m : and ornithologist, who, in addition r, for thirty-two years directed and ed Bulletin and Memoirs of The American Museum o •>-<...! 1 1 1 uii, BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XLVII, 1922-1925 f>* NEW YORK- PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 1922-1926 i.\ i.\ i \-Si.\ i.\ in Si mil wi> ( i.ntral Park \\'i>i N i w Vohk Cm BOARD OF TRUSTEES (As of February 28, 1925) President HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN First Vice-President GEORGE F. MAKER Treasurer GEORGE F. BAKER, Jr. Second Vice-President J. P. MORGAN Secretary PERCY R. PYNE Ex-orncio THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS Elective FREDERICK F. BREWSTER I HI DI RICK TRUBEE DAVISON CLEVELAND EARL DODGE < l.l \ ELAND II. DODGE \\ ALU SB D01 '.LAS CHTLDfl PRICE IfADISOIS GRANT WII.I.IAM AVERELL HARRIMAN CLARENi I L. HAY \R< HER M. Ill MINGTON ADRIAN ISELIN WALTER B. JAMES ROSWELL MILLER OGDEN MILLS A. PERRY OSBORN GEORGE D. PRATT THEODORE ROOSEVELT LEONARD C. SANFORD JOHN B. TREVOR FELIX M. WARBURG ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS BomemtMt Director. I REDLRK \ l.l ( v- (As of February 28, 1925) Actino Director and Executive Secretart GEORGE If. SIM RWOOD Amhstant Treasurer Till i MTED STATES TRUST COMPANY OI NEW JfORK 8CIENTLFH STAFF (Aa of February 28. 1925) Frederic A. Lucas, 8c.D., Honorary Director George H. Sherwood, A.M., Acting Director and Executive Secretary Robert C. Murphy, Sc.D., Assistant Director (in Scientific Correspondence, Exhibition, and Labeling) James L. Clare, Assistant Director (in Full Charge of Preparation) I. DIVISION OF MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHY W. D. Matthew, F.R.S., Curator-in-Chi. f Geology wi> I wkktkbkatk Palaeontology , Curator Chester A. Reeds, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator of Invertebrate Palaeontology (In Charge) Edward J. Fotles, B.S., Assistant Mineralogy Herbert P. Whitlock, C.E., Curator George F. Kunz, Ph.D., Research Associate, Gems VhHTKBKATK PALAEONTOLOGY 1 . I). Matthew, Ph.D., Curator-in-Chi. f lliMti Fairfield Osborn, LL.D., Sc.D., Honorary Curator Walter Granger, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals Barnum Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles Charles C. Mooe, Ph.D., Associate Curator William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Associate in Palaeontology < Hii-Ds Frice, B.S., Research Associate in Palaeontology II. DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY Frank Michler Chapman, N.A.S., Curator-in-Chief Lower Invertebrates Roy W. Miner, Ph.D., Curator Willard G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant Curator Frank J. Myers, Research Associate in Rotifers Horace W. Stunk ard, Ph.D., Research Associate in Parasitology A. L. Treadwell, Ph.D., Research Associate in Annulata Entomology Frank E. Lutx, Ph.D., Curator A. J. Mutchler, Assistant Curator of Coleoptera Frank E. Watson, B.8., Assistant in Lepidoptera Charles W. Leng, B.S., Research Associate in Coleoptera Herbert F. Schwarz, A.M., Research Associste in Hymenoptera William M. Wheeler, Ph.D., Research Associste in Social Insects iv Scientific Staff r Ichthyology Bashford Dean, Ph.D., Honorary Curator John I . Ni< hols, A.B., Associate Curator of Recent Fishes 1 W. ( irix.iH. Ph.D., Associate in Ichthyology Charles H. Townsend, Sc.D., Research Associate IlKRPETOLOi.Y G. K. Noble, Ph.D., Curator Ornithology Frank M. Chapman, Sc.D., Curator-in-Chiof W. DkW. Millkk, Associate Curator Robert Ccshm sn Mihpht, Sc.D., Associate Curator of Marine Birds James P. Chapln, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Birds of the Eastern Hemisphere Ludlow Griscom, A.M., Assistant Curator ImtAXKAM Dwk.ht. M.D., Research Associate- in North American Ornithology Mrs. Elsie M. B. Naumberg, Research Assistant Mammalogy II . K. Anthony, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of the Western Hemisphere Herbert Lang, Assistant Curator of African Mammals Carl E. Akeley, Associate in Mammalogy Comparative and Hi man Anatomy William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Curator S. H. Chubb, Assistant Curator II. C Kama, Assistant Curator .1 Howard McGregor, Ph.D., Research Associate in Human Anatomy Dudi.lv .1. Moktun, M.D., Research Associate III DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY Clakk V Ph.D., Curator-in-Chu-f A\THI((il'ill..M,l ( i. mux Wihsler, Ph.D., Curator-in-( hi.f Pliny K. < ;. I'd I) . Curator m Kthmilogy Nelson, M. L., Associate Curator of Archaeology Chari.ks W, M I M). Assistant Curator of Peruvian Archeology Louis R. St i 1 1\ \n. Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology J. Alden M worn, I'd I) , Assistant Curator of Mexican Arclia-ology Hat, A M . BMMNh AfMMhftl m Mexican and Central American lman, D.D.S., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology Scientific Staff CoiIPARATIM Pbthologi B mi ii W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator Comparativk Anatomy \\ n i jam K. Gregory, Ph.D., Curator IV DIN I -ION OF ASIATIC EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH Rot C. Andrku \ \I . < n i- r-m-< 'hicf NN U n ■ < ii< \\<;er, Associate Curator in Pala-ontology Frederick K. Mohki-. \.M., Associate Curator in Geology and Geography Charles P. Berkey, Ph.D., [Columbia UnhrcnityL Research Associate m (leology Amaiii i | W < Ikabac, S.D., [Geological Survey of China], Research Associate Clifford H. Pope, Assistant in Zoology V. DIVISION OF EDUCATION, BOOKS, PUBLICATION, WD PRINTING Georue H. Sherwood, A.M., Curator-m-Chirf LtBBAST and Publications Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curat., r-in-Chi.-f Ida Richardson Hood, A.B., Assistant Librarian Public Education Geokci II. EhOBWOOD, A.M., Curator-in-Chicf G. Clydk 1 i-iii it, Ph.D., Curator of Visual Instruction Grace Fisher Ramsey, Assistant Curator Pi blic Hk\lth Chahm -1 i.u \ki> Am., in NN inslow, D.P.H., Honorary Curator M aio < bum., Assistant A8TRONOMY G. Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., in Charge i oXTKXTS OK \ mi. i mi; XLVII Page Title-page i Officers and Trustees iii Scientific Staff. . . iv Conr. vii Dates of Publication of Separates. viii of Illustrations ix List of New Taxonomic Names xv Errata xvi I. Th< American Museum Congo Expedition Collection of Insectivora. I \ Allen. (Plates I-IV, 1 text figure.) 1 II. Sciuridae, Anomaluridse, and IdiuricUe Collected by The American Museum Congo Expedition. By J. A. Allen. (Plate V.) 39 III -Carnivora Collected l.v The American Museum Congo Expedition. By J. A. Allen. (Plates VI-LXX VIII, sixty-seven text figures, one map.) 7-i IV. -Primates Collected by The American Museum Congo ExjM'ditnm. By .1. A. Allen. (Pkftll l.\\l\-< I.W II, three text-figures, one map 283 Index. 501 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF SEPARATES The edition of separates is 300 copies, of which about 100 are mailed on the date and the others placed on sale in the Library. Art. I, July 20, 1922. " II, October 27, 1922. " III, April 11, 1924. " IV, February 6, 1925. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Plates Doctor Joel Asaph Allen. Frontispiece. I. — Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni claudi, showing two color phases. II. — Crocidura jacktoni denti; and Sylvisorex oriundus, type. III. — Scuiisorex congicus. IV —Crocidura nyansx kivu. V. — Idiurus langi, new species; in color. VI. — Thos anthujs soudanicus: adult male and female. VII. — Thos anthus soudanicus and Mellivora capensis cottoni. VI 1 1. —Lutra maculicoUis: adult female and young male. IX M raonyx cinerea and Aonyx capensis: stuffed skins. X. — Aonyx capensis: adult and young males. XI. I lal >itat of Lutra maculicollis and Aonyx capensis along the Bima River. XII-XIII. — Civettictis civetta orienlalis: adult male; melanistic and normal coloring in the young; ventral view of genitalia, musk pouch, and anus. XIV-XV. — Genetta pardina fieldiana and Genetta servalina: adult male and female; side view of heads. XVI. — Genetta vidorue: adult male. X V 1 1. — Genetta vidorue and Poiana richardsoni ochracea: side view of heads. XVIII. — Oaborniciis piscivora: type, adult male, in color. XIX. — Habitat of Osbornictis piscivora, new species, along one of the larger forest brooks at the height of the rainy season. X X. — Poiana richardsoni ochracea and Nandinia binotata. XXI A indinia binotata: adult and young males. X XII. — Herpestes ichneumon funestus: two views of head. X X III. — Herpestes ichneumon funestus and GalereUa ochracea ochracea. X X I V. — Helogale hirtula robusta, new subspecies; and Mungos gothneh. X \ V. — Crossarchus alexandri: yiews of adult male and head. X XVI. — Ichneumia leucura ibeana: views of subadult male and head. XXVII Xenogale microdon, new species: views of adult male and head. X X \ I II. — Atilax robusius; and Atilax macrodon, new s|X'< Am. X XIX. Habitat of Atilax along shore of the Bima River. \ - X X X I -Bdeogale nigripes: adult male; subadult female; side views of heads. XXXII. Crocuta crocuta fortis, new miIisjhihs: adult female and young male. \III-.\XXI\ Crocuta crocuta fortis, new sutwpecies: type skull, palatal \ palatal view of two adult skulls, showing varying position of second up|»er i'»lar. XV. — Crocuta crocuta fortis, new subspecies, and C. c. germinans: comparative views of riglit auditory bulla. \\ I. -Crocuta crocuta fortis, new huI>>|m-< i. •-. and C. c. germinans: comparative views of braincase. . VI1-X X \ VIII. — Leo leo atandicun, new subspecies: type; adult male; adult fitnale. I \ XL. — Leo Uo azandicus, new subspecies: type skull, lateral, palatal, and tlorsal views; lati-ral view of mamlil>l< XLI. — Panthera pardus chui; and Panthera pardus iturensia, new subspecies. ix x Illustrations \ I 1 1 - \ LIU. — Panthera pardus suahelica: flat skins. \l.l\ I.l\. -Panthera pardui chui: flat skins, showing individual variation in mark- ing m adult males, females, and young. I.\ i.XIV I'huliirus served farailjiu*, new mbepeetts: type, showing f; hotly |)p>|Nirtions, and two views of head. LWII LWII1 hpttulurus served faradjius, new subspecies: flat skin-. showing individual variation in markings. IAI \ I.W.— Leptailurus serval faradjius, new subspecies: type skull; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views; lateral view ol mandiUe. I A \ I / .. . ■ nlurux serval kempt: flat skin. IA\I1 I.WIII. L> I't'iilurus ogiihyi pantasticta: flat skins, showing individual variation in markings in adult females. I A \ I V. — Leptailurus serval faradjius, new subspecies; and Profelis aurata cott I A \ V. — Profelis aurata cottoni: adult battle; I w. i views of head. I A \ VI. — Felis ocreata rubida: half-grown male and adult female. I A \\ 11 I A Will. — Felis ocreata rubida: flat skins, showing individual variation in marking I A \ I VI A \ \ /' tiem$ /*'//" faustus: adult male, showing habitual poBJtJOM when elimbing or resting in trees, and awkward manner of progressing on the ground; young male, clinging to a native's hand as it clings to its mother*! bark L\ \ XL — (lalagoides demidoffii medius: adult female, showing general l>ody propor- tions and two views of head; young male. I A \ \ 1 1 Papio doguera heuglini: adult male, side and front views of head. IA\\iIL Papio doguera tessellatus: young male, showing characters halxxins the lengthened head. )>eeuliar form of ears, large ischial calloi and habitual upward l>end of the tail at its base; and Lasioj >itlmi griseisticta feeding on guava. I.\\\l\ -I.WXV. — Cercocebus agilis: adult male; young female; three views of I of adult male. 1A \ \\ I I A V\ VII. — Cercocebus albigena ituricus: adult male; young male; three views of head of adult female. I A \ \ \ III. — Cercocebus aterrimus: three views of head of subadult male. I A \ \ I \ Cercocebus aterrim us, subadult male; and Rhinostigma hamli/>< adult female. XC- lihiitostigma hamlyni: three views of head of subadult female. X< I-.VII. -Lasiopyga brazzx uelensis: adult male; young male; three views of heads of adult males. XCIII. — Last", I brae views of head of adult male. XCIV. — Lasiopyga I'l . adult male; and Lasiopyga leucampyx nt uhlmanni, adult male. XCV. — Lasiopyga htteampyx st uhlmanni: three views of head of adult female. XCVI. — Lasiopyga d* at i: three viewi of head of adult male V VII. — Lasiopyga denti, adult male; and Lf adult male. Colobus angolensis cottoni and Colobus abyssinicus ituricus: three-quarter view of heads. \I. — Colobus angolensis cottoni: adult female; two views of head; general body proportiona of adult female; young female. I X 1 1-< X \ 1 -Colobus powelli powelli: adult male and female skulls; comparative left lateral, dorsal, palatal, front, and occipital views; comparative left lateral and crown views of mandible. < ' X X 1 1 -< ' X X XI. — Colobus powelli brunneus: adult male and female skulls; compara- tive left lateral, dorsal, palatal, front, and occipital views; comparative left lateral ami crown views of mandible. \ X 1 1 -< X LI. — Colobus abyssinicus ituricus: adult male and female skulls; com- parative left lateral, dorsal, palatal, front, and occipital views; comparative left lateral and crown views of mandible. 1 \ I.I I -('LI. — Colobus angolensis cottoni : adult male and female skulls; comparative left lateral, dorsal, palatal, front, and occipital views; comparative left lateral and erown views of mandible. ( I.II-* I. XV -Pan schweinfurthii: general body proportions of adult female and jroong male; front, side, and three-quarter views of heads of adult, subadult, and young males and females. I I.X \ I Hand- and feet of Colobus angolensis cottoni and Pan schweinfurthii. CLXVll Nest of Pun srh u-4 irtfurthii. Text Figures Page lopmenl <>f dentition in mynceecfow thMmtmm dewN 34 a WOClrfl* ooffl'i: skull of adult male; lateral and palatal views; lateral view of left mandible; erown view nf left lower dentition 86 Lutra maculicoUis: dorsal view of skull of adult male 87 -kull of juvenile male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views; • w of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 89 Khmarium of / ,d Aonyx capensis 91 Pain of left fore foot and plantar surface of left hind foot of Lutra mat capensis, and Micraonyx cinereti 93 If -kull of adult female; lateral and jwlatal views; lateral View of left mandible; crown View of left lower dent It Inn 96 • rea: dorsal view of >kull of adult female 97 A onyx capensis: skull of adult f. r ral and palatal view- 102 xii Illustrations Aonyx capensis: skull of adult female; dorsal view; lateral view <>f left mandiUe; crown view of left lower dentition 103 Aonyx capensis: nkull of juvenile male; la'eral and palatal views; lateral view (if left mandible; crown view of left lowcrdentition 104 Aonyx capensis: dorsal view of skull of juvenile male 105 Civettictis civeUa orientalis: skull of young adult male; lateral and palatal views; lateral view of left mandible; orown view of left lower dentition. . 110 Civettictis civeUa orientalis: skull of senile male; lateral and palatal views; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition Ill Civettictis civeUa orientalis: comparative dorsal views of skulls of young adult male and senile male 113 Civettictis civeUa orientalis: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface < if left hind foot Ill Genetta pardina fieldiana: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 1 -'-' Diagrams of palmar surface of left fore foot and plantar surface of left hind foot as found in genets Genetta servalina: palatal view of skull of adult male, showing supernumerary molar (m1) on each side of upjxT jaw 128 Genetta servalina: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 129 Rhinarium of Genetta pardina fieldiana, Genetta servalina, and Poiana richanl- soni ochracea 130 Osbornictis piscivora, new species: type skull; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 136 Genetta victorue: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 137 Comparative views of Osbornictis piscivora, new species, and Genetta victorue: lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition; left half of dentition in occlusion; rhinarium 138 Osbornictis piscivora, new species; and Genetta victorue: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 139 Comparative views of right calcaneum and of dorsal surface of right astragalus of Osbornictis piscivora, new species, and Genetta victorue 140 Anterior view of distal portion of right humerus and external view of right radius and ulna of Osbornictis piscivora, new species, and Genetta victorue. . ' 11 1 External view of right scapula of Osbornictis piscivora, new species, Genetta victorue, and Snudiuin Innotata 142 Osbornictis piscivora, new species, and Genetta victorue: left lateral view of axis; left lateral view of fir>t three dorsal vertebra? 142 Osbornictis piscivora, new species, and Genetta victorue: left Intend view of pah region with the last lutnbar, the sacral, and the first caudal vertebra- in place 1 || Poiana richardsoni ochracea: skull of subadult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition . 145 Poiana richardsoni ochracea: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 146 Nandinia binotata: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 149 Nandinia binotata: adult male; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 150 Illustrations xiii Nandima binotata: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind 152 Calogale nyula: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views; lateral view of l*-ft mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 159 CalogaU nyula : palmar surface of left fore foot ; plantar surface of left hind foot; rhinarium 162 * stes ichneumon parvidens: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 172 Herpetics ichneumon parvidens: adult male; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition _ 173 •estes ichneumon funestus: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 174 Rhinarium of Herpestes ichneumon parvidens, Crossarchus alexandri, Galerella ochracea ochracea, Helogale hirtula robusfa, Mungos gothneh 178 Galerella ochracea ochracea: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition .... 180 Galerella ochracea ochracea: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 181 Helogale hirtula robusta, new subspecies: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 184* Hilogalt h irtuln robusta, new subspecies: palmar surf ace of left fore foot ; plantar surface of left hind foot 185 Mungos gothneh: skull of adult female; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 187 Mungos gothneh: adult female; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 188 Mungos gothneh: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot 189 Crossarchus alexandri: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views. . 190 Crossarchus alexandri: adult male; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 191 Crossarchus alexandri: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind : 192 Jchneumia leucura ibeana: skull of adult male; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 196 • umia leucura ibeana: adult male; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition 197 l umia leucura ibeana: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind f.H.t ; rhinarium 198 Xenogale microdon, new species: type skull; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views. . 200 Xenogale microdon, new species: type, adult male; lateral view of left mandible ; crown view of left lower dentition 201 Xenogale microdon, new species: palmar surface of left fore foot ; plantar surface of left hind fool 203 mum <>f Xenogale microdon, new species, and Atilax macrodon, new species 304 x macrodon, new species: type skull; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 200 Atilax macrodon, new species: type, adult male; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition; lingual view of first lower molar 207 xiv Illustration* \' ins mtunim, mm -]»<\<-. palmar nrfMeoi lafl Ion foot; plantar mImi of left hind fad 209 BdeogaU nigripes: skull of adult female; lateral, palatal, and dorsal views 210 BdeogaU nigripes: adult female; lateral view of left mandible; crown view of left lower dentition . -Ml BdeogaU nigripes: palmar surface of left fore foot; plantar surface of left hind foot; rhinariutii U9 AUenopithecus nigroviridis: skull of adult male; lateral and palatal views 420 AUenopithecus nigroviridis: mandible of adult male; right lateral view; pos- terior vn-w <>f right ascending ramus l_'l AUenopithecus nigroviridis: dentition of adult male; crown view. 1 J 1 Maps Page Map of the Congo and Lake Region of Africa, showing localities where carni- vores were collected by the Congo Expedition, as well as other- mentioned in the present paper 80 Map of the Congo and Lake Region of Africa, showing principal localities where primates were collected by the Congo Expedition, a.-, well a* oth< tioned in the present paper 498 USTOI m:\v taxonomicnamks in THIS VOLUME Genera Page Micrannyx Allen. To replace Leptonyx 94 ■tiicti.i Allen 135 fall Alli-n 197 ■ ipithecus Allen. To replace Hamadryas 312 AUenopithecus Lang 418 Species and Subspecies Atelerix faradjius Allen 13 Atelerix langi Allen 15 Crocidura caliginea Hollister 18 Crocidura oritis Hollister 18 Crocidura latona Hollister 19 Crocidura ludia Hollister 19 idura polia Hollister 19 Crocidura congobelgica Hollister 19 Sylvuorex oriundus Hollister 20 itciuru* rufobrachium medjianus Allen 48 H> Insciurus rufobrachium rubricatu* Allen 50 nciurut anerythrus niapu Allen 52 Anomaluropa beecrofti chapini Allen 65 rus langi Allen 69 rus panga Allen 70 Oabornictis pisciii:< TIYORA1 By the late J. A. Allen2 Plates I to IV, and 1 Text Figure VII. nt- Page Introduction. 2 '(•alities, with Names of the Species and Subspecies, and Number ikf-n at each Locality 3 I Species and Subspecies, with their Type Localities 4 • ral Summary. . . . 4 mogalidx 4 OS. 4 Ermarcidav 8 nceus aUriventris and E. pruneri Wagner 8 ! '• md 11 - rix fara/ijiut, new species 13 ■ ru langi, new si>ecie* 15 ida* 17 17 ■t tururx . . 18 ■ i lutrella. 18 a inrtxi nilot 18 18 < jnrksoni denti. 18 / tricolor. . 18 18 alum lafom 19 niuni luil i. ■ 19 19 19 •8ri«otific RwoJu of The Amtrirtn Muwum of Natural II i.tory Coa«o Eapedition. Mam— .tngy. Tina paper m in preaa at the time of Dr. Allen", death but the final proofs won »ot ssaa by bias. I 2 'I'd" An, man, If iihtu hi of Xaturul /' V6L XI. VII iwrex gemmtun 19 inorrx ohn I I 1 1 i.surrj- nmgicii*. raaeetklida Rhynchocyon stuhhiinuut stuhlmanut. . Rkyttchocyott stiiltJiiiiiiitii rlnuili 21 • it ir m of /.' 81 Nasilio futcipea. ...... INTRODI CTION The collection of [naeetnrorea obtained by the American afueeum Congo Expedition1 numl>ers about :{77 s|>eeimens, of which .">i represent the Potamogalida\ 140 the Macroseelididae, 9 the Krinaceida\ and 177 the Boriflkba. In the preparation of thi> paper the author has had the efficient eoftperation of Mr. Herbert Lang, the leader <>t the American Museum Congo Expedition. The colored plate (Plate [), illustrating individual variation in coloration in Rhynchoqfon stuhlmmini daud by Charlai R. Knight. The text illustrations are from excellent jx-n drawings by Mrs. Ziska. In working UP the material here recorded valuable assistance ha- Keen obtained through material loaned for comparison by the authorities of the United States National Museum, through the kindness of Mr. rit S. Miller, .Jr.. Curator of Mammals, and from the Miwum of Comparative Z<»<>|<.uy at Harvard I'niver-itv. through the kindness of Director Samuel Benahaw and Dr. Clover M. Allen, Curator of Mam- mals. The Soricidap of t he ( SongO Expedition were placed for determination in the hands of Mr. X. Hollister, Assistant Curator of Mammals the United State- National Museum, in 1910, he having then been for sometime mgBgjnd ID a critical study of the African SoricUMB in the X.,- tional Museum. His report on the shrews of the ( ■ tpeditaon published in October 1916.1 ■Supplemental Note cm llxfipi,tulrro»langi \\\ta (Bull. Amer. Mua. Nat Hiat., XXXVI] ; Since the publication of the paper on the Cons I ad an opportunity to compare, through the kindnc** of Mr < o-rrit S Miller, Jr , Curatoi i I tit". ina and four iikulla ideiititu d aw Hippotiilrroi ey< iiunrki. from I • roon While the* no tin- type (Boutry Ri Mat), it ia interesting to DOto that they arc uniformly and st in coloration from the series on which langi wan baaed, indicating at leaat considers I cyclop* group !■ feauri the whole I wiah brown ntraat with < the body, while in the fcfulcn * much darker than in lm»ft Toe meeevri I aland cranial, indicate - fore oriKinaldi - . itahould evident /-d aaa well-marked gcograpl. cyclopM langi. and l uli ii -[•«-< -hih-ii- agree arid with »hi< h the Inngt aeries doe* not agree Whether or not mieaeeus ia referable in a strict sense to true cydopi I have <• means at present for deter n.: tioa of the American Muaeum.' By \. Hollinter. Hull. Amer.Mus. Nat. Hist . XXX \ pp 663-480. Pis mi m October 21. 1916 AUei- llectum of Insen List of Lo u.iiik>. with Names of the Species and Subspecies, and Ntmber of Specimens Taken at Each Locality No. of Specimens Totals 5 5 1 2 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - • ic> ami Suh>|>. Rhynchocyon atuhlmanni claudi Avakubi Potamogale velox Rhynchocyon stuhlnimnn stuhlmmini Croddura nyansae kivu jacksoni denti bicolor otitis latona Babeyru idura jacksoni 4V Potamogale veins •• Croddura jacksoni 4 itorex congicus Budongo Fa rail j«- Gamangui Garamba Lilblla M.-.|j-- Rhynchocyon stuhlmnnm stuhlmanni Potamogale velox Nasilio fuscipes Atelerix faradjius langi Croddura surxtrae lutrella tnrln nifptica " jacksoni 4 •>rex gemmeus irene Pitttimogale velox dura nyansae kivu ja.ck.mni Nasilio fusdpes Atelerix langi Croddura congobelgiea I hunt, tn da "sr kivu •' otitis latona ludm l»)lm m 1 2 21 ■2 6 1 1 3 5 1 1 I 2 1 1 1 1 30 90 16 1 51 4 1 1 1 18 l 15 1 IV, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History l>or:il. Species and Subsp4> Nala Rhynchoeyon stuhlmanni claudi idura turba nUotica " jacksoni denti Npqni Crociflura Imlin Niangara Potamogale trior Nasilio fuscipes ( 'roridura jacktton i ih nti Niapu Potamogale velos " Rhynchoeyon ittufi I- \udi Penge Rhynchoeyon stuhlmanni stuhlmanni ry (Vol XI. VII No. of Specimens Intals 1 1 3 • S 1 1 3 8 2 13 13 79 92 2 2 New Species and Subspecies, with Their Type Local 1. Ateleriz faradjius J. A. Allen. Faradje. 2. langi J. A. Allen. Faradje. 3. Crocidura caliginea Hollister.1 Medje. 4. " otitis Hollister.1 Avakubi. 5. " latona Hollister.1 Medje. 6. " ludia Hollist.r.1 Medje. 7. polia Hollister.1 Medje. v " conaobelgica Hollister.1 Lubila. 9. Sylvisorez oriundus Hollister.1 Medje. Fannin •> Potamogalidse Erinaceida? ida Macroscelididif General Summary Species and Owen Subspecies Specimens Localitio> 1 1 51 7 1 2 9 2 3 15 177 11 2 3 140 10 •J I 377 Potato o gal i DiE Potamogale veloz Du Chaillu Cynooale veloz Du Chaillu, 1860, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII (1859-61), November, pp. 361-363. Ogowe River, French Equatorial Africa. (Potamogale tentatively proposed on p. 363 in place of Cynogale.) Mystomys veloz Gray, 1861, Ann. Ma*: t., (3) VIII, July, p. 61. Myihomys veloz Gray, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 275. Believed to be a rodent. Potamogale veloz Du Chaillu, 1874, 'A Journey to Ashangoland,' p. 118. Further notes on the species, fan , IM. ! (animal), PL n (akeletOO , teal tins. 1-9 (hair, head, ear, feet, anal glands, and i il organs). A spirit s|M>eimen (dentition not complete, lacking the last molar) from < Id Calabar. ' twafof* allmani Jmmtan, 1806, Notes Lqndeo Mn>. Ml. p, 284. Based on Allman's (as above) detailed account and figures of an immature specimen from Old Calabar, having only 86 teeth Potamogale album, I in wimiukh. 1904, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, X, p. 51. immature specimens, each with only 36 teeth, provisionally referred to Jentink's "espere inoertame," "si son existence r£elle eta it dSmoatrfe." Of > specimens in the - Museum (3 of them without >kulls) 6 were yellowish beneath and each of the skulls, so far as available, had 10 teeth. These were referred to P. relax. Potamogale velox argens Thomas, 191"), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi-t., (Si XVI, December, I> 17\ 51 specimens (with skulls and 7 skeletons), collected as follow Medje, 30 (19 males, 11 females): January 24. 25, March 2-31, April 10 17. May 9 and 13, August 31, and September 10, 1910; February Lprfl l*i. June 4. and July 18, 1914. Bafwabaka, 1: Januanr 9, 1910. Gamangui, 1 : February 20, 1910. Xiangara, 3: November 11-29, 1910; and June 20, 1913. Faradje, 2: February 21 and May 22, 1911. Avakubi, 1 : December 9, 1913. ipu, 13 (10 males, 8 females): November 96-Deeember 81, 1913. The males number :*»». the females 15. The number of fully adult specimens (of which measurements are given l>elow) is 20 (16 males, 4 females). More than one half are immature, varying from those in which the third molar, or l>oth the second and third molars, are unde- veloped (number of teeth 32 or 36) to those with mature dentition (40 In to seasonal distribution, one or more specimen! ■ taken in each month of the ye.ti exOBpl ( >ctol>er, but the greater part at quite distinct seasons of the year — December and Match (November 26-Decembei 81, 18 specimens; March 2 -31. 16 specimens). This would seem to afford opportunity for the study of the influence of season upon the coloration and character of the pelage, but unfortunately, this tse, since only the Niapu iken in December) and i few otlp made up from fresh specimens while the greater | hiding nearly all of the lai so Medje) srere not made up till they wen 1 at the Museum several yean later, when K was found that t; tattei l< it on the *kins had stained the white under- tl HulUitii American tJ Natural ti \ "1 \I.\II Hectors' measurement- of 7 adult males and .1 adult females from ;je: I I^-r^tli 11. ad and B..d\ -It;. Hum! 1 .,t 9,6: Collectors' measurements of 4 adult males from other localities Baf- wabaka 1, Gamangui 1, Niangara 2): Total LeiiRth Head and Body Tail Vertebra? Hind Foot Ear 565(550-583) 294(279-312) 268(260-272) 43 5(43-44) 21.3(20-22) Skull, same specimens, condyloincisive length: 64.8 (62.7-66.7 The alwtve statistics indicate that there is no distinctive sexual difference in size. The smallest skulls in each series are, as a rule, the youngest, or skulls with full mature dentition hut in which the teeth are wholly unworn and the cranial sutures still distinct. There is no skull mg enough to show the milk dentition. In several skulls in which the first molars are fairy developed] the condytemrisivc length is 60 .">1 mm.; in those in which the second molars are fully up but the third molar is -till enclosed in the gum it ranges from 53-55 mm.: during the develop- ment of the third molar the skull length increases to about 60-61 .5. Potamogale vclox argent was ban d on two specimens, one from Medje and one from Poko. As no type locality was definitely indicated, Medje, the Brat locality mentioned in the description, u here designated as the type locality. Hence the present series of 31 specimens from Medje are topotypes. Poko and Niapu are both near Medje. The Niapu ■ 1 1 -|m •cimens is in fine condition, the umlerparts being unstained, and agrees in a general way with the brief description of argent; it shows, however, that the white area of the underside vane- in extension Upward on the sides and that the development of brown-tipped hairs along its upper Ixmler i- also a variable feature. The fore limbs are sometimes "almost wholly in the whitish area" and sometimes wholly brown above in specimen! bom the same locality and collected on the same day, show- AlUn, Congo Collection 7 this alleged distinction to be subject to a wide range of individuality, mini- taken at approximately the same date vary greatly in the condition of the pelage In reaped to wear, but, <»n the whole, December taken near the close of the dry season, appear more worn than those taken in March May, the rainy period. Hut dottbtlesi the -ea-on of moult varies in different individuals and, like the birth of the young, may extend over a considerable part of the year. Only two forms of Potomogale, in addition to the original P. nlcr Pu chaillu. appear to have been distinguished. These are P. aOmam Jentink (1805), based on Allman's detailed description (loc. cit.) of a specimen preserved in spirits from old Calabar, published some twouty- vears before. The second, P. velox argens Thomas, was added in ember 1015, on the basis of two specimens from the Upper Congo. The large series of specimens collected by the American Museum Congo edition demonstrates that the characters relied upon for the discrim- ination of these two forms are without value and, for this reason, are Subjected to comment. \- shown in the collector-* field notes on this species the genus Potamogdl* has a wide geographic range, and hence might Ik- exacted to have developed local phases. It is not the purpose of these remarks Bseredh such a reasonable probability but merely to show that the tence presented for the two forms above cited is far from adequate. Unfortunately, little material is available for direct comparison with that from the Upper < !ongo region, but the latter emphatically shows the trivial nature of the distinctions offered by their describers for the recog- nition of nUiimin and argent. Reference has already l)een made (p. .lined condition of the underparts due to treatment of the -kin- before they were made up. Apropos of this, and in response to my inquiries, the collector- have informed me that "all living or freshly killed specimens they saw had pure white, lu-trous fur on the under side, if not -oiled by the reddish day of these regions"; and they add that "some "I their own -kin- from the -auie place-, when unpacked, llowi-h. due to a difference in the method of pre-ervat ion." Th< ate that they 'noticed that in many old. flat -kins or por- tions of them from the same localities, which they saw in the possession - and native-, the originally white area was always yellowi-h or brown." It i- II known that in mu-emii specimens the white underside of mammal- lonu -toted are apt to turn yellow i-h from fatty matter retained in the -km. or from other causes, and therefore are tin- i- standi omparison with freshly collected material. 8 llulltttn American Museum of Natural limtory \ 1 \ I.V I [ While Polamogale is a rather common animal in its native haunts, it is one of the rarest in collection- and. when present, is doubtlm not safety comparable with freshly killed specimens. Potamogale alhnuni was proposed on the basis of two in part hypo- thetical) distinctions: (1) the presence of 36 teeth (owing to the im- maturity of the specimen) instead of 40; (2) the "brownish yellow" instead of white underpaid, due to discoloration by the preservative. P. velox argent* w ■ '«<1 from two apparently normal specimens in which the white of the underparts reached "highs* up on tin- ■dm" of the body and on to the under surface of the basal portion of the tail than in P. velox, which features a large amount of topotype material show Im- inconstant and merely individual. ( lensequently attt cannot be considered as entitled to recognition.2 It is hardly necessary t« add that many forms, species M well as subspecies, have a similarly unsatisfactory basis, as tl m slight differences shown by single sjx'cimens, or on characters of trivial import" ance. Their confirmation, it is obvious, rests on a comparison of ade- quate series of topotype material with similar series of their near allies; and the author who would discard them without such resources would take great risks, not* tthstsnding his strong conviction that the formi in question are merely name-. Erinaceida db oi i (rii and K. p \\ ■■■w.h The Erinacetdx are represented in the Lang*Chapin Congo Col- lection by nine specimens (skins with skulls), all from Faradje except a third-grown female from Garamba, a nearby locality. They oompi three adult females and six young, from one-third to one-half grown, and unquestionably represent two distinct species, differing in importanl cranial ehametera and in external feature-. Both belong to the section of the family in which the hind foUP-toed. < taring, however, to the un-ati-lactory original descriptions of the first-named members of thi> group, and to lack of proper material for direct comparison with the Lang-Chapin specimen-, their determination has Keen difficult. Thank- to the authorities of the Museum of ( tanpsratrve Zoology at Harvard University and of the United States National Museum at Washington, I have in hand 14 additional specimens of the group with 1-toed hind Unreapect to the aUttu of P bi.i.XX. II. ft 4tt. pp. 6 mnd 129. f" yarded it u •See »bo\ ■• I • la mogatf AUen, Congo Collection oj Insectivora 9 making 23 in all, representing five easily recognizable forma. While their relationship- ini obvious, the name- proporjy applicable to the tun forma from Faradje have raised a serious question of nomen- clature. One of them should apparently he referred to E. aUnventris Wagner, as that name has of late been employed, but which of them should be so recognized ifl indeterminable. ThSJ raise- the further and more fundamental question of the availability of this name. considered with relation to its origin and history. hi is well known. Wanner, in 1841, described as new two species of ntris and pr o consecutive pages of the nine work,1 for neither of which was given I definite type locality. Eriruu albiirntris. the first in sequence of the two species, was based on a single ■men obtained from a dealer, who stated that it was found in a col- lection from India C'befand er sich unter einer Sendung indischer Thieve" . Wagner himself saying: "Die Heimath kann ich nicht genau immen " The original description of the special was inadequate, merely indicating that it had, like many other species of Erinaceus now known, white underpaid, parti-colored spines, and other features of no inctive significance. In later references2 to the species he stated that the hind feet have <>nly four toes. This fixed the '•Heimath" at Africa, inasmuch at do apeeiei of this genus having 4-toed hind feet are known to occur elsewhere. Fortunately, the type remained available for examina- tion by later investigators, confirming its African origin. Erinaceus er thu- became a "blanket name'- for all the African a ux with 4-toed hind feel Various forms of the group later beeam ted, one after another, under distinctive names as sat, and the name alb me authors, was restricted (appar- ently rather informally) to a Sudan form.1 w igi • rynehronous in publication with his / was based on epeeimens received from Dr. Pram Primer. from a locality not definitely stated in the original description, nor in Beet to the species,4 where he givee its distribution as "Sennaar, naeh Sundevafl auch am - It i- to be noted that he !M_> and 1 B56 | E. kMerodactyhu Sundevall. DSSed 00 rom the Bahr el Abiad White Nile . Sennaar, with dm / srkrafaar'atauKt),, Wifftntni). - S»u«tluci.-. Sui nacrfbaag tax Hir Laka Chad, in \ I \ p w ignrt. fn t n ai M7. 10 Built In \ "I \l.\ II prvfMri, a oourse followed by apparently nearly ell subsequent authora. Hut not by all. Booe ron Heuglin1 in 1867 list of the sp naceus occurring in "Xordosl Afrika' in which he included: cew /irnntn Wagner. Aus dem fVmnssr " Ami Fitaingei* recognised it as not only distinct from nlhinufns but M the type :iti«l only speCM his genus P< u "• original description of pnmeri it ia atated merely that tin- Bpeoimene on which it wa- t < >i 1 1 1 « i< -< 1 came in a collection of mammal- -cut by Dr. Primer from "Kairo." It i> known, however, that Dr. Primer visited the Upper Nile region and there collected s|x-ci- mena of hedgehogi that were sent to Wagner,1 among them those on which prutteh waa originally baaed It may be noted further that Sundevall. about the same time isee below, p. 12), deacribed his Brinaceut heterodactylu*,4 a species having 4-toed hind feet, based on specimens collected by Dr. Hedenborg in "Sennaar," and that tin- ha-s always been synonymiaed with E. finin hi by subsequent writer-, both forms coming from ••Sennaar." As both have been referred by moat authors to E. alhmnln's. it may be that this fact has had an influence in the recognition of Sudan as the type region of aUnoentru (or, more definitely, Kordofan, in the ease <>f prurteri). To follow further the history of E. attriiertfris, from a geographic pohri of view. FHsinger, in 1K07. gave it- Vaterland as "nichl mil Sicherheit bckannt. wahracheinlich al>er Ost-Indien," and that of as Kordofan. Dobson. in 1 SS2,* gave the range of nlhiniitris aa Northern Tropical Africa (Senegambia, Sennaar)," and Andenoo in 1895,7 as extending from "Senegamfaai acroei Central Africa, south- wan aula and northwards to Somaliland.*" In 1902,8 he stated: "The specimen upon which Wagner founded this species [Brmaa nlhm nfris] came, in all probability, from Benegambia,"' and add.-: "The Nilr Valley and Baal African speehnens . . . may be more ■ Fauna der Saug< I SI M867. Sitsungsb math nat I \ I. p. 126. < r.on's' Mammals of F.gypt I'iii-'. ]> I'. J :! gtorkholl •Sitiungsh mar en LVI.p KM. • Hmm r*/p 11 m /«' St Loodoi I-'1' |- » _*< ' \nder»on included .>■:•■ I < ' •■■•.-/•: /n 1 1 * 114? I may mention tl have examined all the Hedgehogs preserved in o tnkfort on tin- Main. Munich. Berlin, and London, and . . . some of th< rl.c Vienna Man Allen, Congo Colli < *ectivora 11 definitely registered m 1 subsp. pnmeri." Again later on tin- same page, referring to mBtitentru: '"This >j>eciesis found to the south of Khartum," and "ranges into Bomalfland and as BOUth a- Kilima-nyaro." Within this region, since 1002. two forms bomafl ami E. aOnnentrit mtiUut Heller in addition to pruneri have been recognised,1 and two more are added in the present paper, both from Paradje, northeastern Belgian Congo. A- stated above (p. 9, footnote), Thomas and Wroughton in 1907, in describing their Erina i uilis, referred to Sudanese s|>ecimens typical <>f E. aOnventris. In view of the complications of the case, it us to me preferable to place En nan m aJbm atria permanently in the list of unidentifiable species, it having no type locality and being speci- fically unidentifiable from the original description, although the type appean to have beeo preserved in the Munich Museum.2 Senegal (or gambia) and Sudan (or Sennaar). the rival suggested tyjx' regions, far apart, with E. adansoni representing the former and E. pruneri the latter as well established species. Under this ruling the two forms from Paradje are described as new. Atelerix Pom el Since the foregoing was prepared for the press a paper by Oldfield Thomas, on "The ( leneric Dmsionfl of the Hedgehogs' 1918, Ann. Mag. 0 I February, pp. 193-196) has appeared, respecting which ire here appended. The old genus Erinaa ut i^ divided by Thomas into five genera, which, with their designated genotypes, are as follow-: l Ei mini us Liiine. 1768. Genotype, sT. MavfNW* IiaaA R. algirus Duvernoy and ■ txtullet . notype, B itiinger, 1866. Genotype, K platyotft BundeTftfl. 879 Genotype, X miertfuuVtyiik, AHhough each of the-, groups is represented in Africa, only Atelerix and JSthechimu come sjeographicafly within the scops of the • ut paper. Atelerix was proposed by Pomd 1*48) as a subgenus of ith the statement " \ dactylus" as the entire di; to it. and no geographic rang*' was indicated for the II ha* a<>. IT./.) In Th<> <»psisof the hedgehogs, the sole distinctive character Hallux absent;" and, so far as I can find, this is the only distinction between Atelerix and his new genus .Etheehinus, defined as: >ronal parting broad, conspicuous. Posterior palatal shelf broad. Third incisor two-rooted." The last two characters, in comparison with is (as restricted by Thomas), are both present in Atelerix; the Hist i- of less importance, deluding upon the stress to be laid upon the words •'broad, conspicuous." since in Atelerix there is a distinct <>nal parting, although less developed than in Erinaeeus europxus and its near allies. As shown below (p. 17), the absence of the hallux is not constant, and therefore not an important character, since in different individuals of the same litter of young it may be present or absent, although absent as a rule in a number of fonns of the pruneri (heterodactyhis f)-adansoni ID, which i- distributed over a wide geographical area. I agree with Thomas that both Atelerix and .Ethechinus are separable from Erinaeeus, sennit stneto. but collectively rather than as two generic groups, for which the rule of priority demands the earlier name, Atelerix. The forms referred to Atelerix by Thomas are: -Erinaeeus albiventris Wagner, 1841. -E. adansoni Rochebrune, 1882. 'E. hindei Thomas, 1910. 'E. spiculus Thomas and Wroughton, 1907. 'Atelerix spin if >.r Thomas, March, 1918. 'A. kilimanus Thomas, March, 1918. To which may be added: 7 mW sotik*=E. sotik* Heller, 1910. 8. faradjius "A. faradjius (described below). 9. langi «A. langi (described below). And pruneri - Erinaeeus pruneri Wagner, 1841 («?£. heterodaciylus • \:.il ,1841 . m j.hiif of "nlf'ir, -ntris" aaNo. 1 of the above list, and also as type of Atelerix in place of albiventris. Atelerix faradjius. new species Type, No. 51006, o ad., Faradje, northeastern Belgian Congo. July 7 I'.Ul . Bafbart I^ang and James P. Chapin. American IfOMUB Congo EipeditlOSL <>rig. No. 1660. Topotype ( o very old No. 51007. Represented by two adult females from Farad j- illriretitris" type. 1. albiventris X adansoni s. hindei 1 spieulus. .->. spinifex 1 kilimanus II rican Museum t>) Natural History Vol X I.V 1 1 Hon of the up|M-n>:irt> Strongly yellowish win!.- -uperficiall' broad light tip- of tin- -pine- bring <>f this color and nearly noncwnlhlg tin- - terinmal MHM Bead in front of eyes, iriclinliiin -ides "t~ POM, dull tawny-brown, also ears and feet the mum in general effect; ■ broad frontal band, cheeks, ride n. ck. ridfll of shoulders and forearm-. thjglS and lnnd LogS, rump and whole und.-i- parts uniforni dull yellowish white f]K>ssihly white slightly stained yellowish ; upper ,i <• ..! f..re f.-.t -lightly clothed with yellowish-white hair-, hind feet more heavily rlothed with longer yellow lsh-white brim, thnugli which the pale t awny color of the skin determines the general ctT.-ct ; tail >innlar in coloration to tic 9pOMI broadly tapped (for about !-."> mm.) with yellowish white without darker I suliapical hand about ."> mm. dark tawny-brown, passing proximally into dull yel- lowish white on the l.a-al half. longest head spine- aUmt 17 mm. in lefth, b spines alxiiit 1.") mm. Collector-' IIWI— IIIIIIIMMllll total length type . 249 nun.: head and bodv tail, 19; hind foot, 29; ear, 30. Tbpotjpe ver\ old female with greatly worn teeth length, 306; bend end body, 180; tail, 20; bind foot, 26; ear, 30. Skull measurements; coiidylomcisive length, 'type J 45.1, tojKit length of nasals, lt>.."». 1">; palatal length 'to front of prema\illa 26.4, 24 mat ic lirea.lt h. _'7 .7. 2»>.3: interorlutal breadth, ll.s. 11.."); breadth of brain- 19.5, 19.9; |H>stulenoid breadth. 22, 20; mastoid breadth. 16.5, Hi..",; palatal breadth (outside to out side of m: . 17. t>, 16.8; breadth of rostrum at base of front incisor, i. breadth of palate at ridge behind m8, 9.7, 8.5; tip to tip of aliephenoid processes, II _'. 11. A; i i i > to tip of pterygoids, 6.1, 6.7; length of me.-opt.ryicoid fossa, 10.7, 10.2; breadth between pterygoids, 2.8, 2.7: length of upper too throw -i'-in3., 21 8, 21.5; upjM-r molars, s 1. % 1 lower fcoothrow to tip of i; . '.» .7. s.2: lower molars 9.8; length <>f mandible front of symphysis to posterior border of condyle . lepth. alible to coronoid. 17 7. 16.7 The skull is large and heavy; the nasals are long and narrow, the premaxilla- greatly extended postnriorfy, meeting the fnontnhi and enetndmg contact of the maxil- he with the nasals; zygomatic arches narrow a- in .1. pnmtri; meoopteeygoid fossa very broad, the pterygoids and alisphenoids heavily developed and w ide-preadingas in A. hindei (the reverse of what is wen m A. primer*1 : dentition I langi and A. hindei. The pattern of coloration is as in A. prwiflt, differing from thai langi and hindei in having the low the eye white instead of black- ish. The spinet are as in pruneri short and fine instead of Long and coarse, and those of the frontal border not conspicuouBly lengthened as in the hniilri group. The general coloration of both -pine-tips and hair is more yellowish and 1«— dear white than in pnmtri; the DOSe and basal color of the feet and ears is tawny instead of blackish a- in pruneri and in hindei. This however may be subject to considerable variation through seasonal and other conditions. ■The specimen of .4. prunm hereemployed in NnDtrim »No l444A.Mua.Comp Z adult male (teeth unworn*, collected at Famuli. Blue Nile. I>> Dr (i M Vll.-n and 1 him -Hull Mil- ' I .\ III. |> 342, July, 1914) as Erinactu* albitentrU pruneri. Allen, Congo CoU.< <*t l."> Atelerix langi ii.u apeciei Type, No ")U>00, 9 ad., Faradje. Borthenetarn Ptigian Congo, March 22, Itll; II- rU-rt I^anf? and James IV Chapin. American Museum Congo Kxpedition. < )rijc Bcptcaented by 7 spechneaa, the tyi>e, an old female, and her litter of five young i ales and 2 females), about nun third grown, taken March 22, 1911. at Faradje, and another third-grown young collected at Garamba, May 1, 1912 lark-colored specie*, allied to Sthmomm hindei Thomas of British East Afr TlTB. — Opperparts dark brown, the spines over the greater part of the back uniform blackish brown from base nearly to tip, the extreme tips tending to lighter DHOTI Of even whitish: front of head, flanks and postern* margin of back lighter than the mid-dorsal area, the spines distinctly whitish-tipped, especially on the lower l>aortion of the face, which, with the chm. is also dark brown. Upper surface of fore and hind feet dark brown, hut much lighter than the cheeks. Ears and tail dull hrown, the former nearly Baked third-grown young differ uniformly from the adult type specimen in the dark markings of the face being more intensely black, in vivid coir with the clear white frontal band. The upper surface of the feet is also deep blackish hrown. a> is al»» the tip of the inconspicuous tail. The spines of the dorsal area are all conspicuously and uniformly tipped with white, through which the blackish brown proximal portion of the spines Is more or I* si visible. The m img specimens have a tendency toa narrow blackish median area en the posterior part of the ventral surface, in -Mime of them Strongly developed. They agree strictly with the mother in the c..|..r pattern, but have the black en face and feet more intense and more sharply defined, and the white r r whitish tips to the sj,,,,,.^ longer. The slightly younger specimen from Garamba ■ indistinguishable from the Faradje specimens m coloration letails of structure Collectors' measurements of the type: total length. 195 mm.: head and body, j-i; hind I I. condyloincisive length. IS 3; length of nasals, 15.4: palatal length to front of prernaxilke . 24.3; zygomatic breadth. 2| J. interorbital constriction. 11.7: breadth of braincase, 1S.3; postglenoid breadth, 21 7: mastoid breadth. 1 palatal breadth 'outside to outvie of m' . 17 '.<. breadth of rostrum at i idth date at ridge behind m\ B 2] tip to tip of aHiftftflniTfrrl ptoeeaBea, 8 2; tap to tip of pterygoids. ."» I; length of mesoptcrygoid fossa, 10.1; BfBBdtk of fossa between pteryi length of upper toothroa 21 .3: apper molars, th the • lark coiot of the face wrtending; ovw the cheeks, which are white in . indeed, the aeriet «»f young ipfamtm ol fa are ahnost iti.listitiiruishai»l<- in «-\t«i nai feature! from ;» lot leapondnaj 16 l.tin Amtnain Museum of Natural History |Vol XI. \ II series of young sotifae (a slightly differential form of kind* The dorsal coloration in both is superficially dark brown in general effect btrf the -ingle adult of Uimji is much darker than any of the four adults of hindei available foe comparison,1 while the white tipping of the spines is oon- -picuou- and uniform in hnnlci and nearly absent in langi. The spines in Inngi are blacki-h brown from tip to base, lacking the light median band 1 nt in the hindei group. The interaural Spinel in both are much longer than those of the body, forming a decidedly lengthened frontal it, absent in the pruneri ("atttim nlris") group. The type skull agrees in general dimensions with those given for the type of hintlti. but differs from it in the nasals being much longer; the short nasal border of the premaxilhe. with a naso-maxillary junction as long or longer than the nasal contact with the premaxilhe quite the reverse of the conditions in hindei, in which the premaxilla? are "slanted backward-, touching the tips of the frontal processes and shutting off the maxilla- from the nasals." The post palatal region i- also much nar- rower, the pterygoid and alisphenoid processes weaker and much less everted, thus giving to this region a quite different aspect. All of the 6 young skulls (of which the type is the mother of 5 of them) agree with the type skull in the short naso-premaxillary suture and the long naso- maxillary suture, and the narrow postpalatal region and weak develop- ment of its processes.2 Of 12 skulls of the hindei group (5 of hindei and 7 of sotikx [E. uU>i- ventris sotikx Heller], the latter all from the (iuaso Nyiro River) all but one have the nasal border of the premaxillse extended posteriorly ("slanted backwards"), and in all but two they nearly or quite reach the frontal processes, the maxillae not reaching the nasals or barely touching them for usually less than a millimetre. The skull of the tyj>e of hindei (a female) appears to have been ex- ceptionally large ("greatest length 44; zygomatic breadth 80 nun."), none of the four adult male skulls before me exceeding a total length of 43 mm., with an average of 42.1, and a maximum zygomatic breadth of 27.6, with an average of 26.7, although the teeth are worn and one (total skull length 41.7) is very old. The author's suggestion that when ■The specimen* of htndei available for comparison are: No*. 10096 Mua. Comp. Z< 61., subadult c*. i Ira River; 16097 p. Zodl.; ad 9 (skin only): No. 161690 Nat. Mud. ad. d". Kaj.iti Plains; Nos. 164022 and 164023 Nat Mus . both ad. ° . t'lucania Hill-. No. 182662 N»t. Mui.. very old U. ra 17 males are available for examination they would prove to be larger than the tyjx' i- thus not confirmed by the present material. The hind feet in the tjpe of A. langi show no vestige of a hallux. The -litfht taxonomic >imiificance of its presence or absence in this genus • 11 indicated by the Bcrios of <> young specimens of which the type of langi is the mother of 5. Of the 0 young ones 3 have a vestigial hallux and the other 3 are without it. It is also much more developed in one of the three in which il i> present than in tin- other two. It is also present in one of the :i young sottfai specimen! (No. 181441 Nat. Mus.), and absent in i her two and in 12 adults of the hindei-sotikx series. SORICIDjS hi stated above (p. 2), the shrews of the Congo Expedition were early assigned to Mr. Hollister, of the United State- National Museum, for determination, and his report on them was published in this Bulletin tetober, 1916.1 The following statement in respect to the extent and i of the coll. it ion is made in the introduction to his paper: The -lirtws collected by Herbal Lang and James P. Chapin on the American MiN'imi Congo Expedition number 183 specimens, of lo species :ind 3 genera. Almost one half <»f the species ar<- new. This is not altogether surprising when it enadend how fen shrews have ban described from the Congo as compared with other parts of Africa. It nevertheless seems remarkable that five of these new species should be members of the small group of "naked-tailed" Crocidura of which only about ten forms were heretofore known. Five forms of Crocidura which have ■rded from the general region :tre not represented in this collection. These are Crvciiwra turbo turba Dollman, C. t. tnnllti Dollman. C. poensis attila Dollman, ■ «l
  • N HollUUr. BulL An.rr Mu- \ ■• u \ \ W.pp •«'.:♦ «*>. IM. vu xi OmSwH.lSlS 18 '!' tin American Museum of Natural History \ .' M.VIl Crocidura sururw HclliT idura sururte Hollister. 1910, Hull .Aim r Mu- N 664. S|M'ciinens, 2: Faradje, 1 (skin and skull > : Garamba, 1 (aloobo Crocidura lutrella Heller Crocidura lutrella Hollister, 1916, Mull Am. t U« .664. Specimens, 1: Faradje (skin only). Crocidura turba nilotica Heller ' ■uium turUi uilotim Hui.i.i-tkh. 191»i. Hull. Aiikt. MtN DH p. 664. Crocidura turba nilodm Ai.i.kn, 1917, Hull. Aiikt Mu- Nat. H -- WWII. p. 784, Pis. lxxxix and xc (skiagraphs <>f ■haUtop, in oomparisoo with skeleton of Scutuorex congicut). Specimens, 4: Faradje, 3 (2 alcoholic); Nala, 1 (alcoholic). Crocidura caliginea Hollister Crocidura caliginea Hoi.i.istkii. 1916, Hull. Aiikt. M St., XXX 664, PI. vii. fig. 1 and PI. viii. fijrs. 1, la (skull). "Type, No. 48555, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., skin and skull of adult 9 (teeth moderately worn and basal suture closed) collected at Medje. Belgian Congo, July 8, 1914, by Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin. Orig. No. 2451." Crocidura jacksoni denti Dollman Plate II, Figure 1 Crocidura jacksoni ileuti Hollister, 1916, Bull. Amer. Mu- \X\ p. 665, PI. x, fig. 2. Specimens, 7 1 : Avakubi, 6; Babeyru, 1 (alcoholic); Bafwabaka, 1; Faradje, 5; Gamangui, 2; Medje, 51; Nala, 3 (alcoholic); Niangara, 2. Crocidura bicolor Bocage Crocidura bicolor Hollister, 1916, Hull. Aim r Mu-. N 666. Specimens, 1: Avakubi (aleoholic). Crocidura oritis I loll: Croculurn oritix Hollister, 1916, Hull. Aiikt. Mu- Nat Hi-t .. XXXV, | PI. vii, fig. 2 and PI. vm rimH). "Type, No. 48510, Aiikt. Mus. Nat . Hist., skin and skull of adult cf (basal suture closed; teeth moderately worn | collected at Avakubi. Ituri River. Belgian Congo, July 6, 1914, by Herbert Lang and James P. ( hapin. Orig. No. 2530." Allen, Congo Collect tot, of Insectirora 19 Thi ia based on five specimen-, four from Medje and one in Avakubi. Crocidura latona Hollisl :I 'LLIster. 1916, Bull. Amer. Mu> Nat. Him., XX.W . p. 667, PI \n. h* .3 and PI. viii. fig*. 3,3a skull i. 48610, Amer. Mua Nat. Hist., skin and skull of adult o* ntture 'losed; teeth moderately worn) collected at Medje, Bel- March 17. 1910, by Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin. Besides the type then- is a single skin without skull, from Avakubi. Crocidura ludia Holli huHa Hoi.ustkr, 1916, Bull. Amer. Una Nat. Hist.. XXXV. p. 668, PI. vii. fin. 4 and PI ix. fig*. 1. Ifl skull). • T\ pe, No. 48566, Amer. Afua, Nat. Hist., skin and skull of adult d" li slightly worn and basal suture not closed) collected at Medje, Belgian Congo, May 16, 1914, by Herbert Lang and Jamaf P. Chapin. There are three specimens of this specie* in the collection, two from Medje one the tyjH?) and one from Ngayu. Crocidura polia Holl; ,dura polio H-.i.i i«Tn{. I'M*.. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. BM XXXV, p. 669, PI Ml. h« .land PI. : ull . "Type, No. 48559, Amer. Mua. Nat Him., skin and skull of adult >f measurement of 12 specimens. Speriiif 8 (inchidinf 4 young in aloohoi) J Paradji -I I HuUctin A m ' MM of Natural History \ • 1 . \ I .\ II Sylvisorex oriundus Hollister Plate 1 1. Figure 2 ]•<•< in .. ■ixorn cutiguus \\.\t\ 1". • 1 7 Mull. Amer. Mil- \.ii Ili-t . WWII. pp. 709 "yi tm- 1 * Pis 1 \wi\ \< i! Skull and skeleton PI. \< 1. animal . 8cvtt- ndnd tQ the rank of a subfamily Srwti-< mime. Mffaw) BarDUS, 1917, Hull. Amer. M WWII. embef 29, pp.785-702. Thci hither TWtolmo of flmtJewur Sjx'ciin. ■!,-. II: Bafwabaka, 2 (skin and 1 complete skeleton); Medje, 42, inducting 1 in alcohol and 5 more or less complete skeletons. Tin- highly >|M.iali/t'd vertebral oohnnn of 8cMtuonx has been made the subject of two special papers already published in this Bulletin (Inc. one of them, by the author of the present paper, on the remarkable serialization of the vertebral column — unique, or without a known counterpart, in mammals with numerous illustrations; the Other, by Dr. H. von W. Schulte, on the lumbar vertebrae from the r- phogenetic view|X)int. In order to emphasize the taxonomie importance of this surprising serialization the genus Scutisorex was raised to sub- family rank under the name ScutisoriciNjE. To the first of these papers Mr. Lang contributed several pages of field notes. Macroscelididje Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni stuhlmanni Matschie Rhynchoci/ofi ntuhlmani Mathchie, 1893, SHiber Ge«ells. naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 66-68. Andundi, Semliki River, two specimens, adult and young Rhynchocyon stuhlmnuui nwlirawiata liTM km k. 1906, Proc. Zool. Soe. Loadoa, April 1907, p. 995. Mawambi distriet. Ituri Forest, Helgian Congo. One sp« nam Represented by 5 speeimens: Penge, 2(1 skin and skull; 1 alco- holic), April 21, 1914; Avakul.i. 2. November 13, 1913, and May 22, M»14. All are females, of which 2 are adult and 1 with the milk denti- tion. Also a foetus in alcohol. The Mu- inn Collection contains also an unsexed specimen of this form from the Budongo Forests, east of Lake Albert; February 1911. 19221 Alien, Congo Collection of Inaectwora 21 The ooUecton' me— urcmcnfteof tin- two adults are: total length, 515 mm Penge), and 501 (Avakubi); head and body, 268, 259; tail, 347, HI. hin.l loot, 84, 84; ear, 30, 30. Skulls: total length, 69.5 (Penge), — (Avakubi); ooDdyiotDCMave length, 02.3, 65; zygomatic breadth, 36, 35. Th.v thus agree in measurements with average specimens of R. x. claudi from localities farther west, as recorded below (Tables 1-4, pp. 23-26). This fact has, however, little significance since the range in size of adults of R.s. claudi covers all forms of the genus Rhynchocyon of which measurement! have been published. In coloration they closely resemble ■nielv dark examples of clamli. from which they are not satisfactorily distinguishable. Placed at the end of the dark series of claudi, they pletely merge with it. It seems preferable, however, to recognize them as a darker geographical race of the same specific group. Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni nudicaudata Lydekker, however, based on a _'.<• specimen from the Mawambi district of the Ituri Forest, seems reerjr entitled to serious consideration. The description indicates that the type was not unlike the dark phase of the R. stuhlmanni group, with which the author was at the time wholly unacquainted except through the description of .stuhlmanni. The "generally dark color and wholly white tail" are not distinctive in view of the variations shown, and described below, in the claudi series; nor are there any geographical reasons that would seem to require its recognition, the type locality of nudicaudata being less than fifty miles southeast from Penge, in the MOM environment as the latter, and represented in the proent collection by I stuhlmanni, while the tyi*' of stuhlmanni came from a locality equally near that of nudicaudata. The characters of naked and tail, dwelt upon as important distinction-, have no real significance, 8S such conditions are not infrequent in the clauiii series; while a white tail, at least in dry skin>. is a prevailing condition. The hairs of the tail also so minute that they are often apparent only on very close in- tion, giving the impression of a naked tail, especially in comparison with examples of the cirnn uroup, with which the author compared hi- >|M'ciinen. Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni claudi Thoma- and Wroughton Plat. I I. ri PlgUM 1 nchocyoti rltimli I human AND W SOI OSTOM, IMS, Ann Man Nat Hi-t 7 \I\. May, p. :;. mm... Walk Bh uchocyon . tOMA*, 191. lag. Nat. Hi I) XVI, N P 17 Ispesfcsssj l'"k.. I j ~|M with skulls; 6 il and yomig sjM-ciinen- in alcohol, and several skeleton-, collected as follows: Medje, 20: May and Angus! Oetober 1910; November 8, r March 17 20, 1014 Nala, 1 (alcoholic): .Inly 11)13. Ak. September 2<> Oetober 19, 1913. Niapu, 79: November 8-Pecember 26, 1913. The 99 s|>echiiens represented by skins and skulls consist of .">ti males and 43 females, of which 76 are adult and 23 more or less immature. The latter range in age from one specimen in which the milk teeth had not pierced the gum to those with the deciduous dentition fully developed (a ■eriee of 11 specimens), and the other 12 specimens fully illustrate the transition from the deciduous to the permanent teeth. It has hence seemed desirable to utilize this abundant material for the illustration ot" the tooth development of this interesting genus of insectivores. I figure 1. Mages 1 to 8.) The large series of adults from Niapu (43 males, 25 females) affords the basis for a study of sex, age, and individual variation. In the fol- lowing tables (Tables 1-3, pp. 23-25) the external measurements, carefully taken by the collectors before skinning, have been combined with ti measurements of the skull (total length, condyloincisive length, and • malic breadth'. Table 1 gives the measurements of the male-. Table 2, of the females, and Table 3 is a summary of Table< 1 ami 2. In these tables the specimens are arranged in four categories, according to age as indicated by the amount of wear shown by the teeth, the purpose lwing to determine the influence of age upon the general size of the animal after the permanent dentition has been fully acquired. Table 4 is designed to mow the correlation of growth with the tooth develop- ment. ( )f the 18 specimens included in this table, 5 are from Medje and 13 from Niapu, those from Medje being indicated by an asterisk. Sexual Variation There is no appreciable difference in >ize or coloration due to sex. The average total length (tip of nose to end of tail) in 43 adult mal» 515 mm., in 25 adult females. 510 mm. The average total length of the skull for t lie same specimens is. males 68. 1. females 68.5; condyloincisive length, males 62.3, females 63.5; zygomatic breadth, males 36.3, females 36.2. Table 1. — External and Ckamai. Mkam iu :\ik\ts of 43 Adult Males op Rhyn- chocyon s. cimitii, from Niapc, Belgian Congo External Measurement* Cranial Measurement* Total Length Head and Body Tail Hind Foot Ear Total Length Condylo- inriaive Length Zygotn. Breadth Condi- tion of Teeth 500 265 235 84 29 M 8 64.1 33.5 509 860 84 31 67 0 61.6 36 2 ii 505 240 86 31 67.3 88 l 35 7 14 556 J'-l 265 89 34 67.3 63.5 36.3 II 49446 881 1 81 31' 65 6 60.7 35.7 II 83 32 67 2 60.9 36.4 II 531 886 86 33 66.1 61 4 34.8 II 263 85 31 68.5 61.5 36 5 11 555 303 87 31 35.6 II 681 881 880 88 30 88 :; 62 9 35 3 II 504 90 31 67.1 63 6 37.5 83 31 66 6 62.5 35.0 II 458 260 — 83 31 62 2 61 4 36.9 II 469 225 82 31 66 9 60.8 34 3 II 88 31 66 7 60 7 34.4 II 49478 510 87 31 67 7 62.0 35 0 II ■fM 223 83 30 66 1 61 2 33 6 " 496 259 237 86 31 67 3 61 5 35 2 II KM 87 30 68 5 62.5 35 6 " 248 86 30 68.5 62 9 36.8 II 68008 502 259 87 31 68 5 63 3 36 0 .. §861 }Q 518 244 84 30 66 8 61 6 35 7 502 267 235 87 30 88 2 62 0 36 6 " 514 888 85 31 88 ) 63 1 36.1 II 106 D 516 888 854 86 29 66 3 62 2 36 3 II 517 871 246 84 31 88 0 61 9 88 i Slightly worn 535 290 88 31 70.8 63 6 37.4 527 275 252 90 31 68.3 62.4 88 8 14 60666 MM 88B 240 88 31 87 8 63 2 .. 279 253 86 33 67.9 36 5 14 66686 504 888 235 84 30 88 :: 61 5 35.6 II 888 888 83 33 70 5 63 3 88 -' Murh worn 535 887 248 89 88 : 63 6 88 8 " 537 273 8M 88 32 87 l 63 1 510 267 84 32 88 1 ■ ■ IM 881 88 32 88 8 88 i Crratlv }'U7u 520 291 229 87 88 88 I 68481 515 8AB 88 29 88 » 10491 108 888 88 29 87 8 tu <; 16616 BOO 881 888 82 80 68 8 80 l 88 1 IMM 680 874 856 91 88 -* 88 8 37 5 24 Bulletin American Muteum of Natural HiMory \I.YII Table 2. — Extekwi. \m> < kanial Measurements or 25 Adult Females of Rhynchocyon ». claudi prom Niapu, Bei.«.i \\ < mm,.. External Measurement* Cranial Measurements Cat. No. Total Length Head and Body Tail Hind Foot Ear Orripito- naaal Length Cmlylo- mi-iMV.- Length tgrmem Breadth < < -n.ii- Teeth 4'UiiO 532 281 251 85 31 OS 1 63 6 [Juworn J-.M..J no 272 258 86 31 62.3 34.5 49479 529 271 258 85 32 67 6 til s 34 3 I'.MSII 516 279 237 88 01 69 5 63 0 30 0 u l!UV, 525 MO MO 84 30 67 9 63 3 36 1 IMM 522 276 246 89 29 66 9 M 1 19 4*7 523 274 MO 87 32 68 0 63 5 36 5 I'M** 514 276 no 85 30 63 7 35 4 • • MM 535 283 252 84 29 M l 62 2 36 8 .. 49500 522 277 245 85 30 M 8 62 6 36 1 « 1951 44 517 MO 255 85 31 68.8 63 6 34 2 .. 49507 511 270 _MI 86 31 67 5 61 9 33 6 49511 no 277 _'.-,:{ 87 30 63 3 :;., 7 MM 513 272 241 86 :;i 68 7 63 7 35 6 49502 512 271 241 86 31 67 0 62 B 35 8 SliRhtly mm M808 492 255 287 81 31 M 1 61 3 35.4 MM 517 277 240 85 31 68 5 63 1 36.5 Much worn MM 528 293 235 87 31 70 6 64 0 36 7 •• mm no 294 245 86 31 n o 35.3 I'.M'.M :,11 MO 245 87 31 69 2 63 1 .. MOO] -,lo 202 _'4* 87 31 68 0 63 5 .. MM 520 278 _MJ 85 71 1 M B 37.4 worn 49454 532 285 M7 M 31 M 0 63 3 36.8 49472 505 272 _*:;:; 83 32 61 8 35 7 40638 M 273 no 83 33 69 1 64 0 36 2 tt 1823 Allen, Congo Collection of Imtectirora 25 TutLE 3. — Summary op Measurements of 43 Males and 25 Females given in Tables 1 and 2 External Measurements Cranial Measurement* Sexand Head Condyle- Condition of Teeth Spec. Total 1 ..-HHtti and Body Tail Hind Foot Ear Total Length incisive Length Zygom Hr.-.t.iti, Unworn d"25 688 0 sn : 240 5 85.4 30 8 67 2 62 1 35 6 Mm. d*25 458 Ma aao 81 29 64.8 60 .7 33 5 Max c?25 556 an ass 90 34 aa 2 64 1 37 5 Slightly worn Avg. o" 6 519 3 274 0 245 3 86 1 31 6 68 9 62 5 36 5 Mm o" 6 504 ■>•'*■ 235 83 30 67.8 61 5 35 6 o* 6 535 an 253 90 33 70 8 63 6 37 4 Much whit o" 4 523 5 273 2 250 2 85 5 32 0 68 2 63 0 36 9 Mm o" 4 510 aae 243 83 31 66 7 62 1 36 2 M.i\ o* 4 535 287 _'•»} 89 33 70 5 66 6 38 0 Greatly worn Avg. o" 7 .Ml 0 271 6 aaa i 66 1 30 7 68.2 62 6 37 1 Mm o*7 no 261 224 82 29 65 6 60 1 36 3 .. Max o* 7 188 291 aaa 91 32 66 i 66 6 38 1 Ay| 914 522 8 278 6 2 i.s ti 85.9 30 6 68 1 64 2 35 5 n Mm 914 511 aaa va 84 29 66 1 61 8 33 6 Mix 914 :.:;.-, asa aaa 89 32 70 t. 63 7 36 7 Slightly worn 9 2 502 0 aaa <> aaa a 31 0 67 0 61 9 35 6 M 9 2 M asa 81 31 66 \ 61 3 M:i\ 9 2 na 271 241 aa 31 t,7 a 62 5 35 4 Mllrli »«>rn I Avg. 9 5 :._'.-, g an : 2-12 7. aa 2 61 1 aa b 68 8 66 7 9 5 :.n aai aaa 85 61 lis II 68 l M 9 5 540 aai 248 s7 71 1 M 6 37 4 Greatly Avu 9 4 na (i 176 7 235 3 M Q aa o 68 » Mm 9 4 IN 272 aaa 61 ..1 B Ifftl 9 4 639 aaa 217 86 33 66 l ..» s 66 8 7 E 1 o — §1 1 PC do 53 g 5 _ - < 03 NNM : - r 9 r. N Sr. — — — n — — N N rt rt rt M " i- ■- — >~ ■ 91 ^ — »c «c 1 n r. — •- K t>- - t>. «5 •C & ^ — — s - 1 «5 " S S 1 5 1 S O «c O x - - - "i - - r t: i- ao — ■" •qic us tQiofietooictcoo so so «o ■2 ?, ft 5 S V- - r, 3 8 8 3 1§ O «D t>- I- t» CCOOOOODOOOOOOOOOO s 7 2 8 2 _ — — — -* e^ _- x — r- -i -i -i r! ri eS '- '- 2 2 " - -i 3 £ - c 8 55 ; N ifi K -i n ?i ws 5< ■* c$-ol,b>o'b"bo o *b *b • " fi " 2 - 2 2 98 JS te — — w-* ^5 ^5 Q3 (& *0 3» «C ^-t •* j — — — f »ft •J1 *•■ "■*■ "*■ *■"*" ~~ *"~ "■"■ "■■ ■"*■ "*" ■"*" "^ *"■ juaeajd jae qjnn uum-.i Allen, Congo ( IIMSJHSS 27 Age Variation LOBATION.- Coloration is only slightly affected by age. In young specimens in the first |>elage, the tones are practically the same as in :idult>. the light and dark marking of the upper-parts are not quite so -harply defined, l>ut the patten is strictly the same. In very old speci- mens the dorsal j>elage has sometimes a more grayish cast than is usual in younger animals, due perhaps to less prompt renewal. As will be •hewn later, the wide variation in color seen in a series of specimens has no relation to sex or age. Bin. Tables 1 I have been compiled with special reference to the age upon the general rise of the animal and upon the size of the shall, since Bpecief and subspecies are sometimes based on adolescent unens. and frequently on "young adults." Table 4 shows that in 6 miens having only the full deciduous set of teeth the total length (tip of nose to end of tail vertebrae) ranges from about 440 to 460 mm. as compared with the average adult length of about 515 mm., and a con- d\ loitK isi\ c length1 of about 50 to GO mm., as compared with about 63 mm. in middle-aged specimens. During the period of the replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth the size increases to about the mini- mum for adults, the total length averaging about 500 mm. and the condyloiiicisive length about 60 mm. The average total length of the animal in 38 specimen! (24 males, 14 females) with unworn teeth is 514 mm. (males 509, females 524); aver- age condyloiiicisive length of skull, 62.3 (males 62.1, females 62.8). In 8 specimens (8 males, 2 females) slightly more advanced in age teeth appreciably worn) the average total length is 516 mm. (males 520, females 501); condyloincisive length of skull, 62.3 (males 62.5, 61.5). In this case the number of specimens is too small to be -factory, especially in relation to sex difference in size. In 0 s|Mcimeiiv 1 4 males, 5 females) still older (teeth much worn), the rage total length is 524.4 mm. (males 523, females 527); condyloin- eisive length of skull, 63.27 (males 63.25, females 63.5). Again the series is too small fo ( .kwll. > • .ft}r nu.nl mrtilagr l«-u»« n variiil -n«« «« < r n littlr t rhu d U< .«ill»- bat u.uiiiu artMMttnc Mvcral milKnx • uul Unit. «id OC- nre umlrairablr rnrm.iir.ini 11U fo u.r »Kt •js If II III [Vol. XL\ II The resuKi of the foregoing analysis of \ .-niat i«»n in site m effected by age and s< \ an- collated in thfl following tabular resume' (Tablf The results derivable from the above tabulation would possess greater Intend it the number of specimens in each <>f the si had eomprieed :< more nearly equal number <>f specimens it' each had beau as largo as in Table 3. It seems safe to assume (1 1 that size is riot diagnostic of n \. although the above statistics indicate a si ighl superiority Table 5. — Rei.ui<>\ or Aoi \m> Six to Condition of Tis-tli No. of J Specimens Total Animal MP l-.IV >• I .[l«t I, Skull 1. Entire milk set only 2. Entire OkilksH plus —more or less developed 3. Permanent set) unworn 4. Permaip uhtlv worn 5. Permanent Bet inueli worn 6. Pernia: ■■ ■ if i\ won 6 5 |38 24 c? J4 9 151 501 514 BOO 524 63 l 62 8 s 516 6c? 62 5 29 501 61 B 0 524 4 4c? 523 59 527 63 5 1 BIS 7c? oil 49 .-.11 for the females. The largest Bpecimen of the entire series is ,i "yoking adult" male (No. J'1 1 15 . with a total length of 666 nun., a tail length of 265, length of hind foot 89, and condyloincisive length 63.5, dimensions not reached by any female, except the >kull length in a few old females, which again i- exceeded l»y a tew old males. (2) Then- is a slight increase in size, both externally and of the skull, in the old-age period, but mauffi- cient to antagonize the -election of young adult specimens as types of new forms, since individualism in any age class more than bridges the differ- ences that can properly be ascribed to age after approximate maturity ached. Alien, Congu' >f ln*edwora 99 Individual Variation - IS. — As already noted incidentally above, the variation in total length ( tip of nose to end of tail) in the series of 25 young males with un- worn teeth from Niapu covers the entire range of variation in the whole the 68 adults from Niapu. all of which were taken within a period of al»out -i\ weeks in November and December of the same year, and all within a radius of about six miles in strictly uniform environment. wing out of consideration a single specimen (No. 49474, d"), obviously a dwarf, the average total length is 510 mm., the two extremes being 465 and 666, a difference of 91 mm., 17 per cent of the mean. Even this is I in the old-age series of 7 males, where the range is 19.6 per cent. This illustration applies equally to length of tail, where the range of variation i.» is. 7 per cent of the mean, but not to hind foot and ear, when- the range is respectively 10 and 2 per cent. It is also much less in the skull, in which the mean condyloincisive length in the 25 young adults in question is 62.1 mm., and the extremes t>0.7 and 64.1, and the difference 3.4 mm., or only al>out one-half of 1 per cent. This, however, ailv equal to the variation due to age, where the average condylo- incisive length in the old-.:- - of 11 specimens is 62.9 mm. (minimum maximum 65 mm.). The variation in zygomatic breadth parallels that of the skull length. i.okation. Bkyn&otyon I. duutii may be said to have, in a general •my, a light phase and a dark phase of coloration, but a large proportion of the specimens in the present large series are in such varying degrees intermediate that no line of demarcation can be even approximately assigned. A> the extremes of light and dark specimens belong to the \ and prove to have been taken on the same day at the same place, it must Im' assumed that this wide range of color variation is purely in- dividual. Yet, should single specimens of the extremes of the light and dark types of coloration be received by a systematist from even the same locality, he mighl be pardoned for considering them as nameable forms. Some of the Kast African forms of Rhynchocyon have l>een found to be notaUv prone to melani-m. hut among the hundred examples of the eloust type collected by the American Museum Congo Kxpedition not -hows such tendency, notwithstanding the large amount of color variation they present. The linht or reddish phase (Plate I. upper figure) may be indi- I a> follows, beguming with the ventral area: (Inn. throat, fan n<< k. IM MCtonl PSfpM entirely and nrjirK uniform l>uff, ink fn.in pule miff to ochrureoiis l.uff in different specimens), abruptly ••■•n- 30 BuUeiin American Mi seum of Natural History V6L MA II Ba and pectoral area to alMitit tin- median third or fourth of th. thence expanding to eow the lower abdomen tad mairlfi of thighs, usualrj derl on middle of Li lighter on throat, middle of thorax and mid-lower ibdcnaaa In extreme specimens tin- portion of the ventral surface has a decided rm Sides of head from base of rostrum. expanding upward tm ancloae the 6SIS, sides of neck and sides of body to base of tail (encroaching deeply on side.-, of iNtflawm and nearly ineetinn over thorax:, hmwnish rufoUB Of chestnut slightly Varied With hlack- tipped hairs. Top of head and mid-region of baok bo base of tail more varied with Mack-tipped hairs, which from the wither- posteriorly take the form of four longi- tudmal blackish hands, which from middle of hack to base of tail are bfolma by four or six transverse rows of whitish spots, which vary in tone fin different specimens) from clear white to pale huffy white. Over this area the general effect is that of alternating transverse rows of rather sharply defined black and white spots, alxmt five of each being rather distinctly defined, with an additional poateriof row of two win' the ban of the tail, and an ill-defined anterior row of small, laM dis- tinct, whitish s|«)t>. There i> also a tendency to an additional lateral row of indis- tinct orsubobsolete whitish or pale buffy spots on each side of the usual four distinct median rows of spots Counting all the rows of white or whit hey form six longitudinal rows, tl uter rows separated from the others by dark chestnut instead of hlacki>h intervals. vember 24, 1913, adult y No. 49487, Niapu. December I. LOIS, adult 9. No. 49490, adult 9 .same locality and date, has more rufous suffusion on akk ii' otli males ami females taken on consecutive days, or sometimes on the same day, at the same locality. Other specimens collected actually or approximately at the same date and place, equally representative of both sexes and strictly comparable as to age, fill every gradation between the two extreme*. Hence tin- ty|>es of coloration above described can scarcely be considered as repre- senting respectively a definable red and dark phase, but merely the ex- tremes of a wide range of purely individual variation, shown in the accompanying colored plate. Allen, Congo Collection of lu*>ctuora 31 Cranial Variations. — Matachie1 and othen apparently l>clieve that the relative length of the frontal and nasal sutures ie of specific value in Rays* ' Specimens of AaytitAocyofi t.daudi in our series show that the frontal suture may be as long as, or longer or shorter than, the nasal TO, ami in some cases one ot the nasals is fully 4 nun. shorter than the other. Th«- following measurements- illustrate variations in speci- - taken in the same locality at Niapu: Frontal Suture Nasal Suture 19446 o" 24 nun. 24 nun. 49479 9 27.25 mm. 19 nun. 19443 o* 27 nun.. 20 mm. 19459 0* 28 nun. 20.5 nun. 19448 cf 22 nun. 25 mm. Rhynchocyon clandi Thomas and Wrought on was based originally on a speeimen in the light or reddish phase of coloration from Beritio, n species by Thomas. The present collection contains 2(1 specimens taken at Medje, 5 col- lected at AJcenge, and 70 at Niapu. The two last-named localitie- within al>out thirty miles of Medje and Poko and have the same environment. There can l»e little doubt therefore of the correct refer- of all these specimens to R. s. eUn Dentition of Rhynchocyon Figure 1 The present large series of skulls of Rhynchocyon ft. clandi affords material fully rlwclogmg the character of the dentition of Rhynchoi from it- early stages to old age. In the youngest skull No. 19484 — see Table i. p. 26 of ' the teeth are wholly enclosed in the gum; slightly older ipecimi \ 19427) the tips of the principal cusps of the deciduouf anines and premolars 2, 3, I have broken through. Other specimens, more advanced, -how the gradual develop- ment of the milk teeth and the order of their displacement by permanenl th. In a succeeding table 'Table 5. p. 28) measurements are givea how the correlation of the siae of the individual with tooth develop- ment, from the stage just prior t«» the appearance of any of the teeth ■ IrH.tlm.p flfl •Otbrr cranial variation* »r. ,u.-« of mraaurrmcnUai i«-< nll> eniph«»ii«Hj.»» thry pr.». i • r • lalfMtOTM 32 • ricon Museum of Xatural History |Vol \ !.\ 1 1 above the ggm to full maturity of the permanent let Several stages of development are also shown in the accompanying text figure (Stages 1-8). iduous Dentition The milk dentition, strictly construed. OOnstStB of 24 teeth: 1 r! !• Pj ;!=,|4 = 24- The first premolar (p \rt) is not present till 1 hikI has no successor. Upper or Maxillary Series. — The angle upper incisor (is by position) is a minute spicule inserted at the extreme posterior border of the premaxilla and has no successor. Although small and frail, it often persists through life, being frequently present in the senile stage. In hi adult skulls, taken at random for the investigation of this point. 1 ."> (33 per cent) were found to retain one or both upj>er incisors, both being -«nt in 8 skulls and one in each of 0 skulls, most frequently on tin- right side. When these teeth are absent their alveoli often remain, indicating the recent presence of the teeth. The canine is a small bicuspid tooth, with a slender-pointed central cusp, and a small slender-pointed posterior cusp, about one-third as high as the main cusp. The canine is shed at the same time as the pre- molars, but its successor is long in maturing, and. when fully developed, il long, slender, and saber-like. The second, third, and fourth premolars (dp2, dp*, dp4) arise simultaneously. Dp2 has a basal length slightly exceeding its height, with two pointed cusps, the anterior one consider- ably exceeding the other in sizx* and height, and a low anterior and a low posterior i -usplet, both arising from the cingulum. Dp3 is subtriangular in basal outline, the anterior half narrow, the posterior broad, with a main central cusp, a smaller one behind it, and a still smaller one in front, on the cingulum. There is also alow, broad postero-internal cusp, and, behind this, a slight cusplet from the cingulum. Of then five cusps, three are external and two internal. Dp4 is subquadrate and distinctly molariform, with four prominent cusps, the outer much higher than the inner, the four cusps collectively enclosing two deep l>a>in-s haped cavities. There is also an anterior cusplet from the cingulum. Lower or Mandibular Series. — The anterior four milk teeth in the lower jaw are all incisiform. similar in size and general form, and have their axes directed forward. The two middle teeth are tricuspid, the first and fourth bicuspid. They are separated from dp2 by a long convex diastema. The first three incisiform teeth are shed singly at intervale. The three posterior milk premolars (dp*, dps, dp«) increase successively Alien, Congo Collection of Inseciirora 33 in size, dpj being lew than half the size of dp», and dp3 is less than one- tliinl the Ixilk of dp* Dp* has a high-pomted central cusp and :i -mall. low, sharp-pointed one before ami behind it, and acuspleton the posterior cmgulum. Dp« us similar in atraeture to dp* but is a much larger tooth. Dp, consists <»f two sections, each of which encloses a deep basin from the borders <>f which arise four cusps, of which two are antero-external, the other two internal, one of which is median and the other |M»sterior. The inedio-internal cusp is usually minutely bipointed when unworn. The above conditions are represented. essentially or exactly, by 7 skulls . Xos. 49523, 49436, 49513, 49514, 49510, 49499, 19493, of Table I Permanent Dentition The permanent dentition comprise! 96 teeth: l'; ';, < '[ J, Pj J, M »•. In this enumeration the minute Upper incisor is assigned i permanenl tooth, although, as already explained (p. 32), it is often nt in adults, though frequently persisting through life, and has no successor. The first premolar in both jaws has also no successor and is developed later than the other premolars which have successors. [Jppm or Maxillary Series. — The canine is a long, slender. I.it.rally compressed, 3-rooted tooth, with a conspicuous longitudinal »ve on it- .uitero-internal face. The first premolar (p1) does not piene the gum till the milk premolars (dp2, dp3, dp4) are fully developed and functional, and has, as already said, no predecessor. It is a small unienspid. 2-rooted tooth, about as long antero-posteriorly as high. It parated from both the permanenl canine and the permanenl p- by dia.-temata nearly equal in length to the basal length of the tooth. P and p' an- similar in form to their respective predi from which they differ mainly in larger size. P' is more completely inolarifonn than ilp'. and differs from in1 only in I K'ing larger and slightly more quadr. M i- subquadrate, the anterior half of the tooth broader than the pos- or half, with higher cusps, which are situated at the four corner- of the tooth. M i- trigonal, with three CUSpS, and is about one-third the Thus, in the permanenl dentition, the last three maxillary th are typically molariform and. on the bat ucture and ixiei- tion. would Ih> classified as molars, but the first one of the three has a milk predecesi Lown on \i wimhi i.m; Brow. The three permanent bob all have l>itid crowns, are close-set. directed obliquely forward, and differ froni then predecessors inainly in theii SB. The canine is a small th, separated from ij and pi by -light dia-temata. Its axis 4 Fig. 1. Development of the dentition in Khynchoajon jtuktmm Thomas. All x%; a and b, side tnd '/. crown views. Prom speeimeas taken in Ike Belgian Congo by The American Museum of Natural History dmn" dition, 1909-1'.' Stage 1 Milk teeth breaking through kuiiik No. 40618, 9 jjnr.. Medje, -Inn. ; nil Stage 2. Milk teeth more advanced; alveolus of p1 fissured. No. 49437. 9 juv V- ber8. 1910 Stage .'< Milk teeth fulK developed, and p1 nearly so; convex diastema where pi is forming be- neath. No. 49513. Stage 4. Upper milk dentition p>, and crown of m1 iiiHt through gum; lower jaw: milk i • well advanced, mi half up. and tip of permanent h in sight. No. 49498, 9 juv., Niapu, December 6, 1913. M i«44 1- 1 • Ill ata St UK'- H Hrr both / 1 ■ iiiilar hitlf ti|i in Ixitli juw». |M-rinaririit |>rrtiiotai« pradfMMHini ; |MTiiiiiin-iit lowi i I lower i-aiunr fully .l.vrloprd. ■•>* full-grow ii, l>iii premolar* of MmUMl m-« Mill .inr ha» brrii • l uppri ■ tnilir not fully inm loihowwmroftwlh In ol.l agr tin- fir.t |.. ...iium In of p» rrmaii.il.. >< M • >'» Hullittn Aimrifdti Muiunnn of Natural II lstoni [Vol \l.\ II i- directed forward, a- i- the CMS with the incisors, which it r\c.c«|- I >ut little iii nee, it- blunt-convex crown not rising above the crown surface of the incisors. Pi is a 2-rooted tmiotiepid, perfectly oaninifonn in -< i tore :iiid function; its height is about twice it- basal length, or about twice the height of p.. and p... and it is a per>i-tent tooth of the th-t Pj, pi, and p4 arc respectively similar in structure to their prod Imt more massive. I\ eonfonns in plan with the molars except in having an additional cusp on the interior border, making five cusps instead of four as in the molars. It i- thus a slightly longer tooth than in,. The median internal cusp, when the tooth is unworn, u usually minutely binointed, ai in it> predecessor. Mi and m»are similar in -tincture, hut only about half the -i/.e of nij. Development and Replacement of the Deeiduoii- Teeth The condition of the teeth, as seen in the cleaned -kull .it the stage when the crowns of the last three premolars in each jaw are fully excluded and the teeth have become functionally effective (skull No. 49513), is as follow-. The incisors and canines (both above ami below) are, like the la-t three premolars, fully developed and Functional; the extreme tip of p1 i- hardy ahove the alveolar border and would he. in most cases at least, still covered by the gum; dp* i> not visible but there is a narrow slit at the outer base of the convex diastema l>etween the canine and dp..; there i- ;d-o a narrow Opening in the alveoli of the future molars, in each jaw. Upi'i i; I i kth. — Later (Fig. 1, Stage 4), after the skull has nearly doubled its size, p1 attains its full development. P1 persists without change except by wear, and, later in life, is the first tooth to become in- efficient through excessive attrition. After considerable further men in the bsb of the -kull the crown of the first molar is excluded and mm, 1 1 ai it has reached functional maturity, is followed by the second molar. Not, however, till m2 has become fully functional i- there any further change, when the crowns1 *of the permanent canine and the permanent premolars (p*, p', p4) can be seen between the root- of their predecessors, but it is considerably later before the milk premolars are finally shed and their successors are fully developed h<»\\ i I Ti i m. The fir-t change in the milk teeth of the mandible occurs coincident ly with the breaking of the crown of in, through al\eolu> and In-fore the crown surface of the tooth i- much above the ■Inakull No. 494 JS Um enm* <>f the right raninr in doulili . tomfattng "f t WO equal »k lose con tart . Allen, Congo OtMteUm o) Insectitwra 37 alveolar border. At thisstagi nted by Xo. 49499) the four incisi- form teeth are -t ill unchanged, but the tip of the euumform pi is just •bove the alveolar plane, or practically at the same stage as m,. At the next stage represented by No. 19106, Pig. I.stage4), mi is about two- thirds grown but not a- yet at full height , and Dj is evenly keeping pace with it in development. None of the other milk teeth shows any indication of approaching replacement. In skull No. 4942s this molar ■ fully de- Veloped, M i- also pi, hut the milk premolars (p2, ps, p«) are still firmly in place, with DO trace of their rocCCBJOfl between their roots. The first incisor I ii ». however, has been renewed, and the crowns of the successors of ijand i can be seen pushing up at their inner bases, and the same condition i- also true of the canine. It would seem, therefore, that the renewal of the milk incisiforni series just precedes that of the milk pre- molars. In No. 19484 a somewhat later stage is shown, in which mj is not only fully mature but the crown of m2 has reached about one-half its full height. In t hi — kull ( Fig. 1. Stage 5) the permanent canine has attain- ed to about half the height of it- PTCdcCCBSOr, Coming lip at its outside base, and the crown- of the milk premolars can be seen between their rot these four teeth, like the same teeth in the maxillary -dies, developing coincideiitly. The permanent incisors and the |>ennanent canine are also now fully matured. To complete the Beriefl of illu-t rations a figure of the unworn denti- tion of a youngish adult (Fig. 1. Stage 7) and of an old-age adult (Fig. e here included. Nasilio fuscipes (Thomas) pet THOMAS, 1804, \nn. Mag. Nat. Hist . •> XIII. January, \ . I < > 1 1 1 1 1 1 : i D.nniii.t!. Niaiii-Niaiii country 'about 5° N. and 27° W K.)." : on i young female "having still its milk-dentition in pi l;. ;•• tented by 90 specimen! 28 -kin- and skulls, 2 in alcohol), sol* November 18 December 19, 1910. idje,21: I'.-biu.-.r. B, 1910; ftbruar; 30 Mag 6 mostly Feb- 2 March i . I'M i : December 2S, 1912; Japnarj 8 B, 10 Oaramba. 1 (in alcohol,; March 1913. Male* and females are equally represented All are adult i which are one-half to two-third- mown, with the |mi inaiient dentition incomplete. These form i ■eriei riiowing all the Btagei of rhangn from the deciduoiu lo the |>ermarient dentition, confirming Thoina-'- determina- tion of the dental formula in M USBO, Proc. ZoAl.Soe. L»iuii.ii. |,|. Ml Ml M.Ik .1. i,t,ii..n ,.r MradtvamaSjaMd,! 38 Hullrt in American Museum o) Natural History Vol XI.YII The adult males haw .1 -hoi t-liaired. glandular pectoral area, the atari bain <>t" which, ami the loager «'inl< »^i n>z; pelage, are cream-color, due |M»s>il)lv t<» staining. In s c malen this area has an axial eaten! <>i 20 linn, of mora and I breadth of 10 nun.. thus forming a oonapicoom tr.ti ore of i In- ventral surface, i»wi it is less developed in femal Tli- in aeries, taken at the oloee of the rainy Beaton, rather brighter colored more rufeecenl and leas gray above than those from Faradje eoUaeted some two or three months later. The difference i- not wholly con-taut ami may I nal, as soim- Bpecimenf <>l the Niaagai are indietmguiehable in coloration from some <»i the Faradje specimena. ( JoBeotota1 aaaaurementi of 7 adult males ami it) adult femalai from i tdje: Total* Laagtli Bmd and Body TkflVtrtabni Hindi d* 204 (200-207) 115.(100 28-31 21.0 _*e taken as confirmatory of this identification, the ty|>e locality (Doruma) "I being aboul MM) miles north of Niamiara and some 160 miles weal <>!' 1'aradje and (jJarainl.a. These four localities, Mr. Lang assnma me, are in region similar environment. The present series, if here correctly referred, shows that Mae Thomas belongs to the genua NaeiUo Thomas ami Schwann1 (type MaeraeceUdee braekyrhynehus A. Smith), the molar- being }• 1 he type of fuscipes was so young that it could give no hint of the Dumber of the molars, hut it is described Bfl " moal nearly allied to If. hniilii/iinis Hoc," of which the author says: " Sa machoire inferieure parte ofaaque cote line inolaire de plus, onse dent- :ni lieu de dix."2 '1906. Pr.» Z.-.l Boa I...I1.I..H. II.p.578. 'Bocagr. 1889. Joum Bd Hti i»l<> - Ml \... I Madrid, (3) I, No I, p M, llano Pi \n i hhifitrhoci/tm ttuhimanni rfimrfi Thomas and Wroughton. Two nrnlea, taken in ■He locality wit tiiti .1 week, ■bowing an extreme lin'it rufous and an extreme dark Drswn by Charles R, Knghl bom skms, An 19496 and 19477, Niapo, Deoamber l :«n«l ft, 1918. Plati 1 1 1. Croculimi jticl.stmi il< nti \)it\hnnn. Female adult , Amer. M 1 1 - \ «> . I - Medje, May 28, 1914. Kip. '-. Sylnttorex oriuuilua HolliMcr. Type Female adult, Amer. is.wi, Medje, m.,\ _'n. I'M i Photographs inmi specimens hi ill.' flesh. Both natural size. \ \I \ II Vol. XI.\ II. 1'uit 1 1 Plate III Sruiisnnr eangieut Thomas, Male adult, Amer. Mm-. No. 18475, Medje, May 30, 1914, Photograph from specimen iii the flesh. Natural sue. Pi. vii IV ddv/ra nyanu hint Osgood. M:il<- adult. Aiiht. Mus. NO |sr><)|, Medje, June 13, L914. Photograph from specimen in the flesh. Natural si 60.9,32(67.5) Article II. SCIURITXE, ANOMALURID^, AND IDIURIDjE COLLECTED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM CONGO EXPEDITION1 By the Late J. A. Alli Plate V I ONTENTB Page Introduction 39 Species and Subspecies, with their Localities and Number of Specimens from each Locality 40 Localities, Species and Subspecies, and Number of Specimens taken at each Locality 42 in mimI Subspecies, with their Type Localities 44 • ml Summary 44 uhr 44 oaciurus poensi* 44 Hdicaciurus rufobrachium pasha 47 //< liosciuru* rufobrachium medjianus 48 II(lio8ciuru8 rufobrachium rubricatus 50 ostiums multicolor lateris 51 isciuru* anerythntg anerythrut 51 isciurus anerythrus niapu 52 isciurut pyrropus akka 54 F'inisciurus congicv* congiais 56 56 nis uli xnmlri. . 58 Proton rus slangeri cenlricola 59 'oieru* ttangeri signatus 61 Buxcrus erythoput lacustris 61 malurida? 62 Anomalurus jacksoni jacksoni 62 AnomalureUa pusilla 63 ■ malurops beecrojli chapini 65 Idiuridfp. 68 l rus unkeri zenkeri 68 Tut langi. H B1M fxingo 70 INTRODUCTION The Scturickr, Anonialurida' and Idiuridie of The Atmrican Museum Natural lli-t<»r\ Congo Expedition, ooBeeted by Messrs. Herbert Dg and Jan,. iP. I luipin dining six 1909-1915) of field work, 'Scientifir K<*ulta of the Congo Expedition, Mammalogy, No. 0. ■ drmiae th« manuarript tu arrangWlor puhliration by Herbert Lane. 40 Bulletin American Mu>- >>ry [Vol. XI. VII number 480 spermim-. npreeentiDg 20 fomu l(i s|)eeies and I additional ■ulwpeciai). The collection consists of many well-prepared skins with ■knife, a Dumber of skeletons, and a few s|M>cimens preserved in alcohol. The 315 s[M>eimcn.s of Bcturidfl arc referred to 1 I forms (10 specio and four additional subspecies), of which three sul are eed. These far exceed the total number previously extant in all of the museums of the world, their nocturnal habits and secretive mode of life rendering their capture difficult. This is a very valuable accession as The American Museum of Natural History had but little African material of this order previou the reception of the Lang-Chapin Collection. Other mueenmaof t hi> country have generously placed at my disposal material for purposes of comparison. To Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.. < tamtor of mammals in t In- United States National Museum, to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Director, and to Dr. G. M. Allen, Curator of mammals, of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology at Harvard University, I am indebted for the loan of many of their specimens. The forms, and the number of specimens of each and their local i' are given in the subjoined lists. Species and Subspecies, with their Localities am> Ni mber of Specimens from each Locali i v Spcri- Species and Subsjx ■ I^u-alir i»-~ menu Sriuridtp 1. .Ethosciurus poensi* 'A. Smith) Medje 2, Niapu 1 3 2. Heliosciurus rufobrachium pasha (Schwann) Faradje 2, Niangara 10 12 3. Heliosciurus rufobrachmn, mulji- anus, new subspecies AkeOfe 1. Avakubi 1. Bosobangi 1. Gamangui 1, Medje 23, Niapu fl 36 4. Heliosciurus rufobrutluum rulm- catus, new subspecies Avakubi 7, Bafwasende 1, Lubila 1 "i Heliosciurus multicolor lateris Thomas Aba 1 1 6. Funisciurus anerythrus anery- thrus (Thomas) Av.-.kul.i 7. (iamangui 6, Medje 8, mgara 5 28 7. Fu n isciurus anerythrus niapu, new >uhspecies Niapu 22, Stanleyville 2 24 1922] Allen, Congo Sciuridx, Anomalurid*, Idiuridx 41 Speci- Species and Subspecies Localities mens 8. Funisciurvs pyrropu* akka de Wiiiton Akenge •>. Avakubi 1, Boyulu 1, Gamangui 4, Medje 7, Niangara Niapu IS 32 9. Funisciurtts congicus congicus ihl) LeopoldvUle 1 1 10. Tamiscus emini emini (Stuhl- mann) Avakubi 6, Bafwabaka 7, Batama 1, Faradje 2, Gamangui 1, Medje 10, Ngayu 4, Niangara 5, Niapu 12, Pawa 1, Poko 1, Stanley- ville 13 63 11. Tamiscus alexandri (Thomas and ughton) Avakubi 4, Faradje 3, Gamangui 5, Medje 2, Nala I, Ngayu 2, Pawa 1, Rungu 1 19 12. Protoxerus ttangeri centricola Thomas Akenge 5, Avakubi 5, Bafwabaka 2, Faradje 1, Gamangui 4, Kamu- nionge 1, Medje ti, Ngayu 7, Niangara 2, Niapu 20, Stan- leyville 1 54 13. Protoxerus ttangeri sign at us Thomas Bolobo 1 1 1 1 . Euxerut erythopus lacustrit (Thomas) Faradje 21, Niangara 10, Rungu 1 32 Anomalurida? 1." 1 "talurus jacksoni jacksoni de W inton Akenge 7, Avakubi 2, Gamangui 1, Ifedjt 28, Niapu 16, Panga 4 58 16. Anomalurella pusilla (Thomas) Akenge \. Avakubi 1, Medje 36, Niapu 10 53 17. .\'.<>>>"i! >ropabeecroftichapini, i. subspecies Ije 12, Poko 1 14 Idiuridae 18. Idiurut zenkeri tenkeri Matschie Avakubi \t Medje 27, Niapu 2 30 19. Idiuruslangi, new species lltdjti *> 20. I 86 Anomaluropsbeecroftichap il)sp. 12 Idiurus zenkeri zeni hie 27 Idiurus langi, new sp. 6 Tamiscus alexandri (Thomas and Wrought on 1 sciurus anerythrus anerythrus (Thomas) 2 Tamiscus emim ■ PKMlhhnMn 4 Tamiscus ah xa ml n (Thorn— >lld W 'nuighton 2 Protoxerus stangeri centricola (Thomas) 7 Anomcdurella pusilla (Thomas) 2 sciurus rufobrachium pasha Schwann 10 ciurus anerythrus anerythrus (Thou 5 Funisciurus pyrropus akka do Winton 3 TVimtarus / I - ihlmann 5 Protoxerus stangeri centricola (Thomas) 2 -trus erythopus laaistris (Thomas) 10 35 Niapu hoseiurus poensis (A. Smith' 1 Heliosciurus rufobrachium midjianus, u< 9 •tisciurus anerythrus iiia/m. now subsp. 22 Funisciurus pyrropus akka do Winton 13 ■iCUSemitti HtnMma— l'J ■ ixerus stangeri centricola (Thomas) 88 Anomalurus jacksoni jacksotn dc Winton 16 Anomalurelia pusilla Thomas) 10 >rus zenkeri zenkeri Matsehic 2 MM Anomalurus jacksoni jackson i de Winton 4 Idiurus panga, new -] I 4 8 I'awa Tamiscux ■ Stuhlmann miscus alexandri (Thomas ami \\ rounhton Tamiscus • -•uhlmann Anomalurops beecrofti chapini, new -ulwp. KuiiKU Tamiscus alexandri (Thomas and Wroughton rrrus erythopus lacustris (Thomas) /....., m . ,. /. new mtMp 3l ililmann i B0PBI ii S, with i hi. nt Type Localities l Hilinsciurus rufobradnum m Medje //. '.,.-. urw rufobrachttun ruhricntus. Lultila A. Fur, '-.a]>U 1 . 1 1 -mahirops Utcrofti chu/iuii. Medje 5. Idiurus langi. Ifedja 6. Idiurus panga. Panga General Si mmaky Families ids Anmnaliiridte Idiurida? ( i.-n.r.i 6 3 JL 10 Subspecies 11 3 3 20 mens 315 1 28 40 480 23 8 1 SCIURID* JEthosciurus Thomas I ii. am-. 1016, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist 8 WII. Mar.-li, p, 271 Genotype, by original designation. Sciurus poensis A. Smith. .Kthosciurus (subgenus of HeHom Eollistkb, 1919, I Bull. 99, part 2, May 16, p. 9. iEthosciurus poensis (A. Smith) iruspoensis A. Smith. 1835, South African Quart. Jburn., II. i>. <>4. Fernando Po (Gi EftMOUnu poensis Thomas, 1910. Ann. Mai:. Nat. Hist.. (8) XVII, p. 271. Three specimens: Medje, 2 (cf and 9 adult), January 24, 1909; Niapu, 1 (d* adult >, November 28, 1913. Collectors' measurement- ol the Medje specimens: Total length, c? 322 mm., 9 337; head and body, o" 144, 9 152; tail vertebra, cf 178, 9 185; hind foot, d" 35, 9 35; ear, & 14, 9 14. Bkllfl, same specimens: Greatest length, o" 37.3, 9 38.2; zygomatic breadth, not measurable. The Niapu specimen is s little smaller and less mature. Entire pelage, including feet and tail, olivaceous gray, except ventral surface, whieli is washed with ochraceous medially, t h»- color of the sides tending over the lateral third of the ventral area from axillae to loins. Mipared with two specimens of .Kthoscinrm poensis (No. 8639, Kribi, Cameroon, and No. 15667, Mus. Comp. Zool., Lolodorf, ( ameroon), with which they closely agree. Larger Belies from the two regions (Cameroon coast and I'pi oign.1 indicate an appreci- able average ( I iffe re nee not indicated l.y the material now available. ■The total number of localities at which these forma were collected is 24. .4 lien, Congo Sciuridx, Anomaluridjr, Idiurid* 4~> Heliosciurus Troiicssart Htlioteiurus (subgenus <«f Seiunu) Trouessart, 1S80, Le N:iturrdistr. II. ienotype, lipMrtflTW Thomas, 1909), Seiunu gambianus < hgflby. Tmuessart 'ffigjmltj designated Sdunu nnnulatus Desmarettt as the type, l>nt i -itivclv identifiable Thomas has, with Rood reason, replaced h bj SciurtttgambumutO^bf. The Htlioteiurus rufobrachium* group is represented in the Lang- Chaptn CollectioD by 57 specimens, collected in the region comprised between Avakubi and Bafwasende, south of the Ituri-Aruwimi River, northward to Niangara, on the Uele River, and eastward to Faradje. Three geographical areas arc thus included — (1) the region south of the Ituri-Aruwimi covered with Rain Forest, (2) the forested area between the Ituri-Aruwimi and Bomokandi-lVle rivers, and (3) the Uele bush- veldt district to the north. The specimens from these districts, when arr:r ally, show well-marked differences in coloration in correla- tion with the varying conditions of the districts, the extremes represented — the Avakubi specimens on the one hand and the Xiangara-Faradje specimens on the other— being so widely different that, without the con- necting "in intermediate joints, they might readily be con- sidered as possibly specifically separable, especially if represented by a [ le specimen or even by a small series of specimens. The specimens from the intermediate localities show, however, unmistakable inter- gradation between the two extreme geographic phases. The differences are primarily the amount and intensity of rufous on both fore and hind limits and the color of the whole ventral area, particularly of the throat and inside of the limbs. Also the northern pale veldt form is distinctly dler than either of the two foiOSt forms. The main feature of differ- entiation is th«- steadily increasing srythrism of the ventral surface and limbs from the northern veldt country to the heavy Rain Forest south of the Ituri. In the coloration of the upper surface there is little to distinguish the specimens from the three areas, although the Niangara and Faradje specimens average somewhat paler than those from farther south. Ian* haa railed ■ | iuru« ru/obrarhium W.terbouae haa nearly lad it .hould therefor* be accepted in place of the latter The •periea ao long universally known aa Seturus ru/obrackialut was named lental reference to it in a footnote to a rarer in the grd lunation or >«nie ■ the it ».. broui I niiir in the preparation of hi. paper oa the bibliograph) ami <)t>tiil>ution of Afruan ^ benotedalaothat Waterhouae'..S<-iuru>/ru<-otfrnyerficial light tipping. The chin and throat are a little browner than theforeneck and breast, being sometimes dull yellowish brown, but rarely approaching rufous. The median portion of the extreme base of the under side of the tail has sometimes a slight rufous tone. The outer edge of the forearm and the upper surface of t he manus vary from dark rufous to brownish rufous, but tin- inside of the forearm is pale like the ventral surface, usually without trace of rufous. In specimens of the other extreme, taken south of the Ituri near Avakuhi. the whole lower surface of the body has a strong rufous tone, the throat, foreneek, sides of breast, inguinal region, and entire inner surface of both fore and hind limbs are intense vivid rufous, as is also a conspicuous median patch at the base of the under side of the tail, and the upper surface of the fore and hind feet are also red. The median ventral area, from the chest to the lower abdomen, is pale rufous grizzled slightly with black. The three forms may be characterized as folio \ 1 Unlit northern form: I'nderpurts sii|M-rfici:illy pale, the hair-tip- whitish or pale yellowish, usually a rather distinct narrow median light hand (often broad- ening at pectoral region contrasting with a much darker and broader area on either side from axilla- to loins; throat and inside of limits light, uniform in color with the central light portion of ventral Surface, except wrist-: out- side of hind liinl» like back; outer edge of forearm and upper surface pale rufous. On hind limbs the brownish-rufoii- tone is u>ually restricted to upper surface of feet; in exceptionally erythric specimens it may extend to tin- lower hn and include the inner surface as well as the outer, thus forming a dull rufous band just above the ankle, and even extend up the inner side of the leg. with a similar extension of rufous on the inner surface of the lower forearm // 2. Darker middle form: I nderpart- darker, nearly uniform except for a small sharply defined white pectoral area, the hairs ringed hasally with black and buff-tipped; throat and inside of limbs pale or dull rufous, in contrast with abdominal region; outer surface of hind limbs like back; outer edge of fore limb rufous, which encircles the lower forearms and lower legs and includes the upper surface off ore and hind feet. // r medjietnv -. new subepe >)o Sciuridsp, Anomaluridar, Idiuricbr 47 utkern form: Uodeiportemodkdty strongly nsfased with pale rufous, usually without trace nf a whitish pectoral area; throat, -hie.-, of head below - entire inner side of Eon and hind limbo, and extreme posterior part of abdomen intense dark rufous; outer sdgeof fore liml>, lower forearm in front and upper Surface of fore and hind feet, wrists and ankles chestnut-rufous, whirh also extends to the median basal underside of tail. //. r. rubricatus, new subsp Average External and Cranial Measurements of Heliosciurus rufobrachium paslm. nwdjianus, and rubricatus • External Cranial K -= — = - 1 - E * - • E r - ~ ^ £ sj e 1 — = ■ E a - =. ~ =: - 3 m // r. paxhu. Niangara in 173 223 251 56 2 18.3 52.2 30 6 //. r. medjt- Medje and 12 239 258 18 0 52 9 30 5 - iapu 6 607 239 268 58.3 17.5 53 4 30 8 // r. rut'! \ akubi 501 234 262 59 3 18.3 53 4 31 9 The relation of these three forms is so obviously geographic, and Mfleotfl B0 strikingly the effect of environment, it seems desirable to ><:nize these fact- noinenclaturally, as follows. Heliosciurus rufobrachium pasha i Schwann) NMSS S< iiw \\\. 1004, Ann. Mag. Nat. I f i-r . 7 XIII. January. |» 72 Type loeahty. Mellima. Momhuttu. Belgian Congo. 'ostiums rufobrachiaiut /»;-',,; Tnoataa, 1016, Ann. lias. Nat Biol s X.V1, Deoembo :.art The Irumu speetmsn. nted by 12 specimens '7 males. 6 females), all adult, ool- I as folio1 ira, 10 (6 d\ 4 9 ), November *> 20, 1910. idje, 2(o", ct I> o -miIm-i- 2. 101 1. The t \ | x ■ locality of hiitm jxistui Schwann is |i*N as "Bellima, Mombuttu," the type being an adult male collected l>y Emm I'asha. Julj 13 1883. Bellims doe- not DO* in- form- !:.. U w&t lo :._■ lince abandoned by the naiivee. But Us formal was about -'."> miles southeast of the present Niangara. Hence the the Lang-Chapui Collection are practically to|M .types, from which ' Ije are indistinguishable. 18 Hulhtih ^/u ml History Vol. XL VI] Collectors' measurements of tin- X ia ng-ara series (6 m.d.-. I femali Bgtib II- tad and Body T.ul Vertebra- Hind Foot I7v 170 188 228 216 235 250 248 280 • BO 18 7 17-19) 9 467 (455-479) 217 (215-227) 250 (242-257) 55.0 (53-56) 18.5 (17-20) ills, same specimens: Greatest Length matic Breadth (— occipito-nasal length i breadth <*• 63 I 1 0-54.0) 9 51.7 (49.2-5.r> 7 30.8 (28.8-3- This form is readily distinguishable from I ordod below from localities more to the southward, including; Medj<\ Niapu, and Avakubi, by its much paler general coloration and very much lighter undefpt Heliosciurus rufobrachium medjianus, new subspecies Ihliosciurus riij<>l,r. part . The hfedje and "Foko" specimens. "Poko"« BOtlth of Poko, in forest probably nearer Niapu than Poko. type, NO. 60761, 9 adult, fcfedje, Belgian Congo, January 17, 1910; Herbal Lang and James P. Chapin. Orig. No. 487. Larger and darker than //. r. pashn, the underparts very much darker, the white up- of tail bain much shorter, inside <>f limb* with much more rufous. Differs from H. r. rubriratus in lacking the Strong rufous suffusion of the underparts and th< nr rufous of inside of limbs, throat and anal region. Collectors' measurements of type: Total length, 502 mm.; head and body, 224; tad vertebra", 278; hind foot, 60; ear, 20. Skull type : Greatest length f = occipito-nasal length), 53.6; condyloincisive. length, 49.3; least interorbital breadth, 15. 8; tip to tip of postorbital processes, 2 post orbital breadth, 16.1; breadth of brainci-. . 22.2; zygomatic breadth, 30.7 length of nasals, 16.1; breadth « if nasals anteriorly, 8. I. do. at posterior border, ."> length of maxillary tOOthlOW, 10. Represented by 36 specimens (of whid topotypee), taken es follow Avakubi. north side of Ituri Hiver toward Bosobangi, 1 ( cf adult , April 1 1. 101 I. Bosobangi, 1 ( 9 adult), December 24, 1909. Gamangui, 1 (d* adult), February 7, 1910. \I.dje, 23(13adult, Kt immature): 9 (6d\ 3 9, all adult), January 15-20, 1910; 10 (5o\ 5 9, all immature, ranging in age from nurslings to half-grown . April 10, August 8 September 14, 1910; 4 (2d1, 2 9, adults — 1 d" complete skeleton . March 22, 1910; February 28, April 2, 6, 1914. Niapu, 9 (7o\ 2 9, of which 6 are adult and 3 immature), November 11 December 8, 1913. Akenge, 1 ( 9 adult), October 16, 1913. Collectors' measurements of 13 adults (8 cf, 5 9) from Medje: tal Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind Foot Ear d" 497 (441 684 241 (225-254) 256 (211-292) 58.4 (55-62) 18.5 (17 20 9 495 (475-502) 231 (224-238) 264 (246-278) 57.5 (56-59) 18.2 (17 20 Alltn, Congo Sciuritla . Anomdhtridm, Iiiiuridx 19 SroDa, same apeciini -tli matic Breadth 4.9) 30.7 (28.9-31 0 9 52 5 51 4-53.6) 30.5 (29.4-31.6) ( SoUeetoro' measurements of 6 adult specimens (4cf\ 2 9) from Niapu: ,1 length, 507 187 524 ; bead end body, 239 (229-247); tail vertebrae 268 - hind fool ear, 17.". (17-18). skull .". of the Bame specimens, 4 d',1 9)-' Greatest length, •")3.4 (52.4-54.2); ■ysjouatk breadth, :>1.0 (29.8-31.6). CoQeetora' measurements of 4 specimens (2 d", 2 9) from other localities near Niapu (BoHoban^i _'. Gamangoi 1. Akonge 1): tal length, 193 152 542 ; head and body, 237 (225-251); tail vertebrae, 265 (248-291 : hind foot, 54.5 (53-56); ear, 18 (16-19). skull (same specimene : Greatest length. 52.8 (51.9-53.9); zygomatic breadth, 30.3 (29.7-31.8). The specimens from Niapu and other localities near Niapu agree closely in coloration and other features with the type series from Medje. The large series from Medje is especially interesting from the fact that it contain- a large number of young specimens, ranging in age from nurslings to nearly half grown. Of six nurslings (the only teeth pre- are the incisors) one was taken April 10, and five August 3, 5, and 21. three of them being from the same litter. Four others are a k or two older (taken September 2, 9, 13, 14) with the first cheek- reaking through the gums. The coloration of these young specimens differs from that of adults of the same series in no mate- rial rasped in either pattern or color. The pelage is, of course, much softer with more underfur, and the ventral surface is more heavily clothed, and heme the <•< >lor areas are nunc sharply outlined. The hair of the dorsal surface differs from that of adults in the annulations being apparently narrower, an effect due probably to the shorter pelage. The hair- on the ridef of the body are minutely tipped with whitish passing dually into bufiy or pale Fulvous toward the midline of the back, as is the ease with adults, so that the surface effect is exactly as in the latter. On the ventral surface the color area- are more sharply defined than in adults, owing to the thinner and less complete condition of the coat in the latter. All have the pectoral white patch indicate!, and in nearly all it i- pure white and form- a conspicuous mark, although varying greatly in sise in different individuals. Those in which it i> largest bave also a Small tuft <-i pure white soft hair- at the axilla-, which is obsolete in those that have the pectoral mark onry slightly developed. The side.* of the nose, chin, and upper throat are dull yellowish brown, becoming paler teriorly. The inside Of the fore and hind limbs is pale yellowish rufous. 50 HulUti,. I ,< \aturnl HiMory \..l. XI.VN which deepens 00 the lower hind limbs and anal region t<. a much darker tone, and is more or less strongly diffused over tho basal portion of the underside of the tail. The mid-abdominal region (axillae to loins) is a grizzle of dull brown and pale huffy, with a tendency to a lighter median line. The Upper surface of the fore and hind feet is mixed dark rufous and black, the Mack basal portion of the hair- showing more or less at the surface. Individual color variation in adult- is due primarily to the amount of rufous suffusion present, varying from a strong rufous tone throughout the pelage to its almost entire ibsenee. Specimens <>f either of il types, however, are exceptional. The specimen selected as type of medjianus represents the average condition. The extreme nrfflM amples strongly approach rubricatus and indicate intergradatton between the two forms. The specimen- recorded by Thomas from Medje and Poko as referable t<> //. r. pasha (loc cit.) should doubtless b 1 to medjianus. nnoe these localities are in the type region of the latter. Heliosciurus rufobrachium rubricatus, new subspa Typi NTo 60748, d" adult, near the I.ubila River, an affluent of the TfchopO Kivcr. about 50 miles sout Invest of Avakulti (south of the Ituri Rivet . Belgian < • September 20. 1909; Herbert I-angand James r. chapin. (>rin. No Similar to //. /•. mmjjianui iii size and color of upperparts; underparts mote strongly suffused with rufoii>; inside of fore and hind limbs and anal region in » ■ dark rufous; upper surface of feet, wrists and ankles, and median basal undi i of tail chestnut-rufous Collectors' measurcmcir Total length. 662mm.; head and bod] tail vertebra-. 297; hind foot, 61 ; ear, 19 skull tyjie : dreatest length ■occipito-nasal . 66.4; oondylomcisivv length, .M J: Last mterorbital breadth. lt>7: tip to tip of postorbftal processes, 2 poetorbital breailth. 1} I: lireadth of brain-case. 28.1; zy«otnatic breadth. 8 length of nasals. 17. t>; breadth of nasals anteriorly. &8, do or border. 6.6; length of maxillary tOOthlDW, 10.9. b< -presented by Q s]>eciinens. as follow Avakubi. 7 (8 d", 3 9, all adult, 1 in alcohob. October 1, 18, December 8, 1909, January 12, 24, June 22, and August 26. 1914. Batl 18 milessouth of Avakubii, 1 ( . I'.K)9. bubila, 1 (a adult . September 20, 1909. Collectors' maaiuwmauta of 6 speeimane (8 iljinnus has been indicated in the detailed comparison already given (pp. 45 to 47) of the three fol All* it, Congo Sciuridse, Anomaluriih , I
  • iridx 51 of the rufobrachium group represented in the present collection. The differences that distinguish mnljianus from pasha are greatly intensified in rubricntus. the northward range of which appears to be limited by the Ituri Ri\ lit liosci urns multicolor Group Heliosciurus multicolor lateris Thomas Hihosciurua multicolor lateris Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, Auttu>t. ]>. 102. Type locality, Lad<>, Mongalla. I ; ; i -«nted by one specimen, subadult female, Aba, Belgian Congo, December 12, 1911. Collectors' measurements: Total length, 390 mm.; head and body, 185; tail vertebra, 205; hind foot, 45 (s. u. 42.5); ear, 15. Skull: Greatest length, 45.4; condyloincisive length, 40.7; zygo- matic breadth, 36. Pn ivisionally referred to this subspecies, with the description of which it well agrees. Funis ciurus Trouessart Funisciurus (subgenus of Sciurus) Trouessart, 1880, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 1 totobcr 1. p. 293. Genotype, by monotypy, Sciurus isabella Gray = Funisciurus iscatus isabella (Gray). A few weeks later (idem, 1880, II, No. 40, November 15, ignated Sciurus lemniscatus LeConte as type of Funisciurus, on the assumption that 8. imhettt (Iray was a strict synonym of the earlier S. lemniscatus. Funisciurus anerythrus anerythrus (Thomas) irus pyrrhopus anerythrus Thomas, 1890, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 117. mil Two specimens. Type locality, Huguera. isciurus anerythrus Thomas, 191"), Ann Mag. Nat. Hi>t ., (8) XVI, December, ]i 17 nabi 1 , Avakuhi I 1 , Medje (6), Poko (15 specimens). Bepreeanted by 28 specimens, taken at five localities, as follows: ikubi, 7 (2 d", 1 adult, 1 immature; 5 9 , all adult), October 7, 24, 1909, February 11, April 8, 191 1 .vii, 2 (2 9—1 adult, i immature), December 17, 1909. Gamangui, 6 (1 cf, 5 9—2 9 immature), January 30, February 7, i:>. 19, 1910. Medje, 8 (3 h !» mm.: bead and body, 190; tail vertebra?, 169; hind foot, 47; ear, 1^ Skull (type): Greatest length ( = occipito-nasal), 45.7; condyloinei>ive length, 40.7; least interorbital breadth. 1 1.7: tip to tip of postorbital processes, 19.2; post- orbital breadth, 16.1; breadth of brain-case, 20.1; zygomatic bteei lth. _'.">. ">: length of nasals, 12.2; breadth of nasals anteriorly, 4.6, do. posteriorly. 5.9; length of maxillary toothrow, 8.1. Represented by 24 specimens collected as follows: Niapu, 22 (10 d\ 12 9 — 3 d" and 4 9 immature) all collected November 9-30, 1913, except one taken at same locality a month later (December 25). Stanleyville, 2 ( d\ 9 in alcohol), September 6, 1909, January 18, 1915. Collectors' measurements of 13 adult specimens from Niapu (6 males, all adult ; 7 females, of which 3 are young adults) : Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebra; Hind Pool tf 356 (337-390) 195 (181-226) 162 (155-169) 45 7 L5 17 17.8 17-19) 9 350 (340-364) 199 (178-205) 163 (157-165) 46.0 (45-47) 17.3 (16-18) Skulls, same specimens: Greatest Length Zygomatic Breadth clearly evident that the marked difference in the coloration of the underparts, which alone distinguishes strongly the Niapu specimens from all of those from the other six loealities to the eastward, is not seasonal rather than geographic, the fact being that the greater part of the adults from the other localities were taken at the same season (most of them during the same month) as those from Niapu. A series of five from A Urn, Congo Sriuridte, AnomaluruLap, Idiuridr 53 Xiaimara were all taken in November; five others t'nmi Avakulii were taken October 7 to November 24; five from Medje were also taken near tli' September 2*>. October 5, and January 18-24). When Laid out in two ■erica, the specimens from Xiapu in one and those from the other localities in the other, it is seen that only a few of the nmst heavily colored specimens from the eastern localities equal the palest of the Xiapu series in either the extent or intensity of the ochraceoos wash of the ventral surface. While a few of the lighter colored specimens in the Xiapu series can be matched by a few of the darkest specimens in the other, and thus indicate intergradation, the rage difference is striking, particularly when the palest specimens of the s are compared. It seems desirable therefore to recognize the - in nomenclature as a saturate type of the group, especially a pale form of anerytknu (F. a. bandarum Thomas) has been desig- I from the upper Shari River. In the present connection it may l>c of interest to give the results of a comparison, especially in reaped to size, of the F. pyrropus akka series thirty-two specimens with the fifty-two of the F. anerythrus group, ■nee both were collected at the same time at about the same localities. ' it may 1m- stated that the two forms of anerythrus show no differ- ence in size, and the same is true also of the akka and anerythrus series, in either external or cranial measurements. Nor am I able to distinguish the skull of akka by any feature from the skull of anerythrus. In the coloration of the upperparts there ifl also a close resemblance, the chief inction In-ing the color of the lateral line, which is pale buffy in akka and white in am-rythrus, often indistinct in both. The tail is also alike in both, on both surfaces. But the difference in the color of the outside of the limbs (including the np|>er surface of the feet) and the ventral rikintf. In anerytknu the legs and feet externally and the -ides and front of the head are brown with a dull cinnamon-rufous suffu- : in akka intense brownish iufous. particularly on the hind limbs and In anerytknu the whole ventral surface and inside of limbs is heavily washed with ocfaiaccout (ochre-yellow to ochraceous rufous), the basal third of the hairs pale plumbeous; in akka even -where clear white to the ban- of the bain. \m both anerythrus and akka live together abundantly at all localities ttaai which either is represented in the S ian*ara mtim, m might brm ■■ palrat of all. but the Avakubi -; ■ • imeoa mere* . «liKht buffy waab over the th<" the ptleet specimen u an old male from Avakubi. taki /. tin Atmrtcoh \I . ■ \ l.\ 1 1 present collection, with not I Biffe intermediate in a joint series of eighty-four specimens it is evident that their status i- that <>!' distinct species. YtA in measurements and pro port ions and in the coloration of the upperparts (front and sides of head and lateral line excluded) the two forms are practically indistinguishable, [n respect to ineasurenii two series of adults, comprising 13 specimens of niapu and 14 of akka. afford the following data: External Measurements Total Head and Tail Verte- Hind Foot Eai Length Body bra? P. anerythrus niapu 345 184 161 45.9 17 > F. pyrropus akka 345 ls«i 159 46.7 17 I Skull Measurements Greatest Length Zygomatic Knadtli F. anerythrus nia/m 47.4 25.2 F . pyrropus akka 46 8 24 . 2 The measurements and proportions are thus practically identical in the two forms, the averages in external measurements (taken from speci- mens in the flesh by the collectors) varying from 0 to 2 mm., and those of the skulls from 0.6 to 1 mm. Funisciurus pyrropus akka de Winton Sciurus pyrrhopus Thomas, 1888, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, p. 9. Two specimens. Type locality. Ting:i>i. Mnnlnittu, Belgian Congo. SciuruaemtniDE Winton, 1895, Ann. Ma^ Nat.' Hist., (6) XV I, August, p. 197. Not Sciurus i mi in Stuhlmann, 1894. Fiinisciurus akka uv. Winton, 1899, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) IV, December, p. 357. To replace Sciurus emini de Winton, preoccupied. Funisciurus akka Thomas, 1915, Ann Ma^r Nat. Hist., (8) XVI, December, p. 473. Medjc (4), Poko (7 specimens). Represented by 32 specimens, taken at 7 localities, as follows: Boyulu, 1 ( c? adult), September 22, 1909. Avakubi, 1 (d" adult), July 16, 1914. Gamangui, 4 (3 c? adult, 1 9 immature), January 28, February 7r 18, 1910. Medje, 7 (2 o", 5 9 — 4 immature), January 23, March 25, April 1, 4, September 4, 29, 1910, June 24, 1914. Niapu, 13 (5 o" , 8 9 , all adult), November 12-30, December 27, 1913. Aketitfe, 3 (1 &, 2 9), September 29, October 10, 11, 1913. Niangara, 3(1 tf\ 2 9 , all adult), November 9, 10, 1910. A lit u. Congo SciuruUt, Anomalurida >, Idiuridx 58 measurements of \A youngish adults from Niapu ."> - Females : THt«l Iltttl H. ad and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Pool Ear d- 186(176-201 i:.l 111 180 17.8 17^48) 18.2(18-19) 9 '.5-206) 160 (145-17:. 17 6 Ifi 10} 17 5 18 L9 Skull-. - •iuiriis: QrwtaSt Length Zygomatic Breadth eeiinens: nth 7.\ iromatio Breadth e 47.5 (46.4-4* r l\ 9-27.1) 9 I 9-26.7) Tli- ■■■■•a.-urements of two series of specimens, totaling 11 males and 1"> females, indicate that the females are slightly larger than the males, but the difference is too small to be diagnostic. The thirty-two tpMBUBOt of /•'. p. /;/, -nimbly constant in coloration, season and age making very little difference in this rsspi The underparts. including the inside of both fore and hind limbs, are pun* white to the base of the* fur. Immature and September-November adult ipecan-ens -how ■ tendency to a faint pinkish wash on the insid- the hind limbs a: :>tionally in two or three Specimens) only) 00 the middle of the Ix-lly. The pale buff lateral line running from the shoulder to the hip varies little in color, but ii much better defined in .")ti HulU-tin Amrrican Mu- ' '<>ry Vol MAN Miinc sp tiiii.it- than 111 others, the posterior haif occasionally becoming almost obaolete. The dark eolor of the back extendi laterally to a little below the lateral line, which thus appears to be bordered along the lower Bide by ■ narrow dark hand, the flanks being lighter and mora suffused with yellowish than the dorsal area. The rufous of the outside of the limbs and Upper surface of the feet varies considerably in tone, from light intense rufous to dull brownish rufous. The red on the side- and front of the head shares this variability of tone. Fully adult sj>eninens are also very constant in size, the chief varia- tion being in the length of the tail, which may f>c somewhat shorter or longer than the normal length, thus contributing a variable element in the total length. The tail vertebrae are considerably shorter than the head and body, forming alxmt 46 per cent of the total length, and about 84 per cent of the head and body length. The two pairs of manuiKi lioth inguinal. urus p. akka differs from typical pyrropus in slightly smaller rise and in the rufous of the limbs and head being leas vivid and of a browner tone, but several s|H'cimens of the present series closely approach specimens of pyrropus from the Cameroon coast region. Funisciurus congicus congicus (Kuhl) trus congicus Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zo6l., part 2, p. 66. Congo. Represented by one specimen, adult male, Leopoldville, July (i, 1909. Collectors' measurements: Total length, 320 mm.: head and body, tail vertebrae, 167; hind foot, 39. Skull: Greatest length, 39.1; zygomatic breadth. 26. This specimen is referable to the F. congicus group, but whether it represents the typical form is not now determinable. It is evidently not F. congicus interior Thomas, from Inkongo. Tamiscus Thomas 7 omiscus Thomas, 191s, Aim Mag. Nftt Him.. 9 I. |>. 88. QoMrfgrp original designation. 8riwnu MMM Stuhlmann. Tamiscus (subgenus of Paraxerus) Hollister. 1919, I - Mas. Hull. 99. part 8, May 16, p. 14. Tamiscus emini emini (Stuhlmann) Sciurusemini Sti hi. maw . 180; "Lander iwinhsfl Albert Kdward and Albert x aid nonl- westliefa d«-s Allx-rt Nvansa bis Monbuttu." Alien, Congo Sciuridat, Anomalurid*, Idiuridx 57 - lm. mas, 1915, Am t ., (9) I, January, p. 34. : resente 1 1 l Niapu Medje 284(271-300) 276(2- try [Vol XI.VII The (lixTcpiuicir- in the average size at the different loc;ilitirs given iii the table is doubtleee iseribtbk to differences in the average age of the specimen-. This large series, from a wide range of localities, is astonishingly uni- form in coloration, Stanleyville and Niangara specimens being indistin- guishable. Season and age appear to exert little influence on coloration of adults, excluding a few specimens in obviously worn pelage. In two nurslings the general coloration of the upjx'rparts is slightly more yellow- ish than in adults and the black dorsal stripes are more sharply defined, owing to the shortness of the pelage. Tamiscus alexandri (Thomas and Wroughton) Funisciurus alexandri Thomas and Wroughton, 1907, Ann M (7) XIX, May, p. 376. Type locality, Gudima, Iri River, Upper I'ele (28pecimens). Paraxerus alexandri Thomas, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XVI. December, p. 473. Medje (4), Poko (1 specimen). Tamiscus alexandri Thomas, 1918, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, January, | Represented by 19 specimens ( 8d\ 11 9 ), from 8 localities (Ava- kubi to Faradje), collected as follows: Avakubi, 4 (1 d* , 3 9,3 adult, 1 9 embryo in alcohol), November 23, 1913, and January 3, February 22, September 3, 1914. Ngayu, 2(9, o", adult), December 22, 24, 1909. Gamangui, 5 (1 o* , 4 9), January 28, February 8-11, 1910. Medje, 2 (d\ 9 ), April 1, May 25, 191 1 Pawa, 1 (c? adult), October 10, 1910. Nala, 1 ( 9 in alcohol), July 1913. Rungu, 1 ( 9 adult), October 28, 1910. Faradje, 3 (d\ all adult), November 29, December 2, 1911. Collectors' measurements of 4 adults (1 d", 3 9) from Gamangui: Total length, 215 (214-217); head and body, 105.5 (105-107); tail vertebra-, 110 (109-112); hind foot, 30 (29-31); ear, 14 (all 14). Skulls of the same specimens and one other from same locality: Greatest length, 29.5 (29.3-29 9); zygomatic breadth, 17.8 (17.3-18.3). Collector's measurements of 3 adult males from Faradje: Total length, 219 (212-226); head and body, 107 (104-109); tail vertebrae, 112.3 (108-117); hind foot, 29.7 (29-30); ear, 13 (12-14). Skulls of the same specimens: Greatest length, 29.7 (29.5-29.9); zygomatic breadth, 17.9 (17.4-18.6). Collectors' measurements of 9 specimens from other localities (Ava- kubi, 3; Pawa, 1; Rungu, 1; Medje, 2; Ngayu, 2): Total length, 217 (210-230); head and body, 104 (96-107); tail vertebrae, 112 (103-118); hind foot, 29.9 (29-31); ear, 13.5 (12-15). Allen, Congo Sciuriebe, Anomalurid*, Idiurid* 59 Skulk, 8 of the nine speconene: Greatest length, 28.9 (28.1-29.4); -tiiatu- breadth, 17.1 1 16.0 17.7 The middle <>f the back between the dark stripes is pale fulvous, yellower than the sides of body, bordered on each side by a black and a dull yellowish white stripe, and in many epechnsnf indistinct traces of a short Markiffh stripe outside of the whitish one. In the November, December, January, and February specimen! the black and white stripes are sharply defined but in April, May, and October they are usu- ally much less distinct owing to fading and wear. The white border of in is at all times a conspicuous feature. Protoxekus Major Protoxervs (subgenus of A< rw Major, 1893, Proe. Zodl. Soc. London, (June 1), p 1S9, PI. viii, figs. 7, 8, PI. ix, figs. 7, 8. Genotype, by subsequent designation ( Thomas, 1897), Sciurus stangeri Waterhouse. Protoxerus stangeri centricola (Thomas) Sciurus stangeri centricola Thomas, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVIII, r. pp. 295, 297. Type locality, Katabi, Entebbe, Uganda (6 specimens). Protoxerus stangeri centricola Thomas, 1915, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (8) XVI. mber, p. 47.'*. Moera (3), Alimasi (2), Mawainlii _» . -Poko"1 (13 specimens), ffc-ljiian Congo. Repreeented by 54 specimens (30 males, 24 females); all adult but 4; among them 2 skeleton! and 2 alcoholic; taken as follow nleyville, 1 ( taken in the *>olt. farther south, toward Xiapu. 60 Unlit tin Am. 'ural History [Vol. MA II As indicated al>ove, 20 of the 54 specini' taken at Niapu. all but three during the la>t halt of the month of November; all pen adults in been pdage. Niapu is about 60 miles south of Poko, from which locality a large - fleeted by Dr. Christy has l>een referred by Thomas (loc. cit., 1915, p. 173 to thk Bubspeeies. Hectors' inea-ureiiieiits of the Niapu series (12 males, 8 femal Total Leogtil Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hi ml Foot Ear ) 301 (270-350) 69.8 (65-75) 22.3 (21-24) 9 591 (584-611) 283 (277-297) 307 (300-314) 69.8 (65-73) 22.0 (21-23) Skulls, same sjM'cimens: nth Zygomatic Breailth ( —oceipi to-nasal length) ( = greatest breadth) o* 67.23 (64.8-68.7) 37.5 (35.8-38.5) 9 66.6 (64.6-68.7) 37.6 (36.3-38.1) Collectors' measurements of 15 adults (8 males, 7 females) from other localities (Avakubi 3, Bafwabaka 1, Stanleyville 1, (iamangui 3, Kamunionge 1, Medje 3, Ngayu 1, Niangara 2) : Total length Head and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Foot Kir o* 577 (557-590) 280 (261-296) 290 (277-314) 69.0 (68-71) 22.0 (21-24) 9 586 (570-610) 290 (284-296) 292 (280-315) 68.4 (65-71) 21.7 (20-23) Skulls, same specimens: Greatest Length Zygomatic Breailth ( = oceipito-nasal length) ( = greatest breadth o" 66.5 (64.6-67.0) 36 7 (35.5-37.8) 9 66.2 (64.5-68.5) 36.8 (35.4-38.0) The external measurements of the head, body, and tail1 of the type of cenlricola (an old female from Entebbe), "taken on the skin," consid- erably exceed the averages given above. Imt the foot, allowing 5 or 6 mm. for the claws, is about equal to the smallest records of our speeimeni measured in the field, and the greatest length of the skull (66. 5 mm.) differs less than a millimeter from the average of the 35 adult •peehneos from the Belgian ( Songo given above. The coloration of this large series is rather uniform, half-grown speei- meni differing BCnreely at all from the adults. A few of the latter, in somewhat worn pelage, are a little pale from evident bleaching. The extension of the gray of the dorsal region forward upon the head va: somewhat, in some specimens gray-tipped hairs covering the crown as far as the eyes, in others only as far as the front base of the ears. '"Head and body (overstretched) 310 mm.; tail, 330; hind foot, 61." Alien, Congo Sriuridx, Anomaluridae , Idiuridse 61 Protoxerus stangeri signatus Thomas ■ •i< rus slangeri signatus Thomas. 1910; Ann. Man Nat. Hi-t., (8) V, January, Type locality, Lodja, Upper Luke&M Hivcr, {Belgian Congo. A -ingle Bpedmen from Boloho (skin without skull), presented to the »(lit ion by Dr. < ierling, is apparently referable to this form which, as indicated by the description based on the type specimen from Lodja, it ables. The type locality is some 400 miles east of Bolobo. The differences from the series of P. .-. n ntricola as recorded above are Blight and it is here recognised mainly on geographical grounds. Euxerus Thomas trtu Thomas, 1900, Ann. Mag Nat EfiaU, B III. June. p. J73. Qcootypa, .anal designation, Sciurus erythopus Geoff roy. Euxerus erythopus lacustris 'Thomas) is erythropus lacustris Thomas, 190o. Ann. Man Nat Hi-?., (7) XV, April, p. :;^ Ma.-in specimens, collected as follow-: Faradje, 20 (2 d" and 10 9 adults, 1 nursling, 7 one-fourth to one- third grown), February 20, 22, 26, March 4, 5, 14, 31, April 3, 11, 29, 30, May 27, Jui September :i. 11. 1911. October 16, December 14, January 10, 12, 1913. Niangara, 9 (2 adult, 7 immature, of which 5 are nurslings), Nov- ember 12-28, December 22, 1910, and January 2, 1911. Ktingu, 1 (d" adult), January 30, 1913. Hectors' measurement! «»t" 11 adults (2 males, 0 females) from tdje: Total length, 192 17 1 515); head and body, 282 (259-297); tvl vertebras, 209 (189-230); hind foot, 72 (68-75); ear, 18.8 (18-20). Skulk same specimens: Greatest length, 65.1 (63.6-67.2); zygo- matic breadth, 34.2 6). The three bcaUtieS at which s|>eciinen- were taken are all in the Open districts "I the savannah in the DOftheastern Belgian Congo. ing specimens a few weeks "Id ire similar in coloration to the adult-, the pattern being the same, hut a little lighter in tone, the light tip- to the hair- of the upi>erpart>, owing to the shortness of the jx'lage, OODCealing the darker ba-al portion. The tail, however, i- externally white, the long white tip- of the hair- u-ually wholly concealing the broad snbapjcal black tone of the tail hairs. Later, ai the annual increases in the black base Of the hairs forms a narrow Mack median line on both nry Vol. X I.\ II the upper and the lower wirfacei <>t" the tail ; -till later, id specimena one- third to half grown, both mrfaeet of the tail are griiiled black and white, with the ndea and tip white, and the body pelage, in texture and colora- tion, dm become bin that of adults the juvenal coat having beau placed by molt. Anomaluridje The one hundred and t went y-five spedment of Anomalurida> repre- sent three of the four BUperspecific groups of this family proposed by Matechie in 1914,1 and an- referable to three form-. Anomalurus Waterhouse Anomnl. BKM IB, 1843, \im. Mag. Nat lli-t . X .].].. 201, 202; 1842, Proc. Zo61. S<><\ Loodoa, .January 1843), pp, 124 137. Genotype, liy nonot :ilx> l>\ original designat "tiilurus fraseri \\ aterhouse. Aroathrus Wambboi n, 1842, ftoe. ZoCL Sue. London, (January 1843), i>. 124, footnote. Substitute Dame bo replace AnomcA R tcrhouae la oaae the latter is found to be preoccupied. Anomalurus, as restricted by Aiatachie (fee. \. I SOS, Ann Mat; Ym Hist 7 I. March, p« 251. Ntebe (-Entebbe . Uganda. Anomalurus jar)*,,,,, TwOMAM, 1818, Ann M B XVI. December, p. 472. Moera ( 1 . Ifadje (2), Poko (5 specimen- Represented by 66 sjMciniens (26 male.-. 20 females, all adult but 8i including 4 in alcohol, 4 skeletons, and a skull), collected as follows: Avakubi, 2 (c\ 9 in alcohol), March 31, April 14, 1914. Medje, 28 (12 cf , 13 9 ; 2 in alcohol, 4 skeletons), January 20 24, March 6-21, April 9 2(5. Ma\ 2 \ugust 1, 3, September 9, 16, October 6, 1910. Gamangui, 1 (skull only), February 1, 1910. Niapu, 16 (10 d\ 6 9), November 12-18, December 2-19, 1913. Akengo. 7 (d\ 6 9 — 1 9, embryo in alcohol), SeptennVr 29-30, October 9. 11.2s. 31, 1913. Panga, 4 (d\ 3 9 ), September 14-18, 1914. Collectors' measurements of 16 adult specimens (9 cf, 7 9) from Medje: Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind Foot o* 549 518 663 317 JlHi-332) 237 (228-250) 61 (58-63) 38. 5 36 U 9 582 (559-621) 331 (319-342) 258 (240-280) 63 (62-65) 40.0 (39-41) '"Ein neuer Anomaluru* von d>r Elfrnbeinkuste.' Von Paul Matsrhie. 1914, Sitiungab. G». naturf. Freunde B»-r!m. No. 7. July, pp. 349-351. <1) .4 nomalurus Waterhouso, (2) Anomalurodon, (3) Anomalurop*, (4) Anomalurrlla. Atk "In, hlmridse skull-, same sei jpttaMMMMl Lgogtfe matic Hreadth & 5 0-38 0) 9 57 1 5 ■ 0-39.8) measurementfl of 15 ■dull specimens (8 d\ 7 9) from Niapu: I length H.m.1 ;tii~^ to 58 mm, in adult<. Anomalurella Matschie »nilnnlhi MatsOUB, l'.'H. Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, .Inly. pna] n, Anomalurus pusillus Thomas. Anomalurella pusilla (Thomas) /.h, //,/.,- Tm»M\s, 1SS7. Ann. If I) W December, Ottdon, p. B, PI i. animal. Bellima, 1 9 (type); 1 rc.tnl«r. ■ Moen I . Medje I . !'"k.. 7 sjM.<-irn< l;. presented by 58 -i* ■mil History [Vol . XI.YII Medje, 36(12 i\ described forms, the greater part of which appear to be subspecies of A. beecrofti. The type locality of A. beeer chapini, described below, U fsr to the eastward of any previously known locality for the beecrofti group. Allen, Congo SciuritUe, Anomnlurith-, lilinridte 65 Anomalurops beecrofti chapini, new subspecies 504 so. " adult. Medje, Belgian Congo, May 6, 1010; Herbert I-«ng - V. Chapin. American Museum ( ionge Expedition. <)rig. No. B01 . Named for James V. ( hapin. Smaller and much lighter in color than A . beecrofti citrinus Thomas,1 from Benito Rrver, Spanish < uiinea. General color above (inehiding membranee), yellowish may: middle of back from -Kciput to aacral region with an irregular broad band of ochraceous orange, varied with black, the hafafl indivitlually (about 20 mm. in length) mouse-gray basally. passing gradually into a broad band of dull black, followed by asubapical band (5-6 mm. wide) of ochraceous orange and conspicuously tipped with black; bain of upper surface of membrane for the anterolateral fourth of the border rigid and intense black; a welt-defined patch of white or huffy white at lateral base of ears, indistinctly merging by a downward -weep with the white or whitish half collar in front of shoulders, and the usual small tuft of partly concealed white hairs on occi- put; front and sides of head dull gray or huffy gray, extending laterally to sides of throat: general color below 'including membranes) ochraceous buff to base of hairs ing in xime specimens to light buff or even whitish . except on the throat and a broad median band thence to anal region 'usually narrowing p< >teriorly) and the inside of thigh-, which parts are intense oraage-tufouB m high-colored specimens, paler in others: basal third of tail and caudal membrane below like ventral surface, above like the lower back: apical two-thirds of tail dull brown, varying in different men.- from dark brown to pale fulvous brown and even cinnamon-brown: upper surface of feet dull grayi-h with a slight huffy suffusion : -oh- and palms naked, pale bron n, as are the nose and apical two-third- ol ( ollectors' measurements of type: Total length, 512 mm.; head and body, 310; tail vertebra*, 202; hind foot, 59; ear, 29. Measurements of >kull (type): Greatest uxcipito-nasal) length, 54.5; condy- loincisive length, 51.4; zygomatic breadth. 84.4; least interorbital breadth, 18.4; 1th of brain-case, 26.3; length of Upper toothlOW, 11.9. Collectors' measurement- of 10 adult- (5 o", 5 9), of which S are from Ifedje and 1 each from Poko and Akenge: Total Length HeadandBody Tail Vertebra' Hind Foot o* 513 601-610) 301 (278-323) 211 (195-223) 59 (56-62) 31 (29-32) 9 610 17"- 666 -"• LOO 298 59 (58-60) 31 (29-32) Dted l»> 1 l -pecimens (8 d\6 9, all adult but 2), collected as follows: f, 6 9), March 18, Apnl 2, 19, 27, 80 Beptssabsf 24, 1914 l • . August 22, 1913 Usher l. 1913. Anomaluropt bo datrptm is gjeographicslly Dearest A, bee~ type from "Benito River, Spaniel] Quin collr.tr, i b\ », i Batec . from which it diffen in considerably amaQet and much less intense coloration, fortunately I am ajbk bo make BM, 1910. Ann M Will V .► -• ■ it a doaea ; uninwl " ♦ '>»• I Vol. XL VI] direct comparison of the Coi - with four t • »f >< .t \ j m •-' of cUrii also collected l»y Mr. Bat. - \- diown in tin- accompanying tabulated measurements, A. b. dtrmm A. a ekapim in total length by about 50 Him., and about the same in head and body length, whilo tl m very little difference in the length of the tail. | It is probable that ti latter measurements were DOt taken by the same method in the two eases.) In skull length citrimu exceeds ekapim by about t mm., with the other skull measurements proportionately different, The impression given by comparison of the two series is a greater size differ- ence than the measurements indicate, thr citrinus skulls being more heavily ossified, with stronger ridges for muscular attachment in skulls of equal age than i- thr rase in chapini. The color differences are strongly marked. The "ocbraeeoue olive" or "citrine drab" effect above in citrinus is replaced by light clear gray, or slightly yellowish gray, in chapini, with a corresponding difference in the tone of the median dorsal band; below the ferruginous tone LB much darker in the former, approach- ing chestnut-red on the throat and median line in citrinus in place of orange-rufous in chapini. The series of 14 specimens <»t .1. f>. chapini presents the usual wide range of individual variation in both size and coloration. The smal specimen in cranial measurements is a female (skull, 51.8 X 32.9) in which all the cheek-teeth have attained full development lnit are un- worn; in external measurements it is the largest of the females except one, which if much the largest specimen of the entire series (skull, 58.5 X 36.8) in both external and cranial measurements. The color above varies from clear light gray to yellowish uray, and the rufous dorsal line is in some weakly developed or nearly obsol in others heavy and continuous from the crown to the hips. The broad rufous zone of the median underparts likewise varies greatly in extent and intensity — from orange-rufous to dark ferruginous, and the adjoin- ing lateral parts from ochraceous orange to pale buff. Young specimens are much paler below than the adults. The white crown spot is nearly always plainly distinguishable and usually forms a distinct mark which is occasionally conspicuous. In one specimen it is a transversely-oval patch, 15 X 25 mm. in area. There is apparently no sexual difference in size or color. ■Borrowed from the DaHad State* National Museum through the kindness of V Her, Jr. Curator of Mammals. .', Anomaluridte, hi 67 ( loUecton1 Measuremi Locality Sex Total Length H.a.l aad Body Tail Verte- bra* Hind Foot Benito River, ciirinus Spanish Guinea S.M. A.b.citrinut : •■ .. Average. 1 specimens 60481 ■ Average. 7 specimens Medje, Upper Congo Poko 9 0 ;-' v r r 9 s 9 582 565 585 568 515 512 555 :,17 490 518 510 517 350 215 355 185 380 205 361 208 305 210 310 205 330 225 206 219 282 _>, IV 323 195 298 212 225 60 s.u. 57 53 56 66 5 ' 306 211 58 59 60 62 60 60 59 60 c.u. iiremente of Skulls Locality Sex Greatest Length Z\ troll! Br.-a.lth Upper Too throw Bsaito River, Type1 -4. b. ciirinus Bpsnisk (luinea 9 58 5 88 ii 12.8 ■ M 1 b.citrinut • • << 9 00 5 38 3 13.0 MM7 .. |>. 194-200, 1 t«'\t-lic ( ,rh>i\\]>i-. \>y nioiviixpy, l. March «.). 10, 1910. Avakubi, 1(9, skin and skull), January 22, 1914. Niapu. 2(1 cf , 1 9 , in alcohol), January 27, 1914. Collectors' measurements of 19 adults (10 males, 9 females) from Medje: Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Bind Fool o" 170 (165-175) 71 (64-78) 99 (93-104) 17 0 (16-18) 19 6 12-14) 9 173 (160-187) 73 (65-86) 101 (95-108) 17.3 (16-18) 13 t 12-14) Measurements of 14 skulls (7 males, 7 females), from the same series: Greatest ( =occipito-nasal) Length Zygomatic Breadth o" 21.0 (20 5-21.3) 1-' 3 11 B 12.8) 9 21 I 21 1-21.8) 12 4 HI 9-12.8) This fine series, particularly the 21 skins from Medje, throw- much light upon questions of individual, sexual, and seasonal variation. The measurements, both external and cranial, indicate a slightly larger average size for females than males, but there is no recognizaMe sexual difference in coloration. The range of color variation is considerable in the Medje specimens taken at the same date, due largely to the condition of the pelage in respect to wear, the genera] tone of the coloration becoming darker as the tips of the hairs wear off', showing more of the basal fur. while the hair-tips become paler by fading. Comparison of the twelve specim opals of the supemenerir groups of Rodents.' I Her. Jr., and Jarr.es W. Gidley, 1918. J our n Washington Acad S. i , VIII, No. 13. July 19. p. 422. Ai ■ idse, AnomaluridiF, Idiuriebt 69 D Manh 10 with the <'i^ht taken .January 25, shows that the latter rage darker in general effect and the hair-tips paler, yet eertain >poci- uiens of the January series can l>e matched exactly by the paler speci- mens of the March aeriea. Tin hair-tips on the back of the brighter i ..Ion. 1 .xMinpb-s of the March series are near snuff-brown, varying in intensity in different individuals and about cinnamon-buflf on the ventral surface. l»ut often nearly wanting through wear, as in the single Avakubi iinen taken January 22, the most worn of any of the entire series of twenty skins. A -ingle skin and skull1 of /. zenkeri, from the southern Cameroon, and thus practically a topotype, is rather darker than the average of the . but differs so little from some of them that they are provi- ng >nallv r.t. i re. I to this species. Their relationship to /. zenkeri kivuensis, iitly described by Lonnberg,2 is not at present determinable. It appears to be a much darker form than typical zenkeri. Idiurus langi, new species Plat. \ Type. No. 60642, rf" adult, Medje, Belgian Congo, March 16, 1910; Herbert Lang and James I\ Chapin, American Museum Congo Expedition. Orig. No. 737. . <1 for Herbert Lang, leader of the American Museum Congo Expedition. of and proportions nearly as in Idiurus macrolis Miller, but very different in coloration. UpperpaxtS type, in fresh, unworn jx-lage) washed with clay-color (Ridgway, l'UJ -longest on middle of back, lessheavily on lower hack tad sides; in worn j*lage much paler about cinnamon-buffi, the light hair-tips partly worn off (almost wholly on lower hack and sides); pelage of middle of hack (in fresh coat), 11.5 mm. in length, the huffy tips about 2 mm. long, followed by a dark zone of about equal width, the basal two-thirds 'mouse-gray." I'nderparts heavily wa.-he. I with warm buff, almoM wholly concealing the light neutral gray of the basal fur varying in different sjHH-unens, esjx-cially when worn to a faint wash of lighter tone : ■ conspicuous pale wish white patch "• nose extending from base of rictal bristles to the naked nose pad, about 4 X <» mm in extent; chin and interramal region white or peDowisn white; upper saifaee of mnmbrenf thinly clothed with brownish black under Bide nearly naked: membranes and ears pale brownish ears in SOSM specimens slightly darker brown ' ; feet and greater part of tail yellowish brown, the long tail hair- dark brown with a faint tone of chestnut, much h-ss dark than in /. • -cale pad on the ventral bax- <»f the tail is much longer than in 'microti* an as 17 mm . varvmg from 90 t>. 28 mm in length, ami the scales are larger and fen. I to form regular rows, ami beyond what ma> i.red as tl :>:id" projM-r, theaimulatioii-oii the lower Hurfaeeof the tail are oonspicuoiis and roughened. bat insoroeapecim.il- it is difficult to determine what -hould be regarded aa the ;.Efulcn. Bulu(\.ui.try.Cain«roon. July 21.lt*>* II G I B«ic». kI. Svmm. ventensk Ak . -\ 8*pt*mb*r. p. 67. Mmnm. 1WI«.««. > mil** Dortbwwt of I *l- .p*dm*n«, adult and yuuni 70 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History Vol M.\ 1 1 apical end <>f the p:ie and same 4 topotypes) : Greatest length. 25.8 (25.1-26.2); I breadth, 15.5 (15.0-16.0). Represented by 6 adult males, all of which are skins with skulls, and 1 adult female in alcohol, all taken at Medje, January 25 (5 specimens) and March 16 (2 specimens), 1910. The type is the only specimen in fresh, wholly unworn pelage. All the othen show more or less wear, es]x»cially on the lower back and sides, and they vary much in the amount of huffy wash, both above and below, and form a graduated series from clay-color to a pale tone of buff on the upperparts, and on the lower pert! from a strong yellowish wash to only a faint pale tone where the hair-tips are least worn The two March 16 specimens differ greatly from each other in coloration and amount of wear; the January series of skins (all taken January 25) differs similarly in resi to amount of wear and consequent tones of color on both upper and lower surfaces. Idiurus langi is smaller than /. macrotis in external measurements, but the cranial measurements are practically the same. It differs, how- ever, strikingly in coloration, both above and below, tin- general color being much lighter, especially in respect to the basal fur, ears, and mem- branes. J. langi differs from J. panga in much larger size and in colora- tion, especially of the ventral surface, which has a pinkish tunc in poflff instead of yellowish, and the upper surface is much more heavily washed with buff. The yellowish white, sharply defined nose spot of Uukji will alone readily distinguish it at a glance from either macrotis or -panga. Idiurus panga, new species Type, No. 50605, o adult, Panga, Melgian Congo, September 18, 1914; Herbert Langand James P. Chapin. American Museum Congo Expedition. Orig Similar to Ufmnu macrotis Miller1, but much smaller and considerably paler throughout, including the basal fur. 'For measurements of /. macroti* see p. 71, where they are given in comparison with /. panga. 'Pronto-nasal sutures solidly ankylosed and indistinguishable, so that length of frontals and nasals cannot be givin *Idiuru* tm-roti* Miller. 1898. Proe. Biol. 8oc. Washington, XII, pp. 73-76, figs. 15-19 (skull, ear, foot, and tail). Efulen, Cameroon District, West Africa. 1983] Alien, Congo Sciuridse, Anomaluridae, IdiurUUe 71 (Jpperparts in comparison with a para-topotype of /. maerttit) with tbfl hairs narrowly tipped with lifcti t drab 'instead of forming a slight wash of this tigest OH middle <>f hack and -ides .it neck, darkened by the deep neutral • •ad of dark plumbeous underftir. whieh color predominates over the I- back and Hank.-: underpaitS Miperfirially pale vmaceoii- huff (instead of yellow i»li l-hro\vn . the basal fur dark gull-gray m>tead of plumbeous); upper surface of ■wmbnneo thinly clothed with dusky brown bain (lea dark than in macrotis, as are also the membranes Ihnmncirmj; mn, feet, and base of tail also much lighter than rotis. Collectors measurements of type: Total length, 209 mm.; head and bod> tail vertebra-. 128; hind foot, 20 (20.5 in dry skin >; ear, 18. Collectors' measurement.- of the type and 3 topotypes (1 male, 3 females): Total length. 208 (199-212); head and body, 80.5 (73-87); tail vertebra?, 123 (117-128); hind foot, 20.5 (18-21); ear, 17J 1 17 18). ( orresjxinding measurements of the type and topotype (2 males) of macrotis, as given by the author Hoc. cit): Total length, type 241, topotype, 228; head and Wis. 106; tail vertebra-. 133, 123; hind foot. 21, 22; ear, 16, 15.5. Skull (measurements of type, with measurements of type and topotype of mocroti* in parentheses): Greatest length, 25 (26, 27); zygomatic breadth, 14.9 15, 10 : length of frontals,— ' (96, 98); least width of frontals, 6.5 (7. 7); length of nasals, — • (7, 7); greatest breadth of nasals, 3.1 (3.25, 3.3); upper toothrow, 3.5 greatest distance between molars at m», 1.5 (2.2, 2) ; least distance between molars at ni:. 1 1 _'. 1 2 ; greatest length of mandible, 14.9(15, 16); greatest depth raooid ,9.7 10,10.8); lower toothrow, 3.7 (4, 4). Skull type and 3 topotypes): Greatest length, 25.0 (24.-25.6); zygomatic breadth. 14.". (14.2-144 Represented bj I qwemians (1 f th 'Frooto-UkMl suture* fully ankyloaed and imlrtcr . ,s \ M \ 11 \..i. XI. \ II. PLAT1 \ ^W „ PQh^^H f ' J^B^^**~\ — ' • :*";^3^*S \L-*&£& S. . * . HaS^Vw > .' s A />rairi >* ff I/hums luityi .1 A Allen Medjf Mh.iii one-half natural - 59.7.4(67.3) Article III CARNIVORA COLLECTED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM CONGO EXPEDITION By J. A. Ali Puma VI ro l.x.w III. Tt.vr 1 i>.i ana i to 87, \m> Mat CONTENTS I'a«,k Introduction. ... les :iiid Siil»|M'. with Their LocalitM and Number <>t S] t( n: from Ends Locality. 7o >f Localities, with Names of the Bpeciea and Subspecies, and Number Specimen* taken al Bach Locality 77 nera with Their Typ. B ad Subspecies, with Their Type Localities. 79 serai Summary 81 81 81 Ifastebdss. .83 Musteline. ... 83 intra capensis rnttuni Lydekker 84 Latrine So Lutra macvlicoUis Liehtenstein Bf ■OB 91 fee •' A. Allen .... 94 fxeapenau Schini 100 Ml Vhrerrinc UN civetta on> ■ \I UK* Hn imritinn lirl-limm Dn < 'hailhi 119 - ■•! Pucberan. . i'-> I tin xttihbh hie 131 ' Tbomss 131 \ Allen published arparat. ly -Ki>m>M 74 Itfffl .iwKriran A/i««um o/ Natural History (Vol. X I.V 1 1 I'v.i The Technical Name of the "Common Mongoose of India" < nloQale nyulti 160 The \iii-m ni Kuffon and the* Muxtela galera of Bchrebet :ui7 The GcBM Milns V < 'uvier I « » * * //.;■;.. >f.> <<>8gOOd). ... 171 Galen lln Ql 17.". Galerella ochracea achracea (Gray).... 17!» Helogale hirtula rafatafa, new lubapcciee 18 8 If mgos gothut-h II«-ujilin aiipeeie> 205 liilritgaU nigripes Purheran ill tnda- 314 an anemia J»rt - Den mhepwiini 314 i b LeoOkm e Locality of l-'ili* l(n fiiniWH 831 African I". »r m - of Lione Leo ha nzitiuiit us. new mbepeeiei 334 Comparison of Cranial and Dental character* of Congo and i -• African Lions Com with Uganda and British I Afrn a Lit n- Leo tin Imll.stt ii. new subspecies 229 Individual and BeXlial Variation ID the Skull and Teeth nf Wild- Killed African Lit m :d Difference in Size in I.: 38 1 Abnormality <>f I'ark-Heared UotM Tablet of Ifeasurementi Tablei A M UmaOkea 248 Nuiuemlatuxt and litim of African Leopards 348 ma ed Forms (if the LtftaOuTU$ serial Group 388 faleoparduM Desman-- 368 Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora Page Leptailurxis ogilbyi pantasticta (Focock _'7u Serval and Servaline Cats 272 Leptailuru* ogilbyi larseni (Thomas) 272 Described Forms of the Srvalinc (Leptailurus ogilbyi) Group 272 ■elis aurata cotton i I.vdckktr I ocreata rubida Schwann 276 - itrreatu itgnmh Schwann 278 Tyj>e Ixcality and Authority fur Felis caracal Sohreher 279 ENTBODUCnON The ( arnivora collected by Herbert I^ang and James P. (hapin on The American Museum Congo Expedition,1 numl>er 588 specimens, of which <> represent the CankUe, 36 the Mustelidae, 411 the Viverridae, 13 the Hya-nida\ and 120 the Felidae. The collection consists of 33 forms id 4 additional subspecies) , with 2 genera and 8 forms new . The comparative drawings of the skulls of the various genera re rendered possible through the interest and support of Professor Henry Fairfield Osbom, President of The American Museum of tural History. They have been made in orthogon projection, thus insuring the possible exactness in general comparison as well as in that of the component parts of the skull. Through t he careful and painstaking work of Mra II. Zi>ka. who made these drawing! under supervision, it was possible to attain a correctness which those who do not have the facilities to compare the actual -kulls will ap- Excepl where the contrary is indicated, the halftone illustra- tions of either living animals or of specimens in the Besh are from field photographl taken by Mr. Lan£ those of >kulls and skins, by Julius :ie colored plate <»t Oabormetis m by Mr. Richard Dsekert. In addition to the comparative material available in The American '•urn of Natural History, much important material ha.- been nener- OUSTy loaned by the authorities of the United Btatet National Museum through the kindness of Mr. Gerril B. Mill«r. Jr., Curator of Mammal-. redited in the proper eoonectioiL 1 am also greatly ebted to D - Palmer, author of 'Index Geaerum Mammalium." for transcripts from rare volumes, and for verification of references t<> work- Otherwise unavailable. ■unary note* on mm of the mrnivnrn of thia Election ware published by Dr Allen. 1910. November, pp. 23-31 « coararoiap Umm skulk and other matters connect*! »ith the Caraivora col- • ill be published latar.— Eon ft Hulietin American Museum of Snlund History \I.VII Bracnsa un> BuBsracns, with Tmai LocAimaa \m> Ni mher of IMI \> I l«>\| }]\i II !.«»< \I.ITY :i!i«l S11I1- 1. Thug tint/ill* 80U tin stiihhntiitra 'iiTXSP In < < 1 1 . Prima rufinnlsorii itrhracea 12. .V 'mult a in l.iimtutii 13. Herpestes /mrridens 1 4 . ff. Nianajan -'. Niapu 14 Aba l. Akenfje 4. Av.-ikulii l, Faradje 18, Medje 17. Niangara 3, Niapu 1. Stanleyville l kkenge <>. Hafuka l, Faradje '.», Ibamhi 1. Medje 7, Niangara 7, Niapu 23 Lake Kivu 1 Akeafje l. Medje :*, Niapu 24, un- known locality 2 Manamama (near Bafwabaka) 1, N la] ill 1 Akenaje l. Medje 2, Niapu l Akenaa 15, Boyuhi I. Medje 20, Niaiijjara ti. Niapu :{<). Poko 1 Niaaajan 1 Akeafje I, Faradje 2, Medje 8, Stan- leyville 1 Faradje s, Niangara 1 Aha 2, Faradje »'>. Niaagan I kenkhovenville 1 Akanaa 1. Faradje 10, Niangaia 2 Ake&ge 17. Gamanguj :*. Medje l, Niapu 1 1. Poko 1 Faradje 6, Niaagai Akeaaje i. Avakuln 2, Medje »*>. Niapu 4 Faradje 4 Akengc -'. Medje 2; Niapu IS Akanfje _>. Niapu 7 Hyanida.' Faradje 12 mem 3 10 :.i l 30 a i 78 l 7 10 22 86 s n» i 17 9 13 Allen, Congo Collection of Cn minora 77 L'ti. Poutfirni /Hirilus rhni 27. I'nnthera pardus iturensi* ■ Lrptailurus serval faradjius 29. Leptailurus ogilbyi pantasticta M I ^eptailurut ogilbyi larseni II . Profelis avrala cottoni 32. Fe/w ocreala rubida Frlis ocreala ugandst Felida Faradje 14, YankertkhowTilte 1 15 Bafuka 1, Faradje 24, Garamba 3, Vankereklmveiiville 1 jfe Akeniie 6, Gamangui 2, Medje 3, Niapu 7. I'oko 2 20 Faradje 1 I. Niaimara 2 16 Faradje 7 7 Zambi 1 1 Akiiint- _'. Av;ikul)i 1, Medje 2, Xiaiif&ira 1, Xiapu 1 7 I •'.-ir.-uijc Iff, Xiangara 8, Poko 1 24 Garamba 1 1 of Localities, with Names of the Species and Subspkui-. A\l> Nl MBER OF SPECIMENS T\kl\ AT EACH LOCALITY No. of us and Subspecies Speei- Totals I it it — Aki'nge Btfaka Bojmki I ir.djf Genetta pardina fieldianu Helogale hirtula robustn Civettictis civetta orienUdis Genetta pardina fieldianu Genetta tervalina Genetta victoria- Poiana richardsoni ocl ■iinia binotnto Herpetics ichneumon funestus Mungos gothneh Crossarchun alununln Xenogale microdon Atilax macritinn Bdeogale nigripes I'linthmi jxirduH iturensis i axtrata cottoni Lutro maeuheolHi capensis talis Genetta pmdima fUUianc Xenogale microdon ■tin cottoni Thos anthus soudanicus Genetta mrvalinn I'uuthira /Kirdux rhm nun Intiottltil Thos ant h UK soudanicus His Speci- men- 1 2 7 4 6 1 1 U 1 1 17 4 2 2 8 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 78 Bulletin American Museum of X at ural History Fara«lj<' A onyx capensis it tttictis civetta orientalis Gtnelta pardina firldiana ii Genetta servalina a lh r (*stes ichneumon funestus i< Galerella ochracea ochracea •i Htlogale hirtula robusta ii Mungos gothneh <• lchneumia leucura ibeana ii A Max robust us ii Croatia crocuta fortis ii Leo leo azandicus ii Panthera pardus chui ii Leptailurus serval faradjius •i Leptailurus ogilbyi pantasticta .4 Felts ocreata rubida Gamangui ( ro&sarchus alexandri ii Panthera -pardus Uurensis Garamba Panthera pardus chui ii Felis ocreata ugandse Ibambi Genetta servalina Lake Kivu Genetta stuhlmanni Man a ma ma Osborniclis piscivora Medje Civeltictis civetta orientalis '(gale hirtula robusta ii M ungos gothneh ii lchneumia leucura ibeana M Leptailurus serval faradjius ll Profelis aurata cottoni II Felis ocreata rubida (Vol. \I.VII 21 1 18 g i 8 6 19 5 4 13 14 24 11 7 15 189 3 2 5 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17 7 3 2 20 3 1 e 2 3 2 72 4 2 3 7 8 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 8 41 1924] .4 lien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 79 Poko yville Vank»r«kh<.v.iiville Z:ilnl>l Mellirora capensi* cottoni Lutra maculicollit Aonyx capensi* rtis civetta orienlalis Genetta pardina fieidiana Genetta servaliwi Genetta victorix Osbornictia piscit MieraonuxJ. A. Allen. Type, l.utrn t, i>(on>/s Bonfidd —Lutra nncren lUi^er. Otbornicti* J. A. Allen. Type, Otbornictis piscivora J. A. Allen. XmogaU- J. A Allen Ty|>e. XifMpall mirnxlon J, A. Allen wi» Si Mm ii B, uim Their Typk Locautiks 1 Otbomidis piscin.i \ \ Ml. n \iapu. faU hirtuln niiiusta. Faradje .V enogale micrmltm . J. A Allen. Ak wim Niapo. 5. Crorutn rrorutn fort ih. I'.iradje 6. Leo Up amndicu* \;inkenkh<>veii\ille l*n leo hoUistcr, I.rrn. Spring. Botik, British Ehv \ 8. Panthera pardut iturrnsi*. Ni:q>u. 9 Ijeplailuru* terval farad jiu». Kanulje Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 81 \\M \l. Si mmaRY BpceJM :»inl ,\\i>> Grii Slll>-|HM-U- SfMTllllfll- Localities1 1 1 9 3 lida> 3 35 4 Vivcrriihr 11 19 411 16 id« 1 1 13 1 5 g 120 13 588 Canidje Repri sented by only • > ingle species, a jackal allied to a Sudan form. Thos Oken Thos Oken, 1816, 'Lehrb. Xaturg.,' Zool., Theil 3, Abth. 2, p. 1037. Type, by subsequent deagnataoo Heller, 1014), Thos vulgaris Oken =( 'ants aureus Linn Thos anthus soudanicus ( Thomas) Pfcfta VI: VII. Figure 1 is anthus soudanicus Thomas, 1903, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I, j> Tyj>e locality, El < >l>»'nl. Kordofan. Skin and skull. Represented by 9 specimens, 5 of which are immature, noHwitud as follows: Bafuka,1 1 (skull only, rery old ?), June 3. 1913. 1 d\ 2 9 , adults. 1 subadult 9 ), February 25, March 27, July 26, Decembers, 1912. Nianuara. I all QUTSlingB), November 16 24, 1910. < 'ollectors' measurements of 3 adults (1 d", 2 9 ) from Farad jr: Ear I**-* Total Lenxth Hmt and Body Tail Vertebrr Hind Foot f the body, pale rufescent internally. Measurements of Four Skulls of Thos anthus soudanicus ta I] 1! ii I! 53067 52040 52051 53063 <*• 9 91 156 5 149.0 188 6 161 8 145.5 134.2 148.5 137.5 127.3 m 2 78.0 70.0 77 1 80.0 77 7 63.2 26 8 24.0 19.2 23.4 26.750.2 29.849.4 21 s 17 s 48.0 48.3 U 7 46.0 44.971.0 tn 51 13.3 12.8 IS t 64 712 7 The adults agree well in coloration and dimensions with T. amtkut soudanicus (Thomas), and geographical considerations favor their provisional reference to this form. Hollister records* five forms of the genus Thos from British East Africa as represented in the collection of the United States National Museum. These five forms are referred to three species, as follows: ( 1 ) Thos adustus bweha Heller, 6 specin >. h, (2) Thos adustus notatus Heller, 4 specimens. (3) Thos aureus bea Heller, 10 specimen- (4) Thos mesomelas elgonx Heller, 9 ■peeUMBfc (5) Thos mesomelas mcmillaiti Heller. M sjM'citnens. His tabulated measurements of skulls are based on sixty-six adults, in all but ten of which the basal suture is closed; twenty-four are males, thirty-five are female-, and of seven the sex is not indicated. As Hol- lister's tabulations are not summarized and the five form- seem to differ little in size, although representing three specific groups and five forms, it seemed worth while to compute the averages for four of the cranial measurements (condylobasal length, zygomatic breadth, mastoid breadth, and breadth at base of canines | as these form a fair comparative basis for general rile. The results being of some interest are presented in the subjoined table. So far as these four cranial measurements are concerned, the two subspecies of Thos adustus are not distinguishable by size, the individual variation many times exceeding the slight average 'Bafuka, senile male. *V«y old: skull badly broken. »1»18. U. 8. Nat. Mui. Bull. 99. pt. I, pp. 101-103. Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 83 cliff* Tin- same is true for Thos aureus bea and the two forms of garde tlif cninlylohasal length, but they differ decidedly in raped to the breadth of the skull, the two forms of mesomelas agreeing well with each other and differing decidedly in this respect from T. aureus bea, in which, while the condylobasal length is less than in th<> adustus group, the zygomatic and mastoid breadths are practically in agreement On the other hand, the rostral breadth is less. It would thus seem that the proportional differences of length to breadth may be of diagnostic importance. The large series of Thos mesomelas mcmillani affords interesting e of the amount of sexual difference in the Thos group. In this form the average condylobasal length is quite appreciably less in the female (atxnit 4.5 to 5 mm.) than in the male, but is far from definitive, ie the larger females frequently exceed the smaller males in skulls of equal age. Summary of Hollister's Measurements of Sixty-four Skulls of Five Sub- species of the Genus Thos of Spoe. Condylobasal Zygomatic Length Breadth Mastoid Breadth at Breadth , Base of Canines That adustua bxcrha noiaiut 1 149.0(142-155) 148.5(141-156) 80.0(71-85) 78.0(72-81) 50.0(49-53) 26.3(24.4-27.6) 49.3(47-51) 26.4(24.5-27.8) Tkot aureus bea in 142.4(139-147) 78.6(75-80) 49.2(47-51) 24.8(23.9-26.0) 'tomelas elgonr iiirniillmn 9 14cf 21 9 142.0(136-144)84.8(82-90) 14X0(184-158 si. 0(74-89) 144.4(139-153)84.9(80-89) 140.0(134-149)80.9(77-86) 51.1(50-53) .".I (i 41-55) l-.V, 17 1 19-54) 23.9(22.9-26.1) 24.8(22.6-26.7) 25.8(24.4-26.7) 22.6-25.9) MUSTELIDJK Musteline The subfamily Mu.-telina- ■ represented by only three qweimi ible t<> MeUivora caperuu cottons Lydekker. One is merely a flat -kin. native-made fend without -kull. from Yankerrkhovenville; the two are skin- with -kull- our «>f them with a complete skeleton), from Ni.ipu. Mellivora St on Upon 8tokk. 17su. Prod. Moth M;uimi ,' tab. A. Type by monotypy, Viverra ratel Sparrman - Viverra capenti* 1776, 'Saugthiere,' PI. cxxv, "77 III. p m, oriKirinl . ripti.,1, ..n.l flpn Vorgebtrge der jruten HofMmg.'1 S \ Irtin American Museum of Xatuml History |V<>1. XIA II Mellivora capensis cottoni I.\ dekker PbtC \ II. I inure 2 Mtllirom cnttiitu I.m».kker, 1906, Pror. ZoAl. Soc. London, I. June 7, p. ll'-. I'l \n .-mini.'il Tvjtc lnc:ility, •»;i>t«rii fringe of the Ituri Fon- \I.t\v:tml>i Mrl:iin-tir Represented by 3 specimens, ooOeotod M follows: ikerckhovenville. 1 (imperfect, native-made skin without skull), November n>i 1. Niapu. 2 (both old females; -km- and >kulls. skeleton of on< them), November 9, Deeember9, 1913. Only one of the specimens, ;» senile Female (PL VII, fig. 2), has field measurements, which are as follows: Total length, 870 nun.; head and body, 070; tail vertebrae, 200; hind foot. L Two skull (No. 51951, senile 9 , and No. 51952, 9 adult | : Upper edge of foramen magnum to front of incisors, 131.0, 131.0; oondyfobasal length, 133.5. 133.4: bead length, 123.5, 123.1; palatal length. 62.0, 62.5; zygomatic breadth, 73.1, 75.0; least mterorbital breadth, 84.5, 36.0; least postorbital constriction, 30.5, 31.7; breadth of braim 62.0, 02.3; mastoid breadth, 76.2, 77.0; outside to outside of p4-p4, 43.8, 46.2; upper toothrow (c-m), 36.9, 37.2; greatest length of i>;. 12.9 (greatly worm. 14.1; least distance between temporal ridgBl anteriorly. 10.0, 15.8; do., posteriorly, 17.4, 32.3. Rarely do the skulls of two individuals of a gpociei measure so nearly the same as in the present ease; in ten out of fourteen measurements the difference it less than two millimeters. The greater difference across p'-p' is really due to the excessively worn condition of the teeth in the senile specimen. The difference in the distance separating the temporal ridgBl is obviously due to difference in sf These three specimens agree closely in coloration, the whitish mantle extending in two of them from between the eyes to a little behind tin- shoulders, fading gradually posteriorly into the black of th< the dorsal surface: in the other the mantle continues slightly further, reach- ing to about the middle of the back, with many scattered white hair- far as the loins. In two the extreme tip of the tail is clear white; in the Other the tip of the tail is wanting. On the presumption that the Mi Hi torn capensis group, which ranges from South Africa to Abyssinia in the east and westward across the continent to Senegal, is separable into a number of regional forms, for which nearly half a score of names have already been provided, the s[*-ci- mens hi ded are referred to MeMoora cottoni of Lydekker, the Allen, Congo Collection of Carnicora 85 tvj*' locality of which was not only in the Ituri Forest hut only about a hundred and sixty miles from when- the jMVMtit examples were taken. The t\|x- specimen of eoitom was "entirely black," but the describer felt disinclined to consider it as "a mere individual melanism," as 'the conditions prevalent in the great Ituri Forest are. . . .just the condi- uhich are conducive to the development of blackness in a species." Although the present specimens are far from being wholly black, they - nt a dark form of the M . eapenatM ^roup. Mr. Lang informs me he specimens from Niapu were taken in the same kind of forest and ft] environment one finds in Mawambi. but the one from Vankerck- h<»\ enville. which lies in the savannah on the northern edge of the forest, dark as the darker specimen from Xiapu. Lutrinae The subfamily Lutrinae is represented by two species, referable \ to the genera Lutra and Aonyx. An investigation of the relationship of the African clawless otter to the East Indian small- I otter has shown the desirability of separating the two groups irenerically. The principal external and cranial differences are shown in accompanying illustrations. This investigation became possible mainly through the loan of specimens of small-clawed otters of the Indian Islands by the authorities of the United St rjonal nil. Lutra Brisson a BUMON, 17' I 2, l>]». 13, 201. Type, by taumnymy, a lutra 1m I f. Mariano, 18W 3 I \pril ">, p. 376, for s>. 1X65, Proc. Zn.-l Boc. London, p. 131, fig. <>f skull p 133 py, Lutra moculieoW* Licntonotani. Son Hydrogalt Kaup, 1*29, for Lutra maculicollis Lichtenstein Plat.- \ III. XI: .ui.l T. \t Figure* 1-3, I \. r.\ \ frm wtaemKeoOia Lwan irch for Naturg., I, p. 80, PL n. fig. 1. • It -ii i KiifTcrl.i! Represented by 9 yi"—, eoOeeted as follows: I cf juvenile. 1 . adult. I ? juvenile, and 2 native Bkms without skulls), Febm March s. nui; January 7. Jtn f adults, i . adnH), June 2, 1913; February 1. 1914. akuhi. I iati\e -kin without -kull . \uim-t 1915 Fir. 1. Lulni maniHcoQu. Skull of ;tru-t,r.r Hind Foot Ear 5182 618 618 9 9 pu Faradje 1070 1035 MQ 625 600 595 MO H", 127 435 125 355 108 400 107 18 17 16 19 <>lli*. Dorsal vitw of >kull of adult male (No. 5182S). Measurements of Four Adult Skulls of Luira maculicollis 51827 ■h Locality — 1 if |* la H fl" *& eing less separated than cither the base or tips. The excluded premolars are dp $, |, |. By dissection of the mini dp1 was found beneath the surface, as a -mall conical tubercle, in the position of p' of the permanent dentition. The metlfitl dp1 on the left side was much smaller than the corresponding tooth on the right. They probably would have been absorbed without extrusion. There i- no indication of the presence of a dp,. In the Dpper jaw the position of U>th dp1 and dp- is in line with the inner base of dp3 and dp4. The milk dentition thus closely resembles that of Lttira Intra. In a somewhat older skull (No. 51826, 9 , Faradje) the upper inck have been replaced by permanent teeth: the milk canines are still present behind their half-excluded -uccessors; the vestigial dp' I replaced by p1 ; dp-' has been shed and the tip of its BUCCOOBOr is slightly above the alveolar plane: dp3 and dp' are still present; the crown of m1 is fully e\|M)sed. In the lower jaw the permanent incisors are fully developed, the permanent canines are about half grown, behind which their predecessors still remain; dp., has been shed and the tip of its ■Oeccesor protrudes in its place; dp3 and dp4 are still retained; both m, and nij can 1h> seen through vacuities in the alveolar border. The present series of nine specimens demonstratee a wide range of variation in color, especially in the white markings of the ventral suit:: which vary greatly in extent, position, and outline, do two specimens U ing very closely similar. Frequently the white markings are nearly restricted to the foreneck and inguinal region, but in some specimens the white area of the foreneck extend- forward to include the chin, and pos- teriorly to include the breast, and often encloses small irregular patches of brown. The white of the inguinal area may be limited to a few ap or lorm a continent mass of white and brown markings. Two males from Niapu. both trapped the same night in the same pool, curiously happen to present, respectively, the extremes of variation shown by the Lutra mac -kull of juvenile mal< C, dorsal view; D. !. ft man.lil .l< •; B, rown view of left lower dentil tetin American >ry Vol \l.\ II whole series. One of them baa merely ■ fen white streaka and spots on the foreneck and a fen small spota of white in the inguinal region. The other baa the entire foreneck, from the chin to and intruding the bn white, varied with numerous irregular small streaka and Bpote of brown; the thoracic region is vent rally profusely streaked and -potted with white, while the lower abdominal and inguinal regions are white varied laterally with narrow streaka and isolated Bpota <»t" brown. The other specimens of" the variously intermediate PI, VIII, fins. 1 and The general color. -it ion varies decidedly in tone in different specimens of the I aradje -erie> through the varying intensity of the rufescent suffu- sion, while the three specimens from Niapu agree in presenting a slightly olivaceous tone, quite unlike that of any of the l'aradje specimens. Thia may or may not be due to the different environment of* the two localit tee, hi I'!. XI being in the rain forest district and l'aradje in the hush veldt country. The color of the underfur also varies notably in specimens from the same locality, the basal portion being either clear white. sil\ white, or cream-white, or even huff in different specimens, yet the color of the underfur i- usually considered of some importance in diagno Apicallv the underfur i< narrowly tipped with dark DTOWn, the amount varying individually. At the beginning of the present century only two species of otter were recognised by leading authorities' aa inhabiting Africa south of the Sahara, and both were referred to the genua Lutra, ectively, Lutra cap lists Schina and Lutra moculicoUis Lichtenatein. Both were described from specimens obtained in Cape Colony, since 1901, how- ever, three other forma of thia group have been described, hut two them are very unsatisfactorily defined. Lutra COncoior Xeum.-r from Adis rYbeba, Abyssinia, was based on several skins, without skulls or measurements, which are described as being like specimens of maeuli- cnllis in use and color hut lack all trace of white or yellow .-pots on the chin and throat. The name Lutra ooncolor is in any case preoccupied by Luha eoncolor Rafinesque L832 for a species of Lutra from "Garrow 1 1 ill- Assam, India.*'1 Lutra miitscln'i i ('ahrera.' from Muni River, Gaboon, i- unrecognisable from the description. Lutra macuUeo ''in Thomas,1 from the Upper Nile, was based on two skulk and three skins. The measurement .- given by him of an adult male and an adult female skull (condytobaasJ length, ? 113.5, ° 106) indicat uiaa (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Troueaaart (1899). •1902. Sit mnirsK Gf» Naturf Fratmde Berlin, p. 56. «Rafin«m intir Journal. I. N< II;-' - \ HI ,. " Allen, Congo Collection of Carta 91 form than that of the present Lang-( 'hapin collection from the Upper < ongo, the two adult male skulls bom the Congo only equaling the female skull of nUotioa. It therefore seems preferable, in t>sence of comparable material from other localities, to lea\ pper Congo form as above. 4. Rhinarium. A. /. UcoQii - 17 . Natural bj - B, ionyz capenxi* Aontx Leaf most authors prior to 1000. aasoN, ]v MarnnialoKif. p. 157. type, by moaotypy, Lesson C1827) =Lutrn inunguis F. CfenrMf 1S23) =Lutra capensis -.'I I Imhurgh. II. p. 157. T> i bariea Murray, from Old Calabar, West Africa Ion, p. 129. As a rabgantN of Aontffx; restricted to the . 1865, Pi London, p 129 Restricted to tha 'I hom \- 1908 \m M if lea both tbi :<•! Indian s\»> -son was exclusively based on the so called flaw- less <>' South Africa Lutn capes 3ehms, ,r delalandi by Lesson), of which the genus AwasfaVr ased on :i dawfeai otter from ( M<1 < 'alal. nonym ing the great specialisation of it- type, Aonyx nnized Aonyx as a full genus, but he combined with oup the elawless aouthern Asia. More \\f t! .ptmi: i>trr for the African species, the oniv species originally included in 92 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. XLVII Lesson, the founder of Aonyx, proposed Leptonyx in 1842,1 for the clawless otters of Asia, a name unfortunately doubly preoccupied, first for a genus of birds (Swainson 1821) and later for a genus of seals (Gray 1837). I hope to show in the present paper that both uroupsare enfr to full generic acceptance, according to standard modern opinion as to what constitute- generic differences among mammals. Aonyx, however, has hitherto stood for both groups, whenever need in cither a generic or a subgeneric sense (as, in the latter, by Anderson in 1878*). As <>f h&Btorie interest, and illustrative of the change of viewpoint respertiiiLr what character- in mammals should l>e recognized as of generic value during the last two decades, reference may he mad Thomas' review of the Lutrinap in 1889* and his revised conclusions respecting the same group in 1908.4 In his earlier paper all the land otters we: I to the genua Lnftti; in 1908 the genera of land otters con- ceded a> tenable were Lutra, Pteronura and Aonyx. In the first paper he ided that "The skull and dentition of Aonyx are wholly those of a true Lutra. . . .*' In the second paper he 88 Since I wrote my paper on the arrangement of the otters in 1889, opinion has changed as to the value of the characters which should justify generic distinction between different uroups, and I am now prepared to admit, with other authors, that the claw! — ■ .Mere (Aonyx) and the margined-tailed otter of Brazil (Pteronura) should be recognized as genetically different from the ordinary otters of the genua Lutra. . . .so that their common non- possession of claws is evidently a genuine connecting character, and not a parallelism, as was formerly supposed to be the case." While the foot structure of the clawles- otters of Africa and the small-clawed otters of Asia is simil. 5B-B1, 6X '-< n), the external and cranial charac including the dentition, are widely different in the two groups (Pis. IX. X and Figs. 0-9). Yet the (lawless Asiatic otters have been, and are still, referred to Aonyx, when not placed in Lutra, and, with one exception,6 all the figures that I have seen purporting to give the cranial and dental characters of Aonyx have been based on the skulls of Asiatic forms. 1 1 non-typical and, from my viewpoint, a non- Anderson, 1878, ' Ana torn, and Zoolog. Researches Yunnan Exped.,' pp. 202 and 213, in reference •specially to "Lutra (Aonyx) ItpUmyx." '1889. 'Preliminary Note* on tbe Characters and Synonymy of the different Specie* of Otter.' Proc. Zofil. Soc. London, pp. 190-200. '1908, 'On certain African and 8 American Otters.' Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. (8) I. May, pp. 387-395. •Blainville, 1839-1864. in his Osteoirraphie,' Atlas II, Section Mustela, PI. vm, figured a skull of Aonyx (Lutra) inunguia from South Africa, purchased in 1837 (see the list of plates for Mustela, p. 78 of text) . He Rives, however, only a view in profile, natural site, which fails to display its most important characteristic*. Allen, Congo Collection of Camivora 93 of left fore foot and plantar surface of l«*ft hind foot. lit (No. 51825); B, B', Aonyx capensi* (Sob. 51849 and 51847); 29733). About two-thirds natural aiie. form has I* • to typify Aonj/x, so far as the Utanfem of the group i tlly the Aonyx capensis group ia distinguishable by its color rn, its size, arii>t<»,>< 1 1 • .1.-1 n .1 1. IHi^er .1 \ \iiin. 1919, Journal of Mammalogy, I, No I, Novembt p 34 To rephv . preoccupied. The name Leptonyx m preoccupied by L< i>t<< - unaon iv for a genua of birda, ami by Leptonyx Gray 1 1 ra genua of aeale. TIk- differenoea between Aonyx and Mieraonyx are quite marked, not only in external feat nro> l'l. IX but also in the skull and teeth (Figs. t>-9). They are 1 1« - ■-« - tabulated for convenient comparison.1 ternal Largo; total length of adults. 100 mm 18 52 incl Weight, .;n ic mi pounds Lang Tail: Evenly ta]>crinK from base t<> tip, ajid heavfly dot lied wit h long soft liair. ■ ii on tin- apical portion. Length I length of head and body. ; pper surface thinly haired iri young animals, usually naked or nearly n in adults. Paob:- of j)alinar and plantar -in bry developed, being small and not heavily thickened. Sightly webbed at extreme baae onrj absent on fore fiH-t, rudimen- on hind ; Body uniform dark brown, iwith above and below, from the shoulders posteriorly, with anteriorly a more or lees profuse veiling of white- tipped hairs; foreneck to chin clear white or slightly yellowish whn baae of | i and lip- white, in continuation of the white an-a of the U larue squarish ( faaractera M Small; total length of adults 560 mm. 22 inchei |ht, 11 13 pounds" Blanford Very broad at base hut rapidly da , inR in am rider tip; two-thirds very short-haired, becom- ing nearly bare towards the tip, especially on the ventral sari Upper surface well clothed with - as in I.'ilrn. Pads of palmar and plantar suri By developed, covering the whole of thenak' d greatly thicki Fully webbed Slightly more developed than in .1 but greatly reduced in com' with those of I.'itro. Upperparta entirely uniform dark brown, without bead-marka white-tipped ha underparts what paler, becoming whitish •t neck, cheeks, chin and throat Ears like the bead, without white edging. The coloration in ral is thus similar I iirn. ■The statistics given below in tabular form are baaed, in the case of Aonyx, on averages of six adults for the external measurements, and on twelve adults for the skull and teeth, all from Faradje, Belgian Congo: in the case of Mirraonyz, for external measurements on five adult specimens as given in the literature, and for the skull and teeth on six adult skulls and two with milk dentition from Java, Borneo. Sumatra, and Palawan, of which seven were received for examination from the United States National Museum through the kindness of Mr. Gerrit S Miller, Jr., Curator of Mammals. AUeti, Congo C- Carnivora li ">f ilark brown between rils. forming a eoaepieuooi -iM»t in which the bain are not tipped with « bite; :i V-ehaped whit i-h band from the rhinaritun forms fairly ipereiliary streaks. I louslv edged on the apical border with white. Tnere is thu- id-pattern of mark:: While the external differences are by no means insignificant, tl -kull and teeth are such as most taxonomers consider of high importance. Some <>f these differences have not escaped record,1 lmt tliis fact has not directed to them the attention they deserve. Whil rice'the -kul! fx appear to have many - in common, they differ greatly in proportions :mf the pala ds and molars of the maxillary §ej which in M i- much less than the tcansverse breadth of in1, while in Aonyx this -pace is one and a half times greater than the trans- th of m1. These proportional differences are shown in the ompanying Humes Pigs, c, and 8, pp. 96, 102) ami in the following i gummai Cranial Characters fonnly pruwnl in ! trdinf to II-: abaent on the autho) lattTeiycnaaUerbtttin only in the other. i pro news rinlimin- Postorbital processes well developed, more mi than in /. «w Blanford 1*88, 'Mirnm of Bntiah India.' p. 188). who Myi ' Although it \l.ufa Upf**s\ 'ioea Dot differ in th«> lunr mannn pa of Aonyj doaa. / ha* aevrrnl »rl\ ahort road, with a .iifTorantly ahai • M of iAMT ■pariae. inrlud • >•!>-:,■■ r pwparttoaal length of thr tinr.t «n.i i «d* nnlv in tw.>. and on both aide* < null -n». •onyx cinerea. Skull of adult female (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 34904). A, lateral view; B, palatal view; C, lateral view of left mandible; D, crown view of left lower dentition. Natural size. M Allen. Congo Collection of Carnivora 97 onyx cinerea. Dorsal view of skull of adult female (U. S. Nat. Mua. No. 34904/. Natural size. Aonyx Poetorbital breadth greater than inter- orbital breadth. Micraonyx Postorbital breadth less than inter- orbital breadth, the postorbital constriction as deep as in many species of Lutra. Dental Measurements Upper Toothrow c-in1, 32.2 p»-m> ,33.0 p*-m», 26.8 P4, 10.9 X 10.5 p\ 12.8 X 13.8 m'. 10.2 X 12.5 m«, 8.8 X 12.2 Lower Toothrow 48.5 o-mj, 37.6 Prmj, 33.5 14.8 X8.7 4.9 X 6.7 Axis of rn1 oblique to thfl toothrow. of the pr-nfc, 27.0 mi. 13.4 X 8.0 m:, 4.9 X 6.3 Axis of in1 nearly transverse to the of the toothrow. :.\ lobasal Length Mastoid Breadth Skull Aonyx Mxcraonyx Hati<> 124.3 89.2 73 91.5 61.7 M BQ.a 53.9 H 06 Bulletin American Mu. tmd History (Vol. XI. VI I skull Continued) Aonyx Micraonyx Ratio Upper incisors) _'i 6 10. 8 50 Breadth at Base of Up] Can 35 5 21.9 62 Breadth, outride m'-m1 34.2 83 Breadth, outside p*-p* 39.3 33.1 84 Interorbital Breadth 30.0 60 Postorbital Constriction 34.6 i:, 8 I.". Palatal Breadth bet wen Crowns of m1 and in' 20 (i 11 2 slightly 1< (1.6 the transverse the transverse breadth of m1). 1th of m!). Summary of Depfxbentiatiom '>i Micraonyx en Comparison with Aonyx. — One-thin 1 the size (bulk) of Aonyx: reduction of pre- orbital portion of skull and its general structure relatively weak, or more like that of Lutra, with at the same time enonnoufl development of the carnassials and molars, which are about equal in size to those of Aonyx, which has a skull fully three times larger; palatal space between upper molars slightly less than breadth of one molar, in Aonyx almost the breadth of both molars; m1 relatively broader, with the transverse axis lie tooth forming a right angle with the tooth row. while ii the trane m" forms an angle of about 45° with the axis of the tooth row: p1 usually suppressed in Micraonyx and constantly present in Aonyx; tail broad at base, soon narrowing and gradually tapering to a point, the apical portion scantily furred, instead of gradually decreasing in size apieally ami heavily furred throughout, as in Aonyx, in which the tail is similar to the tail of the European and North Amenta Lutra. In M the tail is specialized quite as much as in Pteronum, but in a quite different way. Coloration wholly a< in Lutra. highly specialized in Aonyx. Specimens ..-tunned The available material consists of three skins and nine skulls, three of the latter immature, with part of the milk dentition still present. Three of the eleven specimens examined are in the collection of I American Museum of Natural History; the others (all skulls) were borrowed from the United States National Museum, through the courtesy of the Curator of Mammals, Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. 29733, cf ? adult, skin and skull, Palawan Island. Philippine Islands; also two skins i without skulls1 from the same sour 122840, d" adult, Karimon Island, Malacca Strait. May 28, 1903. CoU Dr. W. L. Abbott. Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora N 114465, 9 adult, Tapanuli Bay, West Sumatra, March 27, 1902. Coll. Dr. W. L. Abb 123068, c" juvenile Supper milk canines, dp1, and dp» are still retained), -Mimatra, July 31, 1003. Coll. Dr. \Y. I.. Abbott. ulult. Kinabatangan River, Borneo, June 20, 1887. Coll. C. F. Adams. 'ulo Laut, Southeast Borneo, December 26, 1907. Dr. W I. Abbott adult, Depok, Java, July 22, 1909. Coll. William Palmer. '"5, cf juvenile (upper milk canines, dp', dp*, dp* and dp* are still re- tained >rg, Java, March 21, 1909. Coll. William Palmer. 154906, o juvenile fmilk dentition only), Buitenzorg, Java, March 26, 1909. Coll. William Palmer. Three of the specimens (only one of which is adult) may be consid- practicaDy topotypical of Lutra leptonyx Horsfield ( = L.cinerea Ilh> Tli»> localities of the six adult skulls are widely separated, there ach from Palawan Island (Philippines), Karimon Island Ualacca), western Sumatra, eastern Sumatra, from two different parts of Borneo, and from eastern Java. They are thus in- any geographic differentiation, should such exist, of variation -m' C-m« 7d v 9 70.3 73.8 69.3 70.6 71.2 69.5 :*6.2 *9.7 >7 :,n 0J3 . 7 37.9 91.5 99 3 40.2 37 9 39.2 84.0 86.8 86.9 92.6 82.7 76.5 • 90 040 2 89~33T4 33 4 33.5 31.3 32.9 35.3 31.3 30.3 32.3 32.2 71 7 70 9 89 039 33 4 32 9 38 88.8 39.2 36.7 88 B 40.2 36.3 37.0 38.4 38.8 39T0 7 Measurements* of the Two Posterior Teeth of Each Jaw of Aonyx capensis (Same specimens as in the preceding table) Cat Sex p« Length Breadth Length Breadth M, length Breadth Mi Length Breadth 51885 d" 12.1X10.2 11.0X12.5 15.2X8.8 5.1X6.3 n40 0" 11 2X11.4 9.2X13.5 14.8X9.2 4.9X7.5 ^45 d" 11 4X11.9 in 5X13.8 15.4X9.0 5.1X7.1 M6 0" 10.9X11 7 10.0X14.0 15.4X8.5 5.5X7.1 51847 d" 9.9X11.7 10 9X13.1 14.8X9.7 5.4X6.6 51886 0 10.6X11.4 10.1X11.1 15.1X8.1 4.1X5.6 9 1<» 4X 9.2 11 0X13.8 13.8X7 4.3X6.4 9 Hi SX 8.9 9.2X11 11 2X8.4 4.9X6.0 >38 9 11, Q . 9 v 11 2X10 5 15 4 X"' 4.7X6.3 ^49 9 11 «>xi<> 0 9 9X 8.6 18.8X8 0 4.3X5.4 350 9 9.8X 9 9.2x12 a 15.4XN 4.8X7.2 *51 9 11. 5X 9.8X11.6 1 1 7.X8.4 <6.2 61868 9 10. 7X 9.7 9.4X13.2 14.7X8.1 5.1X6.2 Average • 0" 11 1X11.4 10 3X13.2 16 1X9 0 5.8X6 9 «« 8 9 10 8X 9 7 10 9X11 9 14 6X8.4 4.6X64 'In No. 61834 the canine* art not fully developed and all the cranial suture* are •till open While the condy lobasal length ia recorded in the abora table, the banal length waa alao taken for comparison, •lac* "baaal" waa (onnerly Uken instead of "rondylobaaal." The average difference waa found to be about 12 mm lea* forth* baaal length than for the rondylobaaal. •These four males mad aU females ar* fairly comparable as to age. but not strictly so. the females apparently averaging slightly younger than the males •LengUi -greatest anal length of tb* tooth; breadtb -greatest breadth transverse or at a right 101 >, '""W 'huMi^ Fig. 8. Aonyx capensis. Skull of adult female (No. 51834). A, lateral view; B, palatal view. Natural size. 102 '.». Aonyx capnui*. Skull of adult - ...51834). A, dorsal view; B, lateral 4 left mandibh Natural site. Fig. 10. Aonyx capensis. Skull of juvenile male (No. .51830). A. lateral view; B, palatal view; C, lateral view of left mandible; D, crown view ofjeft lower dentition. Natural size. 104 ■io Collection of Carnivora 105 As shewn in the above tables of measurements, rl. • appreci- able sexual difference in sue between males and females <>t' comparable ns. In both sexi is a marked difference in ilue to age, between young adults with unworn teeth and old adults wit1 s and worn teeth. The interorbital breadth varies greatly with age, as is of course usual in mammals, particularly in with the breadth <>f the interorbital constriction, which . 11. Natural sixe. Aonyx capenris. Dorsal view of skull of juvenile male (No. 51839). creases with age, while the interorbital breadth increases. With increase in age the bones of the -kull become thickened and roughened and the mod- heavily developed, but in the prea have no relation to shown by the present $1831, 1 I nhy for the presence of a supernumerary U molar, Situated on the left side and internal to the toothrow opposit >nt half of p3. It i< similar in form to p* but is slightly -mailer than this tooth. Two skulk still retain part of the milk dentition. In the yon ^9, cf ) all the milk teeth have been shed except the canines and dp* The tips of the permanent incisors are exposed but only slightly above tl pi of the canines are uncov- 1 < H'» Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X L\ 1 1 hut arc - 1 ill below tin- alveolar plane; m1 can be seen through slight openinga in the erown loiface of the alveolus, [ntheothei ^48, d"), a week or two older, only the deciduous canines and p1 remain ol the milk set. The permanent ineJeora have reached full development, the tips of the permanent (-mint's and of p2 and p» are well above the alveolar border; tin- crown surfaces of p4, m1, mj and m% are fully exposed. In this skull there is no evidence of pi in either jaw. It i- «.!" interest to note that in both of these young skulls the lower in- OV/ded, the second pair drh) have their insertion in a line iterior to that ol the other four incisors and, slanting forward their crowne between thoee of the other incisors, approximating thus a straight crown surface. The lower incisors of Aonyx at this early stage of growth are in agreement in their mode of insertion with those of Lutra. With the expansion of the mandible by growth, the lower incisors arrange themselves, of course, in a Btraighter row, and in some are well spaced, each standing apart from the adjoining OC, p. 103), while other- retain the crowded feature. The table of tooth measurements (p. 101) indicates the rang' individual variation in the size and contour of the crowns of the last two permanent teeth in each jaw. It not only makes evident the amount. of difference in these features that so readily attracts the eve. hut al.-o the fact that the largest skulls (see table of measurement- of the skulls, p. Kil | do not always have the largest teeth. (( ompare skull and tooth dimensions of skull- No.-. 51835, 5 1845 among the males and N<>- •"» | S37, 51853 among the females.) The amount of variation in length and breadth of crown, taking the series of skulls as a whole, is about 10% of the average dimensions. The average coloration in the present series may be indicated as follows: Upper lips, top of the nose back to about the front of the eyes, and a narrow band over each eye to between the ears, white or yellowish white; a large squarish spot of dark brown on either side from nostril to eye; also a small spot of dark brown at the posterior canthua of each eye; top of head, neck, and shoulders whitish grizzled with brown, white prevailing in the unworn coat, the overhair being glistening white for the apical half, through which the brownish tips of the underfur are more or visible; the white tips of the overhair gradually decrease in length from the middle of the back posteriorly so that brown is the prevailing tone, to which the whitish tips add a silvery glint in favorable light; upper lip, below the preorbital brown patch, white or yellowish white, as are the sides of the head below the eyes, the chin, throat, foreneck and Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 107 posteriorly to the pectoral region, the white extending the l>ase of the pelage, including th«- underfur; rest of underparts brown like the upperparts, with a less conspicuous mixture of white- tipped hairs; ears conspicuously edged with white on the apical border; tail and feet brown, like the lower back. The chief variation in different individuals consists in the relative length, and hence eonspicuoi: I the white hair-tips, which are in the freshly acquired coat, although they vary considerably in perfectly comparable specimens, being normally short in some and long in others. In most specimens the whitish sheen of the anterior half of the body is a striking feature when seen from the front with the head lid the lijjht. The amount of white on the throat is more variable in extent and also in intensity. I> omen the white on the throat and foreneek is r to the middle of the throat, but extendi some- what farther back on the sides of the neck; the white is also confined be outer portion of the hairs, the basal half of the pelage being pale brown and oot white as in most of the other specimens of the series, so that win ith the head from the light the middle of the throat area appears pale brown with a whitish wash. hi f I i here is a tendency to a dusky cross-band behind intrlv developed in one specimen and incipient in others. In several specimens in greatly worn pelage the overhair is so much abraded that only the underfur remains over a wide space along the midline of the back, and elsewhere the USOal white tipping of the oxer- hairs lias neatly disappeared. The pattern of the head-markings is con- modified only by the amount of white veiling the upper surface of the front and top of the head. The rhinarium is shown in IB. Th< ! clawless otter was first described by Sohini in 1821 as ■t perms,1 from a specimen obtained in ('ape Colony. It was redescribed by F. Cuvier in 1*2:* as Latin ftmtiym'a1 from a skin and skel( • by Delaland from the Gape of Good Hope. In 1S27 the species was !ly separated by Lesson and renamed A onyx deta- il.1 Tims between 1820 and 1880 the tpeeiee had received three •s and had ! vo genera. Notwithstanding Striking differences from the common <>• trope, the type of the it was currently referred by most authors for the next three- fourths of a century to the genus /. •1821. 'Cur. Thi*rr«ir). taW. 'Dirt S: \»t . XXV'H.p j»7 108 Bulletin American Muuutn of Natural History [Vol. X I ,\ 1 1 rides the well-known sari] eg oonymsof Aonyx capensis ( i F. Cuvier, ddakmAi Lesson) ami time practically indeterminable later tribed forme poensis Waterhouse 1838, calabaricus Murray 1860, leno Rochebrune 1888),1 five others have been added sines 1901. Tli- 1 1 Lutrti cap* deki Thomas L902),*from Abyssinia, oharaeteriaed mainly by large sise skull, basal length L31 mm., /.• matte breadth 106 nun. . dark color and silvery underfur; (2) Lutra caperuu kmdri Thomas (1905)* from FortHaH, Mount Kenya Disi British East Africa, of small size (skull, basal length 118 mm., / matic breadth 9 1 mm. but otherwise similar to the < lape :in>.*■ tron it he Sotik I tisi riet. British East Africa, said to resemble closely meneleki of Abyssinia in coloration (skull, condyiobasal length 127 mm., sygomatic breadth, 91 mm.), but body supposed to be smaller (as judged by the measurements of s tanned skin). \- these five forms appear to have been described U3 each ca.se from ■ linen, without flesh measurements and in some instai from poorly prepared material. Done of them can be said to real on a ver The differences in coloration indicated by the Briptions of these forms are more than covered by the range of variation in the present I.:uig-< hapin scries of some twenty gpecin from a single locality (Farad je), while the individual difference in is more than covered by the twelve adults. The status of these various forms should l>e held inr less in abeyance until a good Beriee from each type locality bas been studied and compared. Under such oircum- Stai ems better not to add another name to the list till the forms already described are Letter known, notwithstanding the known wide distribution of the Aonyx capensis group from the Cap a of South Ai' th to Abyssinia, the Congo Basin, and (Juinea. 'Lutra poentis w» based on a skin without feet, from Fernando Po. which Gray stated in I860 S'roc. Zool. Soc. London, p 130) 'is no longer to be found." Lonnberg, in 1910 (Arkiv f. Zoo!.. VII, I, p. 2), 1-elieved it to be referable to Lutra maevli colli* rather than to Aonyx. He also stated (for. on the authority of Trouessart. that there was no specimen of Rochebrune's Lutra Irnoiri "in the museum in Paris and that the species in question must be regarded as purely imaginary." Anahytter ealabarieus, Lonnberg also stated (loc. eit.), was baaed on a skull in which p' was abnormally absent, and must ala<> be rejected. ondon, II. p. 309. '190 78. : 388. MODI, \rkiv for Zool '. December, p. 3, figs, la and la. •1913. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.. I.XI. No. 19. November, p. 1. Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 109 VlVERRIDiE The family Viverridsi i- here recognised as oomprinng two strongly differentiated subfamilies, ViverrinjB and Berpestuue, which by some ers are now given tho rank of distinct famili Viverrin® The ViverruuB are represented in the present <' 7o specimens each. Several oftl ted by from 2 specimens from si] lities. thus affording satisfactory matt-rial for the study of af and individual variation. Civbttictis Pocoek am I.iw it..' Kith Bd., p. 43, part, and of author? priui to 1915. Type, by -ubsequent designation (Thomas l*»ll . I I.inna-u*. of Bengal, India. London, I. March, p. 134 oriuinal designation. Vmmi ci - her. Civettictis civetta orientalis (Mat-due) II. Mil: and T.xt Figures 12 16 laUa Matx iiif. 1891, Ar«h fur Naturg., Hd. 1, pp. 352, 353. Bagaii: ,l>ar. 115, Ann. M Hist., s XVI er, ]>. ! I, Poko (6 specimens). imens (of which only !i :nv fully adult . collected as folio* 1 -/. flat skin, without >kull or measurements . An. ra, 2 ( 9 juvei il Man r, 1910. Akenge, 7 (2 d" adult, 1 cf juvenile, l ) juvenile I K tobet I. I 15, i. 1913. inn. il 8 "adult — la skull only, \ rj* juvenile, 2 Q juveni 91 I. 'It I rod Chamrtcn of thr Mowoom* t.Mungoti.Ui.' Pro See. London. I. pp. .W> ■ :c I Fix* 1 Fig. 12. Civetticti* cicetta orientate. Skull of young adult male (No. 51818). A, latent! view; B, palatal view; C, lateral view of left mandible; D, crown view of left lower dentition. Four-fifths natural size. 110 civetta orieniaU*. Skull of * 51797 A lateral palatal view; C, lateral view of loft mandible; I), crown vi. m of loft lower Three-fourths natural site. in 112 Hull, In <>ry [Vol. \1.VII \h .,ijr. 6 2 •'. '■> ■ . \ sex unknown, all juvenik Marofa Auc HO. ikul.i. 2 tlat skins, without -kull- or measuremente), Juni 1911. About one-third (eleven) <>f the specimens are melanistic (PI. XIII, fig. l. upper specimen), seven being wholly deep black, and ;'■ others* lely black, in which the normal light patten ibk through a veiling of brownish black. The ratio of melanism to the normal (PL XIII. fig. l. bwer specimen) is about the same for each locality represented, and is also equally oommon to both sexes, ami to sp» of any age from nurslings to adults. Of the nine fully adult specimens all are males; in the immature specimens the females are i e nearly equal in number t<> the males Among the immature specimens seven have the milk dentition fully developed, l>nt none of the permanent teeth has pierced the gum. As the skulls of specimens at this stage vary considerably in nse it evident that a little time elapses between the full development of the milk teeth ami the appearance of the permanent teeth. A you; ted by skulls in which the milk teeth are all fully devel- oped except the first premolar- (dp1 and dpi), which can be seen through a minute opening in the alveoli but are -till below the alveolar plane. In a -till younger stage only the incisors and canines are present, which are quite well developed before the cheek-teeth appear. The incisors are the first teeth to he renewed, in one skull the middle pair having I replaced by their permanent successors before the permanent molars had pierced the glim. In the non-inelanistic specimens there is a wide range of variation in coloration between the lightest and darkest In the lightest No 518H, o* adult, Niapu; PI. XII), the dorsal black hand of lengthened hairs dorsal reduced at the wither- 1<» a breadth of l"> mm., and increases to about 36 mm. at the loins, where it is broadest. The the light ground color over the greater part of the body is twice as that of the Mack -pot- and Streaks; 'Ik- white -pot- on the proximal half of the tail number five on each side, decreasing in -i/.e apiially. and ■ beyond the middle of the tail, with a sixth -pot on the right -ide beyond the paired one- without a corresponding one on the let! few white hair- indicate an incipient Beventh spot. In another specin No 51802, t- adult. Xiapu the dorsal black crest is better develop the black and white marking- approach equality in area, and the white the basal half of the tail are reduced to four pairs, with indica- tions of a fifth. Fig, M lirettietit civetta orientali*. Cotnpar.it iw dorsal views of ricoOl r-fiftha natural size; B, senile male (No. 6 114 Bulletin American Mu. ■ 'iry XI.YII Id the dark non-melanistic specimens from Xiapu the dorsal black band has a breadth of -l<> -60 mm, and the other Mack markings exceed twice the area of the light interspaces; the white spots on the basal part of th<- tail van in differenl specimens htm two to four pairs. extreme example of the dark phase (aside from the wholly melani specimens) is a young 51813, Niapu. the milk dentition fully developed except dp, hut the molars still enclosed in the jaw) in fresh un- worn pelage, in which the dorsal crest-hairs are very long and cover the whole breadth of the nape, forming a band varying in breadth from 50 60 mm. from the head posteriorly to about the end of the proximal third of the tail; the white ground color on either side of the dorsal band of black is reduced to less than one-fourth of the area of the black spots, so that in general effect the dominant color of the body is black. The of the series (excluding those entirely black) is variously intermediate between the light and dark extremes, the greater part inclining to the darker phase. In very dark specimens the foreneck is Mack, while in \ light specimens the white of the sides of the neck meets on the median line. The condition of the dorsal crest is exceedingly variable; in some specimens it is practically absent, in others irregular and patchy, \ little developed in the region of the nape and withers when- in other specimens it is I spicuous. A young female from 51813), a< noted Sjbo ds all the others in the prominence of the dorsal crest, and although less than half grown has the pelage very V and full, and its contrasting deep black and clear white coloration rem it one of the moat beautiful and striking specimens <»f the whole sa young specimens in the soft first pelage resemble the adults of their e color phases in the pattern of markings, but the colors are less intense, the black being brownish black and the markings ar< ply defined. The following table of cranial measurements in eludes soven skulls from Niapu and two from Akenge. Three skulls of the Xiapu series have the cusps of the cheek-teeth slightly worn, being from specimens of early middle-aged individuals. The oldest skull of the seven from Niapu is also the smallest. The single female skull, in which the teeth show no wear, is above the average size of the males, and one of the three largest of the series. The variation in cranial characters due to age in two male skulls from Akenge is shown in Figs. 12-14. No. 51818 (Figs. 12 and 14A) is a young male in which the permanent dentition is fully developed but the 1924] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 115 Collectors' Measureme 3 tult Males of Ciicttictis civetta orientaHs Cat Locality ToUl Length Head and Body Tail Hind Foot Ear Niapu 1295 830 465 150 55 II LMO 850 390 135 57 U 1360 520 140 50 M 1255 170 133 50 II 1280 850 430 132 52 -11 M 1350 845 505 140 55 517 Akenge 1350 870 480 143 56 Average 7cf 1304 840 466 139 64 f Nine Adult Skulls * i of ■ dis civetta orientalis Cat. No. Sex Locality 31 B O £.3 I] 1 3« h Z. ~k j 51805 51803 >08 -11 :.i; Average & d restricted. This fortunately is not difficult, since the pri> the nan ivette of Buffon and DaiuVnton. t be ginal description and plate of which were based <>n a spirit specimen obtained in Guinea. Schrebt ra cir>tta- should be construed as led primarily on the dcacription and figure of Buffon and Daubenton's Ha t>eing a well executed and duly redited copy of Buffon and Daubenton's plate. His description ol V. j to have been taken from a specimen from an unknown iKty, which may or may not probably not) have been referable to the Guinea form. As the specimen was without indicated locality, and the scription i< indeterminate, it seems proper to restrict the name Ha to the original "Civette designate. In fact, in Schrei- list of the pi - ireD as on the plate, he ascribes the name Eta to Buffon -Viverra civetta BUFF.") citing "Buff. IX. for the original of the pla( IT* poortmanm of Pucheran was described briefly in 1855* civ. with a colored figure, a few years later.4 The later liption i- based on the original type, BO immature spirits specimen. miiii. in total length, with only the milk dentition. The colored plate lult in the Pari- ie, which be states had '■ livi: 1851 . but the locality of its origin is not stated, although probably th< .' Thus the type, and probably the figured spi of V. poortmam doubtless from the Bame district (French Puch< -ription and figui trikingly in accord in with Buffon and Daubenton's description and figure of th<- < 'ivette. ! mnecUon Pucheran compare- In- < taboos -! with fi\ Museum, all from unknown localn He found them t 1«- in coloration that only two were -imilar ••» which »Civ«* tr [da Guinr«| Buffon and Daubanu i.13-342 on. Knroye iu Mu»> ur ranncnr 4 notra travail arturl'' Km- n/ . p 108). 118 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. XI.VII fact he directs the attention of zoologists as a matter demanding farther •stigation. He relied, in separating the Congo form from the common i , upon a character he believed to be constant, namely, the lim tion of the black of the cheeks to the region of the eyes, leaving the, top of the nose yellowish white, whereas in all the other specimens the black check-patches were broadly confluent across the i ose. Hit plate agrees in this respect with Buffon's, a resemblance which he acknowl- edges, but finding certain discrepancies between Daubenton's and Schreber's descriptions he raises the question as to which of the two should 1*' taken as the basis of the name Viverra civetta} Fir decides in favor of Sohreber, ignoring the fact that Buffon's plate unquestionably (as he admits) displays the character on which his poorti ■entiafly rests, that the tyjK' of Burton's civette and the type of poortinanni came from practically the same place, and that Schreber's plate, "si semhlable a celle de Buffon." was a copy of Buffon's, and that the specific designa- tion n'rttlti was a Latin rendering of Buffon's name civet ft. It is hence : 'lit that Viverra poortmunni Pueheran should be construed as a synonym of Viverra civetta Schreber. The only other described form of the civetta, so far as I am aware, is Matschie's Viverra civetta orientalis, described in 1891,1 from Bagamojo, Zanzibar, to which the author later referred specimens from other parts of the I .erman East Africa.* This form is readily distin- guishable from ( rin tin civetta of the equatorial west coast of Africa by the face pattern alone, the black of the cheeks in orieniaUt uniting above to form a continuous broad band across the nose. In this respect the present large series of specimens from the Rain Forest of the Upper Congo agrees with orientali. It is hardly probable, however, that they will prove to be quite the same. The description of orientalis seems to imply that the coast form of German East Africa is paler than the form from the Rain Forest belt of the Upper Congo, as would be expected from the differences in environment. In view, however, of the wide range of variation in color of the ( !ongO series, indicated above, the alleged characters of orientalis, aside from the face pattern, fail to be diagnostic. The extent to which the two forms differ can be determined only by comparison of adequate series from the two regions. At this writing no specimens from the type region of orientalis are available for examination. _^— * ■He also points out a di* repamy between Daubenton's description and plate, through an obvious lapsus, "lee chauirein " being given as black like the cheeks, etc., instead of whitish as represented in the plate ■Viverra ei**Ua orientalit Matschie, 1891. Arch, fur Naturg., Bd. I, pp. 352, 353. •Matachie, 1895, ' Die SAugethiere Deutsch-Ost^Afrikas,' p. 72, Fig. 40. 1924] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 1 19 Genetta < )ken 1M6, 'Lehrb. Naturp.,' Theil 3, Abth. 2, p. 1010. Type, by tautonyinv, Viverra genetta Linnaeus. Genetta pardina fieldiana Du Chaillu Plates XIV, Figure I; XV, Figure 2; and Text Figures 16, 20A Genetta pardina I. Geoffroy, 1832, Mag. de Zool., CI. I, PI. vm and related text. Interii >r i >f Senegal. In part, as recognized by various later authors. etta fieldiana Du Chaillu, 1860, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, No- vemb ^61), p. 302. Interior of Gaboon. / Genetta atuhlmanni Thomas (not of Matschie), 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., : Medje (3), Poko (7 specimens). The present form differs from G. stuhlmanni Matschie, with authen- mens of which it has been compared, in having the dark markings of tin- upj)erparts narrower and more confluent and lighter colored (much less blackish . feet (PI. XIV, fig. 1). nted by 46 specimens, of which 24 are adult and 22 are im- mature, collected as follow :i, 1 ( 9 nearly adult), December 15, 1911. radje, 18 (6 d\ 12 9-9 adult, 9 juvenile), March 5-29, 1911; April 29, December 22, 1912. a, 3 ( 9 , all juvenile), December 18, 1910. A!-, all d\ 2 adult, 2 juvenile), October 9, 14, 19, 24, 1913. Niapu, 1 (cf adult), January 9, 1914. Medje, 17 (10 ci", 7 9), January 25, April 8, 26, May 28, June 26, 28, July 10, 12. 1 \: 26, August 10, 30, September 22, 26, October 10, 1910. Icubi, l : juvenile), October 31, 1909. nleyviOe, 1 (\ nn.l Agr 3I5 IP 31! 51710 »61712 •51709 •51541 Average Minimum mum >51518 ad. ad. ad. old ad. old ad. ad. of the dorsal area. Tin led by five specimens, which have a total length of about 270 to 285 mm. In two other- total length about tO mm. J the pelage is a little longer, and the dark marking- are a little blacker. In three others somewhat farther advanced (total length the coloration i< still similar to that of the early stages, hut the p less woolly through replacement or by lengthening of the overlying hair, and the Mack markings are in stronger contrast with the ground color. In the largest of the three the ground color is heginnn ime a distinctly huffy tone, and the light tailorings are nearh t- dear white above as below. 'Medje. »Far*dje. »8Unleyville. «.Vi*pu. Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 1 J 1 In the • ge available, represented by six half-grown specimens il length 115 to aboul 150 mm., with one 175 mm. long), the pelage - to have been nearly (in the younger) or fully (in the older oi wed, the 'lull gray of the ground color having I »« -« - r i replaced by deep buff, and in some of them there is a mixture of rufous hatn in the other- ly black markings of the upperparts. In the older Bpeeimene this group the adult coloration has been fully acquired without, how- r, any modification of the pattern. The milk dentition has become mature, except that the first premolar has not pierced the gum, and there 0 visible indication of the first molar (Nos. 51068 and 51516). The change from tin ly stage to the condition of maturity is thus very gradual and occur- with evidence of its acquisition by a progressive change and not by a single abrupt transition. Neither in the younger - there a marked individuality in specimen- of the same age, as occur- bo markedly among adult-. This specie-, like it- congeners, presents, when adult, a wide range purely individual variation, not only in size and coloration but in lal char.: i in the teeth, especially in the -i/e and form of m-'. The variations in -i/e. both externally and in the skull, are indicated in a general way in the measurements given above. In coloration the .ttion from the norm is toward, on the one hand, an extreme gray phase with blackish markings, on the other, a rufous phase with dV brownish ImfT instead of a gray ground color and dark brown markings black strongly mixed with rufous). The dark tail-rim:.- are black or ■kish in both; the tight tail-rinii- are much lighter in the gray than in the rufous extreme, being white or whitish in the former and strongly suffused above with pale rufous in the latter. The light tail-rings are usually -even, hut van- in number from six to eight, besides imal half ring, broken ly the Mack of the up|>er side of the apical 1 Ion of the tail. The light rings are usually much broader on the sides irface of the tail than on the mid-dorsal line, where in some nearly obsolei tally beyond the fourth from the base. The light ring \i-ionallv a- wide BS the adjoining darl ut usually somewhat narrower, and frequently only about ftdth of the dark ones. The Mack tail tip vane- in extent pom the last full light ring on the dorsal side from 70 to i*><> mm. in one specimen 220 nun The more prominent markitms are a heavy continuoii- dark stripe either side of the neck from the top of the bead to ju-t behind the fore- arm* IT. XIV, tiLr. i and XV, B| da median dark, broad, solid 122 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History IVol. X I \ 1 1 dorsal band from the Aouldari t<> the baee rifthetaiL This hand is lv black, but mora commonly with a mixture «>f rufous, de- pending upon tbi rythriem characterising the genera] colora- tion. 'I'hi> i- further emphasised l>y the hairs oompoeing it being longer tlian the adjoining pek g, 16. Genettu pardina Ji eldiama (No. 51541). A, palmar 8urhi<<- of left fore foot; B, plantar surface uf lift hind foot. Natural h/<\ The color of the underparts varies in correlation with that of the sides and back. 1>< in^ dingy gray in specimens having the ground color of the upperpaits dear gray, and yellowish buff in thoee with rufous upperparte. In both typee the dusky blotches on the oheet vary greatly in number, size, and distinctness in different sjx'cimons. In general the color pattern roeomblea that of 0. stuhhnanni Matschie. I>ut in the latter the dark markings are broader and more conspicuous. l>einj£ less confluent and more sharply outlined; the fore and hind limbs, and the feet especially, are much darker. It i< unnecessary to describe in detail the irregularities in the - number of rows and the arrangement of the spots on the sides of the IflBM] Alien, Congo Collection of Camivora 123 body, since they are more or less different in each specimen, and often different on the two sides of the same specimen. Neither is it necessary to more than note that the relative width of the light and dark tail-rings is exceedingly unstable and hence has no taxonomic value. Yet such inconstant features were once made the basis of an elaborate synopsis the species of the genus Genetta,1 noteworthy mainly for its puerility IV u >v ' 'enar central >ltal depression pads 1~ 5 »%< central depression tetacarpal jxitl internal proximal - -.. interdiijital pad* 1-5 metatarsal pad y> external proximal 1 7. Diagrams of: A, palmar surf :!<•<• of loft fore foot ; and B, plantar surface of left hind foot as found in genets. Though in general outline the diagrams represent the footpads of Genetta nctorist, they are applic- able to practically all the camirorea. and pernicious results. In the introductory comment to a six-page table for the determination of the species the author gives a list of the twenty- four species previously indicated, only one of which (a case where a species was intentionally renamed) is relegated to synonymy, while tan ones are added (besides two others indicated but not named). •me of the Dew forms are doubtless tenable, and can be identified from the brief indications of their characters, others are hopelessly in- rminable without recourse to the specimens on which lb based. In discussing individual and geographical variation he formulates several generalizations: (1) That the eolor and arrangement of the spots «1 W)2. ' Ueber die indiriduellen and geographiacben Abanderungen der Ginaterkataao.! By Paul Mataehie Varbaodl. V. Internal Zool. Congresa„ pp. 1 128-1 144. 1 col. pL 124 Bulletin American Muaeum ,,f \,,tural History \ ,.|. XLYII does not vary during t ho life of the same individual after tin- first re- newal <»f the pelage (contrary to ln> previous belief}, although ti may Ik- a variation in tone, correlated with season. (2i That then marked Benin] variation, females having a lighter ground color and darker marking than males. Una conclusion ia ihown to be Brroneoni by the large aeries, representing three ipeeiee, ooUeeted by the Amet Museum ( "onpo Expedition. < hi assorting the specimens into series on the basis of BOX, it ia found, in the case of each species, that the Bpeot- menfl having ■ li^ht ground color and dark maridnga are about equally divided between the Bexes, the Bpeoimens with a grayish ground color and black streaks and spots being aa frequently male- as females. (3 H< qualities this later by admitting that the color of the dorsal hands and spots varies less in some form- than in others and must therefore be I with discretion as a distinctive character. (4) "Ich unterscheide I :il Aiten von Ginsterkatsen [Genetta], deren Verbreitungsgebiete nur in gewisf oden etwaa flbereinander greifen." lie finds, how- • ry naturally i. that the darkest Bpecies, with the gn atest aumber of BpotS, live in forested regions and the lightest in open or de- count li» The genet recorded above as Genetta pardina fietdiana ia of course referable to the " pardina gTOUp," but the type Specimen of I. (ieofTroy'.- • tin pardina was a living specimen in the Baria sotitogica] gardena said to have been received from the interior of Senegal, and although his description and colored plate point to a genet of the genera] character of the present i ia hardly proper, on genera] principles, to apply unqualifiedly the name to the Upper Congo form of the group. The earliest name for any member of the group i> Genetta poensix Water- house 1 838 . but the insular character of the type locality again renders the name unsatisfactory in the present connection without confirmation by material from Fernando Po, which is unfortunately not available.2 ettafieldiana Du ( haillu isi .m the interior of Gaboon, which ■The following remarks by Hollister, published some three months after my studies of this group were prepared for publication, arc confirmatory of the above criticisms of Matschie's worthless key to the species of Gtnetta. Hollister says: "The characters given by Matschie. in his key to the species (of Genetta), to separate donaalana from neumanni are all absolutely valueless; the relative breadth of the light and dark rings on the tail differs in specimens collected the same day in the same camp and is greatly changed temporarily by renewal from the old long coat into fresh hair. This is well shown by our material (11 specimens). The numbers of dark and light rings on the tail are easily miscounted, and two persons will frequently count them differently on the same skin, owing to the obscurity of the dark basal rings, which may or may not be counted."— 1918. I". S. Nat \!n>. Mull. '.KJ. pt. 1, p 117. under Genetta donoalana nrurw; ■ 'Poeock's comment on the type of Genetta poentit (1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. II, pp 1030- 1041) seems to indicate that 0. poenti* is not really referable hna group, and that the type locality was probably not Fernando Po; in his opinion, the type of G. poen*i* Waterhouse and the other material treated in the paper in which poentit was described came " from Lower Nigeria or there- abouts." He further states that G. poenrit has not been recorded from that island since the publication of the original description. 1924) Allen, Congo Collection of Camivora 125 unquestionably refers to an animal of the pardin - therefore provi- <>f any of the various later names based on rom the < '<>! - - '>n. While tin- color pattern re- *' >h> in a general way that of 0. gtukUnanm Matschie, direct compari- with practically topotype material of stnhlmanni leads me to believe that th- - not satisfactorily referable to stnhlmanni, although the may phase of the Congo ferred to above indicates near relationship. Genetta servalina Pucheran Plates XIV, Figure 2: XV. Figure 1; and Text Figures 18, 19, 20B tta servalina Pccheran, 1855, Rev. Mag. ZooL, (2) VII, p. 154; 1858, Arch. .-=. X, p. 115, PI. x. Type locality, Gaboon. Itn beitoni Thomas (not of Thomas 19f)2.. 1915. Ann. Mag. Xat. Mist., B XVI, p 172. Moera I . Med je (I), Poko (2 specimens). Differs from Gt netta bettoni Thomas (based on a specimen from the i district, altitude 7600 feet, British East Africa, in much larger I somewhat different coloration. (Compared with a series of eight specimens of bettoni from near the type locality of that Bpeei ented by 54 specimens (29 o^, 24 9. l sex unknown, of which dull an adult femalei ipu: Il> .hI :ui.l Body Tail Vertebra- IImkI l'<«>t :,n js.-, n»i no inn |0 6 10 : ■Sistjr mile* north of Ni»n«»r». 126 Bulletin American Aftueum of Xnlurnl History \I.VII Measureim ■: . Adult Male and Ei^lit Adult Female Skulls of - tia mrvdUna from Ni.-ipu Cat. No. la 11 11 61580 Blfit 51967 51.r»71 511 Average Minimum Maximum c? adults fn»m Akenge (those of three others from this locality are not available) are appended, as follows: Cat. No. Locality Sex Total length llniil nnd Body Tail WrU-l>r:< Hind Foot Ear 61842 Medje cf 944 490 450 87 — 51543 it cf 975 :,Ki 465 92 46 61646 i< 9 840 146 395 80 42 61868 Akenfce 9 910 465 445 90 40 51556 M 9 975 490 485 95 41 LSM Allen, Congo Collection of Carnitiora 127 of Eight Adult Skulls of Genetta servalina fro m Medjeand Akenge I i>.-nlit\ Bm - - i 3* " - -- 3*5 111 Maxillary Toothrow (p' i Breach!, Lwl rbital Breadth I.IVl.-t PoatorbiUl Brca.lili II of the t:iil an- usually complete rings, l>ut occasionally tin- last apical ring is not quite closed above, and is also sometimes a double ring as Been from above, being divided into two by the intrusion of Mark. The light rings, counted from below, usually are ten in number, but almost as frequently eleven occur, ami in exeep- tional cases they vary to nine or twelve. Thua by actual count of twenty- nine specimens fifteen had ten white rings, ten had eleven, two had twelve, and two Othera only nine. The extreme tip of the tail is brown for about an inch, varying in different sjx»ciinens from light wood-browi blacki-h brown, the light tip being preceded by a black ring. The white '"/. P:ilat:il view of skull of adult Din showing :i raperaumerary molar (m1) on each >i merely the light or grayish phase of his G. servaKna, the types of both being from the same locality and collector (Gaboon, Aubry Leoomte).1 It i- probable that a direct comparison of the present series with a similar "in the Gaboon would show the need of a distinctive name for the Upper < mil That the latter is not referable to t. Ak. Handl., I.VIII. No. 2, September 1. pp. 56-60), in which G. tertalina, G aubryn' beUoni, etc., are considered, mainly on the basis of the literature of the croup. For a specimen from Ma- rin, near Lake Kivu, and two specimens from Beni, one a young male, he provisionally proposes the name Genetta tertalina inlenta (toe. cit., p. 59, in text), on account of their "more pronounced pattern" of color markings. Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora L28 . from tlir high plateau region of British East Africa, is made evi- i by direct comparison with a series of eight specimens from near the type locality of ftettof While there is in general effect a resemblance in coloration, there is a marked difference in certain details, bettoni having only nine light tail-rings instead of ten or eleven, as in servalina. In ral coloration bettoni is decidedly darker, especially on the feet and underparts, and the ground color is a deeper and more intense \... 51560 \. palmar larfftce of left Ion f<*>t: B, plnii- ft bind ff the teeth. In features other than size the skulls differ but little in structural details. Genetta stuhlmanni Matschie Genetta pardina Matschie, 1895, 'Saugethiere Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas,' pp. 73, 146. Part. Genetta atuhlmanni Matschie, 1902, Verhandl. V. Internat. Zool. Congress., p. 1142. Bukoba, Uganda. presented by one specimen, skin and skull, collected and kindly 1 to the Congo Expedition by Dr. J. Bequaert. It was taken near Lake Kivu. This specimen is from the type region of the species. The ground color of the upperparts is gray, with a faint buff}' tone on the flanks. The spoil and bands are intense black and very broad without any mixture of rufous hairs. The light tail-bands are narrow, only about half as wide as the intervening black rings; they number only four, are ngly defined oil the ventral side of the tail, but only obscurely in- dicated above. The apical two-thirds of the tail is wholly black, ex< for a slight indication of a fifth light ring on the lower surface. The foreneck is gray, the rest of the ventral area washed with huffy, strong- it erally. This specimen differs strikingly from the large Congo series recorded pardina en from the gray specimens of that series, in the greater breadth and intense blackness of the dark spots and bands. Ay resemMes the gra *tuhlmanni from British East Africa, its long black tail-tip being probably merely an indi- vidual peculiarity. Genetta, victorias Thomas Plates XVI ; Will uur. l ; and Text Figures 17, 22, 23 C-D, 24B, 26B, 27, 28B and D, 29B and D, 30B, SI BB Genetta victari* Thomas, 1901 adon, II. p. 87, PI. v (colored). locality, "Intebbe, Uganda" (-« Type, a skin without skull. ■ tta victon* Thomas and Wrouohton, 1910, Tians. Zool. Boa London, \ I V rah, p. 494. Avakubi, 1 specimen, flat skin without skull. 132 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XLYII Genetta victorue Thomas, 1915, Ann. Hist., (8) X\ I. I m bar, p, 171. Moan 1 , Mawambi (1), Peli-Peli (near St.M nl. -vvillc | 1 speeniMn), Bslgfaa Congo. Represented by 30 specimens (21 adult, mostly males) collected as follows : uge, 1 (d* adult), September 29, 1913. Medje, 3 (1 d" adult, 2 native-made skins, without skulls), April 10, 1910. Niapu, 24 (19 cf, 5 9), November 13-30, December 1-31. 1913; January :,. 23, L914. Also 2 native-made skins, wit limit field data or -kull<. Collectors' measurements of 18 adults (13 males, 5 females) from Niapu: Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind] Ear 13d" 1017(983-1060) 573^560-600) HI 128 180 101 LOO 105 48.0(45.52) 5 9 1019(965-1060) 573(550-595) 448(415-490) 100(98-103) 46.8(45.50) Genetta victorias was originally l>ased on a single specimen collected by Sir Ban? Johnston in thi Forest, on tin- Bemliki River,1 a skin without skull or field measurements. Three specimens have sinoe been recorded (loc. cit., supra) from the Belgian Congo, but without comment. The present series of thirty specimens was collected mainly ■ nty-four specimens at Niapu with -i\ from oeighboring Localit as always in the case of our Congo Expedition mammals, they carry full held data and arc in excellent condition. It has seemed desirable there- fore to make liberal use of this magnificent material, representing tin- largest and handsomest, as well a- one of the least known, species of the genu '".* The NiapU Specimens are nearly all adult none retain- the milk dentition) and by singular chance the males outnumber the females more than three to one. They were all collected in November and December, 1913, except two, taken the following January. They thus form an excelleni for illustrating the normal range of individual variation in the specs !8ir Hairy states (1902 . 'The Uganda Protectorate.' I. p. 205): "I am sure that this north- eastern portion of the Congo Forest contains many strange or little-known mammals, birds, and inserts. Besides theokapi. . . we obtained the skin of a remarkable new nonet-cat. This I took at the time to be a but it turns out on examination to be a large new species of genet. It was named by Mr. Oldfield Thomas Oenttla wictorix. This genet was obtained from a very dense part of the forest [on the Semliki River]." Hence net at Kntebbe. situated far to the eastward in Uganda, on the northern shore of Lake Victoria, the type locality given in the original description. The skull is figured on pp. 137-138 (Pigs. 22, 23C-D, and 24B) in comparison with the type akull of the new genua O»bornietis on pp. 136, 138 (Figs. 21. 23 A-B, and 24 A. 1984] Allen, Congo Collection of Camivora 133 \ lult Male and Four Adult Female Skulls of Genetta vidorise from Niapu Car Sex !vlo- Length it 11 m Maxillary Toothrow "a U lx m 5.c HI — H 113 d" 115 i 56.4 34 0 37.5 18 7 36.2 115 cf 111.8 53.1 32 1 35.6 58 5 17 7 16 8 34.9 51416 cf 109 4 52.8 30.9 17 4 33.2 :.i us oth fore and hind, are intense black, usually paling to dark brown on the feet. The jM'lage is long and thick, and when unworn the hairs on the back have a length of 30 to 40 mm., and on the tail often attain a length of 50 nun. The intensity of the broad black bands and the sharp definition of the black spots in a tawny setting render this species one of the most beautiful of mammals, especially in exceptionally high-colored examples with deep ochraceous mid-dorsal ground color. An interesting feature, in addition to its striking coloration, its thick tail, and large size, which so markedly distinguish it from its con- geners, is the presence of* a nuchal crest, occasionally extending pos- teriorly as far as the middle of the back, but usually not beyond the shoulders. This crest is not a simple broad line of black but is composite, consisting of a narrow median line of the ochraceous ground color flanked on either side by a narrow line of black, and outside of these by two wider 1924) Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 135 bands of the ground color. The hair of the outer ochraceous bands is longer and more rigid than that of the throe narrower middle bands, and i> directed inward and close over and more or less conceals the three middle bands; the five bands collectively form the crest and fully occupy >pace between the broad black neck bands, present in most species of the genus. In "made-up" or "stuffed" skins the nuchal crest is not usually conspicuous but can be readily detected once attention has I to its presence, nor can its composite character be always !y made out from such material. In soft-tanned skins its whole structure and relations are perfectly evident. While what looks like a low nuchal crest is more or less obvious in most of the specimens, I did not at 6 it serious attention, supposing it to be due to displace- ment of the pelage in the preparation of the skin, or perhaps to a fold in the skin, till my attention was especially directed to it by Mr. Lang as a distinctive feature of the species. Osbornictis J. A. Allen1 Osbornictis J. A. AlXEN, 1019, Journ. Mammalogy, I, No. 1. November 28, p. . j><\ by original designation, Osbornictis piscivora J. A. Allen. 1 long and lightly built; dentition of generally frailer appearance than in . canines more curved and slender, greater diastemata remolars, pm 2 and 3 with high trenchant central cusps, molars greatly redn tal and lambdoid crests and postorbital processes highly develo]>ed \ and C Rhinarium small, without a median sulcus. Soles and palms •urred as in Ot nttta and allied genera. Color of upper side of body nearly uniform ch— taut-brown; head-markings white; tail black; wholly without the black I hands so characteristic of the other Yiverrina> (Ft XVIII Habits I ttornictis agrees closely in size with Qtnetta vidorim, the largest of with which the principal comparisona have been made. The Accompanying comparative figures of the skulls, rhinaria, and render easily appreciable the important morphological differences. may be called t<. boom of the cranial peculiarities of idta, as: (1) the short extension of the !he in front of the oanini 21, 22, 23); (2) the greater •:il expansion of the brainca 22C); (3) the irreat lopmetit of the poatorbtta] processes; (4) the heavy structure and hinh arching of t1 \. 22 \ : (5) the extreme narrow- ness of tin- palatal region Figs -MB, 22B); (6) the great reduction in sise of the teeth and compensating increase in length of the diastemata rd for ProfMMr Henry Fairfield Oaborn. President of The American Muaeum of Natural History, whoa* interact in the American Muaeum Conco Expedition contributed greatly toite ■uoraas in the field and Inter to the early publication of iU ariantiftc rasulte. lie. 21. OsbornictU jriscivora. Ty|K> skull, adult male (No. 51514). A, lateral view; B. palatal view; C, dorsal view. Natural ue Ml victmi,. Skull gf adult male (No. 51480). A, lateral virw; B, palatal view; C, dorsal v iral site. vm Fin. 28. A. lateral view of left mandible of Osbornictis piscivora (I 51514 ; B, crown view of left lower dentition of same; C. lateral view ofleft mandible of Oenttta rictori* (No. 51 130); D, crown view of left lower dentition of ■ Natural nu 24. Left half of dentition in occlusion. A, Osbornictis piscivora (1 No. 51514); B, Genetia victorise. Natural size. Fip. 25. Rhinarium. A, Oshornictis piscivorn (1 14); B, 'icnettn rictori.r. Natural size. - ■- 140 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XI. VII (Figs. 21A-B, 22A-B, 23, 24); (7) slenderness of mandible and reduced size of coronoid process (Figs. 23 A and C). Further may be noted (8) the small size of the rhinariuni and absence of a median sulcus (Figs. 25A and B); (9) the naked palms and soles (Figs. 26 and 27); and (10) tl )<• abbreviated rostrum — adaptive characters correlated with piscivorous habits, further specialized in the Lutrinse. a D Fig. 28. Comparative views of right calcaneum of: A, Osbornictis piscivora (a, I ii.il l.-iti ml view ; a*, plantar surface; a", dorsal surface); and B, Genetta vic- lorue (6, externa] lateral view; V, plantar surface; b", dorsal surface). Comparative views of dorsal surface of right astragalus of: C, Osbornictis ■piscivora; and D, Genetta victorix. X%. fa, facet for articulation with astragalus; h. head ; Ip, leaver process ; n, neck. Osbornictis piscivora J. A. Allen Plates XVIII. XIX: end Text Figures 21. 23A and B, 24A, 25A, 26, 28A and C, 29A and C, 30A, 31 A, 32A, 33A Osbornictis piscivora J . A. Ai.i.kn. 1919, Journ. Mammalogy, I. No. I, November 28, p. 26. 5151 » " adult, Niapu. Belgian Congo, December 1, 1913; Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin. American Museum Congo Expedition. Orig. No. 2147. Skin and complete skeleton. I8M] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 141 - rnal measurements about as in Genetta victorix Thomas, but soles and palms naked (Fig. 26), and coloration radically different; skull lighter built, dentition weaker, but generally sharper-edged (Figs. 21A, 23). I "purparts of body uniform dark 1 :> U : B. t he same of < Unix (No. 51406) ; C, external view of right radius and ulna of 0. piscivora; D, the sain* ural sixc. •e. external condyle ; mc, entepicondylar foramen ; «r, ectocondyUr ridge; It, internal condyle; tne. intercondylar foramen: ro. radiua; (r, trochlea; ul, ulna. •terioriy, and laterally to the, eyes, pale fuscous brown with a tini; reddi>h. broken h> :i pair of elongated spot* of dear white between ti <1«'ot just below the anterior •birds ..f i rly hl.-u ki-h. whieh Oolot extendi im-ad 0Y» the lateral thir.l 01 of the < Town; <:irs n. arlv naked internally and i-dged with lori(i whin-h hairv; .Inn and throat white. panting into brownish posteriorly with Fig. 31 Fig. 32 30. External view of right acapnia of: A, Oslxrrnictis piscivora (1 51614; I in if hill. pi^ivorous); B, Ch ■ ".1406; partly terrestrial, partly arl>oreal; carnivorous); and C, Nandinin binotaia (No. 5146'.*: chiefly arboreal, i. nt etimber; carnivorous and partly vegetable feeder). Natural size. ae. acromion; c, coraeoid; /, fenestra: m, metacromion ; pr, prescapular foaaa; pt, postaeapular foaaa; «6, suprascapular border. Fig. 31. I^'ft lateral view of axis. A. OtborniefU pi* Nb. 51514); and B, GenrWi So. 51406). Natural - co, caudal articular surface; cea, cephalic articular surface; o, odontoid process; pt, postsygapo* pbysia; », spinous process; t. transverse process; r. vertebrartcrial canal. Fig lateral view of first three dorsal vertebra. A. Osbornictis piscivora .51514); B, GeneUa victori* (No. 51406). Natural size. 142 Allen, Congo Collection of Camivora 143 the foreneck; tail entirely without simulations, ' i with lmiu black hail in. in length, the heavy underfur pale brownish -'5-30 mm. in length; fore and hind limbs dark, slightly nifeecent brown, paasine into blackish br< wn on upper rarfa< e oi f« et. fa /"IS pehrifl region with the last lumbar, the sacral and rtebne in place. A, Oabornictis •piscirora (Type, No. 51.r>l \ ; itUa victori* (No. 51406). Natural a. acetabulum; ab. acetabular border: ra, first caudal vertebra; il, ilia, nurface; u. ischial region ; A) simila: ' rnrtta vidorix (Fig. 2.1U). Soke and pain naked, tl .•nrloeed norser»ar use fur, as in Genrfta (Fig. 27) ami < 15), with the al pad greatly elongated as in '■ Pelage long ami dense, that of the that oi the moat i i d Btainpii ■ '■>rue. i I » I lletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol X I.\ 1 1 Reprenented by the adult male tvjM- skin atui complete Aaletaa)and«i bnper- frit native-made skin without skull, feet, nr tail ), from neighborhood of Bafwabaka, similar to the type in coloration, length of ImkIv, ami in li< ad-markings, except that tli<- latter are yellowish through ttaining rnetrteri >>f wh UectOft1 measurements : Total length, 910 mm. (about the aver- age for C Victoria)', head and body, 495; tail vertebra, 415; hind foot, 90; ear, 11. skull, greatest length, ios.n 118.7)*; oondyloinoleiTe length, 106 110); ]>alatal length, 51.9 (52.9); maxillary toothrow p'-mJ), 36.8 (36.0); tygomatfa breadth, (56> : lead bterorbttal breadth, 15.4 18.2); least postorbital breadth, 13.1 (l across jH)storhital processes, 30.6 (24.8); breadth of brainease, 35 (33.8); palatal breadth outside to out.-ide of posterior edge of p4), 28.6 (32.9); breadth of rostrum :it i>:. 16.2 I7u : breadth of meenpterygoid fooea, ootnide, 8.1 r_' ; ineWve breadth (base of incisors), 8.0(10.2); breadth at base of canines, 16.8 (19); greatest (oblique) length of p*, [0.1 (10.7 breadth of p*, 5.2(6.2); greatest breadth u • Of ur. 7.1 (8.9); m», 2.3X1.1 (5.0X3.1 |j length of mandibular ramus .sym- phyaii to posterior border of condyle), 75 (75) ; angle to coronoid, 25.4 (28.8); length of toothrow pi-m2, 40.3 (80); Hi* length 2.7X width 2.4 (5.1X3.9). It it >iinil;ir in skeletal eharaeters to (it rut/a rirtnn'sr, except that the I Mine- a re slenderer. The linear measurement- of the limb bones are practi- cally the same in Osbornict/s and 0. rirtorix'm adult male skeletons of com- parable ages, but the bones are far more massive in the latter, or about one-third heavier (Fig. 29). The same is true of the ribs and vertebrae (Figs. 31, 32, 33). The scapula (Fig. 30), atlas and pel 33) are especially weak in (hbornidu in comparison with 0. rictorix. The BOapuln of Oshm > lighl and thin with large vacuities in both the pre- and poBtscapular fosse, with translucent adjoining areas due to the thinness of the bone. The iygapophj8ea <>f the atlas also have similar translucent areas. (kbamieUs has twelve pairs of ribs and twenty-five caudal vertebra-, 0. rictorw thirteen pairs of ribs and twenty-six caudal vertebra-. The number might vary, however, in other individuals of eithei poiana Gra Poiana Omxr, 1854, Proe Zool. Boc, London, p. 530, figs. (p. 521, ■fcull). by mouotypy, Linsang richardsoni Gerrard. Poiana richardsoni ochracea Thomas and WlOUghton Platei XVII. figure 2; XX. figure L; and Tex< figure* 20C, .,. Poiana richardsoni ochract a Thmm \> \m> Wkhk.ht'A, 1907, Ann. M:it; Nat. Hi-i . 7 \ix. May, p. 372. T> jm- locality, near Yambuya, Arawimi River, Belgian I vim* a flat skin without skull. 'The measurements in parentheses are of a large male of corresponding age (No. 51432) of OrnHta tidorir, for comparison. Poiana richardtoni ochracea. Skull of subadult male (No. 51439). A, lat. nil vi. w; B, palatal view; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view of left niandil>l< crown view of left lower dent it i. >u X %. Ml 146 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History \I.\II Etspn tented by four males, taken as follows: Akenge, i: I October 25, 11 Niapu. i : November 1 1. 101 1. \l.dje. 2; March 8, L910; April 3, 191 I. Tin- Niapu specimen i< young, still retaining the entire milk denti- tion, but tin- crown of the firri molar is breaking through the gum. One of the Medje s|x •eimens is fully adult; the other has acquired the jx'rnia- nent dentition, hut the canines are only half-grown, and the milk canines are still present at the posterior base of their successors. The skull of the Akenge specimen is figured (Fig. 34). < ( Electors' measurements of the 4 specimens : Cat. No. .".I HI :,1 Jin Sex and Age o* adult ■d" juvenile1 d" juvenile* cf juvenile* Locality Medje « Niapu Akenge Total Length 712 685 588 606 Head anil Body 332 330 288 321 Tail 380 355 300 374 Hind Foot 64 61 53 62 Ear 36 36 31 33 a\ * (J Fig. 35. Poiana richardsoni ochracea (No. 51439). A, palmar surface of left fore foot; B, plantar surface of left hind foot. Natural size. The two skulls from Medje measure as follows: Condyloincisive length, cT adult 65.2, o" subftdull 82.7; palatal length, 31.7, 28.7; ■Full permanent dentition present, but milk raninee not ahed. 'Milk dentition fully present, first molar breaking through the gum. »8ubadult. Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 147 throw p-in1 . 19. 1. 19.2; palatal breadth (outside to out - of p4), 1S.5, l^.f); zygomatic breadth, 34.1, 31.3; least interorbital breadth, 10.3,8.4; least post orbital breadth, 13.9, 11.3; greatest breadth braincase, 24.5, 2:i.7. These four specimens agree well in coloration with the description I* of ochracea, a flat skin without skull, from Yambuya, Aruwimi Riv. I by Pocock2 in 1907 to be the only known specimen of the They vary somewhat in coloration, the two from Medje ami the Niapu specimen having the ground color much deeper and more How than the specimen from Akenge (Pis. XVII, fig. 2 and XX, tip. Fandinia Gray rtm'a Gray, 1M:>. 'List ofSperimau Mamm. Brit. Mus.,' pp. xx, 54; 1864, Ixmdon, p. 529. Type, by monotypy, Viverra hinolata Gray. Nandinia binotata (Gray) Plat., XX. 1 ignn J: XXI: and Text Figures 30C, 36-38 inu.inlt. Ms. , 1830, 'Spic. Zool.,' II, p. 9. Type i. Africa. iota Gray, 184 5Jp< '-miens Mamm. Brit. Mus.,' p. 54; ndon, p. ">30. 4a 1 1 1044. Us Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XI.VII Collectors' measurements of 18 adult specimens (7 males, 11 females) from Niapu: Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Foot Ear 06 d" ad. 94.6 L6 i 27.7 28.5 53.8 26.7 31.9 61607 d"old 105.1 48.7 32.1 30.6 59.8 28.2 32.2 51508 o* ad. 97 6 43.9 30.6 27.8 58.7 32.1 -.1 .-,12 o" old 100.0 48.0 31.6 08 B 58.6 Average 8 - (No. 61512). A, lateral view; B, palatal view; C, dorsal view. Natural aise. M«. 1 50 Bulletin A merican Museum of Xaturoi History X I . \ 1 1 Measurements of ten adult skull- from Akenge and of >i\ from Med jo : Condyloba&al Length Zygomatic Breadth 4 o*. 97.1(93.5-102.5) 55.9 (50.7-< 69, 95. s 16 7 :,i 2 17 2 56 2 2 ot- i> present but less prominent and paler than in older PLb \\. fig. 2 and XXI, fig. 2). The series of fourt young, ranging in age from nurslings to subadult, present a very uniform loration. the undeipart< being yellowish-washed and the ground color of the unperparts varying from grayish browi reddish brown or "wood brown." The range of variation i-. in effect, much less than among adults. They merge in coloration into f s of adults without break in the transition at any stage. The extreme phases in adults are. for the ground color of the upper- par' tly suffused with pale buff to ochraoeous tawny, and for the iui rings, forming irregular spots and blotches rather than annulations. The irregularities are so great that their number and char- acter fail to be of diagnostic value. Nandinia binotata arborea Heller proves on comparison with the Congo series to be surprisingly different, through its pale general colora- tion, both above and below, the relative indistinctness and reduced size of the dark markings and much heavier tail. It seems to form a distinctly intermediate stage between N. binotata and N. geirardi, but not inti- mately related to either. 1924] A lien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 1 53 Herpestin®1 Tin' Berpestina? arc represented in the present < kmgo ( tafleetian by nine genera //< rpi -t< s, <;ur most serious nonienclatural problems usually have their origin in the methods and imperfect knowledge of the pioneers in natural history, and the ! subsequent compilers, striking examples of which are -down below, notably in the confusion of the two totally different b, the first described by Buffon and Daulxmton (1765), the second by F. < Jnvier 1826). The genera especially considered below, from | DOmenclaturaJ point of view, are Mutujns, Hi ij,i s(, .<, Atilax, and /'/; from a taxonomic point, ' ckut and OaiertUa. Also the ific names mungo and/osetafy*, and the notorious composite known in the literature of mammalogy as "Must, hi gtHen End." 1916, in a paper entitli-: .-riml Charm-tern of the Mont on— ' ' ongooae group to the rank of a fan vine hiareaeona t took noru: II. June. pp. 515- •ina, aawella he may be quite juatif ■ the mongooaea. I prefer for the preaent to - m a atrongty apecialieed Mbfai .1*. There nevertheleea rernaina a nomen- .Miahed my note, written mm two yeara before, on "The Generic Namea Mungot and H«rpaatat' (1019. J November 2* names were tenable, ainre although ... wa* the earlier name it in no aenae replaoea //#rp#ac*». Porork. in defending hi. new family irotidef eaya Hut .mce Hrrpr.i,., Umi preoccupied, no longer .tan.U for the typical mongooaee. Mungo. i. u^l inatcad Similarly. Mungot uur l.u taken tU place l.rpeatinw. dating from Gray. 1H60. ehouM gire place to Mungotin*. dating from Poco k, 1916. 154 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XI. VII La Man:: Buffon and Daulxn 'l'h«' introduction of the Dame Etfangouste i 1 1 1 « » natural history In tore dates from the publication of Volume XIII of BufTon's 'Hi-toire uaturelle, generate el particuliere, avec la description du Cabinet do in 1785. The generalities of thesubjeei were written by Buffon and the descriptions of the species by Daubenton, who doubtless was the supervisor of the preparation of the plates. In th instance all the then known animals now called mot were included under Mangouste-' by Buffon.'-' who believed there was only one and that the different kinds recognized by previous author- were merely varieties of it. The name mangouste was invented by Buffon, who thus explain- it- etymology in a footnole to the title of the article: "Man- gouste, mot derive* de Mangutia, nom de oei animal aux Indes." Buffon'l contribution of ten pages of text i- a summary and criticism of what had been written by previous authors about these animals; Daubent oil's two page- contain a very good description of the banded mongoose of Africa, based on a stuffed skin; the accompanying pli he states, was made from a living specimen received from M. le Chevaher d'Arcv. but no indication is given as to where this or any of the several other specimens he mentions having seen were obtained. On Daul ton'- contribution hinges the settlement of various important questions of nomenclature. [innssus, in the 1.758 edition of his 'Systems Natures' CI. p. 43) instituted the genus Vwerra, with five species, belonging to the two families ViverridsB and MustelidsB of later authors, of which threi pertain to the former and two to the latter. All the five species were Composite, but they have since been resolved into their specific elements and the original names in each oase conserved for one of them. All the references to mongooses were originally placed under the first hm ilium,, based primarily on the ichneumon of Egypt, for which this Specific name is properly retained. No material change was made in the L766 edition of this work (I. p. 63), all the citations being the same a- in the 1 7 68 edition, except that the question was raised a- to whether the unntqo of India might not be a different -pecie< from the Egyptian ichneumon* The next work of nomendatural importance in this connection i- Gmetin's edition of the Linnean 'Systems Nature,' the first volume of 'This diaouamon was published in part under the caption 'The Generic Name* Mungot and Her- petUt.' 1910, .Tourn. Mammnlofcv. I. No. 1. N -. pp. 27-31. \ III. pp. 150-159 (by Buffon). pp. 160-162. PI. xix (by Daubenton). Mungo B mmiUtma minor, glaum; an specie dirersa7 " Allen, Congo Collection of Camivora 1 .">."> which, containing the mammals,' was published in 1788, in which (pp.84-86) five species of mongoose were recognized, the second of which, ttra mungo, is the only one especially related to the present discus- Viverra mungo, although composite, was primarily based on the mongoose of Africa, although its habitat is given as India,1 and to various Asiatic species are included in the citations of authors under this name. As no diagnosis is given by which the species be recognized it must be determined by the first identifiable reference, happens, is "Schreber Saugthiere, III. p. 430. t. < \\ I. A. VI. K" Schreber'a plate cxvi is an accredited copy of Buffon's figure of " La Mangou>te."- Buffon and Daubenton supposed that their imens came from India, but as already stated, no definite place of origin is given for any of the several specimens mentioned by them, ce for many lffon's "La Mangouste" was believed to be an In- i ies. For nearly a century, however, it has been recognized that Daulxnton's plate and description were really based on the banded moi currently known in technical literature as Cross- arch u» fnsciatus (Desmarest). In 1803 1 ' la tTroy, in his 'Catalogue des Mammiferes du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle' (Paris), redescribed "La Mangouste" of Buffon and Daubenton from the specimen which served as the basis of the iption, under the designation "La Mangouste de l'lnde. Jchnfuuion mungo." giving the distinctive characters as "Pelage varie" lie name mtmfO was not "classical." Eh ti Hcn»»l». Penia. ftlUaqu* Aaim ealidioriboa pUcia " I B. The firat rc/eranr« u " 1'iivrra Ichnrumon H «H in th« li»t of pUu. (p. iM7) m from ' Buffon Mil l 19" 1 •">• • Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol X I ,V 1 1 repeats the geographical nor; *' La mangouste a bandei est perticul a llnde." Fischer 1 1829, 'Syn. Mamm.,' p. 163), six years later, under ManguMo m u ngo, says: "Hal>. in India orientali." In fact, the real habitat of La afangouste, alias Mangouste a bandes, was first mad. known by Ogilby in 1835, when in an account of a collect ion of mammals collected in Gambia (1835, Proc. ZodL Boo. London, p. KH I, he n " Mr. Rendafl has brought ovei s| «eJ mens of two Herpestes, one of which, the Hirpeste8 Mongo* of Linmeus, very well figured and described by Buffon Ili-t. Nat., torn. \iii. tab. '19). i to \»~ noticed, for the purpose of correcting the habitat of the species, which, upon Buffo authority, has hitherto been given as India, but which Mr. Kendall'- Specimens clearly show to be the west coast of Africa. The nii>take originally arose from Buffon's having identified the MangoUtU a bat the.-peci.--at present under consideration, wit h t he Monoosci Ktsmpfer, unquestionably an Indian si he Herpettet griseus of authoi and still commonly called by that name in l"pf>er India, where many natives and Europeans keep it in a senudomest ic state, for the pun of destroying vermin. . . ." Thomas, in 1SS2. in his important paper 'On the African Mungo. .- (Proc. Zi.nl. Sin'. London, pp. 59-93, PI. in) said, under ' BStM OflM (Inc. (•/(., p. 91): "This speoiee by its locality, and not ('. zebra, no doubt represents the early-known ' I7t;erra mungo,' which was said to come from the ' East Indie-.' Xo eross otriped Mum however, known from India, and the original specimens must have been ob- tained from the Cape. All the specimens with exact localities ths have nen come from t he eastern parts of the ( 'olonv. and none from the Western; BO that we may suppose that its true range i- very similar to that of HerpuUS pubendmtUB. Probably, however, tame example- * Sometimes brought dmvn to Capetown, where they would be seen by the earlier travel Thomas was so fully convinced that the • rra mungo (unelin i- the Cro$tatthu8faaciatU8 of later writers t hat be felt called upon to explain in a footnote bifl reason for ignoring the rule of priority in tms case and aceepting/osciaftM instead of mungo, as follows: "Thi< name \mungo) is so utterly barbarous, and that of H.fiUCiatU* so well known, that I think we are justified in ignoring it and Using I I ■la— ical and appropriate term" (lor. rit.. footnote to p. ' The status of Ptsemi mungo ( = La Mangouste of Buffon and Daubenton) has a vital bearing on the correct application of the generic name Mungos. revived by Wroughton1 in 1907 to replace B '1907. Ann. Mag. Nat \. pp. 110-121. Allen, Congo Collection of ('(irnivora 157 Illip< t 1 1811), and for this reason has been presented in per liaps needlessly full historic detail. It also has an equally important bearing on the ■die name of the "< !ommon Mongoose" of India. \\ Toughton used ngos for a group of small African mongooses to which I have applied i Gray (p. 175). The ( ieneric Name Mangos Geoffroy and Cuvier The genus Mangos, like many of the early genera of post-Iinnean minim was introduced rather informally and without much detail by E. < ieoffroy ami G. ( Juvier in their 'Mernoire sur une nouvelle division Mammifen ■> ' in the 'Magasin EncyclopeMique ' in 1795 (II). This memoir i> stated 1>\- the authors to be merely a sketch or outline to be amplified later, with some of the genera presented provisionally. The higher groups are only briefly characterised, and their content indicated by an enumeration of the genera, designated only by vernacular name-. followed by technical names in parentheses, of the species respectively rred to them. The following are examples from the Plantigrades rit.. p. 184): ". . . les ours (ursus, L.); les ratons (ursus lotor, 1. : les coatis (viverrae nasua, nnrini. trtnirftictila ■in- III. PLANTIGRADES. Drifts oncuieoKa; trois tortst da deats; JKiint r|r p pUllte elitu're MJipU The ten genera referred to this order follow in a single column, the vernacular name -landing first and the technical equivalent following it in parenthesis, thus: •(Mir- I'rsxu). Gostl \ Klln-.-ijc n r Qkmton ■<;>ilo). Taupe Taipa). Bfaur riis). Mu-.ir.iiur • Mungo»). I [( In the preceding enumeration four of these genera are credited to Linnaeus; two (Chdo, Nasua) date from Btorr (1780); the other four / M •• t appear here, hut tWO Of them antedated by name- given by Btorr Lotor by Proeyon, Turns by W> ■ ring two. Mungos :md PotOt, both in current use. PofOi w:is mono- typic, with * '1 • eaudkfobndot I v type. Mungot oontained two mton Linnssus and 1 - ra mungo Gmetin. l/mra 1 68 Bulletin American Museum of Xatural HUtory X I A' 1 1 mungo is therefore automatically thegenot ingos. Furtherm B of Herpestes Illiger | mon Linnaeus, by several "subsequent designations"), it being Don generic with the genotype of Herpestes. As already shown in the discussion of "La Mangouste-' of Jiuffon and Daulwnton, it is the banded mongoose of Africa, the Crossarchus faseiatus of current nomenclature, which should henceforth bear the DAD ppj NUtHfO (Gmelin). Ariela Gray (1864) is a synonym of njot, having been especially founded for the South African banded mongoose (/ ifl txnumotus A. Smith) under a misapprehension of its real characters. Mungos of Gray (1864, Proc. Zo< London. pp. 575-577), it singularly happens, is essentially the Mungos of Geoff- roy and ( 'uvier. although Gray evidently knew nothing of the Mungos of these earner French authors, this agreement being apparently a ooineidenee. Under hie Mungo»S{ Gray placed mgo Desmarest. thus rendering this species, under modern rules, autoin cully the genotype of his genus Mw The restoration of Mungos to its proper place in nomenclature need not in the least disturb the stability of Crossarchus F. ('uvier (1825), .vhicli has, by monotypy, ( <>swrchus obscurus F. < 'uvier as its genotype, for which and later described allied forms it should be retained. As thus restricted CfOBaarchtU tonus a group very different from the banded mongooses for which Mungos is available and to which it should be 1. Gray showed good judgment in separating the two groups ircnerically. Attention has recently been called to the generic distinct- groups by Pocock, he adopting for the banded mongooses Gray's unavailable name Ariilu.1 He also call- attention to the fact that the inclusion of the two groups under Crossarchus was due to errone- ous information ooncerning the structure of the anal glands. Before ting with Pocock's paper I had become strongly impressed with their incongruity and their evident generic distinctness. The Generic Name / fhrpestes Illiger (1811). type,1 Viverra ichneumon Linnaeus, after almost univ< loy for three-fourths of a century, was hastily and, • now appears. DeecQessly displaced in 1907* by Mungos Geoffroy and 'On the severance of Arida Gray ( —Munoo*. «.».) from Crostarehut see Pocock, 1916, Proc. Zo&I. Soc. London, p. 350 and figures on pp. 353, 356. 360, 360. 'Bv subsequent deabjnation (Anderson, 1878, 'Anat. Zoo!. Rea. Exped. Yunnan,' I. p. 171' Thomas. 1882, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, p. 63. 'Cf. Thomas. Ann. Ma*. Nat Him 7 X IX. p. 119. footnote. iBofadaH unl i view ..f loft mamli »wn Tiew of left lower dentition. X %. I.vi 160 lletin American St useum of Natural History Y..I. \I.\1I Cnvier and immediately the latter became current for the greater part of tin- mongoosea of both Africa and Asia. It should now be returned to its time-honored place in nomenclature, through the allocation of Mungos ion. rhr Technical Name of the "< Sommoo Mongoose of India" .'• .iii.I in .1 i: < iiM.v m 1864 • Proc Zo6l. Soc. London. pp. :>»;<> :>»;:,. removed most of the small mongooses of both Africa and Asia from the genua //"■pestes and divided them into several new generic groupa that require consideration in connection with the determination of the proper specific. as well aa the generic, name of the so-called "Common Mongoose of India."- These genera, in the order of page precedence, are Calogale (p. 560). Oah nlhi p 66 1 . and CaUetu (p. 664). The last two are mono- typic, rendering the genotype of each automatically detenninable, thai for (idlt nlla being Iferpestes oekraet u* Gray (1848). and that of Cat being Herputet Bmithi Gray < 1837). Qaleretla is then-fore available for the weasel-like mODgl \fiica. and has no bearing on the nomen- datural statua of the "common mongoose" group of India. CalogaU is a heterogeneous association of both African and Indian specie-, the former belonging in Coli nlhi. Of the fourteen species originally included in Calogale, four are Indian, nine African, the other from an Unknown locality. The genotype of CalogaU is Herpestet nepalmaU Gray, by designation of Thomas in 1882 (Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, p. 63). As Ca&ogdU baa precedence of four pages over CaUctis, and aa their geno- typ. inqah i- the generic name available for the "common mongot upof India. \- already ahown [supra, pp. 167, 158), not only is Mungos un- tenable as a genus name for any Indian mongoose, but also the nam ia equally a misnomer when applied in the game connection, it lndonging unquestionably to the banded inon- up of Africa. Prior to 191") the species name prtasut1 was usually applied to the "common mongoose" of India, in which year mango (ex Gmetin) was adopted in its place by Wroughton1 in an article entitled The ( 'ommon Indian Mongoose,' in which he says: "The oldest specific name for this animal is • mango.' In Report \o. L,' I erroneously stated that Ciinelin gave no type-locality for the - but this waa a mistake, for in hia »Ex Ichneumon griaeut E. Oooffroy. 1813. 'Desrrip. de 1'Ejrypt*. Hi»t. Nst.,' II, p. 138. Also of Desmarest (1818, ex Geoffrov). and of later authors generally. M91.5. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. 8o< . XXIV. Ho. 1 . sv.ptrmber 20, pp. 50-54. •1912. 'Mammal Survey of India.' Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. XXI. p. 401. Allen, Congo Collection of Camivoro 1 6 1 it., p. 84, 1787, be writes 'Habitat in Bengala, Persia, aliisque lUidioribus plagis.' The specimens in the Bengal, Bihar, Orissa collection of 1 1 1< - Mammal Survey are therefore topotypes, and at last ire have a firm foundation for dealing witli the species." In view of the history of the case as set forth in the preceding pngrtfl of this article, this nient i-. to put it mildly, a bit surprising, especially in view of Thomas' admissions in 1882 (see above p. 166), and the fact that the name Viverra >"" > had been correctly assigned to the banded mon- Virica for over a century, and the error in its originally gned "'habitat" had been known for three-fourths of a century. As already shown supra, p. 156), the barbarous character of the name done prevented Thomas, in 1882, from giving the name its right- ful priority over faaciatua. In commenting on the case Wroughton adds: "The names nems, . and griseu* are supported by descriptions too vague to indi- more than that the animal was the large mongoose of India." In his synonymy of Viverra mu/i#oGmelin, Wroughton included four names, of one of which (Manguda nyula Hodgson, April 1836) he says: 'Three M. nyula are in the National Collection and agree entirely with these specimens from Bihar. Orissa." If. ni/ula is the only species among the four cited under MutlffOt tnungo that is not rated as either indeterminable or as a synonym of nyula; hence logically nyula should replace mungo as the earhesl identifiable specific name for the group. which should stand a- canu- In recogniai d. This may slso explain hi- idngnlar aDoeatv be -mall mongooses <>f Africa ami India, particularly of those he .i-.-ociated under ( 'nlogalr, and his retention of //. atid other allied form- in //< fKstes. Under ColOQOlt he noted, however. the mU.mce of both nyula ami nrpalensis to "griseus." ■BaaMftfM IhstlatM <-f n*rp,*u. nrpaUntu Oray, M* Wrougfaton, 1017. Joura. Bombay Nat. 162 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History LYII Neither Calogale nor Galcrella was recognized by subsequent authors until Matschie adopted CcUogale as a full genus, without diacuafltOll or explanation, in 1914* for the African group referred belo* •- Ua (pp. 175, 182). In this paper Matschie not only reinstated nearly all of the previously described forms of this group which had 1 by Wroughton and Thomas as synonyms but added thirteen n< many of them based on single specimens, and apparently with lit 1 1* - regard for geographical considerations, and quite in agreement with his adop- tion of Calogale instead of Galerella for the African group. Calogale, as here restricted, is much more nearly related to Herpestes than to Galerella, the "common" mongooses of India being a reduced type of th<- ichn.'umons of Africa, resembling them in pelage, which is 40. Calogale nyula. (Xo. 10431). A, palmar surface of left fore foot; B, plantar surface of left hind foot ; O. rliinariuin. Natural sise. long and coarse in both, and also in external form, but differing in impor- tant details of cranial structure (Figs. 39, 41, 42, 45), especially of the postpalatal region and in the form of the bulla?. Taxonomers will differ respecting the rank that should be assigned to Calogale. For those who give it generic value. \ he proper name for the Indian mongoose formerly known as Herpestes griseus should be Calogale nyula (Hodgson), and for those who reject Calogale as a full genus, it should be Herpestes nyula (Hodgson), with of course trinominals for the various subspecies of the group. '1014, 'Einige Hermelin-Mangusten von Ost- unci Mittelafrika," von Paul Mutoohie. Sitsungsb. Gee. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, No. 10, December, pp. 435-457. Alien, Congo Collection of Carnwora 1 63 Thi of Buffon and the Mnstela galera of Schreber and Erxleben The " Vansire" of Buffon and Daubenton (1765, 'Hist. Nat..' XIII, pp. 187-170, PI. x\i an< 1 the technical name Mu&tela galera of Schreber gthiere,' III. PI. exxxv, and Erxleben (1777, 'Syst. Reg. Aniin ..' p. 453) have primarily the same basis.1 The animal described as the Vansire is said to have been brought from Madagascar, and was titied by Buffon and Daubenton with the ' Vondsira" of Flacourt, tioned briefly in his Histoire de la grande fie de Madagascar' about ntury before. The name " Vohang-sira" transmitted by Poivre to these authors was modified by them to "Vansire" for greater facility of pronunciation. Later I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1839, Mag. de Zool., mm., pp. 28, 29 of the text to Pis. xiv and xvn) gave a satisfactory explanation of the several forms of this word as used by the natives of the environs of Tamatave, who applied it to species of the old Galidictu group. Besides this, the description of the Vansire by Buffon and Daubenton suggests this application of the name, especially in respect to . coloration, and the number of cheek-teeth, namely six on each side in the upper jaw and five on each side in the lower jaw, making a total of thirty-eight teeth in all. As said by Mivart in 1882 (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 189): "It appears that it is a species of this genus [Hemi- galvlin Mivart = Salanoia Gray] which is the Vansire of Buffon (Hist. ■ . xiii. p. l«>7.pl. 21), as had it been Galidia the black-ringed tail would rarely have been indicated." the Dame Vansire of Buffon and the technical name Mustela galera of Erxleben were early transferred exclusively to an African mon- goose, under the belief that while the animal originally described by Buffon and Daubenton m the Vansire may have been brought, as stated by them, from Madagascar,1 it came originally from Africa and that in ; i t y it was an African species. This is the so-called Water Mongoose, or Marsh Mongoose, of West and South Africa (Herpestes paludinoeus for which the name Viverra (or more commonly Herpestes) n was in nearly universal use down to about 1908. In 1882 Thomas teased the then prevalent belief respecting the Vondsira of Flacourt the Vansire of Buffon as follows: ". . . . Its reputed occur- xlaban cites Schreber • Plate czxxy, whirh preceded the text in publication. •iaru is than* or* to be en - Erxleben". Mu*Ulag*Ura The sparine name igaUr* is therefore to be credited to Schreber. 9 > rebcr't lecand for Plate exxxr ie " Jfusfsfa •aJare/Brown," 8chreb*r. in hu bat of the plates of •f tna 'fttactaiara' credits it to Buffon ("Buff. XIII. t - 'Eleren years Ister. howerer. Buffon (177- pi . III. pp. 173. 174) made the follow- i n« reference to the Vansire: "La Vansire est. comma nous l'avons dit. un animal de Madaaas. ar a ds linterieur da rAfrique. . . " It was also probably on this basis that ErxUben «ye '.'Habitat in Ouinaa at Madagascar" for bis Ifustaia palsra. Desmarast. in 1828 (Dirt daaSci. Nat.. I.\ I. p 487). howerer. defined Vsnsire aa: "Norn apaetfiqna d'una mancouate da Madagascar at da I laW-da- Fran | 164 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X I A 1 1 rence in Madagascar caused Dr. Gray and others to believe tli.it tl were two species, the one in Africa being naturally supposed to be distinct; but now, as no other specimens have since occurred in Mada- gascar, we are justified in concluding that Flacourt only saw an in- troduced specimen, and that it is not indigenous to that island" (1882, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 73). In a footnote to a preceding pap 60) of the same paper, he had already said: "Prof. Milne-Edwards in- forms me that, in his opinion, 'Le Vansire' (Herpestes galera), usually said to have originally come from Madagascar, was certainly not ob- tained there, no other collectors having met with it in that island sin. A quarter of a century later (in 1908) Thomas had abandoned this earlier view respecting the pertinency of the name galera to the "Marsh- Mungoose." In a joint paper with Wl oughton on a collection of mammals from Portuguese South Africa' these authors (loc. cit., p. 167) say: 'The name (juh rh-Mungoose, but though the figure and description [also the generic name Atilax] date from 1826, the technical name [Atilax vansire] was only given to the animal on the appearance of the General Index in 1842. Before this latter date there was published G. Cuvier,i name Herpestes paludinosus,* which antedated Smith's Mangusta un'rmtrix9 by one month, and appears to be the tenable title of the animal under consideration.-' »1908, "Li«t of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant on the Gorongoca Mountains, Portuguese S. E. Africa.' By OldfiVld Thomaa and R. C Wroughton. Proc. Zodl. 8oc. London. I, pp. 164-173. »"8y»t. B. A . p •"P.485. PI. xux. 1756." «"8aug. iii. pi. 135. 1776 (quoted by Erxleben)." »"Hwt. Nat. XI 1 1, p. 167. PI. xxi, 1765." •'P. Z. S. 1864, p. 523." • II N M num. Ill, p. 198. 1826" ••' Regne Anim. (2) i, p. 158, April 1829." ••Zool.Journ. I lay 1829." 1924] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 165 Although Thomas and Wroughton so positively identify tin of Buffon with diili'lia elegans I. Geoffroy, there seems good reason to question this assignment of Buffon's Vansire. Geoffroy himself, in his ussion of the names Vondsira of placourt, Vounsira and \ to him by hi> collectors Bernier and Goudot in Madagascar, ad- mitted their practical identity, as applied by the natives to small viver- rine carnivores, with the name Yohang-sira transmitted to Buffon by from which (as stated above) the describers formed the name Vat ■'ffroy adding: •"(Vtte identity de noms confirme l'opinion que j ai emise plus haul but les rapports intones du Vansire de Buffon el Daubenton (mais non dee auteure modernes) avec lee Gafidiei But he does not affirm that he lvlieves the Vansire to be identical with his >. which Thomas and Wroughton so positively state should be called Gatidia galera. The Vansire was evidently described with particularity by Dauben- ton, and the figure of the animal agrees with the description. Oatidia elegans, as noted by Mivart in 1882,2 has the tail conspicuously ringed with black, while no such feature is indicated in the figure or the descrip- tion of the Vansire. Oalidia elegant has the general coloration of the body "dun rouge marron fonceV' and the tail "coloree par grands an- neaux alternativeinent tKHTB et de la couleui generate du pelage." The id to have all parts of the body uniform dark brown, and the • mpanying figure shows n«> indication of rings on the tail. There are ; to be twelve cheek-teeth in the upper jaw and ten in the lower, the whole Dumber of teeth being 38. This conforms numerically with the dentition of Galidia elegans. It also agrees with that of 8alanoit ( = II. > The Vansire further agrees with the Sulnnoia group in having the tail non-annulated and uniform in color with the dso much shorter than the head and body1 instead of nearly ftS |o' d < in I i Ocsmrmi elegans by Qeoflroy, .and that the name of the type-spedes of QaU&a must be changed to Oai era (Schreber). He oondudes: "The familiar ipectfic name of t his animal [Geoffroy'l d'tliiiin fla/Oftf] BlUSt, therefore, in my opinion, In- allowed to stand, and the Vansire of Buffon. •i. Mag. de Zonl.. Minim . p 20. I'l- "1 *•»..'. I'r.. /... . S.« Loadfla. p Is'* length of the bead and body it »iven by Dnubenton for the Vitnatra m 13 inches, and Um length of the tail m 7 inrhea. ■ k. K 1 . I'M V Note oo the Sparine Name of the Type apaci- of OUidia.' Ann Mac Nat -u»t. pp 123-124. 166 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X I »V 1 1 with galera attached to it, be relegated to the limbo of mammalian species unidentifiable at tin* present time." With this conclusion I am In artily in accord, the main facts of the case 1 wing as follows: (1) The Vansire of Buff on and Daubenton was based on a stuffed skin, containing the bones of the feet and the skull, received, as st:r by the authors, from Madagascar. (2) The animal was of small size (length of head and body 13 inches, of the tail 7 inches). (3) Although so small, it was evidently adult; the pr< ■molar-molar formula was f=-f = 11, and the whole number of teeth 38. (4) The name (Vohang-sira) under which it was received (modi tied to Vansire by its describere) indicates the correctness erf the all origin of the animal, Vohang-sira having been shown by Geoffroy (loc. cit.) to be applied (with slight variations of the name) by the natiw Tamatave, Madagascar, to several small viverrine mammals of that region. (5) The general characters of the Vansire, as given by the deaeri indicate that it cannot be properly identified as Galiih'a efagoilf, hut, on the other hand, agreeR closely with meflnben of the nearly allied g- Soldi (6) Hence it has no near relationship to any form of African mon- goose, and especially not with the large, heavily-built Marsh Monger which has a premolar-molar formula of $-^$, and only 36 teeth, the proper specific designation of which is paludinosus of G. Cuvier (1829) and not galera of Sehreber (1776). (7) The technical name Mustela galera, based on the Vansire of Buffon and Daubenton. is specifically unidentifiable, and hence nomen- clatorially unavailable. It may be added further that the genus Galera of Browne 1766 and 1789, 'Civil and Nat. Hist. Jamaica,' p. 485), aside from other grounds of untenability previously stated by me,1 is not available under Opinion 5 of the "International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature," the 1789 edition being a literal reprint, to far as the text is concerned, of the edition of 1756. ■1008. "The Generic Name Oaltra Browne,' Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIV. September 11, pp BM aw. In this note several misprints may be here corrected as follows: Page 588, line 6 from top, for Browne's read Buff on 's: same pace, last line, for p. 154 read p. 73. Also, p. 589. last sentence, in view of the above summary change to the effect that "OaUra Browne, 1789 (type MutUla galera Erxl.) " s unavailable and cannot supersede either AtUax F. Cuvier or Herpetu* Illiger, as there implied. 1924] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnwora 167 The Vansire of F. Cuvier The Vansiiv of 1". < uvi.r (1836, ' Hist. Nat. Mamm.,' livr. 54, June) : -mi nable from the original description. He begins his account of it with the assumption that it ifl the same animal as the Vansire of Buffon and Daubenton, which, as shown above, is now conceded to be rinate viVerrid of Madagascar, from* which country the original specimen was correctly said to have come. His article is, in e, as follow-. fore have had a very imperfect knowledge of this species. Buffon pave us the first account of it; and he had only a stuffed skin, in which he d the skull and the bones of the feet. It is this skin that he has figured, and no re has been given as we do not agree with Buffon that the - -ba under the name MruAela javanica (I, p. 77. No. 4, tab. 48, fig. M. Geoffroi [sic] Saint-Hilaire has also spoken of the Vansire, individuals that had lived in the Paris menagerie, but only to show its rela- neumon, from which it had before been separated and placed with the martens. . . . Nevertheless we find in the observations of Buffon and of Geoffroi -how that the Vansire and Ichneumons do not differ more other than do well characterized species of Ichneumons. Indeed d'Auben- hat the Vansire has a less number of cheek-teeth C'machelieres") than the Ichneumons, and Geoffroi has expressly said that the braincase is more ml wider, and that the jugsl and orbital processes are shorter and do not rnplete the orbit . Now. the form of the head ("dela tete") of the individual which we have sousles yeux" isent inly inagreement with these indicat as can be seen by the figure we (five [a plate of the animal, not of the skull] in eompari- already given of different species of Ichneumon. As to the lifTer only in the organs of the senses ("ces animaux ne different but the digits ("doigts"), which in the Ichneu- ■ are join. r by a membrane, are « : rary entirely free in the tad in walking they spread apart. As to the organs of generation, the male pefceive near these parts no trace of a I which the gland appears to form two hemispheres, forward All part- of the bodj an- clothed with a pelage of brown, nearly black, which - a slight yellowish tint on a small part of the sides of the lower jaw. This igS i- composed of WOoUj J thick and brown, and of silky hairs, rather with the first and entirely black except on the mu»le and DJ D apical ring of whitish or brown. The BOM "mufle") is flesh it . It has a length of eighteen inches from the end .il. which ha- a length Of twelve inches, -uffi'iently provided With characters of more than sjiecific nguish it from the Ichneumons It consequently presetr I of s poop in this family, n natural and alre.-.dy -" rich, and which was SO small :,, under the name I omprind all those carnivores whose relationships ..iild give to tin- group the name \tvlace. Atifax. in consideration of the entire absence pooch. 1 < is Bulletin A merican Muteum of Natural History [Vol . X I . \ 1 1 From the above translation of I". ("uvier's account of fall VaJ tlu- following j>oints may lx- noted: (1) ('iivi. i believed that his Yansire was unquestionably the same iei as the Van-ire described and figured by Buffon and Daubenton. which he supposed he was redescribing and refiguring. (2) In all probability his specimen, the type of hi- Yansire. was a menagerie specimen still in the Been. (3) No information was given as to its "patrie" or probable iphir origin. (4) The externa] eharaeten given are insufficient for its specific- identification. (5) It must have been a rather small specimen1 (he says it was a male . if, as subsequent authors have supposed, it be referable to the !i Mongoose of South Africa. Hi- statement alnmt the absence of the anal pouch ("totlte ab- sence de poehe a l'anus"), is evidently due to oversight, as this character i- developed in the entire group and especially so in the Marsh Mong< ootnote, p. 169). 7 So referenei whatever is made to the dentition of the type linen; it i- possible to infer, from bis allusion to Daubenton's statement to the effect that the Yansire had fewer cheek-teeth than are found in the Ichneumons, that his Yansire also had fewer. (8) He cite- Geoffroy to the effect thai the skull of the Vansi broader than that of Ichneumons, and that the orbit is not a complete ring of bone as in Ichneumons. This statement does not apparently have any necessary relation to the type specimen of hi- Yan.-ire. the skull of which he gives no intimation of having examined. (9) Digit- free, or unconnected by a membrane, a character of the Marsh Mongoose group, and the only one which render- it certain that Cuvier'- Yan-ire i- referable to that group.2 (10) No other eharai ize and coloration noi being diagnostic) by which Cui osire can be identified, and the specie! i- therefore specifically indeterminable from the original description. 'Head and body "dix-huit pourea," tail "douse polices," or approximately 457 mm. and 305 mm., making a total length of 762 mm., or a little more than one-half that of an adult Marsh Mongoose. Sclater (1900. 'The Fauna of South Africa,' Mamm. I, p. 64) {rives for head and body (mounted speci- men) 24 inchea, tail 13 inches, or 610 mm. and 330 mm. respectively, and therefore a total length of 940 *Pocock (1916. Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, p. 363) says: "The absence of the interdigital webs in this (Marsh) Mongoose constitute, in my opinion, a valid reason for resuscitating the genus Atilax (text-fig. 5. C. D)." Pocock consistently recognised Atilax as a full genus throughout his important paper here cited on the external characters of the mongooses. Alien, Congo Collection of ( 'an, II [t is to ;- further noted that tin- original account contains no cific name for the Yansire, although the group name Atilax •:i it. The ( learn At&ax V. ( 'uvier The genua Atilax, as explained above, was proposed by 1". (uvier in 1826, at the end of the description of his Yansire. which is the only ed to it, and which is therefore the genotype. The ription of the Van-ire includes only two tangible characters, (1) nected l>y a membrane, and 2 the anal glands found in all other species of Mongoose. The latter, however, proves to iM- without foundation,1 so that the unwebbed condition of the toes is the only character furnished by the original description. This, however, is a oitive character of high importance, ami serves to identify Uvond doul>t tin- group to which the name Atilax belong-. Three yean later. however, the author formally introduced the genus Atilax into his • in of classification, in his article ' Zoologie= Mannnalogie * ; 1829, •*I>; LIX, pp. 367 519) as Genus 21 of his Order III. ■ (loc. cil., p. 156 . separating it from "Lea Mangouct (Herpestes Illiger) by "LcsGenettes" (GenettaG. Cuvier). ffis diagl contains all the essential characters of the group, plus the original error pecting the al the anal glands, a> folio-.- _M.# (ii Les Atilax; Atilax, Frexi. Cuv. Ce8 animaux, qui ont toujours £t£ reunis aux maafjouates, <>nt i*»ur car:' \ fausscf molaires do inoius que cos dernicrs aux doux imVhoiros: dM d • remont libres, la verge diligee a "fin ils sont privfe do toute i>oche lis sont en mitre remarquaMe* par la urandc larneiir d<- Ictir botte o rebrale et la Icur museau. rti'u&eespi • « M. pi. IWi. 182f. in that U,rv, 170 Hullrtin Americtih »ry \I.V1I Eos i- -till miMiot ypic has no definite geographic area <>f distrihu- t i«>n. and the genotype is without ■ technical specific oann due Van-ne became, through erroneoue citation by later authore, "Atihu- vansire V. Cuv., Malum. livr. 54, 1826" cited in the literature for three-fourth- of i century without challenge, usually ai a synonym of the com ,.l technically intangible "Mtuttia galera Erxleben." It ha* been stated,1 however, that the author supplied no technical name for the species till i1 was entered in the general index to the 'Histoire nat- urelle des Mammifere-.' issued on the completion of the work in 1842, where it ia said to appear as Atihu- vanmre, I find an earlier citation of the name, however, l»y. I. B. Fischer in his 'Synop. Mamm..' 1S29, p. 166, where he gives this reference: "Atihu- Vanairt Planch, du Diet. Sc. nat. I'asc ,">1 *" which would imply a still earlier date of publi- cation. L828 or earner. Hut Fischer's reference is not to the Vane ( u\ ier but to the Vansire <>f Buffon. It is given under hi> Mtuttia a. the reference in lull being "Atihu- Vansire Planch, du Diet. liraMadagai \ however, the name Atihu- irasnol adopted by Fischer, it has no nomenclature! statu clear definition of Atihu in 1S29, the genua tailed to receive further recognition till formally adopted by J. I in im',1 Proc. Zo6L 8oc. London, pp. 508 and 556 560 in hie \ ision of the Genera and Species of Viverrine Animal- (Viverrida)),1 under the emended form Athylax. References to it (ae Atkylaz) during the previous thirty years were merely incidental, and often display sur- prising ignorance of its real characters and relation-hips.8 I >• Blainville, in hi graphic dee Mammifere-.' II. Del Viverras, PL \ i ^ l "J . figured two skull- of Mangutta ll> one with the legend '* Mongusla paludinosa" I <*H /nilmlinosus Q. Cuvier . the other with the legend "Mangutta (Athylax) gal* '"Then followa Um AtUax vansire) of Geoffroy and V. Caviar, which ia undoubtedly the Marsh- Mutigo<>M\ bat though the figure and description date from 1826. the technical name was only (riven pcarnnce of the General Index in 1842." Thomas and Wroughton, 1908, 'I am una!! tea of the ' Did daaflcL Nat.,' for vi kindly furnished i writes that the plate is unmarked, "but according tt> the Table in 1 1 1 - • ( u\ !• is not poUUbad till 1S2»1 Dr. Palmer adds fir name in this vol 'Thu- ! two new r<- .us mammals (183JJ. Matr ropta |sic-| Mcni. -.iys: "Ces deux genres, en eff< int de Madagascar, et its aont . nnoa." This reference to Athylas sj ■ vansire of • onfused with the vansire of Buffon. In 1S28, Desmar. | ,* p. 487, thus defines vansire: "Vansire. i Mai. uasear et de l'lsle-de- France. (Deam.)." The vansire of F. Cuvier is the later di-»<-ril*>d mangouste "grande des marais du Cap. (//. paludinosut) " of G. Cuvier (1829), while the vai «d and figured by Buffon and Daubenton is the banded mon- goose, the Crouarthut fn*ciatu* of current nomenclature. (See abo\ Allen, Congo Collection of Carnwora 1 7 1 The tatter is mentioned in the accompanying text (p. 49) as "Un tres- vieil individu du M. galera, type du genre Athylax," and subsequent authors1 have accepted the statement ai authoritative. I came to the tusiorj that the two skulls figured by De Blainville were not con- and consequently that Cuvier's Vanaire had been wrongly identified a* referable to the Marsh Mongoose. Further research. however, made it clear that the type specimen of < uvier'- Vanaire prob- ably was not full grown, and that its skull could not have been the skull figured by 1 )«■ Blainville as "type du genre Athylax" — a very old, heavily -kull that had apparently lost the molars of both jaws through while a first premolar was present in both jaws, giving a premolar formula of 4^=4;, and consequently 40 teeth instead of 36. The general the skull is different from that of the figure of the skull of ■f Cuvier's Vansire at once showed that an animal of the he specimen described could not have had a skull of the magni- figured by De Blainville. While the description of the Vanaire contains nothing by which the . lx> identified specifically, and while the main character of Atilax th, enough can be gathered from the description as a who]. • that the type specimen, and consequently Atilax. would the Marsh Mo: roup. The authi rmal diagnosis ix render in that it can be referred up of mongooses. The several forn .y F. Curler b encrared in De HUinv Oeteoar t. 5." He further ear*: " According to -kull te more eolid and stronger than thet «( .4 . ;w/u./m <>«.»." II //. , ■„ ■■ mmon parviderut. Skull of adult male \ • ")1590). A, l.u.ral vi.w; B, palatal vuw; C, dorsal vi.w. Natural size. 172 Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 173 dally in its dental formula and in the naked instead of furred palmar and urfaces of its unwebbed feet. Herpestes Illiger .•esles Im.h.kh. 1811, 'Prodr. Sysr. Mnmm. et Avium," p. 135, here spelled :" errata (p. 302) to Herpestes. Type, by subsequent n. 1878 . I m >rra ichneumon Linnams. Herpestes ichneumon parvidens (Lonnberg) ;. 12, ha ■got ichneumon parvidens L< 1008, Arkiv f. Zool., IV, No. 16, April 29. j). 3. Type locality, Mukimbungu, Belgian Congo. :le specimen, an old male, collected at Niangara, Belgian Congo. November 29. 1910. is provisionally referred to this form. II • ■ i#sUs ichneumon parridens. Adult male No. 51500). A. lateral n view of left lower dentition. Natural size. Hectors' measurements: Total length. 990 mm.; head and body, bra?, 435; hind foot, 100. ill, condylobasal length, 97.0; zygomatic breadth, 49.0; least itul breadth, L5.3; postorbital breadth, 15.2; breadth across v bullae, 36.6; length of auditory bullae, 19.5; greatest breadth of Ha?, 11.8; depth from plane of basisphcnoid. 10.5; palatal ;ise of incisors, 9.7: palatal breadth at base of canin- palatal breadth at outer base of p4, 29.0; least breadth of palatal tube, gth of palatal tube, 17.2; front of canine to posterior border of 5; upper premolar-molar • -m*), 29.7; oblique length of pV ,t Under, 6.2; mandible (syinph; to end of angular process, r>7.J; height at condyle, -<>.(); beighl 1,13.2; lower toothro premolaMDoler series, 32.5. The 11 it that of an old male, with t he >ut tires closed, the orbit (Ho- lland lamlxloid i ongfy developed. 171 Bulletin American Museum of N&tmxU History M.YII Tins specimen is proviskmaQy referred as above. Compared with an old female from Medje the pelage and coloration arc similar in both, hut the skull <>f the Niangara s|M>cimen 1 and 42) is narrower and slenderer throughout, being leal robust, with correspondingly weaker dentition, the palatal tul>e about one-fourth narrower, while the hulla- are more inflated, being aboul (»ne-third larger than in the Medje speei- men, referred provisionally below to Herpestes ichneumon fun* (Osgood). A B V • umonfunestus (No. 51591). A. palmar surface of left foot; B, plantar surface of left hind foot. Naturalsize. Herpestes ichneumon funestus (Osgood) Plates XXII: XXIII. Figure 1: and Text Figure 43 0 1010, Field Mil-. Nat. Ili-t.. Zofil \pril 7. p. 17. Type locality, Nahraaha, British East Africa. Represented by 7 specimens (5 of which are immature), collected as follows: Mhh, ( ,mgo CoUeciion of Cantirora Faradje, 2 (1 d" adult, native -kin without skull. 1 9 Juvenile . h9, L912; January 14, 1913. AJkenge, 1 (9 juvem ber25, 1913. Medje, 3(1 c? subadult, 1 5 adult, 1 v juvenile . .January 11. 21, 1910; .June 25, I'M I. leyville, 1 (c? juvenile), August 27. 1909. Hectors' measuremente of an old female No. .")1588) from Medje: Total length, 960 mm.; head and body, 510; tail vertebra, 160; hind Skull (same s|>ecimen), COndyiobaeal length, 97.2; zygomatic idth, 17.0; postorhital breadth. 16.1 J length of palatal tul>e, 1! -• breadth of palatal tuf>e. ls.il; palatal breadth at base of incisors, palatal breadth at outer base of p4, 10.5; oblique length of p4. 10.2, breadth of p4 at front border, 6.1. These specimens represent two phsnrwi <>t' coloration, i dark and a light ; both are represented by adult and half-grown specimen- P Is. \ XII and Will. fit:. I I, taken at Medje. The two specimen- from Faradje both very light colored, much tighter even than the light one from Ije. It i- quite probable that a larger amount of material would show thai two forms are represented in the present -cries, i light one in the veldt region, a dark one in the rain forest. For the present the '•s as a whole i- provisionally referred as above, as all of the 7 speci- men- except 2 are immature, with only the milk dentition, and the skull of one of the adult* i- lacking. galerella ( Iray r, 1864, l'roc z'>i. Tvpo, by nmwtypy, prising that in -pite of well-marked morphological dififer- be Herpestes .sain, HeUmurwHKkraeeut groups and their • allies have so long failed of due recognition, and have been almost universally referred to Herpeste* <>f recent authori . not- withstanding their many div< from that group genotype, fl pent' The inconsistency of the inclusioii of Ooitniln in .- recently beSO noted by 1'ocoek 1916, PrOC Z"«>l Soo. don, I. I ve OolenBu generic rank. although he mentioned some of it- distinctive features, and it- resenv bl:u i tain character- to ( In his liter paper1 Galerella -Thr ClMifeftUoo of Um MoagooMa ( Mungotuim): 1010, Ann. Mm«. N»t. llwt.. (0) DO. Jum. iran Mu >>ry VcL \I.\II >t mentioned, but in ■ footnote under Mangos (p. 523) he says: "I 8usp< n tin- genu will prove to be divisible into three 01 mon Wetter known." In 1907, B I \\ routrhf on. in his paper 'On the African Mungooses usually referred to the II >r pistes gracilis Group' (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7 XX, pp. 110 I-'l list «>f the names already given to members of tl !i." twenty-three in number. In hie revision of the group •n of the>e were relegated to synonymy, leaving twelve which he considered entitled to recognition, to which he added four form- as new subspecies, making sixteen tonus. During the period 1908- 1010. or in the nine years following the publication of Wroughton's review of the group, ten new forms were added (some as full other- B4 -ubspecies), increasing the total number of forms to twenty- six. It i- still, however, a compact group, :dl the forms being narrowly ricted to ■ common standard as regards sise, details of structure. character of pelage and pattern of coloration. The geographic rang< this, the Oak nsflo, group extends from Abyssinia, Somaliland and south- ern Sudan southward over eastern and central Africa to the Cape region, and thence northward in western Africa to Nigeria and the Gold Coast.1 In general feature- Herpestes and Galerella are about as diverse as two genera can well be and be referable to the same subfamily. Com- pared with mongooses of the //. ichneumon type (PI. XXIII, fig. 1), the PL Will, figs. 2-4) are diminutive in sine, slender in structure, with short, fine, close-lying pelage, a narrow tail, only slightly broader proximally than toward the tip; the premolars are $4-£, and the numl>er of teeth 38, as against premolars -$-=-$ and 40 li in Herpestes. There are also other important cranial differ- ences, particularly in the form of the auditory bulls. In typical epe< of Herpestes the general sise is near the maximum of the Herpestinae2; the overhair is long, coarse and harsh; the tail is very thick, full proxi- mally and tapering to a thin point. In Galerella the limbs are short and the feel small and comparatively weak, the pollex and hallux greatly reduced, the nails short and weak, the soles furred for nearly the proxi- mal ha! d the tail is narrow and distichous. In Ihrp these conditions rersed, the limbs being long and strong, the ■.tirely naked (Fig. 43). In Oak rrlhi '• A and B) the auditory bulla? have the chambers subequally developed, the posterior ■Does not occur in the Western Forest Province. — II I.. The linear measurement* of //. ichneumon are nearly twice greater than in Galerella, and its mass about five times larger. In this connection see the present author on sise as a group character in the American Sciuridaj (1915. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. XXXIV, pp. 160-166, Figs. 1-10). Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 177 being but littlo larger than the anterior, while in Herpestes (Fig. 41 A and B) the anterior chamber is small and the posterior enormously expanded, eo genera ing nearly the extreme phases of divergence of t>ullae among the mongooses. Yet no one appears to have hitherto had the temerity to give Gray's genus Galerella even subgeneric ^nition. There is a sujx'rficial resemblance in certain characters between Galerella (PI. XXIII, figs. 2-4) and Helogale (PI. XXIV, fig. l), but the latter is far more herpeetine than the former. The members of both are of small size in comparison with the forms of Herpestes, Ich- neumui. Atilax. Xtnogale, and Bdeogale, but the general size is much in Helogale than in Galerella, and the tail is also relatively much thicker, shorter and rounded at the base. Helogale has short but >ng liml>-, broad feet, the toes all heavily developed and armed with wrerful claws (Fig. 48), as well befits a burrowing type, which Helo- gale exemplifies. The skull characters, however, are quite similar except that Hdogale (Fig. 47) has lost the first premolar in both jaws while Fig. 15) retains the first upper premolar. It has been customary since early day« to consider the presence or absence of the first premolar, in one or even in both jaws, as of no taxo- nomic importance, and when absent in adults to presume it may have been present in the milk dentition. In my own experience I have almost invariably found that its presence or absence in nearly allied groups is •mpanied by other features of differentiation of more or less impor- Also that when the first premolar is absent in the permanent denti- o absent in the preceding milk dentition. In the case of 9 (auct.) the premolar formula has usually been given as 4^|, without indication that there are normal departures therefrom, even ncluded Atilax (premolars uniformly f=4) and Galerella (premolars uniformly 4^4). In the descriptions of the forms of these to the number of premolars. For . in the preparation of the present paper I have had occasion to k up the original descriptions of e\ md subspecies of the up. ami have found n<» reference to the number Of premolars. The material I chanced to have at hand at the outset of this investiga- represented only a single species (the type of the genus) of which I ill-, only one of which had four lower premolars. Lat' 1. representing four additional species and sub- ciee. Of thirty >kulls now in hand twonty-Cighl have three lo has P! or les of the lower jaw. and one other has l~S Bulletin American \tu*eum of Natural 1 1 XI. VII Pi on the loft side only, and it stands internal to the toothrow at the antero-internal border of p». This materia] represents one-fifth of tin- forms currently reoogniaed. There ii therefore some significance is the practically uniform abi pi in the Oalerdla group. As bearing on size as a character in OalereUa the following statu are presented. The first afiriei is ■ compilation of the meaaurem of the type specimen as given in the original descriptions of the currently c&& °% '<& Fig. 44. Rliinariuin. A. Herpestes ichneumon parviden Crosmrchu* alexandri (No. 51667); C, dnhnllu pet No. •'•1108); I). Hdeaal hutuln rolmst,, (No. .lllOl); E, Mungos gothmh So. 51112 , Natural size. recognized species and subspecies. Then follow measurement- <>t ' small series of specimens of G. ochracea, G. sanguined rendilis, (i. .s. orestes, and G. 8. ibex which have passed through my hands. Of these, the external measurement^ were made by the collectors from specimens in tin- Beah; the >kull measurements were made by me. The measurements of Ihh>- gale lurlula robusta and of Herpesti num are added for convenient comparison with those of the QalereOa form Measurements of twenty-four epeciee and subspecies of GalerclUi, compiled from the original deecriptione; • land Body Tail Vertebra Bind Foot (mostly s. u.) Skull (Condytobatal jtli. 308(250-350) 56(46-64) 64(57-68) These external measurements were in many cases (doubtless in tin- majority) based on dry skins; in a few instances they are stated to have been taken from specimens in the flesh. The wide range between ex- tremes of the external measurements is largely due to this cause, and to some extent discredits the averages. The extremes in the skull 1904] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 179 length an- much less and should be taken as a more nearly correct indication of the range in rin in the forms of Galerella, which on this own to In- small. M - irements of Galerella ochracea, G. sanguinea rendilis, G. 8. orestes, G. 8. ibex, Helognh hirtula robusta. and Herpestes ichneumon External Measurements No. of >[■•■' :- ■MM Head and Body Tail Vertebra: Hind Foot (c. u.) ella ochracea G. sanguinea rendilis G. s. orestes G. s. ibeje Helogale hirtula robusta stes ichneumon group : 3 5 1 7 6 270(245-290) ::i 1-285-333) i 286) 545(533-570) 228-270) 293(280-315) 291 277-300) 318(303-326) IT". 160-220) 463(43.5-489) 1 50- 57) 60) 65.0(62- 71) 62.0(58- 65) ." <)i 52- 61) 97 0(91-100) Skull No. of rondylobasal Specimens Length G. och »; 58.5 ( 56.6- 60. 5^ G. s. rendilia i 64.0 ( 60.0- 67.5) G. ». orestes 6 ( 62.0- 67.0) G. t. ibex 8 65.2 ( 64.0- 67.0) robusta 7 55.9 ( 53.4- 58.1) Herpestes ichneumon group 6 (100 0-110.0) Galerella ochracea ochracea (Gray) Will. Kinun* 2-4; and Text Figures 44046 l#*tes ochraceus Gra\ . M\ i'roc. Zool. Soc. I/>n.l<.n, p. 138. Typt kocatityi which ire adult and 2 nurslings, ollows: Ni l (cf adult), November 10, 1910. (4 , 2 duibUi ruary 20,28, eh 19, o.t.»»)er 9, 1911; August 19, 1912; January 9, IVhm.i: The seven adult -iN-.iin.n.s (meh^migonealcoholioandoneakeletoo) i general type of a minutely grissled pattern of <-<>l.iiati<>n. l>ut they vary greatly individually in the resulting tone, ranging in :n Isabella to tawny. Tin w are lepresented by Imr. 45. GalereUa ochracea ochracea. Skull of adult male (No. 51108). A, lateral view; B, palatal view; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view of left mandible; E, crown view of left lower dentition. X %. HO 1924] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnwora 181 two specimens from Faradje, both old males, one of which was taken eh 19, the other October 9. The March specimen is pale ochraceous ly grizzled with dusky, the hairs individually of the upperparts ? annulated subapically with pale yellowish and black and tipped with pale yellowish; the soft underfur is ochraceous slightly darkened at the « \treme base. The ochraceous underfur shows strongly through the short, close-lying, fine, soft overhair, whose subapical black ring forms the contrasting dusky surface grizzle. The head is slightly darker than the back and the light tips of the hairs are whitish, giving a grayish effect. - 46. QalereUa ochracea ochracta (No. 51108). A, palmar surface of left fore r surface of left hind foot. Natural - Th<- tail above i- like the back, with a broad, intensely black tip, preceded i broad subapical zone of ochraceous only slightly grizzled with bll lrface of the tail, from about the basal third to the black tip. tawny ochraceous, increasing in intensity apically. The under- e uniform deep ochraceoue bom the throat posteriorly, and the hairs are without annulation>. The October specimen is dusky above, - individually with annulations of black and pale buff and minute whitish tips. The underfur is less in quantity, pale brownish buff . darker ine base, and scarcely shows at the surface of the overhair. Th. in- darker and duller and more dingy in bone. The «;»il of oehracrous subapically. I ■■ phases appear to b ■' in part, seasonal, as the October specimen has a TO pelage. This supposition is strengthened by- 1S2 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History Vol xi.vii pelage condition and coloration of other specimens taken respectively at corresponding dates. The darkest specimen of all was taken at Niangara in November. In this the head is conspicuously gray, particularly on the sides and throat. The underfill of the upper-parts is plumbeous for the l>asal half, pale buffy apically, and is not visible through the overhair. The tail subapically shows very little increase of fulvous, while the midline of the tail below is scarcely different in color from it.- lateral borders. The other specimens are variously intermediate between the above ribed extremes. The two nurslings, in soft woolly pelage, have t be same color pat I as the adults, and are practically indistinguishable in coloration, tside from the different effect imparted by the softness of the juvenile pelage. Measurements of Seven Adults of Galerella ochracea ochracea External Measurements Skull Cat. No. Sex Locality 11 - I 1 = i Z — Ik II? .-.lllMi 480 246 50 57 : 17 0 :»I108 kin-. The variation in coloration, usually present in series of specimens of any of the forms of Galerella, leads one to suspect that when adequate material of each of the score or more forms now recognized is brought Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 183 •her for critical revision, many of them will be found to have no real b The premolar formula in eight of the nine skulls available for urination is |-=4; in the other skull. \~\, there being a minute pj on U»th rides in the lower jaw (Figs. 45 D, E). Helooale Gray . isr.i. Proc. Zecimen8 from bister to sayal brown), the : the hairs lighter, on the throat tending to grayish; under surface of m ith a broad median fulvous hand, extending from the base for the proximal half ecimens nearly to the tip, in others almost obsolete); digits • black (varying in different specimens from brownish black ( Collectors' measurements of the type: Total length, 460 mm.; head and body, 209; bind foot, 59; ear. subjoined table for measure- Iditional specimi 11 (type Condylobasal lengtl fgomatic breadth, 28.7; interorhital rbital breadth, 10.4; breadth of braincaae, 25.6; length of nasala, othrow ; 2 with canine, 19.0); length of p* (inner i breadth of m1. 1,1; length «>f palate, palatal bn p of junction of p4 and m1), 18. resented by l" follows: HI. <>. including 1 skeleton (5 o" adults, 1 9 subadult . February 25- -I! I, 1911. AD are adult except t female from F.-tradje. in which the dentition is vreloped upper canines jual in sight Mini milk canine- -till functional . Tin Aba and VankerokhoTenville specimens are veiy old| th greatly worn teeth, and the largest o Ties. An indicated in Fig. 47. Hdogale hirtula robusta. Skull of adult male No. 51 101). A, 1 B. palatal view; < '. donal view; 1). lateral view <»f left mandible; E, erown view of left lower dentition. X %. lv« 1804] Allen, Congo Collection of Camivora 185 the aboi tionof the type, the series presents a considerable range of individual variation in color, some being darker than others with scarcely any fulvous suffusion of the underfur, while t he fulvous suffusion strong in others, forming a striking feature of the coloration. The b, however, completely intergrade, and are represented by spcei- t he same locality at practically the same date. A 48. Helogale hiriula rob>. L01 V palmar surface of left fore foot ; B, plantar surface of left hind foot. Natural size. Helogale hirtula robusta is of course nearly allied (particularly the fulvous phase) to //. hirtula lufescefis Thomas, from Lake Rudolph, and also (the dark phase) to //. hirtula ahlselli Lonnberg, from the (luaso ro district. A compilation of the measurements of the seventeen ,-ly described forms of Helogale indicates thai robusta is the largest of all thus far described, in i*>th external and cranial measure- ments, although the type <>f //. hiriula poweflj skull length 54.6 mm.), i It.ilian Bomaliland, approaches the average of nbuata (65.9, witha rimum of 58 I The subjoined table gives the range of the iimjsjwiwi mentS of the rob in which, while all are adult, the smaller omens have the teeth unworn but in the larger ones the teeth are ly worn down to the n - worthy of note that one of the Paradje ipecimens No, .*>1090) has ■ supernum molar, i>' being fully developed on both d but pi i- absent in the lower jaw, as usual 1 M > Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol X I.V 1 1 MciiMiremsnti oi Nine a. lul: - ol Httogak h&tula rcbutta Ba ami Age External Measurement* Locality 11 = Skull UOM .r)ll(il 61102 51108 .51 KM1 61100 .-,111s :-17v( 51008 Average Minimum Maximum • .id. . 506. Type, by monotypy, I mnhfitus \ Smith. ■■.<■•• .k. 1010, True Zo6l. Soc Londoa, p. :5l«»; 1919, Ann. M i: B HI p Mungos- gothneh (Heuglin and Fitzinger) Plate XX IV. Figure! 2-4; and Text Figures 44E, 40-61 Ihrptxtes gothmh Hki i.i.in wi> I'it/inckh, 1866, Sitzungsb. M:ith. Naturw. (I Ak Wka. Wien. UV, I, p. 600. K. nlnfan. ,//,/,//- Thomas, 1016, Ann. Mag. Nat. Sist., 8) X\i. Deoember, P 172 Poko I tpeeimi ■ Represented l>y 22 ■pecunens, mostly immature, ooDeoted as follow t : Niangara, 2 (adult, d" and 9), November 30, December 16, 1910. ■ wins for using Munffot in place of Crontarekus in the present connection are given in a preceding article (pp. 157. 158). f2/s44 49. Mungoa gothneh. Skull of adult female (No. 51112). A, Int i tonal view. X %. 1ST INS Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol.XI.VlI Faradje, 19 (2 cf adult, 2 9 adult, 2 juvenile with fully developed milk dentition, 2 juvenile with partly developed milk dentition, 11 nurs- lings), February 11-24, March 4-18, May 8, 1911; January 19, 1912. Akenge, 1 (cf adult, skin and skeleton), October 3, 1913. Collectors' measurements of 5 adults (2* d" , 3 9): Total length, 519 mm. (490-553); head and body, 316 (305-333); tail vertebrae, 200 (173-228); hind foot, 68 (61-73); ear, 23 (21-25). Measurements of 6 adahaknDi (8 d",3 9): Condyloincisive length, 62.5 (61.4-64.3); zygomatic breadth, 35.2 (32.2-37.0); maxillary tooth- row (p*-mJ), 16.8 (16.1-17.7). Fig. 50. Mungos gothneh. A\, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., . p. 373. Type locality, Banzyville. Ubangi, Belgian Congo. Five .icns. sarchus alexandri Thomas, 191">. Ann M-.m. X.-.t . Hist., (8) XVI, December, - M .u.Hil i 2), Moera (1), Poko (1 specimen). Represented by 66 specimens (48 adult, 18 immature), collected as follows: Poko, 1 (o* ), August 23, 1910. Akenge, 17 (2 cf, 5 9,4 subadults, 6 nurslings), September 16, 1-30, 1913. «!'M. 44 (19 d\ 25 9 , all adult but 6), November 14-27, December 1-31, 1913; January 3, 15, 191 L M!.., 1 (9 adult), July 15, 1910. GaiiKiimMi. 3 (eing light; while in two others, in addition to the milk teeth, the first, or both first and second molars are in sight : these last are nurslings, in hich the incisors are only half-way up and the points only of the larger cusps of the cheek-teeth are visible in the cleaned skull, but probably had not pierced the gum. nrrhus alexandri. Adult mala (No, 51696). A, lateral view of tandible; B, crown view <.f left lower dentition. X %. -~> 1 (r95, a male, is the only specimen in which the first phase of the natal pelage U shown. In this the incisors are about half up and the canines and highest cusps of the cheek-teeth are breaking the alveoli. This is the youi j amen of the series, and the entire upperpe from the shoulders posteriorly, including the outer border of the ventral and the proximal half of the tail, are thinly veiled by long silvery white hair-, through which the short l>i<>\vn underfill' is more <>r risible; the underparts, from the throat posteriorly, are dark brown with int reddish tone; the edge of the lips from below the teriorly, and the chin ami Fon pari of the throat, are yellowi-h while, ai in adults; the top Of the head i< faintly grayi-h. The occipito-nuchal crest, 80 ipiCUOUi a feature in most adults, is already prominent, forming a of lengthened hairs, those of the nape directed forward, and those of the crown inward. .".1099, a young male with the entire milk dentition well «li \ . 1- i but with in. permanent teeth in sight, ii -till in the brown woolly it, but the pelagi illy of the upperparts. has greatly in- 192 HiilUtin Amrru.m U ustum of Satural History (Vol. XI.YII creased in length from the earlier stage, and the veil of while hairs ha- « ii-.i ; »} ►. :i i . ■< I. The underfur il yellow ish gray basal ly, and annulated subapically with black and tipped with yellowish. The faee-and-head pattern remain- unchanged. This stage is represented by a live [mens, all approximately of the same age. is alexandri (No. 51667). A, palmar surfa< •<• <>f left foro foot; B, plantar surface of left hind foot. Natural size. In the next stage represented, consisting of eight specimens, the natal woolly coat has been replaced by the mature pelage of adults, although some of the series are less, than half-grown. No. 51660 has st ill the entire milk dentition, with no jxrinanent teeth insight . but the pelage differs in no way in texture or coloration from that of adults. The top of the head i- marked by a whirl of lengthened brown hair, which passes into a conspicuous, erect nuchal crest extending to the shoulders, the hairs of which are about 50 mm. in length, or twice the length of the adjoining neck hairs on either side. They only about equal, however, the length of the pelage of the dorsal area, the coarseness and length of which Allen, Congo Collection of C 193 inurements of Thirty Adult Specimens of Crossarchus alexandri Collector*' Measurements Skull Cat. No. So Locality S V X E > 1 1 B 1 ■ B 51659 c? Niapu 666 376 290 83 25 51661 & 672 387 285 85 27 81.6 40.8 21.0 51662 d" 705 410 295 89 26 83.4 43.4 21.8 11606 cf 675 408 267 82 27 c? 715 415 300 90 27 20.8 11671 ," I, p. 87. Typo, by monotypy, Ihrpestes olbicaudus G. Cuvier. Preoccupied by Lasiopus Dejean (1833) in Coleoptera. f-umia I. Geoffroy, 1837. Aim ScL Nat., Paris, (2) VIII, October, p. 251; 1839, Mag. deZool.,pp. 3and 13 of text t<> Pis. xi-x\ i. New name to replace Lasio- pus, preoccupied. Similar in size, character of i>olage, and most cranial characters to typical forms of Herpestes, and with the same dental formula ft cot h 40), but soles of foot furred instead of bare, frontal region of skull more elevated and expanded, the dentition much heavier, especially p* and the molars of both jaws. Ichneumia leucura ibeana (Thomas) Plate XXVI; and Text Figures 55-57 Herpestes olbicaudus ibeanus Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, June, p. 409. Type locality, Athi-ya-Maui, Mombasa-Uganda Railway, British East Africa. A Ucn, Congo Collection of Carnivora 1 95 'ungos albicauda Thomas, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., (8) XVI, December. -' Poko (1 specimen). Ichneumia albicauda ibeana Hollister, 191 - \Ius. Bull. 99, pt. 1, P. 130. Represented by 8 specimens (5 adult, 3 immature), collected as folio v 2 skins with skulls, 3 skins without skulls, all adult), April 15, December 31, 1911; February 17, 1913. ngara, 3 (2 d" subadult, 1 nursling), April 19, June 5, 1913. Collectors' measurements of 3 adult males from Faradje : Total Head and Tail Cat. N Length Body Vertebra Hind Foot Ear 51594 960 560 400 120 40 990 580 410 120 43 51806 1080 620 460 130 40 Only two of the skulls of these specimens are available for measure- m< a 51594 and 51505. Xo. 51594 is very old, with the teeth greatly worn, the orbits closed, and the cranial sutures wholly obliterated; in No. 51595 (Figs. 55 and 56) the teeth are unworn, the orbits not fully closed, and all the cranial sutures open except the median frontal and parietal. Greatest length (No. 51594) 1 1 1.2. (Xo. 51595) 106.0; condylo- basal length, 110.8, 107.8; palatal length, 62.0, 63.0; zygomatic breadth, 57." breadth at p4, 36.5, 33.0; least interorbital breadth, 21.3, 20.0; postorbital constriction, 22.2, 21.0; breadth of braincase, 36.3, 33.9; upper cheek-teeth (c-m1), 43.3, 39.0; p'-m1, 35.2, 32.5; length of p4, 10.0, 9.6; greatest transverse breadth of p4, 7.0, 6.8; ml, 5.8X9.0, 6.0X8.5; m», 4.3X7.6, 4.3X7.3. iioinrh t he five Faradje specimens are all adult and the three from ngara are all immature, they seem unquestionably referable to the same form, although not satisfactorily comparable, owing to difference in age. The five Faradje specimenfl vary greatly individually in the ■•lint of white in the tail. In one the apical half is white; in another only the apical third i- white; in a third the tail ifl merely grizzled with white; in the other two the tail is superficially blackish, the hairs ing only narrow subapical and subbasal z«' bite, not evident it rally. The two semi-adult Niangara speci- - have the apical half of the tail el (PI. XXVI, fig. 1). of the Niangara specimene is a nursling (probably about two or ti ks old) in first pelage. The ventral surface ■ thinly clothed : dark l>rowii; tin- n-t of the body, the limbs (except the toes), and H Ui**- Fig. 55. Ichneumialeucuraibeana. Skull of adult male (No. 51595). A, lateral view; B, palatal view; C, dorsal view. Natural size. 196 19241 Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 197 the tail (except the tip) are pale buff, the hairs dusky at base, the dusky portion showing at the surface on the middle of the back, thus giving in places a dingy effect ; the nose is blackish, passing into dark brown on t he forehead and sides of the head ; the toes and tip of the tail are also blackish. The skulls of the specimens from Faradje agree in all essential details with a series of four skulls from the Athi district, British East Africa. In general coloration both the Faradje and Niangara specimens are Fii;. 56. Ichneumia leucura ibeana. Adult male (No. 51595). A, lateral view of left mandible; B, crown view of left lower dentition. Natural siae. much darker than the scries of Herpestes albicaudus ibeanus Thomas, to which Bllbepeeiefl they are referred with much reservation, as not only are they much darker but the geographical conditions of the two regions point to their probable subspecific differentiation. As, however, the type locality of I. < leoffroy's Ichneumon albescens is Sennar, the Faradje form may be referable to albescens, a point indeterminable without Sen- ior comparison, offroy's /. albescens has usually been synonymized with the Abyssinian leucttrut of Khnnberg, and the latter with albicaudus of G. Cuvier from Senegal. At it does not appear to me probable, on geo- graphic as well as on other ground-, that leucurus and albicaudus can be specifically identical. I prefer to employ h ururus for the eastern group. It may be noted that , with few exceptions, it has been customary hereto- for. all forms of Idummia, from Cape Colony to Abyssinia, in, northern Angola and - < Hivier's albicaudus. Xznooale J. A. Allen ,;../..! \ Ul» P.M'.i. -Toiirn. Mammalogy. I , No I November 28, p. 26. riKinal designation, XenogaU microdon. L96 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History \I.VI1 Toes 5-5; soles and palms furred; dental formula, relative size and general structure of the teeth as in Herpestes (*.«.); skull relatively short and broad, i>ost- palatal region especially so; postorbital constriction deep and close behind the post- orbital processes; braincaae short, proportioned about as in Ichmmia, very different in form from the braincaae of Herpestes; tail short and t hick, u in tchsmmtia end Atilax, in contrast with the long slender tail of Herpestes, in which the henvily haired portion is restricted to the basal third. ">7. Ichftt ntitin It ■neurit ibeana (No. 51595). A, palmar surface of left fore foot; B, plantar eorfaee of left hind foot; C, rhinarium. Naturalize. X( nogah presents a singular combination of characters. Externally it strongly resembles Atilax, particularly in the texture and coloration of the pelage, and in the field was mistaken for Atilax macrodon, but in cranial characters and in dentition the two forms present little similarity. It resembles Iduuutma in external form, in its long heavy overhair, and in having the palms and soles furred, thus differing in this 1.. respect from both Herpestes and Atilax. It has the light and rather weak dentition of Herpestes, but the skull is relatively much shorter, broader Alien, Congo Collection of Camvoora 199 heavier than in the latter, with the postpalatal region corre- spondingly shorter and wider (Figs. 41, 58). The short, thick tail "iigly with the attenuate tail of Herpestes. Xenogale microdon J. A. Allen Plate XXVII; and Text Figures 68-60, 61A-B '>gaU microdon J. A. Allen, 1919, Journ. Mammalogy, I, No. 1, Novembe 28, p. Type, No. 51625, d" adult, Niapu, Belgian Congo, December 4, 1913; Herbert I and James P. Chapin, American Museum Congo Expedition. Orig. No. 2194. A small-toothed form with a general external resemblance to the Atilax group. I 'purparts of body with the overhair black broadly annulated with rufous, ag a grizzled effect of deep black and ochraceous orange; the individual hairs are light at base passing into black, the outer half black ringed and tipped with ochraceous holly black; underfur pale buff, darker at extreme base; tail like the back at ■ tiling lighter apically without distinctive change (either to black or white) at tip. the hairs individually buff at base, broadly ringed with black near the middle and subapically ringed with whitish; limbs uniform brownish black to intense black different individuals); head distinctly lighter than body, the hairs short and iiicuously tipped with whitish, giving a grizzled, grayish effect; ventral area similar to the back but more suffused with rufous which prevails over the black; neck from the axillar line to lower part of the throat blackish, the hairs conspicu- tipped with whitish, giving a grizzled effect; chin, sides of head and top of with a brownish tone, the hairs extrem.lv short; palms and soles1 as in Ichneumia. Collectors' measurements of type: Total length, 895 mm.; head and body, 510; tail vertebras 386; hind foot, Hi.",; aw, 36. Skull of type, greatest length, 107.0; eondylobasal length, 105.0; basal length, 100." tic breadth, 59.0; postorbital constriction, 18.9; width of braincase, mastoid breadth. 41.0; across p*-p4, 34.5; palatal length, 60.0; upper toothrow tigth of p« outside, 10.7. The t \ J m • is an old male with strongly developed sagittal and lambdoidal crests -lightly worn teeth (Figs. 58 and 59). The tail appears to have been slightly mutilated at tin- tip in life, and thus the total length and tail length given above are less than the normal. represented by 16 eperimaiM (9 adults, 7 nurslings), collected in • region, as follows: • . 3 adult, 1 Mibadult), October 14, 22, 1913. . all adult . November io. December I, 1018; Januan i: lfedje,6(l 9 adult, 6 uuwlinge), March 10 0 5,1910. Kiibi, 2 (nurslings), November 27, 1909. 'In the original description (lor riL. P. 27. third l»nr> from bottom of the technical description), m . ami •(.lwhtrfuin/'AnniMia" should read "palm* and aolca a» in Irhneumta ." Fig. 58. Xenogale microdon. Type skull, adult male (No. 51625). A, 1 view; B, palatal view; C, dorsal vi«-\v. Natural size. JOO Mlt n. Congo Collection of Carnirnrn 201 The seven nursl 0 from Avakuhi, a locality Otherwise un- rep: and five from Etfedje, represented also by an adult female) differ markedly in coloration from the Niangara lekntumia nursling, being very much darker throughout. They are alto all several ka older, with the soft juvenile pelage considerably more developed. king due allowance for the difference in age and the consequent • h of the pelage, the present series obviously represents a much darker form, the pelage being everywhere dull drab-brown with the extreme tips of the hairs li<;ht huffy, scantily veiling and lightening rficially the general dark tone. The front of the head to somewhat tenor to the eyes is blackish, as are the feet except for a few light- tipped hfl •gale microdot*. Type, adult male No, 51625 \. lateral view of left mandible; H. crown riaw of left lower dentition. Natural size. Three of the Medje specimens are from the same litter, hut in one 'ure they are remarkably individualistic. In one the hair of the upperparts hes smoothly and is all directed backward, being thus wholly normal in position. In another the hair posterior to the -houlders also is normal in po-itioti except for a conspicuous hair-whirl at the left hip. The other has the hair of the whole dorsal area abnormally dis- posed from the head posteriorly. Anteriorly is a semicircular whirl. ending from the base of the right ear to the bass of the left ear, the hairs formii | of the right side of the md across the front of the shouldsn beinf • d. or di rd and to the left over :i DfOSid :ir«-a. I'nmi tin- broad tran- whirl or crest, a median spinal < ml- down the hack to the hips and then turn- -h.irply to the left and ends at the base of the tail. There third and very lame transverse crest ovei the left scapula 202 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [VoL XI. \ II rial Measurements of Xenogale microdon Total Head nnd Tail Hind Cat. No. Sex Locality Length Body Vertebras Foot Ear 51621 cf Ak.-nge 1010 585 425 100 38 B85> tf" Niapu 895 510 :f X>tinq m> 51616 \ver Teeth of Xenogale microdon Cat. No. Sex and Age c-nu pi-mt P« mi mi Length of nu and mi .-.l.il.i I .June. (Cf. antea, pp. 169, by monotvpy, the Vansire of I'. Ca vwr=H erpctte* paludinoaua G. ocock, 1916, Proc. Zool. So. . London, p. 350, and pp. 349-374, passim, with tarl fists, of ear, vibrissa?, rhinarium, ImI and anal glands. Ilni.i.nTBR, 1918, Hull. 99. pt. 1. At* 126. mM. 1907. Ann Mm Nat Hi»t . (7) XIX. January, p. 110. footaoU. 20} Bulletin American Museum of Natural History Vol. \I.VII Athylax Grat, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 556. Genotype (by monotypy), Vansin I I tartar (not of Buffon ami Daubenton) — "Atilax van-- .r"auct. = Herpestes paludinosus G. Cuvier. (See above pp. 167, 173, for a hi>t<.rn:il account of P. Cuvier's Van-in- and the genUf Atilnx.) Skull relatively broad, short and heavily ossified; zygomatic breadth about 60 per cent of the condylobasal length; frontal region elevated and expanded (as in Ichneumid); postorbital constriction deep; palatal tube long and narrow, its width about 65 per < . nt of the length (about 86 jxr cent in Herpestes and Ichneumia); , heavily develoiM-d; premolars $■=-§, teeth 3<> (premolars f^-J »n(l ,,',t,» 40 in Herpestes and lekntumia). Pelage soft, thick and long; palmar and plantar surfaces of fe<-t naked as in Herpestes (furred in Tchmmtia and Bdeognle). Toes free (not joined by membranes as in Herpestes, Ichneumia and Bdeogale). Fig. 61. Khinanum. A. dorsal view of Xenogale microdon (No. 51687); B, front view of MM; C, dorsal view of Atilnx macrcdm 61629 : I). front view of same. Nat nral BtM. Atilax is the proper generic designation of the Ihrpestes paludinosus group of mongooses, which rangea throughout the greater part of Africa south of the Sahara. The half dozen forms at present recognised have heretofore usually been referred to Herpestes ( = Mungos auot. recent., not Mungos Geoffroy and G. Cuvier), most of them as aubepeciea of //. paludinosus G. Cuvier. The forms of Atilax appear to vary but little in size, the eondylobasal length of the skull, according to <1< -e of robustus only. ated by 4 specimens, an adult male (PI. XXVIII, fig. 1) and female, a half-grown male, and a nursling, all taken at Faradje, April Ml; March 8, December 26, 1912; January 23, 1913. These specimens agree well with the original description of the type of robustus ("brown, very minutely punctured"), being nearly uniform reddish brown both above and below, passing into grayish brown on '1 and neck, and slightly darker on the middle of the back than on the b and underparts. The long overhair is subapically annulated broadly with black and white, with conspicuously long reddish tips, which give the prevailing reddish brown tone to the pelage. Hectors' measurements of the two adults: Total length, cf 870, 9 860; head and body, 530, 520; tail vertebrae, 340, 340; hind foot, 34, 33. Skull, total length, d" 102.2; zygomatic breadth, 62; upper toot h- 29. The type locality of Athylax robustus Gray is "White Nile," with- out further specification. Faradje is mar the l>order of the White Nile drainage, and this species was the only Atilax there taken. On the r hand, no individuals of this species were found at the It uri localities the dark form described below was common (PI. XXIX). Atilax macrodon, new s|x ■■ - X.WIII, Figure 3; XXIX: tad i ires 61 C-D, 62-64 o. 51629, o* adult, Niapu, Belgian Congo, December 15, 1913; tik Lang and James P. Chapin. Museum GoagO Expedition. Orig. No. 2294. ■olor above blackish brown, darkest along middle of beck; tail black; and underparts browner, with :i faint rufou- I lighter, with a hum lew grayish toi KtreBM tip.* of the hairs U-mi: whitish or pair yellowish. hair of the middle of the back, from the shoulders to the baae of the tail, ail hairs are long, stiff, and entirely black; on the head, sidea of the and theforenerk the hairs are short, rigid, and minutely tipj>ed with palerufoua, ng a general brownish effect, a« is also the caae with the long hairs of the flanks Fig. 62. Atilax macrodon. Type skull, adult male (No. 51629). A, lateral view; B, palatal view; C, dorsal view. Natural size. MM 1924) Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora WJ and ventral area. Underfill thick; brownish gray. In many specimens the minute ng of the hairs is much lighter on the head and sides of the neck, producing a grayish rather than rufous effect. Fore limbs dark brown; hind limbs darker, be- coming nearly black on the feet. D at a little distance or in a dull light the general color effect is dull brownish black, varying in some specimens to black; on close inspection or in strong direct light the minute rufous tipping of the hairs gives a slight rufous tone to the flanks and underparts and in exceptional specimens also to the back. Collectors' measurements of the type: Total length, 855 mm.; head and body, 525; tail vertebra;, 330; hind foot (c. u.), 112 (s. u. 107) ; ear, 34. 63. Atilax macrodon. Type, adult male (No. 51629). A. lateral view of left mandible; B, crown view of left lower dentition; ('. lingual view of first low. r molar. Natural size. .11 (type; Figs. 62 and 63), total length, 116.8; condylobasal length, 108.8; palatal length, 66.1; zygomatic breadth, 60; breadth at base of canines, 26.4; breadth at base of incisors, 14.6; interorbital breadth, 21.7; tip to tip of postorl ••sees, 37.4; poetorbital constriction, 15.0; breadth of braincase, 38.4; ma- lt h. 41.8; outaide breadth of palatal tube. 10.5; length of palatal tube (to tip of pterygoids), 26.5; upper toothrow (including canin<- . Hi. 7; up|>er toothrow (p*-m») ./; p*. outside length, 10.2. oblique inside length. 12.2. gn ■at< -t transverse dian 8.6; length of mandible symphysis to tip of angular process), 75.8; height, angle to 14.6; height of coronoid process (at posterior border) 36.4; length of tooth- row (prmj), 35.4; toothrow (including canine), 47.1; mi, 9.8X6.3; m», 6.1X5.5. I (9 males, 12 females, all but :< adult', collected *• follows: 1(1^,1 o,bothadu 1913. lied} ,2| • juvenile , Aug.. 10, 1910. :-ii. 13(4 cf\ 9 9, all adult but 1), December 6-30. 1913; Januan 3. 191 1. 206 li'ill- ! iM-uin of Xdtural History Vol. MAI! Measure mi -n ts of Twelve Adult Specimens of A Max macrodon Locality Collector*' M skull M 5i«ig 51630 Average Minimum Maximum 6 AkeiiRe Ninpii s.-,ll B96 B46 855 BM 845 858 845 895 BOO 510 510 510 525 IM 608 490 525 860 385 335 345 380 355 360 880 888 115 105 108 118 iia 115 112 106 lis 35 88 88 34 35 36 :;i 36 105.4 108 8 106.5 L04 ."» 108.3 106 1 mi 6 his a 58.5 59.3 60.6 81 7 59.9 60 0 58.5 81 7 29.8 29.1 29.7 29.3 81 I 29 9 29.1 31.4 51684 Average Minimum Maximum Aki'tigc Ni.-ipu 790 850 B80 S.,0 890 870 848 790 ! 890 485 450 510 493 525 488 492 UK) 525 305 400 320 375 382 358 305 400 105 115 109 112 115 122 113 105 122 83 33 38 88 32 35 34 32 38 103.0 104.1 103.8 107.6 109.6 105 6 103.0 109.6 59.4 61.7 61.8 61.5 60 7 58 1 61.8 2S .", 88 0 28.3 29.8 29.0 28 9 28.3 29.8 The adult specimens are very uniform in coloration; immature specimens (PI. XXVIII, fig. 2) are usually darker than adults. He cranial differences present nothing noteworthy: in none is there a trace of p'. In three very young Bkulb the milk dentition i- still present. The orbital ring is complete in one skull and nearly closed in another; usually the posterior third i- open. The soles of the hind feet are uni- formly naked to the heel, not "sometimes with the posterior third hairy."' as has been said to he the case in some specimens of A. robus- S4B). Thomas ha- listed1 a single specimen from Poko (near Niapu), in the Christy collection, as Mangos palxtdmoswi (1. Cuvier, which should probably be referred to the present species, as no other -pecies was met with west of Faradje by the American Museum Congo Expedition. !. 51038 . A. palmar surface of left fore foot; ■ ntar surface of left bind f<><>' Natural sire. on is also much larger than macrodon, the dykrincisive length, as given by Thomas,1 In-in^ Ills mm. (4.55 inches = length from premaxillae to most posterior point of occipital . and apparently much different in coloration, although I quite distinct forma are evidently covered by the de>eript ion. which says: :l COkmr either Lriiz/.le<| reddiafa brown and white, or dark '1882, Proa. Zool. Soe. Loodoa. p. 73. Fig. 65. Bdeogale nigripes. Skull of adult female (No. 51582). A, lateral view; B, palatal view; C, dorsal view. Natural size. 210 Allen, Congo Collection of Carnwora 211 blackish brown without annulations." The first alternative seems to agree best with Gray's original description, and also with the specimens from Farad j«> referred above to robustus. That the Faradje specimens differ radically from the Niapu series seems beyond question, the Farad j«' specimens being nearly uniform reddish brown, including the tail, with all the long hairs broadly tipped with red, and broadly annu- al with white about midway their length, while in macrodon the long hairs of the back and tail are usually entirely black (some of them minutely tipped with rufous in exceptional specimens), with the general effect of blackish instead of rufous. Fifc. 66. Bdeogale nigripes. Adult female (No. 51582). A, lateral view of left mandible; B, crown view of left lowgale nigripes Pi i UUV, 1855, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2) VII, p. Ill; 1858, Anli. ifm Hist. Nat. Paris, X, pp. 120-124. Gaboon, West Africa. Bdeogale nigripes Pousargites, 1897, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Ill, pp. 202-206 (skull figured). Bdeogale nigripes Thomas, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XVI, December, p. Zambo, Belgian Congo (1 specimen). Represented by 9 specimens, collected as follows: Akenge, 2 (1 d" adult, 1 9 juvenile), September 30, October 8, 1913. ipu, 7 (1 cf adult, 1 i = 1 P! '•§5 0 4 y _ i 61681 :,i : 32 0 ,1 ,ed form of Crocuta. Condylobasal length of skull (average of nine specimens) 250 mm., as against an average of 232 mm. in both C. c. germinans nty-six specimens from western British East Africa) and C.c. fist (twelve specimens from eastern British East Africa) ; zygomatic breadth (average of same series) 181 mm., as against 162 and 163, respectively, for germinans and fim. This difference appears to hold good for all other described forms of C. crocuta, so far as the few published cranial measurements indicate. All the other cranial measurement- are proportion- ately greater, the minimum for fortis being often only a little less than the maximum for germinans and fisi. (For comparative average, minimum, ami maximum cranial measurements of these three forms, see table on p. 219.) The few available rnal measurements of fort it taken from animals in the flesh are consistent with the cranial measurements, as shown by the following: Comparative External Measurements of Crocuta crocuta fortis, C. c. germinans, and C. c. fisi • Numl>er of mens Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebra? Hind Foot C. c. fortis C. c. germinans C. c. fisi 29 12cf,99 5cf,29 L6M 1501 1475 1340 1209 1191 325 301 284 230 230 Crocuta c. fortis is represented by thirteen specimens, all collected at Faradje, May 10, 1911 t<> February 5, 1913. There are six skins, taken as follows: two m February, two in August, and one each in September and December. Tin includes five adult skm> with skulls, one adult skin without skull, one complete skeleton, and six skulls without skins, of which three are immature. 1924] Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 215 The six adult skins vary greatly individually in color and markings. In two of them the ground color is grayish in general effect, in two others iish, while the other two are intermediate between the grayish and liah phases. No. 52062, a slightly immature male, is pale buffy white (decidedly gray in general effect in certain lights); the spots are large and deep black (PI. XXXII. fig. 2). In No. 52061 (sex not indicated) general tone is slightly more buffy than in 52062, and the spots are much smaller and more numerous, but also deep black. No. 52068 type of fortis, an adult female) is slightly buffy in general tone, and the spots on the body are small and brownish black; those on the shoul- - and thighs are smaller, more sharply defined and deep black, in contrast with those of the sides and back. No. 52063 (sex not indicated) is ochraceous buff, the body spots of medium size and dull black, those of shoulders and thighs deep black. No. 52064 (adult female) is pale ferru- ginous in general tone; the body spots are large and black (PI. XXXII, tig. 1 . No. 52059 (adult male) has the ground color strongly reddish; t he spots are brown, pale, and not sharply defined on the sides and shoul- much darker on the thighs and lower back. The individual color variations in this series of fortis agree closely with those of germinans from British East Africa as recorded by Roo- I Heller,1 and later by Hollister.1 The table of measurements (p. 219) shows that nine adult skulls of fortis (the sex of four of them is not known) vary as much individually as do the twenty-six skulk of germinans, listed by Hollister (loc. cit., pp. 1 16 1 19), from Sotik, Loita Plains, Guaso Ngishu Plateau, and the i a region. They average, however, considerably larger in rlv all dimensions. They also differ from skulls of germinans, as represented by B] - from Kabalolot Hill (Sotik), Elmenteita, and Kijal*-. with which they have been compared, in the shape and size of the auditory bulls), which are relatively larger, much more swollen, and v different in the anterior portion, which is much more expanded and less tapering than in germinans (PI. XXXV). The poatsriot bofdat of the palatal Boor PL -XXXIII is much more deeply incised and more V-ahaped than in <)i rminans, in which the posterior border is less deeply and mop- .v.iilv convex forward. This feature is somewhat variable in md thus would not always prove diagnostic. In six of the nine adult skull i the palatal border is deeply incised, in two mo • the other -hallow and evenly hollowed, as in germinant. •l»l. *nGu»«Anim*]«.'l.p.261. •1»1 ' Mil Hull W. pt 1. \u«urt 16. pp. M3-144. 216 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X 1 . Y 1 1 The difference in the size and shape of the auditory bulla1 between the two forms is practically constant and strongly marked. Another t«i ' in the case of Hyaena hyaena bergeri and //. duets seems uncertain. In his two skulls of dubia p* stands Straight with the axis of the toothrow, and in the eleven skulls of bergeri it has an oblique position. As this feature is the chief alleged different 1 >< t p t he skulls of the two forms, the examination of a larger if skull< of dubia from this point of view seems desirable. The accompanying table of comparative cranial measurements of C. c. germinans, C. c.fisi, and C. c.fortis is based, in the case of germinans &ndfisi, on Hollister's tables (he. cit., pp. 146-149), and, in the case of fortis, on the table here given (p. 219). The series of skulls of the tl forms are strictly comparable in respect to age and sex. The twenty- six skulls of germinaris include fourteen males and twelve females; of t he t waive skulls of fisi eight are males and four are females; the nine of fortis are probably about equally divided as to sex, although tl not indicated for four of them. It is well known, however, that then no appreciable sexual difference in BBS in the spotted hyenas. Not many published measurements of >kulls of the other described forms of Crocuta are available for comparison. Matsehie. in his well- known paper on the hyenas,1 has given the Ka-ilar length Of most of the twenty-one skulls then in the Berlin Museum, but a considerable numUr of the specimens were immature. Reducing his " Hasilarlange ■1918. U. 8. Nat Mus Bull. 99. pt. 1. pp. 140, 143, PI. m. M900. 'Geocraphurhe Formen der Hyaenen ' Sitiungab. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 18-68. Ml.n.i „ngo Collection of < 217 condylobasnl length,1 ten of the eleven adult skulls give an average eon- dyk>basal length of 238 mm., and a sygomatic breadth of 164 mm. Tl iHsare within a few millimeters of the same measurements for twenty- skulls of germinatu from British East Africa as published by Hollisl {he. rit. . The range Of variation in these ten skulls is more than covered by HoUi >nnintis. The other (or eleventh; skull of the lee is his type of genmnans from Lake Rukwa, of which the basilar length is given as 236 nun., and the sygomatic breadth as 196 nun.; obviously the latter is a misprint . possibly for 169 mm. In this case the type skull of genmtum* would be larger than the average of the British East Africa series but within the range of normal individual variation. Before the largi if spotted hyenas brought together by the Roosevelt and the Rainey African expeditions were assembled at the Unil - es National Museum, it was customary to regard marked variations in color and markings in these animals as indicative of specific diversity. During the period from 1900 to 1914, fourteen forms of the genus Croatia wen- described, thirteen of them being given the rank of species. Nine forms are East African, the other five are from South- • and West Africa, based often on simile specimens, sometimes immature examples. They w.-re usually founded on features of colora- tion or on .flight variations in cranial character-, now known to have no distinctive value. Some of them will doubtless prove to represent n . Disable geographic phases, but in most case- their real status and distinc- I to 1m' established. These alleged forms, with their localities, follow. Th' ricait form- are: 1900. // -.hi.-. Lake Rukwa, German East Africa. 1905. S rinia." 1908. MntxTK. KibonotO Iteppe, Kilimanjaro. 1908. Lonnberg. Kibonoto, Kilimanjaro. L910. - tad. 1910. ' "•' vta knkole, Uganda I'.ti l Miiici-lni N ■ r. Britisl 1911 Cabrera. Odwaina, Britiah 8omali l'H! Heller \I< nil. Waterb nbil Road, Britiah Ea*t Afn The Southwest and Wesl At- i lan> buebergap in Oranje-4 tebiet I «nvli* aptwimcoa the eoodylobaaal Ungth u 12 to 15 mm. grMter than th« ba»ilar length a» 218 HuUrtin American Vat* r„l History [Vol. \l A II 1000. Hyrna (Crocotta) wi**tuf the >i><>t t«-«i hyena from many parti «»f Africa have ed by various authoi bavebeen baaed on color differ i observed in very ■nail series, of ••vim between angle examples <>f two supposed races. ii laid on tin- wide difference between tray, l>ufT. and red exam] and on the color of the spots Mack. hrown, or led Minor difference! in tin- > k u 1 1 s bare alao bean repreaanted to I*- of sparine importance. The splendid ■ fulh/ sixnl skins and skulls of these animals assembled in tin- lint. • urn by the Smitlisonian and the Rainej expeditions has made possible ireful Study of individual variation in a law Dumber of specimens from tin - region, and a companion of suitable series from different localities. Tl quite discredit many characters which have been considered as of primary import m diatinguishi] Within a sinf i specimens from the Botik region, for example, are extreme- of ref more importance, however, are the Dumerous examples, showing variatiun between extremes in all these characters Boffister baa found reason to discredit Cabrera's Crocuta moyae, based on a single specime] fcopotypea having become available for comparison with seriee collected in the Southern Guaso Nyiro and k. both series containing ''specimens bridging in every particular all variation-, in color and markings between red and gray types, betwi blackish and light brown spotted types, and between any extremes in shape and sise of skull and teeth." Lonnbt eotta&tboi and h from slightly separated localities in the Kili- manjaro district i arc discredited. :i- b also Cabn "/" tl<<>>> from Ankole. While the kind of work here under stricture Bhould no; rely condemned, in consideration of the fact that a decade or two ago no lam-' seri imena from single localities of any of the la: . mammals of Africa were available for study, and that there was con- sequently no way of ascertaining the amount and character of the purely individual variation to be expected and allowed for. it is certainly to be hoped that broader views will prevail in the immediate future. SO much material from single localities is now available for careful examination. The larg Of specimens of many forms of Carnivora, and also of other orders of manunab. collected at single localities by the Amen Museum Congo Expedition, throw much light on the subject of pq z - - tuning I---«H J" - — • - i- = — - eo [VHMVIJJV,) ~. — T- — 9 — ~ ' I / — ?i — ri — ?i — ?i — xxxxxxxxx . - ~ — < — r S X X r ie r~ «c co re re re re re CO 1 CO AOJipoox — / - ri 3 3 © •* •* © — ~ r - - -< l -: g © — r r • - f ~ — ~ Z >~ T}« -i — - : - - — — — — »H ~ — - - r» o c ■■ - — i- - / ~ ~ ~ 00 5^ i- -- 7 s aotvLnaaoQ JVJItUOJW.J — ?i Z - •-. r? © © — — — r / — t- .-— — — — — ,j. q»p«"H pniqjoiaiai i- son o«o|»> ■''•'.•'.'-.'-. IO - ; 5 © © — — — — — — — Wig ; s i - - :m- ; • — / / i - / i - i - —1 00 - as e» ■- 3 3 -- i- i- i- n ?i ?i "b o | I I o I o-b < — - •z c 0 9 - = - - II cs - t- © - ■-. co r. •- or-— o> n - © / ?1 Cfl — rt H Mfl cm — ?i XXX XXX XXX ©!-»© ewe— o : n MOJipOOJ, L3 2 E^ S - r- © ■- *i C »H c — MOJUJOOJ, K — j: t- - 3 C5 r. — ~* >~. '-. © © r. c qjSnai r, |, to — «p J to r- Cfl — i- 10 «o tonravQ *« qVpraig 1 ~ 3 o S •I o z ~ aonoujBUoj j»jiq.iojto,j — i- r. :: — « a — X t- DC — — •* — '■: qjpt»Jg I«1iqja»»ui 2 — -c *Q ■~ r o !■: ."-; qtpWJQ o> r. i o» a s s ^H — — qipwwg .>IJ«lUOJ(A2 8 — i- 8S ,-t — 1- — — — co n r »-i — — «n*»i C« — — Has H 9 :i o 'i / — «o — '" «, I § ill fe i i = = u - > — • § bo 3 2 .5 © a < % = WK 291 » Hulkttn- American Muteum of \atunri History (Vol. X I A 1 1 individual variation, and the comment thereon in the pre- I»a|>er8 on Congo mnnunab in relation to it< bearing upon the OOnoep- t ions of "species*- held in earlier days, should not be considered as unkind or personal criticism of authors who had no other method of making known their din md of thus contributing, in a way. important fauni-tic and morphological information. Felidjs The cats obtained by The American Museum ( longo Expedition are represented by one hundred and twenty specimen-, referable to the genera Leo, Panthera, Leptailurus, Prcfelis, and Felts; the cheetahs (Acinonyx) and caracals (Caracal) are unrepresented. Tiny « mainly collected at or near Farad je in the veldt region of northeastern Belgian OongO. In several instances single forms are represented by fairly If om the same locality, as in the case of the lions, leopards and servals. Thus considerable material is for the first time available for the study of individual differentiation in African Felida\ While the collect ions from British Mast Africa in the United States National Museum at Washington include large series that are properly referable to the same regional farm they usually represent a number of localities Hollister'e report? on this rich material contains numerous tables detailed measurement.-, particularly of skulls and dentition, that have proved of git snee in connection with this study of the cats Of the < Jongo < 'ollection. The accompanying largi >f photographic illus- tration- of individual color variation, particularly in the leopards and servals, it is hoped will prove of interest to specialists of these groups, Leo Oken Leo Ok » \. 1816, 'Lehrb. Naturg.,' Th. 8, Al.th. _». p. lien. Type, by tautonymy, /<« Lin&l The name Las bee been employed genetically by various authon during tb< half century, independently <>f each other and probably in ignorance <>f oi • •:irlicr use of the n:iin<\ for tin- lion group (\ilii>ivc!v. notably by .1- K. ( 'r:iv in 1867 end 1S69. The well-marked differences, both external and cranial, that char- acterize the lion group in contradistinction to all other eats are too well known to require recapitulation. These differences are strongly marked in comparison with the leopard group, with which some authors associate the bona under the generic designation Panthera, while others -till adhere to the old method of grouping all cats under Feks, with the '1918. U. 8. Nat. Mua. Bull. 99, pt. 1. August 16, pp. 150-180, Pis. xu-i.v MI, ■ H.rtinn ofCurninm, 221 domestic cat as genotype; others exclude from Felis only the cheetahs and lynxes. This diversity of action is explainable only on the principle of personal equation in judging how much differentiation is required as bask neric group. Type Locality ol FeUa ho Linna&ua No definite type locality appears to have been anrngnfid for / LinnsBus, the "habitat " of which was given by the author as "Africa," the li<»ns of Asia being thus not involved in the determination of a type on. Thomas, in 1911. in his paper on 'The Mammals of the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus; an Attempt to fix the Types of the ( lenera and the t Bases and Localities of the Species.'1 says justly p. 135): "No type locality available" (thai is. on the basis of the original description), pe locality therefore must be determined on other grounds from con- dition of the dozen more or less currently recognized African forms of the original Felu leo. Of first importance in such consideration is the graphical area from which the Bom known to pre-Linnean writers would most naturally have come. This was evidently the Mediter- ranean coast region of Africa, from the time of Pliny to Linnaeus, and even much later it was the main source of supply of lions for the menag Kurope. especially of Frai rtunately a definite locality fa given for the specimens on which the description and drawings of I*. < tavier'a Lion de Barbaric weir based.' Th. tphical origin is thus stated: "Ce Lion4 fut pria dans an piege, entre Constantine et Bonne, en 17!>."». age d'tm an environ. ■ une femelle de la menie portee; et le !>«•>• de la premiere de villi- fit present de OBI deux aniniaux an gouvernenient franc,ais d"a! rom LacCpede we farther learn: "C'est dans on hois voaain itantine, pre- de la cote aeptentrionak d'Afrique, qoe oommenoa la captivite de ces deUX Lions. 1'n an apres. le citoyen 1-elix i l'un dee gardieni de la menagerie da Museum, qui a oette epoqae it en Barbarie, parordredu gouvernement, pour y aeheter dea tnaUX rare- et inter,— ant-, parvint a 1«- acmierir pOUT Ifl Museum. ant peu de moil il le- con 222 Mfa American Museum of Natural Hietory (Vol. X I.V 1 1 Kit /.inner in 1868, in tin- first p.nt of hi- revision of the I'.li tricted FeUt l>>> Linnteus to die Barbery li«»ii (his Leo baibarus), the Only citation of Pdi* l<<> LinnSBUS Im-jh^ placed ;/«<-. cit.. pp. 132^136) under this flubsp ttu leobarbarux). The other citation- given by him under this race appear to be pertinent. The reference of pri- mary importance i- to F. Cuvier and Geoffroy's Lion de Barbaric. figured and described, SI shown al*>ve, from sj>eeimens captured near Oonstantine on the coast of Algeria. Thia regional form of theAfri- lion hsd become in 1829 the sole basis of J. B. Flschi leo, a barbanu,1 and has since been recognized or variety • leo Lmnsras by various author-.3 it seems dear thai it may be pro- perly considered as the t \- [ m • form of Fdu l<<> and stand is Leo leo Iso (Iinntsus). On this basis I designate ss type locality for the Linnean ■ the Barbara 0 Of Africa, or, more explicitly. Con- stantine. Algeria. African Forms of Li< It is generally agreed by taxonomers thai the lions of Asia and Africa are merely geographic forms of a single specific type. This is an obvious result of the absence of any marked physical harrier separating north- eastern Africa from southwestern Asia. About a dozen specific or subspecific name- have been proposed for the lions Of Afri( 3 era] Of these are merely replacement names for leo of Limysus, bestowed without nomenclature] reason, as aj Jardine (1834), gambianu* Gray (nom. nud.. 1.S43), nobilis Gray (1867), and do not require further consideration. The following additional names were given to supposed subspecies. They are here listed in •Fitsiiurcr. I. J . 1868. ' Revision der iur naturlichen Familie der Katien (Feles) gehorigen Formen.' 8itiungsb. Ak. Wis* Wien. LVIII. \l.th 1. pp. 421-519. 1 97. Soc. Washington. Will. September 2, p. 123 three names give -m in a thesis for the degree of doctor of medicine attl . 1S21S. The title-page of Meyer's work is in L:i- man. The title (in part) is: 'Diaaertatin ■• inauguralis anatomico-medica 'de-'Genc: .(■ 1 1 lineal Joanne* I he date of presentation ia August 5. 1826. The author's dedication to his father occupies three unpaged leaves, dated "Wien am 12. July 1826." Thia ia followed by the test of the thesis (pp. 1-62, with one plate and an explanatory text pac "Naturhistoriarher Theil" occupies pages 1 to 19, followed by the "Anatomischer Theil." pages 20-62. I'nder the subbe.-c is Leo) " we find on page 6 the following: " N'ach i. -illicit der Mahne und der Faroe setste man drey Raeen feat: (1) Die Barbariache (barbaricus) , bey welcher sich die Mahne langa der Mitte dee Bauches bis an Hintcrfuaee Inn/ ■ (2) die Peraiache (persicus). welcher dieae verlangerte Mahne fehlt: und iie Senegaliscbe (senegalensin). welche aich von der Peraiachen nur (lurch eine hdhere Farbe und die gleichfarbige Halsmahne unterscheidet." There is no furthi these races in this brochure. As stated by Ho) lister, the names of these races "have heretofore dated from Fischer's ' Synopsis Mammalium,' 1829." except that Fischer used barbarut instead of barbaricus for the Barbary lion. Although Fischer's names have a much Letter basis than Meyer's, they are three years later than Meyer's. Fischer's diagnoses are »1 . are diagnostic, while Meyer's are not, and have further a solid basis through ett n de Barbaric for barbarut and the same author's Lion du Senegal for ttuoaUtuu, and of Temminck for perricu*. Alii' llftion of Carnirarii 1'2'.\ ehronologica] sequence, with indication of their respective type localrl and bases. Most of them will doubtless prove available for regional forms but several of the East African designations will probably be found to !><■ superfluous. Leo leo leo Linnssus . / - lOtfa Eld., I. p. 11. •• Africa. " Type locality, l>v SUbeeQ.Ui'0.1 . the '•South African Lion" of Griffith's " Anim. Kmgd.,' V. 1827, i>. 163; idem, II, PI. facing p. 438. The name Pdtt 1m .-;/>e»sw is preoccupied by Petti capenffa Forster, 1781, for the South African serval 1858. Leo leo melanochaitus Hun Smith. Leo melamxtmitus Ham. Smith, Tntrod. to Manmi.,' m Jardine'a Naturalist.-' Library,' XV, '2d Bd>, p. 177. Pi \ "The Mack Maned Lion of the ('ape .... figured m Griffith's Vertebnted Animals .... Habitat the Gape." The plate i> a repulilication in color of the plate in Vol. II of Griffith'! :n. Kingd.' Benee /.<" mdtmockaihu Smith has the same basis as ed above, and will thai be the pro|>er designation of the < of the lion. Cf. Holhster. 1910 Pro Washington, XX111, September 2, p. 1 Leo leo somaliensis Noack). I Noack, Jahrb. II am- borg. Wiss. An-' l\ Halft 1. p. 120. •Somaliland." No definite type locality indicated. I )e-i rilied from young animals in the Berlin Zoo- logical Gardens, [ta statue ai ■ regiona] form is no' torilv rstshlishi d. 1900. Leo leo massaicus Neumann. /'./« leo nuuutatt'ts Neumann, /.mil. Jahrb., \III October, p. 550. Type locality, Kibaya, Maaaai Land. rtnan Ka*t AM 1900. Leo leo kamptzi Mat>< hie . Felisleok-n, irungsb. Cles. Naturf. I reiinde Herlin, p. 09 aga, Cameroon. 1908. Felit leo tabakienxi* Lonnbers;, in Sj •I Kihmaiidj 1905-190ti Klb- |te an adult female, Considered by Holhster I'M pt 1. p. IM .•- not separable from leo nuiAiuih Neiui Bulletin American Museum of Natm \ IV 1 1 ..rotwwetti Heller. Smithsonian Misc. ( "oil.. LXI, N<». 19, Novembi PS locality, as given by Miller. " highlands of Addis Ababa." Ail«li> Ababa is discredited l.y Hollist, i p. it..".! m tin- tnie type locality, and h«- considered the atatua of aub- apeeiea rooeaaefi 'l> in doubt." Tin- type, ■ captive apeciman, was I by KiiiK Meiielik of Ahyssinia to President RoOWVetf in l'.iOJ. " ami in March of tliat year whs deposited in the National Zoological Park in Washington, where it died Novemher 14. 1906. Holhater furth. thai "than m erery chance thai the lion was brought to the Bmperor ai a kitten by some of hi^ aubjeoti Irving in far-distant corner of Ahyssinia Ml the charact. rating the rae argued that .-nice the type men of rooaerelti might well have originally been captured within the habitat of aaaeeaaoa the name should be placed in the aynonyii the latter form." He appears, however, not to have been then ready to make tin- aaaignmrmt, ai he gives rooeevelti provisional recognition. 1913 Leo leo nyanzae (HeDer). Mfaleoi Her, Ebnithaonian Misc. ColL, I \I. No 19, Nov.iiil.er V p. L Type locality, Kampala, north ! ike Victoria Nyanaa, Uganda, type, a Bni skin, without skull. I'M ; Leoleobleyenberghi LonnlM-rg). Felisleobleyenbergln I. onnl.cn:, lh v.Zool. Africame. Ill, fase. 2, December, p 278. Type locality, K.-,- Belgian ( Leo leo azandicus, now sul Plan- WWII to XI. Ty; -084, cf adult Yankerekhovenville, northeastern Belgian O April 18, 1912; Herberl Lang and Janus P. Chapin. American Museum Congo htion. Orig. No. 1061. Slightly larger in cranial and dental measurements than either /.. /. rnjmizse or /.. /. which it is closely related, especially to in, I I ral coloration much as I >ut much paler, the general tone above varying from pale huff to m-huff instead ,.t" 'oihrac. ous tawny," and umlerparts correspondingly paler; it is strikingly different from the general grayish tone of typical ma Type. Pelage rery short, only abotri 8-10 mm. in length on most of the upper- parts, or about as in typical mtissaicus from mar Pake Nyanza. General coloration al.ove ••warm huff" 'Kidgway, 1912), darkening on sides of bead and neck to ' cinnamon huff." and over the mid-dorsal area, from the abooldeM posteriorly, to -.lav color." paler on the flanks; underparts "light huff," whitish medially; (ore limhs externally pale orange-yellow, much paler internally; bind limhs inducting thighs) externally grayish, with a slight huffy tone, gradually pai into "pale huff" internally; tail proximally grayish slightly suffused with pale huff, the hairs minutely tipped with hlackish. the hlack tips increasing in length on the middle third of the tail, passing theme gradually into a long terminal hrownish-l.lack tuft; s,,]es l.rownish hlack. the long dark hairs extending upward between the toes and eneircling the claws, proximal to which is a narrow hand of pale huffy white; dark ear spot of lengthened hair intense hlack. The mane is well developed, forming a narrow n hairs 120 to 160mm. in length' extending from between Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 225 the ears posteriorly to the shoulders, spreading laterally to tin- sides of the head and r foreneck, chest, and sides of shoulders (longest hairs on shoulders 150 to 200 mm. in length). The hairs of the median < rest are pale buff grizzled with black- thc latter prevailing; on sides of neck and foreneck entirely warm buff; lower foreneck, eheel and shoulders darkened with a profusion of Mackish-tipped hairs. There i> no ventral crest. The typs has a better developed mane I'l. WWII) than any of the five other male skin>. m two of which it is reduced nearly to nee. Two of these live adult miWl agree very closely in coloration with the type; and two others are paler, one of them very much paler. Four of the five adult females an- indistinguishable in color features from the male type, although the mid-region of the back is slightly darker than in males through slightly greater length of the blackish tips of the hairs. The other female is much paler than average males. Two of the three young specimens aI). darker than the adults. The smallest of three young specimens, a nursling in the first soft coat (total length ti.'.o mm., the teeth still enclosed in the gum), has the pelage long and more or less woolly, with sparse long fine overhair. This linen iv much paler than the other two, which are considerably older. The coloration is much paler than in adults, the upperparts being pale buff with a slight intermixture of long blackish hairs. The underparts pale huffy white, strongest on the foreneck, palest posteriorly. The crown, from between the eyes to the nape, is blotched with small dusky brown spots: there is a median dorsal line, from the shoulders to the tail, formed of -mall disconnected blackish spots; the fore limbs are anally thickly marked with small spots of dull brown; the hind limbs more heavily marked with still darker spots; the lower back and proximal half of the tail are also obscurely spotted with pale brown. Another young specimen (No. 52071, milk dentition fully developed ami four of the upper incisors and p4 already replaced by permanent li i- much larger and several months older. In this the pelage is long ami full: the upperparts are in general ochraceous buff . with many oonspieuoutly tipped with black, especially along the median line, ami hence darker and more highly colored than any of tin- adults. The hairs of the dm are about 80 to 90 nun. in length, with a narrow median creel in which the hairs have a length of 130 to 125 mm. -potting on the head and timbl i-> similar to that of the nursling. The third young specimen I without skull > is intermediate in age and sise between the two ab ribed, and is likewise intermediate in oloratkm. The pelage 1b longer and softer, with much more woolly underfur, the the upperpatts averaging 220 nun. in hi . 22»» Bulletin American 3iu* History XI.VII The two older of these three immature ipeohnens are much more richly colored than any of the adults, and darker in general effect in con- sequence of the greater length «>f the black tipping of the hair. The spotting of the limbs, crown and flanks, so conspicuous in the young, is scarcely distinguishable in adult malee and usually recta almost to obsolescence in adult females, varying more or less individually in both st Collectors' measuremente of type: Total length, 2860 nun.; head sad body, 1880; tan* vertebra), L030; hind foot. 100. Skull measurement! of the type (Pis. XXX IX \i length, 875; condylobasal length. 335; zygomatic breadth. 245; in- terorbttal breadth. 77.."t: breadth at base of canines, 09; breadth p4, 133.4; length of nasals (middle), 93.S: length of lower jaw, 243; length of upper toothrow (including canine . ii~>.">; length of lower toothrow (including canine. L35.4; upper carnassial. 40.5X20.1; upjn-r molar, 11.1X6.2. (For measurements see Tables I> and I. pp. Represented by i"» Bpecimens, all adult but 3, 1 1 of them from Faradje. collected as follow.-: Paradje, 14 (1 -kin without skull and 1 skull without skin, 7 -peci- menswith flesh measurements), February LI, 1911 December 27, 19 Vankerekhovenvillc. 1 (skin, skull, and Besfa measurements), April 18,1912. Each month of the year is represented by one or more specimens except March and < Kstofaer. As shown by the subjoined tables of the available external measure- mt" 'tigo and East African wild-killed lions (Tablea A. H.'.pp. Congo series is not distinguishable bysisefrom Lf specnn strictly comparable as to age. and were all measured in the flesh by trained collector-, they are assumed to be reasonably indicative. Comparison of Cranial and Dent al < haracters of Congo and East African Lions Cranial. — The cranial measurements of these specimens (Tables D, E, F, G, the latter a comparative summary of I). K. and F), com- prising a larger number of individuals than are available for external Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 227 measurements, especially of females,1 are based exclusively on skulls of old adults, in which the sphenoidal. suture- are wholly obliterated, thus eliminating the element of immaturity. While the data thue obtained not distinctively diagnostic they i>ossess especial interest from viewpoint of individuality. Unfortunately the series are, respectively, stablishing a norm for the throe regional forms involved as regards male-, hut thi< may be assumed as closely approximated in the case of the females, particularly of lnjunzx&nA massaicus. The principal cranial measurements (see comparative summary, Table ( >. p. 240 of seven old male skulls of nzundicus indicate that the length of the skull is ti nun. more than in four compar- able >kull- < ' and 11 nun. more than in nine comparable skulls of The breadth of the skull is corresi>ondingly greater in is, the zygomatic breadth l>eing 7 mm. more than in nyanzx and 8 mm. more than in mauoieuB', the mastoid breadth is 3 mm. more than in n d ! mm. more than in massaicus. In five old female skulls of at length of the skull averages l mm. more than in ten comparable female skuDs of wyemzm and 2 mm. more than in thirteen comparable skulls of massaicus. While these differences are -mall and of little diagnostic value, the extremes (maxima and minima) tly in agreement with the averages. It i< also to he noted that »me of the male skulls, and one of the female -kulls of (izait/iicus so far below the normal in sise as to he properly considered a- dwarfs, particularly the -mall female, and thus tend to reduce the avenge as given above for this form. The relative proportion of zygomatic breadth to greatest length of skull in the male- of the three forms differ- only by a little less than one id in the females the divert about as slight. In 7 males, .") female-- the percent aire of lygomatk breadth to length i- in male- 67.2, in female- ( i 7 . 7 : in ni/nnza- | 1 males, 10 female- . for males 66.4, for females 66.2; in WMHSOtcw (9 male-. 13 female-., respectively 67.0 and 66.1. H>ese statistics indicate a relatively wider skull for percent and is and wumaicui about 1.6 per cent. The breadth at *tahwl>ti..nthemeaaui*u>autecirenbyilollieter(iai~ Mua. Bull. 00, pt. 1, pp. 180-100) have been utilised, but only the ekulls indicated In hie tableau baring the -feu*) »uture obliterated" hare bean admitted, in order that the measurement* may be »trictly comparable in aft tha Congo aariai of twelve akulla. all of which are old adulte with tba •pbanoidal euturea entirely cMiterated by ankylosis. Hollisters skulls of mimmw include four of indiriduale reared in rapt Thaw are included in my teblea (Table F. 6. p. 230) but are deluded from the averages and as- tremce be. an— they are eo obviously abnormal. For epecial twisnt on theae skulls eee p. 234. 22* Bulletin American Muxeum of Natural History [Vol. X I.V 1 1 mterorbital constriction is also slightly greater in azandictu than in either nyanzx or massaicus. IM \i \i.. The teeth (Tables I-L. pp. 242 246), like the principal mearorementi of the skull, present do differeneei by which Bpedmeu azandicus can be distinguished with certainty from those of nyanzx or massaicus. On the whole the dentition of amndicui ■ slightly heavier than in either of the other-, but not more so than would be expected from the slightly greater sbe of the skull. The toothrows of both jaw-. however, are disproportionately longer in azandicus, and the upper canine is a little heavier, in both males and females.1 As in cranial measurements, massaicus is also the smallest of the three forma in most of the dental measurements. Comparison of Leo leo azandicus with Uganda and British East Africa Lions Leo leo azandicus is nearest geographically to Felis leo nyanzx I Iellor,1 at present an imperfectly known form. The latter was based on two .-pecimen-. the type, a flat skin of an adult male (without skull i from Kampala, Uganda, and a paratype (skin and skull) from Mulema. Uganda. Three other specimens are mentioned later by Heller* as examined by him in the British Museum, namely, "two honoOBOB from Mulema and one lioness from Ankole." The male from Mulema is stated )>y Heller to he "quite identical with the type in color and may be taken m representing the race [nyanzx] here deecribed." The cranial characters are based on this Mulema specimen. The range of the race is given as "Uganda and the Nile Valley from the German border north- ward to the Sobat and the Ma hr-cl-Ghaza! drainages, east as far as Mount Dgon and the western shore of the Victoria Nyansa, and west to the Congo-Nile watershed: limits of range unknown " (Roosevelt and Heller. loc. cit., p. 226). On the accompanying distribution map of the East African races of lions (loc n't., p. 227) the range of the Uganda lion is depicted in accordance with this statement, obviously in large degree hypothetical. Holli-ter. in his 'East African Mammals in the United States National Museum* (1918, U. S. Nat. Mus. Mull. 99, part 1, August 16, pp. 156 and 164), greatly extended its range to the eastward, he referring • part of the range of massaicus &s defined by Roosevelt and Seller. Holli-ter says (loc. cit., p. 156): ". . . . the excellent series of speci- *If the dwarfish female (No. 62073) is excluded in computing the average. '1013. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LXI. No. 19, November 8, pp. 4-5. •1014. Roosevelt and Heller, 'Life Histories of African Game Animals,' I, p. 228. Allen, Congo Collection of Carnwora 229 >w preserved in the United Btatei National Museum proves that the lions of the Southern Guam Xyiro and Sotik ire separable from the :>iti Plains, and Kilimanjaro animals, and arc better placed with the form described by Heller from the northern shore of Victoria Xyunza. Felts leo nyanzx." While agreeing with Qoffiatei that these specimens are separable from ma* I would not assign them to the :x form, for reasons presently to be given. Through the kindness of Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., Curator of Mam- mals at the United Si lonal Museum, the type sjM-cimen of nzx&nd eleven of the sjx>cimens from British East Africa referred by Ho] :.?', and listed under this form in his tables of measure- ment namely, four males from lime Springs, Sotik; three females from Loita Plain-: four females from South Guaso Xyiro River) have been ■ :ie for examination. From these specimens it appears probable that Hollister'e conception of nyanzx was based not so much on the type imen of this form as upon the Sotik, Loita Plains, and Southern Xyiro specimens. Thia is especially indicated by his reference to the pelage, ashi mdalion. . . .is a darker, richer colored, ; longer-haired animal than the lion of the Kapiti Plains and Kiliman- jaro '.. p. 164). The type specimen of nyanzx is short- haired, like the axandicus series and typical maitainu from the Kapiti Plain- and the Kilimanjaro district . while the Sotik. Loita Plains, and iso Xyiro River specimens are long-haired, the pelage l>eing only twice the length of that of massauus but much heavier in con- i length. It therefore seems desirable to recognize the Sotik. Loita Plain-, and Southern Guaso Xyiro lion- M a well- intermediate between th African wuu$meu» and the mm, characterised by the differ id coloration •ted out by Hollister a- separating hi- i " from typical mas- is. Thi- race, in view of HoOister'fl important researches 00 the mammal- a. may be fittingly named as follows. Leo leo holliateri, new mbspei I'M- I - Nit. Mik Hull.'.*', part 1 Auuust 16, • :i.iiiit (akfeudBkafl \pnl is. 1011; i: II. ii. • ml pfihgin tuu«h longer ;m«l thirktr. th.tn in then in NHMl I ntrnl r BOM whitish (fM than m Range, tm nam known, U 281 1 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I .\ 1 1 A< H<>lli>ter has stated (loc. cit., p. 156), there are "no reliable char- acters by which tin- >kull> <>f the two races [massaicus and rtyanzse] may !><• dJetingtDBhed." While then i> ;i slight avenge difference in it i> not
  • lli>ter believed (loc. cit., p. 164) that the type skin of nyantm had hem •considerably darkened by stain, apparently from red -oil and also from some native tanning process. This [he says] has reddened all the tighter parte on the face, head, and limbs." On a first hasty inspection of the skin I accepted Hollister's view that the reddened an the ining, but a later, more careful, examination convinced me that this assumption is not warranted, although it appears to have influ- enced him in referring the Sotik and other British East Africa specimens tonyanzx. The redder markings on the liml>< are perfectly symmetrical in form. DM and position, while there i> no suggestion of similar redden- ing on the lighter colored ventral edges of the skin, or elsewhere on the body or on the head, a- there most likely would be were these ruddy areas of accidental or artificial production. Both hind feet present exactly the same pattern of interdigttal narrow streaks of intensified color extending for several inches proximally from the junction of the toes, while the thickened and slightly lengthened reddish hair on the "heel.'- divided medially in skinning, fit together to form an elongated symmetrica] brownish patch on the posterior aspect of the tarsus, a differentiation of color and texture common in the Felidse. Incipient interdigttal stress deepened color on the hind feet are often present in other forms of li< hut usually less developed than in the type -kin of nyanzm. The anterior • is considerably darkened in comparison with the of the allied ran- massaieus, hoOitUri, azandicus), not by staining or discoloration but as a normal condition. The same is true also of the "darkened" areas of the face and head. The four geographic races of lions it i> here .-ought to establish undoubtedly completely intergrade geographically. The extremes are Leo leo azandicus of the savannah district of northeastern Belgian Congo and L. I. massaicus of British and German East Africa, east of the Yi. vanza drainage system. They are not only widely Sep;. < .graphically and environmentally, hut differ appreciably in strikingly in coloration that if one had to deal with them separately, or without the connecting intermediates, it might seem reasonable to consider them as specifically separable. 1924) AUen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 231 /.. /. nyanzae is at present imperfectly known as to its average char- !id range. Ita relatively interne coloration, combined with a ■ial environment to which it seems obviously doe, renden it neces- _iv.- it recognitioo till materia] is available for a final determina- tion I US. L. I. hollishri is intermediate in coloration and geographically 'is* and massaicus, but presents marked differences in char- r of pelage and in coloration from either. ration from mas- sair lade by Hollister in his revision of the East African forms of The leading features of these four forms of lions may be presented in Pelflr rt. ■loration pale buff. Savannah district of northeastern Bi azandicus. iloration "tawny ochneeoaa." Northern and probably western borders of Victoria Nyanza nyanzat. oloration decidedly grayish. British and German East Africa, van] from t he Victoria Nyanza drainage massaicus. h longer. ium; coloration between thai at tuemdieut and nyatum. Eastern 1 1 age of the Victoria Nyanza Darin hollisteri. As a further distinction it may be noted that the ventral surface le of limbs my white in hoUistcri, pale buff in is, deep buff in nyanzae, and pah' grayish buff in massaicus. .ailahle for a comparison of Leol. azandicus with the Lfrican form-, to which it is probably more nearly related than to The Weal African form- • lee 'isis of the i - _ A\ aiid L. I. kamptsi of the bieal grounds it is fair to assume of then: !ly identical with azandicus. L. /. hhyen- bera in Belgian Congo, also requires comparison with It hough the type districts of the two an- separated by nearly ' latitude. No material, however, for BUCfl compari- son is at hand. »Th« lyp* locality of fWn l*o bUynbrraki Ix.nnbcrg i» KaUnc*. nr»r tlir Hh,«l«.i» l.,.r«lrr of fttlliu Cooin M«13. Rer M \ 1 1 1 . fa* 2. p 27.1) Utor LOaabtr* I vl Sv.n Vtinik Ak Han.ll J «M(tM thrw apwei- ID MM from Kaharr. Rulahuru. and M.-m in tha Late Kivu I ak« v ■ ■ • Edward dtetnrt. 232 Bulletin American MuMum of Natural History . \ \ I \ 1 1 Individual and Sexual \':iri:tt itm in the Skull and Teeth of Wild-Killed African Lions The accompanying iiwuiirimcintn (Tables A to M1) arc intended in part as a record of not only the average relative BUM < if -kulls and of thfl teeth Of three regional foi rican lions hut al-o date illu>t rat i\ «• of individual variation and. incidentally, of sexual variation. Hollister has already called attention to the fact that individual varia- tion is much greater in females than in males. In his 'Easl African Mammals in the tinted State- National Museum'2 h< massaicus: "Skulls and teeth of females vary much more than do -e of male.-. The range of variation in size of the teeth in lion - from one locality i- startling. There is great variation in the shape and <>f the auditory bulla in skulls from one locality." Under L. I. nyanzse (loc. nt., p. 164 | he adds: "There is the same great variation in Of skull and teeth in the lioness as in massaica." 1. 1.. — In Table H (p. 241) the range of variation is given for a few of the principal measurements of seven male and five female -kull- (all from the same locality except one) of Leo leo azandiau; of four male and ten female -kull.- of L. I. nyanzse (based on measure- ments published by Hollister); and of nine male and thirteen female skulls of L. I. massaicus (in part from Hollister). The difference be- tween the largest and smallest specimen for both sexes of each form is en in millimeters (see upper section of the Table) and also in percent- ages (see lower section of the Tablet, the latter based on the respective rages for each form. The variation in the total length of skull in males ranges from 15 turn, in nyanzse (based on only four skulls i to 36 mm. in massaicus (based on nine skull-). Doubtless a much greater- range would 1m- shown by larger series. The percentage of variation ranges from 4 to 10. This difference is two time- greater than that between the averages of the three forms, based on the same -peciin Table* of Measurements Table A. External measurement* of Leo leo cuandicuM (p. -' B. nyauzH (p - C. matmxcu* (p . D. Cranial measurement* of Leo leo atandicu* (p • nyantx (p. 238). F. ' nuutaicut (pp. 23S-- G. Comparative summary of Tables D. E, II Amount and percentage of cranial variation for the three forma, baaed on Tablet D-<5 (p. 241). 1. Dental measurements of Leo leo axandicus (p (• nyantx (p. U ma— at' •reparative summary of Table* I. J. i M Amount and percentage of dental variation for the three forma, baaed on _ Table* I- 1 '1918. U.S. Nat Mua. Bull. 99, pt. 1, Augu*t 16. | . 1 Bm . Congo Collection of Carnivore 233 Tin r cent of variation in total length of skull in the female- of the Bame forma (five skulls in the case of axandicu*, ten for thirteen for maataicut) is much greater than in males, not only relatively l»ut abeolutely, although the female -kulls are nearly one- fourth smaller. This is especially true of the breadth of the skull, the >f variation in the zygomatic breadth of males being about and in females aboui 11, with about tin- same proportionate divergence in the breadth at the base of the canines, at the interorbital striction, and in the mastoid breadth. At most of these point- the percentage of individual variation in females is about twice that of males. - also much greater in females of nyCUUM than in females of either of the other two forms. Exceptional divergences from the averagi s occur in individual- of Ixith Bexes in each of the three forms. TlETH. The teeth «'f African lions are extremely variable in both and form in both sexes. The upper carnassial in seven males of tsvaries 1.5 mm. in length and 2.2 mm. in greatest breadth, giving :> percentage of variation of about, respectively, 12 and 11. In five male- of nyanzB. the percentage, respectively, i> 1 1 and 11: in nine nfi<-ns being 1.0, while the percentage for breadth i- 13.4. In ten female- of rtyai percentages are respectively 0.0 and I5.7j in thirteen females of mns- B.5 and 13. The upper earna — ial in female- i- relatively shorter and broader than in male-, uml more variable in both size and form. The lower molar varie- about equally in both sexes, the percent tion ranging from about 10.9 in massotCIM to aboul 10.0 in . The vestigia] upper molai ifl the most variable of all the teeth in botl id form, the percentage of variation in l>oth length and breadth, in asoi being respectively 2 for dal and I i"!!-. The upper canine i- al-o extremely variable in -ize in both - but much more so in female- than in m.V Th 'hat cranial and dental el SIC not •able a ha.-i- for 1 he di-criminat ion of regional tome M hat 0860 often assumed, and emphasizes the fact that, like color el and general . they may often prove misleading lly when a stip|>o-ed new i pla-tie group i- based 00 men. since it ma\ Or may •_>:{ 1 Bulletin American Museum q History \ l.\ 1 1 not (most likely tin- 1 ni t he norm of tin- locality from which it w:t- received It is well to remember that the extremes of ■ li -lr locality often differ much more from each other than the average different d well-grounded regional forma. ial Difference in Size in Lions male lione, a.s indicate. 1 by the few trustworthy external measure- ment! available (Tablet A-< '), are about oneHnxtfa smaller than ma in the three regional forms here under consideration. On the ba.-i- greateel length and lygomatie breadth <»f the skull approximately he -.tine sexual ratio of variation in size is shown. This is less than in lean leopards, in which female- are about one-fifth smaller than mali Abnormality of Park-Reared Lions Holli-ter bai ii admirable exposition of the striking effect of life in the unnatural environment of captivity upon Lions,1 which should ive the close-t Study by all specialists in mammalogy. For purpose ■ n his cranial measurements of four lions two males and two femf red to full maturity in captivity, and whose complete life history is fully known, are included in the tables of measurement! Leo leo n r (Table F, 6, p. 239). Ee has shown thai park-reared Omens differ markedly from wild-killed individuals not only in coloration but in size and in important cranial feature-, indicating clearly that BUefa material i- "valuele-- for -y-teinatie work." It is also highly misleading, and the many forms (species and sub- which have been based <>n such material are thus wholly discredited, especially in the larger FeEdsB, among which many tonus have been thus founded, Hol- li-ter has shown in much detail the parts of the skull most affected, and given SS an explanation the BjreaJ change in habits compelled by life in captivity. lb Bulletin 99, p. 158): "The most conspicuous ixciiliai the McMillan lion skulls [skulls of maxsaicus brought alive to W ashington as cubs from near Nairobi] and of other zoo-reared lion- as well [including the four only known specimens of Fdis leo roose- Heller], are the greater relative and actual > zygomatic breadth, the larg and the great distant - 'he base of the skull at the mastoids. While actually measuring less in condylobasal or _ \ . l'.M7, *8ome Effect* of Environment and Habit on Captive Lions.' Proc. U. S. Nat. till. Jun< - xxii-xxv. Abstract iriven under relit leo mattaica in hi» 'Eaat .n Mammal- -I States National Musci; S Nat. M us. Bull. 99, pt. 1, August 10, pp 1.17 101. Pis. UI-LV. Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora _*h than many of tin- wild massaica skulls of equal age, they have a tygomatic breadth than any, averaging about 30 millinx more in males, and 20 millimeters more in females." He also says (loc. p. 161): "In the case of the McMillan lions the capacity [of the braincaae] i- aboul ">o cubic oentimeten lea in males and about 40 less in females, than in wild-killed examples of equal age from the same An indication of the general striking cranial differences between wild-killed and park-reared lions of the massaicus type is afforded by the ratio of the lygomatic breadth to the greatest length of the skull, which : average for wild-killed males, 66.8; for two park-reared mal The average for wild-killed females is 66.4; for two park- males. 82 ke A. Externa] Measurements of Leo leo azandicus from North- eastern Belgian Congo Cat 1 Locality Sex Total i ngtt Head and Body Tail Vertebras Hind Foot Faradje Vankenkhovenvillo 2730 2780 3860 1760 1830 1830 970 950 1030 390 395 400 Average 3 f L*o leo massaicud from British Ea.«t Africa (From Eloltister, foe. • Locality Sex Total I.iUKtli Head and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Foot 161914 190624 Wimi Hill Nairobi ii 9 9 9 2380 2134 2422 1560 1410 1621 820 724 801 325 806 886 Average 8 9 2312 1530 782 322 1 ■No external meeeuretnenU of male* available. 1 I - — - Z y ~~. 9 — 9 g _ r ■par] ,d-,d WOJJB -A.I.»»il"—J\" WWII ivji-ijoisoj UOIJJUJTOCK) |«lnioi|«l *»uiunjM«t{ V» t|)pmjg amui M *"■»'! re re 3 O O < .- — r a -■ c R a — «^ «o C* : O O » W - — / ei ei re ct n e< ~> .- i- — i- / JC re r~ r oaet i- oo «o «-t i - ■ - . - I - S 5 -i a - — r / / - i- i- : »o O 00 «© «0 M «0 — - — r r rt — — • — © / / — ~ — n S Sn oo «c / 3 3 ^< — -CI; a o < N N C4 N n — — ri — — t. re re I«ra«c>(A|Mi'>.j 1 re • -. - I- I- •b b •b ^ b *b b ri I I 3 a r G re — i- »* — — r x r o — — w - ri n ?i n ri e» o o o o o - h - _ ^ _ Table E. — Cranial Measurements of Fourteen Adults of I^eo leo nyanzx from British Ea- m Hollister, 1918, U. S. Nat. Mus. Hull. 99, pt 1. pp. 166, 167) IS Nat Locality ta it is 1571 1M.-.77 162913 163019 Lime Springs, Sot ik r.!.-k Hi vi r S. Gumo Nyiro R. ■ Osolali 868 888 866 324 318 329 321 243 235 251 886 88 88 88 83 71 7(1 71 66 135 III 132 111 103 255 104 Average 4 c? 363 323 241 95 70 136 107 249 Mul. ina, Uganda 868 834 280 71 lie j:;7 1S15S9 181578 181583 162916 162914 162915 162917 163018 Loita Plains Kabalolri Hill «« << Tefak l: H Nj.iro Osolali S. Guaso Nyiro H. 206 291 800 284 808 818 277 208 803 286 268 266 264 256 278 281 254 268 272 261 202 187 206 180 203 204 185 203 196 198 so 81 M 7.". B6 88 75 M SO B0 63 63 f,i 68 68 66 66 54 60 66 117 109 116 105 117 LIS 118 115 118 ^7 83 92 85 88 93 sbi (KI " 9 • ,i U9 ^7 206 Raiaad in capunty and abnormal Excluded from toe at iand c»(rrn.f» MO \ ui mill History VoL Xl.vil Table G. — Comparative Summary of Cranial Measurements «»t" Adult Lions from Northeastern Belgian Congo and British Basl Africa, all Strictly Comparable as to Age Based on Tables I ». I and I " " nyatu* Bn Av.ratic 800 868 330 318 B 21* 241 240 -I ^1 :- ■ l. II ISO 180 244 249 /.f Variation (in milliiir Leo leo azu> 7 25 12 15 8 13 10 11 16 niat o" 4 18 11 16 8 8 r_> 11 13 36 15 8 10 5 16 19 B 10 •26 11 11 10 17 8 9 10 36 .'7 26 14 12 18 13 16 19 24 7 u 9 14 16 _'<■ of Variation (based on averages) Leo leo azandicus o" 7 6.8 3.7 6.0 8.3 17.3 7.2 9 5 o" J 1 1 3 4 6 B 6.3 11 0 8.8 10 0 tf 10.0 6.3 8.5 21 I 15 0 : B 9 ■'- B l 12 B 13.6 17 7 19 s 9 in 12 .' Ki 1 17 Q 10 B u B 7 - 9 8.4 8.7 11 7 7.9 15 9 7.8 1 5 1 £ l!U J<> H>3li^-1 CO •*»■ - I - — f CN csc3fceN$8£ 8 CO si 1 s 1 D t>- CN ■ t» CN CM R ifl i cd cc i «o cb C — X X X X X X X — — — — i- i~ »o — — .-: — -i — O o> X co cr z n — cb "J" "5 N9 — X X X X X «5 O CO — i CN n m AC M f< — v4 IO X M 2 l] i- — os r» ^f O co / z i - / / r / X X X X X X X ie io o ff t- -« a a - ts ' " SB £ co ^* co co co co co C- 00 «-t X Ctt t- eo 00 CO 00 CN O CO t*» CO 9 X X X X X CO «T ' ". ~ / \ti ir ..t ?o re CO PC 0k t- X CD t 1- — « -* 00 00 »« CN ■ IS '» *— *— — • " CO s «5 ION NN ~~. S •". 8 ■ i 00 N WN M N M £ ic t m n ic n 1. 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1 - 8S a «o CN 00 t^ <<" r^. r>- cn cO cO cO w .r 3 1 i 1C ?5 "O « -> ffl O oo o» CO ee r* «3 CN ,. i- [, i- i- i- s CO r>- -r a / •- § g g -i M 5 J •_ o 1 -r 2 ■MM Apt »« tn*o»i •juiusj MMQ OS CO CO CT. ■" — — R K r< ~i ri :"i 't'i 00 CN ^ oo o oo o [Sag N n cs es cn HI n IU1-J AOJIpOOX J..«o-[ i- -r MM MNO S J5 25 £! TJ /, ! L- . CO CO CO CN CN « f « N CI N — — i- « ^- ~* ^« i-a © (a.M«n|.iui) N iO « MO / '" »o us x — i — cc e» CO ■1 »-l — ~i — c^ c t~ - .. ~ ~. ~. C- i o 1 •b 'b 'b 'b "b -b -b b o o o o o IO a d | — | E -= • - - - • - d K (3 CN — 1 . CO ' U L: •"■ § 8 8 8 8 8 8 << Nie^c] / i - i- r i - : : Cl n BJ B "i ■ i: B • < Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 343 Table J. — Dental Measurements of Fifteen Adults of Leo leo nyansx from British East Africa (From Hollister, 1918, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 99, pt. 1, pp. 166-169) Nat. Mu- Locality Sox m ? r 5J 8 Upper Canine, length at alv. border CaXSSa. 1 181571 181574 LimA Sprung, Sotik Kabalolot Hill O* 108 106 125 118 27.9 24.3 40.8X19.5 35.3X17 4 30.6 24.9 TcN'k River 1- tedand Presented by Paul J. Rainey to The American Museum of Natural History) Cat. No. Locality Bh I i Ii s III 111 |fc£r 1 "8 I 30242 Near Lake Naivasha dF 106 8 28.5 10. 6> 30247 ii «< «( 26.8 86430 N (« M 4' 9 92 104 l" 2 i 32 5 1 'Reared in wptmty. Added for eomp*hMO but ichnUd in computing the avertce*. 346 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History vl.VII Table L. — Comparative Summary of Dental Measuremei i nit Lions from Northeastern Belgian Congo and British East Africa (Based on Tables I, J and K) ltcKiunal K.»rm Sox K -~ u l."pper Camaaaial Leo leo azandicus ■' nyanzx " " moMaiau Avrni^c 114.3 109.6 109.5 132.5 125.6 125.9 27.8 26.5 27.0 37.9X18.7 38.2X18.7 37.4X18.6 2S 1 28.6 27.2 l.r„ in, ammMetu '* " nyarux " " maesaicu* Minimum 127 6 106.0 11^ 0 103.5121.2 25.1 24.3 24 i 36.0X17 35.3X17 : 35.4X16.4 I.4H in, ammMcui " " nyanzx " " ma**aicus Maximum 118.8 111 (i 116.0 138.3 132.0 28 9 28 B 40.5X20 1 40.8X19 7. 40.0X19.9 > s Leo leo aza> " " nyarux " " massaicu* 5 10 18 Av.-niii'- 95.7 96 B «M 5 113.2 11(1 7 his «.i 23 4 _M B 21.8 34.6X17.'.' 34.4X16.624 B 33.9X16.824 B Leo leo azandictu " " nyanzz " " moMaicu* B 10 18 Minimum 92 0 94 0 91.0 109.2 106.0 104.0 2] B 19 6 19 4 32.8X1- 822 7 32.5X15 Li i, U i, aamdicut " " nyanzm " " massaicue mum 99 _' 102 0 117 7 115.0 a .'7 b 36.2X17 115.0 15.4X17.7 1924] Allen, Congo Collection of Carnivora 247 Table M. — Amount and Percentage of Variation in Dental Measure- ment! of Adult Lions from Northeastern Belgian Congo, and British East Africa (Based on Tables I-L) Regional Form >«*x 4 * H 1. ..»<•! < uninc, length at alv. ImikI.t cSSL Amount of Variation (in millimeters) • nynnzjp d" 7 5 9.3 8.0 12 5 III 7 14.0 11.8 3.8 3.6 1 1 4.5X2.2 5.5X2 1 4.6X3.5 4.2 5.7 3.2 maMaicu* 9 9 9 10 7 _' 8.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 11 0 3.2 3.7 4.2 1 7X2.4 3.4X2.6 2.9X2.2 3.6 3.0 Percentage of Variation (based oi l avera) 5es) Leo leo azandicus o* o" 7 5 8.1 7.3 11 1 8.5 111 9.3 13 6 13 6 17. J 11.9X11 7 11 2 12.3X18.8 14.7 19.9 11 7 massaicua 9 9 9 10 13 7.5 8.3 8.4 7.5 B l 10.1 16.9 4.9X13.4 9.9X15.7 8 5X13.1 n i ia i 10.9 LM^ Bulletin American Mu 'nry \l.\lf Panthera ( )k(!l "kin IMC, 'I^-liH.. Nfttong.,' Tli. 8, Al>th. 2, p. 1<».'>-' Tvp. tnutoiivn. rjg Oken ~FeU» panthera Schreber (plate Mini I I ■ The leopards <»t" l>oth Africa and Asia, aa at present understood, form pardus Linmeus, differing from all Other felines sufficiently to 1m- accorded the rank of a full genus, in tin- opinioo il of the earlier aa well aa recent taxonomers, while others bold to the old view that lions, tigers and leopards are congeners of the don h i- necessary to consider only the African forms in the • nt connection. The genua is represented in Ninth and South America by the / group. Nomenclature and Type Localities of African Leopards The oame commonly accepted for the leopard group is of course Linnaeus (1758). The most that can be said for it is tha \\a- probably intended to designate the pard or panther of pre-Linnean author-. The slight diagnosis, aided by the principle of exclusion, is open to this interpretation. As has Keen repeatedly noted by com- mentators, and especially l>y Thomas,1 "Habitat in [ndii no i] a type locality, and Linna-us" citations of authors afford no Hi- first reference is to edition >i\ of b I. where he cite- Ray 'Quadr./ p. 166, and 'Alp. Aegypt./ p. 2 neither of which hear- on the matter of a type locality. To quote Thomas /"<•. dt., p. "Ray gives no indication of locality, l>ut passing to Alpinus we find an account of Leopards seen at Cairo and Alexandria alive in captivity. The account i-. do doubt, partly based on Bunting Leopards Cyrudtmu), l»ut. none the leas, may be accepted as giving for the type locality: Egypt." The objection- to t his ruling are (1) that the leopard- -ecu in captivity by Alpinu-at ( 'airo ami Alexandria must hs either from some point far up the Nile* or from Arabia; they may more probably have been hunting leopards than true leopard-: 3 I.itma-u-' /•'*//* partita ua- in all probability a composite of both, and included al.-o the Mexican jaguar. If the name had any other origin than Linnaeus it would under modern standards have b long aince ruled out aa indeterminate. If it i- to be retained on the l>a-i- ■Thomas. Oldfidd. 1911. 'The Mammals of the ■> of Linmeus: an Attempt to fix the Type* of the Genera and the exact Baaea and Localu pp 120-158. See also Cabrera. 1910. Bol. Soc. Eapaftola Hist Nat., Madrid, X. pi 1918. XVII I -.», PI,, xvi- \ »*' II. n'y point de lions, ni do Tie res. ni de leopards en £gypte." — Maacrier. 1740. 'Deacript. de I'r-O'pte.' II. p. 125. aa quoted by Buff on. A lien , Congo Collection of Carnivora 249 that it ha- primary relation to panthers ami leopard-, a- known to p- Linnean initers, its type locality should be restricted on the ban of the first author who gave an intelligent description of the species ban in a known locality. The first authors to make t hi.- bribution were Buffon and Daubenton, three years after the publica- tion of Linn;! th edition of hi- 'Systems Xatunr.'1 Buffon says (loc. I .a prem genre, A qui Be trouve dan- L'ancien continent, est la grande panthere que doub appelerons -implement Pantn&ri pi. \i a rii), qui 6toi1 connue d boub ks nomde/' i anciens Latii lui de Panihera, ensuite sous le nom de Pardtu, & dee Latins modernes sous celui de Leopardus." all cited from Qeaner 1620, 'Hist. Anim. Quadr.,' 2d. y Linweiu 1768 ' With Ed., I. p. 11 and form his second reference under his FeUs pardus. In respect to the BOUTCe Of his material Bllffon La panthere que iriyons ici & deux autres de Is men . qui 6toien1 en nieine temp- a la menagerie du Roi, sonl venues de la Barbarie: la d' Alger fit present •': 3a Majeste de- deUX premieres, il y a dix OU dou Is troisieme hetee pom le Hoi. d'un Juif d'Alger" p. 160 . The description of the external form, by Daubenton, miii a male (figured, Plate xi I : the account of the color and markings oak I figured, Plate xn . Bach of the three animal- enumera- ted by Buffon is mentioned individually by I feubenton in his description. Following a will established custom in designating a type locality hen none wa- originally indicated. 1 designate AL he type locality of Felts pardut s. Linnsnis, on the basif e of Buffon and Daubenton, and thus establish a -tartinu: point for the nomenclature for the leopardfl of Africa. SchrelHT- plate bearing the name "FeUt panihera Buff." 1775, an acknowledged copy of Buffon'i Plate xn bhiere/ III, p ad is therefore a synonym of F< and wa- BO treated in tin- later puUi-hed te\t 1777. III. pi in..' p. .')(».")• without hi- - to Buffbn and SchreUa would .iphically in- i- Linna-u-'. The name /•',/<> /,,, o\ nommcla' l baSM m Buffbn and Daubed 166 171, 'Duff on and Dautwnton. ITU, 'Htat. Nat..' IX. pp. 151-172 (Buffon). pp. 173-17* (D«ub«wtoa). PU. xi. xn 260 HtilUlin Am, H »ry \ \l.\ll • -MM), im. \i\ I. The leopard ie informally described in the section <>t" the text devoted t<> the " I toscription de la partie n1 aucune mention, eel on animal du Senegal, de la < luinee & dee autrea pay- meridionatu que lee Anciena n'avoienl pas deeou- verta: nous I'appellerona Leopard n the authority of Buffon. Thia haa been distinctly recognised by varioua later author-; many other- ( ;i it a range coextensive with that • it, both species having been assigned to Asia a- well aa to Africa.' [filth, in 1827, published a drawing made by Hamilton Smith from "one of the several Felines, called Panthers, now in the Paris Museum." This drawing is the ha- "Panther of the Ancient- ;.ied from Buffon). carrying the plate legend " FMm Uopardtu Buff"; '777. III. i - «Tw. 7 268) says of Ptli* Uopardu-: "Inhabit* India ai Most abundant, perhaps, in the former. Form (•!• and elegant. - and tin- In-' pp. 19S-199) aaaigned 1 parHti ' Weatafrik.-i ' • plate. ,ll,f his detailed table of meaauremente, and of his plate PL wii . which is inscribed, "Ft Us mmr. as Arabia felici." The other linen, from Abyssinia, was in poot condition. Be tinj; the localities of his specimens: "In Arabia felici Syria et Habeeainia penes eas vidi. quae supra descripei." He mention- having aeen a wild leopard in Nubia as it was rauning at a diatance of one hundred pan The type locality of F Ehrenberg is thus Arabia; not Nubia, nor • nor even Abyssinia, as usually supposed. In he name i Ihrenberg for the leopard Africa, his "Der oatairikaniache Panther l'unlhera giving i* -und 9ud-Afrika und der mittlere Theil ■den. In Afrika i>t dieae Form von Nubien durcfa Sennaar, -inien. die Habab-. I )anakil- und Somali-hinder bi> an ■ der guten Hoffnung verbreitet, in Asien durch das petraiache rien und Armenien bis nach Persien und in die Tartarei, wo DOch am Sudrandc de> Aral-S troffen wird. N'oidlich nicht mi den Kaukasus." Later Matachie aJao made \m * of the name leopards collectively. < runther,1 although founded i melanistic pi tn Grahamstown ivaflabk for the gion, which cftffo i and cha in the more northern tropical form mm. LVIII tip*g«d). in Uopard Irom U di»tin«u»»iiriir nul-IM-ofi.- ruin..- ■ »M ' »•-! i|^n it,.- U-tmm. t» aMMtfUr H9™ { ' W* With im.Ii.1 tp«U ..!, the .h...il.l.-r- It 1. mri.ti.mr.1 ... irrn £ (tM nilWW ■ I> n«..l» Inn. 18S6. p. 90S, with Irxt fti Bulletin American Museum oj Natural History \ I A 1 1 In L900 v 1 in i:t mi proposed1 the name Felts leopardut tuaAa! (Pit*. XI. II ami XI. Ill to Kplac > opardvs) nit ihie (loc. claiming that tl ipotted form of leopard of East Africa had not previously been named. He gave do description and Indicated do type locality, the name itiafe eing a substitute name for the form M atschie had designated as mmr. Be mentjona having received ik of this form from various localities in (ierman East Africa, from I'jrogo t<» Uganda. On this account HoDister, in 1918,2said: "Type locality may be restricted to some point in norl rn (Ierman East Africa." I here further restrict it to the Lake Manvara district, nortl ofthefiral localities mentioned by Neumann as one of the sources of his material. Five other supposed form- of leopards have been described (hiring the last eighteen years from that portion of Africa east of the Upper Nile region between northern Bomahland and northern German East lea, mall African forms in all, while South Africa ha- only one mot yet generally recognised) and West Africa ha- al-o two. the l'(inlfi> r,i pardut leopardut of Senegal and Panthera pardus of Cameroon. They are listed in chronological sequel with their respective type locality Form- of African Leopards 1758. Panthera pardue pardm (Linneus). Limueus.) Algeria. abmv, pp. 248 240. 177". Pantht {FeUs leopardus Schrel bore, pp. 249 1832 Panthera pi renberg). hrenberg.) Arabia. lss">. 1'anlfirm p {Felix U" GOntber. Grahamstown, Cape Colon; 3 p. 251.) 1900. PanOu Neumann). (FeUs Ico-jHirdus s% Neo- mani ' Manyan district aortbeasteni (imnan Eael Africa. p. 262.) 1904 Panthera pt pardw (Thomas). (Felis jxirdus mi Thomas.) Gorahai, Bomalfland. Ann. Mag. Nat II: JOT 1906. Paniliini pa Bujungolo, Kmvenzori. (Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat., Torino, XXI. No. p. 1.) Seller fortis ll ttbern Guaeo Nyii . British East Africa. (Smithsonian Mn-.CoIL I. XI. No. 19, p. .->. ■1(100, Zool. Jahrb., Abt Svrt.. XIII. p 551. M918. V 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 99. pt. 1. Aunuat It?, p. 171. Allen, Congo Collection of Carnwora 253 1913. Ptmtkera Seller). (Felis pordua cluii Heller.) Gondokoro, northern Uganda. Smithsonian afiee. Coll.. LXI, No. 19, p. 6.) 1917. Panlhera pardus central** (Lonnberg). [Fetu pardua centroJu Ldnnberg.) i.i. Lake Albert Edward. (Kong] M SaadL, Btock- holm, IAIII. No. -'. p. 49.) 1918. Panthera /■■ ifoko, Cameroon. (BoL Boe. Eap. Siat N >'.. Madrid, .Will. p. 181.) Many early writers in describing the leopard, whether from Africa ■ red in some detail to its variability in markings and general color tones, and also in siie, with little or do information as to the exael geographical BOUTCefl of their material, thus giving DO clue as to whether ■ differentiations were merely individual or due to environment. • •nt describers of what they assume to be regional forms have given •riptions of their type specimens, placing greal importance upon feature-, both cranial and external, which are within the normal range of purely individual variation. In fact. DO large series of leopards single locality has been available for study until those collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition were received. T! be BO widely variable in both -ize and coloration that alleged characters derived from single specimens are not Decessarily to be taken as representing the norm of the localit ies where they were obtained. The character of a local form can only be established by examination of a : Bpecimens, and itfl value determined only by their conipari- with similar -m the type localities of neighboring forms, as . nd f< ntraUt, aJ\ described from the western border of nda. and all from localities with faunal affiliations with I ica. The material in hand (some fifty specimens I obtained by the Aineri- Museum Congo Expedition is separable into two Beriee on g phical grounds, the one coming from the savannah or bush veldt of Dortheastern Belgian Congo, the other from the [turi Rain listrict. 'I'he two bow an appreciable average difference, apparently in rise as well ai coloration. The first is believed to be rabk tO the form already described by Heller under the name chtii from < kradokoro, i locality of similar environment and near the district where the bush veldl obtained. Theothei das Bubspecifically separable, for which no previous name appean to be applicable. -how a * individual eoloi variation, which it d>le to present graphically by photographic illustration-. while tables of measurements serve to demonstrate variations In icularly of the -kull and teeth. 254 -Hi tin America* < ml History XI.VII Panthera pardus chui Heller) Plata \i.i \u\ uv Smithsonian Mice Coll., I. XI. No. Ifl vrii. ben Ugai and Rhino < !amp, I . BulL99.pt 1. pp. 170. 1 72- Represented by 29 specimens I 13 -kin:- with skull-, lo -kin.- without skull-. •'» -kull- without >kiii>'. nearly all adult, collected at the Following localities: Bafuka,1 l -kin without skull), February 28, L911. rumba, 3 1 1 -kin with from pak buffy white to cinnamon-bun*, usually of the latter type. The black markings vary in different specimen- from well- defined ..lid black spots, or form broken rings enclosu Slight touch or a Well-developed -put of the glOUnd color: often the I are narrow, broken in front and usually laterally, by the ground color. The proportionate area of the black markings to the ground color va from more than twice to li •— than one-half. The ground color of the ventral area is usually clem- white but in some specimens -how- a faint yellowish tone. On the l>a-i- of single specimens at least five distinct type- <>r style- of coloration can !><■ -elected which, if received from different localil 'Sixty mile* north of Xiangara. 'Measurement* of the ear include only four male* and one female. 'From Garamba. *The ground color is. of course, deepest over the mid-dorsal region, paling gradually toward the Tail Vertebra Bind 396 1022) 780 220 might easily be regarded as representing local <>r "regional" forms hut which, taken with the rest <>t' the series, can be considered m merely phases of individual differentiation. It is therefore evident that forms tcribed from a single specimen may or may not fairly represent the active localities, with the chance-, strongly against rod atation. It i- hence evident that a supposed regional form, bave much taxonomic significance, must be supported by i oonsider- abs : specimens instead of i single example, as has been often the ease in the founding of robspecies in the leopard group. While an individual may not !><■ able to "change his -|>ots" his brothers and n- may present very different patterns and • ■ration, a fact it seems hard for describ ise, not alone in the case of Leopards hut in many other groups of mammals. The accom- panying photographic illustration- Pis. XI. I. fig. 2 and XLTV LTV -how variations in pattern hut of course fail to indicate beyond the variations in color t" The accompanying tables of cranial1 and dental measurements pp. wide range in size. All the tabulated skulls are it. ranging from young adults with the sutures only partly closed to In eight of the thirteen males the basal sutures are wholly obliterated, on.- No. 52010) l>«inp in an advance.; senility. . however, the largest of the series, the total length of the skull Ix-iim :{() mm. below the maximum. The greatest length ranges, in male ills with the basal sutures wholly obliterated, and all collected at ') mm. to 2SL' mm. In five other- from the -aim- locality in which the basal rot wholly open or merely beginning to os ! length mm. to _>,7 mm. The variations in approximately coordinate, hut present numerous Thus in old male skulls some of the transverse iiwasiinr foportionate to those of length in tin nil. In 282 mm., the mastoid breadth it breadth of the mesopterygoid fossa 26.7; in No. 53017 length i- 267 mm., the mastoid breadth 101.5, and the 1. be meS0| i fossa 28, the latter the maximum for the ill-. The length of the upper toothrow and the ate to the -i/< of the skull. It i- of int. i present in one or both ski the jaw in three of the Faradje skulls. In N<> 52018 only the alveoli >8om« author* give only om nMttumnwt for the leocth of the skull, which may be «tber «rratci len«th. banal length, or ronclylot>aeal < -rondylomruivel length For . onvenienre of e*eafanm wUk previous rerorry Vol MA'II remain to Indicate the pi of p1 on both sides, the teeth haying Im.ii lo.st in the preparation of tin- skull. Iii No. 52016 out one- third < >f the - nt on the right per cent smaller than the live females from Faradje and (iaramba. ber name- that should be considered in this connection Heller. FeUs purlins inerano. and Felu pm I acta being based on a single specimen from, ret] tively. Letts Plains, British East Africa; Bujungolo, Ruwensori; and Kab:ii.i. Lake Albert Edward. P. /' •/• BS a large race which attains the maximum, the -kull mmneding in length that Of any other African or Asiatic rs The -kull i> further distinguishable by its narrowness, the small aise of the tympanic bulla* and the absence of the first upper premolar. . . . Male -kull- of suiilnlim [sic] differ in their much smaller sise, the largest being • Q-eighUu of an inch less in length than the type of/or&s. . . > Efolketer'e tables of measurements -how- the total >kull length oi B0 mm., and the corresponding measurement of the largest male skull of suaheUca as 238 mm., or 22 mm. less. To show how little this difference may signify, it may be stated that the three largest old male skulls from Faradje have a total length, respec- tively, Of 282 ad 267 mm., while three other adult male skull- the -an m which the sutures are wholly obliterated (exeept of Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora 257 those «>t' the nasal- and the na.-o-maxillary-intermaxillary region which never disappear] have, respectively, the total length 252, '->.")0. and _Ml mm. These -ix skulk from Faradje represent the extremes of the rith those of the interval between filling in the difference by slightly graduated stages. The tyi>e of/orfM, however, ■ thus referred tobyHollisfc /..p. 175): "In sise, color, skull, and dental char> pecimen differs widely from all other leopards in the collec- tion. A ease of very exceptional individual variation is here represented the animal belongs to a specie- quite distinct from the common leopard which is found in all the surrounding country.** While disparag- ing the importance attributed by Heller to the dental peculiarities of the type, Holhster appears to accept the latter alternative, as he gives fortis th<- lank of a full specie.-. On geographical grounds, however, fortis be further considered in the present connection. '/ ( ainerano (1906) and Felis pardus centralis both from localities faunally British East African in their relationships. Although laborately described, the prin- d comparisons ate made with the small pale form of the arid environ- ment of Eritrea and Abj asinia, probably Petit poYvZusfMfMfxiriertoTnomas. lationship is evidently with FeUs le suaheUcui Neu- mai tritish Ka-t Africa and northeastern German East Africa. ill of the type specimen, a male q size with t h ge of In view of the now known wide range of individ- ual color variation in leopard-, the elaborate description of the mark have little significance, since other specimens from the type ility would most likely differ greatly from the type. It seems, th nice pending further evkti k*bk local form. another case which may well \h> left for i till more evidence i- available, Its type locality i- < >ur knowledge of tin- form rests on the adult Ithougfa ' cimens in milk dentition from a neai-l>y supposed t«> belong to the same r be type. & z — i ■ | — d — — ^r Z 9 * - ~ - i s 1 ■7. I x ,- CJ I = f 1 1 - « C9 ^ fc -i — ?» oo 38 - -i :: r i- -* i -i - i- i- i- i- i- r- — r • . - i - - z ? i «o ? I z ~ i — oBo§3e5 2'e - >~. — ■*> — — r. oo - *o ,(i-,d ««OJ J« 3 3 i- — -r r — a.\jjj- torn i\ ,,,,,.;.,JH I- 1 - z / Ok I CO *• O 00 1 M S -^ :i :! ;! S3 — ^ ■: r * O - _ _ to "I . c — — -. — — z o> .- — I - ■- -I t* l. I - t- i- |. *- CO NNC9H 00 5 g :t — - — — t- — — / f re O '" '" ~ II t- ee -r i- — oo •: co / ■- OS » — '.'. ". :'. -~ co w.iuiuti y a««g — / — IO S Vl — — — 7v* ^| ipftw] — ri — N S SI , _ ,. 0 ?1 _ ^ I - I - SC Z t~ - Z ~ ~ ~ OT — — — — »H ?l?l — — — »H nww.,olA|.u...> -I ?l ei re re re — — -i ?i n 8/ I - I- oo • -. — I - I - z •-< = w — ^H ?i n n ?i ?i e o o ooao i "< ^ III *- C MUn, ( nngo Collection of Carnivora 259 suremenl 9 enteeo Adults of 1'nnthera pardus chut from Northeastern Belgian Congo ,,--,,« o2SL. Condition H.i.«a! MM 3 53 .7 IS 1 54 :; 17 8B7 ; 27 I 12 8(24 :. i: : a : »7 •_> n 6 W 2 i" -"-M 7 17 0 60 3 43 9 25 7X14 4X13 8X14 1X13 5X13 3X12 8X13 7X13 2X13 4X12 9X12 3X12 5X13 4 20 3 Obliterated l 20 0 720.0 619 1 3 19 1 B19 1 Open 5 1 8 2 Closed 8 18 7|Opeo 5118 a 8 18 ii Closed Open 6 18 5 - 3 19 1 U) •_•_■.; 9X11 8 17 3 < U.litcrated 5X11 4 1< BX12 :< 17 v 71 Bl 12.8 144.8 12 J 0X10 7 16 64 4 72 8 13 4 45 7 43 3 39 6 23 8X11 5 16 9 Panthera pardus iturensis, DOW Bllbsp Plata \l. I. I igureS; l.v LXTV .if. Ni.ipu. Belgian < Bettor! Lang and Jame* 1 xpedition mailer and darker in general roloration, pelage short ody, :il length, 232; basal length, breadth, U poatorbftal eoaetrJe- 1 1 across p* • type specimen is iri->t and oldest of the eerie* but i- mn.li maHir than torresponding skull* of ' in and i/urensM •cries (of. pp. 31 I tpeeimen> kin without ikulli uis), collected as follows: 91 M I Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol . X I . V 1 1 \k.ni:.-. (i (skins with skulls, 4 hnmatiiTTt). September LO-Ootoba 22, pO, 7 it', skins with skull- .'? immature. 1 skm without skull), Noveml. December 16-31, 1913; January 8, February 11, 1914. :; -kins with skulls. 2 immature . august 10, 1010; Muob 20 tad June i, 10] I a. 2 1 1 skm :meem to render it unnecec discUSfl in detail the relation-hip of leopordlU to the present form. The recently described Panti m a different category. The type, a skin and skull, from Yoko. Cameroon, i- fully adult, and believed by the author to be a male. If the skull and skin belong to the same animal, there is a strange discrepai between the he skull and the dimensions of the -kin: the skull, as shown by < Santera's measurements, is <>f the size of an average female -kull of the \v< - leopards as represented in the Gaboon and in the Ituri Forest, while the measurements given of the skin (head and U918. Bot. Soc. Espafiola Hist. Nat., Madrid. XVIII, December, p. 481. '"Cabesa y rucrpo. 126 mm. [probably an error for 121'. cm.); cola, 78: pie posterior, 16." The latter muat be a lapaua or typographical error for 26 cm., aa 260 mm. is about the average length of the hind foot in the adult male leopards from the Upper C'ouko, and about 250 mm. for the smaller P. p. tuahthca of East Africa. 1924) Alien, Congo Collection of Carnivora _'< 1 1 body 1280 mm.*) equal the average measurements of fully adult dm in the present Coup' It i- my firm conviction that the skull i- that of a female, for which evidence u given below. The author says of -kin (/or. of., p. 482): "En la pielnoseobserva indicio ninguno de la- mamas, y en cambio parece haber bajo la raiz de la cola algun reaiduo de ■to." table of measurements of three skulk referred by him and of five skulls identified by him as those of laopardaw, in part from Poeock's paper 'On the Skulls of Leopards.'1 The two tables in combination afford measurements of four skulls from ( '. mm. and four from the coast of Guinea, making eight in add "'in < lameroon. The ass is not given them. Poeock's smallest of his four skulls from una he indi and is referred by Cabrera to The literature shows that from the beginning of the of leopards there has been a belief, particularly among trav. ' and bat two kinds of leopards, a large one and ■ small one, her in many localities. Pocock, in referring to the small [men, says: "Thi> skull lends support to the oft-repeated men thai two kinds of Leopards, larger ones called I smaller ones called Leopards, occur in the same localit i. the three la "ided by Pocock are from the same The largest of Pocock "> < ma leopard skulls • equals t Incize <>f the largest male leopard skull adje, then- two being the i ipard skulls thus far recorded. ly two kind- of leopards do occur at the same localities. ■ li- the large one. so far SJ authentic records of adults nd the small one a> invariably female. The supposed urements with four >kull> n the Ituii Forest, but is slightly smaller than known female -kiill- from I'aradje. The av< tal length of the ies but one millimeter "in the [tin ' m the iie four from ' ma of which .'74 mm. in total length, se againsl mm foi male tkullfl of the Farad ;• sad and body of the type .-kit, m " 126 mm." : doubtless a mi-print for 126 cm.); the flesh measurement >1000, Proc ZoAl. Soc. London, pp. 204, 908. Fi*». 22, 23. «pp*wb J-ll .UUiJi[ ic — r» «-*: O O 00 o I - -I a a e i-: «© r» © © «o 7 '/•" 7 7 X ?i '?! /: / 1 - e Eg • ~ a 1- — 3 3 3 0 9/ I- r O C* c x — ?! ?i S ri ?! - i- i- - i»»iv»i«>d -: — •- r r oe^Nt» |V(K|J : i - / — - •- -> — — :- WU{U»J MVQ Sr. — — .? 8 O 00 C _ _. — ... 5 q»p»*»a )ipniii.a\'/ ■ ? •? r 8 " - — '? — — -I — ?l ,.:-.;„ 12 11 I ~ ?i ?i IS - ?i / I*wqo[Xpuoj ijiau^j 'b'b'b 'b -b o o o o o = 1 - = _ p z M s •- — - - a -r ; ■ ? ■ ~. AUl I: 263 i ami body for Beven adult males bom I'aradjc average 12o2 nun. Hence the opinion expressed above that tin- type skull and t \- 1 m • skin of iinr t'nun different animals, the skull from a female, the -kin (provisionally identified as male) from a male. Obviously further lence i> necessary before in can !><• considered as a sati— iblished Bubepeck ueinents of Ten Old Specimens of Panthera pardus iturensis ingui lanRui Average 5 88 : 70.'. 7(1 | M 6 75 4 85 7 Average 9 5 . 06 l 59 7 66 3 Jll s 19 0 19 0 16.5 18 3 : 0 15 54 0 r 52 t " n .-,:,i 6 12 :.l I 19 _' ii 50 4 50 6 44 5 26.6X14 v 19 Bi 2X14 2[20 SX14.9 10 1 6X13 11£ 14 l 17 MOpea 926 2X14 319 2 11 B 12 6 in 0 .22.2X12 0 15 to n 1! • 3> 11 9 10 2 11 n 10 2 12 ill l 11 4 17 •) 41 341 037 323.0X11 5 16 1 •Typ* 2»il Bulletin American Museum of Xnhiml History xIAIl Comparative Summary of Crania] and Dental Measurement Panfftfra pa . /'. />. Uurennt, P. />. njoaeftea, and P. /;. /ori Sex || 1] Upper ( "arna».Mi»l I rurtx M ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 241 218 214 286 L60 mi 0W1 671 L52 «J0.0 157 mi " .11 081 02" 213 I 191 i 670 i a 200 ! 'i 067 0124 HX12.6 Maximum 282 217 His hh 150 His 26 17 SX13.5 L02 063 BBO 627 2X14 9 95 068 n7l 026 0X13.6 ■ tutie 186 166 192 17.'. JO. 848 8164 I 23 ^X11.5 121 77 2 U 23.0X11 B 121 7:. 7 ; 11 B Minimum 196 17". i V21 176 161 116 182 167 lin 74 '.• ■■ in 7 72 •• 16 769 n 22.5X11 'i 11 1 mm , I7ii 124 77 '• 16 3«2 0124.3X12 0 198 180 126 7'^ 06 <12.7 leptailurus Bevertaow mbgenui 3 L858, Rev. ml pit. pp. -is'.), :i«.K). T\|H.. by monotyp vol Bchreber. k, 1917, Aim. M 8) XX, November, pp \ll-n. 1919, Bull. \i en I. IV. Al.th. l, j>. 667. Ty|w. by moootypy, PeKi tervai Bchrebi 567, Proc / I. mi, Ion, p. 273. Ty\ tautdiivn, Bchreber. 'The •II the u> are all perfectly comparable in re*pe< t to age. the basal (sphenoidal) sutures in having become obliterated through complete ankylosis. (jo Collection of Carnivora 2o."> The genus Lepta&unu compi i species, each represented by ■iial form-. Its distribution inehides the greater part of Africa south of the Sahara. In nn>7 Pocock1 held the opinion that the servak were separable into val ami /■'. tervdkna, on the basis <>i' the diverse • color markings characterizing respectively the serval and the d submitted evidence in support of this view. In 1917, however, in his paper oo 'The Classification of existing Fetids," be *aid, under the p'lins LeptaHunu t/oc. c#., p. 337): "One specks only, with ■ral local races," to which he added in a footnote the following: "T - have l>« ■<■!! admitted, namely, s< mil and soth type-. As this large do indication of intergradation, I turned to the reference given by Pocock for the details of what seemed a startling discovery, and found the following, here ascribed in full: "Mr. Guy Ayhner, 1 '. Z 3., exhibited some skins of mammal- from Siena Leone, including thot Serval {FeUtcapem and of a Servaline ( , and stated that a native had brought him two kittens, almost certainly from the same litter, one being spotted like the Serv.d and the other obscurely speckled like the Servaline - proof that the differ. ■ als and Servaline < ats are of no systematic importance. " To me itemenl is not evidence l>ut merely the supposition of a the two young cats in question were "almost certainly from r comment on this astonishing discovery seem mtil it has been confirmed by unquestionable evidei It Bed, however, that Pocock in his paper 'On English published in Hmi?.3 in discussing color and color i in i /.. pp. i r> i if. : ••( >n the other mding individual and loeal variations, the pattern • it the whole con- n (<> suppose that with my own . M- /.i+\. Hoc. London • 1 1 >l i . i i«d in the original. 366 "ry (Vol. XI.yii enoe Lor 0 dimorphism in mammals, when- pattern remain! while color may become radically changed, aa in melanism, In erythriam, and in partial albinism val Bchreber /•'///> s,rntl Bchreber1 was based primarily 00 KufTon and Dauben- ton's 'Le Serval,' Schreber'fl plate of Felis eene2 being ;iii excellent and acknowledged copy of Buffon'i L766, 'Hiat. \ I \II1. PI. xxxrv), color.-. | from the Buffon-Daubenton description {be. ciL, pp. 233-238). Schreber'fl plate IM. (Villi was published so much in advance of the text of Theil III of the 'S&Ugthicrc that it was a vailaV)lo for citation by Bndeben in hi- 'Systems Etegni Animalis' p. 523), published un- der the date of 1777. who tervalv based essentially on Buffon and Daubenton's plate and Schreber'fl copy of it, his various sub- sidiary reference! being technically indeterminate and consequently non-pertinent, including IVrrault's ( 'hat-Pard. ' from which Daul ton (loc. cit.) took his measurement! of Le Serval and also his anato- mical observations. The basis of Buffon and Daubenton's account of Le Serval was a living animal that was kept for some years in the Royal Menagerie at sailles, under the name Chat-tigre, but being too ferocious to be handled was described and figured as scon through the bars of its cage. It was from an unknown BOUTOe but supposed to be the animal known to the Portuguese in India as Serval.3 This surmise II obviously the basis of Bchreber'! assignment of it to the mountainous regions of the East Indies and Tibet, and of Erxleben's " Habitat in silvis montosis India-, in arboribus degens." Bchreber, on the basis of Kolbe, adds, "vielleichf auchamVorgebirgederguten Hofnung." It is admit ted, even by authors who would discard Schreber's Felis serval for a later name, that Buffon and DaubentonV Le Berval is identifiable beyond doubt with the Ti_ cat of Cape Good Hope, later redescribed and figured by Forster as Felis capensis. As Buffon says that it seemed to him that the serval of Malabar & des Indes" is the same animal as "le chat-tigre du Senegal & du cap de Bonne-espeTance," quoting Kolbe as his authority for the Cape of Good 1 1 op. reference, it seems reasonable to assume the Cape n of South Africa as the type locality of Felis serval Schreber. •1776. 'Saugthiere.' PI. cvni; op cit., 1777. Theil III. p. 407. •Perrault, 1733. 'Mem. Hiat. Nat. Animaux,' Mem. Ac Sci., Pari*, for 1666-1669, III.pt. l.pp. 108-116. PI. xiii (animal). PI. xit (anatomy). •" Serial, nom que lea Portuftais habitues dans 1'Inde, ont donne a cet animal" (Buffon. loc. cit., p. 233, footnote). A lien, Congo Collect i ieora 2N 1 7 from his own account,1 was descried and drawn from a wounded animal hroujiht alive in a basket to hu apetown, which. ! was thought to !><• about • or nine months old and "had already very nearly, if not quite, ill growth." It had been taken when quite young, and kind I to live "in mountainous and woody traits'* in the interior. in the u 4 nomenclature, der 17M a synonym of F> and 1 Leptailurus serval faradjius, new BUDf Plate! LTV I. XX: I. XXIV. Figure 1 adult, skin and skull. Faradje, northeastern Belgian Congo, 1912; Herbert Lang and James P. Chaptn American Museum Congo dig. No. T I. XVI r and markings intermediate between the rich rufo-fulvous forms oftt coast regions and the palfl forms of the Sudan and British 1 Afri' fosbuff, varying hut little in a considerable -cries of g; Mack markings sharply defined, of medium size, the dorsal lines narrow, the I 8 alnrnt twice as long si wid>-. beeoming broader and shorter on the and thighs; underparta and inside <>i liml I white, the former with small, with largi .! irregularly blotched and ringed with black basally, Tt third or half with well-defined annulations of Hack Pis. I. XVII- I. XVIII aller British Ess! Afri ! length. 1102 mm.; head and - sal length, ln7.7: basal length, 1 « » l interorbital breadth, 20 - Ith across p4-p4. 4»>.7: breadth of hrain- case \9Jt if upper eh r skull of I. XX 'r<»m Mrr M'rica. the < ..ndvlobasal in. less. mmature i -half of them skins follows: ur nur«li! . If to ie is a «For»t*r. John Raiabol'! iml Ili»t«>ry at..i I>.- I th« C»pe of >n». Roy. ?• 268 liullttui Am \l.\ I! deep bUck melano with the norma] color pattern barely distinguishable; t In- other four ailulis are native-made ikim * ithout skulls. The only material available for direci comparison with the preeenl eeri five examples of /.. » rwrf fa rnp Wroughton t he nea graphical form <>i' this group PI. LX \ I , These differ from the < !ongo cimens in the strikingly paler tone of the ground color, coarser mark- inns, and somewhat larger size, although in this resped t h«- differeno not strongly marked.1 The type localities of the subspecies of /.< ptailii il are all so remote from Paradje thai geographical considerations imply the probability of the Conj - belonging to a different and t Inis far unnamed regional form. The young in first pelage differ greatly from adults in coloration. The first coat is long and soft, wholly unspotted on the upperparts and very indistinctly spotted on the vmtral surface. The sides of the body uniform brown, varying in different specimens from pale sandy brown to dark brown; the median d< a, from nape to the base of the tail, fori: I blackish brown band, spreading laterally on the nape to the base of the ears; the ears are intense Mack externally with a whitish s-bar, and distinctly black-tufted, the inside heavily clothed with I1 white 01 yellowish white hairs. The facial pattern is a> in adults but less sharply defined. Chin, pectoral ami inguinal area- and inside of limb- whitish: foreneck faintly huffy; inside of limbs with indistinct Mac! blotches, and there are indistinct dusky rings On the tail. In theyoung of tl in winch the teeth have not pierced the gums i total external length about 340 mm., greatest length of skull 50, breadth of brainc 30), the whole body, below as well as above, is unspotted, but dark bands short hair are forming on the inside of the limbs. In three oth< still in the first woolly coat, the lower throat, pectoral and ventral an sides of body and inside of limbs -how slight dusky spots, due to the incoming of short black hair-, without further change in the general coloration. In an older specimen, with the milk teeth breaking through or partly developed (total length :{<"»o mm., greatest length of skull breadth of braincase 17 the first coat has been wholly replaced and the color tone- and markings are the same as in adults, showing that the chai nipleted as -oon a- the second pelage has fully replaced the natal dress. 'Two of the' compared in respect to siie with the rneaniirernpnts N \ . pp 205, 206 of the type* <>f lii* Fdi* enp- ind by Holl 1. P urn from the type region of krmpi. 1924] go Collection of Carnivora 269 The described formed t li« - LepfoiturtM servoi group are: ftiia - - l'l. (vin; op. rit.. 1777. Theil III. p. h Africa. S p. 266.) 17M. Ft&U ■ Phfloa Tnii;- - . London, I.X.XI. pi. l. pp. ,rh Africa. / Schreber. pp. S laiinii." I. p. 227. Based on Le S<>rval of F. Cuvier. from an unknown locality. Unidentifiable. (Infra, p. 269.) FeUi M in galensis Lesson. Mat:, tic ZooL,' Mamin.. PL \. and accompanying Les bords du flenve Senegal." Name preoccupied by Frlis sene- galenri* Meyer L826 f< >r ion. Replaced by Cabrera 1910, Bol. - . Madrid. X. pp. 126-427 serial pococki iKiin. nor. {Infra, p. - /) toQoenxi* Matschie. Sitzungsb. Ge& Xaturf. Frcunde Berlin, l.irz. p. lo*». Bismarckburg, Toco. West Africa. 189S G& ZooL .lalirb. A1 : \. p. 571. Name preoccupied by / Erxfeben; replaced by nC. rit., p. 1910 \ roughton, Ann. M B V, February, p. Machakos. British Ka-t Africa. A roughton. idem. p. 206. Kirui. Mount Elgon. British 1910. R roughton. idem. p. 206. Heira, Portttguec ica. M.Allen Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo5l., Cambridge, Mam, mil. Xo. 7. July. p. 837. Kl Garef, Blue Nile, Sudan MM lyonnherir, 1!.\. Eool. Africaine. VII. fate. 3, p 2 ivu distri( leopctrdus Desmai 1820, ' Mmiiuh.." I p. 227 has I by some authon Em tmegalem n (1839) without good reai thu is unidentifiable, its eok ^ (1818, 'E Mauun..- I. livr. 1. graphical aouroe of the living Bpecimen <>n which it led being unknown. Desmareel himself says, "Habit, [ncon- : : F. Cuvi 8 \al que nous avons posatide' • un jeune mile, remarquable par m douceur el sa gentflkese; . ... II ive* par un l>atiment a Brest . mail eehd qui en avah fait I'aoqinsi- avait Qegttg '.former dam quelle panic substitute galeopa 270 H ••ry [Vol. XI.\ II . -imply I • has priority, as was done by Matschk in and by Wroughton in 1910 (£ is wholly indefensible. indeterminate and therefore unavailable.1 Leptailurus ogilbyi- pantasticta (Pocock Plata i.wii. I. will i sm ilium] pan i k. 1007, Pi 'l. pp.665, 666, PI. \\\\ in fi| da. [Feli* sen-nit rui] /mil ■ dem. Monbattu (— Niangara, BdgUu Represented by seven specimens, all from Faradje, and all but one native-made skins, without skulls. The single made-up -kin No. 51084 is without field measurements but has a good skull. It is a young- ish adult female, with most of the cranial suture- open, but has the sagittal and lambdoid crests quite strongly developed. The skull measures: Greatest length, ill. I mm.; oondylobasal length, 109 basal length, 102 5 matic breadth, 82.5; interorbital breadth, 2 torfaital constriction, 33.0; breadth of braincase, 58.7; length of upper toothrow c-m ,36.3; length of p4 on outer side, 13.8. The general style of markings is quite uniform throughout the series, although in Borne specimens they are a little finer than in others, and the tone of the ground color i> also a little lighter, yet the range <>f variation i- quite limited, iii comparison with individual variation in other forms ipotted cats. The extremes of variation are shown on Pis, I.WII and LXXIII, in comparison with the extremes of the wries of the served type from the same locality Pis. LXVH I. Will In the ( !ongo Beries of these two types there is no intergradation in the strikingly different patterns of markings. A- the servaline type i- represented by seven specimens, and the Berval type by ten, all compar- aM' ge and season, and all from the same locality, this con- stancy of coloration seems to fully confirm Pocock's opinion expressed in l'.xiT3 that Filis Berval and /■". . . l the eight speci- mens of the Berval type in the United States National Museum (which I h;i five collected by the Tjader and Rainsford Expeditions of this Museum, all of which represent the hind* i type. The Bpecimens of the Berval and servaline types from Faradje ami i throw much light on questions raised by Pocock in 1907 irding the relationships and distribution of these interesting and little- known groups of cat-. \- stated by him in his general review of t he i rit., p. 663), the only difference apparent between the two group the striking difference in their respective patterns of markings. He conclude- that the available evidence seems "in favor of regarding /*'. alina as a valid species." Referring to its known distribution, lie oincide very closely with that of many West African animal- like the Chimpaniee, FeHa aurata and others." In the British Museum, he Bays, there arc -kins from Senegal, Sierra Leone. Monbuttu and Entebbe, and various point- near ami in Angola. "These localit ! he add- -t that /•'. s:»t tin- was 272 Bulletin Amen. d History [Vol. Xl.YII th«' .'infiit. n is probable that tlir ( at came from lint i - ■ruin Mime plan-on the Mmnlo I.i K.tilu: The Berval and Servalim The present < fenj rval and the sertraline cats ansvt conclusively some of the questions on which Pooock expressed the urgent 1 of further information. First, it proves that the tw» do u together :it the same localities, 1 >■ » 1 1 » having been taken at Faradje, in one instance on tin- same dag 8< oond, that in b ren \\ one and ten <>f the other, taken at the Bame Locality, there no intermediates. Third, that l»«>tli occur abundantly in north- tern Belgian Congo, some :!<><> miles northwest of Entebbe. This, with the restriction of the servaline type to tropica] v ica, and the extension of the Berval type over East and South Africa should apparently Settle negatively the question Of their supposed relationship as dimorphic forms of a single species. I have given preference to Pocock's name pantasticta for t he Faradje form because 1 1 it has page precedence over poUotricha, and (2) bees the description cially Pocock's tabulation of characters on p. 666) agre<- better with the Faradje specimens, notwithstanding the fact that the type locality of poliotricha (Monbuttu^Niangai adje than is the type locality (Entebbe) of pantasticta. For this reason also pi tonally referred to pantasticta. Leptailurus ogilbyi larseni (Thorn aHna lantm Thomas, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. HUN - XII. July, p. 91. « l«.c:ilit\ ago .li.-irict of North Angola. Skin without skull. presented by one specimen, about two-thirds grown, native- made -kin without skull. Zambi. Lower < SongO, July 1915. Mi. Lang informs me that he Baw a Becond specimen evidently adult, in the hands of :i native, who declined to part with it. The one obtained appears fully to confirm this form, which is strikingly different from any other form of the servaline group thus far described. The described forme of the servaline {LeptaHurus ogUbyt) group 183'.' / na Ogilby, Proc ZooL Soc London, p. 94. Sierra Leone. Baaed mi :m imperfect >km without skull. Name preoccupied ; Jardi for an Indian cat; replaced b] ^ hinz (1844, 9ynop. Mamm. I. p. }li«.l. I •_'*)). ■It is further stated that the type was immature, retaining part of the milk dentition, and had been received alive at the Zoological Society's Gardens, where it survived about three weeks. It had probably passed most of its life ii r \ hese 'inumstances it is difficult to regard this alleged sub- species as properly founded. Aside from the immatm ;>e, the type locality is in doubt, and almost certainly is not Mombasa. The alternative apparently is. that it came from Uganda, and hence from the type region of the same author's subspecies pantart tervaUna] paafaahcfq Poeoek, Proc. Zo6l. Boe. London, II. June 18, pp. 666 666. Entebbe, Uganda. l'tu?. / nti] polioi I ■ k. idem, pp. 6( Vfonbuttu. Doubt- fully distinct from panttuticta. {Supra, p. J 'i/Hi.siiit,! Poeoek, idem, p. 666. Type locality uiv. -i. "Mombasa," I -ut probably the type came from :i long distance to the interior. Doubtfully distinct from the same author's /•'. «. panto immature, retaining part of milk dentition: reared in confinement pro, pp. 271-272 191H. / Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 XII, July, p. 91. JO district of North Angola. Skin without skull. [Since this article was prepared for publication (in October, M»18) a paper by Lonnberg1 has appeared containing a discussion of the serval /.. pp. 236 243 . His observations and con- clusions are based on ten specimens of t he servaline group, nearly all from different localities, for the most part geographically widely separated. Hi- allocation of these specim o put it mildly) at least surprising. H< accepts Pocock's three forms (pcmtasticta, poliohricha, liposticta all valid. He refers to pantasticta (type locality. Entebbe) specimens i Lower < !ongo | Kisantu and Mukimbungu) and from southeastern gian Congo (Bukama and Kasongo, Upper Lualaba) ; to liposHeta alleged type locality, Mombasa I, specimens from Kisantu. Lower ( !on- tricha, a specimen from Kat pan His conclusions are thus stated: If tl ire considered from a Boogeographical point of view, the following conchii be drawn : listributed from Lower Congo to Katanga in South East and k in North K:. i from M Kasongo; from Lower Congo to Mombai if this localitj as is most let u- ml thern Angola and Lower Congo over the districts of Lake He further venture! "to propose thai lipostida and Larsent are identical. The; da was a young animal, and my specimen also rather youngish. It appears thus . . . . that the somewhat inorespottedb'positctaistheyoungof J [!). He furt 1. riling that "colour phases are of a common "it does not appear impossible thai even / tervalina fni> ly represent different phases Of the same animal." In Short . it may !><• -aid that these sweeping •1920, 'Ranarka on mm Congo Maninwla.' Bar. Zi L'7 I \ I.VI I ;i ,-i pretty feebfc materia] and are not in I with il. .pineal point of new" <»t" the c inberg oloeei his remarks on the serval and servaline cats with the description i». 242 of a new Bubepeeiefl of the Berval group, based on a single specimen (sex not stated) from the "Kivu district," which In- call- /■ II .-it "is recognised <>n its large black ■ and large teeth.*' He consid< "probably the largesi known race" of the Berval group, which his measuremente of the Bkull seem to confirm (greatest length L35.5 mm., with the other measurements proportionate). It hence appears to differ from my LeptaH alfaradjius described above (p. 267), which is the smallest of the group thus far indicated (greatesl length of skull L20i profelis Severtsow Rev. Mag. ZooL, Paris, 2 \. pp Type, by monotypy, itaTemminck. k. I'M:. \.lt,. I - \\ November, pp type. Type, by n ■ iiiiniiick. Profelis aurata cottoni Lydekl Plata I.WIY. Figure 2; l.\W Mom Ltdkuueb, 1908 Pi aidon, II. December 11. pp. 992, 904, P i. Type locality, Ituri Forest, Belgian ( D.trk smoky-grey " ph men, akin. k. L907, l! London, II. p 175, skull (pai I rnsxKXR, only. ,nitu Pocock, 1917, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XX, November, p. 340 p Represented l>y seven specimens, of which two are native-made. without sklllls. collected as follow Niangara, i native-made skin without skull). Akenge, 2 (c? and 9, lx»th slightly immature), September 28 and ,i -jii. 1013. Niapu. i i » adult I, November 21, L913. M Ije, 2 1 f with skeleton and 1 Q |, February 2s and August 24, L910, ikubi, 1 i native-made skin without skull), ectors' measurements of an adult male No. 51994 I from Medje: Total length, 1160 mm.; head and body, 790; tail, 370; hind foot. on of Carnivora 275 dull female* (No. 51993, Medje, PL LXXTV, fig. 2; 198, Niapu): Total length, 960 Medje), 1010 (Niapu); head and body, 860, 725; tail, 800, 285; hind foot, 165, 170; ear,— , 55. 9iirements of Three Adult Skulls of Profelis aurata cottoni S,-* H L _ c a - 1 1 ■ ; >- s: jj.J i = 1 16 2 i:;i 0 126 2 765 I 16 1 16 0 127 5107 :; 103 0 77 L 21 2B7 7 11 8 15 W50 5B7 9 15 0 126 Mil 0108 M7 1 20 3B7 1 US 1 15 650 039.615.2 Of the seven specimens, two (from Akenge) are in the red phase, three in the dark gray phase, one in a lighter gray phase, and one (No. 51995, Niangara intermediate between the dark brown and the red phase. The last mentioned is yellowish brown above, darker along mid- line of buck, and more Fulvous on the sides, where it is distinctly spotted with dusky. Both of the red specimens and two of the dark pray i wholly without dusky spotting except on the ventral surface. One mens No. ">1998, 9. Xiapu: PL LXXV) baa I small rufous V-shaped mark on the withers and a very small round rufous spot on the left hip. suggesting the possibility of alternative red and gray pelages in the same individual, as some previous writer- on the group have assumed. The specimen in light gray pel Ivakubi, ive-made -kin has the lateral lower two-thirds of the body very I with blackish. Lb ;l>! ouected within a comparatively small area, it confirm the statemenl of other obsen "ck. be. < pp. it "red and grey individuals occur side by side in the same localities" a parallel instance «»t' dichromatism shown by the . //< rpen It isaln to add thai the " Felis aurata" group cannot be •••rily understood until lai cimens from several inch sted locatities have been carefully compared. The present indi ■•••that nut only specimens in the red and. in the gray pels r. but tl individuals with the upperparts unspotl in which the lower Banks at ! less distinctly spotted, showing an unquestionable com- munity of origin, but it i- hard to believe that there are not a Dumbt 276 Bulletin America* \ \l\ll fairly well-marked reniuual forme. For tliis reason eottont is tentati'. recognized aa m Dameable Qorthcaeton] form of a group that has a vast in tropical felis Linns :.v tauton coins Linnaeus. Wirn. I. ' taiitonv- IIIV. / 1 mber, pp. k, i'.»i7 . / Felis ocreata rubida Schwann Pktea i.wvi to i.x.W III 104, Aim. M 7) XIII, .Juip 9 in and akulL Represented by -t specimens, of which aboul one-fourth are im- mature, another fourth native-made skins without skulls, collected as folio \imgara, 8 (all immature . November 24, December 20, 1910; April 7, II Faradje, L5 (8 -kins with skulls, nearly all adult, ami 7 native-made skins without Bkulls), February 22 November 19, 1911; Octobers, L912. Poko, l sldn, juvenile, without skull), August I. L911. As indicated above, the large Beriee representing this form is, with ption, from two localities, Niangaraand Faradje. TheNiangara are all very young, ranging in age from nurslj without functional teeth to One specimen which has the milk teeth fully developed bul no indication of the permanent set. This (No. 51954, 9) has acquired the second pelage and ha- the adult color tone- and mark- The other seven illustrate the gradual acquisition of the adult pattern and coloration. In the youngest of the series No. 51061, 9) the (.nly teeth visible in the prepared skull are the upper incisors, which apparently had not cut the gum. The upperpart- are pale cinnamon, the markings faintly indicated. There i> a broad dusky brown nape patch, and the outer surface of the ear i- black, increasing apically to int. glassy black. The facial markings are sharply denned yellowish white and dark reddish brown. The throat and the pectoral and inguinal BJ are whitish with. the prepectora] band-, the spots of the ventral area, the dark ban on the limbs, and the dark rings on the apical half of the tail are distinctly indicated, strongest on the inside of the limb- 1924) Alien, Congo Collection of Camivora 277 and 00 the tail. This i- practically the condition of tin- rot of the series, >f the markings gradually increasing with the increa- se animal. Also the long hairs that hinge the ears are iually lost, and shorter rufe.-cent hair- replace the intensely black hairs of the outer side. There i- a gap in the series from the stage when the principal cusps <>f the milk dentition have become excluded to the 1 by the specimen first mentioned, in which the milk teeth hav- 1 full development and the adult pelage has been fully acqui' In this juveniles there i- a considerable range of individual variation in the tone of the ground color, which varies in different speci- al dingy gray to cinnamon. Only one, however, represents the gray phase, in which the general tone i- dingy gray, the others varying from pal p cinnamon. Abo one is alhinistic. the anterior half of the ventral area being pure white to the base of the hairs, the white area including the fore and hind limbs, with an extension upward on the body in front of the shoulders. The Farad thirteen adults (PI. LXXVI, t\ii. :■> and two half-grown young (PI. LXXVI, litis 1 and mmature specimen from Poko is similar to the half- Ije. Of \teen specimens nine are • i freshly killed animals and -even are native-prepared skins, the -kull- «>! fl<'sh measurements, hut valuable as illustrating individual variation in color and markings, and helping to of forms founded on single specimens. While able to rvbida of 1 1 a group, it pt .vide range of color variation irrespective of agi The Paradje specimens may be divided into tw<> extreme-, one which intergrade through in! v phase the general ith a dark brown median dorsal band extending he base Of the tail. The side- of the body, I i the ventral marked with deep brown me bands d of confluent or (in different specimens more or less confluent ome specime] is a tendency in the ST the median line of the back to an elongate form, with the length much greater than the breadth. The ventral BUI 16S from im-white to pale FulvOUS, Spotted and blotched with a much darker En tl is rufescenl . although the liirht tip- of the hair- give a slight grayish tone, while the cross bands 278 lietin American Museum of Natttral History [Vol. XLV 1 1 and median dorsal stripes are pale rufous cinnamon, the underparts are deep fulvous. The greater part of th is intermediate, but some four or five of the specimens can readily be referred to the may end of the series and a rather hem number to the rufeeoent phase. Of the fifteen Faradje -penmen- il be gray -fries are albinistic, having white feet and anas of white on the body, while one is whitish gray throughout the whole upperparts and limbs and has white underfur, a fad thnt may have a bearing 00 the tendency to grayness.1 (See Pis. I.X.W'II I.\ \\ III for photographic illustrations of color variation.) lure of individual variation is the CO* underfur. On the median dorsal ana the underfur in adults varies in different individuals from pale plumbeous at base, and fulvous apieally to nearly uniform blackish or dusky. The basal third or half in d specimen- ■■ including juvenile- i- more Or less plumbeous, the apical portion fulvous (light or deep fulvous) in different specimen.-. In some the whole underfur, except the extreme base, is fulvOUS, in othns dark prambe yen blackish. The underfur i- usually much shorter and different in color in the same individual over the shoulder- from that of the middle and lower back where the pelage is much longer. In regard tO size, the pn icimens which have avail- able measurements is too small to form ■ basis for generalization, but it may be noted that the three females are larger in both external and crania] dimensions than the two male-, it would seem that male- do not alu • d the female- of thei and that Bise alorn trustworthy criterion for the determination of sex in all i Felis ocreata ugandse Schwann - \\ w\. 1904, Aim. Mag. Nut. 1 1 1 - 1 7 XIII. June, |>. 131 Mil 'In. alt. 0000 feet. Two specimens, ekms with skulk. Represented by 1 specimen, as follows: •ramba. 1 (adult -\ skin and skeleton . May 20, 1912. This specimen agrees well in >ize and coloration with the description of F. o. xigandse, being larger and darker than any of the large Beritt F. o. rubukt, and is from farther north and distinctly in the Sudan ■ ile drain 'One of thi -pecimena lm.« all the feet white and i another ha* I alaoalanre v over the shoulder t overhair. All the limtm and the ventral area are ■ go Collection of Carnivora 279 As shown below in the table of measurements for F. o. rubida m here referred to Uganda considerably exceeds the measure- ments <>f the rubida series, and agrees very closely with those given by Hollister1 for Heller's /■". o. nandjt, the type locality of which is not far from the type locality of ugawkr. In all probability nandx and ugandx red to the same regional form. ( 'ol mrements of Five Bpeeimens of Felis ocreaia rubida and One of F. o. ugandse Cat Locality Sex _ — - 1 - Ear 519 Fandjc 9 775 175 128 56 51« • • 9 127 59 5197] •■ 9 485 51950 cT 7H> li:. cT juv. 738 142 51970 Garamlia * 900 - Skulls < >t F t lis ocreaia rubida and One of F. o. ugandx ■* -— is _ = I I .- 1 — c 12 0 ll 11 7 - 35.527.611.0 511.3 38 1 10.3 • 31 7 9] 1M 0|77 9|61 7 L6 ■ < 77 '.7i i 55 514.432.8W1.( ; 10 7 D in 9 102 0 - 11 8 • 1 Authority Schreber / HutT.,'* and eai ition in the list of plat I of m. Bull. V». i 3 179. • th. but pranolara Dot fully up. ■:lia. 1'l.ox; op. Jsii m Muwui ! txtory [Vol. MIA' II being accredited 'i, m in eases where Bchreber'a plates an ; :i> original •• Bigne Zeichnung"). A oompari- ■ a.i plates show> tli.-it they have little in oommon. According Sierborn,1 the plate wsj issued before July 1776, and the text it illm 4 till sometime in 1777. Although Schreber rites Buffon, nil description, like his illustration, is based on a specimen from th .'' Cape of Good Hope, received from Bauptmann Bodensel The /•'< Us caracal oi Schreber has thus no dependence upon 1 al of BufToii, t >ut a wholly independent basis, and a widely different ' locality, notwithstanding his citation of Buffoo in his referenoee and accrediting the name PtU» >;iracal to Buffon on hifl Plate < x, doubt! as an act of courtesy for his use in a technical sense of Buffon-.- vernacular nam.' caracal In 177ti P, I.. B. Muller, in the supplement volume of hifl "Xatur- systems' (p. 30, No. 15) also, and independently, gave the name / cararnl. the date of publication being practically synchronous with that oft! soraoalof Schreber, both having the year date 1776. Mull' name wa> based exclusively on Buffon's caracal. Be gives, however, an . pe locality as hi Dsfl Valerland iflt Arabien." not however without mitigating circuni Buffon, in his first account of "Cet animal est communen Barbarie, en Arab* dan- boUfl Lefl pay- qu' habitent le lion, la pant here & I'onoe. . . . "2 r. however, in connect ion with Bruce'fl inedited note OH "le caracal he compares the Nubian caracal with "celui de Barbai dont nous avons donne* la figure (tome IX. planche XXTV)," thus bhahing the type region of hifl original specimen, which without much ri-k of error i definitely assigned as the vicinity of Con- tine, Aliriers. whence so many of the carnivores received alive for exhibit ion in the Royal Menagerie of Yer>ailles at that time w derived. As stated in the original account of Buffon's "Caracal de Barbarie," the description and plate were based on a living animal, of a very ferocious disposition, kept in a dark cage, and thus not able to be very carefully studied. Three years later it died, and Dauben- ton4 then gave a i ription of its external characters, with detailed measurements, and also of its anatomy, stating it to be the individual figured in Buffon's plate xxiv. No reference, however, is here made tfl geographic origin. •1801. Pro*-. Zool. 8oe. London, p. 5&8. '1761 p. 282. PI. xxir. J32. «17«4. Buffon's "Hist N»t ..' XII. pp. 442-449. 1924] go Collection of Carnivora 281 It i.» thttt evident t hat I - iireber and Felis caracal Mailer relate to quite different geographical forms, the homo of the first ape of Good Hope region, that <>f the other the oppo ie African continent or Barbery. It' the name is accepted from 'a Plate < \ published in the early part of the year 1776, as is tomary in similar ease-, it may be accepted as having priority over M tiller's, unless :tn earlier date can be demonstrated for MiillerV publica- the name, thus establishing the type locality of / name as cited by Scbreber appears in the i binomial, but examination of Gueldenstaedt'e texi -hows that this wa- due to Schreber'fl rendering and is not the form employed by :v >hown by Matschie.'-' who quotes Guelden- ie and diagnosis, as follow-: "( aracal: IVlis auriculis apice tus nigris; capite, corpore el cauda unicoloribu- fuscenti- bn; It was based on Buffo I d. The name ascribed by • to this author, as said abov. eber's and not Guelden- thus no nomenclatural statu- Tb her (1829) was obviously based on Bufl teal de Nubie" and, on the basis of Bruee'sinedifted note which it i- founded, the type locality ifl M ubia. This form > (Fischer). 776). p. 900. i. 1M0, Journ. M»mm . 1 90. PLATES VI to LXXVTTJ Plate VI Fig. 1. Thos anthus soudanicus (Thomas). Male adult. An vest. Mi i-. No. 63019, Faradje, February 25, 1912. Total length of animal, 970 mm. . 2. Thos' anthus toudaninu (Thomas). Female adult. Amer. Mua 52052, Faradje, Dcrcinhir 5, 1912. Total length of animal, 930 mm. Photograph! from specimens in the flesh. \ M N. 11. Vol. XI.VII. I'ute VI I'l.ATK VII Fig. 1. Thus anthut mmdanieua (Thomas ■ .Male juvenile, Amer. Mih Niangara, November Hi. 1910. Total langth of animal, 399 mm. Photograph from live animal. Fig. 2. Millinnii eaptmtu eoUoni Lydekker. Female adult, Amer. Mu>. N<>. 51961, X i : « i » 1 1 December 9, 1913. Total length of animal, 870 mm Photograph from ipeeunen in the Beth. S A \I \ II Ylll. XI. \ II. 1'HT. \ II Plato VIM 1. Luim iniKuliiulii.s Lichtemrtein. Female adult, Amer. Afua. N<>. 51825, Ijr. .January 7. 1913. Total length <»f animal. '.KM) mm. _'. hutra matvKreUit bfrhtewteip- Male juvenile. Amer. Mu>. No. 51822, Paradje, Pebmary28, 1911. Total length <»f animal, 460 mm. Photograph! from iperimena in » h<- Beah. Bcuitin A, M. N. H. Vol. XLV1I, Plati VIM Plato i \ Fig. 1. Mirmomi I g | \intr. Mu-. No. 29731, Iwabig, Palawan, Philippine I-I.unl-. Fi(c. J. itonyei eapmria (Schms). Female adult, Amer. Mu- No. 51849, Faradje, February 2, 1913. Total length of animal. 950 nun. Fjr. -i. Anni/x esfWMu (8chini). Male adult, Amer. Mu-. No. 51847, Faradje, January 22, 191(1. Total length of animal. 1090 mm. Phot ogra phi from staffed -kin-. Bcumv A. M. N. H. Vui.. xi. vii. Pun IX Pl.ATl \ | 1. Aonyx caperusis (&-hinz). Male adult, Amcr. > "Ij"-, January ->'_>. 1910. Total length of animal, 1000 mm. Photograph from specimen in the Been, nd& Annus eapm&it (Schini . Male juvenile, Amer. Mua. N<>. ">1839, Faradjc March Hi, 191 1. Total length of animal, 666 mm. Photograph from live animal. Bru.m\ A. M. N. H Vol. XLVII. Plate X Plat* XI Habitat <>f Lufra manttcolKt Lichtcnatam and Ammx caperms (Schinz). Bima Hivir. near N'iapu. .January 1!M 1. Plate XH ■ itn (inintdlis (Matschio). Male ailult, Amor. Mils. Na ">1SH, Niapu. December 26, 1913. Total length of animal, 1350 mm. Photograph Erotn specimen in the flesh. I..A.K XIII Kig. 1. Cwttictii nnitii orittitnh Mataohie). Upper, melanistic specimen, female juvenile, Amer. Mils. No. ."»ls|!t. Medje, Augu-i 25, 1010. Total length of .•iiiiiiial. BOO mm. Lower, normally colored tpect'tnan, female juvenile. Amer. Mu~ ")17,.t2. Medje. Augu-t 25, 1010. Total length of animal. .">.{.") mm. Taken from HUM litter. I'm ■■! orimttaHt Mataohie . Male adult, Amer. Mw .".IT'.iT. Akenue. < »ctol.er 1. 101$. Total length of animal. 1850mm. Inferior view of genitalia, musk j>ou. i at, aerotutu. m m e BcLLmxA. M. N II. V.„ XI.VII. PLATt XIII Pi. vii \I\ I iir. l. (itmiiii pardina fieidiana Du Chaillu. Male adult. Amer. Mu- 51641, Niapu. .January '.». 1 «• 1 4. Total length of animal. 945 nun. Kip. _' i, ■■ifii tervaHna Pueheran. Female adult. Amer. Mu-. No. 51577, \ia]>u. January 10, l'UI. Total length of animal. 950 mm. Photographs from miens in the flesh. Bi umin A M. V M Vol. XLVn, Plati XIV Fl.ATK XV Fig. 1. ' offal PucheniL Male adult, Auicr. Mus. No. 5155'. •. Niapu, a 28, 1913. Total length of animal, 1035 mm. Fig. 2. (irnttla fmriiiiui fuUliaun Du Chaillu. Male adult. Aintr. Mu- 51541, Niapu. January 9 I'M 1. Total length of animal. 945 turn. Photographs from h|«ciincns in the hV>h. 1'ivn. XVI tUamekrimlhomm, Maleadolt, Amer. Mm-. No. 51 109, Akenge, September 29, 1918. Totel leagtb of animal, !»7."> mm. Photograph horn Bpecimen in tin- flesh. I'l.UK XVII Fig. 1. f animal. 975 mm. Fit; M nrhnnlsinii ochrocta Thomas and WrOUghton. Male suliadillt, Aiiht. Mu- '•. Akenge, October 25, 1913. Total length of animal, 095 mm. Photograph! from specimens in the Beab, I'i.vi. XVIII ()si>i,ri,ntts /;/.*< mora .1. A. Allen. Type, maid adult. Drawn by Richard Decker! fmni m -kin. Aukt. Ifua No. 51514, Ni.ipu. December l. 1913. Total length ol animal, '»i<> mm. M N II Vol. XLVII. Pla™ Will Pl.ATK XIX Babttat of OefonMcto pt«cu»ora J. A. Allen. One of the larger foreel l>r<>..t the height of the rainy season. Niapu, January' 8, 1914. Thk repn senU the actual Alien- the type ■pecimen was taken. I'l.VIK XX Fig. 1. I'liinmi riehardaom oehraeea Thomas and Wroughton. Male mhadtilt, ham*. SI 189, Akenge, < tetober 2."). 1013. Total l.-riKth of animal, 695 nun. Fin. 2. .Xtirnlihiii I iiuii.itn I Female adult, Amer. Mu-. No 51513 Xi:i|)»i. .January 22, 1914. Total length <>f animal, 1050 mm. Photograpl Imeni in the fli-li. B i hit in A M. N. II. Vol.XI.VII. PlatbXX Platk XXI Fig. I. Nmviinia fiinnfnfn (Gray . MmI.- .i.Iult, Amer. Mn>. Ma 51 W7, Niapu, bar l. IMS. Total ta*th of animal. 1370 mm. Photograph from Bpecimwi in the flerii. Fijc- 2. Smulnnn l,,,,ot„<„, f nutans (Osgood). Male subadult, Ani.r. Mug, N.i. 51608 M.-.ij. , June 25, 1914. Total length of animal, 835 mm. Photo- graphs from specimen in tin- Mesh. v A M N II Vol. XI.VII. I'uxt XXII Plate XXIII lift,. 1. Ihiinsti.< a -Inn ilium, fuitextus (Osgood). Male subadult, Amer. Mu». No. 51593, Medje, June 25. 1914. Total length of animal, 835 mm. Photograph from specimen in the flan. Figs. 2 and A. Gale n lln ochracea ochracea (Gray). Male adult, Amer. Mm 51109, Faradje. Augllri 10, 1912. Total length of animal, 495 mm. Photographs from live animal. Fig. 4. Galerellu orhrann ochracea (Gray). Male adult, Amer. Mik No. ~>1 184, Faradje. February 28, 1912. Total length of animal, 532 mm. Photograph from s|M'eimeii in the flesh. \l N II. Vol. XI VII. PlAm Will I'l.Vll WIY Fig. 1. // iliHjnlt liirluln roUustn, new swl»-|M-cir>. Female adult . Amer. Mu- 51608, NiaiiKarn. April 20, 1913. Total length of animal, 490 mm. Photograph fn»m s|K'cimen in the flesh. Fig. 2. M uugox qotlnuli < Heiiglin and Fitzinger . Female juvenile, Amer. Mu-. No. 51138, I ira.lje. May 8, 1911. Total length of animal, 372 mm. Photograph fnim live animal. Fig. 3. Mmigox fofttwA Heuglin and Fitzinger). Poko, .Inly 1018. Flmt.. - graph from live animal. Fig. 4. Mangos gathmii 'Heuglin and Fitzinger) Female adult. Amer. Mu& No. 51127. Faradje. March 17. 1011. Total length of animal. 4«H) mm. Phot from s|>eeimen in the He-h. in \ M. X. H. \m.. XI.YII. Plate WIY Plate XXV Figs. 1 and 2. Crossarchus alexandri Thomas and Wroughton Male af the I-tim:i River, Dear Niapu, January 191 1 Plate XXX Fig. 1. liiliix/iili nigrijMs Pucheran. Male adult, Aiimt. Mils. \ Akenge, October 8, 1918. Total length of animal, 1015 mm. Kijf. '-. Hthitgnlt tiiijn/Hs I'uchcraii. Female >wl>adiilt . Amcr. Mik No. 81580, Akenge, September SO, 1918 Total length of animal, 890mm. Photographi tmeni in t h»- Berh. BrixrriN AM N II V.m. XI.VII, I'lati \\\ Plate XXXI Fi>j. 1. litlcogale nigripis I'urhcran. Male adult. Amir. Mil-. N<>. 51681, Akeage, October 8, 1013. Total length of animal, 1015 mm. Fig. 2. Bdeogab *igripe$ Pucheran. Fenude subadult, Amer. Mu-. No. 51580, Akeage, September '5<». 1912. Total length of animal. 1720 mm. Fig. _'. Cm, ,itn rroruln fortis. new sul>s|>eeies. Male juvenile. Anier. Mu- 52062, Faradje, September 12, 1911. Total length of animal. 1398 mm. Photographs from apeeameni in the flesh. BiixrriN \ M V II VouXLVII, Plati: X.WII Plate XXXIII utaeroeutafortia, oewsubepeeiee. Typeakull, female adult, Amer. Mu- .")2(M*)S, Faradjc, February 5, 1913. Palatal view in -Imw potterior border <>f palate and auditory bulla?. One-half natural size. Bl i! » us A M. N. II. Vol. XLVII, I'latk XXXIII ^^^P > >■ ^^|^^| r <■ P il 1 ■ ■ "H MP* « 1* 1 I V^^PW| ,JPP^^ J ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ L_. ^^ *y^>^ ^ 1 t/ Jfc&4 ^Kg^ 4^^^H H^jB Pi. ui WXIV Showing varying position of second upper premolar in Croeuta crocuta fortu, De* WlbnpWJfW, About two-fiftlis natural mzi\ KiK. l. Male adult, Amer Mua No 52059, tanadje, Augual 24, 191L I'm. _'. Adult, Amer. Mas. N<>. 52066, Faradje, February 20, 1912. I'i.ui WW Comparative views of riRht auditory Uilla in ('nnuta crocuta fortil, new >ul>- s|>ecies. and C. ft ■CTMtMM M:ii -• -hie . FSg.1. Cnx-utac.fortis. Ty|M\ Female adult. Amer i « 1 j« - . 1 •rl.ruarx :>. LOIS. Fin i i (kt ft ■NMUMIIU. Female adult. I". S. Nat. Mus. No. 181822, Kabalolot Mill. S.tik. British Fast Africa. Fiji. S. Croatia c fmrtU. Adult. Amer. Mu-. No. 52066, Farodje, February 20, 1012 Fig. I. Croatia <-. fmmimam. Amer. Mas. \'<>. K880, near Lake Naivaaha, Mriti>li Fa>t Africa. lit'LLBTIN A. M. N. H. Vol. xi.vii. Plati \\\\ 2 Plate XXXVI Comparative views of braincase in Croatia crocutn fnrti.s, new - and ft c. germinans (Mat idbk , Al«>ut one-half natural size. Fig. 1. CrtH-ula r. forlis. Type akoIL Female adult. Atmr. Mu>. NO. .V2068, Farad jc. I Vhruary 5, 191 .i. Fig. 2. Croatia <•. ammhtaiu. Female adult. I EL Nat. Mm No. 181522, Kal.ulolot Hill. Botflc, British Fast Africa. Both skulls nr<" of old femalei typically representing asriei <>f the two form-. BiixrriN A. M. N. H. Vol. XLVII. Plate XX X\ I Pl.m. WWII Leo leo mmmdicua, mm anbapeeiea. Type. Male adult, Amer. Mua. No. 52084, Vank.nkliovciivillc. April 18, 1912. Total length of animal. 2860 mm. Photograph from specimen in the flesh. Platk XXXVIII FiK. 1. Leo Ui> nzdiuiiciis, DOW Subspecies. Male adult, Auitr. Mu>. N<>. 52077, Faradje, January .">. 1912. Total length of animal, J7.'i(> nun. Fig. 2. Leo leo azawliciix, new subspecies. Female adult, Aiiht. Mh- 52073, Faradje, June 6, I'.tll Total li-ngth of animal, 2240 mm. Photographs from ■peeuneni in the flesh. Bru-rns A M N H Vm MVII, Plate XXX\ III Pl.ATK \\.\I.\ pa 1 and 2. Leo leo azandicus, new subspecies. Type skull. Male adult. Amer. Mua \ B9084, Vank> aasHuKeut, new mbepecns. Type skull. Male adult. Amer. Mus. No, S206i, Vankerckhovenvilk, April 18, 1912. About one-third natural -: \ M \. II. Vim, XI. VII. Plati XI. Platk M.I Fig. 1. I'lihtlum pordwi tkui (Heller). Between N'Zoia and E3gon, 1014. Photograph <>f ipwimtn in the Bath, by L. Bayer. Fig. 2. 1'iiuihira pardua ckw Heller . Male adult, Amer. Mu-. No -V2006, Faradjc. March _'s. 1011. Total length of animal, 2120 nun. Photograph of speeimen in the Been. Fig. '.I I'tnitlnni /Hinlas iturentit, new mbepeciee. Male adult, Amer. Mua. No. 52tn.i. Gamangui, February «i, 1910. Total length of animal, 2100 mm. Photo- graph of apeehneo m the flesh. . \ \! \ II v.. i XLVII, h.ui \l I Pl.ATK XLD I'linthiai fxinius swili, lira Neumann1. Aiikt. Mil-. No. 36428, British Africa. Paul J. Kaincv Collect ion. BrixrriN \ M \ II |\... \l All. Put* XI. II •mm I'l.UI XI. Ill I'unllirni /ninlns sunlit lir,i < Neumann . Aiiht. Um No. 36429, Bntisl. Africa. Paul J. Rainey Collection. BCLLBTIV \ M N II. Vol XLVII. Plate X I.I II Platk XLIV I'.mthim pardu* ehm (Heller). Male adult, Amer. Mu>. \<>. radj<-. Man-h 28, 1911. Total length of animal, 2120 mm. Hi iiitin A. M. N H \..i. M.VII. I*i.ati \l I\ I'l.VII \l.\ I'unthirn panto eftut (Heller). Male adult, Amer. Mus. v.. 52012, Faradje, M.iv 27. 1911. Total Snath <>T .-minm!. 2000 mm. Bl'LLKTIV A. M. N. H. Vol. XLVII. Platb JOA Platk \\M Pauihfm parttu chui (HHI.t . Iftafe adult, An..r. Mu-. No. 52010, Pandje, August s. 1912. Total length of animal. 1*10 turn. Biu.rriv AM N. II ! All. I'un MA I Platk XI.YII Panthero (MnfcM rhui (Heller). Male adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52023, Fara.lj.-, February 17, 1913. Total length of animal, 2030 mm. Btu-rriN \ \! \ H VouXLVII. Plot X I \ II r5 K' «t» 1 3»Vi <;? I'l.ATI. M.VIII /'(inlinni i.iinius rl,ui Heller . Female adult , Amer. M11-. X... 52006, laradje. Manhjc. ion. Total leimiii of animal, 1819mm. Bcixktis \ M N H \I.VII. 1'hte\\I.YIII Platk XLIX Panthera pardus chui (Heller). Amcr. Mu-. No. .">2()02, Faradje, March 1. l'.tl 1. :in \ M \ II Vol. XLVII. Plati: \l l\ Plats L Panthera panfasrAttt (Heller . Amer. Muk NO. .52003, Faradje, Mardi l, 1011. Bt'LLKTIN \ M N M. Vol. XLS II. Platb L Plate LI Panthera -pardux ehui (Hcll.r . Anu-r. Mu<. No. 62014, Far&dje, June '.». 1911. n \ M \ H \.I \l.\ I. 1'LATE II ti.atk lii Pamthtn pari II.-ll.-r . Adult untie. Aiiht. Mils. No. ;I7I7 l.k.-vo Kor.-t Bnti^l, Ettf Afn.-.i. ;it tMHMt fWt. January 23, 1918. Total In, nth of animal. 1583 nun. Kam-f<>nl ( 'ollcctinn. Mi i i i tin \. \l \. H. V« XI.VII. PlatbLII m St - >: . f%$\ m m w Platk LI 1 1 I'nntfiera pardtt Heller'. Female juvenile. Ainer. Mu>. No. 52001, Faradje, February 8, 1911. Total length of animal, 635 mm. : imin \ m H. ii Vol. \l \ II. Platb LIU I'l VII I. IV PmUkera parduackw Heller). Female jirveaile, Amer. Mus. No. 51070, Faradje, IVhruarv 30, 1012. Total length of anitn.il. Jsti nun. BiixmN A M. N. II Vol. XLVII. Plate LIV Plate LV Panthera ixinlus JtWWMfe, new subspecies. Male adult, Aimr. \lu>. No 62 (iamangui, February 6, 1910. Total length of animal, 2100 mm. s \ M. X. H Vol. M.\ll. Pi m I A 1'i.vn. I. VI I'nnifiini pqrdtu itvrm$i$, new subspecies. Male adult, Aimer. Mus. No. 52 Medje, Juno 1(» 1914. Buxktin \ \l \ II. \... XI. \ II. PLAT! I.VI Pi.ah LVD I'mithira ptBthu iturtnxi*. new >ul>s|M(ic>. Female :t mm. M N H. Vol. XI.VII. I'i.atk l.\ II te^^M^ ^SKL I'imi. LVIII Pantherm panhu U* ir sobapeetea, Male adult, Amer. Mn-. No. 52027 Niapu. I). ■<•• n ,!.« « _>c,. 1018. s \ \1. N H I All. I'l M» l.\ 111 Plato L IX Panther* parthu Uwenti*, new subspecies. Mule adult, Amer. Mua. No, S2031, Niapu, February II, 1914. T<.t:il length of animal, 2(HK) nun. \ M. \. II. \".| XI. VII. 1*1 »TE I.IX Platk I A l'tiittlii m i»irilus ituriusis. new •.iil)s|>< . ■ - I -male adult. Aiiht. Mu- 52030, Ni:ipu. .laiiiinrv 8, 1914. s \ \l \ H Vol. ma ii. PfcAW LX Pi. a M l..\I Panthera pardut ttmawj nen Bubapeeiea. Male juvenile, Amer. Mua. No. 52036, Akenge, October 9, 1913. Mi .i.riv \ \l. \. 11. \... \l.\ll. PLAT! I M & I'l \TK LXII I'niitlii ni (Hinlns ilun tufa, new BubflfMCtM. Mali- juvenile. Anier. Mu~. N<>. 52087, Ucen«e,<3ctober22, 19KJ. Total length of animal, 600 nun. M. N II \l.\ll. l'i Mt J.XII I Sl^>* V^» Wm * I'l.MI. I. XI II I'uriihtni parthu ituretuia, new mbqwciw. Male juvenile, Amer. Ifus. X< 52038, Akenfe, < tetober 22, 1913. Total length of animal, 500 nun. BriXBTiv \ \l \ II . I VII. I'UT» I. Mil 1'LV.K IAIV Paiithtm iHtnlus itunnxui, new subspecies. Female juvenile, Amer. Mm. Mo \k.-mr.-. September 17, 1913. Bt-LLrriN \ \I N H. \..i XI. \ II. Plats LXI\ Plate LXV L, /,tiul>iru.* sin-til fnras\H'r'ws. T\|m'. Male adult. Aiimt. Mu- 51990, lara.lj.-. November 26, 1912. Total length of animal, 1102 mm. Photograph Fran ^teamen in the flesh. Plate LX\ I Firs. 1 .in.l _'. LeptaShmu stmil (artuljius, new subspecies Type Male adult. Amir. Mas, No. 51900, Faradje, November 26, 1912. Total length of animal. 1103 bum Photographs from specimen! in the flash, . No. ">19X3, Paradje, June 6, mil. Bru-niN A M N M Vol XI.VII. I*i kt> I.XVIII I'.vn. I.\I\ Firs. 1 and 2. LeplaOunu m n "/ fiirwijiiis, new subspecies. Tyi*- skull. Male adult, Aiixt. Mu-. N". 519901 Fkradje, November 26, 1912. Alxwt natural Mi n mis \ M V H. V... XI. VII. Plate I.XIX Plate L.W 1-'jk>. l :im. No. ">H)90, Faradje, November 26, 1912. Abort natural I - V. H. I \ II. Pi M». I \.\ Platk LX X I Leptailurus serml kern pi (Wroughton). Male adult. Amer. Mitt. No. 27 Kijab<\ British K.ist Africa. .June :<. 1906. Tjader East African E&peditioo. IN \ \!. \. II Vol. XLVII. Platl I \\1 Plate LXMI Leptnilurim ogilhi/i pankuticto (Pocock). Female adult, Amer. Mua. So. 51069, lanwijr. Octolx-r 29, 1912. \. M. N. H. V.. i.. XI.VII. PlATI I AMI *& Plate LXXIII Leptailurus ogilbyi -pantasticta (Pocock). Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 51984, Faradje, June 6, 1911. BrLLm.N A. M. N. H. Vol. XLVII, Platb LXXIII «£; ■ i * j * 9 1 1'i.vm I. XXIV V\H,. 1. Lc/ittiilunts sirriilfiirinljiiis. n.w gubtpeCMa Mitlr juviiiilt-. Aimr. Mil*. So. 51978, Faradje, February 18, 1911. Total Jength of animal, 560 mm. Fig. 2. I'rnfilis aurata <„tt<>ni (Lydekker)'. Female adult, Amer. Mu>. So, 51993, M<>tljf. February 28, 1910. Total length of animal, 980 mm. Photographa from speeimeni in the flesh. \|. N. 11 Vol. XLVII, Plate LXMY Plati I.WY PtgH. ! .imiIJ. /'rnfilistiumtiicnttiiiti i Lydekker'. Female adult, Aim-r. Mu 51998, Niapu, Nov.imImtJI. 1913. Total length of animal. 1010 mm. Photograph* from qwdmeni in the Beah. Plate LXXVI Figs. 1 and 2. Felix ocreato rubida Schwann, Half-grown male. Faradje, October 15, 1912. (Not in collection.) Photographs from live s|««iiihm. Fig. 3. Felis ocreata rubida Schwann. Female adult, Amer. Mns. No. 61971, Paradje, November 19, 1911. Total length of animal, 800 mm. Photograph from specimen in the flesh. Biuitin A M \ II Vol. XLVII. Plate LXXVI Platk LXXVII Fi«. 1. Felis ocreata rubida Schwann. Amrr. Mus. \<>. .".I'm.}. I aradje, No- vember 26, 1911. Fig. 2. Filis ocreata ruhiila Schwann. Anicr. Mus. No. 51962. Faradje, No- vchiImt 26, 1911. ri Plate LXXVIII Fir. 1. Felt* oareata rubvhi Schwann. Amer. Mus. No. 51969, Fnradje, October 29, 1913. Fig. 2. Fvli* nrmitii rvbida Schwann. Amir. Mus. No. 51965, Faradjc, August 13 1912. w 59.9.8(67.5) Article IT.— PRIMATES COLLECTED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM i ONGO EXPEDITION1 By J. A. Ai.i ISM I. XXIX to (I. XVII, Text Figures 1 to 3, and Map CONTEXTS I'ai.k Introductii >n 2So Species and Subspecies, with Their Localities and Number of Specimens from Each Locality 286 Localities, with Names of the Species and Subspecies, and Number of Specimens t;iken at Each Locality 288 Names 290 with Its Type Locality 291 General Summary 291 Suborder Lemuroidea 291 Lorisida? 291 • •nelature of Lemurs 291 Lorisina- 293 Perodicticus Bennett 293 tic ami Subspecific Names Referable to Perodicticus 293 Perodicticus potto faustus Thomas 293 Arctoctbus Gray 299 N'ames Referable to Arctocebus 299 Galagina- 299 Galago E. Geoffmv. 299 ti< and SuhsiH rific Names Referable to Galago 300 Gnlngoides A. Smith 302 i'l Subspecific Names Referable to Galagoides 302 Galagoides demidoffii medius (Thomas) 303 rder Anthropoidea. 306 • '•(>«'• Lasiopygintc ... :»< *> ulature of African Baboons 306 Puput KrxleU-n. . 307 N'ames Refir.il.li 1 1. Papio 308 'Scientific Rraulu of the Congo Kipr . \Jarnm»lo«y, No. 10. lid not take into account paper* iaeurd after D«ccmr>er \ceti rcvi«xl. < >n!y the caption* t,. pbtM ami |m aM .u.h part* HiNNtia equar* bracket* and initialed "HI." wart not written by Dr. Allen. The report therefore repreeeota Dr. Allen'* final work, arranged for publication by Herbert Lang. The large and — iimiwia tablea of meaeuremenu have bean reduoad to average*. Minima, maxima, and ratio*. The ..rutin-.l table*. boWWraX, will be .U*.»t..|.«ical Library of Tl.r American M ueeum of Natural Hmtory. where they will be available to other inveatigator*.— rid 1 M 2S-I Bullftiti American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XL\ 1 1 Specific and Subspecific Names RefcraMc to Mundritlus Comopithecus, new name Specific and Subspe< ifi< Names Referable to Comopithecus 312 Theropithecus I. Geoffroy 811 Specific Names Referable to Theropithecus 313 The Papio cynocephalus Group 314 Papio doguera tesseUatus Elliot 317 Papio doguera heuglini Matschie 320 Cranial Measurements of Papio doguera Group 324 Cranial Measurements of Papio anubis 325 Cranial Measurements of Papio cynocephalus 326 Cercocebus E. Geoffroy 327 Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to Cercocebus 327 Note on Simia aethiops Linmeus 333 Cercocebus ogilis Riviere o36 Cercocebus aibigena ituricus Matschie 341 Cercocebus aterrimus (Oudemans) Rhinostigma Elliot Rhinostigma hamlyni (Pocock) Lasiopyga Illiger Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to Lasiopyga Miopithecus I. Geoffroy Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to Miopithecus 361 Erythrocebus Trouessart 362 Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to Erythrocebus 362 Recent RflTJlioiM of African Guenons 366 us of the Generic Name Cercopithecus 373 Lasiopyga brazzse uelensis (Lonnberg) 380 Lasiopyga I'haesti Vhasti (Sclater) 388 Lasiopyga kandti (Matschie) 390 Lasiopyga leucampyx stuhlmanni (Matschie) 391 Lasiopyga denti (Thomas) 400 Lasiopyga wolfi (Meyer) 404 Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus (Matschie) 405 Lasiopyga ascanius pelorhinus (Matschie) 613 Jjosiopyga cephus (Linnaius) Ill Lasiopyga pygerythra griseisticta (Elliot) 1 1 ."> AUenopithecus Lang 418 AUenopithecus nigroviridis (Pocock) 419 Erythrocebus patas pyrronotus (Hemprich and Ehn-nherg) 422 Cranial Measurements of Erythrocebus patas Group 431 Colobinse 431 Coto6t« Illiger Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to Colobus 435 West Africa (from Senegambia across Upper Guinea, including the Gaboon, but excluding Lower Congo) .... 435 Western Equatorial Africa (Congo Basin and Upper Nik Drainages south of about 5°N.) 437 1925) Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 285 Page East Africa (Abyssinia through East Africa to Nyaaaland) . . lln Cclobus thoUoni Riviere. . 441 Colobus langi, new speci< ■ 443 Colobus ellioti Dollman 444 Colobus powelli potcelli Matsehie Mfl Colobus povceUi brunneus Lonnberg 453 enclat urc of Colobus potcelli Group 456 Colobus abyssinicus ituricus Matsehie 460 Colobus angolensis cottoni Lvdckker 466 Nomenclature of Colobus abyssinicus and C. angolensxs Groups. . . 472 Colobus abyssinicus Group 473 Colobus angolensis Group 474 Comparative Sumn i Eternal Measurements of Forms of Colobus from northeastern Belgian Congo 475 Comparative Summary of Cranial Measurements of Forms of Colobus from northeastern Belgian Congo 47t> Pongida? 477 Pongina-. 477 Pan Oken 177 Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to Pan 480 West Africa 480 I'pper Congo Drainage and Borderlands 481 Pan schuxinfurthii (Giglioli) 485 Age and Individual Variation in Chimpanzees 487 External Characters of Chimpanzees 492 Cranial Characters of Chimpanzees IN INTRODUCTION [The primates' collected by Herbert Lang and James P. C'hapin during the American Museum Congo Expedition (1909-1915) number ipedmens, of winch »><> represent the Lemurkfo, 549 the Lasiopy- gida?, and 30 the Fongids& Among them are 2s f<>i peeiei and 3 additional subspi ritfa one species new to science. There is one sen and one Den generic name is proj>o8ed. There are also 74 skeletons, 23 of them those of chimpanzees, and 8 specimens : d in alcohol. Previom to the accession of the Lang-( 'hapin collection the Ameri- can Museum had very little material Uriean primates. These repffsssntath from a circumscribed region have added much to our knowledge of the relatively large variation pertaining in prim taken in the same locality. Only of four forms of ('<■ n the cranial variation at present be illustrated Ph ' KHioi i.l Pli . » II and (III show the type skull of the new specie! Colobus langi: and T- Irawn l>\ Mi- H Qska, illustrate the i -. MUimpithecu* 11. L.) 286 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol x r \ ir \ very welcome addition arc the scries of portraits representing most of the primate- in the collection; these were made by Herbert Lang in the field, moatrj From ■pocunens in the Beafc. In addition to the comparative material available in The American Museum of Natural History, important -eric- of primates have been • n>u-lv loaned by the United State- National Museum, through the kindlier (.1 Mr. ( I. nit S. Miller. Jr., < 'urator of Mammals, and Mr. Ned Hulli-ter; the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through the courtesy of Dr. Winner Stone; mid the Museum of ( 'omparative Zoology of Harvard I'liivcrsity. through the kindness of Mr. Samuel Heiishaw. Director, and Dr. (Mover M. Allen, Curator of Mammals; to all of whom I am much indebted. I am also grateful to Dr. T. S. Palmer, author of the 'Index (ienerum Maminalium,' for verification of references and transcripts from rare volumes not otherwise available. Localities Speui- a\d Subspecies, with Thkib Localitdes \m> Number op Specimens from Each Locality Speci- mens Lemurida? AkcBge, tl; Avakuhi, 3; Medje, 18; Niangara, 2; Niapu, 6; Rungu, 1 ; Stanleyville, 1. Akiime, 1: Avakubi, 2; Medje, 16; Niangara, 7; Niapu, 1; Stanlcv- ville, 2. Mi :ni(l Subspecies Perodicticus potto faustus Galagoides demidoffii medius 3. Papio doguera tessellalus 4. Papio doguera heuglini 5. Cercocebus agilis 6. Cercocebus albigena iluricus 7. Cercocebus aterrimus 8. Rhinosligma hamlyni 9. Lasiopyga brazzx uelensis 10. Lasiopyga I'hnsti I'haesti 11. Lasiopyga kandlt 37 29 Lasiopygidse Akenge, 4; Avakubi, 1; Niapu, 2. 7 Aba, 1; Bafuka, 5; Faradje, 2. 8 Akenge, 13; Faradje, 2; Niapu, 19; Panga, 1; Penge, 1. 36 Akenge, 21; Avakubi, 5; Bafuka, 3; Gamangui, 8; Medje, 2; Ngayu, 1, Niapu, 5; Poko, 1; Risimu, 3; I katuraka, 2. 51 yville, 2. 2 Somewhere south of Stanleyville, 1. 1 Avakuhi, 4; Bafuka, 6; Banalia, 1; Faradje, 2, Niangara, 12; Niapu, 8; Poko, 1; Ukaturaka, 6. 40 Babeyru, 1; Gamangui, 10; Stan- leyville, 1. 12 Kisenje, 2. 1625] Allen, Congo Collect ion of Primates 287 Lasiopygidae (continued) nd Subsp 12 iMsiopyga leucampyx stuhlmanni 13. Lasiopyga denli 14. Lasiopyga tcolfi 15. Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus 16. Lasiopyga ascanius pelorhinus 17. Lasiopyga cephus 18. Lasiopyga pygerythra griseisticta 19. Allenopithecus nigroviridis 20. Erythrocebus patas pyrronolus 2 1 . ri.7; Bafuka. 1, Faradje, 38; \ "anktTi-kliiiv»'iiville, 1; Yaku- luku. 2 49 Akenge, 23, \vakubi,3; Gamangui, Niapu. 23; Poko, 1; I'katuraka. 1; unknown locality, 2. 06 H /'«« schweinfurthii •la- Aba, .5; AkflOfRj I Avakubi, 1; Faradje. '.»; Qaaaangai, 1: Medje. 6; Ngayu, 1; Niapu. i: Pawa, l. 30 2ss Bulletin American Museum of Sntnnil History [Vol XIAII List of Locauui.-.1 wim Nwn- or the Specii m \\i> Subspecies, and NtMiiiii of Sim < imi tn Tam i n Locality No. of Localities Species and Subspecies Speci- mens Totals Aba Papio doguera heuglini 1 II Lasiopyga pygerylhra griseisticta 2 II Pan schweinfurthii 3 6 Abawe Colobus powelli powelli 2 2 Akenge Perodiclicus potto faustus 6 ii Galagoides demidoffii medius 1 ii Papio doguera lesseUatus 4 ii Cercocebus agilis 13 ii Cercocebus albigena ituricus 21 ii Lasiopyga leucampyx stuhlmanni 25 ii Lasiopyga denti «.» ii Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus 1 1 Colobus powelli pom Hi 27 ii Colobus angolensis cottoni 23 ii Pan schweinfurlhii 4 147 Avakubi Perodicticus potto faustus 3 ii Galagoides demidoffii medius 2 ii Papio doguera lesseUatus 1 ii Cercocebus albigena ituricus 5 ii Lasiopyga brazzx uelensis 4 ii Lasiopyga leucampyx stuhlmanni 4 ii Lasiopyga denti 3 ii Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus 2 ii Colobus etlioti 1 ii Colobus powelli pout 11 1 1 ii Colobus abyssinicus ituricus 7 ii Colobus angolensis cottoni 3 ii Pan schweinfurthii 1 37 Babeyru •Lasiopyga Vhasli I'hasli 1 1 Bafuka Papio doguera heuglini 5 ii Cercocebus albigena ituricus 3 ii Lasiopyga brazzx uelensis 6 ii Colobus powelli brunneus 2 (i Colobus abyssinicus ituricus 1 17 Bafwabaka Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus 1 ii Colobus powelli powelli 1 2 Bafwasende Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus 1 1 Bafwaboli Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus 4 4 Banalia Lasiopyga brazzx uelensL 1 1 Batama Lasiopyga denti 4 4 'The principal localities will be found on the map (p. 498) ; the location of others is indicated on pace 490. 1088] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates No. of Localities !«>s and Subspecies Speci- mens Tota Bolobo Allenopithecus nigroviridis 1 e, Cercopithecus nigroviridis Pocock. 1 HO ; Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 29 1 New Bra oss, wmi It> Ttpi Locality Colobus langi. Risiinu. \iii w. Summary Species an occurring in Africa: Golago I 1796), PerodktictU i 1831 !. f the West African Rain Forest, but inhabit- the WOOded Savannah-. OaiogOtdet i- typical of the dsOSSf SStS and OOntigUOtl It- range extends from Senegal ithward to the Gaboon and aerosi the Rain Fo tward to the forests adjoining Ruwenaori and those of the volcanoes north of Lake Kivu. By far the greater numl>er of the dfseritx'd form- W lemurs red to the genua Culngo. •Only African forma, the Loriain* and Galacina*. are roiwi.l tiiur* of Mada«aacar (La- murida>, Indriaid* and Daubaatooiida) are minaairily hara asrludcd. 2!»_> ■ricanMtif '<>ry (Vol. XI.YII In lv_><> .1. H. Fischer ('Synopsis Mammalium') recorded only four species oi lemun from Africa. These arc Galago xenegalensis ami Nyd bus potto (both descril>ed by I toy in 1796), Galago demidojfi Fischer (1806), and Qalago cramcaudatua E. Geoffiroy 1 1812). No others had then been described, but four additional forms were added during the next decade, and many others later till in L920 the number of names including four Substitute names) for ml subspecies was sixty- three. Three of tin- first four described speciei 1m -came later the geno- typ t ively of Galago, Perodicticus and Galagoides. Of the fifteen names proposed tor genera or subgenera four (Potto, Macropus, Oiotia lh mii§ldago) ;,M" substitute name-. y«t two of them (Otolicnus and Il> mi- gaiago) have been employed by many authors as valid names, by some in a generic, by others in a subgeneric sense. The group provisionally recognised in this connection as Galago has been divided by various authors into hve.: to which (with one exception, Euoticua Gray) generic rank was accorded by their respective authors.2 D. G. Elliot, the latest reviser of the African lemurs, in his ' Review of the Primates,' Vol I, 1913 (1912), has divided the "Oologo-Ha galago" gIO,|p into two genera (Galago and Henrigalago), the formi ferrcd to QalOQO being placed in three subgenera, Otohmur. Otolicnus, Otogoh . No subgenus Oalago is recognised but the genotype of Galago (Galago senegalensis) is placed in hi- subgenus Otolicnus. while the geno- type of Otogale (OtoUemu garnettii | is relegated to hi- subgenus Otoiemur, His subgenus Otolicnus, nomenclatorially invalid, was avowedly given by it- author as a substitute name for Galago, OH the ground that dnlago wa- nonclassical. It happens furthermore that his three subgenera of Galagoun- all nomenclatorially untenable, whatever merit the groups may have taxonoinically. Klliot also followed previous authors in using //< galago instead of Galogoide*, although the latter has twenty-four y< priority and the same genotype (see below, p. 302). Klliot. in his 'Review of the Primates,' referred thirty form Galago (twenty-three species and seven subspecies) and four to //* galago (three species and one subspecies). During the eight years since hi- work was written four additional forms of Galago have been described and one added t<» //' miytilago. ■Absence of material for investigation prevent* a satisfactory examination of the Galago group in reference to the value of its subdivisions. •A list of the generic, specific and subepecific names applied to African lemurs, with references to the original place of description, is givon below (pp. 293, 299-303). Atten, Congo Collection of Primates 293 Lorisinae perodicticus Bennett Perodiet kit, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, September 1, p. 109; Philosoph. . by monotypy, Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett = Geoffrey. 1840. Potto LaB90* ^ Minimi.," pp. 207, 237. Type, by monotypy and by (autonomy, l'ottobosmanii Lesson = Xycticebus potto E. Geoffroy. - < ific and Scbspecikk N mm Refkrable to Perodicticus 1788. Lemur potfo Gmm.iv m Linnau- - \ it.,' I. ]>. 42. Based exclusively on the i Bosnian. The diagnosis and the single citation are: "L. caudatus subferrugineus, cauda unicolore. Potto. Bosnian. Beschrijv. van de Guin. 1 1, p. 30, fig. 4. Habitat in Guinea." 1812. \ . 'hus potto E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, XIX, p. 165. :iit • . ' No definite locality. Based on "Potto. Bosman. Voy., p. 252, fig. = Lemur potto Gmelin. ijuineensis Desmarf.vi. • M:inmi.,' I, p. 104. Substitute name for Xyctiahit.t }xttu> E. Geoffroy. 1831. Perodicticus geoffroyi Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 109. Substitute name for Xycticebus potto E. Geoffroy. 1840. Potto bosmanii Lesson, 'Spec Mmnni.,' p. 238. Substitute name for Nydice- bus potto E. Geoffroy. 1879. "Perodicticus potto edwardsi Bouvier, 'Guide du Naturaliste,' p. 1." seen.) French Congo; no definite locality. "Type not in Paris Museum" Primates,' I, p. 42). 1902. Per, French Congo. Type, fi-rnalt- skin and skull. 1910. Perfulicticus ibeanus Thomas, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, No. 81, March p. 17; Proc. Zool. Soc. London. August, p. ">:iti. Kakamega Forest, near Mt. nti-l> Fast Africa. Altitude 0000 feet. Type, a young adult male, skin and skull. 1910. Pcrwlicticus ju-ju Thomas, Ann. Mag B \ \pril. p. 351. South- en definite locality. Type, an adult male, skin and skull. IMO /> 8) VI, O sober, p. 426. Imcti, Bosapona, Marines River, Northwestern Belgian < i>e, a sub- adult female, -kin an !,,■!, cticus (sic) nebulosus LoREN7. Ann. Nat urhist Ilofmus. . W • \\\l. I kaika. Itun Forest. T\ p.- unique an adult male. Perodicticus potto faustus Thomas Plates LXXIX I.XXX Perodicticus faustus Thomas, 1910, Am i*r, p.426. M.irmita Hiver. northwestern Belgian Congo. Type and i specimen, a -ul.adult female, skin and skull. 30 I Bulletin American Museum of Natural History \ I.YI I Perodicticua fan t * Tiiomah, 1915, Ann M .- Nat. Hi-t B WI. I teotnber, p. 467. Belgian* hfadjfl (1), Poko (8 specimens). Perodicticus arrhenii Low n i. 1919, Rev. Zool. Afri.-aine, VII. p. 1.">1. part. >s that specimens frmn " Haul < i.im<." ami l'anim, Stanley villi ■ district, -lu.ul.l l>e iii< -hided ui arrhenii. I'anga lies within the an i of Thomas' /'. p. /rati The only form of Perodicticua collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition is represented by M specimens, of which 12 arc adult males and 12 arc adult females; ti sjx'cimens are accompanied by skele- tons; a!- in alcohol; collected as follow- : Niangara, 2 (adult o" and 9), December 2, 19, 1910. rXungu, 1 (young o*), June 28, 1913. Akenfl e,6 1 d\ 2 9), September 29-October 29, 19LJ. Ni.ipu.tKalladult,3 o*,3 9 ), November 16-December 22. 1913. Medje, 18 (all adult but 3), April 15-September 28, 1910; April me 21. l'.ti I. Avakubi. :i (2 adult. 1 young), October 26, 1909: .bin.' 23, 191 1. Stanleyville. 1 (adult J i. August 17. 1909. The external measurements — average (minimum-maximum) — of twenty-one adults of PerodteHau potto fauttua, taken from animals in the Bosh, are as follow-: Total Length HeadandBo.lv Tail Y.-rt.-l>ra- II in. 1 Foot llo* 428(383-470) 352(322-383) 72(55- 90) 78(73-85) 26(25-29) 10 9 431(400-460) 356(325-385) 75(56-100) 78(70-86) 25(24-28) The cranial measurements — avenge (minimum-maximum) — of twenty-four adults of Perodictictu potto faustu* are as follow-: Greatest Length ( omlvlobasal Length Or.-ipitona.sal Length 12cf 64.6(61.3-66.0) 63.5(58.7-66.2) 129 63.2(60.0-66.7) 61.9(58.8-66.5) :>8.8-66.6) adth Int. -rnrli. Breadth I'ostorh. Const r. 12\. — It IB evident from the above that there i> no appreciable s.-xual difference in size in the present twenty-four adult specimens, in which the sex.- are squally represented and all of comparable age, although the skull measurements show a slightly greater average for males. Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 295 Inhimih ai. \'ai;i\ik.\ in CbaHIAL ( uaracters. — No. 52690, a Benflemale, baa the shortcut toothrow and next to the greatest zygomatic adth of any of the males but i- below the average in general size. The ■itly worn, only the roots <>f the upper inci.-ors. premolars and canines remaining, and the erowne of the molars arc greatly worn. No. the males, is a middle-aged specimen in which the th arc hut little worn and the hasal and parietal sutures are >till un- ankylosed. Five young adult males (not included in the table of meaaore ments), in which all the permanent teeth are present the canines and MOM Of the cheek-teeth Dot fully developed), have the greatest length of skull from .")."). 2 to ">7.8 mm., or about t*» to !* mm. less than in adults. In the largest female -knll No. 52602) the principal cranial BUtUTCS are all :i. the teeth fully developed hut unworn. The smallest female skull 7iki has the cranial sutures obliterated and tin' teeth practically unworn. It i- thus evident that the variation in cranial measurements is not due to age and i- therefore individual. The teeth varj' greatly in -i/.e and detail.- of structure in skulls of practically the same sex, age ami dimensions. This is well shown in two fern 52711, •V_>7r_>> collected at Niapu, November 28 and In No. 52712 the cheek-teeth are of alw>ut average and form: in No. 6271 1 the upper molars are much larger than in the former, although the two skulls are of the same -ize and proportions, differing less than 2 mm. in any of tin- principal measurements. In No. ri2 the transverse axis of m; and m- forma a right angle to the axis of thetoothrow. In many skulls it is directed inora or less obtusely oblique to the .i\is of the toothrow. as in No. 5271 1 . which is an extreme example men divergence. The general outline of m1 ami m- is obtusely \- shaped in No. 52712, as it i> in many other skulls of this -erie-. but nearly requently the posterior corner of the inner heel is strongly developed, broadening backward ami materially changing the inner outline of to teeth, especially of m'. as in N<>. 6271 1. which i- an extreme illustration licfa mollification. ( uher -knll- of thi- Berics exhibit the intervening _'- and -how that No-. 52711 and 62712 are merely extremes in a normal range of individual variation of the molar teeth. UOATION. In BkuDs of old individuals of hoth sexes the parietal ridges are a marked feature, and increase with age to the semis shown in N .1 male from Medje, and in No. 52883 female from AkengS. They begin to develop at the time the last per nent teeth appear and before the canine-, p^ and m1 are fully developed. ■ an the sexes he distinguished by anj crania] not 386 Bulletin American Mu.-> H <<>ry |V<>1. XI. \ 1 1 even by the mm ol the canine-. The lygomatk arches increase in thick- ness and in convexity with age. the >kull> of voting adults being Blend and narrower than those of older individuals, in correlation with the progressive ossification of the .-kull. Indiniih \i. CoLOfl \ akiatiox. — In coloration the preeenl i presents a wide range of variation, due largely to age and the condition of the pelage. but color variation is not to any appreciable extent related to locality. Immatiki IM.i.m.i. A ringfte specimen (No. 51023, d\ Medje, April 23, 191 1 . a Quisling, i> in first pelage (PL LXXX, fig. 2). (Total length. 156 mm. : tail. 28; hind foot, 88; greatest -kull length, 35; posterior teeth -till enclosed in the gum.) The entire body i- white, the pelage soft and woolly, the tips of the hairs on the crown tinged with pale fawn; tail, wrists and ankles faintly smoke-gray; feet mummy- brown. No other specimen shows any trace of the first coat, the D in age Ining young adults with all the permanent teeth functionally developed. Adult Pelage. — A series of five specimens, all from Medje, may be taken as illustrative of the striking range of color variation. Three of them are young adults, not quite mature as to size, with the canines and some of the cheek-teeth not fully grown, but all the teeth functional. The other two are old adults. It may be premised that the head and nape are more or less different in color from the rest of the upj>erparts in a larger proportion of the specimens, taking the entire series of more than thirty skins available for direct comparison, the two areas being often strongly contracting: in others the whole Upper surface is nearly uni- formly colored. Another striking feature of variation i> the presence or absence of white hair-tips from the shoulders posteriorly to the end of the tail and on the outside of the limbs. A young adult male (No. 52699, Medje, May 28, 1910) has the cheeks and whole upper surface of the head an< 1 nape vandyke-brown in general effect, darker on the crown and sides of the head, paler on the nape, with a sprinkling of minute black hair-tips. A -till darker zone of considerable breadth with a profusion of longer black hair-tips separates the head area from the back, which from the shoulders t<> the rump is prevailingly white, dui- to the abundance of long white hair-ti|» that dominate the general effect. The pelage is long and thick, and the individual hairs are slate-gray at base with a subbasal zone of pale broad subapieal zone of deep black, and a still broader apical band of pure white. The average length of the pelage on the middle of the back is about .50 to 60 Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 297 DUD. : the basal h:ilt' the two lower color MOM I ifl woolly, or "under-fur. " The OUtflkle of the fore ami hind limbs and the tail arc similar in general color effect but the j>elage is here much shorter and tin- seven! color zones much narrower. The chin and throat are brownish huff, contrast- ing with the rest of the ventral area and inside of limbs, which are super- ficially grayish white with a broad basal zone of slate-gray. -'705 (d\ Medje. September 39, 1910) is an almost exact duplicate of the specimen above described if regard- the coloration of the nppeiparts, but the ventral area and inside of limbs instead of being grayish white are strongly washed with pale tawny, deepest on the throat, foreneck and chest, the gular region not in strong contrast with the rest of the underparts. 704 (d\ Medje, September 20, 1910) has a profusion of broadly white-tip{>ed hairs on the fore-back, but much fewer on lower back, rump and limbs. The head, nape and scapular region are dull whitish gray. sprinkled with long, stiff black hairs, with an irregular wash of dark brown on the cheeks, interorbital region, behind the ears, and over the shoulders. The pilar region is faintly tawny, in contrast with the dull grayish white of the rest of the onderparts. The difference between this specimen and the one last described may be due in large part to wear and fading, yet they are of practically the same age (as shown by the skulls), and both are males, taken at the same locality, the worn specimen nine earner than the other. Middle-aged and old adults differ from the above-described speci- men in being more uniformly colored, the |>elage for the most part lacking the long white hair-tips and wholly woolly in character. Usually the bead and nape area differs but little in general color from the back. Th'. _'7<>7 ". Medje, June 24, L910 is almost entirely without the long white-tipped hairs of the three specimens described above, and the bead and nape region are only a little paler than the back, through the absence of the narrow subapieal blackish /one which gives ■ atigjhi rsarkish tone to the back. On the bead the bain are uniformly colored the basal >laty /one on the back the long, eOttSpicUOUS white hair- in younger animal- are reduced to minute point- or wholly absent, and the wbapioal dark /one is sufficienl to give only a slightly dusky tone t<. the general tint of reddish brown. <>n the occiput are I long bri.-tly tactile h:iir-, mostly black but with I few white creed, while many have none. The underparts are dull ti white. no is similar to the preceding but the pelage ■ lam won and the eolor tones much stronger, the upper* innt Mu H 'cry Vol \ I.\ 1 I part- l>einp reddish brown darkened with blackish p:n t iufT. On the middle of the hack the hair- have short, glistening white tip.-. The long, -.•attend tactile hairs on the crown are white, ami project 20 t<> -'•"» mm. above the general surface of the pelage. A tew usually shorter black hairs are intermixed. Most of the older adults fall l>etweeii these two pi trying in different individuals from the pale to the richly colored type. In some the idistening minute white tips of the hair- of the hack are obsolescent, in other- eon-picuou-. In the richer colored one- the pelage u-ually app leal worn than in the paler example-, -o that it BCCms fail to infer that the color difference- in the middln ngmd and old adults are due in pari to abrasion and fading. Apparently no very large series of these animals ha- been previoii-ly available for study. Klliot, in describing PerodtcticiU /><>Uo tdwardti Bouvier, oommests (1913, ' Rev. Primates.' I, (1912), p. }:•!' on this form as "a very variable species, example- from the same locality differing in tbifl rasped [color] from each other. There are -i\ -peeimens of this l'<»tto in the British Museum from the Benito and .la river- in the French Congo, West Africa, differing very considerably f rom each other in the hue and marking <>f their coats. The prevailing color above i- black and chestnut red, but the underpaitfl vary from dark gray mixed with red to ashy gray, and one mounted example from the Benito River, which however may have faded somewhat, has no black at all on the upperpart- which an- yellowish gray about the shoulders, becoming red on lower back ami thighs." He adds that "The ends of the tails in some Specimens are black as described by Bouvier." It may be netted that in some -peeimens the tail is wholly pale brown. In most specimen- in the present Congo series the hairs of the end of the tail are black for the ier part of their length and tipped with white. Abrasion of the hairs at the end of the tail might easily give a black tip. From the present large series from the Upper Congo examples san be selected that perfectly conform to Klliot'- descriptioni of the color character! of P< ■■■■ • ticiu pntt<>, p. ju-ju and P. edwardri, and also with P. arrfutui LOnnberg. It is not to be assumed, however, that these names do not represent geographical tonus, but it cannot be admitted that they are all well founded until large Series from their respect type localitie- have been compared. I have however synonymised /'. arrhenii in so far as specimens from Panga, Stanleyville District, are concerned. Lonnberg considers them as belonging to bis < and ■1919, Rev. Zool. Afriraine. VII. p. 154. 1 M6 ] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 299 \t that ti ea "is distributed fairly widely in the great Congo -ts." The single specimen in the present colleetion from Stanleyville, an adult female, is a little bekyfr thfl average size of the present series as a \vlml<\ hut in color characters can be perfectly matched by specimens from Medje. Akenge, and Xiapu. Perodicticus faustus Thomas was based on a young female from the Mariima River, about 300 mike west of Medje. Later the same author iee of nine specimens (one from Medje, eight from Poko) to th<- Mine form, without comment. As a large part of the present series was collected ;it Medje and the rest at neighl)oring localities all are here i red to fatutui, which seems to be merely a subspecies of P. potto. Akctocbbus Gray 1863. Arctocebus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 150. Type, by monotypy, Perodiciicus calabar ensis Smith. Specihi N wies Referable to Arctocebus 1860. Perodicticus calabarensis Smith, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, p. 172, figs. 1-4 (hands and head). Old Calabar, West Africa. 190-V hus aureus De WntTOe?, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) IX, January, p. 48. Benito River, .50 miles from mouth, French Congo. Type (and only specimen), skin and imperfect skull. 1913. Arctocebus ruficeps Thomas, Ann Ifag. Nat. Hist., (8) XII, October, p. 387. the N'vonu nth Cameroon. Type, subadult female, skin and skull. Galagin® Galaoo EL Geoffrey t OFFROY, 'Mair. Kn<> clop.,' I, p. 49, PI. I. Type, by tallton Lemur galago (I. Cuvicr = Galago senegalensis E. Geoffrov 1811. OtoUa ■ 1 1 i !••> i:. Pnxlr. Byst Mamni.ft Avium,' p. 7 J. Typo, by monotypy, > mur galago Schreber." Substitute name for Gales* V. < ieoffroy. 1811 MacropusG 1 i-< nut, M.'m. Boe. Imp. Nat. Sfcaoou, I. Ed _*. p. 12, Pi n. monotype and original designation, "lc Gulago d'Adanson " "Galago senegalensi* E. Geoffrey. Hence Mncropus is a n.s\ name for Galago E. Geoffrov, antedated by Maercpm Shan IT'.K)) for a genus of Marsupials. Plate D carries ■ >iu," mentioned 0O p. 11 as "Galago detnulorii," implying an tion of the speoies (not seen by me), as follows: va species quadnmanorum, ol.servutia anatomicis illus- tratii Miosquensis. Tom I. p, .'.7-59." 1854. Chiro*. I | • .159. Type, Galago seno- galensis. 1859. Otolen, Zool., (2) XI, pp 458-460, Pis. xvn. win lemur agisymbanus Coquerel -a subspecies or synonym ■ >f Galago crassicauaatus E. Geoff r 800 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. XI.YII 1863. ('nllotus GtauT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp 183, 1 r>. Type, by naonotypy, Callotus monteiri Gray. 1863. Ofeyafc ( in U . l'r ... Zool. Soc. London, pp. 132, 139. Type, by subsequent design..! I- \\ I - IKK)), Otolicnus gameUii <>Kill>y. 1863. Euoticus (subgenus of Otogale) Gray, Proc. Zool. Boo. London, p. 140, PI. xix and text figure. Type, by monotypy, Otogale pallida Gray 187'J kttna GhUY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 857. Type, by inonotypy, Galago alleni Watcrhouse. Spk< ii i * vm> Subspecific Names Referable to Galago 1 7'M). Culago senegalensis E. Geoffroy, ' Mag. Encyclop.,' I, pp. 38-41, PI. I (aniinal and dentition). "Senegal," without definite locality. Based on a specimen eollei ted by Adanson, who gave "Galago" as the native name. 1798. Lemur galago (\. (Ymkii, "TaM. Klemen. EDot N:.t. Anim..' p. lOl^Galago • >■•<: I CotTroy. AN. . named Ltmw fC&aQO by Shaw in 1MM) ('Gen. Zool.,' I, p. 108). There is no "Lemur galago Bohreber, Biug., pL xxxvui H," itt.lly i ited by authors. PI xwvm B was not published till 1804 (fide Bberborn), is legended "Galago senegalensis," and is a copy of Geoffroy's. Wagner eites " Lemur galago Schreb. tab. XX X \ 1 1 1 B .*' Lunar galago has also been erroneously attributed to Guiclin. 1806. Galago geoffroyi G. Fischer, Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, p. 25. seen.) Substitute name for Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy. 1812. Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, NIX. p. 166. No specimen mentioned; type locality unknown. "Type in Paris Mu- seum" (Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' I, (1912), p. 55). 1S36 (ialago moholi A. Smith, 'App. Rept. Exped. Explor. South Africa,' June, p. 42; 1849, 'Illustr. Zool. South Africa,' Mamm., text and Pis. vui (animal) and vui bis (anatomy). Limpopo River, South Africa (lat. 25° S.). specimens. 1837. Galago alleni Watkrhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 3, p. 87. : nando Po, West Africa. 1838. Otolicnus garnetlii Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, July, p. 6. Port Natal, Southeast Africa. 1840. Galago acaciarum Lesson, 'Spec. Mamm.,' p. 246. New name for Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy. 1842. Otolicnus teng Scndevall, Kungl. Sven. Vet. Ak. Hand!., Stockholm, p. 201. (Not seen.) 1850. Galago conspicillatus I. Geoffroy, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, XXXI, p. 876; 1851, 'Cat. Meth. Coll. Mamm. Mus. Paris,' p. 81. Port Natal Type, a male. 1855. Otolicnus galago, a sennariensis ^ Schreber's 'Saugthiere,' Suppl., V, p. los. New name for Otolicnus teng Sunde vail. There is no " Galago acaciarum var. C. sennaariensis Lesson" as cited by Elliot (1913, 'Rev. Primates,' I, (1912), pp. 47, 74). Lesson indicated a "var. C" but did not give it a technical name. 1855. Otolicnus galago var. australis Wagner, Schreber's 'Saugthiere,' Suppl., V, p. 158. New name for Galago moholi A. Smith. 1857. Microcebus elegantulus Le < roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 10 ■• W. stern Africa (Du Chaillu Coll.] = French Congo." 1 '.»•_'.-. 1 Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 301 ilago murinus Murray, Edinburgh New I'hilos. Journ., (new ser.) X, pp. PI xi. < >ld Calabar, Waal Africa. Type. ■ specimen in apo 1V>9. Otolemur agisymbanus Cow lag. Zool., (2) XI, p. 459, Pis. xwt (animal), xvm (skull). Agisymbana Island, East Africa. Type, a skin and skull. 1860. Otolicnu* apicalis Du Chaillc, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, November, p. 361. French Congo, " mountains of the interior near the equator." 1863. Cnli'tus monteiri (ex Bartlett Mss.) Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 145. Galago monteiri Bartlett. idem. p. 231. PI. xxvm: P. L Sdater. idem, 1864, p. 711. ( 'uio Bay, south of Loanda, Angol rica. 1863. Galago aflawM var. gabonensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146. Gaboon, \\ • -' Africa. Type, a skin and skull. 1863. Otogale pallida Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 140, PI. xix. Fernando Po, Waal V ••■. a skin and skull. 1864. Otogale craseicaudata var. kirkii Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 456. Quilimane, Mozambique. Type, a skin and skull. 187ft. O. [tolicnus] mossambictts Pkters. Mciatah Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 473, footnote = O. senegalensis Peters of earlier date. Mozambique. 1876. Otolicnus alleni cameronensis Pi . 1 > IBB, MfflBatatr Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 473. i Town, Cameroon. 1876. Galago lasiotis PbibbB, Monatsb. Ak Wiss. Berlin, p. 912, Mombasa, East • Africa. Young male, last (third) molars still in alveoli. 1893. Galago zanzibaricus Matscuik Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 111. Mojmn. Zanzibar. Three sj)ecirnens. 1901. Galago gaUarum Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nal Biat, (7) VIII, July, p. 27. Wel.i Dau, Boran Galla Country. type, a skin and skull; also a paratype from Lake hanie, altitude 300() : 1905. Otolemur panganiensi* bias* hik Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, De- cember, p. 278. Aruscha, near Mount Kilimanjaro. Type, a female. 1905. Otolemur badius Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, December, 77 I'galla River, German East Africa. Type, a skin and skull; sex not null' 1907. Galago granti Thomas and Wboi .iiton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, August, p. 286. Coguno, Inhambane, Booth Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull. 1907. <• auto Fi. i. km. Abb. 1 ~ CI B eptaaabar, p. 186. Zululam: i- finite loeality. Type, a skin and skull (sex u'ivein; no other -|>ccimen mentioned. ti [sie] Ki.i.iot, Abb ■■ " SX, Saptaabar, p. 186. -Galago Mad .mates,' I, (1912), p. 62>. K.tui. Atlu River. BritiBB Hast Africa. Altitude 3.">m ft . a skin and skull (a« not stated), and a parat 1907. Galago braccaiu* Elliot, Ann 7 \ \ , September, p. 187. Kilimanjaro, East Africa. Type (and only specimen mentioned), a skin and skull, sex not stated. 1907. Galago gabonensi* bateri F.i ■*«, P 187. Como River, Gaboon, Weat Africa. T imen men- Bed), a skin and skull (sex not indicated). MO Mm American Museum of Xatuml History [Vol. XI. \ 1 1 1907. Galago nyasse Elliot. Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist .. 7i XX. September, p. 188. Mountains south of Lake Nyaaa, East Africa. Ty|..\ :i skin and skull sex not indicated); another specimen m alcohol from Zombo, Nvasal.md. hraccatus albipe* Dollman, Aim M (8) IV, Deoember, ■ I'.t. Kirui, Kl«on, British Kast Africa. Altitude 6000 feet. Type, an aty|>c and two ■peon from Kfulcn. < Sana 1910. Galagothiiiin Doi.i.mw. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) V, January, p. 92. Fafan, mills east of Harrar, Somaliland. Type, an old male, skin and skull. 1910. Galago lalboti Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) V, January, p. 98, Nkami, Southern Nigeria Type, an adult male, skin and skull. 1910. (inhujo fnipulus EliUOT, Ann. Man. X s V, January, p. 77. Vola, Type (and only epeciinen), an adult male, skin and skull. 1912. Galago moholx cocas 11 ii.i. in, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.. I.\. X... 12, November, p. 1. Mazeras, British Mast Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull, and five topotype*. 1912. Galago kikuyuensis I Ann Man N x IX. January, p. 64. Escarp""1''!' Station, British East Africa. 1913. Galago argent at us LOWMBMEO, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hi.-t . (8 XI, p. 167. 1 kina, near S.hirati. east of Victoria Nyanza. Type, an old male, skin and skull. 1917. Galago crassicuuilnt a* umbrosus Thomas, Ann. M N \ \ .Inly, p. 49. Tzaneen Estate. Zoutpaneburg District, northern Transvaal. Type, an old female, skin and skull. 1920. Galago sotikst BoLUBTKS, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LXXII. No. 2, January 22, p. 1. Telek Uiver. Botik, British East Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull. Al-o two topot] : Galagoides A. Smith 1833. Galagoides A. Smiih. Booth African Quart. Journ., (2) II, Deeember, p. 32. . I iy sul>se<|iient designation (Elliot, 1918, 'Rev. Primates,' I, (11)12), p. xxix), Galago demiit'' her. Goiagoidi -contained two sped. •-. 1 Cilago senegalensix E. Geoff roy (type of Galago) and (2) Galago demidoffu < '<. Fischer. 1857. Hemigalago Dwi: Studier, I. Tredje Heft. pp. 224, 230, PI. x. by monotypy, Galago demidoffii G . Fischer. iu« sm, Si nam hi' Names Referable to Galagoides 1798. Lemur i> lal.l. Kl.'men. li \nim.,' p. 101. Senegal. Unidentifiable. The entire description consists of six words: "(Iris de sotiris, a (M-tites oreilles." The context implies that BettBga] is the habitat . Some air have syiion> inized the ipeciei with Oalago < « 1806. Galago cufieri Q. I V- mkh. M. hi. So.-. Imp. Nat. Moscou, I, 1806, p. 23." name for Lemur miruitus (1. CUTB pilled l>y Fitz- 1 s70) as a distinct species allied to Cnlngo demiih her. 1840. Uioxicebus rufus Lesson. 'Spec. Maiuin.,' ]>. 219. The "habitat" is errone- v given as "Life ocrom, coast of iiea. Three specimen*, adult male, adult female, semi-adult female. 1876. OtaUenu* pusillu* Paras, Monatab. Ak. Wise. Berlin, p. 473. Dongila, •on. Based on two >|>ee. 1904. Galago demidoffi poensis Thomas, Ahstr. Proe. Zool. Sue. Loudon. No. 10, p. 12; idem, II. April, p. 186. Bantafatri altitude 1800 m.), ando Po, West Africa, type, an adult male, skin and -kull. and three topo- types. ■1'ilngo) Ihomasi Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist . 7 \\ Sep- tember, |». 180. Foil Beni, Bemhld River, on the boundary line of Uganda and Belgian Conga Tvpc. I skin and skull isex not stated . A second Specimen from Duuio. I rganda. 1915, Hemigalago immas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. B XVI. De- OBmber, p KHJ Poko, Relgiim Congo. Type, ■ male, skin and skull; also 9 paratvpes from Poko and J paielyUM from Medje. Belgian < longo. 1917. Galago mattckm Lobbms, Ann. Naturhi.-t. Bofmue., Wien, N.XNI. p. 237. kfoera, Uuri Forest Three adult mnhw, niino ■nrl rimfh t Galagoides demidoffii medius Thomas) Plate i.vwi Oaf SfP dt iomas, ls.ss, 1'roe. Zool. S 82 part; ■| li!"\i v~. P.i 15, Ann. Mag. Nat. I! \\I. ■nUr p. 166. i dr. «km and skull, from Poko; also 9 paratv|x-. from nd 2 paral j pea from aiedje, nrigisn < !ongo. i.c.nmo K... 1917, Kungl \>. \ I null. , holm LVIII.N tnberl,p 17 Masisi, west of LakeKivu Ispeeum .resented by 29 apeeuneiM 26 -kin- and skull- and 1 inaloohol . at adllh and •> immature, eulleet.d :iv follows: >iiiik cf , 5 adult 9). NovemU'r l<» I Mo mix i l1'. L910 •For the un of OalmtoH** in place of Hemigalago on above, p. 2S2. :>IM ffiiffltfn American Museum of Natural HiMory [Vol. XI. VII Ak. nge, 1 adult o"), October 31, 1913. Niapu. 1 young cf), December 7. 1913. M.-.lj. . 16 9 adult and 1 young d\ 3 adult 9), January 23-25, August 8, October LI, 1910; March 24, June l. July 8, 1914. adult cf and 9), October 15, 1909; October 12, 1913. Stanleyville. 2 I 1 adult . . skin and skull, and 1 in alcohol I, AugUSl 25,1909; December 16, 191 1. The external measurements avenge (minimum-maximum) — of nineteen adult- of d'alagoides demidoffii medilU, taken from animal- in the flesh, are as follows: Total Length Head and Body Tail \ Hind Foot lid" 2t»7 1 J J 106-138) 176(100-211 17(40-64) 25(22-28) 8 9 325(272-354) 138(113-161) 186(157-200) 50(45-53) 27(24-29) The cranial measurements average < minimum-maximum) of nine- teen adult- of dnhigoides demidoffii >m dins are as follows: Greatest Length Condylohasal Length Occipitonasal Length llcf 36.3(33.0-39.0) I 6-34.0) 33.8-37.7) 8 9 38.0(34.9-39.5) 0(29.8-38.6) 37.7(34.0-39.1) ■ matic Breadth Interorb. Breadth Postorh. < lie? 1 Jo £23.5) 4.1(3.8-4.4) 13.0-15.7) 89 1 2 1 0-24.0) 4.3(3.6-5.0) 15.3(14.1-15.9) -!oid Breadth Breadth at m1 Upper Toot hrow Upper Molars lid" 19.0(17.8-20.4) 10.8(10.0-12.3) 11 7 11 0-12.4) 5.1(4.8-5.5) 8 9 19.8(18.3-20^6) 11.7(10.8-12.5) 12.5(10.8-13.5) 5.5(4.7-5.8) Sexi \i. \' ah! \i ion. — These measurements indicate no distinctive difference in -i/.e between male- and female.- in a series of nineteen fully adult individuals. The permanent dentition is mature in all, and the basal sutures are closed in all but two of the males and three of the females. In these five skulls the braincase suture- are still entirely open, the frontoparietal and occipital BUtUTCI remaining unclosed even after the basi-occipital suture has become obliterated by ankylosis. Even when the permanent teeth are fully developed the parietal bones be- come detached by slight maceration in cleaning the skull. The temporal ridges are weak and only slightly indicated even in old adults. I\di\ mi \i. Yakiaiiox in (i:\m\i. < haracters. — The cranial measurements demonstrate a considerable amount of individual varia- tion in -i/e, in relative proportion of parts, in length of the toot hrow and the size of tlie teeth. In general it may be said that the variation in - in the present series covers the whole range in size variation shown in the published measurement-' of the hitherto recognized forms of the d< 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 305 dofiii croup, except thomasi of Klliot. based on two I'ganda specimens, which .-lightly exceed the maximum of the present series, the greatest skull-length in thomasi being recorded as 40-41 mm. as against a maxi- mum of 30-99.5 in the present I tee. I\im \ i \ge. — Two specimens are in first pelage and a third il in transition to adult pelage. The yoimgi s( No. 51369, cf, Medje, eh 24, 1914) has a total length of 142 mm.: tail length. 72; hind foot, 25; greatest skull length. 2 1. Tin- cusps of the deciduous teeth an visible in the cleaned -kull (probably not through the gum in life). The ventral area and inside of limbs are naked. The dorsal surface and tail are covered with fine soft hair, dark brown with blackish tips; upper of limbs nearly naked and dark brown; ears blackish. A broad hair-whorl at middle of shoulders, the hair immediately in front of which isdl rward. An older specimen (No. 50970, d\ Medje, March 24, 1914) has the first pelage well developed, clothing the whole body and limbs (PL LXXXI, fig. ! Total length. 175; tail, 96; hind foot, length of skull, ~M. Milk teeth well above the gum. Post- 1 area and inside of limbs pale yellowish: throat, fore neck and | ayish white, in contrast with the rest of the lower surface. Upper surface and tail dull brown, with conspicuously longer and darker hair-tip-: interorbital >pace and outside of limbs dark grayish brown. The hair-whorl at shoulders lees conspicuous than in the younger speci- men, but nape-hairs distinctly directed forward. A third specimen i No. '<*>9, d\ Medje. .June 1. 191 \ IB much older, and has practically ac- quired the texture and coloration of the darker colored adult-. Total gth, 188; tail. 117: hind fo zealot length of skull, 53. Teeth !jt as in No. 50970. The pelage is everywhere full and soft, the ration nearly as in the more rufous colored adults. ; uio\ in Ant i.i>. Adults present a considerable range variation in color (wholly independent <• Mm dull grayish drab rker along midline of back) on up) and a dark grayish black tail, to a dull rufous brown, frequently 'not always including the tail. imderparts are pale yellowish (about cream color in the drab phase, a little more intense medially, to buff in the rufous-brown rthattt The tail varies in this latter phase from a rufous tone uniform with the l>ack to Mawkish These variations an* independent of locality and are con- ted by intermediate- of every grade Voting adult- tend to brighter - than those shown by old adult-. uly all of the -jMcinieii- were obtained within twenty to one hundred miles of the type locah I bontM1 B igo demidofi :;<))'> l, tin American Mu*< »ry (Vol. XI. VI I mediu8, and more than halt' of the Bemsfrom Medje. a locality from which two paratypei wan recorded There ie henee little chance of error in ning all of the pin specimens to mtdiut. ThetwoStan- li'vvillr specimens are indietingoiabable from the others as regard- essential eharaeta BUBORDEB \\THK< >!'< >il >l. \ Lasioptoida Lasiopygin» \I.HIC NOME.V l\ll SI 01 AlKK.W BABOONS Eleven namee have been proposed for generic or subgeneric grouj African baboons, of which four irere invalid by preoccupation when proposed (Cynocephalu* Cuvier and Geoffroy, 1795; Mormon Wagner,. 1839; Hamadryas Lesson 184(>: Maimon Trouoflsart, 1904). Four are synonyms of earlier names [Mandril Voigt, L831 ; Chseropithecu* "Blain- vill.-,,"i Gervais and Senechal], IS odaGray, L843; DrtSReieh- enbach, 1862). He three valid Dames are I Papio Endeben, it; 2 MandriBua Ritgen, 1824, (3) Theropithecu* I. Geoffrey, 18 Most of these names have been used, with varying restrictions and meanings by different authors, as subgenera of either /'op ephr 158." and tbi three additional author- cited l>y Liniueua in the sixth ami I edition* of hie ' Sya4 Nat und< '7 usually with four subgenera (Trouessart, 1897-1904, Elliot, 1913), for three of which invalid namet are employed. The mandrill-, however, are trable from Papio (s.s.) as a genus, and apparently the hamadryads or tartarina should also be recognised as a group of generic rank. D.G. Elliot recognised in hie 'Review of the Primates,' 1913(1912), II. pp. 11") 154, four subgenera of the genua Papio, placed in the follow- ing sequence: l ( hxropUheeut, with nine species; (2) Papio, with four (3) Hamadryaa, with two and an additional subspecies; t . with three species. He correctly gave Papio sphinx 1 leben mot {Aaxasas^Cjfnoeephahu papio Desmarest I as the type of the genus Papio, but by a strange lapsus' placed th a in the subgenus He gave no genotype for any of his four subgenera, a practice followed throughout hi> great work on the Primates, as well as elsewhere, not recognising this (as he informed me orally in 1914) as . or that they should have the same validity a- genera. CluaropUhecua "Blainville" I —Gervais and Senechal) was founded '•ially for "les Cynocephales," ami is thus equivalent to the earlier. preoccupied Cynocephaliu Cuvier and Geoffroy (1795), a synonym of Papio >■..»■. i. l-'.lliot. however, made Simia cynocephalui Linnaeus the first under his subgenus Papio, as did Trouessarl 1904) before him. Afl the name- adopted by Klliot for his other subgenera llnnm- 14 and Mormon) an- invalid by preoccupation, it thus happens that all of EUliot'a designations tor hi- subgenera of Papio are untenable. Mamm..' 1S07 and L904 had made alx)Ut the same division i into four subgenera. Papio Endeben 1777 g. Aniiii ..' |>. l">. TypCi by subsequent tli'signauun •in r. I'.MM . /' ; net I. urn i iIki jnipio L7tt it it urn G 1 bcyclop .' III. p 182 I^rpe, t>v T :t nt . >n. >i 1 1 I OCUpted bj 'minx l:n r' 17' _: • -r 1 1 1 — >>f m~< < i iv.irvs. ami I >\ < V \\ :ill>aum (1792 1 for ■ genua <>f ti-J Blainville, orally), ' Diet. Pit- \ III |,. 'Mi I.. - ( \ BOCCphii ..••/,, ueus. AlfloS^ndrhal, iili-ni. p. 138, in tin- aame sense. Apparently nowhan •lently eacaiK-l Or 3. 'Rev I l*apu, and I'nptu ' jnarrpKUi. ainated m ■ auW> •utwrnrr* thua I. <***»• Wim. iprriea and •ubapecfc* rimahiine numerically th* <*PW". (,3) Hamn., •am* aa givm l>y Dr Allen above II I I 308 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.V 1 1 adopted by Hlainville m any <»f hit publications. As stated by Palmer (1904, • Index Cen Maium ..' p. 186, footnote): " Hlainville, Osteon.. I, Primates, 30, 31, 1839, merely refers t DOOM de sous-genre que renferme < rite pertie ds l'ordre des Primates. < "e-t sJnsi que Id < NiBOOM ■'nppeDenl oomme dans la mlthodc eg a corps i m piiheau; les Macaques, comprenant li ■/nthecus; les Cynocephales, Chseropithecus, Hlainville in a note entitled 'Distribution t^Ograpbique des quadrumanes ' (183i», Bdbo in the plural form: Brachio-pitheci for the Moi outangs et gibbon* "; Cfnwpitksei for the "macaques"; ChseropUheci for the M.xephales ou Singes I narines terminales," inetnd '<« gelada Rftp- jhU Ckmropitkteut Hlainville is t bus a synonym of Papio Erxleben , as well as of Cynocephalus (uvier an and Si'nechal. 1913. Chxropithecus (subgenus of Papio) 1 Primates,' II, (1912), p. 125. No type designated. Includes nine species, one of which {Papio papio) is the specie.- he nives as the type of the genus Papio. 1913. Papio (subgenus of Papio) Elliot, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 187. No designated, includes four species, but not the genotype of Papio! ii n wo Scbspecikh N \mi - lii 1 1 hable to Papio 1 7G< '• 3yst. I, p. 38. Diagnosis: "8. eaudata imbsrbis Baveseens ore produeto, eauda rects natibus calvia" Halm Africa. Similliina S. Inuo, sed caudata." The citations are: "Brias. quadr. [UadV. t 59. f. ultima. Alp. a«gypt. t. 16." = Cynocephalus babouin Desmarest (1820), or the 'Yellow Baboon" of later authors, as based on Briason and Buffon. It is also the Papio sphinx of E. Geoffroy (1812), and the Cynocephalus sphinx of many other later authors. 1777. Papio sphinx Khxi.khkn (not of Limurus), 'Syst. Reg. Anim.,' p. 15. "Habi- tat in ealidis.-imis Africa- Indiuque." = Cynocephalus babouin Desmarest (1820). 1787. Simia in>rairia Boddaert, Naturforscher, XXII. pp. 17-22, PI. i, figs. 1, 2. •• Habitat m Africa." 1792. Papio variegntn Ksbb, \niin. Kingd.,' p. 62, No. 18. = Yellow Baboon of Pennant, 'Hist. Quad.,' No. 80. 1800. Simia syhicola Shaw, 'Gen. Zool.,' I, Mamm., p. 22. =" Wood Baboon. Pennant Quadr., p. 191, pi. 42." No locality. 1800. Simia sublutea Shaw, 'Gen. Zool.,' I, Mamm., p. 23. -"Yellow Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 191." 1804. Simia sphingiola IIihm ws-.^Obs. Zool.,' I, p. 2. — Simia porcaria Boddaert. 1812. Papio comalus E. Geoferoy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XIX, p. 103. ' Habite le cap de Bonne-Esperan« e. Cites "Simia sphingiola Schreber, fig. 6 B." —Simia porcaria Boddaert. I'.tJ.'.i Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 309 1820. Cynocephalus papio Desmarkst. ' Mamm.,' I, p. 69. Based on the " Papion, Buff. torn. 14. pL 13" and Le Papion, V. Cuvier and Geoffroy Samt-Hilaire, L819, 'Hie* N :>' Mamm..' I. livr. VI-VII. 2 ookx Pis. ( d> and 9). "Patrie. La cote de Qui 1820. Cynocephalus babouin Desmarest, 'Mamm..' I, p. 68. =Le Babouin F. :,d Geoffroj Saint-Hilaire. 1>>1\ Hist. Nat. Mamm.,' I, livr. IV. thout locality. 1829. Simia <. 9 "p. Mainm.,' p. 33. = "Le Cynocdphale Anubis," i ivitr and Geoffroy Saint-Hilairc, 1S'2">, Hi-t. Nat. Mamm.,' Ill, livr. L, and color PI. (animal), June. " Africa" = ?.Mer<>c Island. T"p|XT Nile (cf. Andenon, 1902, 'Zool. Egypt,' Mamm., pp. 34-53, PI. iv (animal), PI. vi (skull 1831V lialus urn m, S.hreber's 'Saugt lucre,' Suppl. I, (1840), p. FLvmB; idem, 1855, V, p. 6.5. Specimen from Cape Colony, South Africa, descril>cd. ( 'ites Simia porcaria Boddaert and S. comaius E. Geoffroy as syno- nyms. Also Schreber, PI. vni B, a copy of Boddaert 's. = Simia porcaria Boddaert med. ; Cynocephalus choras Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 12 (in text). "The individual which I am now about to describe was brought from the Nin.r edition, and presented to the Society by Lieutenant Webb. H.N. It is a semiadult male." 1843. Cynocephalus thoth Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 11. Described from a living animal "in the Society's Gardens," from an unknown locality. 1848. Cynocephalus olivaceus I. Geoffroy, Ann. Mu~ Sit! Nat. Paris, p. 543; 1851 I i If mini. Mas. Paris,' p. 34. Based on an immature male from ( lulf of Benin, Guinea, living in the Paris Menagerie. 1853. Pap rubescens Tkmmi\< k, 'Esquiss. Zool.,' p. 39. Based on an immature specimen. "Patrie. Habite l'Afrique occidentale mais on igBOflf quelle partie idue des eft 185«i I'halus dogueru I'iukms. Rav, M:ig. Zool., Paris. 2 XIII. p. 96; m, 1857, (2) IN. pp. 250-252. Preliminary diagnosis of eight words (loc. cit., 1856). A fuller ilmtliptkai in 1857 (loc. cit.). Type, a male from Abyssinia, without definite locality. " \jo Doguera habite, en troupes nonibreuses, dc inille a deux mille individus, lei hautes niontagnes du Semen, sejournant, ainsi, a tion de 8 a 10,000 pieds au-dessus du niveau dc la mer. . . Le Cyno- Doguerac- >sinie, l'homologuc du Chaema." Skull figured by 02, 'ZooL Egypt, M num., PI. vii nat.size). 1892 - Qm. Naturf. 1 r. Berlin, De- DC a vouiik female from eastern riope of the I'nguru Moun- tains, German Ea*t Aft; 1893. Papio thoth ibeanus Thomas, Ann. Mag. N 6) XI, January, p. 47. B and *kull from Lamu, 1 189f> too, pp. 789 790, 1M. \\\\ in (animal . Type, an adolescent male from Iz-.tumbwc, Monk. \ May. south eml of I >:~t • the first glance from ererj o4 her species (of baboon] by its hoary colour, white belly, and unannulatcd fur." Skull figured by Anderson, 190 J tv (nat. size). 310 Bulletin American Museum of Natuml History (Vol X I.Y 1 1 1897. Papioneuma mi. Brtmngsb Get. Nsturf. Vt. Berlin, p. 161. 1 skin ami skull of a young male, from Donyo Ngai; also a ikull of an old male from "Kilom' kull figured by Anderson, 1902, 'Zool. Egypt, Mainiii., PL vin (nat. size). ifrio heuglir,, M \i-< mi., Sit/ungsb. Ges. Xaturf. Mr. Berlin, July, pp. 80- 81. An old male and a young female ami another young specimen from •• Mahr el Ahiad. Mahr el A/.nk uml Atl.ara." Sudan. Type skull (ShiUllk Island) figured by Anderson, H*02, 'Zool. I .latum.. PL v (nat. size). 1900. Papio yokoensis M \i-< u n . Stump) fcurf. I r. Merlin, p. 89. Type an adult male skin and skull from " Yoko am Sanaga, Hinterlands von inerun." 1902. Papio tydtldmi Rothschild, SooL, Trine Ix P 14()- Briefly indicate; D adult female from "Upper Nile." ■ Papic I" (1898). 1902. Papio anubis subep. olivaceu* De WOTTON, in Anderson, Zool. Egypt,1 Ma mm, 1 1. .".:>. part. Not Cynoeephahu <>!<■■■ 1 Geoffrey » Papio papio. 1907. Papio. I 1 1. ioi. Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (7) XX, September, p. Two specimens. TypeeaeduH .-kin and skull from Fori Johnston, eouth end ol Make Xva-a. "The >|ktic> hears no re>eml>lance whatever to /'. pruinosus Thomas, also procured at Fort John-ton. either in colour or in the character of th<- skull" iKlliot. foe. eft., p. 195). 1907. Papio f urns \ Lnn. Mag. Xat Hist.. ;7 XX, Deoember, p. 400. Two mien-. Type an adult male skin and skull from BsringO, northwest of Mt. K'Hia, British Mast Africa. Allied to /'. iofuen of Al.ys-ima. 1909. Papio tesseUatum Ei.uot, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist.. (8) 1Y. September, p. 847. Two ipecimeoa. Type an adult male skin and skull from Muleina. Ankole, •ida. 1909. Papio nifmim Emor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8 IV, September, p. 247. Two I imens. Type an adult skin and skull from Hn. northwe-tern Nigeria. 1911. Papio porcdi K Pioe. /.ool. Soc London, Abstr. No. 93, h'_»s. p. 17; idem. September, p. 688 Potcbefetruom, Transvaal, Sooth Africa. 1913. Papio at lib, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.. MXM No. 10, Norember, p. in Three old male- from Mlukenia Hill-. At Mi Plains, British Ma.-t Afn 1913. Papio anubi* i> i i BxLucB, Smithsonian Mise. ColL, LX1 irember, p. 11. Two old male- "Type from the Makumdu River near its junction with the Northern QOSSO Nyiro, Mriti.-h Mast Africa." 1915. Papio** OR] nz. An/. Ak. \\ iss. VPien, Math. -Xat. Ml.. Mil. June, p, Otmg male from Mawamhi. Ituri Potest, Belgian ( iongO. 1916. Papio werneri Wettsthv An/. Ak. Wise. Wien, Math. -Xat. Ml.. Mill, p. 190. Gebd Talodi. near Talodi. Nobs Mts , southern Mordofan. Typt adult female. 1917. Papio graueri L<> it t \/. Ann. Xaturhi-t. Bofmos., Wi.n. VWI. p. 236. Adult female from Hut-hum. south of Make AIImti Edward, Belgian Congo. 1918. Choiropithecu* rhodesui SaaoMSB, South Afr. Joum. Xat. Hi-t.. I. May, p. 83. Central Rhodesia. Type, five year old specimen living in the Xational Zoological Gardens at Pretoria. 1919. Papiok ]:■ v. Zool. Afrieaine, VII.OctolHT 1. p. 1 17. -Three adult females and several half-grown and young specimen- from Kinds, district de la Lulua," Belgian Congo. Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 311 Mandrillus Kit gen 1834. Mamlrdlu.-- 1 \;it. Kintheilung Bang.,' p. 33, and tabular insert = Les Mandrills = Simia maimon l766=Simia sphinx I.innuuis 1758; Simia mormon Alstri'intr 17f>6*= Simia maimon Linnaeus 1766. Mandrillus is here credited to Cuvier. who used only the French vernacular equivalent "Les Mandrills." The technical form Mandrillus is therefore Ritgen's. 1758. Simia I .' 10th Ed., p. 25, part; also in part of many later authors. l'-ipio, part, of most recent authors. 1831. Mandril (subgenus of Simia) Voigt, Cuvier's 'Thierreich,' I, p. 88. Includes two species: (1) S.[imia] (M.)[andrU\ mormon Linnieus, (2) 5. (M .)leucoph&a F. Cuvier. Thomas,5 1911, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 126 = Mandrillus Ritgen, lv 1839. Mormon (subgenus of Cynocephalus) Wagner, (1840), Behreber'fl '8iugthi pi., I, p. 164. TyjM-, by tautonomy. Simia mormon Alst r< "micr = Simia sphinx Linna -'I-. 1758. Preoccupied by Mormon Illiger, 1811, for a genus of birds. 1840. Mormon (subgenus of Papio) Lesson. 'Spec. Maniin..' pp. \'.K 111. For the mandrill- ■ Mormon Wagner, i*:w, but evidently independently proposed. 184M z Lesson" Gray, in synonymy but not adopted by ( fray. (Cf. Palmer, 1904, ' Index < Sen. afanun.,' p. 641, where the case ■ eorreetly etaJ 1862. Drill (subgenus of Mormon Kki< hk\ha< h. 'Vofletind. Naturg. Affen,' p. 163. ■ Mandrillus Ritgen, 1824. Tyj*-, by monotypy. Simia leucoph&a F. Cuvier. 1904. Mmbmm (subgenus of Papio) Trouessart, 'Cat. Mamm. Viv. l'o>s." Suppl., p. 21. TyjH-, by tautonomy. Simia maimon Liniueus. New name to replace Leaaon, 1840. Not Maimon Wagner, 1839, for a wholly different group. Mormon (subgenus of Papio) Ei.i.iot, 'Rev. Primal.-. II. 1912), p. 149. Inci Linnaeus, Simia leucophsea V. Cuvier, and Papio plani- rostri* Elliot. :n< wo Suaaracxnc Nairn RBraunu ro Mandrillus I. p. 25. " Borneo "= West Africa. Based primarily on < loner. (Cf. E&k Nut Bilk, B IV. ember, p. 1 1 7 ; Thomaa, 1911, Proe. ZooL 8oe> London, p. 126.) F. Cuvier. however, m 1818) made tin- aame irHtrmmetJim. subsequently aeeepted l>y other SO, l iaeher, 1839, ate.). Cuvier stated: " . . . et BMC on lc -irma sphmx ilc I.mneu*. qui 6toi1 un mandrill" (1818, 1 Mandrill Deatnarcet. 1830. technical Mine. itanre ee partajtc en lirui eoue-cenree: 1*. tea hehouin* prnprement diU. rt 2" I™ nrn II«\ aom port, Mandrill. iueue trAe-court* et «r*le. perpradiculaire a 17-mne donate ' i maimon I.i torn. 9. pi. 37. — ! '.fiiuirmt add* in a footn..t. \l I arec rai»oti Palmer. wvea 3lan,tnl aa "the technical name for ■ iiMinll. if runetdered ■anarical iboooa. aa it apparently abou I. lut ha* uvea man priontji ova. ImmM Ioi vm mum !*•■> 312 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.\ 1 1 1766. Simia maimon Linn.cub, 'Syst. \ • . I p Z< vl<>na"-We8t Africa. Based on an immature example of Simia sphinx Linnaeus. 1766. Simia mormon Alstromer, 'Acta Naem.,' p. 144. (Not seen.) Referred by later authors to Simia sphinx Linn.kus. 1792. Simia suilla Km, Anim. Kingd.,' p. 59, No. 10. -Pig-tail Baboon of I nant and Edwards. "It [Pennant's figure] seems a bad representation of the Mandril, or Simia maimon" (Kerr, loc. oiL, N<>. 10). 1792. S.[imuj] Papio cinerea Ki IB, Anim. Kingd.,' p. 62, No. 19. Based on the Cinereous Baboon of Pennant 1 17M. ' Hist. Quad.,' p. 176, No. 80), an immature example in the Leverian Museum. Not satisfactorily identifiable, but strongly suggestive of i lie later described Simia leucophsea of F. Cuvicr. (Of. Allen, 1895, Bull. An.er. Mus. Nat. ESgl . \ 'II, p. 185; Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primatea,' II, (1912), p. 154). 1807. Simia leucophsea F. CuTUB, Ann. Mus. Hi>t. Nat. Paris, IX, pp. 477-482, PI wwii ". . . probablement des cotes d'Afrique." Based on a young female purchased by a dealer in Bordeaux. 1840. Mormon drill Lesson, 'Spec. Maimn.,' p. 111. New name for Simia leucophsea 1 . Caviar. 1906. Papio mundamensis Hilzheimer, Zool. Ant., XXX, April, p. 109. Mukonje Farm, Mundame. Cameroon = Simia leucophsea F. Cuvier, apud Elliot who has examined tin- 1 \ jk-, which is not fully adult. 1909. Papio planirostris Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 305. Fan, southern Cameroon. Based on a skull without skin. 1917. Mandrillus tessmanni Matschie and Zukowskt, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 470. Okak-land on the middle Benito, not far from Alen (Nkolen- tengan), Spanish Guinea. Type, adult male, skin and skull. 1917. Mandrillus escherichi Matschik \m> ZtJBOWHCT, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf Fr. Berlin, p. 478. Ekododo on the Temboni, near southern border of Spanish Guinea. Type, adult male, skull without mandible. 1917. Mandrillus zenkeri Matschie and Zukowskt, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. 1 r. Berlin, p. 479. Probably between Bipindi on the Lokundje and Yaunde, Cameroon. Type, young male, skin and skull. 1917. Mandrillus hagenbecki Matschie and Zukowskt, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 488. Probably coast region near Lagos, West Africa. Type, young adult male, skin and skull. 1917. [Mandrillus zenkeri] var. ebolowse Matschie and Zukowskt, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 493. Near Ebolowa, Cameroon. Type, skull. Comopithjbcus, new name To replace Hamadryas Lesson, preoccupied by Hamadryas Hiibner (1806) for a genus of insects. Genotype, Simia hamadryas Linnaeus. In allusion to the heavy mantle of long hair in the males. 1840. Hamadryas Lesson, 'Spec. Mamm.,' p. 107. Type, by tautonomy, Hamadryas charopUhecus Lesson « Simia hamadryas Linnaeus. Preoccupied. Specific and Subspecific Names Referable to ComopUhecus 1757.* Simia segyptiaca Linnaeus in Hasselquist, 'Iter. Pataest.,' p. 189. =Simia hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758. 1 925] A lien , Congo Collection of Primate* 313 1758. Simia hamadryas I. in-, - \"at.,' I, p. 27. Based wholly on "Alp. aegypt IMS." •'Africa'' = Egypt. 1758. ^imia cynamolgos I.i \- t..'I, p.28. Based on Simia segyptiaca tin— m in fTsewiVpiist (1757). Upper Egypt. = Simia hamadryas Linnaeus. .. Cercopithecus hamadryas ursinus Kkkk, \\nim. Kingd.,' pp. 39, 63, No. 25. nant, 1781, 'Hist. Quad.,' p. 17*). No. 86. 1828. Cynocephalus wagleri Agassi*, Oken's Isis, XXI, p. 862, PI. xi. Based on a female from an unknown locality. Compared wit h Simia hamadryas Linnaeus. 1840. Hamadryas charcpiihecus Less- mm.,' p. 109. "L'Abyssinie, l'Arabie H New name for Simia hamadryas Linna?us. 1870. Hamadryas segyptiaca Gray, 'Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats,' p. 34. Ni u name for Simia hamadryas Linnaeus and Simia segyptiaca "Hassel- quist." 1899. Papio arabicus Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 929 (preliminary notice); idem, 1900, p. 96 (full description). Subaihi Country, "about 60 miles north- west of Aden.'' Arabia. Type a young female. Similar to Simia hamadryas Linnaeus in coloration but considerably smaller. 1909. Papio brockmani Elliot, Ann. Man. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 248. Type an adult male from Dirre Dawa, Somaliland. Thekopithecus I. Geoff roy 1843. Theropithecus I. Geoffroy, Arch, line, II Paris, II, (1841), p. 576; 1851, 'Cat M.'th. Manun. Mus. 1 Paris,' p. 32. "Genre etabli par nous, Memoire sur les Singes, 1843 (dans les Archiv du Mus.), pour le Gelada dee Abyssins." Type, by monotypy, Marncus gelada Riippell. 1843. Gelada Gray, 'List Spec. Mamm. in Brit. Mus.,' pp. xvii, 9. Type, by mono- typy and by tautonomy, Gelada ruppellii Gray = Macacus gelada Riippell. Gelada and Theropithecus are of nearly even date but the latter has been assumed by authors to have priority. (Cf. Palmer, 1904, 'Index Gen. Mamm.,' p. 673.) Specific Names Referable to Theropithecus 1835. Macacus gelada RUppell, ' Neue Wirbelth.,' Saug., p. 5, PI. n. Mountains of Southern Abyssinia. 1857. Theropithecus senex Pucheran {ex Schim[>er MS), Rev. Mag. Zool., (2) IV p. 243. Type a mounted specimen (the skull ii»ide the skin) in the Paris Mu- seum, front the type locality of Macacus gelada Ruppell. (Cf. Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 156.) 1862. Theropithecus nedjo Reichensach, ' Vollstand. Naturg. Afifen,' p. 204. ■een.) New name for Theropithecus obscurus Heuglin. 1863. Theropithecus obscuru \c Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur , XXX, Al.handl. 2. pp. 10-1 I lakaxza River, Galla Country. southern Abyssinia, altitude 6000-10,000 f < - 1870. Gelada rappellii Gray, 'Cat \I ;.. ys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats,' p. 33. New name for Macacus gelada Hupi* 11. 314 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol XI.YII The Papio cynocephalus Group Soiim twenty names have been given to supposed species or sub- specie- of the I'a/nu ci/niH-t pfmlus group, all hut three of which v. rated by their respective authors as species. The three earliest names (cynocephalus, attains, ftofk) wen- based <>n menagerie specimens from unknown localities. Most of those published since 1850 (beginning with iin,ju,ra Pocheran, 1856) have been, hased on field specimens, with at least approximate mostly with definite) localities hut they n rity (frequently Immature) material. The first series from any single locality that hecanie availahle for >tudy consisted of eight specimen- of I'apio tessellatum Elliot from Etatshuru, representing adults and yoong of both sexes, discussed in detail by L6nnl>erg in 1917 (KungL Sven. \ Ak. Ilandl.. Stockholm. I.YIII. No. 2. pp. 10-45, PL vn). □hot, in his ■ Review of the Primates' (II, pp. 124 1 18) recognised twelve forms of this group, all of them as full species. Seven other forms have since l>een added. The type localities extend in Kast Africa from the Anglo-Kgyptian Sudan and Abyssinia south to the southern end of Lake Nyasa and westward into eastern Belgian Congo, with one as far as Nigeria and another in eastern Cameroon. While the number of distinct specific forms enumerated above is at present beyond reasonable conjecture, it is certain that a considerable number will prove to he synonyms, and equally certain that many of them will ultimately -t and as designations for regional forms. The series of fifteen specimens collected in ;i comparatively small area by the Ameri- can Museum Congo Expedition demonstrates that baboons are no ex- ception to the rule of a wide range of differentiation due to age, sex, and individual variation, especially in respect to details of skull and teeth, and indicate that certain cranial characters usually considered as of great diagnostic importance may have no distinctive value whatever. The great difficulty in determining the present -en. .n^o baboons is the uncertain basis of the originals?//- ephahu Lin- metis. While practically all recent systematists concede that it must have been the large "yellow" baboon of East Africa, no one except Anderson (1902, 'Zool. Egypt/ Mamm.), seems to have made a serious attempt to establish for it a definite type region. Nor does it seem pos- sible to do this except more or less arbit rarily. Hence there is no i 'lutely definable I'ii fin) cynocephalus typtCUt with a definite habitation, B the first knowledge of it was derived from specimens from unknown parts of Africa. EL Geoffroy in 1812 (Ann. Mtas. Hist Nat.. Pari-. XI \. p. 102) indicated for it: "HabHe 1'Afrique mediterraneenne." In 1829 1925) . Congo Collection oj Primates 3 1 5 J. B. Fischer Synop. Mamm.,' p. 33) gave "Hab. in Africa boreali," cit- ing P. Cuvier m authority. Anderson (loc. cit., p. 64), after a thorough ttinrmrion of the literature of the subject and a personal study of all the extant specimens of East African baboons in the British, the Berlin, the Paris and other museums of Europe, reached the conclusion that the type region of qjnocephahu Limueus was inland from Mombasa. This decision I think may well be accepted as final. He also concluded that •halus babot Desmareet and Cynocephalus thoth Ogilby, after an examination of the specimens on which they were based, should be considered as unquestionably synonyms of it (loc. cit., pp. 57-64). l Tlif "Cynocepbafo Anubis" of F. Cuvier (Simia anubis Fischer) was also considered at length by Anderson (loc. cit., pp. 34-53), who assumed on wholly conjectural grounds that the type probably came from the Upper Nile Valley (loc. erviee to the nomenclatureofthebabx>oii^ by recognising it as entitled to serious consideration. He even admitted that " Unfortunately after all these years the material at present avail- able tfficienl for the settlement of this question " (Joe. ttL, p. 37), he accepted the name anubis for all the baboons of this group occur- ring from the Upper Nile eastward to the Red Sea, synonymizing with it Pap a (Pucheran) of Abyssinia and Papio heuglini Matschie from the Atbara River to the White Nile.3 Anderson defines the range of P. anvbi '■ . iS) as follows: "The southern range of baboons niLr to P. nniih/s is practically unknown, but they appear to • ad from Abyssinia and the Nile Valley as far as the region of the i Lake Victoria Nyansa. They also extend through the river jystesjn of the Bhar-el-Ghasa] to Dai Perttt, where Behweinfurth obtained speoi- mens. From the Victoris Nyansa district this ipeoies possibly follows the greater pari of the rhn m of the Congo, while from Dar Pertrt tends to the Nigi ins to be modified in given areas of chie in 1808 (8itsun«*b. Gm. Naturf. ft. Berlin, p. 70) considered the baboon of the coast ..nn Kiwi Africa to be in all prolml.ility the Papio thoth of Oiill.v. •Omit rphaiutanubu to be a "Nubian aperies." In 1843 (Proe. Soot. Soe. London, p. 9) he retracted thia opinion and assigned it to Wert •Anderson 40 and paaaim) has fised the type locality of Papio htutfini Matsehie as Shilluk Island. White NiV and figured Q i ) what be consider, should be the type skull. hie bad three epecimene from two different localities all collected by Heuglin, an old male and a young female, "am Weiesen Nil in der Nahe der Sehilluk-Ineeln." and a youns male "im Sennaar," lid not designate a type, but gare the range of the species as the Bahr el Abiad, liahr el Asrek and the Atbera I: 316 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X F.YI I this v:i>i region, but the difference* manifested in (he scanty material at >iit available will probably be BUOMwhat bridged OVCT when zoologists ire placed in full poopciminii of the differenl phases assumed by the individuals in diver iphical areas at various periods of their existence." This forecast of the range of the group has in the twenty years since it was made been amply confirmed by acquisitions of material bom the regiona in question, but the status and the relationships of the various forms based on the later material is still a problem for the future. It is unfortunate, however, that Anderson should have for the group an absolutely untenable name, which has tor the most pari iped acceptance by later authors.1 The half-dozen form- described from speeiniens obtained within the area assigned to annbit since the publication of Anderson's work have for the most part been given the rank of species, while Elliot recognised doguera, fo SMM as full specs There being very little material in the museums of this count ry bearinn on the questions at issue in this connection no wholly satisfactory conclusions can be reached regarding the nomenclature and relation- ships of the baboons of the Congo area, but it seems admissible to con- sider the baboons of British and German East Africa as referable to the Papio ri/nnn phalus group in contradistinction from the larger and darker forms of Abyssinia, the Upper Nile and (Jpper Congo regions. The forme from these districts are evidently closely related, probably cons|M'cific, as are the members of the Colobus abyssiti irus group occurring in these areas. Anderson's colored plate (loc. rit., PI. iv) of the tyjn? of Papio doguera and his plate of the skull of the same species (loc. PI. vn) are strikingly like specimens from the (Jpper < ongo and permit little doubt of their oonspedfic relationship. Consequently it seems reasonable to accept, provisionally at least, this name in a specific sense for the present series from the Upper Congo district, and as the earliest applicable specific name for the two well-marked regiona] forms this material represents. 'In a bracketed paragraph at the end of Anderson's article on Papio anubit W. E. De Winton gives his views on the status and relationships of the forms of the anubit group. In his opinion P. doguera and P. htuolini are synonyms of anubit, and specimens from " the neighbourhood of Victoria Xvansa and Lake Rudolf (are referable) to a slightly modified form, P. anubit subsp. ntumanni; while a large form with strongly developed teeth, ranging from Nigeria to Dar Fertit, may be known as P. anubit subsp. olitareut." The last name is certainly untenable if based on the Cynocephalut oliraceu* of I. Geoffroy, as the type locality is given by Geoffroy, as "De Guinee, golfe de Benin," and was based on a young specimen that lived for a time in the Paris menagerie, and the status of the species was admitted by the author as quite uncertain. If olivaceut is used in a new sense it is of course preoccupied for a supposed form of Papio from the coast of Guinea. Elliot (1913, ' Rev. Primates/ II, (1912). p. 132) examined the type of Geoffroy'* Cynocephalut olirateut and says of it: "This animal is a female and not full grown. It has the reddish coloring so characteristic of P. papio, and nothing of an olivaceous hue to warrant the name given by Geoffroy." 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 317 Papio doguera tessellatus EUiol Fhtfl I.X.WIII. Fijrure 1 Papio tessellatum [sic] Ellioi B l\ . ft -pi ember, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 127. Type, adult male, Mulema, Ankolc, Uganda; another yoaag specimen from Rogoro. Papio tessellatus Lonnberg, 1917. Kungl. Svcn. Yet. Ak. Handl., Stockholm, I. VIII. N<>. 2, September 1, pp. 40-45, PI. vu (skulls). Rutshuru, between Lake Iward and Lake Kivu, eight BpednMOt; l'.*19, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, [>. 1 II Kutshuru (1 specimen), Masisi (4), Mawambi (1), Makala (2), Avakubi (1), Belgian < 'ongo. Papio silvestris Lorenz, 1915. Ans. Ak. Wi.-s. Win, Math.-Xaturwiss. Kl., I.I I. June. p. 1 7 .and only specimen), Mawambi, Belgian Congo. Papio graueri Lorenz, 1917, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, XXXI, p. 236. Based on adult female from Rutshuru. nted by seven specimen-, collected as follows: Akentre, t (adult cf, adult 9 , and two immature d"), September 14- 29, L913. Xiapu. 2 (adult d"and 9 ). November 20 and December 5, 1913. ,kul>i. 1 (subadult 9), October 25, 1909. The specimen- are skins with skulls ami field measurements. One is represented l>y a complete skeleton. The external measurements of five specimens of Papio doguera tessellatus, taken from animals in the flesh, are as follow-: Total Head Tail Hind Cat. Sex Locality Length and Vertebra; Foot Ear Body 53080 _>»■,: i 9 juv. Avakubi 1080 550 180 200 The cranial measurements of the same five specimens ot' Papio doguera tessellatus are as follows: Greatest Condylobasal Occipitonasal Zygomatic Length Lei i Length Breadth ■8880 237 189 192 lit) 230 185 193 . 130 52668 178 140 150 100 .-»J».7<» 106 52»i7 1 130 100 ■Last molar* aoclo— d in the alveoli. 818 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol M.VII Orbital Interorb. Postorli. Mastoid Breadth Breadth Constr. ulth 09080 103 13.7 62.0 104.5 51380 100 1 1 B 63.2 Id! S3M8 75 7.5 5S :, 84.5 BS079 8.7 55.3 .... 52671 9.1 61.3 79.0 1 i>j>er 1'pper m1 Basal Baton Cheekteeth Molars 53080 63.3 44.5 16.0 Closed 51380 58.3 40.7 14.8 < »i»ii 63006 53.3 38.7 13.4 Closed 60879 55.2 39.0 12.5 Closed 52671 .... .... Open. Last molars still en- closed in alveoli As stated above, the series of baboons collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition represent two regional phases. Of the fifteen specimens obtained seven were collected in the rain forest region and t in the adjoining bush-veldt country. The differences are mainly in coloration, and are obvious at a glance, the forest specimens l>eing much darker and far more intensely colored. The individual variation in coloration, noteworthy in both, is parallel in character in the two B, and is compared below in detail under the veldt form. Immature Pelage. — The first j>elage is represented by a young male (No. 52669) from Akenge (PL LX.W1II, fig. 1) in which the | tenor tooth of the milk dentition is still enclosed in the jaw. The pelage of the body, hind limbs and tail is soft and short, much thinner on the ventral surface than elsewhere, the skin here showing through the slight covering of hair. The color is seal-brown, the hairs minutely tipped with grayish shading to olivaceous. The average length of the coat on the back is about 11 mm. The top of thfl head is covered with much longer, more silky, lustrous black hair, ranging in length from about 22 to 26 mm. On the outside of the fore limbs, from the shoulders to the tips of the toes, the first coat has been largely replaced by the coarse, stiff hairs of the second coat, in character and color much like that of adult-, being a coarse grizzle of black and pale yellow. Aim i.i Pblags. — The general effect of the coloration of an average adult male could scarcely be better represented than in the colored plate of Anderson's "Papio anubis" (1902, 'Zool. Egypt,' Mamm., PI iv), subtitled "P. doguera, Pucheran." The general tone H rather too dark, particularly as regards the hind feet, the fore limbs and flanks; in other 182$] Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 319 ;>ecte, as the depth and distribution of the color tones, it is a fair representation of the forest baboon of the Upper Congo. Anderson's nption of the color characters (loc. cit., p. 34) is equally applicable tit- northeastern Belgian ( ongoform, even to details. The "checkered appearance" of the coat given by Klliot as a distinctive feature of his Papia tenellahtm [sic] is strongly developed in several specimens of the hile hi> general description of the Mulema type of the species would need scarcely any qualification to make it apply to the pu and Akenge specimens, in which the checkered effect of black blotches on the ochraeeous-buff ground color is strongly marked on the posterior half of the dorsal area, but less distinct on the shoulders and forebaek. where the tips of the hairs in some of the specimens are frayed by m The i>elage is long and thick. The hairs individually of the upper- parts are purplish black for about the proximal half: the mid-portion is OChraceottS-buff on the lower back and hind limbs, and light ochraceous- buff on the anterior dorsal area and fore-limbs, followed by an apical broad band of deep black. The top of the head is darkened by the lengthening of the black hair tips, giving in some instance- the effect of a fairly well-defined black crown-patch. There is an indistinct whitish superciliary band, and the cheeks are grayish. The upper surface of the hands varies in different spechnene from a strong grissle of black to wholly black, including the wrist: feel usually only slightly grizzled with black but in some instancec they are Dearly as dark as the hands. The tail is pale onhf aOBOUB Ulff grizzled with black, the individual hairs. being banded like those of the body* I\Di\ii»i ai. Coloi Variation.— There ii considerable variation in the coloration of different individuals, especially in the amount of black on the crown, handi and feet, and in the distinctness of the dark blotches on the body, the latter obviously depending to some extent on the con- dition of the pelage in respect to wear. I\ni\ii>i \i. \ \ki\ii..\ i\ Si/i wo i\ Cranial Chaba< roe. — Individual variation in size is strongly mat peciaOy shown in the skull. The adult ipeeimeni of tin- ssrisj an all of about the same age, odicated by the condition of the -kull and teeth; in none an the teeth appreciably worn. As shown in the above table of measurements of >ku! 1880, an adult male from Akenge diffi v from \ si>, an adult male from Niapu. 'I'he latter i- probably I few mor older than the former, as indicated by the canines and the texture of the uia. the surface of the oil .its. and of th. the sagittal 320 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol X l.V 1 1 and lambdoid crests, where the hone i- less dense in the Akenge -peei- iiien than in tlie one from Xiapu. In general dimension- the two drolls do not essentially differ, the Akenge skull being only slightly maDei in some of the axial measurements and slightly larger in sonic of the trans- m meaauromente. Hie striking differences are tin- extreme narrow- ness of the preorhital portion of the Akenge skull and the correlated reduction of the dental armature and the exceptional robustness of tli part.- in the Xiapu >kull. While the rostrum is s mm. longer in the Niapu -kull than in the other, the nasals are !.."> nun. shorter. The fol- lowing meaeurementfl indicate the principal differences in the propor- tions of the rostrum: length from the mesial point of the orhital SI to the anterior border of the premaxillariei in the two skulls. Ak< 180 mm.. Niapu 1 17: middle of anterior edge of «»rhit to anterior border of intermaxillaries, Akenge L15.6, Niapu 118.3) breadth of rostrum at base of canines. A 53 5, N. 58.7; breadth at base of outer incisor-. A. 36.4. N.42.0; greatest breadth al malar suture, A. 63.0, N. 55.5; depth at m1, A. 46.0, N. 48.6. Palatal length (front border of premaxQlarieg to posterior border of palate), A. 115.3, N. 1 \7M: breadth of palate at A. 34.0, N.:;2.s; breadth al m«, A. 31.7, N. 29.8. Length of upper tooth- row (c-m3 mematve . A. 73.5, X. 80.2; cheek-teeth, A. 58.3, N. 53 upper molar-. A. L0 .7. N. 14.5; length of m*, A. U.S. X. 16.0. Canines, length from alveolar plane, A. 384), V 1 •'-.!: antero-posterior hreadth at alveolar plane. A. 17.2, X. 1S.0; transverse hreadth at same point. A. 10.0, X. I The dominating difference between the two skulls is the exceptional development of the dental armature in the Xiapu specimen and the unusual narrowness of the rostrum in the Akenge skull. The difference in the -ize of the teeth also renders the palate narrower in the Xiapu -kull. while the hreadth of the rostrum is greater, a differentiation more striking when the skulls are placed side by side than the above statistics would seem to indicate. Xiapu and Akenge are both in the same environment and separated by less than fifty miles in a direct line. The two skulls above described are both extremes, but in opposite directions, and the differences are due beyond question to individual variation. A somewhat similar case occurs in two adult female skulls from Bafuka, as noted below. Papio doguera heuglini Matschie Plat* LXXXII Papio heuglini Matschie, 1898, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, July, p. 81. Based on an adult male and an immature female collected by llcugiin near the 1926] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 321 Shilluk Inland*. White Nile. No type designated. Later the male was designated as by Anderson. o nrinfns Anderson, 1902, 'Zool. Egypt,' Mamm., pp. 34-53, Pis. iv-viii, part; Upper Nile specimens only. tio anxtbis subsp. olivaceus Dk Wi\t<>\, 1902, Anderson's 'Zool. Egypt,' in., p 53, part. Not Cynocephalus olivaceus I. Geoffroy = Papio papio. ipio niflfrwe Elliot, Ann BjsL, B IV. September, p. 247; 1913, lates/n, p. L26 1'- w and vn (skull). Type, an adult, Ibi, North Nigeria. io nigerix Lonnbkrg, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, p. 146. An adult male and a young female, Bafuka, Uele, Belgian Congo. Represented by 8 specimens '•"> adult. 3 young) collected as follows: Bafdka, 5 (adult d\ 2 adult and 2 young 9), March 19-April 1, . 1 (young kins with skulls and Geld measurements. Two of them, adults, are represented by complete skeletons. The externa] measurements of five adults of Papio doguera heuglini, taken from animals in the flesh, are as follow-: Bead ^'at. No. Sex Locality Total and Tail Hind Far Length Body Vertebra? Foot 52676 o Bafuka 1270 735 535 225 63 c? Farad je 1385 785 600 225 72 69678 cf 14 1270 750 520 230 71 9 Bafuka 11 '.mi 660 530 220 68 9 << 1040 590 450 190 60 The cranial measurement- of the same five sj>ecimens of /.'< doguera heuglini are as follows: 52«. B77 52678 52672 52674 69676 52677 63678 63671 6367 1 Greatest dylobasal Occipitonasal inatic _'th l;i!i Length Breadth 207 163 162 230 187 192 ,_,., 233 182 190 139 IS! 140 It:, 113 162 120 136 105 Orbe Ih! Postorl-. Mastoid Breadth Bread ill str. Breadth 92 12.7 62.4 68 1 L00 12.8 62.7 101.4 14 5 58 2 100.7 83 10.5 61.3 88.5 73 54 2 76.8 322 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History M.VII Cat, N.>. 10878 53677 62878 52672 .v_>r,7j Upper ('liiM-kteeth Molars 62.0 44.4 89 8 41.0 16 8 38.9 18 8 36.1 51.7 88 6 m» 16.1 13.9 13.4 12.6 12.5 Basal Sut ure < >JMI| Closed it Open Immature Pelage. — Two specimens from Bafuka, in which the deciduous dentition u fully developed, show no trace of the natal coat, the pelage being long and coarse, that of the hack baying a length of 40 to !."> hum., increasing on the nape to 50 to 60 nun. The basal third to one-half is dark grayish brown, foDowed by a narrower rone of pale yellow and long black tips, giving a general surface effect of pale yellow buff conspicuously grizzled with black. They differ from adults in baring more yellow and less black in the coloration. Adult Coloration. — The present i m the busb-veldl ad- joining and to the north of the Rain Forest is similar in size and coloration to the Beriee referred above (p. 317) to P. d. teameDatua except in 1" uniformly much paler, in this reaped the tw<» Beriee differing strongly. The ground color of the posterior half of the upperparts, including tin- hind limbs, is about warm buff of Ridgway, of tin- rest of the upper- part- pale warm buff, in contrast with the ochraceous buff and pale oehraeeoue buff of the hssellatus series. The upper surface of the hand- varies, as in the latter, from a strong mixture of t>lack to entirely black, the hind feet varying from a strong grizzle of black to nearly uniform grayish brown. The basal half of the pelage is dark drab-gray instead of purplish black, the yellowish middle zone pale buff instead of ochraceous buff, and the black tip is shorter. There is a tendency to the same black coronal patch, strongly developed in some and absenl in others, ami to a checkered effect in the color pattern. 8m "i mi Two Forms of Papio. — The two forms differ only slightly in size, with indications, especially in external measurements, toward a slightly larger -ize for the veldt form. The present material is too scanty to be decisive, but points to an agreement in this req with the subspecies of Colobus having the same distribution, the veldt form being distinctly larger than the forest form. The skulls (fouradult- of each series i show no greater variation in -ize or other character- than might be found in an equal number from a single locality. Individi -al Variation in Si/.i. sun i\ CRANIAL CHABACTKBB. — Two adult female skull- -how an exceptional difference in -ize. Both are of practically the same age, and both were taken the same day at the 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 323 .<■ locality from the same hand. Hence the unusual difference in size, both external and cranial, must be regarded as due to individual differ- entiation in members of tin- nine troop. As shown in the above table of measurements (p. 321 >, the mailer of the two (No. ">2674) is 10 to 12 per cent less in the principal measurements of the skull than the larger 2672), while the dental measurements are practically the same. Thf larger -kull agrees closely in size with ■ female skull of strictly comparable age from Akenge, and maybe considered as repre- ting normal size, and the -mailer one as an exceptionally small or dwarfed individual. If, however, the two specimens had been taken at different times and fallen into the hands of different investigators they might each have been taken as the type of a new form, as most certainly would have been the case with the two male skulls of tetseQatus described above from respectively Akenge and Niapu. While the number of fully adult males and females is small, they .■d the number hitherto reported from any other area of similar nt within the range of the Papio doguera group. This series also affords tin- only available external measurements taken from animals in the flesh, all others having been based <>n skins or on mounted specimens and are consequently of little value. The two Congo form.- are apparently indistinguishable by either ernal or cranial dimensions. The published external measurement the mounted type of i< m exceed all others, hut are probably from an rstuffed specimen,1 a- the cranial measurement- do not indicate so large an animal. The four adult male -kull- from the Upper Congo vary in the great- length measurement from 280 to 2:57 mm., the average being 233. They me thus the largest baboon >kull- thus far recorded. Anderson '•s (see below, table on p. 324 I the greatest length of two male skulls Kim AI>y-.-inia a-. n-| ret i\ elv. 228 ami 200 mm.; of two male -kull- of /" uijhn/ from, respectively, the White Nile (Shilluk Islands) and the Gash River as 218 and 219 mm. Hi- figures of then -kulls \ \ ii -how they were old adult-, and thus strictly comparable in with the Upper < longo specimens, although much -mailer. Lonnberg gives ti i length measurement of an adult male* skull of toauffahii mi Rutshuru as 216 mm. Hi- plate indicates that the -kull i- not that rr»n gave the BMiunmnli of U» type of doqutn aa head and body 933 mm . tail to end of ■>*. making a total leor I t givea the i rid the iencth of the tai aa ooo 6. Aodereon givea the meaewemenU of • W>»i a*, head and bod;y 8. Irngtl, . epettimena from th< I MWMBCin ol lam. l-.limi givre me loiai i«-iigiii >» in«« *. »"«• • •■•- '•"■*" "> >*"» *-f! ,ale7 of Arutff.n. a*, head and body ft, lrng.l, of 1 31.', Klliot rvn, for (>•.• tv,«. Ii, . .!. ..(I, ■ ■■ lr,.n, :, .km t-la .10, dimension* quite in agreement with thoee of I 5 i I ■z _= i 2 § S •3 «!** ■ -*■ — ~ — I - I 5* - a u s § :• - E « = l Q n C 3 00 9 A C C / E — B — — S» ia N M f ) ie i — -j EC UJ ~ X Bfl n n ri n n 'b'b'b'b'b'b'b'b'b g z a J I s o II I|M -- JS t. • 4 <& & & * « .a 3 3 5 ■ C *> v © "S> "S. ' fllil* — 1 1 g ~ * J - - _■ — 2-2 c • - £ >. - - - ^ i s 1 I E i; — 1 1 fe s - - s i g ■ r - e 3 — g 3 8 2 - / t>» — ~ i~ r» r- Tl n — — — 'b'b •b o a jag .-•= o o o < - .r: I? .9 — ■ o «~ c - . ■- — — z *} a y t IM - ■.■.■. ■- - as d *j - -= ^-r " 3 s s 5 st * — — - oj a <* . «3 9 - — • -a a -a e a =' M "• 3 /' *3 d «£ ♦— «— £ 3 « — — — - ■ — l" — £ 9DOmHo30 9 3 s ii § - 2^ II c o - s - / / - — -J w o t» «o o — >. i I N S C w* — — ^* • © • o 28 i »3 "5 35 i 5* >- w © « « © — fj © •— ' •— < C5 Ci © © © ?5 ww _ — „,«„ 13 b b b b b b b b b b b boo b . o "3- * \ j d SB J: : ~ | fl is a § s — J J = 1 g 1 .2 2 1 • 1 j -2 - E | i e : 5 — — g 2i£ = = o o — — 2 2 - I I s l~ CI CO *-< e* •# - '■: / •: 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 327 of an old adult, and would have become larger with increase in age. The greatest length of the type skull (an old male) of P. nigerix is not given by Elliot, but as computed from his figures (f nat. size, Pis. vi, vn) is 220 nun. While this is less than the same measurement in the Upper Congo specimens, most of the other dimensions, as recorded by Elliot, agree closely with those of the Congo sei Bexual Variation. — The sexual difference in size in baboons is well known to be strongly marked. In the present group the females are fully one-fourth smaller than the males, on the basis of linear dimensions. In addition to the cranial measurements tabulated above (pp. 317, 318, 321, 322,) all available published measurements of skulls of the Papio doguera group (pp. 324-325) are added for convenient comparison. The cranial measurements given by Anderson for the forms of the Papio q/nocephalus group are given too, showing their much smaller . Hi-t. Nat., Paris, XIX, p. 97. Eight species, of which three are African and five are Asiatic. Type, by subsequent i?nation (Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 254), Cercoeebus fuli- ginosus E. Geoffroy. 1841 I (subgenusof Cercopithecus) Martin, 'Gen. Introd. Nat. Hist. Mamm. in.,' p. 508. Proposed for the "White eyelid Monkey.'' without designation of the species. Type, by t autonomy, Simia xthiops auct., not Linnaeus. . 1870. Semnocebus (subgenus of Cercoeebus) Gray, ' Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- rig Bats,' p. 27. Type, by monotypy, Presbytia albigena Gray. Not Sem- nocebus Lesson, 1840. 1903. Lophocebus Palm 06, (new scr \\ II, May 29, p. 873. To replace Semnocebus Gray, preoccupied. 1904. J>pJoc*fruj»TRorES«Ai: ippl.,p. 15. To replace Semnocebus Gray, preoccupied "Lophocebus Palmer dated om year earlier. 1911 >hocet,us (subg< rcocebus) M u>< mik, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Berlin, p • . by orighud destination, Cercoeebus aterrimus (Oude- mans). Also employed | be. cil., p. 342) as a full genus. Names Referable to Cercoeebus 177.".- Simian p ootliniMraa Bcubbbb, 'StagtbJere,' I, p. 106, PL XX Baaed on Huffon. 1703 s ' ■ ropithecus sethiops lininat igd.,' p. 07, No. 39. -Mangn»>ey a collier blue, HufTon, 1700, ' I -'•'>•'» PI xwiii. t avadal>|e name; for Npecmiens from Bfc \ 1853. Cercopithecus lunulatus Temminck, 'Esquiss. Zool.,' p. 37. "Patrie. Habite les forets qui bordent la riviere Boutry, cote de GuineV' No type designated. First mangabey described from a definite locality. 1879. Cercocebus galeritus Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wi.-s. Berlin, p. 830, Pis. lB (animal) and in (skull). Mitole, mouth of Osi and Tana Rivers, British East Africa. 1886. Cercocebus agxlis H. Kimkkk, Rev. S.i.nt.. (8) MI. p. 16. Brief mention of the type specimen from" Congo fran^ais." Namern •< lit t-d to A. Milne-Edwards, but apparently here first published. 1890. Cercopithecus aterrimus Oudemans, Zool. Garten, XXXI, p. 267. Stanley Falls, right bank of the Congo. Type a half grown specimen that died in the Hague Zoological Gardens. 1899. Cercocebus congicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 827-828, fig. "Terra Congica," without definite locality. "Based on a single female speci- men living in the Antwerp Gardens and believed to have come from the district of Stanley Falls on the Upper Congo" (Pocock). 1900. Cercocebus chrysogaster Lydekker, Novit. Zool., Tring, \ II. |». 179, Pi m (animal). "Upper Congo," exact locality unknown. Type an immature specimen in the London Zoological Gardens. 1900. Cercocebus hagenbecki Lydekker, Novit. Zool., Tring, VII, December, p. 594; 1901. VIII. PL i.f'iK. 1. "CoogO River,-' without definite locality. Typeayoung male in the London Zoological Gardens. 1900. Semnocebus olbigena johnstoni Lydekker, Novit. Zool., Trinu, VII, pp. 595- 596. Northern end of Lake Tanganyika. Exact locality unknown. Type a very young animal sent alive to the London Zoological Gardens. 1900. Semnocebus olbigena rothschildi Lydekker, Novit. Zool., Tring, VII, pp. 595-596; 1901. I III l'l. i, fig. 2. Exact type locality unknown. Based on a young specimen in the London Zoological Gardens. 'Elliot (1913. 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), pp. 281-263), disregarding the rule "Once a synonym always a synonym," wrongly substituted the specific name xthiopt (Simia rthtop* Schreber, not of Linrueus) for Cercocebu* futiainotut E. Geoffroy, he affirming that because Simia tcthiopt Linna-ua is a Ltuiopyga (-Ctrcopitkeeut) and .simia srthiopt Schreber is a Cercoctbu*. "there is no law known that forbids the same specific name to be given to two species of different genera," he overlooking the fact that Schreber's use of the name Simia mthiop* was simply a misidentification of Simia mthiop* Linncus. 1 OB | .4 Jkn, Congo Collection of Primates 329 1906. Cercocebus hamlyni Pocock, Ann M Mist., (7) XVIII, September, p. 208, PL mi. "Upper Congo, exact area unknown. Described "from a living female specimen, still with milk dentition." 1906. Cercocebus jamrachi Pocock, Ann. Mag. N 7 XVIII, December, p. 454, PI. xi (animal). " Moling (? Mlungu), Lake Mweru." Described from a young male living in the Zoological Society's Gardens, London. = Semnocebus albigena johnstoni Lydekker (flf. BttUwMS, l'.HO, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) V, p. 529). 1910. Cercocebus albigena tenkeri Schwarz, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 456. Bipindi, on the Lokundje River, Cameroon. Type an adult male skin and skull. 1913. Cercocebus (Leptocebus) albigena ituricus Matschie, Rev. Zool. Africaine, II, ruary, p. 208. Type, a male, from between Beni and Irumu, Ituri Forest. Based on " 12 Felle mit 11 Schadeln, von Hem Major Powell-Cotton im Gebiete des oberen Ituri erlegt und jetzt im Museum zu Quex bei Birchington.'' ^Meas- urement.-; of 8 adult skulls, p. 212.) 1913. Cercocebiu albigena ugandse Matschie, Rev. Zool. Africaine, II, February, p. 210 (in text). Entebbe, Uganda. Type an adult male skin and skull. = Semno- cebus albigena johnstoni Lydekker. 1913. Cercocebus (Leptocebus) albigena M am hik, Rev. Zool. Africaine, II, February, p. 211. 8 ' .-trie t, Belgian Congo. Type a mounted specimen with skull in the skin. = Pre*bytis albigena Gray. 1914. Cercocebus fumosus Matsciuk. Bttsontnb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 341. hw.st of Beni, Semhlri Brw, Belgian Congo. Based on an adult female skin and skull. 1914. Cercolophocebus calognathus Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, July, p. r Kindu, on the Lualaba River, Belgian Congo. Type an i in mat ure female, skin and skull. 1915. Cercocebus oberlxnderi Loin i. Math-Nat. EL, LII, p. 1 ■ Maw.iinl.i. Ituri Forest, Belgian Congo. Three specimens, all from the same troop. Type not designated. Bee also Lorenz, 1917. Ann. Natur- hist Hofmne., Wien, XX XI, p. 230, PI. xv, figs. 5, 6 (skull). Claimed to be net from C. fumosus Matschie (1914), from Beni. The small group of African monkeys commonly known as inanga- ttng and in some respects rather a peculiar history, from the fact that the greater part -of the twenty-five df scribed forms have each had for their original basis a simile immature example, kept for a time in confinement, and the original habitat either quite unknown or conjectural. In \ cases was the type WpmWBOBH an adult animal, or from a definitely known locality. Bead I thi>. a singularly large DrO| tamplea have turned <>ut to be merely albtniatae, as I'rior to the beginning of the lent century even the lx-st known of the form- 1 in collect inn- by only a few specimen*. 380 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XI.YII The manfcal>ey Rroup appears to have been first made known by Buffon and Daulx mton in 1766 ('Hist. Nat.,' XIV. pp. 211 257, Pis. wxii and xxxm), who descril>ed and figured two individuals, a male and a female, wrongly supposed to have been obtained in Madagas- car. One of them differed from the other in having a white collar and white on the eheeka and front of the lower jaw. The one without the white collar is figured 00 Plate xxxn as "be Manirabev,*' the other on Plate xxxm as "Mangabey a collier blanc." The difference in color shown by the two apetimen* the authors thought might 1*' due to age and >e\ rather than to difference of species. Buffon. in a footnote to the name Mangabey (loc. cit.. p. 244), added to his comment on the name a partial transcript of the description of Linnaus' Simia sethiops, from the tenth edition (1758) of the 'Systema Naturae.' The inference is that Buffon considered Simia wOriopi the same species ae the mangabey. In any case this probably led to the identification of Buffon's mangal>ey with Simia setkiopa Linnams by Bchreber nine years later (1775, 'S&UgtbJeie,' I, p. 105, PI. xx).1 Button's "Le Mangabey/' the Simia tethiops of Schreber (not of Linnaus). at o have been first specifically named by EL < <> "(Troy in 1 S 12 (Ann. &fua. Hi>t. Nat., Paris, XIX, p. 97), whose Cercocebus fuli- entirelv on Buffon and Daubenton's description and figure PI \\\ii i of the mangabey. If there was a ty{>e specimen of ( leofTroy's C. fuliij > fact is not indicated in the description, nor has the mob I type been shown.1 This being the case it would seem reasonable to regard C. fuUginotut E. Geoffroy as indeterminate having l>cen based on a specimen from an unknown locality. Kerr, in ITW ('Anim. Kingd.,' p. 67, No. 39) named the "Manga- bey a collier blanc" of Buffon S[imia] Cercopithecus sethiops torquatui, which is the earlieal available Bpecific name for any mangabey. Similar specimens from "West Africa" became later the basis of the names sethiopicu- I'. < Soviet (1821) and Cercocebus collaris Gray (1843). Previ- ously a wholly white mangabey, also from an unknown locality, was ■See the fuller discussion of Simia rtkiopt Liniueus below (pp. 333-335). •Geoffroy's entire account of his Cercocebus fuliainotu* is as follows: "IX. enf urn*. Cercocebu* fuliginotut. "Pelage brun-enfume: sarin taches aur la tcte et le cou: lea paupieres superieures blanches, « Wintoo in 1902: u For some unknown reason ps has been applied by most modern writers to a species of mangabey (Cercocebus) . . . The Mangabey referred to has no claim, therefore, to the name athiops, and should be called Cercocebus Ivnulahit, T> ii mi. "! = 5. Cercopithecus xthiops torquatus Kerr, the first available name and based upon Buffon's "Mangabey d for specimens from ami Liberia; C. lunulatui being from the Gold Coast. Only three other forms of the twelve described between 1853 and 1910 were based on wild-killed specimens from definitely known localii galerilus Peters (1879), agili* Riviere (1886), zenkeri Schwarz (1910). The others were based on young specimens (some of them with only the milt live at menageries from unknown localities, usually "Upper i *«, 'On the Genua CereeMaae, with a Kay to the known Speefca,' Abb. Mac Nat i III. October, pp. 278-286. • 13, 'Rev. Primatea." II. (1012). June. pp. 2M-272. PL xxvm (akull of Careaaaaw* .11 of Cereeeaawa aaemataj), PL nt (front view of C. torquatu, aad C. eleieeae). ;<:r_> Bullit :n Museum of Xntunil History [Vol Xl.\ II ticui of th<- nam.' Sniud nthiops as used by Linna-us. Sclireber. I •;. ( leoff- roy, and later authors, as shown in the following tabular comparison. KUmt reoogniied two subgenera, Cercocebus and Lophocebus, placing under tin- latter the (ilbigena-aterrimus group. A tabular* oompari of the results of these two revisions follows. 1. C and Subspecies Pocock, October 1906 mis Cercocebus fuliginosus E. Geoffroy 2. C. lunulaius (Temminck) ■t.C sethiops Geoffroy, not Lin- naeus 3. C. aethiopicus F. Cuvicr collaris Gray 4. C. chrysogaster Lydekker 5. C. hagenbecki Lydekker 6. C. agilis Riviere 7. C. galeritus Peters ( 8. C. albigena (Gray) Syn. aterrimus Oudemans 8a. C. albigena johnstoni Lydekker 86. C. 9. C. 10. C. albigena rothschildi Lydekker coiujuus Srhit.T hamlyni Pocock 1. C of Cercocebus Elliot, June 1913 Subgenus Cercocebus torqualus (Kerr) S\ n. sethiops E. Geoff., nut Lin- IKI1I-. not Sell I Syn. sethiopicus F. ( 'uvier Syn. collaris ( h C. sethiops - not binrueus Syn. C. fuliginosus E. Geoffroy 3. C. lunulaius (Temminck) Syn. sethiops I. Geoffroy C. chrysogaster Lydekker C. hagenbecki Lydekker C. agilis Riviere C. galeritus Peters Subgenus Lophocebus C. albigena (Gray) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. to. C. albigena johnstoni Lydekker Syn. jamrachi Pocock, December 1906 ' albigena zenkeri Schwa rz 9- C. aterrimus (Oudemans) Syn. congicux Setater Syn. albigena rothschildihydvkkir Syn. hamlyni Pocock The mangabeys, like the guenons. vary considerably in external characters, as coloration, nature of the pelage, and especially the develop- ment or absence of hair tufts and crests on the head. Several Mlbgenei a based on such differences have been proposed and have met with accept- ance by some authors and considered needlr-> I >\( »tliers. Klliot employed two, Cercocebus and Lophocebus, and made a full genus (Klmmstigma) for the little known Certopithecut hamlyni Pocock. No characters of generic or even subgeneric importance have been alleged tor it. this genus even now U'ing known only from three young specimen! in captivity. It is certainly closely related to the Lophocebus group. Matschie's proposed 19251 Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 888 subgenus (or genus, as he employed it with both values) Cercolophocebus it superfluous. S "i in sethiops Linnaeus Linrueus' Simia xthiops was exclusively bused on Hasselquist, who M that the Kthiopian monkey was brought down to Egypt from Ethiopia in numbers by the negroes. Linnaeus' original description of this monkey in Hasselquist's 'Iter Pahestinum' (1757, p. 190) is, in as follows : iput, Dorsum, Latere, Cauda A Crura supra ex cano & viridescente mixt nigracenB. AUlomen, gula i)i/f tl .tunc' tin- same name (S. jrthiopt) is applied to thia animal, which in unquestionably td.- green tnonkoy [Lasiopyga mthiops LinnwiwJ of the Upper Nile Vafleji sad ahjadnia. In the I3ta edition of the meme onfbrtunately only menl name in eonnoetion with a variety <>f a not her species DJOS . . 334 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol X I.YI I For some unknown reason Simia xthiops has been applied by most Modwa writers to a species of Mangabey (Cercocebus). There is nothing in the original description applicable to any member of that genus, while every word agrees par- tly with the monkey under notice, which, as Hasselquist mentions, is so frequently seen in captivity in Egypt It has been said, in excuse for tin- view, that Linmeus de- scribed the / t/elids as white. This is an error for not only did the white band men- tioned not affeit the eyelids, but it was placed above the eyebrows. The description runs: "linea Candida tenuis, proxime super supen ilia, transvaliter per frontem iisa."1. The Mangabey referred to has no claim, therefore, to the name xthiops, and should be called Cercocebus lunulatus Temm.* The contusion of Simia sethiops with the mangabeys in technical nomenclature began with Sehret>cr in 1775 ('Saugthiere,' I, p. 106, Pis. \\ Mm I \\i . who Adopted the name from Linnaeus but, misled probably by BufTon, confounded it with Buffon's Le Mangabey. Schreber's Simia I thiops was composite, liis citations including Linmeus while his deSClip- tion ami plates were based on Le Mangabey of BufTon (176(5, Hi>t. Nat..' XIV. pp, 2 H 267, Pig. xxxn and xxxnn. Schreber's plates are accredited copies of BufTon's. Bndeben, Qmelin, and many later authors continued the confusion, which still persists (e.g., Elliot, 1913), the nam of Linmeus having incorrectly been replaced by Cerco- frithecut (fiisiariridis I )esmarest (1820). Buffos (foe. ril., p. 244 and footnote) says of his Le Manual >ey: •Nous avons en deux individus (pi. xxxn & xxxin) de cette esp£ce de ( iuenons oil Singes a longue quern1: tous deux nous ont £te" donnes sous la denomination de Singes de Madagascar. . . ." He says in a footnote to the name Le Mangabey: " Mangabey t nom pr£caire que nous donnons a cet animal en attendant qu'on sache son vrai nom; comme il se trouve a Madagascar, dan.- 1 ines de Mangabey. cette denomination en rappellera l'idee aux Yovageurs qui sennit a portee de le voir previously stated (p. 330) S. Cercopithecus sethiops torquatiu Kerr— Ctrcth torquohu (Kerr). A recent revision of the Simia wtinop* group by Wettstein1 is of interest in the present connection. Wettstein recognises t wo very differ- of green monkeya (guenons; sul >er of forms. t<> each of which he gives the rank of species (loc. cit., ■W). The northern is brownish yellow above and without an evident green tone: the southern group has the upperparts distinctly green or yellowish green. The range of the northern group is given as North Abyssinia, Eritrea and the Atbara region, and also the lower Blue Nile and the White Nile below Khartum. He says it comprises three forms, asyet andescribed. The southern group occupies the region between the White Nile and the Blue Nil«'. extending on the former to Goz AbuGuma, and on tin- latter north to Wad Medani. bul does not reach Kordofan. This group he -ays also comprises three forms as yet undescribecL Two Females, one adult, the other immature obtained by him near ithern Kordofan. form the basis of a new Bpecies, <rocebu») griseociridis Desm." [=Lasiopyga sethiops (Linn* or ipecunena ue referred t.. this rpeeiee, :ill from Benaar fright hank of the Blue \ ipithecwt (Chlorocebus) toldti nov. *i « Bam-d on tWO females 'only one adult taken by the expedition *J .hl.el Hihal v idugti, South Kordofan. \\ - ttstein devotes several pages to the literature and nomenclature the Latiopygc mtkiopt group, which are of much historical inter II- e, accepts the long current view that Simta sethiopi I.imueus is a maimaite\ . . -iMimiiirltrn VOcel und SAu ■M U Wta AA6-O03, IV i-iv. text t . M»mm»u. pp twiH-uHH (P|,. m ■!:•:...! , .■■ T'mpinti) 886 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.V 1 1 Cercocebus agilis Kivirn Plata i.xxxiy. I \\\\ Cercocebus agilis (ex A Milne-Kdward-. Ms Kiwkkb, 1886, Rev Sciem XII. |'. 1">. Congo francais, without definite locality. T\|>c an adult male, skin and skull (Pousargues). Deeflription merely ■ brief mention; name credited to Ifflna- Edwanls. from the type specimens mi tin- Paris Museum. ocebusagili Pot sai«.i ks, 1896, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, (8) III, pp. 229-235. ConRo tranoaia; ."> ipeeiinene, including the type. A detailed daacription baaed on this material, ami >iini of its relation to ( '. (/tiliritu.s. M agilis Pocock, 1906, Ann. Mag. 7 Will Oetobar, p. 282. Cercocebus agil < In tor, 1918, 'Bar. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 264. Redescript ion of the type in the Pari- Mil-elim. M chr\isogtisUr Lvdkkkkh. P.MK). Novit. Zool.. Tring, VII. August 20, p. 370, PI. Ml. Bawd on an immature captive speeiinen in the < tardea of the Zofllogical of London, "-ent from the Upper Congo." Locality of capture unknown. HI chri/stKjnshr Pocock, L006, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) .Will, p. 280. [ntereeting oomaoenl <>n the type specimen in amplification of the original description. -t,r lli. i. nn. 1918, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. S description of the type, without comment. ocebus hagenbecki LiYMUCttB, 1900, Novit. Zool., Tring. \ II. p, B04; idem. 1901, VIII, PI I. fig. 1. Based on a very young captive specimen in the (lardens of the Zoological Society of London, "from the Mohangi [I'hangi] River. :{(M) mile- above the junction with the Congo." M hagenbecki Pocock, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) NYIII. p. 281. RedescrilH'd from the type specimen, with comment. n hagenbecki Eluot, 1913, 'Rev. Primatea,' II. (1912), p. 388 Re- description from two adult apecuneni in the British Museum, for which neither sex nor locality is given. octhu.s fuinosus M\i-er 9-December 10, 1913. Panga, 1, September 21, 1914. Penge, 1, April 21, 1914. 1925] A lien, Congo Collection of Primate* 337 Twenty of the specimens are fully adult; in eight immature speci- mens the last molar is undeveloped 01 <»nlv partly up; in six younger im- mature specimens only the milk teeth are present in four, while in two the fii>t permanent molar is partly up. Males and females are about equally represented. All hut two of the series were measured in the Mesh, and of two the complete skeleton i< preserved. The external measurements — average (minimum-maximum) — of twenty adults of < '> rrocebus agilis, taken from animals in the flesh, are as follow-: ILeaftb Head and Body Tail Vert el. nr Hind Foot Ear 10o" .1390) 543(515-580) 748(690-785) 177(162-193) 40(35-45) 10 9 1117(1035-1190) 473(440-520) 643(590-695) 152(143-159) 38(36-41) The cranial measurements average 'minimum-maximum) — of nineteen adult- of < Urocebus agilis are as follows: Greatest Length ('asal Length Oceipitonasal Length 10 o" ~ 1ST JO) s(92.5-106.3) 105.2(99.8-109.2) • 9 9 113.14 100.7-1 17.6) 83.0(82.0- 86.2) 94.3(90.3- 99.3) •matic Breadth Orbital Breadth Postorl.. I lOo* 76.6(81.2-88.5) 68.4(65.0-78.6) 47.8(45.0-49.7) 9 9 7 N. 71.1-79.0) 58.4(57.0-60.2) 45.7(44.2-47.2) t,,id Breadth Length Nasals Upper Toothrow Upper Molars 10o" 68.0(64.3-71:. 2vs 2.V1--31.8) 11.7 1(1.1 13.6) 22.7(21.7-23.4) 9 9 60.7(57.0-64.5) 2 1 1 21 S 28 .s) 37.4(36.5-38.4) 21.7(21.0-22.3) 1m\!\m hi. l'i i.\<.i . Young specimens with only the milk teeth developed differ very little. in color from adults, but the pelage is softer. ■iter Mtnl much thinner, with an evident appearance of immaturity. The distribution Of the color urea- is the same, hut usually the tones are rather weaker The youngest example of all is the only specimen without EUlL . Judging from the external measurement-, in comparison with thOM Of other- which h:tve only the milk teeth, it appears probable that it had not acquired the full milk dentition. The pelage is short and thin, i the darker area- are less dark than in the older examples, except on the hind part of the head, while on the front ami -ides of the head the Second i mi to replace the first. In the other- next m aire none the natal 00*4 M po-i lively di-t inguishable. i:i\ii<»\ There i- no recognizable serial color differ- •■ in the p resent he usual pronounced lal difference is Bile and in the dentition and cranial character- char- ic of th • mangabeys. In no instance do the external or the 338 Bulletin A merican Mxueutn of Nat H m I II i. story [Vol X I . \ 1 1 cranial measurements of females overlap those of males. (See measure- ments above, p. 887, Im»i\ mi \ l Color Variation. — In the present large series of sp HMM (of which" thirteen are from Alrqmgp and nineteen from Niapm the range of purely individual variation in coloration is exceptionally small, consisting in moderate variations in intensity of tone of the pelage as a whole, and of the annulations of the tips of the hairs. The up per parts are darkish brown, strongly speckled with pale yellow, varying in different individuals from the same localities in the degree of darkness, toned with reddish, which also varies greatly in amount in different individuals strictly comparable as to sex, age and locality. The hairs individually are gray basally and barred apically with narrow bands of light yellowish varying in different Bpedm£OI from light olive-buff to tawny olive, and also in breadth; usually much broader 00 the head, nape and shoulders than on the rest of the body and the limbs. In some specimens the head hairs are banded with very nar- row and very pale rings, which sometimes do not greatly affect the gen- eral tone of coloration while in other comparable specimens the rings are so much broader and so deeply colored as to form the prevailing color. The undeiparts and inside of the limbs vary from pale gray iafa white, or nearly white, to pale yellowish and pale gold. The skin of the under surface of the body, which always shows through the thin pelade, varies from dull brownish gray to deep yellow, and strongly determines the color effect of the underparts. An indistinct band «»!' pale grayish white extends posteriorly from the base of the ears along the sides of the nape, varying in color from nearly white to pale gray, the hairs individually white or whitish at base passing into gray apically. In some specimens there is an incipient band on the forehead, partic- ularly in immature specimens, consisting <>f whitish, or mixed white and black, or wholly black hairs not usually present in old adults. The amount of black on the upper surface of the tail is extremely variable. While usually hlackish, sometimes nearly black medially, the apical eighth or more is much lighter, or grayish, and sometimes (dorsa! wholly black or blackish. The hands are black, t be fed dark gray, with a slight mixture of black hairs on the toes. The hair whorl on the front of the head (PI. I . \ \ \ \ ms conspicuously present in the greater part of the series, whether adult or immature; it is quite lacking in a few, and only slightly indicated in a few others. l.t.'.-.i Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 339 NoMi.Nn.Aii u wi) DnTJUBl n<»\. — Cercocebus agilis was very briefly and informally indicated by fi. Riviere in 1886, from an adult inal in French Congo by M. de Brassa, no definite locality being indicated.' The type, however, was preserved in the Paris Museum, and formed pari <»f the material on which Pousargucs based his detailed riptimi of the Bpecies in 1896, which included measurements of the type skull. He made a careful comparison of C. agilis with c. galeritus, on the basis of Peters' description of the latter, reaching the conclusion that ! should he regarded as specifically distinct from C. galeritus of East Africa. Of the live specimen- of <\ agilis which Pousargues ords, definite Localities are given for only three of them, of which one was taken at the confluence of the rivers Congo and I'bangi, the other two at the ' Poste dee < hiaddas," about too miles north of the mouth of the ri.anm. Later authors have added but little to our knowledge of the distribu- tion of the original C. agUit as currently understood. Lbnnberg (1919) has referred three badly preserved native skins from an unknown locality in French < ongo and a young mounted specimen "from Xyangwe" (on the Lualabe River, about 300 miles south of Stanleyville) to the "agilis group." Two supposed species \n the Bemliki River. The first two have no ground- for serious consideration, and the other two present no alleged character! that are not shown by 'he present series of specimens from Aicenge and Niapu. It i- [)ossible that a good series from the type locality of fumonu might warrant it- recognition as a local ran agilis: others may yet remain to be defined, as there 1- evidence that the • mp ha.- an extended geographic mi et imperfectly known. In- remarks on ft agilis calls attention to several dl-c|ep:mcl<- between | 'oll-.l I Ul |e- ' i|e-cri| it i( ill of the »pec|e- Ulld Irouessart's1 based on the same specimen, adding: 'The discrepancies preen the two descriptiom taken b\ two authors of repute from the same specimen are difficult to reconcile. They are also highly instructive as emphasising the magnitude of the personal equatioo to be reckoned with in judging of sp tn pubhahed diagnoses." Elliot's .deserip* •Rirttr* attribute th« ruune to MilniwK«iw»rtU. but Rivito ber* ftrat gave it publication. '1807. L* p. 9. :U< > Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol X I.V 1 1 tton, made yean later from the same type ipeeimeii. differs also in im- portant point- from cither Pousargues' or Trouessart's, notably in his statement, I>otli "hands ami fed Mack." and in Other particulate, thill adding emphasis to Poooek's referenee t<> the "personal equation" in descriptions by different authors of the same specimens, not to mention species. Beeklei tin- is the difference in oolor effect of the ■ pi- tlnriis in the bright Orange coloration of the under surface was made in forget fulness of the fact that Pousargues had already ascribed a similar coloration to the Ix'llv of CereoeebuB agili8. . . " Under C. agilis Pocock says: " 1 have not seen any specimen which exactly fits the descript ions [of agilis], though the latter apply pretty closely to mangabeyi we com- monly receive from the Congo and call ('. kagenbecki" Vet owing to certain differences in the prevailing tone of the upperparts and of the Simulations of the hairs he separates "the two form- specifically, although Strongly suspecting they will ultimately prove to he at most merely local races that i- tosay. subs| ecieS of one ami the same specii l'lliot, on the other hand, accepts both cftrytoposfer and kagenbecki as full speciet without reservation. EBiot's redescription of hagenbeel from two adult specimens in the British Museum, which differ "from the young in color, in having the head and hack more tawny, the yellow markings of the young having changed to tawny.'* He gives measure- ments of one of the adult skulls, hut does not state where the adult speci- mens wen- obtained. His skull measurements indicate an unusually large male, whid ded however by one from Akenge in the present Belies. The type was a young specimen with the milk teeth only. Cercocebus fumosus Matsehis was based on an adult female skin ami skull from the forest northwest of Beni. The characters given relate to the color of the aimulat ions of the hairs on the head and upj>erpart8 stated to be not yellowish but putty-colored, the presence of a tuft of whitish hair In-hind the ears. etc.. which are individualistic ami not racial. l>eing in no way indicative of a local form. Lorenz's Cercocebus <>li, rl;t mln-i l'.i|.">. foe, , ,/.. p. I7_' described I few month- later from three specimens (two adult and one very young) from the Ituri h> near Mawambi, likewise lacks distinctive features as a local form. In a 1 1 »_'.-, ; .4 lien, Congo Collection of Primates 34 1 later fuller description by Loreni (1!>17. foe. cit.. p. 230) he defends list i net ne» from C.fuinosus Matschie, against the latter*! (in a letter- to Loreni reference of it bo fumonu. Cercocebus albigena ituricus Matschie Pkttei I. \\\\ I. I. \\.\\ II Cercocebus albigena subsp. albigena Pocock, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVIII, October, p 280 | M albigena johnsloni (not I.vdekken SCHWABS, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. , (8) V. p. .">:{(). part; Sit/iings!.. Ges. Naturf. FT. Horlin. December, p. 456, part. "Upper Congo." ads and Lake Mweru." u albigena [albigena] I.i i.i-.t. 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 266, part. "Congo Free State. Wed Africa." Cercocebus (Leptocebus) albigena ituricus Matschie, 1913, Rev. Zool. Africaine, II February, p. 208. Eturi Forest, between Beni and Irumu. Tyix? an adult male, skin and skull. Also 11 other specimens from the Upper Ituri, collected by Powell- on. u (Lophocebuz) albigena ituricus Lo.\\hkk<;, 1917, Kungl. Sven. Vet. Ak. Iliirnll.. Stockholm. IA III. No. 2, p.87, PL xn, figs. 1,2 (skull). Five -pe.imens from Beni, 2 from Rutshura. u albigena ituricus Lorkn/. I'M 7. Ann. Natlirhist. Hofmus., Wien, 15. Four sp. ■cimnis from Moera (near Beni), two from Ukaika, one from between Mawambtaad Irumu. ocebus albigena mairambicus (ex Matschie Mss.) Lorenz, 1917, idem, pp. 233-2:u. Mswsmbi Not aoeepted by Lorens. Cercocebus albigena ituricus Lowhi.k.,, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine. VII, p. 1 H Seventeen specimen! from localities between Scmliki River in the Ituri district and Hafuka in the Fclc District. presented by 61 ipecimenf accompanied by 6 skeletons, collected as follow Bafuka, 3 (adult 9 ), March 13, 26, W\:i Poko, I. August L913. Akenge, 21, September 27 I October 29, 1913. tfiapu, 5 i adult, i young), November 30 28, 1913. Med .1 9), Apni:>. L910; July 30, 1914 Gamangui, 8 7 adult cf, 1 adult 9), January 31 February 13, 1910. Ngayu, i. Decembei is. 1909. \...kui,i. 5 all adult, i o"), October 26, 1006 December 18, 1913; uary 12 and August 22, I'M i. Septembers 11, 1909. Ikaturaka, 2 (flat llrins), April 1016. 342 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History \ 1 \ I \ 1 1 Tfce acton*] measurements — average (minimum-maximum) — of tom nty-nine adults of Cercocebus aibigena ituricus, taken from animals in tli*- flesh, are as follows: Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Foot 15 o" 1462(1365-1510) 576(540-615) 886(820-940) 186(179-196) 39(36-42) 14 9 1313(1210-1425) 503(435-580) 810(740-895) 166(155-183) 38(35-40) The m ilnricus are as follows: Greatest length Condylobasal Length OeeipitonaMl Length 20c? 126.2(122.4-132.0) 97.8(90.2-104.8) L07.fi in:; 1-1 12.0) 15 9 116.6(109.6-125.3) 88.9(82.7-95.5) 100.8(94.2-109.3) Zygomatic Breadth Orbital Breadth Postorb. Con- 20d" " 81.6(79.8-83.6) 62.8(59.8-66.4) 46.4( H.<»- I'.i.J 15 9 75.3(71 fi -77 .7 57.2(54.4-59.5) 44.70 3.0-4 Mastoid linadtli I^n^th Nasals Upper Toothrow Upper Molars 20cf 68.7(65.5-72.5) 27.1(25.2-31.6) 38.3(36.3-41.5) 20.7(19.0-22.3) 15 9 64.8(61.5-69.8) 24.6(21.2-28.4) 34.7(32.4-37.0) 20.2(18.6-21.0) Th< twenty fully adult males and fifteen fully adult females; one other has all the permanent teeth, but the canines are not fully grown; five others have the last molars just breaking through the gum or partly up: the rest are -till younger, ranging in age from a feu- weeks to probably a year or more. This material thus affords an opportunity ' he pelage chai from the natal coat to the fully adult condition; also individual variation in a large series of adults, of which fifteen are from a single locality (Akenge), all collected duringa period of thirty-one days (September 29- October 29). Immature Pelage. — The youngest of the series (No. 52602, d", Akenge; total length 646 mm., greatest length of skull 75 ha- not fully acquired the milk dentition, only the incisors having pierced the gum, the canines and molars being below the alveolar plane. The pelag everywhere uniform black, short and silky. Ihe upperparts of the body, the head, limbs and tail are thickly clothed; the nape, sides of the neck and underparts scantily covered, the skin everywhere showing through the hair. No. 52608 (PL I.W.WI. fig, 2 . ■'. Akenge (total length B greatest length of skull 7b i> slightly smaller but at the same stage of tooth development; The skin is not well preserved but evident!' similar to the one above described in coloration and character of pelage. Two other specimen- represent a slightly more advanced stage, the coat being much thicker and longer, the whole body better clothed. The AUen, Congo Collection of Primate* 343 -mallei of the two (No. 52610, 9, Akenge; total length, 660; greatest length <»t skull. 77) has the milk teeth fully developed except the last molar, the crown <>t which is still below the alveolar border.. The fore- neck and chest are still thinly haired. The hairs of the nape and sides of the head have a seal-brown tone at base and black tips, forecasting the adult pat tern of coloration. Otherwise the pelage differs from that of the younger stages only in the greater length and thickness of pelage and especially in the kngtinming of the hairs of the forehead and superciliary . The hairs of the occipital region are directed forward. The other No. V2605, d" , Akenge; total length, 720; skull missing) is larger and older. It differs from No. 52610 only in a slight increase in the length And thickness of the pelage, and in the stronger brownish tone of the basal half of the hairs of the nape, sides of the head and neck. and its extension to the sides of the body. A considerable gap in the series of immature specimens occurs between the example last described and the next in age, a young female from Risrmu No. 52583; total length, 1010 mm.: greatest length of sku' In this individual the middle pair of milk incisors has been replaced by the permanent teeth, and the crown of the second permanent molar has reached the alveolar plane. Hie whiskers are thin and directed backward; the anterior are grayish passing into light brown posteriorly. Soft, fine brown hairs cover the sides of the crown from the front base of the ean posteriorly and merge with those of the nape. The long black hairs of the upper surface of the head are directed backward, and with the r long brown hairs of the nuchal region form a high occipital en the longer hain of which have a length of 50 to 60 mm. The entire nuchal the interscapular area is heavily clothed with long, brown hair, which extends laterally to 1 ln>i«l- - of the neck and thence posteriorly and laterally over the scapulars to the ndes'of the body and on the .•inn- to the elbow-. The foreneck, chest and sides of the ventral thinly clothed with dark brown hairs tipped with black, passing into black on the midvent nil area. ln-ide of thighl brownish black. The limb- elsewhere intense Mack, like tin- tail and back. Other specimens, mostly from Akenge ami of about the Same age, an- similar in general coloration except that the brown of the nape and Bhonkkn variea in extent in different individuals, eepeeialry along the -id- - <>\ the body and on the ventral BUrfaCe. These examples are adult as regards their pelage, in nme of which it show ■ >n from • > \\ .'/« Mn American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.V 1 1 With advanciim age tin- checks gradually lose the thin covering of hair pmnl in the young, in old age the whole face and interrarnal region | usually (juite nude. tLOl V \kiation in Adults. — Adults vary but little in color t. hut considerably in the extent of the brownish areas. The underparts range from wholly black to wholly brown, the latter varying from dark brown to a much lighter shade. This variation is usually correlated wit h the extent and tone of the brown of the nape and shoulders. The bead, back, limbs and tail are intense black. The nape from the posterior border of the crest to or somewhat beyond the should- II as the sides of the neck and shoulders, are brown (light seal-brown to pale sepia); this color extends often across the chest and along the sides of the body to a varying extent, and also to the upper arm, sometimes as far as the elbow. The inside of the thighs is usually intense black, but sometimes is toned quite strongly with brown. The hair along the back is black to the base, but toward the lateral border the proximal third or half is often strongly toned with brown, this feature varying in different individuals. The crest hairs of the head vary in position and length in different specimens, sometimes being placed laterally and forming horn-like tufts, in others massed centrally on the occiput. The hairs of the brow-band are stiff, black, and directed backward; those of the posterior border of the crest are reversed (directed forward) and of greater length than tin- black hairs. In adults the hair of the upperparts is directed obliquely backward from the midline of the back, and attains the great length of from 100 to 150 mm. or more. The lower soft brown hairs of the occipital crest have a length of 90 to 110, and the brown shoulder hairs often exceed this length. Vakiati<»\ in Si/i. and in Cranial Characters. — The following comparisons are based on fully adults, as indicated by the measure- ments given above (p. 342), the specimens being nearly all from within a radius of less than fifty miles, nearly one-half of them from the same locality. The males, in both external and cranial measurements, are al>out one- twelfth larger than the females. Then1 are no obvious sexual differences in coloration or in the length of pelage. Individual variation in cranial and dental characters is about the same in character and amount as in the Colobus monkeys and guenons, and does not here require special consideration, except to call attention to the variability of the last molar in both the upper and lower dentition. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 345 ,ii \< i. am i i;i <»i mi: Cercocebus albigena Group. — The earliest iribed form of tin- crested mangabeys (subgenera Lophocebus and Cercolophocebus of some authors) was described by Gray in 1850 as Pres- bytia allay* na (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 77, PI. xvi, animal) from an immature specimen, supposed to have come from "West Africa," that had lived in tin- Society's Menagerie. No other specimen is men- tioned, nor is there any reference to its cranial characters, sex or age. \ in 1870 ('Cat. Monkeys. Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats,' p. 27) to it a specimen collected by Du Chaillu in "the Gaboon,'" and inak na the type and only species of his Semnocebus, a subgenus i (the name being preoccupied was replaced by Lophocebus Palmer, 1903). Prior to 1910 albigena was often confused with alerrimus, as shown by Schwarz (loe. cit., 1910), who did much toward clearing up the relation-hips ot the two forms and their supposed subspecies. Since tin publication of his paper on this subject a number of additional forms of the t(j, mi group have been described, some of which are doubtlSBI tenable as geographic forms. Several of these, on geographical grounds, require consideration in the present connection. In 1913 Matschie de- scribed from the upper Ituri and I.indi Rivers his Cercocebus albigena itunrus, his Cercocebus albigena weynsi from Sanga, Mayombe District, Lower ( 'ongo = C. a. albigena (Gray) and his Cercocebus albigena ugeen given to supposed forms that do not apjx'ar to merit recognition, as indicated in the above table of bibliogra- phical references. As C. albigena ituricus belong- to the region where the present material was collected, it has Keen here adopt ed. It teems to be currently accepted that ('. albigena albigena is the form of the Lower ( kmgo; C. albigena ituricus is the form of the Upper Congo Rail! : agk»; while ('. all a <•. oil., 1917) as occurring in his specimens from vambi. in hi- disCUSSioa of I proposed ('. allay na mairainh Matschie, which Lorem declines to recogni ; 1 1 1 1 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol . X I . V 1 1 The <\af the living type, in the Antwerp Zoological Gardens. "Hab. Terra Congica." Foeoek iloc.cit., 1906, p. 286) says the type u "bettered to have come from the district of Stanley I alls on the l'p|MT Congo." nocebus albigena rothschildi Lydikmk, l'.KK), Xuvit. Zool., Tring, VII, p. 596; idem, l'.Hil, \' 1 1 1 . PI. i, fig. 2. Locality unknown. Based on a living specimen in the London Zoological Gardens. An albinistic individual of C. aterrimus, according - hwarz and Kiliot. Cercocebus hamlyni POCOCK, HMXi, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi>t., (7, XVIII, September, pp. 208-210, PI. vn (animal); idem, October, pp. 285-286. "Upper Congo, exact area unknown."' Based on a young female with milk dentition living in the Society's Gardens. = Alliinistic example of C. aterrimus. Cercocebus aterrimus Schwarz, 1910, Ann. Man. Nat. Hist., (8) V, pp. 527-530. Relationship to albigena, and critical comment on various supposed forms of aterrimus and albigi ■ Cercocebus aterrimus Elliot, 1913, ' Bor. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 270, PL xxrx (skull). Rede8cribes the type sped men, which he states is "only about half grown," and comments 00 the proneness of this species to albinism. Cercolophocebus cetlognathus Matschie, 1914, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, July, p. 3-12. Kindu, Lualaba Iliver, Belgian Congo. Type, and only specimen, a young female, skin and skull. xxbus aterrimu* LOMKBEBO, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, p. 143. Eleven s|Mcimens recorded from localities on the I.uki wit River and one from the Aruwimi. ral >|h-( -imens chiefly fr< »m t he district of Lake Leopold II in the Congo Museum indicate that this region is the chief habitat of the species." died by two specimens from Stanleyville, collected respec- tively November 1914 and April 1915. Both ere immature, although in < t to <<>]or:ition and texture of the pelage they have the appearance of adult >. Th. younger No. 52631, ". April 1915) was purchased alive from the native. Mr. LftDg believe! it was brought from some point south of Stanleyville. The external measurements are: Total length, 780 mm.; 1925] Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 347 bead and body, 300; tail vertebra?, 480; hind foot, 114; ear, 38. Only the milk dentition is present. The principal dimensions of the skull arc: Greatest length, 87.fi mm.; ipttonasal length, 81.6; condylobasal length, 58.8; zygomatic breadth, 51.4; mastoid breadth, 54.5; orbital breadth, 43.7. Whiskers and sides of the neck pale sepia; inside of thighs brown. darker than the cheeks; hair of inside of upper arms and pectoral area toned hasally with brown; rest of the pelage deep black, including the nuchal area. Theother specimen No. 52630, o*, November 1914; Pis. L.\ XX VIII, LXXXTX fig. 1) is older and larger. Total length, 820 mm.: tail. 470; hind foot. 1 37. Cranial measurements as follows: Great est length, 95.6; occipitonasaJ length, 85.3; condylobasal length, 86.0; lygomatic breadth, 5(.>.5: mastoid breadth, 5C>.1; orbital breadth, 46.3. The milk teeth are all present but much worn, especially the canines and incisors, and tin- tir>t permanent molar is fully developed. The entire skeleton was preserved as well as the skull and skin. The accompanying photographic illustrations of the external characters were taken from the linen in the flesh, showing especially the high pointed crown-crest and thfl long hair on the cheeks, which so strikingly distinguish aterrimus from the aJbigt "" group. The whiskers and soft hair on the sides of the neck are dark brown, much darker and less reddish than in No. 52631; the inguinal region and inside of thiuhs are faintly toned with brown, but the inside of the upper arms are black: the rest of the pelage is intense black: the black midline of the nape is narrower than in No. 52631. The tin- ered with short gray hairs. The soft, brown whisk very long and curve upward over the ears, the longest hairs having a length of 75 mm. The long brown hairs on the odea of the neck, directed Upward and inward, nearly conceal the narrow nuchal band of black. i- evidently closely related to some of the forms of the'//' oup but it ia here provisionally accepted as a full - The general resemblance to < '. tdbic* tm ton i ikinn, there being do difference in the color tone.*, but the brown areas of ilurirus are much more extended than in at The presence of the long upcurving win however, m Strong contrast withthe barecheekl in the a oup: the peak-like crown tuft is also unlike, in positioo and form, 'lie occipital (or parieto-occipit.il in Uuricut. IS, so far as known, has a more southern distribution than ('. aterrimus, as seems probable, it e\i ends eastward in :il>out the same latitude to Kindu, on the Lualaba River. Lonnberg records also a specimen from "Aruwimi," about fifty miles north of Stanleyville Among the fifty-two specimens of iluricu.s obtained by the American Mus« hi 1 1 ( tango Expedition none was collected south of Risimu, a lr southwest of Avatoubi, although many other kinds of monkey were ob- tained at stations between Avakubi and Stanleyville. The records of aterrimns show its tendency to albinism, nearly half the specimens thus far recorded, and an especially large proportion of those that have reached menageries, being of this character. Such amples have been the sole basis of several supposed specific or subspecific forms (congicu8 Sclater, rotlischilrfi Lydekker, hambjni Pocock). Seh war z. in 1910, (loc. cit., p. 528), stated that eight such specimens were known to him (only one of them with a definite locality), and several have since been recorded from the Antwerp Zoological Gardens. Neither of the two specimens recorded in the present paper shows any trace of albinism. Rhinostioma Elliot Rhinostigma Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), June, p 273, PI. xxx (skull), PI. 10 (animal). Type, by monotypy, Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock. Rhinostigma hamlyni (Pocock) Plates LX XX IX, Figure 2; XC Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XX, December, p. 521. "Ituri Forest." Based on an immature animal living in the Gardens of the London Zoological Society. It died in 1909 while still young, the permanent dentition being then not fully developed. Cercopithecus hamlyni Pocock, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, September, p. 160 (in text), PI. 10, fig. 3 (animal, bad figure). Rhinostigma hamlyni Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), pp. 273-274, PI. xxx (skull) ; PL 10 (animal ; photograph from life) . Made the type of a new genus Rhinostigma. Represented by a young female, No. 52463. The external measure- ments are: Total length, 700 mm.; head and body, 280; tail vertebra, 420; hind foot, 110; ear, 35. Greatest length of skull 75. This specimen was purchased alive from a native of Stanleyville but, according to in- formation given to Lang by its former owner, it had been captured a considerable distance south of Stanleyville. The native had secured it from soldiers in Ponthierville who had been previously stationed much farther south, where future explorers may be able to complete its history. 1 .»_'.,; Alien, Congo Collection of Primates MO Skin and skeleton, and also photographs from specimen in the flesh Pk I.WXIX. fig. 2 X< . The milk teeth are all present (middle upper incisors worn), and the first molar of the permanent set is fully developed. This specimen closely agrees with the type of Rhinostignui hamlyni, as described by Elliot. The white stripe from between the eyes down the nose to the lips is very conspicuous; on the head the dark gray and black hair is strongly vermicukiti d with yellowish, the yellow just above the eyes being more pn-dominant ; the chin black; throat gray, only slightly speckled with same color as on head. The long soft hair falling from the crown down over tin ears and along the cheeks is i very peculiar feature. The color is practically the same down the back to the base of the tail, although it is considerably grayer than on the head; the hairs on the proximal five- sixths of the tail, especially near the root, are tipped with silvery gray, as also on the thighs; the tip of the tail darker. The limbs are black, including hands and feet; on the forearm and leg the yellowish vermicula- tion is slightly indicated; the flanks are grayish speckled with yellowish. underparts from breast posteriorly are nearly black with slight yellowish t icking. Plate XC gives an idea of the shortness of the rostrum and the vermiculation of the long, smooth hair about the head. The type locality of this species is unknown. The type, according to Pocock, "was said to have come from the Ituri Forest." Elliot recorded a second example examined by him in the Gardens of the Royal Zoological Society at Antwerp. It was smaller than the one ir\ London, but resembled it < losely in color and markings. The American Museum Congo Expedi- tion ooDected several thousand mammals in the Ituri Forest region, from Stanleyville northward, including some four hundred primates, without either Lang or Chapin meeting with this species. Rhinosiigma hamlym appear! to me to be closely related to the hocebus sect ion of Cercocebus. Elliot first recognized it as a mangabey and not a uuenon, as supposed to be by Pocock, its first describer. Lasiopyoa Dhfpet 1758. Simia Linn.ccs, 'Syst. Nat.,' 10th Ed., I, p. 25 (part, and in part of other early authors). 1762. CercopiihecuM Haak (ex Brisson), 'Regn. Anim.,' Haak Ed., pp. 133, 137-151, 246. Not available. 177J ' rcoytihecus Bri /.oologue Fundamental pp. 34, 40. To include all k<-\s with " cauda elongata." Hence equal to Cercopitheau Brisson and to Cercopitheci Linnams. The only diagnosis is that afforded in the "Cmmm Tabula? Synoptics?." No author is cited for the genua and no species is mentioned. 860 lletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol \ I A 1 1 1777. Cercopithecus Erxleben, 'Syst. Regn. Anim.,' p. 22, part. Includ- species, wit hunt designation of type. Type, by subsequent d.-ignation. la ( "alhtriehe of BufTon ami P. (' u vi»t = Cercopithecus caUUhrichus I. GeofTroy (1851, 'Cat. Mcth. Coll. Mamm. Mus. Paris,' pp. 18 and 23)-Simia talma Linnaeus. 1811. Lasiopyga Iu.n.ut, ' Trod. Syst. Mamm. ct Avium.' p. 68. Two species: (1) Simia nenueus Linnaeus, (2) Simia nictitans Linnnus. In 1812 S. nenueus bc< am.' the type of Pygathrix E. Geoffroy, by monotypy, leafing 8. nictitans as the sole species and type of Lasiopyga, and later type by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1911). e&Sl B U inesque, 'Analyse de la Nature,' p. 53. Substitute name for Cercopithecus ErxleU-n. Not ('thus Erxleben, 1777. 1816. Monichus (subgenus of Cercopithecus) Oken, 'Lehrb. Naturgesch.,' Th. III. Abth. 3, pp. xi, 1208. No type designated. Included three species: (1) M.\(michus) C .[rrcopithecus] mono (Schreber), (2) C .[ercopilhecus] diana [Linnaeus], (3) S.[imia] roloway [Schreber). Tyj>e, by present designation, Simia mona Behnber. MmitktU was evidently founded on Simia mona Schrel>cr, the first Sp of the troop. Tin- (piot urn arises as to the status of the subsequent generic name Monachu.* Fleming (1822) for a genus of seals. The two name.- have a wholly different bear, Planing having adopted an already existing specific name monachus (from Phoca monachus Hermann) as the name of a genus, while ( )ken round the word Mnnicfnt.s from the specific name mona (Simia mona Schreber) with the same termination hut with i instead of a for the connecting vowel. The seal i> known in the vernacular as the Monk Seal, the monkey as the 1 ("la inone" of HufTon i from the name by which it is said to !>e known by some of the native tribes of the district whence the fir.-t specimens of it wen- received. The two generic names thus have an entirely different etymological basis, and both should be tenable. 1862. Pelaurista (subgenus of Cercopithecus) Rjucmnfi \< u.: ' Vollstand. Naturgesch. Affen,' |>. lOo. Type, 1 >y t autonomy. Simia petaurista Schreber. Preoccupied by Pit ink (1795) for a genus of Rodeir llilhrix (subgenus of Ci rcnpith" <• \{v.u hknbaCH, 'Vollstand. Naturggech AfTen.' p. LOS. Tj pe, by taotonotny, Cmwpttktevt caBiQtrix I. Geoffroy ^Simia sabsea Linnan-. Not CaBtthrlx Erxleben. 1862. Diademia (subgenus of Cercopithecus) Hi.inn \n\< k. 'VoUstind. Naturgesch. Affen,' p. Pi7 Type, by subsequent designation (Pocock, 1907), Simia leu- eampf/x Fischer. Not preoccupied, as generally stated, by Diodema Schumacher (1817), a genus of Crustacea; a different name. 1SC2. Mona (subgenus of Cercopithecus) RniCHBNBACH, 'Vollstand. Naturgesch. Affen,' p. 109. Type, by tautonomy, Simia mona Schreber. = Monichus Oken, 1816. 1870. Chlorocebus Gray, 'Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats,' pp. 5, 21. part. Tyi>e, by subsequent rkmignstinn (Pocock, 1W)7),. Sim iasabaea Linnaeus. 1870. Cynorefeu* (subgenus of Chlorocebus) Gray, 'Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- eating Bats,' p. 26. Type, by monotypy. Simia cynosuros Scopoli. 'Reichenbach's 'VoUstind. Naturgesch. Affen' is not at preaent available for consultation. The references here given are from citations by other authors, some of whom give the date of the work as 1862, others as W 1925) Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 351 1878. Diana (subgenus of Cercopithecus) ("Lesson") Trouessart, Rev. Mag. Zool., (3) VI. p. 121. Type, by Umtoaomy, Simia diana Linnaeus. Preoccupied by Diana Riseo (1826) for a genus of Fishes. 1897. Rhinostictus (subgenus of Cercopithecus) Trouessak ifflWI .' p. 17. To r> '■< Reichenbmch, preoccupied. ■ipithecufi (subgenus of Cercopithecus) Trouessart, ( :it. Mamm.,' p. 22. Type, by subsequent designation (Pocock, 1907), Cercopithecus pogonias Bennett. 1904. Pogonocebus (subgenus of Cercopithecus) Trouessart, 'Cat. Mamm.,' Suppl., p. 14 To replace Diana Trouessart (1897), preoccupied. 1913. Allochrocebus (subgenus of Lasiopyga) Elliot, 'Rev. Primates,' I, (1912), pp. xl. lix; II. pp. 296, 297. Type, by original designation, Cercopithecus Vhoesti - iter. 1913. Seocebus (subgenus of Lasiopyga) Elliot, 'Rev Primates,' I, (1912), p. xl; II, pp. 296, 319. Type, by original designation. Stand cephus Limueus. 1913. Insignicebus (subgenus of Lasiopyga) Elliot, 'Rev. Primates,' I, (1912), p. xl; II, pp. 296, 359. Type, by original designation, Cercopithecus albogularis km). 1913. Melanocebus (subgenus of Lasiopyga) Elliot, 'Rev. Primates,' I, (1912), p. lix; II. pp. 296, 306. No ty|>e designated. = Diadem in Reichenhach (1862). The nineteen generic and subgenerk names proposed for the groyp of monkeys currently known for a century us Cercopithecus ( = Lasiopyga) here listed in two categories, those nomendsturally tenable and those nomendaturally untenable. Miopithecut and Kri/throcebus arc dealt with separately below, since they have been ghren generic rank by Klliot in h the Primates. ' and were so more Of less currently fBC 1 I iv some other writers of the last decade. able Name* 1811. Lasiopyga Illiuer. Type, & ';/<* Lintu 1816 Ifoi IttfOl liamona&Un ■ i> mm Kkh io.nh \< i her. 1870 Cynocebus Gn\\ . 1 M8eopolL 1897. Rhinostirlu TSOI assart. To replace PetaurisUt, preoccupied. 1897. Otopithecus Trou» Bennett. 1904. Pogonocebus Trouessart. To n i i, preoccupied. ■•filth *CU* I ■ - it IT. pkm I.intueus. tgnicebu* I Cercopithecus albogulari* (Sykes). ( Iitenahle \ forrneriy used t guctiOM. 1763 formerly need for Afrieea guenone. 1816 ' •'"'■ HvfiNESQCB, Mlbetituta DMM for < rrenpithecus; not Cebu* ErxlcU-n 1777 Petauristn \{> | moil u. not el Kink 1796). 352 Bulletin American tural History [Vol . XI.YII 1862. Callilhns Ku. hi.mim h. N-.t Cullithrix Erxleben (1777). Type, Simia sabxa LfaOMBOS, t ype of CercopUhecus. lst.2. If anal) >c h. T\ pa, Nanta mona Schreber. » 3/ontcAus Oken (1816). 1S70. Chlorocebus GhUT. Type, Simia sabxa Linnaeus = ''[M-< linens living in the Paris Menagerie. 1775. Simia petaurisla Schreber, 'Saugthiere,' I, p. 103, PI. xrxZJ. Name only on PI. xixB, a copy from Allamand. "Madagascar" — Guinea, West Africa. 1775. Simia roloway Schreber, 'Sittgtfaiere/ I, pp. 109, 186, PI. x.w Name on page 186 and on PI. x na Roloway Allam." Usually this name is attributed to Erxleben (1777, 'Syst. Regn. Anim.,' p. 42), who there quotes Baku 1786. Simia cynosuros Scopoli, 'Delic. Florae et Faunae Insubricae,' pt. 1, p. 44, Pi xrx. Based on a living specimen; locality of capture not stated. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 353 I Statin ascm BOX, H ^inges,' Fam. IV, p. 21, PI. xm. Locality unknown. Based on a living specimen in the Paris Menagerie. 1804 ngytitthw Hi kuwn, 'Obs. Zool.,' p. 1. Locality not stated. Com- pared with "Simia roloway Linn." and with S. mona. Unidentifiable; usually rred to the Chlorocebus group. 1820. Cercopithecus griseoviridis Desmarest. 'Mamm.,' I, p. 61. Le Grivet of F. Cuvier. LocaUty unknown. Based on a living specimen in captivity. 1821. Simia subviridis F. Cuvier, Diet. S. i. Nat., XX, p. 27. No locality. New name for Cercopithecus grUeoviridis Desmarest. = Le Grivet. 1821. [Simia] pygerythra F. Ccvier, ' 1 1 Mamm.,' II, livr. XXIV, January. Based on a living specimen from an unknown locality in Africa. 1825. "Cercopithecus pusillus Delalande" Desmovlins, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., \ II, p. 568. "Au-dela de Groote-Vis-River au Keiskama," Cafraria, South a. (Cf. I. Geoffroy, 1851, 'Cat. Moth. Coll. Mamm. Mus. Paris,* p. 21.) 1829. Simia leucampyx J. B. Fischer, ' Syn< »p. Mamm.,' p. 20. " La Diane femelle," F. Cuvier, 1824, 'Hist. Nat. Mamm..' Ill, livr. xlii. "Guinea." 1831. Semn. f aJbogularis Sykes, Ptoc. Zool. Soc. London, August 5, p. 106; Cer- copithecus oJbogularis, idem, 1832, p. 18. Based on a living specimen in the Zoological Society's Gardens, obtained at Bombay and "believed to have been taken from Madagascar." 1833. Cercopithecus pogonias Bennett, Ptoc. Zool. Soc. London, September 20, p. 67. Fernando Po, West Africa. Skin without skull. 1833. Cercopithecus tephrops Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, November 18, p. 109. The Malbrouck of Buffon (not of F. Cuvier). Based on a living specimen in the Gardens of the Zoological Society. 1834. Cercopithecus diadematus I. Geoffrot, fielanger, 'Voy. Indes-Orient.,' Zool., p. 51. = Simia leucampyx J. B. Fischer. 1838. Cercopithecus lemminckii Ogivbx , 'Menageries,' I, jp. 345. Based on a unique specimen in the Leyden Museum, "said to have been brought from the coast of iea." 1838. Cercopithecus campbelli W \ hhhocbe, Ptoc. Zool. Soc. London, July, p. 61. i Leone. Skin only. 1838. Cercopithecus erythrotis Waterhotjse, Ptoc. Zool. Soc. London, July, p. 59. iandoPo, V >. Skin only, lacking face and feet. 1838. Cercopithecus martini Waterhouse, Ptoc. Zool. Soc. London, July, p. 58; n, 1841, p 71 l ■ rnando Po, West Africa. Two imperfect skins, lacking face, hands and feet. 1840. Cercopithecus griscus Less- >./ p. 81. New name for ft griseoviridis Desmarest. 1841. Cercopithecus tantalus Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Bsptwlw, p. 33. Locality unknown. Described from a living specimen in t be Society's Menu. 1842. Cercopithecus burneitii Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (1) X, December, p. 256. Fernando Po, West Africa. Skin, tail bopaf 1842. Cercopithecus labiatu* I. Geoffroy, Compt I :. : 1 V > . In W, De- cember, p. 1038. " L^CercopithAquc aux levres blanches, Cercopithecus labiatus, voisin du BdalUM . 'SimiaV Mus. 1 1 iat Nat. l'ays-Bas, p. 79). 1845. Cercopithecus melanogenys Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Ili-t . 1 XVI. 1M.">. p. 212; 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 7, PI i\ Weal Uri.a. Based on "a half-grown Ipaaiaaea which died in :i menagerie near London and was said to have come from \\ e>t Afn. a ." 1848. Cercopithecus plut<> (inn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p, 56, text fin. aneciiiieii. 1850. Cercopithecus werneri I. Geoffroy, Compt. Band. Ac. Sci., Paris, \\\l. p. ^71 Near the 'Callitriche des auteurs at du vrai C. sabam* [Linna?us).M Based on living animajs in the Paris Menagerie. Africa, exact locality unknown. is grayi Phaser, 'Cat. Knowsley Coll..' p. 8. (Not seen; from citations by other authors. | No type locality; assigned to South Cameroon and neighboring regions by recent authors. 1851 Hums iiillithrirhus I. GnorFOOY, 'Cat. Meth. Coll. Mamm. Mus. Pat \< cording to Pocock (1907, Proc. Zool. Boc London, p. 733 nillithricftiix I. Geoffroy is a synonym of Simia sabxa Linmcus, and also werneri I. Geoffroy. (See above p. 352.) 1852 Ihecus erythrarrlm* Peters, 'Reise Mossambique,' Siiug., p. 1, PL i. ■ "ii the plains of Inhambane, les- common near Quellimane. Mos- sambique. Type an iminatiire male. —C. nlbogularis (Sykes). 1852. Cercopithecus flavidus Parana, 'Reise Mossambique,' Slog., |>. -i, PI IB. I'rom Qahangonlka, mainland north of Mossambique. Type and only specimen an immature male. (Cf. Matschie, 1893, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 213). =>C. rufouiridis I. Ceoffroy. 1855. Cercopithecus palatum- \\ 'm.nek, Schreber's 'Saugthiere,' Suppl., V, p. 47. — C. roloway I. Geoffroy. 1856. Cercopithecus erxlebenii Dahlbom et Puchkkw. \U\. Mag. Zool., (2) VIII, p. 9t>, idem, 1857, (2) IX, p. 196. Based on a young female that died in the Paris Menagerie. Iwlieved to have come from " Afrique occidental. dim. Congo Collection of Primate* 860 1860. Cercopithecusnigripe* Di Cimi.i .t . Pros. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist.. VII, p. 360 "Banks of the Ofoobour Kivcr." Mala and female described. 1862. Cercopilhenu histrio Rn hk\b\< h. •Yollstand. Natureeseh. Affen,* p. 106, fiK. 380. Not seen.) Locality unknown. A synonym of ( '. nscanius (Audehert). 1866. CercopUhecus erythrogaster GbUT, Proo. Zool. Soe. London, p. 169, PI. xvi. \\ . -• ihi Described from I fOOag female living in thoSoesat] •'- Menagerie. 1870. Chloroctbus engythilhtr .murs, and Fruit-eating Bats,' p. 26. 'Abyssinia; Sennaar." Is7n Cmtopitkecut chose var. ignila Gray, 'Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit- \riea." No definite tyjM- locality nor specimen men- tioned. B 1S93, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 255) records a specimen "brought from the( SongO 1>\ Cap- I ir|>er in 1886." 1876. Cercopithecux neglectu* BCB B .mia\" Mus. Hi-r. Nat. Pays-Bas, p. 70. White Nile." New name for C. leucocampyx Gray (1870; not Simia leucampyx J. B l idler, w_>9). 1886. CercopUhecus brazzx (ex A. Milne-Edwards Ms.) RivifeRE, Rev. Scient., (3) XII. p. 15. Brief mention of a ipeettnen in the Paris Museum from French Congo. Name attributed t«> Milne-Kdwards. 1886 ' - pictnrnl - .lorn. Sci. Math. Phys. N.v \ C-l>oa, \I p 06 Weal Africa. Described from a living adult male in the Zoological Garden of finrffln 1886. Cercopithecus signatut Jt ati\k, Notts Levden Mae., VIII. p. 65. Believed to from West Africa. |>crhapfl from Banana." Menagerie specimen. 1886 i» bt&kaferi Jbmtui*, Notea Leydaa Moa., VIII, p. 56. "Liberia." A series of eight ipseiini 1887 ' 'hem* beutomHinii Omuou, Zool. Anz.. X. p. 510. Kaffa, southern :ult female, skm and skeleton. ,<,'.'< Juuim, Notes Levden Mus.. N, i>. 10. " Peasy- coimtry,'- Liberia. Adult male skin and skeleton. I VI l,i, Mil-.. XIII p. 68. •Central H Africa." exact locality not known u.I'roc.z.. - London, p. 680, PL XL. Chindi, Lower Zambesi Rrrer. < tarn njininwi. sex not indicated. 1892 I / I W, |>. 161. Mengo, Luanda. Adult male and siihadult female (See below, p lli» ingsb Gee Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. north of KinjauaiiKa. between Lake Albert Edward and Lake Albert. T\ ]*■ and only speetanoa an old male, -km and skull. M Bitsungsb. Qea Naturf. Fr. Berlin, pp. 64,98. Bio Boutry, Gold Const, Weal Africa. Baaed on one specimen London, p 7J."> I --ike Mwcru. British Central AMi I • Bat -km-, which appear to save l>een ■asd Sf dn-s4s." ndon, p 988, PI rm range, north end oi I i«a. 1896 aJsetsrsnahu Pooaanoons, Bull. Mm B ri Nat., Pari*. 11 locality unknown. •'>•">•> Bulletin American Mu.- tu ml History [Vol. XI.YII 1898. Cercopithecus Vhoesti > Zool. Soc. London, p. 686, PI xi.vni. "Congoland. '('li<|«. or Taehepo la OoBfjalHMl" (Pocock, 1907). A living \>-i\ I'roni the Zoological Society of Antwerp. 1898. Cercoj" Mu-mhi. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Berlin, p. T& I toria, Caaaarean, West Africa. "Dr. Preuss coll. 4 vpeefaaiBa.M 1900. Cercopithecus central <> N i i \i \\ \, Zool. Jul \ 1 1 1 . p. 588. Bukoba, west shore of Victoria Nyansa. < me specimen. 1900. Cercopithecus omensis Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, November 2mo River, abotri 1<> miles north of Lake Rudolf. Adult female, skin and skull. 1902. Cercopitliti'is ,»/,./. Proe. Zool. Soc. London, I, p. '_':;7. PI xxv. ika Mount :ii ns. northern Uganda, "about 100 miles east of the Upper Nile." ( >n<- -|>ecimen. 1902. Cercopithecus hilgerti Ni ,i \i\\\ Berlin, p. 60. Golx-lc River, GaOa Land, Northeast Africa d adult male. Also female and youim male. 1902 M ellenbecki Neumann, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 50. Hohwok River. Wortneaat Africa. Several examples. 1902. Cercopiifinu.s djamdjamensis Nki mw\. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 51. Abera (Djamdjam), Northeast Africa. Adult female. 1902. Cercopithecus ma' -nzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 51. Malo OB the Omo River. ( Mlu-r specimens from tlie same region. 1902. Cercopitlitciis feefM Nkimwn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, II. p. 1 H. Kedong irpmeiit. British East Africa. Type an adult male. Also two adult males from theeaet aide of Mount Kenk at 8000 to 9000 feet and in Roromo; and two adult faaaalai from Nairobi fa 1902. Cercopithmis fniimsr;, Thomas, Ann. Man. Nat. Diet., (7 N. p. irit Waller, west of Lake Nyasa. Type an imperfect skin, wit liout skull or feet. 1904. Cercopithecus sclateri Poco( k . Proe. Zool. Soc London, Abetr. No, ft, March p. 18; idem. I. p. L83, fig. 87. Benin, Nigeria. Based on the skin of a young male that died in the Zoological ( tardea* 190r> at creeaf Foanaa, Nature. I.XXIL OctolK>r26, p. 630. Cameroon, Africa. Tvjh* a su bad tilt male. =C. preussi Mntanhifl 1905. Cercopithecus kandti Matsc-hik. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, December, p. 264. Volcano country north of Lake Kivu. Three native skins without skulls. 1905. Cercopithecus thomasi Matschik. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, De- oeaaber, p. 2»'>_\ Naai lake Kivu, Belgian Congo. Type a young female, skin and skeleton. 1905. Cercopithecus ntumnuui Matsi iiik. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, De- cember, p. 266. Kwa Kitoto. Kavirondo, British East Africa. Based on two adult females and an immature ipeeiaaae. 1907. Cercopithecus denti Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Abstr., January 22, p. 1; idem, June 12, p. 2, PI. i. Ituri forest, between Ifawamhi and Avakubi, alt. 3000 ft an adult male, skin and skull. 1907. Cercopithecus leucampyx nigrigenis Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 692, PI. xxxix. fig. 1. West Africa, exact locality unknown. Type (unique) a female skin without skull. 1925] Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 357 1907 u neglect us brazziformis Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 687. Locality unknown, supposed to be French Congo. Type (unique) \ not indicated. A dmmimm specimen. 1907. Cercopithecus leucampyx doggetti Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 691. "8. W. Ankole. between Lakes Victoria and Albert Edward." Type (unique) a young female, skin and skull (Elliot). 1907. Cercopithecus leucampyx carruthersi Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 691. " Ruwenzori, east side, 10,000 ft." Type (unique) a skin of a female without skull. 1907. Cercopithecus nidituns lagbii:>i Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 698. Gaboon. Type (unique) skin and skull, formerly mounted (1913, Elliot. -Rev. Primates/ II, (1912), p. 317). 1907. Cercopithecus albogularis beirensis Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 701. "Beira." Two adult males. 1907. Cercopithecus albogularis rufilatus Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 702. Kufiji River, south of Zanzibar. Two specimens, type not designated. 1907. Cercopithecus kolbi hindei Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 703, PI. xxxix, fig. 3. "Tutha, in the Kenia district, 8000 ft. alt." Type a young adult male, skin and skull (Elliot). 1907. Cercopithecus stairsi mossambicus Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 705. "Mozambique.*' A single male specimen. 1907. Cercopithecus rufotinctus Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 706. British East Africa 733. " ' iranda: Bathyaba, on the east shore of Lake Albert." Sex of the unique type not indicat 1907. [Cercopithecus pygerythrus) whytei Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. 788. Mount Chiradgula, Nyasaland. Based on a single apecimm 1907. [Cercopithecus pygerythrus] johnstoni Pocock, Proc. Zool. ' Soc. London, October 8, p. 738. " Moahi: south side of Kilima Njaro, 5000 ft. alt." Baaed on two specimens from the type locality. 1907 ihecus nigroviridis Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8, p. i.ti If. .">; idem, 1908, PI. x, fig. 1. UpfW Congo, and locality un- known. T\ jM-. the skin of a female that had lived for a year and a half in the London Zoological Gardens.1 1908. Cercopithecus exrm Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Abstr. No. 54, March 3, ]> 10. idem, September, p. 158, PI. x, fig. 2. Locality unknown; presumably 1'pper Congo. Type an immature example living in the London Zoological Gardens. 1908. Cercopithecus albogularis kibonotensis Lonnbero, ' Wis.*. 1 - pad. Zool. Expcd. Kilitnan.ljaro-Mwer 2 (1910), Mamin.. ] noto. Kili- mandjaro. Baaed on a series of specimens of adults and young of U>th sexes. MTMa «p«ciM bM been made the type of ft mw gaoua (m bftlow, pp. 418-423).—!! I. ] 358 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.\ 1 1 1909. CercopUhecus ascanius whUesidei Thomas, Ann. Mag. N (8) IV, DecemlKT. p. 542. Nsoli, Ikau, Upper Lulanga River, Central Belgian Congo. !>e, an adult mala, skin and skull. 1909. CercopUhecus insol it us BSuJOT, Ann. Mag. Mat, Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 258. "Northern Nigeria," without definite locality. Type, and only apeohnen, "a young animal," skin and skull. 1909. CercopUhecus tantalus griseistictus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, S t. nilxr. p. 259. "Bambara, \\ . •lie River," Belgian Congo. Based on an adult male, skin and skull. 1909. CercopUhecus rubellus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 260. Fort Hall, British Mast Africa. A number of ■peatmena in the British Museum, sex and age not stated. 1909. CercopUhecus pogonias pallidus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., is IV - tember, p. ML "Gaboon." No definite type locality. Type, I female; BO other specimen cited Name later corrected to C. grayi pallidus (1910, Ann. Ifai 8) V, p. 83). 1909. CercopUhecus sticticeps Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 263. "N'dongo-leti, on the Upper I'bangui River," Belgian Congo. Based on "a sinnle speeimen obtained by the Alexander-Gosling Bipedilion." No skull. 1909. CercopUhecus silaceus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Ili-t., (8) IV, September, p. 263. "East bank of the Loangwa River, Angoniland,' British Central Africa. Three apaettnane are mentioned, from widely .separated local; 1909. CercopUhecus insignis Vaa.u it. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi>t .. ■ s [V, September, p. 27 I "Congo Forest." without definite locality. Described from a living specimen in the Zoological ( lardens of Antwerp. 1909. CercopUhecus princeps Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 304. "Mpanga Forest," south of Lake Albert. Type, a skin and skull, age and sex not given, and BO other specimen mentioned. 1909. CercopUhecus tantalus alexandri POOOCK, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, October, p. 545. Lake Chad. Type a skin w>thout skull. 1910. CercopUhecus leucampyi aurora Thomas and Wroughton, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, NIX. pt. •">. March, p. 4h">. South end of Lake Kivu. Type an adult male akm 'at least no skull is mentioned . 1910. CercopUhecus inobservaius Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hm . s V. Jannary, p. 81. "West Africa (exact locality unknown i." "Adult male," skin and skull. 1910. CercopUhecus centralis hfteut ELLIOT, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LVI. JtUM ( 11, No. 7, p. 1. Wambugu. southwest of Mount Kenia, British Fast Africa. Based on two young adult females. 1910. CercopUhecus kolfri nubilus Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat II B V, February, p. 202. Nairobi Forest. Britiab Baal Africa. Tvpe, an adult female, skin and skull. 1910. CercopUhecus preussi insularis Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) V, Febru- ary, p. 191. North Bantahiri. Fernando Po. Weal \m. 438, fig. 2. Lukonzolwa, Lake Moero, southeastern Belgian a young male skin. 1912. Cercopithecus (Otopiihecus) denti liebrechtsi Dubois and Matschie, Rev. Zool. Africaine. I, March 31, p. 439, fig. 3. Stanley Kails, Belgian Congo. Type (and only specimen) an adult male skin and skull. 1912. Cercojrithccus t Otopiihecus) elegant DoBOSl wi> MAIBi hik. luv Zool. Afri- caine. I. Manh 81, p. -4 4 < » . fiu. 4. Probably from Lomami River, Belgian Congo. Type an adult male skin and skull; a paratype (young female) from Aruwimi. 1912. LaatopyfO pygerythra callida Hoi.i.imkk. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.. LEX, No. 2, p. 1. South Hde of Lake Naivasha. British Last Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull, also four topotyp 1913. Cercopithecus (Rhinostictus) schmidti mpangx Mat>< hik. Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Belgique X L\' 1 1. (1913 . Auuust. p. §7. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. Type, a male, skin and skull. Also several paratypes. 191.'* ■.'' inost ictus) ascanius omissus MatbchIB, \nn. Soc. Zool. .nil. Belgique, I.WII. 1913 . AugUBt, p. 88. Manycma '.'. Belgian Congo. !*■ and only ■peetmeB, an immature female. 19Li cirrhorhiwi M i . i -• hik. Ann. Soc. Zool. tool. Belgique, XI. \ II 1912), August, ]). 7(». "Am dec ProviM Stanley Falls ' Type, an adult male, skin and skull. Also five topoi 19L{ I ' ■I'lti aaaM aiaaacBTK, Ann. Soc. Zool. Mala Belgique, XLVTJ 1913 2. Sassa ( = Isasa Rivet . soutl tke Albert Edward. Type) and only <|»-ci n. an adult female, skin and skull. ij (Rhino-'t Zool. Belgique, XI.YII. 1913 lugent, p. 7:\. Chima Kilima, north of |jan Cong I ai adult male. >kin and skull. Also three kassaicus MaTBCHU, \nti. Soc. I Belgique, M.VII 1913 ongo. Type, ■ jroung adult female, *km and skull. Alao young male Matbci \ ■ • - Eool li.iuirjui . \i.\ ii 1913 auguat, p. K red," lielgian Congo mi omy apaafanen, an adult female, skm without skull. • . . . H nipijl Kit ' • \1 in \l A II 1913 . Auguat, p 7^ Ma* ngo. pMrtuhii Mid 'wtrt o( Ui r«ry. 1907. G«c*r Jourri , l-om|..n. XXX. map oppMat* p »<><» | II I. I 360 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Ilixtory [Vol. X L\ 1 1 :i 17. Octolx-r 21, p 7. Summit of Mau Escarpment, between Londisni ami Sirgoit, British East Africa. Tyj>o (unique), an adult male, skin ami skull. 1913. Ixisxopyga alboguUirin mant i Hmiik. Snutlisonian Misc. Coll.. L.XI. 17, OstODSf 21, p. 8. Mazeras, British East Africa. Type, an adult female, skin and skull; also two other females from the type local: 1913. Lasiopyga albogularis kima Hiii.kk. Smithsonian Misc. < 'oil . l.XI. No. 17, October 21, p. 9. Mount Mbololo, Taita District. Hritish Last Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull; and nine other ipssiinsns, in part topotypes. 1913. Lasiopyga ascanius kaimosx Heller, Smithsonian Misc. ( 'oil.. I.\l. No, 17, October 21, p. 10. Near Kaimosi, T'p|>er Lukosa River. Hritish East Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull; also a large tsriei of topo-paratypes. 1913. Lasiopyga pygerythra tunil>ili Hklleh, Smithsonian Misc. Coll . l.XI No. 17, October 21, p. 10. Ndi, Taita District, Hritish East Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull; and 12 other specimens, mostly topotypes. 1913. Lasiopyga pygerythra arenaria Hi i i i.k. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LXI, No. 17, October 21, p. 11. Merille waterholes, Marsabit Road, British East Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull, also 16 paratypes from the type region. 1913. Lasiopyga leucampyx sibatoi Lore.vz, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wisn, Math-Nat. KL, L, No. 26, December 11. p. 439. Mountain forest northwest of Lake Tanganyika (2000 m.). Type, an old male, skin and skull. 1914. Lasyopyga schmidti montana Lorenz, Anz. Ak. \\ iss. Wisn, Math-Nat. KL, LI, No. 17, July 2, p. 357. Territory of the Wabembe, northwest of Lake Tanganyika. Based on six skins from the type locality. No type designated. 1914. Lasyopyga schmidti ituriensis Lorn \ / Anz. Ak. Wiss. \\ ien, Math.-Nat. KL, LI, No. 17, July 2, p. 357. Ituri Forest near Beni and Mawambi. Based on four skins from these localities. No type designated. Referred by Lorenz in 1917 to C. schmidti enkamer Matschie. 1914. Lasyopyga tantalus beniana Lorenz, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wisn, Math.-Nat. KL, LI, No. 17, July 2, p. 358. Beni, Belgian Congo. Based on two skins. No type designated. 1914. Lasyopyga tantalus graueri Lorenz, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wi. n. Math.-Nat. K1.,LI, No. 17, July 2, p. 358. Baraka, northwest shore of Lake Tanganyika. Based on a female skin and skull. 1915. Cercopithecus pulcher Lorenz, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wisn, Math.-Nat. KL, LII, No. 14, p. 171. Cameroon, without definite locality. Baaed on two skins with- out skull, sex not determinable. 1915. Cercopithecus thomasi rutschuricus LOOMS, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wisn, Math.-' KL, LII, No. 14, p. 172. Eastern slope of Mount Rutshuru, altitude 1600 m. Based on skin and skull of an old male. Later (1917) referred by Lorenz to Cercopithecus thomasi Matschie. 1916. Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus) toldti Wettotein, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wisn, Math.- Nat. KL, LI II, p. 189; 1918, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. KL, XCIV, (1917), p. 645. Gebel Rihal near Kadugli, South Kordofan. Type, an adult female; also a cotype, a young female. lyj.v Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 361 1017. Cercopithecus schmidti rutschuricus LOOM, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, \ \ \ I p. 228, l'l x \ . tig. 2 (skull). Mountain border of Rutschuru Plain. Type, a male, akin and skull. Not Cercopithecus thomasi rutschuricus Lorenz, 1915. 1918. Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus) cailliaudi 1 ttksehr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, . X< IV. (1917), p. 643. Based on "einige Affenfelle im Berliner -eum und auf die Abbildung (nicht Text) des 'Grivet' in Geoff .-Fr. Cuvier ■ lIi.~T..ii-. \ ..• ran : - Mammiferes 1824"." Type, a female in the Berlin Museum, collected by Werne <>n the [LonperT] Blue Nile; other specimens referred to it are from North Al>y>aini:i. Err- ra basin, Salomona, Tacazze-Biagela, Mograt Island, near Aim Hamed and from Nile Valley to Jebel Ambukol. (Cf. loc. cit., pp. 638-641.) 1919. Cercopithecus ascanius katangae L< Rev. Zool. Africaine. VII, October, p. 122. Kinda, southern Belgian Congo. Based on 11 specimens from Kinda, without designation of type. 1919. Cercopithecus ascanius orientalis Lonnberg, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, Octo- ber, p. 125 (in text). Campi Simba, Zuwani River, British East Africa. Type, a female, incomplete skin without skull. 1919. Cercopithecus brazzx uelensis Lonnberg, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, October, p. 130 (in text). Poko, Uele district, Belgian Congo. Based on three specimens. 1919. Cercopithecus leucampyx mat \.<oin, Buffon (1766, 1829. Simia melnr KEv Ami...: YA 2, I, p. 92. Cites F. Cuvier, win, Le Talapoin. MS Bulletin American Mu.- <>ry \.l \I.\II 1842. MiopUhecugca-pilUit'i*\.(\Y.i>YYHn\,{\m\\\\.\U\u\. \< BcLPai 720, footnote. "... u oooreUe, l«- Mioptthequc chevelu [M. rapillatus), voimii iln Talapoin, mais uo peu plus grand et a ]h'1;ikc dun mux legerement vrnlatrc." NO locality, in> further deeoription. 1907. Cercopithecus talapoin ansorgei Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. Landon. ( >etol>er 8, p. 742. Cambaca (=Canhoca), Angola. Two -penmen-, type :i male from BOOB, and a female paratype from Casualalla, North Angola (ED 1919. Miopithecus talapoin p&ettei L<>\\hki«;, Rev. /ool. Africaine, VII. October, p. I1Q. Kal>awaki. Huwen/ori. altitude 2800 m. Type, a malr. -km without ■koIL Erythrocebus Trouessart |s'.<7 /. .'' eOJDMI (nhfJMMM of Ci rrnfiilfiirns) TitorKssAltT, *< 'at. Manun. \'iv. Foss..' I. p. H>. Tyjie, l>y subsequent designation (Pocock 1907), Simia patas Behreber. • cbws Gray, 'Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, and Print rating Bats,' pp. 5, 24, part. 9 l a i' and BUMMM ii i' \ UU Hi i kkuu.k to Eri/throrebus 177.". Simia patat >< am n a, 'Siugthiare,.1 I. p. 98, PI. xvi (copied from Buffon). Based on Le Patas, Buffon (1766, 'Hist. Nat XIV. p. 208, Pis. x.w. \\\i. • u:il. without definite loeality. »iin rubra Gmelin, Linnams, 'Syst. Nat.. I. p. 84. New name for Simia mono and Simia patat Behreber. 1792. Simia [CtreopUkteut) ruber nigrofasciatux I mm. Kin^d..' p. 71. 48. Senegal." A 'variety'' at Simia ruber Gmelin = Simia patas Sehreber. 1792. Simia (CereopHheeut) ruber atbafaedatut Knot, 'Anim. Kingd.,1 p. 71, 49. "Senegal." A "variety" of Simia ruber (Jinelin = Simia patas Sehfl I ism Simia rufa Schkkbkr, 'Siugthiere,1 BoppL, PI. xwiB mo h in pymmottu Ebnmm b wi> I. him rbxbo, Verhandl. Geo. Niturf. Berlin. I. p. 107. Kordofan. is polioph;i R n in it \« ii. 'Vollatind. N'atm:. Ben,' p. 122, fig. Mr\\. First doOCriptlOB "f BeQgJhVl ('. poHo] Not Been; cita- tion.- and i-oiiunent from other authors. Fazogli. Blue Nile, on border of Western Al>\— inia. ix circumcinctus \{y n iiknhai h. 'Voll-tatid. NaturResch. Affen.' p. 123, I'l. wxi, fig. 310. (Not seen.) Locality unknown. Type, a menagerie specimen. 1905. Erytkroa (tegi Mm- hik. Btteungab. Gee. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, De- OBmber, p. 27 1. Sokode, Togoland, West Afriea. Type, a female. 1905. Ert/thm M \r-< hik, SitzuriRsb. (ies. Naturf. I'r. Berlin. December, p. 274. K< iiii:, BHlUttf Naturf. I'r. Berlin, De- eember, p. 276. Garua, upper Benne River, Cameroon. Type, an immature female. 'Hrtiglin (1861. IVtermann-* Mitteilunnen. VII. p. 13) mentions an animal of the C. pata* group discovered by him on the White Nile and in Fasogli, under this name, but without description. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 363 1905. Erythrocebus baumstarki Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, December, p. 278. Ikomo, east of the southeast end of Victoria Nyanza. Type, a subadult female. 1906. Cercopithecus patas sannio Thomas, Ann. Ifag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVII, Febru- ary, p. 17:;. Vo. I^ke Chad. Type, an adult male. 1909. Erythrocebtis albigatus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, p. 265. Egyp- tian Sudan, exact locality not known. Type, an adult male, skin and skull. 1909. Erythrocebtis formosvs Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, September, p. 264. Uganda, particular locality not given. Type, and only specimen, a male skin without skull. 1910. Erythrocebus vrhitei Hollibter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LVI, No. 2, March 31, p. 1 1, PI. ii (skull). Nzoia River, Guas Ngishu Plateau, British East Africa. Type, an adult male, skin and skull. 1912. Cercopithecus (Erythrocebtis) pottos aVbosignatus Matschie, Rev. Zool. Afri- caino. I. March, p. 433, fig. 1 (head). Mbomu River, Uele Basin, Belgian Congo. 16, an adult female. 1912. Cercopithecus (Erythrocebus) patas poliomystax Matschie, Rev. Zool. Afri- caine, I, March, p. 434. Upper Congo, locality unknown. Type, an adult male, skin and skull. The foregoing list of 1741 species and subspecies of Lasiopyga, Mio- pithecus and Erythrocebus described prior to and including 1920 may be divided into six sections, four of which represent quarter centuries. Periods Number of Forms 1768-1799 15 1800-1824 5 1825-1850 26 1851-1874 12 ls7">-1899 17 99 Of these 174 tana* about one-fourth had been rek tjated to synonymy by 1912 (by Pocock in 1907 and by Elliot in 1912, both authors being in pmctieal agreemenl reepeetim A few described since 1912 have already shared the same disposal, as will doubtless still others when the group is Benin roniprrhi'ii.xivrlv revised. The above statistical table shows that Che number of forms described during the first two decades of the present century greatly exceeds the number described during the DTOeeding century and a half (99 and 75, Tin- Mir, ,ase is in marked eon-elation with the increase of material representing this group in the museums of Europe and America >Thia number ia approximate, and will doubtieas be ineriMid whan ail the literature publiabad in 1017-1019 baa become available (or anamination, 'MV\ Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol . XI.VII since 1905. It may be Farther noted that nearly two-thirds of the forms described during the last twenty years, or 61 of the 99, have been given trinomial names indicating geographic f orms or subspecies. It is how- BVer evidenl from a study of the literature of t his later period, in con- nection with the largi of specimens of these monkeys from ringk localities in the Upper Congo region now available for comparison, that many of the names recently proposed for species and subspecies will prove to be superfluous. I taring the century from 1758-1857 forty-nine specific and two sub- specific names were proiwsed for African guenons. The first ten pro- posed 1758-1775) are still current, as are sixteen others proposed prior to 1S.")7, or twenty-six out of fifty-one. The other twenty-five have passed into synonymy, many of which were intentionally proposed as substitute names, most of them In-fore the B. A. (or Strickland) Code of Nomenclature was promulgated, or when authors felt at lilwrty to propose names in place of earlier names that failed to satisfy their sense of appropriateness. Others, and these are not few, were given through lack of knowledge of the subject. Most of the names given prior to the eighteenth century were based on the descriptions and illustrations of pre-Linnean or other nonbinomial authors, and nearly all were described originally from living specimens observed in menageries or from preserved specimens derived from such sources. During the first half of the nine- teenth century, besides the still available menagerie sources, man; were based on imperfect native-made skins, without skulls, often without feel or the facial portion, and with imperfect tails. From the geographical point of view the conditions were equally unfortunate. Three-fourths of the species were from unknown or indef- initely known localities, as "Africa," "West Africa," or "West Africa?" Some were even attributed to Madagascar, South America, and East Indies. Prior to 1858 actual localities were given for very few as follows: St. Jago, Cape Verde Islands, one; Fernando Po, three; Port Natal, one; Sierra Leone, one; Mozambique, two; Cafraria, 2. With these exceptions there were no type localities for the species described, and their approximate geographic sources have been determined by the later reception of specimens similar to the types from more or less def- initely known localities. For the most part no definite type district has been formally assigned to the first described forms, even in cases where subspecies have been assigned to the groups denoted by eighteenth and early nineteenth century names.1 The practice of basing a spc ■The guenons are of course not exceptional in this respect, but it has become more or less the custom with many recent revisers to arbitrarily designate a type locality for the first described form of a group of subspecies with which they find it necessary to deal in a comprehensive way. Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* iti.") or a subspecies on a single specimen from an unknown locality still con- tinues, about a dozen such forms having l>een descril>ed since the year 1900. A vnv lame part of the species thus far described prove to have been originally founded on single specimens, and often on immature tuples. The number of cases when the describer refers to more than one mple M having been examined at the time t he original description was prepared are relatively few; reference to a series of topotypical specimens is ran1, but lea so during the last ten or fifteen years than previously. gpecting the geographical distribution of the 174 described (or renamed) forms, about 50 were from unknown or conjecturally known localit its. Most of these were probably from \\ rea1 Africa, a number from the Upper < ongo drainage, a few from East Africa. About thirty were assigned to more or less definitely known localities in West Africa, about forty to definite localities in Central Africa (mainly the drainage basin of the < ongo), and about fifty to definite localities in East Africa. Thus about 120 of the forms have satisfactorily known type localities. Some fifty species and subspecies of gnenons have been described from the Belgian < 'ongo and the adjoining border of Uganda, all but five of them during the |>eriod 1905-1919. Eight have no type localities, but are recorded as from "Congoland," "Upper Congo," "Congo Forest" Ltanberg, in an important paper on the monkeys of the Belgian Congo published in 1919, ' dealt with al>out 175 specimens of guenon- in the < "ongo Museum at Tervueren. of which he records twenty- eight forms (seven as new). Most of the ipeciinerjs are listed with their peettve localities and the name of the collector. Fifteen of the twenty- eight forms are given the status of subspecies, and allotted to seven species; nine additional binomial forms are recognized. Valuable in- formation i- given respecting their relationships and individual variation. numerous localities mentioned cover a wide extent of country, but usually then specimens of any form from any single locality, the highest being usually four to six (in one case nine, from Tshopo), in with frequent serial of tan to fifteen or more of the sun- from single localities, and from fifteen to forty or more from a small trict, as in (he present Upper Congo collection. Bhw. 1919. ' Contribution* to tb« Knowledge about tb* Mocker* of B*l«i*n Coato,* •LOnabarc Kinar 101 Rev. ZooL Alrioun*. VII. pp I N N I ft tm American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X LY 1 1 isions of African Guenons The guenoos1 wew revised by Pocock1 in 1907 and by Elliot in 1913* (the manuscript of the latter was transmitted to the printer in June, 1912). In the interval of practically four years between the publication of Poem -k "> i« vision and the date to which Elliot brings the subject (only one special described in 1912 is included) twenty-one new forms were described. Deducting these from the number included by Elliot, the following comparison may be made of the two revisions for the period 1758 to 1907. Pocock included all the guenons in the genus Cercopi- tlix-its. hut recogniied thirteen groups, indicated by the name of the leading >f each, as "Diana Group," "Neglectus Group," etc. Elliot substituted Lasiopyga for Cercopithecus and formally recognized three genera and (right subgenera for the forms referred to Cercopithecus by Pocock. In the main the subdivisions made by the two authors are equivalent groups, although in three instances two of Pocock's "groups" are combined as one by Elliot. But the order of sequence is radically different, as shown by the following comparison: Pocock's Groups Elliot's Subgenera and Genera 1. 2. Diana group Segledus group 4 species + 1 subspecies }>■ Pogonocebus (subg.) Trouessart 4 species 3. 4. Leucampyx group Emu group 5 species +7 subspecies Y- Mi Innocebus Elliot (new subg.) ( = Diademia Reichenbach) 11 species +1 subspecies 5. Albogularis group 8 species +5 subspecies 7. Insignicebus Elliot (new subg.) 11 species +5 subspecies 6. Mona group 6. Mono (subg.) Reichenbach (unten- able) ( ■ Monichus Oken) 7 species +1 subsp< 7 species +1 subspecies 7. L'hoesli group 1. .4 llochrocebus Elliot (new subg.) 1 species +1 subspecies 1 species 8. Erylhrogaster group 9. Petaurisla group > 2. Rhinostictus (subg.) Trouessart 4 species +2 subspecies 7 species ■Including members of the genera Lariopyoa, Miopithecut and Erythroeebu*. •Pocock. R. I. 1907. 'A Monographic Revision of the Monkeys of the Genus Cercopithecus. ' Proe. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 677-746, Pis. xxxix-xlji and text figs. 179-193. •Elliot. Daniel Giraud. 1913. 'A Review of the Primates,' (1912), II. pp. 275-382, Pis. 3-8 (colored). Pis. xxxi-xxxix (skulls), PI. 11 (2 figs, from life). Pis. 1-4 (heads); III, pp. 1-18. Pis. 1-2 (skulls), PI. i (fig. from life). 1925] AUen, Congo Collection of Primates 367 Pocock's Gboups Elliot's Subgenera and Genera 10. Cephus group 3 specie8 + l subspecies 4. Neocebus Elliot (new subg.) 4 species 11. Jithiops group 8 species +7 subspecies 5. Chlorocebus (subg.) Gray 12 species +3 subspecies 12. Talapoin group 1 species + 1 subspecies 9. Miopithecus (gen.) I. Geoffroy 2 sp< 13. Patan group 1 species +1 subspecies1 10. Erythrocebus (gen.) Trouessart 9 species Pocock states respecting the status of his "groups": "The applica- tion of Bubgeneric names to these sections is at present, I think, prema- ture, because they rest almost wholly upon color-characters; and if the system be adopt ed with consistency, it will be necessary to introduce additional names to emphasize the isolation of certain other species, such as C. neglectus, C. Vhoesti, and possibly ('. idgrotiridU." Elliot, in partial agreement with these suggestions, proposed the new subgenus All for the L. I'hoesti group, Melanocebus- for the L. leucampyx and /,. groups, Neocebus for the L. Cephas group, Insignicebus for the L. albogularis group. He also combined the L. diana and L. neglecta groups under Pogonocebus Trouessart . t he /.. « rythrogaster and L. roupe under Rhinostictus Trouessart. The L. mono group was recognized under Hie name Mona BeJchenbach i = Mondehua Oken), and the L. 4 roup under the name Chlorocebus Gray. He gave the < ' . t(ihii»< n group recognition as a genus under the name Miopithecus I. < leoffro] and theC patos group generic status as Erythrocebus Ttoob^ There are naturally many differences in resped to the status and nomenclature of the forms recognised respectively by the two authors for the same period of time ( 1758-1907), as shown in the table of and subspecies below. The margina] numben prefixed to the oai indicate the order of sequence. These show at i glance the differenos in th<- order of arrangement in the two revisions. Synonyms are also included to elucidate the rulings of both authoi The imiiiiImt of forms re«-«' and 27 additional subspecies) ; the DUttlbef of torn, /ed as valid by Klhot if 7^ (68 species and 10 additional subspecies The total •Saran otbara rttend to grythrofhu* by Matacbia art Uatad but bald In abcymnca. •No janotypa ia indicated for JfafamaaHi but it baaoanaa in affect a ayaonym of Diaimii Raiebaa- barh. 868 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.VI I number recognised by Klliot (from 1758 to 1912) is 98 (81 special and 17 subspeciei . including 21 published utter 1907 (indicated by an asterisk prefixed t<> the marginal number). Twelve of these were ed by Klliot. two by Hoflister, three by Thomas, and Thomas and \¥roQSJbt0Hj and one each by Pocock, Biittikofer, Dollman, and Lonnberg. The number of names assigned as synonyms is 39 by Pocock and 10 by Klliot. hut the names thus allocated are not always the same. Pocock states (loc. cit., p. 680), that the material lie had at his disposal was "the skins in the collection of the [Zoological] Society and the examples living in the (iardens during the past four years, most of which were deposited for scientific work of this kind by the Hon. Walter lix'hild." He also had "the freest possible access at all times" to the collection in the British Museum. He also says, "I regret that lack of proper material has prevented me making use of skull-characters." Klliot (loc. cit.. II, p. 290) comments on this inadequate material which "though considerable in number of specimens, gave the Author no personal knowledge of many species in Continental Museums not rep- resented in the British Museum, and thus placed him at a disadvantage. Cranial characters, which are of supreme importance in the discrimination of species were not considered at all, for the reason as he states, that 'lack of proper material has prevented me from making use of skull- characters,' and so at the outset he was deprived of one of the most important methods of determining species." Pocock further says: "One great systematic difficulty that I have had to face, and in many cases to leave unsatisfactorily settled, is the decision as to the status, whether specific or subspecific, that should be given to certain forms. This is an ext remely difficult point, and one about which probably no two authors will agree. I suspect that most of my present day colleagues will think that I have been too lavish with sub- ipecics, and will consider thai the higher rank should have been assigned to them in most cases. Personally, I doubt if in all instance! I have gone quite far enough in reducing species to subspecific level." Klliot comments (loc. cit., p. 292): "Mr. Pocock's method of em- ploying subspecific names is somewhat perplexing, for it is generally understood by Naturalists that a subspecies can only be properly estab- lished when there an intergrades between it and a closely related species, Now nearly all the recognized Sttbspeciei in this [Pocock's] paper .... have no intermediates, and consequently should not be classed as sub- species." Possibly Pocock's view here criticised by Elliot is too liberal, but certainly that of his critic is too narrow and not in accord with the Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 908 cepted view that general conditions, ideographical and en- vironmental, as illustrated and well known in hundreds of parallel eases, entitled to weight in considering the status of closely related forms in cases where actual intergradee are absent but all other indications point mbipecific rather than specific relationship. While Elliot had the advantage of a wider scope of material there is no evidence that he had opportunity to examine a larir- specimens of any one form, much - of any form from a single locality, or was able to bring ther for direct comparison examples seen in one museum with those in other museums. Poeock mentions the Erythrocebus group (typified by C. patas), as standing out from the others and which "might perhaps with advantage _iven full generic status," the living animals l>eing markedly different not only in color but in form. In fact Erythrocebus has been accorded full ric rank not only by Klliot but by several ot he r recent authors. It is so treated in the li.-t of the genera, species and subspecies given above in present paper, and in the detailed consideration of the material of the SjUenon group collected by the American Museum ( 'ongo Expedition, liich material the resources available at the present writing are un- fortunately almost wholly restricted. Species and Subspecies of Lasiopyga ( = Cercopithecus) Cercopithecus Poeock, 1907 Lasiopyga Elliot, (1912) 1913 1. Diana Groi p 8. Subgenus Pogonocebus 1 . C. diana (Linnaeus) 64. Sfj i Linnaeus) I . diana var. ignita Gray Syn. diana var. ignita Gray -loway (Schreber) 65. L. roloway (Erxleben) Syn. palatinus Wagner palatinus Wanner 2. Neglectu* < in. >i r ' '. negledus Schkgel 62. L. neglecta (Schlegel) 3a. C. negledus neglect us leucocampyx Gray (not leucampyz Fu*< " bra::.! M -Edwards 36. C neglectus brazziformis Poeock 63. /.. hfMH 1 M -Edwards) is. C. or* Poeock1 'Tozziformut Poeock " ezrm Poeock leucampyz Group Subgenus Metanocebus Klliot [ — Diademia Reichenbaeh] 4. C. leucampyz Fischer 9. L. leucampyz (Fischer) 4a. C. leucampyz leucampyz Syn. diana F. Cuvier Syn. diana F. Cuvier diadematus I. Geoffrey 'The »»trri«k »»f..rr .. pubHcBUoo o< Pocoes'a Mooograph imiirataa that tba to indicated wm daacrtbad mtUt U* 870 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol M. MI Speaiei iad Bobipeoiei of Lasiopyga (—Cercopithecus) (Caul Cercopithecu8 Pocock, 1907 Lasiopyga Elliot, (1912) 1913 Syn. diadematus I. Geoff roy 46. C. leucampyx stuhlmanni Matschie 15. L. stuhlmanni (Matschie) Syn. otoleucus Sclater Syn. otoleucus Sclater 16. L. neumanni (Matschie) 4c. C. leucampyx carruthersi Pocock 19. L. carruthersi (Pocock) Ad. C. leucampyx doggetti Pocock 17. L. doggetti (Pocock) ♦18. L. princeps (Elliot) Syn. stuhlmanni Pocock, not Matschie 4e. C. leucampyx nigrigenis Pocock 11. L. nigrigenis (Pocock) Syn. leucampyx Sclater (not Fischer) if. C. leucampyx pluto Gray 10. L. pluto (Gray) Ag. C. leucampyx boutourlinii Giglioli 12. L. boutourlinii (Giglioli) Syn. omensis Thomas Syn. albogularis Giglioli (not Sykes) " omensis Thomas 5. C. opisthostictus Sclater 13. L. opisthosticta (Sclater) 6. C. kandti Matschie 57. L. kandti (Matschie)1 •n. L. aurora (Thomas and Wrough- ton) 4. Nictitanx ( laotff 7. C. nictitans (Linnams) 7a. C. nictitans nictitans 76. C. nictitans laglaizei Pocock 8. C. martini \\ aterhouse Syn. ludio Gni\ ' ' stampflii Jen t i n k " ? temmincki I. Geoff roy 5. Albogularis Group 9. C. albogularis (Sykes) 9a. C. albogularis albogularis BjTO. erythrarchus Peters 96. C albogularis beirensis Pocock 9c. C. albogularis rufilatus Pocock i. trnonoides I. Geoffroy 9d. C. albogularis albotorquatus Pou- ■MgUM 10. C. kolbi Neumann 10a. C. kolbi hindei Pocock 20. L. nictitans (Linnsus) 20a. L. nictitans laglaizei (Pocock) 22. L. martini (Waterhouse) n. ludio Gray " temmincki I. Geoffroy " melanogenys Schlegel " stampflii Jcntink •21. L. stidiceps (Elliot) 7 52. L. albogularis (Sykes) Syn. monoides I. Geoffr " erythrarchus Peters 52a. L. albogularis beirensis (Pocock) 52c. L. albogularis rufilata (Pocock) *52d. L. albogularis kibonotensis (Lonn- berg) 50. L. albotorquata (Pousargues) 51. L. koUri (Neumann) 51a. L. kolbi nubila (Dollman) 516. L. kolbi hindei (Pocock) XL. kandti is placed by Elliot in hi* subgenus Intignicebu*. 1938] Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 371 Si* m -ics and Subspecies of Lasiopyga ( = Cercopithecus) (Continued) Cercapithecus Pocock, 1907 11. C. moloneyi Sclater stairsi Sclater 12a. C. stairsi stairsi C. stairsi mossambicus Pocock 13. C. rufotinctus Pocock 14. C. francescx Thomas ' '. preussi Matschie crossi Forbes 16. C. labiatus I. Geoffroy samango Sundevall 6. Mono Group 17. 18. 19. 20. 22. C. tnona (Schreber) '.rhouse C. burnetii Gray C. denti Thomas C. vcolfi Meyer C. grayi Fraser 22a. C. grayi grayi •i. erxlebeni Dahlb. and Pucher. 226. C. grayi nigripes Du Chaillu 23. C. pogonias Bennett 7 /.'/'( .):..! f tat 24a. C. lhasli I'hasti 246. C. Vhasti thomasi Matschie 8. Erythrogaster G i 25. C. erythrogaster < 9. Peiaurista Group 26. C. peiaurista (Schreber) 26a. C. peiaurista peiaurista • hi'' 266. C. peiaurista butlikofrri Jon? ink J7 ' a ' << 'Au v„ L.fif hie Jentink L. ascanius (Audeb melanogenys Gray '• Mttrifl Uti'li.iibach - to* L. ascanius xrhitesidei Thomas) lL. Ommmn is pl*e«d by EUi ot in hia wibg— in InaiemJM**: AT2 Bulletin American M rnl History v..i. \i.\ii SjM'cics :m\v 4. Neocebus Elliot 29. pkut I Limurus) 23. /. i> phus (Liniueus) M* C. cephus cephu* M /.. n /ihodes (Pen 206. C. cephus cephodes Cboock •25. L. inobservata (Elliot) 30. C. eryihrotis Waterhouse 27. L. erythrotis Waterhouse) 31. C. sclateri Pocock 26. L. 8claieri (Pocock) 11. .Ethiops Group 5. Subgenus Chlorocebus 32. C. sabatus (Limueus) 31. L. callithrichus (I. Geoffroy) Syn. werneri I. Geoff roy Svn. nabaeus Pousargues (not Linnams) " callithrichus I. Geoff roy 32. L. werneri (I. Geoffroy) 33. ft aethiops ( Linnaeus) 33. L. griseoviridis (Desmarest) 33a 'hiops aethiops Syn. griseoviridis Desmarest Syn. sabaeus E. Geoffroy (not Linnams) " subviridis F. Cuvier " griseus Lesson " griseus F. Cuvicr " sabaeus I. Geoffroy (not Linnams) 336. C. aethiops eUenbecki Neumann 33c. C. aethiops hilgerti Neumann 34. 35. 36. 36a. 366. 37. 38. 38a. C. matschiei Neumann ft iljamdjamensis Neumann ft tantalus OgiU>y ft tantalus tantalus Syn. ? chrysurus Bly t h " ? sabaeus Reichenbach ' caUithrichus Forbes " ? sabaeus Pousargues C. tantalus budgetti Pocock C. cynosurus (Scopoli) Syn. tephrops Bennett C. pygerythrus F. Cuvicr C. pygerythrus pygerythrus Syn. eryihropyga G. Cuvicr " pusiUus Desmoulins " lalandii I. Geoffroy Lasiopyga Elliot. | L912) 1 7. L. signata (Jentink) Syn. mnritin Sdater (not Waterhouse nictitans Bahlagel (part) L. schmidti (Matschie) v " engythiihea Gray " aethiops Anderson (n< mkm) 28bis. L. hilgerti I Neumann) Syn. eUenbecki Neumann 28. L. matschiei (Neumann) 29. L. djamdjamensis (Neumann) 30. L. tantalus (Ogilby . 30a. L. tantalus budgetti (Pocock) '306. L. tantalus griseisticla (Elliot) *30c. L. tantalus alexandri (Pocock) 34. L. cynosura (Scopoli) Syn. tephrop Bennett 35. L. pygerythra (F. Cuvier) Syn. pusiUus Desmoulins " eryihropyga G. Cuvier " lalandii I. Geoffroy Alien, Congo Collection of Primate* 373 Speriea and Subspecies of Lasiopyga ( = Cercopithecus) (Continued) u Pocock, 1907 386. C. pygerythrus rufoviridis I. Geoffroy favidus Peters 38c. C. pygerythrus whytei Pooock 38d. C. pygerythrus Johnston i Pocock 38e. C. pygerythrus centralis Neumann BO. 6(1. 39. C. nigroviridi* Pocock 1_' Talapoin Group 40. C. talapoin (Schreber) 40a. C. talapoin talapoin n. tnelarhina G. Cuvier 406. C. talapoin ansorgei Pocock 13. Patas Group 41. C. patas (Schreber) 41'i. C. patas patas ruber (Gmelin) 416. C patas pyrronotus Hemp, and Bra. Other forms recognised by Matschie (except sannio Thomas) as species of Eryihrocebus and listed by Pocock at the close of t he paper as follows: rufa Beta l umcinctus Reichenbach sanmo Thomas zechi MatHchie kerstingt V '•' poliophru* Ki-M-lii-nliach baumstarki Matschie • Status of thi Qknksii Namk t '< napithecus I.inna-us (1748) in the sixth edition of hi- S\-i. mi Niiiiia-" placed all the primates in his genus Simm without division into named groups. Of his sixteen specie t«-n wen indicated as species with tail-. BriHOO 1756, K.un. Amm..' Tabula, p. 188) was the first author to dividr the genm fifiewo Into named groups, In- ns are as follows: Lasiopyga Elliot, (1912) 1913 36. L. rufoviridis (I. Geoffroy) Syn. flavidus Peters •37. L. rubella (ElUot) •38. L. callida Hollister 39. /,. centralis | Neumann) 39a. L. centralis whytei (Pocock) 396. L. centralis johnstoni (Pocock) •39c. L. centralis lutea (Elliot) •40. L. silacea (Elliot) 41. L. nigroviridis (Pocock) 9. Genus Miopithecus 79. M. talapoin (Schreber) Syn. capillatus I. Geoffroy " melarhinus " Schinz " M. ansorgei (Pocock) 10. Genus Erythrocebus E. patas (Schreber) Syn. ru6er Gmelin " ru6er nigrofasciatus Kerr " ru6er albofasciatus Kerr E. pyrronotus (Hemp, and Ehren.) E. formosus Elliot E. poliophspuK ( Reichenbach) hitei Hollister E. kerstingi (Matschie) E. z> hie E. langheldi Matschk K albigenu* Elliot E. sannio (Thomas) E. circumcinctus (Reichenbach) E. baumstarki Matschie 67. •68. 69. •70. 71. 72. 73. •74. 75. 7ft, 77. 374 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X IV 1 1 Sim j.e sunt vt-1 Ecaudate; Rostro brevi Simia Stirpe I. Rostro productiore Simia Cynocephala Btnrpi II Caudate; Cauda brevissima Papio Stirps III. Cauda longa; Rostro brevi Cercopithecus Stirps IV. Rostro productiore. .. .Cercopithecua Cynocephalus . .. .Stirps V. Under Stirps IV, Cercopithecus, he placed twenty-nine species, of which nine were new and the remaining twenty wen* based on preceding authors. Thus Cercopithecus included all the long-tailed monkeys of the world then known, by Par the greater part of which were from tropical America, but the few African and Asiatic species previously described were also included. The sixth edition of Linnaeus 'Syst. Nat.' is uni- formly cited in the references. As Brisson's work was published prior to 1758, his generic and subgeneric names are invalid. I.innaMis ( 1758) in the tenth edition of his 'Syst. Nat.' divided the genus Simia into three sections: (1) Cauda nulla: Simia nloutn: (2) Cauda abbreviata: Papiones; (3) Cauda elongata: Cercopitlini. 1 ln- latter included all the long-tailed monkeys, those of the Old World as well as of America, the former comprising macaques as well as guenons. The names of these divisions, however, are in plural form and hence not available as generic (or subgeneric) deognat ions. A second abridged edition of Brisson's 'Regn. Anim." was brought out in 1762 by the Dutch publisher Theodore Haak, but, as he states in his introduction, it was his own publication ("hac mea editione") and simply a reprint of the Latin portion of the bilingual original I French and Latin in parallel columns), without change except for small addi- tions of new matter, indicated by insertion between brackets. The original Latin t<\t is otherwise unchanged. It is therefore a republication of the Latin text of t he original quarto edition of 1756,1 and does not pre validity to Brisson's genera.2 The avowed additions by the publisher alone would have validity, but none of these occur in the part devoted to the primates. 'The publisher state* that he was induced to issue it in this form in order that it might be more easily carried about and thus serve better the convenience of students interested in the study of this subject. 'See 1910, 'International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,' Opinion 5, July. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 375 n lat ion to the present discussion of the generic name Cercopithe- cus comes through the publication of Gronow's 'Zoophylacium' in 1763,1 'Gronow "s Genera and Species of Mam mala in his 'Zoophylacium' (1763, fasc. 1, pp. 1-0), are aa follow.-.: I . Myrmecophaga Gronow (ex Briason — Myrmecophaga Linnaeus) . 1. — M. didactylut Liniueus (by citation of Linnaeus, 1758, ' Syst. Nat.,' Ed. 10, gen. 8. •p. 1). 2. — M. trtdactylus Liniueus (toe. eit., gen. 8, sp. 2). Type of Myrmecophaga Liniueus by restriction. II. Pholidotut Gronow (ex Briseon — Manit Linnaeus). 'i.— Manit pentadactyla Luuueus (loc. cit., gen. 9, sp. 1). Monotypic type of Manit Linnaeus. III. Tardigradut Gronow (ex Briason -Rradyput Luuueus; not Tardigradut Boddaert, 1784 — Lorit E. Geoffroy. 1796). 4. —Bradyput tridactylus Linnaeus (loe. eit., gen. 7, sp. 1). Type of Bradyput Linnaeus by restriction. IV. Cataphractut Gronow (ex Briason — Datyput Luuueus). 5. — Datyput novemcinctut Linnaeus {loc. eit., gen. 17, sp. 6). Tautonomic type of Daty- put Linnaeus. V. Elephat Gronow (ex Briason — EUpha* Linnaeus). 6. — Elepha* maximut Liniueus (.loc. cit., gen. 5, sp. 1). Monotypic type of Elephat Linnaeus. VI. Capra Gronow (ex Linnaeus, loc. eit., gen. 31). Tautonomic type, C. hircu* Linnaeus. 7. —Capra angorentit Briason (1756, ' Regn. Anim.,' p. 64). 8. ••Capra uattlla Linnaeus (loc. cit., gen. 31, sp. 7). Type of Oryx Blainvilie, 1816. VII. Certut Gronow (ex Briason — Certut Linnaeus) . 9. — Certut bexoarticut Linnaeus (loc. cit., gen. 30, sp. 6). The type of Certut Linnaeus is fortunately Certut elephat Linnaeus by tautonomy. C. bezoarticus is the type of Blattocerut Wagner, 1844. VIII. Sut Gronow (ex Briason —Sut Linnaeus). 10. —Sut tajacu Linnaeus (loc. cit., gen. 16, sp. 3). Tautonomic type of Tayattu Fischer 11.— Sua tcrofa Linnaeus (loc. eit., gen. 16, sp. 1). Tautonomic type of Sut. 12. —Sut babyrutsa Linnaeus (loc. cit., gen. 16, sp. 4). Tautonomic type of Babiroutrut Gray. W IX. Rkinocerot Gronow (ex Briason —Rhinocerot Linnaeus). 13. —Rhinocerot unicornis Linnaeus (loc. cit., gen. 22, sp. 1). Tautonomic type of Rhino- cerot Linnaeus. X. Cuniculut Gronow (ex Briason — M ut (part) Linnaeua). 14. -C. Aauti Hrinson (loc. eit. gen. i-i. gp. 2). Baaed primarily on Marcgrave. Tautono- mic type of Agouti Lacepede, 1799. 15. —C. Paea Briason (loc. cit., gen. 23, sp. 4). Baaed primarily on Marcgrave. IG.—Mut porcrUut Linnaeus (loc. eit., gen. 28, sp. 1). XI. Seiurut Gronow (ex Briseon — Sci uru* Linnaeua). 17. -Seiurut tulgant Linnaeua (loc. eit., gen. 27, ap. 1). Tautonomic type of Seiurut Linnaeus. . I. Mut Gronow (ex Briason — Mum Linnaeus). -Mut rattut Linnaeua doc. eit., gen. 26, ap. 9). 19. —Mut mutculut Linnaeus (loc. cit., gen. 26, ap. 10). Tautonomic type of Mut TJnn»>n> XIIJ. Ctrcopithrcut Gronow (ex Briason. loc eit., gen. 29, stirp. 4). 20. —Simia midat Linnaeua (loc. eit., gen. 2, ap. 15). Baaed on the "little black Monkey I'l 196." Type, by practical monotypy, of ile from Gronow. 21. -Sim. mia morta Linnaeus (loe. eit., den tillable. XIV /.. ■ ■ in..' gen. 7. ap. 3). Not a Linnean species. Gronow >r the species are, (1) Protimia futeut Briason, Cm. 31. sp. I; and CJ) Nimw teiurut Petiver. "Qaaoph., tnt>. 17. fig. 5." The -ole basis of Briason'a Protimia futeut. Linnaeus' only citation for (wards. Ave*, p. 199, p|. lyy X V. Vetprrtdio Gronow (ex Brtaaon loc cU . gen. 32 — Vtrprrlil io Linnaeua). 23. — Vttptrtilui aurxtut I.miuru* (loc. cil., gen. 4. ap. 6). 24. - Ynptrtdio murtnut linnaeua (foe. cit., gen. 4, ap. 7). Tautonomic type of VtptrtiXio Luuueus. 2ft. - Vtpertdio jnetut F.rxleben (loc. eit.. gen. 16, ap. 8). The only citatioo to "Sob*, • l.n. 2. 3. tab M, fig. 2. 3." 36. - Vttprrtilto ptrtf irus (loe. eit., goo. 4, ap. 3). 27. - VotprrtHio tpatma Lutnarue (loc. eat, gen. 4, ap. 4). The only ciUtion to "Sob*. X \ I . Phot* Gronow (as Brtaaon -Phoca Linn.. 28. - Phoca tttuhna Linna-u. ;. 4). Tautonomic type of Phoca Linnara*. XVII. C*mi» Gronow (ex Briason - 29.—Cani» famtliaru linnaeua (Ut. eit., gea. 11, ap. 1). Tautonomic type of Cantt • us). 30. -Conit awnMnw Entoben (Ut. e%t., gea. 4ft, ap. 3). 376 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol X I . \ 1 1 and the contention of Klliot that Brisson's section CereepUh§eui was validated by (ironow's restriction of it to practically ■ single >p. ■■■ Klliot assumed that tin- republican ion of the Latin text of Bri>son's work in 1762 validated Brisson's genera of mammals, overlooking the fact that it was not by Brisson himself as usually taken for granted, but by a publisher named Theodore Haak of Amsterdam in order, as explained above, to make Brisson's work more accessible to students. There is HO evidence that Gronow knew of, or made any use of, the 1762 reprint, but contra indication that be did not. Then-print is dated 17(12. the first part of the 'Zoophylaeium,' containing the mammals, is dated 1763, a folio of 140 pages, of which the mammals occupy only the first nine. Part two of the 'Zoophylaeium' (pp. i-iv+ 141-236) is dated 1764. It is therefore almost certain that the reprint of Brisson was not available at the time the first pages of the ' Zoophylaeium,' containing the mammals, were printed. Unfortunately Gronow's citations of Brisson are not by page references but by the genus and species, as "gen. 4, sp. 1 " etc., so that these give no clue to whether the citations refer to the original or the reprint. Gronow's title-page explains the scope and purpose of his work: "Zoophylacii Gronoviani Fasciculus primus exhibens Animalia Quad- rupeda, Amphibia atque Pisces, quae in Museo suo adservat, rite examinavit, systematice disposuit, descripsit, atque tconibus illustravit." The Animalia Quadrupeda number thirty-five species, distributed under twenty genera, with an additional genus of mammals {Balxna) in the order Plagiuri of his Pisces. Only two of the species are monkeys. The classification and sequence of arrangement are strictly Brissonian. Eigh- teen of the twenty genera of Gronow's mammals are attributed to Bris- son, the other two to Linnaeus, namely, Lemur ( = Prosimia Brisson) and Capra ( = Hircus Brisson). In reality fourteen of the genera are Lin- nean and only six Brissonian. The only two species of monkeys recorded are placed in Cercopithecus literally as follows: "Cercopithecus. Brisson. Quadr. gen. 29, stirp. 4." XVI 1 1. Lutra Gronow (ex Hrinson, loe. cit.. gen. 40). 31. —Murteia lutra Liniueus (loc. cit., gen. 14, ap. 2). Tautonomic type of Lutra Haak (ex Briason), 1762. XIX. Talpa Gronow (ex Briason — Talpa Linneua). 32. — Talpa europra I.inna-us (loc. eit., gen. 19, ap. 1). Tautonomic type of Talpa Linna-us. XX. Philander Gronow (ex Briason). 33. —Didtlphi* philander Linnama (loe. eit., gen. 21, ap. 2). Tautonomic type of the genua Philander Haak (ex Briason), 1762. 34. — ? No citations. Probably not identifiable. 35. —Diddphi* brevicaudata Erxleben (loe. eit., gen. 8, sp. 4). Type of Peramyi Lesson, 1842. Citation*: Briason, gen. 42, sp. 9; Seba, Thee. I. p. 50, tab. 31, fig. 6. Briason is baaed on Seba. XXI. Balarna Gronow (ex Brisson and Li niurus). 139. ~Balaena my$tieetut Linnama (loe. cit., gen. 37, sp. 1). Tautonomic type of Balaena Liniupua. l'.ij.-.j Ml,n, Congo Collection of Primates 377 "20. us imberbtn, caudatus, niger; labio superiore fisso; aurieulis quadrat is nuxhs; pedibai eroceis." ... Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, gen. 2, n. 15." [ = Simia midas Linmi'iis ] The little black Monkey. Kdw. Av. p. 196, tab. 196. Brisson is not quoted, it not being a Brissonian species. A FuDer description follows, making s*ven lines in double column, followed by "Habitat in America Meridionali." "21. ' rus caudatus. iniberbis, ore fusco: cauda nuda sub- ■ojuainosa." The tii st citation is "Brisson. Regn. Animal, n. 13," followed by ions of Seba, Petiver, Klein, and "Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 9, gen. 2. n. and "Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, gen. 2, n. 18." The first is Simia faunu.s Liniueus. the second. S. morta Limueus. neither identifiable. This allowed by a description of twelve lines in double column, and "In- habitat Ameiica Meridionalem." As the above two species of monkey are t he only species enumerated by ( ironow, it was natural that he should place them in accordance with Hrisson's system and nomenclature, which Gronow in all cases so scrupu- lously followed. If he had also had some African guenons or some naaeaquei in his Museum there is no reason to believe that he would have placed them in any group other than Brisson's Cercopithecus. It is obvious therefore that Gronow did not under any reasonable construc- tion determine the genotype of the invalid Brissonian "genus" Cercopi- Elliot1 >tated: "For nearly a century and a half the genus Cercopi- ias been employed by all mammalogists for the group of African •fonkeyi known by the popular name of Guenon, and Erxleben, 1777, is usually given as the author of the generic term. < )n investigating the literature of this name, it would seem we must go farther back into the past than Brxleben . . . to learn that C&retpUkteuB when first employed as a genus had an American monk' 'ype. and that no ( iuenon was included in it." lb then refers to hrisson's Stir ps IV. and to Gronow 's ophylachim,' where he says, "on page 5 of the Quadntptda he em- ploys Brisson's subgenus Cercopithecus SB a genus, citing it as "Slops IV ' Hrisson's work, naming M bk the 'little black monk itural History.' and giving the numb, r of the colored plate [96. This is 'cognizable ngnre of the Simia mtdai Lh> nffiUS. Th' 1« to accept the change, the Tamarins, or at lea> .f them, will have to 1k» herea M«1I, Bull. Aomt. M« N»t. Hi>t .. XXX DwwalMr 21, pp. S41 378 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. XI A 1 1 included is the genus CtrwpHheeutt which term was borne for so long a period by tin- < raenoni. . . The generic term next in order to subsl r for Cercopithecus, is Lasiopyga Illiger . . . 1811 . . . with Sim in n tans Linnaeus as its type end in this genus the Guenons must henceforth be included." Elliot accordingly used Gronow's Cercopithecus in his 'Rev. Pri- mates' (1913, I, pp. 190-193) for cmwi Linnaeus and two other allied species, and Lasiopyga (loc. cit., II, pp. 276-382) for the guenons. In a footnote (loc. cit., I, p. 190) he makes further comment, to the effect th:tt although (Ironow was not a binomialist the ' International Commis- sion on Zoological Nomenclature' has ruled (Opinion 20, 1910) that his generic names, when conforming to the provisions of the Code, are available in nomenclature. This decision had special reference to (donow's new genera of fishes, of which twenty-six were accepted as valid and six others were considered as synonyms of Linnean genera of 1768. These were all accompanied with adequate diagnoses, as W also his numerous new genera of amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates, and the genotypes wen- in many cases automatically determinable by either tautonomy or monotypy. Cercopithecus was adopted from Bris- son; no diagnosis of it was given, and only one of the two species referred to it is identifiable. CercopUhecm might thusbe construed as valid and date from Gronow. In view of his general procedure in the part of his work relating to mammals it is evident that this would be merely there- Buh of coincidence, his only identifiable species happening to be South American instead of African, and thus transferred Cercopithecus from the Iguenons to a species of tamarin. Of Gronow's twenty-one genera of m.immals. twelve had only a single species each, and eight of those w Linnean. ( >n the basis that Cercopithecus was validated by its having a single identifiable spe<-ie> referred to it, his inclusion of only one species in each of the eight Linnean genera would render the single species ferred to each its genotype by monotypy. It fortunately happens that the genotype of each of the fourteen Linnean genera adopted by ( Ironow (most of them indirectly through citation of Brisson) is determinable by tautonomy, thus Eliminating (Ironow as the determinator of their genotypes, as might not have been the case, at least in some instances,1 if Gronow had chanced to have other species in place of those he recorded. The bearing of these facts indicates the wholly fortuitous opportunity afforded later revisers of nomenclature to transfer Cercopithecus from its 'In the case of Certm, Gronow's single species is Ctrvu* btxoartieut Limueus, the type of Bltulocent* Wacner, 1844. MM] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 379 century and a half of service as Um generic designation of nearly a hun- dred <>r more species and subaneoiei of gnanons to a very small group of South American monkeys, that had been known equally as long by some othet genetic name than Cercopithecus. This change also results in the substitution of a new family BUM in place of the long familiar name opithrridse. Hence if there was ever need to invoke the plenary power of the International Zoological Nomenclature Commission to prevent a change in names when such a change "would clearly result in greater confusion than uniformity." the case of Cercopithecus is a •ninent instance. m of Endeben (1777, 'Syst. Reg. Anim.,' p. 22) embraced only Old World monkeys, of which ten of the twenty-two originally include* i were guenons, while two other genera were provided for the NVw World monkeys, all dearly defined by diagnoses giving distinc- tive characters. Stirps IV (Cercopithecus) of Brisson, 1756, and section thn-e of Linnaeus' Simia (Cauda elongata: Cercopitheci, 1758) were separated by Endeben as three natural groups designated as genera (Cercopithecus, Callithrix, Cebus). They each comprised several groups to which later taxonomers assigned generic value, but in the later sub- divi enera the names of all were conserved for a of their original content until 1911, when the name of the major ip (Cercopithecus) was given an entirely different significance. l>oth geographically and taxonomically. from its original import on a clearly fortuitous technicality, involving a change in the generic designation of <• than a hundred currently reoogniaedfonns (species and subs without any compensat inn gain for this whole- de confusion in nomencla- ture. This transposition o( /s has naturally aroused opposition on t he part of a number of European mammalogists, r« si ■ 1 1 ing in an appeal to the International ( ommisnon on Zoological Nomenclature to suspend, in thi- case, the Rule of Priority which renders the transposition of Cer< -■ from a lame African uroup of monkeys to a small American group seemingly mandatory. Bines no deejaon of tl however, has been announced by the Commissioa and as Klliot in his great work 00 primates has introduced the conect use of these generic names, and all necessary changes connected therewith. I prefer to follow him. using Lamopyga IlligBf II the only available generic name for the African i >ns. 380 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X L\ 1 1 Lasiopyqa DUger Lasiopyga brazza1 uelensis i Lonnberg) Plates XCI, X< II Laxiopyga neglecta Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. I'rmi .-it. ».' II. (1912), p. 376, part; only tin' mmi:iiuns|M-.imen "from the Welle River, procured by the Aknndflf and Gos- ling KxiM-dition." ojtithecus neglectus (not of Schlegel) Thomas, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. 1 1 (8) XVI. I toeanbar, p. 106. Poko, 1 specimen (No. 1168, Christy Coll.), which later (1919) became virtually the type of Cercopithecus brazzx uelensis Lonnberg. opithecus brazzx uelensis Lonnberg, 1919, Rev. Zool. Afrioaine, \* 1 1, p. 130 (postscript, in text). Type, the Christy specimen from Poko, Belgian Congo; other specimens mentioned from Bafuka and Zobia. The type is here first designated, Lonn- berg omitting to do so. I !< •presented by 40 specimens accompanied by 2 skeletons, collected as follows: , Bafuka, 6 (5 adult d\ 1 adult 9 ), March 12-April 1, 191 3. Faradje, 2, March 9 and 24, 1911. Niangara, 12 (5 immature), November 25-December 10, 1910; April 6-June 10, 1913. Poko, 1 (adult d"), August 23, 1913. Niapu, 8 (mostly adult d" ), November 25-December 10, April 6- June 10, 1913. Avakubi, 4 (all adult), January 4-February 24, 1914. Banalia, 1 (adult cf), September 21, 1914. Ukaturaka, 6 (flat native-made skins, without skulls), May-June, 1909. The external measurements — average (inmiiiium-iiiaxinium) — of twenty-one adults of Lasiopyga brazzx uelensis, taken front animals in the flesh, are as follows: Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind Foot Ear 13 o" 1235(1136-1395) 540(465-590) 702(630-850) 157(146-172) 39(33-43) 8 9 1029( 950-1070) 435(400-470) 587(545-630) 134(123-145) 38(35-42) 'Some of the mora important reference* to Lasiopyga brazzar are the following: Cercopithrcu* brazzx Riviere. 1886, Rev. Sci., (3) XII, 3 Juillet, p. 15. Brief mention of the type specimen in the Paris Museum, from French Congo, without definite locality. Name attributed to A. Milne-Ed wards, doubtless a manuscript name on a Museum label. Cercopithecu* brozztr 8clater, 1803. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 255, text fig. (head); idem, p. 443, PI. xxxtn (animal, poorly colored). Described fully on p. 443, from two specimens; from "French Congo-land," without definite locality. The stuffed bead described and figured on p. 255 was received from A. Milne-Edwards, as was one of the later described and figured skins. In the colored figure the femoral white band is omitted and the coloring in other respects is inaccurate. I»> Cercopithecu* brozzzt Pousargues, 1806. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.. Paris, (8) III, pp. 216-222. Congo francais: 3 adult males, without definite locality, collected by de Brassa; a semi-adult female from Poste des Ouaddas, Haut Oubangui. Lat. N. 5°, Long. E. 16° 47' 30". A detailed description based on this material. Calls attention to errors in Sclater's snort description and in bis colored plate. Cercopithecut nrgUctu* subsp. braztiformit Pocock, 1007, Proc. Zool. 8oc. London, p. 687. Based on an immature menagerie specimen from an unknown locality. — C. brazzx Riviere. Cercopithecus *4njUctut subsp. neglectus Pocock, 1007, idem, p. 687, part. To replace " C. brattte Milne-Edwards"; includes C. neoUctus Schlegel. Latiopvoa brazzx Elliot, 1013, ' Rev. Primates,' II, (1012), pp. 378-380, PL vm (animal, reproduced from Sclater). 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 381 The cranial measurements average i minimum-maximum) — of twenty-one adults of Lasiopyga brazzx uelensis are as follows: i tost Length Condylobasal Length Oceipitonasal Length 112.6(104.5-119.0) 91.7(84.2-97.0) 94 . 4(87 . 7-9* 0 89 100.1(95.7-102.8) 74.9(72.0-80.5) 86.8(75.5-90.3) noma tic Orbital Post orb. -toid Breadth Breadth Con.-ir. Breadth 13 d" 2 67.5-78.5) 61.6(53.ti 44.3< 12.l--Hi.ii 62.5(58.0-66.3) 89 65.5(61.0-68.9) 54.3(50.7 11 7- 37.6-44.0) .-.7.7 7,1 _»-60.0) Length Nasals Upper Toothrow Upper Molars 22.6(20.5-25.5) 45.2-39.7) 19.2(18.1-20.2) 89 19.5(17.0-22.8) 31.9(30.5-34.0) 17.9(17.0-19.4) I mm v 1 1 i:i Pelage. — Immature stages of pelage are represented by n specimens, all but two from Niangara and all collected in April and June. The youngest (No. 51025, d") was taken June 10, and is in the pelage (PI. XCI, fig. 2). (Total length, 520 mm.; greatest length of skull. 68; milk dentition only, the last milk molar not fully up.) Brow- hand golden yellow, the hairs black at base, the black showing plainly on the front margin of the band. Upper arm. outside of hind limbs and th«- tail pale yellow, the latter darker at extreme base above and also ill\ . A pale thinly haired area on the nape. Rest of the upperparts, ineludimr the head, yellowish superficially, the hairs individually whitish rtieme base, broadly zoned subapically with dusky, with conspicu- v»ll(.wi>h tips. ( hecks and outside of fore limbs like the back, the latter passing into black on the wrists. Outer border of fore limbs pale yellow, inner surface yellowish white with a silvery sheen; inside of hind limbs similar except that at the thighs it is darkened with a gray suffu- [Jnderparts thinly haired and yellowish, the hairs of the pectoral area slightly darkened with blackish ti: Tin 52437, d") is much older and shows no trace of the natal coat. (Total length, 825 mm.; greatest length of skull. 71: milk dentition fully developed but incisors not worn. The brow-hand rongly differentiated from the adjoining pelage, except medially. where the hain are rigid, dull reddish, with lighter tips. Hair and entire sal area grizzled as in adult-., but the light annulat ions are much giving a quite difft Pail at base dark chestnut , passing into yellowish brown and darkening apieaSy to blackish. Hump on each ride at base of tail chestnut. Fore lii rnally yellowish gray, darker on the shoulder and wrist ; internally pale yellowish. Hind limbs similar internally but the hair on the thigh> 1- | and blackish the i Kjetcrior border. Throat and forsneck whitish, the hair king and rest of ventral surface similar but the tips of the hairs brownish. 382 Bulletin A merican Museum of Natural History [Vol . X I , \ 1 1 Hum other i|wwf"« represent 1 1 1 « - same stage as the last; they all quite similar in general coloration but differ in details, as in t hi- color of the tail and in tin- amount of chestnut 00 the back and head. No. 52430 has the front and sides of the head, sides of the nape and the lo back strongly BUffueed with chestnut, and the light annulations of the entire upperpertl have a distinctly rufous tone. increasing in intensity from the nape posteriorly, the whole sacral area as well as the base of t he tail being dark chestnut. The tail is less yellow and more grizzled with Mack, becoming quite black for the apical 50 mm. A more advanced stage is represented by No. 52427, which has the first permanent molar fully developed in addition to the complete milk dentition. The brow-band is not well defined and is much varied with black; the hairs on the front' of the head are broadly tipped with pale tawny; crown and occipital region like the rest of the dorsal surface, the light annulatiotis being light tawny to the base of the tail which is dusky strongly varied with chestnut; remainder of the tail grizzled pale tawny and blackish to near the tip. which is black. Outside of fore limbs a little darker than the back, the black spot on the hand extending to the wrist. Outside of hind limbs grizzled pale tawny and blackish. Inside of all the limbs yellowish white. Throat and foreneck whitish: chest and rest of underpartl whitish, the hairs being light basally, the tips dusky. The white bar across the upperpart of the thighs in adults is foreshadowed by an indistinct bar of pale yellow. No. 52438, a much older specimen, is of special inter tt Total length, 865 mm.; greatest length of skull, 81.7; the milk dentition has all been replaced by the permanent teeth except the canines, and the first two permanent molars are fully developed.) The general color of the upperpartfl is ai in adults except that the light annulations are darker, or slightly more tawny, and the underparts, from the chest posteriorly are less heavily washed with black. Outside of fore limbs blackish from shoulder to base of toes; hind limbs much darker than in the younf uncus but much less dark than in adults. The brow-band is deep rufous, the hairs without the light tips seen in adults, and the broad band of black behind the rufous brow-band, present in adult nt. but the area it occupies in adults (extending to the ears) is covered by hairs that are blackish at base and tipped with a narrow bar of rufous. The basal fifth of the tail and the adjoining area at the base is dark client nut varied with blackish. The white thigh band is represented by buffy yellow. In other words, this specimen strikingly resembles the descrip- tion and colored figure of the type of Lasiopyga ezrx (Pocock), based on a young animal, from an unknown locality. mq Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 383 rang male, probably in the lai I immature pelage, as the second permanent molar has barely reached the alveolar plane, is i>eculiar through ditmly dark coloration. It has all the distinctive mark- 8 of adult age but the black annulations of the j>elage are so broad and the light ones so narrow that black prevails over the entire body, sug- ting a melanistic condition. The j>elage, however, is finer and softer than in old adults, except on the cheeks, crown, nape and base of the tail where a shorter and coarser new |>elage is coming in. This specimen there- fore may well be considered as representing a late stage of immature i m. Vabiation. — The females are about one-fourth smaller than the male-. In the present series none of the largest females equal the smallest males, the measurements of the two sexes not overlapping, as is usually t he case in other forms of Lastopyga in the present collection. The only constant sexual variation in color is in the perineal area, which is white in the males and brownish red in the female-. Individual Variation. — The wide range of individual variation in - marked in the present species as in other forms described in the r, as is sufficiently shown by the statement of measurements In male skulls with the basal suture closed the great length of the skull ranges from 109 to 119 mm.; in females, from 06 to individual color variation in adults is not striking. being much less in amount than in most of the other forms of gnanOOS represented in the Election. The light annulations of the pelage of the up| < sufficiently from nearly pure white to a pale tone of buff — to change noticeably the general effect from nearly pure gray to buffy gray, Bhown in specimens from each locality in about equal degn in females as well as males. The black of the ventral area varies in breadth and in intensity, and in the length and tone of the buffy hair- The inside of the thight varies from clear white to pale yellowi-h white, or pale gold. The white bar across the outside of the thigh rai in breadth ami in the purity of the white. In most adult- there M a nar- band of tawny extending from the front of the -houlder to the I of the upper arm. It beornetmes a eonspicuous marking, but not infrequently absent. When present it vane- in oolot from pale yellowish to deep tawny. The brow-l edingly il>|e m both breadth and color. U-ing much broader and heavier in ethanotl m light oehnM ous to chestnut; the light tipe of the hairs also vary much in length and in color, from 384 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X I.\ 1 1 yellowish white to white The black band behind the brow-band, running to the ears, varies inucli in width, being twice as broad in some specimen! asin others. 1*1 »<• narrow line of black at the front bast- of the brow-band may be strongly developed OT practically absent. imperfect flat -kins, lacking the feet and most of the front of the head, obtained at I'katuraka from the natives, require a special word. They differ in do respect from the large series collected wx) to kxj miles farther east at Niapuand Niangara except that the light annulations are mote bufljy and thus give tO most of them a darker and more olivaceous general effect. Possibly lx-tter specimens and a larger series might -how that they represent a slight local differentiation from typical mhtisis. \..\n \< i.\ 1 1 BE. Ldnnberg in his important paper on the monk Of the Belgian < 'ollgo. published in 1919, ' recorded fourteen specimei L. /'/'/::>'. of which eight were "from various places in the district of Lake Leopold II," another "from Kasai, and a mounted one from Stan- leyville." The locality of the last is open to question.) Also one from Bafuka. one from Zobia, and one from Poko, the last three from the I Vie drainage. In a postscript (loc. cit., p. 130) he named the l"ele rao brazzx uelensis { = L. brazzx uelensis), after receiving a specimen from Poko. which may be here designated as the type of lulen.sis, the author omitting to specify a type. The present large series from the [Jele district appears to support t he alleged characters of uelensis. The present series also contains an immature q ecimen which agi so well with the description and colored figure of I'ocock's Lasiopyga ezrae (1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 158, PI. x, fig. 2) that it could well have served as the type (see above, p. 382). The type was a young individual in the London Zoological Gardens, received from an unknown locality, "probably Upper Congo." Llliot showed keen insight when he referred this supposed species to A. ftrazzx, as probably representing the young of that species. Klliot says of the type of ezrx of which he ex- amined the skin: "The specimen is so young, and its pelage so affected by captivity (the hair on the loins having all been worn away by the rope or chain which held it. and the tail having lost all its hair, except a little at the root), that it makes a most unsatisfactory type for a distinct form. and it is to be regretted that such specimens should ever be selected to be the unique represent at ive of a new species. At present it can only be surmised what the full grown animal would look like, but probably it might 1 izable from L. brazzx by having the head from the red U919, "Contributions to the Knowledge about the Monkeys of Belgian Congo." Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, pp. 107-154. Cercopithecus braxttc, pp. 129-130. 1925] ,40«7i. Congo Collection of Primate* 385 frontal band colored like the back. This is, however, only a surmise, as it is more probable that it will prove to 1m- the young of L. brazzse, as I have supposed is really the fart." Klliot indicates this in his synonymy of brrazzse would differ in a similar way, rendering it impossible to rmine with certainty whether a young specimen from an unknown lity should 1m' referred to brazzse or to n«iensis. For this reason it :>t Elliot's previous decision and to consider ezrse as a sync mym of Lasiopyga brazzse brazzse. In any case such a specimen is specifically undeterminable and it becomes necessary to adopt the later name uefefWM for the Upper Congo form of brazzse. other name, Cercopithecus neglectus Schlegel (1876) ( = L. neg- i), requires consideration in the present connection, it having been applied by some authors to the species currently known as L. brazzse. of the name L. negleda is as follows. In 1870 J. E. Gray, in his 'Catalogue of Monkeys. Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the British Museum' (p. 22), referred a specimen of monkey from the " White Nile'' to Simla U itrocampyx "F. Cuvier." !!«■ may have intended to indicate by it a new gave the following description: "Fur grey brown, minutely grey-mizzled; underside of body black; crown, outside of limbs, and all but base of tail black; front edge <>t thighs and band across haunches whitish/1 There was no intimation that the skin was complete, bul Elliot states it had the "Head and feet lacking." In 1876, without having seen the specimen, Sehlagel Mus. Ili-t. Nat. Pays- Bas. Monograp] L0, Primates, p. 69) quotes Gray's description, point- ing out how it differ- from l> MOSmftyX Fischer and, judging it to represent an« s proposed for it the name ( i no pi thecus neglectus; and it was accepted by subsequent authors as a well-founded species Mo other _• with the type are yet known. Sclater, some years later, in his list of th- copithecus (1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 253) referred to /.. neglecta as "a v< mded by Schleuelonasingle Bat -km in the Museum from the Whits Nile, which was wrongly referred to by Gray to C. leucampyx." There is, however, do evidence that Schlegel r saw the actual s|Mfiinen. as he founded it. M he distinctly States, entirely on < 1 ray's description Sclater, later in the same volume idem, p. 1 18), in redocribing and refiguring L. brazzse (loc. at,, l'l \\\m • thus refer- again to L. neglecta: 386 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X l.\ 1 1 "There can be no doubt that C. brazzx is a close ally of C. neglect us, and it is even possible that the two species may be the note." H<" DO however, sonic differences, and refers to the absence of "t lit front part of the fare-skin." which he says "having lx-en cut away, it is impossible to say whether it ever possessed the erect red frontal band of C. brazzx, but there are some indications of the band left on the skin. In other respects the two skins [of brazzx and neglecta] are much alike, and had they been from the same locality I should have been inclined to refer them to t In- same species." Pocock, fourteen years later, in his 'Monographic Revision of the Monkeys of the Genus Cercopiihecus' (1907, Proc. Zool Soc. London, pp. 686-688), adopted the name neglecta in place of brazzx and gave the range of neglecta as "Region of the White Nile and Lake Rudolf to the Congo and Cameroons." He adds: "The examples of this species that I have seen appear to be referable to two distinct kinds, which are regarded [by himl as subspecies," and are diagnosed as "subsp. brazziformis" and "subsp. neglectus." The former (brazziformis) is founded on a single immature specimen from an unknown locality, that had been purchased by the London Zoological Society from the Zoological Gardens at Ant- werp, and recorded by Sclater in 1896 (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 780) as from the French Congo. Pocock, however, believed that "it may have come from Belgian rather than from French territory in W. Africa." "Of what may be regarded as the typical form," he says, "the British Museum possesses the imperfect skin obtained by Petherick 00 the White Nile and referred by Gray with some insight to C. leucampi/x; a specimen shot by Donaldson Smith on the Omo River, north of Lake Rudolph; a third from the Charada forest in Kaffa, 6000 ft., procured by Mr. \V. X. Macmillan. From these I cannot distinguish subspecifically a series sent home by Mr. G. L. Bates from the Ja River. ( Sameroona, and taken near the bankof the river at an altitude of 2000 ft." The results of Pocock's revision are: (1) the substitution of the name neglecta (1876) for brazzx (1886) and the extension of the range of the supposed neglecta from the White Nile east to Abyssinia and west to Cameroon; (2) the redescription of brazzse as brazziformis, from an immature specimen from an unknown locality, but probably from the type region of brazzx. Klliot. in his 'Rev. Primates,' (1913, II, p. 377) described the original type of neglecta, adding: "In coloration this type is as different from what is ordinarily considered to be L. neglecta as can l>e conceived. It has none of the gray color about it, and the general tint is more brown than any shade of gray. . . There are examples of so-called L. neglecta 1925] Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 387 in the British Museum from theOmo Kiver. the ( luirada forest and Kaffa, north of I -:ik« • Rudolf in the east, to the French ( 'on no. and the .la River in Cameroon, but none of them agree in color with the type, although they do with each other. I'nless a gray Lasiopyga is obtained on the White Nile, to prove that the type of L. represents a stage of pffafji unknown in so-called neglecta from other parts of Africa, it would seem that the only proper way will be, in the future, to restrict the name neglecta to this White Nile form, and the name for the gray animal would lx- /.. hrazzz, conferred by A. Milne-Edwards upon the gray monkey from the Upper < Songo, for it is impossible to recognize that form from a iption of the type of L. neglecta." It is of interest to note that Klliot begins his description of the type of neglecta by saying: " I had and feel lacking. A black front band at end of the flat skin, pre- sumably hind portion of head; . . . ? He describes the thighs as "seal brown on outer a Ige, remaining portion speckled buff and tawny ochrace- with a bright buff band crossing at base of tail ..." This and some Other features m immature stage of the brazzx group.1 As shown by the foregoing history of Lasiopyga neglecta, this name has not sufficient basis for its satisfactory recognition, and it should be consigned to the list of undeterminable species. In the first place it was based on a brief and inadequate description (not on a type specimen) of a mutilated flat >kin supposed to have been "obtained on the White Nile." .• was a native-made skin of the usual type used in traffic by the native- of Africa, it may have been "obtained" by the collector from a point far distant from the place where the animal lived. At all events no other specimen like it has come to the notice of inammalogists, either from the White Nile or elsewhere. The region of the White Nile has been '■ften traversed bj exploring oaturahetfl and collectors since 1870 to render it probable that B monkey of this character should have esea|>ed illy occurring there. In case the original sj>eciinen of 'ccta should prove to belong i<, some later described SO g., I., hrazzz) it would not conduce to the stability of nomenclature Mor to ■In thie connection Elliot described a young specimen of Lmtimpyoa in the Hrttieh Museum, "pre- sumably from Um • t, procured by the Alexander and Online Expedition, «hirh ilif. all other. . . " From hia very detailed description it ia easy, ih comparison with the American Museum seriea of immature epecimsas from the same general region, to rerogniie it aa a late atnga of immaturity of L bnum uUtnt* But what ia moat interesting and worthy of attention ia Ota paragraph following this description, which runs aa follows'/ 1 1 u. desirable to obtain adults from thw ss Bulletin America) i '<>ry [Vol. XLVII the advancement of xiriicc to displace a later well founded and familiar name by the l<>nu indeterminate name neghdn, which has from its first inception merited discard. Lasiopyga l'hoesti l'hoBsti (Scla Pl:.». > \< III; \< IV 1- inure 1 CercopitheatJi I'hatsti Sclateh, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 586. PL ii. "Congoland," without definite locality. Based on a living specimen in the ty'8 Zoo lop 1 1 :tl ( i:irdens, received from the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp. Cercopithecus /' a ' M\r-">, SitzuiiKsb. (Ics. Naturf. Ft. Berlin, pp. 262-264 (in text). Specimen from "bei Tschopo im Gebiet des Uelle" ( = Tshopo River nc:ir Stanlc\ ville i, collected by Wcyns, in the Tervueren Museum. Cercopithecus I'tm.-ti >ul>sp. Vhmtti FOOOCK, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 71 I. PI xi. i. tip. 3 (head). Based 0O the type, from an unknown locality. < "Loc. Chepo or Tschepo in Congoland," on the basis of the specimen mentioned by '05). Lasiopyga [Allochrocebus] I'hcesti Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II. (1912), p. 297, PI. hi (from Sckter), PI. I, fig. 1 (head, from Pocock). Based on the type in the Briti.-h Museum. opithecus hasti [sic] Lorenz, 1917, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.. \ X I. p. 218. Two young females from Mawambi. CercopithtciK Vhauti LOnnbbbo, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII. p. 128. Three specimens: M.iwaml'i (Christy, I); Tshopo north of Stanleyville (Weyna, 1), the men previously reeonled by Matschie (loc. cii., 1905), "Congo" (1), ("from the Zoological ( l:irdcn «.f Antwerp"). Represented by twelve specimens accompanied by one skeleton, collected as follows: Gamangui, 10 (2 o" — 1 adult, 1 young — , and 8 9), January 27- February 12. 1910. Babeyru, 1 (old i-h> (62.5-64.2) 59 58.2(52.2-63.7) 42.4(40.9-43.0) 56.3(55.2-57.3) Length Nasals Upper Toothrow l"p|>»r Molars 2c? (21.9-27.5) (35.8-36.8) (19.1-19.4) 59 15.8(13.2-18.8) 32.1(31.5-33.0) 18.4(17.5-19.0) kiatiox. — The two old males are both much larger than the largest of tin- females, which has a total length of 1040 mm., while the I length of the two old males is respectively L275and 1300 mm. There is, however, no sexual difference in coloration. A very young specimen (No. 52459, cf, Gamangui, February 10, 1910; total length 695, greatest length of skull 80) is only slightly distin- guishable in pattern and coloration from fully adult specimens. Three other specimens, all of the same age and size as the above, have nearly acquired the adult color pattern but have an appearance of immaturity in tin- texture and length of the pelage and the absence of slight develop- ment of the gray band on the flanks. The fully adult specimens are vcty uniform in all features of colora- tion, individual variation being unusually limited. Eleven of the twelve specimens of the present series are from prac- tically the same locality, Babeyru being only a day's journey from Bangui, where ten of them were obtained; the other is from Stanley- ville, about 200 miles southwest of Gamangui. So far as I am aware, only Mien- of this - previously recorded, of which two hiding t: are without definite locality: of the other four, three two of them young females) wen' from Mawambi, about 120 miles southeast of Gamangui. the other from "Tshopo River near Stanleyville." which is the first definite record occurring in the literature. The only described form with which /. need be compared if /. tkomam Mat-clue), based originally on a young female and four imperfect Dative-made -km- from the east shore of Lake Kivu. Lorenz. in 1015, recorded ■ ipeeimea from the "ostliche Randberge der ichuru-Ebene" as the type of I inthecm thoinasi rutschuricus,1 1917 referred by him to /.. ttanosi. Lonnberg foe. < '.. 1019) two additional s|>eeimen-. one being from the type locality and Other from Masisi, a short distance northwest of Lake Kivu. The differences claimed a* dist mguishing//mm/i.v, from I'hcestiarv rather -Imht , indicating at best merely I MM th western local form of the latter. Plat >1915. Ana. Ak. Wiaa. Wiaa. Math. Sat Kl . No. 14, Jim*. p> MO Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X IV 1 1 (1907) regarded this as its proper status, on the basis of the original description. Klliot (1918) took exception to this ruling ami not only ogniaed fhomasi as a distinct Bpeciei but referred it to a different subgenus, on the basis of his examination of the type specimen ('Rev. Primates.' II, (1912), p. 371). Lonnberg (1919) expressed surprise at this, stating that from his examination of two specimens from the t\ -pe region of thomasi with specimens of I'hasti, that it is impossible for him to understand "why Klliot has regarded Vhcesti and. Thomast not only as separate species, but even placed these 'species' in separate sub- genera!" He expresses himself as uncertain whether or not they should 1m> kept apart as even geographical races. Lasiopyga kandti (Matschie) Cercopithecus kandti Matschie, 1905, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 264. Volcano region north of Lake Kivu. Three imperfect native-made skins without skulls. Cercopithecus kandti Pocock, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 695. "Two flat native-prepared skins" from "near Lake Kivu {Powell-Cotton)." Lasiopyga kandti Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 371. Based on the type specimen- m the Berlin Museum. Cercopithecus kandti Lunnbkko, 1917, Kungl. Sven. Vet. Ak. Handl.. Stockholm, LVIII, No. 2, p. 36. Kisenji, German East Africa. Two specimens, a male and a female. Cercopithecus kandti I.«V\\hkko, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, p. 135. Five native-made skins from the region of Lake Kivu. C. insignis Elliot is referred to knwlti. Cercopithecus insignis Elliot, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Mist., (8) IV, September, p. 274. "Congo Forest, Central Africa." Deeoribed from a living rpmmtn in the Antwerp Zoological Gardens. Lasiopyga insignis Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 372. Represented by two mutilated native-made skins, without skulls, and lacking hands and feet and the facial region to above the eye-, from Kisenje. about four miles east of Goma, northeastern bank of Lake Kivu, They are evidently -kin- of adults, and the pelage is in excellent condi- tion. The first complete specimens, one adult male and one female with skulls, were described by Lonnberg (loc. cit., 1917). Cercopithecus insignis Elliot was described from a living specimen in the Antwerp Zoological ( tardena, of which Elliot says: "It was very active and constantly in motion, making a careful description difficult." Lonnberg (loc. cit.. p. 136) says: "After its death this specimen [type of insignis] has been delivered to the Congo Museum, where it has been registered as No. 3428. Tbia is very fortunate, because thanks to thi> it is open to any zoologist to verify that insignis is nothing but a specimen Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 391 of kutuiti." Instead of having "the lower back dark orange unspeckled," as described by EHiol . LOnnberg states, "The type specimen of 'insignis' is, however, just as much speckled as adult specimens of C. kandti gen- erally arc. As regards the shades of colour exhibited there is no differ- D ' insignis' and kandti, nor in pattern, but kamlti displays a certain amount of individual variation even at the same locality." Klliot's description appropriately characterize.- the exceptionally well furnished fur, as long, loose and Huffy. L. kandti evidently inhabits the colder climatic belt in the mountain forests northeast of Lake Kivu and in some respectfl reeemblef /.. kolbi from the forests of Mount Kenya and the Kedong Escarpment of Kenya Colony. Lasiopyga leucampyx stuhlmanni (Matschie) Plates xciv. Figure 2; XCV Cercopithecus stuhlmanni Matschie, 1893, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, ember, pp. 225-227. Forest north of Kinjawanga, west of the Ituri River. between I^akes All>ert Edward and Albert, in the country of the Wakondjo (about 0° 25' X., 29° 3o'E.= neighborhood of Semliki River south of Beni), Belgian Congo. Adult male skm and skull. opithecus otoleucus Sclater, 1902, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 237. PI. . Latuka Mountains, North Uganda. Based on a living specimen in the London ZoOlogical Society's Gardens. Referred to C. stuhlmanni by both Pocock and Elliot. opHheau tmteampfft subsp. carruthersi Pocock, 1907, Proc. Zool London, October 8, p. 691. "Ruwenzori, east side, 10,000 ft. (D. ( 'ami there)." Based on a .-km without skull. Cercopithecus princeps Elliot, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, SeptemU>r, p. 301. Rfpenga Forest, west and south of Lake Albert. Type, a skin with skull. B ot Stated but evidently an adult male. >rus {Mono) leucam/n/s adveooM Mvis'iui. LOIS, Ann. Soc. Zool. keoi Belgtqoe, \L\ II. p.HJ . August. |>. 78. Mawambi, Belgian Com an adult male, skin ami skull. Also two tojMitypes and six other peraiypet, the latter from nearby localitiei in the Itvri Poi topUfa Imcompfx wSbaiei Loi \nz. \k \\ :-- Wi.n. Math Kl I. v. _'i. December, p. ISO, Mountain force! northwest of bake Tanganyika ■ lint, 1017, Aim Naturhi-t. HofmtM , WlBB, \ \ \1. p. im \i\. fig, f, -k ii ii . Bamboo forest behind kite ceaarpeaenti on the northwest shore of |..,k. Taaganyikl 2800 m.). Type, an adult male, >km and skull. nrano, 1017, KungL Sven \.t \k II., Stockholm, IA III No _'. Septeml>er 1. p. 36 I ivc specimens. 2 from ill male and semi-adult female), 8 fcWB Beni I adult male and J .pute y..ut i. Kiln, Beni, Masisi, and Rutshuru. C. princeps Elliot and C. I. schubotzi Matschie are referred to C. I. car- ruthersi Pocock. Extended comment on the color variations shown by thissci Represented by 68 Specimens accompanied by 6 skeletons, collected as follows: Akenge, 25 (13 o", 12 9 ), September 13-October 29, 1913. Nia|.u. 11 (6 cf,5 9 , all adult), November Id-December 18, 1913; January 29, 1914. Medje,8(7 o" , 1 9), March 26-Septcinl>h black in the other. Ai ecimei] from Akenge (No. 52360, 9, October 9, 1913; total length. 585; greatest length of skull, 55) is very similar to the two last descriln-d except that the tail is conspicuously gray instead of black, ow ing to its abundance of white-tipped hairs. An older specimen (No. 51028, d", Akenge, September 15, 1913; total length. 690; greatest length of skull 72.3) is similar to the hist three above described except that the black heir of the crown is longer and coarser, and the gray hair of the brow-band and whiskers is longer and r developed, and there is a broad blackish band across the breast. In the next StegS, represented by four s|>ecimen> in which the milk dentition i- fully developed, the adult texture and coloration of the jx'lage is well developed, hut shows indications of immaturity. They raime in d length from MSmm. in female- to 960 nun. in males, with ti est length of -kull ranning from 68 in females to 77 in males. Four still older specimens, which have the first permanent molar well developed m addition to the milk teeth, are similar to adults in M I IMin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.\ ! I < •duration. They range in total length from 850 to 950 (all melee) and from SI to So in gnated length of skull. Such specimens are practically adult in coloration hut far below adults in Btt. Lo( \ i \ Mm \i io\. Tne eeriee ofspeeimena from different local it as Akcnge. (lamangui, Niapu, of which there is a large numl>er from each, present HO differential characters, the same slight individual differ- ence- recurring at each. \ i;i \ i ion. — There is no obvious sexual variat ion in colora- tion, hut, as usual in guenons. the males greatly exceed the females in (for measurements see above, p. 392). The largest females however oeed in size the smallest males. I\i>i\ mi \i. CoLOB Variation. — Individual variation in color is not striking. In certain light! the gray of the upperparts has an olive- tone, leee noticeable in some specimens than in others. The n marked variation in color is seen in the intensity and posterior extension of the Mack area of the head and nape. Three specimen- from Akenge, all males of the same age (as indicated by cranial character- end all taken within a few days of each other in October, may be cited as illus- trating the ranue of color variation. No. 52359 has the whole top of the head and nape thickly sprinkled with light-tipped hairs, very few of the hairs being entirely black, with the result that these parti are darkened but by no means black. In No. 52362 the entire top of the bead, the nape, interscapular region and shoulders are deep gjtoeay black, the black of the shoulders extending uninterruptedly to the fore limb- none of the hairs being light-tipped. In No. 52352 the top of the head and the occipital area are black enclosing a small coronal spot on which the hairs are minutely light-tipped. The nape is also black but the hairs 00 the .-honl mostly tight-tipped, but the general effect is much darker than in N 9, less dark than in average specinn D& Other specimens are intermediate between these two. In the greater part of the 1 the whole upper surface of the head, the nape, and the shoulders to the arms are uninterruptedly black. Others have the interscapular region more or less gray, gradually merging into the gray of the back. The dark pectoral band is usually correlated in development with the amount of black on the head, nape and shoulders. In some specim it is broad and deep black: in others narrower and much lightened by tin- light tips of the hairs. In a few it is scarcely indicated. The ventral area varies from much lighter than the back to about the general ton the upperpai 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of PrimaUs 395 The hair fringing the upper border of the ears varies greatly in amount, being sometimes scanty and sometimes abundant, and in color from pale yellowish white to deep reddish ochre specimen in tan has reddish hair on the anal area, vary- ing in amount in different specimens from a few hairs only to a conspicu- ous patch of brownish red. The lijiht simulations <»n the hairs of the brow-band vary from clear Wfitte to pale buff ringed with black. The light annulations of the cheek hairs also vary from nearly white to pale buff, and also in the relative breadth of the li^ht and dark bars, so that the general effect is much darker in some specimens than in others; in some immature individuals the prevailing tour is decidedly blackish. Im>i\ii i u Vabiatiom in Size. — Individual variation in cranial characters, as in general size and in the proportions of breadth to length in different pari s of the skull, is not strongly marked. In the summary of cranial and externa] measurements given above (p. 392), only specimens with mature dentition have been admitted, except two or three males in which the canines are not fully grown, although the last molars (m*) are fully developed. In three old male skulls in which the basal suture is wholly obliterated the greatest length of the skull varies from 108 to 117.5 mm., average 114, percentage of variation (based on the average) 8.4; in eight skulls in which the basal suture is closed but not obliterated the greatest length varies from 105 to 115, average 111, percentage 0.9; in twelve skulls with the basal suture open the range of greatest length ■ from 104 a not fully grown) to 112, average 110, percentage 0.7. In the • skulls the zygomatic breadth ranges from 74.5 to 75.5 in the tl oldest, from 71 to 78 in the eight with the basal suture closed, and from . "> in the twelve with the basal suture open. Individual variation in adult female skulls is similar to that of the male-. Three skulls with the basal suture obliterated range in great length from 07.7 to 103, averaging 100 mm.; seven skulls in which the basal suture is closed i mMto L00, avenging 97.4; six skulls with the basal suture open range from 93 to 103, averaging (.»7. In the same skulls the zygomatic breadth rangss from 64JS to 65.7, averaging I the -even with the 1 >asal suture closed range from 62 to 67, averaging with the basal suture open range from til. I to »'»«'».(). averag- '-i.'j. The two largest female skulk have the greatest length tneaflo ivelj 103 mm., but in one the basal suture is obliterated, in The zygomatic breadth is respectively .2 and 63.7. 8M Bulletin American Museum of Natural History (Vol. X l.\ 1 1 The variation in extern*] measurements of adults is about 15 to 25 per rent of the average, in series of nine to twelve individuals of the same ages as shown by the following synopsis based on fieefa moapure ments of 21 adult males and 18 adult females. The series is divided into three sections, on the li:isis of age as indicated by the condition of the basal suture: (1) Jbesal suture open, (2) basal suture closed, (3) basal suture obliterated. Total Li \<.iii. Twelve nudes with the basal suture open vary from 1350 mm. to 1620, average 1484, percentage of variation 18.2; ten males with basal suture closed, 1325 to 1600, average 1498, percent- age 18.3; two males with the basal suture obliterated, 1370 to l">s(), average 1475, percentage 1 I .-. females with basal suture open, 1130 to 1335, average 1246, IH-rcentage of variation 16.5; nine females with basal suture closed, 1130 to 1540, average 1309, percentage 31.3; three females with basal suture obliterated, 1250 to 1350, average 1292, percentage 7..">. Head and Body. — Twelve males with basal suture open, 470 to 580, average 528, percentage of variation 20.1. Ten males with basal suture closed, 505 to 625, average 546, percentage 22. Two males with basal suture obliterated, 520 to 565, average 562, percentage 8.1. Six females with basal suture open, 448 to 490, average 470. varia- tion 8.9. Nine females with basal suture closed, 394 to 620, average 488, percentage 46. Three females with basal suture obliterated, Hit) to 485, average 468, percentage 5.4. Tail Vertebrae. — Twelve males with basal suture open, 850 to 1090, average 948, percentage of variation 25. Ten males with basal suture closed. S20 to H).">(), average 957, percentage 24. Two males with basal suture obliterated, 850 to 975, average 913, percentage 13.6. Six females with basal suture open, 687 to 858, average 77 1 . percent- age 22. Nine females with basal suture closed, 715 to 920, average 824, percentage 25.5. Three females with basal suture obliterated, 790 to 865, average 823, percentage 9.0. Hind Foot. — Twelve males with basal suture open, 150 to 183, average 166, percentage of variation 20. Ten males with basal suture closed, 157 to 174, average 163, percentage 10.5. Two males with basal suture obliterated, 145 to 158, average 153, percentage 7.0. Six females with basal suture open, 135 to 150, average 111. per- eentage 10. Nine femalefl with basal suture closed, 133 to 154, average 143, percentage 14. Three females with basal suture obliterated, 13.~> I < I 147, average 142, percentage 8. 1925J Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 397 -The;d*>ve statistics not only show the amount of individual variation in Beriei of sj>ecimens of approximately the same age, but tend to show variation with age when- the age sections comprise aconsiderab 1 individuals (as from nine to twelve). They show that size is not greatly affected by age, young adults being often among the largest of a series, and undersized imnnflWl may be very old. For greater convenience in comparison the above details are here tabulated Summary of External Measurements of Ltuiopyga leucampyx stuhlmanni Basal Suture Open Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind Foot 12d* 1484(1350-1620) 528(470-580) 948(850-1090) 166(150-183) 6 9 1215(1130-1335) 470(448-490) 771(687-858) 141(135-150) Basal Suture Closed Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind Foot 10o" 1498(1325-1600) 546(505-». 957(820-1050) 163(157-174) 9 9 1309(1130-1540) 488(394-620) 824(715- 920) 143(133-154) Basal Suture Obliterated Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebrae Hind Foot 2c? 1 175(1370-1580) 562(520-565) 913(850-975) 153(145-158) 3 9 1292(1250-1350) 468(460-485) 823(790-865) 142(135-147) MEM i \ 1 1 i;i . The Lasiopyga I* ■urmnpyx group has a wide geo- graphical r:u nding from Angola to Southern Uganda and Lake Rudolf, and is represented by a considerable number of currently recog- nized regional forms. The present large series of specimens bom North- eastern Belgian ( 'ongo shows that some of the forms are subject to a Deferable amount of purely individual variation, as set forth above, which renders it almost certain that some of the numerous de.se ri I M-d forms ry unsatisfactory basis. It is thus a question what racial name >hould be assigned to the present series, for the following reasons: The descrilwd forms have usually been based either on single imens or on otherwise wholly inadequate material, which has not as been materially increased; (2) from the geographical point of view. - have been recorded (so far as present available literature indicates I from the immediate ares represented by the present collection. • ■ihhmmn Matschie) i. L898), based on imens from the Upper Iiuri i [km. To this form «p< 'aniens from the vicinity of Maw imbi, and thence south from various interven- localities to Heui and Ettttshuru have !». . >nnberg 398 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol X I A 1 1 (loc. cit., 1919) and others, and numerous closely allied forms have been assumed to oerur in northern Uganda and southward in British East Africa, some of which arc undoubtedly entitled to reepgnitaoa as races. Yet the alleged differeucea consist in slight variations in the color of different areas, as the brow-hand, the ears, the tone of the upper and under surface! of the body, the presence or absence of a black l>r> band, the color of the outside of the thighs in relation to the buck, and whether or not red hairs are present at the base of the tail. Most of these differences are represented in the present series of specimens as featc of individual variation, perhaps more strongly developed in Otttflide district- BO BE to become of racial significance. In some of the described forms the general tone of the upjx'rparts appears to be more decidedly olive, or even reddish than in the Congo series. The seventeen described forms apparently referable to the campyx group oompriee the following. It is of interest in the present con- nection to give a brief resume' of their history and present status. 1829. Simia leucampy.r Originally based on F. Cuvier's "La Diane femelle," a inningflrifi specimen from an unknown locality. Elliot gives a descrip- tmn of an adult skin in tli. I'.in- Mu-ut upperparta rather more bufTy. 1907. Cercopithecus leucampyx carruthersi Pocock. Based on a single specimen from Mt. Kuwenzori, east slope, altitude 10,000 I white in the brow-band, shoulders less black, underparts darker and less speckled with gray than in stuhlmanni, now synonymized with L. I. stuhlmanni. 1925] AUtn, Congo Collection of Primates 399 1907. Cercopitheeus leucampyx doggeiti Pocock. Based on a single female from southwestern Ankole, between Lakes Victoria and Albert Edward. Middle of hack gray toned with greenish and passing into reddish brown posteriorly. 1907. Cercapithecus leucampyx nigrigenis Pocock. "The type and only known representative df this subspecies is a single female specimen, ticketed 'W. Africa."' Distinguished especially by the lateral extension of the black area on the head to the sides of the neck and cheeks. 1909. Cercopitheeus princeps Elliot. Based on a single s|>cciinen from the "Mpanga rest," southwest of Lake Albert. The description anno perfectly with the greater part of the spnciniMlM ohtsfand by the American Museum Congo Expedi- tion from the Akenge-Niapu district of the I'pper Congo region. 1910. Cercopitheeus leucampyx aurora Thomas. Based on an imperfect skin without skull from the south end of Lake Kivu. Apparently of the leucampyx group, and allied to the ^'tlilmmini type. 1913. Cercopitheeus leucampyx schub<><: Mm-, hik. Type an adult male, skin and skull, from Mawamhi. Also several eotypes from Mawambi and neighboring localities. The characters aliened to distinguisn this form from stuhlmanni and carruthersi &rv merely individualistic. 1913. Lasiopyga leucampyx sibatoi Lorenz. Based on an adult female from the Bambu forest at the northwest end of Lake Tanganyika. To l>e compared with C. I. aurora Thomas from the south end of Lake Kivu. Pppetporte mixed yel- lowish brown and black. 1913. Lasiopyga leucampax (sic) mouse Heller. Type and only qpecimea an adult male "from the summit of the Mau Escarpment between Londiani and Sirgoit, British Last Africa." rpjx-rparts grayish olive instead of mouse-gray as in neumanni from Kavirondo. l'.U'.t < . ■ropithecus leucampyx maesi Lonnhkiu;. Provisional name for 'a young specimen . . . of the teucampyx-scries from Kutu (district of lake Leopold O I'M'* | . opithecus leucampyx elgonU Lonvhkk... Based on three adult specimens from EejOB Hritidi East Africa'.' . ( 'ompared with ■peeuneot of ('. I. airruthersi from Kutshuru. from which >lgonis appears to differ only in minor poJBta Hie alleged characters of L. I. camthtru (Pocock) and L. princeps (Elliot d by the present - specimens, the description oi nting an indiyidua] from the Alrenge-Niapu ct. L. I. schtiboti M itschii is based on s|x'cimens from near the tyjM- locality of L. I. ttukhnotw /.. /. carrufAerti has been recorded by Lonnberg From various localities in tin- eastern [turi I tod south- ward, including the type localities of Mat >. 38, Janu:ir\ 15, i> 1; idem, January 15, p. 2, PI. i. Ituri River, between Mawambi and Avakuoi, Belgian Congo. Adult male, -km end skull. Cera>i>ithirus M \t-< BO, 1913, Zool. Afn< ;niif. I. p. t:i'.». fig. 3. Based on an adult male from Stanley Full-. Con- sidered l.v fiflnnhflff daft rit.. p. 189) "onlyai an individual aberrat ion of C. denti." Lasiopyga -hut, Eluot, 191H. • Bar. Primate*,1 II, (1912), p. 351, I'l xxxvi (skull). Redescription of the type and figs, of the type skull. CercopUheeus denti Lohknz, 1917, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, X\ ' 220. Four apaabnaaa, Belgian < !ongo: Mote* (2), Ckaika (2). Cercd/nii c, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine, \ II. p. 138. Four specimens. Ptagian Congo: Baraka (1), Fundi (2), Mawambi (1). Represented by 47 specimens, collected as follows: Poko, 1, Aii^u-i 1013. Rungu, 1. June 10, 1913. Akenge, <>. September 5-October 17, 1913. Xiapu. 0. November 13-January 12, I'M I. Medje. ;,. August 3. is. ()ctol.er9, 1910; June 25, 191 1. Gamanguf 14. January 28 February 20. 1910. Avnkul.i 3 September 1, 1913; August 1914. Batama, ». September 16-18, 1909. Etiaimu, l. August 30, L910. All bttt eight are adult. Forty are skins with skulls; four arc skins with complete skeletons; two skulls without skins. The external measurements — average (minimum-maximum) — of thirteen adult females of Lasiopyga denti, taken from animals in the fleah, are as follows: ILengta Bead and Body Tail Vertebra- Hind Foot Ear 13 9 1078(990-1185) 402(330-460) 676(530-770) 127(120-135) 34(32-37) The cranial measurements average (minimum-maximum) — of thirty-five adults of Lasiopyga denii are as follows: Greatest Condylobasal pitonasal Zygomatic Length Length Length Breadth 22 o* 100.2(90.7-109.2) 78.2(69.4-83.0) 84.0(78.5-90.7) 68.3(59.0-71.5) 13 9 89.2(84.0- 94.8) 67.2(63.8-73.0) 78.6(74.2-82.7) 60.1(54.0-63.7) m Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 401 Orbital Postorb. toid Breadth ,-tr. Breadth 22 \ «• the alveoli) has a well-develo|>ed frontal band of stiff hairs, mixed buffy gray and black, formed by a narrow front border of black followed by a broad band of gray with the tips of the hairs black. Top of head wholly black superficially but the hairs gray at base; nape grayish black: rest of the dorsal area mixed black and pale nitons, the hairs pale gray at base with a subapical band of rufous and black tips. Under- pays and inside of limbs nearly bare except on lower abdomen, the skin :"ii. with a slight covering of soft white hairs, most developed pos- teriorly. Entire outside of fore limbs blackish and thinly haired; hind limbs well clothed with long hair, grayish hasally and su|>erficially finely grizzl:>.:>; milk dentition npiete but last molar not fully up' is several weeks older. It il where much more heavily clothed than No. 52513, and in ■ general ■ closely rcscmblet adults in l>oth the tOUM and the pattern of coloration. the top and sides of the head the tir>t pelage has l>een replaced by •f the same texture and color M m adults but much ihoi Thf • he upiH-rparts are mixed rufous and black, the |>elage short and thick. Tin- underpays are -till very thinly haired, the hairs soft and whit.-. ( Nitside of the tore limbs i- thickly clothed, the fore arms and hands intense black; hind lmdw and tail nearly as in adults. The next stair- i are half-grown young; they differ little from the fully a.lult except in having a c<-neral asjx-ct of immaturity. 402 Bulletin A merican Museum of Natural History [ Vol . X I . V 1 1 The youngest of these is No. 52504, d", Gamangui, January 31, 1910 (total length, 690 mm.; greatest length of skull, 82.5; permanent middle incisors and first permanent molars nearly fully developed). The conspicuous white ear tufts of adults are present, and in tin- particular specimen the rufous sickling prevails over the black. Five others have acquired all the jM-rmanent teeth except the last molar, which is nearly up in three and just breaking through the gum in the others. They so closely resemble adults in character of pelage and in coloration as to call for no special comment . Sex i \i Variation. — There is no appreciable difference in color due to HOC The usual sexual variation in size obtains, the males averaging much larger than the females, but some of the largest female- exceed the dimensions of the smallest male-. Individual Variation. — The usual amount of individual variation in size is present, as shown in the summary of measurements given above (pp. 400-401). As is usual, variation in size is not to any great extent due to age, after maturity is reached, as the following summary of cranial variation in adult male- dearly shows. No specimen is included that has not acquired mature dentition, those otherwise mature as re- gard> the teeth, but in which the canines are not fully grown, being excluded from consideration. The twenty-two males of which cranial measurements are given above consist of ten skulls with the basal suture open, ten in which it is closed, and two in which it is obliterated. The minimum greatest length of the series with the basal suture open is 90.7 mm., the maximum. 109, the average, 99.7. The ten with the basal suture closed have the mini- mum greatest length of the skull 97.3, the maximum 102. the average 100. The greatest length of skull in the two in which the basal suture is obliter- ated is respectively 101. 1 and 109.2. The zygomatic breadth shows similar conditions, as follows: Basal suture open, minimum .">!!. maximum 70.8, average 65.6; basal suture closed, minimum 64.6, maximum 70.8, average 88.4; basal suture obliterated, respectively 70 and 71. V The series of thirteen fully adult females present parallel conditions. Individual variation in coloration is much more restricted thai usual in speciei of guenons. The frontal band varies in width, and from nearly clear white to pale buff, in individuals from the same locality. There is often a mixture of wholly black hairs with the white ones, which are also black-tipped. There is sometimes a narrow line of black at the anterior base of the white frontal band. The cheeks vary from the usual yellowish general tone to occasional examples in which the general tone is 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 403 dark pray with only a few of the hairs subapieally ringed with narrow bands of pale buff. Hm tight hair tips of the top of the head and the prescapular area vary in color from whitish to buff. an«l from about an equal area with the black bejel tone to a deckled predominance of the light tips. The dorsal area variee in tone from strong rufous to blackish. The ventral surface varies from pure white to yellowish white, and exceptionally to pale yellow-orange. The black at the tip of the tail extends from one-fifth to one-third of tin- total length, with corresponding variation in the median dorsal black band, which varies also from dusky gray to nearly black. i . \ ii BE \ \ i ) 1 ) i am i BUTTON. — Lasiopyga denti was described by Thomas in 19()7, and was based on a single specimen from between wambiand Avakubion the Ituri River. It is represented in the present seri> • nmns from Batama (near Stanleyville) north to Poko and Rumru. and from various intermediate localities. Ldnnberghafl recorded ehnen from Baraka, west of the north end of Lake Tanganyika. Thus far only one subspecies of L. denti appears to have been proposed. This is Cercopithecus (Otopi(hecus) dcittt lit brt chtti Dubois and schie (1912) ( = L. denti liebrechtsi). It was based on a single speci- men from 'Stanley Falls"' Stanleyville), or from within the known range of denti as represented in the present collection. The description indi- turenot present m the majority of the present series, some of which are from near the assigned type locality of liebrechtsi. Lonnl (loc. cit., 1919) considers it "only as an individual aberration of C. denti.1' [t » ■ DOS, however, not entitled even to this faint compliment. A closely allied form has been described by Dubois and Matachie 12, loc. cit., p. HOi as Cercopithnits (OUtpUheeue) >'■ ^L. ana), the type s specimes in the Tervueren Museum, " wahrsehemlieh vmii I.omaiii." Another, immature specimen from the Aruwimi, in the same museum, i- a paratype. The description show- it to be closely allied to /.. deni : the characteri claimed for it indicate that it may !«• only a subs] denti, Lonnberg dec cit., 1919, p. 189), who has dined the two origina] specimens, gives them as both from Aruwimi. and says it il HeaS| I iie OO 1 1 1 • - white cheek-, and on the black dominating more completely in the temporal region, but especially on its . hind legs." The amount of Mack on the temporal region i- variable in /.. ih iiti. I>ut the Other assigned character- should have value. I.onn- •- it a- substituting "< '. '»n\hkk<;. 1010, Ber. Zool. Africaine, VII, p. 136. N in M ■pecunonf recorded from seven localities in the Lake Leopold II district, and one friitii Stanleyville with comment on their variations. Represented by one specimen (No. 52573), an adult male, skin and skull, with field measurements, collected at Mosembe, southwest of N<-UY< Hi Anvils and about 250 miles from the Lake Leopold II disti July 22, 1909. Collectors' measurements: Total length, 1015 mm.; head and body, 288; tail vertebra), 7:i2; hind foot, 1 12. Skull. g length, 93.6; oecqato-nasal length, 82.4; condylobasal length, 73.0; zygomatic breadth, 64.2; length of upper toothrow, 28.2; length of upper molars, 14.8. The permanent dentition is fully developed, but the basal suture is not closed. The pelage i- in fine condition. This speciee generally lias been placed close to L. denH. The white brow-band extending laterally to the ears, and considered by Poeock as one of the most distinctive characteristic-, is rather indistinct in the present specimen. The ear-tufta are tinged with ochre; the whiskers appear blackish, heavily grissled with pale yellow, the base of the hair being liglit gray. There is a whitish area of silky hair behind the ears joining the white of the throat and underside; the chin is l>eset withafew bristly black hairs. Upperpartfl black grizzled on crown with light yellow marking.-, the speckling gradually turning to brown on the hack, where the intensity of the brown increases to form a median darker dorsal area. The yellow-orange OO flanks i> diffused with the much lighter under side which from chin downward is uniform except for a median orange marking on abdomen joining with the dark brown anal region. Forelimbs black rnally. with orange streak from elbow up to lateral orange line: there is only an ochraceous touch on the inside of the wrist. Hind limbs reddish brown on outside, heavily speckled posteriorly with Mack, especially towards black feet. Tail near base above less speckled than back, turning into dirty blackish gray, the terminal third being black; proximal two-thirds of underside of tail appears gray, base of hairs being much lighter than tips. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 405 Tli a was based on a living specimen from an unknown locality in "Central Weal Africa.'* Pocock state- that another specimen wasobtaincdlcy Hamlvn in Brazzaville, whither it was brought by nat i Elliot records a specimen from Batempae, Sankuru River, Kasai. The species has become definitely known through Dr. Maes* collecting a large series in the Lake Leopold II regkm. Ltanberg also lists one specimen from Stanley Falls. Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus Matxhie) Plat*- x < \ 1 1 . Figure 2; xcvm Cercopithccus ascanias (?) Sclater, 1887, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 502. A living specimen in the S...-iety"s Gardens "said to have been brought from Manyuema, on th- -hore of Lake Tanganyika." (Not ascanius Audel>ert. 17 Cercopithecus schmidti Matschie, 1892, Zool. Anz., XV, p. 161, part. Manyema. Cercopithecus schmidti Sci.atkk. 1893, he. til., p. 245, part, PI. xvi (animal, red, from a living specimen in the Society's Gardens, 1883-1886, from Manyema). - tor, 1887. Cercopithecus schmidti Forbes, 1894, 'Handb. Primates,' II, p. 50, part. From ,ie. Cercopitfmus ascanius subsp. schmidti Pocock. 1!MI7. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, •ma; Bumba, Upper Congo. ascanius omissus Matschie, 1913, Ann. Soc. Zool. .<•<>■. Bdgtque, MAIL 1 ' M _>, pp. 68-70. ?Manyema. Belgian Congo. Type and only tporimsn, tn immature female. Cercopithecus (Rhinoxtictii*) ascanius cirrhorh in u M LTW no. 1913, Ann. Soc Zool. Belgique, XLVII, 1912), p. 70. Province of Stanley Fall- SixapectB Cercopithecus (Rhu rhmidti sassx Maim no . 1913, idem, p. 72. Sassa, southeast of Lake Allx-rt Edward. < >ne TptfinHltj adult female, -km and skull. Cercopithecus (Rhinostictus) schmidti enkaw r M\i-iii S irt. ] srhmulti uxmtniin Lohknz, 1914, Anz. Ak M ith- 10., I.I. No. 17, July, p. 8M WiAmnh+i will met [aafaayQta. Type, ilt male, skin and -kull Also four topo types. Lasyopyga schmulti ituriensisLoHt 7 Itun Forest, near Heni ml Four skim • (Dated. Referred bj I-oreiu himself in 1917 to mkamtr Mats. ! Bjoaj ti I'M.". \im M s \\ i Dsjoaabsjr, p. 466. Me.lj.-. 2 -pe.iin.n-; Polo 10 miles nortli-u.-t ..I Me.lj. • ' >. «i sp mens. No eoawatnt. opithecu* schmidti enkamer Lonnbi n.ll . Stockholm IAIN. N ... 2, SeptemU r. pp. 32-35, PI. vm (skulls). RuUhuru, 9 spsoimuuu; M».msi/2 spedassntj Beni,l aperimen Detailed dimtisjisa Lavfspjfi 1 < H i Bulletin American Mueeum of Natural History [Vol. 1 1 .V 1 1 achmidti moniana, L. a. ituriensis Lorenz, and C. schmidti sassm Matachie are all referred to Cercopithecus schmidti enkamer Matachie. Cercopithecus schmidti enkamer Lorenz, 1917, Ann. Naturhi>t. 1 1 ■ • funis.. V. XXX I . p. 327, I '1 . \ \ . fig. 1 2 \ h ws of skull). Here he refers his C. schmidti ituriensis to enkamer. Cercopithecus schmidti rulschuricus Lorenz, 1917, idem, p. 228, PI. xv, fig. 2 (2 views of skull). Type and only specimen, an adult male, skin ami skull, from eastern base of Rutshuru. Cercopithecus schmidti Lonnberg, 1919, Rev. Zool. Afiieaine, \ II, p. 126. Four specimens, 1 each from Zobia, Buta, Bafuka and (Tele. Cercopithecus teftmUH enkamer Lonnrerg, 1919, idem, pp. 126-127, part. Specimens: Ituri 1, Kiln J. Lmm2, Bad 4, Kasindi 1, Leoda 1. Mawainbi 1, Masisi3, Penghe 1, Rntslnini 1, Hanka 1, Alimasi 1, Kaluincn 1. Mamhaka 1. I'ili-pili 1, between Stanleyville ami Bftfwftboli 1, Kinzi 1. Represented by 39 specimens accompanied by 2 skeletons (25 males, 14 females, nearly all adult), collected as follows: Faradje, 1 (d" adult), March 15, 1911. Kungu, 1 (adult 9), June 10, 1913. AkeogB, 1 1 (9 adult o", 2 adult 9, 3 young 9), September 13- October 19, 1913. Niapu, 2 (adult d"), November 22, December 13, 1913. Medje, 4 (2 d\ 2 9 ), March, August, and September, 1910. Gamangui, 2 (adult , September 20, 1909. Mumvc Katoto, 1 (adult d* ), Septemlx'r 10, 1909. Bafwaboli, 4 (1 adult d", 3 9 ). September 1 1 . 1909. Stanleyville 1 (adult o"), August 27, 1909. The external measurement! average (minimum-maximum) — of thirty-three adults of Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus, taken from animals in the flesh, are as follows: Total Length 1 1.. ul and Body Tail Vertebra? Hindi Ear 23 cf 1370(1160-1 390) 476(430-630) 795(696-930) 141(130-160 10 9 1090(1020-1160) 410(380-460) 680(630-755) 125(118-135) The cranial measurement! — average (minimum-maximum) — of thirty adults of Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus are as follows: Greatest Length Condylobasal Occipitonasal somatic Length Length Breadth 23 c? 96.1(90.0-101.0) 72.6(70.6-81.6) 83.9(78.3-88.3) 62.3(60.4-70.7) 7 9 87.1(82.8-90.8) 66.5(62.1-68.8) 78.2(74.0-88.8) 57.7(53.9-63.3) 11' J V Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 407 Orbital Post orb. Mastoid Breadth Con8tr. Breadth 23 f then- condition- he ifl led to consider /.. schmnlti Uma and /.. -ihmiiHi itwrientU of Lorens and L. tcamu&i snsam M .•- o\ sufficiently different from /.. $chm$dti enkamer Mat- gnised. Later be found1 that "Specimena from the Ituri nd Rutshuru are similar, although in both there is ■ certain ■mount <>f variation." lie • llv th.it the development of Mack in the lower cheek-stripe varies much in different specimena. The large series from AJcengs in the present collection, nearly all lined during a short interval in October, afford a satisfactory basis > 1017. Kund Stw. Vet Ak ILrvIl . Stockholm. LVIII. No. 2, pp. 33-33. M»l», Her. Zool. Afriomin*. VII. p. 127. I OS Bulklit' MuMum of Natural History .. XI.VII for the study of individual variation in color. In comparison with the wide range shown by other speoiee of inannnals from the >:ini<- region, especially anions some of the carnivore- and in the ColoblU monk' the variation in these guenonfl is small, yet it has evidently been mi— used a- a basil for the recognition of a Qumber of questionable >ul>- species, which will receive attention later in the present ftiftffllflBlon, The extreme- in the general coloration of the upperparts do not differ strikingly, the main feature being the difference in the width and tone of the OChraceOOe annulations of the individual hair.-, which results in a slightly lighter or a darker general effect in different individual-. The white underparts vary inappreciably, except that in some a grayish tipping to the hair.- is discernible on close inspection which is not usually present but is sometimes conspicuous on the abdominal area. The head markings and the tail, however, are subject to wide variation. The top of the head is usually much lighter than the rest of the upper- parts, it often forming a contrasting crown-patch, due to the light color of the annulations and the extreme shortness of the Mack tips of the hairs. It is sharply defined on the front and sides by the black brow-band, which often spreads medially behind the crown-patch from the ears to form a poorly defined blackish area on the occiput and nape. In some specimens black is the prevailing tone of the whole nape region, while in others it is not more prominent as a feature of the coloration than is the black-tipping of the dorsal pelage in general. The nose-spot varies somewhat in size and outline in different spt mens, and in color from clear white to pale yellowish or brownish white. Lang informs me that the yellowish or brownish tints of the short- haired nose-spot are evidently the result of subsequent alteration. All specimens Lang and Chapin saw in the field had white nose-spots. 5 slight differences in color and shape of this nose-spot have been used by describeri as an important diagnostic character. The black median area behind it is even more variable, being usually broad basally and ex- tended as a narrow band to meet the black brow-band; in other! much -mailer, and the upward extension is reduced to a mere line or even practically obsol' The upper lateral band from the eye to the ear is usually broad and heavy, the hairs long, bristly and intensely black. They also usually meet in front as a conspicuous frontal band, but are often greatly nar- rowed medially and sometimes reduced to obsolescence. The lower lateral black band is even more irregular in its extent, being in some specimens more than twice as wide as in others. In some it 1 198 ; AlUn, Congo Collection of Primate* 409 ndfl forward as far as the eyes as 1 narrow line of short black hairs, in others it practical!; i point below the interior base of the ears. formed in part by the Mack tips of the cheek-hairs or whiskers. The whiskers consist of long coarse hairs directed backward, usually dull white but often more or less toned with pale yellow and varied with isli. Those of the lower border are broadly tipped with black, thus forming the upper edge of the lower cheek-band. The length and fulness of the whisker- varies much in different individuals., and also in the amount of black tipping. In some specimens nearly all the hairs are blackish at the extreme tip. contributing a general grayish tone to the ks. The chin has a thin covering of short, blackish, bristly hairs, usually inconspicuous and frequently absent. The inside of the ears is thinly clothed with whitish hairs, varying from clear white to dingy grayish white, rarely dull reddish (in two or three specimen- only . The moat variable feature is the coloration of the tail, with respect especially to the extent of the proximal gray area of the under surface, length of the blackish tip. and the tone of the red portion. The gray proximal area varies about 100 per cent in its extent, ranging from 100 to 200 mm., or from about one-eighth to one-fourth of the total length of the tail. A parallel variation exild specimene are below average size, the other slightly above. The degree of ossification varies greatly in specimens of c Minding age, BO that while some are slender and delicate in all parts of the skull othen Sie heavy and strong. In general, of course, ossifica- tion is heaviest in senile specimens, and the teeth, especially the incisors and raiiini'v are greatly worn, the incisors appearing as formless stumps. The development of the temporal ridges also varies greatly in males apparently of about the same age, being weak in some skulls and heavy in Othl Tip ' length of the skull in 23 males varies from 00 to 101 mm. or nearly 12 per cent of the average. The variation is about the same in the occipitonasal length, and ranges in other measurements from 13 to 28 per cent. Similar ratios obtain in the seven females. As usual the tram d axial measurements are often discrepant, the long skulls not having as great a zygomatic breadth a> d<> the shorter skulls; nor is the heaviest dentition always found in the largest -kulls. The following abnormalities may be mentioned. In an adult male skull No. 52542) m3 on the left side is peg-like and less than half the normal size. An adult female (No. 52550) lacks m* on both sides, and there is no evidence that it was ever present. In the lower jaw the last molar is present on both -ides and of normal size and form. ii \< i.\ 1 1 i;k and Distribution. Laaiopyga tchmdti (W schie) (1892) was originally composite, having been based on speciin from several different localities, as follows: "Hab. Manyema, westlicfa vom Nordende y\<-< Tanganjika-Sees (Schmidt |j Wald zwischen Mengo und Mjongo in I'ganda Stuhlmann); Wald nahe der Murchison-Bay am Victoris Xjansa. I'ganda iSt uhlmann)." As th - was named for Dr. Schmidt. Manyema has l>een given as the type locality by some 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 411 authors; others ehoo _o, Uganda.1 Not until twenty years later was L. schmidti clearly defined and its type locality definitely indicated when it- author divided the original comjxjsite schmidti into subspecies.1 In this later paper it is stated that the original diagnosis was based on in d* ad. und ein 9 ad., A. .">»'> 1 und 5569 des Berliner Zoologischen Museums hat Stuhlmann bej MengO in Uganda in der Nahe der Murchi- son-Bay erlegt." The two sjMvimens were fully descrilx'd in tlie original paper, and those from the other localities were referred to the same In the latter paper (1913) the original Manyema specimen (a young animal, taken living to the Berlin Zoological Garden by Dr. Rochus Schmidt' became the type of the new subspecies Cercopithecus u Matschie. We are further told that this young animal was purchased at Mpapua from a caravan on its way from Manyema eastward by Schmidt while on his journey to meet in Pascha and Stanley. Hence the specimen is without definite locality, and belongs to the aseanius group, in which schmidti should also be included (Cf. Pocock. loc. cit., 1907). In the same paper Matschie described a third subspecies from the Mpanga forest, at the eastern base of Mount Ruwenzori (near Fort tal) as Cercopithecus schmirlli mpangx, based on specimens collected \>y Dr. Grauer. Also a fourth as C. schmidti sassse, based on a single mien coll. (ted by Major Powell-( otton at Sassa, southeast of Lake Albert Edward, and a fifth as C. schmidti enkamtr. the type being from Chima Kflima, north of Mawambi, with three paratypes from beta Beniand [rumu, all collected by Powell-Cotton. Lorenz added (1914 and 1917 in tin the same general region three other subspecies of schmidti, distribution of tchmidti as given by authors u of interest. 8clater (loc. cit., 1803) says: " Hah. I ut.-rn Africa; Manyuema, west of Tanganyika (8chmidt); Uganda (Stuhlmann)." He mentions that "a akin of thia apecies haa been lately received at the British Muwum from Berlin." He also states that the specimen figured in Plate xvi (1893, Proc. Zool. 8oc. London) was Imade from an individual whirh lived three years in the Society's Gardens, and was "presented by the Rev. W. C. WiOoughby in December 1883, [and] was originally obtained in Manvuema. " Forbes (loc cxt . 1804) says: "This species waa obtained by the Rev. W (' W.lloughby. in 1883. at Uniamwes:, in Kaetern Equatorial Africa, and was said to have bean brought thither from the Manyuema country, on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. . . It has also been obtained in Uganda, further to • Pocock (loc nt.. 1007) made C. tchmidti a subspecies of C. atcaniut, and devotee the greater part of hie account of it to a comparison of it with ateoniui. He adds: " In the British Museum there are speci- mens of this local race from the following localities:— Uganda (P. J. Jack.on, 09 8 4.1 ; (apt li J. Sadorkr, 98. 10. 10.1): Port Alice (H. ft. JohnMon, 1. 8. 0. 16); Manyema (BerAs ColL, 93. 1. 1. 1); Bumba. Upper Congo (( a vt. WVyn- ... ^^■t (loc. cit.. 1013. from his investigations made prior to 1912) gives a poor oopy of Sclater's colored plate and an unsatisfactory description. He says. " Typo locality. Man\ cma. Type in Berlin Museum. Oscar . Dittr. Uganda. Port Alice. Manyema. Bumba, Upper Congo." Thomas (lot . records two specimens from Medje and six from Poko. Belgian Congo (Christy Coll ) aa " CoreopitAonu tchmidii. Matsch." without comment Lonnberg (loc. cit., 1919) recorded three specimens in the Tervueren Museum, collected by Hutereau UeU region, one each from Zobia.BuUr 30 kd. north of Niangara") ami IWfuka. and incidentally sutes that • ths type specimens " of tcKmidti * were obtained in Uganda at Mengo: " adding that " the da faann extends westwards to the forest* round Uele river to the north of the great forest of 1913. Matschie. Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Belgique. XLVII. (1912). pp 65-o8. 412 Bulletin American M«>. u»ry [Vol. XI.VII as follows: " Lasyopyga schmidti montana" from \\ rabembe, northwi •-■ Lake Tanganyika: " Lasyopyga sclnniilti iturivHsis." the type from Lkaika. an rcopitlucus schmidti rutsrlnu (1917), based on a single specimen from the mountain forests of the east- ern escarpments of the Rutshuru Plain; the name rutockuricut for a form of ('ii' m ( = Losiopygo.) is preoccupied by an earlier I taseill tihowtail ndsefct/nVu.s by the same author I'M.". . A< shown by Lounberg (Joe. at.. 1017 and 1919), four of these subspecies arc founded on insufficient characters, and are all referred by him to Matschie's sub- ■ ukaiiiir. wliieh LonmVrg recognizes as ranging from the Man- yeiiia-W abembe district north to the Ituri I -ion. and thence west to Stanleyville. Ldnnberg and Thomas have referred I Vie speci- mens to the Uganda form L. oseonuM schmidti. < )n ecologica] grounds thi> might seem justified, hut Lang informs me that these monkeys are relatively scarce beyond the Rain Forest and wherever they occur they live under environmental conditions much the same as those in their real habitat in the Rain Forest, practically never invading the Savannah proper. Noteworthy is the fact that Ldnnl>erg (lor. rit., 1919, p. 126) has included in enkamer a specimen from "fiquateur," which is clearly with- in the range of L. a. whitesidei (Thomas), and also a specimen taken between Bafwaboli and Stanleyville, which falls within the range of L. n. cirrhorhinus. In the latter instance I follow Lonnberg as I can see no difference bet ween specimens from Avakubi and Akenge and six taken at Bafwaboli, Bafwasende (on the Lindi) and Stanleyville. It is evident that there is no valid diagnostic subspecific character io distinguish enkamer from cirrhorhinus and I consider them as synonyms. Cirrhorhinus, however, has several pages priority over enkamer and I am compelled to accept Lasiopyga ascanius cirrhorhinus as the name for the present series, its range extending from a considerable distance west of the Lower Lomami to Beni and Rutshuru, and including also the Ituri and eastern Dels districts. Matschie (loc. cit., 1913) in describing cirrhorhinus designated as type, an adult male, No. 347 of the Museum at Tervueren, said to come "Ausder PrOTini Stanley Falls." In connection with the five co-t; the only two other locality references occurring in his original description are: No. 246, "Rividre des Topokes," which refers to the Topoke people living on the left bank of the Lower Lomami: and No. 24S, " La Lindi," meaning the Lindi River, which reaches from near Stanleyville to farther Allen, Congo Collection of PrimaUs 4 13 south than Makala. It i- interesting that Lonnberg (toe. cit., 1919), in hi- paper <>n the Primates of the Terwerea M u-«urn. -i\ years Inter, among them the Mine type and two co-types of Ifatsdlie, Nob, 246, 248 and 347. For all of these specimens Ltanbetfj the single locality of 'Tshoppo." There is undoubtedly some difficulty in ascertaining the exact origin of these specimen! in the ueren Museum, but it is certain that Major Weyns, long stationed at levville. has collected at least some of them near Stanleyville, and probably Lonnberg meant to assign them to the forests along t he Tshoppo River, where Lang and Chapin have also taken one specimen. Under these circumstances I believe ""Tshoppo River, near Stanleyville" was the locality where the type specimen was obtained. The specimen recorded from Faradje in the northeastern Tele is of ial interest. It was really collected in one of the larg galleries halfway between Faradje and Aba. Since "Faradje" lies in the midst of the Savannah, some 210 miles northeast of Akenge, one might have i that this specimen would be at least sul specifically different from those taken in the Rain Forest . < 'ompared with some specimens of our large series it differs by a slightly darker median dorsal area. But there are others in the Rain Forest Series which it matches perfectly and still other- which have even more intense brownish coloration on the hack than the Faradje specimen. By selecting on the other hand the speci- men most different among the forest 181181 and supposing that this were the only specimen that happened to be at hand for comparison, one would have an apparently good reason for designating the Faradje sjx'ci- iiK'ii as a new sul Too often have >iimle specimens served as sole criterion for such a deplorable procedure. Lasiopyga ascanius pelorhinus (Matx Im CercopithecuM (Rhinoslicttu) axcaniux pelorhti hi . LOIS, Aim. Soc. Zool. ,<•..]. Bdgique, M.YII. 1912), p 76. Tunboya, IMgian Congo. Type, and onlv ipedmen, an aduh female, skin without skull. Represented by five imperfect native-prepared skins from I'ka- turaka, an island in the Middle Congo (Lai. T V. Long.a0°80/] . These skins lack the faie. hands, feet, and ikuIL The ears are present in tWO, .in. I the fore limbs to the hands in one. They are otherwise in good condition, with the tail compl* The character of the nose-spot cannot of 000186 1m- determined, but in other respects these specimen? igree with Matschie'i descrip- tion of i» A" Im ins. Hi- ( . n. fcoSM cribsdonan earlier page of the saine paper (toe. riL, p. 74 . i* from the 1'ogn"* Falls on the Kasai, and 414 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I. VI I based on two immature specimens; the type, a subadult female, was re- ceived alive at the Berlin Zoological Garden. The chief dit: claimed tl distinguishing the two fonns are the diagnostically doubtful color of the nose-spot which is said to be maize-yellow in kassaica and lemon-yellow in ixlorhinus, and the greater whiteness of the basal portion of the tail in the latter. The present series of specimens agrees better with pdorkinw in the greater amount of white at the base of the under- side of the tail, while the type locality of this form is not far from Uka- turaka (about 300 nulei to the eastward), the type locality of JbotM being about twice this distance directly south. The present specimens have a black brow-band as in ascanius (said by Ltanberg1 to l>e practical}- absent in kassaica). The color tones of the tail and the extent of the white on its proximal portion are strikimrly variable. One has a line of vivid red separating the white of the under- side from the dark dorsal median band, mentioned by Lonn her <: (loc. cit., p. 123) as present in his katangx. A striking feature of these epecimena is the exact agreement in coloration of every part, except the ears and tail, with specimens of L. ascanius cirrhorhinus from the Akenge-Medje-Avakubi-Stanleyville region, even to the tones of color of the whole dorsal area and head. Lasiopyga cephus (Linnaeus) Plate XCIX Simia cephus Linn.eus, 1758, 'Syst. Nat.,' Ed. 10, I, p. 27. " America" - ( luinca. Based on Marcgr:ivc. Cercopithecus cephus Lonnberg, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, p. 127. Lower Congo: Luali, Mayumbe (Bequaert). Beprcecnted by one specimen, d" , No. 52569, skin and skull, col- lected near Zambi, 30 miles from the mouth of the Congo, April 1915. No hVsh measurements. Not fully adult, m' not through the gum. Skull, occipito-nasal length, 9f> mm.: condylobasal length, 73.5; zygo- matic breadth, 62.3; orbital breadth, 51.2; postorbital constriction, 42.7; mastoid breadth. 66.7. The extent of the white nose-markings is well shown in the photo- graphic field study (PI. XCIX); what appears in the photograph tojbe a brow-band is merely due to the fact that the bluish slate-gray of the skin on the naked part of the face photographs white. The yellow i.-li whiskers, bordered by black above and below, and the peculiar pale yellowish-tipped ear-tufts are the striking features. The crown if >1Q19, Rev. Zool. Africaine. VII, p. 122. 1925] AUen, Congo Collection of Primates 415 rably darker than the back, the hairs being gray basally, becoming Dgly speckled with Mack, yellow, and brownish-red, the latter con- rably more pronounced on back and invading somewhat the flanks. Tin- ehin has a few stiff black hairs; throat and lower neck pale gray turning to li^ht olive-gray brown from breast to abdomen. Tail above near root colored like back punning into a stripe of auburn to the red tip that is slightly speckled with black; proximal third of underside gray, the longs hairs speckled with black, passing into pale red which gains in intensity towards the tip. Hands black; forearms slightly speckled like back, inncrside dark gray; thighs outside speckled like back, but paler, passing into slightly grizzled feet . This ■peeies is evidently restricted to the lower Congo on the right bank, extending up through the Gaboon to Spanish Guinea (Benito). :il mth also records native-made skins from "region de la Sangha." Lasiopyga pygerythra griseisticta (Elliot) Plat. LXXXIII, Figure 2; C Cercopiihecus tantalus griseistictus Elliot, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, tnber, p. 259. "Bambara, Welle River, Monbtrtta Country, Central Africa." Type and only specimen, an adult male, skin and skull, procured by Mr. Boyd Alexander. Lasiopyga tantalus griseisticta Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 331. Same as the above, with additions and change of generic name. Represented by fifteen specimens accompanied by one skeleton, collected as follows: Yakuluku, 3 (2 adult cf, 1 9), September 28 and November 5, 1911. a, 2 (cf, only l adult . December 12, 191 1. Faradje, 8 (only :* fully adult . February •"> September 12. 1911. Yankeickliovenville. •_> i;i(|ult ^ and 9 ). April 16-17, 1912. The externa] measurement! ai minimumHnaxunum) — of Laxiopyga pygerythra grist isticta, taken from animals in the flesh, are as follows: land Body Tail Yertcl.ni* Hindi Ear 4c? mi mi"- i-"." 173 no ; 175-611 L45 140 LSI U »o-42) 3 9 987(940-1040) 415(386-440) 571(556-600) 129(126-1 ::> K) Klliot gives the external meaaumnenti of the type, a male from Bambara, as baaed on the skin in the Britaab Museum, as follows: Total Length Head and Body TailVertebnp Hind Foot o* 1290 670 790 136 416 /< tin American Museum of Natural History \ I V 1 1 The cranial measurements a\ 1 1 li 1 1 imut 1 1-1 1 i:ix it i lum ) — of five adult "/'//f/" i>'/n>tr. Naaafa cf LIS 2 77 :. 44.7 21.9 - \i \i. Variation. There Lb no recognizable sexual difference in coloration in the present series, but there is a marked sexual difference in size, the only old male l>eing one-sixth larger in external measure- ments than female- of corresponding age, and one-tenth larger in cranial measurement-. Immaii hi PSLAGl . The first pelage is represented by four Speci- men-, forming a series differing in age. The youngest i- foetal 51014, 9, Faradje, September 12, 1911; total length, 390 mm.), and the teeth have not cut the minis. The pelage i- very short and entirely black, but it covers only the head and mid-dorsal area to the sacral region, the rest of the body, limbs and tail being practically nude. The pelage is most heavily developed on the head, where it is thick but short. The next in age No. .>2470, cf, Faradje, March 14, 1911; total length, !■">•">: greatest length of skull. 65) is well clothed in the soft natal coat, the basal two-thirds yellowish white, the apical third black, through which the light basal portion can be seen when the pelage IB disarranged. In this specimen the cheek-teeth are covered by the gums, but the tips of the incisors have broken through. The third specimen (No. 52474, d\ Faradje, February 5, 1911 ; total length, Jt length of skull, 68) is slightly older, with fully developed milk dentition. The second coat i- ooming in on the head, on the front edge of the -houlders and on the fore limbs, but not on the body, hind limbs or tail. The white frontal band is clearly indicated, and the ■Probably total length, not length at middle, a* in the other specimens included in the measurements. 1925) Allen, Congo Collection of Primates \ 1 7 hairs of the front half of the head arc broadly handed subapically with oehraceous, forming an oehneeow hand behind the frontal zone of whr The fourth specimen I 86, cf, Aba, Deceml>er 12, 1911; 1 length length of skull. 7 4 * is older and shows a slight advance in pelage change, especially on the head, when- there is a well defined, rather hroad oehraceous hand behind the narrow frontal line, a transition feature not shown in adults or even older subadults. A young male (No. 52477, Yakuluku. September 26, 1911; total length, '■ length of skull, 96; m3 not yet developed I- the richest colored of the whole aeries, due probably to a fresh, unladed coat, the pelage in older specimens collected at the Bame time and place being much paler. Imuyiimai. Variation i\ ( oloratiox. — In general effect thr color- ation of the upperpai //leof pale yellowish gray sprinkled slightly with black, especially on the head and median dorsal area, the limbf and tail distinctly grayer than the l>ody, and the tail more strongly mixed with black. The underpartfl and inside of the limbs are white faintly toned with yellow. In none is the color of the upperpartt appreciably toned with green. However, there is a very slight olivaceous tint all r the back. The white frontal hand is always strongly developed, but Varies in width in different individuals. Ix-ing twice broader in some than in other-. The tuft of lengthened white hair on either side of the base of the tail i- usually a conspicuous feature, hut is occasionally greatly re- duced. It joins the white of the proximal third or more of the underside of the tail. The anal tufts of red hair vary greatly in l>oth color and quantity, independently of sex. In one of two males they are almost obsolete and pale brownish red; in the other they form a broad con- ioii- patch of coarse, bright fed hair. < Mher specimen! are variously intermediate between these extremes. In one of the females this area is ded, bright red for the most part, but with the longer hairs of the mid-portion chestnut-red pawning into blackish anieaOj. In greatly reduced in extent and in intensity of color. The ty|>e of Lasiopwja fantnitts (OgDby) (1841, ZooL See. London, p. 38) was from an unknown locality. < hi the twin of ip i inn mi iwHiilhnTy ■ginning with it from Nigeria the oepted by subsequent authors as the type region of the Pocoek, liMiT ZooL Soc. London, pp. 781 788, text Three -uhspecies belonging t<> this group were described prior to 19] j Two of these are undoubtedly closely related to those 418 Bulletin American Museum of Xatural History [Vol. X I. V 1 1 represented in the northeastern Belgian Congo: (1) C. tantalus budgctti Pocock \loc. cit., p. 733) based on a single ipa •im« n (skin and skeleton) from "Bathyaba" = Butiaba, on the east shore of Lake Albert; (2) C. tantalus alexandri Pocock (1909, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Abstr. N 71. May 11. p. 25; idem, December, p. 545) based on a specimen from Lake Chad, brought alive to the London Zoological Society's Gardens; (3) C. tantalus griseist ictus Klliot (loc. cit.) from about 200 miles east of Bambara (on the Uele River, between Amadi and Surunga, at about 3° 35' N., 27° 20' E.), the type locality of this subspecies. The relation- ships of these three forms cannot now be definitely determined. The earliest name is budgetti; alexandri has six months priority over griscisiirtn. Two others were added by Lorenz1 in 1914, as Lasyopyga tantalus beniana and L. t. graueri, the former based on two specimens (an adult male and a young male) from Beni, the other on an adult female from Baraka, west of the north end of Lake Tanganyika. The descrip- tions of these forms indicate their close similarity to th mm the Dele hen referred to griseisticla. Probably they are synonyms of L. pygerythra centralis, for Lonnberg (loc. cit., 1919) lists specimens from Beni and as far west as Ponthierville as L. pygerythra << ntralis. From the above it is apparent that heretofore specimen! recorded from the Savannah north of the West African Rain Forest, from eastern Dele, Pew considered to be subspecifically related to the West African species /,. tantalus. Specimens from the Savannah south and east of the West African Rain Forest have been generally subspecilieally referred to the South African /,. pygerythra as L. p. centralis and L. p. katangensis. Uganda and East African representatives have also been subspecilically included in L. pygerythra. On comparing East African specimens with the material from the Dele I see no reason why the Tele specimens should not be treated as a subspecies of pygerythra, and therefore have chosen the name L. pygerythra griseixt Allenopithecua- Lang [AUenopithecm Lang, 1923, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 87, September 12, pp. 1-5, Figs. 1-3 (skull and dentition). The chief characters of AUenopitheau, compared with Lasiopyga, are given as: baboon-like habitus due to much shorter, heavier body; more muscular shorter limbs, and short tail, although the short rostrum 'Am. Ak. Wiaa. Math. Nat. Kl. Win, I.I. No 17. July 2. pp. 357-358. Redeacribed in 1917 (Ann. Naturhist. Hofmua., V i) aa Cercopithecui tantalus benianun and C. t. graueri. The firet primate collected by the Congo Expedition of the American Museum waa " Latiopyaa" nigrntiridit (Pocock). In preparing hia general report on the primatea of the Congo collection the late Dr. J. A. Allen accidentally overlooked thia specimen, which has since been described. — H. L. ItHt] Mhn, Congo Collection of Primates 419 accounts for a distinctly thickset roundish head. The molars more hypsodont, much broader basally, the outer and inner cusps more drawn together towards their apex, so as to form a very narrow longitudinal valley: the lower molars m*, inj and m3 having an external euspletat the base of the groove between the anterior and posterior cusps. — H. L.] Allenopithecus nigroviridis (Pocock) Tp\ 1-3 [Cercopithecus nigroviridis Pocock, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, October 8» I> 789, PI xi.n, fig. 5 (head in profile); idem, 1908, p. 160 (in text), PI. x, fig. 1 (animal; colored). Based on "the akin of a female ipecuneB that lived in the Society's Gardens from NuvcimI >(.»th, 1892 to May loth, 1894," brought from "Upper Lasiopyga (Chlorocebxus) nigrunridis Elliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II, (1912), p. 348. Redeseription of the type. presented by a single adult male, skin and skull, collected July uier. Mu-. NO. 52467). Shot in a low tree near Bolobo, at an island in the Congo River. Several other individuals, barking loudly, ■led by leaping to the ground. The field measurements are: Total length, 960 mm.; head and body, 460; tail vertebra?, 500; hind foot, 135. The principal cranial measurements are: Greatest length of skull. Ill mm.; occipitonasal length, ••mlylobasal length, 85.4; zygomatic breadth, 71.5; orbital breadth, 57.7; postorbitaJ constriction, 39.5; mastoid breadth, 56.0; length of ii I): upper toothrow e-m1 ,35.0; length of upper molar seriee 27.6; pm*, width 5; m1, width 6.8; m*, width 7.8, length ms, width 7: lower toothrow e-m . .1S..V. length of lower molar series, 31.9; mi, width 4.S; m2. width ">.<*: m3. width .">.!>. The basal SUtun is not fully closed, but there is :i thin, low sagittal crest, although the teeth are only slightly worn. The facial portion of the -kull is strongly sloping. The tyi was supposed to conie from an unknown locality in the " Upper < k>ngO." Another living specimen which Hamlyn stated "was brought with other Monkey- to Brazzaville from further inland'" was received later in London. The present >|M'cimen from near Bofebo, about l"> ia not the prevailing col.»r. » indicated by Uua figure —II I Fig. 1. AUenopilhecus nigroriridus (Pocock). Skull of adult male (No. 52467). A, right lateral view; B, palatal view. Natural sice. 420 1825] Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 421 Pocock bad only a young specimen " with remarkably soft >ilky hair.1' wheieae the present specimen i> a fully adult male with fairly coarse pelage, softer and thinner only on the underparts. Skin of face dark grayish DHOWS, as are also the ears; chin whitish pink, beset with grayish stiff hairs. Hairs on upper lip and adjacent to black. The black brow-hand is hardly indicated in the middle but npithecus nigroviridis (Pocock). Mandible of adult male 524«.7 A . right lateral view: B, posterior view of right ascending ramus, showing wide mandibular con- dyle, inward curve caused by inception of muscle, and inflected angular process. Natural site. Mlenopithecu* nigroriridi* (Pocock;. Dentition of :wlult male (No. A, left upper molar aeries; B. left lower molar series. x|. from the eyw to isei m width. The ears are only .-lmhtly beeet with - The basally tight gmj whi>k«-rs are tipped with Mack and speckled with yellow in men fashion as to produce a golden ipical hand near their edges. < Yown. nap.-, shoulders, center of hack and dorsal side of tail much darker than flanks; all hairs being at base dark therwise black and ringed with two golden-yellow hands narrower than the black -pace | them Off than the hlaek tip. ■ lirnl* towards bandl uradually more short-haired. e\ternall\ 422 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I A 1 1 much the saim- sjx'cklcd appearance as back i>ut paler; hands grinled; thighs externally more golden than back, passing gradually to tin- speckled grayish feet. Slightly darker shade across breast. Throat light gray; umlnparts gray, speckled with black and yellow; portion near flanks bright rusty red; scrotum whitish blue; a tuft of hair at perineal regno dark rusty brown. Tail with hair much shorter than on body, darker dorsally, pale yellowish speckled below; extreme tip black— H. L.] Erythhocebus Trouessart Erythrocebus patas1 pyrronotus (Hemprich and Kluenl>erg) Plate CI Cercopithecus pyrronotus Hemprk u \\i> Kiihiahkhg, 1829, Verhandl. Naturf. l'r. Berlin, I, p. 407, Kordofan; Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus, idem, 1832, 'Symb. Physics, ' Mamm., Decas I, PI. x and text . Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus Sclater, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 250. Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus Anderson, 1902, 'Zool. Egypt.' Mamm., pp. 23 Redescription of the type in the Berlin Museum; historical comment. Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus I) \, 1902, in Anderson's 'Zool. Egypt,' Mamm.. p. J.">. "Sonic examples attributed to the- Nile reftOO have black noses." Cercopithecus pyrronotus Mvi-- iiik, 1905, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. l'r. Berlin, p. 269. Critical comment. Cercopithecus patas subsp. pyrrhonotus Pocock, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 741. "I al-o raped that ilie nose of the white-nosed eastern form of this species, for which the oldest name appears to be pyrrhonotus, is black in the young." Cercopithecus (Erythrocebus) patas aJbosignatus M vm HIS, 1912, Rev. Zool. Africa inc. F. March, p. 188. " Mlxunu-Fluss mi I'elle-Becken." Type and only specimen an adult female Cercopithecus >>us) patas poliomystax Matschie, 1912. idem, p "Oberer- Kongo, (lenaucr l'imdort nidit zu ermittcln." Type and only .specimen an adult male. Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus Elliot, 1913, 'Rev! Primates,' III, (1912), p. 9. Erythrocebus pyrrhonotus G. M. Au.i.v I'M I. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LVIII. July, p. :r> ■,. ar (lozar, on the Blue Nile. Erythrocebus phyrrhonotus Wettstein, 1917, Desks. Ak. Win. Wien. Math - Nat. Kl.. XCIV. p. <>4f>. J. Debri, S. -Kordofan (about 80 mil.- north of Kadugli), skin and skull of a young female. ■The basis of Simia pattu and its svnonyms is as follows: Le Patau Buffon and Daubenf I I V, pp. 208-223, Pis. xxv and xxvi (animal). xxvii and xxvm (anatomy). "8enegal," by inference. (" Nom de cette espece . . dans son pays natal au S^n^ital. ") Two specimens are figured and described as, respectively, Patat a bandeau noir ( PI. xxv) and Patat a bandeau blanc (PI. xxvi) but they are said to differ only in the color of the supraorbital band, which is black in the former and white in the latter. Simia patat Schreber, 1775, 'Saugthiere.' I, p. 98, PI. xvi. No technical name in the text but the plate is legended ".simia patat Buff." Description based on Buffon and Daubenton, plate a copy of theirs, as above, colored. Stasia rubra Gmelin, 1788, 'Syst. Nat.,' I, p. 34. "Simia patat Buff on" cimens in which the first coat has been replaced by the coarser pelage of a later stage. The younger of the two No. 52677, d", Faradje, May 3, 1909; totallength, 650 mm.: greatest length of skull, 90; only the fully developed milk dentition) has the general coloration of adults, the markings being the sani' <>n the nose, shoulders and limbs. The nose is black. The whiskers are softer and less mizzled with black, those at the base of the ears curved upward. The ears are strongly tufted with white hairs, the longest of which have a length of 25 to 30 mm. The top of the head is dark red. with many of the hairs minutely tipped with black, espcrially • • of the Occipital area where i he black tips have a length of 3 to 5 mm. The pelage of the upperparta Le pale reddish, the red extending to the baSS of the hair-, but with faintly lighter tips mixed with a sprinkling of black tips, the latter long and conspicuous over the scapular til Out.' the limbs sightly paler than the ImmIv. not white as in the mat nd the hands and feet slightly darkened with blackish. untlv grayish white atightiy toned with reddish on the breast and lower abdoB 7 1 Much 8, 1911; total length, 600 mm.: greatest length of skull. 99 mm.; milk dentition fully developed) is 424 Bulletin A merican Museum of Natural History (Vol . X I . \ 1 1 slightly »)1«1 -till black. A somewhat older specimen from Xiangara (No. 52578, 9 , May 4, 1913; total length 7S0 mm., greatest length of skull 93.6; first permanent molar fully up in addition to tin- milk teeth ) is similar to the twoexamples just described, but the color tones are slightly brighter and the inter- scapular region is much grayer. The inside of the limits is much clearer white, while the red tone of the outside of the limbs is more restricted and paler and the gray of the shoulders extends along the outer edge <>t the forelimbs nearly to the feet. The nose is still black. Adult Pklagk. — The adult stage is represented by a single male from Faradje (No. 52576, April 4, 1911; PI. CI). The nose is conspicu- ously clear white, in contrast with the intense black nose of the four young already described. The coarse long gray hair of the shoulders is gray to the base of the pelage and extends over the upper arms to the elbow, the whole forearm being white to the end of the toes; a faint creamy suffusion on the anterior aspect contrasts slightly with the clear white of the posterior. The longest of the gray hairs on the shoulders have a length of 90 to 100 mm. The entire top of the head is dark red, darkest on the posterior part where many of the hairs are minutely tipped with black; laterally the black hair tips are longer and form a thin black line joining the broad black facial band. The long cheek- hairs (whiskers) curve upward at the posterior base of the ears. Tin- center of the back is deep brick-red, the hairs being vermiculated with yellow and tipped with black; the sides are lighter. The proximal hall of the tail is deep brownish red, much darker than the thighs and lower back. The red on the thighs extends only to a line continuous with the lower border of the callosities. The external measurements of this specimen are: Total length. 1195 mm.: head and body, 575; tail vertebrae, 620; hind foot, 165; ear, 49. For cranial measurements see p. 43 1 . 1 1 1 lationships and X'nMi \< i. \ i run. — The Erythrocebus group of guenons is a hoi in i^-nous group, sharply defined from all others by colora- Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 425 t ion. As a rule the tonus are poorly represented in niu-einns, although living specimens in menag not unusual. It is from this source that most of the museum specimens have been derived; and the types of (he greater part of the described forms have been of this character. Usually without definitely known Localities. The distribution of the group extends across Africa south of the Sahara from Senegal to western Abyssinia, thence south to Cameroon, northern Belgian Congo, Uganda, and the western part of British East to Masiiland. thus ranging from about 15° N. to 4*8. None have been recorded from Belgian Congo south of the I'ele River. Twelve species wen- recognised by Elliot, all described prior to 1912, and two forms have been added since that date. Besides these twelve nan d synonyms are commonly referred to pattM and pymmotui. In recent yean several authors have recognized Brytkrocdbw as a genus. others have given it the status of a subgenus. Probably Pocock's mate of its value is a fair one. Hesays:1 "One group [of the guenons], however, stands out from the rest and might perhaps with advantage be n full generic status. This is the group name Kri/throcebiis, typified by pafOS. The living animal- differ markedly from other species, not Only in colour, but in form. They are slender Monkey- standing high on the ley-, the fore legs In'ing particularly long as compared with those of other species, which are heavily built and low on the fore legs. ... I 'hat C. patas is more terrestrial ami less arboreal than the other members of the genus Cercopithectu." The number of tpeeiei referred to Brythrocebut by different authors during the Ia-t twenty years has greatly varied Trouessart, in 1904 it. Manim..* Suppl.. Case. 1. p. I: gnised two. Matschie, in 190o (loc. cit.), admitted five previously described and sdded four new ones, making nine in all. PoOOCk, in L907 (fee. '•//.>. recognised only one, with an additional subspecies (^ryfarooSDttS pataa palas and E. jtatas pyr He states that hi- material was too scanty for him "to contribute anything to our knowledge of the geographical races of the He appended, hou farenees to the described "local form-.'' Klliot. in P.MJ publication .lime I'M*, recognised twelve form full -pecie-. They include those given by Matschie and two other- described by himself in 1900, Two other- were added Mat-clue in 1912. 1SS7, iw. Sad, Bo* i .....ion. ,.. ..;•• 426 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I.Y 1 1 These fourteen forms, with their type localities and the character of the material 00 whieh they were originally founded, are: 1775. Simia patas Schreber (ex Button and Daubenton). (Loc. cit., p. 98.) laded on two menagerie ipeeimene, without definite locality hut inferentially from Senegal Button's account of these two specimens became later {supra, I>. 422, footnote) the basis of two specific and two subspecific designations. 1829. Cercopithecus pyrronolus Hemphkh a\i> BUUMBSBO. {Loc. cit., p. 407.) . :. male brought alive from Kordofan to Berlin, where the prepared q men is prexrvid m the Zoological Museum. (Cf. Matschie, 1905, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 269.) Redescribcd by Andenon in hi gym* ' (1902. Malum., p. 22), and hy Elliot (1913, 'Rev. Primate-.' III 1912 . ,,. 9). 1861. Cercopithecus poliophxus Hiii.iiv [nomen nudum . IVtermann's Mit- tcihmgen, \" 1 1 . p IS. Deeeribed and figured by Reichenbach in 1862. Type a male, brought alive by Eeoglin to Vienna, where it lived for four years, and pre- served as a specimen in the Vienna Museum. Said to have come originally from Fazogli, on the Blue Nile, near the Abyssinian boundary. Type redescn bed by Kit/ingcr in 1866 (cf. Matschie, loc. cit., 1905, pp. 270-271) and by Elliot (i* ii). 1863. Cercopithecus cirtumcinctus Reichenbach, 'Vollstand. Naturg. Alien,' p. 123, PI. xxi. fig. 310. Based on a living animal, from an unknown locality. Face hlack encircled with white. (Cf. Matschie, loc. cit., 1905, p. 271, and Kllin- III. p. 17.) 1905. Erythrocebus baumstarki Matsciiik. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 10, p. 273. Based on a nearly full-grown female, a skin and skull, from Dram*, east of the south end of Victoria Nyansa. I m mature, the last molar not fully up. The region eboot the eyes is said to have l>een injured but that it could Ik- seen that there was no black frontal band. 1905. Erythrocebus zechi M am hik, idem, p. 274. Based on three young individuals from the environs of Bete Kradji, western Togo, sent alive to the Berlin Zo6- lojjieal Gardens. Black nosed. Top of head dragon-blood red; back cinnamon- red. No really distinctive features are given. 1905. Erythrocebus kerstingi Matschie, idem, p. 274. Five specimens. Type an adult female from Sokode, Togo; four immature sj>ecimens from "Fasati im Mono-Quellnehiet." Black nosed. Back orange-red finely sprinkled with light gray. In addition to these two Togoland species, other specimens are referred to a third s\»< ieed as "Simia rufa Schreber." Two young specimens, from Taponir. one of them "ganz jungen and BOMB nicht ganz ausgewachsenen." Thus it is shown that "innerhalb der Grenzen von Togo drei sehr verschie. Husarenaffen leh. 1905. Erythrocebus langheldi Matschie, idem, p. 276. Based on two living sp' nuns, both young, in the Berlin Zoological Gardens, from Garua, Upper Benue, Cameroon. The alleged characters for the recognition of this species are without value. The younger of the two is made the tyj>e, which, says Elliot, "is SO young I have not deemed it worth while to give the dimensions of the skull." The other (older) specimen has no skull. 1925) . t ft n , Congo Collection of Primate* 427 1906. Cercopithecus pataa sannio Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVII, Febru- ary, p. 173. Type, an adult male, skin and skull, from Yo, Lake Chad. Nose Mack, shoulders grayish black, not yellow as in typical patas. 1909. Erythrocebus formosus Ki i i->r. Aim. Ifag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, p. 264. Based on an adult skin, without skull, from Uganda; exact locality not known. Nearly •ed to C. baumstarki Matschie (1905) from Masai Land. 1909. Erythrocebus albigenus [sic] Elliot, idem, p. 205. Based on an adult male, skin and skull, from "Egyptian Soudan, exact locality not known." 1910. Erythrocebus whitei Hollisti.k, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LVI, No. 2, March p. 11, PI. ii (skull). Type, an adult male, skin and skull (also an adult male par N soia River, ( '.u:i< Ngishu Plateau, British East Africa. 1912. Cercopithecus (Erythrocebus) patas albosignatus Matschie, Rev. Zool. Afri- can. -, p. 433. Based on an adult female skin (no skull mentioned), from Bomu River, Belgian Congo. Black nosed. No really diagnostic char- acters civ. n. 1912. Cercopithecus (Erythrocebus) patas poliomystax Matschie, idem, p. 434. Based on an adult male skin and skull from the Upper Congo, exact locality unknown. Black nosed. lit of the fourteen forms listed above were based on single speci- mens. th<- types of three of them from unknown localities. Six were based on immature specimens, that died in menageries. In the case of the _mal patas, a considerable number of specimens have been received from time to time at the Paris Zoological Gardens that were known to have come from Senegal (cf. I. Geoffroy, 1851, 'Cat. Meth. Coll. Mamm. Mus. Paris,' p. 24). Eight of the forms appear to have been based on wild-killed specimens, some of them immature, and all on single speci- men- except two. where the original material consisted of two specimens in one rase and six in the other. The literature of the group, however. ippean to furnish very few records of wild-killed material for any of the form-. The amount of such material in museums is probably small, as Elliot in hi- 'Review of the Primates' rarely refers to any other speci- men- than tin- types, and probably little has since been added Hence little has been recorded in reference to individual variation in this ip of guenon-. My own material is restricted to the small sr: collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition as listed above; -even topotypea of KniOmxxbus whitct Hoffieter; a !.• specimen referable to the original patas, an adult male from the Mai Park Menagerie Of New York ( 'ity; and a wild-killed adult male from Uganda 'without definite locality! representing Kri/throcebus 0MM Plliot. The color pattern is essentially the same in all. but the tones and corresponding color areas are subject to wide variation, d in specimens from the mum locality. The single specimen of C. Us Bulletin American Museum of Xry (Vol. XIAIl patas, evidently typical although from an unknown locality, has the softest pelage and the most intense color tones of all, and the red color of the apperparti extends on the hind liml>s to the knees. The angle Specimen from Uganda is brighter and nioiv intensely colored than either the I'pper Congo specimens or the series from the Nsois River, -h Mast Africa, topotypes of E. whit* i Hollister. / uhihi is represented by three adults (two males and a female) and four young, the latter varying in age from alx>ut one-fourth to one- half (iriiwn. The two adult males are jx'rfectly comparable in age and u.re collected at the same locality, respectively <»n October 31 ami I tocember 80, They thus illustrate the kind and amount of individual color variation that may be expected to occur in guenons of the pofoi group. In texture of pelage and in coloration the general effect i< dosely similar: in details of coloration there are marked differences. In :; 1718 (which for brevity may be designated as A), collected October 31, the front<»-superciliary band is broad, uniformly ami equally composed of mixed rigid black and white hairs to a point about one-third the dis- tance between the eye and ear. and thence posteriorly consists of shorter soft black hairs without intermixture of white, [n the other Nb. 34714, designated for convenience B), collected I)eeeml>er 30, the frontal band is black with a very few partly white hairs, black greatly prevailing and the white hairs are annulated with black instead of l>cing wholly white. The cheek hairs are similar in both — white with the tips of the upper series broadly black-tipped. In A the forehead immediately behind the frontal hand is of the same tone of red as the crown; in B it is distinctly paler (about cinna- mon-buff). In A the pale temporal tuft in front of the ear is very pale. many shades paler than the forehead; in B it is about the same tone as the forehead. In A the nape region is much paler than in B; yet in A the general tone of the under-pelage of the upperparts is much brighter red- dish orange than in B. In A the long hair of the shoulder is scarcely different in color from the interscapular region and flanks; in B tin- shoulder hairs are conspicuously gray, the apical half of the hairs being broadly banded with black and narrowly subapieally with white, and consequently are strikingly different from the rest of the iipperpi Asa further result the upper arm i- externally gray like the shoulder and unlike the rest of the upperparts, while in A it is. like the shoulder, with- out gray and not different from the rest of the upperparts. In A the befty is white, the tips of the hairs faintly toned with light red: in H the hairs of the belly are deep orange-red to the base. In A the tail at the M •■-••">; Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 429 erne base (for about 50 mm.) is likr the adjoining part of the back, but from this point posteriorly, on the upper surface, rapidb rom pale cinnamon-buff to pale cream-buff. 1 1 1« nee apically U) pale yeDowisfa white; under-eurface of tail wholly white In H the up|>er— urface of the tail for about the proximal fourth or third is dark brownish red. much darker than the back, fading gradually apically to about cinnamon-buff at the tip: under surface of the tail about cream-buff to the tip. The difference- between these two specimen*, of the same age. - and locality, are greater than those indicated in the comparative descrip- tions of most of the forms given the status of full species by Klliot and by their original describers. While this shows the inadequacy of our knowledge of most of the hitherto described forms it does not follow that • of these form- perhaps most of them) may not prove, when fully known, to be recognisable local races. Hut it is hardly probable that the three forms recognized by Mat-due from Togoland will all prove tenable, or that then- are two good forms in the Tele drainage of the l'p|>er ( 'ongo, or that the form from that region is really sufficiently different from pyrronotus of the Upper Nile region to require a special name. Indeed, the adult male in the present collection from Faradje, Tele district . is not very appreciably different from specimen H of E. irhitn described al>ove; it differs from it much less, in fact, than the specimen A differs from mien H, U.th from the same locality, and both from practically the type locality of i For this reason I have doomed H pretsr- abl provisionally the Faradje to pyrronotus rather than ike for them one of Mat-chie'- names based on Bomu and "Upper -peciinei So far as cranial measurements are available, they fail to show racial differenc e, as shown in the table of m< asurements on p. 431. The gle middle-aged male from Faradje shows no tangible differences fmi: (et, the individual variation in three comparable examples ■ ring the size differences of not only the Faradje specimen but also the | n ami B. />. ptiiomystax. Different part- of tl, ol the pates group (genua /•.' /throcebus nme authors present widely different ecological condition-, and it is a practical certainty that regional form- exi-t. but just how and to what nt they differ is at present unknown. The principal differences alleged are sliglr :i- in color, mainly the intensity of color, and whether the nose patch i< white or black. The te\tllte of |>clage. whether • and rather short or \<>u\l and coarse, obviouslj U',M ,'u> ,n- nment. and likewise the mten-itv of the tones of coloration, the 49 » Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol X I.\ 1 1 forms of tin* srmi-ilcsi -it and sparsely wooded districts differing from those of move heavily wooded and moiiter districts. As in other similar groups, local differences in size are not apparent, so far as can be judged from measurements at present available. The significance of the color of the nose patch, whether black or white, has practically been solved. Adults of the \\ i ~t African forms, probably as far cast as the Shari River, have the host Mack, while adults of the more eastern districts, including those of the Upper Congo region, have the nose white. Yet young in- dividuals of the white-nosed form have the nose black. In the present material of five specimen- from the Tele district the only adult lias the nose white, while all of the four young, collected at the same time and place as the adult, have the nose black; this includes one nearly full grown (the permanent teeth fully developed except the last molar). In a series of four young of MfkUti, of similar age to the Faradje series, the nose is white in the older ones and changingfrom black to white in the younger B, while in six known adults of irhitei the nose is white. Pocock. long ago 1007. l'roc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 7 1 1 >. was led to suspect, from his observations of Irving examples in the London Zoological Gardens, that the white-nosed foniis had Mack noses when yOUTJg. In young specimens the outside of the limbs are only a little paler than the body, the lower legs and fore arms not acquiring the white color of these parts in the adult until half-grown or until after the anterior permanent molar has reached full development; yet the type specimen of some of the described forms had not passed beyond this stf Among the leading chanu forth by describers as diagnostic is the brow-band, whether all black or white and Mack mixed, and. if the latter, whether Of uniform character throughout or broken on the median line by a space all Mack.1 Or again whether it reaches to the ear Off ends some distance in front of it; also whether the branch extending to the sides of the crown is indistinct or strongly developed. The hairs of the crown and occiput and of the back may be minutely or strongly Mack- tipped in specimens from the same locality, yet such variations have been taken as racial distinctions. Also the shoulder and upper arm may be gray, or even blackish in general effect, or not different from the general color of the upperparts, as in the two examples of u-hih i above described. 'The three primary divisions in Klliot's " Key to the Species" of Erythrocebu* are : "A. Brow band black: B. Brow band white; C. No brow band." Ten species are placed in section A, one «•:■ sections B and C (eircumcinctu* in B, baumttarki in C). The illustration of Kcichenbach's Erythroetbut circumcinetua was based on an immature specimen living in confinement, from an unknown lo< some thirty years previous to its publication, and is indeterminable. It is represented as having a ■■■ brow band. Erytnrocebu* baumttarki Matschie was based on the skin of a wild-killed female, not fully grown, from Ikoma, Masailand. The region over the eyes, says the description, "ist leider bei dem vorliegenden Fell faul " : yet the author says he was able to recognise that there could have been " keine sebwarae Stirnbinde" in front of the ochre-colored forehead. Elliot describes the same specimen as having "no black on forehead or on side of head." It thus seems necessary to have this exceptional character confirmed by other specimens from the type locality. 1906] Alien, Congo Collection of Primate* i:;i Cranial Measurements of Forms of the Erythrocebus palas Group — — Cat Form Sex Locality o-3 if 3 i - 3 1 a a - E | yyrronntus o" Faradje 141 .0 107.2 117.4 88.3 sannio1 o" LakeCnad 143.0 98.2 127.5 88.5 albigenwr' o" Egyptian Sudan 135.0 114.0 80.0 uh itei* ie.' Suppl. mix Vcrt6br6s, faao. 1, pp. 95, 97. Type, l>\ motkotypy, Colobus verus Van Bfitwdwi. 1887. Tropicolobus Rochkhui \k. idem, pp. 96, 102. Type, by monotypy, <>>lobu8 rufomitratus IV IssT I'ilieeoUbua Hoc— null, idea, pp. 96, 1" by subsequent desn: tii.n Alien. L990 . copiihecut) badiii* Kf the genua Colobus is restricted to inter- tropical Africa, in the north from Srnegamhia to Abyssinia and the south from Angola to Nyasaland, throughout the greater part of which vast area forms of this group are represented. They have been recognised as constituting two groups, on the basis of coloration, commonly known a> "red Colobi" and "black Colobi." Some of the "red" group, as now known, have very little red in the coloration, the prevailing color of the upper parts Ix-ing some shade of dark brown. The various forms of the •'black" group vary greatly in respect to development of long haii- on the head. >houlders. and sides of the body, and the presence or absence of a heavy terminal tail tuft. Rochebrune-' in his monograph of the Colobu* group recognized it as a family Oolohids (Cercoprtheeicfa of recent authors), consisting of seven genera, five of which he proposed ae new. Some of his generic groups have been recognised as subgenera by later authors, although they are based on rather slight characters. As recognised by Klliot.3 Roohe- brune's StadUffedUbus is, however, synonymous with Colobus («.«.), as are also Gray's Colobolus and Guereza, while Lophocolobus Pbusargues (1895) is a strict synonym of Procolobus Rochebrune, both having the ■■me genotype, as admitted later by Pousargues himself.4 The first descrilx-d species referable to the genus Colobus are the "Full-bottom Monkey " and the " Hay Monkey" of Pennant, based on a specimen of each in the Leverian Museum, brought from Sierra Leone. The former was described and figured by Pennant in 1781 Him. Quadr..' I. p. 197. No. 1 10, PI Dm , and a description was given of the latt. ■ /.. p. 198, No. 111). The Full-bottom Monkey received ita ■Journ Mammalogy. February, p. 97. M887. " Faune de la Senegambie,' Suppl. am Vertebrea, faac. 1. •Rev. Primate*.' III. *Ct. 1890, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., Paris, (8) III, p. 162, footnote. Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 433 itematic name from Zumnennaim, who designated it Cebus poly- komot in 1780 '< leogr. < leech.,' II. p. 208), In- description being based on manuscript not.- sent to liitn by Pennant. Zinunermann's account of the specie- thus preceded Pennant "s by one year. Other technical nam d to it by later authors, all based on Pennant's descrip- and figure, in the following Beqiiaiee: Simia (Cercopitkeeus) regalia iin. Kingd..' p. 74, No. 61); Simia tctnulactijhi Link tr. Naturgeach.,' p. 62); Simia comosa Shaw (1800, 'Gen. ■1 ..' I. pt. 1. p. 50 : Ateiei comatui & (ieoffroy (1806. Ann. Mus. Hi- Pari-. VII. p. 273). Also apparently the same form was re- Mribed as Colobus ursinus Ogilby (1835, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 98; and idem, 1838, p. 61), also from Sierra Leone specimens. The second species, Pennant's "Bay Monkey," was first technically named l.y Kerr, in L792 (toe. cit.. p. 7b Xo. 62), Simia (Cercopithecus) It was renamed Simia ferruginea by Shaw in 1*800 (lor. cit., p. 50) and Colobus ferruginosus by E. Qeoflroy in 1812 (Ann. Mus. Hist. \ I X . p. 92). Probably < )gflby's Cotofou rufoniger (1839, '('at . . Soc. London.' p. 270), from Sierra Leone, is also identical. from adjoining parts of Africa are lik. present only local forms of the backus group. These two Pennant ian species were the only ones enumerated by Illiner in 1811 in founding the genus Colobus, who cited them as Simia os Schreber and Simia ferruginea Shaw, on others having been ribed prior to that date. It i> of interest to note that one of them is a representative of the "black" group of the genus, the other of the •• rnl" p. The next described (Colobus temminkii Kuhl, 1820) was from an unknown locality and. while it has never been satisfactorily identified, i- evidently a member of the red group. The first >i hnicallv named from West Africa from Sene- oai Upper Guinea, including the Gaboon, but excluding Lou go dates, as stated, from the year 1780 (Cebus polyfcomos Smmermann, from "Sierra Leone"). During the following years of the nineteenth century technical nan | D to twenty-three other of which several have been SJBJgned n synonymy by moat nt writers. The last form descril>ed from this region il P 'locolobus in North < '.imeiMon. Th technically named from Western Equatorial A: and the Upper Nile drainage SOUtll Of tbout "latitude "in the year 1860 (Colobus angolensi* P I Bolster, from northen The first from eastern Belgian Congo was describes 1 434 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X I .V 1 1 in 1899 (Colobus foai Pousargues). Four others were described during the period ending 1901, and twenty-right more forms during the years 1913 and 1911. In all. there have been forty-two forms md sub- species thus tar recorded from Western Equatorial Africa. The first species technically named from Eastern Africa (AbySBJ through East Africa to Nyasaland) dates from the year 1816 {Lmmtr abyssinicus Oken, from "Abyssinia"). Sixteen other form- from the same region have since been characterized, making seventeen in all. of which six were published during 1912-1913. Of the fifty-nine form- described from East Africa and Western Equatorial Africa together, thirty-five were descril>ed since the beginning of 1912, of which number twenty-six were described in 1913 and 1914 by a single author, Paul Matschie of the Berlin Museum. About eighty-five names have been given to supposed species and subspecies of Colobus, this number including ten substitute name- need- lessly added by early authors, and about the same number of later date now commonly treated as synonyms, thus leaving about sixty practically Unchallenged. The status and relationships of the greater part of the specie- described to date can be satisfactorily determined only by com- parative study of la r- ' if specimens from many different locali' in view of the now known wide range of variation due to sex. age, and individualism. Klliot's 'Review of the Primates' went to press early in 1912, and included none of the forma published after January of that year. In his review of the nenus Colobu* he recognised only thirty forms as valid, and gave to each the status of a full species. His synonymies contain fcwi additional names, which are for the ino.-t part Substitute names given by early authors for personal reasons. Hence the number described since 1912exceeds the number entitled to serious consideration published prior to that date. It seems highly probable, however, that many of tb alleged foime will fail of confirmation when large Series of topotvpical specimens become available for comparative study. As indicated in a later part of this paper | pp. 456-460) a reaction appears to have already set in as the result of the study of la i - of specimen- from single localities. The subjoined schedules of the described forms of Colobus are arranged to show, in chronological order, (1) the form- from W • st Africa, (2) Weston Equatorial Africa, and (3) East Africa, with, as far as prac- ticable, a statement of the amount and character of material on which each was originally based, and the type locality or type region as in- dicated in the original description. I'1-'" Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 435 and Subepeeific Namea Referable to Colobus Described from 1780-1919 WetA Africa Gambia across Upper Guinea, including the Gaboon, but lading the Lower Congo 1780 \*-> iiin-n m the Leverisn Museum ■ rcopith[ecus] polykomos Zimmkkmaw. 'Geogr. Peach.,' Ill, p. 170. "Der vierfingrige afrikanische Affe, CercopUh. Polykomos" = Cebus polykomos Zim- nicrmann. idem, 1780, II. p. 202. ia polycomos Zimmenn." Behrebsr'a 'Saugthiere.' legend to Plate x D. Plates x B, x » '. x I), of Schreber'l 'Siiugthi- issued, according to rborn (1891, Proc. ZooL Boe. London, p. 590) with Th.H V, Heft. M, 57 of puhlicaticn fnr which he gives as probably 1800. Plate x D is cited by v in his 'General Zoology,' Volume I. Part 1. p. 00, dated 1800. Hence the of issue of this plate must have heen prior to the year 1800. \ 1840, reber's 'Saugthiere.- Suppl., I, p KM breber'i Plate x D, under his nopithecus polycomos, as follows: "Simia polycomos. Schreb. tab. 10. D The pl.iti- it a poor copy of Pennant's -- Full-l.ot torn Monk. evident from the above citations of Ziinmennann it 1780 and 17s:}) that the authority for the current specific name MJs4sjesSMS" is Zininierniann (with the original spelling polykomos)1 and not Bchrcbcr, and that Schreber'l Plate x B could not have lx»en issued prior to 1780 (not in 177.",. as usually quota Roehebrune1 in his highly controversial monograph places the FuD-bottosa onant, and all the technical names based on it, in his 'Formes douteuses ou problemat iques ' Hoc. rit., pp. 1 II 162 . substituting in its place -of()gilb\ ^ •■mil IS every author who has considered the subject has doubtlesi recognised, Pennant't description end figure are ol>- viously faulty, masmucfa as they represent the hair of the body short and the long white hair of the front and side* of the head SO length. I \tcn.l over the top of the head and nape t.. the ritwiMfTf, "like ■ full-bottomed perriwig." In r.-es well with the later deSClib • most closely approaches it in general c.l.. ration. The Pull-bottOSB Monkey was based on ■ w«t"frnfn ia the Museum <>f Sir ashton Lever "brought over |fn>m Sierra LeoneJ by Mr BmesUunaii with i ipnrinwi of In* Baj Monkey, deseribsd lie following page1 but not figured. There is thus a definite geographic origin and history for the types of Ix.th of Pennant *» rpeeiee, although the | t hernselves were lost in the dJspttial of the LsveriaO. collection. It is to In- noted lie type regn.n of sssjdtssssi iFull-U.ttoni Monkey ii ■ the ral part of the area of the known distribution <>f MTSHMM,4 which was finally also established <>n | Sierra LsOOS tpttlmm s N n.lmg the faults of 'Alien. J A 1 9 JO. J..um. M»inm«!.*v. I. p <•». t4brto.Maaun.UM- I . t>i> I ISO, PL i xwm le aor b* MunfflitAm du Con*© Fronc.i. HI i; I UbW of distribution of the form nf7'of«6i». - is. Proc. Zoot. Hoe. London, p. 81. 486 Bulletin American Museum of Soluml History [Vol. XI.\ II Pennant's description ami figure, which may have been based on a specimen altered from its natural condition by MMM native deeurator. it seems dear that they huh h:ive had as their origin a native skin of the annual later known as ( '«Joe«l wnfmti < )Kill>y. • name antedated by half a century by Colobus polykomos Mimermann). 1792. Simia [C«rWjitiMCU§) rt. 71, No. 61. Based on Pennant > Full-hot torn Monkey, from Sierra Leone. = Sitniacomosa Shaw = 06us polykomos Zimmermaim. ■ 'l>iihecus) badius Kkhh. Anim. Kingd.,1 |>. 71. No. 62. =Bay Monkey of Pennant = Sim in ferruginea Shaw (1800). 179.*> ■.tnuinrtiiUi Link. Bejtr. Naturgesch.,' p. 62. Based on Buffon's La Guenon a Camail — Full-hot torn Monkey ol Pennant. (Citation from Roche- hrune.) 1800. Simia eemoM Shaw. "Gen. Zool.,' I, pt. 1, p. 59. Based on the "Full-bottom Monkey" of Pennant (1781, 'Hist. IJuadr..' I. p. 1 L10, PI xxiv). •'Inhahiis sierra Leone. This epeciei is figured in Behieber'a plates undet the name of Simia Polycomos, but the figure is not very tocurate" Shaw, loc. cit.). 1MK». Simin ferruginea Shaw, 'Gen. Zool..' I. pt. 1, p. 59. Based on the "Bay Monkey" of Pennant (1781, 'Hist Quadr.,1 p. 198), from •■Sierra La Same as Simin bodHus Kerr. 1806. AtelescomatusE. Geoffrov, Ann Mu> Hi.-t Nat., Paris, VII, p. 273. Based on Le < 'amail of Huff on = Full-hottom Monkey of Pennant. 1812. Colobus ferruginosus E. Geoffrov. Ann. Hue. Hi-t . Nat., Paris. NIX, p. 92. New name for Sinun u rrmiitK a Shaw. 1S20. Colobus temmi nki i Ki hi., Beitr. ZooL,' p. 7. Skin only. "Patria?" F.lliot (1913, 'Rev. Primate^ III. (1912), p. 121) has suggested Senega mbi a. He has also given a full deocription ol the type in the Leyden Museum (loc. cil., p. 130). 1834. Sum,.,, Ilerosus I. Gl 01 1 BOI in Belenger'i 'Voyag. Indes-Orient ..' M;i p. 17. A mutilated skin without hands. "Patric ineonnue." By later authors assigned as the Gold Coast." 1835. SemnopUhecus bicolor Wesmael, Bull. Aead. Sci. et Belles-Lettres Bruxelle>, II : 287 !• 8. bicolor parait originaire des cotes d'Afrique."=Cotoott8 mBi nmu 1 1. Qeoffri 1835. Colobus fuliginosus Ogilby , Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 97. An adult (type) and another, immature specimen from (iamhia. received from Mr. Kendall.1 1835. Colobus emfami <>..n.in. Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 98; idem, 1838, p. 51, Two imp< -rfect skin- without head or hands. "Algoa Bay." Later rede-mhed from a complete -kin from Sierra Leone. 1837. Colobus leucomeros Ogilby, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 69. Skin only. 1838. Colobus rufofuliginus Ogilby, 'Nat. Hist. Monkeys, Opossums, Lena Menageries, I, p. 270. Substitute name for the same author's C. fuliginosus of earlier date (Ogilby, 1835). '"Type de I'trakt \Colobu* teUero*u»]. Peau mutilee, faisant partie des collections rapporteea du Bresil par M. Delalande en 1816. Elle venait. d'apres lea renseiffnementa recueillia par lui, de la cote OBaMatltaJe d'Afrique." (I. Geoffrov, 1851. ' ( oil. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 17.) •Elliot (1913. Rev. Primates.' III. (1912). p 134) say a: - Type not now in British Museum." In 1851, according t< (loc. cit , p. 17). the rotype was in the Paris Museum, it having been presented by the Natural History Museum of Lyon. Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 437 183s rufoniger O.u.m. 'Nat. Baft Monkeys, Opossums, Lemurs,' p. _»7:?. Type, :i tlat -kin. faaaperfeet, lacking hands and feet, from ra Leone. 1838. Cofeottf verus Van \. Hull. Acad. Sci. et BeOee-Lettni Bruxelles, V, p. 347. IM. Opp. ]>. 844 (animal). Skin and skull. "Afriquc." Range, as assigned by later authors, Liberia to Ashanti. 1838. Colobus pennantii Watkhhdi sk, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 57. Two im- peffed -km-. " [aland of Fernando Po." 1838. Colobus satanas Watkhuoi'se, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 58. Three imper- fect skms. without hands or feet. "Island of Fernando Po." 1840 us (Colobus) olivaceus Wa<;nkk, Sohreber'a 'Saugthiere,' Suppl., I. j>. BOB. Substitute name for Colobus vents Van Beneden. 1857. Si mit<>}iitlin-us anOvaeimtu Le Conte, Proc. Ac. Nat. BcL Philadelphia, IX, p. 10. A skin from the Gaboon, from Du Chaillu's Collection. =Colobus sat • rhouse. 1866. Colobus cristatus Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) XVII. p. 77; 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 182, PI. xv (animal to the rear). " W'e-t Africa." Later admitted by Gray (1870, 'Cat. Monkeya, Lemon and Fruit-eating Bats,' p. 1 _'^ to be the same as Colobus verus Van Beneden. 1887. Piliocolobus bouvieri Rochkhki \k. ' Panne de la Senegambte,1 SoppL aux Yer- tebres, fasc. 1, p. 108, PI. iv (animal). "Gambia." Figure from a photograph taken by M. Thollon. "attach^ a la mission Brazza." "Plusiersexemplaires. du inline type, proviennent de ['expedition Brazza." Positively referred by Pou- sargues (1896, Ann. BeL Nat., Zool., (8) I, p. 263; and idem, 1896, (8) III, pp. l.">7. loii to Colobus penrumtii. iiu:. Sitsungeb. Gee. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 183. Skin only, from u Baromlw am Flefanten-See m N<>nl-I\amerun." Western Bqustorial Africa Congo Basin and Upper Nile I )rainagcs south of about 5° N. 1860. Colobus angolensis P. L. S< i ui.h. 1'roc Zool. Soc. London, p. 245. Skin, without skull, feet or fi Bembe, North Angola. 1886. Colobu* th»ll., „, \i\\in;> . \ii-v ><\mt. <:i XII. D. l.">. I emale- skm with skull. Lower < JongO. Noilcfimtc locality mdJoated. Rochel.rune i 1SS7, 'Faune de la Benegambie,' BoppL aux VertArea, fase. l. p. no gives several looaHwi of its oeeurrenea, from tha junction of the Kaaad Rivet with the Congo to the mouth of the latt.r *«• Ihallimi i« universally aacribed to I Iwar.l». The fimt reference to thia nut* ! have been able to 6o• -»v» foes aperies are known at the Mie- p. eat abeolumrnt nouvclle " He atatee thie beine; known aa " Cotobus /trruainru* oq Pnminti (Chplby) ; leeecond eel d'eepee* nouvelle: ilaetedMcnepar M .u precedent par aw tetntea ceneraJea. mais il eat facile de Tea diatiruruer A cauae du developprmrnt que prennent lee poila de la reaioo poeterieure du corps, qui audaasouede hi queue, torment ane aortede nanaohe " Thia UdmiMI.-. 3m Brat pobSbad daaeripflon ej tl... apaMaj ami thr hr.t P..i.l.. «t,.„, ej iU mm r.j.J.u. tkolUmi, which Milne-Ed wmrda had probably employed aa m manuscript nam* for specimens in the Paria Museum Therefore, m reaant UHUW, the authority for the name < u. thollon, L_. •an.. V. p. 270, footnote) amy* the two known speclmana ■ties, the type being indicated aa a male in error. 438 Bulletin A merican Museum of Nat uml II i. story \ I A 1 1 1887. Guerexa occidentalis Rochebrune, '1'aunc do la Senegaml.ic.' GNmpL aux Wrtrhres, fasc. 1, p. 140, PI. xm (animal). Nolo, near mouth of Congo. 1899. Colobus foai Pousargces, Hull. Mn- II,' Nit.. Paris, V, p. 278. An im- IMTfcct skin, without hands, feet, or skull. Ouroua country, west of Lake Tanganyika ' 'ongo. l 1899. Colobus maischiei Neumann. Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. l'r. Hcrlin. .January, p. 15. Skin with skull. Kavirondo, Ugowe Bay, Lake Victoria. 1901. Colobus ruwemorii Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London^II, May 7. p. 86. Skin only. Buamba Countiy, northwest slope of Mt. Huwcnzori, Belgian Congo. 1905. Colobus palliatus cutloi, j Li iu.kkkk, Ann. Man. Nat. Hist.. (7 | \\ I. I totober, p 183. EBdn with skull. Zokwm, between Hahagi and Irumu. headwaters of the Ituri River, watt of Lake Albert Edward, Belgian Congo. N«>t "Qngo," a mis- print for Zokwa (ef. Matschie, 1913, Rev. Zool. Africamc. II. p. 204). 1906. Colobus nigrimanus Tkouessart, Hull. Muv lli-t. 'Nat . Paris, XII. p. III. I.iranga. left hank of the ( SongO, Equatorial French < 'ongo. 1906. Colobus oustaleti Trouessaht. Hull. Mu>. Hist . Nat.. I'aris. XII. i>. MS. Skin with skull. Youmha country, Oubangui, Hclgian Congo. 1907. Colobus tephrosceles Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XX, September, p. 195. Three specimen*, otic adult (type) and two immature Rtialiara Ki\vr, Toro (east side of M t . Huwcnzori. altitude 4000 feel . Uganda. 1908. Colobus angolensis sandbergi Lonkbero, Arkiv for Zool., IV, No. 15, April 28, p. 1, text-fig. 1. Skin only, hands and face missing. NearLutizi River, tributary of ZamlH'zi River, Portuguese Angola. 1909. Colobus graueri Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, November, p. 171 Adult male, skin with skull (type), and an immature male. Wal.cmWcland, 80 kilometers west of the north end of Lake Tanganyika, Belgian ( ongo. 1909. Colobus ellioti Dollman. Ann. Man. Nat. Hi>t., (8) IV. November, p. 478. Skin only. Ninety kilometers west of the tooth end of Lake Albert Edward, Hclgian Congo. Probably near Oso River.) 1913. Colobus (Guereza) maischiei uellensis Mats- mm . Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Belgique. \l.\ll. (1912), August, p. 17. skin ami skull. •• Telle," Belgian Congo. 1913. Colobus (Guereza) maischiei ituricus M am im . Ann Boo. ZooL Malacol. Belgique, \l.\ II. (1912), August, p. 48. Type, adult male skin with skull. "Ituri." Also half a dozen other skins, mostly from Irumu and Mawamhi, Ituri Forest, Belgian < ongo. 1913. Colobus (Colobus) palliatus weynsi Muxnn:. \U\. Zool. Africamc, II, I ehruary, p. 207. "Unterer Congo." According to Lonnberg, District of I Leopold II (lac. cit., 1919, VII, p. 116). 1913. Colobus (Guereza) maischiei eci mens. Type locality, "Bei Nord l'emba, zwischen Irumu und Mawambi am oberen Ituri." 1913. Colobus (Guereta) matschiei dodingx Matschie, Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Belgique. XI. VII. 1912), \:_>- ;."._' Type, adult male, with six other speci- ■ Dodinjta Mts. CM0 42' E. L., 4° 10' X. L.), altitude 5650 feet; three others from southwest of Tarangole, northeast of Dufile. 1913. Colobus (Guereza) mcrtschiei brachychaites Matmhh;. Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Ngiqae, XLvil, 1912), August, p. 53. Five specimens from bet i iand Dufile, Lado Enclave. Alt itude 2000 I 1913. Colobus (Piliocolobus) lovizettii Matschii.. H« v. Zool. Afrieaine, II. February, Two mounted skins with skulls. T\ j>e, semi-adult female, the other an adult female. Kutu, Lake Leopold II, Belgian Congo. 1913. Colobus (Piliocolobus) povcelli M atschik, Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Belgique, XI. VII 1012), \iil'u-'. p. 61. Tyj>e, adult male, and six other sjM.imin-. skins with skulls. Zokwa, between Mahagi and Irumu, west of Lake Albert, Belgian Congo. 1913. Colobus abyssinicus terrestris Heller, Smithsonian Mmc Cdl.. I. XI No. 17. 21, p 7. Type, a°d only BpMOMa, an adult female. Rhino Camp, Lado Btad 1914. Colobus langheldi Mats* hik. Sn/imtr-l>. Gas. Xaturf. Fr. Berlin, July. p. 337. Ty|>e, male, skin only. Xative skin from Manyema country, west of Lake _'anyika. Belgian Congo. Skin lM>ught from a caravan stopping at Fjiji.) 1914. Colobus adolfi-friederici Matschie, Sitzungsb. Ges. Xaturf. Fr. Berlin, July, Type, adult male, skin with skull. I to I'M 1 I'nlobus benamak ingsb. Ges. Xaturf. Fr. Berlin. July, p. Type, adult male, skin only. Bena Makima, Sankuru River. Melcian Congo. 191 1 I'iliocolobus knlximhnrci Mats* hik, Sitzungsb. Ges. Xaturf. Fr. Berlin, July, ■dull female, skin with skull. Near Kabambare, between Baraka an.: talaba River, northwest of Lake Tanganyika, Belgian 1914 Pfltoopfahu hiimtKcM* Mm - Xaturf. Fr. Berlin, July, p. 338. Type, adult female, skin and skull. Lulindi River, near Kasongo, Congo. 1914. '>kulls. bom Sanga Kiver. opposite the mouth of the Likuala River. I'reneh ( 'ongo. 1914. ColobiM mawambicu* nalmtu Matschik. Sitzunnsh. Gee. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, July, p. :W.V T\|>e. adult female, i • uwtmi Hi .n Congo. 1914. Colobu* maniemx M.vr>< hi i . Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. I r. Berlin. July. p. 336. TyiH', adult male, >km with skull. Between Kibombo and riemmularaba, Luala River. Belgian Congo. 1914. Colobu* occidentals ituricu* Lohknz. Auz Ak. \\ "i-s. \\ ten. Math. -Nat. KL, 1.1. NoveuiUr. |). 50.s. No type designated. Based on nine epeeimene, four males, four females, and one young male, collected by Graaer, at the eastern edge of the forest near Mawambi, Belgian Congo. 1914. Colobu* [Tropicolobus] multicolor Lukknz. Auz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math .-' KL, LI, July, p. 385. "Kin emattnei Kxemplar, l.ei Mawambi am IturierUutet." Referred to the subgenus Tropicolobu*. 1914. Colobu* [Tropicolobu*] variabUi* Lorenz, Auz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math - KL, LI, July, p. 3s:5. No type designated. Based on a series of over 30 speci- mens from the •( lel.iete dee Ituri-Urwaldes," collected by Graucr. Referred to the mfafjenm Tropicolobu*. 1914. Colobu* occidental is rutachuricu* Lorenz, Auz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.-' KL, I-I. No\eml)er, p. 508. Based on a female from "Sassaflusse, am nord- dstlichen Rande der Hutsehuruebene (si'idostlieh vom Albert-Ed wardsee)." 1919. Colobu* (Piliocolobu*) brunneu* LOnnberg, Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, October, p. 112. Four specimens from three localities; type from Sili. Upper Uele, Belgian Congo. East Africa Abyssinia through East Africa to Nyasaland 1816. L[emur) abyssinicus Oken, 'Lehrb. Naturgesch.,' Th. Ill, Abth. 2, p. 1182. Abyssinia. 1835. Colobu* guereza RCppell, 'Neue Wirbelth.,' Saug.. p. 1, PL i (animal). South and west Abyssinia ("Provinzen Godjam and Kulla"). 1868. Colobus kirki < ii; w. l'roc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 180, PI. xv (animal). One specimen, subadult. Zanzibar. 1868. Colobu* palliatu* Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wies. Berlin, p. 0:i7; idem, 1879, p. 830, PI. iv (animal). Two subadult males. East coast of Africa near Zanzil >ar. 1870. Guereza rUppellii Gray, 'Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, and fruit-eating Bats,' p. 19. Colobu* guereza Riippell renamed. 1879. Colobu* rufomiir' us, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829, Pis. iA n (animal and skull). Muniuni. Tana River. British East Africa. 1885. Colobu* guereza caudatu* Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 219, PI (animal). One specimen, Useri, northeast flank of Mt. Kilimanjaro at 3000 feet, "man East Africa. 1925] A lien, Congo Collection of Primates 141 1900. Colobus abyssinicus poliuru* Thomaa, Proc ZooL 8oc London, Novernlier, p. 800; idem, 1908, II. p. 308. Seven! epeetnene, besides some native skins. Omo Hivtr. north gf Lake Rudolf, Abyssinia. 1900. Piliocolobus gordonorum Matsc hie, SitSUDgsl Berlin, p. 186. A mutilated skin, without head, feet, tail, or skull. I'dschungwc I Cliche, (itrm rica. 1902. Colobus gcdlarum Neimvw. Sitzungsb. Get, Naturf. Ft. Brim. March, p. 49. Mountains near source of Webbi SheU-li. near Barar, Al>v--inia. 1902. Colobus sharpei Thomas, Proo. Zool. Soe. London, I, February 18, p. 118. ■le skin with skull. Fort Hill. Xyasa-Tanganyika Plateau, northern isaland. •lobus abyssinicus kikuyuensit Lowhkih,, Ann. Mag. x (8 IX, January, p. 63. Escarp""'"! Station, British East Africa. 1913. Colobus (Guereza) poliurus managaseh;* Mm-, hik. Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. pOJQe, XLVli, 1913 L Three skins with >kulls. Managascha forest, west of Addis Abbeba, Abyssinia. 1913. Colobus (Guereza) caudatus thikar Matschie, Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Bel- gique. XLVII. I'M 2 . August, p. 56. Five adult skins with skulls. West slope of Mt. Kenia, at an altitude of about 7500 feet British East Africa. 1913. Colobus (Guereza) caudatus laticeps Matxhii:. Ann. Soc. Zool. Malacol. Belgium- XI.YII I'MJ . August. i». 57. Skin with skull. West slope of Mt. ia. altitude 7400 feet. (Taken at same time and place as one of the para- M of Colobus caudatus thikx.) 1913. Colobus abyssinicus roosevelti Hellek. Stnith-onian Mi-< . Coll., LXI, No. 17. ( totobef 21, p. 5. Type, adult male, skm with skull, and three other s|*-.i- near Enjoro, British East Africa. 1913. Colobus abyssinicus percirali Hei.i.ek, Smithsonian Ifiee. Coll.. I. XI. No. 17. Octolx-r 21. j). 6. Type, adult male, skin with skull, and another adult male. Mount Caragess. British East Africa. Colobus tholloni Rividre1 Colobus tholloni Hiviehe («■ A. Milne-Edwards M~ 1 ssf)f Rev. Scient., (3) XII. July, p. l.Y Two females, adult and semiadult, skins with skulls. Left bank of Congo, opposite Brazzaville >colobus thollom Eta iihum \i. 1887, I nine de la Senegarahie,' SUpp|. aux m., faec. 1. p. 1 10, PI. v (animal). husthoUtn ,1 8 III. pp. 150-156, 1809, Bull. M Park, V. p .have been a s«i ni adult female, not a male as had been ptvriaud resented by four s|M'ciinciis collcctrd a> foil. Ltikol.-la, 2(9 adult, 9 jim-nilr. skins with skulN.. December 17. 1900. Bolobo, 2 09 adult skull only, f juvenile- skin with -kull . Inly 16, 1909. footnote p. i 442 Hulletin America* 'ural History (Vol. XI. \ II These specimens agree closely with the deaeriptiona given in detail by Rochehrune and by FoueargUi '. . The adull female from Bolobo is represented by only t'lr skull, the ooDecton l>eing unable to obtain the akin, but iiMjasmmmnts were secured from the animal in the flesh. The young male from the same locality, of which skin and skull were lx>th obtained, is very young (with the complete milk dentition only), but agree- in coloration with the adult from Lukolela. leaving no doubt as to its determination.' < tae of the tun females from Lukolela is an old adult with greatly worn teeth, ankylosed cranial sutures and a strongly de- veloped sagittal crest : the other is much younger, the permanent canine being only partly up, and the last molar of the permanent aeries breaking through the alveolus. Both specimens are represented by skin and skull. The distribution of the color area- i- the same in both, but in the older specimen the tones are more intense than in the subadult. Adi i.i PlLAGE. In the old female from Lukolela the upperp are deep dark red. darkening to black suffused with reddish on head and neck, and extending thence posteriorly to the middoi ion as a broad blackish diffused band, leaving the lower back, sides of body, out- side of limb- and basal half of tail deep red; a frontal band of long, in- tensely black, bristly hairs i- continued on either side of the head, cov- ering the lower part of the ears and forming conspicuous superciliary bands; apical two-thirds of upper surface of hands and feet are darkened to brownish black, toned with purplish; the tail gradually darkening apically to a purplish black tip. Ventral surface and inside of thighs are SO thinly haired that in places the skin i- nearly naked; the hairs that remain are yellowish or grayish white. In the immature specimen- 1 1 parts are covered with a short silky fur. which is nearly white on the throat . thoracic region, and inside of upper arms and thighs. The tufts of long, purplish-red hairs at each side of the base of the tail are thinly developed, in comparison with the heavy, curved, drooping tufts shown in Rochebrune's plate; these tufts are heavier in the you: . omens' than in the <>ld adult, reaching a length of about 110 mm.; in the latter they are not (specially noticeable and have an abraded ap- pearance, although the longest hairs attain a length of 75 to 80 mm.1 Collectors' measurements of the adult female from Lukolela: Total Length, 1270 mm.; head and body, 580; tail vertebrae, 690; hind foot, 170: ear, 35. \- lull female from Bolobo: Total length,. 1012; head and body. (KM): tail vertebra'. 112; hind foot, 150. 'These tufU are found in other member* of the red Colobiu group, aa mentioned later (p. 452) under Colobut povellt pwtlh. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* The cranial measurement! of the two adult skulls, both females, are as folio length, Bolobo 103.0, Lukolela 105.5; condylo- basal length, B. 82.3, L. 87.0; occipitonasal length, B. 82.3, L. 86.4; in;itic breadth, B. 71.5, L. 74.2; interorbital breadth, B. 10.0, L. 10.0; post orbital eonstr., B. 39.2, L. 41.0; breadth braincase, B. 54">. L. 56.7] mastoid breadth. B. 54.0, L. 60.5; upper toothrow (c-m*), B. 37.0, L. 38.5; upper molars, B. 21.0, L. 21.6; condition of teeth, B. L greatly worn. DisTKim tiox. — No definite type locality nor type is indicated for in the original description. Klliot gives the type locality ply as "Congo." Rochebrune gi i^ion du Congo, d'ou les lu Museum ont £te" rapportes par M. Thollon, voyageur ie a la mi-sion Hraz/.a.'" The localities specified are "Xokki, lakoko, Loango." Pousargues (loc. tit., 1896, p. 150) has i a specimen (adult female) from "Rive gauche du Congo, pres Brazzaville, 1890," received from M. Thollon. Bolobo and Lukolela, where the present specimens were taken, are respectively about 160 and •i-th of Brazzaville on the left bank of the Congo, and only 1 ir>o mfles from Makoko. Colobus langi, new species Plates CJ I. (Ill >. 52290, old f • I I < 1 1 1 v worn, all the cranial sutures are anky- loeed, an.l the sagittal erect is well developed. The subadult male has the permai fully devel pi that the canines are not fully grown. The female is a middle-aged adult. 444 Bulletin American Museum of Xntuml History [Vol XI. VII The collectors' measurements of the three sjMcimens are as follows: 103390 sou 03201 Sex and Arc o" old adult |xr Constr Braincase Breadth Toothiow Molars o" 40 0 63.3 68 1 ao.o tf juv. 36.4 51.2 52.2 :;i o 19.2 9 40.0 52.0 :,:, o 32.0 19.0 Colobus langi is readily distinguished from all other members of the Tropicolobus group (of Elliot's 'Rev. Primates') thus far described by its small size and the unique fore-and-aft distribution of the color areas and especially the abrupt transition from the deep reddish (maroon) of tin- anterior half of the l>ody and fore limbs to the dark sepia of the posterior half and hind limbs. Colobus ellioti Dollman Colobu* ellioti Dollman, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, November, pp. 475-476. Tjpt, adult male, skin only, collect. .1 by H. ( tamer, '.HJ kih.nn-1 1 the south end of Lake All>crt Edward. Represented by one specimen, skin with skull, adult female N'o. 52286), Avakubi. .lone l>:}. 191 I. Thereisnodoubt whatever that this s|MM-imcn is referable u>('nlobus ellioti Dollman, the type locality of which is alxmt 150 miles south of Avakubi. In coloration it so closely agrees with 1 )ollman\s very careful description of the type that the present Avakubi specimen might have served as the basis of the description. Another specimen taken the same day at the same locality, also an adult female, is entirely different from it in coloration and represents an average specimen of the Coiobut of the Akenge-Niapu district, of which there are thirty-nine adult specimens. The eOuA specimen is the only one with red cheek-, nd throat and red 'Type. A lien, Congo Collection of Primate* 1 1 ."> -t in the American Museum's Akenne-Xiapu-Faradje series of eighty- tive sfxciim : There are unfortunately no field measurements of this specimen. surementa from the skin are as follows: Total length, 1285 mm.; bead and body* 700; tafl, about .->S5; or a little less than the measure- ments of the mal<- type, also from a skin. The skull measures: < beat _h. loj.ii; oondyiobaaal length, 85.1; occipitonasal length, 83.5; inatie breadth, 71.7: orbital breadth, t>l.">: intcrorhital breadth, 10.2; po.-torhital constriction. 40.5; breadth of braincase, 57.5; mastoid 2; upper toothrow (c-m*), 35.7; upper molars, 20.7. Colobus powelli powelli Matschic Plates CIV; CV, Figure 1 ; (XII (XXI itlobus) pou-flli M atx ii ik. 1913, Ann.Soc. Zool. Malarol. Belgique, XIA II. 1912 . pp. til *>t (Date of publication of fascicule 2, in which Matschie's paper appeared, as given on the wrapper, " Aout 1913.") Type, adult male, skin with skull. "Am 13. Juni 1906 bei Zokwa in einer Bftha von 5350 F. auf der Strasae iwisehcn Mahani and Irumu, westlich vom Albert 8w im Qebieto <1 ininimum-ma\mium)— of three adul «bus powelli powelli are as follow s: nth Condylobasal |*millfi |th |th Breadth 13tf 118 J 106 l 188 0) 91.6(86 2-97.9) m I < 7 n ■ 10 . 05. 6-109 89. 7) 86 7(79.6- 61 fl.l 78.6) •Mti Bulletin American Museum t color variation, mainly individual but due in part to sex and age. Only three or four of them are in first pelage. They are all referable to a sit subepecific group. The American Museum < ongo collection of the poirrlli type (as here recognised comprises altogether 85 comparable specimens of skins and skulls, of which about 75 are adult, the others immature. Two environ- mental areas are represented, the heavy rain forest, and the forest .nai- leries of the bush-veldt or "savannah" region. The first includes specimens, of which 29 are from Akenge and vicinity, 8 from Niapu, and 6 from Gamangui and neighboring points: the second includes 42 speci- mens of which 40 sre from Faradje and 2 from Bafuka. Although the range of individual variation is enormous, these specimens when laid out by localities for direct comparison as geographic series, clearly demon- strate the presence of two forms, those from the forest galleries of the veldt country In-iim much paler and duller colored than those from the heavy rain forest: the colors, while varying more or less with each individual, are of a much duller tone and far 1<>- intense and tustrOUf in the Paradje series than in the Akenge-Niapu series. The five specimens from the ( ramangui-Bafwabaka district are the richest and most intensely colored of all. leading to the conjecture that the animals from the Aruwimi drainage may prove racially separable from those of the upper Rttbi and upper Poko district-. In the present uncertainty respecting the DSJ they should receive, i.e.. whet her any of those already proposed would be applicable), it seems preferable to refer, at least tentatively, all of the rain forest specimens to a single form (potvelli s.s.). For the more northern form lAmnberg's Colobusbrunneus seems applicable, though not in a§ comprehensive a sense as is implied by the original description (see below, p. 453). The distribution of the light and dark color areas is the same in l>oth forms, and the individual variation in color tones is of the L90S] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 447 same irregular character. The fad that the two series PJere taken at nearly the same time of year the Niapu and Faradje series mainly in the month of November and the Akenge scries in October) ■ evidence that the difference is nol seasonal. The external and cranial measurements (pp. I l"> 1 K>) are based exclu- lv on fully adult specimens, in which the permanent dentition is fully • loped. Respecting the presence or absence of a mgrttal erest in males it is of interest to note that the development of this crest begins iier in some individuals than in others, some of the younger males in which the teeth are very little worn having the sagittal crest as strongly • loped as other male- which have all the marks of old age. Neither a either sex, always correlated with age, the largest in cither rnal or cranial measurements being l»y no mean- the oldest of the ken at the same locality. IlBIATION. — Males average about ten per cent, larger than females, OD the basis of the greatest length and the zygomatic breadth kuII. The largest female- of a series (usually old adults) rarely equal the BUafly young adults). In addition to the difference in general size i- the much greater sexual difference in the development of the which in old males are' several times larger than in females of eorrespondii - There is also considerable sexual difference in coloration, the males lning as a rule more richly colored than the females, but there arc many ptions, coloration alone being an unsafe indiea- but by aid • rtain pelage distinctions, combined with tl the individual, a pretty safe decision can usually be made. There is much less difference between young male- and females than when Ixtth arc mi< Idle-aged or old. Pen D have the ear-tuft- less developed than males, ami also the bunches of long hair at the front border of the -houlder ami proximal part be upper arm. which are usually much heavier in old males than in old female- or than in young m Ini)I\iih \i. VaBIATIOM : - \- -hown by the measurement^ 145 lit. the range of sise variation is noteworthy, Especially in the ,-kull. The largest and small both specimens with unworn teeth, representing the youngest <>f the esriei of. ten special early parallel condition occurs in the melee, among; which the largest iinen- an me* much younger (with unworn teeth) than often that are much oMer teeth greatly won Us narked discropanciei m cranial measurements in both -. but in an exaggerated degree in the mal< • n the axial ami IIS liiilhliti AmtriaiH \1 n i\ COLOBATIOM. — The variation in color tones in individuals of the same sex and age from the same locality, col- lected at the same Beaton usually 'lie same week in the case of the present •Brief i- -imply astounding. The variations are not merely in the gen- eral tone of the pelage as a whole, but of the same parte in different individual-. Detailed descript ion- of BOme fifteen specimens were at first prepared for the purpose of showing the range of color variation in the large Akenge series with which the variations in the smaller Xiapu Beriee consistently agree), but for this resume it seems Letter to take the different areas of the animal separately, as (1) the head. <2i don (3) sides of the body. ' h underp fore limbs (including hai; (6) hind limits (including feet), and (7) tail. 1. Head. — A conspicuou.- feature is the frontal hand of rather coarse, lustrous Mack hair, continued as an "eyebrow Kami " nearly to or beyond the anterior base of the ears. This varies in width in different individuals and in the length of the hairs, which may not reach to the anterioi the ears or may extend to beyond their posterior bf Behind the frontal band the whole top of the head ami occiput may be of a uniform tone of reddish brown, varying in different individuals from reddish black or dark Indian chestnut' to light dull brick red. without black-tipped hairs, or with a U-w such hairs, or with the prevailing color black to the base of the pelage. The long coarse black hair at the antero- internal base of the ears form- usually a long, thick, conspicuou.- tuft. considerably exceeding the height of the ears. These tuft- vary greatly in length and fulness in different individuals, being sometimes much reduced Immediately behind the ears is a tuft of long, fine hair, mostly whitish or cream white at base with blackish tips. The sides of the he.id (or "cheek-") are usually black on the upper third, gradually becoming more whitish on the middle and lower thirds, grizzled with black tip-. for the most part gray or silvery gray in general effect. In no instant' •The color terms here employed are those of Obert hiir and Dauthenay's ' Repertoire de Couleura, 1905. Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 449 tht present large series are the sides of the head red, or in any degree l»> with reddish. as Specimens from the eastern border of the Ituri Forest are said to be. < 'hin and interramal space nearly hare, with whitish Of black- ish. or mixed whitish and blackish, short scattered hairs. Dorsal Area. The nape and shoulders are Frequently heavily -'ied with blackish, varying to maroon and chocolate, restricted to the apical fourth or third of the pelage, the basal portion reddish, varying in tone and intensity in different individuals from dark Indian red to dark mineral brown, the basal portion often showing through the surface. The superficial tones of the shoulders grade into the lighter tones of the hack and rump, these parts l>eing generally much less dark at the sun than the shoulders and nape. It is impossible to indicate all the varia- tions, as rarely are two specimens alike in either the basal or superficial tones of the pelage. The pelage of the back differs from that of the nape and shoulder- in lacking the deep reddish tones at the base; the surface color extending nearly to the root- of the hairs, becoming gradually less intense, changing to smoke may Of even sepia. In middle-aged and older examples the dorsal polagfl. in both ■ • rmiculated >ubapically with narrow pale yellowish and black bands, moat Strongly on the lower back and rump. This feature varies greatly in different individuals of comparable ages. .'i. Sides of Body. l>ually the basal tones of the nape and shoulders are the prevailing color of the sides of the body, which is e\- iingly variable in different individuals; the general effect is rendered more vivid through the absence of blackish hair-tips. The QBUal tone - from pale chamois t<> reddish salmon. t. Qnderparts. The undsrparts are less variable*than the upper- parts, being usually i tads of pale yellowish, ranging from creamy white to dark cream yellow, with a >ilky luster. The chief variati. to a lighter tone 00 the throat and lower abdomen and to gray on the foreneek and ehi imp old males the > tends over tht part of the ventral -urface from the foreneek to Im-voimI the thoracic area, and ranges in tone in different individuals from light ashy gray to >]■ Biousa-gray. [n young iniJes and m the majorit males th< areas are either absent <»r feebly developed. Forehmbs.— A long thiol like that of the shoulder con- tinues over the basal third or half of the outer ofthfl up|>cr arm and, with very httle ehange in color, [requently to the eli>ow; thence it gradually 1» I in area and intensity to the wrists. The ("lor varies in different individuals with the color of the up|x»rparta. 450 Bulletin American Museum of Xntuml II, story Vol \ I.V 1 1 In most middle-aged and old examples of both sexes, but especially is males, tin- front edge of the upper arm and shoulder is strongly varied with long grayish-white hair-tips, which are usually absent <»r only in- eipiently developed in full-grown young male- and in the younger adult females. In some specimens the hair tips are not lighter than the adjoining coloration and the fringe of coarse hair is consequently much less conspicuous. The inside of the fore limbs is well clothed with whit- ish-tipped hairs of nearly the same color as the lighter portions of the underparts. The hands are usually deep black as far proximally as the pollex. sometimes nearly to the wrist. The extent of the blackish I and its intensity varies widely in different individuals and is slw more extended proximally than on the feat. 6. Hind Limbs. — The hind limbs externally, including the tin. are usually colored like the lower back, and are thus much paler than the fore limbs. The color is often widely different in different individuals of the same sex and age. The inside of the hind limbs 1- usually grayish white, rather lighter than the general tone of the underparts, with, in many specimens, the inside of the thighs ashy or smoky gray. In highly colored specimens the feet are intense black like the hand-, the black ending nearly to the proximal end of the metatarsals. In dull-colored individuals the feet are blackish-brown varied strongly with gray proxi- mally and on the outside. 7. Tail. — The tail may be described in general terms as black or blackish brown above, varied on the sides with light-tipped hairs; me- dian lower surface often much lighter than the upper or sides. The variations in the color of the tail are not closely correlated with thoft the limbs and body. In many individuals the proximal three or four inches agree in solar with the adjoining part of the back. In others the entire tail is deep black from base to tip. In many others the apical half or tWO-thirds is black, the rest dull brownish black, or the sides and below lightened with grayish or reddish tipped hairs. In exceptional instances the tail is dull reddish brown throughout; the apical or basal portion only, or both, may l>e reddish and the mid-portion blackish. Immaii hi. Pii.v i -. The Akei ( i includes two specimens taken when only a few weeks old, and others from Xiapu and Karadje illustrate older stages up to and including youngadults that have acquired all the permanent teeth but still retain feature- of immaturity in pelaf In the youngest specimen No. 52258, d", Akenge) none of the teeth had broken through the (rum. Greatest length of skull, 57.3 mm.: eondylobasal length. 36.2; ocdprtonasaJ length, .">•">. :5: length of brain- Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 451 case, 56.2; breadth of braincase, 44.2. (There are no field measure- Sides and whole upper surface of head black, the hairs of the front and sides minutely tipped with white; a broad median dorsal ciput to behind shoulders black, the bain of the nape almost imperceptibly tipped with white; rest of the upperparts. from shoulders to proximal fifth of tail gray, the pelage blackish at base with long white tips; underpartfl thinly clothed with short, soft, creamy white hairs; inside of limbs like underside of body; outside of limbs grizzled dark brown and white, the hairs dark basally with long white tips; tail al>ove like outside of limbs; tail below like inside of limbs and ventral area. In the I ikenge), :» few days older, the lower in- lf up and the two middle upper incisors have pierced the guma. • length of skull, 62.0; condylobasal length. 37.6; occipitonasal, 7; length of braincase, 41.1; breadth of braincese, 46.7. Field meas- I'otal length, 440; head and body, 200; tail vertebrae. 240; hind foot. ~'A. In this specimen the pelage is much longer on the upper- part- but the underpartfl are nearly naked. The color pattern is the aunt in the preeedii ">2258) but the tones an much different What iie blacki.-h area i r i the other head, nape and median foreback reddish brown in this apeehnen and extendfl medially to the Sacral region; pelage of .-ides and rump dark brown basally, frosted with minute white tip-, longer <>n lower buck and thighs. Limbs and tail nearly as in x ;t hair much longi A third specimen No. 52328, 9, Faradjei is still older, the milk incisorfl and the first tooth of the premolar series being nearly full-mown. L'th of skull, 66.2; condylobasal. Ill; I M -cipitonasal. 8 : length of braincase, 61.0; breadth of braincase, 19.8. Field measure- mei 1 length. 606; head and body, 219; tail vertebra?, 286; hind fa -imilar in color pattern to 74, but pelage longer color tone- paler, the head, nape and forebaek nearer hair brown, the basal portion of the i ir cinnamon drab: base of bain on outside • re limbs and uppt 'ail also much lighter outside of hind limb- pale yellowi-h white, darkening .it baas t<> about smoke-gray. Tl)' -cimen in thf II much older, but lack- -kull and field measurement I I ill retains some of the rpart has been renewed. It differs only slightly in ti if the |m ■: 8814 and 52818, next to be described, but the coloration <>f the dark part- 1* decidedly dark 114, d\ Faradje. i- in second pelage, which l- l«»ng and - length of skull, 76.0; condylobasal length. .">:; I .» cipitoiiHsal 452 HnlUtin American Mtueum of Natural History [Vol XI. \ II length, 71.9; length of braincai breadth <>f hrainciaeri, 68.4. (No field measurement-. Mature milk < 1< -n t i t ic >r i : crown of first perma- nent molar in both jaws above alveoli. A narrow black eyebrow band. Top of head, nape and iboulderi dark raw umber (tone I), much paler nger on upperparts and paler on underparts. ( rown dark raw umber : outside of fore limbs dark gray, hands grizzled with black; Outside of hind limbs medium putty color, feet light gray slightly varied with blackish; proximal third of tail above dark reddish brown, real of tail light fawn, slightly toned with blackish hair tips; lower side of tail lighter, but many shades darker than inside of limbs or underparts. Tuft of long hairs at each side of base of tail light fawn (tone 2). The long bain originating at the front base of the callosities as a pointed drooping tuft are well developed in even quite young specini- and are at their highest development in older specimens just after the seasonal renewal of the pelage. In aduHl they are usually incOnspioUOUS, but an examination of the pelage in front of the callosities shows that their apparent absence is due to wear, only the basal part remaining as a thick tuft of short, rather stiff hairs with abraded en. Is. slightly overlapping the upper edge of the callosities, [n many young adults in fresh coat tb tufts are as well developed a- Rochebrune depicted for Colobut thoUoni (cf. lvv-7 ! .nine de la S^negambie." SuppL aux Yertebn'- ,faac. I . p. 110, PI v). In young adults the pelage of the upperparts usually lack- the verniic- ulated tips commonly present in adults, in which it is often a conspicu- ous feature. The hands and i- (oloped like the fore arms and lower legs until after the adult conditions of pelage have been fully acquired, Alien, Congo Collection of Primates 1 63 when the blackening of the upper surface of hands and gam lually to appear, differing in extent and in intensity in diflerenl individual.-, independently Colobus powelli brunneus I.onnl Plat.-CV. Figure 2; (VI; ( X \ II- < \ \ X I •rolobuts) bruit ><< I 1919, Rev. Zool. Afri.-amc, VII. pp. 113 1I">: p:irt. type only. Type locality. "Sili in the 'district du Haut-1'ele. '" TyjM' tpectmen, ■ skin with skull fees not indicated. I >ut it- bm mdiratw a male). The two tpetuntDM from Buta (in the same general region to the eOUtllWeet of Sili . identified with it by the author, should rtonhtlc—br referred to it. Theepeehnea from Ifol -■ and Inunu) should l>e referred to the subspecies poicelli, as indicated by the locality and its brighter color toi I'icolobus) 8chul»'t: Mvi»y a fuller description, as yet apparently not published. Repn sented by 12 specimens, accompanied by 3 skeletons, collected adult cf\ skin and complete skeleton, and an additional rch 11. 1913. Ill all adult but •"). nearly all skins with skulls, 17 with field measurements . June 23, .July lt'>. 22, 23, November 23 December 3, 1011; December 2, 3, 1913. The external measurements average - minimum-maximum) — of fifteen adults of ( "lobus pourlli hnuimns, taken from animals in the ToUl Length Seed and Body Tail vertebra Bind I K;ir 10cf .25-610) 714(638-786 I'M 180-200) 5 9 1368(1226-1315 660(510-586) 709(650-750) 189(183-203) 39(35-42) The cranial measurement- avt ininimum-inaximumi — of twenty-nine adults of Colobu* powelli hrunneu* are as fofli iirth ndylobaseJ Occipitonaaal panatfa Length Length Breadth 17 ■ lis 7 1! 7) 97.0(92 I 107 7) 96. 8(91 '.8-97.4) 129 104 l ''7 s 100 7 35 7(81.7- 88.4) 86.2(80.1-92.1) 76.3(70.3-81.0) orbital Breadth Int. Tori. Breadth INwtork Brea.lt h Braincaae Breadth 17(Tbe collector. Dr. J. Bequaert. inform* me that the locality ia Mokoko. In the on*nn«l tioo spelled by error " Muhako."— H 1. 1 454 llelin American Museum of \ntural History [Vol. X I. V 1 1 Mastoid Breadth I'ppcr Toothrow I'ppcr Molars 17o" 69.9(63.5-76.4) 41.2(38.0-45.5) 21.3(1-' 7 28 i) 5.4(2.5-8.4) 12 9 61.4(52.0-67.3) 36.7(34.2-39.1) 20.6(19.2-22.2) The Faradje-Bafuka series, from the forest gaflei the veldt district, represents a form of powelli strongly differentiated from that of the Rain Forest, rod characterised by markedly paler coloration, as noted above under ('. potnaBs (p. 445). Two average specimens from Faradje may 1m- described as follows: Mali- 1 No. 52306).— H» -ail with a narrow black frontal band extending poeterioriy about two-thml- the diatanee to the front base of ears; tufts of long hair in front of ears blai'ki>h. eooapieooaaty annulated suhapically with light mineral brown, in part also with the same tone on l.asal half; the whorl of softer hair behind eafl pale yel- lowish white, lighter at tips and darker (nearly chamois) at base; sidesof bead grisslad dull blackish brown passing below into pale creamy white; crown and occiput madder brown. Nape and shoulders dark chocolate m general effect, the hairs in- dividually smoke gray at base shading to pinkish drab, t he apical fourth darkening to blackish brown minutely tipped with pale chocolate; fonback like shoulders but heavily toned with dark brown; lower back and rump dark fawn in general tone. strongly vermiculated with pale snuff brown. Upper arm proximally similar to back hut much paler, the long hair in front of shoulder- with long pale yellowish white tips; lower arm pale yellowish gray superficially, the hair> -late pay for the baaaJ two-thirds; hands dark brownish black nearly to Wrist. Hind limbs much, paler than fore limbs (about potty color); feet much paler than hand-, the dusky portion not tiding proximally beyond base of hallux. Tail above and laterally grizzled with dusky, underside like the bind limbs. Chin and throat nearly naked, with short Scattered -livery white hair-. 1 onneck. cheat and whole abdominal area yellowish white darkened slightly on cheat and more yellowish toward lateral edges; inside of both fore and hind limb- more whitish and less yellowish than the ventral . laterally at base of tail and anal region a deeper tone prevailing (about pale yeUowiah buff). Mali- No. B28H . Like the male above described, but all the color I decidedly paler, particularly on the head and upjM-rpart-; below and on in-ide of limbs the yellowish tone is everywhere much stronger, including especially the long hairs of the lateral line. The pelage of the underpari- i- also everywhere thicker and longer except on the m-ide of thighs and inguinal region- which are nearly naked; chin and throat well clothed. From the above average specimens the variations are, in extreme Miples. toward a more dusky tone superficially on tin- appcrparti on the one hand and t<» a mon- reddish tone on the oilier, varying to yellow- ish buff or even deep cinnamon. The prevailing color of the upper Surface of the tail varies from blackish brown to a distinctly reddish tone, especially on the apical third: in only one specimen is the tail mainly black — blackish with a reddish tone on the basal third, thence wholly black to the tip. 1925] AUen, Congo Collection of Primates 455 •adult specimen! are usually paler than adults; they also lack the pale vermiculatioD of the dorsal area present in adults of bot The skin from Bafuka (No. 52287), an old male, may be regarded as practically a topotype of brunru us. the type locality. Sili, being about 60 miles southwest from Bafuka. This specimen agfl tly with the ription of the type of brunneus. It is however a little darker than rage males from Faradje. but is almost indistinguishable from some of the darker example-. Probably a large series of specimens from Bafuka would a- ry nearly like the large Faradje The Faradje series parallels the powcl roin the Rain Forest in the range erf individual variation in coloration. size, and cranial char- Q>d duplicates it in nearly all respects except in the color UN which contrast stroimly. the most richly colored specimens from Faradje < ;iie (loc. cit.), the latter merely indicated very briefly from a simile skin collected near the mouth of the Likati River. souths locality of bnumeut in practically the same environment. Although the name has four years priority over brunneu- liely upon the locality given for it, as the few words of descrip- have no significance. So far as any characters are at present avail- able, the name should In- treated as indeterminate until it has been estab- lished on the basil of adequate topotypic material. Colobu.s pourlli I differs from C. }>■ poudli not only in colora- tion (af already indicated) but a\ mhtly larger in ln>th external and cranial .ally in the latter. In 17 adult male skulk <»f /, lemrth, comlylo-basal length and zygomatic breadth l that of 13 adult male skulk of pmrrii, from Akenge by ■>.."> mm. in each of t hese measure- ment-, with all the other cranial IIMUMIIWimiltl ondinnly laiu idet this a sauit t in all male skulls of the Faradje ing in height from L\"» to s. } mm Qg "» \ mm. \ sagittal present in only s males of the Akengi H being wholly absent in the other ."). it ranges mi betght from - mm.. I 1. The condition of »kulN and teeth, ho .dicates grea adje series than in tin This fa. l.'iti Bulletin American Museum of Natural History \ I \ I.Y 1 1 would account in :i BMMOre for the stronger development of tin- sauittal crest, and [x>ssib]y to some extent for the larger average msb. In the Farad j< out half of theakuQe bave the teeth greatly worn and the other half slightly iron. In the Akenge series only one-third have the h greatly worn, the other two-thirds showing little or no wear. As, however, sfalDfl with greatly worn teeth are usually not the largest in eitt; - and as the largest skulls in both have practically unworn teeth, the element of age should not l>e given too much importance as the determining factor in the averages of size in these two sei The femalea of onmnciis and powclli. on the beau of 12 riraDa of the fonner from Faradje and 10 of the latter from Akenge, differ almosi in- appreciably in si/e. with ■ slightly greater average for brunneii*. In this case the skulls of the two series are strictly comparable as to age. Again it is found that the largest skulls of the series are among the younu and that the smallest are usually the oldest. The measurement- given above for these two forms see p. 445 for powelli and p. 453 for brunneus) are worthy of careful study from the viewpoint of purely individual variation. There is a wide range of differ- ence in the si/e of different specimens of the same sex from the same locality, and a great irregularity in variation of the same parts of the skull in skull- approximately alike in general size. This is interesting from the viewpoint of the Iwaring of such divergencies on t heir availability as diagnostic characters in the case of forms based on single specimen! (Pis. cxn-cxxxi Nomenclature of Colobus powelli Group At least ten described forms of Colobus must be carefully considered in determining the proper technical names of the red Colobi in the Ameri- can Museum collection from the Upper Congo. The first name involved, in the order of priority, is Colobu8tei>ttn>s,,i>s Elliot I LOOT),1 based on three specimen^ '•procured by Sir EL II. Johnston on the Ruahara River, district of Toro, 00 the east side of Mount Ruwen/ori a' an altitude of 4000 feet. The description agrees satisfactorily with specimens in the present collection from Akenge and Xiapu. inrlmlinij '//- Iht head, de.serilx'd as "blackish gray" (not red as in C. cllioli). As noted below, five other forms ake Albert Edward. The typical phase of ('. dhoti is. however. (piitedifTerent i C. >> />' md also from the five supposed forms of red Colobi from the Upper Eturi district, all of which live in a region of distinctly different environment. ('. gfitoft, on the other hand, serin- closely related to the < . Uxii-tholUmi group. It ranges north nearly or quite to the Lower Ituri. the only specimen in the present collection being from Avakubi. As >tatcl above : his specimen is so nearly identical in coloration with the description of the type that no differences are appreciable between it and the type. • Xo other specimen suggesting near relationship to cllioti was obtained among the series of more than forty oUected at Avakubi and thence northward to Akenge. nor in the equally larf from Faradje. Matschie2 has recorded a series of thirty-three specimens collected by I'owelM Sottas on the road between kubi and Mawambi and thence eastward toward Beni as "Colobus which would seem to indicate that it is a common species for some distance eastward from Avakubi. In his remarks on the variability of the series as regards their general coloration he makes no reference to red color on the sides of the head, and on the following \ ribe- hi- (Olobus (Piliocolobus) powelh" from specimens collected iK'tvveen Mahaui and Irumu. some distance to the northeastward, as having the cheeks gray and the back orange-ocher. in contradistinction from the , llmh-fnai-tholloni group. rem in 191 f3 reported on a series of more than thirty specimens collected m the linn Forest by ( Irauer. Tin- suies he made the basil a ip BS, Colobus varidhilis, without designating a type specimen. Be considered it a member of the subgenus / ■•• d account it- red coloration and the erect hair-tuft- In-hind tb lie -ays the lation m coloration and yet is so fully blended that all must !«• regarded as belonging to a -mule Sj Miig the color variation- he divid* into four group-. «/. /». r. «WM epa«- men. with* color n I fiKii" I .in-. III. I'M.'i. ,,,, |J>. 187, PI t. animal) .roi dcB«lci<|U«>. XI.MI n Innrrafnka sua d*r Bawwhlt H Graurr . ' Am \k Wiaa. Matt. PP..*"" •i.vs <>Ty [Vol. xi.vir also described a second Coiodltf multicolor, represented by a I .!<■ specimen from Mawambi, which lie says also belongs to the sub- genus Troptcolohus, but differs from the variabUU series througfa its .niLrl> varied coloring, particularly by the presence of a sprinkling of whitish 00 the nape, foreback and shoulders, — in all probability an in- dividual differentiation, not to be seriously oonaidered In a later paper Lorenz.1 after receivintr still more material from tin- same general region, reached the conclusion that not only his (Olobus rurittbilis but also other forms described from the Upper Ituri district should be referred to C. dhoti M synonyms, having been based on phases of individual variation. Among these are PiliocolobxLS ellinti mekmc and PtHoCOlobut (iiizrlnist of Malschie | L9J I , Lonnberg in i paper on the monkeys of the Upper ( !ongo pobliahed two years later2 also nave a list of t went \ -eiuht specimens from nearly the same dtftrid moal of them collected by Christy) which he refers to iobua {PQiocolcbua) tllioli." He says, referring to Lorenz, that "he [Lorenz not only melunorhir, but also atizeUuti Matschie and niriahilis Lorenz as synonyms of cllioti. I agree fully with him in this bid 1 think that -till more names could be added to this list, among othen lor Lorenz" (loc.cit., p. 110). Lonnberg, two yean earlier.3 had described a series of six specimens of a red Coin}, us from the vicinity of Beni and Kutshuru River, near the tern border of the Ituri Forest, which he referred also to I tllioti. with extended comment [lor. ril.. p. 31) on the great variability of this small series from a single Locality, and the bearing of this variability in relation to other alleged forms. He sums up his descriptions of tl nnens by saying "that no two specimens are fully alike," and adds: "The extremely great variability of these red Colobi, asset forth in Lorenz's papers as well as in this one, and the fact that Colobus dlioti wae described on insufficient material, has caused the confusion, which now, as it may be hoped, is removed. < hi the Other hand, however, this great variation is of deep interest, and it OUghl to 1 »e considered in connection with ral other striking proofs of variation which are elucidated in this paper."' In the absence of comparable material for direct comparison it seems probable that all of the forms referred to above, except the first (Colobus er Affen und Halbaffen von Zentralafrika.' Ann. Xaturhist. Hofmus. Wien. XXXI, pp. 169-241. I'k \n \v, text fig* I '1919, ' Contribution* to the knowledge about the Monkevs of Belgian Congo.' Rev. Zool. Africaine, VII, p 110. '1017. 'Mammal- ral Africa by Captain E. Arrheniun.' Kungl. Sven. Vetenak. Hand)., St<. [II, No. 2, September, pp. 1-110. Pis. i-xn, text figa. 1-11. Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 459 should lx- assigned t<> >lh'oti, as has already been done by 1 Lorenz; either m synonyms or as local forms, especially on Bpecimena from the eastern border of the 1 1 mi district. which seem to differ somewhat from the type form of ellioli from the upper [inch River. As said above only a single specimen in tin- present collection, from Avakubi, is referable to this group. Another name must sequently be sought for the large series of specimens from collecting ions north of Avakubi. The earliest name for any form of this group, which ranges from the Uganda forests westward to the Dele drainage apparently, as already mentioned, Colobus tephrosceles Elliot (1907), from the eastern base of Mount RuwenaotL This name, in the absence specimens for examination, seems, from geographical considerations, not entirely satisfactory. Colobus powelli Matschie (1913), based on* imens from Zokwa, between Mahagi and Irumu. is the next name in and for this reason has been provisionally accepted for the om the Avakubi-Xiapu-Akenge district, about three •kwa in the Elain Forest. Abeedee of material from the Ituri district for direct comparison with that from Xiapu and Ak. his an unsatisfactory decision, but the alternative to its accept - . e a new name, which SOCHIS extremely undesirable until the : the numerous suppoeed forms involved has been definitively kbhshed. It is quite possible that ( olobus tephrosn U * will be found to ad far westward from its ty|x> locality, and that the forms recognized above as Colobus powdh DOIPe&l and C. p. brunneus will prove to be g bically related form- . Twenty forms of tin- red ( 'okbtti izroup have been described from tin1 Fourteen of them were based on arngfeapecimena, nearly half of them on the >kin alone, in two instanceson only a mutilated skin. based on a I seven skins with skull-: in m] other eases two or three specimens were available but the c(»types were immature the permanent dentition being incomplete. Hence it follows that the deecriptk in most instances merely based on le specimens in :i group now known to 1m> extraordinarily subject individual variation, and not on de-nipt ions <<■ or of even geo- graphical forms. The type localities of seven of these BUppOSed s|>eciee within an Mica about \2Q miles square in the Ituri Forest d four others are in the upper drainage of the I.ual and four in. i the district of I pold IF These form- moat of them d . da- apeciei are admitted by their descrilnrs to be closely alhliated to the Cokimifoai affiow' tkottmi group. It is quite probable that aome 460 lletin American Museum of Natural History \ I XI. \ II of them may represent local races, while many doubtless will eventually be relegated to synonymy. Their real value eao be determined only by Dompariaon off topotypica] serial of each form. When moat of them pare deaoribed little was known of sexual differentiation in these groupt or of differences due to immaturity, and alntoM nothing of the range of in- dividual color variations, now found to be exceptionally una! wherever 4 specimens from the same locality have been available for comparison. Colobus abyssinicus ituricus Mat: s< hie Plate* CvH; CVm; n.\. P%ttra2; < \wn-< xi.i Ctkbm (Chmnm) wuitehM ituricus Matschik. 1018, Ann. >...-. ZooL ftfaiaeoL »Belgique, MA II. (1912), Angoet, i>. 48. '•Ituri." Type, :m adult male, akin with .skull, without definite locality, collected l>y Anzcliu>. Also >i\ cotypes, I'owell- CottOB collection, from near Mawambi, mostly from Ix-tween Mawamhi and Irumu, Ituri forest, Belgian Congo. tCMImt tdutreza) matschiei uellensis Matschie, 1913, loc.cil., p. 17. Type (and only specimen mentioned), an adult female (skin mounted, skull separate!, from "Uellc." without definite locality. Polidori collection, Mu-ee *du Congo beige. Colobus occidentalis ituricus Lokenz (not C. matschiei ituricus Matschie ■. I'M ». Anz. Ak.Wiss. \\ i.n. Math.-X.it. Kl., LI, Noveml type indicated. < "lobus occidentalis Lon.nbekg, 1919, Rev. Zool. Africans. \ II. October, pp. 117-118. Twenty-two tpeflfmeiM li>ted. with their res|>cctivc localities and collec- tors, from the Ituri forest and I'ele district, followed l>y comment, which includes the following: "In spite of the fad the [=that'.'] several names have been given to Guerezas from various parts of the Congo forest, I venture to include all these ipeei- mene under the above nai Represented by 49 specimens accompanied by •"> skeletons, collected as follows: Bafuka, 1 (subadult 9), March 10, 1913. Yakuluku, 2 (2 9,1 adult, 1 young), September 30, 191 1 Faradje, 38 (26 adults, the sexes about equally represented; skins with skulls. ."> with skeletons; also 4 embryos in spirits, and 8 in various stages of immaturity; all hut 1 with field measurement- . February ">. 14-18, 28, March !). 11. April 27, September 12. December 4-10, 191 1 j October 26-31, 1912. Vankerckhovenville. 1 young 9), April 18, 1912. Avakubi, 7 (6 adult d* and 1 young 9 ; 1 with skeleton; all with field measurements), September 1, 10. November 3, 25, December 21, 1913; February 23, 1914. .4 lien, Congo Collection of Primate* 461 Tli' al measurement* avenge ( minimum-maximum) — of twenty-nine adults of Colobus abyssin cut, taken from animals in the Bean, arc as folio Total Length Head and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Foot Ear 1406(1370-1550) 593(535-690) 811(670-885) 191(175-207 n :;7-50) 13 9 5-1410) o.">4 485-640) 773(715-825) 179(165-190) 40(:r The cranial measurements average (minimum-maximum) — of thirty adults of Colobus ab is are as follow Greatest Length Condylobasal Length OccipitonasalLcni^h 116 0 104 l 126.3) 99.8(87.0-110.3) 92.6(84.6-9*. 139 107.2(104.0-114.4 92.3(84.9-97.3) 87.3(82.4-94.6) 17 • 13 9 17 • ^oma tit- Breadth 81.2(70.4-88.5) 71 J-S3. 5) Braincase Breadth 60.6(55.5-66.7) 57.8(55.3-61.5) Orbital Breadth 68.0(59.4 7 65.4(61.2 Mastoid Breadth 67 l 61 1 62.6(58.4-69.2) Enterorb. Breadth 10. 6( 8.3-12.8) 10. 7( 9.7-11 7. I'pper Toothrow 11 ii 14. 5-39. 5) Post orb. Const r. 44.8(42.3-47.8) 12.3-46.5) Oppet Molars 20.5(19.2-21 1 \kiatiox. — The above cranial measurements are based only on specimens that have acquired fully developed permanent dentition, including canines as well as cheek-teeth. While there is a wide mnge of variation in external as well as in cranial measurements, only a small part of the difference in nae is attributable toagj me of the smallest members of the series are shown by the hjetfa and skull to In- well advanced in age, while some of the largest have the teeth practically un- worn, and the skull indicates eomparative youthfulneBS. ki \ii<>\. Females average eonaiderably smaller than BO where lM)th are strictly comparable in The canines in females are of the same relative length and rise at in males, thus differing from those of females in the (',,!,,},<(* poweOi group, in which the canines are relatively mueh shorter and less massive than in m A sagittal cre-t appean to be rarely develope :i breadth of slightly lea than :* mm., with a b the plane of the braincase of about l mm. and a length of about n 462 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol \ I . V 1 1 nun. Pb.CXXXII,fig.l; CXXXIV,fig.l < \\\l\. fig. 1). I.. two other old male skulk the parietal ridgea are joined for about ."> to 7 mm. into a narrow flal plate with an indistinct median creel posteriorly. In these specimen! the lambdoidal crest is strongly developed and all the cranial sutures arc obliterated. In Beveo male skulls with the basal suture dosed the average great- est length of the skull- is 1 1!>.!> mm., the eztremee being 1 15.6 and 121 In ten skulls with the basal suture still open the average greatesl length of the skull is L 13.3, the extremes being mm. land 121.8. Tne zygomatic breadth in the same seven skulls with closed basal suture is 84.7, the extremes being 79.2 and NS.f>. In the ten skulls with the basal suture gomatic breadth averages 77.7 mm., the extremes being 70. 1 and 83. (> mm. In tl. of seven older skulls the greatest length ifi 120 mm. or more in three of them: in the Beriee of ten younger skulls only three slightly exceed 120 mm. The average difference of the two series is about 6 nun. in greatest length and about 7 nun. in zygomatic breadth, probably due in part to the difTerenci in age of the two The in- dividual range in the older series is 1 1 mm. for greatest length and 9 mm. for zygi matic breadth. The individual range in the younger series is 17 mm. for greatest length and 13 mm. for zygomatic breadth. The thirteen adult female skulls of the present Berks, all from a single locality -! eeial interest for comparison with the statistics of size given above for the males, in eigjht of them the basal suture is fully ob- literated, and in the other five it remains open. The BVC1 test length of the skull is slightly greater in the youngi being in the older series 106 mm., in the younger series i<><). or 3 mm. greater; the average zygomatic breadth is the same in both. 77 mm. Age has in the females little influence upon size, in striking contrast with what has been shown above to be the ease with males. 'I he range Of individual variation in the greatest length in the older scries of eight is 7 mm. and in the youngi »f five, l<> mm. The variation in zygomatic breadth is 10 mm. for the older Beriee and 12.3 for the younger, or, respectively, 9.5 and 11 per cent of the average. In other words, the skull in females reaches its maximum size with the complete development of the permanent dentition, while in males the skull ih.(< not attain the maximum till a much later period. The skull in the f( male increases in weight and Strength after it has reached its full linear dimensions by denser ossification, and develops also gj rong parietal ridgea, greatly resembling those of mal Individial Variation in Cranial CHARACTERS — A feature of individual variation in both males and females, not only in the present Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 463 species i»ut of very general occurrence, i> tin- relative convexity and stottt- imatic arch in specimen* otherwise quite similar and of otly comparable age. In some of the skulls in the present series of monkeys the lygomatic arch is only slightly expanded and weak in structure, in others greatly and evenly arched outward and heavily Attention is called to this striking feature of individual varia- tion for the reason thai it i- often seised upon as of weighty signifieai as a diagnostic character in distinguishing local forms, and sometm rially when describerB are dealing with limited material. Its value as a distinctive character should be confirmed by reference to more than a single Bpecimen. This feature i> often greatly influenced by the age of the individual, as the malar arch often changes much with being usually, or at least frequently, weaker and flatter in young adults than in old adult Oth edingly variable features, not indicated by the al>ove cranial measurements, are the sine and form of the external nates and the and shape of the nasal bone.-. They are so obviously of nodi::, value that it has not been deemed worth while to include them in the cranial measuremei it seems proper to recall that ird them a> important distinctive features for the irimination of closely allied forms, bike other features of sin and m, attentive study of I miens from a single localii convincing of their unavailability as diagnostic charact. Imuvidi \i. Variation i\ Sixx. The external measurements from iniens in the flesh p. 460) hardly require special comment; they sufficient to call at tent ion to the range of variat ton in sise and relative proportions. I\i)i\ti>i m. Variation i\ CoLOBATioir. The present series of 50 : the white-mantled Colobu* was taken in two small art the. iradje, a few at Avakubt Although tt sol- lectniLr Stations differ somewhat in environmental condition-, which often to local form- in other groups, there seem to be no recognizable of differentiation, either in color, in markings or in sise. IT i>. however, considerable individual variation in certain coloration. The color pattern <•<■• diarply cont i .-as of black and white. The variation- affect merely the relati I of these areas. The white area- are a- follows I \ narrow w hit. frontal band, which liorly with the whit. I the ears, and l- continuous With the white of the throat and foi 2 :i mantle Hi 1 Bi t,n American Mu*eum of Natur,il If, .story \ I.\ 1 1 of very long white liair on the lower l>:ick, which extends posteriorly to the base of the tail ami joins the broad hand of short white hair enclosing the eallo-itie- laterally and Mow. and also extending forward along the -ides of the body to the shoiildu -. nations from the average condition occur in the breadth of the frontal band, in which the extreme! vary from 30 to .">(> per cent of the mean. Abo in a few individual- the narrow line of white above the I of the ears is either absent or represented by a few short, inconspicuous white bain. The lateral band of long white hairs i- separated from the white of the -ides of the neck by about 25 to ."»() mm. of solid black: tin- space i- reduced in a few instances to about b"> mm. I >cea-ionally there an' . Some in-tance- many) scattered long, coarse white bain front of the shoulders on either side of the median line There are similar scattered white hairs on the thighs, varying in abundance in different specimens and often entirely absent. The length of the long hair forming the mantle varies greatly in different individuals. The perineal patch of thick, short, white hair enclosing the callosities varies greatly in extent (from 25 to do mm. on the median line below them . and is relatively much smaller in females than in males. The relative length of the white terminal portion of the tail, and of the tuft beyond the vertebra ■ edingly variable. The white apical part is usually separated from the black proximal portion by :i narrow -pace of gray, varying in length from tees than 25 mm. to more than 7.">. At the point of junction, the white and black sometime- meet evenly entirely around the tail ; usually the white or grayish white extends further proximally on the lower side of the tail than on the upper, varying in different individuals from 2.") to 75 mm. or more. The white portion of the lail varies in length relatively to the black part, due partly to the condition of the pelage. In speci- mens with a thin, short brush the tips of the hairs show unmistakable abrasion. The white portion of the tail (to the end of the hair) varies in length from about one-fourth toabout one-third of the entire length of the tail. The tuft at the end varies also from one-third to one-fourth of the length of the white portion. The white of the tail i< usually not pure white, like the white of the mantle and sides of the body, but more of less brownish white, evidently due mainly to adventitious staining. The stain greater in individual- with worn pelage than in those with a freshet- coat. In many instances the brownish white -tain is limited to the apical half or two-thirds of the bain, 'he basal part being Usually white, espe- cially in specimens in unworn pelage. Abo it is to be noted that the foi (Avakubi) specimens have the tail whiter less stained) than the sped- Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 1 1 .."> mens from the forest galleries of tin- Savannah laradjei. There no other appreciable difference! between the specimeni of the two Immai Seven of the Faradje series are very young 4 which four are in the first, or natal, coat; the other tl, have fully assumed adult coloration. The youngest (Xo. 52242, c? juven- ile. December 10, L911 measured in the flesh: Total length, 580 mm.: head and body. 225; tail vertebra), .*r>">; hind foot, 94; ear, 31. Gn length <>f skull, tid. 7: oceipitonasal length, 63.0; condylobasal length. IOlI [ Kitic breadth, 39.0; breadth of braincase, 51.2; mastoid breadth, 40.0. The two middle upper incisors are fully developed but the met and cheek-teeth are just breaking through the gums. The pelage conspicuously wavy, and wholly white, including limbs and tail. It is thick on the entire upperparts. with a length of about 15 to 17 mm. on the middle of the back; the underpartfl ere scantily covered, the pale yellow -kin showing through. On the proximal two-thirds of the tail the hairs are short hut increase greatly in length on the apical third. •with a terminal tuft extending 2"> nun. beyond the vertebra. The skin on the body il everywhere pale yellow, except for grayish on the outside of the limbs and for I abort distance on the upper side of the tail at the beginning of the proximal third. A -lightly older specimen No .52239, "juvenile. December 4, 1911) still retaine the natal pelage on the body and limbs, but the feet and hands, ■ -mall spot on the crown and the apical third of the tail are mixed blackish brown and white, black greatly prevailing on the hands, feet and apical third of the tail. The pnlsgfl is soft, wavy, and creamy white on the body and proximal two-thirds of the limbs and tail, and of the BUM mewhat younger s|H-cinien described above; the dark bain on the distal portion of the limbs and tail are coarser and more bristly, halrnigmg evidently to the incoming second pelage. Tl men measured in the fle-h M follow-: Total length 590 mm.: head and body, 236; bind foot, 87; eai ateet length of skull, 74^ oooipi- tonasal length, 71.0; eondyiobaaal length. 51.4; lygomatok breadth. ii.<>: breadth of brai mastoid breadth, 16.4. In thi men the milk dentition i- fully developed. In the next stage (represented by No. 52221. ! juvenile. February 15, 191 1 . thfl natal OOSi DM 0069 entirely replaced by a pelafS of mature •nre and coloration, except that the white of the |<.wcr back is gray- ish white, owing Og mixture of hairs that are more or less black- i-h 00 the median third, the base and tip only In-inn white. The white ltiti Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X LVD hair i< much longer 00 the lower back and sid as intensely black as in adults. This specimen, approximately about two and a half months old. measured in the fash as follow.-: Total length, 620 mm.: head and body. 282; tail vertebra*, 888; hind foot, 100; ear, 30. Skull. \ length, 7ti. i; oeeiptftonasal, 66. 1 : eondylobasal, 50.8; lygomatic breadth, 43.8: 1 «read th of brainea.se. 51.5; mastoiil breadth, H.l. The full milk dentition is present bul the last cheek-tooth i- barely through the gam. An older specimen No. 52247, 9 juvenile, October 27, 1912), prob- ably aboui ten months old, is in perfect adult [X'lage, as regards texture, coloration, pattern of markings and proportional length of the long white hair of the mantle to the genera] pelage. The white at the tip of the tail is relatively much shorter than in adults having a vertebral length of about 76 mm. and a total length to the end of the hairs of about 12") mm. This specimen has the complete deciduous dentition, and the first molar of the permanent set can be seen through an opening in the capsule, The fash measurements are recorded as: Total length, 1060 mm.; bead and body, 150; tail vertebra, 610; hind foot 140; ear. n. Skull, greatest length, 72. :i: condylobasaJ length, 51.3; sygomatic breadth, 47.2; mastoid breadth, 51.5. It hence appear- that the mature char- acteristics of the pelage are attained long before any of the permanent teeth have pierced the mini, the milk teeth remaining functionally un- impaired. Other specimens of about the same age fully support this conclusion. Another young female, taken at the same place and date. i< smaller in externa] rneasurements but the skull is larger and more mature, as indicated by the contour of the frontal region and the presence of an sfanost fully developed first molar in addition to the full set of milk teeth. A- in other examples of about the same sge, the white tail-tip is relatively much shorter than in adult- and not so white, the hair- being blackish or brownish for the greater part of their length and dear white for a short distance at the base. Unfortunately there are no specimens representing the transition from the natal to the second pelage. The transition stages are. however, probably similar to those of C. angolensis cottoni described below (pp. 468-1' Colobus angolensis cottoni Lydekker Plate* CIX, Figure 1; ex. < \l. I \l.ll-< i.l: I l.wi. Figure 1 CoUbut jxilliatus eotkmi LyDBKKBR, 1 '.M >">, Ann. Mil' N : i t . Hist., 7 X\ I, t«r, p. VS2. "Qugo" (lege Zokwa'), between Ibfahfl md Iruinii, Upper Ituri River, ltelnian Congo. Tvpe, a skin with skull, collected l.v Powell-Cotton. a >"Qu«o" is a misprint for Zokwa (cf. Matschie, 1913, Rev. Zool. Africaine, II, February. P- 204). . t Dm, Congo Colli ri 467 but) palliatua eottom Mu-mi ZooL Africaiti' IF, ruary 15, pp.21 mint nt on I.ydekker'sorminals|>efrus (Colobus) palliatus matiH»/< . \Iw-im:. I'M:; I Uriraine, II. February 15, p. 305. Near ' Ni.nl IVml.a. zwisehen Inirnu und Mawambi am ran Ituri." Belgian ( !ongo. Type, ■ young male, mounted ia Tervueren Museum, sku'. one an adult male topotype^ Three of tin- .-[M-ci- meni eollected by PowelH !otton, the other by Nahan, from Panga, on the Aruwimi. '/* tinhorn \l\i-mr. l'.M 1. SitBUngsl > iturf. Fr. Berlin, p Lruwimi River, Belgian Congo. Type, adult female, pre- u pattiahu mawambictu. obu* pattiahu mawambictu Lohnbbbo, 1910, Bar. ZooL Afrieaine, VII. «-r 1. p. 1 15. < 'oinment on five specimens from Mawambi (Christy and ( '.rauer is). oted by 66 specimens accompanied by I skeletons, coUet Poko, 1 (2 d\ 2 9—1 immature; only 1 with field measuremei Angw Akengi 2 ?, 10 9 . of which 19 are adult: skins with skulls, with -i complete skeletons; all but .'i with fi«'liil Breadth 69.3(63.5-71 6 63.5(59.3-69.0) [nterorb. tdtfa M 7 o b ii a 10.3(8.8-1- 1 p|»r brow 36. 4<: < .rl i. -tr. 10.3-47.0) M V46.4) Upper Molars 20 0 L8 2 21 2) Immau bi Pelage. — The first, or Data] pelage Lb represented by a single specimen l'l. CXI, Wa. 2 from Niapu Mo. 52178, 9 juven3*, November 12. 1913) taken wit h its mother (No. 52177). The entire pelage is white, soft ami wavy, and in color ami texture i- indistinguish- able from that of the young Colobtu abyssinieua iturieut of corresponding The umlerparts are naked. The skin of the body and limbs (except hands and feet i is pale yellow and gfoef a creamy tone to the pel The flesh measurement- are as follows: Total length, !!>(> mm.: head ami body, 205; tail vertebrae, 2s.); hind foot. 70: ear. 31. skull. _ length, 64.3; oeeipitonasal length, 00.8; condylobasal length, W lygomatic breadth, 11.0; breadth of braincase, 48.5; mastoid breadth, 42.5. The milk dentition i- just breaking through the gums. Other >peeimen> illustrate variow m which the natal pi has Keen replaced in large part by the incoming second coat. In 52172, i juvenile (Gamangui, February 12. 1910) the natal pelage re- mains on the chin ami throat, and on the top of the head, nape and should- ers; the real of the upperparte is strongly darkened by the incoming blackish second OOat. Tne umlerparts. from the pectoral region pos- teriorly, and the inside of the limbs, are well clothed with fine black hair. The outside of the limbs, including hands and feet, is thickly covered with -hort intensely black hair. Tin- -ides of the head are covered with long hair of the second coat . mostly white but mixed with dusky-tipped hairs. The tail i< darkened by a mixture of blackish on the proximal third, but i- pale yellow on tin- median dorsal line toward the tip. The flesh meas- urements of this Specimen are: Total length, 060 mm.: head and body. 255: tail vertebra;, 395; hind foot. 100. The skull is disarticulated and not conveniently measurable. The milk dentition is not complete. the last cheek-tooth In-inn still enclosed in the alveolus. Another specimen No. 52175, f juvenile. Medje. April 14. 1910) is approximately of the 1925) Allen, Congo Collection of Primate* 460 ge and sise as the specimen above described, and closely agrees with it in coloration and character of the pes Two other specimens No. 52150, 9 juvenile. Akenge, October 18, 1913, and No. 52105, & juvenile, Niapu, November 30, 1013), are of :ly the same size as those last described but illustrate a moreadvan _■■ of pelage change, the first coat having been replaced by the second rywhere except on the dorsal region, where remnants of the smite silky fin are diffused over a broad median /.one extending from the crown to the base of the tail, the natal pelage prevailing from the hinder part of the head to behind the shoulder-, while more posteriorly it merely imparts a grayish tone to the prevailing Mack of the second coat. In a -lightly older specimen the only trace of the first coat is seen light mixture of soft grayish hairs on the nape and shoul- cimens, only a little older than those last described, l, fully acquired the adult pelage. < >f these No, .")2193. <> mm.1 The long white hair on the Shoulders, Bidet Of the neck and cheeks is fully developed, relatively to the length of the black of the rest of the pelage of body and limbs. The flesh measuremei !'<»tal length. 7"><> mm. ; head and body, 280; tail vertebra, 470; bind foot, ii">: ear, 30. BkuO, greatest length, 74 70.4; condylobasal length, 53.6; sygomatM breadth, idult pelage is thus acquired before the first tooth of the pern i has become functional. [ATION in Am LIB. The chief color variation! in adult - are in re-p.ct to the development of the wi. on the head, ski the neck, and on the shoulders. Asa rule then bite band <>n the head, as in the abyu oup, Ed men (No "'2202, 9 adult Poko), however th dof short whits hairs. • I others the white on the sides of the head extends forward to the border of the eyes, but usually ends at the i The long white hail forming a narrow Land 0B the sides of the neck usually joins the white patch «>n the shoulders. The amount of long white nFhi. i. an iixiivtriiMl (..tun-, » othrt •ptrimra* M tfcfc Mag* differ littW from adult, la U» ralatir* : Mark i>n thr tail 470 Bulh tm American Museum of Natural History \ oL X 1 . \ 1 1 hair in tliis band varies from what appear- superficially to be a detftched tufts to a continuous stripe. On parting the hair it i- usually found to be continuous at the b The shoulder pateh also varies greatly in the amount of elongated white hair composing it, ami is thus much more conspicuous in Mme individuals than in Others, in which it may be greatly reduced. The color ot" the tail i- an exceedingly variable feature. It is deep black proximally ami white apically. with an intermediate portion of Mack grizzled in varioii- degree! with glistening white hairs. The basal portion of the tail is deep black, but the extent of the wholly black b varies from about one-sixth to one-half of the total Length. Usually about one-fourth to one-third is wholly deep black, followed by a grissled black and white portion of greatly varying extent, the amount of white gradually increasing apically to the white distal portion without a sharp boundary line between any of the three SeCtkmS. In -"Hie case- the terminal white portion i- very shorl about one-sixth of the total length of the tail i. in others nearly or quite one-half of the tail ifl white, or nearer white than gray. A tabulation of the coloration of the tail for a I. 'men- -hows that this feature is unrelated to. -ex or to locality, although it has been usually stressed as an important diagnostic feature by some describe] The apical white portion of the tail is not clear white, as in -om the forms of the a6ySStfttCtM group, but brownish white, of varying tone indifferent specimens, and is due probably, to some extent, to adventi- tious staining. The tail is never furnished with a terminal tuft of length- ened hairs, but it is often thicker at the tip than at some distance behind it; but in this respect there is much individual difference, the apical hairs being in many specimens not appreciably lengthened. Cranial Variations. The twenty-five male skulls of Colo diuj> which a summary of measurements is given above 167 168) are all fully adult cither middle-aged or oldl except four which have the basal suture open but the dentition fully developed. In only a few are the cheek-teeth much worn, but in the older specimens the inci.-ors and canines are greatly worn. A- so frequently bapp Some of the -malle-t are amOUg th ■ oldest. It is hence proper to dis- rd age in adults as seriously affecting variation in >ize. The - length of the skull and the least length in thi- series are respectively L22.8 and 10"). 'J mm.: the lygomatk breadth of the same two >kul! pectively 92.6 and 82.4. Both are very old skulls with closed sutu and greatly worn teeth. The two extremes in skulb with open basal A Uen, Congo Collection of Primates 471 sutures and unworn teeth have the gi ogtfa of the rind respec- tively 1 17.0 and 106.8 mm., and the lygomatic breadth respectiyely 82.4 and B The seventeen female skulls of which a summary <>f measurements is tabulated above arc also fully adult, the basal suture in only two of them being open, and all hut four have tin- teeth more or ten worn, particu- larly the incisors and canines. The lament skull of the fifteen with closed sutures and worn teeth measures 113.8 mm. in length and 79.9 in lygomatic breadth. The smallest of the same thirteen skulb 'also the smallest of the entire c is a greatest length of 102.9 and 1 1 i < • breadth Of 78.8 mm. The two with open basal sutures and unworn teeth measure respectively, greatest length 109.0 and 100.5 mm.; lygomatk breadth, respectively 69.6 and 7")..") mm. Then- is as usual a large disproportionate variation between axial and transverse measurements in skulls of the same sex and age from the same locality. Two males with a greatest skull length respectively of 118.7 and 109.3 nun. have the breadth at the po-torbital Constriction pectively of l<>.-'> and 45.6; two other males with a skull length re- stively of 119.0 and 111.1 have a zygomatic breadth respectively of S4.0 and SS.O mm. ( omparison of the intcrorbital and orbital breadth with th- leimth i:ives similar result.-. Female skulls are similarly variable. Further comment on the Cranial measurement- seemi unnecessary. the variations parallel th< - HM ituHau mentioned at length «>n an earlier page pp. I'll 4681. The same is true of the external measurements given above. See aire especially the comparative sum- mary of both external and cranial measurement- of four of the form- ,>. jiinnUi, C />. brunneus, C. aby&imcut Uuricut, and ('. nngolenms cotton* represented in the present Congo collection of mammals (pp. 17:. I While Cdobtu angdtt Mow and I inicus iturietu differ radically in color pattern ami in other pelade characten they cannot bt lively distinguished by either external or cranial measu: although therv i- :i slight difference in si/e. While rottom has the orbital region lower, the braincase broader and Batter, the occipital plane more Dearly vertical, and tin- lygoma weaker and less convex than I ■]'• -kull- un< I with skm- aannot rays -an— korily discriminated as belonging to on orma rather than to the other, individual variation ureatly exceeding (In slight 472 Hetin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X LV 1 1 differences. Both tonus differ from t h«> pom in group, and apparently from all of the rt'd forms of ( 'olobus, by the absence of a thin, high sagittal crest which forms a striking feature in <>1<1 mslfl of the red Colobi. N< -Mi \< i. a 1 1 hk of C olobus ir lolensis GROUPS Four early names are fundamentally involved in the nomenclature of the black-and-white form- of CoUbut of Central Africa. These are, in the order of publication, (1) Lemur aby§nmeu» Oken (1816); (2) Colobns angolensis Solater (1860); (3) Colobus pall in t - (1868); (4) Guereza ocriderUatit Rochebrune (1887). The typo region of abysiiflicut is of course Abyssinia, but recent Msriben have extended the range of the group to Uganda and south- ward to Lakes Albert-Edward and Kivu. and westward to the I elf- country. I have accepted (p. 160) ubi/ssinicus as the s|>ecific designation applicable to the large series of white-mantled Colobus collected by the American Museum Congo Ehroedition at Avakubi and Faradje, with itmicus as the Bubepecific name (('olobus abysnnicus Uurieua Matsefa notwithstanding that Colobus matscku / m /bust's has a page precedence in the same paper. C. m. uellensis was based on a single specimen with- out definite locality, and the alleged characters are not diagnostic. In other words, uellensis is not satisfactorily identifiable. (', m. itnricus was based on a series of seven specimens from the Ituri forest near Ma- wambi, and is identifiable described, although the specimen designated as type is given merely as from "Ituri." Colobus angolensis was based on an imperfect skin, without feet or face, from northern Angola. It was later recognized as occurring along the Congo (left bank) as far as the Kasai River and eastward into the region drained by its tributary Colobus jtnllintus was based on specimens from the Zanzibar coast of East Africa (Pangani River). Its close relationship to angdtntit was early recognised, and led to much discussion resecting their specific unity.1 Sclater ( 1SS0. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 68) believed they were specifically the Mine, and several later authors shared thifl view, which Pousargues believed to be erroneous, but his evidence, based on insuffi- cient material, is far from convincing. In 1913 Matschie" made the nomendatural error of referring Colobus angolensis to C. palliatus, the name angotentit having eight yean priority over paBiatm. The rai of the C. paUiatu* (~angolm*u) group has been recognised by various 'See especially Pouaarguea, 1896, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (8) I, pp. 267-276, and the authora he cites. U913, Rev. Zool. Africaine. II. February, p. 206. Allen, Congo Ctdb d note* 473 autl \tendimi :tci Africa t<» Angola, including the Ituri ir-Tanganyika Plateau, and the region of Lake bopold II. y some authors as a full sp include the white-mantled forms of northeastern Belgian Congo. member of the abyssiti group, to which the-.' of the Lower ( oriiio also belong. C olobus matsc 1S99), based on specimens From Kaviiomlo, was treated as a 'iivm of C. occidentolu l»y Klliot (1913), after he had compared the type of ttmtsrhin with example- of Occidental**. In the >ame year \<> haatschie considered C. mat titled to rank as a - and rilx-d five new tonus of it as, subspecies, two of them from the Rain ■ the Belgian Coi - The earliest name applicable to the present large series of the black- backed form of Cciobut is Cokbui ptillintKs cottom Lydekker (1905), the type locality of which is about two hundred miles east of the district ikubi. Gamangoi, Niapu, and Akenge) where the American Museum lit ion specimens were collected. The specific name palliatus is, however, antedated by angolensis, so that the designation here adopted olobus angoU nsis eottoni. The known forms of the Cotobui di M and C. angolensis r SS known to me. are in the order of date and with their type localities, as follows: •>bus abyssinicus Group1 I81& L[emur] abyssinicus Okes. ( — Colobtu abyssinicus abyssinicus) . Abyssinia. ■lobus guer*:n RmiKr i . (-C. a. gucreza). South tad West Abyssinia (Provinces of Godjam and Kulla). 1885. Colobus guerezu cnudatus Thomas. (— C a. eaudatus). M.uint Kilimanjaro. 1887. GuerezaoccidenialisRm 'hkbhi \e. (~C.a.occidentalis). Noki. Lower Congo 1899. Colobu* maiMchiei N m m >. . r ,,,,,,,', , Kavtaoodo >ria. Colobus abyssinicus poliuni* TBOM IS « too Kiv.r. nottfc of Lafca Rodolf. I'.toj mwn. (-C. a. gaUarum). Mount. inn near sour. \\ ebbi Sh< bdi, Vhyssinia. I9U < olobus abyssinicus kikuyuensi no. Escal^,l»,'n', BtStiOB, Mlish lobus j*>1 igaschjt M nagaschse). Mana- ga>< 1<1is Al.U-ba, Abyssinia. nation* for Um mums bars «iv*n nay b* found la ths gsmtti li»t of tn# dwerflnd forma of CofobM given above I pp OS HI). 17 1 Bulletin American »ry 191.*i. Coiob* ■> fci MatsCBm. < =< luensis). West slope of Mount Kenia. 191." laticeps M\t- win. (=C '. a.dians). "Kissengc." Northeast and i.i>t -nil- i>f Lake Albert-Edward. 1913 Coidbut matsclmi dodings Mvi-uiik. (=»C. a. dodingx). Southwest of Dodings Mountains, Uganda. 1 * • 1 - ■ ('nhibiis mattehiei brackgehaitu Matschie. ( = C a. bra ii. between Kaya end Dufila, Lado Enclave. I'M.; Colebut sSfesMctu rueafMiM Hku.kk. Mm British East Africa. F( rable to typical C. sMfasstn). 1913 Colobut tihifssirtiai* percivali Hki.i.i.k. Mount Uarsgess, Matthewi Rsngrt, north of Mount Kenia. I'M:; CtUbui aepwuiii B a Bhino Camp, Lado Encta table from C n. iinii fn/i hdites.) 1914. Colobu.s iin-uli ntnlis Uurirux Lokenz. Near Mawambi, Ituri Forest. Belgian Con. m :is Cohbut matschiei ituricus. Matschie of earlier date, though described as a new subspecies.) 1**1 * Cnlahu ■ -,, I 1 M \t>< iiik. ( = C. a. excherichi). Gombe, Sanga River, French < 'ongo. 1914 Cotobtu ooddtntalu rutseat ■•■ ruUehwrietu). Sassa River, southeast of Lake Albert-Edward. Colobus angolensis Group 1860. Colobus angolensis angolensu E Near Bembe, North Angola. 1 is paUiatut Proas. (=C.a.palliatus). Pangani River, Zanzibar coast of Bast Africa. 1901. Colobus ruwenzorii Thomas. ( = C. a. ruwenzorii). Northwest flank of Mount Ruwensori. 1902. Colobus sharpei Thomas. (»C. a. sharpei). Fort Hill Nyasa-Tanganyika Plateau. 1905, CofeeiM />"///'//'/••> cottoni Lvdkkkkk. (=C. a. cottoni). Zokwa, between Mshsgi ami Inunu. Upper Ituri, Relgian Congo. obiu niiijolensis sandbergi Lommbmo. Nes* Lufisi River, Upper Zambesi drainage, Portuguese Angola. 1913. Colobu* pnffiflftit mawambiau Maxscma. Pemba, between Immu and Ma- wambi, Belgian Congo. Referable t<> Colobus angolensis cottoni. 1913. Colobus palliatus weynsi Matschie. ( =C. a. weynsi). " Iiit.nr Congo." Lake Leopold II region. 1914. Colni, us mnirambicus nahani Matschie. Panga, Aruwimi River, Belgian On rabk to Colobus angolensis cottoni. 1914. Colobus maniemx M\i>< iiik. (=C.a.maniemse). Near Kibombo, Lualaba River. Belgian Congo. . Congo Collection of Primates 475 I'll ' olobus adolfi-friexierici M atschie. (—C.a. adolfi-friederici). Rugege forest , east of Lake Kivu. 1914. < itlobuzlangheUii M atschie. (^C.a.langheldi). Manyema country, west of ka. Belgian ('< 1914. Colobus benamakinw Matsihie. ( = C. a. benamakimx). Sankuru River, no. Hie two Wi -' African formn of blank-and -white Colofm* are Colobus Waterhouse (1838), Fernando Po; and Colobus vellerosus (I. ■Troy) (1834), < "■«>! , terreatrit Heller, both from nearby dities in Lado Enclave. The volume containing Matscbie'a paper in question i> dated on the cover of the completed volume as issued "Deoembre L913," but the title cover of fascicule 2, in which Matschie's paper appeared, shows clearly that it was issued "Aout 1913." Heller's paper is dated "October 21, L913." This indi. iriy two mouths' priority I hies paper over Hell. <><>.« n Hi Heller should also be referred to Colo- Neiimai men- from Man I \ pe locality of roosevelti) as referable to typical Comparative Summary of External Measurements Average Mini- mum-Maximum, of Forms of Cofofrtu from Northeastern Belgian ( 'o: Colobus powelli pow< I Length Head and Body Tail Vertebra Hind Fori Ear 17 1962(1140 1861) 640(455-590) 726(660-800) 186(170-198) 39(36-42) 12 9 W S24 180-665) 713(646-790) 182(170-202) 37(36-10) >bus powelli brunneus J Length BsadeadBod m EDadFool 10cf 1296(1216-1886 582(525-61 I'M lsO-200) 40(38-42) 5 9 126* 15) 559(510-585) 709(660-750) 189(1 S3-203) 39(35-42) Colobus abyssinicus ituricus I Length Ebadai m Hind Fool Ear 16 c? 1406(1270-1660) 593(536-690) 811(670-885) 191(175-207) 44(37-50) -.54(485-640) 773(716-825) 179(165-190) 40(35-48) I7ti Bulletin American Museum of Natwrol History \l All 21 -640) 824(720-890) 1361(1230-1470) 561(505-610) 800(645-880) Bind lout 192(180-205) 44(39-46) 186(171-200) 41(37-45) aparative Summary of Cranial Measurement*- \ • - Minimum- Maximum) — of Forma <>t' Coiobus from Northeastern Belgian < «»njrn Colohns ftmn III powt Hi gth Condylohasal Oeeipitonaaal lomatifl Length gth Breadth 13o* 119 3 in.". 1 12S.0) 91.5(86.2-97.9) 9:< 1 ^7 7 Ki7 6 88 6(77 i 91 109 103. 0( 95.5-109.7) 8f. 3(77. 3-89. 7) 85.7(7'.' 5 91.9 7:. 7 71 7-78.6) Orbital Breadth Mastoid Breadth Upper Toothrow Upper Molars 13d1 67.6(63.3-77.4) 65.5(60.0-69.8) 40.3(38.0-^4.0) 21 :. 19 6 25.0) 109 62.0(56.7-67.2) 61.1(59.2-64.1) 35.9(34.2-38 .<> 21 0(20 1 Colobus jinirt Hi In-unneuB Greatest Condylohasal Occipitonasal fomatfc Length Length Length ;,ith 17c? 118.7 11J J 130 7) 97.0(92 3 107 7 06 9(91 9 103 5 91 l 96 8 129 104 .'l( 97.8-109.7) 85.7(81.7- 88.4) 86.2(80. 1- 92 1 76.3(70.8-81.0) Orbital Breadth Mastoid Breadth Upper Toothrow l"j>|>er Molars 17c? 71.7(65 5-77.7) 69.9(63.5-76.4) 41.2(38.0-45.5) 21.3 19 7 28.4) 129 63.1(60.4-66.1) 61.4(52.0-67.3) 36.7(34.2-39.1) 20.6(19.2-22.2) Cokbus abystimcut ituri Greatest Condylohasal Oeetpitonaeal Zygomatic Length gth gth Breadth 17c? 116.0(104.4-126.3)99.8(87.0-110.3)92.6(84.6-96.5) 81.2(70.4-88.5) 13 9 107.2(104.0-114.4) 92.3(84.9- 97.3)87.3(82.4-94.6) 70 7 71.' S3. 5) Orbital Breadth Mastoid Breadth Upper Toothrow Upper Molars 17c? 68.0(59.4-73.4) 67.1(59.6-77.3) 41.0(87.2 17.5 21.3(20.0-22.6) 139 65.4(61.2-69.7) 62.6(58.4-69.2) 9-39.5)20.6(19.2-21.4 ( <>lo})us angolt itfom Condylohasal Oecipitonaaa] Zygomatic Length length Length Breadth 25e* 114.0 in:. 8 122.8)96.8(90.0-107.0)92.6(87.2-99.3) 84.4(80.0-92 179 107.5(102.9-113.8)88.8(78.5-94.9)88.5(84.1-94.3; 77 K69.6-82.8) Orbital Breadth Mastoid Breadth Upper Toothrow Upper Mol 25c? 712(67.0-81.2) 69.3(6.'} 6 7 1 5 »42. 3) 20.8(19.0- - 17 9 65.5(59.3-72.0) 63.5(59.3-69.0) 36.4(33.8-38.3) 20.0(1* 2 21 2] A Hen, Congo Collection of Primates \ 7 7 PONOTDA Ponginas Pan < >k<-ii nous authors; no< Suma («.«.) Uuamm, i: I lsi_>. rrofioi Isoptbot, Ann. M ■ II- TroglodyUt niger E. Geoffroy- d Morphol. Organiamen,' II. p. cl, footnote. '1' Phyi. WirU-lth..' III. p. 600. {-Anthropo- Blainville . i (eubgen i De Pauw. 'Notei aur la fWidifirratini et le Montage des grands Mammiferes,' S num), p. 18, IM. i Bitted animal and AeletOB Type, Fsihego ilurien* M res not published until 1912. A dozen different g nave been employed for the chimpansees, in. .~t oj them propoeed distinctively f<>r this group anil based on the notype. The only available name, under the ' Im Dataonal I >l Nomenclature -ht loliud.t l-\ Palmer1 in 1904. 1 I efts oved to be pr wupied and « them. For mai 3k he current name for the group. P Come U number ..i In-itin •1904, 'Index Gmmtoid MimmiHniii,' p. 109. •1 7^ Bulletin American Museum of Natural History V6L \ I -\ 1 1 adopted without reservation by Klliot in 19131 as the C03 eric name of the croup. Mated) ver rejected Pan in 1904 on the ground that < M. nomenclature in bis 'Lehrb. Naturgeech.' is not consistently binominal, and adopted Simia Lmnssus (1758) as the correci name for the chim- panaee, which is the "first Bpe< I be genus. It has since l >« •« - 1 1 shown to belong, under the principle of tautonomy. to the Barbary ape.s Rothschild, following Matschie. also adopted Simia for the chimpan/ stating: "I. therefore, who. in opposition to Professor Matschie, nm- sider Oken'i names applicable would have had to accept Pan as the generic name of the ( 'himpanzoe, as do many American writers, hut for the fact that a still older name e\i>t<.'M accepting Simia under the "first b" rule, as did Nfatscme. In this connection reference may be made to ;i -ingular lapsus by both Matschk and Rothschild in compiling the generic synonymy of the orangs. the date of Satyrus Lesson lwing given by them :i- 1 7* * * * » instead of 1840. erroneously making the date of Safyrus Lesson the same (1799) as that of Pongo Lacepdde; but Rothschild correctly adopts, "as the confusing name." pongo Lacepede for the orang-outans. The number of forms (species and subspecies) of chimpanseea can- not now !><• even approximately determined, nor can the ranges of any of them he defined except provisionally and in general terms, nor their synonymy positively allocated. Ahout thirty-five speciei names have been proposed for chimpanzees, a few of them as substitutes for other names of earlier date. Of the twenty-eight proposed for supposed new form-, eighteen were published during the years 1912, 1913, 1914, all hut one by a single author. In 1904 Matschie reviewed the group of chimpanzee-, under the i ric designation Sim snising -even species, all previously described.1 In the following year the chimpan/ again revised by Rothschild, also under the generic name Simia, in a general paper on the anthropoid apes. He recognised twelve forms (5 s] 7 subspecs •1913, 'Ni-v. Primates,' III, (1912), pp. 227-254. '1904, ' Bemerkungen Qber die Schunpansen,' Sitsungsb. Ges. Nalurf. Fr. Berlin, pp. 55-69. Discussion of I name of the group, pp. 55-58. •Of. Thomas, 1911. Proc. Zo<.l i lliot, 1913, 'Rev. Primates,' II. pp. 172-173. M904, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. II. (April 1905). p. 410. 'Matschie, Paul. 1904, 'Bemerkungen Qber die Schimpansen,' Sitsungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, pp. 55-69. Species recognised: (1) Simia tatyrut Linrurus, (2) Simia ealttu (Du Chaillu), (3) Simia teUerotu* (Gray), (4 ■ mfurthii (Giglioli), (5) Simia futcut (A. B. Meyer), (6) Simia leucoprymnu* (LeSK' • panie (Ma> Cf . also: Matschie. Paul. 1900, ' Einige Bemerkungen fiber die in Berlin aufbewahrten Exemplare von Anthropopithecus,' Sitsungsb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, pp. 77-85. 1925) Allen, Congo Collection of Primates i 7!« be subspecies being described as new.1 He differed widely from Matschi pajwr he reviewed :it length, not only in the number of forms be recognised but in the allocation of names given by previous rath The next formal revision of the chimpanzee- was made by Klliot in his great work on the Primates published in 1913.2 Eleven forms are ed, of which ten are full sjM-cies and one is a Bubf 11 under the generic name /'i».u.j mSmVMM .Wii/inmuJ tyru, marungms,- M S,m*a ~ttyrui ■ Jokamba Stmut ;.|/t/m.cf Sriir.-I.er. (A*) Nimi.i HHM h Mayer), (54) Nimi.i pm/mMW Uu<-«i>rymnut l.aipiMiM occupy pp. 227-2.'. i \. and 7 -R. Ill Sperm and autmpmm mx-oicm".: '•' • I >'i < l.»illui. J i l'..•« pMafi «'< ■> If It -/'..;. Irr. i,r« Iodine a ii. 0MB It • rraimrni ..I On- fnrilUa am! rolmpanaec thr Primate.. • .: . , ■ ! .rr..t. n. (I,.- .,-lht.« ..( U nhl n name. |M> Bulletin American ory , XI.VII- Specific Mini Bubspeoifio Names Referable to Pan w est Africa lntli Ed., p. 25. Based on Tulp'a figure and deaciiption <>f :i black ape from \Ve.»t Africa. < ;\ii i in. 1. 1\ - I. p. L'ti. Lmnaraa, I7.">s. renamed. lslj Trogli* i Gxomtor, Ann. Mnv Hist. Nat., Paris, \l\ !■ v7 fnu I.mna U-. i7."»s, renamed. ] v;i Trogiodfk l> ueopryn \, ' Illust r. Zool..' PI. xwii Male, skin and skull <>f an indhridual long kept in confinement, originally "pris >nr la cote ut usually tin- speciei is mentioned :•> "Tachego" or "Troglodyte 'l'-< i ■■■ diagnosis nor type locality; only comparative mention En ■ paper on the anatomy of anthropoid apes. Usually lynonynuaed with I'nu tatyrtu (Iinnsaus) by later author-. 1856. 8atyru$ cktmpansi Maysb, Arch. Naturgesch., I. p type locality; no known type. A new specific name for tin- < Sumpaneee group ooUectively. isoo. TrogltHliftexcabw I)< CuMi.i.r, Pipe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., \ 11. angusl 20, i>. _".»»>. Baaed on a single female from the interior of Gaboon, south of I Lopes. Other specimens mentioned. Type in British Museum; skull figured EUiol 1918, 'Rev. Primates, III. 1912), Pis. xxxrv, xxxi 1SIM). Troglodytes koolotf-kamha Dr Cii.ui.i.i. Proc Boston S \II. November 23, p. 358. One specimen; sex and age not stated. Ashankola Mta., upper Ovenga River, French Congo. Type in Britiah Museum; skull figured by Klhot i"i:;. 'Rev. Primates,' III. 1912 . Pla. \\\\i. x\wn . p. 242. IM'rJ / nglf»lytei ■/■■■. Cuw, Proc ZooL Boc. London. |>. 181. Provisional name in the text, based on a skin without skull from North < 'amrroon. 1N00. TrogUni GKATIO] DC, NoUV. Arch. Mu II, p. 258. yOUng female. "AfriqUfi eu,uatoriale." ls7(t I'^uilnnthroptufuUginona St bauti as, 'Nunquam Otiosus, Zool. Mitthefl.,1 p. 345. skin and skull, immature. Prench Congo. Exact type locality in doubt. 1895. AnthropopUhecuxfuxr a U>handL Ber. Zool. Anthrop. Mus Dresden, \ No. 1 1. p. 7. footnote. Based on a young female in the Dreaden Zoological Gardens; typenol known to < pe locality unknown, bul supposed to be the ( ;«iid < ioaat. 1904. Simin seatStponsi M - N'aturf. I"r. Berlin, p. 66 To replace Satynu chimp, i iv"iii . in ease t In- latter should prove untenable. 190.". mipHoout RoraaoanLD, Proe. ZooL Soc. London, 1904 II. April, pp text-fin- in (p. 128; head . French Congo, bul type locality not definitely indicated. Type in Tring Museum. 1914. A[nlkropopttkociu] ell bib, Brtsungsl turf. 1 >. Berlin, p. Adult male -kin. from near Bascho, North ( 'arneroon. 1914. AnthropopUl Mm-mmk. Sitsungab Berlin, p. 327. Adult male skin, from near Bascho. North Cameroon. Ml>u. ( n,,go Collect nates 48 1 I'M I ■jiithecu* reuteri M\; - Qm Naturf. Fr. Rerlin, p. \dult male -km and skeleton boa near the mouth of the Daw Hivcr. UHTOOn. I'M 1 I us ochroleucus V - NotuH lr liirlin. \. figs. 4-5. adult male, from lernan Yazdistriet. Knurl ..t I« »* -.-t 1 i r known ;>Uhecu* pi>> M mean, Zaitaehr. BthnoL, LI. p 8 Type, a male, from Baiombt, Elephant Lake. Cameroon. Upper < tango I drainage and Borderlands i.ioi.i. Ann. Mus. Civ. St..r. N p. 114 footnote, 135. Two young akuOs. Upper Lele drainage. Niam-niam country, northeastern Belgian Congo. Troglodytes niger var. manmgmau Noai k. KooL Jahrl... rToptomhnr II, p. PI \ An immature imperfed skull, without skin, tin- skull backing the al portion. Manda, afarungu, west of Lake Tanganyika, Behpan Congo. ihego ituricus De Pauw (cf. addendum, p. 197). 1012. Inthropopithecus no) uik. Rot. ZooL Africahw, II tember, p 1 18. Type, an adult male. >kin and skull; also two immature fen All from Ranalia. Aruwimi River. Belgian Ooi tfiropithecus) cotton i Mvi-< nn.. Rev. Zool. Africain< 11,8 ptember, p. 124. Type, U immature male; also two other »|ec miens, all with partly eloped permanenl dentition. All three from Baaaa I Ithsshe River, southeast Ice Albert Edward, western border of Uganda. 1912. ■ tarn, Rer Zool. African i«r. p. 121. Adult male. >km and skull. Makala- Avakuhi Koad. Belgian ■thropopithecus) adolfi-friederiri M \ ret mi . \nn. Soo. Zool. Malacol. BelgiqUS, XLVII, 1012 p. 46. Adult male. -kin and skeleton Ittigoie Lake Kivu, western 1 .order «>f < i am, Ann Boo. Zool. Belgique, XLVTI, 1012), lug Stiaof an adult without skull. uwimj River, Belgian < '>■■ 101 1 Anti '■,■■■:' ' • 3 i I'r Berlin, p. -km and skeleton. I ike Kivu and Lake Luhondo. western bolder of Genu P.M 1 •' \Ci nit. Sitzunusl. .!• 1 I Rerlin. .Jul \dult female, -km and kI sissi . m the (.order of I'nmdi near nurensof Akanjaru, western hoi rman East Afr. I'M j u. "II | llliph I I' I r Rerlm. Jul- \dult female, -km and skeleton Eighty kilometrix northwest of Bo ko, west shore of Lak< BehpsnCoi I'M I >is castanomale Matschik, Sitiungs Rerlin, Jul -km and lieast shore of Lake Tan- ganyika I. <.rder nf I Hi- \ 482 Bulletin American Museum of Xatural History [Vol. X I.Y 1 1 11114. Anlkropopithteut oofamemi Mi 9 izungsb. Ges. Natnrf. l'r. Ii<>rlin, .Inly. p. 884 Adult male, ikm end skull. On road from Raraka to fflTHipt. between Niemboand Kabambare, on tin- Luama River, west of Lake Tanganyika, Belgian ( <>ngo. 1914. AnUtropopUkteut tckubotm Mm-' mi.. Bitsongab, ('■<-.<. Naturf. l'r. Berlin, July, p. 335. Adult male skull. Between Kilo and Irumu. upper Ituri River, k<- Albert Edward, IMninn Congo. 1914. AnthrnjMypUhecus steindachneri 1 \uz. Ak. \\ i--. \\ i> n. Math. -Nat. Kl . LI, No. 27, Deeember, pp. 550-551. "Ituri-Urwakl . . . bei den Dorfe Bdolra," north of Beni, Belgian Congo. Type (and only ■peeunen), ■ -kin and skeleton of an old malt-. Little is known of the type- or original material on which the sp< of the earlier authors were based, as few of the types of those described prior to IStiO appear to have been preserved. The species themselves have been interpreted by later authors 00 other material. In several instances the original type was a skin without skull, or a skull without skin, and in many instances were immature specimens. Nearly all of the numerous forms recently described were based on single specimens, and in the few cases where para types were available, they were so imiiiat tire as to have no diagnostic value. Hence the descriptions of supposed new forms are descriptions of individual- merely, not of '•species.*' or even racial forms. This regrettable disregard for possible variation in this as in other groups of mammals tends to disconnect taxonomy from nat lira] history. I do not hesitate to place in synonymy most of the chimpan/ described by Matschie in later years from the interior of Africa. The diagnostic characters cited are amply covered by the present series. 1 have my doubts only a- to racial forms occurring in the higher mountain - and the extreme eastern edge of their distribution. Klliot's review of the chimpanzee- j- based on his persona] examina- tion of the types, so far ;i> they are known to be extant, and such other material as existed at that time in the principal museums of Europe. It was of course impracticable for him to bring all tin- material together for direct comparison, and he had to depend upon his note- and his excep- tionally good memory in reaching final deci-ion.-: but he spared neither tini' to render his examinations thorough and trustworthy. They cannot be taken, however, as infallible, but his attitude was con- it ive and from the purely nometiclatural side his work is commend- able. The fine series collected by Arrhenius in the Etutshuru region and so can-fully described by I.onnberg and the thirty specimens collected by Lang and Chapin in the [turi-Uele region are most important con- tribution- furnishing further proof of the great plasticity of the skull ami facial character-, which latter are now for the first time available through Alien, Cotu/n < nil, rtUm of Primates 483 Lang's fine ta taken in the field from ■pffrnfm in the ii. This Beriee belpe confirm my nun eonchuioni m to the u variation existing in the PongkuB and adds many convincing detail-. Klliot's remark- upon t h«> irroup as a whole, however, are an much to the jM)int that it seems desirable to here reproduce them at c«»nsiderable length, id that at the presenl time, ■ list of the fpeeiea and l lum- ■eeeeaab only given. We really know so little about them; theeolor nmgj the changes that take place Gran youth t « • ego, the hues of the face, hands, and feet, whether these are permanent from youth to the adult state, what, if •ions in color between the sexes (in tome Bpeeiei we know tht Inference, but in other- we are not so sure); what are the limits of the dJepenaaa of thOM we gaily describe as distinct -do two <>r more apeciea or rare-. eaO them what I together in amity retaining their distinctive characteristic! within Kmtted areas; all these problem- and more ai and for the most of them rwer. rial gathered in moet Museums is so small and unsatisfactory, that il in deciding the facU we all seek. The best, and so far as I have found, the onrj ble collection of these animal- extant to-day, 1- in the Berlin Museum, ghty -kins and perhap a- many skulls have been brought together from dim >f Africa. Hut when we studj these, we eonstantiy meet with difficul- not only perplex us, but prevent any satisfactory decision from Ix-ing reaehed enough to solve a difficulty by describing some troublesome specimens aa and leaving the proof for some one else to disoover, l>ut that doe- n<>t solve Isgjt- ir help overmuch to teach u- the truth we desire to know. • eking for characters upon which specific differences may be founded we Jne the crania, and at once ws are oonfronted with ■ East that prevail- among all the gn that individual variatiom tent, • r can be depended upon, for DO two -kull- arc alike, and they differ from each other in a manner equally great a- i- observed among human skull-. commented upon this fact when discussing the specific values of the la and the < rurang-utan, where in the latter I was compelled to decline to n-cog- niore t|,:iri , ,i,. - species after most careful investigation of a verj • s of only with great doubt Certain form- <>f ( iorilla as possible crania] character, but -imply on the color of the fur which si tuallv may prove, as our knowledge of these animal- h to be merely phases ittrihutal.li- -olelv • rtainly neither among ( Iorilla- nor ( lurang- fie difference be safely based upon cranial rh resrx mpan/e« ■- n \' present, therefore, we n-u mainrj for Onrapeeifj these animal- upon the texture, length and color of the I the prnaenee or absent e of heard; color of the the bands seldom on the teeth, foe eh ' "» and the presence orahssnesof a part in tin- hair on or the existence q| bakfalSSS, and Its extent bsittnd the ear- N-. doiil • valid -p. D that tie I Chimpansses, but it mayalso be rsgnnisd asaf.-u-t, that t«ar- ihd. and that, with th. m iterial at prsn 18 I Bulletin American Museum of Nat it ml History \l.\ II available DO OM eriinen.s d<'srril>rd have an undoubted I hat problem wiU be eohred by oox successors; at present m groping in tin- dark so far M the numlier of existing -|M(ii- of t hi- great Anthroj. an- ooncemed. 1918, Review of the Primates,' III. pp . . . Thus far tin- material in the Berlin Museum, which is, without exception, the most extensive to be found anywhere, instead of assisting us to solve the problem of how man] nl\ makes it more difficult than ever, for the skulls present inch endleai variations, and the skins, by the diverse Coloring <>f the fur, and the different hues and disposal of tints on the face, hmul- and feet, exhibited at tunes in examples from the same locality, that it is practically im|M>ssil>le to decide how many species really do exi-t. or if too many have not already Keen recognised. Merr Mats, hie has given much thought and stud; to this material. Imt was not l»y any mean- satisfied, at the time I examined these sperimenfl with him, that the cm number of qpedea had been demonstrated. Also winch examples represent ra and which aperies, has by no mean.- been ascertained. Idem, p. 232. . . . If otir determinations are correct, we have the sinuular fact that nearly all the recognised forms of Chimpansees, like the Gorillas, are crowded together on a small portion ol West Africa, leaving us to wonder how so many distinct forms, if they arc such, could exist in BO restricted a territory and preserve their specific char- acters intact. Idem, p. 2 The sixteen tonus i fourteen described since Elliot wrote the m1><> from the Upper < tango and adjoining regions mighl well - similar inquiry respecting ( Central Africa. since Elliot wrote on the chimpanzees, considerable Beries have been brought together from single localities that throw much light upon the subject of purely individual variation among adult chimpanzees, and the changes due Ldnnberg in his report on the mammafa col- lected by Arrhenins1 in the region of Lake Albert Edward and Lake Kivu. published in MM 7. has given ;, detailed account of a series <>!' t«'ii chimpansees collected on the Rutahura River, of which seven are adult and three immature, all taken in practically the same forest. The varia- tions in external, cranial, and dental characters are described at length, he reaching the conclusion that "In spite of all differences it Mp| •• impossible for the present hut to regard all as individual variations of one and the >atne race. This is of very high interest as very seldom wild animals from one and the same place vary in such a remarkable degn (loc. «' made later in the present article. As particularly pertinent to the general subject of "i and individual variation. I transcribe the opening paragraph of a paper by 'Ldnnberg, Einar. 1917. ' Mammals coll. I ral Africa by Captain E. Arrheniua,' I Sven.Vrt. Ak.Handl.. Stockholm. I.\ III .Iwr 1, pp. 1-110, Pis. i-xii, 11 text figs. Chim- pansees ( Anthropopithtcu* cf. cottoni Matschie), pp. 18-27, Pis. v \ i. Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 186 ]|. \ . Wilson of the University of North Carolina entitled 'In regard to ind Sponges,'1 just to band :it this writing: In tlic language of systematic ■oology, ■peciea an particularly 'difficult to dis- tiaguiafa " in certain genera, in many genera <>f Tn*tP*i fur inirtanm When this is so, it i> in large part due to the fact that many speeimena from various regiona have I rted on. In such cases we begin to !><■ face t<> fare with the facta <»f variation) as they are, not aa the} are assumed to !><•. when tin- ipwiea ilescriptiou rests on one "r mena or on apt cimena from one locality. Pan schweinfurthii (iiLrli«'li Plates CLH-CLXV < l.\\ 1 I i.wil Troglodyte* schweinfutthii Giguou, 1872, Ann. Mu- CSv. s t . . r ..va. III. p. 135. Niatn-niain country, northeastern Belgian ('<>: | Trog ger var. marungensia N>'\> k. 1887, ZooL Jahrb., II. |>. _M.U. PI. x. An miniature imperfect skull, without skin, the skull lacking the facial portion. Manila. M.tnmgu. west of Lake Tanganyika, Belgian ( ■i sis De Pauw, 1006 (ef. .Kldendum. p. 407 Antkropojritkeeus) waaawi Musim.. 1012, Her. Z' am, 1012, Rev. ZooL Arrieaine, II. p. 124. Type and two other specimens. Baaaa (Iahaaha <>f Lake Albert Edward, w. stern border <>f Uganda. f. cottoni I.nwmin,. 1017, Kuntrl. Sven V, • \k llandl.. holm, LVIII, No 2, p 18 Ten specimens from Rutahum. Intkropopitheciu itu i i alancm 1012, Rev. Zool. Afrieaina, II. |>. 121. Vlult male from Makala-Avakubi Road, Belgian Congo. s) kooloo-kamlxi utimhini;, M Malacol Belgique \I.IL 1012 \dult from YamL. r Aniwimi River, Belgian Congo. .in . 101 t BHsungsl in' l > Brim, \dult male taken on the road from Barakii | I Ketw.in NicuiIh) and Kabambare on the Luan "f Lake Tanganyika, BeJgiai mi . 101 1. Sitaungsl '•• rim. \dult male from between Kilo and Irumu, Upper Itun Hiver. wis' \IImti Edward, Belgian Congo. • Kl . Li. pp 560-46] [turi-Urwald , . . »hi dan D "rth of Old male. EL !■• sented by thirty specimen*, rimifintially from two looalitaeaaa ml- environment <>tn- section on tin- norl n border <>f the* the oil within the R "(I eornp van ooUectinf. v kubt, Qamangui, Pawa and N ecimen from i icli Niapu i \ Al>a and '». Th« SetaoUSe Month U I October, pp. S4B-357. 1st; Bulletin American Museum of Xntuml History [VoL XLVD Faradje are about 40 miles apart, sndaboul ^rl ». idth 70.4(67.8-71 1 70.2(66.5-71 7 < 'iii>i\ lobasal Length 1 US 17n 151 139 l •"■•"- Brain Breadth lu:U98-118) 100(96-102) Breadth at < Saninei 60.6(-)l •> 67 7 58.1(50.8-63.0) ( kxapHonaaa] I.elljrt h 11.', L30 1.1 J 1 12 L33 1 1^ imatie Breadth M 189 126 1117 130 Orbital [nterorb. Breadth Hr.:imatic Breadth Braincase Breadth Orbital Breadth 2d* 127 8 123.5-131.0) 100.0(100.0-100.0) 100. 1( 98.5-1' 59 118 6(113.0-123.2) 96. 2( 92.4-100.0) 96. 4( 90.2-101.0) rorb. Breadth Breadth at Base Cat. Breadth at m* 2d" 19. 3( 18.8- 19.8) 62. 0( 58.4- 65.5) M 2 B.t 54.7 59 M 2( 11.6- 18.3) 51. 6( 50.0- 54.0) 1 -.1.3- 58.0) Upper Molar B Upper True Molars ■11 7 111- 46.3) 30. 6( 29.5- 31.7) 59 K 39.0- 44.8) 29. 1( 26.3- 30.5) and Individual Variation in Chimpai Ai noted on ■ preceding page p. isK Lfinnl e in 1017 his Its of a detailed study of ■ series of ten chimpai .us with skull- from a angle Collecting Station near Hutshuru, on the Hutshuru River, "about half way between Lake Albert Edward and Lake Ki\ u.** on th<- boundary between Belgian Congo and German Baal Africa. These specimens were provisionally referred to Atithropopithirus cotton i iginaOy described from immature specimens collected on the SassaHiver. Boutheast of Lake Albert Edward, a locality "not geograph- ically very distant from Hutshuru. "' Tin- -cries ( if chimpanzees was the • large series of these apea from a single locality available to any investigator for comparative study. It included three males (one adult, old adult, on.- young with the milk dentition and first molar) and five adult and two young with milk dentition Bach niHii i- described in detail in respect to l>oth external and cranial ehai nd th.ir individual differentiations arc carefully noted. It ■ thus the first important contribution to ■ correct iiihIw standing individual \ ari.it ion in chimpanzees. As supplementing Lonnbeq am able to contribute further information to thifl bJtherto little undar- od subject, based on thirty specimens oofleeted by Lang and Chapin the American Museum « pedition cembcr 1909 July 191 I . oi which r Otnasinglefa "010 Kun«l Sv. !l»n«ll. Kunil Sn. I.jkII. iMii.No.a. . LV1II . I. n. r 1. pp. 18-27. Pfc 'ISN 'try [Vol \ I.\ II iit border of the Rain Fores! diitrict), ami eighteen from neigh- boring collecting stations in a nearly uniform environment, hence essen- tially from a single locality, in the Upper < in Forest, since all of them were obtained within about :i ."><) mile radius from tin- central point he area. I shall give first a summary of Lonnberg's results and con- clusions, following this with a statement of my results and conclusions based on the < ongO Series. Young. — Lonnl es that the three "young ones have s com- pletely black pelage, but the chin is greyish white and there is s white patch above and surrounding the anal opening. The colour of the naked reddish brown, the colour of the dry skin somewhat resembling the palest shade of 'brownish drab,' or in other places :( light shade of 'burnt amber.' The ear- have also ;i similar tint. It is of course difficult to say whether this corresponds to tin- colour of the living animal, or not, but evidently it has had a light brownish face, perhaps with a russet ting Color oi Naked Pabts. "Tne old animals have the naked parts much darker, so that at the first look they appear to be quite black in the face. One of the specimens. No, 224, i- really quite black all over the face and on the ears." Others are described as having "the face quite black." but with the cheeks lighter or '"reddish black" or (in different specimen- "russet brown." or a pale shade of "brownish drab." or in the oldest male | ' 'only the centre of the face being black, and the cheeks and the crown brown, mottled with black." BALDNESS. " In the young animals only the face is naked, already the fore-head a little above the eyes befog sparingly beset with black bails. All the adult animal- display baldness in various di the bare area varying in extent and in outline in different specimens. "The baldness increases evidently with age," as shown by the oldest male and the oldest female. l'i LAOS. A detailed account i- given of the length of the hair on different parts of the body and at different ages, and of the "side whiskers" and postauricular tuft-. With increasing age the fur of some parti appears to become scantier than in the young animals not only on the head, but also on the throat. This is especially conspicuous on the old male in which also the hind neck i< almost bare, only with scattered hail Color of Pelage. "The colour is also gradually changed with age, the adult being not quite [as] black as the young." Hut it is shown to vary irregularly, as one adult female is practically "black all over." while another female, evidently younger, "has the head decidedly brown- Alien, Congo Collection of Primate* 489 ish." and "the back ia overlaid with a brownish tint produced by brown tips tn some hairs; the liint' the different malei ia also described in detail, ahowing much variation in different individuals, concluding as Follows: "The ription thus given proves that the fur and its colour ia rather variable in these ( 'himpaii/- • 8. Partly this variation is explained by the difference in age, the old onee gradually becoming more bald-headed and more pale brownish grey on the lower hack and the hind h-\i>. The almost complete blackness of the rather old female No. •_,_> I and the shortness of the fur of the male No. 163 appear, however, without accordance with other facts and indicate a strange variability which is also displayed by the skulls. as will be set forth below." 3ixe. The males are Blightly larger than the females both in external and cranial measurements. The total length of two mail '.'in and 930 mm.; of three femal nveb . B30, MO, 890 mm., measured from the skins. They are hence not satisfactorily com- parable with measurements taken from specimens in the flesh. uiial Measurements. Ltanberg'a table of cranial d ments is summarised above (p. 487). Tip test length of the two adult male -kull- ia 198 mm.: of five females, 183 mm., the tremea of the latter being 177 and 180 mm. I For other miasm* iim 'able. /or. i ' . Loni - that hi- measurements '"show a \ ■derable variation, chiefly with regard to the orbits, interorhital !id the teeth." He comments at length on these d: i m the different specimens, especially with reference to the dorsal outhni the auperciliary ridge, which varies from an even line to one havh i« concavity a hove the interorhital BpaO 'ion common toboth that in one of the fomalm " thn monial concavity amou mm., which doe- not sound much, but nevertheless ghrea a quite strikingly different aspect of these skulls, effected by the simultane- ing of the eyebrow ridgea with a mesial eonea\ it v lietweea them and the increased height of the orhit- ' t the -k nil- with raised eyebrow rid W I and 160) at the same time ! lerably i septum than the Teeth, i able apace u also given to the st ril • in the sise and - the molar teeth and in the Dumber <»f then Ih -iimn bear sig- ■\W h a n Mum u m tif Sat uml History [Vol. X I . \ 1 1 nifieanee m follow-: "There it thus do oertaio correlation between small molars 00 one bind, and a doubly arched -uperciliary ridge and a narrow interorbiteJ septum on the other hand. Nor do the characters mentioned >t;uid in correlation to the colour of the For, ai one of the small-toothed, No. 224, i- the blackest . and the other. No. 17s. i> the greyest among the females. . . Thus, although the differenoet in certain cases, for instance with regard to the breadth of the interorbita] space, and the size of the molars, certainly I enough to appear to be of distinguishing value between different race- the lack of correspondence, as set forth abo upsets every attempt of separating these specimens in two racial groups, ■ >r instance a UurgC-tOOthed and a small-toothed. In spite of all difTer- ences it appears impossible for the present but to regard all as individual variations of one ami tin- BaUM II- dwell- especially upon the discordant variation in the size ;md form of m3 in comparison with the other molars. He finds that in3 not only varies greatly m rise and shape relatively to the other teeth, hut that the number Slid - are also variable characteristics, hut Daringly independent of others. . . Normally there ought to he four CUSps, t wo outer and two inner, but their development is variable. Espe- cially the posterior inner cusp is often reduced in size, or even lacking. This is so irregular that the same animal may have four CUSps on one. but only three on the other side, and this may happen in large-toothed as well as in small-toothed specimens." He further demonstrates that "the site of p1 is variable as well." Moreover that "the lower jaw is also extremely variable in shape"; and that the rise of the foramen magnum varies greatly in both size and shape, lb' also Dj rn\ instances of supernumerary molars, and the very wide range in the capacity of the brain cavity. Bkai\->izk. - A table is given showing the capacity of brain-cavity in two adult male.-, five adult females, and a young female with milk dentition. " From this table," he says, "can be seen that with regard to the capacity of the brain-cavity these Chimpanzees can be arranged in two groups, one with smaller, and one with larger brain. One of tl males and a male, the other two female- and a male. The difference in volume of the brain-cavity is with regard to the females more than .")() rem., and with regard to the male- about 11 ccm.. thus in both case- quite considerable [in other words, 10.9 per cent in the two male- and l i."> pci cent in the five females]. The question presents itself then again, is this difference due to racial distinction, or not? For the elucidation of this it i- accessary to inv< - any correla- Alien, Congo Collection of Primate* 1 « 1 1 tioi (Terence in brain-capacity and the variation of Other ch:uati(> which has been discussed above. Such an investigation is facilitated by the table of irn imiiiniiairti above. Prom tint we lean th.it two of the imaD-brained ferns 178 and 221 have small teeth, bat Urn all the case with the third (No. 161). The first two of these 11-brainrd Females have raised eyebrow ridges and thus comparatively high orbits, (be third agt 161, PI v. fig. 3) ha* the >ut>ereiliary anh very little raised and th Minparatively low orbits. On the other hand especially one of the lan;e-l>rained female- N«,. pin. PI. \. row-ridges and very large orbits." Brfadth and Shape <>f Palate. — Lonnberg also says: "The breadth and shape of the palate is also very different in the different Two of the small-brained ones (No. 178 and 224) have a comparatively broad and Hat palate with a width inside m2 of about 36.5 mm., but the third No. L61 has the narrowest ami most vaulted palate of all with a width inside m2 of 28 mm. On the other hand the eorre- oding measurement of one of the large-brained females (No. 181) is 5 mm., but in the other | No. 160) it i> :i7."> mm. The old large-bra ined and lame-toothed male has the palatal breadth inside of m* 34 mm.; in the comparatively -mall-toothed and small-brained male the same dimen- is almost similar or 34.5 mm. In such a case it is evidently impossjbsi his character for dividing the present material of chimpanzees in two racial groups. The longest palate measuring 7:*. 7 mm. is found in of the small-brained (No. 161), but also the shortest pair mm., belongs to a small-brained specimen So. 224 complete irregularity of the variable characteristics make- it plainly difficult to attribute any racial value to the differencei in the sise of the brain-cavity ai led above. I ;ide that in other cases a difference with regard to the ca] the brain-cavity may I racial value at Sefenka has proved to be the case with the < h ■This last statement regarding 8elenka's work on the Orua is so amssinc. is view of I careful e«position of iU fsJLseies (1013. Rev. I'nm.t«..' III. 1 1»12). pp. 183-167. I9O-I01. 1M-I1M. .alienees comment. Elliot'* historical account of th* nature and character ~ lenka, and Sefeoka's own etatemcr Menuw of orang* from a limited district of Borneo, and the immena* amount , lual variation known to charactariM the skulls of thaw animals, inctudinc the capacity ^nation of soroe fifteen races of orancs I v individual variation known to chart of the brainca— . ta atdBoiant *vid*nc* of th* wrwlhlsaanaai of Silinks 'a raaial forma of Bornao nraaifi ' ">y Frederic A. Loom (1888, "Tha Bpioiai A much earlier paper than Elliot's 'Rev. Primates.' by Frederic v pp. 22H-M3). baaed on tha large collection of oranas mad* rnadav to Bornao. should not be overlooked in any mvestigstion of th* oranas. sine* it i.y t»,r Baliet or. VtinflbwJ S raaaraaii le -«. ■#■ »i»i individual mda *rr .le-nt^i 5 .ina.l - took up the study roeion is of inter. - I >>e nam* Stmut aatyrtM moat stand for all Bnraean (Vanes and for tboa* of Sumatra aU would b* strange if some suaht variation did not exwt na from th* latter Island. This conclusion is in acreement with Elliot'., reached many years wleda* of th* saiatans* of Lucas' papar. aa he doss not anntloa it. >e animals with ohaafc protuberances are msartaaiv old males," and Lucas found itursis not " er years I had itheresul- lalism. especially th* Utter, la than* aaimala. beoo* thw Im' liniorphir .. .. ,».r recent authors hsve i rrnar years I had opportunity to aaamia* two larm aariea of arenas from deftnite loraHtiaa hi i.c result that I became d— pry Impraand with th* ranae of variation da* to asm, a—, aad 40'J i rican Museum of ffatwwi History [Vol. X I. VI I I'll >g resum6 of Lonnberg's studies of the Rutshuru collec- tion of chimpanzee- indicates the care and detail with which he h:is con- ducted his researches, the record of which occupies about tan quarto pages and two plates of his memoir on the Arrhenius collection of mam- mals from the eastern border of Belgian Congo. It is given large Sp here not only on account of its intrinsic importance, and for its di bearing 00 other chimpanzee material from a district a few hundred mile< northw. .'-hum. now to be considered, hut beoaOM (hey are the reSllHfl of an independent investigator who has not heretofore been par- ticularly identified with this line of work. He speaks indeed of his dis- coveries in respect to individual variation as being "of very high inte as very seldom wild mammals from one and the same place vary in such a remarkable degree" (loc <•//.. p. 23). On the other hand, it is a subjec which I have devoted the greater part of a life-time, and such develop- ment- bring to me no surprise. For why should not chimpanzee- show variations, or physical individuality, as well as other large mammals when an adequate amount of material from a single locality has been assembled for study? The thirty specimens of chimpanzee- twenty-four skins with skulls, -kulls without skins, and twenty-three ske! materia] brought together with so much industry and care by the collectors, Lang and Chapinj from a limited district in the Upper Uele and Ituri River drain- age, more than confirm the results of the study of I.onnberg's series, as would ( d from the larger numl>er of specimens available for Comparative study. For the most part they show parallel variations to those from Kutshuru. hut include some new features, due in part perhaps t<» the greater age of some of the adults. The two collections together cover, in a general way, a region which includes the type localities of a Considerable DUrnbei S, including a half-score recently described by Matschie (see list, p. 485). External Characters of Cbimpans Immature. — Ten specimens are young, ranging in age from one apparently only B few days old to those that have acquired m1, or both m1 and m2, and of which one-half are from the Farad je district and the Other half from the Mcdje-Niapu district. The color of the pelage in all is deep black with the perineal area white. The}- are thus practically in- distinguishable in coloration of pelage, which varies, however, in length with the age of the individual. The coloration of the naked parts varies only slightly, the face being much lighter colored than in adults. In the 1996] Alien, Congo Collection of Primate* 493 dry skins the color of the face is pale brown, with usually a slight russet tone, varying slightly in different specimens, and more pronounced on the ban elsewhere. Probably in life the variation individually would marked, in some the fare approaching pinkish drab or pinkish pal*- brown. The hands and feet appear to agree very Dearly in color with In the youngest specimen, in which th - and canines are only beginning to break through the gums, the whole underside of the body and inside of the limbs is nearly naked and pale yellowish brown like the . The whole head is heavily clothed with black lather soft hair about mm. long; the rest of the upjxrparts are thinly haired, the skin show- ing through: the hair is much shorter and thinner than on the head, (milk dentition, m1 not fully mature) the bod well clothed, the pelage deep black, the long hair on back 45 to ."><> nun. thinly haired, with scattering hairs nearly t<> the eyebrows. In older "ii"- ill- forehead Becomes nearly bare. The chin ie thinly haired like the forehead; in some instances the chin bain are whitish, giving a Sfa tone. Am i.i . About the time ms appears, but before it is fully derelo] the general tone of the pelage becomes duller or brownish black. A little later -till m3 mature but unworn) many of the hair- on the lower back tipped with pale brown Of whitish. With the advance of age thi< condition becomes greatly emphasized, the pelage becomes, as a role, thinner and shorter and coarser and har-her. \ Je from 1'aradje 7o:l>k< l.\ Ml ,ng .2 < 1.1 \ with mature Wot unworn dent it ion. hasthelowi-r back and hind limbs i hill brownish black with a Strong rufes- • tone, duetoaheav] inizture of pale brownish-tipped hairs, [nthk linen the entin chin has • piofusion of whitish bain, not present in idje adult. An old male from the v 77 the • itly worn > is similar in coloration to the female ju led, the lower back and hind limbs being brownish black due to pale reddish brown hair-ttpS, which ale also diffused to a much less extent over the ack. I'M Ufin American Museum of Sntural History Vol \L\ 11 An old male from Medje iXo. 51209, teeth greatly worn i lias the pelade every when rather thin and short, the lower hack mizzled with gray and black, the thighs and anterior back varied with Mattered yel- lowish gray hair-. Hair of back .'>"• nun. in length, long hair on the .-honhler, 70 to 7") mm. long. Two adult males from Akenge show differenoei as follow 51381 (with greatly worn teeth) has the whole top of the head yellowish gray somewhat glinted with black; shoulder.- and anterior hack darker: lower hack yellowish white with scattered hlaek-t ipped hairs; hind limbs similar but with a larger proportion of black-tipped or wholly black hair-. In No. 51278 (Pis. (LYI I: ( I.\ III, fig. 1.) m3 is fully developed but not worn, the |>elage is thin and short, dull brownish black in general effect on the dorsal area, owing to a grizzle of reddish brown hair- tips, the rufe-cent tone .-trouper on the lower back and hind limbs, leal developed on the fore limbs. These two males from the -.line locality differ strikingly, doubtless in part owing to difference in age. An adult female (dentition slightly worn) from the same locality i- similar in all respect- to No. 51278, but is slightly le? nt. An old male No. "> 1 394) from Avakubi has the top of the head in front of the ears nearly naked ; the lower back is yellow i.-h gray in general effect, with a sprinkling of black-tipped hairs; hind limbs darker, the dark basal portion of the hairs showing through the lighter tip-. Hair on back about 35 to 40 mm. long. An old male from Ngayu (No. 51393) has the pelage thin and abort, dull black in general tone, the lower back and both fore and hind limb- grinded with pale mfeseenl hair-tips. An old male from Medje (No. 51202) has also a thin pelage, deep black, the hairs of the lower back and hind limits with a slight grayish tipping, giving a much lighter or yellowish gray effect. An old male from Niapu No. 51382; Ra. CLIII; CUV, fig. 1) with greatly won. h and thin pelage is dull black with no appreciable mixture of light- tipped haii- except on the lower back, although very old. From the foregoing it is evident that there is a wide range of color variation among adults, some of which i- aseribable to age. Also the pelage i- variable in reaped to beavineei and length, the hairs varying in length on the middle of the back from 30 to 40 mm., and on the shoulder- from 60 to 80 mm., with corresponding variations on the sides of the head and throat. The color of the face i- usually black, hut is sometimes merely dark brown. The chin is usually thinly covered with whitish or grayish hair-. but in a considerable nuinl>er the chin hairs are black or brownish black. 1925] AUen, Congo Collection of Primates 495 The forehead it usually thinly haired, but in two of the <>M malei the i i- nearly bald ai Cat back at the front of the ear-, in none i- the hair inctly parted by a bare median line <>r apaee. The hair <>n tin- top of the head -how- -liiiht difl in the manner of radiation from the mesial liiM-. In the majority of npeeunene it is direoted on the anteriot third of the crown laterally at ■ nearly right angle t<> the menial fine; on middle part the direction inclines obliquely backward, and on the pos' t of the crown the direction is mainly backward in a uni- ly diminishing angle from the median line. ■B. The ears, M -hown by the careful measurements taken in the flesh 1 < 'hapin. vary much in size in both young and old in- dividual-. In young specimens with milk Off incomplete permanent denti- i the length of the ear varioJ from about 50 to «>0 mm.; in comparable adult- the length in four mall 5 mm., with an a of about 77 mm.: in three old females, from GO to 67 mm. with the | at 54 mm. In the dry skin the ear of these Same specimens iisiderahly less, rarely more than from 50 to 65 mm. In son diagnoses of new forms of chimp;. osklerable stress has been laid upon ti when the only bask for BMasnve* • musl have inen a angle dry -kin. ( ranial Charac iiimpan/- The above summary (p. 4S6) of cranial measurements shows ' while in . ■ larger than female- there is an overlapping in Size male- being Slightly larger than some male- of exactly com- parable age. The seri. ■> of males is large enough to -how that skulls of length from i'.»<» mm. to *22<> mm. — a range sufficiently large to cover the whole range of -kull length in all the descrit>ed form*, so far a- mailable. These mCfOOV not only the- n Effiot'l 'Rev. Primate-' but also t ho- typespt and t ho.* iiimnanieea. Tl at of slndb shows a wide i variation m prae- dlM in part I it mainly to pur. Iv individual dit"! I'h. \ parallel is .-i genera] way those recorded by lAmn- and m in ge of dn?< m correlated length and width of the nasals; the shape and size of the foramen magnum; the breadth and vaulting of the palate; the length, width and relative con- ity or ckiprcssksi of the baasphenoid region; the aide range in bm of the teeth, taking the toothrow as a whole, and the great variation in tin- size of the |>osterior teeth in comparison with more anterior ones of the Mime toothrow, Of the corresponding teeth in other -kull>; also in the numl>er of cusps on the posterior molars, as recorded in some detail by Lonnberg; variation in the transverse measurements of the skull as compared with its axial length, etc. ; the amount of space separating the temporal ridges, and the presence or absence of a sagittal crest. The width of the facial portion of the skull greatly varies, as does also the (1 :mjde. Many of these differences have been regarded as specific characters by various authors, especially by Matschie. in the description of supposed new forms based on a single specimen, &.< unfortunately many of the alleged Forms nave been Founded. Matschie states' that his S/min (Anthropopithecus) nahnni "ist die einziue outer den beschriebenen [Formen], welche eine Sch&del-Crista besitzt." Elliot's Plates \\\iv and xxxv of Volume III of the 'Rev. Primates' | not published when Matschie made this statement) show such a crest in the type skull of l'">i calvus (Du Chaflhl), and Plates xxxvm ami xxxix shot) it- pi esenee in an old skull of Pan veUerosus (Gray). It is also present in two of the old male skulls of the present It is perhaps almost needless to say that the presence or absence of a sagittal crest in chimpanzees, as in many groups of carnivores, and in other mammals in which this Feature is found, is dependent upon age. it apparently occurring only in very old males. The temporal ridges in young chimpanzees are far apart and gradually approach each other as the animal advances in growth and in age till in very old males they meet on the median line and unite to form a more or leSB Strongly developed ine(ii;m crest. The method of development of the sagittal crest, so com- mon in certain mammals, should present no mystery, yet we find its Ot absence frequently regarded by mammalogists as a character of diagnostic value for subspecies, and sometimes for even by authors of considerable experience. Many authors without adequate resources, or blinded by prejxjssessions, make use of many features of individual differentiation that a comparative study of large series of linens of the - in from a single locality would show were value- U912. Rev. Zool. Africaine. II. fuc. 1, September, p. 118. 1925] Allen, Congo Collection of Primates 497 for the discrimination of even ran s. And in no group have such discriminations been carried to greater excess than in the chimpanzee group. The variation in cranial features cannot be illustrated at present, een plates (Pis. CLII-CLXVII), however, show features seldom dealt wit h in other papers, due to Lang's work in the field. The portraits of ten chimpanzee.-, mostly front, side, and three-quarter views, furnish proof that the physiognomic features in these large Primates vary fully as much as one might have expected from the cranial differences. It becomes clear that even such a character as the shape of the ears, considered diagnosti- cally of specific value, is equally variable. These photographs add much convincing proof that a relatively great plasticity is one of the dominant features in this group. A photograph of the hand and foot of an adult final.' Pi U.XVI, fig. 2) and another of the arboreal nest (PI. < ILXVII) are also present- Addendi M Ftihego iturientit Dr Pacw, 1905, 'Notes sur la Solidification et le Montage ties grands Mammiferes,' Saint-Nicolas (Belgium), p. 13, PI. I. No description. Baaed on figures of mounted animal and skeleton, as appearing in a caption: "Fti- hego iturientit Matschie. Sous genre Ftihego. — Race speciale de l'lturi et du Congo central." 1925] Alien, Congo Collection of Primate* 400 or Localities at Which Primates Were Collected by The Congo iion but not Indicated on the Accompanying Map (p. 498). Abawe — 2°30/ N., 26° 5<> Babeyru.— 1° 55' X., 27° 1 Bafuka.— 4° 2C X\, 27° 5C E. Bafwaboli.— 0° 4(K N., 26° H> Banalia.— 1° 3C X., 25° 40' E. Batama.— 1° N\, 26° 40 Bolobo.— 2° 15' S., 16° 15' E. Kamunionge — 1° X., 27° 5' E. je.— 1° 35' S., 29° 15' E. Lul.iln.--r X. 27°10'E. Lukolela.— 1° 10' S., 17° 10' E. Moeembe.— 1° 15' X., 18° 35' E. Munye Katoto.— 0 5' E. Pawa— 2° 25' X.. 27° 50* E. iraka— 2° X., 20° 3V E. Zambi.— 6° S., 12° 50' E. 0 Plat.^ I.XXIX to < I..W II Perodicticw potto fnuslu* ThoTOM i .-i.lult. Amor. Mu-. No. ">2ds7, Avakuhi, October26, 1909. Total length of animal, -V.V2 mm. Live animal. l ami 2. Habitual positions when dimbmgor resting in trees. Vol. \I.\II. Plati l \.\l.\ Plato LXXX Perodicticus potto fmutua Thomas FiK. 1. Male adult, Amcr. Mus. NO. .VJf.s?. Avakuhi, October 26, L009, Total length of animal, 332 nun. Showing its awkward manner of progressing on the ground. Viz. J. Mai.- juvenile Am.r. Mu-. No 51023, Medje, April 23, I'Ul. Total length of animal. 1").") mm. Clinging to a native's hand as it clingsto its mot her- hack. I. iv. animals. N \. M. \ II \... XI All. !',.»ti I \\\ I'i.atk I.WXI goidet demidoffii mnlius i Thomas i 1 Female :i mm. Live animal. \. M. V II. Vol. XL\ II. Plati I..WXI Pun i.x.wii l'npio doguera heuglini Motschie Ma!.- adult, Aiimt. Mii~ So. 5267ft, Bafuka, April I, 1913. Total length of animal, 1270 nun. Specimen in the flesh. 1 and 2. Bide and front views of head. Bcllbtin A. M. X. H. Vol. XL VII. Plate LXXXII * I it i * I'l.Ul. I.WXIII Fig. 1. Papio doguera fetatBoflia Elliot. Male juvenile, Aiiht. Mug. No. V2669, Akengc October 2, 1913. Total length of animal. 565 mm. Bpecimcn in the flesh. sin .Winn fliarartcristiis of baboona, tin- lengthened head, peculiar form of ears, large ischial rallositics, and the lialutual upward bend i>f tin- tail at its l>ase. Fig. 2. Ltuiopnga pygtrytkra griaeitticta (Elliot). Juvenile, Farad je, May r.Mi. Live animal. Feeding on guava, an introduced fruit, of which tin-si- monkeys are very fond. M N II Vol XI. \ II. Puk-n LXXXII1 I'iMi I.VWIY Fin:. 1. Male adult. Aukt. Mus. No. 52634, Akenge, September 28 1913. Total length of animal, l-^) nun. Showing general body proportions. The roughened hair on tin- tail is an indication of the 1186 they make of the tail tosecure better hold in oertain positions by winding it half or quarter way round the I (ranches. Pig. 2. Female juvenile. Amer. Mus. No. 52638, Akenge, October l. 1913. Total length of animal, SOS mm. The young have the hair on the tail smooth. men- m the fle-h. VI. V II. Voi XI. VII. Plati LXXXIV 1'i.Mt: I. WW Male adult, Amer. Mm No. 53634, Akenge, September 2s. 1913. Total length of animal, 12S<) mm. S|M'cinien in the flo-li. - 1. '_'. ami :{. Front, ride, ami thrci-qiiartrr views of bead. Same animal town on PI. LWXIV. fig. 1 I'i.vi, I.WWI Cercocebm albigena ituricus Matsohie Fi«. 1. Male adult. Amer. Mils. N... 62819, Avakut.i. August 22, I'M 1. Total length of animal, I'M)') mm. Showing general Ixxlv proportions. This monkey makes ft us<' of its tail in climbing, as shown by the worn condition of the hair. Though the tail is not in any way prehensile, having no hairless tactile pads on its under side, as in some South American primates, it is often wrapped around branches in a semi-spiral manner to assist in scouring a firmer hold in certain posi- tions. Fig. 2. Male juvenile. Amer. Mus. No. 62808, Akenge, October 6, L913. Total length of animal, 570 mm. The relatively heavy tail is an indication of the increa-c of the muscular and sinewy attachments along the vertebra1 which are used for climb- ing in later life. The hair of the tail in young specimens is quite -month. Specimens in the flesh. ' V«.i. XI.YII. I'i.ati LXXXV1 •' I'IM. I WWII Cercocebus albigena Uuricus Matschie I '. -malfailiilt. Am.r. Mu>. N... 52597, Akenge, September 29, 1913. Total length of animal, 1300 mm. Bperimen in tin- flesh. Imrs. 1,2 and 3. Front . nde, and three-quarter views of head. The superciliary tuft.** arc more strongly developed in males. I'l.MI I.WWIII Cercocebus aterrimu* ('< huh-mims* Male >ui.:nluli. Aiiht. Mue. No. :nl«-\ villi-. November 1914. Total length "i animal, 820 nun. Specimen in the Beth. - 1,2 and 3. Front, si.lc. ami three-quarter riewi of bead. The hairy, occipi- tal creri <• moved sliirhtlv. CO I'lVII I.\\\l\ I'iu. l. ' imut (Oudemana Male gubadult, Amer. Mui 52630. Stanleyville. November 1914. Total length of animal, 820 nun. Showing ral body proportions. Tins ipeeunen also -how- thai in the genua Cercocebiu the tail is used u a rudimentary prehensfle organ. Fin- 2. RkinosHgma kamtym (Poeock). Female subadult, Amer. Mu- 62483, considerably south of Stanleyville, September 21, 1018. Total length of animal. Too mm. Showing general body proportions. <>n aeoounl <>f its nocturnal habits, called by the native- the < >ul Monkey." Specimens in the flesh. BrixrriN A M N II Vol. XLVII, Plate LXXXIX I'l.ATE XC Rhinoxtigma handyni (Poeoek) Amah Bubaduh, Amer. Mus. No. 52463, considerably south <.f Stanleyville September 21, 1!>13. Total length of animal, 700 mm. Specimen in the Beth. ga 1, 2, and 3. Front, nde, and three-quarter views of bead. The short ro8tnuii. the peculiar white nose-streak from between the eyes to the mouth, and the long hair hanging over the sides of the head contribute greatly to the owl-like appear- anee of the face. cc Plate XCI Lasiopyga brnzzse uelemis (Lonnberg) Fig. 1. Male adult, Amer. Mas. No. 52431, Nianjiara. April 10, 1913. Total length of animal, 1310 mm. Showing genera] body proportions as compared with (he young male below. Fig. 2. Malr juvenile. Amer. Mus. No. 51026, Niangara, June 10, 1913. Total length of animal, 520 mm. Specimens in the flesh. im A M. N n. \l.\ll. Plate XCI 1'l.ATK XCH Latiu>i>!/nf the few partly terrestrial primatea in tin \\ . ■( African Rain Forest. Near native settlements it often plunders the rice fields. g. 2. Latiopp§a lettcampyx ttuhlmamu (Matsehie). Male adult. Amer. Edna, No. 52413, Niapu, January 29, 1914. Total length of animal, 1520 mm. ( me of the most common and well-furred monkeys of the forest of the northeastern Belgian Congo. Specimens in the flesh. Brumv \ \l N II . I .VII. PtATi \< l\ I'l.VII V \ Lasioi>;t(ir<>|><>rtions. Fig. 2. Lasiopyga ascanius rirrhorhinus (Matschie). Avakubi. Autrust 191 1 - tin remarkable facial markings, the long, reddish tail makes tins monkey OOD- spicuous Specimens hi tin- flesh. •s \ M. V II. Vol. \i \ M. Pi m W \ h iyvik xcvra •a ins rirrhorhhi ■< Matschie l and 2. Malr adult, Niangara, June 1913. Front and side riewi '»f bead. The wlntf nose patch and the light, dark-edged whiskers, together with th<- bluish tint of the face, arc truly remarkable features. 3 Aviikui.i. August 191 1 Three-quarter view of head. There u some slight individual variation in the color pattern of tlic fare. :i> well u in the length of hair, especially in the whiskers. Specimens in the flesh. ■ i c* I'l.MK XCIX ■/ii/i/ii eepkut I Limupus) Male adult. Aim-r. Mu- '. Zamlii. April 101"). Specimen in the Hesh. - I and "J. Front and side views of bead. In this form the peculiar pair yellow ear fringe, the considerably extended white nose patch, ami the bluish fare in life are the striking features. It has a gray underside and a partly red tail. men in the flesh. N \ M \ 11 VII. Plati Plate C Laxiopyga pygerythra griseisticta (Elliot) Male adult, Aiikt. Mus. No. 52478, V.ikulukw, September 28, 1911. Total Length of animal, LOU mum. Specimen in the flesh. - l. 2. and 8. Front, ride, .- 1 1 1 • i tliivc-quaricr views of head. The blad and the long lu?ht whiskers turned up and back towards the ears are peculiar t<> this apeeiei that frequents partly forested Savannahs. M ?i z. Pi-ate CI En/ patat pyrronotw (Hemprich and Ehrenberg) M:ilf :if :mmi:il, 1196 nini. S|x-f head. The mano-like, long hair in adult mala is particularly characteristic. Brixrns A M N II \I.MI. Plate CI bt £ m Plate CII Colobiis langi, new species T\|h- skull, male adult. Am.-r. Mus. No. 52290, Risimu, September B, Greatest length of skull, 10"). s hum. Fij?. 1. I^-ft lateral view ; Fig. 2, dorsal view; Kg. :{. palatal view. N \ \I \ II lOt.XLVIJ ! . :i I II m. I'l.MI < HI CoUbuM liint/i, dm apei Tv|M>kiill:iinl mandible, nude adult, Amer. Mu>. No. - tnber I treated length of skull. i<>:>.s dub. Fig. l. front view; Fig. 2, oodpttal view; Fig. 3, erown view of mandible; l left lateral view of mandible. Plate CIV Colobus powelli powelli Matsehie Female adult. Amor. Mus. Nu. 62280, Ai 7, 1918. I length of animal. 1240 nun. BpwatlMBI in the hVsh. Figs. 1, 2. and A. Front, side, and three-quarter views of head. M M I'l.ATE CV 1. Volutins powelli /xxnlli Matschic. Female adult, Amer. Mm- E69, Akenge, September 27, I'M:;. Total length of animal. 1240 mm. Specimen in the flesh. Lateral view showing genera] body proportions. Fig. 2. Colebu* ponefli brttnnetu Lonnberg. Male adult, Amer. Mu- 03, Faradje, November 26, 1911. Total length of animal, 1310mm. Anal region, showing the pecuUarextrueion, about theaiseof an apple, just above and between the ischial callosities. •. extrusion; hi, bindhmb; it, ischial callosity; as, scrotum; /.tail. is V M V 11. \..l. \I.\II. I', ---*<:. -•"»#"■'•—»•• ^^B I'i.vii. (VI ninis i»,inUi iiiiiiim us Lbnnbefg Flga. 1 and -'. Male adult, Amer. Mua. No 52303, Faradje, November 26, LOU. Total length of animal, 1310mm. Front and ride1 vie we of head Characteristic are tin- peculiar parting of the hair on the crown and its lengthening 00 the lateral portion above the ears, forminga whirl, which is well shown in the fiuurc to the extreme right . Female adult, Amer. Mu- Wo 52301, Faradje, July 23, 1911. Total length of animal, 1205 mm. Bide view of head. Specimens in thefleah. M Plot (Ml ColobtU ttbyxxinicux UwriCtU Matsehie Pig. 1. Male adult. Amer. IftM. No. 52240, I'aradje, Dereml.er Id. 1911. ^ToUl lenRth of animal, l MM) mm. Showing general l «.<1> proportions and relative length <»f fur. Fig. 2. Male juvenile, Amer. Mua. v^ Faradje, February 28, 1911. Total length of animal. .">}() mm. Newly born BperimBM arc praetieally white, hut they ■urpriaingly soon change to the adult pelage. Specimen* in tlie flesh. . i MI. Plati CI ll I'i.vii. (YIN inlobua abyssinicus ituricws Matsrhie Male adult. Ain.r. Muv No. 52261, Fatadje, October 31, 1912. Total length of animal, 1310 mm. Specimen in tin- fleeh. Fins. 1 and 2. Front ami side views of head. These monkeys feed chiefly on young leaves, shoots, and other green vegetable matter; and the relatively thick lips make the nioiithparts appeal heavier. trikin« contrast. . N<>. 62178, Niapu, November 12, 1013 Total length of animal. I'.mi mm. At birth the young in all the black-end-white, and even in tlic red(li>li Ci>li>l>,i> collected are wliiti-li Specim-n- in the Bash N \ \l N II VOl XI. \ II. I'MTtCXI Plate CM I CdUinu powelli powelli Mateehk Comparative left lateral views of three adult male skulls. Greatest length of skull, 112.:* nun. Compare with PL CXI 1 1, showing three adult female skull-: aba with different viewi to and including PI. CXXI. l Mai.- adult. Amer. Mus. No. 62265, Akenge, October l. L913. 2. Mai.' adult. Amer. Mu> No 52270, Akenge, October 5, 1918. Fig. 3. Male adult. Amer. Mus. No. f>22Sl. Akenge. O.toher 21, 1913. \ M \ II. i VII. Plati 1'l.VTK (Mil Colobm poicelli powelli Matsehie Comparative left lateral views of three adult female skulls, ((ireatest length of skull, 102.7 mm. Compare with PL CM I. showing three adult male skulls; also with different views to and including PL < 'XXI. FiK. 1. Female adult. Amer. Mus. No. 62279, Akenge, I kstobet 20, 1913. _' Female adult. Amer. Mus. No. 52278, Akenge, October 10, LOIS FiK. :i. Female adult. Amer. Mus. No. 62276, Akenge, October 13, L91& s A. XI. N II. I Ml. Pl*TI « Mil Plot <\i\ CoUfnU /miri Hi pout Hi Matseliie Comparative iJorsal views of three adult male skulls. Greatest length <>f skull. in Compere with PL CXV, showing three aduh female skulls. FiR. 1. Male adult. Ainer Mu>. N Ucenge, October I, 1913. i Male adult. Amer. Mu- No 52270, Akenge, October 5, 1913 :;. Male adult. Amer. Mn>. No. 52281, Akenge, October 21, 1913. Plat i CXV Colobus powelli fxyurUi Matsehie Comparative dorsal view* of three adult female skulls. Greatest length of skull, LOS ~ miii. ( 'umpire with l'l. ( "XIY. showing three adult male skulls. Fig. 1. Female adult. Amer. Mas. \'<. 53279, Akenge, October 20, L9 Fin. •_». Female adult. Amer. Mas. No, 52273, Akenge, October 10, 1913. Fig. :i. Female adult. Amer Mm So 52276, Akenge, October L3, 1913 - i-i m « avi Unu powelli poicelli Matschie ( 'nmparativc palatal views of three adult male skulls. Greatest length of skull. 1123 hum. Compart with PI ( XVII. ■bowing three adult female skulls. Via,, l Malt- adult. Am.T. Mib No 52265, Akenge, October l. 1918 .' Male adult. Am.r. Mik N>. 52270, aJccnge, October .">. 1913. Fig. A. Male adult. Amer. Mu>. No. 52281, Akenge, October 21, 1913. Platf CXVD Colobu* /Mini Hi poweM Matsehie ( 'omparative palatal views of three adult female skulls. Greeted length <>f skull. 102.7 mm. Compare with PI. ('XVI. showing three adult male skull-. Fig. 1. Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52279, Akenge, October 20, 1018. I en tale adult. Amer. Mus. No. 52273, Akenge, October 10, r PSf 3. lVm.de adult. Amer. Mu>. NV 52276, Akenge, October L3, I IYvik (Will Colobus powelli pom Hi Matschio Comparative from views of -i\ -kulls. Greatest length of skull, 11 •_'.:{ mm. Fig. 1. Male a. lult. Amer. Mus. No. 52265, Akenge, Oct <>l>.r 1. I FiK. 2. Malca.luli, Am. r. Mu>. No. 52270, Akenge, Oct.. l..r :.. 1913. KiK. :i Mai. -a. I. lit. Aiii.-r. Mu~. No. 52281, Akenge, October 21, l Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52279, Akenge, October 20, 1913. male adult, Amer. Iftus. No, 52273, Akenge, October 10, L913. Fig. •'». Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52275. Akenge, October 13, 1913, :s \ M \ II \I \ II. PLAfl (Will Plati ( \I\ Colobu* /miii in /«*//•//// Matechie < '■ ti.parativc occipital view- of h\ >kull>. ( IXBAteel length of skull. 1 1 *J.:i mni. Fifc. 1. Male adult. Aiimt. Mu>. N I tober 1. I'M ; _• Mali- adult. Aiimt. Mus. Mo. 62370, Akenge, October .">. 1913. Fig. :i. Mai.- a.lult. Aiimt. Mu>. No. 53381, Akenge, October 21, 1913. Fig. 4. Female aduli. Am.i»ilt. Amer. Mus. No. 63270, Akenge, < krtoben Rg. A. Mai.- a.l.ilt. Amer. Mu-. No. 52281, Akenge, October 21, 1013. 1 emak adult, Amer. Mu>. No. 62270, Akenge, October 20, 1013. Fig. 5. Female adult, Airier. Mus. No. 52273, Akenge, October 10, L013 I emale adult, Am. r. Mas. No. •*»2-_,7.-). Akenge, October 13, L913 I'lVIK (XXI CoUAm.s i>t>mlli i»> in Hi Matschie ( 'uinparativc c-mwii view- <>f BUI in:iii«li)*i> i Male adult, Amer. Mus. N lobar l. I" Fig. 2. Male adult. Amor. Mu- No 52270, Ucenge, October 5, L913. Male adult, AmiT. Mu- No 62281, Akenge, October 21, 1018 I .male a. No. 52279, Akenge, October 20, L013 I ruialc adult. Amer. Mu-. N i tetober ilobu8 powtlli hruiimus Lonnb ( 'iniip.-tr.'ttivi- left lateral views of three adult male skulls. Greatest length of skull. [80.7 mm. Compare with PL CXXIII, showing another adult male and two adult Female -kull>: also with different views to and including PI. CXXXI. Kin- l. Male adult. Amer. Mu-. \'m 52307, Paradje, November 23, 1911. I Male adult. \u,er. Mu- \ i 52324, Faradje, December 2, 1911. Fig 3 Male adult. Amer. Mu- V. 52329, Paradje, December 3, 1911. I ns \ If. N H. VII. PlatiCXXII Plati (XXIII htbiut youiili hniinttiis LtenbWf Cotnparativi- left lateral view- of one adult male ami two adult female skulls. -i length of skull. 117. s nun. Compare with PL CXXII, showing three adull male skulls; also with different vk\\> to and iii'lu ling I 'I CXXXI. Fig. l. Male adult. Amer. Mus. N Paradje, November 23, 1911. I male adult, Amer, Mue. No. 52827, Paradje, December 2. 1911. I'cmaic adult. Amer. Mua. X<>. 52810. Paradje, November 23, 1911. BrLLBTIN \ M N H Vol XI.VII, I'lu. (Will I'l.ATK CXXIV Cofebttt i»' i >lli hrunneuH Lonnherg ( 'f three adult male >kull>. Greatest length of skull, 130.7 nun. Compare with I'l. CXXV, showing another adult male and two adult female >klllls. FiK. 1. Male adult. Anier. M11-. No. 52307, laradje. Noveml.er 23 IM1. Fig. 2. Male adult. Anier. Mu> No 62824, 1 ara.lje. Deeetnher 2, l'.Ml. :;. Male adult. Amer. Mufl No 52329, Faradje, Decembers, l'.Ml. Plate (WW htbus powelli bnmneui Lfonberg < 'oiuparativc dorsal views (if one adult male and two adult female skulls, (ire.it- est length of skull. 117. s mm. Compare with PL CXXTV, showing three adult male skulls. Yin.. 1. Male adult. Amer. Mitt. No. 62304, Fanulje, November 23, 1911. FiR. 2. Female adult. Amer. Muv No. 52827, Faradje. December 2, 1911. Fig. A. Female adult. Amer. Mu 110, Faradje, November 23, 1911. I*i mi CWVI (nlobux jtou-tUi brut Lonnberg Comparative palatal views of three adult male skulls, jdreatest Length of skull, in. < '■ mi pare with PI. ( \ \\ 1 1 showing a urn her adult male and two adult female skulls. l. Male adult. Amer. Mus. No. 82307, Faradje. November 23, r.»l 1. Kg, _». Male adult. Amer Mus. N<>. 52324, Faradje, December 2, 1011. Fig. :\. Male Adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52329, Faradje, December 3, I'.n l. IYatk ( XXVII Cetdbtu powetti bruimtut LBnnbi ( Comparative palatal views of one adult male and two adult female skulls. < treat- ed length of skull. 117. s nun. Compare with PI. CXXVI, showing three adull male skulls. KiK. 1. Mai.- adult. Amer. Mus. No 52304, Faradje, November 23, l'.Ml Fig. 2 Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52327, Paradje, December 2, 1911. I a Eemale adult, Amer. M 110, Paradje, November 23, l'.Ml. I'l.Ul. < \\\ III CiplpMM itoinlli liiurnitiis I, mill" Comparative fmut views of six skulls, Greatest length of skull, 180.7 mm. Fig. 1. Male adult, Amer. Mus. No. 62307, Faradje, November 23, I'M I. Fig. 2. Male adult, Amer. Mm 24, Faradje, December 2, 1911 Fije. 3. MaleaduH, Amer. Mus. \ Faradje, Decembers, 1011. ; Male adult, Amer. Mus. No 52304, Paradje, November 23, 1011. 5. Female aduH, Amer. Mus. No 52327, Paradje, December 2, 1011. Fi«. f skull. L30.7 mm. i Male Milult . Ammt. Mus. No. ")2:i<)7, Faradje, November 23, 1911. Fig. 2. Male adult, Auut. Mus. No. 52824, Faradje, December 2, 1911. ;. Male adult. Amer. Mus. No. 52329, Paradje, December 3, 1911. Fig. l. Male adult, Aiikt. Mus. No. 52304, Faradje, November 23, 1911. Fix. "). Female adult, Auut. Mus. No. 52327, Faradje, December 2, 1911. Fig. 6. Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52310, Faradje^ovember 23, 1911. \ \1 \ II Vol. XI.VII, Pla. Plate c\\\ IdIiiis /mhiiIIi h i i itinl >t ~i\ mnndiltlrs. FiK. 1. Male adult. Amer. Mu- No 82807, Paradje, November 23, 1911. Fig. 2. Male adult. Amer. Mm i tdje, I teoember 2, 191 1. Fig. :i. Male adult. Amer. Mu- No 52329, Faradje, Decembers, 1911. i. Male adult, Amer. Mu-. No 62304, Paradje, November 23, 1911. Via. ."> lVmalc adult. Amer. Mu-. No. 52327, Paradje, December 2, 1911. • . Female adult, Am.r Mua No. 62310, Paradje, November 23, 1911. Platk ( \\\I lobwt powelli brunneus Lftnnb < 'iiiup:ir:itiv«' erown view- of -i\ mandibles. Fig. 1. Male adult. AiiuT. Mu- No. 62307, Faradje, November 23, 1911. Fig. 2. Male adult. Amer. Mu- 2 1. Faradje, December 2, 1011. FSg.3. Male adult. AmiT Mu- No radje, December 3, 1911. i Male adult, Amer. Mu- No. B2304, Faradje, November 23, 1911. Female adult. Ami-r. Mu.- Faradje, December 2, 1911. Fig. 6. Female adult, Amer. Mu- No B2310, Faradje, November 23, 1911. BrtxKTiN \. M N II \... \l.\ll. Plati < \\.\I Plate CXXXH (til/Ant* ofeyiw'm'cm itvricua IfntsehMi Comparative li-fl lateral views of three adult male skulls. Greatest length <»f skull, I IMS mm. Compare With IM. C.WXIII. showinij another adult male and two adult female -kull- : al>o with different views to and including I'l CXId. Fig. I. Male adult. Amer. Mu-. No 62212, Avakul.i. l'el.ruarv 23, 1914. Maleadlllt. AmiT. Mil- No 53252 I aradje. l'el.ruarv .">. 1912. Yin. :* Maleadult. Amer. Mu-. No. 62217, I'aradje. l'el.ruarv 1 }. 1911. \ \ \l \ II. Vol. \i.\ii. Li »r» CXXXII \r i I^m^ . .^H Ik iM'f I". vi. CXXMII < faloMM abynttinicua ituricus Mntecbjfl Comparative left lateral views <>f one :nlult male :iinl l«n adult female skull-. Ml length of skull, 1 1 L6 nun. Compare with PL CXXXII, showing three adult male skulls; also with different views to and including PL.CXIX KiK. 1. Male adult, Aiiht. Mil- No 52348 Faradje, October 31, v.*\i I Female adult, \inrr Mu-. No radje, February 18, 1911. Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. radje, February l">. 1911 Hi i.i i iin \. M. N. H. ,1 All. PLATI CXXXIII l'l.ATK C.WXIY Cilnhus nbyaginicus ituricus Matschie Comparative dorsal views of three adull male skulls. Greatest length of skull. nm. Compare with I'l. CXXXV, showing another adull male and two adull female skulls. Fig l. Male adult, Amer. afua. No 62212, Avakubi, February 23, 191 i. ViK 2. Male adult, Aiikt. Mus. No 52262, Faradje, February 5, 1912 ;. Mai.- adult. Am. r Muv \., 62217, Faradje, February 14, 1911. "© M I'i.m. cxxxv <'<>lnhus aftjuiininn itvrieut Matschie Comparative dorsal views of one adult male and two adult female skulk. Great- est length of skull, 114.0 mm. < ioinpere with PI. CXXXTV, showing three adult male skull>. lit l MaleaduK, Ain.-r. Mu- No 52248, Faradje, October 31, 1012. ! le adult, AtntT. Mua •• Faradje, February 18, l'.Ml. Fig.:* Female adult, Amer Mus. No 52223, Faradje, Februarj 15,1911. 1'imi UXXXVJ <',,!, ,1,11.- abyttinieut itturicu* Matechie < iomparative palatal viewa <>f three aduh male skulls. < treated length <>t' skull, 1 10.8 nun ( '..iiip:ir<- witli PI ( \ \ \ \ II. ihowiag another adult male ;mi. 1 .l,ni;ir\ _':;. 191 1 ViH. 2. Male n.lult. Amer. Mils. No. 52262, I'aradje. l'eliruar\ .">. 1012. ; Male :n lull. Amer Mu-. N<. 52217, I'aradje. February 11. 1911. Male a. luh. Amer. Mm (48 Faradje, Ootober 31, 1912. YifC. ") l-'emale ailult. Aiuer. Mus. No 52226, I'aradje. February Is. 1911. Female adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52223, I'aradje. February 15, 1913 \ M. N. M. Vol. XLVII. Plati CXXXIX nn Pl.ATK CXI. Colobus aln/mtiniciis iturieut M.it-f -i\ mandiM. Fig. 1. Male iwlult. Ain.r. Mus No. 62212, Avakubi, February _':;. I'M 1. Fig. 2. Male adult, Amir. Mu i.i.ljr. |VI>ru.-u\ .">. 1912. Fig. 3. Mal<- adult. Amir Mu- N<> 62217, I'aradjt-. February n. 1911. Fin. 4. Mai.- adult. Ain.-r. Mu- No 62248, I aradje, October 31, 1912 Fig. ">. Female adult, Amer. Mu- N<> 62226, Faradje, February 18, 1911. Yin. ti. Female adult, Aim-r. Mu-. N«>. 62228, I'aradjt-. February 16, 1913 • 1 I'l.MI. ( \I.I Colobus abysaiiui us iturinis Matsrhie < 'mnparativc crown views of US mandiltles. FiR. l. Male adult, Amer. Mua. No. 52212, Avakubi, February 23, I'M i. Pig. 2. Mali- adult. Amer. Mu radje, February •">. 1912 Pig. :\ Mil.- a. luh. Amer. afua. No, 52217, Paradje, February l \. 1811. \! ale adult, Amer. Mm Mo 62248, Paradje, October 31, 1912 Fig. "> Female adult, Amer. Mua. No. 52226, Paradje, February 18, I'M l . Fijc. «•.. Female adult, Amer. Mus. N<. radje, February L5, L913 IN \ M \ II LVII, l'LAT» CXI I Pl.ATK (\\ I.I I (olftlnns angolenxi* coitoni Lvdekker ( 'omparative left lateral views of three adult male -kull>. Greatest length of skull, 12SL8 mm. Compare with PI CXLIII, showing another adult male and two adult female skulls; also with different viewi to ami including PL < II FiK- 1. Mak a.lult. Amer Mu- X... 52163, Avakul.i. April 1 I. 191 I P%.2. Male adult. Amer. Mu- No 62160 Utenge, October 21, 1913. Fig. :i Male adult, Amer. Mua No 52162, Akenge, October 28, I M s \ \| \ P 1 01 \i \ il Pi Mi « \i II I'imi CXLIII Ceiobua ongoleruit cottoni Lydekker ( 'omparative left lateral views of one ailult male and two adult female skull.-. Greatest length of skull, lis. 7 mm. Compare with PI. (XI. II. showing three adult male -kull-: also with different view- to and ineludinjj PL GLL i Mai- adult. Amer. M mi. Akenge, October 23, 1918. I'm 2 Female adult, Amer. Mas. No. 621 16, Ucenge, October 2, 1913. ile adult. Amer. Mu- No 52163 Ucenge, October 7, 1913 Biu-mx \ M. N. H. \l.\ II. I'HTtCXI.III Platk cxltv Ciliiims miijnii i, .-is inttimi Lydekket npiirativc dorsiil vi<'w.s of three adult male skulls. Greatest length <>f skull. I22J3 mm. Compare with PI. CXLV, showing another adult male and two adult female skulls. Fin. l. Male adult, Amer. Mm N... 52163, Avakubi, April 1 1. 191 L KiK. •_». Male adult. Amer. Mus. N... 52160, Akenge, October 21, 1918. Fin- :<• Male adult. Amer. Mu* No. 52162, Akenge, October 28, I Plate CXLV Colabwt angoUnsis cottoni Lydckkcr ( 'f skull, in Compare witfa PL < 'XI. VI I. abowing another adult male and twoaduli female skulls. Fig. 1. Male :if ;m« .t h»-r adult male and two adult female skulls. -t length df skull, l is. 7 nun. ( tampan with PI. < \ I. VI. showing three adult male skulls. Fin- 1. Mai.- adult. Amer. Mus. No. 52161, Akenge, October 23, I'.'i.:. Fin _' I eniale adult. Amer. Mn- Mo. 521 16, AJkenge, October 2, 1918. Fig.:*. Female adult, Amer. Mu- No 62153, &enge, October 7, 1918. ft v.. ( \l.\ III ('<>l, jut* nm/oli iisi* coitaiti Lvdckker Comparative front vif -i\ -kull-. ( treated length of skull. 12249 nun. Fin- l. Male adult, Amer. Mus. No. 52163, Avakubi, April l J. 191 1 FSg.3. Male adult. Amer. Mot No, 62160, Akeoge, October 21, 1918. FiR. 8. Male adult. Amer. Mus. N<». 52162, Akeoge, October 28, 1913. I Male adult. Ani.T. Mu~. No. 52161, Akeoge, < tetober23, 1918 Fir. 5. Female adult. Amer. Mus. No. 521 16, Akeoge, October 2, 1913 Fig. 6 FemaleadnH, Amer. Mus. N October 7, 1913. \ MS II \l.\ II. l'i m» CXLIX l'l.ATK (I. CoUbtU 'i >. .72 1 til, Aknw. ( ).t..l».r •_»:{. 1919 I '.-in al<- a. lult. Aiiht. M11-. N.». 52146, Akenge, October 2, 1918. fig. 6. I'.iiiali- a.lult. Aiiht. Mh- No. 52153, Akenge, October 7, I'M:; ^■^ ^^^B 1 . V \ w r - 1 K 1 Efe^dfll SLjl^iH l'l UK CI. I Ctlobtu angalentM cottoni Lydekker < Comparative crown views of >i\ mandibles. i Male adult, Amor. Mua, V ivakubi, April 1 1. 191 1. 2 Mal.-.-t.l.ilt. Aiiiit. M 1160, Ucenge, October 21, 1913. Male M.lult. Amer. M 1162, tkenge, October 28, 1913 Male adult, Amer. M Mil. Akenge, October 23, 1913 Fig. :>. Female adult, Amer Mua. No. S2146, Akenge, October 2, 1913 Fig. t>. Female adult. Amer. Mua No 52153, Ikenge, October 7, 1913 I Vm XLVII, l'i m» CLI Plati (I.I I I'mi srhin infiirlhii fCiglioli) \l . 1 1.- —nl »:ta luit . Aiiit-r. Mu>. Nil. 51391, \'i:i|iu, November 12 1913. Total length • if animal. MO mm. Specimen in the nY>h. i. _'. and :i. Front, ride, sad three quarter views (»f head. \. M. S. H. \i.\ ll. Puati CI :i Platk (LI 1 1 I'm, s, Inn n, f mill ii {(linliulii Malr:t«lull. Ani.T. Mus. So. 51882, Ni:i|)ii. Nuvciiil»«r 14, 1913. Total length of animal. 7'.H> nun. BpMUnflO in the Beah. land 2. front and side views of head Compare with PL CLIV, fig. 1 for thn<-<|ii:irtrr view. BCLL«TIN \ M \ II Vol. m.\ ll. Plati « i in Plat. ( I.IY I'dii srhin infiirtliii (GJgtioK) Fig. 1. M.ilc:iidc view - Ffg.2. Pr male adult, Amer. Mu- No 52132, Akenge, Oetober ». 1913. Total length of animal) *"><> bub. Three-quarter new of bead. Compare with I'l. CLV for fn>nt and -i.ic riewi Specimen* in the Beeh. BrixmxA M N 1 1 • Ml. Pi M. I I l\ '•• I'l.STK CLV /'an sch m infurlhii <( 'linlinli i Parnate adnR, Ain.r. Mus No. 52132, Akenge, October \. 1913. Total length of miuiumI. s.Vl mm. S|MTimcii in the flcsli. Pigs. i Mini _' l'r«. nt and mf bend. Compare with PI. CLTV, fin. '-' for three quartet view. H. IXKTIM \ M V H. Vol. \i.\ii. Pun < i \ 1 ** I *fc *'Jjfj ■ t V ' r > 1*1 ATE CLVI fun xchirt iiifurthii ((Jiglioli) I « male adult, AtiKT. Mm No. 63182, Akeage, < tetober \. 1913. Total length <>f :mitii:il. s.'ii) iiuii. shuwnm genera] body proportions. Same animal Bpu _• ib ! I i.n . Specimen in the Bean. I'l.MI < I.YII I'm, xch in infm tlm i( lighoti Mai.- adult, Am.T. Mus. No. 51378, Akenge, September L5, L913. Total length of animal, mo nun. Bpeeirneri in the Beak Y'ms. l ami 2. Front and side view- of head. Compaxejwith PI. CLV111, fig. l for three-quarter vi« a N \ M \ II Ml. Plati » l \ II Pl.ATK CLVIII 1'itn srhirrinfiiilhii (CdKlioli) I'm. l. Male adult. Amcr. Mus. N... 51278, Akenge, September 15, 1913. Total length Of animal. B40 mm. Three-quarter view of head. Compare with 1M ( 'IA'II for front and side views. Kg. 2. Female adult. Aunt. Mu- No. 51376, Faradje, April 1. 1911. Total length of animal, 889 nun. Three-quarter view of head. Compare with PI. CL IX for front and >ide views. Specimens in 1 1 1« - fledi. • Vol. m \ li. i'i m> < "l \ in P. UK CI.IX I'nn scliirt iitfuithii (GttJHoli) ,.ilc :i«lult. Atm-r. Mu- No 51876, l':ir:idj<\ April 1, 1911. Total length <>f animal, n:?o nnn Specimen in the Beth. l and 2 Front and -if bead Compare with PI. ("I.YIII. _• for three-quarter view. I'i.u, CLX l',u, srlun iiifiirlhii (Giglioli) Parnate ■ubadalt, Amer. Mim No 51392, Faradje, kpril 3, 1911. Total length of animal, "(HI mm. BpeeUMO in the Mesh. l. -J. Mud :i. Front, aide, and throe-quarter views of bead. 1'I.AII < IX I I'att ackweinfurthii ((liRlioli) 1 emale juvenile. Atncr. Mn>. N<». 51886, Karadje. April :*. I'.Ul. Total length i if animal. iM)s nun. SjK'cimcn in the hY.-li. 1. _'. and :{. Front, side, and three-quarter views of head. Plate CIA 1 1 Pan Bchweinfurthii (Giglioli) Male juvnil.-. Am.T. Mus. No. 51206, Pamdfe November 10, 1012. 1 length of animal, MO nun. Specimen >n the Beeh, P|g«. 1. 3 tad J. Front, side, and three-quarter vit-w.s of head. (M I'l.M. (IAIII I'm, » Inii in) 'urth ti (GigUoli) 1'einale juvenile. Aiiht. Mm-. No, 61387, 1 aradje, April 3, 191 L Total length <>f animal, 410 mm. Specimen in the lle-h. I :ui«l 2. I'mnt ami ride view- of bead. M \ II. \.i M.VI1. PLAT! ( I Mil lY.vn. CI.XIV 1'iiit schweinfurth i i (Giglioli) M il.- juvenile, Aukt. M11-. No. 51379, Femdje, November 9, 1912. Specimen in the flesh. Firs. ]. _». Bad 3. Front, side, and three-quarter views of head* Same animal ■town on pi. ci.w . N PLAT! I I.W I'nn .srhiri infiirthii ((iiglioli) M Je juvenile. Amer. Mas. \... 61370, l':innlje, November '». 1012. Showing .1 body pr<>|Mirtif Colobut angoleruia cottoni Lydekker. Female adult. -;. dor-al surface of right hand; a', palmar BUrfaoo of left hand; l>, plantar mii left foot; //'. donel earfaoe of right foot. Fig. 2. Hand and foot of I'nu schin infurthii (Giglioli , I itiialc adult. Aimr. Mu> No 518B3, laradje. April A. 1**1 1. length of hindfoot, 220 Dim. <: palmar surface of left hand; n rrncc in a aerie* of reference*; synonym* are printi-d in italics. I. »1 >us, 285, 287, 288, 289, Ml, MM 170, 171, 472, 178, 174, 178 PI < All. PI <\lll. PI < i\ Bg. 2; Pk CXXXH-CXLL ill. 171. 178 !73. 173. igo, 300. adanaoni, At«h rix, 18 II., 10 fm.. 11. I .: fvlolft Colobus, 439, 475. 475. <>l»ipithecua), 481. rgyptinca, Hamadryas, 313. hmi-. 11. 13. tpicm, , 328, 330. ropitkecus rthiops, '■'>' opithecus (Chlorocebus) , i 333. •;.44. m l.\\\l\ . PI I. WW. agisu "''■K 801. 5 fin. nquti, I 5 ftn. ">4. Funi rropos, 80, ii bi, 55, 56. iiUrsnns, Ichneumon, l'.»7. albicauda, Ichu, umin, 195. Man (j, >s, 108 (llhinimliis, II, i [H.-h s, 104, 107 ■UNgaoa, Cereoeeboa, 284, 808 17. PI I. \\\\ I. Pi I. WWII. Cercocebus, 332, 341 Con-. mvI m.- aJbifena, 84& "rebus albigena, :; 1 1 Cercocebus (Leptocebus Cercocebus (Leptocebus) , 329. Lophooebm), 841. "inoeebtta, 328, 32*. •.::>!'.. ■BNgenus, Earjlhruocbua, 363. albipea, Galago brao nlbivcntris, At.lirix, 13, 16. MMM, I, 8, 9, 10, 11. I-' ftn.. 16 aUxh-fdsriiitux, Si m tu Cercopitheciu ruber, l.'J ftn. dbefo. mia {Cercopiihecus) ruber, :ill«»uul.iri>. ( Vri'. C-1-.l.us, 285, 287, 28S, 289, I, 433, 437, 438, 466, 467, 470, 1 71, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476. PI. Anmiialurrlla, 8 82 ftn., 63. AnnmaluricUc, 39, 40, 41, 44, 62. AiioinaliinMioii, 82 ftn. Annmalurops, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 82 ftn., 64, 65, 66, 67. Annmalunis, 39, 41, 42, 43, 62. Anomalurus, 63, 64. anomurus, Galago {Hemigalago), 303. ansorgei, Cercopithecus talapoin, 362, 373. pit hocus, 373. anthr acinus, SemnopHhecus, 437. Anthropithecus, 477 (AnthropUhecus), Simla, 481, 485. Anthropoidea, 283, 306. AnthroiKjpithecua, 487. AnOiropopiihecus, 477, 478 ftn., 479 ftn., 480, 481, 482, 484 ftn., 485. (Anthropopithecus), Simia, 477, 481, 485, 496. an thus, Canis, 81. Thos, 73, 76, 77, 7s. 81 \ l. Bgm i and 2; PL VII, fig. I. antiii'innim, Felis pardus, 26L Panther*, SSL amiliis, Cynooephalus, 83 Cynocephalus, 315 ftn. Pspio, 284 810, 81 L, 818, 816 ftn., Pop o, 821, 82 ftmta, 309, 315. MS, Piliocolobu.<, 130, 158. Aonyx, 78, 78, 77, 78, 70, 85, 91, 02 94, 05, 97, 08, 100, 101, L02, 103, nil. 105, 106,108. Aonyx, 01, 107. apieak't, Otolicnus, 301. arabicus, Papio, 313. arborea, Nandinia l>in<>tata, l.">_'. Arct(.cebus,283,291,299. armaria, Lasiopyga pygmy thra, 360. "s, Potamogale veins, B 6, 7 argmtatus, Galago, ■ i:.:;, i:.s, is,;. Arosthrus, 62. r\ ' ft u. '•fin. isa 27 1 79,374,378. PI. IA\I\. Bg. .'; I'l I.WV, 8g* 1 an aiirti. ''tis, 299. XV •aril :-n. jiyi, 358, 399. Lasiopyga, 870. dago var., 300. azandicus, Leo leo, 7 I 77, 7s. 7'.», 224, 233, _'17 I'l WWII; PI WWIII, fign l iad 2; PI. \\.\I.\. i I laadS. Huliirnumtifl, 375 ft n. ■ ; I :. babyruxm :*n. i.;iiiogulari.s, 370. Ix-lilt'tii, Anomaliirus, 64. benamakimse, Colobus, 439, 475. Colobus angolensis, 17.Y Ix'inana, Lasyopyga tantalus, 360, 418. benianus, Cercopithecus tantalus, 418 ftn. betbewfum. Caracal caracal, 281. S 281. ' bcfgsri, Hyaena hyaena, 216. Lrttoni, ( ;. n.tta, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131. ■Ma, 125. bezoarticus, Cervus, 375 ftn., 378 ftn. Kicolor, Crocidura, 1, 3, 18. ■npithecus, 436. Mnotata, Nandmia. 7.'!, 78, 77, 78, 79, !!_' I i- 80C . 147, 148, 148 36), ISO (Fig 87 . LS9 Fig. 38). I'l \\ S| J; PI W and -' Viverra, 1 17. Blast - tin. bleytr 231 ftn. BO, SSI - boehmi, I'araxertu, 57. botmanii, Potto, boutoiirlimi. Crrcopilhecu*, 355, 308. Cercopithecus leucampyx, 370. Laaiopyga, 370. boydi, < Vociduia, 17. • atus, Galago, 301, 302. Brachio-pnli.Ti, 308. Colobus abyssim I 475. • ' .btumalM-hin, 471, I bracht/rht/richim, Macroncrluirs, S& brtichyuru.i, Macroacrlitii S, 881 Bradypua, 375 ftn. :*\\ i \ i>i:\ braxur, Cercopithecus, 355, 361, 360, 380, 884,886. Lasiopyga, 284, 286, 288, 280, 200, 360, 38ii. 385,387. PI VI. PI V II Lubpygi bnmt, 886. braxziformis, Cercopithecus neglectus, 357, 360, 3st)ftn.,386. brevieaiflntii. Diritlphix, 37<> ft n. brockmatti, Pufio, 313. I.ruimi ii>. ( SoloblM, I U>. ( SofebtM i I'iliiM-tilohus), 440. Cetobut lnlli, <'< irnpithirus, 353. Lasiopyga, 871. CaniuV. 7 81. re ftn. .81. 77. 7s. 7". 81 100, mi. 102 104 i Fin. 10), I".", I i- n . ins PI IX. fig*. 2 tad 3; PL \ 1-3; PI XI I i leo, 223. Futra, 00, 108. lAttra, 91, LOO, Ki7. M.lhv..,.,, 7:',, 76, 79, S3, 84, 85. PL VII, fig. 2. ma, 83. capillatus, Cercojatl" Minpitllt'iMl.-. Capra, 375 ftn.. Capra, 375 ftn. Caracal, 220, 281. caracal, Caracal, 281. Mia, 76, Iff, 280, 281. • 281. carruthersi, Ctrwptihecu* leucampuj 370, 301, 302, 308, 300. Lasiopyga, 370, 300. Lasiopyga leucampux, 300. castanomale, Anthropopithecus, 481. Cataphractus, 375 ftn. fatal ,,ns, 276. T". ftn. Catus, 276. Felis, 276. caudatus, Colohus, 441. 171 Colobus abyssinicus, 473. Colobus (Guereza), 441. Colobus guereza, 447. (M.us, 351, 370. Cebus, 350, 351, 431, 433, />gaster, F<1, . 274. INDEX :.">6, 358. W4 (57. Lariopyga pygerythra, II ^ then piinln-, I ricola, Pro1 <, 11, 16, 90, 61 n oephia, ( !eroopHhei il I. Um 414. I', V IV U 1. Cere 327, 17't ftn. ■ ftn. I I I if| lis ■ III 11^ II'.. pitheeui < hloriMii I flu., it., ISO ■/nth,,;, aot chapini, Anomalurops beecrofti n. 12, IS, it. 6 1. 66, 86, 67. chimptttfe, Pan, I7'.i ftn. s,ti ,,,-».<, 180 - ', ,i, (7^ ftn. -/ pygmx-u*, IT'.I ftn. Chirosciurus, 299. Chiorceebut, 335, 350, 352, 353, 355, 362. vvetotit), CtreopHhtem, 335, 359, 360,361. Lasiopyga, 419. chirroi huiKKlri/ns, 312, 313. Choir upill ■ 110. . Ci/mxi phaliis, 309. Chri/stiilurns, 11 1. ' >rcocebux, 328, 332, 336, 339, chri/sntlu 7 1. I eta*, Mm /»/ ".I. 266. l'Hi.th.-ra par.lu-. 71. 77. 78, 7<>, 253, 254, PI \i.l. Bfi i nd 2; Pb. \u\- i.i\ chysothris, /'./-. J7I cimiva, I.utra Lata, 08 ftn., 84, 99. Mi. r:i..r. l, 96 . 89, UN). PI Bg. l Simi.i Papio, cinnmrimtii-, ( Saraopitia 126. • •/nltm ■«>'. Mil. i irn.i, Ulivinli. LaoiopygH aaoanin 7, 288, 405, KM, U2, III PI \< \ ll 6| I PI KC\ III ritriini*. Anoin.-ilnni* baaOfOfti, 66, • 110 006 INDEX 117, lis. PI XII; PL XIII. figs. 1 an Cwettidis, 109. Mull- riv. U:, 1 Is • rra, 109, 1 If-. 117. LIS n, 77. 7s. 78, 109, 110, 111. LIS, I IV 116, 117. lis, i »:> ■■rti», 109. clmuli, Hhynchocyon, 21, 81 BhynchocyoB ttuWrnnim*. 2, 3, 4, 21, 29,31,34-35 PI I. cocoa, Galago nioholi, 302. caiognathu*, Cercolophocrbus, 329, 346, 348. odhrit, (crcocebus, 328, 330, 1 Ooiobi, 466, i;>7, 45s Cololu u- Ctreocebus, 328, 332, 346. Funis, iiirus, 39, 41, 42, 56. Funiaciurua congicua, 39, 41, 12, 66. inu, 56. Bert 17. is. 20. pi. III. congobelgica, Crocidura, 1,8, 1, 19. conapirillatiiM, Galago, 300. contigua, Laaiopyga pygerythra, 361. OOttotti, Antlir<>|Mi|iithicii>. 187, AnthropopWuetu cf., 484 ft n . Colobm, ; Oolobui aitKolonaia, 285, 287, 288, • 200, 466, 167, 17(1, 171 171. 17., 1*1. CIX. fig, I; PI CX; PJ CXI; Pk < \Ui-< i.i. PI. CI. XVI. fin. 1. Colobut {Colobut) paUiatu$, 467. CtUbut paHKatut, 488, 401 Wd . 274, /•*.//> rhrifsothrix, 27 1 Mdlirora, S4, 85. Mdlivora cap. 7'.>, 83, 84. PI. VII. i. I'rofcli.s uurata, 76, 77 7s. 7'.i, 274, 275, 270. PL I.XXIV, fig. 2; PL LXXV.figs. l and 2. '/ i Aiithro/iitlitcits), 181, Is.", md.i, B| \C\I, |'| v \ . Lasiopyga, 403. Diadema, 350. WO. no. diana, Or 366,369. opithecuM, 360, 355, 360. diana-, Col<>l>us abyssaiim-. 171 hiu (Guereta) maUchiei, 438. Colobus maUchiei, 471. Ins M yrmecophaga, 375 ftn. fta. tljiirmljnmensis, Cercopithecus, 356, 47_' Lasiopyga, 872. (l<>li)bus (Guereza) malxc < <>U>bus maUchiei, 47 J. doggelii, Cercnpithecus leucampys, 357, doguera, Cynocephalus, :*' Fapio, 284 386, 288 81 i. 315, 816, 32:> PI I.X.WII; PI IAWIII. (Ionn.iljtna, ( it-ntt t ;» . 1_>1 ftn. Drill, 306,311. drill, M„ru,nn, dul>ia, Hva-na. - (luiini, Galago, ■bolow, M.iii'irilliis MBbri, I edwardsi, 161. "lirlicus, 298. • li.-ticus potto, 808, 208 elegit' thecus ((Hopitheciw. GWtfJO, Hit. 165, 166. Lasiopyga, 403. I ago, 302. • I'phaa, Cervus, 375 ftn. elgotuc, Thos meaomelas, 82, 83. elgnnu, Ccrcopithccua leucampyx, 361, 888, tlU tkmM, ( , necpiflwm, :i.vi. 871 Cercopithecus xthiop*, 83 hropnpilhecus, 480 285, 287, 288, 438, 443, 444. 158, 450. Col »57, 468. .'.•«. 439. 1 emini, Scturus, 54, 56. < 171. 13,61 w/.v, 61. rri/tftni • "iiithecus, 354. 861; 362, 422, 134, 136, 06, i-'7. 138 ftn.. (Erythrocebtu), CereopUhecuM, 363. I_'7 ipitbeeafe, 868, 371. ..//i//i i >it In ens, 356, ">7 1 . Lasiopyga, 871, faradjius, Atelerix, I. 8, 1. 13, 16. Leptailurus serval, 71. 77. , 267, 274. Pb. LXV-LXX; PL |.\\I\. fig. l. it.i. : S8, 17(1 ftn. //< rjM rift, l •">•"». 186 got, 168 I fun n us, 8 ftn., 377. faurtus, Perixlicticus, _".i:>. _".»1, j'.t'.t. diction p 288, 0, 293, ! PL I.XXIX; PL I. XXX. Fetid*, 74,75, 77. M, 220. Fetia, 71. 7:.. 77. 7^ 79, 230, 231 264 I 270, 271, . 871 28 1 . 220, 221 281 ftn . 234 ftn., 248, 249, 260, 261 267, 264, 268 270, 271, 273, 274,280, 281 ,i.('n,r.it:irn..-ut;i.Jl 1,216,217, . fiawidtu, Cercopitl foni, Colobus, i:;i. 138, 167, I formosus, Erythrooebus, 127. fortis, Crocuta crocuta, 71 214, 216, 216, 219. PL XX XI I. figs, l and 2; PL XXXIII; PL XXXIV,figa l and 2; PI. XXXV, Bga. l and 3; PL XXXVI, fig. I. {■'.Ii* panhu, 2 Panthcn paxdua, . 264. /ran i. 71 Laniopyga, 371. fraseri, Anomaluru>. Fsihego, 477, 181, 185,497. INDEX 509 fulifcinnsu- M Ml). hanoat, ( Irocidura, 17. {36,339,341. Herpestaa ichnemnoa, 7 I 77 PI. W .Will, Be. l 17 1. ti. u, i.;. ii. 51, 56. / furav 1<». 7, 38. i 37, 38. futeu ■ cus, 480. • ftn. Pm- itn. 7H t'tn 79 ftn. gabonenais, Galago, 301. urn all. nil far., 301. Galm. 299. Gain. .302. GaW .288,289,290,291, M Galeopardua, 264. 666, II. n 164. MangvMa, 171. 17' i. 71 163, 164, 166, 170,171 Galrr.ll... 7». 71 176. 1^', IS&, plaritm, ( '.r.or.l.us, 328, 331, 332, 336, 339. CmIi.Iim, 1> 164, 166, 166. Cali.li.-ti.-us. 163. Cali.li.M-. 168 gaUarum, Colobus, 441, 473. ( 'iili>l)U8 abyssinicus, 473. Galago, 801 (JllHll',1! ■ . 1 , 1 gnrtlm ■'■us. 111. Qorflb, 170 ftn. gothneh, Crossarchiu, 186. Barp<-' - ivi Munn.-vT 44*), 186, 187 I if 10 188 l ig. 50), 188 i l| 61 PI wi\. t'^- graeilis, HerpaUs, 127, 176. jcranti, Galago, 301. • graueri, AtiViropopithecus, 1M CeroopHheeuM tantalus, 416 ft". Colobiu, 438. Laayopyga tantalus, 300, 418. Phi ... 817 grayi, Cercvpilhecu*, 354, 358, 510 INDEX Cercopithecus grayi, Lasiopyga, 37 1 . griaeipes, Papio porcarius, 310. griseisticta, Lasiopyga pyp -r> thra, 284, 287, 288, 2K9, 290, 416, 416, 418. PI I.WMII. Im 2; PI. C. Laaiopvu.'t tarr Lasiopyga tantalus, 1 1 B griseistictus, Cercopithecus tantalus, 358, li:.. 418. griseoviridis, Cercopithecus, 334, 335. 353, 354, Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus), 335. Lasiopyga, 872 griseus, 161. Cercopithecus, 353, H,r /testes, 156, 161,162. hi ItiO. gudoviusi, Tropicolobus, 439. Guereza, 48 1 8, 440, 472, 473. (Guereza), Colobus, 438, 439, 441, 460, 171 guereza, Colobus, 431, 440. Colobus, 440, 473. Colobus abyssinicus, 473. gtBBMQM, Cercopithecus, 352. Qmkgo, _ Gulo, 157. hagenbecki, Cercocebus, 328, 332, 336, 339, Mandrillus, 812. Ha mad ry as, 312. Hamadryas, 290, 306, 307, 312, 313. hamadryas, Cercopithecus, 313. MM, 290, 8 1 hamlyni, Cercocebus, 329, 332, 346, 348. Cercopithecus, 332, 348. Khinostigma, 284, 286, 290, 348, 349. PI I.XXXIX. iig. 2; PI. helios, Aonyx capensis, 108. Hi-liusciurus, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, B I Helogale, 7, 78, 79, 153, 177. 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186. h< limus, 11. Hemigalago, 291, 292, 302, 303, 305. (Hemigalago), Galago, 303. Id iiiinaliilia. 163. Hemigalidin, l< ll.rpailuru-. 277. u ■-. 17:; Hop r4, 76, 77, 78, 78, 127 l.-.i fin.. 168, 158, 180, 181, 188, 168, I7i). 171. 172, 173, 171. 177.. L78, 177. 178, 179, 189, 194, 198, 199, 2< U Htrpette*, 166, l">»>. 168, 180, 161, 162, 164, 170. 171, 17.'.. 178, 179, 182, 183, 186, 194, 197, 203, 204, 205, BflrpartiiMB, 7:<, 163. ■ "Idcii/lus, Brinaceut, 9, 10, 12, 13. heuglini. Papio, :>K>, 316, 316, 325. Papio, 820. Papio doguera, 284, 286, 288, 289, 320, 821, 828, 324. PI. I.X XXII. hildcgardese, Croeidura, 17. Inli/trti, Cercopithecus, 356. Cercopithecus a th jopt, 372. Lasiopyga, 372. hindei. At.-lrriv 13, 1 1. 16, 18, 17. Cercopithecus kolbi, 357, 370. Erinoceus, 10 ftn., 11, 18, 15, 16 ftn. inceus albi t'tn. F.-li- «:tiHi,-is. 20Nftn.. 81 Gakgo, 801. Lasiopyga koll.i, ."570. Leptaflurai terval, 267, 271. Lutra ca|M-nsis, 108. hindsi, Galago, 301. Hi|)[>osidero8, 2 ftn. Hi reus, 376. hircus, Capra, 375 ftn. hirtula. Rdogafe, 74, 78, 77, 78, 79, 178 (Fig. \\h . 179,183,181 185 (Fig. 48), 186. PI. XXIV, fig. 1. hist rin, ('< rrn/iilhecus, 355, 87L hcesti, Cercopithecus, 388. hollisteri, Leo leo, 74, 70, 229, 230, 231. Hya-na, 818, -'17. 818. Hyaena, 21 1 h\a na, Hviena, 216. Bjanida, 74, 75,76,81,214. IXDEX 511 ogale, 85. ■Ihropus, 477 ibese, QalewUs ■anfiiinna, 17s-, 179. /'i, 195. I.hii.-uinia I.Miciira, 71, 7»>, 78, 194, 19»> : 56), 198 PI WM.tiRs. land 2. ibeanus, Herpestes albicaudus, 194, 197. •o tboth, 809, I fiilmmmis. T1, Til. TO, 158, 171, 177.194, 1*7, 198, 199. i 195. 158, 187. umon, Herpestes, 71. 76, 77, 78, 17; 17.-.. 178, 178 (Fig. ill. 178, PI XXII. If* 1 and XXIII.: 171 ,•. 154, I.V, fti. . i:.7, 158, 173. 10, U. 11. 68. Mi.iruv 88, II 68,69,70,71. ignila, Cercopithecus limmi v:tr., 355, 369. tadsMdm, 381 ftn. inobeervata, Lasiopyga, 83 inobservatus, Cercopithecus, 358. Insignicebus, 351, 366, 88S 1 ftn. insignia, Cercopithecus, 390. Cercopithecus, 358, 390, 391. Lasiopyga, 37 1 Ln.-u,fin),i, 888. .71 insolitus, Cercopithecus, 358. ftHlrfnrfl. ('mn/nth,,*,,* {,nit.<*i , li.'.s. intensa, ' lenetts nrvalina, 128 ftn. ;iiru.T<>liKiei|>s56. imin. '1.95 ftn ., 107. 108. 19. iaal» ^ lemniscatus, 51. urns, 51. ■triensis, Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus) ri/n<>*nru.«. 888. iturenais, Panthera paxdus, 74, 77, 78, 269, 260, 262, 263, 264. PI \u Bj I; Pk i.\ i.xiv ituricus, Cercocebus albigena, 284, 286, 288, 289. 888, 341. 346, :;i:. 848. PI i.wwi; PI LXX.W II Cercocebu8 (Leptocebus) albigena, 329, 311. Cercocebus (Lophocebus) albigena, Colobus abyssinicus, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290, 460, 401, 40\ 171. J7J. 474, 17.-.. 171 PI (All; PI CVIII; PI (IX, fig. 2; Pin CXXXII-CXI.I Colobws (Guereza) matsch, Colobus matschiti. 17J. Colobus matsch n i. 100, 171. ( nlobus occidentalis, 440, 460, 171 ■.,/... 181 Sirnin {.\iittiri>i><>i>ith*cu.s>, 477, 481, 485. ituriensis, Cercopithecus schmidti, 406. Fsihego,\", 181, 485,497. Lasiopyga schmvitt, ln7 Lasyopyga schmidti, 360, 405, 406, II.' jacksoni, Anomalurus, 39. II. 1J, 43, 62. AtmriKiluru- j:iynrrvthr:i, 418. k« tn|.i. I ■'< Ii- :i|K'nw«, 268 ftn., 269. LepUOura nrval, 888. PI ia\i. L28. kibonotensis, < M albogularis, 357. Ctoeotte, -'17. 218. La&iopyga annularis, 370. kikuyuonKis, ColoiMM abyssinicus, 111, 171. Galago (Otolenmr), 302. kilmi;inn>. Atdcrix, 11 ftn kmi:t. Laaopyga albogularis, 360. kinda-. Pnpio, iilO. ColobtV, 440. kirkii, Ologide crassicaudata var., 301. kivu. Crucidura nyansa-, 1, 8, 17. PI. IV. kivtiri. • rv:tl. 880, 27 1. Idiurus HOkorJ knlhi. ( 'crcdpithcciis, 356. Cer, {57, 358, 370. kool" S MM, 17'.t ftn. kooloo-kamba, Pan, 479 ftn. I iiiirt>f)oi>ithecu»), 481, 485. laliiata, Luiopgrga, :*71. labial us, Cercopithecus, 353, 371. lacu>- m <-r\ thopus, 39, 41, 42, 61. Eujerus erythropus, 61. A « rux erythropus, 61. laglaizei, Cercopithecus nictitans, 357, 370. Laaopyga nili thus angolensi*, ■re phalu*, 309. Erythrocebus, 362, 373, 426. Pa | langi, Atelerix, 1,8, 1. 18, 11,15, 16, 17. Colobus, 285, 287, 200, 201, 443, ill. PL r, 399, 405, 407, 410, ill. ii:.. U8 fin.. U0. Lasiopygida?, 283, 285, 286, 287, 201 , 306. Lasiopyuiiwi-. 2s:i. 306. la&iotis, Galago, 301. LasyopyuM. 880,418. Lasyopyga, 360, 405, 4 1 _'. lutcris, Hi'liosciurus multicolor, 39, 40, 51. laticeps, Colobus caudal us, 471. Colobus (Guereza) caudal ■ . HI. latona, Crocidura, 1, 8, 4, 19. liiiinisc:Uu>. Funi>ciurus, 51. Sciurus, .") 1 Lemur, :}7"> ftn.. Lemur 293, 299, 300, 302, 303, 434, 440, 17 2 I/muridap, 285, 286, 291. Lenraraidea, 288, 291. lenoiri, Lutm. 108. Leo, 74, 77, 78, 79, 220, 222, 228, 226, 228, 229, 230 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239. 211 :. 244,245, 240, -'17. Leo, 222, 223. leo, F.-1-. 71. 221. 2 Fttu, 220, 221, i, 228, 229, 231 ftn., 234 ftn. 513 74, 77. 78 Ml 847. PI. WW II: PI WW III, figs. lan.I 2; PI \\\l\ Op 1 and 2: PI XL, figs. lan.I 2. na (Crocuta), 217. :in. Uopu I 280, 261, •-'•">•-' Leopardus pardus, 250 ftn. pardtn, - Ml. 264, 280, 270 Leptocebu*. Cercocebus, 329. 79. ftn., 99. Lota , 92 ftn. testes, r.'i|>i<> :» r» 1 1 1 »i - . i in pax, 1st 100. 369. 801, 369 398, 399. ■ iriOunu leucampyx, 369. •I Usk PI VI \ w ti. leuoomeroD, < Solofew, 436. ph;i!i, Smu.i. 812 ,11 Uucophjru*, Cyiwceitt I ftn. .prymnus, Ftn. I, J7s ftn. Si >nin PffMU i/.<, 479 ftn. Troglodyte*, 480 leaeaim, [ofaneamk, 7». 76, 78, 194, 196 |. 56), 198 (Fig. I'! \W i ,12. leucurux, 197. 1'h.isti. (Vm.pitli. .71. Cercopitheeus, 351, 356, 367, 371, 888. Cercopitheeus VhrntH, 871, 388. l»vKa, 284, 286, 288, 289, 290, ;s9, 390. PI. \< III: PI. XCIY. • Lasiopyga (Allorhnx-elms), 388. ■ 388. Pi X< III; PI. V IV. tig. 1. liebrechisi, Cmtopithtettt (Otopithecus) . 19. opithteuM, hih i. 130. lun i lutescens, Helogiil. hirtul:. .7. 79. 86. 86, 07, 98, 106, KIT. pis 876 ftn. 514 INDEX Lutra, 91, 93 ftn., 94, 95, 99, 100, 107, 108. lutra, Lutra, 88. Mustek, 376 ftn. Mela, 85. lutivlla. ('r«.,i«lur:i. 1. 8, 18. Latrine, 78, M. lydrkkeri, Papio, 310. macaco, Lemur, 375 ftn. rus, 308, 313. macrodon, Atilax, 74. 76, 77, 78, 79, 19v SIC, D), 205, 206 |. 62), 207 (Fig. 63), 208, 209 211. PI XXYIII, fig. XXIX. ■ •pun, 292, 299, 302. i,m-.|h1.-v Slacrozcdides, 37, 38. -<-<-Iidid:i\ 2, 4, 20. macrotis. Idiunis. 09, 70, 71. maculirolli-. Lutra. 73. 7ft, 77. 79, 85, 86 (Fig. 1), 87 (Fig. 2), 89 (Fig. 3), 90,91(1 ',. A'), 108 ftn. PI. VIII, figs. 1 ami 2; PI maesi, Cercopithecus leucampyx, 361, 399. Maimnn. 31 1. 'ion, 306, 311. "a. Papio, 306 ftn. a, :«m, ftn., 311, 312. managascha?, Colobus abyssinicus, I Colobus (Guereza) poliurus, 441. Colobus poliurus, #i >nl, 306, HI. •iia, 311. Mandrill, '.ill fin. IfaadriBoa, 288, 284, 306, 311, 312. Manfrrmtn, 164 Mangusta, 156, 161, 164, 170, 171. lax), 170. 'fusta) Viverra, 161. Mangutia, l'.l manienuf, Colobus, 440, 47 » Colobus angokoak, 474. Manis, 375 ftn. maritima, Lasiopyga albogularis, 360. martini, Cercopithecus, 35 72. Lasiopyga, 370. marungensis, Pan schwt-mfurthi, 470 ftn. M sut tints, 470 ftn. "ijlodyte* niger var., 481, 485. massaica, 224, 232, 235. Fdis leo, 234 ftn. massaicus, Fdis leo, 223. \ 229, 230. 381 238, 239, 240, 341, 2 1 1 347. tnatschiei, Cercopithecus, 356, 372. Colons. 473. Colobus, 438, 46Q, 472. 178, 174, K7& Colobus aby s> mi 1 75. Colobus (Guereza), 438, 439, 460. Galago, 303. Lasiopyga, 372. Lutra, 90. maua>, Lasiopyga leucampax, 360. Lasiopyga leucampax, 399. mawambicus, Cercocebus albig"">. 841, 345. Colobus, 440. M.7. 17 J Colobus (Colobus) palliatus, 438, 467. Colobus palliatus, 4i>7. 171 max in in-, Kl< -pirns, 375 ftn. incinillani, Tim- mt-someka, 82, 83. mi'tlius, ( iitlituiiiili-s ilcmidoffii, 283, 286, 288, 289, 290, 803, 304. PI. IX XXI. II- migalago demidoffi, 303, 306. medjianus, Heliosciurus rufobra- chium, 39, 40, 13, 18, n. Ift, 17, 48, B0, 51. Udiumctbu*, 351, 352, 366, 367, 369. melanochailus, Leo, 32 Leo leo, Z melanochir, Piliocolobus ellinti, 430, 458. melanogenys, Cercopithecus, 354, 370, 371. mdanotica, Fdis leopard us, 251, 252. Panthera pardus, 2" melanurus, Herpestes, 175. melarhiria, Sim in, 361, 373. melarhinus, Cercopithecus, 373. 157. M.llivora, 73, 76, 79,83, 84. INDEX 515 • nais, 108. meson s, 82, 83. I, 876 ft ii. Hipposideros cyclope, 2 ftn. Micraonyx, 7 100. microdon, Xenogale, 74,76,77,78,79, 197, 199, 900 F%. 58), 201 ..ii. B PI \\\ II.tiL-. l and 2. / IC0UC, 11. niidtis. Simia, .'{77 TS ft ii., 378. 302, 303. Mm: 363, BMbo 300, 302. moloneyi, Cercopithecus, 355, 37 1 . Lasiopyga, 37 1 . Mona, 350. mona beam, 366, 371. Laaio|»yn:i. 867, ;7I ' < cut, 350. /, 350, 351, 352, 362. tnoruichus, /'/,,«//. 869. watM, 156. 352,366,367,371 numotdes, CercopUhecus, 3.*> », 870. montann, Lasiopyga schm Laayopyga wlmiMti Lasyopyga •chmidti, 405, 406, 1 1 -' mtmteiri, Callotus, 300, 801 iro, 301. mordaz, Mungos paludinosus, 209. .1 I -u,n 306, 307, mormon, Cynocephalu*, .ill ftn. ;n,.{|J Mnu.iril), 311. morfa, Stfmfo, .'57") ftn.. :J77. mosaambica, Lasiopyga stairsi, mossambicus, Cercopithecus stairsi, 357, .;7i Otolicnus, 101 mpangx, Cercopithecus (Rhinostidus) schmidti, 359. Cercopithecus schmidti, 411. multicolor, Colobus, 458. Colobus (Tropicolobus), 440. H.liosciurus, 89, 40, 42, 51. mundamensis, Papio, 312. Muiiro, 153, 154, 160. mungo, Herpestes, 155, 158, 186. Ichneumon, 155. Mtntgusta, 156. (<7:*, 154 ftn., 1 56, 157, 158, 160, 178, 186, 187, 188, 189, 204. . US, i'.i. 178, 171. 186, 195, 203, 204, 208, 209. mungos, Viverra, 157. inunnus, Galago. Vespertilio, 375 ftn. tn. musculu8, Mus, 375 ftn. Must,-!:.. 71, .'{7»iftn. Mustek, 85, 153, 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 171. If Otfatid*, 78, 75, 76,81,83. 83. M vrni"CMpli;ii.M. -''7") ftn. •i.-i-tns, Baki«na, 376 ftn. M'lst,,,!!!!-, I. nahani, Cotobus mawambiau, 440, 467, 474. (■ (Anthropopithecus), 481, 485, I'M, lin.:.. 78, . lOf, M9, 147. i iv i H 152. nana parti us, FHis pardus, 252, 257. Panthcra pardu*, 252. ;,Hi IXhKX Nasilio, 2, 3, 4, 37, 38. nebulosus, Periodicticus, 293. nedjo, Th, ro pdhrcus. I negUda, Felts, 27 \ Laai<< 386. Lasiopyga, 380, 385, 386, 387, 388. neglo :J66, 369. Cercopithecus, 355, 357, 367, 369, 380, 385, 386. ■/nlhecus neglectus, 369, 380 ftn.,386. nenurus, Simia, 350. nems, 161. Neocebus, 351, 367, 372. nepalensis, Herpestes, 160, 161. ■ lutti, Cercopithecus, 356, 398. I_'l fin. • tta il«.!iK:il-tii:i. 124 ftn. La-siopvu.-i, 37<>. Papi... 810, 816 niapu, Funisciurus anerythrus, 39, in, IS, II, 62, 84 nictil 366, 370. OpMMMM, ■ npithecus nictitans, 370. ■|. >■«:«. 867, 8mm 8, 378. iiii/i i ml) togoensis, 269. .481,485. uigri Fopfc, 821 nigra, Fclis, 269. nigrigenis, Cercojrithecus U-unim/ti/T, 356, 370, 399. f— "opjfa, 370. oifrimaBus, Oolobua, 438. UptpM, BdMgftfe, 7). TL. 77, 79, 210 HI .: 66), 212 67), 213. PI XX3 nd2; PI XXXI, Bn i m Cercopithecus, 355. CercopHhecus grayi, 37 1 Lasiopyga pogonia-v nigririridis, Lasiopyga (Chlorocebus), 419. nigro-fasci o a Cercopithecus ruber, ftn. nigrofasciatus, npithecus) r„h,r. 882, 878. nigrofusca, Crocidura. 17 nigrovindis, AJknopitheout, I'M, 287, ■ 419, uii n» L),42] I 2 :.!, 290. Cercopithecus, 357, 367, 37::. 119. Lasiopyga, 373. Lasiopyga, 418 ftn. nilotica, Croci. 37") ftn. Dubious, Caracal caracal, 281. /'« Us caracal, 2^ I iiulnla, Laaiopygi knllii, 370. nulrilus, Ctrcopi&ecut fo>lbi, 358. nudicaudatn . Rlnjuchocyon stuhlmanni, 20,21. nyansa?, Crocidura, 1, 8, 17. PI. IV. I Leoleo,22 8,280,280, 281 840, 241, J 17. nyasa-. ( borate, -M7. Gakfo, 8 .bus, 292, 293. nyula, CUoftlfe, 71. 168 (1% 39), 161, L62 I -'ii:. »!» . IfOMftMM, ll'il. 161. nzoya 217, 218. oberhenderi, Cercocebus, 329, 336, 339, 340. obscurus, CroK-anhtis, [68, 189. Theropttberat, occidental, Colobus, 440, 460, 473. 174. Colobus al>v-.-iiii< u>, 17 Guereza, ochracea, Galerella, 74, 76, 78, 178 (Fig. INDEX 517 if . i7'.. 180, Fit t:' • >s| 183 i'i win fip a i. ■Il:t ,..lir.M.:,. 71. 7ti. 7s. 17s 179, 180 Kf. Uf . 181 182. I'! Will. :ia richardsoni KM .144, 148 1 17. PI. Wll ,fi| . \.li«. 1. ochraceus, Hrrpextes, 180, 175, 179, 182. thropopUheetu, isi 278, -'7" l'l l.W\ I. Bp l 8; PI LXXTII, imv l tad 2; PL i.x.wm. fig* 1 mm! _'. I oertzeni, AntMrop ogilliyi. IVlis, L»7(> fin. 272 I^ptiiilni '272. PL I. Wll: l'l I. WIN. I ftn . tin. Pap ._' I ommuit, CmreopUheau, :{.">»>. 870, :i'.»s omissus, Cercapithecut [RkinosHetk ■ in:.. Ill _' Is. m|,i-:| ninxthnshcl,,,. CffTOptifoctM, •>•*>.">. :57U orestes, Galerella nanuwm< > 178, 170. •'.I . 7. 7s. 109, 1IM Pig 12), ill I I II.-, 118 PI Ml. 1-1 Mil. i . I Hi lis oritia, Crocidura, 1,8, I. 18. oriundus, Sylviaorex, J 8, I 20. l'l II. i ti». OibornictU, . fin , 136, I K» Ml. [42, 1 1.;. in l'l w ill PI M\ OtogaU, 292, 300 280, 80t ((Hokum 356, 370, 391, 888. Otopithteu»t [OtOpUhteua), Cercopithecus, 359, 400, in:; i)il>t:ilrti. ( loloblW, I < 'uiinulu>, :;7."» ftn. IHiluhitus, C>ra>i>ithnus, \\~A, 369. pallium-. Colobw, 172, 17 C«loi in, 168, 187, 17 ( SofeblM UgOMBM, 17 I r „/„/,„, [CM I S 187. pallida, l.;i>lu|i\i;.i nra\ i. 871. Otofob, 800, :;n| pattidus, & reopitkt ■ poludtfMM, MiuKi'i.-in, I7t). 171 1 »:tlm Iiik i-u-. Ath\ lax, 171. H. 477, 179, isi) panga, Idiurus, :;•.•. II. 18, U.70, 71. pnugaaanris, • 117, 218 fMIUQ 101. i«iii!ki1I>\i, 75, 77. 7s. 270, • PI I. Wll. l'l I. Will I'anih.r:,. 7 1. 77. 7^ HI I'nutlnm. 281 MMttl Papfa 307. |sj •)1S / \ DBX Cynocephalus, 306 ftn., 307, 309. /•,!/««.. :«*; ft n.,308, 310. Papio. I'npmn,-, ;>7l. Paraxerus, 66. Paraxerus, 57, 58. Partialis, 249. pardina, C.n.t 119, 120. 123 Kg. 10), 124, 130 (Fig. 20.1 . LSI, 151. PI \l\. Bg. I: PL XV. tir QmMa, 119, 131. par**, Felw, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256. 2 Leopardus, 250 ftn. Panthm, 74, 77. 78, 79, 252, 253, 284, 288, 289, 260, 262, 263, 264. PI M.I. BgB. 1-3; Pk XI.II- I.XIY Panthrra pardus, 252. binas, il. parvidfii-. Pecpeatei i«hiicMiii«.ii, 74, 76, 78, 173 Kg 41), 173 (Fig. 42), 17s ] Mungos ichneumon, 17:; parrulus, Herpestes. ' pasha. Hi Koteimmt rufobmchiatus, 47, 48. Hi-liosciurus rufol-nwhium, 39, 40, a 13, Hi. 47, 48,50,51. ■/ru.8 rufobrachiatus, 47. -/.* rufobrachhit patas. ( tooopttheeoa, 367, 373, 428. Cercopithecus, 362 ftn., 363, 367, 127. Cercopithecus (Eri/thn>c ftn. phillipsi, IVIi- oafMOna, 269. Phoea, :>7.-> ftn. 350. PkoUdotut, 876 ftn, phi/rrhonotus, Kri/lhror, | pirtiirntus, ( 'urn pith, rus, '.l~>~i, 371. pioti Ftn. pilettei, afiopitheeni taJapoin l'lliocolobus, 4:;. ' 111,458. ■r-olobus), Colol.us, 188, 440, 146, 167, 168 CoUbu$, 168. piscivora, Osbornictis, 78, 79, 109. 135, 136 (Kg 21),1 : l: J.V1 . 180 (Fig. 26), 140 (Fig. 284, O, 141 (Fig. 29.4. O, 142 1 . PL XVIII; PI XIV pith ecus, 308. planirostris, Papio, 311, 312. plat i, '" us, 11. INDEX 519 pluto, Cercopithecus, 354, 398. Cercopithecus leucampyx, 370. La- 70. poccx-k rvml, 260, _>7o ftn. uirus, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44. ■ liini. 17. '»ffi, 303. IJ1. ■ra, 108. 1 J. pogonias, Cercopithecus, 351, 353, 358, Lasiopyga, 371. Pogon<> 1 , 366, 367, 369. Poiai 77. 78, 79, 109, 130, 144, 1 i:.. 1 If,. polia, Crocidura, 1. 8, 1. 19. poliomyxtax , Cen&pilktnu (Erythrocebus) patas, 30:; hrocebua patas, 429, 431. poKopl opitheeai 362, 426. !ir..<-.-hii- • sinnlum 270, 171, 272, poliunu, Colobus, 47 Colohll- 111. but, i:;l ftn. ■ >l>ithecus, 435. polykornoA, Cebus, I 36. i cus, 435. •1 477. 477. I7& 177 ■ i 117. 11& - lu "», 6, 7, 8. PoUmoR.i 4. !' 293. potti'. M. Nycticebua, 292, 293. Pertxli.ti.us 283, 286, 288, 289, 290. "»4, 298, 299. PI l.\\I\; PI l.VW powelli, ( ol.il.us. 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, iu fa . ii.". »«•;. 158, 164, 455, 456, I.V.i. nil. 171. I7_\ 475, 476. PI (IV; PI CV; PI <\I; Pis. C\II-< VWI. Colobus (Piliocolobus), 439, MS, 457. Colobus pow.-lli. 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 442 ftn., 446, 458, 454, 455, 456. 159, 171, 475,476. PI. ( 1 \ : PI. CV, Of. 1; Pis. CXII-C.WI Beldgde hirtuln, 185. Presbytia, 327, 328, 329, 3 IV preussi, Cercopithecus, 356, 358, 37 1 . La&iopyga, 371. I'iliocolobus, 433, 41 princeps, Cercopithecus, 358, 391, 392, 399. Cercopithecus leucnmpyi, 391. ~> Lnsiopyga, 399. Procolobus, 432. Procyon, 1">7 Profrlis. 75, 7. JO. 274, 27 174. Prosiimii, :i7:"i ftn. •mi, 376. PiotonnM.SO, n. u. t3.69.6l. pniiiiKMis. l':i|nci. 800, • leriv. 13, 14, 1 8, 0, 1<>. 11. 12. 13. laceus aUrirentri' . 11. 11 ftn. Pseudanthropo*, 477. Isu 08. njiithecu*, 360. pillvcniln • pupulus. ( kfafo purachi ... Is 1 taomaluraU*, 80, U, u. ii.63. 7ut, /4rwwn»i/ Ccrcopithrcu*. 372. B30 INDEX Pygathrix, 350. pygcrythra, Li 288, 289,290,359,360 115, 416, 418. PI. IX XXIII. tig. 2; PI C. »ia, 353. pygerythrus, Cercopithecus, 357, 361, 372, Cercopithecus pygerythru- pygmxua,> 'ftn., 480. pyrogaster, Cercopithecus, 361. pyrrhonotus, Cercopithecu*, I.'-'. •pithecus patas, »_'_' Erythrocebus, • pyrrhopus, Sciurus, 5 1 pyrronotus, C$nofUhmw, 882, 122, 126. Cercopithecut palas, 373. thraeebos, 373. kkraeebu patas, 284, 287, 289, 422. BL IM. CI. pyrnipus, Funisciwm-. 80, U, 12, 43,52, 53, 54, 55, 56. raripilosus, Simia pygmxus, 479 ftn., |s :t. 178, 179. reuteri, Anthropopithecus, 481. Rhinoceros, 37 "> ftn. «tu*M,861,866, (Rhinostictus), < 405, til H.; BMmwfigfiw, 284, 286, 290, 332, 348, 349. rhodesig, ChoiropitklCUt, 310. Rhynehooyon, 2, :i. i. 80, 21, 28, _'», 26, 87 ftn.. 29, 31, 34-35. richardsoni, Linsang, 111 7v 70, I 20T . in. n 35). PL XVII, tiK. 2; PI XX. fi*. 1. robust a, Helogale hirtula, 717 70, 178 Fig. 44D), 179, 183, ls| Rg. 17 , 185 (Fig. 48), 186. PL xxiv. Of i robustus, At>i;/lf,itii, 864, 880. Lasiopyga, 369. roosetilti. Cub thus abyssini< ■< ■-. HI. 171, ■ rothschibli, ( 'rrrocebus albigena,33'2. Si iiuiihi itu.s albigena, 328, 346. ruU'lla, Lasiopyga, 373. rubella*. ( ', nnpitfiiTus, 358. M uiujits paludinonu, 209. ruter, Cfaooptttacut, 122 ftn. . 122 ftn. £»//< J0« iKiludirtoxus. 2 I'.ipi... :*09. rubida, IVlis ocreata, 76, 77. 78, 70, 276, 277 l PI l.xxvi. fit-. 1-3; PL I. XXVII, figs. 1 and 2; PL I. XXVIII, Bf*. 1 and.'. rubra, Simm. 802, 422 ftn. rubricatus, Heliosciurus rufo- brachium, 80, 10, 12, H. 17. Is. 50, 61 ruppelli, Guereza, 431. rtippeBn, (Idada, 313. Guereza, 4 in. rufa. Smiia rutin i • boa, 299. rufilata, Lasiopyga albogularis, 370. rqjBti > pithecus albogularis, rujobr* 7, 48. 18 t'tn., 17. rufbbraehium, Ediosetuna, 39, 4o ;i. 16, 16, 17. is. 7)0,51. 9 urn-. 15 ftn. ■ tw, 17. rufofuliginus, Colobus, 436. rufomilnttat, Colobus, 432, 440. rufoniger, Colobus, I 1NDE 521 Col*' rufop i t :i . 217, rufotineta, Las* opi'rticm, rt^/br 'i>itfucus, Cercopithecus pygerythrus, 373. Laaopyga, 373. '-as, 303. ru/*.' 7 1 rtdaci xhmidH, 361, 406, J 1 -' cus thomasi, 360, 361, 389, ( ". •!« • • 17 1. MO, 171. I H 171. but .-mu' >1< ii-i-. 17 I 259 ' ■ - Pant h. t:i par 25& mbn 154, aabakiensis, FelU leo, 223. 166. sandbergi, Colobus angok t7i. sangiii' ■• Hi. 178, 17'' ...-/.>, 17.". Basil -li- - us pata«, :>' 808, t_'7 hMMDUl | 111. Ill Lasiopygit 107 natanii i H (la "it,.. 480. -155, 360, 361, 406,408, 107, Hi • Ccrropithfcutd i, 359, 406. LMftopgrgm, 873; 100. Lasiopygti. 105, K>7. I in. ill. Lasiopyga ascanius, 112. twyopffa, 800, 100, !<>♦'•. il-'. schneideri, Anihnpopitktcm, 48L schubolzi, .\uthmin)f,i(tnru.s, 402, 485. •pithecus leucampyx, 391, 392, 399. \l»na) leucampi/s, . 391. ( lolobui (Tropioolobm . 1 10. Cnlnhns [Tropieolab L56, Lanio/ii/f/ii l< 'Kiimpyi, 399. schwcinfurthi. Pan. 17'.i ftn. 17! i ftn. schvvrinfnrtlm. Pa., pa < i.n < i.w . PI 'ftn. Mil. senex, Hmophheooi tentui tcaaarum var., 300. arnruj M golago, 300. 264, 209. i -,74,269,. 523 IXDEX Felts, 264, 265, 266, 267, 260, 270, an. I/ptailurus, 74, 77, 78, 79, 267, 268, 269, J7« 1M-. LXV-I.XXI; PI. I.WIV. fiK. 1. stnalina, Felis, 265, 270, 271, 272, 273. FelU servalina, -71 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 126, 126, 127, 128 (Fig. 18), 129 (Fig. 19), 130 (Fig. 20B). PI XIV, fig. IT XV. tiK. 1. tharpei, Colobus, 111, 171 Colol-u- :UlU"lrIIM>, 17 1. sibatoi, Cercopithecus leucampyx, 391. Lasiopyga Uucampyx, 360, 391, 399. signata, Lasiopyga, signatus, Cercopithecus, 355, 372. Protoxerus stangeri, 39, 41, 42, 61. silacca, Lasiopyga, 373. silaceus, Cercopithecus, 358. silvestris, Papio, 310. Papio, 317. Simia, 284, 308, 312, 373, 374, 375 ftn., 377, 379, 422 ftn., 477, 480, 491 ftn. Simia, 290, 306 ftn., 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 361, 362, 374, 375 ftn., 377, 378, 385, 398, 414, 11, 432, 433, 435, 436, 477, 478, 479 ftn., 480, 481, 485, 496. Simia- , tmilhi, Herpestes, 160. somaliensis, Felis leo, 223. Leo leo, 223. Sorex, 157. Soricidie, 1, 2, 4, 17. Soricina?, 2. sotilue, Atelerix hindei, 13, 16, 17. Erinaceus, 13. Erinaeeus albiventris, 11, 16. Galago, 302. soudanicus, Canis anthus, 81. Thos anthus, 73, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82. PI. VI, figs, land 2; PI. VII, fig. 1. spasma, Vespertilio, 375 ftn sphingiola, Simia, 308. Sphinx, 311. sphinx, Cynocephalus, 308. Pfepio, .{(Mi ftn., 307,308. I'upio, 308. \ :t(Mi fin.. 31 1,312. spiriilus, Atelerix, 13. Erinaceus, 9 ftn., 11, 13. spinifrx, Atelerix, 13. gfcMfcymfofow, 482. siairsi, Cercopiihecus, 355, 357, 371. Cercopithecus stair si, 371. Lasiopyga, 371. stampflii, Cercopithecus, 3">.">, 870. stangeri, Protoxerus, 39, 41, 42, 43,59,61. Sciurus, 59. steindachneri, Anthropopithecus, 482, 485. xticticeps, Cercopithecus, 358. Lasiopyga, 370. strepitus, Papio. stuhlmanni, Cercopithecus, 355, 391, 398, 809. Cercopithecus leucampyx, 370. Genetta, 73, 76, 78, 122, 131. Genetta, 119, 125. Lasiopyga, 370. Lasiopyga, 397. Lasiopyga leucampyx, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290, 391, 822, 397, 398, 399. PL XCIV, fiK. 2; PI XCV. Bhynohoeyoo, 2, 8, 4, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34-35 (Fig. 1). PI. I. Rhynchocyon, 20, 21. lthynchocyon stuhlmanni, 2, 3, 1, 20. 8uahelica, Felis pardus, 256. Panthera pardus, 252, 257, 260, 264. PI. XLII; PI. Xl-III. suahelicus, Felis leopardus, 252, 257. suahilica, Felis, 256. sublutea, Simia, 308. 8tibviridis, Cercopithecus, 372. Simia, 353. suilla, Simia, 312. surura?, Crocidura, 1, 3, 18. Bus, 375 ftn. Sus, 375 ftn. sylvanus, Simia, 177. sylvicola, Simia, 308. Sylvisorex, 2, 3, 4, 19, 20. INDBX 68a Urnionotus, H*rp*mm\ 188. Ichneumon, 158. tajar ftn. talai <»pi*A«ctM. 573. Cercopithecus talapoin, '■■ ;73. talbot J02. Talpa. 157, 176 ftn. Tami '.57,58. tantalum. Owoopitlmm, 118, -pithecus, 353, 357, 358, 372, U& Cercopithecus tantalus, 37 J. Lasiopyga, 872, 417. 11$. Lasiopyga, 415. Laayopyga, 360, 418. 75 ftn. • Mhlura turl'S, 17. TmJm Tayassu, 375 ftn. 'I'ithecus, 370. temm >cus, 353. 133, 436. teng, Otolicnus, 300. Uphrops, Cercopithecus, 353, 372. 4obtK,4J8 .459. terreetris, Colobus abyssinicus, 439, 171. tcaaellatu! ;io. nil. 119. .. 284, 286, 288, 289, 317. Mil, ft*. 1. twmnnni, Mundnllu*. US, m*m\lm'i\d\i, 8imis\ 188, lit, Thmunthmpu*, »77 Then .aw, 313. •18. laOur, roio6i« II 17 1 i, ( Vn-npithecus, 360. Cercopithecus, 356, 360, 361, 389, 112, Cercopithectu I' host i Crocuta, -M7. U& Gologo (Hemigalago), 303, 305. Lasiopyga, 371, 389, 390. 31 thoth, Cynocephalus, 309, Papio, 309, 311. togot 9 val), 269. I (Served), I H\:i'na(Crocotta),218. toldli, Cercopithecus, Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus), 335, 360. tonaor, Galago elegant ulus, 302. torquatu-. Ctiuoouiw, 881, 02, i35. > rcopithecus sethiops, 327, 328, 330, 331, 334 ftn., 335. tridactylus, Bradypus, :i7o ftn. M vniKcophaga, 375 ftn. Troglodytes, 477 Troglodyte*. 177 180, 181 troglodytes, Anthropopithecus, 477. Engeco, 477 inthropus, 477. ISO. Tropicolobus, 432, 43". ». MO. HI (Ttopioolobw), Colo1 440. Colobus, 440, 453. tschego, Troglodytes, 480. tumliili, LaaOfrjp p\ >jirvthra, 360. turl.a, ('r.Mi.lura. 1. 8, 1. 17, is. dura turl' typicus, Papio cynocephalus, 314. uelensis, Cercopithecus braxur, 361, 380, 884. Laaiopyga brassv, 284, 286, 288, 880, 880, 380. 881, 884, 886, 3s7 fin. P V I PI V II ueOensis, Colobus (Guereta) matschiei, 188, 180 Colobus matschiei, 472, 471 ugmndrn, Cercocebus atbigena, 329, 345. I ocreata, 75, 77. 7S, 278, 279. uiua, Colobua (Tropicolobut), 430. INDEX umbroauB, Galago craasicaudatus, 302. unicornis, KhiiKMcms, A7~i ftn. urinatrii, Mangusta, 164. urxinus, Cercopithecu* bamadryas, 313. i'u.x, 435. Colobus, 433, 435, 436. n>r, /Julius, 808. 157, Vansin-, 163, 169, 167. ttt/MiVf, Athylai, 171. A1 170. AfOox, 164, 17". 1 variabilis, Colobus, 4.*>7, Colobwt (Tropicolobus), 440. variegat Papio, 308. v.II.tosus, Gold <">■ Phi, I7'.tftn.,496. . 436. Simia. 17M'm.. 17«»ftn. Troglod;, reloz, Cynogale, 1 tomy8, 4. Mythum*, 8,4,5,7,8. I'otamogale, 5, 6, 7, 8. Coloboa, Veapertilio, .'{7") ftn. ■ In1'. 17 . 131, . D; Ml -'7 . 1 in p, 28B, /; . in I ml:-. 29B, D), I u Fit-. 800; :. lit,. 117. lis. 119, 117, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161. Yivrrricula, 143. M, 109. 109. ing-sira, 166. vulgaris, Panthera, 248. mi. 1'h.. ungleri, Cynocephalus, 818, werneri, Cercopithecus, 354 Lasiopyga, 372. Papin, 810. I."). Cercoctbw Leptoctbut aJbigena, 329. Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus) cynosu- 359. Colobus angolensis, 171. Colobus {Colobus) paUialus, 438. Colobus pallia! us, 171. whitci, ErythrooebtM, 858, 878, i-'7, 428, 181. whUeridei, Cercopithecus ascanius, 358. Lasiopyga ascanius, 871, 412. ■■ i, Cercopithecus pygerylhrus, 357, Lasiopyga centralis, 373. "wissmanni, Hvana (Croootta ,218. wclfi, Cercopithecus, 355, :;7 1 . 104. Lasiopyga, 284, 287, 289, 371, 404. Xenogtde, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 153, 177, 197, 188, I'M', 800, 801, 858 804. Xrru- . 61. yaguanmtii, Ibrpailurus, yambin/;i, Simia i l:\iithraprtpilhecus) koo- \oe bamba, 181 yokoensis. Papio, 810 zanzibaricus, Galago, 301. /.(■lira, Crossarchus, 127. Crossarchus, 156. Mm z.-.l.i. Ekythroeebua, 362, 373, 426. /.( nk( ri. (ercocebus albigena, 329, 331, Idiurus. 13,68,69,71. Idiurus /..nk.ri. 39, 41,42, 43, 68. Mandrillus. 812. zihitlui, Yin nil, 108, zulucnsis, Galago, 301. v.47 K Medical af Natural rk PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY