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Published monthly by the
New York State Education Department

BULLETIN 378 ~— JUNE 1906

New York State Museum

Joun M. CLarKE Director, ©: wee

Bulletin 102 GD
ECONOMIC sy SRE

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSFRY

AMERICA ETH NOLOGY
OF

NEW YORK STATE‘ ' © RAR
REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 2905

BY ¥
D. H. NEWLAND

ae PAGE
Pee hog ce ne ee 45 Occurrences 7 ose. ea te 84

Introduction..........+..00-. 46 Notes on mining develop-
- Mineral production ‘of “New 1 fientsuy. So Ske 88
York in 1904...:..... get Mathes, siete ict eee eR ee ree
Mineral production of “New [MillstGnests Wes iae eo. ye eo id
ee OE TOGOS: . . 2) es se AD | Minerilspaiuts.) 2. eee soe
5 Ai eee eee 59 | Mineral waters.-. EN Waa gr II2
Carbon dioxid........ oa i eae Srl Watuedlweol boc (52 Se Ets
Clay... Ae eee sr Gere 26 | Peat nesses eee e nese sees 11g

: : et ee ev bp 6 © Oe fe se Oe ees 8
Be: and character of j | ae eae Pe ee ae
“SASSER: aaa SOL bce iaeey os Suny Se eae nanan
Utilization of shale.......... | ere ra aa te Sal EA: me
Production of clay materials. . ek ae eit eee : =
' Manufacture of building brick. SRM eo ord eas a os Set ate ae
4 : Other clay + ae pate eee PE POE Be gS Soe ire F- ee
rs - oes Clea pee Production ai) ieee she 132
Diatomaceous earth........... peers pee eo ee ae ape
Ai ae eae Marbla.iJ.0: seug? ep sco Res
meee eect =... ek Sg es pre ot se BRERA
Garnet RT Pe ky BE ey Tote Tap... a Natrol cx gr enen oho eee awa a eel se 152
Graphite eseev0e0e7,e7e Fs FF Fe ezreveeeee : Ke a et, 2 eran mo Oi ae ne eS OD, 6) ©) 2, w 154
Gypstei.... 1... aie tie nn TR : Are aaa leads. ss. c<ang ae nies « 157.
2S eee eee a Directory = mines and quarries. 161

Production........ Re a hes Py Oa gee ha ee a oes a

ALBANY
NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
x, 1906

M163m-My6-2500 - | Price 25 cents

i:

pI S

1913

1917

1908
IQI4

-Ig12

1907

- Igto

1915
IQII
1909
1916

STATE OF NEW YORK
_ EDUCATION. DEPARTMENT

Regents of the University —
With years when terms expire

WHITELAW Reip.M.A. LL.D. Chancellor. - - Newoname
St Crarn McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L.

Vice Chancellor - - - - - - - - - - Brooklyn
Daniz, Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. (> - 9 -'- -) = Wages
Puiny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. - - - - - Palmyra
T. GuILForD SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - - Buffalo

Wituiam NottincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - Syracuse
CHARLES A. GARDINER Ph.D. L.H.D. LL.D.

D.C. -s - oe en se New oe
ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D, LL.D.

- Albany .
EDWARD LAUTERBACH M.A. LL.D. - - - New York
EuGENE A. PuitsBin LL.B. LL.D. - - - - New York
Lucian L. SHeppen LL.B. - - - = ~- + = Plattebere

Commissioner of Education
ANDREW S. Draper LL.D.

Assistant Commissioners

‘Howarp J. Roczrs M.A. LL.D. First Assistant Commissioner

Epwarp J. Goopwin Lit.D. L.H.D. Second Assistant Commissioner
Avucustus S. Downine M.A. Third Assistant Commissioner

Secretary to the Commissioner
Harian H. Horner’B.A.
Director of State Library
Epwin H. ANDERSON M.A.

Director of Science and State Museum

Joun M. Crarxe Ph.D. LL.D. si

Chiefs of Divisions

Accounts, WILLIAM Mason
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN
Examinations, CHARLES F. WHEELOcK B.S.LL.D. °
Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A. |

. Law, Tuomas E. Finecan M.A.
Records, CHARLEs E. Fitcu L.H.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. Case
Visual Instruction, DELANcEy M. ELLts

New York State Education Department
Science Division, April 5, 1906

Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education

My DEAR sir: I beg to communicate herewith for publication
as a bulletin of the State Museum a report on The Mining and
Quarry Industry of New York State for the vear 1905, prepared
by D. H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist.

Very respectfully
JoHN M. CLARKE
Director
Approved for publication, April 6, 1906

AHMSD

——

Commussioner of Education

New York State Education Department

New York State Museum

Joun M. CrarKxe Director

Bulletin 102

ECONOMIC. GEOLOGY 15
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY
OF

NEW YORK STATE

REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION. DURING 1905
BY

D. H. NEWLAND

PREFACE

The present bulletin is similar in plan to the one issued in July
1905, entitled The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State.
Its scope has been somewhat enlarged, however, by the inclusion
of several additional subjects and by a more comprehensive treat-
ment along some lines where new material has become available
since the previous issue. ‘The statistics and notes relating to recent
developments have been revised and brought up to date.

Owing to frequent inquiries for such information, it has been
deemed advisable to supplement the text with a list of producers
in the different departments of mining and quarrying.

In the preparation of the bulletin much assistance has been
received from those engaged in the exploitation of the mineral
resources of the State, for which it is desired to express grateful
acknowledgment.

460 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

INTRODUCTION

The mineral resources of New York are the basis of a con-
stantly widening industrial activity. About 30 materials are now
commercially exploited, many of them on a large scale, giving the
State prominence for its varied and extensive mining industry.
While no systematic attempt has been made to ascertain the num-
ber of workings (mines, quarries and wells) that are engaged in
productive operations, the total may be safely estimated at over
10,000. The aggregate value of their output last year, according
to returns received at this office, amounted to $34,663,553.

The valuation given is founded, for the most part, on products in
their first marketable forms, and though useful as a standard of
comparison it does not adequately represent the relative position
or importance of mining in the general economic development.
There are many varied industries established for the purpose of
elaborating such products by chemical, metallurgical or manufact-
uring processes, and their welfare is materially promoted by the
existence and utilization of the local resources. The reports of
the United States Census office for 1900 (the last year for which
data are available) state that the industries based primarily on
substances taken from mines and quarries contributed a produc-
tion in that year valued at $492,701,525, which placed New York
second among the states in this department of manufacturing. The
total was distributed among the different branches as follows:
chemicals and applied products, $58,870,609; clay, glass and stone
products, $42,594,874; iron and steel and their products, $157,-
050,481; metals and metallurgical products other than those of
iron and steel, $93,341,219; miscellaneous industries, $140,844,342.
The value of the products as above stated represented 22.6 per cent
of the aggregate reported for all manufactures in New York for
that year. It would be of interest to determine the proportion of ©
the products made from local materials, but unfortunately this
information can not be had from the reports.

That the mining industry of the State is making good progress
is evidenced by the returns received for the last two years, which
are embodied in the following pages. The aggregate increase in
the values of the products reported last year over the correspond-
ing figures for 1904 amounted to $6,100,958, which is a gain of
21 per cent. Nearly all branches of the industry participated in
the advance, showing that it was rather the result of normal growth
than of any temporarily favorable conditions in individual lines.

Among the more notable features of the record for 1905 was the

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 47

progress reported by the iron-mining industry. The production,
which amounted to 827,049 long tons, was the largest since 1892
and represented an increase of 207,946 tons or 34 per cent over the
total for 1904. With the exception of the Old Sterling mine which
was reopened during the year, there were no changes in the list of
producers. The magnetite mines contributed a total of 739,736
tons including 432,867 tons of concentrates. In several instances
important improvements have been made to the equipment of the
mining plants, and a still further increase in the output may be
anticipated for the current year. The Fair Haven Iron Co. has
been recently formed to mine ore at Fair Haven, Cayuga county,
in the Clinton deposits, and plans are under consideration for the
reopening of the Benson mines in St Lawrence county.

The manufacture of clay products is expanding at a rapid rate.
The output in 1905 was valued at $14,280,016, a gain of $2,775,312
or 25 per cent during the year. - There were 250 plants in operation
divided among 45 counties. Building materials (brick, tile, fire-
proofing and terra cotta) constituted the sum of $11,314,909. The
output of brick in the Hudson river region alone numbered 1,219,-
318,000 valued at $8,191,211. The manufacture of the finer pottery
wares, a comparatively recent development in New York, has become
of considerable importance, the value of the output of porcelain
and semiporcelain (tableware and electric supplies) last year
amounting to $1,400,325.

In the quarry industry conditions were more favorable than in
1904, particularly with regard to building materials. The value
of the stone products, exclusive of slate and the limestone used in
making Portland and natural cements, aggregated $6,107,147, an
increase of $937,206 or 18 per cent for the year. The total was
distributed according to the various uses, as follows: building stone, °
$1,488,009; monumental stone, $187,988; curbing and flagging,
$1,037,210; crushed stone, $1,902,623; other uses $1,491,317. The
growing demand for crushed stone for road and concrete purposes
has been one of the leading factors in the expansion of the quarry
operations.

The plants manufacturing hydraulic cement reported an output
of 4,375,520 barrels, consisting of 2,117,822 barrels of Portland and
2,257,008 barrels of natural rock cement. The industry more than
regained the ground lost in the preceding year when it experienced
a serious setback due to oversupply and low market prices. The
output of Portland cement has grown steadily since the first estab-
lishment of plants within the State 25 years ago, and the quantity

48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

reported for 1905 was almost as large as the production of natural
rock cement which has had a much longer history.

There was little change in the salt industry during the year; the
total of rock and brine salt produced amounted to 8,575,649 barrels
Or 1,172,591 short tons. This is a decrease of 140,119 barrels
from the quantity reported in 1904. The prices obtained for the
different grades were, however, above the average, and the value
of the output which aggregated $2,303,067 exceeded that of the
preceding year by $200,319. A considerable proportion of the salt
production is used for the manufacture of soda products.

The mines and quarries of gypsum made an output of 191,860
short tons. a gain of 40,405 short tons for the year. The greater

Mineral production of New York in 1904

UNIT OF
PRODUCT MEASUREMENT QUANTITY VALUE

Portlands&cement 2 ee ae Barrelsner <2 airs) el oy eee $1 245 798
Naturalerock cements yan oa nkel Smee acne t 881 630 I 207 .6a8
Bonldame rick. Ait | isan ce Mhousands .oo..) L2o8 e5ae 7 473 122
HE OU Taya ore ea are eye AU GLE RR Gin ee Palco in de Avro comin Moke ea Re AE a I 438 634
Other clay eee Me ara Derr cats eight te f DM NTA Pande 2 592 948
Crude clay.. a hae ONOL TOMS eae 8 959 17 164
LO vanish eects aretha ae aera ae Shot: tons se I 148 17 220
Heldsparand quartz... ..2. ol lzone tonsass see S7og 28 463
Gann Siesr iy eh rere alae Shore tons... 2. 3 045 104 325
Giassisand, (23602 .05.05.0 5004 |) SHORE TONS Aaa II 080 8 484
Graplaive rae tek cement Pounds siccennl ole eeoen I1gQ 509
GiyPSUe sei ee so) oe Se SHORE CONS ee eer I5I 455 424 975
bromeonely teh 2. ues ool one tonsa ae 619 103 I 328 894
INDI S COMES. vo sec Saha) Soe or ols alll Meese Bee pe eg oa 21 476
Metalic paint. .2. 0:2... -427| “Short tons seme 4 740 55 768
SIAbC PIPtMeNts..c6 4 4). =. vis us| MOTE abOns rename Gi SZ 23 876
Mineral waberssen. 2.2 oo al Gallonser She alpm 1c) erste xsV9. I 600 000
Natural Gaseey..2)o. mn | LOCO cubic feet. .| 2 399 987 552 197
Petrolemm.; Shao. 25 ties CBarels aaa eee L036 179 I Yoo 776
JPAANIIS. a eehchs «We «Seis eel | LOM DOM Siete 5 275 20 820
Salt... a oie eek ene Biarrelsias cease es) eee aoe Os 2 102 748
Roofing slate... x ahh ailacfes PENS GELB Sie cree epee 18 090 86 159
Slate manufactures Pee ae Sear eb ly cass Ue a idetid sad ct ec Age
Granite cna Vt alee hes eee) ee re 221 882
TEATESTONE fies oe er es BO a es | 2 I04 095
Marbles icc. Sindee Gotan Della oe sce oe ATS 77a
Sandstone. co. 2.63 ws 3 Seco ee ee t 896 697
dhe 2h Oke ee ee ONE DTM Ty Gy fois auc Waco doe 468 496
SUEY TOME git, Bie One Sts) WG ARSE, Short-toncse eee 65 000 455 000
Other materialse. ce. kee oo eee 750 000

Total value w. sc .n idee < t)aeee Se ee eee $28 562 595

a Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth, marl and sand. The
value is partly estimated.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 49

part of the increase came from the companies manufacturing wall
plaster and plaster of paris.

The combined value of the petroleum and natural gas produced
in the State was $2,173,931. The quantity of petroleum made was
949,511 barrels. No noteworthy discoveries of new oil pools were
reported, and here is little prospect of there being any marked
expansion of the present productive fields in the future. The
natural gas industry, however, continues to show progress, due to
the active development of the Erie county field. At a value of 23
cents per 1000 cubic feet, the average reported by the principal
producing companies, the total quantity of gas produced was
2,639,130,000 cubic feet.

Mineral production of New York in 1905

UNIT OF
PRODUCT MEASUREMENT QUANTITY VALUE

Peo cement.,......:..-.| Barrels.....-.... 2 117 822 $2 046 864
Natural rock cement........ ageese ck 1k. 2 257 698 I 590 689
Readies brick... . 2... 2.1... Pheusandss 26) Tr Fra. 457 IO 054 597
2 DPTEGST oa. ob eee ari eee decrees Ae a I 621 558.
Other clay Te Sei cies pel eae ee 2 603 861
Crude clay.. Eee SHOT CONS 82 5+ % 6 766 16 616
LOL %. Short tous... 4: EATS I2 452
Feldspar and Lesa jah eee one touss'.. 2 .. I7 000 48 500
Garnet.. : ape i EV ONOEG, COS a bi; 2 700 94 500
Glass sand. . Re ee ee ee OMOEELOMS : 2. <2’. 9g 850 a 7G
W730 LE ee Pouads = 2.1 3867 616 142 948
Peete ee St Ss | Short tons... -.. 191 860 5k 103
Spee es 2. .| Long tons... .. 827 049 2 192 689
ol SRDS. oy 25 ig Pe Rd ere 22 944
Mepis paint..............| Short tons...... 6 059 70 090
Slate pigment...... pines Boies a SHOLL LONS: «2... 2. 2 929 22 668
Micra WOLEIS..:.......... Gallons.. 8 000 000 I 600 000
Miptnieete PAS. 2 255... ... 222.) 1000 cubic feet. 2 029 130 607 000
EeeMeE EE No sy oss ss x IBAEECISS oe eh 33 949 511 E(500%g92
Pyrite. . ee ota on One tOUS = 2c... 2. IO 100 40 465
walt... Pee ear oiseeae se. ap S&S S75 649 | 2 303 067
Roofing slate.. Pees OMMATCS. 5 asic « ; 16 460 | 94 009
Soecg oi pacitp a vee WRT) ister eet ee (eee I 000
CECERie. 2 2. ac LR Paes eal Oe oe earners ae 253 955
PLES ESS a a 8 Se ene a | 2 4II 456
LEE LE So es TR age I Se en nN ce G74 5ST
DELI AUES Ban 2 ee ere ee ee een cS | 2 043 960
SESE os csc cu ey i a a aia nny 623 219
E22. SS Sel aaa arene Snort tons... 2... 67 000 469 000
LLES SEs Se el ge Ge te ee 775 000

EEL WS SSs 2 Ee I fi Ok ee | $34 663 553

a Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth marl and sand. The
value is partly.estimated.

50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The mining of graphite is a small but firmly established industry
which gives promise of steady growth for some time to come. The
graphite obtained from the deposits is of superior grade and is
readily marketable. Several new companies are now operating in
the Adirondacks, where the main deposits are found. The output
of graphite in 1905 amounted to 3,897,616 pounds valued at $142,948.

The talc mines in St Lawrence county supplied 67,000 short
tons, about the same quantity as in 1904. The production is gov-
erned by the requirements of the paper trade and shows little
fluctuation from year to year.

gle ven DAIS:

Apatite is a crystallized form of calcium phosphate. It contains.
when pure about 90 per cent of tricalcium phosphate and Io per
cent of calcium fluorid which may be replaced by calcium chlorid.
It is a common constituent of igneous and metamorphic rocks, par-
ticularly granites, gneisses and crystalline limestones, but it occurs
in greater abundance in dikes and veins and in association with
iron ores. .

The principal uses of apatite are in chemical manufacture for the
preparation of phosphoric acid, phosphate of lime and. artificial
fertilizers. Competition with rock phosphate, which is found in
large deposits in many parts of the world, has restricted the mining
of apatite, and the output is confined practically to the few localities
where it is associated with other valuable minerals. Both apatite
and rock phosphate are sold on the basis of content in calcium
phosphate (bone phosphate), as determined by chemical analysis.
The former ordinarily contains a higher percentage of this com-
ponent, so that it is preferred for preparations entailing expensive
processes of manufacture.

In New York State, apatite has been produced for several years
by Witherbee, Sherman & Co., of Mineville. The mineral is. dis-
seminated in small grains through the magnetite found-at that
locality, paricularly in the deposits of the Old Bed group: It
frequently forms 5 per cent or more of the ore, in which it is con-
spicuous by reason of its reddish color. To render the iron ore
suitable for smelting, a partial elimination of the apatite is neces-
sary, and this is accomplished by crushing and passing the ore over
magnetic machines. Two separations are made, the first yielding
a concentrate that carries about 65 per cent iron and a tailings
product consisting of magnetite, hornblende, apatite and quartz,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY SI

The tailings are again treated on a machine supplied with stronger
magnets, which takes out the remaining magnetite as concentrate
and the hornblende as middlings product. The tailings from this
separation consist of apatite and quartz carrying about 60 per cent
of tricalcium phosphate in a marketable form. They are shipped
to fertilizer manufacturers. The hornblende middlings also con-
tain 30 or 35 per cent apatite, but they are not utilized to any
extent at present. The first separation is made on Ball & Norton
endless belt machines and the second on Wetherill machines.

So far as known, the only locality in New York State where
apatite occurs in deposits free from admixture with other minerals
is near Crown Point, Essex county. The deposit has been described
by Emmons' who named the mineral eupyrchroite on account of
the green phosphorescence which it displayed when heated. An
analysis gave about 85 per cent tricalcium phosphate. The deposit
consists of botryoid concretionary masses of grayish color and
occurs in gneiss near the contact with limestone. It was mined on
a small scale about 50 years ago.

The crystalline limestones of the Adirondacks and southeastern
New York frequently contain apatite, but. the occurrences ar eonly
of mineralogic interest. Among the best known localities are
Gouverneur and Hammond, St Lawrence co., Natural Bridge,
Lewis co., and Amity, Orange co., from which many specimens have
been taken for museums.

CARBON DIOXID

Carbon dioxid, or carbonic acid gas as it is commonly called, is
produced commercially at Saratoga Springs. It accompanies the
mineral waters, issuing in quantity from the wells and natural
springs.

The gas is found at depths ranging from 150 to 600 feet. Though
its source and the precise conditions under which it accumulates are
more or less conjectural, there seems to be little doubt that the pro-
ductive area lies along a zone of fracture and faulting which involves
the sedimentary and underlying crystalline rocks of the region.
One marked fault has been traced from Saratoga southwest toward
Ballston, approximately in line with the wells.2, The geologic sec-
tion includes Potsdam sandstone, resting unconformably upon Pre-
cambric gneisses, and Lower Siluric strata as high up as the Utica
shale. The general experience in drilling has been that the gas

1Geol. N. Y. 2d Dist. 1838. p. 252.
2Darton. N. H. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, 1894. 2:50,

52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and mineral waters are stored in limestone below the Utica shale,
which indicates a Trenton or possibly Beekmantown (Calciferous)
horizon. Wells driven through the limestone into the Potsdam have
Deeuiwealkenedsinitonees: |

The recovery of the carbon dioxid is a special industry, inde-
pendent of the production of mineral waters. About 30 wells have
been drilled for gas, though not all are used at one time. It is said
that the average well yields about 400 pounds of gas daily, with a
flow of five or six gallons of water a minute. The yield can be
greatly increased by pumping. The larger plants are now supplied
with pumping apparatus operated from central stations and con-
nected by pipes with the different wells. The gas is separated from
the water at the mouth of the well and is conveyed to a gas holder
for storage preparatory to charging into cylinders.

The carbon dioxid as it comes from the well contains a small
percentage of impurities, chiefly air, but it is superior in this respect
to the gas produced by artificial methods. Hydrogen disulfid is
found only in traces. A singular feature is the occasional occur-
rence of so called “dry wells” which yield little or no water.

The output is shipped to consumers in steel cylinders. Powerful
compressors are employed for charging, and the gas is liquefied and
maintained in this state until used. It is sold principally to manu-
facturers of carbonated waters.

There are five companies engaged in the industry. The Natural
Carbonic Gas Co. and the Lincoln Spring Co. have plants just out-
side of Saratoga Springs, while the New York Carbonic Acid Gas
Co., the Geysers Natural Carbonic Acid Gas Co. and the Champion
Natural Carbonic Acid Gas Co. operate at Geysers, 2 miles south-
west of the village.

The average annual production, according to information fur-
nished by J. C. Minor jr, is approximately 4,000,000 pounds. It is
estimated that nearly as large a quantity is lost each year by the
escape of gas into the air from wells and openings in the vicinity
of Saratoga Springs.

CEMENT

Hydraulic cement is manufactured in 10 counties of the State.
Crude materials adapted for making both natural and Portland
cement are widely distributed, and the development of the manufac-
turing industry has been governed more by the commercial factors
of transportation and proximity to important markets than by any

1Minor, J. C. jr. Mineral Industry 1901. 10:772.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 53

limitation of natural resources. In these respects the Hudson river
region and the central and western counties along the main trunk
lines and the Erie canal possess the greatest advantages. The
Hudson river region comprises Ulster county, the largest center
of the natural cement industry, and Greene, Columbia, Schoharie
and Warren counties which manufacture Portland cement. Among
the other counties, Onondaga and Erie have the greater number of
plants and their products include both Portland and natural cements.
Livingston, Steuben and Tompkins counties, which make Portland
cement, complete the list.

Natural cement. New York has long been the leading producer
of natural rock cement. The first manufacturing plants were estab-
lished in Ulster and Onondaga counties soon after 1820. The growth
of the industry from the beginning was rapid. By 1840 there were
16 plants in Ulster county in the vicinity of Kingston, Rosendale,
Lawrenceville and High Falls, with a total of 60 kilns. The annual
production at that time is stated by Mather to have been 600,000
barrels. Owing to its excellent quality, Rosendale cement (the
trade name for the product of Ulster county) has been accepted as
the standard in all parts of the country. The industry reached its
highest point in the period from 1890 to 1900 with an average
annual output of 4,000,000 barrels. During the past few years the
industry has declined in importance owing to competition with
Portland cement. ;

The rock employed in making natural cement in this State is an
impure limestone occurring near the top of the Siluric. In the
Rosendale district the cement series includes the Salina, Cobleskill
and Rondout beds. At Rondout, according to Van Ingen, there are
nine distinct layers or strata aggregating a little more than 30 feet
in thickness. The strata have been sharply folded and the methods
adopted in their excavation resemble those used in coal mining. In
Onondaga county there are two beds of cement rock belonging to
the Upper Manlius. The upper layer attains a thickness of 4 feet
at the eastern border of the county and is separated from the lower
layer which is over 4 feet thick by about 3 feet of blue limestone.
The principal quarries are near Manlius, Fayetteville and James-
ville. The cement rock in Erie county is the Bertie waterlime,
occurring at the top of the Salina, and has a thickness of 5 to 8
feet. The quarries are located at Akron, Falkirk and Buffalo.

The cement rock varies considerably in chemical composition, but
in general it may be described as an impure dolomite or magnesian
limestone. The Rosendale rock contains 20 per cent or more of

54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

combined silica, alumina and iron oxid and from 54 to 75 per cent
of lime and magnesia carbonates. Analyses of typical cement rock
from the quarries at Jamesville, Onondaga co., show about 82
per cent of carbonates and 17 per cent of silicious impurities.
Portland cement. The manufacture of Portland cement in
New York has been a development of the last 25 years. The first

plant making a commercial product was erected in 1881 by the

Wallkill Portland Cement Co., at Carthage Landing, Dutchess co.
Limestone from the Helderbergian group and clay were used as
ingredients and the cement is said to have been of excellent quality.
The successful issue of this venture led to the establishment of a
larger plant at South Rondout, which was operated until destroyed
by fire in 1889. The first attempt to manufacture Portland cement
in the central part of the State was made in 1886 at Warners,
Onondaga co. The materials employed were Quaternary clays

and marls. This plant, afterward purchased by the Empire Portland |

Cement Co., has been enlarged and is still active. It was not until
about 1890 that the industry began to expand, the output up to that
time averaging less than 50,000 barrels annually. In 1890 the
production was 65,000 barrels; it increased to 87,000 in 1891, to
124,000 in 1892 and to 137,000 barrels in 1893, since which time its
growth has been rapid.

. The materials employed by the various companies operating in
the State include limestones, marls, clay and shale. The greater
number of plants use a mixt.tte of limestone and clay. The lime-
stones are from the Trenton, Helderbergian and Tully formations,
while the clays belong to the Quaternary. A mixture of marl and
clay is used by four companies. Shale serves as a substitute for
clay and is quarried at Ithaca (Hamilton series) and on the Hudson
river (Hudson River series). A brief description of the limestones
and clays of New York will be found under their proper titles.

Production. There was increased activity during 1905 in
cement manufacture in which both the Portland and natural cement
works participated. The aggregate production amounted to
4,375,520 barrels valued at $3,637,553. The gain over the previous
year, when the total was 3,258,932 barrels valued at $2,453,661,
amounted to 1,116,588 barrels or 34 per cent. The production was
reported by 21 companies in 1905 and 23 companie. in 1904.

The greater part of the increase was contributed by the Portland
cement plants which reported a total of 2,117,822 barrels valued
at $2,046,864 against 1,377,302 barrels valued at $1,245,778 in the
previous year. The production was the largest on record. The

~

SSS eee 3

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 55

market conditions, both as regards demand and prices, showed
material improvement, and the outlook is favorable for even greater
progress during the current year. There were nine companies in
operation, one less than in 1904. The plant of the Wayland Po:t-
land Cement Co., at Wayland, was destroyed by fire in the early
part of the year and the company has retired permanently from
the business.

Production of cement in New York

_—— ~

PORTLAND CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT
YEAR
Barrels Value | Barrels | Value
TS) 65 ooo $140 000 RO 7 50) $2 985 513
1) ° 2, 87 000 Igo 250 B Oat 3200 3 046 279
Lo Go: 665 I24 000 279 000 3 780 687 cney yf aay ped
Co) 2 137 096 287 725 3 507 758 Z-SO5. 387
20 Se TER 275 205 231 Pat AO | 320 I 974 463
Dod Soe 159 320 278 810 3030: 427 2 285 094
if)... 260 787 443 175 4 181 918 2 423 891
lod US] age ae 304 3908 690 179 4 259 186 Pes ee ay fy fat
MAS Rice. ce. ks 554 358 970 126 A P57 O 17 2 065 658
D0 00 ee 472 386 708 579 4 689 167 2 813 500
Lift 465 832 582 200 3 409 085 | 2 045 451
LS lo OL7 7228 O07 7228 BARAT Biv tL 177-2006
NEOGEO es. so I 156 807 I 52I 553 2 577 240 2EIB5: 026
eee ec. | ~F 6O2 O46 2OST Sto Nl 2 AT 7. 127 I 510 529
MOMOPEGR gel cc as 5 es es i eeoy) E2A5 7 7S 1 881 630 ie 207. 8O3
Tes. ele OO AID 2 046 864 2 257 608 I 590 689
{ 1

The production of natural rock cement amounted to 2,257,698
barrels valued at -$1,590,689. In 1904 the output was 1,881,630
barrels valued at $1,207,883. Separated as to place of manufac-
ture, the Rosendale district (including Schoharie county) accounted
for the larger part of the total, its output having been 1,977,698
barrels valued at $1,472,489 in 1905 and 1,452,516 barrels valued at
$1,011,761 in 1904. Erie county produced 203,000 barrels valued
at $86,700 against 332,781 barrels valued at $149,112 in the preced-
ing year. The remainder amounting to 77,000 barrels valued at
$31,500 in 1905 and 96,333 barrels valued at $47,010 in 1904 came
from Onondaga county. There were 12 companies active, a loss
of two for the year. The plant of the Cummings Cement Co., at
Akron, was closed down for the purpose of making extensive altera-
tions and additions, but it is soon to be reopened. The Potter-
Brown Cement Works at Manlius were also inoperative. The
property formerly owned by the Jamesville Milling Co, has beer
taken over by the Thomas Millen Co., of Wayland.

eee

56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Bibliography

Eckel, E. C. Cement Materials and Industry of the U.S. U.S. Geol. Sur.

Bul. 243. Wash. 1905.

Lewis, F. H. Manufacture of Hydraulic Cement in the U.S. The Mineral
Industry: Ve64 1807. .

Ries, H. & Eckel, E.C. Lime and Cement Industries of N. Y. N. Y. State
Mus. Buti. 44, Toot.

Clea,

The manufacture of brick and other clay products is the most
important branch of the mineral industry in New York. Clay
deposits suitable for making the common wares are distributed
throughout every section in practically inexhaustible quantities.
The rapidly growing market for these products has led to the estab-
lishment of numerous manufacturing plants in recent years, so
that now there is scarcely an industrial center of any size in which
they are not produced. This is particularly true with regard to
the manufacture of building materials, which are being employed
more and more widely as an element in permanent construction.
Owing to their cheapness, durability and the convenience with
which they can be adapted to meet the varied architectural require-
ments, the use of these materials will doubtless continue to expand
for a long time to come.

The manufacture of the finer grades of clay wares has not devel-
oped so rapidly as the other lines. In contrast with most of the
states along the Atlantic seaboard, New York possesses almost no
deposits of kaolin in quantity to be of economic value. This fact
has hitherto retarded the establishment of industries in which kaolin
is employed, but with improved facilities of transport, the deficiency
has become less formidable to local manufacturers. There are now
several plants in the State making tableware, electrical supplies and
other porcelain and semiporcelain wares.

Occurrence and character of clays

The distribution of clays in New York, as well as their character,
uses and industrial development, has been fully described in a
report by Heinrich Ries to which reference will be found under the
bibliography. The following résumé is largely based on data con-
tained in that report.

The soft plastic clays, as distinguished from shale, have been
deposited in the more recent geologic periods, ranging from Cre-
taceous to the present. The period of most abundant deposition
is the Quaternary, to which age belong all the clays of the mainland
so far as known. Cretaceous clays have a limited distribution on

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 57

Long Island and Staten Island, and a few deposits on the north
shore of Long Island have been referred to the Tertiary.

The Quaternary deposits have been formed under various con-
ditions, but are more or less directly the result of glacial action at
the time when this region was invaded by the continental ice sheet.
Some are of morainal character and were laid down under the
ice or at the ice front. They consist of stiff clay in unstratified
masses mixed with boulders, often of large size, that have been
ground and polished by erosion. Such deposits have not been
utilized to any extent except in one or two localities, owing to their
usually limited occurrence and the difficulties involved in their
treatment.

Most of the clay beds that are exploited are of glacial origin, but
modified by the sorting action of water. They occur frequently in
valley bottoms in basin-shaped areas which are the sites of lakes
and ponds formed temporarily by the damming of the natural drain-
age by the ice sheet or moraines left on its retreat. The beds range
from a few feet up to 50 feet in thickness and rest on glacial drift
or bed rock. They are normally of blue color, but the upper por-
tion may be weathered to yellow. Beds of sand and gravel are
frequently interstratified with them. In the Hudson and Cham-
plain valleys which were once occupied by large glacial lakes, clay
deposits occur in terraces extending several hundred feet above
the present sea level. The clay and accompanying sands were
contributed by the streams that flowed into these lakes.

Long Island. Clay beds outcrop along the north shore and at
several points on the main line of the Long Island railroad. The
most western occurrence is on Elm point, near Great Neck, where
there is a bed of stoneware clay 30 feet thick overlain by gravel
and drift. It resembles the Cretaceous clays of New Jersey and
probably belongs to this series. Deposits of similar character are
found on the east shore of Hempstead harbor, at Glen Cove and
vicinity, on Center island in Oyster bay, on Little Neck in North-
port bay, and at other localities. The Cretaceous clays are adapted
for stoneware and coarser pottery, as well as for brickmaking.
Common brick clays extend almost the entire length of the island.
They are worked at Garden City, East Williston, Farmingdale,
Port Jefferson, Southold and Greenport. — .

Staten Island. Important deposits of Cretaceous age are found
in the southern part of the island. They are of varied quality,
some grades being white and approaching kaolin in composition.

88 ~NEW yvorK STATE MUSEUM

The latter have been employed largely in the manufacture of terra

cotta. A plant producing this material is located at Tottenville.

Fire brick and pressed brick are made at Kreischerville and common
brick at Green Ridge. |

Hudson valley. The clays of this region are of great economic
value. They are found on either side of the river, as far south as
Rockland and Westchester counties, in terraced deposits arranged
at elevations up to 300 feet or more above sea level. They are

usually overlain by delta sands and gravels with a soil capping.

The workable beds attain a thickness in some instances of 100 feet.
Thin layers of sand alternate with the clay and the whole series is
well stratified. The clay normally has a blue color, but where
unprotected by overlying beds it is weathered to yellow, the weath-
ering often extending to a depth of 15 feet. The oxidation of the
iron components which produces this change is facilitated by the
sandy loosely textured nature of the upper beds which permits the
percolation of water from the surface. The blue clay is more
plastic than the yellow, and both contain from 3 to 6 per cent lime
carbonate, thus belonging to the class of marly clays.

The Hudson river deposits are employed solely in brickmaking.
There are over 100 plants engaged in this industry and the annual
output amounts to more than 1000 million brick. Some of the
leading centers of manufacture are Haverstraw, Croton, Stony
Point, Verplanck, Peekskill, Cornwall, New Windsor, Dutchess
Junction, Fishkill, Roseton, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, Saugerties,
Catskill, Hudson and Albany.

Lake Champlain. The deposits are somewhat similar to those
in the Hudson valley. Terraces occur along the lake from White-
hall, at the southern end, to beyond the limits of New York State.
They are of variable width, narrowing southward, where the Adi-
rondack ridges rise steeply almost from the shore line. At the
lower end of the lake the deposits are largely of marine character
and were laid down on the receding shores of the sea which invaded
the region after the withdrawal of the glacial waters. At Beauport
and Port Kent the section shows yellowish brown sand, yellowish
brown clay and stiff blue clay, the latter being calcareous. The
formation has a thickness of 15 feet. The clays are used for brick,
principally around Plattsburg. ee:

Interior of the State. Clay beds are widely distributed, but
their economic utilization is confined mostly to the vicinity of the
larger towns and cities. 3 -

te ee ee ts ee. ee cs

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 59

In the western part of the State there are deposits in Buffalo and
vicinity which are the basis of an extensive manufacturing industry.
The clay-rests upon bed rock, varying from a few inches to 60 feet
in thickness. A section on Grand island showed 20 feet of red
clay and 14 feet of boulder clay. The beds occur also at Tona-
wanda and La Salle and south of Buffalo along the shore of Lake
Erie. Common building brick is the leading product, but pressed
brick, hollow brick, earthenware and tile are manufactured on a
small scale.

Clay is worked at Jamestown and Dunkirk, Chautauqua- co.
At the latter locality the deposit is 20 feet thick, consisting of yellow
sandy clay on top and blue clay underneath.

_ Around Rochester clay is found in an area extending 7 miles
north and south and about 10 miles east and west, in the towns of
Brighton, Henrietta and Chili. It is usually of reddish color and
Bas smeextteme depth of 10 or 12 feet. The main openings are
in the suburbs of Rochester. Common brick, fire brick, building
tile, fireproofing and drain tile are made.

_ The clay beds of Onondaga county occur in the valleys drochout
the central and southern portions. Many of them are reddish in
color, evidently due to their derivation, in part at least, from the
Salina shales. A large deposit of stiff red clay occurs at the south
end of Onondaga valley, in the vicinity of the salt wells. On the
east bank of the Seneca river, east of Baldwinsville, there are open-
ings which yield blue and buff clays. The thickness exposed
ranges from 15 to 25 feet. Some pottery clay has been obtained
at Belle Isle, a few miles west of Syracuse. The clay products of
the county include building brick, paving brick, hollow building
blocks, drain tile and earthenware. There are potteries at Syra-
cuse manufacturing porcelain and china wares, but the crude
materials are obtained elsewhere.

In Jefferson and St Lawrence counties scattered deposits of clay
occur and are worked for brick around Watertown, Carthage and
Ogdensburg. At Watertown a bed 20 feet thick consists of red
and gray clay resting on Trenton limestone.

Along the Mohawk valley clay beds are found at frequent inter-
vals from Rome to Schenectady. They have a thickness of from
6 to 15 feet and are red, blue or gray in color. Théy are utilized
to supply the local markets with building brick.

_In the southern part of the State the clays are of comparatively
little economic importance. A small output of building brick is

60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

made from local deposits at Binghamton, Horseheads, Ithaca and
a few other localities.

Utilization of shale

Though lacking the natural plasticity of clays, shale serves equally
well for manufacturing most of the common wares. Its employ-
ment has been introduced quite recently, but it has given such satis-
factory results that an enlarged development may be expected in
the future. There are immense deposits of this material in New
| Mork State:
| The principal shale-bearing formations belong to the Devonic
| and include the Hamilton, Portage and Chemung groups. The
Salina, Clinton and Medina groups of the Upper Siluric likewise
| inclose extensive beds, while of the Lower Siluric may be men-
tioned the Hudson River shale which in age ranges from the middle
| Mrenton to the Jorraine:

The Devonic shales outcrop over the central and southern parts

| of the State, between the Hudson river and Lake Erie. They are

| somewhat silicious and alternate with thinly bedded sandstones.
Ee Among the localities where they are worked are Angola and Jewett-

| ville; Erie co.; Jamestown, Chautauqua co.; Aliredsi@carer
Allegany co.; and, Corning, Steuben co. Uhe prodmers ame
clude common and pressed brick, fire brick, terra cotta, roofing |
tile, drain tile and hollow building blocks.

Production of clay materials

The returns received from the manufacturers of clay materials
for the year 1905 show that the output was by far the largest ever
made in New York State. The aggregate value of the production
amounted to $14,280,016. There were 250 plants engaged in the
industry, distributed over 45 counties.

Compared with the production in 1904 which was valued at
$11,504,704, the increase for the year was $2,775,312 or nearly 25
per cent. The large gain may be ascribed rather to the more active
operations carried on by the companies than to additions to the
number of plants, as there were only five more reporting a produc-
tion than in the preceding year.

Of the various materials produced, common building brick ac-
counted for more than one half of the total value. The product
was valued at $9,751,753, as compared with $7,234,876 in 1904.
Front brick and fancy building brick aggregated $302,844, as com-
pared with $238,246; vitrified paving brick $180,004, against

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 61

$210,707, and fire brick and stove lining $498,184, against $506,800.
The manufacture of drain tile amounted to $146,790, against
$149,864, and sewer pipe to $444,457, against $460,000. The
product of terra cotta was valued at $874,717, as compared with
$798,028 in 1904; fireproofing at $133,995, as compared with
$157,119; and building tile at $251,600, as compared with
$206,503. In addition there were produced miscellaneous mate-
rials, including flue lining, fire tile and shapes, conduit pipes, side-
walk brick and acid-proof brick, -the collected value of which
amounted to $74,114, against $103,927 in 1904. The potteries of
the State reported an output valued at $1,621,558, as compared with
$1,438,634 in the preceding year.

Production of clay materials

MATERIAL Igo4 Igo5

(2 SALE TCL [DES 0] Ge ea ae a Sf 23An oT $9 751 753
Si) UNS VE ey 2 ee ae ae ae | 238 246 302 844
Petite pawing brick....... 2. 6c ee ee ee ZO fO7 180 004
Bircepiicioand Stove lining.....2.25........5.. 506 800 498 184
EE Pe a ls ee ee es es | 149 864 146 790
RES CAD Sy 1 2 i 460 000 444 457
ameter, ee oo a os | 798 028 874. 717
_ SSDGO ULE 2 5 ees en | 57 LO 133 995
2 LU 5 ee 206 503 251 600
2 SSE, 2 SEC ee ene | 103 927 TA TTA
PEE CI eS ern ce | 1 438 634 I 620 558

Spree er eet ie fo e te f Oe Sue ed 2 ‘BIT 504 704 | $14 280 016

|

The distribution of the production according to the counties in
which it was made shows that Rockland county has the largest
clay-working industry. The value of its output last year was
$2,144,210. In 1904 it also led the list with an aggregate value of
$1,422,436. Ulster county maintained its position as the second
largest producer, with a total valued at $1,776,035, as compared
with $1,274,284 in the preceding year. Dutchess county, which
held third place in both years, reported a product valued at
$1,258,937 against $932,907 in I904. Orange county ranked
fourth with an output valued at $1,011,006, while in 1904 it was
fifth with $690,064. The importance of the industry in these
counties is due to the extensive manufacture of building brick,
which are supplied to the New York city market. On the other
hand, Onondaga county, which was the fifth largest producer last

62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

year with an aggregate value of $932,285, is chiefly represented by
pottery. The other counties that reported a production of over
$500,000 in 1905 are Erie ($700,527), Richmond ($645,367),
Monroe ($644,418), Albany ($624,238), Westchester ($592,705),
Kings ($565,888), and Columbia ($520,500).

Production of clay materials by counties

COUNDY) | Igo4 1g05

Je oYeh aby gM ga Ne pn et Pe ate oe ee RS vO cr mae pean $648 973 $624 238
sa CET EVEL Miss ein ioe tea Aca engi Gren in ani akin 127 552 118 989
IBS TOOMIC rete ee oe rky ceatocnentse cee on Ere Seen ea eae 22 000 18 000
Cay ray toa ete ep net cetant ORE Nice IO ea ee 24 520 25 920
Chiamnbamcndan yan asec sue cen Me ie ea tat 83 405 78 130
Se ran a tia at rene one Men cue ge em cee NCE 96 300 96 000
Clair OTN aerate yet e0e Anette eer See eam RE 5 000 5 900
Colinas. (ye st see sian oe neon Ses ments wae re a 420 500 520 500
Wat Chess 5 ok Ga even ree Mcgee ay ee ee aan 932 907 I 258 937
SST eS ca Shs Ge a Soe eR ies Sana 647 334 700 527
ENB Kove Weg emengy Rue ey yore alarhs Wimmer Menthe decanter en trate 4 000 T ‘Foo
GI CeM eS) een ys erm cer eee mes rap eae 232 924 389 562
PERM ETS OM tHe aN eee eta eo na Me re rennet 30 467 36. 502
A SSW CASI aN oe ekg tants nan ety ante ANY My aulcor airing at iN mS 530 28eule 565 888
Macdisoia ss Sencar rea Mec ee hse cca-gg weet ee 16 400 I2 000
MIO TOE Ea ieee SNS Chee Nene pene aca a eee RR 658:058 644 411
NaS ati oka pi a8 aaa feta oe rae 52 644 76 9g2
INSAG AR Ae Susien Mag. See eek Omran oR marten 16 892 3 272
OMS 1 a5 I TS A ea ete On eT 145 880 £33 250
Onondagar: sco seu nee ete eee 916 954 932 285
Ontario seca eee eee OC ee ee 245 743 245° 250
ORAM Ren a APs Ss Se Cole es ashe eNO ae a See - 690 064 I OII 006
Rensselaer ios ii Me ace ar eee co ee Dep Gui 263 256
IRICMTIONG: eos. 8G SN Up ele eines eee ae oe Eee 488 873 645 367
RoGK amd awe Lee cele Mahe ek ake ae ee oe I 422 436 2 144 210
WALA CO GAs ace ie ea vedic cree cee Rae caren eee 331 360 362 268
SEMISCA 2450505 a sae ee ast ee ear mee THON tyes . Bees 25,
DES DOIG ein ts, ea ea ee ea acta eae nem crac £70 7053 164 663
Sittolles 5 i. es eae ee Cee 86 112 II3 000
Tom pkitis 53.3.5. sos eee eee eter bytes Tepe Fin I5 004
Ulster ci oe Aa a oe ec ag ee ra I 274 284 L 770 085
Warren's Seite 2 ie eee eae alae reer Sete 28 625 45 712
Washington..... PRR ree More OS cus ie ny leh SN St ih Upists 20 270
W éstehesters \< tsk tie careeeeeae ee pares tae ae eae 354 705 592 705
Other countiese > Pee ee er en eee 473 495 534 742

DOtahe.. 6 Sopa ee eon ee $11 504 704 | $14 280 016

alncludes Genesee, Lewis, Montgomery, New York, Queens, St Lawrence, Schenectady
Wayne and Wyoming counties. Lewis county reported no production in 1905.

A Manufacture of building brick

The output of common building brick in 1905 amounted to
1,493,459,000, valued at $9,751,753. In addition there were manu-
factured 18,698,000 front and fancy pressed bricks, yalued at

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY. 63

$302,844, making a total output of brick used for building pur-
poses of 1,512,157,000 valued at $10,054,597. The total quantity
manufactured in the preceding year was 1,293,538,000, valued at
$7,473,122. The manufacture of these materials was carried on in
39 counties by a total of 192 plants. In the preceding year there
were 37 counties represented, with a total of 187 plants. The aver-
age price received for common brick last year was $6.53 a thousand

Production of common building brick

1904 1905
COUNTY —
Number .-| Value Number | Value

in. Oy 78 500 000 | $462 973 66 500 000 | $439 238
ery... .----.. I 516 ooo | 9g 098 I 092 000 | 6 957
Raaitce >... es. 4 000 000 | 22 000 3 000 000 | 18 000
Wayuea... 25.0... 3. 320 000 | 22 920 B22 41D) OOO -| 21. 520
Chautauqua...... 6 619 000 | 39 539 8 885 ooo | 49 992
Chemyns.:...... I5 500 000 | 95 000 15 600 000 | 96 000
Caton. >... .. eek I 000 000 } 5 000 I I00 000 5 goo
Oo Soil 72.280, 000 | =) 420°500 84 750 000 | 520 500
men ESS... =... Ne tO 2209 000.| O32 707 18x 683 000 | 1 258 937
tl 62 286 000 | 292 448 54 269 000 | 282 859
Ree es 38 O51 000 | 232 924 55 719 O00 277 470
Jemersen.s....... A577 000 | 30 467 4 900 000 36 502
Marisaic-:2. ..-. . 400 000 | 2 400 JN I ee a
Migts@e?. oo... .. 22 394 000 | 129 030 24 176 000 139 320
Massa. 2... 7 600 000 | 47 644 8 240 000 | 58 872
Biiaeara...... a ee S52- 000 || BOROO2 Tt ae cKO Seas Pate tS
metas: 25... 18 880 000 | 85 880 17 046 000 | 86 769
@aendaga........ 20 750 000 | 120 O17 16 889 000 | 104 134
Watsto.-.... .:.: 2 618 000 | 15 738 3.000 000 | 18 000
_ ULE Ce Pines 240 8027 000." 690-064 160 530 000 | I oII 006
Rensselaer. . 2... . I7 232 000 | 85 964 25 250 000 | 133 350
meemtiand.-......| 230 813 000 | 1 422 436 202 625 °000.|.2 144 210
St Lawrence...... 600 0©O° | 3 000 |- 600 000 | 4 200
MATALOS A... 2... - 58 070 00°o | 284 561 62 335 000 | 319 569
EMCEE ds Sn. 2 025 OOO | ne 75 50 O00 | 400
Sac et : 4 485 000 | 35 858 2 000 000 | 21 300
Sit) 15 050 000 | Soe ri EJ 250° 000: | IIO 000
Homipkins..... . ey 2 720 000 | 16 340 2 021 000 | 15 004
Wiser 2 2.5.4. 2IQ 106 000 | I 274 284 265 368 000 | 1 776 035
le ne erie exoio ole 28 625 | 8 763 000 | 45 712
Washington.. I 275 000 7 000 2 300 000 | II 800
Westchester...... 5I 234 000 | 287 295 76 893 000 | 530 465
Other counties b... 5 280 000 24 979 | I7 209 000 | 107 732

Wotal.>......=.|1 275 859 000 |$7 234 876 |1 493 459 000 |$9 751 753

a Included under ‘ ‘other counties.’
bIncludes in 1904 the following: tailesn. Lewis, Wart oviiieny and Weinne In ro05 the
eqtomine are included; Fulton, Herkimer, Livingston, Montgomery, Richmond, Tioga and
yoming,

°

64. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and for front brick $16.20, which compare with $5.67 and $13.48,
the respective averages for 1904.

Hudson river region. The counties along the Hudson river are
the largest producers of building brick in the State. Owing to
the extensive market afforded by New York city and the low costs
of transport by river, the industry in this section is exceptionally

Output of brick in the Hudson river region in 1904

Number Average

County of Output Value price

plants per M
Albany ek se 8 78 500 000 $462 973 $5 go
Coltumbials.: et a 4 73 280 000 420 500 5 74
Diutehess, oe eos. mo) 167 319 000 932 907 5 58
Greenennon. -natee nee 4 38 O51 000 232 924 6 42
Orange eo. 0. eee 9 121 803 000 690 064 Sur
INcnSselacr yen 6 17 232 000 85 964 4 98
ROCKaNG ix, ven manne 34 239 813 000 i, 4220420 Cel
Wilstens seh he tere 21 219 I06 000 I 274 284 5 82
Westchester........ 7 54 734 000 324 045 5 92
Mota ern wate ce IIO |I 009 838 ooo | $5 846 097 $5 79

Output of brick in the Hudson river region in 1905
ee =

Number Average

County of Output Value price

plants per M
FUN OR a Ni ZaeaeeNey risen « Aone aso 8 66 500 000 $439 238 $6 61
Columbia | eaves snes 5 84 750 000 520 500 6 09
Dutemessic: amen oe ae 17 181 683 000 WPA s) O27) Gogg
(Greener oVer en eetoeone 7 D5 e7 EO NOCS STA ne On7 7
Orange ree eee 12 160 530 000 I OIL 006 6 67
INenSSelac tetra 8 25250 G00 Z 33\ 2550 5 28
Rocklancdie ire 31 302 625 000 2 144 210 7 08
Gister acc ee ware ene 23 265 368 000 1 7G O25 6 69
Westchester......... 8 76 893 000 530 465 6 go
ALO alls Beat epee se TNO) fe ALO) Bic Clo) recs wou Leu $6 54

situated so far as commercial conditions are concerned. There is
probably no other region in the world where the manufacture of
brick has attained to similar proportions. The counties included
in this region are Rensselaer, Albany, Columbia, Greene, Ulster,
Dutchess, Orange, Rockland and Westchester. With the excep-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 65

tion of Albany and Rensselaer, which probably consume the greater
part of the local product, their output is marketed almost entirely
in New York city.

In 1905 the output of the plants in this section aggregated the
enormous total of 1,219,318,000, or approximately 82 per cent of
the production of common building brick in the entire State. The
gain over the preceding year was 209,480,000 or about 20 per cent.
There were 119 plants reporting as active, an increase of nine for the
year. Rockland county was represented by the largest number, 31,
while Ulster was second with 23 and Dutchess third with 17. The
average number of brick made in each plant was 10,246,000, as
compared with 9,180,000, the average for 1904. ‘The price for the
whole region averaged $6.54 a thousand, against $5.79 a thousand
in 1904.

The large production of the plants during the past year was due
to the unprecedented demand for building brick in the New York
city market. The consumption was so active that practically the
entire output of the region was exhausted by the opening of winter,
and much brick was brought in from the interior of the State.

Other clay materials

The manufacture of paving brick was carried on during 1905 in
Chautauqua, Greene, Onondaga, Saratoga and Steuben counties.
There were six companies engaged in the business and the output
Was 13,984,000 valued at $180,004. In 1904 there were eight com-
panies which reported an output of 16,351,000, valued at $210,707.

Fire brick and stove lining were manufactured in Albany, Chau-
tauqua, Erie, Kings, Oneida, Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady,
Washington and Westchester counties by 13 companies. The out-
put represented a value of $498,184, against $506,800 in 1904 when
there were 14 companies active.

Drain tile and sewer pipe were manufactured in Albany, Cayuga,
Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Monroe, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario,
Saratoga, Seneca, Washington and Wayne counties. The output
of drain tile was valued at $146,790, against $149,864 in 1904; and
sewer pipe at $444,457 against $460,000. There were 24 companies
engaged in this branch of the industry, a loss of three as compared
with the previous year.

Terra cotta, fireproofing and building tile were produced in Albany,
Allegany, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Kings, Monroe, New York,

cenamiete ana e wind " Siena

66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Onondaga, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond and Steuben counties,
by a total of 20 companies, or four more than in the preceding year.
The production of terra cotta was valued at $874,717, against
$798,028 in 1904; fireproofing at $133,995 against Gye Ig; and
building tile at $251,600 against $206,503.

Pottery

The grades of pottery made in New York range from common
earthenware to porcelain. The manufacture of the finer wares is
a relatively recent development, and it is only in the last year or
two that the output has attained importance. The fact that many
of the raw materials which enter into their manufacture are not
found in the State,“no doubt has retarded the progress of that
branch of the industry. This advantage is offset, partially at least,
by better market facilities than can be had in most sections of the
country, and with low transport rates local manufacturers are not
seriously handicapped in the competition for trade.

The kaolin used in the potteries is supplied from New Jersey and
England. Most of the feldspar comes from Canada, though this
material is produced to some extent in Westchester county. The
pottery clays are brought from New Jersey, but a small quantity is
obtained at Belle Isle, Onondaga county. The slip clay is mostly
from Albany county.

The production of pottery for 1905 as shown in the accompany-
ing table amounted in value to $1,620,558. In the preceding year
the output was valued at $1,438,634. The increase of $181,924 was
principally represented in the high-grade products, those of porce-
lain and semiporcelain, though there was a small gain also in the
- production of stoneware. ‘The products listed in the table as mis-
cellaneous include yellow and Rockingham wares, clay tobacco
pipes, fire clay crucibles and artistic pottery.

The 22 companies that contributed to the output each year are
disributed among the following counties: Albany, Erie, Kings,
Madison, Nassau, Oneida, Ontario, Schenectady, Suffolk, Wash-
ington and Wayne. The single plant in Monroe county which
reported a- production in 1904 was inactive: last year. Onondaga
county has the largest industry, with an output valued at $718,985
in 1905 and $673,590 in 1904, made by five companies. Kings
county with six companies ranks second, its product being valued
at $308,443 in 1905 and $279,009 in the preceding year.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 67

Value of production of pottery

Ware | 1904 1905

EE EE PE er EI ea ONG Gilad ose oe 0 $77 726 $115 890
Red earthenware...... 2s ae aa 44 490 | 30 740
@Porcelain and semiporcelain . . Se | 740 000 | 800 000
Electric and sanitary supplies. . 2 EE SES Re ne Se 490 095 | 600 325
Miscellaneous ee eres Cuneta. hana ee fase lo 32 | 85 823 | 73 603
eC ee Se a

DE Rae Sek oe ca eae | $x 438 634 | $1 620 558

@ Includes china tableware.
Crude clay

In the foregoing tables relating to clay products no account has
been taken of the crude clay entering into their manufacture. There
are a few producers in the State which do not utilize the crude clay
themselves, but ship it to plants at other localities. Some of the
material, like the Albany slip clay for example, is even forwarded
to points without the State. For 1905 returns. have been received
from nine firms engaged in this industry whose total shipments
amounted to 6766 short tons, valued at $16,616. Of this quantity
3005 tons, valued at $11,886, consisted of slip clay from Albany
county. The corresponding figures for the preceding year were
8959 tons valued at $17,164, of which 3228 tons, valued at $9630,
was slip clay.

Bibliography

Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York. 1842.

Hall, James. Survey of the 4th Geological District. 1843.

Luther, D. Dana. Geology of Onondaga county. N. Y. State Mus. 4gth
An. Rep’t. v.2. 1808.

Mather, W. W. Geology of New York. Report on First District. 1843.

Nason, F.L. Economic Geology of Albany county. N.Y. State Mus. 47th
An. "Rept Beis OO A

Ries, H. Clays BE New York; their Properties and Uses. N. Y. State Mus.

mie s5- 3 1900,
Woodworth, A B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of
Queens. . Y. State Mus. Bul. 48. 1901.

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH

Diatomaceous earth is an accumulation of the silicious skeletons
of microscopic organisms known as diatoms. Deposits are found
on the sites of former lakes, the waters of which were inhabited by
these organisms, and are also being formed on the bottoms of exist-
ing ponds and lakes. The purer varieties of diatomaceous earth
which have commercial application contain 85 per cent or more of

68 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

silica, and usually less than 2 per cent of combined iron oxids,
alumina and lime, the remainder being water.

Diatomaceous earth occurs at several localities in New York
State, but the only deposit that has been worked of late years is
that near Elinckley, Herkimer co: ~ A bed irom 2 itomeommcer
thick forms the bottom of White Lead lake, covering an area of
about 4 acres. It is under 4 feet of water. The material is exca-
vated and purified by washing and settling in vats, after which it
is compressed into cakes. The main use of the earth is in the
manufacture of polishing powders. The single producer is George
W. Searles of Herkimer. An analysis shows the following chemical
composition :

Sili€a (O15)... aa tence oh ae oe eee ee 86.515
zltimaiiia ¢CGALG). \oven'. cccrcts ae seen .449
Berricsoxid\(he.O,)s. ao hones eee Beil
Hime o( CaO iis eee i eee sIZ26
Water andi volatile imatier: (2 eee 1A, WAG)
Wndetermined =. 1.0 2. i624 eee .422

100.000

In township 43, Herkimer county, there are a number of ponds
and lakes containing diatomaceous earth in beds of varying thick-
ness. A detailed description will be found in a paper read before
the New York Academy of Sciences by Charles F. Cox, to which
reference is made under the appended bibliography. In all, eight
localities are named by Mr Cox, the list including Roilly pond, Big
Crooked lake, Chub pond, Hawk lake and other smaller bodies of
water. An area of from 1 to 5 acres of the material was found in
each locality and soundings showed a thickness up to 20 feet or more.
The earth is said to be very pure.

Bibliography
Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York State. N. Y. State Mus.

Bul. 15, p.555.
Cox, Charles F. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 1893. (13:98.

EMERY

Deposits of emery are found in Westchester county, southeast
of Peekskill. The mines, which were first opened for iron ore,
occur along the contact of basic igneous intrusions belonging to the
gabbro series. They are mostly shallow and ordinary ane
methods are employed in extracting the material.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 69

The emery is composed of corundum, magnetite and hercynite
(iron-aluminum spinel) in varying proportions. According to the
investigations of Magnus, hercynite is the most prominent con-
stituent and constitutes in some cases 50 per cent of the mass. It
has a hardness of 8, as compared with g for corundum. The
magnetite forms minute inclusions in the hercynite crystals. The
latter have a distinct cleavage which adds to the abrasive qualities.

The material is broken in the quarry by light charges of explosives,
and is then roughly cobbed and sent to the mill. As much as 100
tons have been taken from a single opening. The preparation at
the mill consists in breaking down the emery by passing through
crushers and rolls until of suitable size. The emery is then passed
through washers, after which it is dried and graded. The screens
used in grading range from 14 to 180 meshes to the square inch.
The product is employed in making emery paper and cloth and
emery wheels.

The production of emery in 1905 amounted to 1475 short tons
valued at $12,452. A part of this quantity was held in stock at the
mines, the total shipments from the region being 1158 tons. In
the preceding year the output was 1148 short tons valued at
$17,220. There were four concerns engaged in mining during
1905.

Bibliography
Magnus, Harry C. Abrasives of New York State. N Y. State Geol. 23d An.

Rept. 1904.

Nevius, J. N. Emery Mines of Westchester county. N. Y.State Mus. 53d

Ia Ep) t. 901.

FELDSPAR

Feldspar suitable for pottery purposes is obtained near Bedford,
Westchester county. It occurs in pegmatite dikes intersecting the
crystalline rocks of that region and is associated with quartz, mica
and tourmalin. In some of the dikes the feldspar forms large
masses or anhedra, quite free from impurities, while in others it is
intergrown with quartz; only the former occurrences, however,
have commercial value. The feldspar belongs to the variety known
as orthoclase, which is characterized by a high potash content. It
varies from dark red to white in color. |

The Bedford quarries have been worked since 1878. The output
is shipped mostly to pottery manufacturers at Trenton, N. J.

Pegmatite dikes are an important feature of the geology of the
Adirondacks, being particularly abundant along the borders where
they are associated with Precambric gneisses. Some of the occur-

70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM |

rences in this region have been exploited for a time with apparently
successful results, but the quarries are now abandoned. A quarry
known as Roe’s “spar bed” is found near Towner pond in the
town of Crown Point, Essex co. The feldspar occurs in large
masses of pinkish color and seems to be of good quality. It con-
tains, however, scattered crystals of black tourmalin which may
have interfered with its use for pottery purposes. Another quarry
was opened in 1900 near Ticonderoga. ‘The deposit is said to range
from 10 to 40 feet in width and to carry 75 per cent feldspar, 20
per cent quartz and 5 per cent mica.

The chemical composition of the Bedford feldspar is shown by
the following analyses:

I 2
Sihiear( SiO )i... 2. ae eee 64.97 65.85
lumina: CAL OD )ic ae ee ae 20.85 [O.22
Ferrie omid: (lie. @)\c i.e eer trace 24 ;
Lime? (CaO) eo see ae ee Uns Minneneae 2.50
Macnesian (Vic @))\ aise ae. Eee ier Umea .08
Potash {CK @)) ce. eee en ye We 7 14.10
Moisttire: CEA @)) ee: ae eee .46 ee

I00.00 1OOm ms

PUERICER'S i Ainayer

Fullers earth has been obtained in past years near Rome, Oneida
co. The deposit is described by H. Ries* as occurring 12 miles
north of that city, on the line of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdens-
burg railroad. It is a fine grained, dense, Quaternary clay occur-
ring in layers 2 to 8 inches deep, interbedded with equally thick
layers of sand. The total thickness exposed is about 15 feet, and
there is a capping of about 4 feet of sand. In mining, the over-
lying sand is removed and the layers of fullers earth taken out
successively as they are reached. The earth is placed on racks for
sun drying. It is employed for cleansing woolen goods and has
been shipped to factories in New York and neighboring states.

GARNET

The use of garnet as an abrasive has given rise to a small but
firmly established industry in the Adirondack region. ‘The variety
of garnet produced is almandite, which is a silicate of aluminum

IN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 35. 1900. p. 848-51.

eer ee en rs ie Lone

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY i!

and iron. It has a hardness ranging from 7.5 to 8, above the aver-
age for this mineral, and is thus intermediate between quartz (7)
and corundum (9). For some purposes the Adirondack garnet is
even preferred to corundum, though the latter commands a higher
price in the market.

The deposits at present worked are found in Warren and Essex
counties near the upper Hudson valley. North Creek, the terminus
of the Adirondack branch of the Delaware &-Hudson railroad, is
the principal point of shipment. The mines are situated north and
west of this locality within an area 10 or 12 miles long extending
north from Gore mountain. 4

The garnet is usually associated with a basic hornblende rock
or amphibolite which forms bands and lenses in the more acid gneiss
that constitutes the country rock of this region. The amphibolite
shows evidences of metamorphism which has brought about a re-
crystallization of its minerals and has probably led to the formation
of the garnet. The latter occurs in crystals, ranging from an inch
or less up to several feet in diameter. It has a deep reddish color.
The larger individuals seldom show crystal boundaries and are so
shattered that they readily crumble into small fragments. They
usually contain a small proportion of quartz, mica and other minerals
that have been included during crystallization.

Ordinary quarry methods are used in working the deposits. The
rock is broken down by pick or by blasting and the garnet recovered
by hand sorting or mechanically. The North River Garnet Co.
has the only plant for mechanical treatment of the rock, which con-
sists in passing it through crushers and concentrating on special
types of jigs. The separation is a matter of some difficulty as the
garnet and the accompanying hornblende differ but little in specific
gravity. The process developed by this company has been, how-
ever, very successful.

Most of the output of garnet is consumed in the shoe and wood-

working industries; for which purposes it is graded into various
sizes and made into garnet paper. Although garnet does not possess

the property of cleavage, there is a tendency to parallel parting

which is very marked in the Adirondack mineral. This is of great
advantage to the use of garnet as an abrasive, as it gives a smooth
surface for attachment to the paper and also insures a sharp cutting
edge. ‘The efficiency of garnet paper under the usual conditions is
stated to be several times greater than the best sandpaper. Inferior
grades of garnet mixed with emery or corundum have been employed
in making abrasive wheels.

72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The North River Garnet Co. has opened a new deposit on Thir-
teenth lake, 7 miles southwest of North River, which was operated
for the first time during the past year. A large mill has been
erected near the mine. The old workings in the town of Minerva,
just west of North River, have been abandoned. The garnet of
the former locality occurs in a basic rock which appears to belong
to the gabbro series and thus differs in its association from the
usual occurrences in that vicinity. The principal constituents are
lime-soda feldspar and hornblende. The feldspar belongs to a basic
variety of plagioclase, probably anorthite. Orthorhombic pyroxene
(bronzite), biotite and small quantities of quartz are also present.
The pyroxene is largely altered to chlorite.

The deposits on Gore mountain have been worked for many years
and are very extensive. They occur along the northern face of the
mountain at an elevation of about 2800 feet. They have been opened
at several points along the strike, but so far hardly more than the
superficial portions have been removed. Their thickness exceeds
100 feet in places. H.H. Barton & Son is the only company that
operated at this locality during the year.

On Garnet peak, a prominence about 3 miles from North River
on the road leading to Indian Lake, there are several mines that
are worked intermittently by small operators.

Some interest has been shown during the year in a deposit of
different type than those described. The locality is on the eastern
slope of Mt Bigelow, 5% miles south of Keeseville, in northern
Essex county. The country rock is anorthosite, a part of the great
mass of that rock which is exposed in the central Adirondacks. It
is made up of granular feldspar with a little pyroxene, biotite and
garnet and has a more or less laminated appearance. In the vicinity
of the garnet deposit the rock shows considerable variation due to
included bands of amphibolite and pegmatite. The garnet does not
form crystals, but occurs in irregular and lens-shaped bodies of
massive character that are apparently in direct contact with the
anorthosite. Except for admixture with small greenish crystals
of pyroxene the garnet is quite pure: At one locality theresns sam
almost continuous series of outcrops extending north and south
for a distance of 400 feet. The greatest thickness shown is about
40 feet. The garnet usually has a finely granular texture and
readily crumbles under slight pressure, but occasionally it is platy
and breaks with a smooth surface. Its origin is probably to be
explained by alteration, similar to that which has given rise to the
amphibolite bands, which have been caught up during the intrusion

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY he:

of the anorthosite or have been folded into the latter and meta-
morphosed. Impure limestone would afford the necessary con-
stituents for its formation. The deposit is owned by G. W. Smith
of Keeseville. Nothing more than exploratory work was done
during the year.
The output of garnet by mines in New York State amounted to
2700 short tons, valued at $94,500 in 1905 as compared with 3045
short tons valued at $104,325 in the previous year. The decrease
was incidental to the short season of operations. The output,
however, was larger than the average of a number of years past.

Bibliography
ee ef F. C. The American Garnet Industry. Mineral Industry. 1898.
Mersiil, F. i. H. Mineral Resources of New York. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 15.
18

95.
eens. H.C. Abrasives of New York State. N.Y. State Geol. 23d An.
Rep’t. 1904.

GRAPHITE

The mining of graphite has shown encouraging progress during
the past year. The output was larger than ever before due to the
additional supply from mines that have recently entered upon the
productive stage, and unusual interest has been shown in prospect-
ing for new deposits, in some cases leading to promising develop-
ments. A continued advance may be anticipated for the industry.
There is a large and growing market for the better grades of
graphite that is capable of absorbing many times the present output.
The product from the New York State mines is all of the crystalline
variety, the consumption of which is at present supplied mostly by
imports from foreign countries.

Graphite deposits are widely distributed in the Adirondack region.
As shown by Professor Kemp,’ they accompany the metamorphosed
Precambric (Algonkian) strata and according to their associations
can be divided into four classes. These are (1) pegmatite dikes,
(2) veinlets of graphite, (3) quartzites, (4) crystalline limestones
with their included gneissoid rocks.

The pegmatite dikes or veins are found cutting the gneisses and
limestones. They yield a coarsely crystalline graphite which is
sometimes distributed in flakes through the gangue and in other cases
is aggregated in large bunches quite free from admixture. Though
they have the appearance of exceptional richness, the deposits are
so irregular in their content and so uncertain in their continuity

*Kemp, J. F. Graphite in the Eastern Adirondacks. U.S. Geol. Sur. Bul. 225. 1903.

74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

that they seldom afford a basis for extensive mining operations.
The only occurrence of this character that has attained any economic
importance is the mine on Chilson hill near Ticonderoga, owned
by the American Graphite Co. The mine has been shut down for
the past 40 years. The deposit was not exhausted, but the great
depth attained together with the large influx of water prevented |
profitable exploitation. The character of the pegmatite varies in
different places. Feldspar and quartz are the most common con-
stituents, while pyroxene, hornblende, mica, scapolite, calcite and
other minerals may be present. Owing to the coarse texture of the
materials the separation of the graphite ordinarily involves less
difficulty and expense than the usual type of deposit from which
the present output is obtained.

Small veins of graphite of comparative purity are sometimes
found in the Adirondacks. The most notable occurrence is at Split
rock, south of Essex, Essex co., where there are several such veins
filling fissures in gneiss. The veinlets average less than an inch
in width and contain considerable quartz. They are not of suffi-
cient extent to repay working.

The graphitic quartzites have proved so far to be the most valu-
able sources of the mineral in the Adirondack region. They repre-
sent ancient sedimentary rocks of the nature of sandstones which
have undergone metamorphism and recrystallization. They occur
principally on the borders of the region in scattered areas, which
are undoubtedly the remnants of a once extensive formation now
largely removed by erosion. Besides quartz, there is usually some
feldspar present, while the addition of mica may mark a transition
to mica schist. The graphite forms thin flakes or scales dis-
seminated through the rock. In quantity it ranges froma fraction
of I per cent up to 15 per cent, the usual run being less than 5 per
cent. The successful exploitation of the deposits depends upon
their large size and even tenor. The principal areas of graphitic
quartzite and schist occur in Warren, Washington and Essex coun-
ties in the vicinity of Lake George and Lake Champlain. They are
also known on the opposite side of the Adirondacks in St Lawrence
county. =

Crystalline limestones, a part of the Algonkian series of meta-
morphic rocks, are found in numerous places throughout the Adi-
rondack region. They underlie the valleys in long belts and occa-
sionally outcrop on the ridges. They were originally calcareous
sediments more or less charged with silica, alumina, magnesia,
organic matter, etc., and like the quartzites have received their

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 75

crystalline character through metamorphic agencies. The change
has been accompanied by the formation of new minerals such as
eraphite, mica, hornblende, pyroxene, garnet, tourmalin and titanite,
the constituents of which have been derived from the limestone and
its impurities. The graphite occurs in flake form with rounded or
hexagonal contours. It seldom forms more than 5 per cent of the
mass and usually less. ‘In appearance it is bright and clean.
Though low grade, the limestones offer an attractive field for
exploration. They are very extensive, quite regular in their tenor,
and can be treated at a smaller cost than the quartzite owing to
their friable nature. The fact that they nearly always contain
more or less mica is the only serious drawback to the separation
of the graphite.

Present developments. The American Graphite Co., a branch
of the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., has operated for many years at
Graphite, in the town of Hague, Warren co. The deposit con-
sists of gray quartzite with graphite flakes distributed along the
cleavage planes. It is associated with garnetiferous gneiss carrying
sillimanite. The quartzite beds are inclined at a low angle and
vary in thickness from I to 15. feet or more. The average quantity
of graphite present is probably about 8 or 10 per cent. In the con-
centration plant at Graphite the rock is crushed and concentrated
to an average of about 70 per cent graphite. The concentrates
undergo further treatment in a refinery at Ticonderoga, the end
products being high grade flake graphite and residue. The flake
is used mostly as lubricant, while the residue is mixed with imported
graphite and made into crucibles.

At Rock pond in the town of Ticonderoga, Essex co., the Colum-
bia Graphite Co. has been actively engaged in exploiting a deposit.
The latter resembles the mine at Graphite in that it consists of gray
quartzite associated with sillimanite gneiss, but it is not so rich and
the graphite occurs in smaller flakes. The quartzite beds are in-
clined at an angle of 70°. There is a good deal of pyrite and some
pyrrhotite in the rock and mica is also present. The company has
erected a mill at Rock pond with a daily capacity of 3000 pounds of
graphite. The product is hauled by wagon to Ticonderoga for
shipment.

In the vicinity of Rock pond other quartzite areas have been
found. A very extensive deposit occurs on property owned by
John D. Bly who is preparing to develop it.

The Crown Point Graphite Co. has opened a bed of graphitic
limestone in the western part of the town of Crown Point, Essex co.

76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

It is intended to separate the graphite by dry crushing and passing
the product over screens. A mill is now in course of construction.

Some prospect work has been done on a bed of graphitic lime-
stone situated on the Welch farm, 3 miles southwest of Mineville,
Essex co. The bed outcrops along the crest of a low hill and is
accompanied by pyritous gneisses which are also more or less
graphitic. In one pit a very rich band of limestone has been found,
giving assays as high as 15 per cent graphite. The flakes are large
gnd are built up of many laminae into comparatively thick plates.
There is little mica in the rock, the accompanying minerals com-
prising pyroxene, serpentine, pyrite, tourmalin and quartz. The
mining rights on the property are owned by the firm of Witherbee,
Sherman & Co. of Mineville.

The property of the Champlain Graphite Co. is located 5 miles
west of Whitehall in the town of Dresden, Washington co. The ©
deposit outcrops on the western shore and near the head of South
bay. It shows considerable variation from the graphitic quartzites
mentioned above, though it probably belongs to the same series of
metamorphosed sediments. The rock is a thinly laminated graphitic
schist carrying quartz, garnet, chlorite and pyrite. An appearance
of banding is shown in some specimens due to the distribution of
the quartz in seams parallel to the bedding planes. The latter are
broken by cross joints and the whole deposit has been squeezed and
crumpled by dynamic agencies. The graphite, which is said to
constitute from 4 to 9 per cent of the rock, has been drawn out into
thin flakes that interleave the other components. The surface of
the flakes is polished and frequently striated. (Quarry methods are
employed in exploiting the deposit. The present workings are near
the base of the high ridge which rises close to the western shore of
South bay. A face r50 feet across has been explored. The mill
which was constructed in 1905 lies about 200 feet from the quarry
with which it is connected by a short tramway. Productive opera-
tions have only recently been commenced.

The Adirondack Mining & Milling Co. owns a deposit situated
a mile north of the one just described. The rock is graphitic
schist, almost as fissile as slate. The strata are regularly bedded
and. dip eastward at a high angle. The graphite forms very fine
thin scales coating the cleavage planes. It is accompanied by brown
mica, garnet, quartz and pyrite. A large quarry has been opened
near the base of the ridge. The mill which lies close by was
operated during a part of the year,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Tf

In St Lawrence county graphite is associated with crystalline
schists in deposits similar to those on the eastern side of the Adiron-
dacks. The Macomb Graphite Co. has developed a property near
Pope Mills, town of Macomb. A mill was erected in 1904, but it
was not operated last year, except experimentally. The graphite
occurs as fine scales in schist and the deposit is said to be extensive.

Separation of graphite. The separation of graphite when it

occurs in disseminated flakes is a matter of considerable difficulty.
Crystalline graphite has a specific gravity of about 2.25, which is
less than that of the accompanying minerals, though the difference
is not so great that concentration by gravity methods can easily be
effected. The separation is frequently complicated in the case
of the Adirondack deposits by the presence of other scaly minerals,
chiefly mica and chlorite. While various processes have been de-
vised and employed at different times by companies operating in
this region, those now used are based on the principles of wet
concentration, that is, crushing and separation by water. For
crushing, both California stamps and rolls are employed. ‘The
former seem to be better adapted to the hard quartzite than to the
_ softer schist or limestone. After crushing sufficiently fine to release
the graphite from its’matrix, the material is washed in stationary
buddles. In some mills a shaking table such as is used in the con-
centration of metallic ores precedes the buddle. The table takes
out the coarse particles of the heavy minerals as concentrates, while
the slimes and graphite are carried away in the overflow. The
middlings from the first buddle are retreated, and the separation is
continued until a product assaying 70 to 75 per cent graphite is
obtained. The graphite is dried, bolted and subjected to a refining
process for removal of the remaining impurities. Pneumatic
methods and flotation on water are said to be used in refining,
though few details as to actual practice have been made known.
In its final preparation for market the graphite is polished and
graded into sizes.
' Production. The production of crystalline graphite in 1905
amounted to 3,897,616 pounds, valued at $142,948. The output was
contributed by three companies, viz American Graphite Co., Colum-
bia Graphite Co. and Adirondack Mining & Milling Co. In the
previous year the output aggregated 3,132,927 pounds valued at
$119,509. The average price for 1905 was 3.7 cents a pound,
against 3.8 cents a pound for 1904. Since the beginning of the
present year the Champlain Graphite Co. and the Macomb Graphite
Co. have started operations at their mines and mills.

78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ©

The International Acheson Graphite Co. of Niagara Falls re-
ported a production in 1905 of 4,591,550 pounds of artificial graphite
manufactured by the electric furnace. The value of the output
was $313,980. The quantity reported for the preceding year was
3,248,000 pounds, valued at $217,790. :

GYPSUM

The gypsum quarried in New York is the rock or massive variety.
It occurs as interbedded deposits in shales and limestones of Salina
age. Seams of selenite, the crystallized variety, sometimes accom-
pany the deposits, but they are so limited as to have little economic
value. The rock gypsum usually contains clay, carbonates, silica
and other impurities, the presence of which in appreciable quan-
tities is-injurious to its use for some purposes. Till recently most
of the gypsum obtained in the State was ground and sold as land
plaster. It has been found, however, that the better quality of rock
can be utilized in manufacturing wall plaster, and several com-
panies have engaged in this industry which now consumes the
greater part of the output.

The main gypsum beds outcrop near the southern edge of the
area occupied by the Salina strata. The latter extend as a belt, 5
to 25 miles broad, from the Niagara river east to Madison county,
and thence with diminishing width to Albany county. They dip
generally to the south. The gypsum occurs below the Bertie water-
lime which marks the top of the Salina, and above the Syracuse salt
beds. The following divisions of the Salina group have been estab-
lished for New York State, beginning with the highest.

1 Bertie waterlime: argillaceous magnesian limestone, used for
the manufacture of natural cement in Erie county

2 Camillus shale: workable gypsum deposits, shale and dolomite

2 Syracuse salt beds: horizon of the rock salt

4 Vernon shale: red, gray and green shales and thin dolomites;
carries local small seams of gypsum of no economic value

5 Pittsford shale, with interbedded dolomite

There is little doubt that the workable gypsum beds all occur
within the horizon of the Camillus shale. Their eastern limit so
far as known is in Madison county, but from here they have been
traced by outcrop and borings across the central and western parts
of the State almost to Buffalo. They have been encountered in
many of the deep salt wells which have been sunk south of the
Salina outcrop. In sinking the salt shaft at Livonia, Livingston

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 79

co. the beds were penetrated between the depths of 1078 and
1296 feet, with a total thickness of 72 feet. The Lehigh salt
shaft at Leroy found 75 feet of gypsum at a depth of 390 feet;
and the Retsof shaft in Livingston co. found 47 feet at 613 feet
depth.

_ The gypsum is associated with shales and thin limestones
which divide it into layers or beds. When the partings are not
too thick the entire deposit may be worked in a single breast.

Sometimes one or more layers are too impure to be utilized and
in underground operations may be left as a foot or hanging
wall.

When first extracted the gypsum is gray or drab in color,
becoming lighter on exposure with the evaporation of the ab-
sorbed moisture. Organic matter is usually the principal coloring
agent. Its influence is not particularly detrimental, for it is re-
moved by burning. The presence of iron in any quantity gives a
brownish or reddish appearance to the rock which is accentuated
in the calcined product.

Productive operations in New York are limited to localities on
or near the outcropping deposits. The gypsum beds are often con-
-cealed by glacial drift, whence the workings are frequently located
along the face of hills where the overburden is lightest. In the
eastern section open cut or quarry methods prevail. When the
beds have been followed back into the hill for some distance, if the
overlying strata are heavy the work may be continued under cover.
Mining is carried on at a few places through adit openings or
vertical shafts. With this method the workings require support
which is obtained by timbering, by storing the waste rock, or by
leaving pillars at intervals varying with the condition of the roof.
Underground tramways are frequently used in the mines for trans-
porting the rock.

With the immense resources of crude material found within the
State, the development of the gypsum industry is dependent
altogether upon the demand for the different products. For a long
_ time the principal market outlet was the land plaster trade, as the
gypsum was considered of little or no value for plaster of paris,
owing to its dark color. The employment of gypsum, however, for
the manufacture of wall plaster, stucco and other building purposes
has become widespread of late years, and a number of plants
making these products have been established in New York State.
This branch of the industry now consumes the larger part of the

80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

crude material and its requirements are constantly increasing.
The consumption of land plaster, on the other hand, remains com-
paratively steady from year to year. |

Present developments. In Madison county there are quarries
near Cotton and Hobokenville. The quarry at Cotton is owned by
R. D, Button. The output from this section is small, supplying a
local demand for land plaster.

Onondaga county produces a large quantity of gypsum from a
number of quarries. The most important are situated about 2
miles southwest of Fayetteville in the town of Dewitt. They are

‘owned by the National Wall Plaster Co., Adamant Wall Plaster

Co., F. M. Severance and C. H. Snooks. A new quarry has been
opened in the same vicinity by H. H. Lansing. The gypsum has a
maximum thickness of 60 feet, separated into several layers of
different quality. It carries from 10 to 20 per cent of impurities
in the form of lime and magnesian carbonates and clay. The
output is used partly for land plaster, but the greater quantity is
calcined by the local cement companies or by the wall plaster works
in Syracuse. A portion of the calcined product is sold to Portland
cement manufacturers. E. B. Alvord:& Co. operate a quant
Jamesville. There are properties also at Manlius Center, .Mar-
cellus and Halfway that are intermittently active.

The Cayuga Plaster Co. at Union Springs, Cayuga co. is one of
the leading producers of land plaster.

In Ontario county there are two producers of land plaster, Ezra
Grinnell of Victor and Theodore Conover of Port Gibson.

Operations in Monroe county are confined to the town of Wheat-
land, southwest of Rochester. The Lycoming Calcining Co. and

the Garbutt Gypsum Co. have properties at Garbutt. There are

three beds of gypsum about 6 feet apart, the upper being the one
most worked. The bed is reached by adits and the workings are
entirely underground. The Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co.
is engaged in exploiting a mine 3% miles east of Caledonia. The
deposit here is about 6 feet thick. This company makes a large
quantity of agricultural plaster, as well as plaster of paris, while the
others calcine the principal part of their output. Prospecting for
new mines was quite active in this section during the past year.
It is reported that options on several properties have been secured
by the Pittsburg Plate Glass Co. and that plans have been formu-
lated by the company for the erection of a mill. The Monarch
Plaster Co. was incorporated tor the purpose of mining gypsum in

le ee

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY rae

the vicinity of Wheatland. It has already opened a deposit said
to be from 6 to 8 feet thick and of excellent quality. The company
contemplates installing a mill during the present season.

In Genesee county the list of producers comprises the United
States Gypsum Co. and the Oakfield Plaster Co. The former
operates two mills, one at Oakfield Station and the other about 2
miles west on the line of the West Shore railroad. The gypsum
occurs at a depth of 40 feet, the thickness being 4 feet. It is
hoisted in vertical shafts and conveyed to the mills by a steam tram-
way. The Oakfield Plaster Co. owns mines 2% miles west of Oak-
field Station. Both eompanes make wall plaster and plaster. of
paris. : |
In Erie county small Penance of gypsum have been produced
from deposits near Akron. The output is consumed locally for
agricultural purposes. The Akron Gypsum Co. has been i ail
recently in developing a mine at that place.

Production of gypsum. During the past year there were 15
companies and individuals engaged in the production of crude
gypsum, the output of which amounted to 191,860 short tons. In
1904 the output was 151,455 short tons reported by 16 companies,
showing a gain of 40,405 tons for the year. The greater part of
the output in both years was converted into wall plaster and plaster
of paris, the combined product amounting to 130,268 tons valued
at $478,847 .in 1905 and .88,255 tons valued at $347,885 in the
preceding year. The quantity sold as land plaster was 19,815 tons
valued at $39,014, against 33,712 tons valued at $62,438 in 1904.
A further portion amounting to 27,980 tons valued at $34,095 in
1905, and to 9768 tons valued at $14,652 in 1904, was sold in the
crude state.

Production of gypsum

1904 1905

Short tons | Value Short tons Value

MoE APOC PITt.2 <2 os Seer. soe ss 151 455 | $424 975 I9g1t 860 $55I 193
S SiGe CIAL Pe tana Ree ane en 9 768 14 652 27 980 34 095
_ Ground for land plaster...... 23712 62 438 Ig 815 39 O14

Nirailplaster etc. made. ..... 88 255 347 885 130 268 478 084

82 | _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Bibliography

Luther, D. D. Economic Geology of Onondaga county. N. Y. State Mus.
4oth An. Rep’t. 1808. v.2.

Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. N. Y. State
Mus. Bul. rr. 1893.

Parsons, A. L. Recent Developments in the even Industry of New York
State. | N. Yo State Geol goth An Nep-e suooz:

Notes on the Gypsum Industry of New York. N.Y. State Geol. 23d

An. Rept. 1904:

UNO ING Olas

Iron ores constitute the most valuable of the metallic minerals
found in the State. At one time they were very actively exploited,
and New York contributed a large portion of the ore consumed in
this country. The decline in relative importance which began about
25 years ago has been primarily due to the great changes that have
taken place in the mining and metallurgical industries, of which
the most influential are the development of new districts better
situated for production and transportation, the gradual extinction
of the charcoal bloomery for making the finer grades of iron and

steel and the substitution of cheaper processes employing coke as.

fuel. It is generally recognized, however, that the depression is
only temporary. With the rapidly growing consumption of iron
and steel additional ore supplies are needed, and it seems inevitable
that mining operations must be extended beyond their present
fields.

During the past year or two there has been a noticeable improve-
ment in the mining industry of the State. This applies not only
to the larger output from established mines, but to the increased
interest shown in prospecting and development enterprises.

Production

The production of iron ore for the period 1890-1905 inclusive is
given in the following table. The statistics covering the years pre-
vious to 1904 are taken from the annual volumes of the Mieral
Resources published by the United States Geological Survey.

The condition of the mining industry during 1905 was very satis-
factory. The total shipments reported by the mines of the State
amounted to 827,049 long tons, valued at $2,192,689. Compared
with.the previous year there was a gain in shipments of 207,946 tons
or about 34 per cent. The output was the largest since 1892.

Classified as to variety the production consisted of 739,736 tons
of magnetite, 79,313 tons of hematite and 8000 tons of limonite.
Of the magnetite 432,867 tons were marketed in the form of con-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 83

centrates carrying approximately 65 per cent iron. The 306,869
tons of lump magnetite averaged about 60 per cent. The hematite
and limonite may be estimated at about 45 per cent iron.

The magnetite concentrates were made from 715,203 tons of crude
ore. Using that figure as a basis for calculation, the total quantity
of ore hoisted from New York mines in 1905 was 1,109,385 long
tons.

The magnetite was derived from the Adirondacks, none of the
mines in southeastern New York being active. The producers in-
cluded Witherbee, Sherman & Co. and the Port Henry Iron Ore Co.,

Production of iron ore in New York State

MAGNETITE|HEMATITE | LIMONITE | CARBONATE TOTAL :
Value

YEAR | | —__—_ Total value | per ton

Long tons | Long tons} Long tons} Long tons | Long tons
1890 045 O71 196 035 30 968 8I 319 [I 253 393
I8Q1 782 720 153 723 53 152 Dip OMeOrn hes eB) Wes es a See ern
1802 648 564 124 800 53 604 64 O41 801 009 | $2 379 267 $2 67
1893 440 693 15 890 35 592 AI 047 | 534 122 I 222 034 2 20
1894 Yi epee fe ee Be Ee i Sina akan ree 242 750 Lies 2 at erie | ee nee a ee
1895 260 139 6 760 26 462 13 886 307 256 5908 313 I 95
1806 346 O15 Io 780 12 288 16 385 385 477 780 932 2 03
1897 206 722 | . 7 664 20 050 II 280 2e5e 725 642 838 I ot
1898 155 552 6 400 T4 000 4 000 179 951 35° 9990 I 95
18990 344 159 45 503 31 975 22 153 | 443 790 I 241 985 2 80
1900 345 714 44 467 44 801 6 413 441 485 {163 17 2 50
IQOI 329 467 66 380 23 362 I 000 420 218 I 006 231 2 39
1902 451 570 QI 075 12 676 Nil rik 22% I 362 0987 2 45
1903 A5I 481 83 820 Sis) Nil 540 460 I 209 890 2 24
1904 550 575 54 128 5 000 Nil 619 103 I 328 804 2 15
1905 739 736 79 313 8 000 Nil 827 049 2 192 680 2 65

at Mineville; the Arnold Mining Co., at Arnold, and the Delaware
& Hudson Co., at Lyon Mountain. In addition the Salisbury Steel
& Iron Co. made a small output in connection with the development
of their mine at Salisbury.

The hematite came from two mines in St Lawrence county
operated by the Old Sterling Iron Co. and the Rossie Iron Ore Co.,
-and from two mines in the Clinton formation worked by C. A.
Borst and the Furnaceville Iron Co. The single producer. of
limonite was the Amenia Mining Co., in Dutchess county.

The Saranac Iron Mining Co. was engaged during the year in
prospecting for ore in the Adirondack region. It is reported that

plans have been considered for reopening the Benson mines in St.

Lawrence county. The Fair Haven Iron Co. has been incorporated
recently for the purpose of mining ore at Fair Haven, Cayuga co.

84 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Occurrence

Deposits of iron ores are abundantly distributed, and it is im-
practicable here to give more than a few of the principal facts
relating to the occurrence. They are, naturally, grouped into more
or less definite areas or regions determined by geologic and geo-
graphic boundaries. Nearly all the workable deposits occur in the
following areas.

1. Adirondack region. Magnetite ores with occasional hematite
(martite), in Precambric gneisses. Also titaniferous magnetite in
basic igneous rocks of the gabbro family that are intrusive in the
gneisses.

2 Highlands of the Hudson. Magnetite in Precambric gneisses.

3 St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Hematite associate
with crystalline limestone, serpentine and schist of Precambric
(Grenville) age.

4 Central and western New York. Fossil and oolitic hematite
interbedded with limestones and shales of the Clinton group.

5 Dutchess and Columbia counties. Limonite associated with
crystalline limestones, slates and schists, representing metamor-
phosed Cambro-Siluric strata. Siderite, the carbonate of iron, some-
times accompanies the limonite and in one group of mines it is the
principal ore.

6 Staten Island. Bog ore (limonite) occurring in superficial
deposits resting on serpentine.

1 The nontitaniferous magnetities of the Adirondacks are found
on the outer borders in Washington, Warren, Essex, Clinton,
Franklin and St Lawrence counties. On the southern side they
are less prominent; the Salisbury mines in Herkimer county, how-
ever, belong to this type. The country rock is chiefly gneiss, with
bands of crystalline limestone, quartzite and schists that are
undoubted sediments. The gneiss shows great variation from place
to place, but in the vicinity of the ore bodies it is prevailingly a
rather acid rock of hgh color, composed of alkali feldspar, quartz
and one or more dark silicates, most commonly augite and horn-
blende. Its mineralogy is that of granite or syenite. Though the
great mass is of uncertain origin, some phases of the gneiss have an
igneous character. A quartz-plagioclase gneiss and basic horn-
blende gneisses are found over limited areas. The ore bodies lie
along or near the contact of two varieties of gneiss, or of gneiss
and gabbro, and again are apparently in the interior of a gneiss
belt. They conform closely in dip and strike to the lamination

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 85

of the wall rock. In the northern districts of Clinton and Franklin
counties they take the form of sheets and elongated lenses inclined
at a high angle, and with some exceptions are quite free from
irregularities due to folding or other dynamic influences. Con-
spicuous examples are the great ore zone at Lyon Mountain extend-
ing several miles along the strike, the similar but smaller deposits
of Palmer hill and the succession of lenticular bodies of Arnold hill,
The magnetite may occur as disseminated particles associated with
the minerals of the gneiss, as at the first mentioned locality, con-
stituting a lean ore which requires concentration before it can be
used commercially. Again there are deposits of nearly pure mag-
netite. The lean ores as a rule contain less apatite and thus have
some advantage over the rich but phosphoric ores.

In the southeastern Adirondacks there are a great number of mag-
netite deposits of varying size and character. While the prevailing
type is lenticular the form has been greatly modified by the exten-
sive faulting and folding that have taken place. This is particularly
true of the Mineville and Hammondville districts in Essex county
where the ore bodies exhibit great irregularities. At Muineville
occur some of the largest deposits of high grade magnetite in the
country.

On the northwestern side of the Adirondacks magnetite ores are
not so widely distributed. The Benson, Jayville and Clifton deposits
in St Lawrence county, however, are known to be extensive. At
Benson the ore contains much quartz and feldspar and resembles
the disseminated magnetites of Clinton county.

The titaniferous magnetite deposits are distinguished from those
just described by their association with clearly igneous rocks of
basic composition. They undoubtedly represent segregations from
the surrounding rock mass while it was in a fused condition. Every
gradation from normal rock to pure magnetite can be found. The
deposits are developed in western Essex county at Lake Sanford
and in the towns of Elizabethtown and Westport, not far from Lake
Champlain.

2 The Precambric gneisses which enter the southeastern part of
the State from New Jersey forming the ridges known as the High-
lands of the Hudson, contain magnetite deposits somewhat similar
to those in the Adirondacks. About 40 mines have been operated
in the region in Orange, Putnam, Rockland an“ Westchester coun-
ties. The o:e bodies have a northeasterly trend, conforming to the
gneiss, and usually show a pitch across the dip. They vary in shape
from lenticular masses to thin sheets, while some are very irregular.

86 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The ores are crystalline magnetites, rich and free from titanium, but
generally containing too much phosphorus to pass as Bessemer
grade. Mining has been carried on intermittently for 150 years.
The Sterling mine near Warwick and the Forest of Dean mine near
Fort Montgomery are among the more important mines in Orange
county.. They have been inactive for several years. The Tilly
Foster and Mahopac mines of Putnam county have yielded Bessemer
ores. The former was of unusual size, the ore body measuring
1500 feet long and 160 feet wide at the middle.

3. This district is confined to a narrow belt running northeasterly
from Philadelphia, Jefferson co., to Rossie, St Lawrence co., a dis-
tance of 30 miles. In this section the Adirondack gneisses and
crystalline limestones continue as far as the St Lawrence river,
though there are intervals where they are concealed by the Paleo-
zoic formations. The hematite deposits lie below the Potsdam
and are associated with an altered rock locally called serpentine.
C. H. Smyth jr, who has described very fully the relations of the
ore bodies, has explained the serpentine as a product of alteration
of the surrounding granite and gneisses. The ore bodies are irregu-
lar and inclose knobs and masses of the wall rock which sometimes
cut off the ore entirely. They appear to occupy an approximately
definite horizon in the gneiss series parallel to a stratum of pyritous
schist. The ore is an earthy massive hematite of deep red color.
Cellular and stalactitic varieties occur, and in some deposits there
is much specular ore. It runs from 40 to 50 per cent iron with
phosphorus in excess of the Bessemer allowance. The Old Sterling
mine, near Antwerp, and the Caledonia and Kearney mines near
Spragueville have been very productive.

4 The Clinton formation outcrops as a narrow but persistent
band extending over 200 miles from the Niagara river east to Her-
kimer county: It is composed mainly of green shales and limestones
with one or more beds of hematite. The latter does not appear in
the extreme western section, being first encountered in Monroe
county. At the Rochester gorge of the Genesee river there is a
single bed 14 inches thick, underlain by 23 feet of green shale. The
overlying beds include 14 feet of limestone, 24 feet of green shale
and 18 feet of limestone at the top. At Ontario, Wayne co., the
ore is found beneath 20 feet of shale and earth and has a thickness
of 22 inches. ‘The existence of more than one bed at this point has
not been established. Farther east in Cayuga county near Sterling
two beds, aggregating 36 inches, have been mined. Recent explora-

1N. Y. State Mus. 47th An. Rep’t. 1894. p. 687.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 87

tion in this vicinity has indicated a thickening of the ore to over 4
feet in places. At Clinton, Oneida co., the type locality, three beds
occur of which only the middle one has been exploited. ‘The
highest from 4 to 6 feet thick is composed of pebbles and fossil
fragments coated with ferric oxid and cemented by calcite. It is
locally called red flux. The workable ore 2 feet thick lies 25 feet
below this and is separated by 2 feet of rock from the third bed
which is about 8 inches thick. The extension of the Clinton ore
to the east has been followed as far as Frankfort, Herkimer co.,
and Salt Springville, Otsego co.

The hematite has a deep reddish color. It is solid and firm when
mined underground, but soft and friable in weathered outcrops. It
consists mostly of oolitic grains or concretions which have appa-
rently been deposited in rather shallow water. The grains often
inclose a kernel of quartz sand as a nucleus. The ore averages
high in phosphorus, but is well adapted for foundry iron. It assays
about 45 per cent. A considerable quantity of the ore is ground
for paint.

5 The limonite deposits of Dutchess and Columbia counties are
a part of the great series of similar deposits that extend from Ver-
mont through Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and south to
Alabama along the Appalachian uplift. There are two principal
ranges within the State: the one running northeast from Fishkill
ii sede valley of Fishkill creek, Dutchess co., and the other
farther east following the north and south valley, traversed by the
Harlem railroad, from the Highlands in Dutchess co. to Hillsdale,
Columbia co. The latter is the more important. The geologic for-
mations comprise Precambric gneisses and stratified quartzites, lime-
stones and schists. The quartzites lie immediately on the gneiss
and have been assigned to the Lower Cambric. The limestones and
schists are probably of Cambro-Ordovicic age.

According to Smock the ore bodies are found in the limestone, or
between the limestone and the adjacent schist, or they lie within the
latter; as a rule they favor the contact of these formations. The
limonite forms small irregular pockets as well as large deposits,
and is associated with ochreous clay. Some carbonate ore is. found
in the deeper workings, where it is interstratified with the limestone.
Its occurrence strongly suggests that the limonite has been formed
by oxidation and hydration of deposits of this ore. About 25
mines have been worked at.different times. They are mostly open
pits, but occasionally drifts are run from the bottoms of the pits
following the course of the ore body. The product is divided into

i

=
il

88 ~NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

“rock ore,’ that which is sorted by hand, and “wash ore,’ the
residue obtained after removing the clay and sand by washing. It
carries from 40 to 50 per cent iron and less than I per cent phos-
phorus. Among the prominent mines that have been active within
recent years may be mentioned the Sylvan lake group, the Beekman,
Pawling, Clove and Dover mines in Dutchess county and the Man-
hattan, Weed and Copake mines in Columbia county. The Amenia
mine at Amenia, Dutchess co. is the only one now operated.

In the western part of Columbia county, a short distance from the
Hudson river, there is a small district that has produced carbonate
ores. The ore bodies lie along the western slope of a range of hills
at an elevation of 300 or 400 feet above the river. They are in-
cluded between slates and sandstones of the Hudson river series and
show many points of similarity to the limonite deposits above de-
sctibed. ‘he Burden minessare the largest im the district lime
were worked between the years 1875 and 1901. The ore is a gray
compact siderite containing some calcite, quartz and pyrite. Though
low grade, the average tenor can be raised by roasting to about 50
per ¢ent iron. The greater part of the ore is of Bessemer quality.

6 Limonite ores occur within the serpentine area of Staten Island
and at one time were quite extensively mined. The serpentine
underlies the broad ridge extending from St George on the north
shore to Richmond near the center of the island. It is undoubtedly
a metamorphosed basic intrusive allied to the peridotite class of
rocks. The ore lies in superficial depressions directly upon the
serpentine and is generally covered by glacial drift. It carries from
38 to 55 per cent iron. A small percentage of chromium is shown
in the published analyses; its presence may be ascribed to leaching
of the serpentine which contains chromite and is probably also the
source of the iron. The principal openings are the New Dorp,
Tower, Cooper & Hewitt and Tyson mines.

Notes on mining developments

Mineville. Vhis well known district holds the leading place
among the producers of iron ore in the State. The deposits are of
unusual size, affording the basis for large scale operations with their
consequent economies, and are also above the average in richness.
They are worked by Witherbee, Sherman & Co. and the Port Henry
liom ‘Orge (Co,

The mines now active comprise “ 21,’ Bonanza and Joker of the
Old Bed group and the Harmony and Smith mines. Mine “ 21 ”

Ge

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 89

belonging to the Port Henry company, with the Bonanza and Jokér
of Witherbee, Sherman & Co., are on a single ore body which for
some time has supplied the greater part of the output from the dis-
trict. There are reserves sufficient to last for many years. The
continuation of the ore body in depth beyond the present workings
has been proved by diamond drilling. Developments in the Joker
mine during the past year have also enlarged its limits along the
line of strike. At the south end of this mine the deposit is cut off
by a diabase dike which it was thought might mark a line of fault-
ing; drill holes driven through the dike have found ore for indefi-
nite distances, so that little, if any displacement seems to have
occurred.

The Harmony mine lying south of the Joker shaft was opened
quite recently by Witherbee, Sherman & Co. and is still under
development, though supplying important quantities of ore. It
is equipped with two large shafts. The Smith mine belonging to
the same company is located some distance north of the Old Bed
group. It was inoperative for several years and is now being
reopened.

The Mineville ores are varied in character. Those from the Old
Bed are the richest in iron and carry the largest amount of phos-
phorus. They are particularly adapted for making basic iron, owing
to their low silica content combined with high phosphorus. The
latter usually exceeds 1 per cent, but can be reduced nearly one
half by concentration. They are also extensively employed as a
basis for mixtures with other ores in making foundry irons. The
Harmony mine yields an ore containing less phosphorus, though not
within the Bessemer limit. The New Bed and Barton Hill work-
ings, which are now closed down, have supplied excellent Bessemer
ores.

Both companies have well equipped surface plants for handling
the mine output. The installation of Witherbee, Sherman & Co. is
specially extensive and includes two large mills for crushing and
concentrating the ore from their different mines. Concentration
is effected by magnetic separators of the Ball & Norton drum and
endless belt types.

In treating the Old Bed ore the iron content is raised from about
60 per cent*to over 65 per cent and the phosphorus lowered to .5 or
6 per cent. The tailings from these separators are retreated by
Wetherill machines which make a further concentrate of mag-
netite and a tailings product carrying 12 per cent phosphorus, or

ee

90 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

60 per cent tricalcium phosphate, which is sold to fertilizer manu-
facturers. The low grade ores from the Harmony and Smith mines
are also concentrated.

At B shaft on the Harmony a pecnarncal cobbing apparatus is
under course of construction, which will facilitate the separation
of the furnace and concentrating ores. After hoisting, the ore is
fed into a large size Blake crusher and is then carried by a con-
veyor belt to a double drum magnetic separator, where the magnetite
is removed for direct shipment. The mixed ore and rock goes to
the mill for additional treatment.

Electric power is employed in the mills as well as for hoisting
and pumping at the mines. Most of the current required is supplied
from the central power station erected by Witherbee, Sherman &
Co. in 1902. The generator is of alternating type, 750 kw. capa-
city, directly connected to a 1000 h.p. Nordberg-Corliss engine. A
second power house is equipped with a 150 kw. generator, besides
hoisting and compressor apparatus. The mines are also connected
with the electric generating station at Wadhams Muills on the
Bouquet river and with a new plant on the Black river erected during
the past year. |

The Port Henry Iron Ore Co. has maintained steady operations
in mine “21.” A good deal of ore was taken from the bottom of
the open pit near the incline by blasting out the irregularities of the
floor and walls. Late in the year a vertical shaft was started between
mine “21” and mine “ 23,” on the hanging side of the latter, and
encountered ore within a few feet of the surface. Some explora-
tion has been done on a property located between the Old Bed and
Harmony mines.

The year 1905 was the most active one in the history of the dis-
trict. The quantity of ore hoisted by the two companies exceeded
650,000 tons. About 600,000 tons of lump ore and concentrates
were shipped, all of which was high grade magnetite carrying over
60 per cent iron. With the progressive policy of the companies in
extending mining operations and improving their installations, a
still larger output may be anticipated for the immediate future.

Lyon Mountain. ‘The mines at Lyon Mountain, on the Chateau-
gay branch of the Delaware & Hudson railroad, were operated
steadily throughout the year. Extensive improvements in both sur-
face and mining plants have been undertaken, the most important.
being the construction of a new mill which was begun early in the
fall. Additional facilities for mining and handling the ore have
been necessary to provide for the enlarged milling capacity.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY ot

The Lyon Mountain ore bodies are low grade but of unusual size.
They may be described as impregnated zones in the country rock
of the region, which is a light cofored augite gneiss varying from the
composition of granite to that of syenite. The zones are of sheet-
like or tabular form and have a northeast-southwest strike in con-
formity with the gneiss. Their outcrop extends along the northern
_ slopes of the mountain at an elevation of about 2000 feet.

The ore bodies are remarkable for their regularity as well as their
continuity along the strike and on the dip. From shaft 16 near the
present mill openings have been made at frequent intervals south-
west to the Burden mine, a distance of over 3500 feet. In this sec-
tion, two and in one place three parallel ore bodies have been found.
Immediately northeast from slope 16 the deposit has not been worked,
though its existence has been established by magnetic observations,
while 2500 feet distant from this point is mine 82 where the first ore
was mined. The Parkhurst mine, which appears to be on the same
ore zone, lies over 2 miles northeast of mine 82.

Throughout most of its extent, the deposit shows little disturb-
ance, the outcrop follows an almost straight line and the walls are
smooth and evenly spaced. There is no tendency to the formation
of lenticular ore bodies which are common in other districts of the
Adirondacks. On the southwestern end, however, the strike changes
rather abruptly to east and west, due to a fold, while the dip swings
around from northwest to north and becomes considerably flatter.
This change is accompanied by crumpling and minor folding in the
deposit. Between shaft 5, which approximately marks the axis of
the fold, and the Burden mine, the bounds of the deposit are not
well defined; the outcrop, however, shows a marked widening in
this part.

Beyond the Burden mine the geologic structure is obscured by the
heavy drift deposits which cover the adjoining valley. The extent
of the deposit in this direction has not been definitely determined.
It is known that one or more ore bodies occur on a low hill to the
west, parallel to the main group, but their relation to the latter is
problematic. It seems improbable that the deposit should terminate
abruptly, except by faulting, and in this case its continuation may
be represented by the ore bodies just mentioned.

The ore consists of a granular mixture of magnetite with feldspar,
quartz, hornblende and augite. Mineralogically it resembles the
gneiss wall rock, though of course much richer in magnetite. The
average material as mined carries probably 50 or 60 per cent of this

Nineral, corresponding to 30 or 40 per cent fron. As a rule the

Swe

92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

magnetite is finely divided, having the form of lenticular and irregu-
lar granules that may be distributed evenly throughout the rock
mass, but are more commonly grouped into parallel bands which
alternate with the other constituents. It occurs not infrequently
in considerable bodies and then has a much coarser texture. Feld-
spar, which is next in importance to magnetite, is represented by
orthoclase, microcline and oligoclase, the latter being white while
the others are of reddish color.

Pegmatite frequently accompanies the ore bodies and sometimes
carries enough magnetite to be commercially valuable. So far as
observed it rarely, if ever, takes the form of dikes with well defined
‘walls. Its composition usually is similar.to that of the gneiss, but
it somtimes contains secondary minerals like scapolite and epidote
that replace the feldspar.

Mining operations at present, and for some time past, have been
confined to the southwestern section between shaft 16 and the Bur-
den mine. The workings are very extensive and include about 20
inclined shafts or slopes driven on the dip of the ore. Most of the
shafts are driven on the front or main “vein’’ which has been
chiefly exploited. Among those recently operated are, in order from
north, to South; jos, 145-12, 7,5, 4, 3, and the lallt shakeela
deepest are no. 4 which is down 1600 feet, or 800 feet vertically,
and no. 3 and the Hall, nearly to the same level.

The thickness of the ore body on the front vein, as shown near
the surface, averages about 20 feet. The workings which extend
along the strike widen, however, in depth, so that on the bottom level
of the Hall slope there is a breast of ore measuring over 200 feet
from wall to wall. This widening is due in part at least to the:
change of dip which decreases with depth. It has been suggested,
also, that the three parallel ore bodies, separated at the surface by
many feet of wall rock, may unite below, but there is little reason
for believing this to be the case.

The only portion of the back “ vein” that has been worked to any
extent is at the extreme southwest on the east-west wing of the fold.
The main openings are the Weed, Cannon and Burden. The shafts
are now dismantled, and ore is mined by open cutting along the
outcrop. The Burden and Cannon open cuts have recently supplied
a large output. The ore is broken down by drilling and blasting
and hoisted to the surface by derricks. Asa result of these excava-
tions, a much greater width of ore has been uncovered than had
been supposed to exist from the nature of the underground workings.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 93

The entire production of the mines is marketed in the form of
concentrates. Formerly the richer material was sorted out and
shipped separately, but this practice has been discontinued. ‘The
quantity of crude ore treated daily is about 1000 tons. From two
and a half to three tons are required to make one ton of concen-
trates.

In its metallurgical character the Lyon Mountain ore is unique
compared with the product of other mines in the Adirondacks. It
is all well below the Bessemer limit carrying a remarkably small
percentage of phosphorus. ‘The sulfur content is likewise low. The
following analyses recently made by Mr James Brakes, chemist for
the mining company, give complete details as to the composition of
the ore:

I 2

Bemrcexddet e.©.) i. ees. oo. 31.48 60.128
Rercousvexd: (BeO) 22.2.0) 0.4 - 15.81 28.850
Ser SHOE NPN eed os ee Se oe 6 23-16 6.880
srcitic Omid (IO) et: .427 SAF
STEER ORS ee eg ee ae 1027; .022
Evespuone acid -(PsO,).0% 0.0. .043 .023
memnidcin (nl O.) 42090. ORG eee sa 4.90 .QOO
Rertous oxid (saneue) (FeO)... . 2.83 W257
Mancanous’ oxid (MnO)... .... cS LOZ,
Meme (GAO ean tO. i eee PA 4.96 .660
Macnesiay (MeO). 4d.) dees. a5 2.10 -405
LPO) PES 1 ©) Nea oe aaa re pi ARS .494
SCGE a INGE C0 aie a ear ay ae er 2.282 777
Meispune(teO ee ie. Sov. S25 .040
99.823 * 99.960

Marder. oe eset eS a aA: 36.50 G4 72
Hear iaemacnette: sc... eel. 34.30 64.53
RPEMO@EP MORES ss ie. Fe... t .O19 .O10
ETSI NST ot Olas ba cn er 2256 T250
Ptemenmece es gah eit il. .089 .083

Analysis no. I remresents the crude ore and no. 2 the concen-
trates. Both are made from average samples taken in the usual
course of operations. While the concentrates in the above analysis
contain .o10 per cent phosphorus, this represents about the maximum
limit for the mine. The percentage of sulfur fluctuates from about

O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

019 to .022. The small amount of titanium present is interesting,
though it has no effect upon the metallurgical value of the ore. It

‘is due to the occurrence of small titanite crystals in the gangue.

While the magnetite is distributed in grains through the matrix,
it is readily released on crushing. The usual practice is to pass
the ore through coarse crushers and then through a succession of
rolls adjusted to give a final product of % inch size.

The new mill will have a capacity of 50 tons crude ore per hour.
The methods to be used are based on those employed in the old mill
and at Mineville, with few modifications. The mill will be divided
into three sections, each operated independently so as to avoid a
general shut-down in case of accident. The first section is the crush-
ing section and is to be supplied with Blake and Gates crushers and
coarse rolls. After being broken to 1 inch size the ore passes into
a storage bin for the second section which will comprise four sets of
rolls giving an end product of % inch size. The third or separat-
ing section will have eight Ball & Norton double drum separators and
four sets of rolls for regrinding middlings and tailings. The final
products will be carried by-conveyor belts to the loading bins with a

capacity of tooo tons. The tailings have been used for concrete

and other purposes with such success that an increased market for
them is anticipated. For the manufacture of concrete blocks they
are especially well adapted. They are extensively shipped for this
purpose to points as far distant as Scranton, Pa.

The site of the new mill is centrally located with respect to the
mines now operated and possesses an additional advantage over the
old location of being at a considerably lower elevation, thereby
facilitating transportation from the different shafts.

The concentrates from Lyon Mountain are used in making low
phosphorus iron. They are shipped in part to Pennsylvania fur-
naces and the remainder is smelted at Port Henry and Standish.
At the latter place a new 200 ton furnace has been erected on the
site formerly occupied by a charcoal plant and was blown in late
ing 1905. The furnace is operated by the firm of Pilling & Crane
under lease from the Delaware & Hudson Co.

Mine 81. This mine is situated 4 miles southwest of Lyon Moun-
tain and 1 mile from Standish. It is a part of the properties form-
erly owned by the Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., now in the hands of
the Delaware & Hudson Co. The mine has not been operated within
the last year. The deposit lies on the western slope of a low hill
and has a northeast-southwest strike which brings it about in line
with the main ore zone of Lyon Mountain. The dip is 80° south-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 95

east. There are two shafts 400 feet apart, reaching a depth of
something over 100 feet. In the open cut along the outcrop a
good exposure is afforded of both the ore body- and the inclosing
walls. The distance between the latter averages about 15 feet, but
increases in places to 20 to 25 feet. The wall rock is a massive
gneiss of the same general character as that at Lyon Mountain;
it contains, however, a good deal of hornblende in addition to
augite and is quite pegmatitic in places.

The ore is usually a coarsely crystalline aggregate of magnetite,
augite, hornblende and feldspar. It is practically all of concentrat-
ing character. An analysis of the crude material (1) and the con-
centrates (2) quoted by Putnam, shows the following composition:

I 2

1 TEAS SR TS eg ee 34.81 65.14
2 EEC EST ieee ea ee nee ae 0.041 0.017

No determination of sulfur is given. The output of the mine
was concentrated at Standish and used in the furnaces there and in
the Saranac valley.

Arnold hill. The Arnold hill mines have been operated for a
longer period, probably, than any other magnetite mines in the
Adirondack region. According to local records the first discovery
of ore was made about 1806. Exploitation began shortly after that
date for the supply of forges in the Ausable valley. Up to 1864 the
output, which was obtained mostly from open cast workings,
amounted to a total of 164,000 tons. The change to underground
mining more recently has broadened the scope of operations and has
shown the existence of an ore supply sufficient to last for many
years. The mines are now worked under lease by the Arnold Min-
ing Co. :

The deposits lie along the southern and eastern slope of Arnold
hill, about a mile west from Arnold station on the Ausable branch
of the Delaware & Hudson railroad. They form a nearly parallel
series extending n. 20° east. Beginning at the south end the first
is the Finch mine, now abandoned and filled with water, and the
Wells and Indian mines which were mainly worked in the early
days as open cuts. The Arnold or Big mine is about 4 mile north
of the latter; it has yielded a large output, but owing to the loss of
the shaft by caving, it has lain idle for the past 10 or 12 years. The
Nelson Bush or Barton mine, 1500 feet north of the Arnold, is the
only one of the group now under exploitation,

96 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The ore bodies are tabular in form, though showing at times rather
marked modifications. The walls pinch and swell along the strike
and on the dip, and when the irregularities become pronounced the
ore bodies assume the shape of lenticular masses arranged in suc-
cessive order. The narrowing of the walls seldom cuts off the ore
entirely between the lenses. The dip is northwest at a high angle.

An interesting geologic feature in connection with the deposits
is the existence of frequent displacements which were first noted
and commented upon by Emmons. So far as observed the fault-
ing always takes place across the strike, producing a lateral offset
in the line of outcrop. The displacements are small, usually not
more than 20 feet, and do not seriously affect operations. At the
Sucker mine a thin diabase dike has been intruded along the plane
of such a fault.

The Nelson Bush mine is opened by two shafts 500 feet apart,
apparently on the same outcrop, although not connected under-
ground. Both shafts are driven on an angle along the course of the
deposit. The northern shaft is down goo feet on the incline which
varies from 60° to 30°, while the southern is down 300 feet with
an angle of from 42° to 35°. The ore body ranges from Io to 25
feet thick, the maximum being reached at the north end. As a
rule the walls are formed of a reddish augite gneiss that has the
mineralogic composition of syenite. Near the ore, however, there
is much darker gneiss containing hornblende. The latter variety
is found to a greater or less extent all through the deposit, usually
as bands of variable thickness alternating with the magnetite.

Although the entire mine output at present is concentrated, a fair
proportion contains sufficient iron to be classed as furnace ore.
Yet concentration exercises a beneficial influence upon the quality
of the product, specially as it reduces the phosphorus content. In
some of the richer material apatite shows very prominently. In
the concentrating ore the magnetite occurs in aggregates rather
than as disseminated particles, so that coarse crushing serves to
release most of it. On the average a little less than 2 tons of crude
ore is required to produce 1 ton of concentrates carrying 65 per
cent iron. |

The Arnold mine adjoins the Nelson Bush on the south. It has
been a large »roducer in the past and there is some prospect of its
being reopened. The deepest workings are about 800 feet. It
is said that the ore bodies narrowed in depth and showed evidences
of pinching out, but this point can hardly be regarded as established
in view of the little exploration that has been made. It seems

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 97

equally probable that the-narrowing may be only a temporary fea-
ture, inasmuch as the deposits are inclined to be lenticular.

The mine possesses some unique features from a geologic stand-
point. Three parallel ore bodies occur known as the black vein,
the blue vein and the gray vein, with a maximum distance
between the adjoining walls of each of 40 feet. The dip is 70°
at the surface flattening to 55° at 325 feet. Smock states that the
deposits have a marked shoot structure and pitch at an angle of 40°.
The first ore body encountered on the foot wall is the gray vein
which is from 3 to 25 feet thick. It yields a granular mixture of
magnetite and gangue minerals, chiefly quartz and feldspar. The
gangue is stained by iron, and when observed in hand specimens the
ore has a mottled gray appearance. In the black vein the ore is a
fine, somewhat friable magnetite, carrying rounded grains of apa-
_tite and resembles the product of the Nelson Bush mine. In con-
trast with the other two the blue vein affords martite, a form of
hematite pseudomorphous after magnetite. It has a granular to
massive texture, steel-blue color and reddish streak. It is seamed
more or less with jasper and calcite, but is a rich ore. The conver-
sion of magnetite into hematite, which has evidently taken place
here, offers no difficulties of explanation, though it may be said that
it is not a common occurrence in Adirondack deposits. It is less
apparent, however, why the ore body on the hanging wall should
have been affected, while the others under apparently similar sur-
roundings have largely escaped the change.

The Arnold mine has been opened for a distance of about 700
feet along the strike. There are two slopes, 500 feet apart, driven
on the dip of the gray vein. Cross cuts connect the levels on this
vein with the overlying black and blue veins which were exploited
in conjunction with the former.

At the south end the Wells, Finch and Indian mines have not
been in operation for many years. The pits are filled with water
and debris, and little information can be obtained as to the extent
of the ore. There are evidently several parallel deposits of the
same general character as those already described.

The present capacity of the mines when under full operation is
about 240 tons a day. Compressed air supplied from the large
compressor plant at Arnold station is used in operating the hoists
as well as in the underground work. The ore is loaded into cars
and conveyed over an incline to the Es at the station, the
cars being run in balance.

98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

During the past year the North shaft of the Barton mine has been
equipped with a new head frame and shaft house with ore bins, and
a number of other additions to the surface plant have been made.
An enlarged output may be anticipated in the future operations of |
the company.

The ore of the Arnold hill mines is non-Bessemer, though the
phosphorus is not specially high. Average samples of the rich ore
from the Nelson Bush (1) and Arnold mine (2) show the following
composition :

I 2
Berrccoxies( He.©)s) tes en aa 57.85 S2nt4
Ferrous oxid 4 he@)) eo ss cr 27,150 a7
Silica (CSI) rte ee een 7-02 7.04
Titanic acidyChiO.) ae we JO) .26
Sulturn(S))ya. ay Mee cere .038 035
Phosphoric acmda(es©: ye oe eee .618 53
Adumatia~ (Al15 Oa ee acon 1.68 72
Manganous oxid (MnO)....... -is i231
Lame $6Ca@) ia hance orate shee 2.48 64
Magnesia aCWig@)\ 0 Onan cer 1.26 . 108
Copper GC) ene Cae nae. .006 005
INaekels. GNI) 2 nit ce ee ee a .072 .003

99.664 99.662

otal ironies c te eee ee we aee 61.90 62.30
PHOSDHOMIS = nae here eer e . 209 (232

The ore from the Arnold mine represents the “blue vein ” which
is mostly martite. The small percentage of nickel and copper is
noteworthy.

Palmer hill. These mines are 3- miles southwest of the Arnold
hill group and 1% miles north of Ausable Forks. During the period
of their activity, from about 1830 to 1890, they supplied a total of
Over 1,000,000 tons of ore. They were operated by the Je cau)
Rogers Iron Co., and the Peru Steel Ore Co.,.in connection with
the forges at Clintonville, Ausable Forks, Black Brook and Jay.

The deposits outcrop near the summit of the hill in a general
northeast-southwest direction, though following to some extent the
curve of the topographic contours. The elevation is a little over
goo feet. 7 Me

While the country rock belongs to the same series as that at
Arnold hill, being an augite gneiss with occasional hornblende, the

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 99

rock adjacent to the ore is much more acid and contains practically
no dark silicates. The magnetite is gathered into layers or bands
or is distributed as small grains through the rock mass. When the
bands coalesce, they may form a body of high grade ore several
feet thick. Such rich zones were sought for and exploited in
preference to mining the whole breast of the deposit, so that there
is little system in the way in which the workings have been laid out.

The principal openings in order from south to north, are known
as the Elliot, White Flint, Big pit, Summit, Lundrigan and Little
pit. With the exception of the Elliot, which seems to lie at a lower
horizon, the shifts are all in the same zone. The total length meas-
ured along the outcrop is over 2000 feet. There are also extensive
surface workings. The last mining was done in the Elliot slope
which is bottomed at 500 feet. It is said that the ore shows a
thickness of 9 feet in the lowest level. At the White Flint the
outcrop is about 20 feet from wall to wall and the greatest depth
reached 1200 feet. The Big pit is separated from the White Flint
by a diabase dike which extends north over the summit of the hill.
Another dike follows the line of outcrop, cutting vertically across
the ore body. The Big pit reaches a depth of 2200 feet on the dip,
which begins at 50° and gradually lessens until nearly horizontal.

The principal gangue minerals accompanying the magnetite are
quartz and feldspar. According to former practice the material
was roasted, crushed by stamps and separated in a crude form of
jig. The object of roasting was simply to render the ore friable
so as to diminish the labor required for crushing. There is little
sulfur present. The composition of the ore is shown by the follow-
ing analyses kindly furnished by Mr W. Carey Taylor:

= = 3
Ferrie oxid (Fe,O,).. 46.152 A4Q.757 67.274
Ferrous oxid (FeO).. 20.735 22.354 20. 22A
puilted. (tC) 2 02 Su eee (0 26.134 3.000
So oe Se ee enraeas .008 .O16 .08
Phosphoric . acid
ee yy See oir « .005 .O16 216s
Pumngna AAC) 35... 1,070 Beep Ol erie Re) s3:

Manganous oxid
ESS Ses oe ae .037 *o00. hr 2.
age (ea) Pe sient 304 Acie negate eae
Magnesia (MgO)... .872 So. 5 a ital: Spee eS
100.949 100.442 100.743

100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEU.

(RGtAleinOn: 2. face hes 48.43 2e22 70.60
ie@SPMOOGUS! 5. =. ee .002 .008 107,

Analyses I and 2 are of crude ore from the Peru Steel Co.’s
mines at the north end. No. 3 is of the concentrates from the same
locality. It is noticeable that the latter carries higher phosphorus
than the former while under ordinary circumstances the opposite
should be the case. The general run of ore would be classed as of
Bessemer grade. The iron made from it was used mostly in making
steel by the crucible process and commanded a relatively high price.

Salisbury mine. This mine is situated 2 miles south of Salisbury
Center, Herkimer co. It was exploited to some extent a number
of years ago, and recently it has been reopened by the Salisbury
Steel & Iron Co. The nearest point of shipment is Dolgeville, the
terminus of a short railroad running north from Little Falls. The
region lies on the southern border of the Adirondacks, but within
the limits of the Precambric formations. The latter are represented
by gneisses of varied character. The predominant type is composed
in the main of feldspar, augite, hornblende and quartz and is allied
to the syenites. Its origin according to Cushing is probably igneous.
There are also quartzose gneisses and schists, more or less invoived
with crystalline limestone, that are to be classed with the Grenville
sedimentary formation and small areas of granitic intrusives.*

The ore bodies occur within the syenite gneiss. They outcrop
in a nearly east-west direction and have a dip of about 75° to the
south. The principal deposit is an elongated lens which has been
shown to extend several hundred feet along the strike. _

A considerable quantity of ore was mined during the early period
of operations by open pits and slopes that are now abandoned. The

present workings include a vertical shaft that has been sunk to a

depth of 150 feet and drifts on the course of the ore body at dis-
tances of 100 and 150 feet respectively from the surface. The width
of the ore body as shown in these workings ranges from 2 to 12 feet.

The magnetite occurs in bands and irregular masses alternating
with rock and also an intimate mixture with the latter. In prox-
imity to the walls the gneiss becomes darker and more basic than
the usual country due to the predominance of the hornblende and
augite over the feldspar. There is much of this rock all through
the ore body, as well as veins of quartz and jasper. The richer
material has a massive or platy texture. It runs high in iron, though

1'Consult ECushing. | 2 Geology Zof'the ,Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer County. N. Y,
State Mus. Bul. 77. 1905.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Io!

seldom entirely free from inclusions of other minerals. The ore
is of non-Bessemer quality, suitable for making basic and foundry
irons. Analyses show the presence of titanium in very small
quantity.

The existence of ore is indicated by outcrop and magnetic read-
ings at various points to the east and west of the shaft on the line
of the main deposit. Little exploration has been done, however,
outside the present workings.

Benson mines. The reopening of the Benson mines if carried
out according to present plans will add materially to the productive
iron ore resources of the State. Though yielding an ore that re-
quires concentration, the deposits are of such size and so favorably
situated for operation that they could readily furnish a very large
annual output. : 3

The mines are in the town of Clifton, southeastern St Lawrence
county, on the Carthage branch of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdens-
burg railroad. They were last worked during the years 1889-93
by the Magnetic Iron Ore Co. of New York city, who also operated
for a time the magnetite mines at Jayville, 14 miles west of the
Benson mines. The company erected a mill on the property and
about 150,000 tons of high grade concentrates were shipped to
Pennsylvania furnaces for making Bessemer and foundry irons. It
is a matter of interest that these shipments represent probably the
first successful attempt to treat a low grade impure ore so as to
yield a Bessemer product.

In his report, Survey of the Third Geological District, Emmons
mentions deposits of magnetite situated on the Oswegatchie river
in the southeastern part of St Lawrence county and states that
large quantities of ore had been taken from this locality to Canton
for reduction. From the accompanying description of the deposits
it seems likely that the present Benson mines are referred to, though
they lie several miles south of the Oswegatchie near the head waters
of Little river. Little was done, however, toward active exploita-
tion until the extension of the railroad into the region in 1880.

The ore body outcrops in a ridge extending about 1%4 miles in
a northeast and southwest direction and rising several hundred feet
above the river. Its width is stated by Smock to range from 800
to 1500 feet. Drill holes have penetrated to a depth of 180 feet
without passing through the body. Development work has been
confined to the superficial portion, the ore being removed by open
cast methods. The quarry face is 1500 feet long and 30 feet high.

102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The ore in general appearance is not unlike the product of some
of the mines in the eastern Adirondacks. It has a fine granular
texture. The magnetite grains are regularly distributed through a
matrix of quartz and feldspar. The quartz is rather more abundant
than in most Adirondack ores. A little biotite, pyrite, apatite and
red garnet can be identified in the hand specimen. It has been
reported that the ore carries spinel, but no mineral answering its
description was found by testing, and very likely it has been confused
with the garnet. The latter, however, fuses readily under the
blowpipe, while spinel is quite refractory.

The average content of the ore in iron is said to be about 33 per-
cent. Portions of the deposit run as high as 40 or 45 per cent.
There is little barren material, and in the former operations all the
-material quarried was sent to the mill. Analyses of the crude ore
(1), concentrates (2) and tailings (3) are given herewith:

I 2 3

Ferro-ferric oxid

(Bye ©) eeprom tony Wak Wie a aneeeeS 88.08 1.93
FertouspoxidiaGrie@)) nos eet een 5.07
‘Ferric. sultidsGheS,)). sn.cee 864 3.06
Silica (CSiO se sco eee iO 59.80
Piteanie oxide Cli) spe se ee ene Nil
Phosphoric acid

GRE Os) 2 tee carers eee ee 086 .696
iA Team tmial= oN On) ere ee cae 2526 21°75
Manganous oxid

CMinO.) fa-5 nie ates ee ee 2.04 5237,
Lame< (GaQ)) asa ste ieee 28 PEL,
Magnesia: (Me@)\e nae ee ee iS lag
Potash CKO) eee ce ee ee .Q12
Soda. .GINa.©) ne sreyatn scenes eee eee . 326
Water-( He Opie. te semen undet. undet.

ae. 99.76 97.801

‘POtalsinOi. Stee 34.94. O4 1G ieee
Manpanese=*.-. V2 eee Cash > ae
Sulldie.: cee are .48 AOL os eee
EHOSpNGhIS 4. as 4. WIS) O27 >." ae

The analysis of concentrates represents the result obtained from
a combined sample of 132 cars. The phosphorus is well below

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 103

the Bessemer limit. Attention may be called to the manganese
content which is exceptionally high for Adirondack ores. Its pres-
ence is not indicated by the mineral constituents of the crude ore,
so that it probably exists in combination with other elements. Only
a trace of manganese was found by chemical test in the magnetite,
but the garnet gave a very decided reaction. This fact, considered
in connection with the small quantity of manganese shown in the
analysis of tailings, suggests that the garnet must have been largely
carried into the concentrates by the separation process.

Caledonia mine. The Caledonia mine, owned by the Rossie Iron
Ore Co., is situated in the town of Rossie, St Lawrence co., 6 miles
southwest of Gouverneur. It is one of the group of mines that
lies along a narrow belt in Jefferson and St Lawrence counties,
and includes the Sterling, Dickson, Keene, Clark as well as many
other properties which have been operated at different times in the
past. The Caledonia mine is said to have been discovered in 1812.

The ore is an earthy red hematite with occasional masses that
have the appearance of specular ore. The associated rocks are
crystalline limestone on the foot wall, with serpentine, chlorite and
quartz schist forming horses and included bands in the ore body.
Overlying the ore in places is Potsdam sandstone in approximately
horizontal position. The deposit has a northeasterly strike, while
the dip is southeasterly beginning at 45° and gradually flattening
in depth. It apparently occupies a trough-shaped depression in
the limestone.

The main shaft is down 700 feet on the incline. Levels have been
opened 100 feet apart on the course of the ore body. The width
varies from 10. to 30 feet, while the workings have an extreme length
of about 500 feet and are still in ore. The ore is transported under-
ground by tramways and hoisted in a skip to the surface, where it
is subjected to a rough cobbing to separate the accompanying rock.
The latter amounts to about one fourth of the material hoisted.
The shipments run from 55 to 63 per cent iron. Assays of carload
lots furnished by Mr A. J. Cummings, manager for the company,
show the following results.

Beer Se es es 2 58.7 58 56
PHOSPLOLUS = ) sis se. AGT, S575 .855

Most of the output is shipped to New Jersey furnaces, but a
small portion is used by the Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co. at Ogdens-
burg for paint purposes.

104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

It is expected to increase the production very largely during the
present year. A new 20 drill air compressor and other additions
to the mining plant are being installed which will facilitate operations.

Old Sterling mine. Work at this mine in the town of Antwerp,
Jefferson co., was resumed during the past year by the Old Sterling
Iron Co. The mine has been operated since 1836, with occasional
interruptions and has yielded a large output. It was last closed
down in 1902.

The deposit lies on the contact between Potsdam sandstone which
forms the capping and Precambric crystalline rocks. The walls
consisting of so called serpentine are irregular and send out off-
shoots into the ore. The serpentine is considered to be an altered
form of granite and gneiss which are exposed in the immediate
vicinity of the deposit. Its chemical composition differs materially
from that of true serpentine, analysis showing only small amounts
of magnesia and much alumina.

The workings include a large open pit at the north, now aban-
doned, and an extensive system of drifts and chambers from which
the output has been obtained in recent years. The ore varies
from specular to earthy red hematite. The following analysis has
been taken from the report by Smock.

eric oxidy.( bie Oe )acis.. - PO ST ie Sasa SG Oe SZ
Silica (SS IOS Ni Sere eh sok Net ak ete ae oe 9.80
Sabie Sys a sae ona eee te es eae .08
Phospnonesacid AG PAOM es ae. ose ee . 263
Pe Wabiaube aks vem ey UES Oia) are loads ree Cink Allee aia ete MY, dition 92 1,12
time GCA) oats cen cede eee oe en eee 2.49
Macnesia (CMGO ke tens hae ee 1.07
Water, (CEI LO). cot ea gO ten a sea egemee .68
Q5 .023
ai@taleinot seq as Seino ice ye dee Saas: SG AOS
Phosphontisicusaies~ 2. ooo no ene 2 ae

An analysis of a large shipment from the mine, quoted by Putnam,
gave: iron 41.92 per cent; phosphorus .130 per cent.

Clinton mines. The hematite mines at Clinton continue to fur-
nish some ore, though the output for the past year or two has been
small, due to the closing down of the blast furnace at Franklin
Springs. At* present mining is limited to the property of C. A.
Borst who supplies ore for paint manufacture, principally to the
Clinton Metallic Paint Co.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 105

The deposit from which the ore is obtained is the lower or oolitic
bed, consisting of two layers, an upper of 2 feet and a lower of about
8 inches, separated by two feet of rock. It is overlain by 22 feet of
shales and thin limestones, above which is the bed of fossil ore from
18 to 24 inches thick. The oolitic ore carries from 40 to 50 per
cent iron with an average of about 45 per cent.

Furnaceville mines. The Furnaceville Iron Co. has been engaged
for several years in mining ore near Ontario Center, Wayne co.
The deposit occurs in the Clinton formation and has a thickness of
22 inches. According to Professor Hall it represents the lower of
the two beds which occur in the eastern section of the Clinton, the
upper bed of fossil ore not having been found west of Sodus Point,
Wayne county. The ore outcrops in an east-west direction across
the middle line of Ontario township and has been worked almost
continuously for a distance of 5 or 6 miles. Owing to the flat sur-
face and the slight inclination of the strata, which dip southward
about one foot in a hundred, open cut methods can be employed
to good advantage.

The property of the Furnaceville Iron Co. is situated in the
central part of Ontario township on the line of the Rome, Water-
town & Ogdensburg railroad. It has been under exploitation for
the last 12 years. During this time the workings have progressed
gradually southward, necessitating a constantly increasing amount
of excavation. At present about 22 feet of shale and earth has to
be removed to reach the ore. The. method employed consists in
opening a long trench parallel to the outcrop and nearly down to
the ore. The overburden is first loosened by drilling holes into
which heavy charges of powder are placed. After a strip of ground
has been broken in this manner, a steam shovel excavates the mate-
rial and loads it into the bucket of a derrick placed alongside, which
transports it to the spoil bank. The last 15 inches of limestone and
the underlying ore are taken out by another steam shovel and der-
rick which loads the ore directly into cars. At present three
steam shovels are used in excavating and one in removing the ore.

_ The ore is an oolitic hematite and resembles that mined at Clinton,
though the texture is somewhat coarser. It averages about 43 per
cent iron. The following analyses of the product of different mines
in this region are taken from the paper by Putnam in the reports of
the 1oth census.

: 2 3 -
Pron ike 41.46 40.73 42.25 38.36
Phosphorus - .578 .531 .481 471

106 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

No. I is from the mines formerly worked by the Ontario Furnace
Co., no, 2 trom the Hurly ore bed; me; 3 from La Frois ore bed,
and no. 4 from the Bundy ore bed.

Amenia mine. This mine is at present the single producer of
limonite ore in the State. It is situated near Amenia station,
Dutchess co., in the well known Salisbury district.

The ore body occurs along the contact of a black micaceous
schist (Hudson River series) with underlying.crystalline limestone
(Stockbridge) which is correlated with the Cambro-Siluric lime-
stones farther north and west. The strata trend a little east of north
and dip steeply (60°-70°) to the east. While limonite is the prin-
cipal ore some carbonate has been found in the bottom workings,
particularly at the south end; its association with the ore is interest-
ing and substantiates the view commonly held by geologists that
most if not all of the deposits in the district have been formed by
oxidation of iron carbonate. The limonite occurs in compact
bodies in pockets, mixed with clay, and in spheroidal or cup-shaped
masses. It is crushed and washed to. remove the clay. Analyses
quoted by Putnam show the following composition.

I 2
6 G0) Sacer ras Ree ene NY Minas haste a 48.28 48.99
PHOSPMOTUS eek aot oe ee ae .092 413
RS UID AUN class eee eres Ge ee SUE Mie ay ny BM a ane VS

No. 1 is from the Amenia mine proper and no. 2 from the adjoin-
ing Gridley pit to the south. The iron made from this ore was
formerly used in the manufacture of car wheels, gun castings and
materials requiring a strong, tenacious metal.

Bibliography ise
Ball, Clinton M. The Magnetic Separation of Iron Ore. Am. Inst. Min.
Eng. (rans. Vp XO eT SOS:
Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York. 1842.
Emmons, E. Geology of New York: Report on Teer one District. 1842.
Hall,C. E. Laurentian Magnetite Iron-ore Deposits in Northern New York.

N’ Y. State Mus. g2d.An. Rept. 7 1870.

Hall, James. Geology of New York: Report on Fourth District. 1843.
Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships, Essex County,

N.Y. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. T4. 1895.

The Geology of the Magnetites near Port Henry, N. Y., and especially

those of Mineville. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans. v. XXVIL
Titaniferous Iron Ores of the Adirondacks. U.S.Geol. Sur. 19th An.

Rep it. pt 3." 1é90:

Putnam, B. F. Notes on the Samples of Iron Ores Collected in New York.

US. 190th Census Rept,» vj VE fosoo:

Smock, J.C. First Report on the Iron Mines and Jron Ore Districts in the

State of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 7. 1880.

Smyth, C. H. jr. Report on the Geology of the Four Cowmushipe in St Law-
rence and Jefferson counties. N. Y. State Mus. 47th An. Rep’t. 1894.
On the Clinton Iron Ore. Am. Jour. Sci. v.XLIII. 1892.

hae ANB thee is a =

i

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 107

MARL

Under this head are included the soft pulverulent or loosely aggre-
gated deposits of calcium carbonate. They have the essential char-
acters of limestones, from which they are distinguished by their
unconsolidated character and somewhat greater content of mechanic-
ally absorbed water.

The marls of New York State are of recent formation, being
associated with superficial beds of clay, sand and peat which have
been laid down during the Quaternary period. Swampy areas and
the basins of drained lakes frequently contain deposits. Wherever
bodies of standing water have existed, the dissolved lime brought
in by tributary springs and streams may have had opportunity to
precipitate, a process that is facilitated by evaporation as well as by
increased temperature of the water. In some cases lime is deposited
directly by springs and rivers owing to loss of the excess carbon
dioxid which holds it in solution. Its precipitation as an incrusta-
- tion on vegetable growth, such as grasses and mosses, leads to the
formation of tufa or travertine. Marls almost always contain the
common varieties of shells found. in fresh water and at times these
are so abundant that whole beds are largely composed of their
remains. |

The most extensive marl deposits are found in the central and
western parts of the State. The frequent occurrence of limestones
in the underlying geologic formations of this section has supplied
abundant calcareous material for solution by ground waters. _ More-
over the drift and clays at the surface contain much lime in a com-
minuted easily soluble condition.

Marl serves many of the purposes for which limestone is com-
monly used. As a rule it contains a higher percentage of calcium
carbonate than limestone and is correspondingly freer from mag-
nesia, silica, alumina and other impurities. It is, therefore, well
adapted for Portland cement manufacture. When briquetted and
burned it yields an excellent lime. Marl is also employed as a fer-
tilizer either directly or as a filler in artificial fertilizers and in the
manufacture of whiting and carbon dioxid.

Distribution. In Madison county marl occurs in the marshy
tracts south of Oneida lake. Cowaselon swamp extending west
from Canastota contains several thousand acres of marl deposits
which are in most cases covered by peat. The beds are said to
reach a thickness of 30 feet.

Marls are extensively developed in the swamps and lakes of Onon-

daga county, particularly in Fabius, Tully, Camillus, DeWitt, Man-—

108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

lius, Elbridge and Van Buren townships. Onondaga and Cross
lakes contain deposits. Some localities afford very pure material,
yielding an excellent white lime when burned. The marls have
been employed to some extent for this purpose and for fertilizer,
but the principal application at present is in Portland cement manu-
facture. The Empire Portland Cement Co. works a deposit near
Warners, which is 6 to 7 feet thick and is underlain by blue clay.
The two substances are mixed and burned into cement. The Ameri-
can Portland Cement Co. owns marl lands near Jordan, but its plant
is not now in operation.

The Montezuma marshes covering a large area north of Cayuga
lake in Cayuga and Seneca counties are reported to be underlain by
marl. At Montezuma a deposit 14 feet thick was opened by a cement
company which is how inactive.

In Wayne county, the Cayuga marshes which occupy a part of
the town of Savannah contain a deposit of shell marl 5 to 6 feet
deep. Other beds occur near Newark and in Cooper’s swamp, town
of Williamson.

Steuben county possesses numerous deposits of marl and tufa.
According to Hall' they have been used for lime burning at Ark-
port and south of Dansville. In the town of Wayland the Portland
cement works of Thomas Millen Co. and the Wayland Portland
Cement Co. employ marl which is obtained from local beds, ranging
irom 2 to 14) keet thick.

In the southern part of Monroe county there is a large deposit
which occupies a portion of the town of Wheatland and extends
south into Livingston county. Tufa forms the upper part at some
p:aces, and beneath “is shell marl, 3 to 4 feet thick -m wnomer
deposit is found along Mill creek, underlying extensive marshes.
At Mumford several beds have been found.

In Livingston county the most important deposits occur near
Caledonia. The Iroquois Portland Cement Co. has recently erected
a plant at this locality. The Caledonia Marl & Lime Co. is engaged
in the production and preparation of marl for fertilizing and other
purposes. ,

There are many marl swamps in Genesee county. An extensive
deposit occurs I mile west of Bergen. Around Leroy and Batavia
several beds have been located.

In Wyoming county the bottom of Silver lake is said to consist
in part of marl.

* Geol. N. Y. 4th Dist. 1843. p. 484.
2 Op. cit. p. 428,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 109

In Chautauqua county Cassadaga lake and the bordering marshes
contain marl. A Portland cement plant was built some years ago
to utilize the deposit, but has since been closed down. The marl
has been used to some extent for lime.t At the southern extreinity
of Chautauqua lake, both marl and tufa are found.

The following additional occurrences have been noted by Beck?
and others: Along Tonawanda creek and near Lockport, Niagara
eo-. ~Clarendon, Orleans co.: near Lodi, Seneca’ co.; Beaver
Dams, Schuyler co.; Cortland, Cortland co.; Horseheads and Mill-
port, Chemung co. ; Canajoharie, Fort Plain and Fonda, Montgomery

o.; town of Cherry Valley, Otsego co.; 4 miles south of Kinder-
hook, Columbia co.; town of New paeimore. Greene co.; and towns
of Rhinebeck, Northeast, Pine Plains, Stanford and Red Hook,
Dutchess co.

Chemical analyses. The marls are usually quite pure. Com-
pared with most limestones they contain much less magnesia and
clayey material. The following analyses may be considered repre-
sentative of the marls found in New York State. They are based
on the dry material and thus show a higher percentage of carbonates
than would be the case with the crude marls.

I 2 3 4 a

S052. 510) 6.22 .67 26 42° i150
pean (ATO)... ss se: E.7O ee aa

Bema (Pe,O,) ..-...... tas eee ae me EOS its 2
Rae (a0). ..... Bee eet 5, = Ajab 254153. i ho586.: 52 36 52.70
Meee (MeO). ws... ws .04 .19 .18 I.O1 I.09
Panaeadriexid (CO;)......... 42.11 Ags) Se er 73 AZO 42.61
este, cl ke ee a2.20 van AO Athies OP BT teccks oactes

£OO.90° 90 208 © 00-77 “190200 98.90
- a Alkalis.- b Includes Ca SOs, 2.01%.

(1) Marl from Montezuma, Cayuga co. (2) Caledonia Marl
& Lime Co., Caledonia, Livingston co. (3) Marl used by Empire
Portland Cement Co., Warners, Onondaga co. (4) Thomas Millen
Co., Wayland, Steuben co. (5) Calcareous tufa, Mumford, Mon-
roe co.

Bibliography

Hall, James. Geology of Mea ee Report on Fourth District. 1843. -
Marshall, W. B. Report on deposits of marl and peat in the town ot New
a Greene ‘county: N.Y. State: Mus45th-An Rep’t. 1892.
46-52. :
Ries, H. & Eckel, E. C. Lime and Cement Industries of New York. N.Y.
State Mus. Bul. B44. rgor.
Vanuxem, Lardner. Geology of New York: Report o on Third District. 1839.

1 Op. cit. p. 406.
2 Mineralogy of New York. 1842.

110 - NEW YORE STATE MUSEUM

MIEESTONES

Millstones are obtained in Ulster county. The industry is a small
one, but it has been established for more than a century and still
furnishes most of the millstones made in this country. The product
is known as Esopus stone, Esopus being the early name for Kings-
ton, once the principal point of shipment.

The millstones are quarried from the Shawangunk grit, a light
gray quartz conglomerate found along the Shawangunk mountain

from near High Falls southwest toward the Pennsylvania border. .

The Cacalico stone obtained in Lancaster county, Pa. and the Brush
mountain stone, found in Montgomery county, Va. are of similar
character. In Ulster county the grit rests upon the eroded surface
of gray Hudson River shales and is overlain by red shale. It has
generally been correlated with the Oneida conglomerate of central
New York, though recent investigations tend to show that it belongs
higher up in the series, probably in the Salina. Its thickness ranges
from 50 to 200 feet.

The grit is composed of quartz pebbles of milky color inclosed in
a silicieus matrix. The pebbles are more or less rounded and vary
from a fraction of an inch up to 2 inches in diameter. The texture
is an important factor in determining the value and particular use
of the finished millstones.

In quarrying advantage is taken of the joints which intersect the
strata. ‘There are usually two systems of joints, the one transverse
and the other longitudinal to the strike. By selection, a block of
approximate dimensions to make a disk of any desired size can be
obtained. The blocks are roughly shaped by drilling holes and
splitting with wedges. They are then cut to shape and undergo a
final tool-dressing which varies with the use to which they are to
be put.

The sizes of the stones marketed range from 15 to go inches.
The greater demand is for the smaller and medium sizes, with
diameters of 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 inches. A pair of 30 inch mill-
stones commonly sells for $15, while $50 may be paid for a single
stone 60 inches in diameter. The largest sizes bring from $50 to
$100. Besides the common type of millstones, disks are furnished
which are employed in a roll type of crusher known as a chaser.
The pavement of such crushers is also supplied by the quarrymen
in the forms of blocks. Quartz, feldspar and barytes are commonly
ground in chasers. Ee

Most of the Ulster county quarries are situated along the northern
edge of the Shawangunk mountain. Kyserike, St Josen, Granite

=

a
er oT oy

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Li ‘3!

and Kerhonkson are the principal centers of the industry, while the
distributing points include New Paltz and Kingston in addition to
those named. The industry is carried on intermittently, many of
the producers engaging in other occupations during a part of the
year.

The market for millstones has been curtailed of late years by the
introduction of rolls, ball mills and other improved forms of grind-
ing machinery. The roller mill process has displaced the old type
of cereal mills, particularly in grinding wheat. The small corn
mills distributed throughout the southern states, however, still use
millstones and furnish one of the important markets for the New
York quarries. A part of the product also is sold to cement and
talc manufacturers. £

The production of millstones in 1905 amounted to a value of
$22,944. There were 19 firms engaged in the business. In the
previous year the output was valued at $21,476, reported by 18
firms. At one time the value of the product from this section
exceeded $100,000 annually.

Bibliography
Mather, W. W. Geology of New York: Report on First District. 1843.

P.357-
Nason, F. L. Economic Geology of Ulster county. N. Y. bate Geol. 13th

An. Rep’t. 1894. 1:373.

MINERAL PAINT

The term mineral paint is here used to designate the natural min-
eral colors obtained by grinding an ore or rock. The materials
suitable for this purpose that are found in New York State include
iron ore, shale, slate and ocher.

For metallic paint and mortar colors some form of iron ore, gen-
erally hematite or limonite, is commonly emploved, but only a few
localities are known where the ore possesses the requisite qualities
of color and durability. The fossil hematite from the Clinton forma-
tion is perhaps most widely used in this country. The mines owned
by C. A. Borst at Clinton, Oneida co. and those of the Furnaceville
Iron Co. at Ontario, Wayne co. supply much of the crude material.
The red hematite mined by the Rossie Iron Ore Co. at Rossie, St
Lawrence co. also yields a good metallic paint.

Mineral paint made from shale and slate is quite extensively used
for wooden structures. When there is a considerable percentage
of iron oxids present, the shale and slate may be sold for metallic
paint. Their value depends largely upon the depth and durability

I12 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of their color; but the degree of natural fineness and the amount of
oil required in mixing must also be considered in determining their
utility. At Randolph, Cattaraugus co. beds of green, brown and
bluish shale occur in the Chemung formation. They are worked by
the Elko Paint Co. In years past red shale has been obtained in
Herkimer county from the Vernon beds at the base of the Salina.
A similar material occurring in the Catskill series has been worked
at Roxbury, Delaware co. The red slate of Washington county,
which belongs in the Cambric, is also ground for paint. The Algon-
quin Red Slate Co.,-of Worcester, Mass. and A. J. Hurd of Eagle
Bridge produce this material.

A product known as mineral black is made by grinding slate
found in the Hudson River series.

The ferruginous clay called ocher occurs quite commonly in the
State, but no deposits are exploited at present. A bed occurring on
Crane mountain, Warren co. once supplied a considerable quantity.

Sienna, a variety of ocher, occurs near Whitehall. The deposit
is a thin stratum in glacial drift and has been worked on a small
scale. |
In addition to the producers above mentioned, the Clinton Metallic
Paint Co. of Clinton, and the William Connors. Paint Manufactur-
ing Co. of Troy, are engaged in the manufacture of mineral paints.
from New York materials.

The production of mineral paints in 1905 was as follows: metallic
-paint and mortar color, 6059 short tons, valued at $70,090; slate
pigment, 2929 short tons, valued at $22,668. In the year 1904 the
following quantities were reported: metallic paint and mortar color,
4740 short tons, $55,768; slate pigment, 3132 short tons, valued at
$23,876. These totals include only the output made within the
State from local materials. A part of the crude material produced
each year is shipped to points outside of the State for manufacture.
An output of 10,050 tons was reported in 1905 by four firms who
sell the crude ore and rock to paint grinders.

MINERAL WATER'S

The mineral springs of New York afford a variety of waters
suited for medicinal or domestic purposes. Over 200 different
springs have been listed and classified according to their mineral
composition, though many find no commercial application except,
perhaps, as sources of local water supply. Some of the springs are
places of resort for tourists and health seekers.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I1l3

Among the waters that contain mineral ingredients in appreciable
quantity, those characterized by the presence of alkalis and alkaline
earths are the most abundant in this State. The dissolved salts may
exist principally in the form of chlorids and carbonates, as is the
case with the springs of Saratoga county, or they may be combined
with sulfuric acid to form sulphates, as illustrated by the Sharon
and Clifton springs.

The mineral waters of Saratoga Springs and Ballston are found
along fractured zones in Lower Siluric strata. They supply large
quantities of table and medicinal waters which are shipped to almost
every part of the country. Sodium and potassium chlorids and the
carbonates of lime, sodium and magnesium are the main constituents.
The amount of dissolved salts in the different waters varies from
less than 100 to over 500 grains per gallon. Free carbon dioxid
occurs in great abundance and is an important article of commerce.

The waters at Richfield Springs contain sulfates of the alkalis
_ and alkaline earths, with subordinate chlorids and carbonates and
sulfureted hydrogen. They are employed in medicinal baths as
well as for drinking purposes. The springs issue along the con-
tact of Siluric limestone and Devonic shales. The Sharon springs
which lie to the east of Richfield Springs are situated near the con-
tact of the Lower and Upper Siluric. Clifton Springs, Ontario co.
and Massena Springs, St Lawrence co. are among the other locali-
ties where sulfureted waters occur and are utilized.

The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee co. are
noteworthy for their acid waters, which contain a considerable
quantity of aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium, besides free
sulfuric acid.

The Lebanon spring, Columbia co. is the single representative
of thermal springs in the State. It has a temperature of 75° F.
and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid and nitrogen.

In addition to the foregoing, there are a number of localities that

afford mineral waters of commercial value. Quite a large industry
also is based on the sale of spring waters for table use. Such
waters contain very little mineral salts, their value depending upon
their freedom from harmful impurities. The Great Bear spring
at Fulton may be mentioned as an example of this class.
_ List of springs. In the following list are included the names of
the leading mineral springs in the State and their location. Nearly
all are employed for commercial purposes, or have recently been so
employed.

114

NAME
Baldwin Mineral Spring
Chautauqua Lithia Spring
Breesport Oxygenated Mineral
Springs
Chemung Spring
Rockdale Mineral Spring
Lebanon Mineral Spring
Knickerbocker Spring
Mount View Spring
Ayers Amherst Mineral Spring
Avon Spring
Jackson’s Sanitarium
Clinton Lithia Spring
Franklin Lithia ‘Spring
Glacier Spring
Lithia Polaris Spring
Split Rock Spring
Verona Mineral Springs
-Warner’s Natural
Spring
Clifton Springs
Geneva Lithia Mineral Water
Spring
Geneva Red Cross Lithia Spring
Fitzsimmons Spring
Deep Rock Spring
Great Bear Spring
Oswego Mineral Spring
White Sulphur Springs
Massena Springs

Mineral

Arondack Spring

Artesian Lithia Spring

Congress Spring

Empire Spring

Kureka White Sulphur & Min-
eral Spring

Excelsior Spring

Geyser Spring

Hathorn Spring

Hides Franklin Spring

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

LOCATION
Cayuga, Cayuga co.
Westfield, Chautauqua co.

Breesport, Chemung co.
Chemung, Chemung co.
Rockdale, Chenango co.
Lebanon Springs, Columbia co.
Fishkill, Dutchess co.
Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co.
Williamsville, Erie co.
Avon, Livingston co.
Dansville, Livingston co.
Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Boonville, Oneida co.
Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Verona, Oneida co..

Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Clifton Springs, Ontario co.

Geneva, Ontario co.
Geneva, Ontario co.
Port Jervis, Orange co.
Oswego, Oswego co.

- Fulton, Oswego co.

Oswego, Oswego co.
Richfield Springs, Otsego co.
Massena Springs, St Lawrence
co. ,
Saratoga
Saratoga
Saratoga
Saratoza

Saratoga co.
Saratoga co.
Saratoga co.
Saratoga co.

Springs,
Springs,
Springs,
Springs,

Saratoga
Saratoga

Saratoga co.
Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Ballston Spa, Saratoga co,

Springs,
Springs,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Tis

NAME LOCATION

High Rock Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Lincoln Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Old Putnam Mineral Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Patterson Mineral Spring - Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Quevic Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Royal Vichy Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Star Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Seltzer Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Vichy Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Victoria Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Chalybeate Spring Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Magnesia Spring Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
White Sulphur Spring Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.

Red Jacket Mineral Spring Seneca Falls, Seneca co.
Mountain Mist Spring West Hills, Suffolk co.
Dryden Springs Dryden, Tompkins co.
Big Indian Spring : Ellenville, Ulster co.
Elixir Spring Clintondale, Ulster co.
‘Vita Spring Fort Edward, Washington co.
Clyde Mineral Spring Clyde, Wayne co.

Production. The commercial production of mineral waters con-
stitutes a large and growing industry. The present output of the
State, based on returns received for the year 1904, is about 8,000,000
gallons annually, on which a nominal valuation of $1,600,000 is
placed. The springs of Saratoga county alone reported sales of
1,695,936 gallons in that year, representing a total value of $419,364.
The canvass of the industry is attended with some difficulty. Many

springs are exploited intermittently or on a small scale, and no>

accurate account is kept by the owners as to the actual sales. A
number of springs are also used locally to supply hotels and sana-
toriums, so that only an approximate estimate can be secured for
their output.

Bibliography
Beck, fe ws C. Mineralogy of New York. 1842.
Merrill, = a me e Mineral Resources of New York State. N.Y. State Mus.

Peale, Albert C. Mineral Springs of the United States. U.S. Geol. Sur.
r4th a IED t: - 1894. — pt 2.

NATURAL GAS

Natural gas is produced in 13 counties of the State. The most

prolific fields are in the southwestern part, including Allegany,

116 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Cattaraugus, Chautauqua and Erie counties. The adjoining section
to the east contains scattered pools, mostly of small extent, and
there are a number of wells within the belt bordering Lake Ontario
from Jefferson to Niagara county. It is said that the first attempt to
use natural gas for light and heat in this country was made at
Fredonia, where shallow wells were drilled as early as 1821.

The supply of natural gas is derived from several geologic hori-
zons, its range extending from the Potsdam sandstone in the Cam-
bric to the Chemung stage at the top of the Devonic. There are,
however, certain formations that are characteristic for its occur-
rence in New York State. They comprise the Trenton limestone
of the Lower Suluric, Medina sandstone of the Upper Siluric and
Portage and Chemung shales with interbedded sandstones of the
Devonic. With few exceptions the gas pools of the different fields
are associated with one or another of these formations.

The oil field of Allegany and Cattaraugus counties has produced
large quantities of natural gas from the Devonic. The pools of
oil and gas are found in sandstones at different horizons, such as
the Bradford, Kane and Elk “sands” in the Chemung.. Some of
the supply is consumed in the gas engines employed for pumping
the oil, and the remainder is used for light.and fuel in the local towns
and villages. The industry is controlled by a few companies who
own the distributing pipe lines. The Empire Gas & Fuel Co. of
Wellsville, and the Andover Gas Co. and the Mutual Gas Co., of ©
Andover, are the principal operators. Some of the leading towns
supplied from this field are Olean, Andover, Wellsville, Friendship,
Hornellsville and Geneseo. In the northwestern part of Cattarau-
gus county there is a small field of which Gowanda is the center
and which extends across the border into Erie county. The gas
is said to occur in the Marcellus and Onondaga formations of the
Middle Devonic. The wells when first put down were very pro-
ductive, yielding as high as 10,000,000 cubic feet daily. The
Gowanda Gas Co. distributes the output which is mainly used in
Gowanda.

In Chautauqua county the productive area comprises a belt border-
ing Lake Erie from Silver Creek southwest to the Pennsylvania
state line. The gas is contained in the Portage and Chemung beds.
The wells are mostly shallow and the individual yield is only suffi-
cient to supply a few families with gas. They are located principally
around Silver Creek, Dunkirk, Fredonia, Brocton, Westfield, May-
ville and Ripley. Some deep drilling has been done recently for
the purpose of exploring the formations below the Devonic. At

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I17

Silver Creek, the South Shore Gas Co. and the Silver Creek Gas &
Improvement Co. opened several wells during 1904 which were
quite productive, the gas being found in the Medina at a depth of
about 1700 feet. The output is consumed at Silver Creek, Forest-
ville and Dunkirk. Two wells were drilled at Brocton by the
Brocton Gas & Fuel Co. The Medina sandstone -was encountered
at a depth of 2225 feet and one well yielded 10,000 cubic feet daily,
while the second gave only a small flow of sulfurous gas from the
Devonic strata.

Erie county contains several fields. A few successful wells have
been put down within the limits of Buffalo. East Aurora, Collins,
North Collins and Springville in the southern part produce small
quantities. Since 1889 a field has been opened east of Buffalo, in
the towns of Cheektowaga, Amherst, Lancaster, Clarence, Alden
and Newstead, which is now the most active in the State. The gas
is found in the Medina sandstone. The wells are quite prolific,
yielding as high as 1,000,000 cubic feet daily. They are connected
by pipe lines with Buffalo, Tonawanda, Akron, Batavia, Lancaster,
Depew, Honeoye Falls and other towns in the vicinity.

In Genesee county there are a few wells at Corfu. A small out-
put is made at Attica, Wyoming co.; Avon, Lima and Caledonia,
Livingston co.; and in the towns of East Bloomfield and West
Bloomfield, Ontario co.

Farther east in Onondaga county, a limited supply is obtained at
Baldwinsville and Phoenix. An interesting occurrence of gas is
reported at Warner in this county where a well was drilled in 1897
to a depth of 3525 feet. No flow was encountered at the usual
horizon, the Trenton, but a pool was struck near the bottom in
what has been regarded as the Potsdam sandstone. The well is
now about exhausted.

Oswego county produces a small quantity of gas, the wells being
located at Fulton, Pulaski and Sandy Creek. This marks the pres-
ent eastern limit of the gas fields of the State.

Production. The value of the output of natural gas in 1905,
as compiled from the returns of producers and pipe line operators,
was $607,000. The output in 1904 was valued at $552,197, show-
ing an increase of $54,803 for the years “At the rate of 23 cents a
thousand cubic feet, which was the average seiling price reported
by the leading distributing companies for the two years, the esti-
mated quantity of natural gas produced was 2,639,130,000 cubic
“feet in 1905 and 2,399,987,000 cubic feet in the previous year.

aE eae as ———————

118 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of natural gas

COUNTY Igo4 Igo5_

Aiepun y-Cattvaraueus: . . Saceeeeee st ea. Wee $183 830 $204 430

Gta bk Sy us Sc NTE Fe Weta eae Ee ee “eons One ae 21 7822 20 232
| DiS Kea Mia pMNe NT eee Re aMPe tonics << i Goes Mare Mra acl (ty cna 254 8g9- 281 253
Pim St Ol Gee ho 3 cae ae lee 22 cA SE 41 805
C{AUOSE UG 12 Nets SORE ROE Roem nga 6 Vit ee loi in ert Al 15 350 16 825
OSWERO Bix Gio Sree s Sic eeeR ae eee ate ler Bae Ne eee 14 990 13 583
VV VOMIT co iekTA Sedna igi Ae eae era iais area POE 18 855 22 872
SANGER alte ob oe Eh Sore a oe en ea a Cote $552 197 $607 000

a Includes also Seneca, Ontario and Yates counties.
b Includes also Niagara and Genesee counties.

These quantities are approximately equivalent in heating value to
130,000 and 120,000 tons, respectively, of coal. The values reported
by the individual companies ranged from a minimum of 18 cents
to a maximum of 50 cents a thousand cubic feet. The average
for the greater part of the output was about 25 cents.

Owing to the fact that some of the larger companies operate at
several localities, it is difficult to distribute the output according to
the districts in which it was made. The following statistics are,
however, close approximations, those for 1904 being inclosed in
brackets: Allegany-Cattaraugus field $204,430 [$183,830]; Erie

county $281,253 [$254,899]; Chautauqua county $26,232 [$31,822] ;.

Niagara, Wyoming and Genesee counties $22,872 [$18,855]; Liv-
ingston, Seneca, Ontario and Yates $41,805 [$32,451]; Onondaga
county $16,825 [$15,350] ; Oswego county $13,583 [$14,990]. The
largest increases were in Erie county, which showed a gain of
$26,354, and in the Allegany-Cattaraugus field which gained
$20,600. In the other districts there were no important changes.

There was a good deal of exploration carried on during the year,
which has added some new territory to the proved gas fields of the
State. Two wells were drilled by G. W. Warner near Alpine in
southeastern Schuyler county. In the first, pockets of gas were
encountered at 720 feet in chocolate sandstone and at 955 feet in
shale, but nothing further was found to the depth of 1824 feet
where drilling ceased. The second well was put down to a depth
of 733 feet, with a little gas at 629 feet and a larger flow at 667
feet, registering 86 pounds. Salt water was encountered in both
wells. At Wellsburg, Chemung county, a well was drilled by the
Ashland Natural Gas Co., to a depth of 1700 feet, passing most

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 11g

of the distance through shale. Only small pockets of gas were
found. The Rushville Membership Gas & Oil Pool drilled two
wells near Rushville, Yates.co.. One well gave an estimated flaw
‘of 50,000 cubic feet daily from a depth of 378 feet, while tie
other yielded a little gas which was encountered at 425 feet. At
Pavilion, Genesee co., the Pavilion Natural Gas Co. put down a
well to a depth of about 2000 feet, which is reported to have been
successful.
Bibliography
Ashburner, C. A. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York State. Am.
Inst. Min. Eng. Trans. 1887. v.16.
Bishop, I. P. Petroleum and Natural Gas in Western New York. N. Y.
State Geol. 17th An. Rep’t. 1899.
Oil and Gas in Southwestern New York. N.Y. State Geol. 19th An.
Rept. 901.

Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. N. Y. State
Mus. Bul. 30. 1899.

PEAT

The swamp lands of the State quite commonly contain peat beds.
It has beer estimated that the inundated lands cover from 2000 to
3006 square miles, or approximately j of the entire surface,
though of course the occurrence of peat is not equally extensive.
The beds have been worked on a small scale only, principally for
agricultural purposes. An impure peat, commonly called muck, is
generally used, as the impurities increase the fertilizing value.
Experiments have been undertaken recently, with the view to
manufacturing peat fuel. A small plant has been erected near New
Rochelle by the Peat Koal Co., of New York. The peat is pulped
and compressed in a Schlickeysen machine, which consists essen-
tially of a cylinder provided with a rotating axis that carries pro-
jecting blades. The compressed peat issues in the form of a con-
~ tinuous block which is cut into convenient lengths for~handling.

The occurrence of peat in New York has been described very
fully in the early reports of Beck, Mather and Hall and more
recently in the papers by Ries and Parsons, to which reference will
be found under the appended bibliography. The following para-
graph is quoted from the paper by Parsons.

It would be difficuit to find a spot in the entire State that is more
than 10 miles from a swamp, and though not all swamps furnish
peat, yet it is within the limits of probability that peat will be found
in at least half of them. The most extensive group of swamps
is found in the Finger lake region and the lowlands near the St
Lawrence river, though the larzest swamp of all, the Drowned

Lands of the Wallkill, is in the mountainous part of Orange county,

120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

which borders on New Jersey. Many peat deposits are found in
the Adirondacks, and, as exploration is carried on farther, the
recorded number will be much greater. The depth of the Adiron-
dack swamps is likely to be greater than that of most of the swamps
in the central and western portions of the State, though the few
visited by the author are not very deep.

Bibliography

Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York. 1842.
Hall, James. Geology of New York: Report on Fourth District. 1843.
Mather, W. W. Geology of New York: Report on First District. 1843.

Parsons, A. L. Peat, its Formation, Uses and Occurrence in New York.

NeW state Geol 23d Aut Kept, 1904.

Ries, H. Uses of Peat nl its Occurrence in New York. N. Y. Stare Geol.

arst An. Ikeprter foes:

PETROL win

The oil-bearing territory of New York embraces the northeastern
part of the Appalachian field and is limited to the counties of
Cattaraugus, Allegany and Steuben. The first well was drilled in
Cattaraugus county in 1865. The Allegany county field was not
developed till some 15 years later. In 1902 there was a total of
8443 producing wells in the State.t The productive strata are fine
grained sandstones, locally called black sands, belonging to the
Chemung formation of the Upper Devonic. The oil varies from
amber to black in color.

The Cattaraugus county oil wells are located on an extension of
the Bradford district which lies mostly in Pennsylvania. The pro-
ductive area within New York State comprises about 40. square
miles, the s:eater part being in Olean, Allegany and (Carrollton
townships. The pools occur at several horizons from 600 to 1800
feet below the surface. Some of the more notable ones are the
Ricebrook, Chipmunk, Allegany and Flatstone. Though very pro-
lific when first opened, the daily yield now averages less than one
barrel per well.

The oil field of Allegany county extends across the southern town-
ships. of Clarksville, Genesee, Wirt, Bolivar, Alma, Scio and An-
dover. It is divided into several pools, which have been considered
to be more or less independent. The Bolivar, Richburg and Wirt
pools were first opened and have been the most productive. The

oil sand is found at depths varying from 1400 to 1800 feet. The

Andover pool, discovered in 1889, lies partly in the town of West
Union, Steuben co. The wells are from 850 to 1000 feet deep.

. . ! z
+ Bureau of the Census, Mines and Quarries. 1902.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 12!

Though there have been few new developments in the way of
extending the oil territory, the industry has shown remarkable sta-
bility. Compared with other fields of the country the records indi-
cate that the New York wells have a long life. The production is
also favored by the superior quality of the oil, which commands a
high price at the refineries, and by the occurrence of natural gas
in quantities that generally suffice to furnish the power required for

pumping. During late years the demand has been such that wells

yielding less than one half barrel daily could be profitably worked.

2Production of petroleum in New York

YEAR BARRELS VALUE

RITES oop cia occ 1S Une: Shah s ose, Sao iene did dws Bo £7 505.030 | $1 O61 Qg7o
TDD. & chew gai ren an Sa era nae ore ee ee i gael ean 708 207
aac oh eS his Peas jel cis «ache ence Mein re Bee TOg tk e@it. | 660 ovo
OST Sle 2 oe ne SURES aot eae ee ee 942 431 790 464
NEEM eg a emia. (vor dawe:.g Gace se Some bees ys gI2 948 I 240 468
Est 2. shack SS BARN oar ct ane ce re ar ar L205 2220 E420 (O52
Ne Se NS enh esis ees gee ei ak eM ede 8s 1 riya 12 O05, 730
TDS coe clue eS gee a A a en rn aa I 205 250 tT 098 284
PSS Ts oe SS 00 i Re ey ee eee I 320 909 I 708 926
POPOHs o o dace Besta eS tp ol My weOps eacuo (oe GmcsAle iG loko ra mcmguamnae HOO! 10/215 i 50. SOL
ares PEE ee SEY es un ee ee 1 206 618 I 460 008
pe yc Par cA) ask pits ose eyes ays ys ETO). 30 5 SOnOy2
EE LB ss ao Agseic telecon a et ee eee re LOZ 978 1 849 135
TD Sah be ee IA eae pene ga HAOZO0- 1 70 ie JOO) 770
EROS 2 a he Sa Case ye ees ee ere 949 5II I 566 931

aThe statistics for fe years 1801-1903 inclusive are taken from the annual volumes of the .

Mineral Resources.
The output of the New York wells in 1905, as indicated by ship-

ments of the companies operating pipe lines, amounted to 949,511
barrels of 42 gallons. The value of the production at an average

of $1.65 a barrel was $1,566,931. In 1904 the total reported was.

1,036,179 barrels, valued at $1,709,770, showing a decrease in quan-
tity of 86,668 barrels and in value of $142,839. The following
companies have pipe lines in this State: The Allegany Pipe Line
Serecolumbia Pipe Line Co., Union Pipe Line Co., Fords Brook
Pipe Line Co., and the Vacuum Oil Co., of Wellsville, N. Y., and
the Tide Water Pipe Co., Limited, of Bradford, Pa.

apligere pity

Ashburner, C. A. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York State. Am.
last, Min. Bae e-Prans!-1887. “v.10.

Bishop, I. P. Petroleum and Natural Gas in Western New York. N. Y.
State Geol. 17th An. Rep’t. 1899.

Oil and Gas itt Southwestern New, York... N. Y. State Geol. 19th An.
emt. . 1901.

Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Netacal ex in New York.. N. Y. State
Mus. Bul. 30. 1899. ca

LE ee

122 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~

JE OIA |B

The commercial production of pyrite is at present confined to St
Lawrence county, where mining has been carried on intermittently
for several years. The deposits are associated with crystalline
limestones and schists of the Grenville series. They apparently
represent impregnated zones in the schist, or fahlbands, though
subject to local enrichment which may take the form of lenses and
shoots like those encountered in the Adirondack magnetite deposits.
The zones have a northeasterly strike conformable to the wall rock.
The more important are found in a belt extending from near
Gouverneur northeast to High Falls in the town of Canton.

The Stella mine, 1 mile northeast of Hermon, was the first
opened in the district. It has been operated at various times, and
was last closed down in 1900. It is now owned by the St Lawrence
Pyrite Co. There are five parallel deposits on the property, of

which two have been developed.1. The western ore body, which -

has been the main producer, is opened by an incline 700 feet deep
driven at an angle of 30°. ‘The ore is removed by extending drifts
at intervals of 30 to 50 feet along the incline, leaving pillars to sup-
port the roof. An average thickness of 12 feet is shown in the
slopes, while the length of the workings is about 200 feet. An
extension of the ore body to the south has been found by recent

exploration. The company mined a considerable quantity of ore —

during the past year, and awaits the construction of a mill before
making shipments. A mill of 500 tons daily capacity is now under
way.

The High Falls mine is situated south of Canton near the Grass
river. It is opened by two slopes, sunk on different shoots, the
latter being separated by a mass of gangue and pyrrhotite. The
walls have a westerly dip, while the shoots pitch to the north. The
first slope driven on the southern shoot has been used in removing
the ore from the upper levels. The second slope on the northern
shoot was put down to avoid opening long drifts. The mine was
worked for some time by the High Falls Pyrite Co. It has recently
been taken over by the National Pyrites Co., who started operations
late in 1905. ‘The mill has a daily capacity of 50 tons crude ore.

The Cole mine, 4 miles north of Gouverneur, has been the largest
producer in the last few years. It was first opened as a pit on the

outcrop and later by an incline which was put down 150feet-at an »
angle of 30°. The workings are about 100 feet on the strike and

1For a detailed description of the pyrite mines of St Lawrence county, ress should cen

made to the article by R. B. Brinsmade, Eng. & Min. Jour. Os 28, 1905. be
‘sw P

eee

——oS—“‘iéit;rwT

<a

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 123

from 8 to 12 feet wide. By extending a crosscut through the
hanging wall, a second deposit was found which has been shown by
exploration to be at least 100 feet long and 60 feet thick. The mine
is owned by the Adirondack Pyrite Co. The equipment includes a
large mill.

Besides the three mines mentioned there are a number of open-
ings and prospects in the vicinity. Some ore has been taken from a
deposit on the Alexander Farr farm, 2% miles northeast of Bigelow
in De Kalb township. The existence of pyrite is reported also on
the properties of George Styles 14%4 miles west of Bigelow; of
S: Hendricks 1 mile south of Bigelow; and of L. Hockins, 7 miles
west of Rensselaer Falls, town of De Peyster. Another locality is
the Graham pit 2 miles northeast of the Stella mine.

The crude ore from the St Lawrence county mines carries from
20 to 35 per cent sulfur. An analysis of average material from the
Stella deposit shows the following percentages: sulfur 33%; silica,
32% ; iron, 32% ; copper .04%, with traces of gold and silver. By
concentration the sulfur content is raised to 45 or 50 per cent.

In the mill owned by the Adirondack Pyrites Co., the ore as it
comes from the mine is passed through a Blake crusher and rolls
where it is broken down to +, inch size. It is then concentrated
on Hartz jigs. Each of the four jigs used has three beds. From
here the concentrates are elevated and loaded into cars for shipment
or held in storage. About 5 per cent of sulfur is lost in the tailings.
The cost of mining and milling is said to be about 75 cents a ton of
concentrates. ;

The pyrite is used in making sulfuric and sulfurous acids. It
has been shipped to chemical companies in New York and adjoin-
ing states. The sulfite pulp mills in the Adirondacks consume large
quantities of sulfurous acid and should afford an excellent market
for the output of this region. The pyrite contains no impurities
that interfere with its use for manufacturing acids.

On the eastern side of the Adirondacks the schists and gneisses
often carry pyrite, and occasional streaks and irregular masses are
found that are quite rich. So far, however, no workable bodies
have been discovered. Some of the magnetite deposits are pyritous
and occasionally they are notably so, as is instanced in the Lee mine
near Port Henry.

Elsewhere in the State, pyrite is quite widely distributed, though
not usually found in quantity. The Phillips magnetite mine, Putnam
co., is mentioned by Beck as affording the mineral. It is associated
here with magnetite and also impregnates the walls. It constitutes
from one half to one sixth of the ore body.

124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The pyrrhotite ‘mine at Anthony’s Nose, Westchester co. may be
mentioned in this connection, as it has supplied material for sulfuric
acid making. The deposit is of lenticular form, 20 to 30 feet thick,
inclosed in acid gneiss. It was operated during the period from
1865 to 1875. The workings extend 50 feet or more on the strike
and to a depth of 300 or 400 feet. The ore contains a small per-
centage of nickel.

The production of pyrite in I901 amounted to 10,100 long tons,
valued at $40,465. In the previous year the output was 5275 long
tons, valued at $20,820. ‘The supply was derived entirely from the
mines in St Lawrence county:

Bibliography

Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York. 1842. p.387
Whitlock, -H. P. -N. Y.-State Geol. 23d An. Rept. 10904. (marcas

QUARTZ.

Quartz is obtained at present near Bedford, Westchester co. It
belongs to the massive variety and occurs nearly pure in veins and
mixed with feldspar and pegmatite. It varies from white tc smoky
gray, or more rarely has a reddish or rose color. The country rock
is porphyritic gneiss. Ordinary quarry methods are employed in
working the deposits. The product has been shipped largely to
the potteries at Trenton, N. J. for use in making white earthenware
and porcelain, but of late years a more important application has
been the manufacture of wood filler and silicate paint. The Bridge-
port Wood Finishing Co. of New Milford, Ct. 1s *the Wamecse
producer.

Quartz veins are very common in the Adirondacks, where they
are associated with gneisses and schists and sometimes attain large
proportions. In the southeastern part from Fort Ann to Port
Henry, there are a number of occurrences that have furnished mate-
rial for wood filler, which at one time was manufactured near Fort
Ann. For several years, however, no production has been made
from this section.

SveJi dP

Salt has long been one of the chief mineral products of the State.
The New York industry commands extensive markets which has
enabled it to maintain a position of commercial prominence not-
withstanding the many new sources of supply that have been
developed in recent years.

The salt deposits are associated with strata belonging to the
Salina stage of the Upper Siluric. The beds comprise shales, lime-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 125

stones, dolomites and gypsum, besides rock salt. The horizon of
the latter has been definitely fixed in the series between the Vernon
red and green shales and the Camillus gypsum and dolomite beds.
A synopsis of the classification of the Salina stage, as now recog-
nized by geologists, will be found under the subject of gypsum.

The occurrence of salt has been established over a large area.
The northern limit, as shown by the outcropping Salina strata, is
approximately defined by a line drawn from a point somewhat south
of Oneida lake, westward to Buffalo. To the south of this line the
deposits are encountered at progressively increasing depths in ac-
cordance with the dip of the strata which ranges up to 40 or 50 feet
to the mile. The most easterly point where wells have been sunk
is at Morrisville, Madison co. Between this locality and Lake Erie,
salt has been found in almost all of the central tier of counties.

In Onondaga county, Syracuse continues to be an important center
of the industry. The manufacture of salt began there in 1789 and
in 1797 it came under State control. For a long time the wells
yielded nearly all of the salt made in the State, but in late years
there has been an increasing output from other localities. A note-
worthy feature, also, has been the falling off in the production of
the finer grades of salt. Almost the entire yield at present is of
the solar or coarse variety. The largest operator in Onondaga
county is the Solvay Process Co. The company derives its supply
of brine from wells in the town of Tully, 20 miles south of Syracuse.
The deposits are rock salt, and the brine 13 obtained by bringing
fresh water into the wells. Formerly the brine was allowed to flow
out under its own pressure, but owing to the loss from percolation
with this method, the wells are now pumped. The brine is conveyed
by pipe line to the works at Solvay, where it is used for the manu-
facture of soda products.

In Tompkins county a test well drilled at Ithaca in 1885 encount-
ered seven beds of rock salt aggregating 248 feet in thickness at
depths below 2244 feet from the surface. This discovery was followed
by active developments at Ludlowville in 1891 by the Cayuga Lake
Salt Co., and at Ithaca in 1895 by the Ithaca Salt Co. .The plants
were taken over in 1899 by the National Salt Co., which was merged
last year into the International Salt Co. More recently the Reming:
ton Salt Co. has erected a plant near Ithaca, which is now under ope-
ration. The company has drilled three wells, finding the salt at
about 2100 feet below the surface.

Salt is obtained in Schuyler county around Watkins. The Glen
Salt Co. sank the first well in 1893 and encountered a deposit at a

126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

depth of 1846 feet. The plant is now owned by the International
Salt Co. The Watkins Salt Co. also operates at this locality.

The discovery of salt near Wyoming, Wyoming co., in 1878,
furnished an incentive for the exploration of this region. ‘The
first. well penetrated 70 feet of rock salt at 1270 feet from the sur-
face. It was followed by discoveries at Warsaw, Leroy, Rock
Glen, Batavia and numerous places in Livingston, Wyoming and
Genesee. counties. Practically the whole valley of Oatka creek,
from Leroy to Bliss and the Genesee valley south of Monroe county
have been found to be salt bearing. The region is now one of the
most productive in the State. The International Salt Co. has oper-
ated three plants at Warsaw. ‘The other active companies in this
field are the Leroy Salt Co. of Leroy; the Genesee Salt Comme
tard; the Worcester Salt Co. of Silver Springs; and the Reiser
Mining Co. of Retsof. The last named company produces rock
salt. A large number of plants have been erected by other com-
panies that are now inoperative.

In Erie county salt has been found at Eden Valley, Springville
and Gowanda, but these localities are no longer productive. At
Perry, the Iroquois Salt Co. has a plant which has been operated
during the last few years.

Among other discoveries of salt in New York may be mentioned
those at Vincent and Naples, Ontario co.; Dundee, Yates co. ; Seneca
Falls, Seneca co.; and Aurora, Cayuga co. The deposits are not
worked.

All of the commercial grades of salt are made in New York,
including coarse solar, common coarse, common fine, table and
dairy, packers and rock salt. The coarse solar is produced around
Syracuse where large tracts of land are given up to its manufacture.
There are four rock salt mines in the State, but only that at Retsof is
now operated. .

Production. During the year 1905, there were 31 companies
engaged in the production of salt within the State, as compared with
30 companies in the preceding year. Of the number reporting in
1905, Onondaga county was represented by 23 companies; Wyom-
ing, Tompkins and Livingston counties by two each and Genesee and
Schuyler counties by one each. The International Salt Co. is in-
cluded under. Tompkins county, but it also operated plants in
Schuyler and Wyoming counties. The Genesee Salt Co., of Piffard,
Livingston co., which was inactive during the previous year,
reported an output in 1905. F as

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 127

The total output of salt for 1905 amounted to 8,575,649 barrels
of 280 pounds, against 8,724,768 barrels in 1904, showing a decrease
of 149,119 barrels. The totals for each year include the amount
of salt utilized in the form of brine for the manufacture of soda
products, which is a very large item. Notwithstanding the de-
creased production, it will be noted that the higher market prices.
prevailing in 1905 brought about a gain in the total value of

$200,319.

Production of salt by grades in 1904

VALUE
GRADE : BARRELS VALUE PER

BARREL
eeaMOMUNed. os oS ee 2] EP 300,531 $409 498 $ .31
MmmmWONICOATSE. 25. oi 423 686 TAZ 25) 33
We AG -CAity =... 2. ost} BOO: 423 518 742 .45
Mere seer sols. 1 Se SS 459 156 175 931 . 38
LG See a ee eres 46 178 14 180 wou
Ripert Se orcs os a sat 5325 704 842 o40 . 16
TEL ee ee ee . 8 724 768 “$2 102 748 $ .24

a Includes a small quantity of coarse solar salt. eS
Production of salt by grades in 1905
VALUE
GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER

BARREL
Sammon mer ss. ..5 5... ib...) OF 355 843 $486 7371 $ .36
DaaMIGHCOATSE. 2. es was 2388140 938567 39
feameerdd dairy 025.0. 50.6 5. | x69 %220 684%230 .58
“LD SSE SC 7 os eae ev 453 206 £7 32720 Bohs
2 SSS . 2 ea eee 27% 7O2 2 AATF . 38
MMime te OIMOCS 2 os ey et SS |... 5> 328° 430 850 684 .16
DEEL Nas ge crac ae | 8 575 649 | $2 303 067 Sey

|

a Includes some coarse solar salt, though the amount is not important.

The accompanying tables show the production for the last two
years distributed among the various grades as marketed. The
output listed under “ other grades” is made up principally of rock
salt and salt used for soda manufacture, but includes small quanti-
ties for which the use is not specified in the returns.

Onondaga county ranks first among the counties of the State in
salt production. In 1905 it contributed 3,140,644 barrels, valued

’

L263): NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

at $317,404, against 3,456,337 barrels, valued at $233,477, for the
preceding year. The operations of the Solvay Process Co. account
for most of the production. Since this company converts the brine
directly into soda, the value placed upon the salt is much lower
than that given for the marketable grades. In addition to this com-
pany there were 22 producers in the county, all of them operating
in Syracuse and vicinity and marketing their product through the
Onondaga Coarse Salt Association of that city.

The relative rank of the other counties contributing to the out-
put was as follows, in the order of their importance: Livingston,
Wyoming, Schuyler, Tompkins and Genesee.

The single rock salt mine which has been active was that at
Retsof, Livingston co., owned by the Retsof Mining Co. of Scran-
ton, Pa. The Oatka Mining Co., which has been engaged in
opening a mine at Wyoming, has discontinued operations. A new
company organized under the title of the Sterling Salt Mining Co.
began development work during 1905 at Cuylerville, and intends
to produce rock salt. At the close of the year the shaft had reached
a depth of a little over 500 feet.

the Intesnational Salto, of) News vonk city: sper: the fol-
lowing plants in 1905: Glen Works, Watkins; Ithaca Works,
Ithaca; Cayuga Works, Myers; Hawley and Yorkshire Works,
Warsaw. The Warsaw Works at Warsaw was inactive. The
International Salt Co. assumed control of the works mentioned on
August I, 1904, succeeding the National Salt Co. The company
is also interested in the Retsof rock salt mine. ;

Bibliography

Beck, Lewis C. Mineral Springs. Mineralogy of New York. 1842.
Bishop, I. P. Salt Wells of Western New York. N. Y. State Geol. 5th An.

RO ey USO, © 7
Salt Industry of Central New Worle N. Y. State Mus. 45th An. Rep’t.
1892.

Hall, James. Geology of New York: Report on Fourth District. 1843.

Luther, D.D. Geology of the Livonia Salt Shaft. N. Y. State Geol. 13th
JO). Rept. 1894.

Brine Spence and Salt Wells of New York and Geology of the Salt
Distuicthy Ne eootate Geola TOL ym INepsr ame ooo:

Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. N. Y. State
Mus Bali tas 5013:

Vanuxem, L. Geology of New York: Report on Third District. 1842.

SAND

Sand is obtained in nearly every part of the State. Enormous
quantities of building sand are consumed each year, and glass sand,
molding sand and other varieties are produces on quite an extensive
scale,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 129

Building sand. The glacial deposits which are a prominent
feature of the topography in many sections afford an abundant
source of sand for building and construction purposes. Such sand
may be mixed with gravel, boulders and clay, requiring some prepa-
ration by screening or washing before it can be used. Frequently,
however, the materials have been sorted before deposition so that
beds yielding quite clean and evenly sized sand may be worked.
The supplies of sand used in building operations in Albany and
Rochester are derived from local morainal deposits. Alluvial sand
found along the stream valleys is employed in many localities in
the interior of the State. Beach sand also enters into the trade;
most of the sand consumed in New York city is obtained from the
shores of Long Island, and Buffalo derives its supply from the
beaches of Lake Erie, principally from the Canadian side.

While the trade in building sand has attained to very large pro-
portions, it is difficult to secure reliable information on the subject,
owing to the numerous small enterprises engaged in the industry
and their somewhat unstable character. The value of building sand
is mostly represented in the cost of excavation and transport to
market.

Glass sand. For the manufacture of glass, pure quartz sand is
required. The presence of dark minerals such as magnetite, horn-
blende, mica etc., which carry iron, is objectionable. In the manu-
facture of wmdow glass and common glassware, the iron is kept
down to a small fraction of I per cent, while for the finer grades no
more than a trace is allowable.

The glass sand produced in the State comes from the vicinity
of Oneida lake. ‘The principal workings are in the towns of Rome,
Verona and Vienna, Oneida co.; and Constantia, Oswego co. The
deposits vary from 6 inches to 3 feet in thickness and are covered
by a few inches of soil. The sand is prepared for market by
washing in sheet iron sieves and subsequent stirring in troughs
partly filled with water. It is shipped to various points including
Rochester, Ithaca, Lockport, Black Rock, Syracuse and Clyde. The
resources of this section early attracted attention and for many
years the manufacture of window glass by local plants was a flour-
ishing industry. The business has declined in importance owing
to competition with manufacturing centers situated in the coal and
natural gas fields. An analysis of glass sand from West Vienna,
furnished by B. Delahunt, manager of the Oneida Lake Sand Mine,
shows the following chemical composition.

RST 8 ay pp EE pn enemy

130 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SHCA GR SIOR eee > ee eye ee reece 98.6
Altai (AN ©), ) <tc een, erty arena a eters 722
Bermcvoxid (FC; ) eee eae ee .17
Maenesia (MeO ieee ee i ees trace

99 .00

~The output of glass sand in 1905 amounted to 9850 short tons
valued at $7765, reported by four producers. In the preceding year
three companies reported a total of 11,080 short tons, valued at
$8484.

At one time considerable quantities of glass material were obtained
near Ellenville, Ulster co. The Shawangunk grit, a nearly pure
quartz conglomerate, was quarried, ground and shipped to glass
companies in Pennsylvania. The Potsdam sandstone has also been
used for glass making.

Molding sand. Molding sand of excellent quality is found in
the Hudson river valley. A large part of the requirements of
foundries in the eastern United States is furnished from this section.
The molding sand occurs in beds of varying thickness underlying
the soil and resting upon coarser sand or upon clay. In some cases
it outcrops at the surface, the usual covering having been removed
by erosion. The method of digging the sand is described by F. L.
Nason, as follows:

In gathering the sand for market a section of land 1 or 2 rods in

width is stripped of its overlying soil and down to the sand. The
sand is then dug up and carted away from this strip. After the

sand is moved from the first strip, a second belt is cleared of soil

and dumped on the first and so on until the whole field has been
stripped of its sand. After stripping the entire field the soil is
replaced and leveled down and is then just as good for agricultural
purposes as before.

It is estimated that 6 inches of sand will yield 1ooo tons an acre.
The owner of the land receives on the average about ve 50 an acre
as royalty for removing the deposit.

In Albany county the finest grades of molding sand, adapted for
stove and other castings that require a smooth finish, are obtained
at Delmar and Selkirk. The output is shipped to Albany, Troy and
more distant points, bearing.a freight rate as high as $3 a ton.
Deposits are also worked near Coxsackie Station, Columbia co. and
near Camelot and New Hamburg, Dutchess co.

_-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 131

SUA LE

Quarries of roofing slate are worked in Washington county near
the Vermont state line. The productive district includes a narrow
belt running nearly due north from Salem through the towns of
Hebron, Granville, Hampton and Whitehall. Efforts have been
made to work slate in other parts of the State, particularly in the
Hudson river metamorphic region, but for reasons no longer appa-
rent they have not led to the establishment of a permanent industry.
Hoosick, Rensselaer co., New Lebanon, Columbia co., and New
Hamburg, Dutchess co., are among the places that have furnished
slate in the past. At the locality last named, beds were found which
yielded large blocks resembling the Welsh slate in color and quality
and adapted for structural material, billiard tables, blackboards and
other purposes. They were operated as late as 1808.

The slate from Washington county exhibits a variety of colors.
Red is the most valuable and is the characteristic product of the
region. Owing to its rarity elsewhere, it has a wide sale and is in
constant demand for export. This variety is found near Granville
and in the Hatch Hill and North Granville districts between North
Granville and Whitehall. Its occurrence is confined to areas of
Lower Siluric age. Purple, variegated and different shades of green
slate are produced from Cambric areas, principally around Middle
Granville, Salem and Shushan. The unfading green, which like-
wise commands a good price for roofing purposes, is quarried to

some extent in Washington county, but the greater quantity comes .

from across the border in Vermont.

Up to the present time the production of slate for other than
roofing purposes, such as mantels, billiard tables, floor tiling, black-
boards etc., has not been developed to any extent in this section.
It is an important branch of the slate trade of Pennsylvania and
Vermont, and there is no doubt that increased attention to this
branch would greatly assist the advancement of the industry.

Production. The reports received for 1905 show that Io firms
were engaged in quarrying slate during the year. The total output
was 16,460 squares of roofing slate, valued at $94,009; and $1000
of mill stock. In 1904 the roofing slate amounted to 18,090 squares,
valued at $86,159, and the mill stock at $7441. The average value
of the roofing slate was $5.71 a square in 1905 and $4.76 a square
in the preceding year. The prices are above those received in other
slate-producing regions.

A new quarry was opened at Salem by William Blanchfield, and
a small quantity of roofing slate was taken out as a test. The Wil-

132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

liams Slate Co., which formerly operated quarries at Middle Gran-
ville, has retired from business.

Bibliography .

Dale, T. N. The Slate Belt of Eastern New York and Western Vermont.
Us. Geol’ Sur. roth An Repti ge. coo.

Mather, W. W. Geology of New York. Report on First District. 1838.

Nevius, J. N. Roofing Slate Quarries of Washington County. N. Y. State
Geol. 19th An. Rep’t. toot.

Smock, J. C. Building Stones in New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. ro.

1890.
SLONE

All of the principal building and ornamental stones are quarried
in New York and most of them on a large scale. In the following
pages a brief description is given of their occurrence throughout
the State, together with information relating to production and
recent developments. The slate, marl and millstone industries,
which might properly be included here, have been treated under
separate headings owing to their somewhat special character.

Production of stone

The value of the quarry products for 1905 amounted in the aggre-
gate to $6,107,147. The value of the limestone quarried was
$2,411,456. The sandstone was valued at $2,043,960, the greater
part reported by companies engaged in the bluestone trade. The
output of trap, mostly from the Hudson river Palisades, was valued
at $623,219. Marble accounted for a value of $774,557.. The value
of the granite produced was $253,955. Classified as to uses, build-
ing stone was one of the leading items in the production with an
aggregate value of $1,488,009. It was exceeded only by the value
of crushed stone which aggregated $1,902,623. Curb and flagstones
amounted to the sum of $1,037,210, represented almost entirely by
bluestone. The monumental stone, principally marble, was valued
at $187,988. The value of the stone quarried for purposes other
than those given, including lime, furnace flux, paving blocks,
nipple ete wast St AQl 217.1:

A comparison of the above totals with the corresponding figures
for 1904 shows that there was a large expansion in the quarrying
industry last year which was shared by all branches. The aggregate
increase amounted to $937,206, or about 18 per cent. This was
distributed along the different varieties of stone as follows: lime-
stone, $307,361; sandstone, $147,263; marble, $295,786; granite,
$32,073; and trap $154,723.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 133

The rapidly extending use of crushed stone for concrete, road
metal, etc. is one of the important factors in the development of
the quarry industry of the State. The quantity of crushed stone
made last year was 2,762,774 cubic yards, as compared with
2,224,000 cubic yards in 1904. The quantities reported as used
for road metal were 1,080,034 cubic vards in 1905 against 773,553
cubic yards in the preceding year.

Production of stone in 1904

aoe Curbing
: Building Crushed Total
Variety Monumental and All other
stone flassing stone value
= ee Da Sern mae

Graiite.....:..... $89 300 $11 262 a $83 205 $38 025| $22t 882
Ramestone......... DASA ae aretert oe aie $6 253 094 475 809 030] 2 104 095
Wey CHeSE Se Aare 278 904 154 673 a a 45 104 478 771
Sandstone. ........ OBTMOOW Ee tiieiote mote 902 027 27 583 329 480| 1 8096 607
plete epee st bis se vo0s a Rc pCR oe cll Sea SeeN See ete A52 621 TSO TI5 468 406
Motale.........|\$t. 254 5248 $165 035 $908 280\$1 557 974\$1 237 504/$5 160 oar

~

a Included under ‘‘All other’’

Production of stone in 1905

BN Curbing
: Building Crushed Total
Variety Monumental and All other

3 stone flagging stone value
Granite...........| $139 414 $10 431 a $69 748 $34 362| $253 955
Limestone......... ZAGE FOO) Sa. 2 is nsete aise $7 207| I 103 800 964 059] 2 411 456
WleSclo) |G) oa 571 810 177 557 a a 25 190 q7A 557
Sandstone......... SIO ASN Sy clow docdaa cll 1 ae) Cex) 37 406 446 156| 2 043 960
JURyS)S OAS oe a Beene Ree 601 660 21 550 623 219
Motala........|$t 488 000 $187 988 |#1 037 2I10\$1 902 623/81 401 317\/$6 107 147

a Included under “All other.”’
Granite

The term granite, as here used, includes the crystalline rocks
generally, with the exception of trap or diabase which is treated by
itself.

There are two principal areas where these rocks occur in New
York, the one being the Adirondack region and the other the lower
Hudson valley. Massive granites are much less important in both
areas than the banded or schistose types designated as gneisses and
schists ; they are sufficiently developed, however, to afford frequent
sites for quarries. At present most of the granite employed for
building, monumental and decorative purposes is brought in from
other states, as the local production is far from meeting the require-
ments.

134 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

In southeastern New York, the Highlands of the Hudson consist
almost entirely of granite and gneiss. Quarries have been opened
at numerous localities, particularly along the river where convenient
transport facilities can be had. In Putnam county, Breakneck
mountain, just north of Cold Spring, supplies a medium grained
grayish gneissoid granite which has been used extensively for build-
ing material and crushed stone. At Garrisons a true granite of
massive character outcrops and has furnished building stone to
New York city. Farther south around Peekskill there are several
quarries producing gneissoid granite.

In Westchester county granitic rocks are abundant and of varied
character. One of the principal formations is the Fordham gneiss,
a well foliated grayish biotite gneiss that has supplied much mate-
rial for foundations and rough masonry. The quarry localities
include Hastings, Lowerre, Bryn Mawr and Uniontown. ‘The
Yonkers gneiss, more massive than the former and containing horn-
blende, affords a durable building stone which is obtained at Dun-
woodie and Scarsdale, while a similar rock occurs at Hartsdale,
Hastings, Tarrytown and White Plains. Dikes and bosses of mass-
ive granite are quite common and have been worked at New
Rochelle, Mount Vernon, Lake Mohegan, Westchester co.; Round
Island, Rockland co.; and at Pine Island, Orange co. The last:
named locality affords a coarse hornblende granite much used as a
dimension stone. The Cortland series of gabbros and diorites out-
cropping south of Peekskill may be mentioned among the quarry
resources of this region.

The crystalline rocks of the Adirondacks extend over a great
area, but their inaccessibility has prevented the opening of quarries,
except on the borders. The varieties found here include massive
granites, syenites, gabbros and anorthosites, as well as gneissoid
phases of each. |

Building and monumental stone is quarried largely in Jefferson
county. Grindstone island, in the St Lawrence river, is noteworthy
as a locality for red granite of very attractive appearance. The
latter has a coarsely crystalline texture, takes a lustrous polish, and
on account of its deep red color has been employed as a substitute
for Scotch granite. It is used for building, monumental and decora-
tive purposes in many of the western cities and in Canada.

At Little Falls, Herkimer co., there is an outlet of Adirondack
syenite which is worked to some extent. It is a closely textured
rock, well adapted for all construction work. In Fulton county

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 135

quarries have been opened at Mayfield and Northville, in Lewis
county near Port Leyden and in Franklin county at St Regis Falls.

Anorthosite has been quarried near Keeseville, Essex co., and at
West Chazy, Clinton co. The stone has a handsome chatoyant
appearance when polished, and is adapted for monumental and
decorative work.

Production of granite

Material I904 I905
Building SIU CIC) Spee ees ey PR ak Mamas a ge i Aeterna $89 300 $139 414
ELST SRR RRS le Ne epee rane ee aot pra Tt 262 IO 431
Crushed stone........ DERE Re Me cae ee ROA 320° - 205 69 748
Pepa AD) = sc oc oS Gon wicls cd late es 2 SPO 83 760 30 125
EIR SY ss SC, Ss oe a a hs HENS Se aes 7 265 4 237
LOLS |, RR i see Mego Re ec aa $221 882 $253 955

The aggregate value of the products of the granite quarries in
the State amounted last year to $253,955. Building stone was the
largest item in the production, with a total valued at $139,414.
Among the other kinds represented with their values were: crushed
stone, $69,748; rubble and riprap, $30,125; monumental stone,
$10,431; paving blocks, curbing and miscellaneous, $4237. The
quantity of crushed stone reported was 87,655 cubic yards. West-
chester county alone made an output valued at $142,815, consisting
principally of building stone, crushed stone and rubble. The re-
mainder of the production was distributed among the following
counties: Clinton, Essex, Fulton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis,
Orange, Putnam, Rockland and Warren.

In 1904, Westchester county reported a value of $125,150; Orange
and Rockland counties, $83,520; Jefferson, $8412; and Fulton,
$4800.

Limestone

The limestone quarries are the most important in New York State. -
Compared with sandstone, which ranks second in value of output,
limestone is not specially prominent as a building material, but it
is more generally used for road metal and concrete. Its wide occur-
rence, in connection with its natural fitness for the purpose, has
favored the development of an extensive crushed stone trade that
covers nearly every section of the State. The manufacture of lime
also calls for a large part of the product.

Among the geologic formations of the New York series, limestone
appears frequently. In the Precambric strata of the Adirondacks

136 _NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and in southeastern New York it has been metamorphosed and has
the crystalline character of marble. The noncrystalline limestones,
to which the present discussion is limited, are associated with the
Lower Siluric, Upper Siluric, and Devonic systems. Those chiefly
exploited will be briefly described.

Beekmantown limestone. The Beekmantown limestone or cal-
ciferous sandrock, as it has been commonly called, occurs in isolated
areas along the Mohawk and Champlain valleys. There are quarries
in Warren, Montgomery, Fulton and Herkimer counties. It is a

fine grained, massive stone of grayish color and normally contains

more or less magnesia. This constituent sometimes occurs in suffi-
cient amount to characterize the rock as dolomite. Owing to its
prevailing silicious nature, the limestone can seldom be used for
other than building purposes.

Chazy limestone. The Chazy limestone is of local importance.
It is found along a narrow belt bordering the Adirondacks from
Saratoga county north to Clinton county. It attains its greatest

development in the eastern and northern parts of Clinton county.

In composition it is a typical limestone, containing little magnesia
or impurities. For this reason it is adapted to the manufacture of
lime. The stone has a finely crystalline texture, and at Chazy and
Plattsburg has been quarried for marble. It supplies also some
building stone and furnace flux.

Trenton group. In the Mohawkian or Trenton group are in-
cluded the Lowville (Birdseye), Black River and Trenton lime-
stones, which occupy a large area and possess considerable economic
value. They occur in the Champlain valley, but mostly on the
Vermont side, and on the southern and western borders of the Adir-
ondacks. From the Mohawk valley at Little Falls they form a belt
that extends northwesterly with gradually increasing width to the
St Lawrence river. The area on the eastern side of Lake Champlain
is continued southward into Washington county. The limestone
varies somewhat in character according to locality and geologic
position. It is often highly fossiliferous. The lower part of the
group or Lowville formation is a heavy bedded limestone, but the
upper beds commonly contain more or less shale. The color ranges
from light gray to almost black. It sometimes shows incipient meta-
morphism and has a crystalline texture. The Trenton limestones
are quarried in Clinton, Washington, Montgomery, Fulton, Herki-
mer, Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties. The product is. used
for building and road material and common masonry. A part is
also burned into lime. At Glens Falls, Trenton limestone is em-
ployed for the manufacture of Portland cement.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 137

Niagaran group. The next group of limestones in ascending
order is the Niagaran, which comprises the Lockport and Guelph
formations. The latter is a typical dolomite, fine grained and of
erayish color. It occupies a limited area in Monroe and Orleans
counties, and is quarried near Rochester. It has been used for
lime. The lower member of the group, the Lockport dolomite, out-
crops in a continuous belt several miles wide from Niagara Falls
east to Onondaga county, and then with diminishing width across
Madison county. Like the Guelph it contains magnesia, and this
component may be present in sufficient quantity.to make it a dolo-
mite. The lower part is usually silicious, grading into shale. The
upper portion which is heavy bedded is adapted for building mate-
rial, road metal, lime, etc. There are quarries around Niagara
Falls and Lockport. It is also worked at Rochester and to some
extent in Wayne, Onondaga and Madison counties.

Cayugan group. The Cayugan group with its members is note-
worthy economically, as it contains the valuable gypsum and salt
deposits besides the hydraulic limestones that are utilized for cement.
The basal strata, comprising the Salina stage, are mostly shales,
though they interbedded with thin layers of dolomitic limestones.
In the Cobleskill, Rondout and Manlius stages, limestones prevail.
In the Rosendale district of Ulster county they have furnished large

quantities of materia! for the manufacture of natural rock cement,

and they are the source of the cement rock in Onondaga and Scho-
harie counties. The purer limestones of the group are employed
in Onondaga county for lime making.

Helderbergian group. At the base of the Devonic system, the
Helderbergian group is prominent for its limestones. The latter
are strongly developed along the Hudson river in Albany, Columbia,
Greene and Ulster counties. The Coeymans or Lower Pentamerus
formation affords rock suitable for lime, building stone and road
material, while the Becraft or Upper Pentamerus is employed as
an ingredient of Portland cement and for furnace flux. There are -
quarries at Hudson, Rondout, South Bethlehem and Catskill.

Onondaga limestone. Of the remaining formations represented
in New York, the Onondaga is the only one that is of much import-
ance for limestone quarries. - It outcrops in Orange, Ulster, Greene
and Albany counties, and is exposed quite continuously through the
middle and western part of the State. Building stone and lime
are the principal products. Quarries have been opened at Kingston,
Split Rock (near Syracuse), Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca Falls,
Leroy, Buffalo, and many other places,

L300 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of limestone

Limestone is quarried in 35 counties of the State with a total of
about 160 active quarries. The value of the production last year
amounted to $2,411,456. This is exclusive of the limestone used
in the manufacture of Portland and natural cement, for which no
statistics have been collected. Compared with the preceding year,
there was a gain of $307,361 in the production.

Production of limestone

MATERIAL Ig04 1g05

Crushedi Some ais 2). bins 5 heres lenin eget ie oe eee $0994 475 $1 193 800
Lyin e privet ote ete ae et do Gees 678 225 702 684
Bunldingest One: <8 tere Gere 5 te en ee 248 647 246 300
FSG EMC GM UNG hig oe cat PEN eam he Rta oir. han he ae L2 TOG 198 168
A SSDH 8) OF Sees rh op cre Oey Ns Sy adie meres Pe GPS REN AAR RIS og © 22 230 40 664
Pla goinio. Cun bimgn as emeericrk ee oats eee ee ise) 7 20%
Miscellameouce mcm ius a. re ree rate ie Ee tinaoaee 23-156 22 543

Loy F211 eS eet eile oie Tm eva Aaa Baa a ee OM $2 104 095 | $2 411 456

Crushed stone for road metal, railroad ballast, concrete and other
uses, represents the largest item in the output. The value of this
material was $1,193,800, against $994,475 for 1904. The manu-
facture of lime is second in importance with a product valued at
$702,684 and $678,225 for the respective years. The building
stone quarried amounted in value to $246,300, against $248,647 in
1904; furnace flux to $198,168, against $121,109; rubble and riprap
to $40,664, against $22,230; flagging and curbing to $7297, against
$6253; and miscellaneous materials, not classified in the returns,
to $22,543, against $33,156 in the preceding year.

Distributed according to the counties in which the limestone was
quarried, the largest producer last year was Erie county which had
an output valued at $383,411, consisting principally of building
stone, crushed stone and furnace flux. Onondaga county which
was first in 1904 ranked second last year with an aggregate of
$310,322, mainly represented by lime manufacture. The remaining
counties which reported a total value of over $100,000 each were
Dutchess, $234,578; Genesee, $227,087; Rockland, $220,596; War-
ren, $192,136 and Albany, $101,425.

Lime. There were 41 firms that reported an output, last year,
of limestone (including marble) for lime burning, either as a main
product or in connection with the quarrying of other materials,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 139

The greater portion of the limestone was converted by the com-
panies operating the quarries. In all 21 counties participated in
the production. The quantity of lime made was 323,905 short tons,
valued at $702,684. Of the total, Onondaga county contributed
193,506 tons, or about 60 per cent. In the previous year the pro-
duction amounted to 381,974 short tons, valued at $678,225, of which

Onondaga county made 230,194 tons. The importance of the in-.

dustry in this county is due to the operations of the Solvay Process
Co., which uses the output as a reagent in the manufacture of soda
products.

The production in the other leading counties was as follows, the
figures for 1904 being given in brackets: Warren county, 38,025
[32,000] tons; Westchester, 24,700 [28,000]; Jefferson, 19,017
[17,403]; Clinton, 16,000 [15,873] and Washington county, 12,000
~ [9000] tons.

It will be noted that the value of the production as given above is
considerably less than the ruling commercial price owing to the
fact that a nominal valuation has been placed upon the portion used
as a chemical reagent. Disregarding the quantities thus consumed,
the value of the lime averaged $3.58 a short ton in 1905 and $3.54
a short ton in the preceding year.

Crushed stone. Limestone is more widely employed for crush-
ing than any other kind of stone. The total production in 1905
amounted to 1,851,008 cubic yards valued at $1,193,800, as com-
pared with 1,471,305 cubic yards valued at $994,475 in the preceding
year. Of the quantities given, 573,924 cubic yards in 1905 and
443,037 cubic yards in 1904 were reported as having been used for
road metal, though the actual amount thus used probably somewhat
exceeded these totals. The leading counties in the production of
crushed stone with their output are as follows, the figures for
1904 being bracketed: Rockland, 335,714 cubic yards [258,873] ;
Mrtetess, 335,112 | 3220,701|; Genesee, 288,000 [252,224]; Erie,
243,628 [286,658] ; Albany, 131,000 [80,503] and Onondaga, 84,811
[61,552].

Building stone. The production of building stone showed little
change during the past year, the total value aggregating $246,300
against $248,647 in 1904. Erie county contributed the largest
amount in both years, $103,763 in 1905 and $108,411 in 1904. With
the exception of Schoharie county which had an output valued at
$49,227, the remaining counties were small producers. There is
a very large demand for limestone in building operations, but the
greater part of the supply is brought in from other states,

140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Furnace flux. The metallurgical industries of the State are
consumers of limestone which is employed as a flux in smelting
operations. The largest users are the iron blast furnaces located
in Buffalo and vicinity. The supply for this district is obtained
from the Onondaga limestone in western New York and in the
adjacent part of the province of Ontario. The principal New York |
quarries are located at Clarence and Gunnville, Erie co. and at
North Leroy, Genesee co. The total production in 1905 amounted
to 393,067 long tons, valued at $198,168. In the preceding year,
the amount was 220,198 long tons, valued at $121,109. A quarry
has been opened near Gouverneur, St Lawrence co., for the purpose

of supplying furnace flux.

Production of limestone by counties in 1904

Crushed | | Lime | Furnace | Balas Other

COUNTY stone ee made” || =~ flax stone uses Total
Pillgaiye ee te Neale had 872 Se 2 5 eo aeecre eee $700 $500 $50 197
Cayuga? case = 13 864) Sol $1 ooo] 12 432) 16: 500 43 876
Chittons, sees FO! 666)— 55.175 4 O19 I 950) 2° 750) 74 560
Ditehesse. sane TIGR nay Se os eters 7 TOin tle ee 194 942
ISAKSe Sc 170 509 400] 46 299] 108 411) 15° fogs a4 ue
inelidoneabene 6 840) Th WOO uae sheen aw eae [’: Saegeeeaaeee 340
Genesee......... I50 2I0| 4 500) 64 299 3 500! 193 222° 702
lericimeninare TOM PO. 5 Oo haat peers SOO sneer Q) 232
Jefferson.... 5 10| = OOM GOLA eee oeee 20 096| 6 106 94 352
Madison: a 2283 Fi MSCS erates oe | eee cae 125| — 3 1600 IO 720
Monroe: cs Senet 2 27 035) RS Sen ae Aree 6 050; 2 000 35 085
Montgomery.... ST ee yee Racerieaee 7 022| xX 000 Soros
INGA catia hoe. 4 al 15) 727 ACER OO WE aed 6 300] 3 875 30 402
Oneidanz.c. 4.22 TOMBS ver wee ae be abst eee ape TS OOlhe eee 17 887
Onondaga = 7.5. AI 481| 275 923) 2: 5 2.0) 22 Saiz le oes 344 817
Rock lance cs oie: her Ou Salen ee, cena ot en Ae ee meee ats bee 194 154
St Lawrence.....| 2 600) SEANO Olathe 2-024 Seas e 16 974
Saratoga.... 39 CAL OAll| eeeeren: pest ee AS corpse T “SOO\cs Seas 34 651
Schoharie. . 13 181| 312 24) “24. AQ. 2) Fac 40 792
istens a ci. see. Oe BU 2 2e O ZONE ee gtoce alc keeen Ge Se eee 16037
Warren So Laeee A Aa i Sil SOO santa weomer 17 81315 ape 150 055
Washington.. EO. TIO|-1 30. OCG ulin, ath beekes ae feel tae 46 IIo
Westchester. . digo aoa. (2) 2c) SOO es ove as Sole eee 73 600
Other countiesa. li, 320 778) 14,228), - 2 143| 10 S00] = usa” 49 195

Total.......|/$994 475 $678 225 $121 1og\$248 647|$61 639/$2 104 095

| |

a Includes Allegany, Columbia, Essex, Greene; Lewis, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Rensselaer,

Seneca, Wayne and Yates,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I4!I

Production of limestone by counties in 1905

| |
Crushed Iime | Furnace} Building Other |
COUNTY stone made | flux stone uses j Total

Cs $90 80ql $0 Goo}.....2.. $525) $500! $roxr 425
Sayuea.......| LS Ae + | eee $240 9 650} II 500 34 617
Ciagone 0... 4 600| 58 000! -5 200 ol aos) Bases | 76 905
Puichess...... ag Er Ng Si '3° Dene ce aN ee eT al eae ess macs seh 234 578
Ll 153 736] 497| 96 626| 103 763) 28 789 383 411
Gi a AERO see 7OOhacs sure." ope eer nee ot: cas ea 16 348
Genesee....... 127 000| 13 260} 81 516 Beer 2 LOO 227 OOF
Herkimer. 5 412 Se eee 20) 2k O20 I2 375
Jefferson...... SeayS a teay ky BOO ye. ey oo 6 154 650) 85 861
Medison. :... Reso eka ois gi aia & So | 5 259) 622 43 990
Monroe. Rhee fOM the Maria a ye ae | 8 036, 351| 45 791
Montgomery SOO BESS rat I15| Ten Or Tues ax oh =; 67 716
Masesta. .-..: . IO 949 AWePSOO). raat) sok 2 Oe ee 18 504
Oneida. . bs Seg as Meee es tae im sooh Ses 18 743
Onondaga..... 39 832] 234 308 5 550) - 17 984) 12 648) .. 310 322
Rockland ...... DEVS SIC GEER ots eee ee Ae eae eee eae 220 596
St Lawrence.. ., Q40| FO O50" Ss os Z 240! 3 185 16 024
mIatdLOGa...... . Be SOO as ee nee. Sates 3 065 205 Pi 770
Schoharie..... ty yO ee SO 4Q 22 7 272! 66 795
S50 223 gee 2 330 360 27 13 OES 368 7 OFZ
Warren aeas GAGS BP rere 5 Ole a cx. k | oO 540 577| 192 136
Washington... BOuere | 5h OOP. somes << | rey (Ls eee 8 90 487
Westchester... 30 748} 43 goo ROO PS oe. J meting ete ee, | 74 948

Other coun- | |
RSG rec... 22 887|-17 238 8 534. 2 638) 2 717 54 O14
See ee
Petral..2. . $1 193 800/$702 684|/$198 168)$246 300\$70 504 $2 411 456

a Includes Columbia, Essex, Greene, Lewis, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Rensselaer, Schenec-
tady, Ulster, Wayne and Vates.

Marble

The granular crystalline limestones and dolomites which are
classed as marble occur on the borders of the Adirondacks and in
the region of metamorphic strata in southeastern New York. A
few varieties of compact limestones that possess ornamental quali-
ties are also included under this head, since they pass for marble in
the trade. .

Along Lake Champlain there are many localities where quarries
have been opened at different times, but only a few are now operated.

The Lepanto and French gray marbles are among the best known

varieties from this section. They are obtained from Champlainic
strata in the vicinity of Plattsburg and Chazy. The former is a
variegated partly crystalline limestone with pink and white fossils
inclosed in a fine grained ground mass. The French gray has a
similar composition, though its color is more uniformly gray. Both

I42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

have been widely used for ornamental purposes such as tiling,
mantels, table tops and general decorative work.

At Moriah and Port Henry, in Essex county, a serpentinous marble
or verd-antique occurs as bands interfolded with gneiss. It con-
sists of granular calcite and dolomite, giving a white, ground in
which the green mottlings of serpentine are very conspicuous. It
is reported that blocks free from checks and joints and of good size
are obtainable, but the frequent occurrence of sulfids has been a seri-
ous drawback to the use of the stone. There are no quarries now
in operation. A similar marble in the town of Thurman, Warren
co., is described by G. P. Merrill as composed of “ about equal parts
snow-white calcite and light yellowish green serpentine flecks and
patches from ;; to }+ inch in diameter.” The most extensive
area of serpentinous marble in the State, probably, is that outcrop-
ping in the towns of Gouverneur, Fowler and Edwards, in St Law-
rence county. A beautiful massive serpentine is found near Keese-

ville. It has a homogeneous body of rich green color, clouded and-

veined by red iron ore, with occasional black markings due to
magnetite. Though somewhat broken by joints in the outcrop,
masses of suitable size for decorative work could probably be
obtained without much difficulty.

At Glens Falls a fine quality of black marble has been quarried for
many years. It occurs as a stratum about 12 feet thick, overlain
by thinly bedded gray limestones and slate. It has a compact even
texture, the polished surface being a lustrous black. The stone has
been shipped to all parts of the country, chiefly for tiling and
ornamental work.

The Gouverneur quarries are among the most productive in the
State. They afford an excellent monumental and building stone:
The principal variety is dark bluish gray and coarsely crystalline,
in appearance not unlike some granites. Lighter varieties grading
into pure white also occur. In composition the marble is a quite
pure calcium carbonate, with small amounts of silica, magnesia, iron
and alumina. ‘The beds, or veins as they are locally known, are
associated with laminated gneisses, the whole forming a series of
metamorphosed sediments classified by Dr Smyth as the Oswe-
gatchie, which may be correlated with the Grenville series of Canada.
The beds are steeply inclined and are followed down from the
outcrop. ‘Though the occurrence is extensive, only a portion of the
area contains material that is sufficiently free from impurities or is
otherwise adapted for use. Still the resources are known to be

!

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 143

large. The quarries are situated a short distance south and east
of Gouverneur. They are equipped with mills, and practically all
of the product is marketed as dressed stone. The value of the
stone varies according to color and uniformity of appearance. The
dark grades which are most sought for in monumental and decora-
tive work bring as much as $4 a cubic foot. One quarry has made
a specialty of supplying building stone for which a lighter and less
pure material is used. The marble has an excellent reputation for
durability. It takes a glossy polish and owing to the strong con-
trast between polished and chiselled surfaces it is well suited for the
display of letters or designs.

The marbles of southeastern New York occur in belts of meta-
morphosed Precambric and Siluric strata on the east side of the
Hudson river. One belt is exposed on Manhattan island and has
been worked at Kingsbridge. The quarries at Tuckahoe and Pleas-
antville, Westchester co., have supplied white and gray marbles for
building purposes and to a lesser extent for monumental work.
The Tuckahoe marble is a coarse white dolomite; it has been em-
ployed in many notable structures in New York city. At Pleasant-
ville the marble is an impure dolomite, with layers resembling that
at Tuckahoe. It has a very course texture and is known as “ snow-
flake’ marble. The best grade has been obtained froma band about
Too feet wide. A large quarry at South Dover, Dutchess co.,
furnishes a similar white building marble of uniform quality.
Among other localities where quarries have been opened in this
section are Ossining, Dobbs Ferry, White Plains and Oscawana,
in Westchester co., and Greenport in Columbia co. At Ossining,
Pleasantville and Tuckahoe the stone has been used for making
lime.

Production of marble

VARIETY | 1904 1905

Eee le i ESE $279 994 $571 810
uannpn erie Se a ews ese | E54 673 igs eis |
DALE LSC SSeS aU ae one 45 104 | 25 190

Dons i ZR ae ee $478 771 $774 557

The quarrying of marble was carried on during the past year in
Clinton, Essex, Warren, St Lawrence, Columbia, Dutchess and

144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Westchester counties. The aggregate value of the output reported
by 14 producers amounted to $774,557, divided as follows: building
marble, rough and dressed, $571,810; monumental, rough and
dressed, $177,557; other kinds, $25,190. Most of the marble used
for building purposes came from southeastern New York, the out-
put of this region being valued at $464,247. The remainder was
supplied from Plattsburg and Gouverneur. St Lawrence county
reported a total production valued at $265,722, of which #3735 St:
represented the value of monumental marble.

The production for 1905 was probably the largest ever made in
the State. It exceeded that of the previous year by over 60 per
cent. é

Sandstone
BY CC. Ax -HARTNAGEEL

Sandstones include the sedimentary rocks which consist of grains
of sand bound together by some cementing material. The sand
grains are derived from preexisting rocks, either igneous or sedi-
mentary, and represent the more resistant constituents that were left
in the form of sand when the rocks underwent disintegration
through the various agencies of weathering and erosion.

The form or shape of the grains may be angular, as in the river-
derived sands, or they may be more or less rounded, as is the case
with wind-blown sands and those which before deposition and con-
solidation have been rolled about by wave action. The texture
of sandstones may be fine, medium or coarse, depending upon the
size of the grains, which ranges from dustlike particles up to
pebbles an inch or more in diameter. Every gradation may be
observed from the finest sandstones to the coarse, pebbly varieties
known as conglomerate. ‘The size of the grains may vary consider-
ably within the limits of a hand specimen, according to the degree
the materials have been sorted by water and the action of the wind
in bringing in finer particles from the surrounding land. 3

While quartz is the principal component which goes to make up
sandstones, yet grains of one or more other minerals may be present
in greater or less abundance. The more common accompaniments
include feldspar, mica, calcite, marcasite, pyrite, magnetite, glau-
conite and zircon. A variety of sandstone known as arkose has
approximately the same composition as granite, from which it has
been derived by disintegration and later consolidation of the mate-
rials. If in a sandstone any of the above minerals predominate, so

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 145

as to give a special character to the grains, we speak of this feature
according to the prevailing mineral, as feldspathic, calcareous, mica-
ceous etc. According to the principal cementing material sand-
stones may be designated as silicious when the cementing material
is silica, calcareous when it is calcite, ferruginous when it is an
oxid of iron, and argillaceous when the cement is some form of clay.

In chemical analysis the grains and cementing material are usually
treated as a whole; the estimation of silica for example includes the
amount of quartz present in both these forms, as well as the silica
found in the feldspar and any other minerals which the rock may
contain. Accordingly the analysis does not always show the true.
amount of free silica or quartz present, but this may be obtained by
recasting the analysis.

In color sandstones are to a greater degree dependent on the
character of the cementing material than on that of the grains.
The color may range from a nearly pure white, in rocks where the
cementing material is silica, to various shades of red, brown, olive-
green, purple etc. The greatest range of color is afforded by those
with ferruginous cements. Permanency of color is also affected
by the nature of the cementinz material. Those compounds in
which iron is present in the higher stage of oxidation are more
durable than compounds with the lower or ferrous oxid.

The weight of a certain volume of sandstone is dependent upon
the character of the minerals composing the rock and the state of
ageregation of the component parts. If the space between the
grain is well filled with cementing material, the rock will be more
dense in proportion to the amount of pore space filled. The -
apparent weight of the stone is increased by the amount of water
absorbed, which in volume is from one third to one half of the total
amount of pore space. A dense quartzite may weigh as much as
170 pounds a cubic foot, giving the rock a specific gravity above
pure silica. The average range in weight of sandstones is 135 to
165 pounds a cubic foot.

The distribution of sandstones in New York, with a brief descrip-
tion of their character, economic value, etc. is given herewith,

Potsdam sandstone. This sandstone belongs to the Upper Cam-
bric and is the lowest formation which is utilized in New York State
for building purposes. The most extensive outcrops of the Pots-
dam are along the northwestern and northern border of the Adiron-
dacks, in Jefferson, St Lawrence, Franklin and Clinton counties.
Other important outcrops though of much less area than the above
are found along the eastern and southeastern border of the Adiron-

146 3 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ’
dacks. These latter areas are included in a region that has been
greatly disturbed, so that the outcrops are not continuous, but are
often abruptly terminated by fault lines. Several inlying areas of
Potsdam sandstone are also found well within the crystalline area.

Quarries in Potsdam formation have been opened at Clayton,
Chippewa Bay, Hammond, Redwood, Potsdam, Malone, Bangor,
Moira, Keeseville, Port Henry, Whitehall, Fort Ann and several
other localities. —

At present the principal quarries are those of the Potsdam Red
Sandstone Co. These quarries are located at the type section of the

Potsdam formation, along the Raquette river, 3 miles south of
- Potsdam. | :

The Potsdam sandstone combines great strength and low absorp-
tive powers and is thus admirably suited for structural and street
work. The rock is typically a hard even grained stone, composed
almost wholly of quartz, the component grains being cemented by
a secondary deposition of quartz, thus approaching closely to a
quartzite. There is enough oxid of iron to give it a reddish color,
though in some localities the iron is absent and the rock is nearly
a pure white. The Potsdam sandstone has sustained a crushing
test of more than 42,000 pounds.

Hudson River group. This group consists of a great series of
sandstones, shales and slates and some conglomerates. The rocks
of this group are separated from the Potsdam by the Lower Siluric
limestones. The term as here used is an old one and includes beds

which range in age from the Middle Trenton to and including the
Lorraine beds. As the formations of this group have as yet. not
been delineated on the map, the group is retained in its former.
areal significance.

In southern New York, these rocks are first seen in Orange
county, and form about two thirds of the entire area of the county.
From here they extend north on both sides of the Hudson river.
From Kingston north nearly to Albany they form a narrow belt
on the west side of the river, while on the east side they cover a
considerably larger area. North from Albany, they are found
on both sides of the Hudson as far as Glens Falls and still farther
east they extend to the Champlain valley. The greatest expansion
of this group is found in the region north from Albany and west
of the Hudson. Large porti us of Albany and Saratoga and nearly
all of Schenectady and Montyomery counties are in this formation.
Farther west, except where are southern projections of the crys-
talline area, the group extends on both sides of the Mohawk to

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 147

Rome. From here the group extends northwest into Lewis and
Jefferson counties and then again southwest into Oswego county
where the formation terminates at the east end of Lake Ontario.

The strata of this group consist of fine grained grayish
sandstone. They occur in even layers and most of the quarries
show well defined jointed structure. To the east of Schenectady
county, the rocks of this group are often involved in a complex series
of folds and faults, but to the west of the county, folds are not
important and the rocks of this group have a dip to the south which,
however, is modified by the presence of several fault planes. The
great extent of the group, the comparative ease with which the
stone may be quarried and the exceptional transportation facilities
have resulted in the opening of a large number of quarries. Most
of the quarries produce stone for local use only, while the larger
quarries produce stone mainly for rubble and common masonry
work. At present none of the large quarries are in steady operation.

Medina sandstone. The Medina formation occupies a belt
averaging nearly 10 miles wide, which extends along the southern
shore of Lake Ontario and projects into the Mohawk valley, where
the formation is represented by coarse beds of sedimentation repre-
senting the upper portion of the Medina and known in this section
of the State as the Oneida conglomerate. The conglomerate is
coarsest at the base and becomes more like the typical Medina sand-
stone with diagonal laminations as we pass higher in the formation.
In this section of the State, the passage of this formation into the
Clinton appears to be gradual and the division line between the
two formations has been as yet not clearly drawn. There are
quarries in the Oneida conglomerate which produce stone for local
use. :

In western New York, the Medina formation is 1200 feet thick.
All the quarries which are operated between the Niagara and the
Genesee rivers are in the upper 150 feet of the formation, and
usually but a short distance north from the Niagaran escarpment.

The quarries operated in western New York are mostly in Orleans
county. The other quarries outside of this county are at Lockport
and Lewiston in Niagara county and at Brockport and Rochester
in Monroe county. In Orleans county, most of the quarries are
located near the banks of the Erie canal. This, together with the
nearness of the railroad, offers excellent shipping facilities. Some
of the quarries have the advantage of being located between the
canal and the railroad and practically occupy all the space between
them.

a

148 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

East from Rochester and extending through Wayne county, the
Medina outcrops as a narrow belt along the lake shore. The forma-
tion widens again before Oswego county is reached and quarries
have been opened in the red sandstone at Oswego and at the city
of Fulton. Along the lake shore, the gray Oswego sandstone out-
crops. This gray sandstone is usually considered a basal Medina.
‘ It is quarried to some extent in the vicinity of Oswego and a con-
siderable amount was used in the construction of Fort Ontario. —

Typically, the Medina of western New York is a hard, fine

grained sandstone. The quarries usually have a rock face of from
20 to 30 feet, and the layers in the different quarries vary from thin
ones, suitable for flagging and curbing, to 4 or 5 feet in thickness.
In Niagara county, the principal stratum worked is white sandstone,
which is found at the base of the quarries. The white sandstone
is overlain by beds of red and variegated sandstone. ‘The upper
sandstone layers are usually separated by thin layers of shale. In
passing east into Orleans county, the white sandstone becomes less
prominent and red and variegated stone constitutes a large pro-
portion of the rock quarried. Some of the quarries produce a pink
variety that is very suitable for building purposes.
_ The quarries in Orleans county are well equipped for producing
stone for all purposes for which this stone is used. For building
purposes, the Medina stone is well known and it has a very wide
market. Many of the large cities of the country and nearly all
the cities of the State contain buildings erected wholly or in part
of Medina sandstone.

The use of the Medina sandstone for street work is very exten-
sive. For such use the stone is durable and possesses the advan-
tage of not becoming “ turtle-backed ”, but wears even and does
not become slippery when smoothed by abrasion.

Shawangunk conglomerate. This formation extends through
Ulster and Sullivan counties, with an outlier in Orange county.
The rock is mostly a conglomerate at the base, but with some
layers of grit near the top. This formation has been but little
worked for building stone. The Erie Railroad Co. operates a
quarry in this formation at Otisville in Orange county. The
Ontario & Western Railroad and the Erie have used this rock to
some extent for abutment work at Cornwall in Orange county.
Other quarries have been operated to supply local demands. The
chief product of this formation is millstones under which title the
rock is described in more detail. |

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 149

In Rensselaer county there is a formation known as the Renssel-
aer grit. Like the Shawangunk grit it has usually been correlated
with the Oneida conglomerate, but it probably belongs to a much
higher horizon. The Rensselaer grit is unfavorably situated for
transportation facilities and no quarries of importance are operated
in this formation. 7

Clinton sandstone. This formation follows directly above the
Medina. It consists of limestones, shales, sandstones and beds of
iron ore. The rocks extend from Otsego county west to the
Niagara river. In western New York sandstones are not found
in this formation, but in the eastern section they constitute an
important part of the group. The most extensive sandstone ledges
are found in the Mohawk valley from Ilion to beyond Utica. The
rock that is quarried consists of reddish brown and gray sand-
stones. It is quite hard and even grained and is suitable for nearly
all kinds of construction work. A ledge 40 to 50 feet thick is
found at the top of the formation. This stone is used considerably
for foundation work in Utica and other near-by places. Several
of the church buildings in Utica are built of this stone. ,

Devonic sandstones. The lowest sandstorle formation of the
Devonic is the Oriskany. This is a well known formation and is
about 20 feet thick. It is best developed in eastern and central
New York. In the western part of the State, when found, it
occurs only as a thin bed and in some places it is entirely absent.
The outcrop of the Oriskany follows approximately that of the
Helderbergian escarpment. On account of the rock being some-
what friable, it is but little used for construction purposes.

In the Upper Devonic, the Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and
Catskill formations comprise a great series of alternating beds of
sandstones and shales that are developed throughout the central
and southern parts of the State and occupy approximately one
third of the entire area. The northern and eastern limit of -this
area is approximately defined by ‘a line passing from Port Jervis
in Orange county, northeastwardly to Kingston and along the west
side of the Hudson river to a few miles below Albany, and then
extending in a broad curve to the north of west, passing a short
distance south of Syracuse and almost directly westward to Lake
Erie. An outlying area of Middle Devonic rocks is found in
Orange county. The rocks consist of coarse beds known as the

Bellvale flags and the Skunnemunk conglomerate. A limited area

of rocks of Carbonic age is found in Allegany and Cattaraugus
counties. The sandstone of the Devonic formation is popularly

150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

known as bluestone and though the term, in its original significance,
referred to the Ulster county stone, it is now generally used in a
much broader sense.

In eastern New York, the Devonic rocks involved in the sand-
stone area are represented by beds of coarse sedimentation, quite
uniform in lithologic features, extending from the Hamilton to
the Catskill, and quarries are operated in all the formations. In
passing westward into central and western New York, the Hamil-
ton is represented mostly by shales with a few beds of limestone.
In the eastern section a large number of quarries have been opened
' in southern Greene and the northern portion of Ulster counties.
These quarries are located but a short distance west of the Hudson
river.’ Most of the product is shipped by water from Catskill,
Greene co. and Saugerties and Kingston, Ulster co. Another im-
portant district comprises Sullivan, Delaware and Broome coun-
ties; and the chief shipping points are Walton, Hancock, Lordville,
Hale Eddy and Fishs Eddy, Delaware co.; Rockland, Livingston
Manor and Long Eddy, Sullivan co.; and Deposit, Broome co.
The product is shipped mostly by the Erie and the Ontario &
Western Railroads. 7

In central and western New York, the bluestone quarries are
confined to the Portage and Chemung groups, with the most -im-
portant ones in the Portage.

The quarries along Cayuga and Seneca lakes are in the Cashaqua
division of the Portage, and include a line of quarries extending
from Ovid Center to Taughannock Falls. The quarries at Ithaca
are in the Ithaca formation and those around Norwich are of the
same horizon. The quarries in the vicinity of Warsaw in Wyoming
county are in the High Point sandstone, a still higher division of
the Portage. To this same horizon belong the quarries just east of
Elmira, Horseheads and at Pine Valley. In western New York a
number of quarries have been opened in the Chemung formation
and include those to the south of Elmira and most of the quarries
in Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties.

Production of sandstone

The total value of the sandstone quarried in New York last year
was $2,043,960. This is an increase of $147,263 over 1904. The
output was distributed among 35 counties with an aggregate of over
400 producers. Classified as to uses the total was distributed as
follows: building stone, rough, $279,728; building stone, dressed,
$250,757; curbing, $543,002; flagging, $486,911; paving blocks,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

I51

$310,769; crushed for roads, $13,920; crushed for other purposes,
$23,486; rubble etc., $27,717; all other purposes, $107,670.

The following tables show the value of the production of sand-
stone in 1904 and in 1905, distributed among the leading districts

of the State.

stone to the sandstone that was quarried.

Production of sandstone in 1904

They also indicate the relative proportion of blue-

Curbing
DISTRICT Building} and Paving | Crushed | Rubble, All
stone | flagging | blocks stone riprap other
Bluestone
Hudson river..... HOO UIA e522 4G) Es. 304k. glace [ose s se $44
Meebmrteeriver.2..| 117 SOO). 310) O43). 52... - =| eee eee $3 218 5 043
eae POrCOUnLy | S571) 24 FOO|...-..:.2|s--...--. | 2 eee I 000
Wyoming county.| 175 072 MOO eeu eee akeo. 500 I 502
Other districts... . AAG O EE OOD SS]. oli ca jove. - $1 390 100 163
Total bluestone.|$482 092/$703 817| $13 394] $1 390} $3 818) $7 752
Sandstone eee Se eee a ate eer
Orleans county....|/$115 ooo0/$185 526\$274 846)........ $1 goo} $11 500
WaerGistrictS....| 40 515| 12 684 5 OF2| $20 193) .. 9 o18 2 240
- Totalsandstone./$155 515/$198 210/$279 858) $26 193| $10 918] $13 740
Combined total. $637 607 $902 027/$293 252] $27 583 $14 736| $or 492
Production of sandstone in 1905
| Curbing
DISTRICT Building, and Paving | Crushed | Rubble, All
stone flagging | blocks stone riprap other
Bluestone
Hudson river...) $59 813) pA lS BGO OSes] ee ee late A. $2 000
Delaware river..| 64 084! 441. 634 ae SOI ee WA ROOM tae os.
Chenango co....| 70 066 76 983 OS a] ome ees 2 168 5 473
Wyoming co....| 171 620 BIOOO see OR ah Wat ata Seas 93e| 32-433
Otherdistricts..| 36 210| 59 641 587) Sr Lo2 374| Ir 282
Total bluestone.|$401 793) $896 049] $10 240] $1 ro2| $7 872| $52 188
Pyifen oo)
Orleans county.} $71 679} $119 390|$270 964) $1 282] $3 500) $51 290
Other districts. .| 57-013 MM APA 209 505) 35 022) 16 245 4 192
Total sandstone.$128 692| $133 864/$300 529 $36 304] $19 845} $55 482
Combined total. $530 485 $1 029 913|$310 769] $37 406] $27 717|\$107 670

ES Ze NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The value of bluestone quarried for all purposes in 1905 was
$1,369,244, or approximately 67 per cent of the total sandstone;
the value of the other sandstone quarried was $674,716 or 33 per
cent of the total. The tables show that there was a slight falling
off in the amount of sandstone quarried but enough increase in
the amount of bluestone to make the total amount of sandstone
quarried larger than that reported in the preceding year.

The production of bluestone by districts was as follows: Hudson
river, $382,769; Delaware river, $512,618; Wyoming county,
$208,983; Chenango county, $155,678; other districts, $109,196.
Of the sandstone quarried, Orleans county reported an output
valued at $518,105 and other counties an output valued at $156,611.
A more detailed classification of the product that would cover each
county separately has been found impracticable, since many of the
large companies which operate quarries at several localities are
unable to divide their output according to the different sources.
The relative rank of the principal counties of the State was, how-
ever, as follows in the order of their importance: Orleans, Ulster,
Delaware, Wyoming, Sullivan, Chenango and St Lawrence.

The foregoing table shows that of the bluestone quarried along
the Hudson river in Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, about 82
per cent was sold as flagstone and curbstone and about 15 per cent
as building stone. In the Delaware river districts, including Sulli-
van, Delaware and Broome counties, the value of the flagstone
and curbstone sold amounted to 86 per cent and the building stone
to 12 per cent of the total. In Chenango and Wyoming counties,
on the other hand, almost the entire output was marketed as build-
ing stone, the value of flagstone and curbstone being less than 3
per cent of the total sales. The output of Medina sandstone in
Orleans county was used chiefly for the following purposes: building
stone, 14. per cent; flageing and curbing, 23 pet cent, spans
blocks, 52 per cent; other purposes, 10 per cent. |

Trap

The basic dike rocks, commonly called trap, are found at numer-
ous places throughout the Adirondacks and adjacent territory.
They are particularly well represented in the Champlain valley,
where a great number of occurrences have been described by Kemp
and others. Among the more accessible localities for these rocks
are Saratoga Springs and Fort Ann on the southern border of the
Adirondack gneiss area. A diabase dike, 200 feet wide, and trace~

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 153

able for over a mile on the strike occurs about 2 miles north of
Saratoga Springs on the line of the Adirondack railroad.

The largest outcrop of trap rock in the State is that extending
along the west bank of the Hudson river, southward from Haver-
straw, constituting the remarkable scenic feature known as the
Palisades. This ridge crosses the Rockland county line into New
Jersey and continues as far as Bergen Point. The same rock
appears again on Staten Island but is not so well marked topo-
graphically. The rock is a dark, fine grained, crystalline aggregate
of plagioclase, augite and magnetite. It belongs to the diabases.
It is exceedingly hard and tough, and unlike most granitic rocks
shows little tendency to rifting and parting along planes of weak-
ness, so that it is admirably adapted for paving blocks and road
metal, of which the ability to withstand constant wear is an essen-
tial feature. A test of the trap from Rockland Lake made in the
laboratory for road material at Washington, D. C., gave the fol-
lowing results: coefficient of wear 13.2; per cent of wear 3; weight
in pounds a cubic foot, 192.5; pounds of water absorbed.a cubic
foot, .3; cementing value, 80. Though the trap has been used to
some extent in buildings, it is too unyielding in the quarry to be
extensively employed for that purpose.

The principal quarries are those at Rockland Lake, Haverstraw,
Upper Nyack and Mt Joy, Rockland county, and at Port Richmond,
Staten Island. Crushing plants are operated at all the quarries.
The product is used for road metal, concrete, railroad ballast, and
a small portion for paving blocks and building stone.

Production of trap

IgoO4 Igo05
MATERIAL
Cubic Value Cubic Value
yards yards
Gricmeasstone!.. 062k... 610 285 | $452 621 77H, TET $601 669
PeteetieOCKS ELC... 0.6.5. |, - oo ens piped cay A dpe den cise ga 2I 550
SSRIS SoG teeing ans Rae Lea $468 -4960)-p hak ees, $623 210

The production of trap rock in New York State in 1905 was
valued at $623,219, as compared with $468,496, the value of the
output in 1904. Of the totals given, $601,669 in 1905 and $452,621
in 1904 represented the value of crushed stone and $21,550 and

154 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

$15,875 respectively the value of paving blocks and building mate-
rial. The total quantity of crushed stone in 1905 was 774,111
cubic yards and in the preceding year 610,285 cubic yards. The
greater part of the crushed stone was sold for road material, though
the quantities thus used can not be accurately stated. The paving
blocks and building stone were quarried on Staten Island. There
were seven companies in 1905 that reported an output.

Bibliography

Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New York.
Nig stares ius Buleomm 19088

Eckel, E.C. The Quarry Industry of Southeastern New York. N. Y. State
GeolyzothieaAn: pRepa-1 0902.

Hall, James. Report on Building Stone. N. Y. State Mus. 39th An. Rep’t.
1886.

Geology of New York: Report on Fourth District. 1843.

Mather, W. W. Geology of New York: Report on First District. 1842. ~

Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 15.

- 1895.

Smock, J.C. Building Stone in the State of New York. N. Y. State Mus.
Bula L865.

Building Stone in New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 10. 1890.

Vanuxem, Lardner. Geology of New York: Report on Third District. 1843.

INES

The industry based on the mining and preparation of talc is car-
ried on in St Lawrence county, where there are large deposits of
foliated and fibrous tale adapted for paper manufacturing and other
uses. The deposits occur in a belt of crystalline limestone that is
interfolded with, and surrounded by, Adirondack gneiss. The
limestone is part of a series of related rocks that are extensively
developed on this side of the Adirondacks. It differs, however,
from the usual type in having a finer texture and in the more abund-
ant inclusions of silicates, specially tremolite and pyroxene.

The geology of the tale deposits has been studied by C. H.
Smyth jr, who has shown that they are the result of chemical altera-
tion of the silicates in the limestone. The method of derivation
is described by Dr Smyth as follows: :

The tremolite schist represents portions of the limestone forma-
tion which contained a large amount of silicious sediment. Meta-
morphism produced crystallization of the mingled calcareous,
magnesian and silicious materials, forming tremolite. Where the
calcareous material was in considerable quantity there was formed
a tremolite limestone; where it was a minor constituent there was
formed a tremolite schist. Under the influence of subterranean
waters chemical changes have been produced. The tremolite has

taken up the elements of water, the lime has passed away into solu-
tion, and talc has resulted.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 155

The mines now. under operation lie within an area 7 or 8 miles
long and about 1 mile wide, running northeast from Sylvia lake,
town of Fowler, to near Edwards, 15 miles east of Gouverneur.
The talc deposits range from a few feet up to 50 feet or more in
thickness. They are inclined at different angles from the horizontal,
the dip being westward. Various grades of talc may be produced
from the same deposit, though the general run of the mine is usually
uniform. Foliated or leafy talc is particularly abundant in the
western mines. The fibrous and massive varieties are most used.
The beds are sometimes separated by inclusions of tremolite schist,
and this mineral as well as quartz occurs to a limited extent in the
product. )

The deposits are worked by inclines carried down on the foot wall.
From the inclines drifts are run at intervals of about 50 feet and
the talc removed between adjacent levels, leaving large pillars to
support the roof. The rock is transported from the stopes by
tramways. Both machine drills and hand drills are employed for
breaking down the tale. The former have little advantage over
hand drills for economy, as work must be frequently interrupted
to clean the holes, or else the drill rods will bind in the soft but
tough rock.

All of the companies engaged in mining operate mills for crush-
ing and grinding the talc. Most of the mills are situated along the
Oswegatchie river between Gouverneur and Edwards and are driven
by water power. Milling is a tedious and expensive operation.
The final grinding is done in a tube mill, consisting of a horizontal
cylinder, 6 feet in diameter and 8 feet long, lined with enameled
brick. Three tons of flint pebbles are used in the cylinders, and
the charge is about I ton of tale. The grinding continues for a
period of from four to five hours. The rock is prepared for the
cylinders by passing through Blake crushers and Griffin mills.
The latter have superseded buhr stones, which were formerly used
almost exclusively.

The talc is marketed mostly among paper manufacturers. Its
fibrous character, pliability and color are qualities which combine
to give it an advantage over other materials that are used for filling
paper. It is said that a much larger proportion of fibrous tale can
be incorporated in paper stock than is possible with clay or other
amorphous substance, while at the same time the paper is strength-
ened by its addition. Among the leading consumers are makers of
book, writing and wall paper. The mills making newspaper use
relatively smaller quantities than is generally supposed. The

156 ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

reason commonly given for this is that the grit present in the talc
increases the wear of machines when run at high speed as in news-
paper mills. In the American paper trade, St Lawrence county talc
has become a staple article, while its use in foreign countries has
attained to large proportions. Large quantities are exported to Ger-
many, where it competes with the high grade German clays. It is
also shipped to Austria, Italy, France, Great Britain and other
countries. Among the minor uses for talc are the manufacture of
waterproof paints, wall plaster, steam pipe coverings, toilet powders
and as an adulterant of soap.

The production of talc in 1905 amounted to 67,000 short tons.
The average selling price at Gouverneur on the basis of carload lots
was $7 a ton, at which figures the total value was $469,000. In
1904 the production was 65,000 short tons valued at $445,000.
There has been little change in the industry during recent years:
The following table shows the production for the period 1895-1905,
the figures previous to 1904 being taken from the volumes of the
Mineral Resources. |

Production of talc in New York

YEAR Short tons Value Value
per ton
EOQOnm cae ene Pastas cg AN 46 089 $3909 443 $8 67
MOO cers sects haces as ae ee eh eer: 57 009 396 936 6 96
TSO Bie su ao oe aie ge east Cee ee 54 350 AII 430 7 57
TOO OMe eee See PRS che ee ee 54 655 438 150 8 02
TO OO wali 20s chee al. elses ala eee 63 500 499 500 ee |
TOONS ee chats a0 8 sens cae eee Seer Meee 62 200 483 600 6 99
BOOB teh Sasa caeoce canes ete enema {i LOO 615 350 8 65
TOQOB es sate Ut seen ceded ema omen 60 230 421 600 Dees
OO Aviva ave setae a hele Tone cheatin seen emanates 65 000 455 000 Ye
TOONS Ser nee ee ele ens eet gee 67 ©0900 469 000 bee

There are four companies operating in St Lawrence county. The
International Pulp Co. owns several mines near Talcville at the
eastern end of the range. Four of the properties are worked. Its
four mills are situated at Talcville and Hailesboro, where there is
large water power. The mine of the United States Talc Co. is
situated west of Talcville, while the mill is located at Dodgeville.
The Ontario Tale Co. has three mines and one mill located near
Fullerville in the central part of the district. On the western end >
are the two mines of the Union Tale Co., which until recently has

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 157

operated three mills, one mill having burned down in 1905. The
capacity of the plants is such that the output could be easily enlarged
to much greater than the present proportions. -

Bibliography

Brinsmade, Robert E. Talc in Northern New York. The Engineering and
Mining Journal, Dec. 23, 1905, p.1155.

Smyth, C. H. jr. Report on the Geology of Four Townships in St Lawrence
and Jefferson counties. N. Y. State Mus. 47th An. Rep’t. 1894.

ZINC AND LEAD

The zinc-lead mine at Ellenville, Ulster co., was. not operated
during 1905. The property came into the possession of the Backus
Lumber Co. of Newark, N. J., in 1901 and exploration was carried
on for some time, but the results have not been sufficiently encour-
aging to warrant active developments.

The Ellenville mine was first operated about 50 years ago, since
which time it has been worked intermittently by different companies.
It is a noted locality for beautiful quartz crystals. The deposit
consists of a fissure vein intersecting the country rock, the Shawan-
gunk grit. The width of the vein averages about 6 feet. Quartz
is the principal gangue mineral, while the ore consists of sphalerite,
galena and chalcopyrite in varying proportions. Silver is present
in the galena to the extent of a few ounces to the ton. The work-
ings comprise an inclined shaft that has been carried down to about
200 feet on the vein and a series of levels 30 feet apart. A mill for
treating the ore has been erected near the mine.

Zinc ore occurs at several localities in St Lawrence county. Some
of the deposits have been known for many years, but they have
received very little attention and have not been worked on a com-
mercial scale. The ore is generally an intimate mixture of the sul-
fids of iron, lead and zinc, presenting a rather difficult problem in
concentration under the methods formerly used. With the present
improved processes there is no doubt that the minerals can be sepa-
rated so as to yield marketable products.

The most promising deposit that has been found in this section
is near the village of Edwards, 20' miles east of Gouverneur. It
was discovered about three years ago. The ore body outcrops on
the Todd and Brown farms, 3 mile northeast of Edwards, on the
road leading to Trout lake.

The geologic formations comprise crystalline limestone and horn-
blendic gneiss, the former occurring as a narrow belt extending for
several miles in a northeasterly direction through the towns of

15 Sc2e _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fowler and Edwards. The limestone belongs to the same series
that yields the Gouverneur marble and may be classed as Algonkian.
In the section under consideration the limestone is characterized by
the abundant presence of silicates, which oftentimes constitute the
greater part of the rock mass. The talc mines of St Lawrence
county all lie within this limestone belt, the mine first opened Bee
within a short distance of the zinc mine.

The ore is zinc blende, containing some galena and usually con-
siderable pyrite. So far as prospecting operations have gone its
occurrence seems to be limited to the limestone near the contact
with the gneiss. The gangue is a mixture of calcite and serpentine,
the latter being evidently an alteration product, probably of horn-
blende or pyroxene. The presence of ore is indicated at the surface
by rusty, disintegrated material or gossan, due to the oxidation of
the pyrite. There is usually only a slight depth of this material, and
unaltered zinc blende may be found within a foot or less below the
thin soil capping.

The main discoveries are located along a low ridge immediately
north of the Oswegatchie river. Near the north end an open cut
has been made into the ridge, affording a good exposure of the
limestone. The strata have a northeasterly strike and a variable
dip to the northwest. At this point the ore seems to occur in
irregular bunches aggregated along a band in the limestone. The
width of the band of mixed ore and rock is about 15 feet in its
maximum development. Masses of ore are also found included in
the limestone at some distance from the main body, and the general
appearance at this locality is suggestive of a brecciated and possibly
faulted deposit.

Several openings have been made south of the one mentioned for
a distance of 2000 feet, all showing some ore. At a point about
1000 feet south, a rich band, 5 or 6 feet thick, has been uncovered
and followed to a depth of 15 feet. This body lies considerably to
the east of the general trend of the principal ore belt, but whether
it represents a displaced portion of the latter could not be determined.

The bulk of the ore has a granular texture, with the metallic
minerals distributed somewhat regularly through the limestone
matrix. The blende shows little or mo tendency 16 crystal fonam
but the pyrite quite often exhibits a cubical development. The
proportion of the latter mineral varies widely, being absent in some
specimens and again very abundant. As to the zinc content it is
stated that an average sample of the richest ore gave 48%, while
the lowest assay showed 13%. About 3000 tons of ore have been

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 159

taken out and are now stored at the mine. At a fair estimate,
with allowance for loss in milling, this should yield at least 1000
tons of concentrates. Experiments in concentration have been
made with the Wetherill magnetic separator and have given very
good results. The blende carries 5% or more of iron. It would
seem likely that a marketable pyrite product may also be secured.

The mining rights of this property are owned jointly by T. M.
Williams of Gouverneur and the firm of Pilling & Crane of Phila-
delphia, Pa. The development work has been under the charge of
Mr Williams. The same parties have secured a lease of the Balmat
mine near Sylvia lake about halfway between Edwards and
Gouverneur.

The Balmat (also called Belmont) mine was opened in the first
part of the last century. It has been described by Emmons’ as
follows:

In the town of Fowler, a remarkable vein of the sulfurets of zinc, *
lead and iron, in about equal proportions, occurs on the farm of
Mr Belmont. The direction of the vein is n. n.e. and s. s.w. and
the width about 8 inches, but not well defined. These sulfurets
traverse a bed of serpentine 40 to 50 feet wide. The occurrence
_ of zinc intermixed with lead, is not favorable to the reduction of

the latter.

There are two shafts on the ore body situated about 1000 feet
apart, but the workings are no longer accessible. From what
could be seen at the surface, the ore appears to occur as a narrow
band or véin in crystalline limestone, attaining a width of 1 to 3
feet. There is much more galena present than in the ore at Edwards
and usually more pyrite. No mining has been done on the deposit
in recent years.

Lead ores carrying subordinate quantities of zinc are found at
Rossie and other places in St Lawrence county. The Rossie
deposits have been described by Beck and Emmons, and more
recently by C..H. Smyth jr, who has given an interesting account
of their associations and probable origin. They are veins, occupy-
ing fissures in gneiss, composed of calcite and galena with little
pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Two varieties of gneiss are
distinguished by Dr Smyth, a pink variety of intrusive character
and an older gray gneiss which is probably ingenous though its
relationships can not be definitely stated. The veins follow approxi-
mately parallel directions, cutting across the foliation of the gneiss
at a high angle.

* Geology of New York: Report on Second District. Assembly Doc. 1838, no. 200, p. 213,

HOO 2 | _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The Coal Hill vein, the largest of the group, has a width of
from 2 to 6 feet and is exposed for 450 feet along the strike.
According to Emmons, the galena occurs in coarse aggregates,
rather irregularly distributed but more abundant in the middle
portion than on the walls. Crystal masses weighing over 100
pounds have been found. The Victoria vein 34 mile east of the
former, is said to have been 2% feet wide at a depth of 40 feet.

The Rossie deposits were opened in 1836. In the two following

years, 1625 tons of lead were produced from the Coal Hill vein. |

The ore was mostly smelted in a local furnace. In 1839 mining
was discontinued, but in 1852 the Great Northern Lead Co. secured
a lease of the properties and renewed operations, apparently with
little success. During the Civil War, the deposits were again
worked by the Mineral Point Lead Mining Co., who also owned
mines at Mineral Point, on the shore of Black lake. There has been
nothing done with the mines during recent years.

Bibliography

Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York. 1842.
Emmons, E. Geology of New York: Report on Second District. 1842.

Smyth, C. H. jr. The Rossie Lead Veins, School of Mines Quarterly, July .

1903.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 161

°

DIRECTORY OF MINES AND QUARRIES IN NEW

YORK STATE

P.=Portland cement
POSTOFFICE

NAME OF PRODUCER
Columbia co.

CEMENT

Hudson Portland Cement Co. (P.) Hudson

Erie co.
Akron Cement Works (N.)
Buffalo Cement Co. (N.)
Cummings Cement Co. (N.)
Newman, H. L. & W. C. (N.)

Greene co.

Alsen’s American Portland Ce-
ment Works (P.)
Catskill Cement Co. (P.)

Livingston co.

Buffalo
Buffalo
Akron
Akron

Alsen

Smiths Landing

Iroquois Portland Cement Co.(P.) Buffalo

Onondaga co.
Alvord & Co., E. B. (N.)
Bangs-Gaynor Cement & Plas-
ter Co. (N.)

Jamesville
Fayetteville

Behan Cement Works, James (V.) Manlius

Britton, I. E. (N.)

Syracuse

Empire Portland Cement Co. (P.) Warner

Millen & Co., Thomas (N.)

Jamesville

Potter-Brown Cement Works (NV.) Manlius

Sheedy, Thomas W. (JV.)

Schoharie co.
Helderberg Portland Cement
Gor @7:-& N.)
Steuben co.
Millen & Co., Thomas (P.)

Tompkins co.
Cayuga Lake Cement Co. (P.)

Ulster co.

Consolidated Rosendale Ce-
ment Co. (/V.)

Newark Lime & Cement Mfg.
Co. (N.)

New York Cement Co. (N.)

snyder & Sons, A. J. (V.)

Warren co.

Glens Falls Portland Cement
Kose.)

Fayetteville

Albany

Wayland
Ithaca

Kingston

Newark, N. J.
Rosendale
Rosendale

Glens Falls

N.=Natural cement

LOCATION OF PLANT
Hudson

Akron
Buffalo
Akron
Akron

Alsen
Smiths Landing

Caledonia

Jamesville
Fayetteville

Manlius
Syracuse
Warner
Jamesville
Pompey
Fayetteville

Howes Cave

Wayland
Portland Point

Binnewater, Eddy-
ville, Rosendale,
Hickory Bush, Wil-
bur, Whiteport,
Lawrenceville
Rondout
Rosendale
Rosendale

Glens Falls

162 | ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

CLAY PRODUCTS

Brick, tile etc.

Bob pulling prick. 5. /— stove mminoes Wee —herntarcoura
P. B.=Paving brick D. T.=Drain tile F, P.=Fireproofing

[o> hikes Oriel Sie? —Sewets pipe aaa es —rlollowmpciek
BT, =Building tile
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE LOCATION OF PLANT
Albany co.
Cary Brick Co” @S-eiss) Mechanicville Cohoes
Hunter & Son, Alfred-(5.-5_)—-~Albany Albany
Jackson, John H.(D.7.@ B. T.) Albany Albany
Moore, J. C., & Babcock (8. B.) Albany Albany
Newton Fire Brick Co. (F. B. Albany Albany
pgs) ges Soe
Poutre, Antoine (B. B.) Albany Albany
Retallick wr (3h. ((S2 15.) Watervliet Watervliet
smith, Edward J. (B. B.) Albany Albany
Sutton & Sinspaugh (B. B.) Coeymans N. Coeymans
Sutton & Suderley Brick Co. Coeymans Coeymans
(Cegeu E.)
Allegany co.
puiredu@laye Con (3: sb Ge 5. ik.) enckined Alfred Station
Celadon Roofing Tile Co. (B. T.) New York Alfred
Broome co.
Nanticoke Brick & Tiling Co. Union Union
(Be Bs)
Ogden Brick Co. (B. B.) Binghamton Binghamton
Wells & Brigham (B. B.) Binghamton Lestershire
Cattaraugus co.
Colligan, Michael J. (B. B.) Allegany Allegany
IMeMiircay.. |) CrdeX C595 2) Olean Olean
Cayuga co.
Genoa Brick & Tile\Co, (D7) ‘Genoa Genoa
jalan |g lal, Coawer, Cr JB oIF,) Owasco Owasco
anvey, eted= Webi.) Auburn Auburn
Saunders Bros. (B. B.) Auburn Fleming
Venice Tile Works (D. T.) Venice Center Wenice Center
\Weloloie, Jaieel (U5), 15, JD), IF.) Auburn Throop
Chautauqua co. ,
Hilton, Mrs John (B. B.) Dunkirk Dunkirk
Hilton, Walter E. (B. B.) Dunkirk Dunkirk
Jamestown Shale Paving Brick Jamestown Jamestown
(CO. Ue. JE, Gr IZ, JS.)
Morley, C. A. sr & Co. (8. B.) Jamestown Levant
Red Star Brick Co. (B. B. & F. Warren, Pa. Falconer
I.)
Chemung co.
Elmira Fire Brick & Stone- Elmira Elmira
ware Works (F. B.)
Elmira Shale Brick Co. (B. B.) Horseheads Elmira
Horseheads Brick Co. (B. B.) Horseheads Horseheads
Clinton co.
McCarthy, James (B. B. ) South Plattsburg South Plattsburg

Ouinette, Joseph (B. B.) Plattsburg Plattsburg

THE MINING AND QUARRY. INDUSTRY 163

Brick, tile, etc. (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER

Columbia co.
Arkison Bros. (B. B.)
Bartlett Brick Co. (B. B.)
Bronsseau, Hannah P. (B. B.)
Wary Brick Co. (B. B.)

Empire Brick & Supply Co.

(B. B.)
Gilbert, A. L. (B. B.)

Cortland co.
Hall, Horace W. (B. B.)

Dutchess co.
Aldridge Brick Co. (B. B.)
Anchor Brick Co. (B. B.)
Bourne, C. Clayton (B. B.)

Brockway Brick Co. (B. B.
Brockway Bros. Co. (B. B.
B.

)
)
Budd Brick Co. W. D. (B. B.)

Dennings Point Brick Co. (B.B.) Fishkill on the Hud-

Flagler & Allen (B. B.)
Haight, William H. (B. B.)
Hammond & Freeman (B. B.)
Hammond, W. K. (B. B.)
Lahey, William (B. B.)
Northrip, expat Gosavege|
O’Brien & Vaughey (B. B.)

Paye & Shackett (B. B.)

Timoney, Margaret (B. B.)
Watrous, F. B. (B. B.)
Willson & Eaton Co. (B. B.)

Erie co.
Bender, Henry (3.5. )
Berrick’s Sons, Charles (B. B.)
Brush Bros. (B. B.)
Buffalo Clay Mfg. Co. (B. B.)

POSTOFFICE

Hudson

Hudson

Schodack Landing
Mechanicville
Empire

New York
Homer

Dutchess Junction
Dutchess Junction
Newburgh

Brockway
Brockway
Dutchess Junction

son
Poughkeepsie
Poughkeepsie
New York
New York
Newburgh
Newburgh
Verplanck

Fishkill on the
Hudson

Dutchess Junction

Chelsea

Amenia

Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo

Dietschler’s Sons, Henry (5. 6.) Buffalo

Ellicott Brick Co. GB...)
Graap, William J. (B. B.)
Haak Estate, Fred W. (B. B.)
Hall & Sons (F. IOS) I.)

Buffalo
Buffalo
North Collins
Buffalo

Jewettville Pressed & Paving Buffalo

Brick Co. (B. B.)

Waneaster Brick & Tile Co:

inn is eB. 1.)

Bufialo

yt é Sons, John (B: B. D, T.,Buftalo

F. P.& B: bes)
McCutcheon, C. H. (B. B.)
Schmidt, George W. (B. B.)
Schnesler, Edward A. (B. B.)
Tonawanda Brick Co. (B. B. )
Weyer & Co., O. W. (B. B.)

Essex Co.
Call Brick Yard (B. B.)

Fulton co.

Cayadutta Brick Co. (B. B.)

Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Tonawanda
Weyer

Keene

Gloversville

Kilmer, Robert M. & Son (B. B.) Johnstown

LOCATION OF PLANT

Hudson
Hudson
Stuyvesant
Newton Hook
Empire

Hudson
Homer

Dutchess Junction

Dutchess Junction

Fishkill on the Hud-
son

Brockway

Dutchess Junction

Dutchess Junction

Dennings Point

Arlington

Arlington |

Dutchess Junction

Dutchess Junction

Fishkill

Dutchess Junction

Fishkill on the Hud-
son *

Fishkill on the Hud-
son

Dutchess Junction

Chelsea

Amenia

Gardenville
Buffalo

East Buffalo -
Orchard Park
Buffalo
Jewettville
Cheektowaga
North Collins
Buffalo
Jewettville

Lancaster
Angola
Lancaster
Buffalo
Buffalo

Tonawanda
Weyer

Keene

Johnstown

Hillside Park

1O4 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Brick, tile etc.-(continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Genesee co.
Peck & Wood (B.T.@ D.T.) East Bethany
Greene co.
Fitzgerald, Catherine (B. B.) Hudson
Goldin, Percivil (B. B.) Catskill
Haigh, Henry (B. B.) Catskill

Kaaterskill Paving Brick Co. Catskill
(Cig lex, Gr IEE)

‘Mayone, Joseph (B. B.) Glasco

Rider, W. W. (B. B.) Athens

Washburn & Co., George W.(8.B.)Catskill

Herkimer co.

Guile, R. J. (B. B.) Dolgeville

Ilion Brick Works (B. B.) Ilion

Morgan, A. D. (B. B.) Ilion
Jefferson co.

Godkin & Allen (B. B.) Watertown

Houghton, C. (B. B.) Carthage

Watertown Pressed Brick Co. Watertown

CB BS)

Wrape & Peck (B. B.) Carthage

Kings co.

Brooklyn Fire Brick Works Brooklyn
Ee Brees)

Brooklyn Stove Lining Co. (S. L.) Brooklyn

Central Pottery (Ff. P.) Brooklyn

Greenpoint Fire Brick Works Brooklyn
(Ua ler (SP Saez)

ae oe Vitrified Tile Works Brooklyn

Jae)

Livingston co.
The Craig Colony for Epilep-
eS) (sis 15) Sonyea
Madison co.

Devendorf & Laning (B. B. D.T.)Chittenango
Hall, Francis L. (B. B.) Oneida

Monroe co.
New York Sewer Pipe Co. (S. P.) Rochester
Rochester Brick & Tile Mfg. Rochester
Co CBaa Da Cwb: le)
Rochester German Brick & Tile Rochester
Co: (6,15. De Gira E,)
Rochester Sewer Pipe Co. (S.P.) Rochester
Sibley, Estate of H. (B. B.) Rochester
Standard Sewer Pipe Co. (S. P. Rochester
CBT.)

Montgomery co.
Grieme, Estate of Henry C. Amsterdam
A CBB.)

Nassau =
Post, W.& J. ¢ East Williston
Queens ea ‘Brick Mfg. Co. Farmingdale
(

New York co.
City Fire Proofing Co. (F.P.) New York

LOCATION OF PLANT

Bethany

Coxsackie
Catskill
Catskill
Catskill

Athens

Catskill
Catskill

Dolgeville

Ilion

Ilion

Watertown
Carthage
Watertown

Carthage

Brooklyn
Brooklyn |
Brooklyn
Brooklyn

Brooklyn

Sonyea

Chittenango
Oneida

Rochester
Brighton

Gates
Rochester

Maplewood
Gates

Amsterdam

Glen Head
Farmingdale

New York

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 165

Brick, tile etc. (continued)

East Bloomfield

Abbey, Benton G. (D. T.)
East Geneva

Baldwin J. F. (Bb. B.)

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE LOCATION OF PLANT
Niagara co.
Frontier Brick Works (B. B.) Niagara Falls Lewiston
Kruse, Carl F. (B. B.) Wilson Wilson
Lasalle Brick Works Inc. (B. B.) La Salle La Salle
Lockport Stone & Brick Co. Lockport Lockport
CE-B.)
shaw, E. H. (B. B.) Middleport Hartland
Oneida co.
Doyle, John (B. B.) Utica Marcy
Parry, Watkyn W. (B. B.) Rome Rome
Sangerfield B.& T.Co.(B.B. & Sangerfield Sangerfield
eT.)
Weaver’s Sons, George F. (B. B.) Utica Utica
White’s Pottery, Inc. (F. B.) Utica Utica
Onondaga co.
Jordan Tile Works (D. T.) Jordan Jordan
Kirkville Brick Co. (B. B.) Auburn Kirkville
Merrick; C.& L. (6. B.G H.B.) Syracuse Dewitt
National Pressed Brick Co. Syracuse Belle Isle
eb. Gi.)
National Web Tile Sewer Co. Syracuse Warner
CSP.)
Ne. Brick & Paving Co. (B. B. Syracuse Syracuse
Go. i.)
Onondaga Vitrified Brick Co. Syracuse Warner
Gee tO LB.)
. Pack & Son, George W.( B. B.) Syracuse Salina
Ontario co.

Allens Hill
East Geneva

Childs) Albert 5. .(.D. 7.) Geneva Seneca Castle
Dove, W. G. (B..B.) Geneva Geneva
Gorham Brick & ‘Tile Works Stanley Gorham

CO) i)
Prolie'Coz;A.-M- (D. T.) Canandaigua Canandaigua
Nee Elydranlic Press Brick Rochester Canandaigua

Co. (B. B.)
Peck, Charles (D. T.) Phelps Phelps

Orange co.

Arrow Brick Works (B. B.) Roseton Roseton
Bartlett Brick Co. (B. B.) Roseton Roseton
Cism & Washburn (B. B.) Chelsea Chelsea
Davidson, Hugh (B. B.) New Windsor New Windsor
Goshen Brick & Tile Works Goshen Goshen

Ge: 5)
Gregg, William C. (B. B.) Newburgh New Windsor
Hayden, Matthew (B. B.) Newburgh New Windsor
Hedges Brick Co. (B. B.) Cornwall on the Cornwall

Hudson
Jova Brick Works (B. B.) Roseton Roseton
Lahey, William (B. B.) Newburgh New Windsor
Rose Brick Co. (B. B.) Roseton Roseton
Ryan & McFarren (B. B.) New York ' New Windsor
smith, Stephen A. (B. B.) Middletown Middletown
Vernon, M. H. (B. B.) Florida Florida
Orleans co.

Lafler, Charles L. (B. B.) Albion Albion

166 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Brick tile etc. (continued)
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE

Queens co.

N. Y. Architectural Terra Cotta New York
Com GiG)

Rensselaer co.

Cary Brick Co." -B)) Mechanicville
Dolin, John (B. B.) Hoosick Falls
Dufresne Brick Co. (B. B.) Troy

Glass, & Co. Robert (B. B.) Troy

McVeodié& Henry Cas Ce 25 76)" Eroy
Soies)

Ostrander Fire Brick Co. (F. B.) Troy

Paintons Charles R25...) Troy

Roberts, Jeremiah (B. B.) Troy

Troy Brick Co. (B. B.) Troy

Troy Fire Proofing Co. (B. B. & Troy
Tea)

Richmond co.

Atlantic Terra Cotta Co. (T: C.) New York
Kreischer Brick Mfg. Co. (B. B.. New York
(7 ite. 5%)
Richmond Brick Co. (B. B.) New York
Rockland co.

Allison & Cot.) CS..B.) Haverstraw
Allison & Wood (B. B.) Haverstraw
Archer, Charles L. &. G. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Bennett & Co., Mrs W. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Brophy & Sons, Patrick (B. B.) Grassy Point

Byrnes, James J. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Coyne & Tannev (B. B.) Haverstraw
De Noyelles & Co. (B: B) Haverstraw
Dunnegan, Mrs F. L. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Excelsior Brick Co. (B Seas) Haverstraw

Fowler jr, & Co., Denton (B. B.) Haverstraw
Fowler & Son, Denton (B. B.) Haverstraw

Gardner Brick Works (B. B.) Haverstraw
Gormley, M. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Gormley & Cahill (B. B.) Haverstraw
Heitlinger & Rose (B. B.) Stony Point
Lynch Bros. (B. B.) Haverstraw
iyneh JO Bren (3-/5.) Haverstraw
Maguire, Terrance (B. B.) Haverstraw
Malley Estate, T. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Nicholson, John (B. B.) Haverstraw
Peck BricksCorCGhe sp) West Haverstraw
Reilly, John (B. B.) Haverstraw
Reilly Brick Co. (B. B.) Stony Point
Reilly & Tanney (B. B.) Stony Point
Ieesratim CetC@s, Bis ING (Use 157) Haverstraw
Shankeyv & Son, Thomas (B. B.) Haverstraw
Snedeker Bros. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Tanney.é2 Co. a. (5-05. Haverstraw

Washburn & Co., L. H. (B. B.) Haverstraw
Washburn & Co., U. F. (8. B.) Haverstraw
Washburn & Fowler (Gas 153) Haverstraw
Wood, G. S. & Allison (B. B.) Haverstraw

St Lawrence co.

Flaherty, M. H. es B.) Massena
Paige oo Con Aaa Coe a) . Ogdensburg

LOCATION OF PLANT

Long Island City

Troy
Hoosick Falls
Troy
Troy
Troy

Troy
Troy

- Troy

Lansingburg
Troy

Tottenville’
Kreischerville.

Green Ridge

Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Grassy Point
Stony Point
Haverstraw
Haverstraw >
Stony Point
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw

Haverstraw & West

Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Stony Point
Stony Point
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Haverstraw

Massena
Ogdensburg

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 167

Brick, tile etc. (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER
Saratoga co.

Champlain Brick Co. (B. B.)

Dempsey-Gabriels Brick Co.
(B. B.)

Empire State Drain Tile Works
eT.)

Ferris Paving Brick Co. (P. B.)

Mansfield, William K. (B. B.)

New England Brick Co. (B. B.)

Newton, A. C. (B. B.)

Schenectady co.

Case, Sherman A. (B. B.)
Weller, Henry Y. (8. B.)

Seneca co.

Geneva Brick Co. (B. B.)
Seigfred, Frank (B. B.)
Willower & Pontius (D. T.)
Yerkes, John M. (B. B.)

Steuben co.

Brick Terra Cotta & Tile Co.
Set BT. C.)

Preston Brick Co. (B. B. P. B.)

Schwingel & Fenstermacher
C5-..B.)

Suffolk co.

Long Island & Fishers Island
Brick Co. (B. B.)

Sage Brick Mfg. Co. (B. B.)

Sanford, C. L. (B.B.)

Tioga co.
Spencer Red Brick Co. (B. B.)

Tompkins co.
East Ithaca Red Brick & Tile
Carte: B.)
Inter-State Conduit & Brick Co.
(B. B.)

Ulster co.

Brigham Bros. (B. B.)

Dinan, Thomas (B. B.)

Frederick Brick Co. (B. B.)

Goldrick, Philip (B. B.)

Hendricks, Clarence P. (B. B.)

Hutton Co., The (B. B.)

Kline, Jacob (B. B.)

Lent, Robert (B. B.)

Lowe & Sons (BP. B.)

Lynch Bros. (B. B.)

Maginnis John C. (B. B.)

Main & Co., Robert (B. B.)

Mayone, Joseph (B. B.)

Rose & Co., A. (B. B.)

Schleede, Christian (B. B.)

Schultz, Charles A., Estate of
Gis. 6.)

Shahan, George A. (B. B.)

smith, F. H. & A. H. (B. B.)

POSTOFFICE

Mechanicville
Crescent

Bemis Heights
Mechanicville
Crescent

Boston, Mass.
Crescent

Schenectady
Schenectady

Geneva
Seneca Falls
West Fayette
Romulus

Corning

Hornellsville
Dansville —

Fishers Island

Greenport
Southold

Ithaca

Ithaca

Scranton, Pa.

East Kingston
East Kingston
Kingston
Haverstraw
East Kingston
Rondout

Port Ewen
Glasco

New Paltz
East Kingston
Glasco
Kingston
Glasco
Kingston

Port Ewen
East Kingston

Saugerties
Kingston

LOCATION OF PLANT

Mechanicville
Crescent

Bemis Heights &
Wilbur Basin

Stillwater

Crescent

Mechanicvill2

Crescent

Glenville
Schenectady

Border City
Seneca Falls
West Fayette
Romulus -

Corning

Hornellsville
South Dansville

Fishers Island &
Sag Harbor

Greenport

Southold

Spencer

Ithaca
Newfield

East Kingston
East Kingston
East Kingston
Goldrick Landing
East Kingston
Kingston

Port Ewen
Glasco

New Paltz
East Kingston
Glasco
Kingston

Glasco

Town of Ulster
Port Ewen
East Kingston

Glasco
Flatbush

168 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Brick, tile etc. (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Ulster co. (cont'd)
Staples, Agar (5.55) Rondout
deroy brick Cons 5.) Kingston
Turner, M. E. (B. B.) Fly Mountain

Washburn Bros., Co. (B. B.) Glasco
Washburn, W. F. & J. T. (B. B.)Saugerties

Warren Co.
Glens Falls Brick Co. (B: B.) Glens Falls

Washington co.
Adams & Co., Jeremiah (B.
Inalfingeer Bros! (SS, )) i

B.) Whitehall
ox Fort Edward

Sree.
Rep per.) ale Caebe) Middle Granville
Sandy Hill Brick Co. (B. B.) Sandy Hill
Wayne co. :
Johnson, jie: (Oa) Lyons
. Westchester co.
Bellefenette, E. D. (6.6.) Montrose
Bonner Brick Co. (B. B.) New York
Frost, Eugene (B. B.) Croton
King & Lynch (B. B.) Verplanck
Mackey, William H. & Co. (B. B.)Verplanck
Manning, Jos. H. (B. B.) Crugers
Morton, John G. (B. B.) Croton-on-Hudson
Nieberg, R. & Co. (B. B.) Crugers
© Brien, Philip @s.)b.) Verplanck
Peekskill Fire Brick Works Peekskill
(Ute lei Grae ba)
Underhill Brick Co., W. A.(B. B.)New York
Wyoming co.

Attica Brick & Tile Co. (B.B.G Attica
Dal)

Pottery

S. W.=Stoneware Y. W.=Yellow ware
i. S.=Electric supplies &. W.=Earthenware
P. W.=Porcelain ware. San. W.=Sanitary ware

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Albany co.
Albany City Pottery (EZ. W.) Albany

Chemung co.

Elmira Fire Brick & Stone- Elmira
ware Works (S. W.)

Erie co.

Betz & Bros., Henry (E. W.) Buffalo
Buffalo Pottery Co. (G. W.) Buffalo
Kings co.
Continental Pipe Works (C. P.) Brooklyn
Empire China Works (E. S.) Brooklyn
Graham Chemical Pottery Brooklyn
Works (S. W. & San. W.)
Greenpoint Pottery (S. W.) Brooklyn
Umbach, Gottlieb (S. W.) Brooklyn
Union Porcelain Works (P. W.) Brooklyn

LOCATION OF PLANT

East Kingston
Kingston

Port Ewen
Glasco

East Kingston

Glens Falls

Whitehall
Fort Edward

Middle Granville
Fort Edward

Lyons

Georges Island
Verplanck point
Montrose point
Verplanck
Verplanck
Crugers
Montrose
Crugers
Verplanck

. Peekskill

Croton-on-Hudson

Attica

G. W.=Granite & semi-
porcelain

C. P.=Clay tobacco pipes

A. P.=Artisticipettery

LOCATION OF PLANT
Albany

Elmira

Buffalo
Buffalo

Ridgewood
Brooklyn
Brooklyn

Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn

_ Lyons Stoneware Co. (S. W.)

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Pottery (continued)
. NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Madison co.
Central New York Pottery Co. Chittenango
24 ¥. W.)
Monroe co.
Rochester City Pottery (S. W.) Rochester
Nassau co.
Benkert, John B. (S. W., E. W. Corona
oy ..W.)

Oneida co.

White’s Pottery, Inc. (S.W.) Utica
Onondaga co.

Onondaga Pottery Co.(P.W.) Syracuse

Pass & Seymour, Inc. (E. S.) Solvay

Reagan, Edward (C. P.) Syracuse

Syracuse Pottery Co. (E. W.) Syracuse

Ontario co. .
Locke Insulator Mfg. Co. (E. S.) Victor

Schenectady co.
Weber Electrical Co. (E.S.)

Suffolk co.
Brouwer jr, 1. A. (A. P.)

Washington co.
Hilfinger Bros. (S.W.@ E.W.) Fort Edward

Wayne co.

Schenectady

West Hampton

Lyons

Clay miners

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Albany co.

Albany Slip Clay Co. Albany

Empire Clay Mfg. Co. Albany

Nassau co.

Aluria Dev. & Mfg. Co. Ltd. Locust Valley

Carpenter, Coles A. Sea Cliff
Onondaga co.

Zimmerman, George F. Belle Isle
Richmond co.

Staten Island Kaolin Co. Troy

Storer Bros. Kreischerville

Turner, N. A. Rossville
Suffolk co.

Lillis, Johanna

Port Jefferson
Williamson, John N.

New York

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Herkimer co.
Searles,,George ,W. Herkimer

169

LOCATION OF PLANT

Chittenango

Rochester

Corona

Utica

Syracuse
Solvay

Syracuse
Syracuse

Victor

Bellevue

West Hampton

Fort Edward

Lyons

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

Albany
Albany

Locust Valley
Glen Cove

Belle Isle

Rossville
Kreischerville
Kreischerville

Port Jefferson
Centerport

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

White Lead Lake

170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
EMERY
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE

Westchester co.
Blue Corundum Mining Co.
Hampden Corundum Wheel Co.
aneaster, Jo R:
Quinn, H. M.
The Tanite Co.

Boston, Mass.
Springfield, Mass.
Peekskill
Rrankdord: neste
Stroudsburg, Pa.

FELDSPAR AND QUARTZ

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE

Westchester co.

Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co. New Milford, Ct.

Kinkel, & Sons P. H. Bedford
GARNET
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE

Essex Co.

Bartonié& Son Core. Hi: Philadelphia, Pa.

Behr, Herman Co. New York
North River Garnet Co. Ticonderoga
GLASS SAND
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Oneida co.
Bentleys alle Fish Creek
Gifford, A. L. Rome
Oswego co.
Marsden, F. L. Cleveland
Oneida Lake Sand Mine Cleveland
GRAPHITE
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE

Essex Co.
Columbia Graphite Co.
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph

Niagara co.
International Acheson Graphite Niagara Falls

Co:

St Lawrence co.

Macomb Graphite Co.

Warren co.
International Graphite Co.

Washington co.
Adirondack Mining & Milling Co. Whitehall

Pittsburg, Pa.
jersey City, N= 7

De Kalb Junction

Glens Falls

Champlain Graphite Co. Whitehall
Silver Leaf Graphite Co. Whitehall
GYPSUM
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE
Cayuga co.
Cayuga Plaster Co. Union Springs
Erie co.

Akron Gypsum Co. Akron ;
1 Location of works. Manufacture graphite by electric process.

LOCATION OF MINE

- Peekskill

Peekskill

Peekskill

Peekskill

Peekskill

LOCATION OF QUARRY
Bedford

Bedford

LOCATION OF MINE

North River
North River
North River

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

Fish Creek
Rome

Cleveland
Cleveland

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

Crown Point
Ticonderoga

Niagara Falls!

Pope Mills
Potterville!

Dresden
Whitehall
Whitehall

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

Union Springs

Akron |

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I7k

GYPSUM (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER
Genesee co.
Oakfield Plaster Mfg. Co.
U.S. Gypsum Co.
Madison co.
Button, R. D.
Cotton, Arthur
Hodge Mrs Hattie C.
Mason, J. jr,
Miller, F. A.
Monroe co.

Consolidated Wheatland Plaster

oO.
Garbutt Gypsum Co.
Lycoming Calcining Co.
Monarch Plaster Co.
Onondaga co.
Adamant Plaster Co.
Alvord & Co., E. B.

Bangs-Gaynor Cement & Plaster
Co

Behan Estate, James
Lansing, H. H.
Millen Co., Thomas
Miller, Clifford L.
National Wall Plaster Co.
Severance, F. M.
sheedy, T. W.
Snook, C. A.
Valentine, William, jr
Walrath, Theodore
Ontario co.
Conover, Theodore
Grinnell, Ezra

NAME OF PRODUCER
Cayuga co.

Fair Haven Iron Co.
Clinton co.

Arnold Mining Co.

Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co.

Dutchess co.
Amenia Mine

Essex co.
Poc, Henry Iron Ore Co.

Witherbee, Sherman & Co.

Herkimer co.

Salisbury Steel & Iron Co.

Jefferson co.
Old Sterling Iron Co.
Oneida co.
~ Borst Charles A.

St Lawrence co.
Rossie Iron Ore Co.

Wayne co.
Furnaceville Iron Co.

POSTOFFICE

Buffalo
Chicago, Ill.

Canastota
Valley Mills
Perryville
Clockville
Clockville

Caledonia

Garbutt

Williamsport, Pa.

Caledonia

Syracuse
Jamesville
Fayetteville

Manlius
Fayetteville
Jamesville
New York
Syracuse
Fayetteville
Fayetteville
Fayetteville
Jamesville
Manlius Center

Victor
Port Gibson

TRON ORE

POSTOFFICE
Albany
Arnold
Lyon Mountain

Amenia

Mineville
Mineville

Utica
New York

Clinton

New York

Ontario Center

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

Oakfield
Oakfield

Cottons
Valley Mills
Blakeslee
Clockville
Clockville

Wheatland

Garbutt
Garbutt
Wheatland

Dewitt
Jamesville
Manlius

Manlius
Dewitt

Dewitt
Fayetteville
Dewitt
Fayetteville
Fayetteville
High Bridge
Jamesville
Manlius Center

Victor
Port Gibson

LOCATION OF MINE
Fair Haven

Arnold
Lyon Mountain

Amenia

Port Henry
Mineville

Salisbury
Antwerp

Washington Mills
& Clinton

Spragueville

Ontario

172

NAME OF PRODUCER

Ulster co.

Braught, Daniel
Coddington, Frank
Coddington, John
Coddington, Virgil
Crose, John
Davenport, Ira
Davis, Joseph P
Decker, Asa
Decker, Miles
De-Puye ies:
Esopus Millstone Co.
Hasbrouck, Bruyn
Hendrickson, John
Lawrence, Fred
Lawrence, G. B.
Lawrence, Moses D.
Lawrence, Russell

Lounsberg & Son, E. D.

Percell, Asa

Percell, David

Rose & Smith
Schoonmaker, James
Slater, Charles
Smith, Edward

Van Etten, Ambrose
Van Etten, James S.
Vanlawer, Hiram, jr

Van Lewen, William H.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

-MILLSTONES

POSTOFFICE

New Paltz
st Josen

St Josen

St Josen
Kerhonkson
St Josen
Kerhonkson
Granite
Kerhonkson
st Josen
Kingston
New Paltz
Alligerville
Alligerville
Wawarsing
st Josen
Accord
Kerhonkson
Alligerville
Alligerville
Accord
Kerhonkson
Kerhonkson
Kerhonkson
Kerhonkson
Granite
New Paltz
New Paltz

MINERAL PAINT

LOCATION OF QUARRY

New Paltz
St Josen

St Josen

St Josen
Kerhonkson
St Josen
Kerhonkson
Granite
Granite

St Josen
Accord
New Paltz
Alligerville
Alligerville
Wawarsing
Rochester
ot Josen
Kerhonkson
Shawangunk
Alligerville
st Josen
Kerhonkson
Granite
Kerhonkson
Granite
Granite
New Paltz
New Paltz

M =mines crude rock or ore and sells to paint manufacturers

NAME O* PRODUCER

Cattaraugus co.
Elko Paint Co.

Oneida co.
Borst, Charles A. (/.)

Clinton Metallic Paint Co.

Rensselaer co.

POSTOFFICE

Randolph

Clinton
Clinton

Connors Paint Mfg. Co., Wm. Troy

Biind AL a Gi)
Ruff, Andrew (.)

St Lawrence co.

Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co.

Washington co.

Eagle Bridge
Troy

Ogdensburg

Algonquin Red Slate Co. (W.) Truthville

Staso Company
Wetherill & Eddy Co.
Wayne co.

Furnaceville Iron Co.
Walliams) Co. ©.-Ke

Boston, Mass.
Whitehall

Ontario Center
aston bas

LOCATION OF MINE
OR WORKS

Randolph

Clinton
Clinton

Troy
Eagle Bridge
Troy

Keens Station

Truthville
Middle Granville
Whitehall

Ontario
Ontario

|
|

|

\| 7

DS a ae ee ee eee ee ae a ee a ees Se te

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

NATURAL GAS!

NAME OF PRODUCER

Allegany-Cattaraugus
counties

Andover Gas Co.

Empire Gas & Fuel Co.
Gowanda Natural Gas Co.
Hall W. R.

Hazelwood Onl Co:

Mutual Gas Co.
Newcomb, D. L.
Producers Gas Co.

United Natural Gas Co.

Chautauqua co.

Dunkirk Gas Co.

Silver Creek Gas & Improve-
ment Co.

South Shore Gas Co.

Erie co.

oo Natural Gas

O.

Akron Natural Gas Co.

Boro Oil & Gas Co. ;

Depew & Lancaster Light,
Power & Conduit Co.

Lancaster - Depew Natural
Gas Co.

a Light, Heat & Power

Fe ic Natural Gas Co.
United Natural Gas Co.

Williamsville Natural Gas Co.

Genesee co.
Corfu Gas Co.
Empire Gas & Fuel Ape
Livingston co.
Caledonia Natural Gas Co.

Onondaga co.
Baldwinsville Heat & Light

Co.
Phoenix Fuel & Light Co.
Ontario co.
Ontario Gas Co.

Oswego co.

Pulaski Gas & Oil Co., Ltd.
sandy Creek Oil & Gas Co.

Wyoming co.
Attica Natural Gas Co.

Attica Water, Gas & Electric

Co.
Yates co..
Rushville Mining & Gas Co.

POSTOFFICE

Andover
Wellsville
Gowanda
Perrysburg
Pittsburg, Pa.
Andover
Perrysburg
Olean

New York

Dunkirk
Silver Creek

Silver Creek

Binghamton
Akron
Collins
Lancaster
Lancaster
Tonawanda
Springville

New York
Buffalo

Corfu
Wellsville

Caledonia

Baldwinsville

Phoenix
Honeoye Falls

Pulaski
Lacona

Attica
Attica

Rushville

173

1This list includes the companies producing and distributing gas for public use. the names ot
small producers of gas for private use being omitted.

174 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

i PYRITE
| NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE LOCATION OF MINE
tl St Lawrence co.
| Adirondack Pyrite Co. Gouverneur Gouverneur
National Pyrite Co. Canton Pyrites
ot Lawrence Pyrite Co. Hermon De Kalb
| SALT
NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE LOCATION OF DEPOSIT
Genesee co.
Le Roy Salt Co. Leroy Leroy
Livingston co.
Genesee Salt Co. Piffard Piffard
Retsof Mining Co. Scranton, Pa. Retsof
Onondaga co.
Boyd, W. B. syracuse Syracuse
Cady & Johnson Syracuse Syracuse
Corkings, Philip Syracuse Syracuse
Draper & Porter Syracuse Syracuse
Empire Coarse Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
Gale, Thomas K. Syracuse Syracuse
Geddes Coarse Salt Co. Syracuse Solvay
Geres WwW WAS sae Be Syracuse Syracuse
Hayes, M. R. Syracuse Syracuse
Highland Solar Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
Jaqueth & Co., S. Syracuse Syracuse
Lynch, Edward Syracuse Syracuse
Munray ©: Bi ée0 Pe Syracuse Liverpool
Onondaga Coarse Salt Asso- Syracuse
ciation?
Pendergast, P. Syracuse Syracuse
Rcelia NM: syracuse. Syracuse
Salina Coarse & Fine Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
salina Solar Coarse Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
Salt Springs Solar Coarse Salt Syracuse Syracuse
Co.
Solvay Process Co. Syracuse Solvay
Turks Island Coarse Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
Union Coarse Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
| Western Coarse Salt Co. Syracuse Syracuse
} White, John & Co. syracuse Syracuse
| Schuyler co.
i| International Salt Co. Sefanton, Pa: Watkins
i Watkins Salt Co. Watkins Watkins
| Tompkins co.
| International Salt Co. Scranton, Pa. Ithaca
International Salt Co. Scranton, Pa. Myers
Remington Salt Co. Ithaca Ithaca
| Wyoming co.
International Salt Co. Scranton, Pa. Warsaw
Irequois Salt Co. Buffalo Perry
Worcester Salt Co. New York Silver Springs

1A selling association, handling the output of the local producers.

—

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 175

NAME OF PRODUCER

Washington co.
Algonquin Red Slate Co.
Allen & Williams
Baker, Charles I.
Blanchfield, William
Bonanza Slate Co.
Edwards, Harry
Granville Slate Co.
Herbert & Dietz
Manhattan Slate Co.
Mathews Consolidated Slate

co.

McCormick Red Slate Co.
McDonough, John J.
Montauk Slate Co.
O’Brien & Co., John W.
White, Charles N.

NAME OF PRODUCER

Clinton co.
West Chazy Granite Co.

Essex Co.
Keeseville Village Quarry

Franklin co.
Dubuque, Thomas

Fulton co.

Adirondack Stone Co.
Brace, A. E.
Northville Granite & Marble

Co.
Wright, John A.
Herkimer co.
Halliman Bros.

Jefferson co.
Boldt, George C.
Forsyth Granite Co.
Kapples, Thomas
Packard & Kelly
Parry Bros.
Picton Island Red Granite Co.
Turcotte, Gordon O.

New York co.
New York Botanical Garden

Orange co.

Empire State Granite Co.
Pochuck Granite Co.
Rampe Bros.

SLATE

POSTOFFICE

Truthville
Middle Granville
Troy

Salem

Granville

Fair Haven, Vt.
Granville

North Granville
Granville
Boston, Mass.

Granville
West Pawlet, Vt.
Middle Granville
Middle Granville
Granville

STONE
Granite

POSTOFFICE
West Chazy
Keeseville
St Regis Falls

Gloversville
Gloversville
Northville

Gloversville
Little Falls

New York
Montreal, Can.
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton

New York
Grindstone

Bronx, New York

Paterson, N. J.
Brooklyn
Pine Island

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Granville
Middle Granville

’ Granville

Salem

Granville

Middle Granville

Granville

North Granville

Slateville

Granville, Middle
Granville &
Truthville

Middle Granville

Hebron

Middle Granville

Middle Granville

Slateville

LOCATION OF QUARRY
West Chazy
Keeseville

St Regis Falls

Gloversville
Gloversville
Northville

Gloversville
Little Falls

Alexandria Bay
Thurso
Grindstone
Clayton
Grindstone
Picton Island
Grindstone

Bronx, New York

Pine Island
Pine Island
Pine Island

176 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Granite (continued)

NAME. OF PRODUCER

' Putnam co.
Bailey, C. W.
King, Frederick G.
Richmond co.
Quinroy Contracting Co.

Rockland co.
Clinton Point Stone Co.
Rice Bros.

Saratoga co.
Ryall, Benjamin

Warren co.
Reardon, C. J.

Westchester co.
Ash, Edwin
Coleman, Breuchaud & Cole-
man
Dobbs, Gilbert W.
Flannery, P. J.

Jerome Park Reservoir
Quarry

Mohegan Granite & Quarry-
ing Co.

Nichols, W. H.

O’Rourke Bros.

Skipton, Pitt M.

Sleepy Hollow Monumental
Works

NAME OF PRODUCER

Albany co.

Boughton, W. J.

Callanan Road Improvement
Co. .

Craw, Daniel H.

Harcourt Lime Works
Keefe, Daniel

McCullock, Conrad B.

Allegany co.
lelowanes Ips VN

Cayuga co.

Auburn City Street Depart-
ment

Beardsley, W. 5S.

Bennett, D. M.

Goodrich & Son, L. L.

Shalibo, Joseph L.

Smith Bs Pibstateon,

Wood, George P.

Chenango co.
Woods, Theodore

POSTOFFICE

Cold Spring
Garrison

Port Richmond

New York
Suffern

saratoga

Glens Falls

New Rochelle
Croton-on-Hudson
Hartsdale
Yonkers

New York

New York

Hastings
Yonkers

New Rochelle

North Tarrytown

Limestone

POSTOFFICE

Ravena
Albany

Ravena
Ravena
Crescent
Ravena

Belfast

Auburn

Auburn
Auburn
Auburn
Union Springs
Union Springs
Union Springs

Norwich

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Breakneck
Garrison

Port Richmond

Iona Island
Hillburn

Greenfield
Glens Falls

New Rochelle
Peekskill

Scarsdale

Yonkers

Jerome Park
epey

Beckatie

Hastings

Yonkers

New Rochelle
Tarrytown

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Ravena
South Bethlehem

Ravena
Ravena
Dunsbach Ferry
Ravena

Belfast

Auburn

Auburn
Auburn
Auburn
Hamburg
Union Springs
Hamburg

Norwich

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 177

Limestone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER

Clinton co.

Behan, Hugh J.

Chazy Marble Lime Co.
Gebs, Oliver

Movers & Co., J. B.

Columbia co.
Hudson City Quarry

Dutchess co.

Clinton Point Stone Co.
Fuller’s Sons, William
Hufcut, Mrs Alice G.
Lawler, Michael

Erie co.

Akron Stone Co.
Appenheimer, John L.

Barber Asphalt Paving Co.

Board. of Supervisors
Buffalo Cement Co., Ltd.
Buffalo Crushed Stone Co.
Carroll Brothers

Dickerson & Bell
Erisman, A. G.
Forest Lawn Cemetery
Gehres; Anna
Gesl, John, jr
Tiatter: f.

Kieffer, Martin
Rupp, John J.
Schreier, S.
Shoff, B. O.
Stanz, Ernest C.
* Woungss J. 5.

Essex co.
Northern Iron Co.

Fulton co.

Adirondack Stone Co.
Cristie, Edward
Haines, M.

Holmes, Frank J.
Kegg, Willard A.

Genesee Co.

Dawson, W. E.

Empire Limestone Co.
General Crushed Stone Co.
Guttenbury, Theodore
Heimlech, John

Keeney & Son, N. B.
Morris & Strobel
Pongrazio, M.

POSTOFFICE

Plattsburg
Chazy

Plattsburg
Plattsburg

Hudson

New York
Albany
Dover Plains
Poughkeepsie

Buffalo

Buffalo
Philadelphia, Pa.
Buffalo

Buffalo

Buffalo

Buffalo —

Akron
Wilhelm
Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Akron.
Depew
Buffalo
Buffalo
South Newstead
Buffalo
Buffalo

Port Henry

Gloversville
Mayfield
Mayfield
Mayfield
Cranberry Creek

Batavia
Buffalo

South Bethlehem, Pa.

Batavia
Leroy
Leroy
Leroy
Leroy

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Plattsburg
Chazy

Bluff Point
Plattsburg

Hudson

Stoneco
Crum Elbow
Dover Plains
Poughkeepsie

Akron
Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Gunnville & Wil-
liamsville
Akron
Wilhelm
Buffalo
Buffalo
Buffalo
Akron: ..
Depew
Kensington
Buffalo
South Newstead
Buffalo
Amherst

Port Henry

Mayfield
Mayfield
Mayfield .
Mayfield
Cranberry Creek

Batavia
North Leroy
North Leroy
Batavia
Lime Rock
Leroy

Leroy

Lime Rock

178 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Limestone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE LOCATION OF QUARRY
Greene co.
Day, Ambrose Coxsackie West Coxsackie
Driscoll, A. C. Syracuse New Baltimore
Haswell, W. T. Climax Climax

Holdridge & Son, George W.

Massino, William
Mower, John

Catsxill
Smiths Landing
Smiths Landing

West Catskill
Smiths Landing
Smiths Landing

Palmer, W. S. Catskill Catskill
West Shore Stone Co. Catskill Catskill
Herkimer co.
Higgins, Gilbert S. Newport Newport
Holland, George E. Clayville North Litchfield
Humphrey, J. W. Mohawk Columbia
Little Falls Stone Co. Little Falls Little Falls
Manning, A. Columbia Little Falls
Morey, Newell Newport Newport
O’Connor, George H. Newport Newport
Pierce, John Little Falls Little Falls
Salisbury, J. EF. Clayville North Litchfield
Sherman, John Newport Newport
Smith, Clarence D. Newport Newport
Stillman & Spellman Newport Newport
(alcott. ec. Prospect Prospect
Toomey, Daniel Newport Newport
Jefferson co.
Adams & Duford Co. Chaumont Chaumont
Anthony, William Cape Vincent Cape Vincent
Babcock, L. M. Watertown Pamelia
Barron, John J. Three Mile Bay Three Mile Bay
Brennan & O’Brien, Watertown Watertown
Clearwater, Victor Watertown Watertown
Cory, Henry S: Watertown Watertown
Doyle, Wiliam P. Herring Herring
Foster, Charles Dexter Dexter
Haley, Ward & Co. Watertown Watertown
Jefferson Power Co. Black River Herring
Lefave, George J. Watertown Watertown
Lingenfelter, Charles Clayton Clayton
Mayhew, A. V. Watertown Watertown
Miller & Son, Lott Theresa Theresa
New York Lime Co. Natural Bridge Natural Bridge
Shick, Clinton E. Watertown Watertown
Taylor, Andrew Watertown Pamelia
Lewis co.
Babcock bat Lowville Lowville
Babcock, William L. Lowville Lowville
Lashaway, Henry Talcottville Talcottville
Lyman, M. M. Lowville Lowville
Moren & Son, John Lowville Lowville
Post, Orville L. Port Leyden Port Leyden
Rover. iaaNe Lyon Falls Lyon Falls
Schulz, Henry Collinsville West Turin
siegel Johnie: Lowviile Lowville
(loddr 2B: Lyon Falls Lyon Falls
Tracy, Charles Port Leyden Port Leyden
Waters, John M. Lowville Lowville

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 179

Limestone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER
Madison co.
Adams, Frank D.

Chittenango Falls Park Ass’n

Conley, F. BE. Stone Co.
Hodge, Mrs Hattie C.
Mitchell, James H.
Tooke, D. J.
Winchell, W. M.
Worlock, Cyrus
Monroe co.
Brown, H. §&.
Casey & Murray
Foery & Kastner
Lauer & Hagaman

Whitmore, Rauber & Vicinus

Montgomery co.

Allter Brothers
Amsterdam City Quarry
Casabonne, Germain
Donlan, Thomas J.
Fitcer, C.

Hurst, Oliver
Machold, Bernard
Mohawk Stone Co.
Nagle, Thomas

Place, Daniel N.
Putnam, Willard
Ross, F. M. & M. G.
Schube, William
phaper A. EE. & D.C.
Smith, W. Cassius
Wemple Bros.

Niagara co.

American Stone & Lime Co.
Bondinger, John
Buttery, Earl

Canal Quarry Co.

Carl. A. R.

_ Crowe, Michael J.
DeansCo., F; E.

Glynn, Willard

Heary, M. F

Motman & Co., A. J.
Lockner, John

Lockner, William E.
Lockport Stone & Brick Co.
Muehlberger, Jacob
Shine, James
Stainthorpe & Co., C. N.
Verrity, Robert
Watson, T. G.
Whitmore, C. B.
Wilson, John H.

Witkof, Henry

Oneida co.
Conley Stone Co., F. E.

O’Leary, Jerry
Thomas, Clarence D,

POSTOFFICE

Munnsville
Cazenovia

Utica

Perryville
Canastota
Chittenango Falls
Chittenango Falls
Canastota

Rochester
Rochester
Rochester
Rochester
Rochester

St Johnsville
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
St Johnsville
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Palatine Bridge
St Johnsville
St Johnsville
Akin
Amsterdam
Akin
Canajoharie
St Johnsville
Amsterdam

Buffalo
Lockport
Niagara Falls
Syracuse
Lewiston
Lockport
Niagara Falls
Lockport
Lockport
Niagara Falls
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Pekin

Utica
Boonville
Prospect

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Munnsville
Chittenango Falls’
Munn and Blakeslee
Perryville
Canastota

Fenner

Chittenango Falls
Blakeslee Station

Rochester
Rochester
Rochester

Rochester

Rochester

St Johnsville
Amsterdam
Manny’s Corners
Amsterdam

St Johnsville
Tribes Hill
Amsterdam
Palatine Bridge
Minden

St Johnsville
Tribes Hill
Amsterdam
Akin
Canajoharie
Minden

Fort Hunter

Lockport
Lockport
Lewiston
Lockport
Lewiston
Lockport
Niagara Falls
Lockport
Lockport
Niagara Falls
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Lockport
Pekin

Oriskany Falls
Boonville
Prospect

180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Limestone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER

Onondaga co.
Alvord & Co., E. B.
Barttion ious.
Burke & Burns
Costello, J.

Hayes Bros.
Heverin, Hugh
Hibbard, John P.
Hogan, Martin
Kelly, John

Malley, William F.

McLaughlin & Platt

Millen Co., Thomas

Onondaga County Peniten-
tiary

Pallas, Theo.

Potter Brown Cement Cc.

Rock Cut Stone Co.

Solvay Process Co.

Storer, DD:

Rérty, Eek:

Warner, Quinlan Co.

Wells & Son, Irving

Wolf, Andrew

Ontario co.

Bacon, Orin S.
Johnson, William H.

Orange co.
Burt, Thon as
Elston, L. J.
Harrison, John J. E.

Orleans co.
Murphy, John
Staines, Thomas F.

Putnam co.
Towner, James E.

~e

Rensselaer co.
Carey, Mrs William
Corliss Con. Co.
Dolin, John
McCaffrey, Cornelius

Rockland co. —-—
Tomkins Cove Stone Co.

St Lawrence co.

Church, Ashley
Curran, John

Frank & Sons, Nathan
earys. | ©.

Mainer, C. J.
Maroney, John
McConville, Joseph
Warren, H. H.
Williams & Co., C.

POSTOFFICE

Jamesville
Svracuse
Jamesville
Manlius
Split Rock

Skaneateles Falls

East Onondaga
Marcellus
syracuse

Marcellus
Skaneateles
Jamesville
Jamesville

Manthius
Manlius
Syracuse
Syracuse

East Onondaga
Manlius
Syracuse

East Onondaga
East Onondaga

Canandaigua
Phelps

Warwick
Pine Island
Newburgh

Holley
Holley

Towners

Hoosick Falls
Troy

Hoosick Falls
Hoosick Falls

Tomkins Cove

Crary Mills
Ogdensburg
Ogdensburg
Colton
Gouverneur
Ogdensburg
Ogdensburg
Massena
Bigelow.

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Jamesville
Onondaga
Jamesville
Manlius
Split Rock
Skaneateles Falls
East Onondaga
Marcellus
Onondaga Reserva-
tion
Marcellus
Skaneateles
Jamesville
Jamesville

Manlius

Manlius

syracuse

Split Rock

Indian Reservation
Fayetteville
Syracuse

East Onondaga
East Onondaga

Canandaigua
Phelps

Warwick
Pine Island
Newburgh

Clarendon
Barre

‘Towners

Hoosick Falls
Troy

Hoosick Falls
Hoosick Falls

Tomkins Cove

Crary Mills
Ogdensburg
Lisbon
Colton
Gouverneur
Ogdensburg
Ogdensburg
Norwood —
Bigelow

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 181

Limestone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE LOCATION OF QUARRY

Saratoga co.

Callanan Road Improvement Albany Saratoga Springs
O.

Gailor, W. H. Saratoga Springs Saratoga
Slade, C. G. Saratoga Springs Saratoga
Smaldone & Bros., Paul Saratoga Springs Saratoga
Wagar, Isaac F. Ballston Spa Milton

Schenectady co.
Flint Hill Stone & Construc- Troy Pattersonville

tion Co.

Schoharie co.
Beard, F.-P. Coblesxill Cobleskill
Becker, Clinton S. Schoharie Schoharie
Brandenstein Bros. Cobleskill Cobleskill
Cobleskill Quarry Co. New York Cobleskill
Dailey & Smith Cobleskill Cobleskill
Helderberg Cement Co. Albany Howes Cave
Merchant, Paul Sharon Springs Sharon Springs
Mix, Frank G. Schoharie Schoharie
Roberts, C. E. Cobleskill Cobleskill
Rogers, John C. New York Cobleskill
Ryan, P. New York Barnerville

Smith, Andrew
Smith, Jefferson
Smith, Willard T.

Sharon Springs
Sharon Springs
Sharon Springs

Sharon Springs
Sharon Springs
Sharon Springs

Seneca co.
Babcock, Dwight Waterloo Fayette
Edson Crushed Stone Co. Waterloo Waterloo
Fisher, George M. Seneca Falls Fayette
Thomas & Bros., G. C. Waterloo Waterloo

Ulster co. ;
Barley, Albert Whitfield Whitfield
Basten, John Stone Ridge Stone Ridge
Christianer, Nelson Kerhonkson Kerhonkson
Fiero, Nathan Saugerties Katsbaan
Hall, Lucian F. Ellenville ilenville
Hornbeck, Charles B. Wawarsing Wawarsing
McNamee, Henry Fly Mountain Fly Mountain
Myers, Howard Kingston Ulster
aaa Lime & Cement Mfg. New York Rondout

O.

New York Cement Co. Rosendale Rosendale
Noone, Luke Kingston Kingston
Sayre jr & Co., James R. Newark, N. J. Kingston
Young & Humphrey Napanoch Napanoch

Warren co.
Finch, Pruyn & Co.

Higley & Barber Sandy Hill Queensbury
Miller, Frank Glens Falls Queensbury
Nassivera, Joseph Glens Falls Sandfords Ridge

Reardon, C. J.
Sherman Lime Co.
Thomas, Sumner
Waite Lime Co., F. W.

Glens Falls

Glens Falls
Glens Falls
Glens Falls
Glens Falls

Glens Falls

Glens Falls
Glens Falls
Glens Falls
Glens Falls

182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Limestone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER

Washington co.

Adams & McKee
Bromley, Nelson :‘R.
Callahan, J. J.
Cottrell, Horace
Fenton, C. 5S.
Flood & Sherrill
Keenan Lime Co.
Kenyon, Ambrose
McGrouty, James
Nichols & Son, D.
White, C. H.

Wayne co.

Hall Wo:
Mather, E. B.
Walker, Charles J.

Westchester co.

Clinton Point Stone Co.

Ossining Lime Co.

Selz, Andrew

Sing Sing Prison Quarry
Yates co.

Seneca Lake Broken Stone
Co.

NAME OF PRODUCER

Clinton co.

Burlington Marble Co.
Lezotte, Peter

Columbia co.
Jones & Co., F. W.

Dutchess co.

Dover Chemical & Quarry Co.

South Dover Marble Co.
Essex Co.
Lynch, Daniel
Lewis co.
Sullivan, John J.

St Lawrence co.

Clarkson Marble Co.
Corrigan & McKinney
Ellsworth, Horace
Extra Dark Marble Co.

* Gouverneur Marble Co.

Irving, A.

POSTOFFICE

Whitehall
Sandy Hill
Whitehall
Greenwich
Fort Ann
Sandy Hill
Smiths Basin
Middle Falls
Greenwich
Smiths Basin
Comstock

Walworth
Sodus Center
Wolcott

New York
Ossining

New Rochelle
Ossining

Geneva

Marble

POSTOFFICE

Burlington, Vt.

Plattsburg

Greenport

New York
New York

Minerva
Harrisville .

New York
Cleveland, O.
Canton
Gouverneur
Gouverneur
Gouverneur

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Whitehall
Sandy Hill
Whitehall
Middle Falls
Fort Ann
Sandy Hill
Smiths Basin
Middle Falls
Greenwich
Smiths Basin
Comstock

Walworth
Sodus Center
Butler

Verplanck
Ossining
Mamaroneck
Ossining

Dresden

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Plattsburg
Plattsburg

Greenport

South Dover
Wingdale

Minerva

Harrisville

De Kalb
Gouverneur
Colton
Gouverneur
Gouverneur
Gouverneur

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 183

Marble (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER POSTOFFICE

St Lawrence co., (cont'd)

Peary; J. C. - Colton

Northern New York Marble Gouverneur
Co.

Rylstone Co. Gouverneur

St Lawrence Marble Quarries Gouverneur

Watertown Marble Co. Watertown
White Crystal Marble Co. Gouverneur
Whitney Marble Co., D. J. Gouverneur

Warren co. &

Finch, Pruyn & Co.

Lake George Quarrying Co.

Langworthy, M. B.
Reardon, C. J.

Westchester co.

O’Connell Lime & Marble

Dust Co.
Ossining Lime Co.
Waverly Marble Co.

NAME OF PRODUCER

Dutchess co.
Clinton, Henry

Essex co.
Bend, 1. W.

Franklin co.
Bashaw, Levi
Paddock, 5S. A.

Greene co.
Fuller’s Sons, William
Smith & Post

Herkimer co.
Kearney, Patrick

Jefferson co.
Emery, Charles G.
Wilbur Estate

Monroe co.
Rainesford, J. A.

St Bernard’s Seminary
‘ Montgomery co.
Hillegas, ‘C. M. .
Hilliard, Alvin D.
Niagara co.

Hotchkiss Estate, L. W.

Whitmore, C. B.
Oneida co.

Conley Stone Co., F. E.
Thompson, C. F.

Glens Falls
Glens Falls
Queensbury
Glens Falls

Tuckahoe

Newburgh
New York

Sandstone
POSTOFFICE
Poughkeepsie —

Port Henry

Malone
Malone

Albany
Catskill

Little Falls

Clayton
Clayton

Barnard
Barnard

St Johnsville
Burtonsville

Lewiston
Lockport

Utica
Washington Mills

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Colton
Gouverneur

Gouverneur
Gouverneur
Gouverneur &
Canton
Gouverneur
Gouverneur

Glens Falls
Warrensburg
Queensbury
Glens Falls

Tuckahoe

Ossining
Tuckahoe

LOCATION OF QUARRY
Poughkeepsie
Port Henry

Malone

Malone

New Baltimore
Catskill

Little Falls

Clayton
Clayton

Barnard Crossing
Barnard Crossing

St Johnsville
Charleston j

Lewiston
Lockport

Higginsville
Washington Mills

184. / NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

sandstone (continued)

NAME OF PRODUCER

Orange Co.
Erie Railroad Co.

Orleans co.

Fancher & Delaney
Farrand, W. H.

Filkins, S. E.

Ford: Ay it.

Gorman, Charles A.
Kearney & Barrett

Le Valley, John

O’Brien, William

Orleans County Quarry Co.
Orleans Sandstone Co.
iRerny, Pred

Reed, Allen & Reed
Ryan, M. A.

Servasse, Joel

sopaanrs, aks IR:

Swett Iron Works, A. L.
Vincent & Co., Ed.
Whiting, Dr Chauncey H.

Oswego co.
Ratigan & Co., John F.

Rockland co.

Davidson Red Sandstone Co.

Demerest, Perry E..

St Lawrence co.

Clarkson Quarries, The-
Downey Bros.

Edgar & Phillips

Plcod, Dr}. ©!

Gibson, William

Potsdam Red Sandstone Co.

Saratoga co.
Stiles, E. H.

Schenectady co.

Kellum, George W.
Shear & Co., Albert

Ulster co.
Davenport, Ira

Warren co.
Nassivera, Joseph

Washington co.

Bromley, Nelson
Fenton, C. S.
Finch, Samuel L.
Gilbert, Martin
Holman Bros.
Stark, Charles
White, Henry F.

POSTOFFICE

New York

Albion
Holley
Medina
Hulberton
Medina
Medina
Shelby Basin
Holley
Albion
Syracuse
Medina
Albion
Medina
Medina
Hulberton
Medina
Hulberton
Medina

Oswego

New York
Haverstraw

Potsdam

Fort Jackson
South Hammond
Hopkinton
Hammond
Potsdam

Crescent

Craig
Schenectady

St Josen
Glens Falls

Sandy Hill
Fort Ann
Sandy Hill
Comstock
Fort Ann
Comstock
Comstock

. Comstock

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Otisville

Albion

Holley

Albion
Hulberton
Medina and Albion
Medina

Shelby Basin
Holley

Holley to Medina
Hulberton
Medina

Albion

Eagle Harbor
Shelby Basin
Hulberton
Medina

Murray

Medina -

Oswego

Nanuet
Haverstraw

Potsdam

Fort Jackson
South Hammond
Hopkinton
Hammond
Potsdam

Crescent

Aqueduct
Duanesburg

Kyserike
Sanford Ridge

Sandy Hill
Fort Ann
Sandy Hill
Comstock
Fort Ann

Comstock

THE MINING ANJ QUARRY iNDUSTRyY 185

Sandstene (bluestone)

NAME OF PRODUCER

Albany co.

Albany Bluestone Co.
Applebee, D. 58.
Brate, D. W. & Son
Brate & Kline
Cummings Bros.
Filkins, Hiram D.
stewart, Henry

Allegany co.
“Burke, Michael
Davis, William
Gorton, Leander
Lang, Robert E.
Miner, C. J.
Searle, Abram
Smith, Frank S$.
Tracy, Solomon H.
Weir, H.
Wright, J. 5S.

Broome co.
Deposit Stone Co.

Erie Bluestone Association

Kirkpatrick Bros.
Maden, P. J.

Cattaraugus co.

Brondart, William
Raxe. }.-J.
Rounds, Joseph

Cayuga co.
Cusack & Murray

Chautauqua co.

Gould, Mary W.
Hayward, K. F.

Jamestown Shale Pav. Brick

Co.
Moore, George R.
Webster, Mary Jane
White, Squire

Chemung co.
Symonds, A. D.

Chenango co.

Bush, Thomas

Chenango Bluestone Co.
Clarke Bluestone Co., F.G.
Clarke, Conroy & Co.
Cummings & Johnson
Cushman, D. B.

Dunn & Mead

Hogan, Edward J.

Miller, William

POSTOFFICE

Albany
Dormansville
Reidsville
Reidsville
Voorheesville
Reidsville
South Berne

Black Creek
North Cuba
Belmont
Belfast
Belfast
Rockville
New York
Canaseraga
Belfast

Scio

Deposit
New York

Hancock
Deposit

Franklinville
South Olean
Olean

King Ferry

Niobe
Fredonia
Jamestown

Fredonia
Niobe
Fredonia

Elmira

East Guilford
Norwich
Oxford
Norwich
Oxford
Norwich
Oxford
Oxford

East Guilford

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Albany
Dormansville
Reidsville
Reidsville
Voorheesville
Berne
Westerlo

Belfast
Cuba
Belmont
Belfast
Belfast
Rockville
Almond
Angelica
Belmont
Scio

Deposit. Oquaga &
Gulf Summit

Deposit & Gulf Sum-
mit

Deposit

McClure Settlement

Franklinville
South Olean
South Olean

King Ferry

Niobe
South Fredonia
Jamestown

Fredonia
Niobe
Fredonia

Elmira

East Guilford
West Hill
Oxford
Norwich
Oxford
Norwich
Oxford
Oxford

East Guilford

186

NAME OF PRODUCER
Delaware Co.

Connor, M. L.
Copter Es |.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Bluestone (continued)

Erie Bluestone Association
Holbert & Maynard Bros.

Kazenstein, George W.
Kirkpatrick Bros.

Lupton, Estate N. L.
Nevins fons, James
Peak, Cyrus

Randall Bros.

Rhodes, John
Standard Bluestone Co.

Travis & Kingsbury
Erie co.
Cook, William
Greene co.
Smith & Yeager
Livingston co.
Schumbmehl, Martin J.
Madison co.

oucilan gl P:
Standt, George

Orange co.
Davison, John G.
Otsego co.

Adams, Edwin
Gazlay, Mrs Mary H.
Ingalls Stone Co.
Woods, Theodore W.

Schuyler co.
Higgins, D. H.
Seaman, W. D.

Steuben co.
Cobb, Joseph S.

Sullivan co.
Erivz john
Gregor, Elmer R.
Hartig, Charles
Hartig & Johnson
Kenny Bros.
Manney, Anthony
Martin, F. W.
Partridge, Jeremiah
Reynolds, W. J.
Rockwood . Bluestone

Mees:

Shaw, Herbert

Tioga co.
Boget, Mrs Sarah B.
Edgecombe, Gilbert B.
Mills. C. L.

Coe

POSTOFFICE

Walton
Hancock
New York
Fishs Eddy
Hancock
Hancock

Cooks Falls
Fishs Eddy
Long Eddy
Hancock

East Branch
Jersey City, No].

Hale Eddy
East Aurora
Catskill
Dansville

Oneida
Canastota

Monroe

Cooperstown
Cooperstown
Binghamton
Norwich

Watkins
Watkins

Hornellsville

Long Eddy

Mast Hope, Pa.
Livingston Manor
Livingston Manor
Long Eddy
Hankins

_ Livingston Manor

Narrowsburg
Roscoe
Mast Hope, Pa.

Middletown

Waverly
Waverly
Waverly

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Walton

Hancock

Hancock

Fishs Eddy

Hancock

Hancock and Lord-
ville

~ Cooks Falls

Fishs Eddy

Hancock

Hancock

East Branch

Hale Eddy and Lord-
ville

Hale Eddy
East Aurora
Kiskatom
Dansville

Oneida
Canastota

Monroe

Cooperstown
Middlefield
Oneonta
Otego

Watkins
Watkins

Hornellsville

Long Eddy

Long Eddy
Livingston Manor
Livingston Manor
Long Eddy
Hankins
Livingston Manor
Narrowsburg

Elk Brook
Tusten

Barton
Waverly
Waverly

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 187

NAME OF PRODUCER

Tompkins co.

Driscoll Bros. & Co.
O’Hara, Peter

Ulster co.

Bluestone (continued)

POSTOFFICE

Ithaca
Trumansburg

. Hudson River Bluestone Co. Rondout

Maxwell’s Sons, John
Murray, Benjamin

Saugerties
Saugerties

Ulster & Delaware Bluestone Allaben

Or

Wyoming co.
American Bluestone Co.

Warsaw

Genesee Valley Bluestone Co. Portageville

Portageville Bluestone Co.

Warsaw Bluestone Co.

Yates co.

Cheney, Louis A.
Cornwell, George P.
Poicer. . J.

NAME OF PRODUCER
Richmond co.

Quinroy Contracting Co.
Rockland co.

Clinton Point Stone Co.
Gurnee, H. M.

Haverstraw Trap Rock Co.
Long Clove Trap Rock Co.

Portageville
Warsaw

Himrod
Penn Yan
Himrod

Trap
POSTOFFICE
Port Richmond

New York
Mount Ivy
New York
New York

Manhattan Trap Rock Co. Nyack
Rockland Lake Trap Rock Co. New York

NAME OF PRODUCER

St Lawrence co.

Holbrook Co., C. F.
International Pulp Co.
Ontario Talc Co.
Union Talc Co.
United States Talc Co.

TALC

POSTOFFICE

Popes Mills
New York
Gouverneur
New York
Gouverneur

LOCATION OF QUARRY

Ithaca
Taughannock

Malden, Rondout &
Wilbur
Saugerties, etc.
Woodstock
Allaben, Brodheads
Bridge, Phoenicia
& West. Hurley

Rock Glen
Portageville
Portageville
Rock Glen

Himrod
Penn Yan
Himrod

LOCATION OF QUARRY
Port Richmond

Rockland Lake
Mount Ivy
Haverstraw
Haverstraw
Nyack
Rockland Lake

LOCATION OF DEPOSIT

De Kalb Junction
Fowler

Fowler

Fowler

Edwards

INDEX

Adamant Wall Plaster Co., 80.
Adirondack Mining & Milling Co.,

Dees? -
Adirondack Pyrite Co., 123.
Adirondacks, garnet, 70; granite,

133; graphite, 74; iron ore, 83, 84;
quartz, 124; sandstones, 145.
Akron, cement industry, 53, 55.
Akron Gypsum Co., 81.
Albany, brick manufacture, 58.

Albany county, bluestone, 152; build- |

ing brick, 63, 64; clays, 62; crushed
stone, 139; drain tile and sewer
pipe, 65; fire brick and stove lining,
65; glass sand, 130; limestone, 137,
138, 140, 141; sandstone, 146, 150;
slip clays, 66, 67; terra cotta, fire-
proofing and building tile, 65.

Alden, natural gas, 117.

Alfred Center, shale, 60.

Algonquin Red Slate Co., 112.

Allegany county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62; limestone, 140; natural
gas, 115, 116, 118; petroleum, 120;

sandstone, 149,150; shale,60; terra

cotta, fireproofing and building tile,
65.
Allegany Pipe Line Co., 121.
Almandite, 7o.
Alpine, natural gas near, 118.
Alvord, E. B. & Co., 80.
Amenia, iron ore, 88.
Amenia mine, 106.
Amenia Mining Co., 83.
American Graphite Co., 74, 75, 77.
American Portland Cement Co., 108.
Amherst, natural gas, 117.
Amity, apatite, 51.
Andover, natural gas, 116.
Andover Gas Co., 116.
Angola, shale, 60.
Anorthosite, 135.
Anthony’s Nose, pyrite, 124.
Antwerp, iron ore, 86, 104.
Apatite, 50-51.

Arkport, marl and tufa, 108.
Arnold hill, iron ore, 95-08.
Arnold Mining Co., 83.
Ashivicner, €0A,-cited, 119, 121:
Ashland Natural Gas Co., 118.
Attica, natural: gas, 117.
Auburn, limestone, 137.
Aurora, salt, 120.

Avon, natural gas, I17.

Backus Lumber Co., 157.
Baldwinsville, natural gas, 117.
Ball, Clinton M., cited, 106.
Ballston, mineral waters, 113.
Bangor, sandstone, 146.
Barton, Es hb e Son, '72.
Batavia, marl near, 108; salt, 126.
Beaver Dams, marl, 109.
Beck, Lewis C., cited, 67, 106, 109,
EEG. 190,120) F239; 124, 128, 150, 160.
Becraft limestone, 137.
Bedford, feldspar, 69;
124.
Beekmantown limestone, 136.
Belle Isle, pottery clays, 66.
Bellvale flags, 140. :
Benson mines, 47, 83, I0I-2.
Bergen, marl near, 108.
Bigelow, pyrite near, 123.
Binghamton, brick manufacture, Go.
Bisnepi2-P SS eited: 110; 121,; 128:
Black River limestone, 136.
Blanchfield, William, 131.
Bluestone, 150; value of production,
132, I51, 152; directory of produc-
ers, 185-87.
Bly-sjoha, Ds +75:
Borst, C. A., mines, 83, 104, IIT.
Bradford, Pa., petroleum, 121.
Brakes, James, analyses by, 93.
Brick, manufacture, 56, 58, 59; value
of production, 47, 48, 49, 60, 61, 62-
65; directory of producers, 162-68.
Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co., 124.
Brighton, clays, 59.

quartz near,

|
a
MI

imele) 5 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Brinsmade, R. B., cited, 122, 157.

Brockport, sandstone, 147.

Brocton, natural gas, 116, 117.

Broome county, bluestone, 152; build-
ing brick, 63; clays, 62; sandstone,
150.

Bryn Mawr, granite, 134.

Buffalo, cement industry, 53; clays,
5O.) Milestone, as75e natinalescas:
117.

Building brick, see Brick.

Building materials, value of output,
47.

Building sand, 120.

Building stones, 132; value of pro-
duction, 47, 133, 135-.130.1sounio:
TAT SO. ht.

Building tile, see Tile.

Button, R. D., quarry of, 8o.

Byron, mineral waters, 113.

Caledonia, marl near, 108; natural
Vasue tig

Caledonia Marl & Lime Co., 108, 109.

Caledonia mine, 103-4.

Camelot, glass sand near, 130.

Camillus, marl, 107.

Canada, feldspar, 66.

Canajoharie, marl, 1009.

Canton, pyrite, 122.

Carbon dioxid, 51-52.

Carbonate iron ores, 83, 88.

Carthage, brick manufacture, 50.

Carthage Landing, cement industry,
54.

Cashaqua shale, 150.

Cassadaga lake, marl, 109.

Catskill, brick manufacture, 58; lime-
SLONE; 137.

Catskill formation, 149.

Cattaraugus county, mineral paint,
112; natural gas, 116, 118; petro-
leum, 120; sandstone, 149, 150.

Cayuga county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62; drain tile and sewer pip2,
65; gypsum, 80; iron ores, 47, 83,
86; limestone, 140, 141; marl, 108,
1007 Salt, 126:

Cayuga Lake Salt Co., 125.

Cayuga marsh, marl, 108.

Cayuga Plaster Co., 80.

Cayugan group, 137.

Cement, 47, 52-56; directory of pro-
ducers, 161. See also Natural rock
cement; Portland cement.

Champion Natural Carbonic Acid
Gases Cones?

Champlain Graphite Co., 76, 77.

Champlain, Lake, clays, 58.

Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., 94.

Chautauqua county, building brick,
63; clays, 50, 62; drain lesand
sewer pipe, 65; fire brick and stove
lining, 65; marl, 109; natural gas,
116, 118; paving brick, (65> ssana-
stone, 150; shale, 605 terra icons
fireproofing and building tile, 65.

Chazy limestone, 136.

Cheektowaga, natural gas, I17.

Chemicals and allied products, value,
AO.

Chemung county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62; marl, 100;-nattraleeds:

EpIaRG:

Chemung formation, 149, 150.

Chenango county, bluestone, I51, 152.

Cherry Valley, marl; jroo:

Chili, clays, 50.

Chippewa Bay, sandstone, 146.

Clarence, furnace flux, 1403 Matis!
Saseannhy.

Clarendon, marl, 100.

Clay, 56-67.

Clay materials, value of production,
46, 47, 48, 49, 60-62; production by
counties, 62; directory of produc-
ers, 162-60.

Clayton, sandstone, 146.

Clifton, iron ore, 101.

Clifton springs, I13.

Clinton, iron ore, 87; mineral paint,
TOL, LEI

Clinton county, anorthosite, 135;
building brick, 63; clays, 62; gran-
ite, 1353 iron ore, 84,85 limenieee
limestone, 136, 140, .14 ro marioles
143; sandstone, 145.

Clinton Metallic Paint Co., 104, 112.

Clinton mines, 104-5.

INDEX TO THE MINING

Clinton sandstone, 149.

Coeymans limestone, 137.

Collins, natural gas, 117.

Columbia county, building brick, 63,
64; cement industry, 53; clays, 62;
glass sand, 130; iron ore, 84, 87, 88;
limestone, 137, 140, 141; marble,
143; marl, 109; mineral waters,
mea Slate, 131.

Columbia Graphite Co., 75, 77.

Columbia Pipe Line Co., 121.

Connors, William, Paint Manufactur-
me Co., 112.

Conover, Theodore, 8o.

Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co.,
8o.

Constantia, glass sand, 120.

Corfu; natural gas, 117.

Corning, shale, 60.

Cornwall, brick manufacture,
sandstone, 148.

Cortland, marl, 109.

Cotton, gypsum near, 8o.

Cox, Charles F., cited, 68.

Coxsackie Station, glass sand near,
130.

Cross lake, marl, 108.

Croton, brick manufacture, 58.

Crown Point, apatite, 51; feldspar,
70.

Crown Point Graphite Co., 75.

Crushed stone, 139; value of produc-
Hom A7, 132, 133, 135, 138, 140 IAI,
15L, 153.

Cummings Cement Co., 55.

Curbstone, value of production, 47,
Ma? 423,530, 150, 151.

Cushing, cited, 100.

Cuylerville, salt, 128.

58;

Dale i. -N., cited, 132.

Dansville, marl and tufa, 108.

Darton, N. H., cited, 51. -

Delahunt, B., cited, 129.

Delaware & Hudson Co., 83, 94.

Delaware county, bluestone, 152;
mineral paint, 112; sandstone, 150.

Delaware river, bluestone, 151, 152.

Delmar, glass sand, 130.

De Peyster, pyrite, 123.

AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IgI
Devonic sandstone, 149.
Dewitt, gypsum, 80; marl, 107.
Diatomaceous earth, 67-68; pro-

ducer, 169.

Dickinson, H. T., cited, 154.

Directory of mines and quarries in
New York State, 161-87.

Dixon, Joseph, Crucible Co., 75.

Dobbs Ferry, marble, 143.

Dodgeville, talc, 156.

Drain tile, manufacture, 59, 60, 61,
65.

Dresden, graphite, 76.

Dundee, salt, 126.

Dunkirk, clays, 59; natural gas, 116,
LF.

Dunwoodie, granite, 134.

Dutchess county, building brick, 63,
64; centent industry, 54; clays, 61,
62; crushed stone, 139; glass sand,
E205 10m Ore. 63, 84, 87, 88, 106;
limestone, 138, 140, 141; marble,
443 --marl, 100; Slate, 131.

Dutchess Junction, brick manufac-
ture, 58.

Eagle Bridge, mineral paint, 112.

Earthenware, manufacture, 59, 66.

East Aurora, natural gas, 117.

East Bloomfield, natural gas, 117.

East Williston, brick manufacture,
57:

Eckel, E. C., cited, 56, 100, 154.

Eden Valley, salt, 126.

Edwards, marble, 142; zinc,
158.

Elbridge, marl, 108.

Elizabethtown, iron ore, 85.

BikowPamt Co. 112!

Ellenville, glass sand, 130; zinc-lead
mine, 157.

Elm point, clays, 57.

Elmira, sandstone near, 150.

Emery, 68-69; value of production,
48, 49; directory of producers, 170.

Emmons, Ebenezer, cited, 51, 96, 101,
106, 159, I60.

Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 116.

Empire Portland Cement Co., 54, 108,
109.

157;

192 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Erie county, building brick, 63; build-
ing stone, 139; cement industry, 53;
clays, 62, 66; crushed stone, 139;
drain tile and sewer pipe, 65; fire
brick and stove lining, 65; furnace
fix 1405 SvpSiti jo. ok.) lime
Stone, 136, 140) 1An- snattinal eas:
TLO! Ci TiS, salts IO shaled GO >
terra cotta, fireproofing and build-
ing tile, 65.

Bre, leake:1clays. 950!

Erie Railroad Co., 148.

Esopus stone, IIo.

Essex county, anorthosite, 135; apa-
Hite: 5a feldspar 70s eather jie:
granite, 135; graphite, 74, 75, 70;
iron ore, 84, 85; limestone, 140,
141; marble, 142, 143.

Fabius, marl, 107.

Fair Haven Iron Co., 47, 83.

Falkirk, cement industry, 53.

Farmingdale, brick manufacture, 57.

Farr, Alexander, 123.

Fayetteville, cement industry, 53.

Feldspar, 69-70; value of production,
48, 49; directory of producers, 170.

Fire brick, manufacture, 58, 59, 60, 61,
65.

Fireproofing, production, 59, 61, 65.

Fishkill, brick manufacture, 58.

Flagstones, value of production, 47,
132) 0133- 01 2o at 5OqehS/b

Fonda, marl, Io9.

Fordham gneiss, 134.

Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 121.

Forestville, natural gas, 117.

Fort Ann, sandstone, 146; trap, 152.

Fort Montgomery, iron ore near, ee

Fort Plain, marl, 1009.

Fowler, marble, 142; zinc, 158.

Frankfort, iron ore, 87.

Franklin county, granite, 135; iron
ore, 84, 85; sandstone, 145.

Franklin Springs, iron ore, 104.

Fredonia, natural gas, 116.

Fullers earth, 7o.

Fullerville, talc, 156.

Fulton, mineral waters, 113; natural
gas, 117; sandstone, 148.

Fulton county, clays, 62; granite,
134, 135; limestone, 136, 140, I4I.

Furnace flux, 140;. value of produc-
tion, 138, 140, 141.

Furnaceville Iron Co., 83, 111.

Furnaceville mines, 105-6.

Garbutt Gypsum Co., 8o.

Garden City, brick manufacture, 57.

Garnet, 70-73; value of production,
48, 49; directory of producers, 170.

Garrisons, granite, 134.

Genesee county, crushed stone, 139;
drain tile and sewer pipe, 65; fur-
nace flux, 140; gypsum, 81; lime-
stone, 138, 140, 1463" mareeneoe
mineral waters, 113; natural gas,
117, 18, 110; salt, 126) a26-eteera
cotta, fireproofing and building tile,
65.

Genesee Salt Co., 126.

Geysers, carbon dioxid in, 52.

Geysers Natural oe Acid Gas
Coles2:

Glass, value of products, 46.

Glass sand, 129-30; value of produc-
tion, 48, 49; directory of producers,
170.

Glen Cove, clays, 57.

Glen ’Salt; Cos, 125,

Glens Falls, limestone, 136; marble,
142.

Gore mountain, garnet, 71, 72.

Gouverneur, apatite, 51; furnace flux
near, 140; marble, 142, 144.

Gowanda, salt, 126.

Gowanda Gas Co., 116.

Grand island, clays, 50.

Granite, millstones, I10.

Granite, 133-35; value of produc-
tion, 48, 49, 132, 135; directory of
producers, 175-76.

Granville, slate near, 131.

Graphite, 73-78; value of production,
48, 49; mining, 50; directory of
producers, 170.

Great Northern Lead Co., 160.

Green Ridge, clays, 58.

INDEX TO THE MINING

Greene county, bluestone, 152; build-
ing brick, 63, 64; cement industry,
53; clays, 62; limestone, 137, 140,
141; marl, 109; paving brick, 65;
sandstone, 150.

Greenport, brick manufacture,
marble, 143.

Grinnell, Ezra, 80.

Guelph formation, 137.

Gunnville, furnace flux, 140.

Gypsum, 78-82; value of production,
48, 49; directory of producers, 170-
71.

573

Hague, graphite, 75.

Hailesboro, talc, 156.

Halfway, gypsum, 8o.

ali €.. EK... cited; 106:

Hall, James, cited, 67, 105, 106, 108,
FOO. 119, 120, 128, 154.

Hamilton formation, 149, I50.

Hammond, apatite, 51; sandstone,
146.

Hammondville, iron ore, 85.

52.
Hartsdale, granite, 134.
Hastings, granite, 134.

Pe

trap, 153.
Helderbergian group, 137.
Hematite, 82, 83, 84-87.
Hempstead harbor, clays, 57.
inieadricks, S:,. 123.
Henrietta, clays, 59.

Herkimer county, diatomaceous earth, |

68; granite, 134, 135; iron ore, 84,

87, 100; limestone, 136, 140, I41; | :
7 2 : : | Kemp, Jj. 2F)cited, 73, 100, 152.

mineral paint, I12.
High Falls, cement industry, 53.
High Falls ‘Pyrite Co., 122.
High Point -sandstone, 150.
Highlands of the Hudson, ‘iron ore,
84, 85.
Hinckley, diatomaceous earth, 68.
Hobokenville, gypsum near, 80.
Hockins, L., 123.
looper, 6. C.."e1ted: 74:
Hoosick, slate, 131.
Horseheads, brick manufacture, 60;
marl, 109; sandstone near, 150.

AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 193

Hudson, brick manufacture, 58; lime-
Stone: Taz.

Hudson river, bluestone, 151, 152;
building brick, 64-65; clays, 58;
granite, 133.

Hudson River group, 146-47.

Burd): Ase je< £12:

Hydraulic cement, see Cement.

International Acheson Graphite Co.,
78.
International Pulp Co., 156.

) Sinternational. Salt Co., 125, 126, 128:

Iron ore, 82-106; value of production,
46, 48, 49; directory of producers,
yi

Iron-mining industry, progress, 47.

Iroquois Portland Cement Co., 108.

Iroquois Salt Co., 126.

Ithaca, brick manufacture, 60; salt,
125, 128; sandstone, I50.

} Ithaca Salt Co‘; 125.

Hartnagel, C. A., Sandstone, 144- | See eee ale, Oe:

| Jamesville, cement industry, 53, 54;

gypsum, 8o.

| Jamesville Milling Co., 55.

; | Jayville, iron ore, I0r.
Haverstraw, brick manufacture, 58; | Jay 4 ;

| Jefferson county, building brick, 63;

clays, 59,62; granite, 134,135; iron
ore, 84, 104; lime, 139; limestone,
136, TAO, TAl 3). sandstone, 145,) 147.

| Jewettville, shale, 60.
| Jordan, marl near, 108.

Keeseville, anorthosite, 135; marble
near, 142; sandstone, 146.

Kerhonkson, millstones, IIT.

Kinderhook, marl, 109.

Kings county, clays, 62, 66; fire
brick and stove lining, 65; terra
cotta, fireproofing and building
tile, 65.

Kingsbridge, marble, 143.

Kingston, brick manufacture,
cement industry, 53;
137; millstones, ITT.

Kreischerville, clays, 58.

Kyserike, millstones, 110.

58;

limestone,

IQ4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Lancaster, natural gas, I17.

Lansing, H. H., quarry of, 8o.

La Salle, clays, 59.

Lawrenceville, cement industry, 53.

Lead, 157-60.

Leroy, gypsum, 79; limestone, 137;
marl near, 108; salt, 126.

eroy, Salt .€o:, 126;

Wewis, 4k. ls cited: 56:

Lewis county; apatite, 51; granite,
135; limestone, 136, 140, 141; sand-
StEONe 147:

Lewiston, sandstone, 147.

Lima, natural gas 117.

Lime, 138-39; value of production,
138, 140, I4I.

Limestone, 135-41; value of produc-
tion, 48, 49, 132, 138-41; directory
of producers, 176-82.

Limonite, 82, 83, 84, 87-88.

Lincoln Spring Co., 52.

Little Falls, granite, 134.

ittle Neck. clays: 57.

Livingston county, cement industry,
533. gypsum, 78-79; marl, 108,
LOOse Mavinal Cas, oily, alos usalit
126, 128.

Livonia, gypsum, 78.

Lockport, limestome near, 137; marl
near, 109; sandstone, 147.

Lockport formation, 137.

Lodi, marl near, 109.

Long Island, clays, 57.

Lowerre, granite, 134.

Lowville limestone, 136.

Ludlowville, salt, 125.

iuther, DD: Datta, cciteds G7, 625 128:

Lycoming Calcining Co., 80.

Lyon Mountain, iron ore, 83, 85, go-
94.

Macomb Graphite Co., 77.

Madison county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62, 66; gypsum, 78, 80; lime-
Stone, -137,0 140, 21a nar) ne7:
Saltaeias:

Magnetic Iron Ore Co., Iot.

Magnetite, 82, 83, 84-86.

Magnus, Harry C., cited, 69, 73.

Malone, sandstone, 146.

Manlius, cement industry, 53, 553
marl, 107-8.

Manlius Center, gypsum, 8o.

Marble, 141-44; value of production,
48, 49, 132, 143; directory of pro-
ducers, 182-83.

Marcellus, gypsum, 80.

Marl, 107-9.

Marshall, W. B., cited, roo.

Massachusetts, mineral paint, 112.

Massena Springs, 113.

Mather, W. W., cited; 535507,.00nm
11G, £20" 132, 154

Mayfield, granite, 135.

Mayville, natural gas, 116.

Medina sandstone, 147-48, 152.

Merrill, F.. J. Hi, cited, 68572. 62a es
128, 154.

Merrill, -G. Ps cited ma

Metallic paint, value of production,
48, 49. |

Metallurgical products, value, 46.

Metals, value of products, 46.

Mallen, Thomas Co.; 55, 106,000:

Millport, marl, 109.

Millstones, 110-11; value of produc-
tion, 48, 49; directory of producers,
172:

Mineral paint, 111-12; directory of
producers, 172.

Mineral Point Lead Mining Co., 160.

Mineral production of New York in
1904, 48-49; in 1905, 49.

Mineral waters, 112-15; value of pro-
duction, 48, 40.

Mines and quarries, directory, 161-87.

Mineville, apatite, 50; graphite near,
76; iron ore, 83, 85, 88-90.

Mining industry, value of products,
46.

Minor, J. C. jr, quoted, 52.

Mohawk valley, clays, 59; sandstone,
149.

Mohegan, Lake, granite, 134.

Moira, sandstone, 146.

Molding sand, 130. -

Monarch Plaster Co., 80.

INDEX TO THE MINING

Monroe county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62, 66;.drain tile and sewer
pipe, 65; gypsum, 80; iron ore, 86;
limestone, 137, 140, 141; marl, 108;
sandstone, 147; terra cotta, fire-

proofing and building tile, 65; tufa, |

109.
Montezuma, marl, 108, 109.
Montgomery county, limestone, 136,
140, 141; marl, 109; sandstone, 140.
Monumental stone, value of produc-
tion, 47, 135.
Moriah, marble, 142.
Morrisville, salt, 125.
Mt Joy, trap, 153.
Mount Vernon, granite, 134.
Mumford, marl, 108; tufa, 109.
Mutual Gas Co., 116.
Myers, salt, 128.

Naples, salt, 126.

Neacen, F. i. cited, 67, III, 130.

Nassau county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62, 66.

National Pyrites Co., 122.

National Salt Co., 125, 128.

National Wall Plaster Co., 8o.

Natural Bridge, apatite, 51.

Neate: Carbonic Gas Co.,. 52.

Natural cement, 47, 53-54; value of
production, 48, 49.

Natural gas, 115-19; value of pro-
duction, 48, 49; directory of pro-
aucers, 173:

Nevius, J. N., cited, 69, 132.

New Baltimore, marl, 100.

New Hamburg, glass sand near, 130;
slate, 131.

New Jersey, kaolin, 66; pottery clays,
66.

New Lebanon, slate, 131.

New Paltz, millstones, 111.

New Rochelle, granite, 134.

New Windsor, brick manufacture, 58.

New York Carbonic Acid Gas Co.,
52.

New York county, terra cotta, fire-
proofing and building tile, 65.

Newstead, natural gas, 117.

AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

195

- Niagara county, building brick, 63;

clays, 62; limestone, 140, 141; marl,
109; natural gas, 118; sandstone,
147, 148.

Niagara Falls, graphite, 78;
stone near, 137.

Niagaran group, 137.

lime-

' North Collins, natural gas, 117.
) North Creek, garnet, 71.

i North Leroy, furnace flux, 140.
' North River Garnet Co., 71, 72.
| Northeast, marl, 109.

i‘ Northport bay, clays, 57.

‘ Northville, granite, 135.
Norwich, sandstone near, 150.

! Nyack, Upper, trap, 153.

| Oakfield Plaster Co., 81.

Oakfield Station, gypsum, 81.

, Oatka Mining Co., 128.

' Ogdensburg, brick manufacture, 50.

| Old Sterling Iron Co., 83, 104.

: Oneida county, building brick, 63;

clays, 62, 66; drain tile and sewer
pipe, 65; fire brick and stove lining,
65; fullers earth, 70; glass sand,
129; iron ore, 87; limestone, 136,
140, 14k > nineral pai, 611.

Oneida conglomerate, 147.
- Onondaga county, building brick, 63;

cement industry, 53, 54, 55; clays,
50, 61, 62, 66; crushed stone, 139;
drain tile and sewer pipe, 65; gyp-
sum, 80; lime, 139; limestone, 137,
£38,140, F495 imarl;-107; 100; nat-
ural gas, 117, 118; paving brick,
65; pottery clays, 66; salt, 125, 126,
127; terra cotta, fireproofing and
building tile, 66.

Onondaga lake, marl, 108.

Onondaga limestone, 137.

Ontario, iron ore, 86; mineral paint,
WEL:

Ontario & Western Railroad, 148.

Ontario Center, iron ore, 105.

Ontario county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62, 66; drain tile and sewer
pipe, 65; gypsum, 80; limestone,
140, 141; natural gas, 117, 118; salt,
126.

196

Ontario Furnace Co., 106.

Ontario Tale Co., 156.

Orange county, apatite, 51; building
brick e033 2.04 7 Clays)= Oh ms02;
granite, 124, 135; 110m. ore, 85,
86; limestone, 137, 140, 141; peat,
119; sandstone, 146, 148, 149.

Oriskany sandstone, 149.

Orleans county, bluestone, 152; lime-
Stone, IG7,) 140, At emia lOO:
sandstone, 147, 148, I5I.

Orton, Edward, cited, 119, 121.

Oscawana, marble, 143.

Ossining, marble, 143.

Oswegatchie series, 142.

Oswego, sandstone, 148.

Oswego county, glass sand, 129;
natural gas, 117, 118; sandstone,
147.

Oswego sandstone, 148.

Otisville, sandstone, 148.

Otsego county, iron ore, 87; marl,
109.

Oyster bay, clays, 57.

Palisades, 153.

Palmer hill, iron ore, 98-100.

Parsons, A. 1. eited,, 62) 110m 120:

Pavilion, natural gas, I19.

Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 119.

Paving blocks, value of production,
TO) GUsIe GE Se

Paving brick, manufacture, 60, 65.

Peale, Albert C., cited, 115.

Peat, I19-20.

Peat WoalGo:, 110:

Peekskill, brick manufacture, 58.

Peekskill, emery, 68; granite near,
134.

Pennsylvania, millstones, IIo.

Renny salt. 120:

Pend steet Ore Co: OS:

Petroleum, 120-21; value of produc-
tion, 48, 409.

Phoenix, natural gas, I17.

Pittands sali io:

Pilling & Crane, 94, 159.

Pine Island, granite, 134.

Pine Plains, marl, roo:

Pine Valley, sandstone near, 150.

Pittsburg Plate Glass Co., 8o.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Plattsburg, brick manufacture, 58;
marble, 144.

Pleasantville, marble, 143.

Pope Mills, graphite, 77.

Porcelain, manufacture, 59, 66; value
of production, 47.

Port Gibson, gypsum, 8o.

Port Henry, marble, 142; sandstone,
146.

Port Henry Tron Ore; Co, Saco
89, 90. .

Port Jefferson, brick manufacture, 57.

Port Leyden, granite, 135.

Port Richmond, trap, 153.

Portage formation, 149, 150.

Portland cement, 54; manufacture,
47, 108; value of production, 48, 49.

Potsdam, sandstone, 146.

Potsdam Red Sandstone Co., 146.

Potsdam sandstone, 145-46.

Potter-Brown Cement Works, 55.

Pottery, production, 59, 66-67; value
of production, 47, 48, 49, 61; direc-
tory of producers, 168-69.

Poughkeepsie, brick manufacture, 58.

Pulaski, natural gas, 117.

Putnam; B. FE, cited, 109108:

Putnam county, granite, 134,
iron ore, 85, 86; pyrite, 123.

Pyrite, 122-24; value of production,
48, 49; directory of producers, 174.

135;

Quarries, directory, 161-87.

Quartz, 124; value of production, 48,
49; directory of producers, 170.
Queens county, terra cotta, fireproof-

ing and building tile, 66.

Randolph, mineral paint, 112.

Red Hook, marl, 109.

Redwood, sandstone, 146.

Remington Salt Co., 125.

Rensselaer county, building brick, 63,
64; clays, 62; fire brick and stove
lining, 65; limestone, 140, 141;
sandstone, 140; slate; 13s. tenes
cotta, fireproofing and building tile,
66.

Rensselaer grit, 140.

Retsof, salt, 128.

Retsof Mining Co., 126.

INDEX TO THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Rhinebeck, marl, 109.

Richfield Springs, mineral
113.

Richmond county, clays, 62; fire brick
and stove lining, 65; terra cotta,
fireproofing and building tile, 66.

Ries, Heinrich, cited, 56, 67, 70, 109,
119, 120.

Ripley, natural gas, 116.

Riprap, value of production, 135, 138,
ESI.

Rochester, clays, 59; limestone near,
137; sandstone, 147.

Rock Glen, salt, 126.

Rock pond, graphite, 75.

Rockland county, building brick, 63,
64; clays, 61, 62; crushed stene,
139; granite, 134,135; iron ore, 85;

‘limestone, 138, 140, 141; trap, 153.

Rockland Lake, trap, 153.

Rosets, J. & J., Iron Co., 08.

Rome, fullers earth, 70; glass sand,
120.

Rondout, cement industry, 53.

Rondout limestone, 137.

Roofing slate, 131; value of produc-
tion, 48, 49.

Roofing tile, manufacture, 60.

Rosendale cement, 53, 55.

Roseton, brick manufacture, 58.

Rossie, lead and zinc, 159; mineral
paint, TIT.

Rossie Iron Ore Co., 83, 103, III.

Round Island, granite, 134.

Roxbury, mineral paint, 112.

Rubble, value of production, 135, 138,
I5I.

Rushville Membership Gas & Oil
Pool, 119.

waters,

St Josen, millstones, 110.

St Lawrence county, apatite, 51; blue-
stone, 152; building brick, 63;
clays, 59; furnace flux, 140; graph-
ite, 74, 77; iron ores, 47, 83, 84, 85,
IOI, 103; lead and zinc, 159; lime-
stone, 140, 141; marble, 142, 143;
mineral paint, III; pyrite, 122, 123,
124; sandstone, 145; talc, 50, 154;
zinc, 157.

197

St Lawrence Pyrite Co., 122.

St Regis Falls, granite, 135.

Salem, slate quarry, I3I.

Salisbury district, iron ore, 106.

Salisbury mines, 84, 100-1.

Salisbury Steel & Iron Co., 83, Ioo.
Salt, 124-28; value of production, 48,
49; directory of producers, 174.

Salt Springville, iron ore, 87.

Sand, 128-30.

Sandstone, by C. A. Hartnagel, 144-
52; value of production, 48, 49, 132,
150-51; directory of producers, 183-
87.

Sandy Creek, natural gas, 117.

Sanford, Lake, iron ore, 85.

Saranac Iron Mining Co., 83.

Saratoga county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62; drain tile and sewer pipe,
65; limestone, 140, I41; mineral
waters, 113, 115; paving brick, 65;
sandstone, 146.

Saratoga Springs, carbon dioxid, 51;
trap, 152.

Saugerties, brick manufacture, 58.

Savannah, marl, 108.

Scarsdale, granite, 134.

Schenectady county, clays, 66; fire
brick and stove lining, 65; lime-
stone, 141; sandstone, 146.

Schoharie county, building stone, 139;
cement industry, 53, 55; limestone,
140, I4I. ,

Schuyler county, marl, 109; natural
gas, 118; salt, 125, 126, 128.

Searles, George W., 68.

Selkirk, glass sand, 130.

Seneca county, building brick, 63;
clays, 62; drain tile and sewer pipe,
65; limestone, 140, 141; marl, 108,
109 natutal gas, Tts- salt, 126.

Seneca Falls, limestone, 137; salt, 126.

Serpentine, 142.

Severance, F. M., quarry of, 8o.

Sewer pipe, manufacture, 61, 65.

Shale, utilization of, 60.

Sharon springs, I13.

Shawangunk conglomerate, 148-49.

Shawangunk mountain, millstones,
110.

HN

198

Siderite, 84.

Sienna,» Et.

Silver Creek, natural gas, 116, 117.

Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co.,
OH,

Silver laxe, marl, 108.

Sithyer ophkiies, salt, 126)

Skunnemunk conglomerate, 149.

Slate, 131-32; value of production,
48, 49; directory of producers, 175.

Slate pigment, value of production,
48, 49.

Smith, G. W., garnet deposit, 73.

Simocky J- GG, cited) «3875.07. 101 a150,
132, 9054

Smyth, C. Ho yr,* cited, 86, 1067 142,
154, 157, 159, 160.

Snooks, (© El. quarry, 1, co:

Solvay Process €o. 125, 128, 530:

South Bethlehem, limestone, 137.

South Dover, marble, 143.

South Rondout, cement industry, 54.

South Shore Gas Co., 117.

Southold, brick manufacture, 57.

Split Kock, limestone, 137.

Spragueville, iron ore near, 86.

Springville natural gas, 117; salt, 126.

Stanford, marl, 109.

Staten Island, clays, 57-58; iron ore,
84, 88; trap, 153.

Steel, value of products, 46.

Sterling Salt Mining Co., 128.

Steuben county, building brick, 63;

cement, industry, 53: clays, “62:
marl, 108, 109; paving brick, 65;
petroleum, 120; shale, Gos) terra

cotta, fireproofing and building tile,
66.
Stone, 132-54; directory of produc-
“ers, 175-87. -
Stone products, value, 46, 47.

-. Stoneware, production, 66.

Stony Point, brick manufacture, 58.
Stove lining, manufacture, 65.
Styles, George, 123.

Suffolk county, building brick, 63;

clays, 62, 66.

Sullivan county, bluestone,
sandstone, 148, I50.

Syracuse, potteries, 59; salt, 125.

152;

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Talc, 50, 154-57; value of produc-
tion, 48, 49, 156; directory of pro-
ducers, 187.

Taleville, talc, 156.

Tarrytown, granite, 134.

Taylor, W. Carey, cited, 99.

Terra cotta, manufacture, 58, 60, 61,
65.
Thurman, marble, 142.
Ticonderoga, feldspar

graphite, 74, 75.

Tide Water Pipe Co., 121.

Tile, manufacture, 59; value of pro-
duction, 61, 65, 66.

Titaniferous magnetite, 85.

Tompkins county, building brick, 63;
cement industry, 53; clays, 62; salt,
125 eI208 20.

Tonawanda, clays, 59.

Tonawanda creek, marl, I00.

Tottenville, clays, 58.

Trap, 152-54; value of production,
48, 49, 132, 153; directory of pro-
ducers, 187. |

Prenton, N. J; pottenescor

Trenton group, 136.

Troy, mineral paint, am

Tuckahoe, marble, 143.

Duta, °168, 100:

Tully, marl, 107; ‘salt, 125:

neat, =705

Ulster county, bluestone, 152; build-
ing brick, 63, 64; cement industry,
53; clays, 61, 62: ¢lass*sandieise.
limestone, 137, I40, 141; millstones,
110; sandstone, 148, 150; zinc and
head t5 72

Union Pipe Line Co., 121.

Union Springs, gypsum, 80. —

Union. Wale Coz 156

Uniontown, granite, 134.

United States Gypsum Co., 81.

United States Talc Co., 156.

Vacuum Oil Co., 121.

Van Buren, marl, 108.

Vian Ineen, (Gscitedsacs

Vanuxem, Lardner, cited, 109, 126,
154.

Verona, glass sand, 129.

INDEX TO THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Verplanck, brick manufacture, 58.
Victor, gypsum, 8o.

Vienna, glass sand, 129.
Vincent, salt, 120.

Virginia, millstones, IIo.

Wallkill Portland Cement Co., 54.

Warner, G. W., 118.

Warner, cement industry, 54; marl,
108, 109; natural gas, 117.

Warren county, building brick, 62;
cement industry, 53; clays, 62; gar-

net, 71; granite, 135; graphite, 74, |
75; iron ore, 84; lime, 139; lime- |

stone, 136, 138, 140, 141; marble,

142, 143.
Warsaw, salt,

near, 150.
Warwick, iron ore near, 86.

126, "328:

sandstone

Washington county, building brick,

2, clays, 62, 66; drain «tile and

sewer pipe, 65; fire brick and stove |

lining, 65; graphite, 74, 75; iron

ore, 84; lime, 139; limestone, 136, |

140, I41; mineral paint, 112; roof-
ing slate, 131.

Waterloo, limestone, 137.

Watertown, brick manufacture,

Watkins, salt, 125, 128.

Watkins Salt Co., 126.

=
=9.
we

Wayland, cement industry, 55; marl, |

108, 109.

Wayland Portland Cement Co., 55,
108.

Wayne county, clays, oC; drain tile

and sewer pipe, 65; iron ore, 8&6, |

105; limestone, 137, 14¢, I41; marl,
108; mineral paint, 111; sandstone,
148.

|

199

Wellsburg, natural gas, 118.

Wellsville, natural gas, 116; petro-
leum, I2I.

West Bloomfield, natural gas, 117.

West Chazy, anorthosite, 135.

Westchester county, building brick,
63, 64; clays, 62; emery, 68; feld-
spar, 66, 69; fire brick and stove
lining, 65; granite, 134, 135; tron
ore, 85; lime, 139; limestone, I40,
141; marbie, 143, 144; pyrite, 1214;
quartz, 124.

Westfield, natural gas, 116.

Westport, iron ore, 85.

Wheatland, gypsum, 8o.

White Plains, granite, 134; marble,
143.

Whitehall, mineral paint, 112; sand-
stone, 140.

Whitlock, H. P., cited, 124.

Williams, F. M., 1509.

Williams Slate Co., 131-32.

Williamson, marl, 108.

Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 50, 76,
83, 88, 89, 90.

Woodworth, J. B., cited, 67.

Worcester Salt Co., 126.

Wyoming county, bluestone, I51, 152;
marl, 108; natural gas, 117, 118;
salt, 126, 128; sandstone, I50.

Yates county, limestone, 140, I41;
HALT al. Cas-- Fle, TIS ‘Salt 120.

Yonkers gneiss, 134.

Zinc, 157-60.

New York State Education Department
New York State Museum

Joun M. CiarkeE, Director

PUBLICATIONS

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‘NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

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Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:

Rulletin Report - Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report
G 1 48, v.1 Pa 2.3 54; Vig Ent 54,V.3 Ar 3 52,V.1
2 51, V.I 4 CON A 12,13. “ v.4 4 54, V.1I
3 52,V.1 5,6 55,Vv.1 14 55,V.1 5 Dae
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6 57.V.1 Linn 53,V.1 20 BMS 8b Gachger > 8 57,V.2
Eg 5,6 48,v.1 4 54,V.1 21 EVEN EE ra 9 Co ye
v7] 50, Vv. 5-7 Si Vg 22 eovir “Oo. Ms t,2" -si6,.wes
8 53,V.1 8 §5,Vv.1 Bo 3 §2,V.1 ;
9 54,V.2 9 56,V.3 4 53,V.1 Memoir
10 Tae See) be) 57,V.1 5 55,V.1 2 40,V.3
1X 56,Vv.1 En 3 48, V.1 6 56,V.4 3.4 §3,V.2
M 2 “ow. 4-6 52,Vv.1 7 57,V.2 56 saves
3 57,V.1 7-9 53,V.1 Ar 1 50, V.I 7 5 vm
Pa rx 54, V.1 10 54, V.2 2 51, V.1

The figures in parenthesis in the following list indicate the bulletin’s number as a New York

State Museum bulletin,

Geology. Gz (14) Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Town-
ships, Essex Co. N. Y., with noteson the iron mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps.
Sep. 1895. 0c.

G2 (19) Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections
of the New York State Museum. 162p. 11r9pl. map. Nov. 1898. [50c]

G3 (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1pl. map.
Sep. 1898. Sc.

G4 (48) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and
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Gs (56) Merrill, F. J. H. Deception of the State Geologic Map of 1gor1.

— 42pne2 maps, tab. Oct: 1902. 10:

G6 (77) Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer
Co: o8p. 11> 15pl. 2 maps. | Jan. 19052 © 3ac:

G7 (83) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle.
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G8 (84) Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys.
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Go (95) Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region.
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Gio (96) Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 5a4p.
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Woodworth, J. B. & Hartnagel, C. A. Miscellaneous Papers. Prepared.

Contents: Woodworth, J.B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York.
Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate.

The Sijluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Schunnemunk Mountain Region.

Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. In press.

—— Drumlins of New York. In preparation.

Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Theresa Quadrangle. In preparation.

Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. In preparation.

Berkey, C. P. Geology of the Highlands of the Hudson. In preparation.

Economic geology. Egr (3) Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of
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Eg2 (7) First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in
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Eg4 (11) Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. gap.
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Eg8 (30) Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 1 36p.
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Egg (35) Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses.
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—. (93) Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York.

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Eg1r4 ac) McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones.
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Newland, D. H. & Hartnagel, C. A. "The Sandstones of New York. In

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Mineralogy. Mr (4) Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their
Localities. 2op. rpl. Aug. 1888. [roc]

M2 (58) Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New
York State Museum. 15op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sep. 1902. 40¢.

3 ae New York Mineral Localities. 1rop. Sep. 1903. 20¢.
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Paleontology. Par (34) Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of East-
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Pa2 ee Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic
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Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
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Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone
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Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.

The vise Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, NENG

Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.
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Pa3 (42) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their
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Clarke, J.M. New Agelacrinites.

Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New

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Pa6 (52) Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist t901. 28op. il.
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Paz (63) Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles.
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Pa8 (65) Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New
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Pa14 (90) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy
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Pars (99) Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map.
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ii America. ‘ro6p. Oct900. 5c
Z6 (40) Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris
and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 8ap. 28pl.
Oct. 1901. 256:
Z7 (43) Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p.
4 apl. map. Ap. Igor. 0c.
Z8 (51) Eckel, E.C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batra-
chians of New York. OUD, le TyOlls seOR TOVOA, — Jelya
Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States.
Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.
Z9 (60) Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb.
1903. $1, cloth.
Zio GD Kellogg, J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria.
30p. 4pl. Sep. 1903. 0c.
Z1II (88) Letson, Elizabeth J. Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 114p.
May 1 20¢.
Z12 (91) Daa F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il.
June 1905. 20c.
Entomology. Enz (5) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p.
il. Nov. 1888. Toc.
En2 (6) Cut-worms. 36p.il. Nov. 1888. foc.
En3 (13) —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York
SUES Syl, 7A Yayo Ss O)Se. | 1a.
En4 (20) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 5pl.

| une 1898. 5c.
Ht | ee Ents.
I} Ens (23) 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 15op. il. gpl.

DeEetr8oSs.20c:

En6 (24) —— Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lint-
ner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Re-
ports 1-13. 316p.1pl. Oct. 1899. 35c.

Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist.

En7 (26) Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In-
sects. 36p.il. Ap. 189 Once

En8 (27) Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May

~ 1899. 5¢.

Eng Gn) 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 3128p. June
1g0o. I5C.

Enio (36) 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl.
Mar. 1g0I. 25¢.

Eni1 (37) Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and

Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p.il. Sep. 1900. 106. ;

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Enr2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in
New York State. o4p.il. r5pl. June rgor. 25¢.

Enr3 (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the
Adirondacks. 234p.il. 36pl. Sep. 1901. 45c.

Enrq4 (53) Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist {JOU 2392p:
il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print.

Enis (57) Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug.
1902. I5¢.

aoe is a revision of En4 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
pared.

ss (59) —— Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. I5¢.
ee Enro.
En17 (64) 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. r1op. 6pl.

May G

En18 fas) Neodham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p.
Renin Aug. 1903. Soc, cloth.

Enig (72) Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢.

ee is a revision of Enr6 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-:

pared.

En20 (74) & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p.
Eel. jiitne 1904. 256:

Bn2zr (76) Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. I50p
Api 904. 156.

En22 (79) Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p.il. 57pl. Oct.

1904. 40.

En23 (86) Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York.
352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. Soc, cloth.

En24 (97) Felt, E. P. 2oth Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p.
il. ropl. Nov. 1905. 40c.

En25 (103) Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. topl. June 1906. r5c.

21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. Im press.

Needham, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation.

Botany. Bor (2) Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of
New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.

Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. g96p. Sep. 1889. [50c]

Bo3 (25) Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899.
Out of print.

Bo4 (28) Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢.

Bos (54) —— Report of the State Botanist rgo1. 58p.7pl. Nov.1g02. oc.

Bo6 (67) Report of the State Botanist 1902. 3196p. 5pl. May 1903.
50C.

Bo7 (75) Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 4o0¢.

Bo8 (94) Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. ropl. July 1905. 4oc.

Report of the State Botanist 1905. In press.

Archeology. Ariz (16) Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im-
plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25¢.

Ar2 (18) Polished Stone Waicles used by the New York Aborigines.
ro4p. 35pl. Nov. 1897. 25¢.

Ar3 (22) Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct...
1898. 25¢.
Ar4 (32) Aboriginal Occupation of New York. t1gop. 16pl. 2 maps.

Mar. 1900. 306.

Ars, (41) Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.

; 166p. 28pl. Mar. igor. 30e.

Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p.
Weol Mar 1902. ~ 30c.

Ar7 (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o4p. 38pl.
Jime to02. 25c.

Ar8 (73) es Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl.
Dee. 1907.

Arg (78) ee of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb.
1905. 75¢, cloth.

Arto (87) Perch Lake Mounds. 8 4p. C2ple Ap? 1905. .206-

Ar11 (89) Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. t1gop. 35pl. June

Igo5. 34¢

eS

oe

ee ee

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Place Names of New York. Jn press.
rs Bagby! Religious & Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adoption.
nN press. .

Miscellaneous. Ms1 (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 306.

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p.
June 1903. 75¢, cloth. .

Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q.

1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi-

epoda: - o6p. Spl. Octarssor “Dn:

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl.
1898. $1, cloth.

3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.
N.Y... 2328p: opl. Y@cts 190087 Goce

4 Peck,C.H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 1106p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75¢.

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, 51st and 52d
reports of the State Botanist.

5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. 1096p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.

6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map.

$2, cloth. :
7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the
Lower Beds. 350p.17pl. Feb.1905. $1.50, cloth.
8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1 46op. il.
48pl: Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth. v.2 In press.
9 Se set J.M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America.
n press.
Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. In preparation.
Ruedemann, R. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher
Beds. In preparation.
Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. Pre-
pared.
Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94.
DIVISION 1 zooLOGy. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl.maps. sq.Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p.
v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131+ 46p. 33pl. 1842.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
vy. 2 pt2 Birds. -124380p. r41pl.. 1844:
Colored plates.
v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt¢ Fishes. 15+415p. 1842.
pt3-4 bound together.
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7gpl.
1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 5 pt5 Mollusca. 4+271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. 13pl. 1843-44.

Hand-colored plates: pts—6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. ‘Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical
properties. 2v.il.pl.sq.Q. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq.Q. Albany 1842. Out of print. .

te) ~ a

A gto ¥
4 ‘
< a

. ie aka hee yt ocd = c “eae : : ~ \ nee a
"3 ss MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

M

i ved ptr Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p.
~ OL th 1-7 2 :
ae 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. * ee
DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany
1842-43. Out of print. .

v. 1 pti Mather, W.W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843.
__v. 2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl.
, 1842. , é
_v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. | |
v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. r1opl. map,
1843. 7

= DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution

of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
or formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
= - cultural productions of the State. 5v.il. pl.sq.Q. Albany 1846-54. Out
ee: of print. }
3 v. 1 Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+371p. 21pl.
1846.
v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 4gz2pl. 1840.
' With hand-colored plates.
= Wee eres. etc. .$-+-g40p.- 1851.
- v.4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.

_.__ _ Hand-colored.

___v. § Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. 5Sopl. 1854.

_—*-—s With hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. §8v.
il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.
v. « Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.

234+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.

vy. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System. ~

sal 8+362p. 1o4pl. 1852. Out of print.

se v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany

ae Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [$3.50]

b pt2. 143pl. 1861. [$2.50] .

vv. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. ogpl. 1867. $2.50.
v. 5 pti Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg,

3 Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. ‘
* Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50. j
. pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
ae berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2zv. 1879. v. 1, text.

ee 15+492p.. v. 2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v.

—— & Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and

Upper Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris-

ae kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill

~ Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pterop-
oda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50.

x & Clarke, John M. v.8ptz Introduction to the Study of the Genera

of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367p. 4a4pl. 1892. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v. 8 ptz Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 84pl.
1894. $2.50.

Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. O.
$553-> <5 '

Handbooks 1893-date. 7}x124 cm.

a In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below.

New York State Museum. 52p. il. 4c. 2

. a: Outlines history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.

» —

at

=| 1 Hl TT TST TT
play * n*

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Paleontology. 12p. 2c.

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to’ —
biology; Relation to stratigraphy, History of paleontology in New York. ;
Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. reap. 8¢.

“ Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially

for the use of teachers and students = Cesare to acquaint themselves more intimately with the

classic rocks of this State.

Ee tenislesy 16p. a

Economic Geolo ogy: [pe

Insecticides and aneaeies.| ep: C.

Classification of New vote Series of Geologic Formations.

eee ic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Mab of of te State
Jew. York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 25 ae 48th Museum

Se vet. - x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to r inch. 1r5¢.

== Mapof the State of New York Showing the Location of Orie of
S - Stohe: Use for=Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. J0c¢.

- Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution oe the Rocks

“Most 1 Jseful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. 5c.

Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. In atlas
ont $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 60c.

The lower Hudson sheet, eae ie, @dlored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put-

nam, Westchester, New York mond , Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sul-
livan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New meee and part of western Connecticut.

—— Map of New York Showing the Surface Con Gedration and Water Sheds.
yee areas 12 poles oe I —— aoe

_15C
eee maps on the “United ‘States Geclogicl ce cna sae
ster een pub-

lished See : 3
*Albany county. Mus. rep’t 49, v. 2. 1898." 500.
Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1808.
Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus.

TEN 5T. Vist. ak
Rockland county. State oe ages 18. 1899.
Amsterdam quadran; Fle. lus. bul. 34. 1900.
*Parts of Albany and | Rensselaer mounted: Mus. bul. 42. 190%. Oe:
*Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. srg01. 25¢.
Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep’t 19. 1901.
Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on howe Island. Mus. bul. 48.

Boia: of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902. -
Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903.
Union Springs, Cayuga county =e vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1903.

*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 190 TOC.
*Becraft a with 2 sheets of sections. Beale 1 in. 4m.) Mus. bul. 69.
1903. ;

Aaa ere Ne sles aia: Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 20¢.
*Little Falls quadrangle. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. Ir5¢.
*Watkins-Elmira quadrangle. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 206.
*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. r0¢.
*Salamanca quadrangle. Mus. bul. 80. 1905. roe.

*Buffalo quadrangle. Mus. bul. 99. 1906. Toc.

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