SS Sr Oe aon ow Se Rif at ¥ ss ie = 4 ae ist . Foes 5 esate See are nore eesets Bey Ines ingecs Se : poate Rae nce : : Seer 4 = mt ~~ ~ x “one Satk ane SEPP Cae SSS Sa Sneaneee SH HN Ts Ha ‘ agit Pra ie fir, nae ns Le ‘a. an . eee de eee | 0 jeoy tt 7 Pe 2 a a ne . a aga et h | 7 r s Hy ha / : 7 a . { a = , aT) 5 sY if ® ar | =a r ” 0 ? rT? ~ 4} , ee hie: a eee ¥ Ee, Ee PIN OF THE ~AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Volume VI, 1894. yee NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1894. GH i BH v6 COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION. | R. P. WHITFIELD. J. A. ALLEN. Henry FAIRFIELD OSBORN. Wn. BEUTENMULLER., EDITOR OF BULLETIN. J. A. ALLEN. CONTENTS OF VOLUME VI. ‘UALS Soe gg otoe! Bbeo JCOt SOUn Bod Caron cCOeeE Jenocodosaoop-oee Menmriittee OF Publication. ctaee sek m « c)e) PAnicis cisely setae oie foe. OO ae PUTER CENES ES Sie ae Ae SER afot Bec t. eoci eh utes cieh a Yev ee 2 Sec arsalare CaO e-ae 8 (Lysis oy AIC ACTS? che SOC Or BO eM SE I OE eIcCIo ete Bate vavateierayet te Mates of Publication or vAuthors Separates) <<<. i sd. . IX.—Cranial Variations in Meotoma micropus due to Growth and Individual Differentiation. By J. A. ALLEN. (Plate IV)... 87 99 107 165 I 99 229 233 1V. Contents. X.—Remarks on Specimens of Chilonycteris rubiginosus from West- ern Mexico, and on the Color Phases of Pteronolus davyt Gray. * (By Jo:Ac AMEEN. ses. ik 0ies's ais ainind one ae ee 247 XI.—Notes on Some Species of North American Orthoptera, with Descriptions of New Species. By WILLIAM BEUTENMOLLER. 249 X11.—Descriptive Catalogue of the Orthoptera found within Fifty Miles of New York City. By WILLIAM BEUTENMOLLER. (Plates VX) 222 cadens ode pes (cete oe eee ene 253 XIII.—Descriptions of Ten New North American Mammals, with Remarks.on Others: «By J. A. ALLEN....2..2.... «> sun 317 XIV.—Remarks on Certain Land Mammals from Florida, with a List of the Species known to occur in the State. By FRANK M. CHAPMAN, 5 aliaiois oa)dc 2 sia s Ae naihly aes cin let etal as eee 333 XVI.—On New Formsof Marine Algz from the Trenton Limestone, with Observations on AButhograptus laxus Hall. By R. P. WHOUTFIBLD ic 6:65 enya piv oa eee ote kia ae eee a 351 XVII.—Remarks on a Second Collection of Mammals from New Bruns- wick, and on the Rediscovery of the Genus Veotoma in New York State. By J.) A. ALLEN. 05.9.0: se peice ee 359 XVIII.—On North American Moths, with the Description of a New Species of 7riprocris, By WILLIAM BEUTENMOLLER,..... 365 Lllustrations. Vv. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Cuts. PAGE Mie aires jervor, SKU from ADGVE.c <6) 22 we ce ns wm ne bccn beens eaane 132 os o Ske MimOnIeSiden oe nici cis wij terete ee eae varsieterele ec tee kas oy es Sica FOCCIPILAMRVLe Wire.c ray. os arse erciers, cies « sreis erslalernt cigize\ se 134 = a FIMO EMANUS Racor cya, airaseieeteasons seen Sarcciek 143 i . pated el OY i ena be S MOT TREE ee Bycternierasa sot aetaya svete 150 Map of Aransas and adjoining Counties, Texas........ ..... .....200: 166 Upper dentition of Aceratherium trigonodon and A. mite............4. 202 Upper premolars of Aceratheritum trigonodon, A. mite and A. platy- BIL OTRTS Dect GAN ASB he 2. SAS ER EE Or RR PE a REA Ee . 204 Adult upper dentition of Aceratherium occidentale and A. Seema. 205 Second and third upper molar of Aceratherium simplicidens Cope........ 206 Evolution of the basi-occipital region in Oveodon ... 1.2... 6. ee eee eee 217 ala alamle ws Of “ATIEATACOLNELESS -iale x ‘ y e. — |—-—------44 aes = : = 27 Map or ARANSAS AND ApjoininG Counties.—The collection was made chiefly on the small islands numbered 2, 3 and 4, and ona low, marshy point close to the island marked 1, some- times referred to in Mr. Attwater’s notes as the * Point’ or ‘ Pocket. 1894. | Allen, Mammats of Aransas County, Texas. 167 his notes and letters, and to further distinguish them by his initials. They include also the following paragraphs respecting the general character of the area in question. “Aransas County, with Rockport as the county seat, lies on the Gulf coast of Texas, between the Guadaloupe and Nueces Rivers, and about half way between Galveston and the mouth of the Rio Grande. It comprises an area of 437 square miles, and includes Live Oak, St. Charles and Lamar Peninsulas, and St. Joseph Island, which latter extends along the Gulf for 28 miles ; the remainder of the county is made up of Aransas, Copano, Puerto, and St. Charles Bays, in which are situated a number of shell reefs and small islands. “The prevailing tree growth on the peninsulas consists of dwarfed live oaks, ‘sweet bay’ (Persea carolinensis), and ‘ huckle- berry’ (Vaccinium arboreum), with scattered groups of anaqua (Eluetia elliptica), hackberry, mezquit, and prickly ash. ‘The shell ridges along the shores and on St. Joseph and the smaller islands are covered with a tangled growth of ‘chaparral,’ consist- ing chiefly of dwarfed persimmons, huisache and ‘ cat-claw,’ with patches of dewberry vines and occasional bunches of prickly pear (Opuntia). On St. Charles Peninsula is a considerable area of black-jack oaks. “Along the shores is a belt of comparatively open country, of an average breadth of half a mile, covered with a dense growth of weedy plants, the most common being ‘wild sage’ (Croton texensis), Eupatorium, Cassia, Baptista, Helentum, and Amphia- chyris. On the salt flats Statice and Lycium grow in abundance. The most common grasses on the uplands are Bermuda and_ bur- grass (Cenchrus tribulotdes). “ Back in the interior the vast mezquit lands of the West meet the black ‘ hog wallow’ prairies, which extend along through the coast counties from Louisiana into southeastern Texas. “* The narrow belt of the Tropical Realm, which extends north- ward along the Texas coast from the Lower Rio Grande,’ begins to disappear in Aransas County, and probably dies out in Cal- houn County, adjoining Aransas on the east, the northern limit being near the mouth of the Guadaloupe River. About here 168 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, I think will be found the extreme limit in southern Texas of the range of such southern birds as the Vermillion Flycatcher, Chaparral Cock, Cactus Wren, Paraque, White-tailed Hawk, and some others.” 1. Didelphis marsupialis californica (Aennett). Texas OpossuM.—Represented by three adult specimens, taken Jan. 10, Feb. 5 and Feb. 10. Two of these agree with three others from Corpus Christi and another from Brownsville in the surface of the pelage being black; the other specimen differs in having a very full covering of long pure white bristly hairs, which largely conceal the blackness of the finer pelage below. In the absence of specimens from the supposed type locality of Bennett’s Didelphis californica (P. Z. S., 1833, p. 40), said to be “from that part of California which adjoins Mexico,” I follow Professor Baird in referring to this form the Texas series of Opossums. The Texan animal, as represented in the coast region of Texas, differs from the northern D. m. virginiana not only in the generally much darker color, but in the presence of a well-defined blackish eye-stripe and wholly black feet. In a series of 24 specimens from the vicinity of New York City the whole head is much lighter (nearly white), the eye being merely surrounded with a dusky border, most developed in front of the eye; there is also no eye-stripe nor median frontal stripe as in the ‘Texas specimens. The apical portion of the toes of both fore and hind feet is white, as a rule, the white, however, varying in extent, being sometimes limited to the terminal phalanx, and sometimes involving the greater part of the foot. In Texan specimens the black also extends much further on the tail, involv- ing the basal third or half, or even more, instead of being con- fined to the extreme base, as in northern examples ; and the tail is also very much longer. “QOpossums are very common all over the peninsulas of Aransas County, and I think also on St. Joseph Island. They frequently come into town at night after chickens, and during summer, when the doors and windows are open, enter houses and explore the premises. One was caught lapping milk that had been left on a table in a kitchen. Several were sent to me that 1894. | Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. I 69 had been killed in and near a house on the outskirts of town. They vary considerably in color, but none are very light.”— Hor: A. 2. Tatusia novemcinctus (Zzvn.). NINE-BANDED ARMA- DILLO.—One specimen, St. Charles Peninsula, 20 miles northeast of Rockport, Oct. 1, 1893. “Armadillos are found in several parts of Aransas County. The one sent is from St. Charles Peninsula, where I have heard of a number being seen. This is probably about the limit of their range to the eastward along the Texas coast.” —H. P. A. 3. Lepus callotis Wagler. Jackass Hare.—Represented by six specimens, including adults in both summer and winter pelage, and also young of various ages, from one apparently only a few days old (collected Oct. 11, 1893) to others half to two- thirds grown. There appears to be no appreciable difference in coloration with age. There is, however, a marked seasonal variation. Sum- mer specimens have the pelage much shorter, thinner, and some- what lighter in color (less fulvous and grayer) than winter speci- mens, with a broad, long (about 75 by 35 mm.) jet black nape patch of fine, short fur, usually divided posteriorly by a narrow stripe of gray, formed by a slight tipping of gray to the black hairs. ‘This stripe varies in extent and distinctness in different specimens. In full winter pelage the black nape patch is wholly wanting, and the general pelage is much fuller, longer, and more strongly fulvous. Mr. Attwater gives the weight of two adult specimens as fol- lows: £, Nov. 8,6 Ibs. 6 0z.; ¢, Sept. 18, 6 lbs. The length of the hind foot in each of these specimens is given on the label as5.25 in. (= 133 mm.). Two other specimens collected by Mr. Frank M. Chapman’ at Corpus Christi, April 16 and 25, and hence in short summer pelage, are evidently referable to the same form. ! Mr. Chapman collected at Corpus Christi from March 18 to April 25, 1891. His report on the birds he collected has already been published (this Bulletin, Vol. [1]. pp. 315-328), as have his notes on two of the mammals (l.c., pp. 284, 285, and 288, 289). Further frequent refer- ences will be made to the mammals in the present paper. 170 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1, These specimens are all provisionally referred to Lepus callotts, originally described from some part of Mexico, of which Dr. Mearns’s Lepus melanotis,’ from Kansas and Oklahoma Territory, seems to be merely a larger, rather more fulvous northern sub- species. “Jack Rabbits are common all over the country, and do con- siderable damage to gardens. Many of the smaller truck farms are surrounded by rabbit-proof fences for protection from their depredations. The State passed an act two years ago (1892) placing a bounty on them, and they have now become much scarcer. They are also sold in the poultry and game shops, being brought to town from a distance by Mexicans and others. I understand that the bounty was removed at the last session of the legislature, some of the southwestern counties of the State not having money enough to pay the bounties on these and other animals included in the act. “Jack Rabbits are now very common on St. Joseph Island, where I am told they were introduced during the late war. “These animals are sometimes taken young and kept alive ; but they are always wild and very pugnacious. The species appears to breed at any time, its food being easily obtainable at all seasons. I think they have only one young at a time.”— = Bam oP 4. Lepus sylvaticus bachmani (/Vater/.). Texan Woop Hare.—Eleven specimens of this form of the Wood Hare are contained in Mr. Attwater’s collection, and eleven in Mr, Chap- man’s Corpus Christi collection. Among the former are three one-fourth to one-third grown, taken respectively Feb. 26, March 20, and July 24. There seems to be very little seasonal varia- tion in color. This is a well-marked form of the sy/vaticus group, distin- guished by its very small size and the clearer, whitish gray of the sides and rump. I follow Baird in identifying it with the Z. hachmani of Waterhouse, assuming, with him, that the original specimen was in all probability a part of the “ Texas collections 1 Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., Il, p. 207, Feb., 1890. 1894.] Allen, Mammats of Aransas County, Texas. 171 of Douglas ’—a probability our present knowledge of the south- western forms of the group (arézone, auduboni, etc.) greatly strengthens. Although this is a light-colored form, it does not present the kind of pallor shown by the pallid forms of the interior.’ “All the specimens are from the mainland, where they are not uncommon. I have not found them on the islands, but I am not sure they do not occur there.” —H. P. A. [Lepus aquaticus Zachman.—Represented by two specimens taken by Mr. Attwater at San Antonio in April, 1891, and one taken May 8, 1894, but there are none in the Aransas County series. [I am, however, indebted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam for specimens kindly loaned for examination from Matagorda and the lower Brazos River, showing that the species extends south- ward from Louisiana along the Gulf coast nearly to Aransas County. The San Antonio specimens are much lighter colored than Dr. Merriam’s coast specimens, which do not appear to differ from Louisiana examples. | 5. Geomys personatus 77we.—Represented by a series of about 50 specimens, taken nearly throughout the year, only the months of June, July and August being unrepresented. 1 An examination in this connection of numerous specimens of the sy/vaticus group from various parts of North America shows that it stands in need of careful revision. It is an ex- ceedingly plastic group, its representatives varying greatly in size, in color, and particularly in the size of the ears, at different localities. While the material for its satisfactory revision is lacking, I take the present opportunity to characterize a form which attracted my atten- tion many years ago, and was even still earlier referred to by Professor Baird (Mam. N. Am., 1858, p. 599)—namely, a large form from Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, which I propose to call Lepus sylvaticus mearnszz, in honor of Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S.A., on whose large series from Minnesota this subspecies is now primarily based. Lepus sylvaticus mearnsii, subsp. nov. Distinguished by its large size and rather pale colors, in comparison with true sy/vaticus of the East, its nearest ally. The dorsai area is not nearly so dark brown, and the sides of the body are much paler. Ten specimens from Fort Snelling, Minn., measured in the flesh by Dr. Mearns, average as follows: Total length, 475 mm. (18.74 in.); head and body, 418 mm. (16.45 in.) ; tail vertebrae, 66 mm. (2.60 in.); hind foot, 105 mm. (3.95 in.). This is about two inches longer in total length than the average of specimens from New York and Massachusetts, while the hind foot is about .30 in. longer. Compared with the Texas series above mentioned the difference is still more striking, both in respect to coloration and size. Nine Corpus Christi specimens, measured in the flesh by Mr. Chapman, average as follows: Total length, 431 mm. (16.97in.); tail vertebra, 45 mm. (1.77 in.) ; hind foot, 79 mm. (3.11 in.). : Type. No. 44§%, @ ad., Fort Snelling, Minn., March 29, 1891, Dr. E. A. Mearns. This form is somewhat parallel in its large size and peculiar tints with Vasmias striatus griseus Mearns, Tamius guadrivittatus neglectus Allen, Sciurus carolinensis hypophaus Merriam, and other forms om the same region yet to be separated. 172 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1, “This Gopher is very common in Aransas County, especially in that part of the peninsulas: between the bay and the edge of the brush. There is hardly a square foot of this belt of land (half a mile to a mile in width), where the soil is sandy and there are few or no trees or brush, that has not been plowed over many times by these animals. I think they have done much towards fertilizing this particular region, and that the wonderful vegetable gcowth on the knolls and open places on Live Oak, St. Charles and Lamar Peninsulas, can be attributed to this cause. ‘“ Like the Moles, they do not throw up many mounds in sum- mer—from May to September—and probably for the same reason, namely, the abundant food supply of bulbs, roots, etc., which can readily be found within a few feet of their nests. Later they burrow more extensively in search of food. ‘They are par- ticularly destructive to young fruit trees. A farmer on St. Charles Peninsula told me he killed over 250 of these animals between the 18th of March and the middle of April, 1893. They were eating off his young mulberry and pear trees at the roots. The orchard had been set out in an old sweet potato field, and sweet potatoes came up all over it from potatoes left in the ground the previous year. These no doubt attracted the Gophers, as they are particularly fond of sweet potatoes, and are thus a great nuisance to farmers and gardeners. ‘Gophers, Pocket Mice and Moles frequent the same localities. I found none of either on any of the islands. They do not take to water, as do the Cotton Rats, Rice-field Mice (Ovysomys), Raccoons, etc.”—H. P. A. 6. Perognathus paradoxus Merriam. Texas POCKET MOUSE. Perognathus fasciatus BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 420 (at least in part ; not P. fasciatus \Wikp) ; THOMAS, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 449 (Duval Co., Texas). Perognathus paradoxus MERRIAM, N. Am, Fauna, No. 1, Oct. 1889, p. 24 (Trego Co., Kansas). Perognathus paradoxus spilotus MERRIAM, N. Am. Fauna, No. 1, Oct. 1889, p. 25 (Gainesville, Cook Co,, Texas); ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus, Nat, Hist. III, p. 225, April, 1891 (Padre Island and Bee Co., Texas). This species is represented by 22 specimens, including both sexes and various ages. One was taken in January, 2 in March, 2 in May, 5 in October, 6 in November, and 6 in December. 1894. | Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. 173 The adult specimens vary little in color, although some are of a rather stronger shade of reddish yellow than others. Immature examples are darker, with a finer, much softer pelage. They appear to agree perfectly with specimens of corresponding age from Brownsville, Texas. A large series of adults from Brownsville, taken mostly in August and September, are not comparable as to season, being in thin summer pelage. They are much darker and much less hispid than the Rockport series. An October specimen (No. 4195, 4 ad.) from Brownsville, however, in nearly full winter coat, is scarcely distinguishable from Rockport examples of corre- sponding date. Another October Brownsville specimen (4196, Q ad.) is less advanced, but plainly indicates a winter pelage like that of the Rockport series. If separable from the Kansas type (true faradoxus), these specimens would all be referable to the P. paradoxus spilotus form. The distinctness of the dusky spot on the anterior border of the ear externally is variable, and the whole fore leg is often white instead of tan-colored to the wrist. “This species is very common in open places, and sometimes where there are bushes. Although found near the shores, I have never met with it on any of the islands. It may, however, occur on St. Joseph Island.’ Its favorite haunts are the higher knolls in the low flats around the bays. Its chief food in fall and winter is the seeds of the sage weed (Croton texensis), which grows in great abundance all over the open country, and affords food for many of the seed-eating mammals and birds. In the spring, when the sage seed becomes scarce, the Pocket Mice take to the seeds of the bur-grass (Cenchrus tribuloides), which grows all over this region. On March 2g I caught a half-grown Pocket Mouse with its cheek-pouches filled with these burs. In digging out one of their burrows, probably an old Gopher burrow, I found the bottom of the burrow, for a distance of thirty-five yards, covered with grass burs. “There are several holes or entrances to each of their homes or nests. The earth removed in excavating them is piled ina 1 There are two specimens in the Museum Collection from Padre Island. 174 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1, single mound several feet away. After going into a hole they fill the dirt in behind them, thereby stopping up the entrance, doubtless for the purpose of keeping out snakes. I have never found any nest ; perhaps they do not make any, but merely lie in the sand. While they do not appear to lay up large stores, they probably gather food during the night to eat in their holes, laying up a larger quantity for ‘northers’ or cold spells. They occa- sionally drag in rubbish with which to close their holes. I once found the wing of a plover dragged into a Perognathus hole. “An old female taken March 31 contained nine very small embryos, but I have never met with any newly-born young. As they eat grass roots, etc., as well as seeds, food is abundant, and they breed early, and probably several times a year.’ They can be caught in traps baited with oatmeal, and also by placing traps over their holes, so that they are caught in going in or out.”— He PAS 7. Mus decumanus Zzzz. Brown Rat; WuHarF Rat.— “Captain Bailey, Captain Phillips, and several other old settlers say that ‘ Barn Rats’ or ‘Wharf Rats’ were abundant fifteen to twenty years ago, but that they gradually disappeared after the great beef packing establishments closed up, and the marine shipping ceased upon the advent of the railway into this region. I do not believe there is at present a Brown Rat in Aransas County. I failed to find one during my two years’ residence there, in 1892 and 1893.”—H. P. A. Mr. Chapman secured a very large specimen of this species in the vicinity of Corpus Christi. 8. Mus alexandrinus Goeffr. Wuite-BeLtiep Rat ; Roor Rat.—One specimen, ¢@ ad., Feb. 20, 1893. “The specimen sent was caught on a boat which made trips between St. Charles Peninsula and Rockport. Lucas Dubois, the captain, said it had been on the boat about a year before he caught it. I have heard of rats being killed on other boats here, but they may have been of other species.’-—H. P. A. ' There are half-grown young in the collection taken August 14 (at Brownsville), and as late as Oct. 20 and Nov. t5 (the last two at Rockport). ————— ll a 1894.| Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. 175 9. Mus musculus Zinn. House Movuse.— Eleven speci- mens, part caught in the house and part in the fields. They vary much in color, particularly on the ventral surface, as house mice are apt to do at other localities. Two are dingy reddish gray below ; one is nearly pure white ; others are grayish white tinged with buff, and one is strong reddish buff. Age and season doubtless have much to do with this variation, but it is doubtless largely purely individual. Ir. Neotoma micropus Zaird. Texas Woop Rar.— Eleven specimens of this species include specimens taken in January, March, June, September, October and December. Three belonging to one litter and less than one-fourth grown, were taken March 30. These are clear ashy gray above washed with black, the prevailing color of the middle of the dorsal area being deep black. There is little to add to the account of this species already given. The Museum has now large series from Brownsville, Corpus Christi, and Rockport. Several of the Rockport (June and September) specimens have the pelage of the posterior parts of the body very much abraded. “Common on the main land wherever bunches of Opuntia are growing, but I have not found them on any of the islands. They may, however, occur on St. Joseph Island. I caught one under a wharf, near the water’s edge, in the main part of the town of Rockport, in a trap baited with sweet potato. Capt. N. C. Phillips, an old settler, says these rats are excellent eating, in his estimation far superior to squirrel meat. “IT found a nest once in a club house on Copano Bay, used in the hunting season by duck hunters. A pile of all kinds of material had been carried in, and a nice round nest, open on the top, made in the middle of it.”—H. P. A. 12. Sigmodon hispidus texianus (4ud.& Bachm.). TEx as Cotton Rat.—This species is represented by a series of 42 specimens, taken between Sept. 30 and March 30, the other 1 This Bulletin, Vol: III, pp 282-285, June, r8qr. 176 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V1, months of the year being unrepresented. They fall into two quite sharply differentiated phases—a blackish-gray phase, slightly varied with pale yellowish brown, and a yellowish-brown series, slightly varied with blackish. If they came from widely separated localities they might easily be taken for well-marked geographical forms. Mr. Chapman’s Corpus Christi series of IO specimens is separable in the same way, as he has already noted (this Bulletin, V, p. 45). In this case Mr. Chapman states that the dark specimens came from the marshes, where their runways “led beneath the dense mat of marsh grass,’’ and the light specimens from the dry, scrubby chaparral, where they were more exposed to the bleaching effect of the sunlight. In view of Mr. Chapman’s experience I wrote to Mr. Attwater for definite information as to the kind of ground in which the specimens were taken. In reply he states that a// the specimens came from the islands, where the highest ground—an old railway bed—is “only five feet above the water-line of the bays, and the highest natural level only three feet, the average being about two feet. At high tides much of the land is flooded. The entire location was cut up with channels and bayous, and on the whole would be properly described as a damp situation, The rats made their homes on the higher spots in half-flooded situations, generally along the sides of the railway ‘dump,’ but no part of their haunts could be compared with the ‘ dry scrubby chaparral.’ In this case therefore it would seem that the two phases above men- tioned simply represent individual variation assorted in accord- ance with the tints of the pelage into two series! Yet there are comparatively few well-marked * intergrades.’ Ten adults, as measured by the collector, give the following : Total length, 258 to 308 mm., averaging 282; head and body, 137 to 174, averaging 156; tail vertebra, 110 to 133, averaging 126'; hind foot, 31 to 33, averaging 32. Six adults from Corpus Christi, measured in the flesh by Mr. Chapman, give the following : Total length, 264 to 290, averaging 277; head and body, 145 to 180, averaging 170; tail vertebra, 97 to 121, averaging 109'; hind foot, 30 to 33, averaging 31.5. 1 The discrepancy in the relative length of the tail in these two sets of measurements is doubtless due to different methods of measuring, as regards the starting point for taking the length of the tail. 1894. | Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. 177 As regards seasonal variation, November and December speci- mens average darker than those taken in other months, while the March specimens are much the lightest of the series. As previ- ously stated, the months of April to August, inclusive, are un- represented. “* Sigmodons are common on the group of small islands (marked No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 on the map I send you), particularly so on Island No. 2, and at the ‘Point’ or ‘ Pocket’ where Oryzomys was found. Ihave found none on the mainland. They may occur on St. Joseph Island, as they are good swimmers. Their favorite haunts are the thick growths of cacti (Opuntia), and the thick matted grass that grows near the water’s edge. They have been found living with Oryzomys and Onychomys in the bunches of cactus. Their nests are usually placed on the ground among cactus roots, or under piles of brush, and among the roots of the dwarfed huisache bushes, and are usually composed of anything handy. One nest was made entirely of hog bristles, taken from a dead hog lying near a bunch of cactus. When disturbed they retreat into shallow holes in the ground. They are much preyed upon by rapacious birds and mammals—by the marsh hawk in the day time and by the short-eared owl at night. A _ great many are also captured by rattlesnakes, and probably also by raccoons and skunks.”—H. P. A. 13. Oryzomys palustris texensis, subsp. nov. Above very pale yellowish gray-brown, varied with blackish over the middle of the dorsal region, forming an indistinct blackish dorsal band ; sides yellow- ish gray, very slightly varied with blackish tipped hairs. Below clear grayish white, the fur plumbeous at base. Total length (of type, No. £4¢¢, 4 ad., Rockport, Texas, Nov. 15, 1893, H. P. Attwater), 277 mm. ; head and body, 137; tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot, 30.5. Seven adult males give the following, based on the collector's measurements taken from the fresh specimens: Total length, 249 to 280, averaging 264 ; head and body, 122 to 146, averaging 131; tail vertebra, 122 to 140, averaging 132; hind foot, 28.5 to 30.5, averaging 30. This is simply a large pallid form of the O. palustris group. The Rockport series, when compared with Louisiana and Florida [A/ay, 1894.) 12 178 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VI, 1 specimens of O. palustris natator Chapm.,' is strikingly different in coloration, about as different, and differing much in the same way, as the Brown Rat (4Z7us decumanus) and the Muskrat. The color differences are much less when the Rockport series is com- pared with North Carolina specimens (true O. palustris), but are still very appreciable, while the size is much larger. The follow- ing comparative measurements indicate the average size of the three forms (measurements in millimetres) : No. of . Total : Hind Specimens. Locality. length. Tail. foot. OP PALUSTF US Bes | Raleroh NaC. ee.| ston 120 30 O. p. natatoy®....| 5 6 | Gainesville, Fla....| 286 136 33 ;) Rockport, Texas...| 264 182 30 OND. TEXEHSISS. « | 7 This is doubtless the large pale form mentioned by Dr. Coues (Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 116) as occurring at Neosho Falls, Kansas. All of the Oryzomys thus far examined from Brownsville, Texas, have proved to be O. aguaticus—a very dif- ferent species from any form of the O. palustris group. On the other hand, Corpus Christi (Chapman, l. c., p. 45) and Rockport specimens have all proved referable to what is here named O. p. texensis. The Rockport series numbers 29 specimens, and includes young of various ages, middle-aged specimens, and eight or ten that are fully adult. ‘Two were taken in March, one in January, and the rest between Oct. 4 and Dec. 5. One (No. 65, Coll. H. P. Attwater) is exceptionally rufescent ; this is the single example mentioned by Mr. Chapman (Il. c., p. 45) as apparently referable to his O. p. natator. “ The specimens were all taken at one locality, and nearly all from the ‘Point’ or ‘ Pocket’ near the mainland [see Map, p. 166]. Some of them were found in holes in the shell ridge formed by the abandoned railway bed, where the S7/omys mearnsii were taken. In fact, they made nests in the holes I had formed on former visits in digging out .S. mearnsii. They were much ' CY. Bull. Am. Mus, Nat, Hist., V, p. 44, March 17, 1893 2 CYS. Chapman, |. c., p. 44. © GEG... ae a —_ 1894. | Allen, Mammats of Aransas County, Texas. 179 more common in 1893 than in 1892. I think they move about somewhat, as I have found them in places where I had vainly searched for them a short time before. Their favorite resorts are places where the Spanish bayonet ( Yucca, sp.) grows. They make many nests among the leaves of this plant, placing them close to the stem, beneath the dead leaves, which hang down and afford them shelter. They also nest in holes in the shell ridges. In most cases I have found the male and female in the same nest, but in the yuccas and among the prickly pears, the males and females appeared to occupy separate nests. They also live in the piles of sea weed which accumulate along the beach. Favorite places for them are the ‘duck-blinds’ made by the hunters for concealment in duck shooting. I once heaped together a small pile of yucca and weed stalks, and used to find one or two of these mice under it whenever I visited the place, during October and November. ‘They eat all kinds of weed seeds, and are very fond of the seeds of the prickly pear.”— EPs A; 14. Sitomys mearnsii (4//en). Merarns’s WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE. Vesperimus mearnsit ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. III, p. 300, June, 1891 (Brownsville, Texas). Sttomys mearnstt BRYANT, Zoe, III, Oct. 1892, p. 214. Represented by a series of 26 specimens, including adults and young of various ages, and also by several nests, collected mainly between Oct. 2 and Jan. 2. As a series they differ very appreciably from a similar series from Brownsville, collected chiefly in August and September. The two phases are evidently too close, however, to require separation. There is practically no difference in size or proportions, judging by the measurements taken by the collectors from the fresh specimens, the slight dis- crepancy in the relative length of the tail being doubtless due to different methods of measuring. Thus, 14 adult specimens from Brownsville give the following averages and extremes: Total length, 175 to 182 mm., averaging 177 ; head and body, 89 to 105, averaging 97 ; tail, 74 to 85, averaging 80; hind foot, 19 to 22, averaging 20. A series of 12 adults from Rockport gives the 180 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VI, following : Total length, 160 to 1g0, averaging 172; head and body, 76 to ror, averaging $4 ; hind foot, 19 to 21.5, averaging 20. In coloration many of the specimens are indistinguishable, but as a series the Rockport specimens are slightly more rufescent, several of the specimens shading much more strongly toward chestnut than any in the Brownsville series. Several Bee County specimens,’ it is of interest to note, are all as strongly chestnut as the brightest Rockport specimens. One-third of the Browns- ville specimens show some trace of a rufescent pectoral spot, while in one-fourth of them it is quite strongly defined, but in the Rockport series not one shows the slightest tendency to such a spot. “Most of these mice were taken from nests placed in holes in the slopes of an abandoned railway embankment. They are found, however, elsewhere, and even enter houses, where they live with common house-mice, specimens of both having been taken at the same time in the same room. “The various nests obtained were placed in the sloping railway embankment, at the end of a horizontal burrow, from six inches to two feet in length. Often there is also a vertical exit to the top of the level ground, so that after digging in to the nest one finds that the mouse has escaped up through the other hole. No attempt is made to conceal the entrance. The nests are gener- ally made of anything handy, generally of sea moss, and occasion- ally of fine grass, or tow, the latter obtained by gnawing up old pieces of rope or twine found on the beach. The breeding sea- son is so arranged that the young are born about the time the seeds of various weeds, on which they feed, begin to ripen. Be- fore the young are born a male and female will be found occupy- ing the same nest, but after this event the male will be found in another hole not far away. Four to six is the usual number of young ina litter. I have several times taken the old female and her young ones home with me to try and raise them, but ina day or two the young ones began to die. On one occasion (Oct. 2) [ caught a male and female in separate holes and put them 1 These were formerly incorrectly referred to ‘‘Vesperimus leucopus texanus” (= Sytomys americanus texanus). C/. Bull, Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., III, p. 224, April, 1891. The ¢eranus phase is quite different. 1894.] Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. 181 together in a box alive. During the night young were born, of which three were found in the box the next morning, and the remains of one or two more, in the stomach of the male. At another time a male and female, the latter having newly-born young, were put in a box, and in the morning it was found that the male had killed and eaten two of the five young ones. “T have never seen any fawn-colored spot on the breast of any Sitomys found in this locality.” —H. P. A. 15. Sitomys (Baiomys) taylori (Z#omas). ‘Taytor’s Mouse.—One specimen, ¢, Oct. 19. Apparently a rare species near Rockport. “Brought to me by a boy, who said he found it while digging Wood Rats out of a bunch of prickly pear.’’—H. P. A. 16. Onychomys longipes Merriam.’ Texas GRASSHOPPER Mouse.—Six specimens, March and December, including adults and young. Identified as this species by Dr. Merriam. “This species I found least common of any of the small mam- mals. They are much slower in their movements than Szgmodon, Oryzomys, and others, and probably for this reason get picked up by hawks, owls, skunks, etc. Two young specimens were caught in traps set over Perognathus holes. They probably wander around, looking into holes and crevices for beetles and other insects, and may find many ‘square meals’ in the Perognathus entrances. All were found at the ‘ Point’ close to the mainland, which is surrounded most of the time by mud and water. Two, male and female (probably a pair), were dug out of a shallow hole in the ground among the roots of some dwarfed huisache bushes, and another among the roots of Opuntia. At one of these places I found several hundred wings of butterflies [Danazs archippus], the bodies of which had been eaten by the Onychomys.” Wings of these butterflies were often found scattered all over this particular locality. These butterflies [identified as above from specimens sent by Mr. Attwater] appear to be migratory, coming here by thousands in the fall.” —H. P. A. 1 N. Am. Fauna, No. 2, Oct., 1889, p.1. Concho Co., Texas. 2 This observation is of special interest from the fact that this butterfly is supposed to be * protected ’ by a nauseous odor or taste that renders it unpalatable to animals. 182 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |[Vol. V1, 17. Spermophilus mexicanus (Zich¢.). Mexican SPERMO- PHILE.— Four specimens, Oct. 3, 1893. “These specimens were sent to me from some place near Gregory, between Corpus Christi and Rockport. They are not nearly as numerous in Aransas County as they are about Corpus Christi. I hear of afew in the Black Jack Peninsula, and occa- sionally near Rockport, but they are quite scarce.”—H. P. A. Mr. Frank M. Chapman collected a series of nine specimens at Corpus Christi, April 8-11, 1891, where he found them locally abundant along the coast, but apparently absent in the interior. Aransas County seems to form their northern limit of distribution in the coast region of Texas. The type of Spermophilus mexicanus came from ‘Toluco, near the City of Mexico. In the absence of material from the type locality the Texas specimens are provisionally identified as above. Five adult males in Mr. Chapman’s series give the following average measurements, taken by the collector before skinning : Total length, 304 mm.; head and body, £88 ; tail, 116 ; hind foot, 40. The Corpus Christi specimens do not differ appreciably from a large series from Brownsville. 18. Spermophilus spilosoma annectens Werriam.’ PApRre ISLAND SPERMOPHILE.—One specimen, Mustang Island, near Aransas Pass, 12 miles from Rockport, Oct. 26, 1893 ; 4 speci- mens, same locality, April 25, 1894. These latter have been submitted to Dr. Merriam for examination, who finds them to agree with his Padre Island series. ‘““Spermophiles are said to be very common on Mustang Island. [ sent over for specimens, and No. 129 [as recorded above] was sent to me. It was killed near the life-saving station [at the north end of the island]. I am told they are found all over Mustang Island, but there are none on St. Joseph Island, nor can I hear of any ever having been found there.’’—H. P. A. Mustang Island is practically a continuation of Padre Island, the type locality of this subspecies, although at present separated 1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, p. 132, Dec. 28, 1893. 1894. | Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. 183 from it by a narrow inlet only a few miles in width. St. Joseph Island, only slightly separated from Mustang Island, is a further continuation of the remarkable series of ‘sand-spits,’ or low, narrow, sandy islands, that extends from near the mouth of the Rio Grande north to Matagorda Bay, and is continued still further in the narrow Matagorda Peninsula. Apparently Mustang Island forms the northern limit of distribution of this peculiar form of Spermophile. Ig. Sciurus niger limitis (Zazrd). Texan Fox SQuiRREL.— One specimen, ¢ ad., Rockport, Feb. 27, 1893. Not appreciably different from a specimen from the type locality (San Pedro or Devil’s River) of Baird’s Scturus limitis, recently received from Dr. Ek. A. Mearns. “There are no Fox Squirrels in Aransas County except on St. Charles Peninsula, where there are several square miles of black- jack oaks. This area is separated from the timber on the Guada- loupe River by prairie land, so that this colony of Fox Squirrels is practically isolated.”—H. P. A. 20. Dicotyles angulatus Cofe.' Peccary.—“ Formerly common in Aransas and adjoining counties, but now rarely met with. On Aug. 20, 1892, a large male was killed in front of the Bay View Hotel on the beach in the city of Rockport. It was in the shallow salt water, rooting among the sea grass. It was a season of great drouth, and I fancy the dry weather may have had something to do with its wanderings.” —H. P. A. 21. Bison americanus (Gwme/.). AMERICAN Bison.—“ I have been told by old residents that the horns and bones of this animal were formerly found on the prairies of Aransas County.” — EYP. A: 22. Cariacus virginianus (Aodd.). Vircinia DEER.— There are no specimens in the collection, and the following note is therefore provisionally assigned to this species. 1 Am. Nat., XXXILI, p. 147, Feb., 1889. 184 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VI, “Rare on the peninsulas, but quite numerous on St. Joseph Island, where they are protected by Messrs. Wood and Allyn, who own the island and use it as a cattle and sheep ranch. Captain Bailey informs me that about 1857 or 1858 thousands of deer died throughout this region from a disease called the ‘ black tongue,’ on account of the tongues in the dead animals being found to be black,” —H. P. Ac Note on the Camels introduced into Texas.—As is well known, the United States Government introduced, many years since, two shipments of Camels’ into Texas, with a view to their acclimatization and use for military purposes. Mr. Attwater made casual reference to the matter in his notes, and on applying to him later for more definite information, he has obtained and kindly transmitted an important letter, written at his solicitation, by Capt. C. F. Bailey, an old settler and prominent citizen of Rockport, from which the following interesting extracts are taken. According to ‘ Reports upon the Purchase, Importation and Use of Camels and Dromedaries, to be employed for Mili- tary Purposes, according to Act of Congress of March 3, 1855,’ made by Major Henry C. Wayne (published as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 62, 34th Congress, 3d Session, 1857), it appears that the first shipment, consisting of 34 animals, was landed at Indianola, Texas, May 13, 1856, and the second, of 41 animals, at the same port, Feb. 10, 1857. Says Capt. Bailey: “.... I personally saw about half-a-dozen of these camels myself during the year 1863 After landing the camels were loaded only once for the upper country [San Antonio], and then returned to the coast, when the war broke out, and the Confederate authorities not wishing to be bothered with them turned them loose, particularly as the Arabs who had been brought out to manage them had also left. They wandered and scattered without control, let or hind- rance all over the country from the Nueces to Indianola, and from San Antonio to the Gulf, with never more than two or three ina bunch. I never heard of but one being killed, and that was on the Aransas River. He was a particularly ugly old male, would pursue and attack every one he saw, whether mounted or ! There appear to have been several Dromedaries in the first shipment, 1894.] Allen, Mammats of Aransas County, Texas. 185 on foot, and was killed by a party on horseback he was pursuing. The last I ever heard of any of them was that a stockman gath- ered all he could find, either seven or eight, and sold them to the manager of a circus that was traveling through the country, as every body sold every body’s else cattle in those days, to be paid for if claim was ever made. It is safe to say that no claim was ever made. This sale was in 1867, 1 think. Whatever became of the majority of them no one can ever positively tell. I never heard of but one young one being born in this country. An old female with a young one following her was seen near Indianola in 1860 or 1861. 1 do not think it ever grew to maturity.”’ 23. Atalapha noveboracensis (Z#rx/.). Rep Batr.—Five specimens, Rockport, August and September, 1893. As I have elsewhere stated,’ there is a well-marked sexual dif- ference in color in the present species, the females being darker and duller than the males, with the whitish tipping of the hairs broader, giving a very different general effect to the coloration. “The only bats | found were the red ones I sent you. I think they stay around trees and roost in them. Captain Phillips informs me that he has noticed also a small brown bat.” —H. P. A. It may be worth while to record in this connection the capture of Atalapha cinerea (Beauv.) from Texas, there being in the col- lection of the American Museum a specimen from Brownsville (Oct. 24, 1891, F. B. Armstrong), and another from probably Bee County (exact locality uncertain), presented by Mr. George B. Sennett. There is also in the Museum a series of six specimens of Dasypterus intermedius (H. Allen) from Brownsville, Texas (March 17-19, May 28-30, Aug. 29, F. B. Armstrong), where it is apparently not uncommon. 24. Scalops texanus 4//en. Texas MOLe. Scalops argentatus texanus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. III, p. 221, April, 1891. Scalops texanus ALLEN, ibid, V, p. 200, Aug. 1893. ' Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., I, No. 8, Oct., 1869, p. 207. 186 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, This species is represented by a series of 26 specimens, col- lected by Mr. Attwater in the vicinity of Rockport. They vary considerably in coloration, independently of age, sex, or season, mainly in the amount of orange suffusion pervading the pelage. A few specimens show it in comparatively slight degree; in others it is very strong, so that when held from the light the anterior half of the ventral surface is often deep chestnut orange. The head, and sometimes the anterior third of the dorsal surface, is usually much more fulvous than the rest of the upper surface. There is generally a well-defined orange spot on each side of the nose, the two spots sometimes uniting across the base of the forehead. The collector’s measurements of 12 adult males give the follow- ing extremes and averages: Totallength, 135 to 147 mm., averaging 141 ; tail, 23 to 27, averaging 25 ; hind foot, 16.5 to 19, averaging 17.8. Eight females average slightly smaller, as follows: Total length, 132 to 146, averaging 137 ; tail, 20 to 25.5, averaging 23 ; hind foot, 15 to 18, averaging 16.5. “Moles are very numerous all over the peninsula, perhaps the most common of any of the small mammals. ‘They are extremely hard to catch, frequently going around and under the trap. They work chiefly at night, and go sometimes two or three hundred yards to find a good feeding place. They are particularly active after a rain, the rain probably having something to do with the movements of the insects on which they feed. “Mole runways are very common even in parts of the country where the soil is very poor, apparently nothing but sand, and the vegetation consists of shrubby oaks and sweet bays, and where no other small mammals are found. But they are most numerous where the soil is more or less damp, as in the so-called ‘ sub- irrigated’ lands, where the dampness comes nearly to the surface. During very dry weather the moles descend deeper into the ground, as owing to the dryness of the soil the runways then fill by the crumbling sand when near the surface. ‘They appear also to be more active in the fall, spring and winter months than in summer, when, from the greater abundance of insects, they may be able to procure food with less effort. “The position selected for the nest is several feet below the surface, and always in a hard place to get at, being generally mn ii 1894. | Allen, Mammats of Aransas County, Texas. I 847 under a clump of bushes or a tree. A nest I dug out was made of fine grass. I have never seen any young ones, nor caught any that were very small.’”—H. P. A. 25. Procyon lotor hernandezii (/Vagder).—One specimen, from Corpus Christi (April to, 1891, F. M. Chapman). There are no specimens in Mr. Attwater’s collection, but he reports it as abundant, writing as follows : “Raccoons are common on the peninsulas, and very abundant on St. Joseph Island. George Roberts killed 125 on this island during the winter of 1892-93, and W. A. Brundrett sold 175 ‘coon ’ skins taken on Matagorda Island, the next island to the east of St. Joseph, and in the next county. They live in the long grass in the marshes on the side nearest the bays, and in the chaparral on the ridges. Their food consists chiefly of crabs, shell-fish, dead fish washed on the shores, wounded ducks and other birds, birds’ eggs, berries, etc. I have not had an opportu- nity to put up a series of specimens, but have seen a number of skins, which appear to me to be lighter in color, and as a rule much more yellowish than those which are found further inland.” id. P. A. 26. Bassariscus astutus Zicht. Civer Car.—Not repre- sented in the collection. “ One was killed in Aransas County last year, and I have heard of several others being taken on St. Charles Peninsula. They are very common in the counties to the north and west, and do considerable damage by destroying chickens while roosting in the trees around the ranches. “Captain Robert Strachan, who has charge of the main wharf at Rockport, has a pet Civet Cat which has been loose in the warehouse for about two years. It often comes and eats out of his hand. It drinks milk, and will eat cheese, meat and fish (cooked and raw). He says there were a few rats in the ware- house when he first got the Civet Cat, but it soon cleared them out. It disappeared once for several months, but returned again. It was caught in Bee County.”—H. P. A. 188 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VI, 27. Conepatus mapurito (Gm.).— This species is repre- sented by two skulls. Mr. Attwater refers toa mounted specimen in his collection, and speaks of the species as less common even than the Little Striped Skunk. The specimens sent were taken in the outskirts of the town of Rockport. 28. Mephitis mesomelas Zicht. Texas SKUNK. Mephitis mesomelas LICHY. Darst. neuer oder wenig bekannter Saug. 1827-34, Taf. XLV, fig. 2, and accompanying text (‘* Louisiana”) ; BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 199 (based on above). Mephitis varians GRAY, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. I, 1837, p. 581 (Texas ; from Mr. Drummond’s Coll.) ; List Mam. Brit. Mus. 1843, 69 (same ; in part only, of Gray’s later papers); BarRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 193 (Texas) ; Zoél. Mex. Bound. Surv. Mamm. 1859, p. 19 (Texas and N. E. Mexico). Mephitis macroura Aup. & BacH. Quad. N. Am. III, 1853, p. 11, pl. cii (San Antonio, Texas ; not 47. macroura Licht.). Two specimens, 4 and 9, Rockport, March 23 and Oct. 20, 1893. They agree very closely with a series of 12 adult speci- mens from the late ‘ Neutral Strip,’ now part of Oklahoma, collec- ted by Messrs. Richardson and Rowley on the Museum Expedi- tion of 1889. These 14 specimens are very uniform in coloration and size, there being no noteworthy variation in the whole series. More- over, in style of coloration, in size and relative proportions, they agree closely with the figure and measurements given by Lichten- stein (1. c.) for his AZepAitis mesomelas. Lichtenstein refers to a single example in the Berlin Museum, on which the species was based, as having been received from a dealer, with the statement that it came from “ Louisiana.’”’ How long it had been in the Museum when he wrote, and whether it came from the present State of Louisiana, or from the Louisiana of early days, are matters now impossible to determine. The probability that the Skunk of eastern and northern Texas ranges eastward into western Louisiana, as well as northward to Oklahoma, and that the original specimen of Lichtenstein’s JZ. mesome/as is quite likely to have come from some part of this area, coupled with the fact that almost any one of the dozen Oklahoma specimens before me might have served as the basis of his description and figure, seems to render desirable the adoption of Lichtenstein’s name for the species here under consideration. 1894. | Allen, Mammats of Aransas County, Texas. 189 The characters of this species may be indicated as follows : Size large ; tail long, full, broad and bushy, rather squarely truncated at the end, the vertebre alone about half the length of the head and body. Total length, 725 mm. ; head and body, 408 ; tail vertebrz, 252 ; tail to end of hairs, 317 (average of 8 adults from the ‘ Neutral Strip’; measurements from skins). General color black, with the usual white frontal stripe very narrow and not reaching the white patch on the nape; nuchal patch broad, square in front, narrowing posteriorly to the interscapular region, where it is usually much narrower than at the front border ; slightly behind the shoulders it divides into two broad lateral bands which pass, one on each side of the body, on to the basal portion of the tail ; between these is a median dorsal band of usually about the width of one of the laterai white stripes, and is continued over the basal half or two-thirds of the tail. The tail hairs are all white basally and black apically, except a few that are wholly white. The latter vary in number in dif- ferent specimens, being few in some but generally numerous enough to form conspicuous tufts along the sides of the tail, and generally also on the dorsal surface, where at the base of the apical third they often form a more or less pronounced whitish spot, or even a well-marked white band. About half the specimens show a pair of small, oval, symmetrically arranged spots of white on the breast. There is no pencil of white in the tip of the tail, which is wholly black, thick, and obtusely truncate at the end. Lichtenstein’s description, as already said, is strictly pertinent to the present animal. His measurements, translated into milli- meters, are as follows: Total length, 731 mm. ; head and body, 432 ; tail vertebree, 229; tail to end of hairs, 299. Compared with my average for 8 Oklahoma specimens, the difference is practically nothing—not greater than occurs between different individuals of the Oklahoma series. One of the two specimens in Mr. Attwater’s collection is prac- tically identical with several of the Oklahoma specimens ; the other is similar except that the amount of white is much reduced, the frontal stripe being narrowed to a line of scattered white hairs ; the nuchal patch is also narrower and much shorter, divid- ing in front of the shoulders into two very narrow lateral stripes, which disappear entirely in front of the hips. Also only a very few scattered white hairs reach the surface of the tail. Mr. Attwater states in his notes that in Aransas County this Skunk “varies much in color, some being very white, and I have been told that pure black ones have been killed.” He further states that it is the common Skunk of Aransas County, being far more numerous than either of the other two species. 190 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V1, This species differs from the eastern J/. mephitica in being rather larger, apparently in greater constancy of coloration, and in the posterior extension (ordinarily) of the lateral white stripes on to the basal third of the tail. It also varies in cranial charac- ters, the skull being relatively narrower and longer, with the zygo- matic arches less expanded, but especially in the much heavier dentition. ‘Thus the length of the lateral tooth line to the basilar length of the skull is as 37 to too, while in AZ. mephitis it is aS 34.5 to 100. The ratio of breadth across the last molars to basilar length is as 46 to roo, as against 43 to 100 in MW. mephitica. Compared with JZ. estor Merriam, from Arizona, JZ. mesomelas is much the larger, the skull averaging 6 mm. longer in basilar length, and 5 mm. wider in zygomatic breadth. Both belong to the western section of the genus, characterized by heavy dental armature, as compared with the Skunks from east of the Great Plains. Several Minnesota specimens agree very well in size and coloration with JZ. mesomelas, but agree with eastern specimens in their weaker dental armature and correlated cranial modifi- cations. Having spent considerable time in measuring a large series of skulls of the genus AZepAztis, in the present connection, | append the accompanying tables of results, including averages and ratios of about 34 specimens, believing it may have some interest to other students of this troublesome group. In explanation of the tables it may be added that the propor- tion of very old skulls is very small, and all obviously under- grown specimens were excluded; “juv” in the table simply means ‘young adult.’ Where the sex sign is followed by an interrogation mark, the specimen was received without the sex , being indicated by the collector, but in each case the sex as given in the table is almost beyond question correct. The three Minne- sota specimens are all very old, which may in part account for their very large size, as compared with any others in the series, although they probably indicate a large form of the 47. mephitica group. The second table is an abridged summary of the first, on which it is based, giving most of the elements of real value, and omit- ting many that are practically worthless. As in the case of Dr, I.—CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS Mephitis mesomelé MEASUREMENTS AND RATIOS. Neutral Strip, Oklahoma. 30% | 27 | 460i | 408 | 3740 | 439i | dows | goed 2 EA SUETESTS: a ee or lkeay eae na Occip. condyle to ant. bord. premax........ ... 74.0)/71.5|71.2/66.0/64.0167.0/67.5/66.0 Occip. crest to ant. bord. nasals....... ..-...-- 70.0/66.0/68.0/68.0/62.0/64.5/65.0/63.0 Bacuar lenath (Hensel). =... 0. 0.26. ceca ee eee 66.0/63.2/63.5/59.0/58.0/59.5/59.5|58.0 Greatest zygomatic breadth..............--..-- 46 .0/45.043.3)42.0/43.5/41,8)44.0/42.0 Greatest mastoid breadth.............. ....-.-. 38.5/88.0/38 . 2/36 .0/34.5/36.0/88.0/35.0 Least postorbital breadth............+-.++++-+- 19.0)20.0/20.6)18.5|19.0)20.0)19.0)18.0 Foram. mag. to post. bord. palatals...........-- 38.5/387.2/36.0/34.0/34.5/33.2/35.0/383.0 Memeth-of prilatal floor... ....-...6..0c.csseees 275/27 .0/28.0/28.0/25.0/27.0/25.0/26.¢ Length of pteryg. fossa ee . Sa) eAaeae 16.5}16.2/16.0)15.0/18.5/15.3)/16.0 13.0 Height of cranium at basisphenoid........--.-+- 23 .5/22.0)/23 .0/23.0/22.0/28.0/23.0/23.¢ Height of cranium at postorb. proc....-..+++++- 220/23 .7/23 7/24 .0/22.0/22.0/22.0/20.0 Length of tooth-row (at alveoli).......-+++++--- 24 .0/23.5/23 .8/24.0)21.3/22.2/22.3)/22. 5) Length of incisor tooth-row.....-- .+++++++++ --{{11.0]11.7/10.6)10.0)10.0/10.0/11.0/10.0 Distance between ext. bord. last molars.... ....- 30.0/29.0/27.0/27.0/27.0/27.0/27.0/26.5 Distance between ext. bord. canines.......--+-- 19.5/18.0/18.2)18.0)17.0;17.0/18.0/17.0 Length of mandibular ramus .......---+++++-+> 50.0/48.5/48.5/44.0)45.0/46.5/46.0/44.0 Height of mand. ramus (angle to cor. proc.)..... 260/24. 6/24.0/21.0/22.3)21.0/22.0/21.0 Ratios ¢o Basilar length (Hensel). Zygomatic breadth..........--2- seseeseeeeeee 69.7/71.0/68.2)71.2)75.0)70.3/74.0)72.4 MAST OIGMDECAGE IM: 0.0). 252 sos wipe meses terns 58.5/60.1/60.2/61.0/57.8/62.0)64.0/60.4 Length of palatal floor.... .....--.++-++> .. (41. 7/42. 7/44. 1/47.5/43.1/45.4/42.0/44.8 Distance from foram. mag. to post-palatal border.||58.5 59.0 56.7 57.6)59.5/55.8)59.0 56.9 Length of lateral tooth-row..........+-++-- ... -|(B6.2/37.2/89.1/40. 7/36. 7/37.3/37.5/38.8 Breadth across molars........ + SSG SS OEE 45 .5/45.9/42.5/45.8/46.5/45.4/45.4/45.7 AND Ratios oF THIRTY-FOUR NorRtTH AMERICAN SPECIMENS 0 : tS. 2 a) 2 5 riff .0/24.9 8 8/4 1 3) 9 6 6 4 Mephitis mephitica. Fort Snelling, Minn. Ohio. No. 9/42. No. 80. 74. 7(ibe 53. 47. o 0 0 20) 6 0/62. 3/42. 8/56. .6338. 3)40, 0 0 .0 7 8 ol 19 0}77.. 72. 69. 26 elke 63. 42. 57. 34 0) 3) No. Aver.| No. | 2891 | 3727 | 3724 | Very 1177) 4] ad. 3 .0/26. 72. 64, 0/43. 9/55. .0)35. sic ee Indiana. 3.0)20. No. 4385 a) 68. 63. 59. 44. 39. 19. 45. 20. No. 4386 9? ad. 0 5) 6 43 25. 15. 24. 2019 Q? ad. (66. 61. 59. 0 36. ihe} 34. 22. New York. No. | No. 2020 3? ad. 0,70. 0 67. 5 0 0 0/43. 4/57. 3/34. | 043. 0 No. 314 a -» @®@ Averages. ¥ Fort V ———————— No. | No. 0 1914 1910 67.0 65.270. .0 68. -0 61. .0 44, .0 38. .0 20. .0 63 -5 569 -5 41 .0,37 .0)19 .5 34.036. .0 25.0 26. .0.19.015. .0 23.021. .5/22.0/21. .0|22.0/22. .0.10. 0/27, .0/18. .811 .0 26 .8)18 .0.46.0)48. .8 24.0/28. 769.5) 72. .8 62. 7/61. .042,4/45. pe 58. 8 37.3)36, eae: 48. iE GENuS Mephitzs. , Arizona. o. | No. 13 1909 3 1. | ad. | ¢ 4 . 67.4 .0,64.0)64. .057.0)59. 7|40.5/42.2/41. 0. 36.0/386.7/35. 5 17.5/19. 0 33.0/34. 0,23.6/25. 0)15.0/16. 1 0)22.0/22. 0)21.0/21. 0)22.0)/21. 0,10.5)10. 026.0126. ars u fe 045.6/46. 0 21.0/23. 7 70. .663.2)/61. 4/41.4/42. .6)57.9)57. 2/38 .6/36. 1}45.0 44. Mephitis estor. Mephitis occiden- talis. Pinal Co., Arizona. Ducks, Bac Averages. No. | No. 1462 | 1461 Spey | wine ad. | ad. 74.0/70.0 37.0/35.0 28 .5|26.3 50.3/48.0 25.0/23.0 1894. | Allen, Mammals of Aransas County, Texas. Ig! Merriam’s much more detailed table of measurements of skulls of the genus Spilogale (N. Am. Fauna, No. 4, Oct., 1890), to quote from his remarks on the subject: ‘“‘ Many of the measurements, and more of the ratios, are worthless ; and the table is published as much to show these as those which are really important ” (1. c., p. 4). Although my tables give a much larger number of skulls per species than his, they are still too few to give satisfactory results, the addition of a single skull to a series of five or six being often found to modify some of the averages quite materially. IIl.—SumMMARY OF MEASUREMENTS AND RATIOS. MALES. MEASUREMENTS. | NE DETOL SPECIMENS: «<6. 0 5c. ss oe ees Be BE 48 64 15 eSuar lead EO ee Ae ae cea teen 62.1 | 69.3 | 63.5 | 58.7 | 66.0 MyGmMaveiDEEAGdth). ©..2. 6222652550 sees s 44.6 | 50.0 | 46.6 | 61.8 | 46.0 RET SHOT TEAG UM.) ders sys censua s& e'iee ta,00dhs 36.2 | 44.3 | 40.8 | 36.0 | 40 0 WeeteTalntOOLN=TOW?, ./- c.01- 2 css ss eevee oc es POE | PE || REO) | Bilas |) B80) IByeadthracross molars... .5....6665.0586 Pasi PA Lara Ni PAT ary PAN) ||| SX0)e(0) Ratios to Basilar Length. ROOMateNDreadth’ << cst. see ce eee We8e MiZk2a MiToebe le ibeaa| TORO MEST MPKEAG CIN. <8 ers (eels, 2 Geo eccsaes <3 GSD Oss 9eG4 3) oles moO KO Foramen mag. to palatine notch......... 60.0 | 57.9 | 56.5 | 56.9 | 56.0 Benotnotepalatal Moor 22. 36... 1... 0 44.3 | 42.0 | 43.5 | 48.1 | 48.0 arewtimtooth=rOw. |... 2s. -s2 ee. 2 nt 36.4 | 34.0 | 34.7 | 36.8 | 34.9 IBREACEMACTOSS MOIALS. 205s. 5¢22+ sacle 46.2 | 42.4 | 42.8 | 44.2 | 45.5 FEMALES. MEASUREMENTS. MAMIUMeIEOCTSPECIMENS. = ji. c.1- + te ctewe ale ae ene «/s 6} 4° 64 ie ineist Gur JSinReTE nie 6 EaAmroreen mer crete cho Sec ence eR | 59.1 | 59.2 | 55.9 | 61-0 Pip ean CHDLEA CGH aro 4.56 « upon Aceratherium tridactylum ;° and upon Ancestors of the Taptr~ The present is the first part of a report belonging to the ‘faunal series,’ and covers part of the fossils collected in 1892. More recent collections and the remainder of this will be treated in a second part. These collections were made by Dr. Wort- man, assisted by Mr. Peterson and Mr. Gidley. The most novel points in the present paper are : 1. New characters of the Lower Miocene Rhinoceroses, in- cluding two new types, 4. ¢trigonodum and A. platycephalum. 2. The osteology of J/etamynodon. 1 Osborn and Wortman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1V, Dec. 30, 1892. 2 Loe. cit., Vol. V, Osborn and Wortman, February, 1893. 3 Loc. cit., Wortman, June 27, 1893. ! Loc. cit., Osborn, April 29, 1893. 5 Loc. cit., Wortman and Earle, August 18, 1893. [199] ‘(2) UUos}1aq[no Uopoai(d {(Z) WOJOW WUNLIAYIO[ "MN LAYJOUD]L | ‘upaieq snddiyosay ‘anpouostt) UNLIYJDAII YF ‘Q/BJUAPIONO WNLLoyJoovsyUY “1oyesOd WL LUNIA YIOT A ‘TuOMOW WNtaYyo[y ‘snaeunid snouoydojdoyy ‘tupayeq snddryosayy ‘tuos -j1aqjno uopoasy ‘sdooruyyd uopoudureya yy ‘aye wnrieyjv4a9 py ‘ds Uopo: esd FY ‘ruapAey snsvjoaed “ds sAwosXyos] ‘snuxydeq ‘snjuanso uopounrd 1] ‘suvionio uopouad FY ‘sueproned uopouwd Fy] ‘snpLioy uopous A} ‘sypequapio00 snauoydoydoyy ‘snaawiad snouoydojdoyzy ‘2220.45 UOpoak( ‘tuospLagzno uopoa4Q ‘suvaa xXrawioyda’y ‘MUOspIN wntaYo1qa0g ‘snuvolome snuejodody] ‘aejuapiooo WIN LayIOOwAYWY ‘royesodury wintia “WOT ‘tuoylow wintey oly ‘xeyduus snatdvjo1q ‘snyexny uopojod ‘tupareq snddiyosayy ‘a[eyuapiooo winayyeieoy ‘ay wniuayyesaoy ‘ds uopooes4 yy ‘tuojiow “sy ‘1oye1edut wniuayoya “ds uopoovsdyy ‘ipareq snddiyosayy ‘ayeyuapiooo wntoyywie0y ‘snawutid snouoydoydoyy ‘eurpay stjo1uicy ‘ypyuapiI90 MNI49y/7VAIIY “WUOS|LM WINLLAYIOIGIOd ‘uopoovldpy ‘isueaa xfrawuojday ‘éopoutmpjpayy ‘wuopsey Spon ‘sndA} sXurorAyos] ‘1uapAey onid uopouxdP] ‘snzye]]NGq uoposicd -suIvuta’ ULI|VUIWPLU pato}yeOS May VW snsvjoaeg ‘snuaydecy *snjuanio “yy ‘sue () ‘ds uopouosog ‘Kapnes snimyoousy ‘a19jao sess90j01g ‘snyoudyakyovsq snurvejododz] ‘Qsuaiey wunaqooRIyy Uy “ds snyouryy, ‘1oyesodun wntoyjoay ‘ds snd -diyosa yy ‘iypciwg sndgiyosayy ‘suaprnbiyqo snardejoig ‘unjtavoid WINLIdYyye1a icy ‘wnyeydaoaqeyd wnieyesooy ‘wunyAjoepiy wN}aYyyELe0y ‘ds uopoovsA]] ¢ uopouxd zy ‘ uopormn zy ‘wunyAq -oeply wnneyqwiesy ‘ds vruoyoneyday ‘1ofew uopoaiody é ‘ds uopouosog “pazioryery ‘ouity, sey 10j Surmvadde sad yz, ‘ANAOOIJY NAALY ALIHAY AHL NI SaIoddS Ao ‘snddiyosayy ‘wniayeiaoy ‘WINLIaYyjourjz |, JO SuIBWal pay surly ‘ayy sauog ‘Avpo 473113 ysippay ‘{qsna sauog = “sAvpo pue souojspues : aafe7y] uopoudwejay “Aahe] pay, “aprxo SNOULSNALDJ JO aTBOS YIM sauog “Bulvaq-ajnpou :1a4v"] wopoad | *paszojoo Aqsni souog ‘sAv]o pur sauospues “OTT | sauogq ‘winjeijs Avjo snojnpoNn sAvjo palojoo-jy sry] /SnonuTyUOD Jou ‘sauojspuLsS as1vOy | ‘sXvjo pasojoo-yuid ‘Sut |-lvaq-aynpou : aa *Jo9J OF O} OI ‘saqaq Nodoqwag | 200] K \ | J | > ‘3a9J COT 03 SL | J "J99} OOI j Lo | bs \ “SAVID NAWUVA wm Oo wm ‘Ssadaq SVYAIOLONd “‘joa} OOI “‘Spaq 242 JO ssauyoIgy aya jo ajeuNse ajewxoiddy [ 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammats. 201 3. The basi-occipital characters of Oveodon as developed in successive horizons. 4. The determination of two species of Anthracotherium. Ad- ditional characters of the American Hyofotamus. The section upon the Perissodactyla was mainly written by my- self ; that upon the Artiodactyla and Carnivora by Dr. Wortman. Authors, in citing this paper, are requested to kindly recognize the names of both contributors.—H. F. O. FAUNAL SUCCESSION IN ‘THE LOWER MIOCENE. One of the most important features of the field work of the Expedition of 1892 was avery carefulsurvey of the complete sec- tion of the Lower Miocene beds in South Dakota. Wortman has already published a preliminary table of the succession of strata,’ and we now add a preliminary list of the succession of species. This will naturally be subject to revision; some species will be found to occurupon higher or lower levels, and the list characteristic of each level will be greatly increased. In the meantime the fol- lowing list will furnish the basis for definite criticism and revision, and taken together with the admirable work of Scott upon the Deep River beds, and of Hatcher upon the lower section or Titanotherium beds, is a step towards the still more exact strati- graphical and faunal work of the future. Suborder PERISSODACTY LA. Family RHINOCEROTIDZ:. Aceratherium trigonodum, sp. nov. Prane. Dia: This species is the oldest of the series, and‘is named from the strictly triangular form of the last upper premolar. The best specimen is a nearly perfect skull (No. 529) with one jaw found 1¢On the Divisions of the White River or Lower Miocene of Dakota,’ Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 95-106, June 27. 1803. 202 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1, in the uppermost ‘ Titanotherium layer.’ The type specimen (No. 528) is a perfect set of upper grinders of both sides, only partly worn. The specific characters are: Dentition, {, 7, 4, 3. (a) Upper canine appar- ently persistent and well developed. (4) Upper premolars subtriangular ; third premolar with an incipient postero-internal cusp, well developed towards the base ; fourth premolar with a feeble or incipient postero-internal spur and a somewhat prominent elevation of the postero-internal cingulum, which presents the appearance of a‘cingule’ when worn. (c) Upper molars with well-devel- oped internal cingulum upon protoloph ; cingulum feeble or absent on meta- loph; incipient ‘ antecrochet’ at base of metaloph becoming apparent upon wear. (@) Sku//(No. 52g) fairly elevated; sagittal crest low; nasals rather short, not notched ; postglenoid and posttympanic processes widely separated. The canine associated with specimen No. 529 was not found in situ, and is therefore open to some question ; it is larger than Fig. 1. Upper dentition of the left side of: A, Aceratherium trigonodum, type (No. 528). 3, Aceratherium mite, showing immature dentition (No. 521). Aceratherium mite, showing mature dentition (No. 522). One-half natural size. ve “ 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 203 that of 4. mite. The lower jaw is long and slender ; it lacks any trace of the first premolar ; the lower canines differ from those of A. occidentale in being fully procumbent. The nasals are rela- tively shorter and more obtuse than in 4. mite ; the sagittal crest is less sharply defined. The postglenoid processes extend more widely behind the glenoid fossa than in the later types. Aceratherium (Ccenopus) mite Copv. PoATE: HB: This species has been hitherto known chiefly in its teeth and skeletal characters, from the descriptions of Cope. It is repre- sented by three beautifully preserved skulls, one containing the complete milk dentition (No, 521), the others containing the adult dentition in two stages of wear (Nos. 522, 524). Found at the base of the “Oreodon Beds’ (Nos. 521, 522), and in the ‘ Meta- mynodon layer’ (No. 524). The specific distinctions of the skull region are: Dentition, 2, 1-8, 4, 3. (a) Small wpper canines present in milk series, and temporary or absent in permanent dentition. (4) Upper premolars - third premolar subtriangular with a small but well-defined postero-interna!l cusp (tetartocone), and a short posterior crest ; fourth premolar subtriangular with a somewhat feebler tetartocone. (c) Upper molars with more or less well-defined internal cingula, especially upon the protoloph, ‘ antecrochet’ usually distinct upon first molar and feeble or absent upon second and third molars; third molar with ectoloph and meta- loph completely confluent. (d@) .Su// rather broad and low ; sagittal crest well- defined posteriorly ; occiput of medium height; frontals broad and somewhat rugose above postorbital processes; nasals notched laterally and sharply pointed; postglenoid and posttympanic processes separate. These skulls are small and delicate, about 17 inches in length. The general impression one receives is of considerable lateral and moderate vertical extension. The premaxillaries are not over- hung by the nasals, and are completely separated in the median line. Seen from above, the nasals, pointed at the tip, widen sud- denly as in Hyrachyus, with which generic type A. mize presents many striking resemblances. The skull gradually broadens to a- point above and slightly behind the orbits, then contracts into the rather broad, low cranium. ‘The premaxillaries are almost in contact with the nasals. 204 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1, The younger individual (No. 521) shows all the upper pre- molars of the frs¢ sertes in place. The first premolar has a long ectoloph and two irregular transverse crests. The second pre- molar has two perfect transverse crests. The third premolar has two crests which are confluent internally ; it is more triangular in form and less progressive than the second premolar. The fourth premolar is on the other hand more progressive than the molars, Fig. 2. Adult Upper Premolars of the First and Second Series A, Aceratherfum trigo- nodum, type (No. 528). B, Aceratherium mite (No. 522). E, Aceratherium platycepha- Zum (No. 540). Showing by the internal view the persistence and unchanged form of the two ‘milk’ teeth, D. 1 and D 2, and the evolution of the postero-internal lobe in the third and fourth premolars, P. 3, P. 4. Two-thirds natural size. with protoloph and metaloph, an antecrochet and a tubercle at the entrance of the median valley. It is somewhat doubtful whether the incisors and the canine belong to the first or second series. Aceratherium occidentale (Ze). PLATE! D1. C. This classic species is represented by numerous specimens, including three fairly well-preserved adult skulls (Nos. 532, 535, 1894.] Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 205 537), and one perfect baby skull and jaws (No. 534). It seems to occur chiefly above the ‘Metamynodon layer’ in the middle and upper divisions of the ‘Oreodon Beds.’ The specific distinctions are: Dentition, 3,%, 4:3, 3. (a) Upper canines wanting in deciduous and permanent series ; lower canines with crowns of medium length, semiprocumbent. (4) Upper premolars: third premolar sub- quadrate, with strong tetartocone and posterior crest not quite in contact in the unworn condition ; fourth premolar transitional to subquadrate with feebler development of tetartocone and posterior crest. (c) Upper molars : internal cingula fairly well defined, especially upon protolph ; ‘ antecrochet ’ well devel- oped upon first and second molars, and sometimes present upon third molar ; third molar with ectoloph and metaloph completely confluent. (d@) S£z// rather high and narrow ; nasals long, well developed and slightly notched ; sagittal crest flattening out except in posterior region of cranium ; postglenoid and posttympanic processes approximated but not actually in contact ; occiput ele- vated ; paroccipital processes very long and slender. Fig. 3. Adult Upper Dentition of C, Aceratherium occidentale (Leidy) (No. 535), and of D, Aceratherium platy-ephalum, type (No. 545). One-half natural size. The immature skull (No. 534) is doubtfully referred to this species. In contrast with the young 4. m¢e it exhibits a feeble pair of upper incisors, and no trace of the upper canines. The four deciduous premolars are the only grinding teeth present ; they are all completely molariform, with two complete crests, except D. P. 1, which exhibits a strong postero-internal cusp and a very feeble posterior crest. There is a ‘crista’ upon D., P. 2. 206 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, Aceratherium platycephalum, sp. nov. . PLATE II, Z. The type of this species is a skull and lower jaw (No. 545) from the coarse sandstones or lower section of the * Protoceras Beds,’ on the same level with A. ¢ridacty/um. Belonging to the same species is a perfect set of upper premolars and molars of the right side (No. 540). The specific distinctions are as follows : Dentition, £8, 45,2. (a) Third and fourth wpper premolars with prominent postero-internal cusps (tetartocones) which when unworn are quite separate from the delicate posterior crests ; third premolar quadrate ; fourth premolar subquadrate. (4) Internal cingula upon true upper molars wanting ; first molar exhibits an * antecrochet’ ; third molar exhibits a depression on the posterior face at the junction of the ectoloph and metaloph. (c) Large procumbent lower canines, with a small median pair of incisors. (d@) Sud/ flattened, obtuse nasals, slight postglenoid-posttympanic contact ; broad, low occiput ; sagittal crest wanting and represented merely by two low, divergent /ézea aspera about one inch apart. Both specimens (Nos. 545, 540) belong to a large animal. The skull is about 25 inches in length, and is wholly different in its proportions from that of the con- temporary Ad. ¢7dactylum, which is of the high narrow type, and about 20 inches in length. The prominent bosses above the post- orbital processes, the short obtuse nasals, the very large horizontal lower incisors, or canines, the flat- Fig. 4. Second and third upper molars of Aceratherium simplicidens Cope, tened upper surface of the cra- type. One-half natural size. nium, are all characters which immediately distinguish this type. The proportions of the skull suggest that this species may have succeeded the A. mrte Cope. The last upper molar is somewhat similar in form to that of A. simplicidens Cope. Aceratherium tridactylum Oséorvw.' PLATE II, £, AND PLATE III. This species was founded upon the remarkably complete skele- ton represented in Plate III. Other remains are a fine skull - a 1 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., Vol. V, April 29, 1893, p. 85. fe. 1894.| Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 207 (No. 541), and many fragmentary portions of the skeleton. Found in the coarse sandstones or lower division of the ‘ Proto- ceras Beds.’ The specific distinctions are : Dentition, ?, 9, 4, 3. (a) The upper premolars cannot be clearly defined at present, owing to the adult wear. (4) Internal cingula upon wpper molars faintly developed or wanting ; first, second and third molars with strong ‘antecrochet.’ (¢) Semiprocumbent lower canines. (d) Skull elevated, elongate nasals, broad postglenoid-posttympanic contact, high occiput, powerful sagittal crest. The following paragraph is from the original description of the type specimen :' “ The skeleton measures seven feet nine inches in length, and four feet in height to the top of the lumbar vertebral spines. There are nineteen dorsal, five lumbar and three sacral vertebre. The pelvis is long and rather slender, and the limbs are of an intermediate type, heavier than in 4. occidentale and much longer than in the Upper Miocene 4. fossiger. here are only three digits in the manus, hence the name ¢ridacty/um, there being no trace of the fifth digit, which is so characteristic of the Lower Miocene Rhinoceroses of America and Europe, with the possible exception of 4. me Cope.” In the type the nasals are perfectly smooth, but in another skull (No. 541) the nasals exhibit a pair of rugosities which at once suggest the possession of a pair of horns, and Mr. Hatcher has recently shown that this species is followed by another, rela- ted to the John Day genus Diceratherium Marsh. The distinc- tive features of the skull are the high, narrow occiput, and pow- erful sagittal crest, the arching and rugose nasals overhanging the premaxillaries, the posterior lateral projections of the zygo- matic arches, the widely united postglenoid and posttympanic processes. ‘Ihe dentition is characterized by the medum sized semiprocumbent lower canines, and by the strong ‘ antecrochet ’ upon the upper molars. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE LOWER MIOCENE RHINOCEROSES. PLATES II anp III. From these observations it appears that there was a very rapid evolution both in form and in size among the Lower Miocene 1 Loc. cit. j 2 American Geologist, May, 1894, p. 360- 208 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Fistory. |Vol. V1, Rhinoceroses, also that there was considerable variety and a number of parallel lines of species. The succession in “me is : A. trigonodum, A. mite, A. occidentale, A. tridactylum, and A. platycephalum. The relative appearance in time of A. simplict- dens Cope and A. pumilum Cope has not been ascertained, nor do we understand as yet the phyletic succession of any of these species. The transformation of the upper premolars is particularly interesting : first, in the retention of the D. P. 1 and D. P. 2 as permanent teeth, the latter exhibiting fully molariform trans- verse crests ; second, in the more rapid evolution of the third premolar than of the fourth premolar. Quite the reverse of this is the case in the horses, where the fourth premolar is more pro- gressive than the third. The discovery of A. ¢tridactylum and of A. platycephalum was quite unexpected. The former may connect with Diceratherium through the D. proavitum of Hatcher. The latter is an alto- gether unique form, as it resembles none of the later Miocene types thus far discovered. The distinctive features of the skull evolution are well shown in Plate IT. Family AMYNODONTID/E S. @& O. In this family of aberrant Rhinoceroses are included the genera Amynodon, Metamynodon, and possibly Cadurcotherium, a European form which presents many analogies to the American Amynodonts. The previous family definition given by Osborn may now be amended as follows : Large upper and lower canines. Upper and lower incisors reduced in number, and of a uniformly small size. Premolar series in both jaws greatly reduced. Last upper molar with a complete ectoloph. Skull with a short facial region and powerful sagittal crest. Functional digits 4-3. Lunar wedge-shaped distally. We are now enabled to fully compare these animals with the Rhinocerotide, the most striking differences being in the peculiar form of the skull, the great canine tusks, and the four functional toes in front. Very numerous minor differences run throughout 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fosstl Mammals. 209 the dentition and skeleton, and indicate ancient divergence from the Rhinoceros stem. Restoration —The most complete individual, which we refer to M. plantfrons, gives us all the proportions of the body. The adult was about 9% feet long and 4'4 feet high at the shoulders, with a low, compactly built body, muscular limbs and deep chest. The vertebral spines were not elevated. Thus the general appear- ance of the animal, with its low, broad skull, widely spreading zygomatic arches and tusks, was widely different from the con- temporary Aceratherium with its light build, feeble canine tusks and high, narrow skull. Metamynodon planifrons §. & O. All the specimens in the collection (Nos. 546-554) are provi- sionally referred to this species. ‘The variations in size and dental formule do not afford the basis for specific separation from the type at present. The material collected in 1892 embraces remains of nine indi- viduals, as follows: A, from AZetamynodon stratum: No. 546, greater part of skeleton, fragments of skull, lower jaw complete, lacking pelvis and lumbars; No. 547, skull ; No. 549, lower jaw ; No. 550, lower jaw of young individual, with milk teeth ; No. 551, jaws of young individual ; No. 552, fragmentary lower jaw ; No. 553, complete lower jaw. &, from Upper Oreodon stratum: No. 548, fore limb; No. 696, lower jaw. SKULL AND LOWER JAws. The osteology of the skull has already been fully described; the lower jaws are long and not very deep ; the condyle is elevated, with great transverse and slight antero-posterior section, ‘The coronoid is slender ; the border of the angle is thickened as in Rhinoceros. Vhe symphysis is long and horizontal with a single mental foramen. Dentition.—The dental formula as given by Scott and Osborn requires modification, as there is evidence that the number of incisors is less than stated by them. In skull No. 555 there are three upper incisors upon one side and two upon the other. Of [July, 1894.] L4 210 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V1, the lower jaws, Nos. 551 and 546 present two incisors upon each side, while No. 555 has but a single incisor upon each side. There are three upper premolars and two lower premolars as a number constant in all the specimens. ‘The dental formula should there- fore be written I. 3%, C. 4, Pm. 3, M. 3. The zacisors are sub- functional, being better developed than appeared in the Harvard College type skull. The most exceptional feature is the large canine tusks, which are 3% inches in length in the lower jaw, and 2 inches in length in the upper jaw. The lower canines are strongly recurved, trihedral in section, with posterior faces worn flat by close friction with the anterior faces of the upper canines. Both pairs of tusks diverge, and are outwardly curved like those of the wild boar. The premolars are characterized by extreme reduction in size, the antero-posterior diameter of the entire premolar series being less than that of the second true molar. They also show a limited assumption of the molar pattern, as has been already pointed -out. The wpfer molars are distinguished by the flattened external face of the ectoloph, which in M. 3 is carried well beyond the metaloph, a feature which is very rare in the true Rhinoceroses. ‘There is a trace of the ‘crista’ in M, 2 in one specimen (No. 547.) There is no internal cingulum, and the transverse crests are devoid of either the crochet or antecrochet. The /ower molars are remarkable for their extremely high, elongate and laterally compressed crowns, which exhibit a ten- dency to a prismatic or hypsodont structure. ‘The anterior crest is strongly and sharply incurved. In the molars of Nos. 550, 555, 546 a prominent tubercle appears at the entrance of the posterior valley. ‘The third molar has only two lobes, as in the true Rhinoceroses. THE SKELETON. Vertebre.—TVhe following description refers exclusively to No. 546, unless otherwise specified. The atlas indicates powerful transverse processes ; the suboccipital foramen perforates the anterior part of the arch. ‘The axis is rather elongate, and exhibits an obtuse odontoid process. ‘The remaining cervicals have strongly opisthoccelous centra,with oval faces,the greatest diameter being transverse ; the zygapophyses are large and slightly oblique ; the neural spines are not preserved ; the seventh cervical is im- 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 211 perforate, and its centrum shows a facet for the first rib. Fifteen dorsals are preserved. ‘The first dorsal has a broad descending lamella from the transverse process with a facet for the tuber- culum of the first rib; the capitulum of the first rib articulates at the anterior base of the process. ‘The succeeding dorsals lack the lamella; the adjacent facets for the capitulum of the rib become confluent between the third and fourth dorsals; the capit- ulum is supported on adjacent facets between each pair of vertebra as far back as the 15th dorsal. The tubercular facet is also ex- hibited upon the rs5th dorsal, the last one completely preserved. The zygapophyses are very small, and are horizontal in position from the first to the rith dorsal, when they begin to take an oblique position; in the 15th they are considerably rounded and obliquely placed. The dorsal spines are not very elevated in the mid-dorsal region, and they sink rapidly towards the posterior end of the series ; they have a trihedral section ; they are keeled anteriorly, and deeply excavated posteriorly from D. 3 to D. 12, where the upper portion of the spine assumes the broad flattened form characteristic of the lumbars. No vertebra are preserved behind the 15th dorsal except five of the caudals. Ribs.—Fourteen ribs of the right and six of the left side are preserved, indicating that there was a deep, rather narrow chest. The first rib has an oval section above and 1s flattened below. The 2d to the 7th ribs have flattened shafts ; the ribs from the 8th to the 14th pass from a trihedral to a rounded section. From the length of the ribs it is estimated that the depth of the chest was about 35 inches. Scapula.—Of the scapula only the lower portion is preserved. It exhibits a shallow glenoid fossa, a low rugose corocoid process. Humerus.—The humerus is massive, with prominent greater and lesser tuberosities, a rugose deltoid crest slightly retroverted | but not hooked, extending half-way down the shaft. The ect- epicondyle is very prominent, and there is a supratrochlear fora- men. The internal condyle is perfectly flat. The relative measure- ments of the humerus and the radius are 16 in. to 13 in. Radius —The radius has a characteristic pit on its front face just above the insertion of the brachialis anticus ; the shaft is 212 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V1, flattened, and distally presents a very strongly concavo-convex face for the scaphoid, and slightly concave face for the lunar. Uina.—The ulna has a short olecranon, a trihedral shaft and a prominent rugosity on the median external face ; distally there is a deep groove upon the anterior face for the passage of the extensor tendon ; it rests partly upon the lunar as well as upon the cuneiform. The pe/vis is wanting. Hind Limbs—The hind limbs are characterized by the great length of the femur in proportion to the tibia—the ratio being femur, 1g inches; tibia, 11 inches. The head of the femur has a large pit for the “gamentum teres, a prominent rugose great trochanter which does not rise above the head ; a shallow digital fossa ; the lesser and third trochanters are low and placed well down upon the shaft; the rotular groove faces obliquely down- wards, indicating that the knee was carried well up ; the external and internal tuberosities are equal; the external condyle is the largest. The “dca has a double spine, a broad cnemial crest, which exhibits a deep median superior depression ; the internal malleolus is not prominent, and the astragalar trochlear, as in Aphelops, is shallow. The fidu/a is complete although reduced, with an expanded distal extremity ; the shaft is trihedral in sec- tion and not laterally compressed. Manus.—Vhe manus exhibits the articulations and _ relations invariably associated with tetradactylism, viz.: the lunar is wedge- shaped distally, and is supported equally upon the magnum and unciform instead of mainly upon the unciform, as in the Rhinoc- eros and in tridactyl types generally. ‘The bones of the proximal row are in other respects similar to those in RAineceros. ‘Vhe distal row shows a small trapezium ; the second digit being sup- ported by the trapezoid and abutting against the magnum ; the third and fourth digits articulate with the magnum and unciform in the usual manner, and the fifth is well developed, as indicated by a broad horizontal unciform facet. ‘The larger specimen (No. 548) from the “upper Oreodon stratum” exhibits a third digit and a large fifth digit fully as functional as in 77/anotherium, and more strongly developed than in the Tapir, 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals 2t : 3 Pes.—The pes is remarkable especially for the form of the tuber calcis, which is elongate, flattened, expanded distally, and has its long axis placed nearly transversely instead of antero-posteriorly. The cuboid has a larger astragalar than calcaneal facet, while the astragalus itself is very short. The middle metapodial abuts against the cuboid. As a whole the pes is very short. In addition to the points above noted, J/etamynodon is distin- guished from the modern Rhinoceros by a lesser development of the humeral tuberosity and of the third femoral trochanter, by the elongated neck for the head of the femur, and by the short- ness of the astragalus. Upon the whole, however, it is much more advanced and specialized in the direction of the modern Rhinoceros type than the contemporary Aceratherium occidentale. Family EQUID. Subfamily ANCHITHERIIN. CHARACTERS OF THE LOWER MIOCENE SPECIES OF HORSES. The typical form, Mesohippus bairdii, extends apparently un- modified in form and very slightly increasing in size from the lowest to the highest beds, while just above the Oreodon strata a distinct and much larger form appears, and in the highest strata (Protoceras Beds) a second larger type appears transitional to the John Day Anchitherium. We thus observe the persistence of primitive species of Horses contemporary with divergent progresstve species as a characteristic of the evolution of the Horses. This is in accord with the previous observations of Marsh, confirmed by Scott and Osborn, that a form ? Anchitherium parvulus, which is very slightly removed in dental characters from J/esohippus, occurs even in the top of the Miocene (Loup Fork) ;' also with Scott's recent observations upon the polyphyletic series of the upper Miocene (Deep River) Horses of North America. Mesohippus bairdii (Zed). This well-known species is represented by remains of sixteen individuals—Nos. 664- 677, 712, 713—C hiefly from the * Oreodon * i See Scott and rognaee Bull. Mus. Comp. . Zoi! 890, p. 89. 214 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol\. V1, and ‘Metamynodon’”’ strata, including all parts of the skeleton and of the dentition excepting the incisor teeth. Among the most valuable specimens for morphological study is the nearly complete skeleton of a young individual, No. 685. INCERTZ SEDIS. ? Mesohippus longipes, sp. nov. The type of this species is a complete hind limb (No. 684), found just above the ‘ nodular layer’ in the sandstones and clays of the upper ‘ Oreodon beds.’ It presents certain points of likeness with the hind limb of fyracodon nebrascense, as well as with that of the AZzohippus annectens, recently described by Scott from the * Deep River Beds’ of Montana, which lie at the base of the Loup Fork or Upper Miocene.’ In other words, if really a Horse it is a much larger and more modernized type than the J/. datrai, The animal stood about 31 inches high at the hip, while JZ. daira stood 21 inches high. The pelvis is similar to that of MZ. dairdit, so far as we can determine from the small portion preserved. ‘The femur has a deep pit for the 7gamentum teres ; the great trochanter is missing ; the third trochanter is placed higher upon the shaft than the second. The tibia has a greatly elevated cnemial crest. The fibula is reduced to a continuous extremely slender shaft closely applied to the side of the tibia. The calcaneum has a long tuber calcis, and displays a small fibular facet; the ectal superior calcaneo-astragalar facet is separate, while the ental and inferior facets are continuous, thus differing widely from the separate facets of WZ. bairdi7, and resembling those of A. nebrascense. On the other hand the astragalo-tibial grooves of the ankle joint are much sharper than in any known species of //yracodon and resemble those of the Horses. The cuboid articulates with the astragalus by a very narrow facet as in both the Horses and Hyracodons. The navicular displays a deep postero-external facet for the cuboid. ‘The ectocuneiform is very deep with an 1*'The Mammalia of the Deep River Beds,’ Trans, Am, Phil. Soc., Vol. XVII, May, 1804, p. 8 . 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 215 external facet for metatarsal IV. The mesocuneiform is short. The entocuneiform has a small navicular facet. The toes spread distally ; the lateral pair are relatively larger and more oval in section than in M. bairdii. The proximal phalanges are much longer relatively than in the typical Horses. Altogether it is very doubtful where this animal belongs. It is widely distinct from both the known lower Miocene Horses and Hyracodons. The specific characters are: (a) Metatarsals 3, long and slender, slightly spreading distally. (4) Sustentacular and inferior calcaneo-astragalar facets continuous. (c) Astragalo-tibial grooves sharp. (d@) Fibula complete, but greatly reduced and closely applied to tibia. Suborder ARTIODACTYLA. Family OREODONTID.. An unusually fine series of skulls of the Oreodonts from all levels of the White River formation enables us to add something to the knowledge of the vertical distribution of the species. It has been stated at various times that remains of Oreodonts occur in the lower Titanotherium Beds, but careful search in the region explored by our party, viz.: the divide between the White and Cheyenne Rivers, has failed to bring to light a single specimen of the group from these underlying strata. All the specimens in our collection were found in the Oreodon and Protoceras Beds, or middle and upper divisions. - Oreodon culbertsonii Ze/dy. Remains of this species are exceedingly abundant in the lower “nodular layer’ of the ‘Oreodon Beds’; it is from their relative abundance in this stratum that this primary division of the White River sediments takes its name. The typical nodular layer, in which their remains are especially numerous, lies within fifteen or twenty feet of the top of the Titanotherium strata, and it is not an unfrequent occurrence to find them also in the clays immedi- ately overlying the Titanotherium Beds; in fact it is highly 216 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, probable that the species has been found in the extreme upper- most layers of the ‘Titanotherium Bed proper. So far as our collection shows, the vertical range of O. caudbert- sontt does not exceed thirty feet, extending from the top of the Titanotherium Beds, upwards some distance above the lower nodular or ‘red layer.’ It is probable, however, that more exten- sive collections will increase this limit considerably both above and below. The principal characters of this species are seen in the very small, uninflated tympanic bulle, the form of the paroccipital processes, and the presence of a distinct and separate foramen rotundum. In the absence of any accurate description of this region of the skull, it is here treated in some detail for purposes of comparison with later types. The specimen described and figured is No. 595. ‘The bulle are small and rugged in contra- distinction to the large, smooth, rounded form found in the later species. ‘The paroccipital processes are rather elongated, more or less triangular in section, especially at the base, and connected with the posterior portion of the bulla by prominent ridges. At the base of the paroccipital process, on the side looking towards the postglenoid, are seen two fossz, separated from each other by a well-marked lamina of bone extending out from the paroccipital; in the anterior of these fossz is found the point of articulation of the tympanohyal element of the hyoid arch, while in the posterior fossa is seen the external opening of the stylomastoid foramen. At the posterior termination of the pterygoid plate of the sphenoid, and immediately in advance of the bulla, is situated the Soramen ovale, while upon the outer side of the root of the ptery- goid, in advance of, and a little internal to the foramen ovale, is seen another distinct, though smaller, foramen, which is in all probability the foramen rotundum. In front of this again come the large sphenoidal fissure and the optie foramen. Oreodon gracilis Lei/y. This species, of which there are a number of skulls in our col- lection, has practically the same vertical distribution as O. cué- bertsonit. It is readily distinguished by its smaller size, by the 1894.] Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 217 Fig. 5. Evolution of the Basi-occipital Region in Oreodon. C, ¢ reodon bullatus (No. 6:1). D. Eporeodon major (No. 1038). A, Oreodon culbertsonit (No. 595). By, Oreodon gracilis (No. 596). Natural size. 218 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.’ |Vol. VI, somewhat greater inflation of the bulla, and by the less distinct double fossa at the base of the paroccipital. It has, however, a distinct and relatively large foramen rotundum. Fig. 5 & (No. 596). Oreodon bullatus Zed. There is a single skull of this species in our collection (No. 611) which was obtained from the second ‘ nodular layer,’ from seventy-five to a hundred feet above the ‘red layer’ of the ‘Oreodon Bed.’ It is a matter of much interest to note that the bullee are much more inflated than in either O. cu/bertsonii or O. gracilis, They are, moreover, extended backwards and are largely in contact with the paroccipitals, which are, however, not flattened from before backwards to any appreciable extent. ‘The posterior fossa at the base of the paroccipital is but faintly represented, the anterior being large and distinct. The foramen rotundum is represented by two very minute ves- tigial foramine at the sides of the pterygoid plate, between the sphenoidal fissure and the ‘foramen ovale.’ It is more than probable that these will be found wanting in many specimens of this species. In our specimen they certainly could not have been functional, and there can be little doubt that the superior maxil- lary nerve made its exit through the sphenoidal fissure. The foramen rotundum therefore may be said to be practically absent. Eporeodon major (Levy). In the overlying Protoceras Beds Oreodons are very numerous. They are found principally in a nodular layer just as in the lower beds. So far as our collection shows, all the species of this upper horizon exhibit greatly inflated bulla (see No. 1038); the par- occipital is flattened at its base and applied closely to the bulle ; there is no posterior fossa at the base of the paroccipital, and the foramen rotundum is entirely wanting. ‘The crowns of the teeth are more elongated, and the species are slightly larger. It is stated by Scott’ upon the authority of Marsh, that in the Oreodons from the John Day horizon the thumb is absent and ! Morpholog. Jahrbuch, Vol. XVI, p: 330: 2* Notice of New Tertiary Mammals,’ Amer. Jour, Sci., Vol. LX, p. 230-250. 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 219 that the bulle are inflated. This character of the absence of the thumb is regarded by Scott as sufficient ground for the separation of these species into a distinct genus (forcodon). He does not apparently regard the species with the inflated bulle from the White River formation as belonging to this genus, and criticises Marsh for proposing the genus upon the ground of the inflation of the bullza. He remarks further that the forms with the large bulle occur together with those of the uninflated bulle in the same strata. This is not borne out by our observations. As regards the presence or absence of the thumb in the species from the Protoceras Beds very little is known at present, but it is a fact, abundantly demonstrated by our collection, that the greatly inflated bulla type, with flattened paroccipitals and lacking the foramen rotundum, comes only from the upper or Protoceras Beds. In alike manner those species in which the bulle are little or not at all inflated, the paroccipitals are not flattened and the foramen rotundum is present, are confined to the lower part of the Oreodon Beds. The single example of the transitional form, O. dud/atus, has a position exactly intermediate, in respect to its vertical distribution. These facts are significant, and seem to demonstrate very conclusively that the range in time corresponds with the evolution of the bulla. Family ANTHRACOTHERIIDE. The expedition was fortunate in securing a number of specimens of Hyopotamus, including several more or less complete skulls and lower jaws, and of still greater interest the first remains of Anthracotherium found in this country, proving that the Anthra- cotheriidz were represented by both the characteristic European genera. Hyopotamus americanus /evcy. This species, which has hitherto been known only from isolated teeth, is represented by the anterior portion of the skull (No. 575) and other remains. The molar teeth agree precisely with Leidy’s type, and enable us to characterize this species more fully. It is of precisely the same size as the //. velaunus from Ronzon, as 220 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1, figured by Filhol. It also resembles this European species closely in the greater elongated, narrow muzzle, but differs from it in the absence of the first superior premolar. The skull, so far as preserved, does not present any further differences. The locality is the ‘Metamynodon stratum,’ in which the remains of several individuals were found. Among them is a series of three upper molars (No. 576) which are of considerably larger size; also some lower jaws with milk teeth. ay Un a Fig, 6. Palatal Views of Skulls of Anthracotheres. A, //yofotamus americanus Leidy (No. 575). B, Hyoepfotamus brachyrhynchus, type (No. 582). C, Anthracotherium curtum. One-fourth natural size. Hyopotamus brachyrhynchus, sp. noy. The type of this species is a skull (No. 582) from the overly- ing Protoceras Beds ; it is well distinguished by the shortness of the muzzle, as the specific name indicates. The interval between a 1894. | Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 221 the base of the canine and the second premolar is but one-half as great as in H/. americanus. There is also a well-developed bifanged first premolar. METAMYNODON BEDs. | PROTOCERAS BEDs. HT, americanus. H. brachyrhynchus. 1.3, C.4, P.2, M.2. Muzzle elonga- I.-, C.1, P.4,M.8. Muzzle short, ted, C. to P.2=7omm. Second upper | C. toP.2=36mm. Second upper pre- premolar with feeble internal cingu- | molar with strong internal cingulum. lum. | Molar cingula and styles strongly | } gly developed. The type skull of A. drachvrhynchus is shorter than that re- ferred to H. americanus, but otherwise is of the same proportions. The principal characters are as follows : Orbits open posteriorly ; a sagittal crest ; occiput compressed laterally, as in 4/7. aymardi ; paroccipital process prominent and separated from the post- glenoid by the tubular portion of the tympanic. The tympanic bulle are well inflated as in the Peccary, but are lower, more rounded, and more elongated antero-posteriorly. Fig. 7. Superior Dentition of Axthracotherium? curtum Marsh. Two-thirds natural size. Anthracotherium curtum J/ars/. The specimen referred to this species is part of a skull (No. 1039) containing the canine, and the complete premolar-molar series of the left side, and the fourth premolar and three molars of the right side. In size it resembles the smaller European species. There is absolutely no diastema. Upper dentition.—The canine is vertically placed and more triangular in form than in the European species, and exhibits a sharply worn anterior face. Pm. 1 is missing ; it is single-fanged. Pm. 2 has traces of the cingulum at the 222 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1, outer angles and upon the inner face. In Pm. 3 these features are strength- ened, and this tooth exhibits a postero-internal shelf. Pm. 4 has a well-devel- oped internal cusp (deuterocone) surrounded by a basal cingulum ; the proto- cone is subcrescentic. The molars exhibit rather low obtuse cusps of crescentic form, with the characteristic protoconule ; the parastyle and mesostyle are low and obtuse ; the metastyle is rudimentary or incipient except in M. 3; the internal cingulum is not very prominent. In general these teeth are of the low selenodont type found in the European forms. The locality is the * Metamynodon stratum’ of the Oreodon 3eds. The description of this specimen was completed when a communication was published by Professor Marsh’ of a new species, Heptacodon curtus, founded upon a single molar tooth, and said to be * H. curtus is slightly smaller than the specimen here described. The author does not recognize the relationship to Anthraco- ‘apparently allied to //yopotamus.” The type of therium. Anthracotherium karense, sp. noy. This is a larger form from the Protoceras Beds, and is repre- sented by the last two upper molars of the left side (No. 1o4o). It is well distinguished by the very strong development of the Fig. 8. First and Second Upper Molars of A xthracotherium harense, type Natural size. mesostyle upon M.2 and M.3, and by the prominent metastyle upon M., 3 « The molars are of larger size than in A, occidentale, the cusps are more elevated and more sharply crescentic, the in- 1* A New Miocene Mammal,’ Am, Jour. Sce., May, 1894, p. 400. 1894.| Osborn and Wortman on Fossil Mammals. 223 ternal cingulum is also much more prominent. In general these teeth approach more nearly the Hyopotamus type, excepting of course in the form of the mesostyle. This species is named after one of the prominent peaks in the Black Hills—/nyan Kara. METAMYNODON BEDs. PROTOCERAS BEDs. A. occidentale. A. karense. C.1, P.4, M.2. Molars with low Formula unknown. Cusps of molars cusps semibunodont. Feeble meta- | elevated and crescentic. Mesostyle style on M.3. Internal cingulum not | a prominent crested spur. Metastyle prominent. A/easurements- M.2-3, very prominent in M.3. JZeasure- 40mm. Width M.3, 23 mm. | ments: M.2-3, 54mm. Width, M. 3, 27 mm. Order CREODONTA. Family HY A NODONTID. Hyznodon paucidens, sp. nov. This species is based upon an unusually perfect skull and lower jaw. The most striking characters in which it differs from all other Hyznodons hitherto discovered, is the absence of the first premolar in the upper jaw. The dental formula therefore is I. 3 C1, Pm.?, M.%, instead of 1.3,C.4, Pm.4, M3, as it is in all other species of this genus so far known. It has generally been the practice among paleontologists to regard a character of this importance as of generic value, and there are doubtless few who would hesitate to propose a new genus for its reception, but the skull in every other respect is so very like that of the other species of Hyenodon that it is deemed inadvisable to pursue such a course. Careful examination shows that the absence of this tooth is not an accidental variation. In the first place the space which the first premolar should occupy is relatively shorter than in the nearest ally, 7. crucians, being only to mm.,whereas in /7. crucians itis 15mm. ‘The entire length of the tooth line measuring from the posterior border of the upper canine to the posterior border 224 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V1, of the last molar is 80mm. in A. crucians, and 7omm. in A, pau- cidens. ‘The third premolars in both the upper and lower jaws have a more oblique position, and the teeth are more crowded than in A. cructans. ‘The skull is slightly smaller, the muzzle narrower and the canines longer and more robust than in JZ. crucians. ‘Yhe palatal region agrees very closely with that of H.. crucians in haying the palatines in contact throughout their entire length, and the pterygoid plates of the alisphenoid separate in the median line. In this respect both species differ markedly from the species described by Scott,’ /7. leptocephalus, in which the pterygoid plates are in contact for a long distance. The interorbital constriction in the skull of 7. pawcidens is placed at the fronto-parietal suture, where the two diverging branches of the sagittal crest meet, as in the larger species 4. horridus and H!. cruentus. \n H. cructans both are situated in advance of the interorbital constriction. A synopsis of the American species of the genus may now be given as follows > I. Superior Premolars 4. A. Posterior nares opening between posterior part of palatines ; ptery- goid plates of alisphenoid not in contact below. a. Cranial constriction in advance of fronto-parietal Stiture. OF SUPE a eek ict ee ee eee Hf. crucians. 4. Cranial constriction at fronto-parietal suture. aa. Vace very deep ; an external buttress on anterior lobe of last lower molar....//. hoerridus. 6b. Face shallower ; buttress absent....... Hf. cruentus. Il. Superior Premorars Fr os nok cite paid eae ene ee H, paucidens. B. Palatines in contact throughout ; pterygoid plates of alisphenoids meeting below.............-. H. leptocephalus. Hyznodon crucians Zev/’y. A tolerably well-preserved skull of this species is represented in the collection, together with some few fragments of the skele- ton. ‘The skull is already well known, and does not call for any further mention.