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BULLETIN
DE LA
SOCIÉTÉ ENTOMOLOGIQUE
D'EGYPTE
FONDÉE LE 1" AOUT 1907
Fatti non foste a viver corne bruti. Ma per scgair virtiide e conoscenza
DANTE
Année 1916
1*' Fascicule : Janvier-Mars
. C -t-^to fc-'»' T —
LE CAIRE
IMPRIMERIE PAUL BAIUIHV 1916
BULLETIN
de: LA
SOCIÉTÉ ENTOMOLOGIQUE
D'EGYPTE
NEUVIÈME ANNÉE
1916
BULLETIN
DE LA
SOCIÉTÉ ENTOMOLOGIQUE
D'EGYPTE
FONDEE LE 1*' AOUT 1907
FciUi non fosle a viver come bruii, Ma per seguir virlude e conoscenza
DANTE
Année lOlG
1'' I'ascicim-; : .Ianvii:i{-Maus
— <■ eX"«>y6> ■» -
LK CAIRI-:
I.MI'ltlMKHII-: l'Ali, BAHBEY 19 Hi
BULLETIN
DE LA
SOCIÉTÉ KNTO.MOLOGIQUÉ DÉGYFTé
Membres du Bureau pour 1916
Président MM. le I)' WALTER INNES BEY
Vice-Piésulenl » le I)-^ LEWIS (iOrOH
Secrélaiie gene rai. . . n FHAXK WILLCOCKS SecictaiiT adjoinl. . . » AXASTASE ALFIERI Trésorier-Bibliothécaire » ERNEST W. ADAIR
Liste des Membres de la Société en 1916
(Les noms des Membres rondatcurs sont précédés de la lettre F)
Membres Honoraires
U){)8 MM. Ali. UAL I) (Charles), ;{, rue du Dragon, à Paris (()'•).
» Bi'.ni.r. (Louis), 20, rue de l'Odeon, Paris (IV").
» Bl'CiMo.n (Prof. Edouard), «La Luciole». Aix
en Provence, l'arance.
» Bi'YSSON (Henri du), Château du \'ernet, par
Broùt-Vernet (Allier), France.
6 Bulletin de hi Sociclé lùìtoniokxjicjiie d'Eyijptc
1908 MM. Buvssox (Robeit du). S' Rómy la Varenne,
par S' Mathiuin (Maine ci Ix)iie), France.
*; » Fauvix (Albert), 3, ruq CJioron, Clacn ((>al-
A'ados), France.
1909 JoANNis (L'Abbé J. de), 7, me Coëtlogon,
Paris (()'■).
1908 .Jol:>sk,aume (I)'- Félix), 29, me de (iergovie,
Paris (14<").
1909 Mahchal ([)'• Paul), Directeur de la Station
Entoniologi(ine de Paris, 30, rue des Tou- louses, Fontenay aux Roses (Seine ),France.
1908 Pic(Maurice),à Digoin ( Saône et Loire ).France.
1909 Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring Herts,
Angleterre.
1908 Simon (Eugène), 16, Villa Said, (70, ruePer-
-golèse), Paris (16^).
Membres Titulaires
1911 M>L Ahaza Bey (S.K. Abdel Hamid), Ministère des Wakl's, au (^aire.
1913 Abaza (Fouad), I5oite [iostale N" 03, au
Caire.
1908 Adah\ (Ernest W.), Turf Club, au Caire.
1909 Alfieri (Anastase), Poste Restante, Pagala,
au Claire.
1916 Amic (Charles), Compagnie du (^anal de
Suez, Kasr-el-Doubara, au Caire.
Lisle des Membres de ht Soc ici ê en 1916
190H Aynr.i.NA (Kiiric-o), Sharia Za[)li('li, au Caire..
1<)()S AiniN Pacha (S. 10. Yacouh), Sharia Xubar
Pat'ha, au (".airc\
r.lOS liAHAiu (d.C), Sharia Mikhaïl (.ad, Falcala,
au C<aire. i
11 ()7 Bav (I)' ("r.), Zciloun, près le Caire,
11)11 Bi:iu;evin(K. de), Hue KJyséo Reclus. Aliter,
Al;j,érie.
\9\'2 Calvi (Alberto), Sharia Boulac, au Caire.
1^)12 Caphaha (César), Caisse de la Delle Puhli-
(|ue, au Caire.
lUOS Cattaoui (Adol{)he), Sharia Kasr-el-Xil, au
Caire.
I" CiiAKoru ( iMliçard), (>onipai>iHe des l^aux du
Caire, Boulac, au Caire.
11)10 DiHSKi (!)'■ lîronisiaw), villa Wanda, à Hé-
louan, près le Caire.
V.Viï) Direcloi' Zooloi^ical Ser\ ice, (ihizeh. i)rès le
Caire.
lilO.S Dic.Ho.s (Uippolyle), 10, Sharia Wahour-ei-
Moïa, au Caire.
P.)i;{ l'jtMiN (iM-èic Paul), Alep, Syrie.
V Fi:nHA\'ri; ((iioxanni ), Avocai, 4, Shaiia Co-
llari, au Caiic.
lOO.S i^'oirri-; (A.), .\\ocat. Sharia Chérifein. au
Caire.
VM)\) (ÌANTKS (Kdouard), Ini^. Ai^ronouie, Sharia
Ihrahinii, Kasr-t-l-Douhara, au Caire. 1
8 Bulletin de la Sociélc Enlonwhxjùjiie d'Iùjypte
1914 Garboua (Maurice), Sharia Kenissa-el-Gué-
dida, Kasr-el-Nil, au Caire.
1907 Garozzo (A. s.), Ingénieur, Sharia Abbas, au
Caire.
1908 Gatinkau (D' L.), Sharia Boulac, au Caire.
1912 GouGH (I)"" Lewis), Directeur de la Section
d'Entomologie, Ministère d'Agriculture, au Caire.
1914 Graves (Captain Philip), Turf Club, au Caire.
190<S Grken (Jacques^, Avocat, Sharia Madabegh,
au Caire. 1908 Hess (D-- Ernest), 4, Sharia Emad-el-Dine,
au Claire. 1908 IcoNuMOPOULO(Léonidas), Sharia Zaki, Te\v-
hkieh, au Caire. 1912 Innés (Edmond), Square Halim, Esbékieh,
au Caire.
F Innés Bey (D- Walter), Square Halim, Esbé-
kieh, au Caire.
1912 IsMALiM (Max), 7, Sharia Sadl, Kasr-el-Xil,
au Caire.
1915 .Illlien (Joseph), Compagnie i\u (>anal de
Suez, Kasr-el-Doubara, au Claire.
1914 KESSKD.JIAN (Zara), Ministère d'Agriculture»
au (^aire.
1916 Laiss-Leimiurg (Prof. Ant.), Ecoles Royales
Italiennes, Boulac, au Caire.
190'S Levy (Joseph), 54, Boulevard Perreire, Paris.
Liste des Membres de la Socièlè en 19 U)
1916 Mi:zRAHi(SnI()iiion), Sliarin Solcinmii Pacha,
au (^airc.
1907 MossERi (Victor), Ing. Agronome, 2:5, Sha-
ria Ahoii-Sehàa, au C.airo.
1908 NuBAii Pacha (S.K. Boglios), Sliaiia Xiihar
Pacha, au (^airc.
1910 Paciundaki (D.), l^oilc jioslalc N" li;58, à
Alexandrie.
1910 Pevkhimiioi r (P. de), 7S, Boulevard Bon
Accueil. Alger, Algérie,
1911 Pkthoff (Alexan(h-e), Consul Impérial de
Russie, Boulevard Bamleh.à Alexandrie.
1908 Pi:zzi(K.). Avocat, Sharia Kasr-el-Nil, au
Caire.
1908 PioT Bey (.I.B.), S(|uare Halim, Kshékieh,
au (>aire.
190S UrFi):ii (Sir Armand), Président des Servi-
ces Sanitaires, Maiiliuies et Quarantenai- res d'I^gypte, à AU'xandrie.
1910 SoL'SSA (I)' 'l'ewlik), Sharia Soleinian Pacha,
au Caire.
1913 St()ui:v (Ciilhert ). Maadi. près le Caii'e.
1912 SiHCOLi" (,hic(|ues), Museum d'Histoire Xa-
luielle, Paris, France.
1909 ToDi) (D^), TuriClul), au Caire.
F WiLLCocKS (F.C;.), Futomologisle de la So-
ciété Sultanieh d'Agriculture, Boite postale N'^G;}, au Caire.
10 Bulletin de In Société Kutomologique d'Egypte
1912 WiLKiNSOx (Richard), à Mansournh (lînsse-
Egyple).
Membres Associés
1910 Abdel Malek (Ragheb), Ministère d'Agri-
culUirc, au Caire.
1916 P]L DiB(Mousla[)ha).Minislèrc'(rAgriciilliire,
au Caire.
19U) ISKANDKH (Negiiil)), Ministère d'Agrieiillure.
au Caire.
1916 Helmy (Mahmoud), Ministère d'Agricullure,
au Caire. 1916 Zaki (Mohamed), Ministère d'Agriculture,
au Caire.
Abonnés
The Imperial Entomologist, Agricultural Research his-
titule, Pusa ( Bihar), India. The Treasurer, Agricultural Dept.. Nairobi, British Fast
Africa.
Liste des Sociétés qui ont accepté l'échange de leurs publications contre les publications de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte.
Algérie. — Société d'Histoire Naturelle de l'AIrique du Nord, Faculté des Sciences d'Alger, Alger.
Liste des Membres de la Société en lOKi 11
Angleterre. — The Imperial Bureau of Enfoniology, Re- vie^v of Applied Kntoinology. 89. Queen's (laie, London S.W. Novilates Zoologicae, Tring Herts.
Australie. — The Knloniologist's Ofhce, Dépariaient of Agrieultuie, Sydney, X.S.W.
Jujijple. — Soeiélé d'Histoire Xalurcllf d'Alexandrie, B.P. li;i(S, Alexandrie.
Ministère d'Agrieulture, Bil)liothè(jue, an (^aire.
Canada.— ^ Entonioiogieal Soeiety of Ontario, Ontario.
Espagne. — ^Juiita para ani|)liaeion di Kstudios, Moretol, Madrid.
Real Sociedad l^^spanola de Historia Naturale, 74, Alphonso XH, Madrid.
Etats-Unis. — l^alValo Society of Natural Sciences, Rullalo.
The Lihrary of the American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, 77lh Street, S Avenue, New- York.
New-York l-2ntomological Society, Kastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New -York.
Academy of Natural Sciences, l-jitomological Sec- tion, Lagon S(juare, Phila(lel[)hia.
American Hnlomological Society, Lagon Stpiare,
Philadelphia. The I'niled Stales Di-partment of Agriculture,
Washington, U.C.
12 Bulletin de ht Société Entomolocjique d'Iùjypte
United States National Museum. Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, D.C.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Fmnre. — L'Echange, Digoin (Saône et Loire).
La Feuille des .leunes Naturalistes, 3, Rue Fresnel, Paris (16'"').
La Revue d'lMitomologie, 3. Rue (Mioion, (^aën (Calvados).
La Revue Seientiiique du Bourhonnais et du Centre de la France, Moullins (Allier).
Société d'Etudes des Sciences Naturelles, (>, Quai de la Fontaine, Nîmes.
Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, Athénée, 53, Rue des Trois (^onils, Bordeaux.
Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la I'rance, Nantes (Loire intérieure).
Société Entomologi([ue de France, Hotel des Sociétés Savantes, 2(S, Rue Serpente, Paris.
Société d'Etudes Scientilìciues de l'Auhe, Carcas- sonne (Auhe).
Italie. — Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova.
Società dei Naturalisti, 48, S.Sebastiano. Napoli.
Accademia Scientilìca Veneto Trentino Istriana, Padova (Veneto).
La R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria, 19, Via Romana, Firenze.
Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria, Napoli (Portici).
Liste (Ics Mciììhrcs de hi Sociélè eii 1916 13
Mozaiìihiqne. — Hei)(M-ticao de AgricuKma de Provincia (li Mocambiciiia, Laiirenzo Marcjucs.
PoiiiKjdl. — Sot'iélr Portugaise des Sciences Xaturel- les, 144, Hue Santa Maitiia, Lislìonne.
Hussie. — Société b>ntoni()logi(lue de Russie, Moika Ut), Palais Ministéi'e d'Agriculluri', l'elroi^rade.
Hevue Russe d'iùilonioloi^ie, Uspenskij X" 3, Petro- grad e.
Suède. — K. Swenska Veienska|)sakadeniien i Stockolm, Stockholm.
Enlomologiska Foieningen,Bruttninggaten94,Stock- iiolni.
Kgl. \'ettMisk. odi ^^'it[eI•h. Sanilialle, Ciotehoig.
Suisse. — Schwi'izerische h^ntoniologisclie Gesellschaft, Bern.
Xatuilbrscliende (iesellschalt, Zurich, internationaler hjitoniologenverein, (Societas ento- mologie"!, M. Rulli). Zurich.
l'oui' cliangcnu'ut (Tadi-esse, ei reur ou omission, s'adres- siT à Monsieur le Secrétaire (lénéral. Boite l\)stale X" 4;U).
14 Bulletin de la Société Entomologiqiie d'Egypte
Séance du 12 Janvier 1916
Présidence de M. le D' Walter Innés Bey
Modifications aux Statnts.
II est décide d'ajouter à la fin de l'Article 2 des Statuts :
Les fonctionnaires du Gouvernement et les employés de la Société Sultanieh d'Agriculture travaillant dans les Services Entomologiques, et recevant des appointe- ments inférieurs à L.E.12 par mois, pourront être admis à faire partie de la Société au titre de membres «Asso- ciés» s'ils ont obtenu leur diplôme à l'Ecole Sidtanieh d'Agriculture du (>aire.
Ils devront être présentés et élus comme les mem- bres titulaires.
Ils recevront toutes les publications de la Société.
Ils n'auront pas droit de vote.
Ils ne pourront remplir aucunes fonctions dans le Bureau.
Leur cotisation annuelle sera de P. T. 2").
Les associés n'auront pas tlroil à un diplôme.
Tout membre associé peut devenir membre elTeclif en se conformant aux Statuts et Règlements prescrits par la Société.
Séance (III 12 .ìanrier 1916 15
Communications
Observations sur Sphenoptera trispinosa Klug
(Col. Hu|)r('sli(la(.')
pai- M. Anasiash Aliœui
Vin visilanl poriodiciiienn'ul des Scshdnid n'ç/iiplidca Fkus. — arhiisles ([iie les t'cllahs noniiiient Scfischàn cl (ju'ils enn)loient Ibrt souvent pour clôturer leurs champs — j'ai pu observer (jueles larves de h\ Sphenoptera trispi- nosa vivaient dans les tiges des Seslninia, de préférence vers le bas de c«es plantes.
La fige atta([uée j)ren{l, suivant Fimportance des dégâts, une teinte brunàtri^ sur une surface pkis ou moins étendue. Souvent celte surface est molle au toucher, j)ai suite des ravages faits en dessous. Quehjues fois il se produit sur l'écoree une fente longitudinale plus ou moins grande |)ar laciuelle il se dégage un licpiide (pii devient viscpieux et noircit en desséchant. Si la fente est assez importante l'on apperçoit à l'intérieur des matières jaunâtres qui sont les déjections des larves.
Au début, le cycle évolutif des jeunes larves est li- mité entre l'écoree ell'aubier (ju'elles sillonnent de préfé- rence de haut en ])as. A mesure (pi'elles grandissent les larves s'enfoncent plus profondémi'nt dans le bois et ce sont alors des galeries (prelles creusent.
If) Bui le I in (le hi Société Entoin(Ao(ji(iiie d Egypte
Descai)lures do rinsecte [)arraU faites à Clioubrah l)en(ìant les mois (le .hüll à Novembre lUîo, à Kmbaba en Décembre 1907, prouvent que Spheiioptera trispinosa n'a qu'une seule génération par an.
Outre ces observations sur la ])io]ogie des larves en voici quehiues autres concernant les mcrurs de l'insecte parfait :
Contrairement à ce (jui a lieu en général cliez les autres insectes qui regagnent leur retraite bien avant la fin du jour, Sphenoptera trispinosa ne semble nullement disposé a quitter l'extrémité de la ])ranclie sur laquelle il termine sa journée.
Pendant le jour cet insecte se tient bien cramponné à la l)rancbe à l'aide de ses six pattes. Ses antennes sont le plus souvent ramenées sous la tète et sous le prolbo- rax et, lorscjue ses grands yeux lui signalent l'ennemi, il s'empresse de tourner autour de la brandie pour se dérober à la vue. Pendant le crépuscule, au contraire» ses pattes postérieures sont relevées et ses antennes sont portées en avant alin de pouvoir déceler le moindre danger qui le menace.
En approchant de l'insecte un fétu de paille j'ai constaté ((u'aussitôt il ramenait ses antennes sous lui et ses pattes postérieures abaissées lui })ermettaienl de re- culer et de se porter du côté opposé de la branche où il gardait une immobilité absolue. Quehpies instants après, ayant éloigné le fétu de paille et m'étant tenu immobile moi-même, j'ai observé que l'insecte, estimant tout danger passé, reprenait sa première position et ne cherchait plus à cacher ses appendices.
Il serait intéressant de savoir si l'insecte agit de la
Séance du /? Jdiiiner 1916 17
même manièro (juaiid il fail coiii|)I("'U'meiil nuit, mais robscurité fsl le grand obstacle pour des obser\ations de ce genre.
Notes on a Machine to kill Gelechia larvae by Hot-Air
and the Effects of Heat on Gelechia larvae and
cotton-seed.
bv D' Lkwis (iok.ii
In January 1911 Mr. Storey and 1 piiblislied the re- sults of a series of experinuMits made to discover a me- thod of treating (".otton-seed in ordi'r to lull (leleehia larvae without injuring the seed.
As a result of these ex|)erimenls two machines were eonstructed and erected at the Slat(^ Domains at Sakha. These machines were, lirslly ; a fumigating apj)aratus built to our design by Messrs T. (looked Son, Hulacand^ secondly, a machine acting by Hot Air, designed and constructed by Mr. (aovisier of the Slate Domains,
lîoth Machines wt'rc demonstrated to ginners and other persons interested in .lune 191 1. Our fumigating machine lullilled all thai was expected of il, killing the larvae without damaging tin- seed, at a piice that would not be exorbitant. It however did not meet the approval of the ginners because the gas we were using, Carbon bisulphide, is explosive when mixi'd with air, and the ginners were afraid that ils em|)loyment might mean u
18 Ihilh'liiì (le ht Socìctc KntomoUxjiquc d'Eyijple
rise in Ihe cost of their insurances. The Hol Air machine aiso proved a success, but was objected to on account of the hui^e space it retjuired and its somewhat limited output.
Both these machines were intended as models only, and were intended to demonstrate a principle. That they tailed to raise much interest was because no one was compelling the Ginners to undertake the destruction o- worms in cotton seed and consequently they were adop' ting a waiting attitude before introducing costly ma- chinery.
The results of the meeting showed that dinners would object more to any machine eni])l()ying a poisonous or explosive gas than to a machine whose action was based on the application of heat. The Ministry of Agri- culture consequently decided to elaborate a machiiie on the latter lines and to have a working model erected.
The contract was given to Messrs T. Cook and Sons, Boulac. in .hinuary 191Ô. and the machine was expected to t)e delivered by the end of Fe})ruary. Owing to the war delivery was not actually made until November 1915.
The machine is really a very simj)lc one. In its main lines it consists of a furnace for the generation of tlie hot air, a hot air chamber though which the seed passes, and a motor.
The hot air chaml)er is a rectangular box, of iron, isolated on the outside by asbestos to avoid loss ofheat. Internally there are four endless bands made of iron chains, with trays on which the seed is carried. By a contrivance the seed after having been carried nearly the whole journey of the upper surface of the upper
Séance du l'2 .htnricr lOKi
19
part of a band is dischariijed onto Ilio upper siirraco of the lower pari oltlie same band, IVoni liere alici" liax'el- lint; nearly tbe wliole journey it is airain (lis(haii;c(l onto (be upper surface of Ibe uppei- pari of llie ne\l band and so on until linally it is disi'bari^ed into an Arclieniedian screw conveyor wbicb carries it into tbe sacking exil.
Tbe seed is fed in at tbe top of tbe niacbine by an automatic bopj)er, wbicb drops in exactly tbe (pianlily of seed re([uired to make a layer one seed deep on (In- endless bands.
A fan situated near tbe feed in causes a continuous draft of ail' to circulate Ibrougb tbe macbine. Tbe air is exbausled from Ibe bot air generator, a brick cbamber surroiuiding Ibe furnace.
Tbe temperature is regulated by a damj)er wbicb opens or closes by means of a screw. Tbis damper is interposed between tbe bot air generator and Ibe bol air cbamber. A tbermometer passing into Ibe body of Ibe bol air cbambei- indicates tbe beat of tbe air at Ibal part of tbe macbine. and is used in regulating llii' Icmpcra- tures. By oj)ening Ibe damper as soon as any indication of a fall is evident, and by closing it as soon as a rise commences it is i-asily possible to kee|) llie iiKicbine regulated to -f- or — I i' degree of llie desidcrc d lem- j)eralure. Tbis leguialion could of course be mack' automatic if necessary. We bave not lilted an aulonialic control on account of Ibe extra expense, our funds not being very large.
!n working tbe macbine tbe following factors have to be considered. 1 ) Tbe outside temperature Ibe temperatnieoi'lbeset'd.
<0 Bulletin (le Id Sociclv lùìloinologiqiie d'Eijypte
2) Tlu' lime rcujiiiied to pass through the machine.
3) The temperatine the maeiiine isreguhited to give.
4) The temperaliire ol" the seed at the exit.
A few deductions are fairly obvious,
The principle underlying the working of the maclii- ne is to heat the seed enough to kill the worms, hut not to injure the seed.
The worms apparently die at a temperature some- where near 50'Mhe seed not till it has reached a tempera- ture of about 'oh'\ If it were possible to make tlie machine have a uniform tenij)erature ofóO'^ and to allow the seed sidiicient linu^ to reach this temperature, all worms would be killed without any injury to the seed.
In order to economise time and to increase the out- put the time allowed for the passage is shortened to some prearranged unit. The time is then left unchanged and the temperature regulated in such a way as to ensure that the seed shall be sul)jecled to sufficient heal to bring its internal lemperaluie somewhere between the critical temperature for the worms and for the seed.
In our experiments the lime allowed has been \) mi- nutes, 7 minutes and f) minutes. It is intended to test 3 minutes as soon as circumstances permit.
The following data were obtained in winter weather (temperature 10-2.)").
At 9 minutes s[)eed, the usable lemperatures have been found to lie between 7ô-(^'(J" and 85-90". That is to say 7.')° killed %% of the worms. Sii" kills 11)0'^ of the worms, <S.V' does not yel alfect Ihe seed and UÜ" can be reckoned to kill about 10% of the seed.
At 7 minutes speed the usable temperatures lie be- tween 85-90- and lOO-lOô". 80" killing 98 X of the worms,
Seance du 12 Jannicr ]91(i 21
90" killing lOOX of Ihr worms, 10)' not :llrl•ci■m,^ the seed lOrv killing nhoul 10-21)% ol" the seed.
Al .") ininules sj)ee(l Hie usnhle teni])eralnres lie be- tween KK) - 1 10" and 11.')- 120". Here U).')" kills IX) ;„ of the worms, 110" kills 100 X oi' the woriiis. Ilo" does not yet alTeet the seed 120" kills less than 10% olthe seed.
In j)raelice oneado|)ts the lowest temperature Ibiind to kill all the worms, and ihiis woiks wi'll within the salety lem[)erature lor the seed. As the machine regulates to + I/-?" and might he allowed to rise ahout 20 limes that amount without danger to the seed or to tall 10 times that amount without leaving more than -.'^orthc worms alive it will he seen that the machine can be worked with perfect salety. Wet seed is not more af- fected than ilry.
Asa proof of our perfect conlidence in our hot air ma- chine it can be stated that we are executing orders lor seed lor exportation lo Iheii* AlVican [)ossessions for the Italian (ioveiiiment, and have an ordei" for treating seed 'intended foi' expoitation to the Sudan.
22 Bullclin (h' la Société Entomologiquc dlùjyple
Séance du 2 Février 1916
Présidence de M. le 1)' Waltkii Ixnes Bky
Xoininations :
M. Antoine Laiss-Leinibiii-g, ])roresseur aux Ecoles Royales Italiennes de Houlac, est nommé membre titulaire.
Messieurs Neguih Iskander, Hagheh Abdel Malek, Mouslala el l)ib, Mohamed Zaki, du Ministère d'Agri- culture, sont nommés membres associés.
Communications
Les Parasites de la Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers.
])ar M. Anastase ALriEur
Pour constituer une série (1) des insectes allacjuanl la Sesbdiiid il m'a paru intéressant de citer trois autres parasites, l'un se nourissant des (leurs et les deux autres
des graines.
Les Heurs de la Sesbania sont altatjuées })ar la chenille du Poluoiuniatiis hacticus L.
(1). Vide Bull. Soc. Eni. Egyp, 1910, fase. 1, p. 15
Scdiicc (hl '3 Février 19 Uì
2.'}
Les œiiCsde ce LicaMiidc sont poiüliis k' plus s(3uv(MiI sur les jeunes bourgeons, (|uel([ues Ibis sur le e:iliee des lleuis et plus i;ireuienl sur les |)él:iles. Les elienilles (pii éeloseul sur les bouri^eous péuélreul ;i l'iniérieur, s'en nourrissent et ne les (|uillenl (\\.\v l()rs(|u'il n'en reste |)lus ([ue l'enveloppe extérieure et s'en vont nlors à la recherche des pétales, (belles (|ui éelost'iil sur le calice des Heurs se dirii^enl veis les pétales dès leui- nais- sance. Il est rare de trouver plus d'une chenille par lleur. Au début les chenilles se nourrissent de l'intérieur delà lU'Ui, (|ui est plus tendre; ])!us lard elles déNoiH'ronI tout ce ((ui est tleur sans toutefois toucher au calice. Quand elles atteignent une certaine gran<leur elles ne vont plus sin- les Heurs cpie |)our se nourrir: le reste du temps elles se tiennent sur les branches. IMus elles grandissent plus elles ont tendance à se porter vers le bas de la plante, où les branches ploient moins sous leui- poi(is. Au moment de devenir i-hrysalide la chenille {]uilte la plante et se réfugie sous les feuilles desséchées (pu recouvrent le sol au-dessous de la Scshaiiid. Il n'y a ])as de cocon |)roprem(Mit dit mais (piehjues soies (pii relit'nnent la chrysalide i-nlie (juehjues feuilles. Souvent aussi ri(Mi ne protège la chrysalide.
l'n llyménoptére : lùuucncs gracilis Saiss, (jue j'ai caj)turé tenant dans ses pattes une chenille (pi'elle avait anesthésiée par uuv piip'ue, et les fouiinis (pii vident plus que la moitié des chrysalides jonchant sur le sol, peu\enl être considérés comme ennemis des PolijoiniiKilus.
(!!es obser\atiünsont été faites à Ch()id)iah à partir du .'L\vril,(lale(lelapontedes(rufsol)sei-\és.à lin Mai, (la le des premières éclosions. Des jeunes chenilles (jue j"a\ais oh-
M IhiUelin de la Société Enloinolo(jique d'Iùjijpte
scrvées cmi Novembre dernier apparlenaienl eerlnlneinenl à une autre généralion.
Les graines sont attaquées, quand elles sont fraîches et encore dans les cosses, par un Hyménoplère de la famille des Chalcidides : Enrytoma sj)ec. ? et par un C.oléoptèi-e Lariide : Bruclius sj>. ? fiilnns All. ou di- lli tas Mots.
Il est presque impossible de reconnaître sur les cos- ses les traces d'entrée des larves. Les trous de sortie ont un peu plus d'un millimètre de diamètre.
Les graines atta([uées ne contiennent jamais plus d'un parasite, (ju'il s'agisse liu liriicJuis ou de V Eiirijtoma ; par contre des individus de celte dernière espèce peu- vent infester toutes les graines de la cosse qu'ils attaquent.
Les éclosions observées ont eu lieu pendant tout le mois de Mai, jiendant lequel les Seshania pullulaient d'Eiirijtoma el de quelques Briichiis, et en Octobre.
Pour permettre à M. E. Adair de terminer ses obser- vations sur le développement de VAnieles aeifijpiiaca, sa communication sera publiée dansle3""" Bullelinde l'JKî.
Séancc dn 1er Mars 191G 25
Séance du 1 Mars 1916
Prési(Ieiu-c de M. le D' Walteu Innks Bi:y Xoiniiialioii : Monsieur C.harles Amie esl iioninié inenil)i-e litulaiii'.
Communications
Notes on the Egyptian Honey-Bee
l)v Dr. Lkwis (ìoLdii
The l']^yp(ian Iloney-hee, Apis fasvidla is a very (iisliiiel speeies ol' Honey bee, dilTerinii IVoni the Kuro- pean speeies not only in eolouialion and size, but also to some exlenl in its habits.
Most of the Knroi)ean speeies oeeur still in a wild stale, and ean still i)e found nesting in hollow dees or in similar plaees. I have not yet lieard of sueh an oe- eurrenee in the ease of tlie I'^gyptian bee, and am inclined to consider it to be a more thoroughly domestic species than any of its relali\es.
In the Ibllowini; descriplion of the lire-habiis of the Egyptian bee, I will have lo mention a number of lads
2() Uullciiìì de Ut Sociéli' l'jìtoiììohxjiqiie d'Egijple
already well known in connection with the olherbreeds, in Older lo poinl onl llu' special peculiarities of the in- sect under discussion.
Like all other speci(>s of Apis, .4. fascidld lives in communilies consislinj^ of males, lemales and workers; the workers beini^ lemales retarded in their sexual development, and at the same time specialised Tortile puri)Osesorcarryingon the workofthecommuhity.
It is well known in connection with the life-history of the drones in European breeds, that the communities only tolerate drones at certain seasons of the year, antl that duriui^ the rest of the year the hives contain no drones. In England, bees commence rearing drones at the commencement of the breeding season, and drones are found in the hives from the middle of May to the latter end of .Inly, ore\('n to ihc vnd of August. Then, as the breeding season is over, and the drones are of no more use to the community, the workers exclude the drones from the hive. In conse({uence of exposure, and of not being al)le to ol)tain food in the hive the drones die.
With the Egyptian bee this is to some extent ditTer- enl. A thriving couiuiunity will be found to contain drones all the year round. During the winter they are certainly rarer than in suminei-, buta few are normally always present. Drone Ijrood is actively being raised in .laiuiary, and to some extent throughout the next live or six months. I have observed the slaughter of drones with Egyptian bees, l)ut it took place in February, at a time when the community was actually rearing drone- brood. The object of the slaughter in this case was not to rid the community of useless mouths, which is consi- dered lo be the,, reason for the same performance in
Srtdìcc (III lev Mars IHK!
lùiropcan bees, hui ex idcnlly in order to onsuie Ihc fer- lilisnlion of Ihc cxjiccted young (|ii('cmis hyyoiiiii; drones.
In Ihe ease of all Honey-bees, \vhen a eoniniunity has reached a eerlain uiaxiniuni population, or w heii its nest or hi\e has beeonie too small lor its needs. ;i portion of the eoniniunity llii's away, talking the old (jueeii with it and starts a new colony in a new nesl. This is called swarniini;. IJt'l'ore swanning lakes place (HM'tain indications serxc to show the bee-keejier what he must expect. The bees cluslei' aiound the entrance of the hive, crowds ol' them silling on the alighting board ol" the hive and above tlu' entrance hole. Then more and more bees come out and lly aiound, near the hive, linally with a rush a very large proportion ol the |)opulalion comes out, among them the queen, l-'lying together in a cloud, the bees letive the immediate neigh- bourhood of the hi\(\ and mo\iug together they linally alighl on some object, such as a tree or shrub. Here they l'orni a dense cluster, with the (pu'en somewhere in their midst. The cluster hangs free from the sup|)ort, bee sitting on bee. or hanging IVom bee. Ilaxing settled in this way they remain (piiet, sonu-limes lor hours il' left undisturbed ; at the end of this time all take wing again and enter a ca\ ily ol' a tree, oi- a hole in the earth to start a new nesl. unless they haw been taken and hived in the mi'anwhile. lìt-l'ore leaving the bivi' each bee has lilled itself uj) Nxitli honey, in order to caiiya reser\ (' of food lo ils new nesl, and to sia it building new comb, lîees full of honey rarely sling; I'oi' this rt'ason swarms aie usually easy to handle.
Swarming takes place in exactly Ihe same way in the case of the l\gy])tian bee, the only dilTerence I ha\e
28 lìiìlUlin de hi Sociclc Entonìoloijiqnc d Egypte
noticed Ix'iiii^ an inclination on their part to settle im- mediately, at a distance of only a lew yards from the original nest.
IF the community IVom which the swarni procee(ied is a strong one, and has succeeded in raising several (jueens, it will soon send olT further swarms. These are known as alterswarms and contain virgin queens. They behave in every way like true swarms. However as soon as the community has settled ina new nest, the queen Hies out and copulates with a drone.
In other species ol" bees an al'terswarm normally contains only one (|ueen. In alterswarms olthe Egyptian bee one finds very frequently many (jueens, np to 40 being observed. IT hived without further precautions these (pieens woidd swarm again repeatedly, until the bees were divided u[) into very small communities.
This brings us to a new notable dilTerence of habit. European bees very rarely raise more than six to twelve (|ueens at a time, usually less. The I^gyptian l)ee on the other hand usnally raises huge numbers of cjueens sim- ultaneously. I know of one case where over 3G8 queens were reared by one community. In another case a weak community reared in midwinter over 70 (jueens.
Examining a hive which is re(|ueening itself, one often linds huge numbers of queens, running even into hundreds. Such a slate of things never occurs in Euro- pean breeds. However when more than one ([ueen is present, one can be certain that they are all virgins. Egyptian ([ueen bees that have been fertilised are ((uite as intolerant of rivals as the (jucens of other breeds.
It must not, however, be supposed that the queens alone lake over the function of ridding the hive of sur^
Séancc du Irr }rars Wlß 29
plus virgin (|iietMis. I ha\(' i'eponfedly observed Ilia! :is soon as one of Ihc (|iiec'ns lias hrcn nialed and has rc- lurncd lo tlu' hive, llic woi'kcrs eject llie \ir_i^iii (jneens and prevent Iheir i-eluriiiiiL;, llms lulling in Ihe same way as they do (irones.
Fertilised ([ueens are h'd by the workers in all breeds, virgin (jueens I'vvd Iheniselves. It is easy lo gel a iiive ol" liigyplian iiees to lake care ol'and to feed any "reserve" queens one may iiave, by plaeing Ihem sepa- rately in wire gauze cages al Ihe lop of the hive. I have kepi reserve queens alive lor weeks in this way in a hive which had its own fertile (pieen.
Should the queen ol" a hive die for any reason, liie workers immediately start rearing new (jueens. For this ])urp()se liiey re(|uire either eggs or larvae under three days old. Queen cells are normally jiroduccd at Ihe edge ola comb. The Fgyplian bee in addition often jiroduces (jucen cells on bracket combs projecling from the sur- face of a brood comb. These bracket combs are produced in advance of i-ecjuirenients, and very often contain eggs, which not being lecjuiied are lefl unallended, Ihe larvae not being reared.
Should the (jueen die at a lime when there are no eggs or no young brood in Ihe hive, one or more of Ihe workers is induced to lay, being fed and treated as a ((ueen by the other workers. This appears to happen more freely with Egyptian Ihaii with European bees. A laying worker is very hard to lind, as it differs very little from the others. But it is very easy to see when a hive has a laying worker, because she lays more I ban once, fre(pienlly as many as se\en or eighl eggs in each celLl^'urlher, all Ihe laivae di'\i'lopiiig from bei' eggs are
30 Biilleliiì (le la Sncìclv Knlomohì(jì<}UC d'Egijpte
(Iroiïcs, pvcii when raised in woiker cells. In such cases the cells are loo small lor the larvae and pupae, and when covered in are recognisable as containing drone brood by the convexity ol' their capping.
In spite otlieing smaller insects than European bees, the l\gyi)tian bees make cells ol the same size as Euro- pean bees. They can consequently utilise arlilicial foundation made for Eurojiean bees.
The Egyptian bee does not gather propolis, and has not the unpleasant habit some other l)reeds have of sticking all parts of their hives together with this [)ro- duct.
The time required for development by Egyptian bees appears to be the same as in the case of other species.
Egyptian bees hybridise very readily with imported species, and the offspring of Ijaslards or of cross-fertili- sed (jueens usually resem])les l^]gyptian bees, more espe cially in the workers, but to a less degree in the case of queens and drones.
It has long been considered that drones are always ])roduced from unfertilised eggs. In this case the drones ought to resemble the race to which (he mother belongs. However in the case of some Calilornian (ìold l)ees which weie without doubt pure bred, daughter (|ueens, crossed with Egyptian or (^priole drones, have never raised thorough bred Calilornian Gold bee drones. On the con- trary, their drones vary considerably in markings and colouration, but always resemble Egyptian drones more than Californian drones.
The Egyptian bee does not collect much honey, about 10 — 20 kg. per hive being (pule a good return at Maadi. It has a further disadvantage when compared
Srance du 1er Mars ÎOUi 'M
M'ilh lùiropenn l)ree(ls in llial il reruscs lo work in llie iijìpor chainbi-r of an Kni^lisli iiive.
During Ilio winlcr, l^^gyplian îk'vs collt-cl \erv little honey, living on their reserves ; although lùii'opean and bastard l)ees kept in l\gypl conlinue working.
The daily eleaning llighls lake pUuH' in wintei- al midday, in summer the daily Mights take place in the morning and e\ cning. During the hottest part of llie year, very little aetixity is to he ohserxcd at michhiy.
Bastai'd hees \\ith l^gyjilian hlood, as has already lieen said, resemble Egyj)lian bees in colour. Theirhabits, however, are a stiange mixture of the habits ol" both an- cestors. I'\)r instance some l\gyplian (ìoldbee bastai'ds of mine, on recjueening produced over 40 (jiieens. These same bastards have tolerated their drones throughout the year ; like their American ancestors lh(\v |)roduce j)r()j)()lis and seal u\) their hive with it, and they ha\(' l)een actively collecting honey in winter. These bastards have also the valuable instinct of working in the u|)])er storey ol" the hi\e. They I'orm laiger coniniunilies than the Egy[)tian l)ee. and are in my ()|)inion a great impi-o- vement on the l^gyplian bee.
The chief enemies of the l^gyplian bee are the Oiit'ii- tal Horni'l and the two W'axnioths.
The hornet is the most serious of tln-se. It becomes especially abunchiiit in the autumn, and then a|)pears lo s])ecialise on bt-es I'oi- I'ood. lU'foic August 1st xcry lew hornets come to the hi\es, but at this dale sonn> other source of food must cease, causing them to turn their attention to bees. Xatixc l)ee-keepei"s usually employ labour to kill hornels near the hives. The betlei- way is ül" course to look Ibi' and to deslrov hornels nesls. The
52 Büllcün de ht Société Enlonìologiqne d'Egijplc
hornets not only seize all bees leaving or returning to the hives, and kill and carry them away, l)ut also ac- tually enter the hives and rob brood, honey and bees. I have even lost ([ueens this way. On one occasion a whole community swarmed out on account of the hor- nets in the hive. Carbon bisulphide poured into the hive made an end of the invaders, over 500 of which were found dead afterwards.
Last Autumn I did not lose any swarms by hornets, having allowed shrubs to grow up and cover the hives. The hornets did not seem to care to enter the shelter of the shrubs, and the bees esca])ed. In former years I have always lost 50;^ of ray hives on account of the hornets, the hives standing as normal in the o})en.
The two waxmoths also do considerable damage, and require constant attention. However, b}' cleaning out one's hives monthly they can be kept well under. Unfor- tunateh' it is not advisable to ojien hives during the hornet season, August to December, and Waxmoths get very plentiful during this period.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES
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1
SOMMAIRE
Pages
Membres du Bureau pour 1916 5
Liste des membres de la Société en 1916 5
Lisle des Sociétés qui ont accepté l'échange» de leurs publications contre les publications de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 10
Séance du 12 Janvier 1916 :
Modifications aux Statuts 14
Anastase Alfieri : Observations sur Sphenoptera- trispi-
nosa Klug 15
D«" Lewis Gough : Notes on a Machine to kill Gelechia larvae by Hot-Air and the EfTects of the Heat on Gelechia larvae and Cotton-Seed 17
Séance du 2 Février 1916 :
Anastase Alfieri : Les parasites de la Sesbania aegyp-
tiaca Pers 22
Séance du 1«^ Mars 191ÇU:
D'' Lewis Gougii ^^Notes on the Egyptian Honey-Bee... 25
La Société Entomologique d'Egypte tient ses séances le premier mercredi de cliaque mois (excepté Juillet, Août et Septembre) à 6 heures p.m., dans la Saile de i'Insiitut Egyptien.
Elle publie : ^
1° Un Bulletin trimestriel qui contient des travaux de peu d'étendue, accompagnés ou non de figures dans le texte. 2^ Des Mémoires qui paraissent à des époques indé- terminées et qui comprennent des travaux originaux plus étendus, accompïïgnés ou non de planches et de figures dans le, texte^ ^
La Société dispose des Bulletins publiés depuis sa fon- dation jusqu'à fin l9ì'^ (prix P.Tj. 10 le numéro), du Bulletin 1914-1915 (prix P.T. 40), et des fascicules 1, 2, 3 des Mémoires (Prix P.T. 80 lé fascicule.)
Les Bulletins et les fascicules des Mémoires de la Société sont en vente chez M. le lìibliothécaire de la Société. I5üiie - Postale N" 4:)0.— Le Caire.
Pour la correspondance scientifique, réclamations et cliangement d'adresse, s'adresser a M. ,1e Secrétaire général de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte.
Boîte Postale N° 430. — Le Caire
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