat dock on Ferry Reach.
Quadrat A (25 cm x 25 cm, containing 10 limpets)
and quadrat B (25 cm x 25 cm, containing 20
limpets) were located on the same bench about
1.0 m above MLLW; the sites were separated by
no more than 50 cm. Although both sites were at
the same level in the intertidal, site A typically
drained faster following an ebbing tide; this
resulted in greater aerial exposure for the animals
there. Two observers recorded movements within
each site simultaneously so that the data from the
two sites represent identical time periods and
general conditions. A third site, D, was located
lower in the intertidal than sites A and B; this site
was used for replacement experiments described
later in this paper.

Enewetak observations. Every animal in the
Enewetak populations consistently returned to its
home scar following outbound trips. While
quadrats were observed, there was no predation
on limpets and no evidence that animals were
ever swept off rocks by wave action. At site 4-1
between 1300 hours and 2100 hours on October 6,
1975, four limpets were missing following a
spring flood tide (-1-1.5 m). When the scars of
these individuals were examined closely on

October 7, distinctive double lines were seen to
extend into empty scars from the surrounding
rock. These marks resembled the grooves
characteristically made by parrotfish (Scaridae) as
they browse on algae-covered rock surfaces (Ran-
dall 1974; Cook in preparation). In the area
around site 4-1 empty scars which had been
marked in this way were common on October 7; in
several places, the remnants of Siphonaria still
clung to marked scars. Clearly, scars do not
effectively protect limpets from browsing reef
fish.

Muricid gastropods have been reported to
feed on Siphonaria at Enewetak (Menge 1973,
Miller, A., unpublished report to the Enewetak
Marine Laboratory); Thais armigera attacks Siph-
onaria by prying limpets off rocks with its foot
(Menge 1973). However, neither report indicates
if predation success is higher when limpets are at
home or away from scars. Golden plovers
[Pluvialis dominica] commonly forage over
Enewetak seaward bench platforms in places
where Siphonaria is very abundant and are
probably consuming limpets (A. Kohn personal
communication), although there is no direct
evidence of this. It would be most interesting to
know if these birds are feeding during periods
when limpets would be moving or when they are
in scars.

Bermuda observations. In Bermuda I found
no evidence of predation on S. alternata during
the more than 500 homing cycles observed; I also
found no evidence that limpets were removed
from rocks by wave action. My observations in
Bermuda did suggest that home scars may be
important to animals which face longer exposure
to air on ebb tides. Twice during my observations
a limpet from quadrat A failed to return home
following a grazing expedition. Neither animal
returned to its scar on subsequent tides; instead,
both remained at the end of their outbound paths
for several tidal cycles and then vanished from the
area. Just before these limpets disappeared,
their partially exposed feet were surrounded by
swarms of ants at low tide.

The limpets in quadrat B were less exposed to
drying conditions at low tide. During my
observations, more than half of the animals at B
failed to home at one time or another. Most of
these animals either returned to their original
scars on subsequent tides or had formed new
scars elsewhere on the rock by the end of the

36

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

TABLE 1.

INCIDENCE OF FAILURE TO HOME.

ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR LIMPETS.

Data from

simultaneous

observation of

two sites in Bermuda over 19

tides.

SITE

#OF

LIMPETS

# OF HOMING

TRIPS

#OF

FAILURES

FATE OF

Lost from

Site

NON-HOMING

Formed

new scars

LIMPETS

Eventual

return to

old scar

A

10

185

2

2(100%)

0

0

B

20

256

II

2(18%)

6(55%)

3(27%)

study (Table 1). Two of these non-homing limpets
(18% of those which had failed to home)
eventually disappeared: neither of the “non-hom-
ers” at site A survived, in contrast.

The relative importance of scars in low versus
high intertidal areas was examined by a
preliminary series of replacement experiments
using the Bermuda populations. In these studies
limpets were marked with paint and returned to
the intertidal in two areas. Most of the animals
were placed on unoccupied rock between the scars
of limpets normally resident at A; no extra scars
were available for occupancy. Four replacement
experiments were performed at site A. Other
limpets were placed on site D; as mentioned
before this site was lower in the intertidal than A
and B and was exposed to air for a shorter period
of time on each low tide. No unoccupied scars
were evident. In this experiment only one group
of limpets was added to the site.

Each day after replacement the number of
marked animals which were firmly attached to the
rock was determined in both areas; animals which
did not attach were considered non- survivors.
The percentage of limpets surviving on each day
was calculated for each replacement experiment.
The loss of animals from site A was initially quite
rapid; within three days the population appeared
to reach a stable value of 36% of the original
number (Figure I). Survival at the less exposed
site appeared to be greater; however, this
experiment was not continued beyond four days.

During the first two days after replacement at
site A, numerous limpets were found in a
generally moribund condition. These animals
responded only slightly to mechanical stimulation

FIGURE I . Survival of limpets after replacement
at two sites in Bermuda. Site A is higher in the
intertidal than D. % survival values for days I
and 2 at site A are means of data from four
separate replacement experiments; values for
days 3 - 7 are means of two experiments. Values
for site D represent one experiment only.

and would not firmly attach to rocks; because they
could not attach, they were not counted as “sur-
vivors” in replacement data. Pedal tissue
appeared to be much less pliant than usual and
mantle edges had withdrawn from the edges of
the shell margin. The animals which had been
placed at the lower site were never found in this
condition. One interpretation of this is that
tissues of animals without home scars in the
higher intertidal are more subject to desiccation

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

37

than are tissues of scar-less individuals in less
exposed areas; the presence of a home scar is
more crucial for limpets higher in the intertidal.
In this view the observed ant-limpet interactions
occur when ants are attracted to a desiccated and
dying limpet. An alternate explanation of my
observations is that limpets without scars in the
high intertidal may be more subect to predation
by ants at low tide than those further down; “ant
attack’’ may be the prelude to a moribund
condition followed by desiccation.

Although this preliminary work suggests that
limpets may be more likely to consistently return
to scars without periodic homing failures in areas
which are more exposed on ebb tides, additional
data on the consistency of homing in relation to
tide level and survival after replacement are
required. It may also be feasible to measure
water loss from individuals on scars and
individuals off scars in replacement experiments
during periods of drying to determine if the scar is
effective in reducing water loss; other mechan-
isms which may be used to reduce desiccation,
such as the production of mucous sheets between
shell margins and rock surfaces seen in Acmaea
digitalis (Wolcott 1973) should be examined. An
additional physiological function of the scar may
be to reduce osmotic stress when animals are
exposed to fresh water; I have observed that
limpets return to scars immediately after rain
showers begin. The osmotic consequences of
being off or on scars at such times should be
investigated.

In summary, it appears that the home scars of
intertidal pulmonate limpets in the genus Siphon-
aria do not protect the animals from predators
such as parrotfish. It is more likely that the scars
afford limpets protection from stresses encoun-

tered during periods of aerial exposure during low
tides. These stresses include desiccation, pre-
dation by foraging ants and possibly osmotic
stress from freshwater runoff.

My research has been supported by funds
from the Energy Research Development Admini-
stration, a National Science Foundation grant to
the Bermuda Biological Station, and the Irma
E. Voigt fellowship from the American Association
of University Women. This paper is a
contribution of the Mid-Pacific Marine Labora-
tory and is Contribution #676 from the Bermuda
Biological Station for Research, Inc.

LITERATURE CITED

Cook, Susan Blackford, 1969. Experiments on
homing in the limpet Siphonaria normalis.

Anim. Behav. 17; 679-682.

Cook, Susan Blackford, 1971. A study of hom-
ing behavior in the limpet Siphonaria alter-
nata. Biol. Bull. 141: 449-457.

Menge, Bruce A., 1973. Effect of predation and
environmental patchiness on the body size
of a tropical pulmonate limpet. The Veliger
16: 87-92.

Randall, John E., 1974. The effects of fishes on
coral reefs. Proceedings Second Interna-
tional Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: 159-
166. Great Barrier Reef Committee, Bris-
bane.

Wolcott, Thomas G., 1973. Physiological ecol-

ogy and intertidal zonation in limpets [Ac-
maea']: a critical look at “limiting factors’’.
Biol. Bull. 145: 389-422.

38

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

SPIRAL CORD VARIATION OF ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA (SAY) AND

O. SEMINUDA (C. B. ADAMS) FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDAE

Hugh J. Porter

University of North Carolina, Institute of Marine Sciences
Morehead City. N.C. 28557

A frequently used taxonomic characteristic of
the pyramidellids Odostomia impressa (Say,
1822 1 ) and O. seminuda (C.B. Adams, 1839) has
been the number of spiral cords per whorl. Vari-
ation in these counts has heretofore not been well
documented. The following study is an attempt at
describing some of this variability.

Specimens used are all from North Carolina
waters and, except for a fossil seminuda collec-
tion ^ , are from the mollusk collection of the UNC
Institute of Marine Sciences. Samples, where
possible, represent a wide range of localities and
times of collection.

The impressa data includes material from nine
samples, all living epifauna of the common
Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin).
Samples were from Shallotte River in southern
North Carolina estuarine waters to near the mouth
of Neuse River and Back Sound in central North
Carolina waters. Months sampled include Jan-
uary, March, May and September through
December.

The seminuda specimens used in the study
were taken from the following three distinct
populations: B, C, and D.

B population includes specimens from seven
epifaunal, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck)
samples collected from the two major North
Carolina Bay Scallop producing areas, Bogue
Sound and Whitehurst Island - the latter near
Cape Lookout. Collections were made during
April, August, October, and December.

C population includes specimens from 14
samples. Samples were extracted from stomach
contents of collected seastars, Astropecten articu-
latus (Say), caught on existing North Carolina
offshore beds of the Calico Scallop, Argopecten
gibbus (Linne) - for location see Porter and Wolfe,
1972. While no collections were made from the
scallop epifauna, unpublished data by the author
supports the belief that these seminuda were part
of it epifauna (note also Wells, Wells, & Gray,
1964).

The D population represents one single
sample and was collected from a Pliocene-age bed
of fossil Crepidula fomicata (Linne) occurring at
Johnson Point on the Neuse River; this bed is
reported by Mr. Eric N. Powell (personal com-
munication) to be made up almost exclusively of
C. fornicata and O. seminuda.

Measurements and counts were made under
magnification. All seminuda samples were
presoaked in chlorox to improve clarity of spiral
cords; this was found not necessary for impressa
samples. Spiral cords were counted only at the
juncture of the penultimate and body whorls.
Sample data was lumped to facilitate statistical
understanding and simplicity.

Odostomia impressa (Say)

Say (1822) describes Turritella impressa as
having “4 acute, impressed revolving lines”.
Abbott’s (1968) description notes 3-4 spiral ribs
on the upper whorls and in 1974 notes 4 spiral
cords but uses an illustration with 5 cords. Photo-
graphs of Menestho impressa (Ode & Spears,
1972) have 3.5 and 5 spiral cords; Emerson and
Jacobson (1976), like Say, note 4 spiral grooves.

North Carolina impressa are here shown to
have 3-6 spiral cords per whorl with 94% between
4 and 5 (see A, Fig. 1). About 5% contain less
than 4 spiral cords, these specimens resemble O.
trifida (Totten, 1834). Ode and Spears (1972),
noting reduced spiral cord counts in impressa,
suggest that trifida and impressa may be the
same. Abbott (1968) mentions that trifida may be
a form of O. bisuturalis (Say, 1822); his
illustration of trifida has very weak basal spiral
cords on the body whorl, a condition not apparent
in my specimens with 3 spiral cords. North
Carolina impressa specimens were collected live
from Crassostrea virginica; Emerson and
Jacobson (1976) list trifida as parasitic on Mya
arenaria Linne. Dr. Robert Robertson (personal
communication) has advised that the relationship
between impressa, trifida, and bisuturalis at

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

39

present is of an unresolved complexity.

A direct relationship exists between number of
spiral cords and shell length of impressa (see A,
Fig. 1). Mean shell length of specimens having a
specific spiral cord count is significantly greater
than the mean length of those specimens of the
preceding spiral cord number in all cases except
for 5.5 and 6 — this latter group having

insufficient numbers for statistical graphing.

1 The date “1821” is used by most recent authors.
Say’s paper was read in 1821 but not published until
1822, so the former is incorrect.

2 Property of Dr. Walter Wheeler, Geology Depart-
ment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Fig. 1. Relation of number of spiral cords at end
of the penultimate whorl to total shell length in
Odostomia impressa and O. seminuda. A = O.
impressa population; B — D = O. seminuda pop-
ulations, B = population from Bay Scallop, C =
population from Calico Scallop beds, D = pop-
ulation from Pliocene Crepidula fornicata deposit.
N = number of specimens in each population
sampled. Dotted line represents percent
population having a certain spiral cord count.
Block diagrams are adapted from Hubbs & Hubbs
(1953): Vertical lines = range of data; horizontal
line = mean length of population; hollow blocks
= range of ± one standard deviation about the
mean; solid blocks = range of two standard errors
about the mean. It is stated that considerable
reliance can be placed on the significance
between samples, populations in this case, if the
solid blocks are slightly separated or do not
overlap by more than 33% of the smaller solid
block.

Odostomia seminuda (C. B. Adams)

The original description of Jaminia seminuda
(see Clench & Turner, 1950) contains no mention

of the number of spiral cords per whorl but the
picture of the original figure has 4 cords; Clench
& Turner’s photograph of the lectotype has 5.5
cords. Wells & Wells (1961) describe seminuda
as having 4 rows of tubercles on each whorl. Ab-
bott (1968) uses an illustration with 5 cords; in
1974 he states that the upper whorls have 4 strong
spiral cords but that the last whorl has 5 or 6
cords. Ode & Spears (1972) state that the species
is quite variable and depict the species with a
photograph having 5 spiral cords.

Two observed processes in seminuda are
believed to account for spiral cord counts greater
than 4, these processes were found in all three
populations. Frequently the posterior portion of
the outer lip of the aperture does not cover as
many of the basal spiral cords of the body whorl
during growth as it covered earlier. Basal spiral
cords added by this method to the penultimate
whorl can be recognized by the numerous fine
axial threads crossing the groove immediately to
their posterior (see A, Fig. 2). These fine axial

Fig. 2. Odostomia seminuda (C.B. Adams) -
length of specimen = 1.8 mm. “A” indicates
axial threads characteristically found in grooves
separating basal spiral cords on the body whorl
from each other and from cords on the
penultimate whorl. “B” suggests a cord on the
penultimate whorl which may be about to split
into two cords. Photograph by a Jeol scanning
electron microscope.

threads are not characteristically found between
the usual spiral cords occuring on the penulti-
mate or earlier whorls but are specifically found in
the grooves between the basal spiral cords of the
body whorl.

40

Bulletin of the American Malacologicai Union, Inc., 1976

A second process involves the splitting into
two cords by any of the stock spiral cords found on
the penultimate whorl (note B, Fig. 2). This
process seems more prevalent in population C
than in B.

Population B (Bay Scallop population)

Specimens have 3.5-6 spiral cords with the
largest percentage having 4 cords (4-4.5 cords =
83% population, 4-5 cords = 98%). Character-
istic of the impressa population, the mean shell
length of each succeeding spiral cord group of this
seminuda population was significantly larger than
its preceding spiral cord group (see B, Fig. 1).

Population C (Calico Scallop population)

Specimens in this population have 4-10 spiral
cords with most having 4.5 cords (4-4.5 cords =
63% population, 4-5 cords = 87%); note that
about 13% of the cord counts are above 5. Mean
shell length increases significantly as spiral cord
counts increase from 4 to 4.5 to 5; however, mean
lengths of shells having 5.5 and 6 spiral cords are
not significantly different from the mean length of
shells having 5 spiral cords (see C, Fig. 1).

Population D (North Carolina Pliocene Crepidula
bed)

Specimens have 3. 5 -7. 5 spiral cords with the
largest percent 4.5 (4-4.5 cords = 64%

population; 4-5 cords = 91%; 8% with more than
5 spiral cords). The relationship of numbers of
spiral cords to shell length reflects the pattern
exhibited in population C.

The following differences are apparent
between the three populations;

1. Population B was parasitic on Argopec-

pecten irradians while C presumably
was on gibbus and the Pliocene D
population on Crepidula fornicata.

2. Population B was from estuarine waters

while C and probably D were from
marine waters,

3. Population B had 98% of its population

with 4-5 spiral cords and most with 4
cords; whereas, in population C, only
87% had 4-5 spiral cords and 13% had
cord counts above 5. Furthermore,
most of the latter population had a cord
count of 4.5. Population D was closer to
C than to B as it also had a significant
percent with cord counts above 5 and

most of the population had 4.5 spiral
cords.

4. Mean shell length of population B shells

increased significantly as spiral cord
counts increased throughout its range;
however, in populations C and D no sig-
nificant increase in mean shell length
was noted once a group had 5 or more
spiral cords.

5. Mean shell sizes of specimens having 4

spiral cords was similar in both B and C
populations; however, the fossil popula-
tion D was significantly larger. There
was no significant difference between
the mean lengths of specimens of 4.5
spiral cords in any of the three popula-
tions. Mean length of specimens from B
population and having spiral cord
counts 5-6 are significantly larger than
those in either population C or D. In the
latter populations, no significant mean
length differences were present be-
tween groups having 5 or 6 spiral cords.

CONCLUSIONS

Spiral cord counts per whorl in the genus
Odostomia (Family Pyramidellidae) are variable
and within limits the number of cords is directly
related to total shell length. In the two Odostomia
species examined, cord counts for most shells
were 4 to 5.5 per whorl; however, counts of
impressa ranged 3-6 and counts of seminuda
ranged 3.5-10. In the latter species, the
relationship of spiral cord count to total shell
length and percent population in the Argopecten
gibbus bed population seems similar to that in a
sampled Pliocene population, probably also an
offshore population. Thus, it is of interest that the
spiral cord patterns in the estuarine seminuda
population appear to differ from those of its
offshore populations. Further examination of this
difference may be warranted.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Population C samples were largely collected as
the result of Grant No. 456 of the North Carolina
Board of Science and Technology. Existence of
the population D fossil sample was made known
and furnished to the author by Eric Powell, grad-
uate student. The scanning electron photograph

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

41

was taken by Dr. Robert GoII of the Duke Univer-
sity Marine Laboratory. Credit is also extended to
Doris Oakely and Tom Whitford for technical aid
and to Dr. A. F. Chestnut for mansucript review.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, R.T. 1968. Seashells of North America.
A guide to field identification. Golden Press,
New York.

— — 1974. American Seashells (second ed-
ition). Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

Clench, W. J., and Ruth D. Turner. 1950. The
Western Atlantic marine mollusks described
by C. B. Adams. Occ. Paper Moll., Harvard
Univ. l(15):233-403.

Emerson, W. K., and M. K. Jacobson. 1976.
The American Museum of Natural History
Guide to Shells. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Hubbs, C. L., and C. Hubbs. 1953. An
improved graphical analysis and comparison
of series of samples. Syst. Zool. 8:50-56.

Ode, H., and Anne B. Spears. 1972. Notes con-
cerning Texas beach shells. Superfamily
Pyramidellacea, Part II. Texas Conchologist
9(1):M7.

Porter, H. J., and D. A. Wolfe. 1972. Mollusca
from the North Carolina commercial fishing
grounds for the calico scallop, Argopecten
gibbus (Linne). J. de Conchyliologie 109:91-
109.

Powell, E. 1976. Personal communication.
Robertson, R. 1976. Personal communication.

Say, T. 1822. An account of some of the marine
shells of the United States. Phila. J. Acad.

Nat. Sci. 2:221-248.

Wells, H. W., and Mary Jane Wells. 1961.
Three species of Odostomia from North
Carolina with description of new species.
Nautilus 74:149-157.

. and 1. E. Gray. 1964. The

calico scallop community in North Carolina.
Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf & Carib. 14:561-593.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED
AT 1976 MEETING

DR. VICTOR STERKI AND SOME OF HIS MALACOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE
Ralph W. Dexter

Department of Biological Sciences

Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 Abstract

Dr. Victor Sterki (1846-1933) was born and
educated in Switzerland where he received his
M.D. degree from the University of Bern in 1878.
He came to New Philadelphia, Ohio, in 1883 to
continue his medical practice and research on the
smallest mollusks — Pupillidae (tiny land snails)
and Sphaeriidae (fingernail clams). In 1909 he
abandoned his medical practice, which had long
been neglected, to become Assistant Curator of
Mollusks at the Carnegie museum in Pittsburgh.
From his papers deposited there, excerpts will be

read concerning such topics as: identification,
classification, and nomenclature of Pupillidae,
Sphaeriidae, Unionidae, and some groups of
freshwater gastropods; philosophical and scien-
tific discussions on the concept of species,
“splitting” vs. “lumping” of species, the goals of
taxonomy, evolution, and the organization of
societies for the promotion of malacology,
including the American Malacological Union.

This paper has been published in full in
Sterkiana 63-64: 65-76, 1976.

42

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MARGARITIFERIDAE:

A REVIEW AND A NEW SYNTHESIS

Douglas G. Smith, Museum of Zoology

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 Abstract

The disjunct distribution of the Margariti-
feridae has long caused speculation among
malacolosists and biogeographers. Ttvo classic
theories have been formed in the past. In 1912
Scharff proposed that the family originated in
North America and spread east and west to
Eurasia and Walker in 1910 argued that the family
originated in Asia and migrated east and west to
North America. The Asian theory for many years
has been accepted as the more correct. Further-
more, both ideas relied on continental stability
and transoceanic landbridges. In addition each
assumed a Cretaceous Period origin for the
family.

Recent advances in plate tectonics and
paleomagnetism indicate vast continental move-
ments have occurred during the last 400 million
years. Such drifting of land masses allows for a
new analysis of historical distribution patterns.
The dispersal of the Margaritiferidae can be
interpreted by the wandering of continents, but
one must first accept an earlier, mid-Paleozoic
origin for the family. Evidence in the fossil record
suggests modern appearing mussels were present
during the upper Devonian Period. This suggests
the family originated 280 million years earlier

than was previously thought.

During the mid-Paleozoic Era all the present
continents were joined to form Pangaea. Within
central Asia the Margaritiferidae were flourishing
and spreading. In late Paleozoic Pangaea a
shallow continental sea split the family into
eastern and western groups. The Ural and
Appalachian Mountain orogenies formed barriers
limiting the dispersal of the western group, while
the eastern group spread widely. In the early
Mesozoic Era a rift zone developed in northeast-
ern Asia driving the eastern population toward
the coast. Propagules of this group then invaded
lands formed as a result of early plate shifting.
By mid-Mesozoic times the family reached its
approximate present day distribution in North
America, Europe, northern Africa and Asia.
Rotation of Laurasia away from Gondwana at the
close of the Mesozoic Era separated. North
American populations from those of Europe and
North Africa. Rifting in eastern Asia continued to
compress and split mussel populations. In the
early Cenozoic Era most of the drastic land
movements ended and by the mid Cenozoic
eastern Margaritiferids crossed the Behring Sea
land bridge and invaded western North America.

NOTES ON UNIONACEAN MOLLUSKS OF THE RIO GRANDE SYSTEM,
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

Artie L. Metcalf

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso

El Paso, Texas 79968

Edward M. Stern

Department of Zoology and Physiology, Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803

Relatively few (14) species of unionacean
bivalve mollusks, either living or fossil, are known
from the Rio Grande ( = Rio Bravo del Norte)
system of the United States and Mexico. In the
upper part of the system above the mouth of the
Rio Conchos no native unionaceans, living or
fossil, are known. This may relate to this part of

Abstract

the system having originated as an internal
drainage. Only two species are known from the
Rio Conchos system of Mexico, suggesting that
access to this part of the Rio Grande system has
been difficult. The canyons of the Big Bend
region contain a stream with rocky streambed and
frequent rapids. These may have been a barrier

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

43

to dispersal by species preferring siltier stream-
beds and calmer waters. Access to the Pecos
River, with its mouth downstream from the Big
Bend region, seems to have been easier. Five
species are known as fossils and five others have
been found living in the Pecos system. Some of
these latter species may now be extinct in the
Pecos system because of impoundment of its

lowermost part in Amistad Reservoir. The fauna
of the Rio Salado system (Nuevo Leon and
Coahuila, Mexico) is much like that of the Pecos,
with ten known species. Approximately half of
these may now be extinct. In the lower
mainstream of the Rio Grande at least six species
are still living at present and three or four
additional species may occur.

ORIGIN AND AFFINITIES OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSELS (UNIONIDAE) OF
SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA

Edward M. Stern

Department of Zoology & Physiology, Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Abstract

Thirty-six species and subspecies of fresh-
water mussels (Unionidae) are found in the Lake
Maurepas-Pontchartrain-Borgne drainage system
of southeastern Louisiana and southwestern
Mississippi. A comparison between this unionid
faunal assemblage, with those of adjacent gulf
coastal drainages, suggests greater affinities to
the east in the Alabama-Coosa River system,
where 28 of the 36 forms are represented. The
analysis of present distributions and past
geological events suggests that the introduction of
the present fauna did not occur through the
Mississippi River system. It is significant that,
for 7 of the 28 species encountered in the
Alabama-Coosa River system, the western limit of
their range in gulf drainages is the Amite River

system. The absence of all 7 species from those
Mississippi River tributaries draining western
Louisiana would seem to preclude their introduc-
tion of a unionide fauna from the east includes:
(1) the presence of heavy minerals of Appalachian
origin in the Citronelle Formation of southeastern
Louisiana and (2) a postulated Pliocene Tennessee
River that flowed from northeastern to southwest-
ern Mississippi where it entered the Mississippi
Embayment. The introduction of a naiad fauna
may have occurred through this Pliocene
Tennessee River. Alternatively, immigration may
have been accomplished through former stream
confluence between the headwaters of the Pearl
and Tombigbee River systems.

ELLIPTIO AT THE SCHACHT SITE, HANOVER TOWNSHIP,

LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Glenn A. Long and Robert W. Rusbar
The Baltimore Museum of Art

Baltimore, Maryland Abstract

For many years before white men came to the
Wyoming Valley, Indians vied for control of its
arable plains and its strategic location at the
mid- section of the northeastern branch of the
Susquehanna River. About half a century before
Captain John Smith’s coming in 1608, a kitchen
midden was formed at the Schacht Site from the
remains of numerous clam dinners and general
domestic waste. There are five things which we
have learned about this midden and its contents.
First, Susquehannock Indians probably dug the
pit. Second, it was filled with a combination of

materials and a relatively small proportion of the
total volume were shells. Three, because of the
absence of decayed materials such as leaf mold,
the pit was probably filled in less than three
years. Fourth, one could reasonably conclude
that the clams came from the Susquehanna River
system in the Wyoming Valley. And fifth, the
present population of E. complanatus seems to be
dramatically depleted as compared to that of the
mid-1500’s when the Schacht Site pit was filled
with its kitchen waste.

But out of these conclusions comes a

44

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

fundamental question. That is, what does the
presence of Elliptio clam shells at the Schacht Site
mean in a larger context? We believe that the
answer to this question is held in the
configuration of the trench around the Indian
village. We offer here an hypothetical analysis of
what took place during the late prehistoric period
at the Schacht Site based on cultural characteris-

tics of the supposed inhabitants. It is an ethno-
conchological model which is a common denomin-
ator with which to analyze material culture.
This system of analysis could then be added to
other archaeological models, thus providing
another tool with which to examine rerriains of
ancient peoples.

BIVALVE MOLLUSCAN MARICULTURE

Matoira H. Chanley
Shelter Island Oyster Company
Greenport, New York

Abstract

Mariculture, it is generally agreed, dates back
to classical Roman times when oyster appetities
demanded more than nature could provide
without a little assistance.

This slide presentation showed modern
molluscan mariculture as actually practiced
around the world, featuring the world’s two most

important bivalve crops— -oyster and mussel
culture.

The hatchery and grow-out operation develop-
ed at the Shelter Island Oyster Company was
included as was a brief presentation of current
molluscan mariculture research needs.

COMPARISON OE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CONTENT OF THE SHELLS
OF SOME SPHAERIID CLAMS 1

Dennis M. Catalano and Albert J. Burky
Department of Biology, University of Dayton

Dayton, Ohio 45469 Abstract

Freshwater habitats vary greatly in water
hardness and the level of available calcium may
be important for shell formation in some molluscs.
In Lymnaea peregra, the mass of the shell varies
with available calcium {Zool. Bid. Uppsala 24:
419, 1947.) \n Ferris sia rivularis, there is neither
a correlation between the amount of shell CaC03
and water hardness nor an inverse relationship
between shell mass and the amount of carbon and
nitrogen in the organic matrix (as expected by an
“adaptive value” hypothesis) {Science, 155:
338-340, 1967; Biol. Bull., 139: 402, 1970). Shells
from eight sphaeriid clam populations (from Ohio)
were studied: one population of Pisidium walkeri
(FP, farm pond, Cuyahoga County); three
populations of Musculium partumeium (DW,
Drew Woods Pond, Darke County; CA, Cox
Arboretum Pond, Montgomery County; AM,
Aullwood Marsh Pond, Montgomery County); two
populations of Sphaerium simile (WC, Wolf

Creek, Montgomery County; HC, Holes Creek,
Montgomery County); one population of Muscu-
lium transversum (SRM, Stillwater River-north
branch, Darke County): and one population of
Pisidium casertanum (SRP, Stillwater River-north
branch, Darke County).

Shells were analyzed for total organic carbon
by a wet-oxidation method (Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond., 38: 1-11, 1968) and also for total nitrogen
using a semiautomatic micro-Dumas nitrogen
analyzer (Coleman model 29). The percentage of
CaC03 of total shell and tissue dry weight was
determined by wet ashing with 10% nitric acid.
For each habitat, water conductivity was
measured and water hardness determined by an
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) titration.
For habitats FP, DW, CA. AM, WC, HC. SRM,
and SRP, the conductivities (m MHO) are 110, 170,
289, 530, 570, 630, 790, and 790 respectively. The
percent CaCOs of total shell and tissue dry

Bulletin of the American ' Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

45

weights are 85.99, 85.66, 81.95, 87.15, 89.28,
90.86, 90.50, and 83.57 respectively. For habitats
DW, CA, AM, WC, HC, SRM, and SRP, the
CaCO 3 hardnesses (mg/1) are 80, 69, 80, 200,
206, 260, and 260, and the MgCOs hardnesses
(mg/1) are 54, 116, 126, 183, 210, 186, and 186
respectively. For habitats FP, DW, CA, AM,
WC, HC, SRM, and SRP, the shell nitrogens (/ig
N/mg shell) are 3.10, 2.24, 3.09, 2.50, 2.06, 1.79,
2.25, and 2.75 respectively. For habitats FP, DW,
CA, AM, WC, HC, and SRP, the shell carbons {ug
C/mg shell) are 7.89, 7.33, 10.76, 9.00, 5.22, 4.42,
and 8.85, and the C:N values are 2.55, 3.27, 3.48,
3.60, 2.53, 2.47, and 3.22 respectively. The C:N
values suggest shell matrices of pure protein
(within the range of C:N values for amino acids).

There are some significant (95% confidence
level) interspecific, but no intraspecific differ-
ences in the percent CaCO 3 (total shell and tissue
dry weight) for the populations examined. Intra-
specifically, for M. partumeium (DW, CA, AM)
and S. simile (WC, HC) a limited number of
populations were examined and more data would
be necessary to make definitive statements about
the relationship between water hardness and the
percent CaCO 3(total shell and tissue dry weight).
There are significant differences (95% confidence

level) in the organic composition (C and N) of the
shells of M. partumeium from DW and CA. How-
ever, the values for M. partumeium at AM are not
significantly different from those of the popula-
tions at DW and CA. There are no significant
differences in the levels of shell carbon and
nitrogen between the populations of S. simile
(WC, HC). For the distinct populations of the five
species examined, interspecifically, there are no
obvious correlations between water hardness and
the percent CaCO 3 (total shell and tissue dry
weight). However, inter-and intraspecifically
there is an inverse relationship between shell
mass (percent CaCO 3 of total shell + tissue dry
weight) and the amount of carbon (linear
regression: r 2 = 0.69; probability of F = 0.916)
and between shell mass and the amount of
nitrogen (linear regression: r2 = 0.49; probability
of F = 0.784) as expected by an “adaptive value’’
hypothesis. The overall data, interspecifically,
strongly indicates that within the range of
habitats examined, populations of sphaeriid clams
build shells (CaCO 3 mass and organic matrix)
which are independent of water hardness.

1 Research supported by NSF URP Grant No. 93237,
grants from the University of Dayton Research Council,
and the Ohio Biological Survey.

BRIEF NOTES ON A FEW SPECIES OBSERVED IN CAPTIVITY

Dorothy Raeihle
211 Milligan Road

West Babylon, New York 11704 Abstract

(1) Siphonaria alternata Say, 1826.

One specimen of Siphonaria alternata from the
Florida Keys lived in the aquarium about nine
months and was observed as it fed on the algae
covering the sidewall of its aquarium. It created a
trail by grazing to the bare glass a line of minute
spots which it followed to its grazing area and
retraced to its home station even when branching
trails were added. The distance between each
spot of cleared glass was slightly longer than the
length of the Siphonaria' s shell, just within
anterior and posterior contact of the extended
animal’s mouth and mantle. Where short
stretches were heavily grazed, the bare spots
disappeared in a more visible clear swathe. The
Siphonaria followed its trail back to its home
station even when a direct line over unmarked
territory would have been much shorter.

(2) Melongena bicolor (Say, 1827).

In captivity Melongena bicolor fed upon a
number of species not native to its habitat,
including Mytilus edulis Linne, 1758. When
Mytilus edulis was placed at a distant area of the
aquarium, Melongena bicolor found the prey by
following the current in the water set up by the
exhalant of the bivalve, even when the current
ricocheted from sidewall or other obstruction to
form an angle. Melongena bicolor attacked by
thrusting its proboscis directly into the exhalant
siphon of Mytilus edulis. However, Melongena
bicolor was unsuccessful in its attempts to strike
into the smaller and more elusive target of the
exhalant valve of My a arenaria Linne, 1758.

(3) Marginella apicina Menke, 1828.

Experiments were conducted using two highly

46

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

pigmented female Marginella apicina and four
males of very low pigmentation, the specimens
selected in order that the lots would not be
confused. The males were introduced into the
aquarium with the females and withdrawn after
five days, after which the females deposited
viable eggs for a period of thirty days. Eggs
deposited after the thirty day period were
infertile. The observation was repeated three
times with the same results, indicating that
Marginella apicina can retain viable sperm for
about a month.

(4) Epitonium humphreysii (Kiener, 1838).

The adult Epitonium humphreysii (and E.
rupicola (Kurtz, 1860) ) fed in captivity on

anemones {Sagartia) by thrusting the proboscis
down the mouth of the anemone into its body.
Juveniles of 2 & 3 mm Epitonium humphreysii
were observed to stay close to the base of the
anemone and feed from or through the outside of
the stalk while staying well out of reach of the
anemone’s tentacles.

Triangular capsules? Although the egg cases
of Epitonium are described in the publications as
“angular capsules,’’ it is the shape and texture of
the sand grains that cling to the capsules that give
them the angular or lumpy appearance. Care-
fully removing the sand grains, we found the egg
capsule of E. humphreysii to be spherical, 0.6 mm
in diameter, and that of E. rupicola a smooth oval
of similar size.

THE DEVELOPMENT OE THE LARVAL AND EARLY POSTLARVAL SHELL
OF THE BAY SCALLOP, ARGOPECTEN IRRADIANS

Thomas R. Waller

Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D.C. 20560 Abstract

A culture of the bay scallop, Argopecten
irradians, was sampled at 24-hour intervals
beginning 24 hours after fertilization. Scanning
electron microscopy revealed the sequence of
development of the hinge, ligament, and shell
from the first appearance of the shell through
metamorphosis.

Initial secretion of Prodissoconch I by the
larval shell gland is complete before 24 hours
after fertilization. By 24 hours, secretion becomes
marginal and incremental, signaling the start of
Prodissoconch-II stage, and larval teeth appear as
low undulations at each end of the Prodissoconch-
I hinge.

From 48 to 144 hours marginal growth
continues along differing gradients so that the
anterior end of the shell becomes narrower than
the posterior. The valves remain equal in
convexity, and the larval teeth increase in
amplitude, offsetting shearing forces on the
relatively weak ligament, which is still linear and
completely organic.

By 168 hours the onset of metamorphosis is
indicated by a groove which forms along the
inside of the margin of the left valve. Although
this groove is occupied by the edge of the right
valve, the valves remain about equal in convexity.
The ligament begins to thicken in the center of the
hinge between the larval teeth but is still
completely organic.

At metamorphosis, the irregularly prismatic
aragonitic structure of the prodissoconch changes
abruptly after the formation of an external ridge
to foliated calcite in the left valve and prismatic
calcite followed internally by foliated calcite in the
right.

By 216 hours most larvae have metamorphos-
ed and have secreted a sizeable fringe of
dissoconch shell. Dissoconch shell secretion is
much more rapid, and the differences in
microstructure between valves allow the right
valve to flex and nestle within the left during
closure. The right byssal notch and fasciole also
begin abruptly at metamorphosis. The embryonic
resilium, still completely organic, continues to
increase in size and is supported by aragonitic
shelves formed as continuations of the inner
surfaces of the prodissoconch.

By 240 hours, spongy lateral areas begin to
form on the resilium, apparently to become the
sites for the calcareous pads of the resilium later
in ontogeny.

This pattern of development lends no support
to the idea that the pectinid resilium has evolved
from an ostreid-type resilium by decalcification of
its central portion. Rather, the non-calcified
portion of the pectinid structure is a relatively
unmodified primary feature that appears early in
the larval stage.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

47

ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HALOPHILIC ELLOBIIDAE IN THE AZORES

A.M. Frias Martins
Seminario-Colegio, Ponta Delgada
San Miguel, Azores

Abstract

The observation of seven ecologically diver-
gent, brackish and marine, shore localities in the
Azores Islands provided some conclusions about
the habits of five halofilic Ellobiidae:

1. Salinity.

Salinity, by itself, seemed not to be a
conditioning factor for the number of specimens
and the distribution of the species; two other

factors have to be considered: (1) the accumula-
tion of rolled stones (2) the accumulation of
decaying organic matter (sea weed detritus).

2. Pollution.

Organic matter pollution (detritus) can be a
stimulating factor. Detritus from the milk
industry seems to be a decreasing factor. Oil is
lethal.

GALAPAGOS FINCHES: CASPIAN COCKLES
Kenneth J. Boss

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Charles Darwin, during his famous voyage
aboard the HMS Beagle, was startled by the
remarkable finches of the Enchanted or Galapa-
gos Islands and first began to perceive what he
called that ‘mystery of mysteries’, the origin of
distinctly unique organic units, the evolution of
new species. The enthusiasm for the mystery has
hardly abated and, though several generations of
biologists have devoted immense attention to the
subject, the dynamics of the formation of new
species, indeed, the essential nature of species,
remains a central issue in contemporary evolu-
tionary biology.

The Geospizinae, or Darwin’s Finches, those
rather drably colored birds, were intensely
investigated by several researchers, among them,
David Lack, whose book, Darwin’s Finches,
has become a classic in the study of evolution.
The radiation of these birds, facilitated by the
geographic isolation and lack of competitors
provided by the islands, culminated in over a
dozen species, separable into several generic
units, mostly distinguishable by their amazing
adaptation to specific ecological niches, especially
their preference in feeding. This trophic
diversication, reflected in the differentiation of
the form of the bill, ranges from diets including
seeds, grains and insects to behavioral adapta-
tions including the spectacular use of twigs as
tools.

Abstract

Since Darwin’s elaboration of the theory of
natural selection, many instances of noteworthy
evolutionary radiation have been discovered.
Among the Mollusca, the land snails of the
Hawaiian and French Polynesian Islands, the
Achatinellidae and the Partulidae, respectively,
have attracted considerable attention. One
unusual example among marine bivalves, invol-
ving not only rapid phyletic diversification by
adaptation to rather unique salinity regimes is the
radiation of the cardiids in the Ponto-Caspian
basin. Today, these cockles are represented by
several distinct genera in the Black, Azov,
Caspian and Aral Seas. Not only do conchological
features distinguish the living species, but
anatomical distinctions, particularly of the
siphons, indicate trophic specializations.

The fossil record provides an historical
documentation of this radiation. Researchers
have accorded subfamilial and even familial rank
to this group of cockles, the Limnocardiidae or
Adacnidae. Toward the end of the Miocene, the
Sarmatian Sea, a northern branch of the Tethys,
extended from the vicinity of Vienna, Austria to
the transcaspian Aral Sea, was eventually
separated from the Tethys, and isolated the
cardiid stock which gave rise to the limnocardiids.
During the extent of the Pliocene, which is
represented in the area by numerous geological
sequences of strata, the original Sarmatian basin

48

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

altered physiographically by being subdivided
into a number of smaller seas and changed
chemically by a great freshening of water,
forming, at times, a disconnected series of inland
seas of varying degrees of reduced salinity. Most
of the purely marine elements of the marine
Sarmatian fauna became extinct, but the cardiid
stock, similar to the Recent Cardium (Cerasto-
derma) edule, provided the source for the
elaboration of a great diversity; some authorities
recognize almost 40 genera and 4 or 5 separate
subfamilies. Most of these animals became
extinct by the beginning of the Pleistocene, but at
least 3, Didacna, Monodacna, and Adacna along
with Cardium edule survive in the seas today.
Didacna, with about seven species, although
previously widely distributed in the Ponto-
Caspian-Aral basin, lives restricted to the Caspian
Sea itself. Monodacna, showing a marked
preference for lowered salinities, prefers the
limans and estuaries of the great rivers which
debouch into the Black, Azov, and Caspian Seas.
Adacna (including the sometimes separated
Hypanis), exhibiting considerable euryhalinity

lives in all the seas of the basin, including the
most easterly Aral Sea. Occurring principally in
brackish water, Cardium edule enjoys nofonl^ the
broad range of the sometime Sarmatian Sea but
still flourishes as well along the coasts of western
Europe to the Baltic and White Seas.

These remarkable cockles and their immen-
sely complex evolutionary history provide an
example rare among bivalve mollusks of the
processes of an exceptionally rapid evolutionary
radiation. In this regard they are comparable to
the more familiar and more intensely studied case
of Darwin’s Galapagos Finches. The complicated
geologic events facilitated both the isolation of
insular-like basins and the requisite time to allow
isolated populations to diverge, establish genetic
cohesiveness and form new species. Niches
normally occupied by other marine bivalves were
left vacant by the extinction of many marine
Sarmatian mollusks during the freshening of
these waters in the Pliocene and the cardiids
were, in the absence of competitors, able to
radiate into many of them.

LABORATORY CULTURE AND METAMORPHOSIS OF
LARVAL APLYSIA BRASILIANA RANG (GASTROPODA, OPISTHOBRANCHIA)

Ned E. Strenth and James E. Blankenship
Marine Biomedical Institute, Galveston, Texas 77550

Eggs laid by laboratory-held specimens of
Aplysia brasiliana hatch in about 8 to 10 days.
Newly hatched veligers were cultured in filtered
seawater at temperatures of 21 °C to 25°C. Cul-
tures were maintained at salinities of 28 to 30 ppt
and fed the unicellular algae Isochrysis galbana.
The veliger circulatory system becomes well
developed and easily visible by 14 days following
hatching. Propodal extension was observed as
early as 23 days. Metamorphosis was induced as
early as 30 days post-hatching upon exposure to

Abstract

freshly collected specimens of the red seaweed
Callithamnion byssoides. Specimens could be
retained in culture for as long as 70 days prior to
their exposure to Callithamnion and subsequent
metamorphosis. Propodal attachment, loss of the
velar cilia, and retraction of the velar folds signal
the onset of metamorphosis. Feeding begins at 5
days following settlement. This is followed by a
rapid increase in growth rate. Sexual maturity is
attained at about 2 to 3 months post-metamorpho-
sis depending upon food availability.

MICROMOLLUSCS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF,
NORTHEASTERN GULF OF MEXICO

Donald R. Moore

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami, Miami, FLA. 33149

Abstract

The Bureau of Land Management, a federal
agency, undertook a survey of the shallow shelf,
northeastern Gulf of Mexico, in 1974. The work

was expanded to include the deeper part of the
shelf in 1975-76. The micromolluscs, species
attaining a length of no more than seven

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

49

millimeters, were a part of this project.

The area off the Mississippi-Alabama coast is
dominated by clastic sediments and turbid
waters, especially in the shallow part. The water
is clear and there is a considerable amount of
CaC03 in the sediment in the area east of the
head of the DeSoto Canyon. The percentage of
CaCO 3 increases to the east, southeast, and south
along the Florida coast, especially in the fine
fraction. Hard bottom with corals, sponges, and
other attached flora and fauna is found on the
Florida Middle Ground.

The sampling method obtained few living
micromolluscs, so most of the observations were
based on empty shells. More than 25,000
specimens were identified, many of them drilled
or broken by predators. Filter feeding bivalves

and browsing gastropods are nearly equal in
numbers on the shallow shelf in the southern half
of the study area, but browsers almost disappear
in turbid waters off the Mississippi-Alabama
coast. Browsing gastropods are rare on the deep
shelf, and the most numerous molluscs are
Bathyarca, Vesicomya, and other deep dwelling
bivalves.

The most common gastropods were Finella
dubia, Caecum pulchellum, and Meioceras
cubitatum, all browsers in shallow water. There
was no abundant deeper water gastropod. The
most im.portant bivalves were Parvilucina multi-
lineata and Gouldia cerina in shallow or moderate
depths, and Vesicomya pilula out near the shelf
edge.

POLYMORPHISM. CLIMATE AND BIOME DEVELOPMENT, A HYPOTHESIS

Arthur H. Clarke
National Museums of Canada

Ottawa. Ontario, Canada Abstract

A hypothesis is proposed, using apostatic
selction, which seeks to partially account for the
contrasting variability, bright coloration and
conspicuous sculptoring seen in many tropical

molluscs. It postulates that the importance of
apostatic selection increases v/ith biome matura-
tion and that that process produces different
effects in simple and complex communities.

MOLLUSKS OF BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT, SD

Dorothy E. Beetle

375 W. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45215

Twenty seven species in fourteen genera of
living mollusks were found within the boundaries
of Badlands National Monument, SD. during the
summers of 1975-1976. The Badlands, elevation
700-990 meters, is an area of loess overlying
loosely consolidated mudstone, siltstone and
more resistant sandstone. The spectacularly
eroded surfaces are nearly bare of plants. As the
ridges are undermined, they slump to create
hummocky pockets that trap water. Sparse stands
of Juniperus and shrubs and tiny ponds occur
here and are the habitats of land and freshwater
snails.

There are no natural lakes. Greeks are
intermittent and most of the stock ponds dry by

Abstract

the end of August. Runoff carries a heavy load of
silt. Each spring and pond, isolated from the
others and from any flowing water, contains a
different assemblage of snails. They were most
likely populated by adventitious colonization. The
heavy burden of silt in the water prevents bivalves
from surviving. Only two dead shells of two
different Sphaerium and one of Pisidium were
found.

There are no endemic species; land snails
present are ones found in surrounding plains.
Succinea vaginacontorta is dominant and abund-
ant on the prairie. Oreohelix, present in the Black
Hills 160 km west of the Badlands, does not occur
in the Juniper stands. The low annual rainfall of

50

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

40 cm, temperatures ranging from 44°C to -40°C,
intermittent creeks and high erosional rates
combine with the resulting dearth of plants to
limit severly the mollusks inhabiting the
Badlands.

The following is a list of Badlands mollusks:
Zonitoides arboreus Say 1816
Deroceras laeve Muller 1774
Succinea avara Say 1824
Succinea vaginacontorta Lee 1951
Gastrocopta armifera Say 1821
Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pilsbry 1890
Pupoides albilabris C.B. Adams 1841
Pupilla blandi Morse 1865
Vallonia parvula Sterki 1893
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinhardt 1883
Vallonia albula Sterki 1893

Vallonia cyclophorella Sterki 1892
Pisidium casertanum Poli 1795
Sphaerium lacustre rykholti Normand 1844
Sphaerium partumeium Say 1822
Lymnaea bulimoides cockerelli Pilsbry & Ferriss
1906

Lymnaea caperata Say 1829

Lymnaea elodes Say 1821

Lymnaea reflexa Say 1821

Physa gyrina Say 1821

Gyraulus circumstriatus Tryon 1866

Gyraulus parvus Say 1817

Promenetus exacuous Say 1821

Promenetus umbilicatellus Cockerell 1887

Helisoma anceps Menke 1831

Helisoma trivolvis Say 1817

Helisoma trivolvis subcrenatum Carpenter 1856

LAND SNAIL DISTRIBUTION IN REMNANT NATURAL AREAS IN THE LOWER
RIO GRANDE VALLEY, TEXAS

W. Lloyd Pratt, Jr.

Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 Abstract

The original habitat of the subtropical Rio
Grande Valley has been reduced to a few remnant
stands by agricultural clearing. The Rio Grande
plain originally supported a mosaic of dry
subtropical thornscrub and grassland. The sparse
land snail fauna of remnant tracts includes
Rabdotus alternatus (Say), Rabdotus dealbatus
(Say), Polygyra texasiana (Moricand), Polygyra
scintilla Pilsbry and Hubricht, Praticolella pachyl-
oma (Menke), and Praticolella berlandieriana
(Moricand). At any single station the fauna
usually includes the two Rabdotus, a Polygyra,
and a Praticolella.

Watercourses and the extensive floodplain of
the Rio Grande supported an ecotonal woodland
composed of a mixture of elements from the
tropical thorn forest of Tamaulipas and the
temperate bottomland hardwood forest of Texas.
Tropical elements in the fauna of the surviving
stands include Gastrocopta riograndensis (Pilsbry

and Vanatta), Euglandina texasiana (Pfeiffer),
Rabdotus alternatus (Say), Polygyra scintilla
Pilsbry and Hubricht, Praticolella griseola
(Pfeiffer), Praticolella berlandieriana (Moricand),
and Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttleworth).
Species of northern origin include *Helicina
orbiculata (Say), Pupoides albilabris (Adams),
Gastrocopta contracta (Say), Gastrocopta pento-
don (Say), *Strobilops texasiana (Pilsbry and
Ferris), Helicodiscus singleyanus (Pilsbry), *Gly-
phyalinia umbilicata (Singley), *Hawaiia minusc-
ula (Binney), *Zonitoides arboreus (Say), *Euco-
nulus cher sinus trochulus (Reinhardt), Polygyra
texasiana (Moricand) and Praticolella pachyloma
(Menke). Species preceded by an asterisk seem
to occur in the valley as Pleistocene relicts. Gas-
trocopta pellucida (Pfeiffer), Rabdotus dealbatus
(Say), Succinea lateola (Gould), Succinea solastra
(Hubricht), and Thysanophora homi (Gabb are
widespread or have otherwise ambiguous distri-

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

51

ENERGY CONTENT OF PARASITIZED (TREMATODE) AND NON-PARASITIZED
SUCCINEA OIMT/S (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA, TREMATODA:
LEUCOCHLORIDIIDAE) ^

Daniel J. Hornbach and Albert J. Burky
Department of Biology, Univeristy of Dayton
Dayton, Ohio 45469

Parasitized and non-parasitized Succinea
ovalis from Cedar Bog near Urbana, Ohio have
been examined to determine what effect that the
trematode parasite Leucochloridium variae has on
the energy content of its host. S. ovalis is the
intermediate host for L. variae whose adult is
found in the hind gut of birds. The broodsac of L.
variae extends into the hemocoel of the tentacle(s)
of S. ovalis and is easily seen pulsating up to 3 +
meters. Only those snails with this advanced
state of parasitism were analyzed.

Body tissue and shell of adult parasitized and
non-parasitized S. ovalis and broodsacs of L.
variae have been analyzed for carbon using a wet-
oxidation method [Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 38:
1-11, 1968) and for nitrogen using a semiautomat-
ic micro-Dumas analyzer (Coleman Model 29).
Mean = pg C/mg dry wt of component (body
tissue and shell) of non-parasitized S. ovalis of
mean size 16.42 mm (12.4 - 18.1 mm) is 362.54 pg
C/mg and 6.74 pg C/mg respectively, whereas
the mean = pg C/mg dry wt of component (body
and shell of parasitized S. ovalis and broodsac of
L. wanae] for snails of mean size 14.84 mm (11.3 -
16.9 mm) is 418.27 ^g C/mg, 9.49 pg C/mg, and
502.00 pg C/mg respectively. Mean =pgN/mg
dry wt of component (body tissue and shell) of
non-parasitized S. ovalis of mean size 14.75 mm
(11.2 - 18.2 mm) is 107.64 pg N/mg and 4.14 pg
N/mg whereas the mean =pg N/mg dry wt of
component (body and shell of parasitized S. ovalis

and broodsac of L. variae} for snails of mean size
15.13 mm (12.3 - 17.9 mm) is 113.46 pg N/mg,
3.58 pg N/mg and 34.86 ug N/mg respectively.

The mean> = pg C/mg dry wt for non-parasi-
tized S. ouafo (shell -Hbody), parasitized S. ovalis
(shell + body), and parasitized S. ovalis (shell +
body + broodsac) were used to calculate C:N
ratios of 3.44, 4.89 and 5.20 respectively. The
C:N ratio for the broodsac alone is 6.47.

Data on snails of comparable size suggests
that parasitism is detrimental to the relative
quality of the host tissue. Even though the C;N
ration for the body and shell of the parasitized
snail is higher than that for the non-parasitized
snail, the difference is due to a lower total pg
N/mg dry wt (body -H shell) suggesting that the
parasite derives its protenaceous material at the
expense of the quality of the host’s composition.

Not only is the broodsac ’s nitrogen content
almost twice that of the host (77.55 pg N/mg dry
wt for broodsac and 47.51 pg N/mg dry wt for
body + shell of non-parasitized S. ovalis), the C:N
ratio of 6.47 for the broodsac indicates that the
parasite is utilizing compounds other than the
host’s protein such as fats and/or carbohydrates.

^ Supported by grants from The University of
Dayton Research Council and The Ohio Biological
Survey.

PHYLLONOTUS (GASTROPODA, MURICIDAE), A WORLDWIDE TROPICAL AND
SUBTROPICAL GENUS

George E. Radwin

San Diego Natural History Museum

San Diego, CA 92115 Abstract

Of all muricid genera, few exhibit such large
shell size and prominent coloration as Phyllon-
otus Swainson, 1833 (type species: Murex imper-
ialis Swainson, 1833 [= Murex margaritensis
Abbott, 1958]. Although unquestionably more

richly represented in the New World tropics,
Phyllonotus is now considered, on the basis of a
re-evaluation of worldwide muricid species, to
have several species outside of the New World.

The shell in Phyllonotus is large, solid, and

52

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

globose. The inner lip is smooth and expanded
anteriorly into a detached, erect inductura. Shells
of most species bear three broad spiral brown
bands and the apertural margin is heavily
enameled in shades of pink, orange, yellow, or
brown, or a combination of two or more of these
colors. Radular dentition is typically muricine,
with a simple, broad, curved rachidian tooth
bearing five prominent cusps. The lateral cusps
have broadly concave outer margins; the central
cusp is long, obelisk-shaped, and lacks the
central, longitudinal highlight indicative of a

triangular cross-section, as found in Hexaplex,
Chicoreus, and Muricanthus.

There are two different protoconchs: a simple,
short, smooth one, as in P. pomum, and a longer,
more tapering, pustulose one, as in P. peratus.

In addition to the New World species generally
assigned here, our investigation has led us to also
assign the west African “Murex” duplex, the
Mediterranean “M. ” irunculus, and the Indo-
west Pacific “M.” superbus, “M.” laciniatus,
and “M. "venustulus to Phyllonotus.

SURVIVAL OF TRIODOPSIS ALBOLABRIS IN A FIRE-TYPE HABITAT

Virginia A. Vail
Tall Timbers Research Station
Route 1, Box 160, Tallahassee, FL 32303

Abstract

Triodopsis albolabris (Say) from a mixed
hardwoods-pine forest in southern Georgia are
being studied to determine what factors promote
survival in this annually burned habitat. Current
field observations suggest that survival of
individual snails during a burn is effected by a
combination of 3 factors: location of the snail,
intensity of the fire, and the tendency of fire to
burn in a mosaic pattern; i.e., the area is not
burned clean and some vegetation and litter
remain. Mortality is highest among snails found
under the vegetation and leaf litter; attempts to
escape from approaching flames were not

observed to occur. Snails under logs, in stump or
root holes or behind the loose bark of rotting
stumps generally survived the burn.

Laboratory and field observations on the
reproductive habits of T. albolabris have shown:
(1) egg clutches averaging 66.2 eggs (range:
17.107) are deposited in soil or soft, rotting wood
during the spring and summer months, which
affords protection from fire, (2) Adult snails lay
an average of 2.2 clutches per year (range: 1-7,
and (3) incubation requires approximately 3
weeks; and (4) maturation occurs within 10-12
months.

NON- MARINE MOLLUSKS AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE PALEOGENE
FORT UNION GROUP, NORTH DAKOTA AND MONTANA

David Bickel

Minot, North Dakota 58701

Early Tertiary non-marine Mollusca and
continental strata in North America were first
extensively studied in the Williston Basin of North
Dakota and Montana by F. B. Meek and F. V.
Hayden in the 2850’s. Meek (1876, U.S. Geol.
Surv. Terr. - Hayden Surv. 9) provided the only
comprehensive study of this classic non-marine
molluscan fauna. Since 1971, the systematics,
stratigraphic distribution, and paleoecology of 94
molluscan faunules have been analyzed. The

Abstract

fauna consists of 40 taxa, S Unionidae, 6
Pisidiidae, 1 Corbulidae, 13 Viviparidae, 6 other
aquatic prosobranchs, 5 aquatic pulmonates, and
5 land snails.

The non-marine Paleocene of the Williston
Basin includes in ascending order, the Ludlow
Formation and its equivalents, the Tongue River,
Sentinel Butte, and lower Golden Valley
Formations. All but the Golden Valley Formation
comprise the Fort Union Group. While several

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

53

alluvial environments of deposition are recog-
nized in the sequence, there are only two
molluscan facies - channel and floodbasin.
Channel sediments including bar and channel bed
deposits have produced infrequent occurrences of
molluscan fossils but faunules are often rich in
diversity and numbers of individuals. However,
only four freshwater- species occur predominately
in channel deposits. In addition, five land snails,
Grangerella mcleodensis (Russell), Oreohelix
grangeri Cockerell and Henderson, Oreohelix cf.
W. obtusata (Whiteaves), Oreohelix angulifera
(Whiteaves), and ? Macrocyclis spatiosa (Meek
and Hayden), appear as allochthones in channel
sediments. The terrestrial species, better known
from other early Tertiary strata in the Rocky
Mountain region, have been found only in the
lower Tongue River Formation and represent the
first record of land snails in the Williston Basin
Paleocene. Natural levee deposits, or overbank
silts and sands, contain faunules that often
include one or more “channel species’’ and show
signs of transport. Such units are sedimentary
and paleontologic extensions of the channel
environment. Floodbasin deposits include
sediments that accumulated in a range of lentic
environments such as mud flats, marshes, and

pools of various size, and abandoned channels.
Ten freshwater species characterize floodbasin
assemblages. Sixteen freshwater mollusks
commonly occur both in channel and floodbasin
units, and 5 are too rare to permit analysis of their
habitat preference. Slight differences between
faunules from channel and floodbasin sediments
and the greater number of species restricted to
lentic habitats suggest that slow-moving Paleo-
cene streams and associated interfluvial bodies
provided similar molluscan habitat for a predom-
inately lentic fauna.

Changes in molluscan taxonomic diversity
through the Paleocene probably reflect fluctua-
tions in the extent and stability of floodbasin
environments. In the middle and upper Tongue
River Formation molluscan diversity reaches a
zenith and sedimentological evidence suggests
that interfluvial aquatic environments were both
extensive and relatively stable during this
interval. Declining taxonomic diversity in the late
Paleocene (Sentinel Butte and lower Golden
Valley Formations) was probably in response to
changes in the alluvial system, although a
deteriorating climate, as inferred from declining
taxonomic diversity in plant microfossils, may
have influenced the molluscan fauna.

THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO EUROPEAN SUCCINEIDS, SUCCINEA OBLONG
AND SUCCINEA PUTRIS, IN NORTH AMERICA

F. Wayne Grimm
Museum of Natural Sciences
Vanier, Ontario, Canada

Succinea oblonga and Succinea putris, two
common succineids of Europe, have been found in
eastern North America. The snails and their
colonies are described, and the known history of

Abstract

the colonies discussed. The possibility that S.
putris may be a glacial relict in eastern North
America is discussed.

PAPERS PRESENTED;
ABSTRACTS NOT AVAILABLE

Bereza, Daniel J. and Samuel L. H. Fuller. —
Acad, of Nat. Sci. Phil. A Reassessment of the
Biography of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia;
Unionacea) of the Atlantic Drainage.
Chanley, Paul. — New Suffolk, NY. The Gospel
of the Bivalves.

Davis, George M. and Samuel L.H. Fuller —
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Genetic Relationships
Among North American Unionacea and an
Assessment of Unionid Classifications.

54

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Dundee, Dee S.— Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. of New
Orleans, N.O., LA 70122. The Melanoides
Possibilities in the New Orleans Metroplex.

Frias Martins, A.M. — Seminario Colegio, Ponta
Deloada, San Miguel, Azores. Ecological
Studies on Halophilic Ellobiidae in the Azores.

Fuller, Samuel L.H. and George M. Davis.—
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. On Revision of the Fresh-
water Mussel Genus Quadrula (Bivalvia:
Unionidae).

Fuller, Samuel L.H. and George M. Davis.—
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. On Evolution of the
Marsupium Among Nearctic Freshwater
Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionacea).

Hoagland, K. Elaine, George M. Davis, and
Arthur J. Cain.— Dept. Biol., Lehigh Univ.;
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.; Univ. Liverpool, Eng. A
Comparative Ecological-Morphological Study
of Two Littorina Assemblages.

Kraemer, Louise Russert. — Univ. of Ark.,
Fayetteville, Ark. What is Corbicula doing in
the Arkansas River?

Lewis, Harold. —Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. The
Comparative Anatomy of the Bursidae and
Cymatiidae.

Robertson, Robert. — The Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
Phil. Reversals and Directionalities of Gastro-
pod Coiling.

Solem, Alan.— Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago,
ILL. Western Australian Field Work, 1976-77.

Stansbery, David H. — Mus. Zoology, The Ohio
State Univ., Columbus, OH. The Naiad
Mollusks of the Red River of Western Kentucky
and Tennessee.

Vagvolgyi, Joseph. — Staten Island Community
College, Staten Island, NY. Speciation in
Galapagos Land Snails.

Vidrine, Malcom F. and Bereza, Daniel J. — Gulf
South Res. Inst, and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) (Sphaeriacea:
Corbiculidae) in Western Louisiana.

SYMPOSIUM:

CURRENT TRENDS IN MALACOLOGY
ORGANIZER: Dr. Dorothea S. Franzen
MODERATOR: Dr. Harold D. Murray

GEORGE M. DAVIS

CURRENT TRENDS IN MOLLUSC AN SYSTEMATICS:
METHODS, TECHNIQUES
(No Abstract Available)

A. BYRON LEONARD

PROBLEMS OF ESTIMATING POPULATIONS OF
FOSSIL MOLLUSCS
(No Abstract Available)

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

55

MOLLUSCAN GENETICS AND HOST-PARASITE RELATIONS

Charles S. Richards
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20014

Mollusks serve as intermediate hosts and
vectors of parasitic diseases of man such as
schistosomiasis. The planorbid freshwater snail
Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the major
intermediate hosts for Schistosoma mansoni. It is
hoped that genetic manipulation of B. glabrata
may provide means of reducing transmission of S.
mansoni as an alternative to the use of chemical
molluscacides.

Through testing by exposing snails to
miracidia of S. mansoni, and selection, a variety
of genetic stocks of B. glabrata were developed
with respect to susceptibility to infection. These
include stocks of B. glabrata which test
completely refractory to all strains of S. mansoni
to which they have been exposed. Introduction of
such snails into populations of susceptible B.
glabrata in endemic areas might result in reduced
transmission of schistosomiasis.

Studies are in progress to explain the basic
mechanisms by which refractory snails destroy
the miracidia that penetrate and by which
successful miracidia penetrating a susceptible

snail avoid recognition and develop without host
reaction. The amebocytes in the hemolymph
appear to be the main defense of the snails.
These amebocytes normally have the specific
ability to recognize each other as “self” and are
compatible. They have the non-specific ability to
recognize foreign objects as “non-self”. Foreign
objects that are small enough are phagocytized by
the amebocytes and larger objects are incapsulat-
ed. Successful miracidia of S. mansoni
penetrating B. glabrata have some means of
masking the fact they are foreign objects and
developing without tissue reaction by the host
snail.

An amebocyte-producing organ occurs in the
anterior pericardial wall of B. glabrata. This
organ is inapparent in normal unstressed snails,
but becomes activated in production of amebo-
cytes under certain conditions of stress; infec-
tions, genetic abnormalities, etc. Amebocytes of
B. glabrata can survive in vitro, without
multiplication, for several months, and in the
absence of stress may survive in the living snail
throughout the snail’s life span.

MALACOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY AS THEY PERTAIN TO HEALTH

Henry Van der Schalie
Museum of Zoology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

Work involving snails in relation to health has
been carried out over an extended period at many
laboratories both at home and abroad. Among
those most active abroad are investigators such as
Dr. G. Mandahl-Barth in Copenhagen, Professor
J. Lever and the group in the Free University at
Amsterdam, Dr. C.A. Wright in the University of
London, Professor J.A. Van Eeden in South
Africa, Dr. Emile Demian in Cairo, Drs. C.T. Lo
and John Cross at NAMRU-2 in Taiwan, and the
Tropical Medical Laboratory in Bangkok. In the

United States, active centers include: Drs.

Michelson and Chernin at the Harvard Public
Health School; Dr. Lewert in the University of
Chicago; Dr. Lois Wong Chi at California State
College; Dr. Emile A. Malek at Tulane; Dr.
Charles Richards at N.I.H. in Washington; and
the group in the University of Michigan’s
Museum of Zoology.

Since human trematode cycles were first
established in the laboratories at the University of
Michigan in 1967, it has been possible to build

56

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

what essentially is a Medical Malacology
Institute. This facility has been active with
sponsorship from the Geographic Medicine group
in the NIH (supported by the Japan-U.S.
Agreement funds) for nine years; it now enters
the last of a second five-year program. With
about 9,000 square feet of space given to
maintaining the snail cultures and animal
facilities to provide mice, hamsters and dogs to
carry the human schistosome infections, this
laboratory supplies the basic research materials in
schistosomes to some 65 laboratories. With funds
from the Armed Forces Research and Develop-
ment Command, now terminating after 24 years
of support, much of the basic research in learning
how to culture intermediate host snails was
undertaken. In brief, th^ schistosome supply
work enabled the operation and establishment of
a facility and staff; other grants-in-aid (such as
the Army R and D) provided staff and facility for
the research needed to study culturing snails,
their morphology, ecology, life-histories, and
other studies.

The Mollusk Division was fortunate to have
had the support of an NIH Training Grant which
extended over a 15-year period and ended in 1974
when those grants were terminated. Essentially
this support remained the means for training most
of the malacologists studying at the University of
Michigan. The list of those receiving such
support is a long one since there were usually four
graduate students active in malacological studies
each of the years in which that support was
available. Some difficulties developed because
the administration of the program, primarily in
Zoology had to function to include at least two
other schools — Public Health and Natural Re-
sources. While functionally there is no conflict,
most schools have not yet developed programs
that make working along interdisciplinary lines
anything but a difficult procedure.

Malacological programs that concern us and
relate to medical malacology in foreign countries
will be discussed and illustrated by kodachrome
slides, focusing on some of the problems posed by
intermediate snail hosts in the control of human
blood fluke (schistosomiasis or bilharziasis). The
countries featured are those with which our
laboratory has had some immediate contact, but
they are just a few among the many awaiting basic
malacological studies. In the Orient the pictures
show sites of infection with Schistosoma
japonicum in Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines.

A new focus with a S. japonicum-\ik.e: trematode
was discovered a few years ago in the Mekong.
We have been fortunate to be able to establish
that new cycle in our laboratory with the
assistance of Drs. Liang, Kitikoon, Bruce,
Schneider and others. It has been encouraging to
learn that in using this cycle as supplied from our
laboratory, Drs. Ernest Bueding and John Bruce
now appear to have a drug that is both
prophylactic and curative. In Africa, the
problems in Egypt have been compounded with
the building of the new High Dam; in the Sudan,
the Gezira scheme for increasing agricultural
acreage has grown from one million acres to
include eventually three million between the Blue
and White Nile south of Khartoum, and the
struggle to control blood fluke there becomes
increasingly more difficult.

While the biology of exotic snails in relation to
health has been, and will continue to be, a
concern of malacologists, the large increase in
swimmer’s itch (schistosome dermatitis) in the
Great Lakes and other regions has not been
discounted. At present, three of the most
important non-human schistosomes are being
maintained in cycle in our laboratory: the

mammal schistosome, Schistosomatium douthitti;
two bird schistosomes, Gigantobilharzia huronen-
sis (with adult worms in goldfinches, blackbirds,
etc.) and Trichobilharzia ocellata (in duck-like
birds). A thesis in press by Dr. Robert Wall
shows that at least a hundred lakes in Michigan
are reported each year to be infested with
schistosome dermatitis; a conservative estimate is
that five times that many are at least periodically
infested but not reported. Studies undertaken
are, surprisingly enough, not supported by
tourism — one of Michigan’s largest industries!

While basic malacology has been encouraged
and supported by schools and various govern-
mental agencies, as well as the World Health
Organization, much more support for study and
research will be needed if there is going to be any
reasonable amount of control of serious diseases
by means of eliminating snail intermediate hosts.
Such studies must be far more interdisciplinary
than hitherto anticipated. A recent example of a
lack of support across fields is the failure to
sponsor the use of pulmonale snails for focal
control of increased ambient temperatures caused
by solarators. Sanitary engineers are not
prepared to supply the needed expertise to make
such a control program possible. Data derived

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

57

from a 3 -year program designed to measure
growth and reproduction in pulmonate snails
clearly showed that at 30 °C or higher pond snails
will not produce eggs. This prospective method of
control now awaits pilot field tests.

In the epidemiology of schistosomiasis and
other snail-borne diseases, far too little is

expended both in funds and effort to find suitable
methods of snail control. More properly trained
malacologists are needed, and hopefully agencies
responsible for developing control methods will
encourage more basic studies necessary to find
suitable means for snail control.

PROCEDURES AND METHODS IN
MOLLUSCAN CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS

Noorullah Babrakzai, Walter B. Miller and Sianoosh Samsam
Department of General Biology, University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

Chromosome study of molluscs is of special
interest to the cytologist because of the extreme
diversity in morphology, anatomy, number of
species, and a number of other qualities. The
earlier reports on molluscan chromosomes are
largely unreliable, as these workers mostly used
the paraffin sectioning technique (Burch, 1965).
This method does not reveal chromosome
morphology clearly, compared to the squash
technique. Although acetic carmine was reported
as a stain fixative in 1921 by Belling (cited by
Sharma and Sharma, 1972), for a long time the
squash technique was not adopted by molluscan
cytologists. Husted and Burch (1945) used the
squash technique along with paraffin sectioning
on polygyrid snails. In subsequent years many
workers switched to the squash technique to study
chromosomes of molluscs. Once this switch from
sectioning to squashing was made, the study of
molluscan chromosomes became easy and
rewarding. Moreover, a wealth of reports on
chromosome numbers of molluscs has appeared
in the literature during the past 26 years (see
Burch, 1965; and Patterson, 1969, for reviews).

Unfortunately, studies of karyotype analysis of
molluscs are very few. Burch (1968) has correctly
stated that the rarity of molluscan karyotype
analyses is not due to lack of their value, but
rather to the technical difficulties in obtaining
adequate chromosome preparations.

In this paper, we wish to point out to those
interested in molluscan cytology and cytogenetics
that one can overcome such technical difficulties
by utilization of the available techniques or by
modifications of these to suit particular needs.

‘ ‘Sources ’ ’ of Chromosomes

The testes or ovotestes of snails are good
sources of meiotic and mitotic chromosomes.
However, it is necessary to know something about
the reproductive cycle of the species in question.
Both meiotic and mitotic chromosome prepara-
tions can be obtained in abundance before the
breeding period. Generally, meiotic and mitotic
divisions in snails follow the wave pattern
observed in vertebrates, (i.e., at any given time
one can observe mitotic metaphases, meiotic
prophase I, metaphase I or metaphase II in the
squash preparations of testes or ovotestes).
However, if one obtains specimens from the field
and natural time factors must be considered, then
it is usually a matter of “luck” in obtaining both
meiotic and mitotic chromosomes. This is
especially true if the snails are scarce and difficult
to obtain in large numbers.

An excellent and inexpensive source of mitotic
chromosomes is snail embryos. These grow
rapidly once the egg capsules are laid. A properly
maintained breeding colony of snails can provide
abundant embryos for many months.

An additional source of chromosomal material
is tissue culture. Unfortunately, this has not been
widely used. Originally, it was worked out by
Burch and Cuadros (1965), and applied to
karyotype analysis by Burch (1968). The only
limiting factor in Burch and Cuadros’ technique is
the great number of snails necessary to prepare
the “snail extract”.

One of us has tested a number of synthetic
culture media for growth using foot tissue of Helix
aspersa (S. Samsam, unpublished). After many
trials, it was found that Ham’s F-10 medium
supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 1 ml
of antibiotic- antimycotic solution per 100 ml of

58

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

medium gave good preliminary results.

Further investigation on snail tissue culture
using synthetic media is necessary. A simple and
inexpensive tissue culture technique for snails
would open up an entirely new field of molluscan
chromosome research.

Preparation of Chromosome Spreads

1. From ovotestes or testes:

Both mitotic and meiotic chromosome spreads
can be made by using the hypotonic squash
technique (Babrakzai and Miller, 1974; Stern,
1975). Temporary mounts can be made
permanent by; (a) freezing them in dry ice; (b)
removing the coverslip with a razor blade; (c)
dehydrating them in a graded series of ethyl
alcohols (70-100%); and (d) mounting a fresh
coverslip on the slide with Euparol and mounting
the old coverslip on a new slide in the same way.
However, it is recommended that chromosome
spreads be studied before making the squash
preparations permanent as some loss of material
does occur.

2. From embryos:

A technique using freshwater snail embryos
was first reported by Patterson (1971). We have
developed the following modification of this
technique suitable for land snail embryos:

a. Collect the snails from their habitat just
before their breeding season. This is usually
early spring if they have seasonal reproductive
cycles.

b. Maintain the snails in terraria containing
leaf litter, rocks, etc., from their natural
habitat, and keep them in humid conditions,
feeding them romaine lettuce twice a week.

c. After 2-3 weeks remove all snails from the
terraria and gently search the litter thoroughly
for egg clutches. Snails have a tendency to
bury their eggs beneath the litter. Carefully
and gently collect the eggs using a small
spatula, and place them on a moist paper towel.

d. Gently wash the eggs in tap water to
remove sand and debris. Place the clean eggs
again on a moist paper towel, wrap them up
gently and place them in a covered petri dish.

e. Label each petri dish with the species
name, date, etc. Keep these in a moist humid
place (a terrarium is fine) at room temperature.

f. Incubate for 5-12 days. After the 5th day
dissect one or two eggs on a slide under a dis-
secting microscope. We have found that

embryos having a good number of mitotic
metaphases are usually about 1-1.5 mm in dia-
meter, or when they have the shell rudiment
present.

g. Search the terraria for eggs 2-3 times a
week, and be certain to feed the snails.

h. Dissect all the egg capsules with fine
forceps, after the proper incubation period. Do
this under a dissecting microscope in a watch
glass containing hypotonic -colchicine solution
(0.075 M KCI and lO'^'^M colchicine). Release
the embryo from the egg capsule.

i. Remove the embryos using a Pasteur
pipette and wash them in a watch glass contain-
ing hypotonic colchicine solution to remove the
albumin.

j. Incubate the embryos at room temperature
in the hypotonic-colchicine solution in a watch
glass for 60-90 minutes, or more if desired.
This incubation time is critical. Overtreat-
ment results in extremely contracted chromo-
somes, and undertreatment will not arrest
metaphase. The hypotonic solution swells the
cells, and thus helps the chromosomes to un-
tangle and spread. If very condensed chromo-
somes are observed, then dissect the eggs in
the hypotonic solution without colchicine. In-
cubate them for 30-45 minutes in fresh hypo-
tonic solution, followed by incubation in hypo-
tonic-colchicine. In favorable spreads the two
chromatids of each chromosome should not be
separate, otherwise such spreads do not give
satisfactory results when subjected to G or C
banding techniques.

k. Fix the embryos in freshly prepared meth-
anol: acetic acid (3:1) for 30 minutes.

l. After fixation transfer the embryos to 45%
acetic acid for 15 minutes or more. This step
removes the methanol from the embryos and
also softens them.

m. Place one embryo on a clean slide with a
small drop of 45% acetic acid. Tease the
embryo with fine insect needles to loosen its
cells, place the cover slip on top of the drop,
and squash on a paper towel. The coverslip
should face down during squashing.

n. Label the slide on the right hand corner
with a diamond pencil for future identification
and for use as a reference point.

o. Freeze the slides thus prepared on dry ice
for 1-2 minutes and remove the cover slip using
a razor blade.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

59

p. Dehydrate the slides in a graded series of
70-100% ethanols.

q. Store the slide in a clean slide box after
drying.

r. For routine chromosome study, stain the
slides in 1% lactic-acetic orcein (Cooperrider
and Morrison, 1^967) for 10-15 minutes. Rinse
these in tap water; dehydrate them in graded
ethyl alcohols (70-100%); and mount them in
Euparol.

s. The stored slides (from step “q” above)

can be used for G-banding, C-banding and NOR
techniques (see below).

3. From tissue cultures:

Once good tissue cultures are obtained and
maintained, the technique for preparing chromo-
some spreads is a standard one, and the reader is
referred to Burch (1968) and Schwarzacher
(1974a) for details and additional references.

Karyotype Analysts

1. The Classical Karyotype:

Classically, a karyotype consists of describing
the number, morphology and arrangement of the
homologous pairs of mitotic metaphase chromo-
somes of a species in order of their length.

There has been considerable confusion in the
terminology used to describe the morphology of
chromosomes. In order to minimize this
confusion we have followed the scheme of Levan
et al. (1964). The methods of Bogart (1970) and
Raicu et al. (1973) for the comparison of
karyotypes and the construction of idiograms are
useful. These have been used to compare the
karyotypes of Oreohelicidae (Babrakzai, Miller
and Ward, 1975), Helminthoglyptidae (Babrakzai,
1975), and Polygyridae (Reeder, 1975).

Not all homologous chromosome pairs can be
identified precisely. This is especially true if
there are many chromosome pairs with almost
identical lengths and centromeric positions. At
best the chromosome pairs can be identified
statistically from a large sample. Nonetheless, a
classical karyotype is very important to have on
hand for reference, and is very useful in
preliminary studies. An example of this is the
karyotype of the Bradybaenid, Bradybaena
similaris, versus the karyotypes of Helmintho-
glyptid species (Babrakzai and Miller, 1976).

2. Chromosome Banding Techniques and the
Karyotype:

The difficulty in the identification of homo-

logous chromosomes in metaphase has been
largely eliminated by the development of

chromosome banding techniques. These tech-
niques have been developed during the past 6-7
years by mammalian and human cytogeneticists.
As it turns out they can also be applied to
molluscan cytology (Babrakzai, Ward and Miller,
1976). Essentially, the new banding techniques
fall into the following categories:

a. Fluorescent bands of chromosomes

(Q-bands, so-called for the quinacrine stain).

b. Giemsa bands of chromosomes (G-bands).

c. Centromeric bands of chromosomes

(C-bands).

To the best of our knowledge fluorescent
banding techniques have not been applied in the
analysis of molluscan karyotypes. Usually, the
G-bands and Q-bands of a particular set of
chromosomes are identical.

Various chemical treatments such as trypsin,
2 X SSC (0.3 M NaCl and 0.03 M sodium citrate),
urea, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanga-
nate, etc., induce G-bands. The technique of
Sumner et al., (1971) has been successful with
land snail chromosomes in our laboratory. The
chromosomes, after pretreatment, are differen-
tiated in Giemsq stain. Some parts of a
chromosome are stained darkly and others are
not. These chromosome “bands”, or G-bands,
act as landmarks for the identification of
homologous chromosome pairs. The banding
pattern of each homologous chromosome is
unique and is constant for a species or a group of
closely related species. Thus, such techniques
allow one to construct a precise karyotype for each
species, and this can be used as a comparison
with others. Furthermore, chromosomal aber-
rations such as inversions, translocation hetero-
zygosity, etc., can easily be detected. The
mechanism of G-band induction is currently under
investigation by a number of workers.

Centromeric bands (C-bands) are obtained
after denaturing the DNA in sodium or barium
hydroxide. This is followed by incubation in hot
saline citrate (60 °C) for one hour or more. After
staining in Giemsa, the constitutive heterochro-
matin, often located around the centromeres but
occasionally located interstitially or terminally, is
stained darkly. We have found that 6-10 day old
slides are suitable for G and C banding techniques
of land snail embryos. The BSG technique of
Sumner (1972) has given us very satisfactory

60

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

results. However, for land snail chromosomes,
staining for 5-20 minutes in Giemsa gives
satisfactory results compared to 60-90 minutes
recommended by other workers.

The C-banded karyotype further facilitates
karyotype comparisons, and identifies pericentric
inversions and dicentric chromosomes. More-
over, since G and C bands are inherent parts of
chromosome morphology of each species, banded
karyotypes are essential in clarifying relationships
between closely related species. Theoretically, it
is possible to trace individual chromosomes from
species to species through their G and C banding
patterns, and thus observe karyotype evolution at
a resolution never before achieved in molluscs.
For details of techniques of Q, G and C banding
see Schwarzacher (1974b) and Schnedl (1974).

3. The NOR Technique:

The nucleolar organizer region (NOR), which
is usually seen as a secondary constriction in
metaphase chromosomes, is another subject of
current research. Denton and Howell (1975) have
demonstrated that silver nitrate and ammoniacal
silver stains the NOR differentially.

4. The Haploid Karyotype and Analysis of
Meiosis:

An important aspect of cytology and cytoge-
netics is the study of the meiotic chromosomes of
a species. During the long prophase of meiosis,
the homologous chromosomes pair (synapse),
form chiasmata, gradually condense and disjoin at
metaphase I. Abnormalities in the karyotype
(e.g., inversions, translocations, trisomies of
various kinds, supernumerary chromosomes,
univalents, isochromosomes, etc.) can usually be
detected during prophase and metaphase I of
meiosis. This information comprises an important
supplement to the karyotype constructed from
mitotic metaphase chromosomes of the same
species. The behavior of chromosomes at
metaphase I and metaphase II should also be
observed whenever preparations are favorable.

Chromosomal aberrations are not uncommon
in species of land snails. Chromosome fragments,
trisomy and translocations are common in
Sonorella virilis (Babrakzai, Samsam and Miller,
1976), S. odorata, S. simmonsi, Monadenia
infumata, Helminthoglypta fisheri (Helmintho-
glyptidae), Ashmunella chiricahuana and A.
lenticula (Polygyridae), and Radiocentrum chiri-
cahuana (Oreohelicidae) (Babrakzai, Reeder and
Miller, 1975).

If it had not been for the analysis of the meiotic
karyotype, the chromosome number of Sonorella
virilis could not have been determined accurately.
Earlier it was incorrectly reported by one of us
that the chromosome number in Sonorella is
n = 30 (Babrakzai, 1975; Babrakzai, Reeder and
Miller, 1975). The correct haploid number for the
genus Sonorella and the subfamily Sonorellinae is
n = 29.

5. Endopolyploidy:

Endopolyploidy has been observed in many
animal groups (see White, 1973), and snails are
no exception. Our preliminary observations
indicate that polyploid nuclei occur in ovotestes
(Babrakzai and Miller, 1975), albumin glands,
salivary glands, giant neurons, and in developing
embryos of land snails. Important aspects which
should be pursued are cytophotometric analysis of
various DNA classes within each tissue containing
polyploid nuclei, and studies attempting to
describe the role of polyploid nuclei in
development of both embryos and adults.

Endometaphases can occasionally be seen in
ovotestes and in embryo squash preparations.
In embryos endometaphases occur most often
when they are about 1 mm in diameter. A simple
count of the chromosome number is one way to
determine the degree of ploidy in favorable
preparations.

6. Studying Mitotic Metaphase Chromosomes
without Treatment with Spindle Inhibitors:

The current “routine” procedure is to treat
dividing cells with colchicine, colcemid, velban or
some other spindle inhibitor. However, it is likely
that important information is lost as a result of
such treatment. This problem has been pointed
out and discussed by Hsu (1976). Following
Hsu’s words of caution, we examined squash
preparations of Ashmunella (Polygyridae) embry-
os which had not been treated with any inhibitor.
Subsequently, we found chromosomal bridges in
the anaphase cells of A. ferrissi and A.
chiricahuana. This occurred in 2 embryos out of a
total sample of 25 embryos from each species.
The chromosomal bridges might be due either to
dicentric chromosomes or to the “stickiness” of
two chromosomes at submicroscopic levels.

In conclusion we would like to emphasize that
the fields of molluscan cytology, cytotaxonomy
and cytogenetics are wide open for the beginning
experimental malacologist. There are now many

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

61

excellent techniques available for the identifica-
tion of homologous chromosomes and the
description of karyotypes. Their value in
systematic problems, phylogenetic considerations
and in describing the evolution of closely related
species can not be over-emphasized. There exist
many reports in the literature on chromosome
numbers of molluscs, and these can now be
supplemented by complete karyotype descriptions
for these species. In the final analysis this would
help to shed more light on the interrelationships
within molluscan taxa at all levels.

LITERATURE CITED

Babrakzai, N. 1975. Chromosomes of Helmintho-
glyptidae. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Ariz. 102 pp.

Babrakzai, N. and W.B. Miller. 1974. A colchi-
cine hypotonic squash technique for the chro-
mosome spreads of pulmonate land snails.
Malacol. Rev. 7: 37-38.

Babrakzai, N. and W.B. Miller. 1975. Endopoly-
ploidy in the ovotestes of pulmonate land
snails. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 10: 128-130.

Babrakzai, N. and W.B. Miller. 1976. Karyotypic
comparison between Helminthoglyptidae and
Bradybaenidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata).
Bull. Amer. Malacol. Union for 1975, p. 72.

Babrakzai, N., W.B. Miller and O.G. Ward. 1975.
Cytotaxonomy of some Arizona Oreohelicidae
(Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Bull. Amer. Mala-
col. Union for 1974, pp. 4-11.

Babrakzai, N., R.L. Reeder and W.B. Miller.

1975. Chromosomal aberrations in Southwest-
ern Pulmonate gastropods. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci.
Suppl. p. 30-1.

Babrakzai, N., S. Samsam and W.B. Miller. 1976.
Chromosomal aberrations in Sonorella virilis
(Helminthoglyptidae: Pulmonata). Ann. Rep.
Western Soc. Malacol. for 1976, in press.

Babrakzai, N., Oscar G. Ward and W.B. Miller.

1976. The introduction of Giemsa and centro-
meric banding techniques of chromosomes to
molluscan cytotaxonomy. Bull. Amer. Malacol.
Union for 1975, p. 67.

Bogart, J.P. 1970. Systematic problems in the
amphibian family Leptodactylidae (Anura) as
indicated by karyotype analysis. Cytogenetics
9: 369-383.

Burch, J.B. 1965. Chromosome number and
systematics in Euthyneuran snails. Proc. 1st
Eur. Malacol. Cong.: 215-241.

Burch, J.B. 1968. A tissue culture technique for
caryotype analysis of pulmonate land snails.
Venus 27(1): 20-27.

Burch, J.B. and C. Cuadros. 1965. A culture
medium for snail cells and tissues. Nature 206:
637-638.

Cooperrider, T.S. and J.H. Morrison. 1967. Lac-
tic acetic orcein as a chromosome stain. Michi-
gan Botanist 6: 176-177.

Denton, T.E. and W.M. Howell. 1975. The use of
AgNO 3 and ammoniacal silver to study nucle-
olar organizer and satellite regions of chromo-
somes. Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter
16(4): 178-179.

Hsu, T.C. 1976. Foreword. (Editorial) Mamma-
lian Chromosome Newsletter 17(1-2): 1-7.

Husted, L. and P.R. Burch. 1945. The
chromosomes of polygyrid snails. Amer.
Natur. 80: 410-429.

Levan, A., K. Fredga and A. A. Sandberg. 1964.
Nomenclature for centromeric position on chro-
mosomes. Hereditas 52: 201-220.

Patterson, C.M. 1969. Chromosomes of molluscs.
Proc. Symp. Mollusc. Part II. Marine Biol.
Assoc. India, pp. 635-686.

Patterson, C.M. 1971. A karyotype technique
using freshwater snail embryos. Malacol. Rev.
4: 27.

Raicu, P., E. Taisescu and P. Banarescu. 1973.
A comparative study of the karyotype in the
genus Gobio (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Cytologia
38: 731-736.

Reeder, R.L. 1975. Comparative karyotype analy-
sis of selected members of the genus Ashmu-
nella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Polygyridae).
Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., 57 pp.

Schnedl, W. 1974. Banding patterns in human
chromosomes visualized by Giemsa staining
after various pretreatments. In: Methods in
Human Cytogenetics. H.G. Schwarzacher and
U. Wolf, (eds.). New York, Springer-Verlag,
pp. 95-117.

Schwarzacher, H.G. 1974a. Preparation of meta-
phase chromosomes. In: Methods in Human

Cytogenetics. H.G. Schwarzacher and U. Wolf

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(eds.), New York, Springer-Verlag, pp. 71-81.

Schwarzacher, H.G. 1974b. Fluorescence micro-
scopy of chromosomes and interphase nuclei.
In: Methods in Human Cytogenetics. H.G.
Schwarzacher and U. Wolf (eds.), New York,
Springer-Verlag, pp. 83-94.

Sharma, A.K. and A. Sharma. 1972. Chromo-
some Techniques: Theory and Practice. Univ.
Park Press, Baltimore, 575 pp.

Stern, E.M. 1975. A technique for the prepara-
tion of gastropod chromosomes. Veliger 17(3):
296-298.

Sumner, A.T., H.J. Evans and R.A. Buckland.
1971. A new technique for distinguishing

between human chromosomes. Nature New
Biol. 232: 31-32.

Sumner, A.T. 1972. A simple technique for
demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin.
Exp. Cell Res. 75: 304-306.

White, M.J.D. 1973. Animal Cytology and Evolu-
tion. 3rd Ed. Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England. 959 pp.

CURRENT TRENDS IN MALACOLOGY:

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES AND ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH

Carol B. Stein

Museum of Zoology, The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio 45210

and

Marc J. Imlay

Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Department of Interior
Washington, D.C.

Within the past ten years, two major pieces of
Federal legislation have brought Washington
bureaucratic alphabetese into the field of
malacology, and have brought the science of
malacology to the attention of many engineers,
policy-makers, and even a number of biologists
who had never before had contact with this field of
study.

The first of these pieces of legislation is the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, more
familiarly known as NEPA. If Congress and the
courts continue to uphold this landmark piece of
legislation, it could well have as great an impact
on this country’s next two centuries as the
Declaration of Independence and the Bill of
Rights have had on the first two centuries.

In passing this act. Congress recognized the
profound impact of man’s activity on the
interrelationships of all components of the natural
environment. In Title I of NEPA, the Congress
declared that it is the continuing policy and
responsibility of the Federal Government to use
all practicable means to improve and coordinate
Federal plans and programs so that the Nation
may —

(1) fulfill the responsibilities of each

generation as trustee of the environment
for succeeding generations;

(2) assure for all Americans safe,
healthful, productive, and esthetically
and culturally pleasing surroundings;

(3) attain the widest range of beneficial
uses of the environment without degrada-
tion, risk to health or safety, or other
undesirable and unintended consequen-
ces;

(4) preserve important historic, cultural,
and natural aspects of our natural
heritage, and maintain, wherever possi-
ble, an environment which supports
diversity and variety of individual choice;

(5) achieve a balance between population
and resource use which will permit high
standards of living and a wide sharing of
life’s amenities; and

(6) enhance the quality of renewable
resources and approach the maximum
attainable recycling of depletable resour-
ces.

At the heart of NEPA is the crucial Section 102
(2) C, which requires that all agencies of the

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

63

Federal Government shall “include in every
recommendation or report on proposals for
legislation and other major Federal actions
significantly affecting the quality of the human
environment, a detailed statement by the
responsible official [i.e., the official representa-
tive of the agency that is planning the project]
on—

(i) the environmental impact of the
proposed action,

(ii) any adverse environmental effects
which cannot be avoided should the
proposal be implemented,

(iii) alternatives to the proposed action,

(iv) the relationship between local
short-term uses of man’s environment
and the maintenance and enhancement of
long-term productivity, and

(v) any irreversible and irretrievable
commitments of resources which would
be involved in the proposed action should
it be implemented.’’

This detailed statement has become popularly
known as an Environmental Impact Statement, or
an EIS. Every time any Federal agency proposes
to undertake any action which may have a
significant effect on the environment, that agency
is required by law to prepare an EIS on the
proposed action. Copies of the EIS must be made
available to Federal, State, and local environmen-
tal agencies, the President, the Council on
Environmental Quality, and also to the public. It
must accompany the proposal through the
existing agency review processes.

At first, NEPA’s Environmental Impact
Statement requirements caught Federal agencies
unprepared. Highway departments, the Corps of
Engineers, and other agencies were largely
staffed with engineers and designers who had
been trained to solve problems in mechanics,
design, and construction, but who had little or no
familiarity with ecology or the life sciences. This
situation is just beginning to change.

The first efforts of Federal agencies to comply
with NEPA’s EIS requirements were almost
entirely directed toward the proposed projects’
effects on recreational facilities, commercial and
game species of fish, mammals, and birds — the
traditional concerns of most state departments of
natural resources or conservation. Non-game
species and ecosystem diversity were rarely even

mentioned, and their importance to man was little
understood or appreciated.

However, the preparation of EIS’s did one
thing more than require additional agency rubber
stamps on project proposals. It gave the public an
opportunity to become involved in the govern-
mental decision-making process. Conservation
organizations which for years had fumed over
inept bureaucratic decisions to destroy natural
areas while creating public works projects,
landowners whose property was to be con-
demned, community groups whose neighbor-
hoods were to be sacrificed, and even a very few
concerned biologists began to read environmen-
tal impact statements and to ask some very
searching questions about them.

In a number of cases citizens’ gproups opposing
Federal projects found the agencies’ environmen-
tal impact statements highly inadequate or
misleading. When the agencies refused to
change the EIS’s, some of the citizens’ groups
decided to sue the Federal agencies involved in
order to force a more realistic evaluation of the
impact of the proposed projects. In some such
cases, such as the Environmental Defense Fund’s
suit against the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
over the Cossatot Dam, the courts ruled the EIS
was inadequate, and sent the agencies back to get
more data. However, when the agencies returned
with voluminous documents weighing many
pounds, the courts generally weighed the
evidence and decided that the impacts of the
projects had been adequately described, so the
projects could then go ahead.

There is no provision in NEPA which requires
a project to be abandoned or modified no matter
how adverse its impact may be, so long as the
impact is adequately described in the environ-
mental impact statement.

One of the first NEPA cases in which
malacology played a role was the Environmental
Defense Fund’s suit against the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers over the proposed Tennessee-
Tombigbee Waterway, a canal project which
would channelize the Tombigbee River in
Alabama, linking it with the Tennessee River, by
excavating more earth than was moved during the
building of the Panama Canal. Evidence was
presented indicating that five endemic species of
Unionidae in the Tombigbee River system would
probably become extinct as a result of this project.
Other evidence showed that the 253-mile canal

64

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

project would seriously disrupt the area’s balance
of nature and would damage wildlife and
recreation along the river. However, this
evidence was not enough to enjoin the Corps from
building the canal, according to the Federal Court
judge, who ruled in the Corps’ favor.

In another early NEPA case the Environmen-
tal Defense Fund took the Tennessee Valley
Authority to court over the issue of two high dams
to be built at Normandy and Columbia on the
Duck River, the largest and one of the most
biologically diverse undammed streams remain-
ing in the Tennessee River system. The possible
extinction of native species of unionids and river
snails was an issue in this case, and again EDF
lost the case and the appeal. Normandy Dam was
closed and began impounding water in May this
year. Columbia Dam is now under construction,
with approximately 10% of the project completed
now.

While all of this was going on, a quiet but
growing concern for the world’s vanishing species
was beginning to arouse public attention. The
American Malacological Union was one of the first
scientific organizations to call attention to this
situation, holding a formal symposium on rare
and endangered mollusks of North America at its
1968 annual meeting at Corpus Christi, Texas.

The formal involvement of the Federal
government in endangered species conservation
began with the Endangered Species Preservation
Act of 1966. This act required the Secretary of
Interior to judge what native species of wildlife
were threatened with extinction, and to publish
lists of them in the Federal Register. It also
authorized him to conduct research on such
animals and to use limited amounts of money
from the Land and Water Conservation Fund to
acquire habitat for these species.

In 1969 a new Endangered Species Conserva-
tion Act amended the first act and broadened its
coverage to include all vertebrates, mollusks, and
crustaceans. Endangered subspecies as well as
species were recognized. The new act authorized
the acquisition of water as well as land habitat for
endangered species, increased the amount of
money available for habitat acquisition to $2.5
million per area and $5 million per year, and
provided significant authority for the conservation
of endangered foreign wildlife.

Later the laws were again amended by the
passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973,
which states: “The purposes of this Act are to

provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon
which endangered species and threatened species
depend may be conserved, to provide a program
for the conservation of such endangered species
and threatened species, and to take such steps as
may be appropriate to achieve [these] purposes.’’
The act also states, “It is further declared to be
the policy of Congress that all Federal depart-
ments and agencies shall seek to conserve
endangered species and threatened species and
shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the
purposes of this Act.’’

This act extends the scope of Federal coverage
to species within the entire plant kingdom, and to
the whole animal kingdom, with the sole
exception of “a species of the Class Insecta
determined by the Secretary [of Interior] to
constitute a pest whose protection under the
provisions of this Act would present an
overwhelming and overriding risk to man.’’ Not
only species and subspecies, but also isolated and
disjunct populations may be listed.

The present law requires the Secretary to
publish in the Federal Register lists of all species
determined to be either threatened or endanger-
ed. These species must be listed by both a
scientific name and a common name — a problem
for malacologists, since so few molluscan species
have common names.

The term “endangered species’’ means any
species which is in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
A “threatened species’’ is any species which is
likely to become an endangered species within the
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant
portion of its range. The difference between the
two categories is essentially one of priority of
action.

The Secretary mqy also treat as endangered
certain other species which look so much like the
listed ones that enforcement personnel would
have difficulty in differentiating between them
and the listed species. This provision may well
prove important in malacology, especially since
few law enforcement people have been trained in
molluscan taxonomy. The education of these
people may well be an important task of
malacologists in the future.

Criteria used by governmental officials to
determine whether a species should be listed an
endangered or threatened include:

(1) the present or threatened destruction,
modification, or curtailment of its

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

65

habitat or range;

(2) oven^tilization for commercial, sport-
ing, scientific, or educational
purposes;

(S) disease or predation;

(4) the inadequacy of existing regulatory

mechanisms; or

(5) other natural or manmade factors
affecting its continued existence.

Under Section j 5 of the present Endangered
Species Act, the Secretary of Interior is directed to
establish and implement a program to use all
methods and procedures which are necessary in
order to bring any endangered or threatened
species to the point at which such measures are no
longer necessary. “Such methods and proce-
dures include, but are not limited to, all activities
associated with scientific resources management
such as research, census, law enforcement,
habitat acquisition and maintenance, propaga-
tion, live trapping, and transplantation ’’

Under the terms of this act, the U.S. Office of
Endangered Species has thus far issued 12
research contracts to researchers in molluscan
systematics and zoogeography. The first priority
has been to find out what taxa are known to be
threatened with extinction, to determine where
these taxa now occur, and to learn what is
happening or is about to happen to them. A
status report must be prepared for each species to
answer three basic questions: What is it? Where
is it? Why is it in trouble?

Since many of the mollusk species which are
potential candidates for listing are highly
restricted in distribution and not all are well
known, even to malacologists, the investigations
supported by these research contracts are
providing new information which is aiding in the
solution of many taxonomic and zoogeographic
problems that otherwise might not even have
been tackled until the species was extinct.

As a serendipitous by-product of the field work
done under these contracts, malacologists are
obtaining new data on distribution and abundance
not only for potentially endangered species, but
also for many relatively common, widespread
taxa. Field studies such as are sponsored by
endangered species research contracts are
providing valuable base-line data on faunal
changes in different regions, which can then be
correlated with various environmental modifica-
tions. Well-documented specimens taken during

these field surveys and deposited in museum
research collections can be used to help solve
taxonomic and zoogeographic problems, as well
as serving as irrefutable evidence of the survival
of the taxon at the time and place of collection.
Exact localities and dates of collection are
becoming increasingly essential on specimen
labels because of the need to carefully document
faunal changes in response to environmental
alterations.

Attempts to delineate the ranges of endanger-
ed species sometimes bring to light new
malacological problems which challenge the
investigators. As an example, Grimm’s studies of
endangered land snails brought to light evidence
that some land snail species tend to hybridize in
disturbed habitat areas between formerly sepa-
rate ranges, a phenomenon which has also been
observed in certain species groups of plants.

A number of studies of the introduced Asiatic
freshwater clam Corbicula have suggested that
this bivalve invades disturbed habitats more
readily than unmodified natural streams. It has
been hypothesized that maintenance and restora-
tion of natural conditions may be one of the most
effective defenses against domination of the
benthos by this exotic bivalve.

As endangered species are recogjnized and
identified, it is expected that the research
emphasis will gradually shift toward studies of the
interrelationships of the various taxa with the
many factors comprising their environments.
Studies such as Vail’s investigations of the
survival of Triodopsis albolahris in an annually
burned woodland, Mackie’s investigations of the
effects of various environmental factors on
sphaeriid natality, and comparative ecological
studies of several species occupying similar but
not identical niches, such as the investigations
reported by Hoagland, Davis, and Cain (all
presented at the 1976 AMU meeting) will be
needed to determine the particular factors in the
environment which are limiting to the endangered
species, and which factors must be maintained or
modified in order to promote the survival and
reproduction of the species.

Studies of the distribution of rare species
frequently show that the ranges of two or more
endangered or threatened taxa coincide or
overlap. In such cases, protection of the natural
integrity of a single habitat area can result in
protecting more than one endangered species, as

66

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

well as the biotic community of which these
species are integral components. As an example,
the ranges of the endangered Morro Bay
Kangaroo Rat and the Banded Dune Snail,
Helminthoglypta walkeriana, now proposed as an
endangered species, coincide. In Ohio, the Big
Darby Creek ecosystem which supports the only
known population of the Scioto Madtom, a
Federal endangered fish species, also supports at
least seven additional fish species and four
unionid mollusk species on the official state list of
endangered wild animals. In the Tennessee River
basin, the undammed portions of the Clinch,
Powell, Nolichucky, and Duck Rivers each support
unique assemblages of endemic bivalve, gastro-
pod, and fish species, many of which have either
been listed or are in the process of being listed.

The ecosystem approach toward endangered
species restoration is clearly mandated. By
acquiring and protecting the critical habitats for
such species, additional plant and animal taxa
native to these habitats but not now recognized as
endangered may well be protected as a kind of
by-product. In addition, forms occurring in these
areas which are not now endangered can be given
living-space which may prevent them from
becoming endangered in the future. The study of
these natural ecosystems and their functions may
well provide new insights by which man can
better utilize the resources of his agricultural
ecosystems.

Few molluscan taxa are so large and
spectacular that zoos feel a need to maintain and
propagate them. Few of them are so well-studied
that the necessary conditions for survival and
reproduction are known. Preservation of captive
populations of animals in aquaria, terraria, and
gardens; introductions outside the native range;
and artificial mass production programs have
proven chancy and subject to the fickleness of the
budgetary process — especially during times of
war or energy crisis. In the long run, the genetics
of a captive population may change, variability is
lost, and behavior patterns adaptive to survival in
the wild may disappear. Introductions of
endangered species into new habitats may either
fail or be hazardous to the native species already
occupying those habitats.

One of the most important parts of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 is Section 7,
which reads:

The Secretary shall review other

programs administered by him and utilize
such programs in furtherance of the
purposes of this Act. All other Federal
departments and agencies shall, in
consultation with and with the assistance
of the Secretary, utilize their authorities
in furtherance of the purposes of this Act
by carrying out programs for the
conservation of endangered species and
threatened species... and by taking such
action necessary to insure that actions
authorized, funded, or carried out by
them do not jeopardize the continued
existence of such endangered species and
threatened species or result in the
destruction or modification of habitat of
such species which is determined by the
Secretary, after consultation as appro-
priate with the affected States, to be
critical.

Although there is no requirement in the
National Environmental Policy Act which requires
Federal agencies to do anything beyond writing
an environmental impact statement. Section 7 of
the Endangered Species Act clearly directs these
agencies to take such action as is necessary to
insure that their activities do not further
jeopardize the continued existence of listed
species.

Twenty-five mollusk species have now been
officially listed as endangered, and 37 others have
been listed in the Federal Register as proposed
endangered species. This is still far short of the
250 mammal species and 209 bird species now
listed as endangered, or the more than 1,700 plant
species currently proposed for listing (8 % of the
seed plants and ferns in the nation!) However,
over 400 additional molluscan species are
currently under 'consideration and may be
proposed when there is sufficient data available
on their status.

Federal agencies now will be required to
include information about the probable impact of
their proposed projects in each EIS. The inclusion
of endangered mollusks on the Federal list may
provide new ammunition for the Environmental
Defense Fund and other citizens’ groups in court
trials on controversial public works projects.

Just last month the U.S. Soil Conservation
Service held a preliminary hearing on their
proposal to channelize the Paint Rock River in
Alabama. AMU member Dr. Paul Yokley and

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

67

biologist Bruce Bell of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Service’s Decatur office, using data from past
malacological literature and from recent Ohio
State University Museum of Zoology records,
informed the SCS that four endangered unionid
species occur in the Paint Rock River.
Consequently, the SCS will now contact the
Department of Interior to determine what action
must be taken, under the terms of the
Endangered Species Act, to prevent further
jeopardization of the continued existence of these
species.

Research into new technologies of flood

damage reduction, water supply, erosion control,
and waste management is needed in order to
provide better alternatives to the costly public
works engineering projects we have been using.
By utilizing ecological approaches to the solution
of such problems, we may find cheaper and more
efficient ways of utilizing natural processes to

convert “wastes” to resources. Perhaps we may
find ways to utilize various molluscan species in
solving these problems. Bivalve mollusks, for
example, have been suggested as living monitors
of water quality in streams. Some of them may
one day be employed as living filters to process
organically enriched wastewaters into usable
proteins.

The preservation of the genetic variability
which will make such developments possible in
the future depends largely on how effectively
NEPA and the Endangered Species Act are used
to protect this resource. The Phylum Mollusca
constitutes a major segment of Earth’s animal
life. Malacologists of today face a major
challenge and obligation to make a real
contribution both in research and in educating the
agencies, the courts, and the citizens of the planet
about the importance of preserving natural
ecosystems and genetic diversity of living forms.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

AMU ANNUAL REPORTS

AMU ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, AUG. 2-6, 1976 COLUMBUS, OHIO

The business meeting of the Forty-Second
annual session of the American Malacological
Union was called to order at 3:30 p.m. in
Hitchcock Hall, Ohio State University, on Aug. 5,
1976, by President Dorothea Franzen.

Registration was announced as 129 for this
annual meeting.

Minutes of the Forty-First meeting held in San
Diego, California, as printed in the 1975 Bulletin,
were APPROVED.

President Franzen read the report from
Corresponding Secretary Paul Jennewein in his
absence. APPROVED. (Printed below).

The Publications Report from Editor Dee
Dundee was summarized by Dr. Franzen and
included the following pertinent statistics:
$4200.00 was budgeted for 1975 for the Bulletin.
The joint Bulletin cost $4399.24 but the Western
Society of Malacologists paid $1101.00, leaving a
cost to AMU of $3298.24. This was $901.76 under
budget. The Fall and Spring Newsletters were
sent at a total of $613.00, or $387 under budget.
Total postage for editorial activities was $228.02.

Newsletter Editor Dorothy Beetle’s report to
Council was reported to members, noting that the
Newsletters are now being printed and mailed in
New Orleans, La., on AMU’s postal permit,
resulting in savings.

Council approved a motion to proceed with
publication of the INDEX of AMU Bulletins
prepared by honorary member Margaret Teskey.
AMU members are urged to buy and help
publicize this Index. The price is $6.50, and
orders are accepted with payment in U.S. funds to
Treasurer Myra L. Taylor.

Morris Jacobson reported on How to Study
and Collect Shells to Council and requested help
in securing permanent storage for copies now
being housed at a member’s home in New York
City. Council’s acceptance of the offer from Dr.
Tucker Abbott to help promote sales of this
publication the next year was announced to
members.

All reports from the Publications Committee
were APPROVED.

Treasurer Myra L. Taylor gave her report, as
audited by a committee chaired by Dr. T. E.
Pulley. APPROVED (Printed below).

Dr. Franzen reported that in further action
Council had accepted a report from the Treasurer
on finances of the joint meeting at San Diego in
1975.

Dr. Harald Rehder presented the 1977 budget.

APPROVED as follows:
Receipts:

Memberships

$5,000

Sales HSCS

600

Back Issues, Other Pub.

500

Page Charges

1,200

Misc. (Inc. donations)

100

Meeting surplus

300

$7,700

Expenditures:

Printing of Bulletin

$4,500

Newsletters

800

Printing Miscellaneous

300

Postage

700

Office Supplies, misc.

200

Travel, Sects., Treas.

800

Expenses, Pres., V.-Pres.

150

Editor

50

Filing Fee

5

Conservation

100

Miscellaneous

95

$7,700

The Constitutional Amendment approved by
Council was submitted as follows: Article III. Sec-
tion 2.C of the AMU Bylaws: ‘ ‘The Vice-President
shall assist the President on request, shall serve
as Membership Chairman, and shall serve as
Chairman of the Annual Meeting Site Committee
with the responsibility of arranging for and
announcing the site of the Annual Meeting that
will be held when the now Vice-President will be
President of AMU.” APPROVED.

68

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

69

The History and Archives report from Dr,
William Clench, chairman, was read by Dr.
Franzen. Additions are being made to the
Archives housed at the Delaware Museum of
Natural Science. An important collection of slides
from meetings and members will be preserved
with identifications. Over 500 letters, with a host
of important signatures, of Mrs. Imogene
Robertson, former AMU secretary, have been
received for Archives from the Buffalo Museum.
APPROVED.

Dr. Franzen read a letter from Dr. Henry
Russell tendering his resignation from the
Vice-Presidency in 1976 and announced that he
had continued to function as membership chair-
man, completing business to send 45 clubs and 27
domestic and 11 foreign institutions invitation
letters. APPROVED.

Dr. Franzen read the Nominating Committee
report, prepared by Dr. Harold Murray, chair-
man, Dr. Donald Moore and Dr. William
Emerson. APPROVED BY ACCLAMATION as

follows:

President: Dr. George Davis (one year term)

President-Elect: Dr. Carol Stein (one year term)

Vice-President: Mr. William Old (one year term)
Recording Sect.: Mrs. Constance Boone (three

year term)

Councillors-at-large: Dr. Richard S. Houbrick (two

year term) Mr. Herb Atheam (two year term)

Motions brought to Council from the Conser-
vation Committee and there approved were
presented as follows;

MOTION by Dr. Harold Murray, seconded by
Dr. Tucker Abbott, that AMU go on record
supporting continued litigation of the City of
Columbus vs. the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources on Big Darby Creek, and to draw from
the treasury up to $50.00 to continue to employ
Sigreti and Tousey as attorneys. APPROVED.

MOTION by Dr. Carol Stein and seconded by
Dr. Murray that Dr. Franzen as president of AMU
write a letter to the director of the Ohio Depart-
ment of Natural Resources to take all possible
steps to protect Big Darby Creek as a natural

ecosystem and to declare it a State Scenic River.
APPROVED.

It was suggested that local (Columbus) people
investigate the nomination of Big Darby Creek as
a National Wild and Scenic River, persuant to the
National Scenic River Act of 1967. This should be
done through the local U.S. Senators and Repre-
sentatives, if sympathetic.

MOTION made by Dr. George Davis and
seconded by the president to the chairman of the
Ad Hoc Committee on the Canaveral Wilderness
Area of the Canaveral National Seashore Park.
APPROVED.

It was suggested that the local (Brevard Co.,
FIA) Astronaut Trail Shell Club be urged to offer
support of this motion.

MOTION made by Leslie Hubricht and
seconded by Alice Imlay that Dr. Franzen as
president of AMU write a letter to Senator
Jennings Randolph, chariman of the Senate
Committee on Public Works, and to Senator
Edmund Muskie, an influential member of the
Committee, informing them that AMU supports
Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Act of
1972, as interpreted by the Courts since March,
1976. APPROVED.

Motion made by Marian Havlik and seconded
by Lloyd Pratt that AMU incoming president Dr.
George Davis request Nathaniel P. Reed, Assis-
tant Secretary of the Department of the Interior,
to list the Naiads on the Tennessee-Tombigbee
Project which will become endangered or extinct
as a result of the project. (List of Naiades to be
provided by Dr. David Stansberry). APPROVED.

MOTION made by Frieda Schilling and
seconded by Hessie Kemper that AMU incoming
President Dr. George Davis request Nathaniel P.
Reed, Assistant Secretary of the Department of
the Interior, pursuant to Section 4-c-2 of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, to list the
Naiades on the Meramec Dam Project which will
become -endangered or extinct as a result of the
Project. (List of Naiades to be proved by Dr.
David Stansbery). APPROVED.

MOTION made by Marian Havlik and

70

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

seconded by Hessie Kemper that AMU incoming
president Dr. George Davis write the U.S.
Attorney General Edward Levi requesting action
on the knowing violation of Section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 by the Corps of
Engineers, St. Paul District, by dredging in areas
of endangered Lampsilis higginsi in the Upper
Mississippi River. It is urged that a survey of
populations and habitats be made. Copies of this
letter are to be sent to the Senators of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, and Iowa.

Motion amended to include letters to the
Governors of the three states.

MOTION APPROVED.

A motion brought to Council requesting an
amendment to the Bylaws formally establishing
the Conservation Committee and defining the
duties of the chairman was returned to the
committee by Council with the recommendation
that the committee chairman bring to next year’s
meeting of Council a plan devised in cooperation
with incoming president Dr. Davis to streamline
business by the committee.

A motion brought to Council from the
Conservation Committee that AMU enter into the
matter of the Duck River, Tennessee, Project
through the filing of Amicus Curiae brief to the
court concerned was amended on advice of Legal
Counsel Wallace Roberts to be entered into
through sending of a letter by incoming president
Dr. George Davis to the proper judge.
APPROVED.

A motion was approved that actions voted in
conservation motions as outlined above will be
carried out when the conservation charman
supplies complete names, addresses and mater-
ials to Dr. Franzen and Dr. Davis.

It was announced by Dr. Franzen that Council

had approved the solicitation of donations from
members at this meeting to continue legal fees in
the Big Darby Creek matter. APPROVED.

Council’s action of approving the invitation
from the Naples Shell Club to hold the 1977
annual meeting at Naples, Florida, the second
week of July was announced by Dr. Franzen and
APPROVED by members.

A motion had been approved in Council to host
a joint meeting with the Western Society of
Malacologists in 1979 or 1980 on the East Coast.
This met APPROVAL and was amended to
include Texas in consideration for site.

Dr. Franzen explained that a general
discussion was held at Council on allowing
commercial sales and exhibits of shells or other
items at annual meetings. A motion to allow such
sales and exhibits was defeated in Council. After
some clarification and discussion on intent, a
motion was APPROVED by members forbidding
commercial sales and exhibits at official meeting
sessions and activities.

Council approved a motion stating that the
AMU member who serves as legal counsel be
named as an ex-officio member of the Executive
Council. APPROVED by members. Wallace
Roberts serves in this capacity at present.

Dr. Franzen made a report on the Literature
Auction and Book Bazaar held the evening before
and thanked everyone involved for this successful
first event for AMU. $971.00 was announced as
the gross sales and auction. (It is further here
reported to members that the net profit to AMU is
now reported as $983.53.) All materials had been
donated by members for sale and auction.

With no other business brought before the
meeting, ADJOURNMENT took place at 4:30
p.m.

Respectfully submitted,

Constance E. Boone,
Recording Secretary

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

71

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31,1975.

CHECK BOOK BALANCE. JANUARY 1, 1975
RECEIPTS:

Memberships: Regular

2578.11

Life

393.00

Corresponding

123.88

Clubs & Institutions

685.50

3780.49

Sales: How To Study & Collect Shells

1301.49

Rare & Endangered Species

7.78

Bulletin, Back Issues

170.75

Teskey Index To Bulletins

27.50

Bulletin Reprints

137.00

1644.52

Page Charges To Authors

1270.00

Contributions to Legal Defense Fund

15.00

Donations (form on Dues Notices)

71.25

Miscellaneous Receipts

49.00

1405.25

Total Receipts From Activities

6830.26

Transferred From Savings Account

2111.88

TOTAL CASH ACCOUNTED FOR:

DISBURSEMENTS:

Bulletin-Printing, Postage, Etc.

4316.93

Newsletters

436.13

Conservation Committee

86.59

Membership Committee

30.89

President’s Operating Fund

55.56

California Filing Fee

5.00

Officers Expenses to Meeting (3)

857.61

.Legal Defense Expenses

9.44

How To Study & Collect Shells Expenses

32.86

Other Postage

370.72

Other Printing

295.37

Office Supplies

148.44

Miscellaneous Expenses

109.25

6754.79

Total Disbursements

6754.79

CHECK BOOK BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1975

3130.71

TOTAL CASH ACCOUNTED FOR:

Savings Acct. #2-6621, 1st Federal Savings

407.83

Interest added, less withdrawal *

10.39

-408.22

Balance on hand, 12/31/75

10.00

Balance on hand, 12/31/75

Savings Cert. #60-3332-02, 1st. Federal Savings

3383.72

Interest added. Balance on 12/31/75

236.27

3619.99

8942.14
M85 50

9885.50

72

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Loan on Savings Cert, for Bulletin at 8% % *

170S.66

♦See Treasurer’s Note on previous page.
RECAPITULATION OF ASSETS. DECEMBER 31, 1975

Cash in checking account, Broadway National Bank 3130.71

Treasurer’s Petty Cash, Myra Taylor 25.00

Secretary’s Petty Cash. Constance Boone 75.00

Savings Account #2-6621, 1st Federal Savings & Loan 10.00

Certificate of Deposit #60-332-02, 1st Federal Savings & Loan 3619.99
Loan #9600055 of $1703.66, at8%% interest -1844.21

Net value of CD 1775.78

TOTAL ASSETS: 5016.49

ALLOCATED TO LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND: 1988.88

A. M.U. NET WORTH- DECEMBERS!, 1975 3027.61

CHANGES IN CAPITAL ACCOUNT:

A.M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, JANUARY 1, 1975 3239.03

A. M.U. CAPITAL ACCOUNT, DECEMBER 31. 1975 3027.61

NET IN ASSETS IN 1975 211.42

Respectfully submitted,
Myra L. Taylor, Treasurer

REPORT FROM THE RECORDING SECRETARY

Memberships for 1975, reviewed in January,

1976, were as follows:

Honorary Life President

1

Honorary Life Members

6

Regular Memberships

(All Western Hemisphere)

560

Additional Family Members

111

Corresponding Members

15

Affiliated Memberships:

(Institutions)

Domestic

33

Foreign

12

Clubs, regional organizations

47

Life members

27

Total

812

Subscriptions for Bulletin

4

This is an increase in several categories from
1974, with a total increase of 17 memberships and
four continuing subscribers. Total for 1974 was
785, with no subscribers for Bulletin only.

My records indicate four resignations in 1975,
68 unpaid regular and family memberships, two
corresponding memberships unpaid, 3 shell clubs

dropped for nonpayment, and there were 5
deaths. Five members were reinstated in 1975.

This shows that we enrolled 109 new and
reinstated members and institutional affiliates in
1975.

As of July, 1976, records indicate 65 new
members, two new affiliate institutional mem-
bers, four new foreign correspondents, one rein-
statement of a foreign affiliate institution, and two
new subscribing institutions for the current year.
There has been one new life member completed.
One death has been reported to me, and we show
four resignations. The final request for dues to be
sent by the treasurer should bring in more
payments of dues from the 200 members not yet
paid and from the 20 shell clubs not yet in the
1976 tally. A complete count to show the result of
the raise in dues voted in 1975 will not be
available until the end of the fiscal year.

In 1975 ads were placed in several publica-
tions, the membership chairman sent out many
letters inviting membership, and we were given
the special offer of a bonus to new members of
copies of American Malacologists and the 1975
Supplement. All this added to help us secure new
members and continues this year.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

73

A letter from Dr. R. Tucker Abbott has been
put in the file indicating his gift of AM and
Supplement to new members through Dec. 31,
1975, totalled 29 copies of hardback editions, 7
copies of paperbacks of AM, and 36 copies of the
Supplement. This amounted to the substantial
gift of $470.89. A letter of acknowledgement from
AMU has been sent to Dr. Abbott.

The usual business of writing welcoming
letters and mailing membership cards to new
members, answering inquiries for -old Bulletins
and invoicing and mailing orders, mailing copies
of ordered Rare and Endangered Species
Symposium continues at an increased rate. There
is continual updating of addresses and titles of

members. Appeals for help through the
Newsletters have brought some results. It is
noted that the Spring Newsletter had 12 returns of
changes of addresses. Postage costs continue to
rise.

Mail stickers are being Xeroxed now and can
be updated for each mailing. Members can be of
considerable help if they understand that these
labels are made up a month or so before mailing
and that the slightest change of address causes
the post office to return or destroy mail sent out
on a bulk permit.

Respectfully submitted,
Constance E. Boone

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY FOR THE YEAR UP TO 10 JULY 1976

Loss of the forwarding arrangement in July
1975 with the postmaster at Marinette, Wiscon-
sin, after about five years, reduced the volume of
mail to a trickle. The Superintendent of Mails in
Marinette wrote to say that regulations required
forwarding of mail for only one year, but that the
Marinette Post Office had “continued to forward
the mail, thinking it would soon dwindle off and
there would be none to forward. Forwarding
addresses are not renewable so the mail is being
sent back to the addressee indicating ‘No forward-
ing address on file, ’ ’ ’ the superintendent wrote, I
replied, pointing out that the Marinette address
was contained in several publications which are of
world-wide popularity and still being printed. If
the Postal Service were really interested in
“service,” as the Postmaster General had been
emphasizing in speeches around the country and
to Congress, I continued, it would forward the
letters to an organization interested in replying to
such mail and thereby render individual service. I
pointed out that the cost of sending a letter on to
the intended recipient was about as much as
sending it back to the original sender, marked
with a falsehood. This logic, however, didn’t
seem to carry much weight in view of national
attempts to cut costs of mail processing,
regardless of how much it affects service. Apart
from my battle with bureaucracy, the drop in the
volume of mail was probably beneficial to the
AMU and was why I didn’t pursue the issue with
higher federal officials. Ninety per cent of the
loss was in the mail from youngsters, whose
curiosity once satisfied, might not linger into
college and encourage further study of malacol-

ogy for quite a while. From about 35 letters a
month, the rate dropped to about a dozen. The
majority of these involved questions on member-
ship or where they could obtain “How to Study
and Collect Shells” or other publications on mala-
cology. The loss of mail from children certainly
reduced our postage costs, and, with the rising
first class rates, has helped to strengthen our
financial condition.

The generous offer of Dr. R. Tucker Abbott to
carry an advertisement in THE NAUTILUS,
encouraging membership in the AMU, was
welcomed, and. I’m sure, added to the
organization’s membership. A copy of that ad
was also carried v/ithout charge by Tom Rice in
the quarterly, OF SEA AND SHORE. (A copy of
the ad was sent to Jean M. Cate, associate editor
of the VELIGER, but wasn’t used because of the
publication’s policy never to run advertising
copy.) Reprints of the ad were also ordered and
are being distributed when there are inquiries on
membership.

Another source of membership — and sales of
the AMU booklet — was the article which
appeared early in December 1975 in the New York
Times’ metropolitan edition on shell collecting. It
gave the address of the corresponding secretary
as a place where additional information might be
obtained.

Altogether, about 245 copies of the booklets
have been sold during the past year.

Respectfully submitted,
Paul R. Jennewein

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL
UNION, INC.

ACTIVE MEMBERS 1976

Membership List Revised October 10, 1976

Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker, Delaware Museum of Natural
History, Box 3937, Greenville, DE. 19807.

Abreau, Mrs. Vivian B., 2709 Dewey St., Tampa FL.
33607 (Sea life relationship to human race).

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos G., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708.

Ahlstedt, Steven, 34 East Norris Rd., Norris, TN. 37828
(Biological Aide in Fisheries, TVA).

Albert, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest, 905 S. Bayshore, Safety
Harbor, FL. 33572.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood,
PA. 19096.

AUen, James E., 1108 Southampton Dr., Alexandria,
LA. 71301 (Tertiary micro-moUusca) .

Allen, Dr. J. Frances, 7507 23rd Ave., Hyattsville,
MD. 20783.

Allen, Mrs. Lawrence K., Box 822, Port Isabel, TX. 78578
{Murex, Pecten, world marines; dealer).

Allen, Miss Letha S., 187 Argyle St., Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, Canada B5A 3X2 (General).

Anders, Kirk W., Shells of the Seas, Inc., P.O. Box
1418, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 33302 (Volutidae, aU rare
shells).

Anderson, Carleton Jay Jr., 56 Kettle Creek Rd.,
Weston, CT. 06880.

Anderson, Richard V., Dept, of Biological Scs., Northern
ILL. Univ., DeKalb, IL. 60115 (Freshwater Pelecypods).

Andrews, Dr. Jean, 241 Melrose, Corpus Christi, TX.
78404.

Angstadt, Mrs. Earle K., 247 Penn St., Reading, PA
19602.

Armington, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart F.Jr., 15932 Brewster
Rd., Cleveland, OH. 44112 (Cypraea of Australia).

Arnold, Charles E., 3206 Floyd Ave., Richmond, VA.
23221 (Collecting, photographing).

Aslakson, Capt. Carl I., 5707 Wilson Lane, Bethesda
MD. 20034.

Atheam, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D., Museum of Fluviatile
Mollusks, Rt. 5, Box 499, Cleveland, TN. 37311
(Freshwater moUusks).

Atheam, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 N. Main St., Fall River, MA.
02720 (Land shells).

Avellanet, Mrs. Helene, 105 Clipper Way, Fair Winds
Villas, Nokomis, FL. 33555.

Avery, Mrs. R. Gail, Box 2557, Harbor OR. 97415 (West
American mollusks; exchange).

Babrakzai, Mr. Noorullah, Dept. General Biology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

Baerreis, David A., Dept, of Anthropology, 5240 Social
Science Bldg., Madison, WI. 53706 (Paleoecological
interpretation through mollusks).

Bagdon, Mr. and Mrs. Anthony, 440 Home Dr., Trafford,
PA. 15085.

Baily, Dr. Joshua L. Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San
Diego, CA. 92103.

Baker, Mrs. Horace B., 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, PA.
19083.

Baker, John A., 147 Hedgegrove Ave. Satellite Beach,
FLA. 32937 (General).

Banek, Thomas J., c/o L. Shaw, 311 Vassar Ave., Swarth-
more, PA. 19081 (Marine gastropods, taxonomy,
ecology) .

Barker, C. Austin, 2 Hickory Dr., Rye, NY. 10580.
Barlow, Mrs. G. Barton, 5 Downey Dr., Tenafly, NJ.
07670.

Barnett, Mr. and Mrs. George H., Koran Ave., MD. #23,
Newburgh, NY. 12550.

Barr, John W. Jr., 200 26th St., N.W., Apt. C 214, Atlanta,
GA. 30309 (Cypraeidae].

Barton, Mrs. James, 20 Newfield Dr., Rochester, NY.

14616 ({Cypraea; worldwide general, esp. Hawaiian).
Bateman, William J., 15 Fairlawn St., LoweO, MA. 01851
[Cypraea, Volutes\.

Bates, Dr. John M., 1900 Dexter Ave., Aim Arbor, MI.
48103.

Bauchman, Frank A., 1601 Big Bethel Rd., Hampton, VA.
23666 (CoOecting).

Bauer, Mr. and Mrs. Hugo C., 2126 45th St., Galveston,
TX. 77550 (all MoUusca).

Baum, Newman N., 83 Weaving Lane, Wantagh L.I.,
NY. 11793.

Baxa, Mrs. Dorothy, Box 177, Genesse Depot, WI. 53127.
Bazata, Kenneth R., Nalco Environmental Sciences, 4010
Northwest 39th St., Lincoln, NE. 68524.

Bearse, David T., Grad. School of Oceanography, Univ.

of R.I., Kingston, RI 02881 (Shellfisheries).

Beetle, Dorothy E., 375 W. Galbraith Rd. #42,

Cincinnati, OH. 45215. (U.S. Land & F.W. Moll:).
Bennett, SaUy, 514 W. Rose Lane, Phoenix, AZ. 85013.
(Panamic Province shells).

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85717.

Bereza, Daniel J., 825 N. 24th St., Philadelphia, PA.

19130 (Unionidae; Pleuroceridae) .

Berman, Lynn, 8 Peter Cooper Rd., New York, NY. 10010
(Marine).

Berke, Ian, 4032 23rd St., San Francisco, CA. 94114.
Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., 8506 Beech Tree Court,
Bethesda, MD. 20034.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands,
CA. 92373.

Bitmchi, Mrs. Ann, The Pink House Motel, Goodland, FL.
33933.

Bickel, David, Dept. Earth Sciences, Minot State College,
Minot, ND. 58701 (Systematics and ecology of fresh-
water mollusks, esp. Pleurocerids).

74

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

75

Bijur, Jerome M., 135 Seventh Ave. N., Naples, FL.
33940 (Buy, exchange Florida and Caribbean marme).

Bing, Ruth Rosser, P.O. Box 2612, MuMenburg Station,
Plainfield, NJ. 07060 (Art-Photography, oil painting).

Bippus, Mr. and Mrs. Alvin C., 2743 Sagamore Rd.,
Toledo, OH. 43606 (Maxine gastropods).

Blankenship, Shaw, Rt. #2, Crab Orchard, KY. 40419
(Freshwater mussels).

Blaser, James, 1846 Laurel Lane, Amherst, OH. 44001
(Florida moUusks; Ohio freshv/ater moHusks).

Bleakney, Dr. J. Sherman, Dept, of Biology, Acadia
Univ., WolMUe, Nova Scotia, Canada BOP 1X0
Nudibranchs and sacoglossans; ecology, zoogeography,
systematics).

Bledsoe, William D., 352 Bon Hill Rd., Los Angeles, CA.
90049.

Body, Ralph L., 2538 10th Ave. W,, Seattle, WA.98119.

Bogan, Arthur E., Research Ass’t., Zooarchaeology, Dept,
of Anthropology, Univ. of Terni., Knoxville, TN. 37916.

Boone, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Q., 3706 Rice Blvd.,
Houston, TX. 77005.

Borror, Kathy Gail, OSU, Museum of Zoology, 1813 N.
High St., Columbus OH. 43210.

Boss, Dr. Kenneth J., Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Bottimer, L. J., Rt. 1, Box 205, Tow, TX. 78672 (recent
and fossil moliusks).

Boyd, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene S., 6806 Gillis Rd., Victor, NY.
14564 (Phylum Mollusca - all aspects).

Branaum, Mrs. Marc, 6827 Basilwood, San Antonio, TX.
78213.

Brandyberry, John J., 6323 Middlebranch Ave., ME,
North Canton, OH. 44721 (Marine mollusca).

Branson, Dr. Branley A., P.O. Box 50, Eastern Kentucky
Univ., Richmond, KY. 40475.

Bratcher, Mrs. Twila, 8121 MulhoDand Terrace, Holly-
wood, CA. 90046.

Brean, Clark, 705 E. Sherman, Lebanon, OR. 97355
(Student, Cypraea).

Bretsky, Sara S., 91 Upper Sheep Pasture Rd., East
Setauket, NY. 11733 (Ecology and evolution of BivaJvia,
Tertiary and Recent).

Bricker, Mrs. Minnie, Miss Donna Bricker, R.D. 6, Box
476, Hanover, PA. 17331 (Conchs and Whelks).

Britton, Joseph C. Dr., Dept, of Biology, Texas Christian
Univ., Ft. Worth, TX. 76129.

Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. John C., 3050 Sunrise Blvd., Ft.
Pierce, FL. 33450.

Brooks, Dr. and Mrs. James C. Jr., P.O. Box 490127,
College Park, GA. 30349 (Cypraea, Murex).

Brown, Dr. and Mrs. Harvey E. Jr., 9455 S.W. 81st Ave.,
Miami, FL. 33156.

Broyles, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph E,, 5701 Fairfield Ave., Ft.
Wayne, IN. 46807.

Brunson, Dr. Royal Brace, Univ. of Montana, Missoula,
MT. 59801.

Bryant, John C., 200 Bryant Rd., Hillsboro, OH. 45133.

Buckley, George D., 164 Renfrew St., Arlington, MA.
02174.

Buehler, William, 113 16th Ave. East, Ashland, WI. 54806
(Freshwater moUusks).

Buerk, Dr. Minerva S., Maybrook Chalet, 331 Penn Rd.,
Wynnewood, PA. 19096 (Anatomy, histology).

Buffet, Miss Sydney, 233 Central #3, San Francisco, CA.
94117.

Bullis, Harvey R. Jr., 121 Island Dr., Key Biscayne FL.
33149.

Burch, John B. Dr., Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48104 (Land and fresh water
moliusks).

Burch, Mrs. John Q., 1300 Mayfield Rd., Apt. 61-L, Seal
Beach, CA. 90740.

Burch, Mrs. Thomas A., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, HI.
96734 (Dredging).

Burger, Sybil B., 3700 Gen. Patch N.E., Albuquerque, NM
87111 (Gulf of Mexico; land snails).

Burgers, Dr. and Mrs. J.M., 4622 Knox Rd., Apt. 7,
College Park, MD. 20740.

Burghardt, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn, 11424 Pioneer Ave., Oak-
dale, CA. 95361.

Burky, Dr. Albert J., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of Dayton,
Dayton, OH. 45409.

Burr, Raymond, 7476 Hillside Ave., Los Angeles, CA.
90046.

Cahill, Michael, 1509 NE 5 Ave., Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
33304.

Campbell, Mrs. Minnie Lee, 3895 DuPont Circle, Jackson-
ville, FL. 32205 (General)

Capo, Thomas R., 3875 Waldo Ave., Apt. 2 D, Bronx, NY.
10463 (Benthic ecology).

Cardeza, R.Adm. and Mrs., Carlos M., P.O. Box 6746,
Houston, TX. 77005; summer add. -1718 Jewel Box Dr.,
Sanibel, FL. 33957 (Florida and Texas shells).

Cardin, MSGT. Charles, Box 3539, APO San Francisco,
CA. 96328.

Carlton, James T., Dept, of Geology, Univ. of California,
Davis, CA. 95616 (Estuarine and brackish water
moliusks).

Carney, Dr. W. Patrick, Box 14, NAMRU-2 Taipei, APO
San Francisco, CA. 96263.

Carr, Mrs. Jack C., 912 Broadway, Normal, IL. 61761
(Exchange worldwide marine).

Castagna, Michael, Va. Institute of Marine &ience,
Wachapreague, VA. 23480 (Pelecypod larval behavior).

Cate, Mr. and Mrs. Crawford N., P.O. Drawer 710,
Rancho Santa Fe, CA. 92067. (Mitra, Cypraea; no
exchanges).

Cetnar, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene J., 4379 Ramsgate Lane,
W. Bloomfield, ML 48013.

Chace, Emery P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., I^mita, CA.
90717.

Chandler, Carl B. and Doris M., P.O. Box 621, Chatham,
MA. 02633 (Cones, Cypraea).

Chadwick, Albert F., 2607 Turner Rd., Wilmington, DE.
19803 (Marine).

Chamberlin, Ursula (Mrs. John), Mountain View Rd.,
Fishkill, NY. 12524 (Compiling collection N. Atl.
marines).

Chanley, Mr. and Mrs. Paul E., P.O. Box 645, New Suffolk
NY. 11956.

Chauvin, Daniel, 3950 Hollister #79, Houston, TX. 77055.

Chichester, Lyle F., 31 Chamberlain St., New Britain, CT.
06052 (Ecology of terrestrial gastropods, biology of land
slugs).

Christensen, Carl C., Dept, of General Biology, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

76

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union^ Inc., 1976

Christie, John D., Ph.D., The Rockefeller Foundation,
1133 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY. 10036.

Chrosciechowski, Przemyslaw K., Aptdo. 125, Maracay
3KO, Venezuela (Planorbidae).

Clark, John W.Jr., Texas Historical Commission, P.O. Box
12276, Capitol Station, Austin, TX. 78711 (Economic
exploitation of mollusks by prehistoric Indians).

Clarke, Dr. Arthur H., Head Invertebrate Division Nation-
£d Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA
OM8.

Clench, Dr. William J., 26 Rowena St., Dorchester, MA.
02124.

Clover, Phillip W., P.O.Box 83, Glen EUen, CA. 95442
(Rare Cypraea, Conus, Voluta, Murex, Marginella—
Buy and exchemge).

Coan, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA.
94306.

Cohen, Anne C. (Mrs. Daniel M.), Dept, of Invertebrate
Zoology (W-118), Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
DC. 20560 (Loliginidae; Litiopa melanostoma) .

Colemem, Dr. Richard W., Dept, of Biology, Upper Iowa
College, Fayette, lA. 52142 (Environment^ inter-
relationships, plants-invertebrates) .

CompiteUo, Mrs. Juliette, 5630 Alta Vista Rd., Bethesda,
MD. 20034.

Conde, Vincent, McGill University (Redpath Museum),
Montreal, Canada.

Cooper, Robert W., 5012 Pfeiffer Rd., Peoria, IL. 61607
(Florida marine; Murex, Pecten, Spondylus, SCUBA).

Corgan, Dr. James X., Dept, of Geography and Geology,
Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, TN. 37040
(Microscopic gastropods).

Countryman, William D., R.D. 1, Northfield, VT. 05663
(MoUusca of Vermont).

Courtney, Charles M., 390 Ortega Leme, Marco Island, FL.
33937 (Aquatic ecologist/malacologist).

Craig, Michael M., Div. of Biol. Sciences, the Univ. of
Mich., Ann Arbor, MI. 48104.

Craig, Katherine B., 24 Savoy St., Colonia, NJ. 07067
(Mollusks of N.E. Coast of U.S.).

Craine, Mrs. Ruth A., Penick Memorial Home “F”, East
Rhode Island Ext., Southern Pines, NC. 28387.

Cramer, Frances L., 766 Obispo Ave., Long Beach, CA.
90804 (Ecology; conservation).

Croft, Mrs. Thomas L., 9393 Ladue Rd., St. Louis, MO.
63124 (Marine; fossils).

Cull, Mrs. Robert R., 7927 Chippewa Rd., BrecksviUe,
OH. 44141.

Cummings, Raymond W., 37 Lynacres Blvd., FayetteviUe,
NY. 13066 (West Indies shells, esp. Windward and
Grenadine Is.).

Cutler, Mr. and Mrs. Henry H., 105 Abbott Rd., Wellesley
HiUs, MA. 02181.

Cvancara, Dr. Alan Milton, Dept. Geology, Univ. of N.
Dakota, Grand Forks, ND. 58201 (Pleistocene and
Holocene continental mollusks, early Tertiary continen-
tal and marine).

Danforth, Louise L., 2529 Terry Lane, Sarasota, FL. 33581.

Daniels, Mrs. Kathleen K., Box 265 A, Rt. 1, ApoUo, PA.
15613 (Haliotis^-MumSt Spondylus, Pectinidae, Conus,
Cypraea, in order listed).

Daniels, Ronnie H., 101 Brock Ave., BlythevUle, AR.
72315 (Marine: Volutes, Murex, Cowries).

Darwin, Sue, Suite D-a-A, R.D. 3, Box 250, Hockessin,
DE. 19707.

Davenport, Mrs. Lillian B., 802 Cape Ave., Cape May
Point, NJ. 08212 (Anything pertaining to the sea).

Davis, Dr. Derek S., Nova Scotia Museum, 1747 Summer
St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6 (Gastropod
biology and taxonomy).

Davis, Dr. George M. and Davis, Dr. Elaine Hoagland,
Dept, of MoUusks, Academy of Natural Science, 19th
and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103, and (Mrs.)
Ass’t. Prof, of Biology, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA.
18015.

6avis, Dr. John D., 26 Norfolk Ave., Northampton, MA.
01060 (Ecology of meuine bivalves).

Deatrick, Paul A., 218 S.W. 32 Ave., Miami, FL. 33135
(Strombus, Busycon).

de Graaff, Gerrit, 10915 S.W. 55 St., Miami, FL. 33165.

DeLuca, Mrs. John A., and Ms. Gladys DeLuca, 61
Deborah Rd., Hanover, MA. 02339.

Dennis, Ms. SaUy, TVA, Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife
Develop., Norris, TN. 37828 (Freshwater mussels).

DeOliveira, Dr. Maury Pinto, Dept. Biologia-Malacologia,
Universidado Federal DeJuiz DeFora, Cidade Univer-
sitariae, 36100 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Demond, Miss Joan, 4140 Grandview Blvd. #1, Los
Angeles, CA. 90066.

Dexter, Miss Norma, 135 E. Main St. #3, Clinton, CT.
06413 (Cypraea).

Dexter, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph W., Dept. Biological Science,
Kent State Univ., Kent, OH. 44242.

Dietrich, Mr. and Mrs. Louis E., 308 Veri Dr., Pittsburgh,
PA. 15220.

Dillon, Robert T., Jr., 1140 Club Rd., Waynesboro, VA.
22980.

Dixon, Mrs. Ruth S., 711 Parker St., Durham, NC. 27701
(Marine).

Dobos, John D., 1300 Porter, Apt. 45, Dearborn, Ml.
48124.

Dolin, Eric, 107 Briar Brae Rd., Stamford, CN. 06903
(Conus, Cypraeidae, Strombus, Voluta).

Draper, Bertram, C., 8511 Bleriot, Los Angeles, CA. 90045
(Eastern Pacific minute moUusks and all Western U.S.
marine) .

Druger, Dr. George, Memorial Hospital Medical Bldg.,
500 Memorial Ave., Cumberland, MD. 21502 (SCUBA).

DuBar, Dr. and Mrs. Jules R., Lakeview Hgts., Morehead,
KY. 40351 (Cenozoic and recent moUusks-ecology and
paleoecology) .

Dundee, Dr. Dolores S., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of New
Orleans-Lakefront, New Orleans, La. 70122 (Land
mollusks, freshwater mussels).

Dvorak, Stanley J., 3856 W. 26th St., Chicago, IL. 60623
(Muricidae).

Dyer, Mr. and Mrs. John S. Jr., Box 238, Brookside, NJ.
07926 (Gastropods).

Eakle, Christine E., Rackey, William A., 2308 Breton Dr.,
District Heights, MD. 20028 (Worldwide collecting).

Eddison, Grace G., M.D., “Wildwood,” Rt. 4, Carlisle,
KY. 40311.

Edwards, Lt. Col. Corinne E., USAF (Ret.), P.O.Box 691,
Coconut Grove, FL. 33133 (Chitons; self-collected).

Edwards, D. Craig, Dept, of Zoology, Morrill Science
Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. 01002

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

77

(Population ecology and behavior of marine benthic
molluscs).

Emerson, Dr. William K., American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY.
10024.

English, Rita C. and English, James F., 10300 Terrace
Court, Parma, OH. 44130 (Fossils; Florida and
Caribbean; ecology of mangrove areas).

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn, MA. 01501.
Eubanks, Dr. Elizabeth R., 2162 E. Minton Dr., Tempe,
AZ. 85282 (Florida marine).

Evans, Miss Susan E., 244 Congress Ave., Lansdowne,
PA. 19050 (Conus, Cypraea, Murex).

Eversole, Dr. Arnold G., Dept, of Entomology and
Economic Zoology, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC. 29631
(Interpopulation variation and bioenergetics of moUus-
can populations).

Fackert, Miss Dorothy M., 2 Wilson Rd., Apt. 16B,
Sussex, NJ. 07461.

Fair, Ruth H., Apt. 107, 14800 Memorial Dr., Houston,
TX. 77079.

Fairbams, Matt, 364, Woodland St., Mountain HaU, S.
Res., Univ. of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (MoUusks in
sphagnum bogs).

Farber, Mrs. Jeanie, 4169 Carmain Dr. N.E., Atlanta, GA.
30342 (aU sheUs).

Farrell, Dr. Lyle H., Box 57, Andover, NH. 03216.
Fechtner, Frederick R., 2611 W. Fitch Ave., Chicago, EL.
60645.

Feinberg, Harold S., Dept, of Fossil and Living Inverte-
brates, American Museum of Nat. Hist., Central Park
West at 79th St., N.Y., NY. 10024 (Land and fresh-
water mollusks).

Fenzan, Wilham J., 385 Dohner Dr., Wadsworth, OH.
44281 (Worldwide marine).

Ferguson, Dr. and Mrs. John H., 226 Glandon Dr., Chapel
Hill, NC. 27514.

Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J., 2060 Clarmar Way, San Jose,

CA. 95128 (Ecology, behavior, physiology, systematics
of American MoUusca).

Fieberg, Mrs. Kleinie, 1430 Lake Ave., Wilmette, IL.
60091.

Fingold, Mr. and Mrs. A.S., University Square #1, 4625
Fifth Ave., Apt. 105, Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

Finlay, C. John, 116 Tanglewood Lane, Newark, DE. 19711
(Marine mollusks Western Atlantic and Caribbean).
Flansburg, Dr. Ronald R., 2910 Pomona Court, Brookfield
WI. 53005.

Foehrenbach, Jack, 91 Elm St., Islip Manor, NY. 11751
(Marine ecology).

Fontanier, Charles E., 127 Hallmark House, 316 Fry St.,
Denton, TX. 76201 (Cypraeidae, Unionidae; Scuba).
Foote, Miss Mary K., Apt. 418, 7201 Spencer Hwy.,
Pasadena, TX. 77505.

Forrest, Frank, 2717 Vinewood Dr., Speedway, IN. 46224.
Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Edward W., 30 Bamboo Dr., Naples
FL. 33940.

Foster, Mrs. Freh H., 401 N. Justus St., Oxford, IN.
47971.

Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Lake, 4508 Woodrow, Galveston,
TX. 77550.

Fox, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold, 112 Rennard Place,
Philadelphia, PA. 19116 (Pecten, Spondylus, Murex).

Franz, Dr. David R., Biology Dept., Brooklyn College,
Brooklyn, NY. 11210 (Ecology and physiology, marine
mollusks, esp. Nudibranchs).

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ., Bloom-
ington, EL. 61701.

Fraser, Stanley, Box 966, Smiths Falls, Ont., Canada K7A
5A5.

Frye, Mark W., 3521 Liv-Moor Dr., Columbus, OH. 43227
(Naiads, Micropalentology with specialty in Ordovician
micro-moUusks).

Fuller, Samuel L.H. and Mrs. Mary L.B. Fuller, Academy
of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia
PA. 19103 (World Naiads, Unionacea and Mutelacea).

FuUington, Richard W. and Kate E., 215 Bonnie Brae,
Denton, TX. 76201.

Gale, Dr. William F., Ichthyological Assoc. Inc., R.D. #1,
Berwick, PA. 18603 (Sphaeriids).

Galindo, Lie. Ernesto Santos, Lopez #1, 6o, Piso, Mexico,
D.F.I., Mexico.

Geller, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard, 336 DeMott Ave., Rock-
ville Centre, NY. 11570.

Germer, Mr. and Mrs. John R., 653 Briarcliff Ave., May-
wood, NJ. 07607 (Mr., Photography of shells; Mrs.,
Pectens and Murex, shells of E. and W. Atl.).

Gilbert, Mrs. Laura, 808 Westwood Dr., AbUene, TX.
79603.

Gilbert, Dr. William H., and Dr. Mary Ann Gilbert,
Environmental Studies, Ottawa Univ., Ottawa, KANS.
66067.

Gihnour, Dr. Thomas H.J., Dept. Biology, Univ. of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N OWO
(Anisomyarian bivalves).

Girardi, Dr. Elizabeth-Louise, 707 Kent Rd., Kenilworth
IL. 60043.

Glazebrook, Sandra R., P.O. Box 651, Marathon, FL.
33050.

Ghck, Dr. Robert N. 13500 E. 12 MUe Rd., Warren, MI.
48093 (Cowries, cones, olives).

Goethel, Lt. Col. (Ret.) and Mrs. Louis N., 9402 Nona Kay
Dr., San Antonio, TX. 78217 (Cypraea-huy and trade).

Goodfriend, Glenn A., Comm, on Evol. Biology, U. of
Chicago, EL. 60637 (Molluscan ecology).

Graf, Robert A., 3217 Maxim Dr., Fort Wayne, IN.
46805.

Goldberg, Michael, 6927 Williams Dr., Tampa, FL. 33614.

Gordon, Mackenzie Jr., Paleontology and Stratigraphy
Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, Smithsonian, Washing-
ton, D.C. 20560.

Greenberg, Bayle, c/o Tidepool Gallery, 3907 W. 50th St.,
Edina, MN. 55424.

Greenberg, Mrs. Janis, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy., Malibu,
CA. 90265 (Tidepool Gallery).

Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy., Malibu,
CA. 90265 (Tidepool Gallery).

Gregg, Dr. Wendell O., 2546 HiU St., Himtington Park
CA. 90255. \

Groeneveld, Miss Mae, 1183 Terrace St., Muskegon, MI.
49442 (Cypraea, Conus).

Guckert, Richard H., P.O. Box 185, ThomasviUe, GA.
31792 (Systematics of freshwater mussels; ecology;
physiology of Nassariidae).

Gudnason, Mrs. Harold, 105 Danefield Place, Moraga,
CA. 94556.

78

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Gugler, Dr. Carl W., 1825 North 67th St., Lincoln, NE.

68505 (Terrestrial pulmonates).

Gunter, Dr. Gordon, Gulf Coast Research Lab., Ocean
Springs, MS. 39564 (Ostreidae).

Gussman, David S., Pennsylvania State Univ., Dept, of
Biology, 208 Life Science I, University Park, PA. 16802
(Aquatic ecology, feeding dynamics of aquatic orga-
nisms).

Gustave, Al, 3829 North Third St., Phoenix, AZ. 85012
(Murex, Astraea, Latiaxis).

Haas, Dr. John W., 1653 Medical Arts Bldg., Minneapolis,
MN. 55402 (Volutes, Pectens, Spondylus).

Hadley, Mrs. Esther, 48 Adella Ave., West Newton, MA.
02165.

Hagge, Mrs. Daniel, 20 North Hill Rd., Wausaw, WI.
54401.

Haigh, Ernest S., 5381 LaVeme Circle, Westminster, CA.
92683.

HaU, Eleanor R., 1230 N.E. 88th St., Seattle, WA. 98115
(Marine gastropods, esp. worldwide Cypraea).

Hall, Mrs. Warner L., 727 Queen’s Rd., Charlotte, NC.
28207.

Hamilton, Mrs. William J. Jr., 615 Highland Rd., Ithaca,
NY. 14850.

Hammer, Richard M., 3237 South 9th St., Arlington, VA.

22204 (Marine mollusks— worldwide).

Hand, Dr. Cadet H., Bodega Marine Lab., P.O. Box 247
Bodega Bay, CA. 94923.

Hange, Mrs. Maye E., 923 Arbor St., Costa Mesa, CA.
92627.

Harasewych, Jerry, Academy of Nat. Sciences, Dept, of
Mollusks, 19th and the Peu-kway, Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Hargreave, Dr. David, Ass’t. Prof. Nat. Scs., College of
Gen. Studies, Western Mich. Univ., 1104 Berkshire Dr.,
Kalamazoo, MI. 49007 (CoDecting and photography).
Harmeui, Dr. Willard N., Biology Dept., Suny College at
Oneonta, Oneonta, NY. 13820 (Fresh water mollusca).
Harris, Don V. Jr., 4525 Glebe Rd. N., Arlington, VA.
22207.

Harris, Mr. & Mrs. E. Milton, 3237 Carlisle Rd.,
Birmingham, AL. 35313.

Harris, Ira Alexander, 9365 S.W. 77th Ave., #2006,
Miami, FL. 33156.

Harris, Major Marion J. and Mrs. Bessie B. Harris, Rt. 6,
Box 347 T, JacksonviUe, FL. 32223.

Harrison, Mrs. Francis F., One Beaver St., Cooperstown,
NY. 13326.

Harry, Dr. Heurold W., 4612 Evergreen St., Bellaire, TX.
77401.

Hartman, Joseph H., Dept. Geology/Geophysics, Univ.
of Minn., 108 Pillsbury HaU, Minneapolis, MN. 55455
(Cretaceous-Eocene F.W. moU. of W. US; viviparidae).
Haven, Dr. Dexter S., 336 Lafayette Rd., Yorktown, VA.
23690 (Mercenaria mercenaria, Mya arenaria, Crasso-
trea virginica).

Havens, Miss Susan E., 21 Vamum Ave., Pawtucket,
RI. 02860 (Student).

Havlik, Mrs. Marian E., 1603 Mississippi St., LaCrosse,
WI. 54601 (Naiads of Miss. River).

Hecht, Mrs. Paul L., 3636 Mineola Dr., Sarasota, FL.
33579.

Heck, Lt. Col. Ralph L., P.O. Box 16712, Temple Terrace,
FL. 33617 (Gastropods, esp. Conus, Cyprae).

Hedges, Arlene J., 404 North East St., Crown Point,
IN. 46307.

Hendrickson, F. Scott DDS, 2967 Madison Ave., Granite
City, IL. 62040.

Herman, Dr. Richard D., 919 Hamilton Place, Wyomissing
PA. 19601 (CoUecting Murex, Cypraea; biology).

Herr, Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Sr., 7901 Dewitt Dr., RFD #3,
BaldwinsviUe, NY. 13027.

Hettick, Mrs. G. Riley, 933 Lynnwood Dr., BartlesvUle,
OK. 74003.

Hickey, Ms. Mary T., 4415 Independence St., RockviUe,
MD. 20853 (ScaUops).

Hickman, Carole S., Biology Dept., Swarthmore CoUege,
Swarthmore, PA. 19081 (tertiary moUuscan paleon-
tology).

HickmEui, Mrs. Harriette L., 20 Wilkie Blvd., Mamora, NJ.

08223 (Worldwide Epitonium).

Hicks, Mrs. Edwin S., 1522 Pahnwood Dr., Eau Gallie, FL.
32935 (Recent and fossil marine sheUs of Western
Atlantic) .

Higbee, Mrs. Florence and Dr. Joan Higbee, 13 North
Bedford St., Arlington, VA. 22201.

HiU, Frederick C., Dept, of Biology, Bloomsburg State
CoUege, Bloomsburg, PA. 17815.

HiUman, Dr. Robert E., BatteUe-Clapp Laboratories,
Duxbury, MA. 02332 (MoUuscan ecology and physio-
logy).

Hobbs, Sue, P.O. Box 153, Cape May, NJ. 08204.
Hohman, Betty Jean, 10 Ferris, Apt. 101, Highland Park,
MI. 48203 (cones. Volutes, Murices).

Holiman, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne, Box 246, Edinburg, TX.
78539.

HoUe, Dr. Paul A., 131 Holman St., Shrewsbury, MA.
01545 (Salt marsh snaUs).

HoUister, S.C., 5 Parkway Place, Ithaca, NY. 14850.
Homan, Mrs. Jacqueline A., 2208 48th St., Lubbock, TX.
79412.

Hopkins, Dr. and Mrs. SeweU H., 709 Garden Acres Blvd.
Bryan, TX. 77801.

Homstein, Leon, 2211 Arden Rd., Baltimore, MD. 21209.
Houbrick, Dr. Richard S., 614 A St. S.E., Washington, DC.
20003.

Houtzel, David B., RR2, Pontiac, IL. 61764 (Desires
correspondence and exchange).

Hoyer, Kerry Bryce, 1210 S. Downing, Seaside, OR. 97138
(OUves, Cones, Cowries, Murex).

Hubbard, Mrs. Marian S., 3957 Marlow Court, Seaford,
NY. 11783 (Littorinidae; aU Juvenile moUusks).
Hubricht, Leslie, 4026 35th St., Meridian, MS. 39301
(U.S. land and freshwater).

Hulswit, Mr. & Mrs. Mart, 680 West End Ave., New York
NY. 10025 (SCUBA).

Hunkins, Mrs. Ruth E., 133 Brook to Bay, Englewood, FL.

33533 (Miniature sheUs; exchange).

Hunter, Dr. R.D., 1630 W. BueU Rd., Lake Orion, MI.

48035 (Physiological ecology of freshwater pulmonates).
Hyett, Dr. and Mrs. Marvin R., 403 SUverhiU Rd., Cherry
HUl, NJ. 08002.

Imlay, Dr. Marc J. and AUce, Fish WUdUfe Service, Dept,
ofint., Office of Endangered Species, 1612 K. St. N.W.,
Washington, DC. 20240.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

79

Ing, Mrs. May C. and Michael B. Ing, Bella Vista Hospital
Box 1750, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708 (SmaU and
minute sheUs of W.I.).

Ishikawa, Samuel, 551 Fifth Ave., New York, NY. 10017.

Isom, Billy G., Rt. 2, Box 112, Amy Drive, Killen, AL.
35645.

Jackson, Ralph W., Rt. #1, Box 229, Cambridge, MD.
21613 (Exchange land shells).

Jacobson, Morris K., 455 Beach 139 St., Rockaway Beach,
NY. 11694.

Jacobson, Mrs. Ursula, 5618 E. Montecito, Phoenix, AZ.
85018 (Indo-Pacific, esp. cones and cowries; West
Coast-Panamic).

James, Brian, 24 The Links Rd., Apt. 210, Willowdale,
Ont., Canada.

Janowsky, Robert and Dorothy, 946 Ralph Ave., Brooklyn,
NY. 11236 (Cypraea, Murex, Volutes).

Jenkinson, Mr. and Mrs. John J., 189 W. Lakeview Ave.,
Columbus, OH. 43202.

Jennewein, Mr. and Mrs. Paul R., Box 394, Wrightsville
Beach, NC. 28480 (Raising moUusks in aquaria; writing
and illustrating articles on shell collecting).

Jensen, Russell H., Box 3937, Delaware Museum of
Natural History, Greenville, DE. 19807 (MoUusks of
Bermuda).

Johns, Veronica Parker, c/o SeasheUs Unlimited, Inc.,
590 Third Ave., New York, NY. 10016.

Johnson, Mrs. Barbara N., 510 Groveland, Minneapolis,
MN. 56403.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A. (Ret.) 3915 S.W. 109th St.,
Seattle, WA. 98146.

Johnson, Mrs. Kenneth!., 3206 Sussex Rd., Raleigh, NC.
27607 (World marine).

Johnson, Richard I., 124 Chestnut HiU Rd., Chestnut HiU,
MA. 02167.

Johnstone, Mrs. Adelaide B., 226 Wasp, Corpus Christi,

TX. 78412.

Johnstone, Mrs. Kathleen Yerger, 2209 River Forest Rd.,
Mobile, AL. 36605.

Jokinen, Eileen (Romach), Biology Dept., Suffolk Univ.,
Boston, MA. 02114 (Freshwater gastropods).

Jones, Archie L., 4370 S.W. 14 St., Miami, FL. 33134
iLiguus).

Jones, Meredith L., Division of Invert. Zoology, USNM,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 20560.

Jones, Richard H., 1432 Dorsh Rd., South Euclid, OH.
44121.

Josey, Mrs. John S., 222 Devonwood Dr., St. Simons Is.,
GA. 31522.

Katsaras, Nick, 479B S. Washington Ave., Bergenfield,
NH. 07621.

Kay, Dr. E. Alison, General Science Dept., Univ. of
Hawaii, 2450 Campus Rd., Honolulu, HI. 96822 (Indo-
Pacific marine; systematics and ecology).

Keegan, Mrs. Barbara, Apt. 1457, Santo Domingo, Do-
minican Republic, (Catholic Relief Services).

Keeler, James H., 30 Park Lane, Chagrin FaUs, OH. 44022
(Marine, esp. micro Gastropods— Epitoniidae and
Terebridae) .

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology, Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, CA. 94305.

Keferl, Dr. Eugene P., Div. of Natural Science, Brunswick
Junior CoUege, Altama at Fourth, Brunswick, GA. 31520
(Terrestrial gastropods).

KeUogg, Michael G., Dept. Invert. Zoology, California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA. 94118.
Kemper, Mrs. Hessie, 11854 Josse Dr., St. Louis, MO.
63128.

King, Gary emd Debbra, 3903 Barrington, Apt. #203, San

Antonio, TX. 78217.

King, Lucia E., Heron Club, 434 Broad Ave. South, Naples
FL. 33940.

Kline, Mrs. Mary, 240 Makee Rd., Apt. 10-A, Honolulu,
HI. 96815.

Klinkey, Mrs. Martha, 1319 Prairie St., #2A, St. Charles,
IL. 60174 {Cypraea, Murex, Strombus).

Kohn, Dr. Alan J., Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, WA. 98195.

Kokai, Frank L., 3472 Green Meadows St., Columbus, OH.
43207.

Kondo, Dr. Yoshio, 809 A Isenberg St., Honolulu, HI.
96814.

Kotrla, M. Bowie, Dept, of Biology, Trinity Univ., 715

Stadium Dr., San Antonio, TX. 78284 (Parasites of
snails).

Kovach, Jack, Dept, of Geology, Muskingum College, New
Concord, OH. 43762 (Ecology, shell composition,
paleontology of non-marine).

Kraemer, Dr. Louise Russert, Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 72701 (Freshwater lameUi-
branchs).

Kraeuter, Dr. John N., Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Wachapreague, VA. 23480 (Ecology, distri-
bution and systematics of Scaphopoda; benthic
infaunal of U.S. East Coast).

Krauss, N.L.H., 2437 Parker Place, Honolulu, HI. 96822
(Carnivorous land snails; biology).

Krieger, Kenneth A., P.O. Box 22721 Emory Univ.,
Atlanta, GA. 30322 (Ecology and systematics of
Hydobiidae and Pleuroceridae).

Kubat, Melanie, 331 Woodland Dr., S. Hempstead, NY.

11550 (Designing with shells).

Kuczynski, Mrs. Florence, 7400 N. 46th Ave., Box 406, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33709 (CoOect, exchange, photograph
shells).

Kurz, Richard M., 1575 N. 118 St., Wauwatosa, WI. 53226
(Specimen sheOs).

Kuzirian, Alan M., Univ. of New Hampshire, Dept, of
Zoology, Durham, NH. 03824 (Nudibranch biology).
Laavy, T.L., Rt. 5, Maruca Dr., Greenville, SC. 29609.
LaCroese, Richard L., 379 Gardner Dr., Fort Walton
Besieh, FL. 32548 (Worldwide coUecting).

Lalli, Dr. Carol M., Marine Sciences Centre, Box 6070,
Station A, McGill Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada H3C
3Gl (Pteropods).

Lamb, Cathy, 312 N. Thomas St. #3, Arlington, VA. 22203
Lamberts, Dr. Austin, 1520 Leffingwell, N.E., Grand
Rapids, ML 49505 (Coral reefs and associated
moUusks).

Landye, James Jerry, 100-465, Lower Colorado River
Basin, Research Lab., Arizona State Univ., Tempe,
AZ. 85281.

Lane, Lewis B., 204 Ransom St., Fuquay-Varina, NC.
27526 (Land and marine).

Lane, Dr. Roger L., Ashtabula Campus, Kent State Univ.,
Ashtabula, OH. 44004 (Morphology, Histology).

Lange, W. Heuiy, Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of California
Davis, CA. 95616.

80

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

LaEodque, Dr. Aurele, 102 W. Beaumont Rd., Columbus,
OH. 43214.

Laursen, Dr. Dan, 4901 East Eastland, Tucson, AZ. 85711
lArtic, Subarctic moUusks; Free living larvae of
Caribbean and Gulf areas).

Lee, Dr. Harry G., 709 Lomax St, Jacksonville, FL. 32204.

Lemire, Ross, 184 Grandview Ave., ThomHU, Ont.
Canada L3T IJl.

Lencher, Mrs. Jennie R., 144 N. Dithridge St., Apt. 408,
Pittsburgh, PA. 15213.

Lenhard, Louis, P.O. Box 58, Martinsville, VA. 24112
(Terrestrial moUusks).

Leonard, Dr. A. Byron, 562 Snow Hall, Univ. of Kansas,
Lav/rence, KS. 66045.

Leonard, Fred L., 800 N. 41st Ave., Hollywood, FL. 33021.

Lemer, Martin, 64 Thompson Ave., Oceanside, NY. 11572
(Worldwide marine).

Leslie, John, B-122 Birge Hall, Univ. of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI. 53706 {Haliotis).

Lewis, Harold, 138 S. Twentieth St., Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Lewis, Mrs. J. Kenneth, 9207-48th Ave., College Park,
MD. 20740.

Lewis, Dr. and Mrs. John R., 23 W. 551 Warrenville
Rd, Lisle, IL. 60532.

Lindberg, David R., 53 Cleopatra Dr., Pleasant Hill, CA.
94523.

Linsley, Robert M. Dr., Dept, of Geology, Colgate Univ.,
Hamilton, NY. 13346.

Lipe, Robert and Mrs. Bette Lipe, 8929-9 1st Terrace,
Seminole, FL. 33542 (Florida shells; MargineUidae
worldwide; photography).

Loizeaux, Mrs. A.D., 5369 Susquehanna Dr., Virginia
Beach, VA. 23462.

Long, Dr. Glenn A., 608 Stevenson Lane, Towson, MD.
21204 (Ethnwonchology).

Long, Mary E., 36 W. Lytton St., Sonora, CA. 95370
(Marine shells).

Long, Steven J., P.O. Box 243, Santa Maria, CA. 93454
(Opisthobranchs, Nudibranchs, Cephalaspideans,
Notaspideans, Lamellarians).

Lowry, Walter G. and Nelle H., 552 Old Lundy Rd., Macon
GA. 31204 (Collect N.C. marine, exchange).

Lubinsky, Dr. Irene, 32 Thatcher Drive, Winnipeg, Man.,
Canada, R3T 2L2, (Marine bivalves of the Canadian
Arctic).

Lyons, William G., Florida Dept, of Natural Resources,
Marine Lab, 100 Eighth Ave. S.E., St. Petersburg, FL.
33701 (Florida and West Indian moUusks).

MacBride, Grace, R.D. 1, Hartman Rd., North Wales, PA.
19454.

Mackie, Dr. Gerry L., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Guelph,
Guelph, Ont., Canada NIG 2W1 (Spaeriids).

MacMillan, Gordon K., 169 Glenfield Dr., Pittsburgh, PA.
15235.

Macquin, Mrs. Hazelle B., 437 Douglas St., Salt Lake City
UT. 84102 (Fossil moUusks of U.S.)

Madvin, Mrs. Beverly, 24208 Hatteras, Woodland HUls,
CA. 91364.

Maes, Dr. Virginia Orr, Dept, of MoUusks, Academy of
Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia,
PA. 19103.

Malek, Dr. Emile, Tulane Univ. Medical School, 1430
Tulane Ave., New Orleans, La. 70112 (Parasitology).

Malick, Donald, 5514 Plymouth Rd., Baltimore, MD.
21214 (Buy, seU, exchange fossils).

Malone, Mrs. Elsie, 1017 Periwinkle Way, Box 54, Sanibel
Island, FL. 33957 (Buy, sell, exchange world sheUs).

Marsh, Mrs. Therese C., P.O. Box 22291, Ft. Lauderdale,
FL. 33315 (S.E. Fla. marines; worldwide bivalves).

Marshall, Donald S., Far Lands House, 3414 Halcyon Dr.,
Alexandria, VA. 22305.

Marshall, Mrs. Thomas H., 2237 N.E. 175th St., Seattle,
WA. 98155 (World shells; exchange).

Marti, Mrs. Ann, P.O. Box 7, Trinity, AL. 35673.

Mastenbroek, Paul W., P.O. Box 67, Woodbridge, Ontario
L4L 1A9, Canada (Ecology of moUusks in boreal and
artic parts of Atlantic).

Mathiak, Mr. and Mrs. Harold A., 209 S. Finch St.,
Horicon, WI. 53032 (History of Wisconsin mussels;
species distribution).

Mattera, Albert and Mrs. Emily, 4501 Traymore St.,
Bethesda, MD. 20014 {Murex).

Mauseth, E.L., Alden, MN. 56009.

Mazurkiewicz, Michael, Associate Prof, of Biology,
Depart. Biological Sciences, Univ. of Maine at Portland-
Gorham, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME. 04103
(Larval development and ecology of estuarine moUusks).

McCaleb, John E., Highland Garden Apts., Bldg. E, Apt.
B"5, 850 Schuyl Kill Rd., Pottstown, PA. 19464 (Fresh-
water moUusks of N.A., esp. Pleuroceridae) .

McCaUum, Mr. and Mrs. John, R.D. 2, Meadowvue Dr.,
Wexford, PA. 15090.

McCarthy, Col. William A., 424 Hunting Lodge Dr.,
Miami Springs, FL. 33166.

McDoweU, Marion M., Pan Am-Ascension, P.O. Box
4608, PAFB, FL. 32925 (Cowries of the world).

McGinn, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M., P.O. Box 89, Cut Off,
LA. 70345.

McGinty, Thomas L., Box 765, Boynton Beach FL.
33435.

McGrath, Robert E. and Mrs. ZeUa Roberta McGrath,
4434 S. 10th, Terre Haute, IN. 47802.

McHugh, Mrs. John, 4654 Quarry Ridge, Rockford, BL.
61103 (Murex).

Mclraii.es, Mrs. Cornelia G., F-6 Raleigh Apts., Raleigh,
NC. 27605 (AU Marine).

McLean, Dr. James H., Los Angeles County Museum, 900
Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90007.

McMillan, William L., P.O. Box 815, Tavernier, FL.
33070 (Cypra^a).

McRae, Mrs. Catherine, 903 King’s Crown Dr., Sanibel,
FL. 33957 (Pectinidae).

Melo, M. en C. Maria Villarroel, Centro de Ciencias del
Mar y limnologia, UNAM, APDO Postal 70-305 y 306,
Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico.

Mead, Dr. Albert R., Dept, of Biological Sciences, Univ. of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 85721.

Menzel, Dr. R.W., Dept, of Oceanography, Florida State
Univ., Tallahassee, FL. 32306 (Oysters; clams).

Merrill, Dr. Arthur S., 13 Sailer’s Way, Rumson, NJ.
07760.

Merritt, Jack H., 2281 Euclid Ave., Ft. Myers, FL. 33901.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

81

Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Dept, of Biology, Univ. of Texas at
El Paso, El Paso, TX. 79968 (Terrestrial Gastropoda of
S.W. U.S.I.

Meyer, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G., P.O Box 61, Captiva,
FL. 33924,

Michaelson, Charlotte and EMot, 77 Union St., Newton
Court, MA. 02159.

Michelson, Dr. Edward H., 15 Edmonds Ed., Apt. 189,
Framingham, MA. 01701 (Medical malacology!.

Micoine, Mrs. Colette, 8995 Coffins Ave., #301, Miami
Beach, FL. 33154 {Cypraea, Conus, Valuta).

Miles, Dr. Charles D., 6325 West 73rd Terrace, Overland
Park, KS. 66204.

Miller, Barry B., Dept, of Geology, Kent State Univ., Kent
OH. 44242 (Non-marine Pleistocene, Malacology).

Miller, Richard L., Dept, of Biology, Temple Univ.,
Philadelphia, PA. 19122.

Miller, Dr. Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Tucson, AZ.
85718.

Moberg, Capt. and Mrs. A.G., Keene Rd., RFD Box 154,
East Freetown, MA. 02717,

Moia, Maxcela, O’Higgms 2057, piso 8 A, Buenos Aires,
Argentina (South American, Argentina general).

Moller, Gertrude H. Mrs., 2248 University Blvd. South,
Jacksonville, FL. 32216.

Moore, Dr. and Mrs. Donald R., Rosensteil School of
Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami,
4600 Eickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL. 33149.

Moosmann, Mrs. Robert A. (Margaret), 1025 Kent Rd.,
Wilmington, DE. 19807.

Morrison, Dr. J.P.E., Div. of Mollusks, U.S. National
Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Morrison, Robert W., 5111-H Ocean Blvd., Sarasota, FL.
33581 {Cypraea, Valuta, Oliva, Murex).

Mousley, Louis B., 35350 Panorama Dr., Yucaipa, CA.
92399.

Moyer, Edward J., 1605 S. Henderson, Fort Worth, TX.
76104 (Indo-Pacific, Gulf of Mex.).

Murray, Mrs. Francis A., 3741 N.E. 24th Ave., lighthouse
Point, FL. 33064.

Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biology Dept., Trinity Univ., San
Antonio, TX. 78284 (Undonidae; distribution and
parasites) .

Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Talbot E. Jr., Grad. Sch. of Ocean-
ography, Univ. of R.I., Narraganaett, EL 02882.

Musick, Mrs. John W. and Richard M. Musick, 1238
E. Bayshore Dr., Virginia Beach, VA. 23451 (Shell
collecting for profit).

Myer, Dr. Donal G., Southern Illinois Univ. at Edwards-
ville, IL. 62025 (Land snails).

Myers, Mr. and Mrs. Brevard S., 2746 Hampton Ave.,
Charlotte, NC. 28207.

Naide, Dr. Meyer, 2034 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA.
19103.

Nelson, Jack and Linda, 116 lawMngs Rd., Gaithersburg,
MD. 20760 (Murex, Mitres, Cyrnatium) .

Nicol, Dr. David, P.O. Box 14376, University Station,
Gainesville, FL. 32604.

Nicolaci, Mr. and Mrs. Domenick, Bella Vista Is., Box 147,
Fairhaven, MA. 02719 (Pecten; exchange).

Nielsen, Richard L., Box 278, Fletcher Academy, Fletcher,
NC. 28732 (Non-marine aquatic mollusks).

Noseworthy, Ronald G., P.O. Box 104, Main St., Grand
Bank, Newfoundland, Canada AOE IWO (North Am.
circmnboreal mollusks; also Clausiliidae and Turridae).

Notter, Miss Helen, 2529 Gilmore St., Jacksonville, FL.
32204.

NoweU-Usticke, Gordon, 1 North St., Christiansted, St.
Croix, Virgin Islands 00820.

Nunnaly, Mrs. Sally md Doug Nuimally, 512 North
Channel Dr., Apt. B, Wrightsville Beach, NC. 28480.

Nybakken, Dr. James, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories,
Box 223, Moss Landing, CA. 95039.

Oatis, Bona D., 312 Holiday Park Dr., Pittsburgh, PA.
15239 (World marinea; exchange).

Ode, Dr. Helmer, 4811 Braebum Dr., Bellaire, TX. 77401
(Gulf of Mexico marines).

Oesch, D. Ronald, 9 Hill Dr., Glendale, MO. 63122
(Missouri mussel zoogeography).

Oetzell, Miss Edith M., 518 S. Ardmore Ave., Villa Park,
IL. 60181 (Conus).

Old, William E. Jr., Dept, of Molusks, American Museum
of Natural History, Central Park W. and 79th St., New
York, NY. 10024.

OMnger, Michele, 2307 Sastre, South El Monte, CA.
91733 (Intertidal Gastropoda of Southern California).

Olsen, Philip L., 10708 Blossom Lane, Silver Spring, MD.
20903 (Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod mollusks).

Oppenheimer, Dr. Ella H., 7703 Crossland Rd. , Baltimore
MD. 21208.

Ostheimer, Alfred J. HI, 5017 Maunalani Circle, Honolulu
HI. 96816.

Orchard, C.D., P.O. Box 115, McQueeney, TX. 78123.

Ostheimer, Mrs. Ruth M., 253 Cumberland, Kendal at
Longwood, Kenriett Sq., PA. 19348.

Oswalt, Mrs. Rosellen, 4771 Riverwood Circle, Sarasota,
FL. 33581.

Pace, Dr. Gary L., Univ. of MicMgan, Biology Dept., Flint
MI. 48503.

Paine, Anna, 6918 Lake Kenilworth Dr., Apt. Ill, New
Orleans, LA. 70126.

Paine, Walter C., Assoc. Curator, Malacology, Montshire
Mus. of &ience, 45 Lyme Rd., Hanover, NH. 03755.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V.W., 206 Oak Hi! Rd., Ithaca,
NY 14850.

Parker, John Dyas, Box 318, Chestnut Ave., West Grove,
PA. 19390 (Tertiary fossils and historical conchology),

Parodiz, Dr. and Mrs. Juan Jose, Sect, of Invertebrates,
Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA.
15213 (Neotropical mollusks and freshwater Gastropoda
of USA).

Pate, John B., P.O. Box 1025, Amada, CO. 80001 (Ama-
teur shell and fossil collector; Panamanian shells).

Parmalee, Dr. Paul W., Prof, of Zooarchaeology, Dept, of
Anthropology, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, TN. 37916
(Freshwater mollusks from archaeological sites).

Papp, Mrs. Zoltan, Schnecksville, PA. 18178.

Paul, A.J., Seward Marine Station, Institute of Marine
Science, Box 617, Seward, AK. 99664 (Biology of
commercially har^/ested Gastropods of Bering Sea, esp.
Neptunea pribiloffensis).

Pearson, Kermit, Gloria, and Eric, Box 1002, APO, San
Francisco, CA. 96555 (Kwajalein Atoll, Kwajalein
Island, Missile Range, interested in exchange).

82

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Penchaszadeh, Dr. Pablo E., Universidad Simon Bolivar,
Institute de Technologia y Ciencias Marinas, Caracas,
Venezuela.

Perry, Pollyann, 639 N. Citrus Ave., Escondido, CA.
92027.

Peterson, Mrs. Kay, 25 Scenic Dr., Warwick, RI. 02886.

(Marine gastropods).

Petit, Mr. £ind Mrs. Richard, P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle
Beach, SC. 29582.

Petrikin, Mrs. Carolyn B., 6301 31st Terrace North, St.
Petersbm-g, FL. 33710.

Peyton, Gary, 810 Rose, Denton, TX. 76201 (Enviromnen-
tal chemist; int. in effect of chemical pollutants on
mollusks).

Phillips, Betty and Ted, 4580 Nueces Dr., Santa Barbara,
CA. 93110.

Pierce, Dr. Harold G., Dept, of Civil Engineering and
Geology, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA.
24450 (Loceil fauna interest).

Piplani, Shirley A., 26 Jameson Place, West Caldwell,

NJ. 07006 (Chitons).

Plockelman, Cynthia H., 311 Franklin Rd., West Palm
Beach, FL. 33405 (Caribbean Muricidae, Naticidae).
Porter, Hugh J., 119 Fairway Rd., Morehead City, NC.

28557 (Systematics, culture of bivalves).

Porter, Mrs. Miriam E., 2013 S. Vernon PL, Melbourne,
FL. 32901.

Post, Mrs. Alfred P. Jr., P.O. Box 65, Darlington,
MD. 21034.

Powers, Joe, Bonded Oil Co., 2525 N. Limestone St.,
Springfield, Ohio 45501 (Marine Shells Worldwide).
Pratt, W.L. and Suzann Denton Pratt, Museum of Natural
History, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland
Pkwy. S., Las Vegas, NV. 89154.

Priest, William G. Jr., 306 East Summit PL, San Antonio,
TX. 78212.

Pulley, Dr. Thomas E., Director, Houston Museum of
Natural Science, P.O. Box 8175, Houston, TX. 77004.
Putnam, Mrs. Judith Dorr, P.O. Box 1178, Ft. Collins, CO.
80521 (Sphaeriidae).

Quammen, Mrs. Delbert J., 402 Homestead Rd.,
Strafford-Wayne, PA. 19087.

Queen, Loma B. (Mrs. C.B.), P.O. Box 326, Maysville,
NC. 28555 (Mollusks of the Southeast Atlantic).
Racela, Dr. Antonio Jr. and Dr. Luz Racela, 126 W. 116th
St., Kansas City, MO. 64114 (Philippine land and
marine shells).

Radwin, Dr. George E., 4341 Rodrigo Dr., San Diego, CA.

92115 (Gastropod taxonomy).

Raeihle, Mr. and Mrs. George, 211 Milligan Rd., West
Babylon, NY. 11704.

Rappleye, Miss Lauralee, 4605 Beechwood Rd., College
Park, MD. 20740 (Busycon).

Raup, Timothy A., 910 Farrell Ave., Kalamazoo, MI.
49007 {Conus).

RavEilli, Rose, 433 Dogwood Ave., West Hempstead, NY.
11552.

Rawls, Dr. Hugh C., Eastern Illinois Univ., Dept, of Zoo-
logy, Charleston, EL. 61920 (Ecology, taxonomy, distri-
bution of land snails).

Raymond, Torrance C., 99 Ridgeview Rd., Poughkeepsie,
NY. 12603.

Reader, Mr. and Mrs. William R., 4772 49th Ave. North,
St. Petersburg, FL. 33714 (Live mollusks).

Reeder, Richard L., Faculty of Nat. Sci., Univ. of Tulsa,
Tulsa, OK. 74104 (Land pulmonates).

Rehder, Dr. and Mrs. Harald A., 5620 Ogden Rd.,
Washington, DC. 20016.

Rhode, Homer J., 977 Botany Lane, Rockledge, FL. 32955
(Marine coUecting).

Rice, Thomas C., Of Sea and Shore Publications, P.O. Box
33, Port Gamble, WA. 98364 (Dealer).

Richards, Charles S., Lab. of Parasitic Diseases, National
Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD. 20014 (Freshwater
mollusks, host-parasite relations, moUusk pathology and
genetics).

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Science,
19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

Rickard, Mrs. George C., 9316 Harvey Rd., Silver Spring,

MD. 20910.

Riggs, Mrs. Harriet H., Rt. 1, Box 255, Swansboro, NC.

28584 (Worldwide Pectens; North Carolina moUusks).
Riggle, Stan, Asst. Prof, of Anthropoloty, Dept. Sociology/
Anthropology, Western 111. Univ., Macomb, IL. 61455.
Riley, Bobby J., 4312 Lahnna Dr., Louisville, KY.

40216 (Terebridae, Olividae and Fasciolariidae) .
Ritchie, Mrs. Robert M., 17 Country Club PL, Blooming-
ton, IL. 61701.

Rivera, Reinaldo Rivera, Calle 21-Z-B 10 RexviUe,
Bayamon, Puerto Rico 00619.

Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. H. Wallace, Hopkinson House,
Apt. 2016, Washington Square South, Philadelphia, PA.
19106 (Marine).

Robertson, Dr. Robert, Dept, of Malacology, Academy of

Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia,
PA. 19103 (Marine).

Root, John, P.O. Box 182, West Palm Beach, FL. 33402.
Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E. and Ingrid, Div. of Mollusks, U.S.
National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560 (Systematics
and ecology of Cephalopoda).

Ropes, John W., P.O. Box 333, Church Neck, St.
Michaels, MD. 21663.

Rosewater, Dr. and Mrs. Joseph, Division of Mollusks,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Ross, Mr. and Mrs. William A., 1101 Hampton Rd., West
Palm Beach, FL. 33405 (Olividae and Pectinidae).
Rotter, Dr. Saul D., 170 North Ocean Blvd., Palm Beach,
FL. 33480 (Cones, Volutes, Cowries, Olives).

Roworth, Edwin C., 1361 Windsor Rd., Cardiff-by-the-
Sea, CA. 92007 (World sheUs and sea Ufe).

Ruehl, Theodore, C., Rt. 202, 112 Haverstraw Rd., Suf-
fem, NY. 10901 {Mur ex. Valuta, Conus).

RusseU, Charles E., 10602 Jordan Rd., Carmel, IN. 46032
(land; freshwater shells).

Russell, Dr. Henry D., 50 Springdale Ave., Dover,

MA. 02030.

RusseU, Dr. Loris S., Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s
Park, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 2C6.
RusseU-Hunter, Dr. W.D., Dept, of Biology, 112 Lyman
Hall, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY. 13210.

Rutter, KurtL., P.O. Box 107, Stanton, NJ. 08885 (SheUs
of the Uttoral mea).

Sage, Walter E. HI, 1123 Hathaway, LouisviUe, KY. 40215.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

83

Sartor, James C., 5606 Duxbury, Houston, TX. 77035
(Microscopic marine mollusks— exchange or purchase).
Saville, Linda D., Ohio State Univ. Water Resources
Center, 1791 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH. 43210.
Scarabino, Sr. Victor, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural,
C.C. 399, Montevideo, Uruguay.

Schell, Frederic B. Jr., 1200 Peppertree Lane, Apt. 102,
Sarasota, FL. 33581 (winter); The Brooklands, Cole-
brook, CT. 06021 (May 15 -Oct. 16).

Schilling, Mr. and Mrs. Albert E., 419 Linden Ave., Glen-
side, PA. 19038 (Mr. -Cypraea; Mrs. -Murex; both.
Conus).

Schilling, Mrs. Frieda, 3707 Lan Dr., St. Louis, MO.
63125.

Schriner, Mr. and Mrs. Howard Jr., Rt. #2, Box 127,
LaBelle, FL. 33935.

Schwartz, Mrs. Sally W., 2761 Leeds Rd., Columbus, OH.
43221.

Schuyler, Clint, 229 East Allen St., Lancaster, OH.

43130 (Collecting and studying shells).

Seip, William F., 1555 Stonewood Rd., Baltimore, MD.
21239.

Sharpe, Stephen George, Amherst, R.R. #2, Nova Scotia,
Canada B4H 3X9 (South African shells; conservation
of Strombus gigas; pen pals).

Shasky, William N., 209 Sycamore Ave., Easton, MD.
21601 (Shellfish culture).

Sheafer, Clinton W. and Mabel H., P.O. Box 576, Delray
Beach, FL. 33444.

Shelley, Dr. Rowland, N.C. State Museum, Box 27647,
Raleigh, NC. 27609 (Freshwater mollusks of North
Carolina).

Shepler, Dr. and Mrs. L. Gordon, 416 72nd St., Brooklyn,
NY. 11209 (St. Croix and Fire Island, NY. shells).
Shimek, Ronald, Dept, of Zoology, NJ 15, Univ. of Wash.,
Seattle, WA. 98195 (Turrid gastropods, gastropod
systematics, subtidal benthic marine ecology).
Shipman, Mrs. Robert G., 11 Bantle Rd., Glastonbury,
CT. 06033 (MoUuscan habitats and life patterns).

Shoemaker, Alan H., 2136 Rolling HiUs Rd., Columbia,
SC. 29210 (littoral and shallow sublittoral mollusks).
Sibley, Frederick D., 225 East 36th St., N.Y., NY. 10016.
Sickel, James B., Biol. Dept., Murray State Univ.,
Murray, KY. 42071 (Unionidae ecology and physiology).
Siekman, Mrs. Lula B., 5031 41st St. South, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33711.

Skinner, Drew V. Jr., P.O. Box 208, Bremerton, WA.
98310.

Skoglund, Carol, 3846 Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ.

85018 (Panamic Province shells).

Smith, All3m G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, CA.
94707.

Smith, Douglas G., Dept, of Zoology, MorriD Science
Center, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, MA. 01002 (Land
and freshwater moUusca of NE North America).
Smith, Mrs. Ernest B., 416 Washington Terrace,
Audubon, NJ. 08106.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Francis, 1023 55th Ave. South, St.
Petersburg, FL. 33705 (Microscopic marine mollusks of
Florida).

Smith, Mrs. Hattie Little, P.O. Box 1053, Foley, AL. 36535
(Gulf of Mexico).

Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron St., Palo Alto, CA.
94301.

Smith, Mrs. Karen C. (KC), 215 S. Indian River Dr.,
Jensen Beach, FL. 33457 (FossU shells).

Smith, Lawrence C., 51 Coppertree Lane, Babylon, NY.
11702.

Smith, R.V. and Mrs. Muriel F.I., National Museum of
Natural Sciences (Malacology), Ottawa, Ont., Canada
KIA 0MB.

Smrcheck, Dr. Jerry C., 3316 King William Dr., Olney,
MD. 20832 (Effects of pollution on freshwater moUusca).
Snyder, Martin Avery, 745 Newtown Rd., Villanova, PA.
19085.

Sohl, Dr. Norman F., 7105 Vermillion PL, Annandale, VA.
22003.

Solem, Dr. Alan, Dept, of Zoology, Field Museum of Nat.

History, Chicago, EL. 60605.

Soper, Arthur W., R.F. #2, N. Meadow Rd., Amherst,
NH. 03031.

Sparks, Mrs. Mary K., Possum Trot Farm, UnionviRe,
IN. 47468 {Cypraea, Murex, Ecology of marine habitats,
exchange).

Spencer, Miss Gladys M., 612 W. Albany, Peoria, IL.
61604.

Sphon, Gale G. Jr, Los Angeles County Museum, Inverte-
brate Zoology, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA.
90007.

Spurr, Charles B., P.O. Box 686, Golden Meadow, LA.
70357.

St. John, Dr. Mary Ellen and Dr. F. Lee St. John, 155 Van
TasseU Ave., Newark, OH. 43055 (Naiads, esp.
Actinonaias ligamentina).

Stainken, Dennis, 61 Coughlan Ave., Staten Island, NY.
10310 (Anatomy and physiology of bivalves; effects of
marine pollutants).

Stansbery, Dr. David H., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State
Univ., 1813 North High St., Columbus, OH. 43210
(Naiads).

Stark, Mrs. Jane Sayler, 1145 South Division, Salisbury,
MD. 21801.

Steger, Mrs. Dan, 2711 68th St., Tampa, FL. 33619
(Marine fauna of Gulf of Mexico).

Stein, Dr. Carol B., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State Univ.
1813 North High St., Columbus, OH. 43210 (Naiads,
Gastropoda).

Stenzel, Dr. H.B., Dept, of Geology, Louisiana State
Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803.

Stem, Dr. Edward M., Dept, of Zoology and Physiology,
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803 (System-
atics and ecology of terrestrial gastropods and
Unionidae).

Sterrett, Sandra S., 1278 Hunter Ave., Columbus, OH.
43201 (Naiades).

Steward, Supt. Orville M., c/o HoUy HiU— Mrs. Vincent
Astor, P.O. Box 336, Briarcliff Manor, NY. 10510.
Stewart, Rev. Marlin B., 54 Elm St., 386 S. Hampton Rd.,
Elmira, NY. 14904.

Stickle, Dr. William B. Jr., Dept, of Zoology, Louisiana
State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. 70803.

Stingley, Dale V., P.O. Box 113, LaBelle, FL. 33935.
Stone, Linda, 507 E. Webster, Cuba City, WI. 53807
(Classification and identification of common shells, int.
in values).

84

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

Strenth, Dr. Ned E., The Marine Biomedical Institute,
200 Univ. Blvd., Galveston, TX. 77550 (General
ecology, systematics, and larval development of opistho-
branch molluscs of genus Aplysm),

Strieder, Dr. Denise J., 143 Laurel Rd., Chestnut Hill,
MA. 02167 (American shells).

Stuardo, Dr. Jose, Centro de Ciencias del Mar, U.N.A.M.,
Apdo Postal 70-305 y 306, Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico
(General).

Sutow, Dr. Wataru, W., 4371 North MacGregor Way,
Houston, TX. 77004 (Strombus; exchange).

Sutton, Barbara J., 169 W. 85th St. #2A “F”, N.Y., NY.
10024.

Swan, Emery F., 3 Faculty Rd., Durham, NH. 03824.

Swartz, Miss S.L., 306 20 Ave. S.W., Calgary 3, Alberta,
Canada.

Sypek, Joseph P., 16 Edrimnd St., Chicopee Falls, MA.
01020 (Grad student) (marine biology), sheUfishery
diseases, sheUfishery ecology Eind mariculture; amateur
conchologist and marine aquarist).

Talbot, Robert 2640 KiUamey Rd., Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada V8P 3G8 (Conidae, Cypraeidae of
Pacific; intertidal life of Pacific Northwest).

Talmadge, Robert R.. 2850 Pine St., Eureka, CA. 95501
(Haliotidae; benthic invertebrates).

Tate, Mrs. MUdred, Brazosport Museum of Natural
Science, Box 355, Lake Jackson, TX. 77566.

Taylor, Dr. Dwight, Pacific Marine Station, DiUon Beach,
CA. 94929.

Taylor, Myra L., 7602 McCullough Ave., San Antonio,
TX. 78216 (SheUs of the Texas coast).

Taxson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert, 25 Knoll’s Crescent, Bronx,
NY. 10463.

Teixeira, Mrs. Frank, P.O. Box 274, Buzzards Bay, MA.
02532 {Pecten; exchange).

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., P.O. Box 273, Big Pine Key,
FL. 33043.

Thomas, Dr. Grace, Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Georgia,
Athens, GA. 30602 (Sphaeriids).

Thomas, Miss Marguerite T., Box 312-A, Rt. 1,
Swansboro, NC. 28584 (World marine; exchange).

Thompson, Dr. FredG., Florida State Museum, Gainsville
FL. 32602 (Land and freshwater moUusks; systematics).

Thorpe, Mrs. Fran Hutchings (Mrs. Foster B.), 3910
Battersea Rd., Coconut Grove, FL. 33133.

Tippett, Dr. and Mrs. Donn L., 10281 Gainsborough Rd.,
Potomac, MD. 20854 (Western Atlantic, living and
fossU— Cones, Murex, scaUops, Fissurellidae).

Tufts, Diane, Rt. 2, Box 2162, Wapato, WA. 98951
(Worldwide).

TunneU, John W. Jr., Texas A. & 1. Univ. at Corpus
Christi, Corpus Christi, TX. 78411 (Systematics, distri-
bution and ecology of reef and bank mollusks of Gulf of
Mexico) .

Turano, Dr. Andrew F., R.F.D. #1, Cemetery Rd.,
Colchester, CT. 06415 (World marine).

Turner, Dr. Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. 02138.

Urbaniak, Mrs. Roman and Miss Susanne Urbaniak, 2668
N. Holton St., Milwaukee, WI. 53212.

Vagvolgyi, Dr. Joseph, Biology Dept., B-204, Staten Island
Community College, 715 Ocean Terrace, Staten Island,
NY. 10301 (Evolutionary theory; zoogeography).

Vail, Dr. Virginia, Tall Timber Research Station, Rt. 1, Box
160, Tallahassee, FL. 32303.

Van Devender, Mrs. Amy Shrader, 3023 Woodland Hills
Drive, Apt. 11, Ann Arbor, MI. 48104 (Land snails).
Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, University Museums, Univ. of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48104.

Vega, Dr. Luis Eduardo, 21 W. Linger Lane, Phoenix, AZ.
85021.

Veverka, John A. and Mrs. Sandra A., 598 Arlington Ave.,
Mansfield, OH. 44903 (Land and freshwater mollusks).
Vidan, Mrs. Mercedes G., 27 Golfview Dr., Newark, DE.
19702 (Marine Gastropods).

Vidrine, Malcolm F., Box 1177 GSRI, New Iberia, LA.
70566.

Vink, Danker L.N., Binnenweg 3, Julianadorp, Curacao,
Netherland Antilles (Caribbean marine shells, exchange
and taxonomy).

Yokes, Dr. Harold and Dr. Emily, Dept, of Geology,
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA. 70118 (Mesozoic and
Tertiary mollusks; fossil and recent Muricidae).
Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Robert J.L., R.D. 1, Box 21,
Marathon, FL. 33050 (Purchase shells).

Walker, R. Lindsay Jr., Apartado 06 Postal 344, San
Salvador, El Salvador, Central America.

Walklet, Gerrie, 234 Howard Drive, Belleair Beach, FL.
33535.

Waller, Dr. Thomas R., 9420 RoseMU Dr., Bethesda,
MD. 20034 (Zoogeography, ecology, evolution of
Cenozoic Pectinidae).

Walter, Dr. Waldemar, Dept, of Biological Sd., Western
Illinois Univ., Macomb, IL. 61455.

Ward, Wilson B., P.O. Box 26341, Houston, TX. 77207
(Cypraea, Conus, representative worldwide).

Warmke, Germaine L., 1711 S.W. 43rd Ave., Gainesville,
FL. 32508 (Shells of Puerto Rico).

Wartenbergh, Mrs. Marolyn, 704 Gavello Ave., Sunny-
vale, CA. 94086.

WasiM, Mrs. John, P.O. Box 187, Frisco, NC. 27936.
Waters, Ruth A., 135 East Main St., Apt. 3, Clinton, CT.

06413 (U.S. marine, principally East Coast).

Wayne, Dr. William J., M.H. 112, Dept, of Geology, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 68508.

Webb, Dr. Glenn R., Rt. 1, Box 148, Fleetwood, PA.
19522.

Webb, Mr. and Mrs. John, 27132 Butternut Ridge Rd.,
North Olmsted, OH. 44070.

Weingartner, Mathilde P., 17 Amelia Court, Staten Island,
NY. 10310.

Weisbord, Norman E. and Nettie S., Dept, of Geology,
Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL. 32306 (Cenozoic
and recent).

Weiser, Mrs. Ernest, 3388 Bayfront Dr., Baldwin, NY.
11510.

Weiss, Fredric, 6 Plymouth Ed., Great Neck, NY. 11023.
Weiss, Harold M., 3607 Sarah Dr., Wantagh, NY. 11793.
(Conidae and Cypraeidae).

Welch, Miss Isabelle E., 6314 Waterway Dr., Falls
Church, VA. 22044 (General).

Wells, Dr. Harry, 620 Presbyterian Ave., Laurmburgh,
NC. 28352.

Welty, Stephen L. and Elaine, Box 639, Dubois, WY.
82513.

Wemer, Milton, 70 Richmond St., Brooklyn, NY. 11208.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

85

WesterfieM, Mrs. A.C., Deanville Apts., 266 3rd Ave.,
Naples, FL. 33940.

Wheel, Mr. and Mrs. Adlai B. Sr., 4501 West Seneca
Turnpike, Syracuse, NY. 13215.

White, Kenneth J., E.Ph., Apt. 14-B-lO, Akers Mill Rd.
NW, Atlanta, GA. 30339 f Caribbean Pro¥.K

Whiteside, Mrs. Sinitii, 206 Marion St., Indian Harbour
Beach, FL. 32937.

Widmer, Ernest C., P.O. Box 814, Orange Park, FL. 32073
(Exchange marine and freshwater Florida moUusks).

Wightman, Dr. Eugene P., 85 Harding Rd., Rochester,
NY. 14612 (World marine^

WMtsett, Mrs. J.M. (Irma), 4214 W. 70th St., Prairie
Vfflage, KS. 66208.

Wille, William L. Jr., 1405 McFaddIn, Beaumont, TX.
77701 (Conus).

Wffliams, Dr. James D., tJ.S. Dept. Int., Fish and Wild-
life Serrise, Office of Endangered Species, Wash., DC.
20240 (Freshwater mussels; zoogeography and system-
atics).

Wilson, Dr. Dniid, Room E506, U.S. National Museum,
Washington, DC. 20660.

Wmdnagel, John, 3581 Snouffer Ed., Worthington, OH.
43085 (Florida shelsL

Winters, H. Richard, 307 Sobin Hood Way, Bolingbrook,
a. 60439.

Wiswall, Harold C., 42 Winding River Rd., Needham,
MA. 02192 (Western Atlantic, Caribbean moUusks).

Withrow, Mr. and Mra. Carl C., 4825 9th St. S., St.
Petersburg, FL. 33705.

Wolfe, Dr. Douglas A., M-A Wild Horse Circle, Pine
Brook Hflls, Boulder, CO. 80302.

Woods, William L., 2721 Murray lidge Id., San Diego,
CA. 92123 (Panamic moliusks; Tumdae, ColumbelH-
dae).

Work, Robert C., 7610 S.W. 63rd Court, South Miami,
FL. 33143.

Wright, Kirk E. and Mrs. Rosemary E., Box 2191, Fitch-
burg, MA. 01420.

Wright, lev. Calvin T., IFD #1, Suncook, NH. 03275
(Marine speciesl.

Wright, Fran (Mrs. l.|, 10360 S.W. 121 St., Miami, FL.
33176.

Wu, Mr. and Mrs. SM-Kuei, c/o Univ, of Colorado
Museum Boulder. CO. 80309 (Functional morphology
of moliusks; Muiidd gastropwis; land and freshwater
moMusks of Rocky Mountoin areal.

Wulff, Mrs. Ella May, l.D. 2, Bella Vista Dr., WillJman-
tic, CT. 06226 (Marine gastropodsl.

Wurtz, Dr. Charles B 3220 Penn St., Philadelphia, PA.
19129 -'Ter^. ..trial

Yergin, Margaret (Maggii, 2706 Cameron Blvd., Me of
Palms, SC- 29451 (Marine moliusks).

Yochelson, Dr. Ellis, U.S. Geological Survey, E. 317, U.B.
National Museum, Washington, DC. 20560.

Yokley, Dr. Paul Jr., Box il63, Univ. North Alabama,
Florence, AL. 35630.

Young, Mrs. Ann Frame, P.O. Box 846, Marathon, FL.
33050 (Seuva, Cassidae).

Young, H.D. and Wilma G. Young, P.O. Box 1931,
Seattle, WA. 98111 (Exchange Pacific Northwest gastro-
pods; also purchase).

Young, Miss M.E., 6314 W'aterway Dr., Falls Church, VA.
22044.

Zager, Mrs. Jane, HoMybrTOk 54-303, 8930 S. HollybrTOk
Blvd., Pembroke Pines, FL. 33025 (American shells).

ZoeUer, Mr. and Mrs. E. Nelson, 360 Phillips Hill Id.,
New City, NY. 10956 (Worldwide; specialirmg la
Polymita and HeMeostyla).

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Alarcon, Benito F., Isla de Pascua, CMe (Easter Island
moliusks).

Altena, Dr. C.O. van legteren, Dulndoomlaan 26,
Bentveld, HoEand.

Ant, Professor Dr. Herbert, Wielandstr. 17, D-47 Hamm,
Germany.

Baba, Dr. KIkutoro, Shigagaoka 35, Mmami-ll-jyo,
Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nnxa-ken, Japan 636 (Opistho-
brancMa— taxonomy, morphology).

Boettger, Dr. Caesar, Zooiogi-sch Inst., Gueldenstr. 408
3300 Braunschweig, West Germany.

Bosch, Dr. Donald, 9088 Mina A1 Fabai, Muscat, Sultanate
of Oman.

Habe, Tadashlge, National &ieiice Museum, Hyakunin
Cho Shintjuku Km, Tokyo 160, Japan.

Kaiser, Klaus J., 6057 Dietzenbach, Dreieichstrase 18,
West Germany.

LaFont, M. Jean, mas des Hoiirtes, 30740 Le Cailar,
France.

Lazere, Miss Shirley, 72 SaMsbury Ave., Slough, Berks.,
SL2 lAQ. England (Cowries).

Martins, A.M. Frias, Semmario-Colegio do Santo Cristo,
Ponte Delgftda, San Miguel, Azores.

Miyauti, Dr. Tetao, Miyademy Fisheries lab, Ikenoura,
fulaim-cho, Wauai-gun, Mie-ken, 519-W Japan.

Otero, D Jose Hem mdes, Capit m Quesada, S/N, Gaidar
(Gran Cananr), Espana

Oyama, Dr. Kat ira, Geol. Sur< ey of Japan, Kawada-cho
8, ShinJuku-kj T .kyo Japan

Paget, Dr. Oliver E., NaturMstorisclies Museum, Burgring
7, A-104, Vienna, Austria.

Pajer, Miss Zdenka, Tomsiceva 8, §4000 KranJ (Slovenija),
Yugoslavia.

Piani, Piero, P.O. Box 2207, Bologna, E.L. Italy 40100.

long, Hwang Shin, P.O. Box 58530 Taipai, Taiwan,
(Cypraeidae, Conidae).

Sclmbner, Alvan and Dolores (Mr. and Mrs.), c/o PMlco
Ford, Jask, Iran (Persian Gulf area of Iran).

Trinidad, Dr. Victor Jose V., #10 Orchid St., Capitol Site,
Cebu City, PMhppmes 6401 (Cowries, cones, olive and
Tibia shells).

Upatham, Dr. Edward Suchart, Biology Dept., Facul^
of &ience, MaMdoi Univ., Bangkok, Thailand.

86

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

AFFILIATED SHELL CLUBS AND
REGIONAL ORGANIZATION

ASTRONAUT TRAIL SHELL CLUB, INC., P.O. Box 515,
Eau Gallie Station, Melbourne, FL. 32935.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, MoUusk Depart-
ment, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
MA. 02138.

BROWARD SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 10374, Ft. Lauder-
dale, FL. 33305.

CHICAGO SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Kleinie Fieberg, 1430
Lake Ave., Wilmette, IL. 60091.

CLEVELAND SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Linda Krehel, 16611
Pealdale, Cleveland, OH. 44135.

COASTAL BEND GEM & MINERAL SOCIETY, P.O. Dr.
1232, Bay City, TX. 77414.

COASTAL BEND SHELL . CLUB, c/o Corpus Christi
Museum, 1919 North Water St., Corpus Christi, TX.
78401.

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION BUFFALO SOCIETY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY. 14211.

CONCHOLOGISTS OF AMERICA, c/o Kathleen K.
Daniels, Box 265-A, Rt. 1, Apollo, PA. 15613.

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Peabody Museum of
Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
06520.

CONNECTICUT VALLEY SHELL CLUB, c/o Earl Reed,
Springfield Museum of Science, 236 State St., Spring-
field, MA. 01101.

CROWN POINT SHELL COLLECTORS’ STUDY GROUP,
INC., P.O. Box 462, Crown Point, IN. 46307.

FORT MYERS SHELL CLUB, 1936 Coronado Rd., Fort
Myers, FL. 33901.

GALVESTON SHELL CLUB, Box 2072, Galveston, TX.
77550.

GREATER ST. LOUIS SHELL CLUB, c/o 4032 Garden
Lane, Granite City, IL. 62040.

GREATER TAMPA SHELL CLUB, 2507 W. Kenmore
Ave., Tampa, FL. 33614.

HAWAHAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O. Box
10391, Honolulu, HI. 96816.

HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC., 3706 Rice
Blvd., Houston, TX. 77005.

INDIANA’S FIRST SHELL CLUB, 404 North East St.,
Crown Point, IN. 46307.

JACKSONVILLE SHELL CLUB, INC., 3895 Dupont Circle,
Jacksonville, FL. 32205.

JERSEY CAPE SHELL CLUB, Box 205, Avalon, NJ.
08202.

LONG ISLAND SHELL CLUB, c/o M. Springer, 6 Bess
Court, Brentwood, NY. 11717.

LOUISVILLE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O. Box
7663, St. Matthews, KY. 40207.

MINNESOTA SOCIETY OF CONCHOLOGISTS, c/o 3829
27th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN. 55406.

NAPLES SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 1991, Naples, FL. 33940.

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB, c/o Rob StockweU,
6009 Grove Drive, Alexandria, VA. 22307.

NEW JERSEY SHELL CLUB, 653 Briarcliff Ave., May-
wood, NJ. 07607.

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, INC., Dept, of Living
Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History,
Central Park W. at 79 St., New York NY. 10024.

NORTH CAROLINA SHELL CLUB, 13 E. Bayshore Blvd.,
Jacksonville, NC.

NORTHERN CAUFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL
CLUB, c/o Mrs. Virgil Herring, 5561 MacDonald Ave.,
El Cerrito, CA. 94530.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, INC., 702 Alder,.
Edmonds, WA. 98020.

PALM BEACH COUNTY SHELL CLUB, P.O. Box 182,
West Palm Beach, FL. 33402.

PHILADELPHIA SHELL CLUB, Dept, of Malacology,
Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway,
Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

PITTSBURG SHELL CLUB, Sect, of Invertebrates,
CeuTiegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA.
15213.

ROCHESTER SHELL AND SHORE CLUB, c/o David F.
Pospula, 217 Dunn St., Rochester, NY. 14621.

ST. PETERSBURG SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Mina Slinn,
7570 46 Ave. N., Box 410, St. Petersburg, FL. 33709.

SAN ANTONIO SHELL CLUB, 9402 Nona Kay Dr., San
Antonio, TX. 78217.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB, San Diego Museum of Natural
History, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA. 92112.

SANIBEL-CAPTIVA SHELL CLUB, 1215 Seagrape Lane,
Sanibel Island, FL. 33957.

SANTA BARBARA MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.,
P.O. Box 30191, Stmta Barbara, CA. 93105.

SARASOTA SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Helene AveUanet,
Treas., 105 CUpperway, Fair Winds Villas, Nokomis,
FL. 33555.

SOUTH FLORIDA SHELL CLUB, c/o Mrs. Betty Culver-
house, 10620 SW 93 St., Miami, FL. 33176.

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CONCHOLOGIST SOCIETY,
INC., P.O. Box 876, Ft. Myers, FL. 33902.

SOUTHWESTERN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIE'TY, 3846 E.
Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ. 85018.

WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS, c/o Gold-
smith, 1622 N. 20th St., Phoenix, AZ. 85006.

WILMINGTON SHELL CLUB, 116 Tanglewood Lane,
Nottingham Manor, Newark, DE. 19711.

YUCAIPA SHELL CLUB, Mousley Museum of Natural
History, Bryant & Panorama Drive, Yucaipa, CA. 92399.

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

87

DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Library, 19th and
the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103.

BUFFALO MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, Research Library,
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY. 14211.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Acqui-
sitions 1-32, Millikan Library, Pasadena, CA. 91125.

CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Wade
Oval, University Circle, Cleveland, OH. 44106.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY UBRARY, Albert R. Mann
Library, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 14850.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Library,
Chicago, IL. 60605.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, Library, Room
350, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA OE8.

ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIV. LIBRARY, Bloomington,
IL. 61701.

KENT LIBRARY, Periodicals Dept., S.E. Missouri State
Univ., Cape Girardeau, MO. 63701.

McGILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, 3459 McTavish St.,
Montreal, PQ. Canada H3A lYl.

McKELDIN LIBRARY, Univ. of Md., CoUege Park, MD.,
Box S16156, 20742.

MARITIMES REGIONAL LIBRARY, Dept, of Environ-
ment, Fisheries Services, P.O. Box 550, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada.

MASS. MARITIME ACADEMY, Library, Buzzards Bay,
MA. 02532.

NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA, Library, Ottawa,
Ont., Canada KIA OM8.

OF SEA AND SHORE MUSEUM OF SHELLS AND
MARINE LIFE, INC., P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble,
WA. 98364.

PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION, 1259
Trumansburg Rd., Ithaca, NY. 14850.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Library Acquisitions,
A350636, Washington, DC. 20560.

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, Morris Library,
Carbondale, EL. 62901.

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE -HOUSTON,
3600 Yoakum Blvd., Houston, TX. 77006.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, Serials Dept.,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA. 94305.

TEXAS A & I UNIVERSITY AT CORPUS CHRISTI,
Library, P.O. Box 6010, Corpus Christi, TX. 78411.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA, NMFS,
Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, Oxford
Laboratory, Oxford, MD. 21654.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA, Fisheries,
Library, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami, FL. 33149.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NOAA, Libraries
Division, Technical Processes Branch-D823, 8060 13th
St., Room 806, Silver Spring, MD. 20910.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES, Geo-
logy, Geophysics Library, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los
Angeles, CA. 90024.

UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA AT SAN DIEGO, SIO
Library- C-075-C, La JoUa, CA. 92093.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Serials Department,
Wilbur Cross Library, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
06268.

UNIVERSITY OF HJJNOIS LIBRARY at URBANA-
CHAMPAIGN, Serials Dept., Urbana, BL. 61801.

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY UBRARY, Agriculture
Library, Agriculture Science Center N., Lexington,
KY. 40506.

UNIVERSITY OF MAINE, Raymond H. Fogler Library,
Darling Center, Orono, Maine 04473.

UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Elizabeth Dafoe Ubrary,
Receiving Section R., Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3T
2N2.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND UBRARY, Natural Resour-
ces Institute, Chesapeake Biologiced Lab., Solomons,
MD. 20688.

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, RSMAS Ubrary, 4600 Ricken-
backer, Miami, FL. 33149.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CAUFORNIA, Hancock
Libreuy of Biology and Oceanography, Allan Hancock
Foundation, University Park, Los Angeles, CA. 90007.

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, Gloucest-
er Point, VA. 23062.

FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS

AUSTRAUAN MUSEUM, Librarian, P.O. Box A-285,
Sydney South, N.S.W., Austreilia 2000.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CromweU
Road, London, SW7 5BD, England.

BRITISH UBRARY LENDING DIVISION, Accessions
Department, Boston Spa, Wetherby, Yorkshire, LS23
7BQ, England.

INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE
BELGIQUE, Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium.

MUSEUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE, U-
brarian, Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertebres Marins
et Malacolgie, 55, Rue De Buffon, 75 Paris (5e' France.

NATAL MUSEUM, Librarian, Loop St., Pietermaritzburg,
South Africa 3200.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA, RusseU Street,
Melbourne, Australia 3000.

NAUTILUS, P.O. Box 3, 58043 CastigUone Della Pescaia,
GR., Italy.

NETHERLANDS MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Ubrar-
ian. Dr. H.E. Coomems, c/o Zoological Mus., Plantage
Middenlaan 53, Amsterdam 1004, The Netherlands.

SCIENCE REFERENCE UBRARY, The British Ubrary,
Bayswater Branch, 10, Porchester Gardens, London,
W2 6HD, England.

SOUTH AUSTRAUAN MUSEUM, Library, North Terrace,
Adelaide, South Australia, Austredia 5000. '1

UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND, Biological Sciences
Library, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.

UNIVERSIDAD DE ORIENTE, Centro de Investigaciones
Cientificas, Boca de Rio-Nva. Espaula, Isla de
Margarita, Venezuela.

88

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Dorothy E. Beetle 49

David Bickel. 52

James E. Blankenship 48

Kenneth J. Boss 47

Albert J. Burky 44,51

Dennis M. Catalano 44

Matoira H. Chanley 44

Arthur H. Clarke 18,49

Susan Blackford Cook..... 34

Ralph W. Dexter... 41

F. Wayne Grimm 53

Daniel J. Hornbach 51

JohnJ. Jenkinson 51

John J. Jenkinson 16

Frank L. Kokai 12

Glenn A. Long .43

G. L. Mackie 5

A. M. Frias Martins 47

PAPERS

Charles S. Richards 55

Henry Van der Schalie 55

Noorullah Babrakzai 57

Walter B. Miller bl

Artie L. Metcalf. 42

Barry B. Miller 23

Donald R. Moore 48

J. P. E. Morrison 10

Katherine V. W. Palmer 26

HughJ. Porter 38

W. Lloyd Pratt, Jr 50

George E. Radwin 51

Dorothy Raeihle.... 45

Robert W. Rusbar ..................43

Douglas G. Smith 42

David H. Stansbery 28

Carol B. Stein 28

Edward M. Stern 42,43

Ned E. Strenth 48

Virginia A. Vail 52

Thomas R. Waller........... .46

Paul Yokely, Jr .20

AT SYMPOSIUM

Sianoosh Samsam 57

Carol B. Stein 62

Marc J. Imlay 62

Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc., 1976

89

NOTICES

NEXT AMU MEETING: Naples, Florida — July 11-15, 1977. See Spring Newsletter for details.

HOW TO STUDY AND COLLECT SHELLS, latest edition of the popular symposium published by the American
Malacological Union, may be purchased for $2.50 each from Paul Jennewein, Corresponding Secretary, Box 394,
Wrightsville Beach, NC. 28480. Regular bookseller’s discounts are available for purchase of copies of 10 to 50 copies.

The INDEX TO THE BULLETINS OF THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION, through 1974, prepared by Mrs.
Margaret Teskey, is available for $6.50 postpaid. U.S. funds should be sent to Myra L. Taylor, Treasurer, 7602
McCullough Ave., San Antonio, TX. 78216.

The tenth annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held June 15 to June 18, 1977, at Kellogg
West, Center For Continuing Education, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California. The program will
include contributed papers, symposia, exhibits, and study workshops on molluscan subjects. Inquiries about the
meeting should be directed to Mrs. Jo Ramsaran, Secretary, 807 North Road, San Bernardino, CA. 92404.

The Sixth European Malacological Congress of the UNITAS MALACOLOGICA EUROPAEA will be held in the week
15-20 August, 1977, in the Free University, Amsterdam. Apart from the usual items on the programme such as a
meeting of the European Invertebrate Survey, field trips, and the General Assembly of the U.M.E., there will be
twelve main lectures by specialists in the various fields.

All malacologists, i.e., everybody working with molluscs, whether in a professional capacity or not, are invited to
attend the Amsterdam congress. For further information write to Sixth European Malacological Congress, c/o
Congresbureau van de Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, Holland.

The fees will be as follows: Hfl. 100. — for full congress members (approximately US$ 40), Hfl. 20. — for associate
members (e.g., accompanying ladies), and Hfl. SO. — for student members.

AMU 76 COLUMBUS
Local Committee

Kathy G. Borror

John M. Condit

Susan B. Cook

Aurele LaRocque

Frank L. Kokai

David H. Stansbery

Mary Lois Stansbery

Caro! B. Stein

F. Lee St. John

Celeste Taft

Margaret Wilhelmy

Carolyn S. Jenkinson, Co-Chairman

John J. Jenkinson, Co-Chairman

Exhibit:

A.M. Frias-Martins:
“Photographs of Mollusks
from the Azores.”

Presiding at the 1976
AMU paper sessions:

Dr. David Bickel
Ms. Susan B. Cook
Dr. Dee S. Dundee
Dr. William K. Emerson
Dr. Dorothea S. Franzen
Mr. John J. Jenkinson
Dr. Arthur S. Merrill
Dr. Donald R. Moore
Dr. Harold D. Murray
Mrs. Dorothy Raeihle

Reviewers for this issue:

Dr. Albert J. Burky, Univ. of Dayton
Dr. Arthur Clark, Nat’l. Mus. of Canada
Dr. Charles J. Cole, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Dr. Ralph Dexter, Kent State Univ.

Dr. William J. Emerson, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Dr. Dorothea S. Franzen, Dlinois Wesleyan
Mr. Morris K. Jacobson, Rockaway Beach, NY

Dr. Aurele LaRocque, Ohio State Univ.
Dr. A. Byron Leonard, Univ. of Kansas
Dr. Gerry L. Mackie, Univ. of Guelph
Dr. Walter Miller, Tucson, AZ.

Dr. Harold D. Murray, Trinity Univ.

Dr. Joseph Rosewater, U.S. Nat’l. Mus.
Dr. Carol Stein, Ohio State Univ.

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