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University of the State of New York

bee ee PEN

OF THE

New York State Museum

Worss No. TS.

September 1895

MINERAL RESOURCES is
:
o —« CamegQacd _

Maw YORK STArTe

BY

Pie be Rigi i. MERRIE: PhDs

Director New York State Museum |

ya 3abtT
ALBAN Y
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1895

MS4m-895-1500 Price 40 cents

ot?

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TET ML CGN REE Oe
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AG. ohne Ne,

: “ Orie SER ATY RT le

PE RE ROG Bee CE Rh ee Me Raa tS

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<<

ECONOMIC axp GEOLOGIC MAP RRS of tis map bared onthe Apieaturana ace | aa; ae Seve (eae ae

GE ine nore, Of M4, with additions and corrections from the follow. | sar =
y roureen, A :
=] OF . a Mars xp Parznn | a -
is rs
S kk NEW ( Gntarto county =
OF Y ate ein we te
mba laer oon,
SHOWING THE Plater county. Nneelaer counties = peal
LOCATION ieee nt
‘ ON or ws MINERAL DEPOSITS Baneg ountyt O84 Mohoek eae Vie 2
| bY ban ae care ria
4 + Joferaon and lois toetia, \
| PREDERICK J. MERRILL ean is vere ctraan Cotas a a
| Buses county. .
| DivectorNowYork State Museum ery
‘ 2 at | Usroutssmen Marcia, | om
Prepiven vo accompany the Pt on the Bulthcacent Brande counts as
By authority of Ht (OH. “Ss
" ns HN} F
| Thie Board op General Managers SMYTH, Cac ge. Pn =.
| THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY
i 1695 si f
| | HH
Scale of Miles:

|

SECOND EDITION

| ih i I
hits
us
oH
@ |

LEGEND

Note The rocks mapped ax Gxlctferows-Tenton and Husson River in New York Westchester, Putnam and

LEGEND
‘Quatermany TUGravd ote Southeastern Dutchess Gnuities are Mylly netamorphased and crystalline limestones and schists ov
| Dervany, The Potsdam Horizon tn Distchess Co es represented by limestone ECONOMIC MINERALS
| Ceotaceous Tay and Sani Salt wellsninos andbrinw springs,
TrioxsicPhitonic Diabase

Trinwaic ERED sonatstone

Grtcafenas Olean ‘unglomerare

°
© Gypsum quarries
°

| Gus wells

~ = [Catskill Sondatand Cond @® Gas tlelds
Ne 2 ) Chemung Sanilst and Shale : poids
PortngyOneonta Sundist ant Shale Se 2 SS — Cay deposits and Mactories
(ee E ve © z a === (lay deposits only
UpperHolderberg =-0 Kefractory Clays
= [Lowerllelderbors :

i saree
5 | Salina one quaArrios
Hiydr:

Mine

Hic limestone

Fmagnotic von ove

( sanastantiinose
Sarulstone
3 ste andsenist

Minus of brown hematite and spattic or
Mids onttiver
Plutonic

Minvk of specular and fossil ore

junan Upper Situ

: Garnet
| Granite, Monte ete
© Caleiforoustienton ‘Limes tofal Graphite
’ Mhiwval Px
- Sand stone ee Paint
ale

Gloss sand

Minwritl Sprmge

l os
DEtOeOfoe +n

DICUS SIR RCT ITE NT

oie PTAC |

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Pawel re iN

OF THE

New York State Museum

Woolies . Now hs

September 1895

MINERAL REHSOURCES

OF

NEW YORK STATE

BY

PREDERICK Joie MERRIE Phy D.,

Director New York State Museum

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF IHE STATE OF NEW YORK
1895

TADIE OK CONTENTS:

PAGE
Preface ioe it OO CN only dean ea aie a emai 04 nin OIRUR) Alita eae 363
Description of the economic map of the State....................-..0. 365
Economic map of Westchester and New York counties................ 870
Heonomic mineralsiol New WOT ke) see eee. Ieee ieee eee ane 310
(Granite TOCK Sey NG; 52 lcnere tiated e eue oye e eth el Ree REACT 38t2
|; Sandstone and bluestone ioe sale nse eee 381
Building stones, j pod ERS vane ie a cane ONE Ra Pen MAAR aca A nl 421
| Limestoneand marble ae yacaac decane eee 423
(Road time tally ss Se cee es SENS OMe ES eat iain eee 448
Directory of quarrymen producing stone for building purposes......... 461
Clay, shaie, kaolin and feldspar for brick, terra cotta, tile and pottery.. 494
duinvestone)for lime and cement, oi. nee sek eee idee oon te eee 519
Mingestone for Lurnace fluent cs jac elo Werk iayrele aneiatsterotetonr aioe er ene eels 519
IVETE StI S i Uhre iae aleie Sire cielo teen ale 0a. ee Rated Uta) SUR EY Us oe A ern aaa 527
Marl for Portland cement and fortiliver Aa ee DL USA IRR Uh erabeh cheat 528
MTOM ONES: Sess eel atitierese sales Masi « co mae arahele tal a's Saat aulte ats aaah Cade eatane ey Siac eae 528
Mimeral pantie yk tes VN sa teen OSG UG ate ah ea 544
Saltiandisodavasta ye ie ae Man: 7 cketyare Mia tetecn ey aeceye ia ata eee isenals go vos hoosgne 545
Gypsum tor fertilizer and wall plasters. 7-50 aemsrieae sei ele aes 550
Graphite for pencils, lubricant, crucibles, foundry facings, etc......... 552
Quartz for pottery, glass, furnace linings, wood filler, etc.............. 552
Sand for mioldime,. 0.20 jie aN BS RAO RENE ee a Le 553
Garnet for abrasive pur Pesce aU aval a Wek Rp odaUclenml latte aie vee Sohal nie desis oda seteonteeatenews LetevaRay 593
JDO Aer Weta SUMO GOH OO EMER MoM CHIN Goa SUMAN a aOR umn a baa olan abs 505
Diatomaceous earth or infusorial earth for polishing.................. 5595
aletor paper manufacture. a. sce sce eerie ete ccieey ala bevel onekermemensnene 506
dE) aes es Be LE a MGIC ear sleg en DRA as Aum SoSiAn eins Dir ar nic CUnCCH pcre ast sas Pate coaieeiene 556
JEiieolKeriaey cpavel Mlb satOMENAUMNES EAS AbD oS oA bnadnudospodeoun sd bas ooo 4 507
Natural carbonic acid gas............. ..- Heals: URES ay stay ans yak sviang (ale Ca) a eae ale 561
Mineral waters ..... Pe Ra aes Mea eTe ety ed OG Ses RE SE ET OIG iain Oro 561

Minerals of known occurrence but not at Neeson of commercial
LI POLLAI CE, Ws vera eeca eels alencws marine ede elkcs center Wal abel sneles eirsloe iu ee ea evans siauc yell 579

Je os BENG. eel ae

This bulletin is in part the outgrowth of the work done in
preparation for the Scientific Exhibit of New York at the World’s
Columbian Exposition. In collecting a representative series of
specimens of the economic products of the State much informa-
tion was obtained concerning the various mineral deposits. As
sufficient space was not available in the text of the report of the
Superintendent of the Scientific Exhibit to discuss fully the data
at hand, and as it was necessary that the economic and geologic
map should be accompanied by a description of the various eco-
nomic minerals and their relations, it seemed advisable to prepare
a bulletin containing a synopsis of the tacts. This bulletin is
designed to answer many questions concerning the mineral
resources of New York which have hitherto been answered by
correspondence, and though it is not offered as an entirely com-
plete record, it is hoped that it may in a measure supply a want
which has long been manifest and that in a future revised edition
it may be made more perfect. In the brief time available for
the preparation of the bulletin it has not been possible to write
original articles on all the economic minerals of the State.
Extracts have, therefore, been made from various reliable articles
already in print wherever it seemed advisable to use them, and
references are given to other literature.

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL.
Axupany, March, 1895.

Economic and Geologic Map.

The map which accompanies this bulletin was prepared to
illustrate the report of the Superintendent of the Scientific
Exhibit of the State of New York at the World’s Columbian
Exposition and is intended to show the distribution of the prin-
cipal mineral deposits which are of economic value.

Asa geologic base was necessary to the proper differentiation
of the formations which are of economic importance, and as no
geologic map of New York had been published since 1844, the
want could only be supplied by the compilation of a new one.
Since but little time was available for this purpose, in conse-
quence of the fact that the report on the Exhibits of New York
at the World’s Fair was already in press when the Superintendent
was asked to contribute the map, it is not to be expected that
errors have been entirely avoided, and the incomplete state of
geologic knowledge has left many gaps which in the present
map have been filled by inference, but the belief that this map
will be of practical use to teachers, students and business men
throughout the State leads the author to publish it without pro-
longed apology for unavoidable inaccuracies. Those who wish
for more minute information concerning the distribution of the
geologic formations of New York are referred to the new geo-
logic map of the State now in preparation by the State Geologist,
Prof. James Hall. This will be on a very much larger scale and
will show more clearly and accurately the geologic detail.

The work of preparing the geologic base for the economic map
has brought to light serious deficiencies in our knowledge of the
geologic formations of New York State.

Although New York is the mother state in geologic nomen-
clature and contains a more complete and extensive series of the
formations below the carboniferous than any other state, and
although the rocks have been studied for more than sixty years
by professional geologists and students, our recorded knowledge

366 NkW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of geologic detail is far from complete. This is especially true
of the Pre-cambrian formations which consist of metamorphic
and igneous rocks. This is not, however, very remarkable when
we consider that accurate methods of rock study and classifica-
tion have had their greatest development since 1873, when
through the labors of Zirkel and Rosenbusch the microscope was
successfully applied to the study of rocks. In mapping the Pre-
cambrian formations of New York the author is, therefore, un-
able to give any great amount of detail. In Westchester,
Putnam and southern Dutchess counties his personal studies dur-
ing a number of years, with the assistance of Messrs. E. M. Blake
and H. Ries, have enabled him to differentiate the areas of meta-
morphosed paleozoic limestones and schists from the subjacent
gneisses which can be traced northward through Westchester
county and are apparently continuous with the banded gneisses
which rest upon the granite of Putnam county. The
small scale of the map makes it impossible to show the full
detail of these narrow belts of rock which owe their existence
to the folding and erosion which has taken place within
that region. Within the Pre-cambrian area of Putnam county,
which is generally known as the “ Highlands,” in addition to the
banded gneisses which contain the beds of magnetite, there are
large masses of granite which appear along the axes of the moun-
tam folds, being flanked by the gneisses. The author
regards these as igneous granites made plastic in the process
of mountain making which created the folds in which they occur.
No attempt has been made to differentiate these granites in the
mapping, nor has any field work been undertaken with this end
in view. The southwestern extension of this Precambrian area
through Rockland and Orange counties into New Jersey has pre-
cisely the same component rocks and structure. Besides the
“Highlands ” Pre-cambrian area just mentioned, there is the
greater area of the Adirondack wilderness. This is known to
include two principal formations of Pre-cambrian age. First, an
area of metamorphic rocks, extending from Lake Champlain
to the Black river and from southern Fulton county nearly
to the Canadian boundary. Secondly, in the eastern part of the
wilderness and touching at two points the shore of Lake Cham-
plain is a mass of basic plutonic rock chiefly composed of hyper-

DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMIC AND GEOLOGIC MAP 367

sthene and labradorite which may be called norite. In the work
of the original Natural History Survey of New York, which cul-
minated in the publication of the reports on the four geological
districts of the State in 1842 and 1848, this region was investi-
gated by Prof. Ebenezer Emmons. This geologist recognized
clearly the striking lithological difference between the
massive norite and the stratified gneisses which envi-
roned it, but gave no accurate description of their boundaries,
doubtless for want of an accurate map of the wilderness. In
1883 a map of Essex county by OC. E. Hall was published in the
annual report of the State Geologist, which gives approximately
the boundaries between the norite and the gneisses. In 1892
Prof. J. F. Kemp, of Columbia College, undertook the study of
Essex county under the auspices of the State Museum, and the
results of his work are embodied in the economic map.* While
Prof. Kemp’s observations have not been carried around the
whole periphery of the plutonic mass, they go sufficiently far to
show that it occupies but a small part of the Adirondack wilder-
ness and can be included in a circle of about fifty miles diameter,
with its center in the vicinity of Keene Valley. Within this
plutonic area are the principal peaks of the Adirondack mountain
group. The extension of this areainto Franklin county asshown
on the map is based on the observations of Ebenezer Emmons.
The northwestern part of the metamorphic area is believed by
Prof. James Hall to contain rocks of Huronian age. The study of
this region is now in the hands of Prof. C. H. Smyth, Jr., of
Hamilton College, and to him we look for the elucidation of this
question. He classifies under the name of Oswegatchie series a
group of crystalline limestones and gneisses. The geology of
the Adirondack region as given in the map is based upon the
original workof Ebenezer Emmons and Lardner Vanuxem with
additions by C. E Hall, J.F. Kempand T. G. White in Essex county,
and by F.J.H. Merrill in Warren and Hamilton counties. InSt.
Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties Prof. Smyth has given in-
formation cencerning the distribution of the gneisses and other Pre-
cambrian rocks. On the north side of the wilderness Prof. H.
P. Cushing, of Adelbert College, Cleveland, Ohio, has been con-
ducting some field work and has revised the lower boundary of

*See also Bull. No. 13. N. Y. State Museum.

368 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the Potsdamin Clinton county. An examination of the shores of
Lake George was made for the Museum in 1691 by Mr. E. M.
Blake.

From the base of the palewozoic upward the geologic forma-
tions of New York were quite accurately studied in the original
survey, but the work of mapping the boundaries was not very
carefully done, and though at the present time there is much new
information in the possession of those who have made special
studies of these formations, but Jittle new material has been pub-
lished, and it has not been possible within the time atthe author’s
disposal to consult those in possession of unpublished material.
The author’s personal observations on the palzozoic groups
have been chiefly confined to the upper and lower Helderberg
limestones and the strata immediately adjacent to them, in Greene,
Albany and Schoharie counties and at various points to the west-
ward along the principal lines of railway. The principal guide
used in the preparation of the geologic base was the Agricultural
and Geological map of New York, published by authority of
the Legislature in 1844. In revising the boundaries given on this
map the four geologic district reports of New York have been
carefully studied, and from them many corrections have been
introduced, although the old map was based on the material con-
tained in those reports. This was particularly noticeable in map-
_ ping the outcrop of the upper Helderberg limestones, which on the
old mapis shown far tothe northward of Otsegoand Schuyler lakes,
although Vanuxem reported the occurrence of the corniferous lime-
stone at Richfield Springs, in the town of Springfield at the head
of Otsego lake and at Cherry Valley ; a‘similar error occurs in the
mapping of these limestones in Seneca county, where they are |
shown in a straight belt between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, far
to the south of Seneca outlet, although Prof. James Hall reported
the occurrence of the upper Helderberg limestone on Seneca
outlet west of Waterloo. In the new map the two Helderberg
limestones have not been differentiated for three reasons: First,
because the scale of the map was too small to permit it; second,
because the author had not sufficiently accurate information to
enable him to separate them, and, third, because the map, being
chiefly economic, it seemed best to represent the two limestones

DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMIC AMD GEOLOGIO MAP 369

in one belt. The boundary between the Hamilton and Portage
group accords very nearly with the views of Prof. C. S. Prosser.

In addition to the text of the reports, the following published
maps have been consulted :

Geologic maps of Jefferson and Clinton counties, by E. Em-
mons, Natural History of New York, Report on the Geology of
the Third District, 1842; a geologic map of Ontario county, by
J. M. Clarke, Report of the State Geologist for 1885; a geologic
map of Yates county, by B. H. Wright, Thirty-fifth Annual
Report of the New York State Museum, 1881; a geologic map
of Onondaga county, by Geo. Geddes, Report of the New York
State Agricultural Society, 1859; a sketch map of the Mohawk
Valley, by James Hall, Report of the State Geologist for 1885 ;
a geologic map of Washington, Rensselaer and Columbia coun-
ties, by C. D. Walcott, American Journal of Science, vol. 35, p.
399; geological maps of parts of Dutchess and Columbia coun-
ties, by J. D. Dana and W. B. Dwight, American Journal of
Science, a geologic map of parts of Orange and _ Ulster
counties, by John C. Smock, part of geologic map of New
Jersey, 1868; a map of Richmond county, by N. L. Britton,
Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 2, revised by
C. A. Hollick. The work of T. Nelson Dale, in Rensselaer
county, Thirteenth Annual Report Director United States Geo-
logical Survey, has also been used. McFarlane’s Geological
Railway Guide has been freely consulted. To Prof. James Hall,
State Geologist, the thanks of the author are due for information
concerning the geology of many localities.

To the second edition of the map Prof. Dwight has contrib-
uted an original map of Dutchess county, and Profs. H. L.
Fairchild and P. H. Hargitt have respectively contributed to the
geology of Rochester and Syracuse.

Mr. N. Il. Darton’s work in Ulster county, published in the
Report of the State Geologist for 1893 has also been used.

The localities of iron mines are chiefly taken from the map of
Prof. J. C. Smock.* The stone quarries are chiefly from Prof.
Smock’s map,+ with additions by Wm. G. Eberhard, E. M., and

* Bulletin of the New York State Museum, No. 7.
+ Bulletin of the New York State Museum, No. 10.

370 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

Wm. C. Clarke, E. M. The clay localities were mapped by Mr.
Heinrich Ries,* the oil pools by Messrs. C. A. Ashburner and D.
Van Ingen, the salt wells by R. D. White, Jr., C. E., and the
gypsum quarries by Wm. C. Clarke, E. M. The other mineral
localities were mapped by the author.

In preparing the base, various practical difficulties had to be
met. Among these were the lack of accurate information con-
cerning the boundaries of the Chemung and Catskill formations
in New York, the impossibility of undertaking any new field
work, and the lack of sufficient funds to permit of more than fif-
teen printings in the press work of the map. It has, therefore,
been necessary to emphasize the economic character of the map
rather than the geologic character, to associate in color, rocks of
similar economic or lithologic features, and for lack of informa-
tion and funds for printing, to indicate without differentiation
the great mass of sandstones, shales and conglomerates included
between the base of the Portage and the top of the Catskill.

When the large geologic map of New York, now in prepara-
tion by the State Geologist, is published and distributed, there
will be a definite expression of opinion on the boundaries of
these formations, but at present there is no official presentation
of the subject.

The map will be found in the pocket of the cover of the bulle-
tin and the legend will explain the various tints and symbols used.

Geologic Map of Westchester and New York Counties.

Since the scale of the State economic map is not sufficiently
large to give in detail the areas of building stone, in New York
and Westchester counties, a map of that region is published
on a scale of four miles to one inch. This map is based on the
studies of the author and shows the present state of geologic
knowledge in that region.

Economic Minerals of New York.
Under this head are described the minerals of New York
which are commercially important. So far as possible a directory
of the producers has been prepared for each mineral product.

* Bulletin of the New York State Museum, No. 12.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMIC AND GEOLOGIC MAP 371

References are given to the literature of the various materials
which have been fully described in other publications, and in
some cases abstracts have been made from reliable authorities.
Wherever new information is at the disposal of the author a
bxief synopsis of it is given.

It was originally hoped that statistics of the production of the
various minerals could be given, but this project was abandoned
because it involved more labor and expense than was possible up
to the time of publication.

Building Stone

This important class of material has been discussed at length
by Prof. John C. Smock in Bulletins Nos. 3 and 10 of the New
York State Museum, and these two publications contain nearly
all that is known at present.

Since Bulletin No. 10 is out of print a large portion of it has
been incorporated in the following pages.

The directory of producers gives the latest information.

GEOLOGY AND* GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF
BUILDING STONE IN NEW YORK.

By Joun OC. Smocx. Revisep sy IF. J. H. Merritt.

*

GRANITIC ROCKS

Granites, Gneisses, Syenites, Trap-Rock and Norites. . ~

Granites. Typical granite is a crystalline, granular mix-
ture of feldspar, quartz and hornblende. In addition to these
essential constituents, one or more accessory minerals may
be present. The more common are the micas, muscovite and
biotite, garnet, tourmaline, magnetite and pyrite. The character
of the rock is often determined by the presence of these acces-
sory constituents in quantity, as in some cases the hornblende is
entirely replaced by mica.

The chemical composition also varies from that of the average
or typical kind. The mineralogical differences mark the varieties,
thus there are: hornblende granite, biotite granite, tourmaline
granite, ete.

The texture of granites is determined by the aggregated
miaerals entering into their composition. They vary from
coarse-crystalline, in which the individual crystals may be an
inch or more in length, to fine-crystalline and aphanitic, wherein
the minerals are hardly visible to the eye. In consequence of
the wide variation due to the mode of arrangement of the

GRANITIC ROCKS" 373
mineral constituents, there is an equally great variety noticeable
in the texture.

The color also is dependent upon the minerals. As feldspar is
the predominant constituent it gives character to the mass, and
the red varieties owe their color to the red or pink feldspars in
them, as in the case of the granite of Grindstone Island in the
St. Lawrence. The shades of gray are due to the varying
amount of the dark-colored mica mixed with the feldspar and
quartz; and the darker-colored varieties owe their color, in most
cases, to hornblende or tourmaline which may be present.

The beauty, ease of working, durability and value of the
granites for use in construction is related closely to their
mineralogical composition. Their arrangement in the mass
and their relative proportion determine the color and give
beauty. The presence or absence of certain species influence
the hardness and homogeneous nature and the consequent
ease with which the stone can be dressed and polished. For
example the mica, if disposed in parallel surfaces, gives a foliated
structure and tends to produce what is known as rift, and the
granite is more readily split in the planes of the mica than across
them. Again the mica flakes may be so large and irregularly
massed that the surface is not susceptible of a uniform degree of
polish. Hornblende, on account of its superior toughness, is less
brittle than pyroxene under the polishing, and the hornblende
granites are said to be preferred to those rocks which contain
pyroxene in quantity.

The more nearly alike in hardness and the more intimately
interwoven the texture of the minerals, the more capable it is of
receiving a good polish. Hence it follows that the very coarse
crystalline granites are not so well suited for ornamental work.

The enduring properties of granites vary with the nature of
the minerals in their composition. Although popularly they are
regarded as our most durable building stone, there are some
notable exceptions, which are evident in the natural outcrops,
where this rock is found decayed to the depthof 100 to 2u0
feet, and in the active disintezration which is in progress in
structures of the present century. Foliated varieties placed on
edge in buildings, tend necessarily to scale under the great
changes of temperature in our northern cities and towns.

374 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The more rapid decomposition of the micas makes those varieties
in which they occur in large flakes or aggregations more liable
to decay. The condition of the feldspar also is often such as to
influence the durability. When kaolinized in part, it is an
element of weakness rather than of strength. The presence of
the easily decomposable varieties of pyrite is not only prejudicial
to strength and durability but also to the beauty of the stone as
soon as it begins to decay.

The term “granite” as used among builders and architects
is not restricted to rock species of this name in geologic
nomenclature, but includes what are known as gneisses (foli-
ated and bedded granites), diorites, gabbro and other crystal-
line rocks whose uses are the same. In fact, the similar adapta-
bility and use have brought the latter species into the class of
granites. For example, the Au Sable granite of Essex county is
anorite. The term is applied in some cases to the diabases or
trap-rocks, as the “ granite quarries” of Staten Island.

Another massive crystalline rock which is used in building is
norite, consisting of labradorite and hypersthene, with some
brown mica. It is a common rock in the Adirondack region, and
is known commercially as a granite.

The massive crystalline rocks are of common occurrence in
New York, but not in outcrops over extensive areas, excepting in
the Adirondack region and in the Highlands of the Hudson.
The schistose crystalline rocks are developed extensively in the
Highlands of the Hudson and on the borders of the Adiron-
dack region. On New York island and within the city limits
the gneissic rocks have been quarried at many points. In
Westchester county there are belts of gneiss and mica schist,
in which quarries have been opened near Hastings; near
Hartsdale, east of Yonkers;>at Kensico; at Tarrytown and
at Ganung’s, west of Croton Falls. In Putnam county there
are quarries of granite near Peekskill and near Cold Spring.
West of the river there are quarries onIona island; at West
Point; near Suffern’s; at Ramapo; on Mount Eve, near Florida,
and on Storm King mountain, near Cornwall. The outcrops of
the gneissoid and granitoid rocks are so numerous in the belt of
the Hudson Highlands that quarries can be opened at many
points. The supply of stone is inexhaustible. On the Hudson

GRANITIC ROCKS 375

river, between Peekskill and Fishkill, there is a fine section of
these rocks exposed.

On the borders of the Adirondack region quarries have been
opened in the towns of Wilton, Hadley and Greenfield, in
Saratoga county; at Whitehall, in Washington county ; at Little
Falls, in Herkimer county; and near Canton, in St. Lawrence
county. The inaccessibility of much of this region and the
distance from the large city markets have prevented the opening
of more quarries in the gneissic rocks on the borders of the
Adirondacks.

Description of Granite Quarries.

New York, Manhattan Island— The outcropping ledges of
gneiss rocks, from Twenty-ninth street (on the west side) to the
Spuyten Duyvil creek, and from about Sixteenth street north-
wards, on the eastern side of the island, have been cut through
and graded down in so many places that a large amount of stone
has been furnished, ready for laying up foundations and for
common wall work. These gneisses are generally bluish-gray in
color, medium fine-crystalline, highly micaceous and schistose in
structure. The beds are thin and tilted at a high angle and in
places are in a vertical position. The more micaceous rock is apt
to flake and disintegrate on long exposure, especially when the
blocks are set on edge. The more feldspathic stone of the
granitic veins and dikes and the more hornblendic strata afford a
better building material.

The Croton reservoir, Fifth avenue and Forty second street
and St. Matthew’s Lutheran church, Broome street, are con-
structions of the best of the island gneiss.

The gneissic rocks have been quarried extensively in the
Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth wards, New York city, and in
the adjacent southern towns of Westchester county.

The gray variety of gneiss has been most largely employed
for the better class of building.

New York City, Fordham.—A micaceous gneiss is quarried on
the property of St. John’s College, on the corner of the Boule-
vard and Pelham avenue. It is of a bluish-gray shade of color,
and is known locally as “bluestone.” The new buildings of the
college are constructed of this stone.

376 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Hartsdale, Westchester County.— Gneissic rock is quarried
near Hartsdale station, on the Harlem railroad, for the local
market. The county buildings at White Plains are built of this
stone.

Southeast of White Plains gneiss is quarried, and an example
in construction is seen in the M. E. church on the main street.

Scarsdale, Westchester County.— The Seely quarries are a
half mile west-northwest of the Scarsdale station, and near the
road to Greenville. The stone obtained from this locality con-
sists of feldspar, quartz, hornblende and a little black mica, and
these minerals in parallel lines give it a foliated aspect. The
exposed ledges near the quarry are firm and solid and show very
little alteration due to weathering. This stone has been used in
bridge work for the Bronx river aqueduct, and also in the
’ Williams Bridge reservoir gatehouse.

Hastings, Westchester County. There are three quarries in
the vicinity of Hastings. One is owned and worked by the
N. Y. Cc. & H. BR. R. B. Co., one mile south of the railroad
station. The Munson quarry™ is three-quarters of a mile east-
southeast of the village, and adjoining it on the same ridge is —
the Ferguson quarry.

The stone of these quarries consists of orthoclase, quartz, horn-
blende and biotite, arranged generally in parallel lines or thin
layers, which give the rock a gray and striped appearance. The
product is shipped to New York city for foundation walls, and
is used for common wall work in the adjacent country.

Yonkers, Westchester County.— The Valentine quarry
opened on the top of the hill, two miles southeast of Yonkers,
and on the Mount Vernon road, is worked at long intervals.
The stone is fine-grained, a mixture of reddish feldspar, quartz,
and a little hornblende.

Tarrytown, Westchester County.— The old Beekman quarry,
one and a quarter miles north of the station, and at the side of
the railroad track, was worked largely in former years.

Kensico, Westchester County.— A. gneissic rock has been
quarried extensively on the east side of the Bronx river reser-
voir, and used in the construction of the reservoir dam.

* Operated by Wm. G. Lefurgy.

GRANITIO ROCKS ott

Union Valley, Putnam County.— The quarries of — Jackson+
and E. C. Ganung are located four miles from Croton Falls, and in
the town of Carmel. The stone has a striped appearance, due to
black mica and white feldspar alternating in thin layers. Its
main use is for posts and foundations; some of it has been used
for monuments and buildings.

Ramapo, Rockland County.— The quarry of Henry L. Pierson*
is in the hillside near the N. Y., L. E. and W. R. B., south of the
village. The stone is a quartz-syenite, consisting of orthoclase,
quartz and hornblende. It is especially suited for heavy masonry
on account of its strength and the large size of blocks which can .
be obtained. Some of this stone has been used for monumental
work, and some for the Erie railway bridges.

Sufferns, Rockland County.— Granite for cemetery posts and
monumental bases has been quarried in a small way from ledges
on the roadside west of Sufferns station. It is greenish-gray
in color, hard to cut and dress, but is durable.

Peekskill, Westchester County.— There is a granite quarry
on the bank of the river two miles northwest of Peekskill.

Iona Island, Rockland County.— There is a large quarry on
Round Island near Iona Island, owned by Daniel E. Donovan,
whence stone is obtained for heavy masonry and for macadam
material. A large amount is sold annually for road-making.
Some of the stone used in the New York and Brooklyn bridge
came from this quarry. .

West Point, Orange County.— West of the military academy
buildings a gneissoid granite has been quarried at several points
for the construction of government buildings. The stone occurs
in thick beds and the solid, outcropping ledges indicate the dura-
bility of the stone where exposed to the weather. The library
building, the old riding academy, three of the professors
residences and the long lines of retaining wall are constructed
of the stone taken from these quarries.

Garrisons.— King’s Quarry. <A large quarry of fine gray
granite is operated by the King Granite Company.

* Not now in operation. + Full name rot obtained.

378 NEW YORK SfATE MUSEUM

Storm-king Mountain The granite quarry at the "south-
eastern face of Storm-king mountain, near the West Shore rail-
road track, and a half mile south of Cornwall station, has not
been in operation for several years.

Break-neck Mountain Quarry.— Granite has been quarried
at several points on the southwest side of this mountain and
north of Cold Spring. The quarry sites extend nearly a mile
back from the river; and the work has been to detach blocks of
large size by blasting and then to break them up into; building
stones or paving blocks as called for. The Hudson River Broken
Stone and Supply Company is now working on the lands of
Lewis J. Bailey, producing stone for railroad track ballast.

Mount Adam, Warwick, Orange County.— Granite was
quarried at a locality, opened in 1839, on the north end of Mount
Adam.

Little Falls, Herkimer County. — A hornblendic-gneiss rock,
known as “blue rock,” is quarried at Little Falls for the local
market. It was used in the construction of the Erie canal, the
N.Y.C. & H.R. R. B., in the R. C. and the Pres. churches, besid es
several mill and store buildings in the town. The stone has a
greenish-gray color, moderately fine-crystalline texture, and is
made up of orthoclase, quartz and hornblende. Some of it has a
reddish tinge, due to iron stains.

Granite has been quarried in the town of Wilton, two miles
north of Saratoga, in the town of Greenfield, and at Wolf Creek,
in the town of Hadley. None of these quarries are worked
regularly or uninterruptedly.

Adirondack Granite Company, Westport, Essex County.—
The granite quarry on Splitrock mountain near the lake, and
three miles from Whallonsburg, has been abandoned. Very
little stone has been quarried here and little is known of it.

Ausable Granite, Essex County.— The Ausable granite is
obtained from quarries on the north and west slopes of Prospect
Hill, one and a half miles south of Keeseville. The principal
openings are the property of the Ausable Granite Co., whose
establishment for dressing the stone is located in Keeseville.
This stone is moderately fine crystalline in texture and is composed

GRANITIC ROCKS 379

of labradorite feldspar, hypersthene and biotite. Small grains of
pyrite and hematite are occasionally seeninthe mass. The stone
is hard and expensive to dress but it is susceptible of a high
polish and is especially adapted for decorative work and for
monuments. The dark, polished surface, with its chatoyant play
of colors, contrasts well with the gray dressed surfaces. The glaci-
ated ledges near the quarries show little alteration due to
weathering, and are evidence of the durability of the stone. In
some of the weathered surfaces the feldspars appeared changed
to kaolin, and the hypersthene is badly decomposed.*

Grindstone Island, Jefferson County.—A red granite is quarried
extensively on this island in the St. Lawrence river, northwest of
Clayton. There are many outcrops, especially on the western
side of the island, and small quarries have been opened at more
than twenty different points.

There are three large quarries which are worked extensively
and with little interruption. The granite of these quarries is
rather coarse crystalline, red to bright red in color and consists
of flesh colored feldspar, quartz and mica, with very little
magnetite as an accessory constituent. Its resemblance to the
Scotch granite has given it the name of “International Scotch
granite.” Examined under the microscope the feldspars show
kaolinization. The durability of the stone is witnessed in the
unaltered or scarcely altered rock which crops out on the two
sides of the quarry. Blocks of large size can be obtained up to
the limit in handling and shipping. An examination of a repre-
sentative specimen of this granite shows that it has a specific
gravity of 2.713, equivalent to a weight of 169 pounds per cubic
foot. The absorption test indicated 1.55 per cent. of water
absorbed. The loss in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid
was 0.13 per cent. Freezing and thawing produced no

* Tests of the strength of this stone made by Dr. Thos. Egleston, of Columbia College School
of Mines, show that it stands 27,009 pounds and breaks at 29,000 pounds to the square inch.
Dr Egieston’s series of tests madefor the company show further, that when heated toa bright
red heat by a blast of a Bunsen burner the stone waza not cracked badly; and at a temperature
of 800°-1350° F. and then quenched in cold water the specimens changed in color but otherwise
were hardly altered, except at the highest heat. ‘‘The outside of the piece was rendered
rather crumbly and granular * * * but the piece as a whole was atill hard and resists
m-2derate blows of the hammer.” [From report made to the Ausable Granite Works. ]

380 NEW YORK STATE MUS!SUM

apparent change. Exposure to a temperature of 1200 to
1400 degrees F. caused vitrifaction, destruction of color
and impaired the strength so that the specimen crumbled
with a blow. The greater part of the product of these quarries
is in the form of paving blocks and is shipped to western cities,
principally Cincinnati and Chicago. The International Granite
Company of Montreal uses a large amount for monumental work
and building. Examples of this granite can be seen in the large
columns of the Senate Chamber of the New Capitol, Albany, and
in the Nordheimer building in Montreal.

Trap-Rooxs.

Trap-rock or trap is the common name given to a class of
eruptive rocks because of a structural peculiarity, and has no
distinctive significance in mineralogical composition. The rocks
of the Palisade mountain range and of the Torn mountain, which
extends from the New Jersey line, on the west shore of the
Hudson river to Haverstraw, are known as trap-rocks. There is
an outcrop on Staten Island, near the north shore, where a large
amount of stone has been quarried at the so-called “granite
quarries.”

The trap-rock of the Palisades range is a crystalline, granular
mass of a plagioclase feldspar (labradorite usually) augite and
magnetite. It is generally finer crystalline than the granite.
The colors vary from dark gray through dark green to almost
black.

This trap-rock is hard and tough, but some of it is split readily
into blocks for paving. It has been used extensively in New
York and adjacent cities for street paving, but since the intro-
duction of granite blocks this use has nearly ceased. On account
of its toughness it makes an admirable material for macadamizing
roadways. It is so hard that only rock-face blocks are used in
constructive work. Several prominent buildings in Jersey City
and Hoboken are built of it. There is a large quarry on the
river at Rockland lake, the output of which is for street work
and road material almost exclusively. There are also quarries.
at Piermont and at Graniteville, Staten Island. |

SANDSTONES ; 381

SANDSTONES

Sandstones consist of grains of sand which are bound together
by a cementing material.

The grains may be of varying sizes, from almost impalpable
dust to small pebbles, and may beangular or more or less rounded
inform. The cementing matter alsomay vary greatly in its
nature. From this variation, both in the grains and in thecement,
there is an almost endless gradation in the kinds of sandstone.

Quartz is the essential constituent, but with it there may be
feldspar , mica, calcite, pyrite, glauconite, clay or other minerals,
and rock fragments common to stone of sedimentary origin.
These accessory materials often give character to the mass, and
make a basis for a division into feldspathic, micaceous, calcareous
sandstones, etc., as one or another of them predominates.

The texture of the mass also is subject to a wide range of varia-
tion, from fine-grained, almost aphanitic, to pebbly sandstone, or
conglomerate, or a brecciated stone in which the component parts
are more or less angular.

Some of the brown sandstones of the Triassic age, quarried
near Haverstraw, are such conglomeratic and brecciated sand-
stones. Accordingly as the grains are small or large the stone is
said to be fine-grained or coarse-grained

The variety of the cementing material also affords a basis for
classification. Silicious sandstones have the grains bound to-
gether by silica. They consist almost exclusively of quartz, and
grade into quartzite. Theferruginous varieties have for their
cement an oxide of iron, often coating the grains and making a con-
siderable percentage of the whole. Theiron is usually present as’
ferric oxide. Calcareous sandstones are marked by the presence
of carbonate of lime. When it exceeds the quartz in amount, the
sandstone becomes a silicious limestone. In the argillaceous
varieties, the binding material is a clay, or an impure kaolin.

The cementing material determines ia most cases the color.
The various shades of red and yellow depend upon the iron
oxides ; some of the rich purple tints are said to be due to oxide
of manganese.

The gray and blue tints are produced by iron in the form of
ferrous silicate or carbonate. By an irregular association of

382 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

masses of different colors a variegated surface is produced, or by
an alternation of white and variously-colored laminz a striped
- appearance is given to the mass.

Sandstones occur stratified and in beds of greater or less thick
ness, and they are said to be thick-bedded or thin-bedded. In
some cases the beds are so thick, and the stone of such a uniform
texture, that the stone can be worked equally well in all direc-
tions, and is known as freestone. When fine-grained it is
often designated as liver-rock. A laminated structure is
common, and especially in the thin strata, or when the stone is
micaceous. When the beds can be split into thin slabs along
planes parallel to the bedding, it is called a flagstone. A less
common structural character is what is termed lenticular or
wedge-shaped, in which the upper and under surfaces lack paral-
lelism, and the beds wedge out. It makes the quarrying more
difficult, and produces more waste material.

These variations in the nature of the component grains, and
binding material, in their arrangement, and in the forms of bed-
ding, produce a great variety of stone, and the gradations from
one to another are slight. The hardness, strength, beauty and
durability are determined by these varying elenents of constitu-
tion. The hardness depends upon the quartz, and the strength
of the cement holding the grains or fragments together. With-
out the cement, or in the loosely aggregated stone, the grains
are readily torn apart, and the mass falls with a blow,—a heap
of sand. Generally the more silicious the stone and the cement,
the greater the degree of hardness and strength. The size,
color and arrangement of the component grains are the
elements which affect the appearance and give beauty to
the sandstone. The durability is connected intimately with the ~
physical constitution and the chemical composition. As a rule
calcareous and clayey cementing materials are not as enduring
as the silicious and ferruginous. The stone best resisting the
action of the atmospheric agencies is that in which the quartz
grains are cemented by a silicious paste, or in which the close-
grained mass approaches in texture a quartzite.

The presence of minerals liable to decomposition, as feldspar,
highly kaolinized, of mica, marcasite, and pyrite, of calcite in
quantity, and clays, affects the durability and tends to its
destruction.

SANDSTONES 383

Sandstones are classified according to their geologic age also.
They are found occurring in all the series, from the oldest to the
most recent formations. Those of a given age are generally
marked by characteristic properties, which serve for their identi-
fication, aside from the fossil organic remains by which their
exact position in the geologic series is fixed. This persistence
in characters is exemplified in the Medina sandstones of thé
State, in the Devonian bluestone of the Hudson River valley, and
in those of Triassic age.

Sandstones occur in workable quantity in nearly all the
greater divisions of the State.

Quarries have not, however, been opened everywhere in the
sandstone formations, because of the abundant supply of superior
stone from favorably situated localities. There are, in conse-
quence, large sandstone areas and districts in which there is an
absence of local development, or abandoned enterprises mark a
change in conditions, which has affected injuriously the quarry
industry in them.

Following the geologic order of arrangement and beginning
with the Potsdam sandstone, the several sandstone formations
are here briefly reviewed.

Potspam SANDSTONE.

This formation is the oldest in which, in this State, sandstone
is quarried for building purposes. *

The bottom beds are a fine, silicious conglomerate; above are
sandstones in thin beds generally. It is gray-white, yellow,
brown and red in color. In texture it varies from a strong,
compact quartzitic rock to a loosely coherent, coarse-granular
mass, whica crumbles at the touch.

Outcrops of limited area occur in Orange and Dutchess
counties, and in the Mohawk valley. In the Champlain valley
the formation is well developed at Fort Ann, Whitehall, Port
Henry and Keeseville, and quarries are opened at these localities.
The stone is a hard, quartzose rock, and in thin beds. North of
the Adirondacks the formation stretches westward from Lake

* Some of the sandstones east of the Hudson and in the Taghkanic range may belong to the
Lower Cambrian. See Amer. Jour. of Science, iii series, vol. 35, pp. 399-491. But there are no
quarries opened in these localities.

3884 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

Champlain to the St. Lawrence; and there are quarries in the
towns of Malone, Bangor and Moira in Franklin county; in —
Potsdam and Hammond in St. Lawrence county; and in Clay-
ton, Jefferson county. In parts of Clinton county the stone is
too friable for building.

The most extensive openings are near Potsdam, and the stone
is hard, compact and even-grained, and pink to red in color.
Some of it has a laminated structure and striped appearance. It
is an excellent building stone and is widely known and esteemed
for its beauty and durability.

The Hammond quarries produce a gray to red stone. Nearly
all of the output is cut into paving blocks and street material.

Hopson River Group.

The rocks of this group outcrop in Orange county, northwest
of the Highlands and in the valley of the Hudson river north-
ward to the Champlain valley in Washington county. From the
Hudson westward the Mohawk valley is partly occupied by
them. The belt increases in breadth, thence in a northwest
course across Oneida, Oswego and Lewis counties, and continues
to Lake Ontario.

The rocks consist of shales and slates, sandstones and silicious
conglomerates. The siates are noticed under the heading slates,
and in the notes on quarry districts.

The sandstones are generally fine-grained and of light-gray or
greenish-gray color. They are often argillaceous and not adapted
for building purposes. But the even bedded and well-marked
jointed structure makes the quarrying comparatively easy, and
the nearness to lines of transportation, and to the cities of the
Hudson and Mohawk valleys have stimulated the opening of
quarries at many points.

For common rubble work* and for local uses the quarries in
this formation have furnished a large amount of stone. The
more important quarrying centers are now at Rhinecliff-on the-
Hudson, New Baltimore and Troy, in the Hudson valley; at
Aqueduct, Schenectady and Duanesburg, Schenectady county;
and Frankfort Hill, Oneida county. j

* Prof. Amos Eaton gave the name of ‘‘rubble stone” to the sandstone in the upper part of
the formation.

SANDSTONES 385

These quarries have a local market and do not supply much,
if any, stone to distant points. Nearly all of the stone is used in
foundation and common wall work.

OnrIpA CoNGLOMERATE.

This formation is developed to its greatest thickness in the
Shawangunk mountain in Orange and Ulster counties.

It is recognized in the Bellevale and Skunnemunk mountains, -
also, in Orange county. In the central part of the State it is
traced westward in a narrow belt from Herkimer county into
Oneida county. The prevailing rocks are gray and reddish-gray,
silicious conglomerates and sandstones, which are noted for their
hardness and durability. The cementing material is silicious.
The jagged edges and angular blocks and the polished and
grooyed surfaces of the glaciated ledges, so common on the
Shawangunk range, afford the best proof of the durable nature
of these rocks. The bottom beds, near the slate, contain some
pyrite. No attempt has been made to open quarries for stone,
excepting at a few localities for occasional use in common wall
work. The grit rock is quarried near Esopus Creek for mill-
stones.

The accessibility of the outcrops to the New York, Lake Erie -
and Western railroad, the New York, Ontario and Western rail-
road, the West Shore railroad and the Delaware and Hudson
Canal lines is an advantage, as well as the comparative nearness
to New York. And no other formation in the State exhibits in
its outcrops better evidence of ability to resist weathering agents-

Mepi1na SANDSTONE.

The Medina sandstone is next above the Oneida conglomerate.
It is recognized in the red and gray sandstones and the red and
mottled (red and green) shales of the Shawangunk and Skunne-
munk mountains in Orange county. A large amount of the red
sandstone has been quarried on the north end of the Skunnemunk
range, in the town of Cornwall, for bridge work on the railroads
which cross the range near the quarry.

The red sandstone is seen exposed in the cuts of the Erie rail-
way northeast of Port Jervis. This formation reappears in

386 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Oswego county, and thence west to the Niagara river in a belt
bordering Lake Ontario.

Prof. Hall describes it as follows: “The mass is usually a red
or slightly variegated sandstone, solid and coherent in the
eastern extremity of the district, becoming friable and marly in
the western extension, and admitting an intercalated mass of
gray quartzose sandstone, which contains marine shells; while
in the red portions are rarely found other than marine vege
tables or fucoids.”*

Quartz is the principal mineral constituent associated with
some kaolinized feldspar. The cementing material is mainly
oxide of iron, with less carbonate of lime. The stone is even-
bedded and the strata dip gently southward The prevailing
systems of vertical joints, generally at right angles to one
another, divide the beds into blocks, facilitating the labor of
quarrying.

Quarries have been opened at Fulton, Granby and Oswego, in
Oswego county ; at several points in Wayne county ; at Roches-
ter, on the Irondequoit Creek, anc at Brockport, Monroe county ;
at Holley, Hulburton, Hindsburg, Albion, Medina and Shelby
Basin, in Orleans county ; and at Lockport and Lewiston, in
Niagara county. The Medina sandstone district proper is re-
stricted to the group of quarries from Brockport west to
Lockport.

The leading varieties of stone are known as the Medina red
stone, the white or gray Medina and the variegated (red and
white) or spotted. The quarries in this district are worked on
an extensive scale, and their equipment is adequate to a large
annual production. The aggregate output is larger and more
valuable in dimension stone for dressing than that of any other
quarry district in the State. Including the stone for street work,
the total value is greater than that obtained from the stone of
any other geological formation in the State. The stone has
gained a well-deserved reputation for its value as a beautiful
and durable building material; and its more general employ-
ment, both in construction and in paving, is much to be desired.
The extent of the outcrops offers additional sites for quarrying
operations, and the greater use of this stone, and the increase of ©
the producing capacity of the district are here suggested.

* Survey of the Fourth Geological District, James Hall, Albany, 1843, p. 34.

SANDSTONES 387

Ciinton GrRovr.

The rocks of this group are shales, thin beds of limestone and
shaly sandstones. They crop out in a narrow belt from Herki-
mer county west to the Niagara river and bordering the Medina
sandstone on the south. Sandstone for building has been quar-
ried in the southern part of Herkimer county; at Clinton, near
Vernon and at Higginsville in Oneida county, from this forma-
tion. The nearness of the Medina sandstone, with its more ac-
cessible quarries and superior stone, has prevented the more ex-
tensive development of the quarrying industry in the sandstone
of the Clinton group.

OrISKANY SANDSTONE.

The Oriskany sandstone formation is best developed in Oneida
and Otsego counties. The rock is hard, silicious and cherty in
places, and generally too friable to make a good building stone.
No quarry of more than a local importance is known in it.

Caupa Gaur Grit AND ScHuHaRIE GRIT.

These rocks are limited to Schoharie and Albany counties and
to avery narrow belt which stretches south and thence south-
west to Ulster county. The Cauda Galli sandstones are argilla-
ceous and calcareous and are not durable. They are used in
Albany county for roadmetal. The Schoharie Grit is generally
a fine-grained, calcareous sand-rock which also is unsuited for
building. Quarries in these rocks have local use only.

Marcetuus SHALE.

As its name implies, this formation is characterized by shaly
rocks, which are not adapted to building. The abundance of good
building stone in the next geologic member below it—the
Corniferous limestone — whose outcrop borders it on the north
throughout the central and western parts of the State, also pre-
vents any use which might bemade ofitsstone. A single quarry
was at one time opened in it at Chapinville, Ontario county

Hamitton GRoocpr.

_ The rocks of the Hamilton group outcrop in a narrow belt.
which runs from the Delaware river, in a northeast course, across

388 ° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Sullivan and Ulster counties to the Hudson valley near Kingston ;
thence north, in the foot-hills, bordering the Catskills, to
Albany county ; then, bending to the northwest and west across
the Helderberg mountains into Schoharie county ; thence, increas-
ing in width, through Otsego, Madison and Onondaga counties,
forming the upper part of the Susquehanna and Chenango water-
sheds; thence west, across Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Livingston,
Genesee and Erie counties to Lake Erie. In this distance there
is some variation in composition and texture. In the western
and central parts of the State there is an immense development
of shales and the few quarries in the sandstones referable to this
group are unimportant.* In the Helderbergs, in the Hudson val-
ley and thence, southwest, to the Delaware river, the sand-
stones predominate, and all of the beds are more sandy
than at the west. There is a great development of the
bluish-gray, hard, compact and eyven-bedded sandstone, which
is known as “ Hudson river bluestone,” and is used so extensively
as flagging. Some of the thicker beds yield stone for build-
ing also. The sandstone occurs interbedded irregularly with
shales at most localities. The bluestone or flagstone beds
are generally in the upper part of the Hamilton and they
continue upward into the horizon of the Oneonta sandstone-
The number of quarries in this bluestone district, in Sullivan.
Ulster, Greene, Albany and Schoharie counties, is large and can
be increased indefinitely, as nearly the whole area of the forma-
tion appears to be capable of producing stone for flagging or for
building. The difficulty of indicating the division line between
the Hamilton and the Oneonta and the Hamilton and the Portage
group of rocks makes it impossible to refer to localities more par-
ticularly. The quarries near Cooperstown, in the lake region,
particularly at Atwater, Trumansburg, Watkins’ Glen and
Penn Yan belong to the Hamilton group.

Portace Group. 4
In this is included the Oneonta sandstone, the limits of which
at the east can not be indicated and the flagstone beds of the
Hudson valley and of the eastern part of the State continue up

* Geology of New York. Survey of the Fourth Geological District, by James Hal!, Albany
1843, pp. 184-5.

SANDSTONES 389

into the Oneonta sandstone horizon. Many of the quarries are
in the latter formation. The more western and northwestern and
higher quarries are in it; and some of the Chenango county
quarries also.

The Portage rocks in the western part of the State consist of
shales at the base; then shales and flagstones; and the Portage
sandstone at the top. In the last division thick beds with little
shale are marks of this horizon. The stone is generally fine-
grained. The quarries near Portage and near Warsaw are in it;
also the quarries at Laona and Westfield in Chautauqua county.

Although not of as great extent in its outcrop as the Hamilton
group the Portage rocks are developed to a thickness of several
hundred feet along the Genesee river at Mount Morris and at
Portage; and form a belt having a breadth of several miles
through Tompkins, Schuyler, Yates, Ontario and Livingston
counties, and thence west to Lake Erie.* The formation is
capable of supplying an immense amount of good building stone
and flagstone throughout its undeveloped territory.

CHEMUNG GROUP.

The rocks of the Chemung group crop out in the southern tier
of counties, from Lake Erie eastward to the Susquehanna. The
shales are in excess of the sandstones in many outcrops, and there
is less gocd building stone thanin the Portage horizon. The
variation in color and texture is necessar ily great in the extensive
area occupied by the Chemung rocks, but the sandstones can be
described as thin-bedded, generally intercalated with shaly strata,
and of a light-gray color, often with a tinge of green or olive-
colored. The outcropping ledges weather to a brownish color.t
Owing to the shaly nature of much of the sandstone of the
Chemung group, the selection of stone demands care, and the
location of quarries where good stone may be found is attended
with the outlay of time and money, and with great chances of
possible failure. Quarries have been opened near the towns and
where there is a market for ordinary grades of common wall
stone, and also for cut stone, but the larger part of their product

* Report of Prof. Hall above cited, pp 238-9.
+ Prof. Hail’s Report on Fourth District (cited above), pp. 251, 252.

390 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

is put into retaining walls. At Elmira and Corning good stone
has been obtained, which is expensive to dress, and does not com-
pete for fine work with sandstones from districts outside of the
State. The quarries at Waverly, Owego, Elmira and Corning,
and nearly all of the quarries in Allegany, Cattaraugus and
Chautauqua counties are in the Chemung sandstone.

_ CatsxitLt GRoup.

As implied in the name, this formation is developed in
the Catskill mountain plateau in the eastern part of the
State. Sandstones and silicious conglomerates predominate
over the shales. The thicker beds of sandstones are generally
marked by oblique lamination and cross-bedding, which make it
difficult and expensive to work into dimension blocks. Except
for flagging and for local use but little is quarried. There are no
large towns in the district, and consequently the demand is light.
There are, however, some good quarries, which are worked for
flagging, chiefly along the New York, Ontario and Western rail-
road and the Ulster and Delaware railroad lines in Ulster and
Delaware counties; and in the Catskills, in Greene county, there
are quarries in Lexington, Jewett, Windham, Hunter and
Prattsville.

Triassic Formation.

This formation, which is known as New Red Sandstone, or
locally, as the red sandstone, is limited to a triangular area in
Rockland county, between Stony Point on the Hudson and the
New Jersey line, and to a small outcrop on the north shore of
Staten Island.

The sandstones are both shaly and silicious, and the varieties
grade into one another. Conglomerates of variegated shades of
color also occur, interbedded with the shales and sandstones.
Formerly these conglomerates were in favor for the construction
of furnace hearths. They are not now quarried. The prevail-
ing color of the sandstone is dark-red to brown, whence the name
“brownstone.” In texture there is a wide variation, from fine
conglomerates, in which the rounded grains are somewhat loosely
aggregated, to the fine, shaly rock and the ‘liver rock” of the
quarrymen. Oxide of iron and some carbonate of lime are the
cementing materials in these sandstones.

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 391

The well-known Massachusetts Longmeadow sandstone and the
Connecticut brownstone are obtained from quarries in the Con-
necticut valley region, and of the same geological horizon. The
Little Falls, Belleville and Newark freestones are from the same
formation in its southwest extension into New Jersey.

Quarries were opened in this sandstone more than a century
ago, and many of the old houses of Rockland county are built of
this stone. Prof. Mather reported thirty-one quarries on the
bank of the Hudson near Nyack. The principal market was
New York city, and the stone was sold for flagging, house trim-
mings and common walls. The Nyack quarries have been aban-
doned, with one or two exceptions, as the ground has become
valuable for villa sites and town lots. There are small quarries
at Suffern, near Congers Station, near New City, and west of
Haverstraw, at the foot of the Torn mountain. They are worked
irregularly and for local supplies of stone. The stone is some-
times known as “ Nyack stone,” also as “ Haverstraw stone.”

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES
Potsdam Group.

Fort Ann, Washington County.— A gray sandstone is quar
ried two miles north of the village, and at the side of the canal.
It is used in Whitehall.

Whitehall, Washington County.—The cliffs of Potsdam
sandstone, east of the town, yield stone for local use. The stone
is hard and strong, and is valuable for foundations, retaining
walls, and where it can be used without much cutting or
dressing.

Port Henry, Essex County.— The outcrops of the Potsdam
sandstone in the town and west of it afford quarrying sites. The
quarry of L. W. Bond is worked for the local market, and the
towns on the line of Delaware and Hudson Canal Company’s
railroad in the Champlain valley. The stone is hard, of a
gray shade, excepting the surface beds, which are weathered
to a rusty-red color. It is nearly all silica, and is capable of
resisting the ordinary atmospheric agents for years, when the
blocks are laid on their bedding planes A serious drawback to
its more extensive use is the cost of cutting and dressing.

892 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Examples of this stone in construction are seen in the Presby-
terian church, and in the Sherman Library building, and the
railroad depot in the town.*

Keeseville-— The Ausable river, the boundary line of Essex
and Clinton counties, has at this place, and at the famous chasm
below the village, worn its bed down deeply into the sandstone,
and along its bank quarries have been opened in both counties
for local supply.

The thin beds mike a fairly good flageing-stone. The heavier
beds yield good stone for ordinary wall work; and a great
amount of it has been put into buildings in Keeseville. In color it
is gray-white. It is rather more granular and not as hard as the
Port Henry sandstone.

Malone, Franklin County.— The sandstone of the Potsdam
horizon is opened by small quarries at this point, and at localities
to the west, but they are unimportant, and the next group to be
noted is at

Potsdam, St. Lawrence County.— The formation is so well
developed in the valley of the Raquette river, southeast of the
village of Potsdam, that it has been named the Potsdam sandstone.

Thomas 8S. Clarkson’s estate+ and Mrs. Charles Cox, the latter
operating under the name of the Potsdam Red Sandstone Com-
pany, have quarries along the river, at an average distance of
three miles, east-southeast of the village. The beds range in
thickness from a few inches to six feet, and afford blocks of
varying sizes. In most of the beds there is a more or less
laminated structure, especially in the darker-red colored stone.

The color is light-pink, light-red or salmon colored, and red to
reddish brown, varying in the several openings.

A representative specimen, taken from the company’s quarry,
has a specific gravity of 2.604, equivalent to a weight of 162
pounds to the cubic foot. Its percentage of silica is relatively
large, and the cementing material appears to be silicious also.
The oxide of iron, as determined by analysis, is 0.85 (ferrous
oxide) in amount.

* This quarry yielded the trails of trilobites upon ripple-marked beds, fine specimens of which
are in the State Museum, and the American Museum, New York. (See Forty-second Annual
Report, New York State Museum, pp. 45-29.)

+ A. Clarkson, Secy.

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 393

In the absorption test 2.08 per cent. of water was absorbed by
the dry stone. There was no loss of weight in repeated treat-
ment with water containing carbonic acid gas and with
sulphurous acid gas. A solution of 1 per cent. of sulphuric acid
occasioned a slight loss in weight, equivalent to 0.02 per cent.
The test of freezing and thawing left the stone apparently
unchanged. When heated to 1,200 ° -1,400 ° F. and suddenly
cooled, the color was unaltered, there were no checks, and the
strength of the specimen was but little impaired.

Potsdam sandstone has been tested severely in its home. The
wide range of temperature between the maxima of summer and
the minima of winter, and the large annual precipitation, of
which a considerable part is in the form of snow, present the
conditions which demand material with resisting capacity. The
houses of General Merritt and Senator Erwin, and other buildings.
erected about sixty years ago, are solid structures to-day. The
arris and corners are as sharp as when first cut, and the faces
show no sign of scaling or flaking. The pavements also show
how well the stone wears under use, not becoming smooth and
slippery when wet. The Normal school buildings, the town hall,
the Cox block, and the Presbyterian, Universalist and Episcopal
churches are the more prominent structures of this stone in Pots-
dam. In the last-named church there is much carved work,
making it very expensive on account of the hardness of the stone.

The Potsdam stone finds a wide market, and the demand for
it is growing, as its beauty, strength and durability are better
known and appreciated.

On account of its hardness, and the cost of fine-tool dressing,
the stone is best adapted to rock-face, ashlar work. It may be
seen in the “ Florence,” South Salina street, Syracuse; All Saints’
Cathedral, Albany; Columbia College and Rutger’s Protestant
Episcopal Church, Seventy-second street, New York city; Reid
building, Seventh avenue and Sterling street, Brooklyn; the
State Asylum, at Matteawan; the New York State Asylum and
City Opera House, Ogdensburg; aud in the Dominion Parliament
buildings at Ottawa, Canada.

Hammond, St. Lawrence County.— Sandstone is quarried at
three localities in the’ town of Hammond, and on the line of the
Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad. The stone lies in beds

394 NEW YORK SrATE MUSEUM

which dip about 5° eastward and, owing to the well-defined
joints and the evenness of the bedding, blocks are worked out
readily which are suitable for cutting into curbing and flagging
store, or for making paving blocks. Its color is gray-white —
in places striped, red and white. It is hard, and is nearly all
silica. Unlike the quarries at Potsdam there is little earth cover-
ing, and the beds worked are not deep.

The output of the Hammond quarries is nearly all consumed
in street work, and goes to Utica, Syracuse, Rome, Binghamton, —
Ogdensburg and to western cities.

Clayton, Jefferson County.— The Potsdam sandstone forma-
tion crops out at Clayton, and affords a hard and durable stone
for local demands.

Hudson River Group.

Highland, Ulster County.— Quarries on the river bank, two
miles north of Highland station, were formerly worked exten-
sively.

Rhinebeck, Dutchess County.— The New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad Company continues work at its quarry, a
half mile south of the station.

New Baitimore, Greene County.— The sandstone is here on
edge, and is generally in thick beds, interstratified with a black,
shaly rock. The quarries are not worked to the same extent as
in former years. The stone is dark-gray to slate colored. Much
stone has been obtained here for the Hudson river dyking and
for dock-filling.

Troy, Rensselaer County.— Sandstone is quarried on Pawl-
ing avenue, near the Memorial Church, and on Fourth street,
near and south of the Poestenkill. It is used for foundations
and common wall work in the city, exclusively. The quarries
are in operation at such times as the demand for stone requires.

Aqueduct, Schenectady County.— Three quarries have been
opened at this point. The stone is gray to blue in color and fine-
grained. It is known in the market as “ Schenectady bluestone,”
and is used in common wall work in Albany, Cohoes and Troy.

Stone with natural-face (joint) surfaces and even-bedded is
broken into rectangular blocks and isused inashlar work. Some

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 395

of the older stone buildings in Albany have their walls of these
natural-face blocks.

Schenectady.— Albert Shear & Co. have a quarry on the canal,
one mile east of the railroad depot, which is the source of supply
to a large extent, for stone used in the city, although shipments
are made to Albany, Waterford, Cohoes, Troy, Mechanicville
and Saratoga. .

This stone can be seen in the Memorial Hall of Union
University and in the East Avenue Presbyterian Church; in
the new armory, Albany; in the church at Menands Station,
and in St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church in West Troy. The
stone has a bluish shade of color and is fine-grained.

Duanesburg, Schenectady County.— A quarry in a bluish-
colored sandstone, probably of the same geological horizon as
that of the Schenectady quarry, is here worked by Albert Shear
& Co. The stone is rather coarse-grained but is stronger than
the Schenectady bluestone.

The shaly nature of much of the Hudson river group of rocks
in the Mohawk valley, west of Schenectady, and the accessibility
of good limestone for building purposes, has prevented the open-
ing of quarries in it. Further west, and near Rome, there are
small quarries which are referred to this horizon, but they are
unimportant. The stone is generally gray in color, fine-grained
and hard, and in moderately thick beds. None of these quarries
do much more than a small local business; and they are not in
operation all of the working season of the year.

Good building stone of the Hudson river horizon is said to
have been obtained at quarries southeast of Rome; also at
Woodruff’s, Oneida County*.

Clinton Group.

This formation furnishes a building stone in Herkimer and
Oneida counties, and quarries are opened in the towns of Frank.
fort, New Hartford, Kirkland and Verona. The city of Utica
uses the greater part of the stone from the quarries at Clinton

* Survey of the Third Geological District, Lardner Vanuxem, Albany, 1842, p. 261.

396 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and those on Frankfort Hill. The stone of the latter place is
dark-gray and red-brown in color, medium fine-grained and hard,
so that dressing is costly. It ix used for foundations and com-
mon wall work, mainly. Grace Protestant Episcopal Church, on
Genesee street, and the Lutheran Church, on Columbia street, are
built of this stone.

Sandstone has been extensively quarried at Higginsville,
Oneida County, by a Utica company. It is dark-gray and olive-
green in color; hard, and dressed with difficulty. Some of this
stone has been used in Rome. Fine examples of it are the Baker
and Gilbert houses, on Genesee street, Utica.

Medina Group.

Oswego, Oswego County.— Quarries for the supply of stone
for foundation and retaining walls in the city are opened on the
lake shore, east of the Fort Ontario grounds.

Oswego Falls, Oswego County.— The river cuts through the
sandstone here and offers facilities for small quarry operations in
the bluffs on the left bank. A dark-red sandstone is obtained
under earth and shaly rock. The First Presbyterian Church in
Syracuse is an example of badly selected stone and set on edge
in many cases. A great deal of it has been used in Fulton,
Oswego and Syracuse.

A specimen from the quarry of Hughes Brothers of Syracuse
was found to have a specific gravity of 2.62, and an equivalent
weight of 163.5 pounds to the cubic foot. It contained 0.59 per
cent of ferrous oxide, and 1.71 per cent. of ferric oxide. The
absorption test gave as a result 3.53 percent. It lost weight in
the treatment with acid solutions. In the freezing and thawing
it checked badly, and at a high heat its color became brick-red,
and its strength was impaired.

Granby, Oswego County.— The Granby Brownstone Com-
pany, O. J. Jennings, manager, works the quarry on the line of
the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad, two miles south
of Fulton. The stone is fine-grained, purplish-red in color, and
admits of fine-tool dressing. It has been used in the following
structures in neighboring towns and cities: Second National

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 397

Bank building, Oswego; Protestant Episcopal church, and a block
of stores in Cortland ; and new Jewish synagogue, Buffalo.
Small quarries are opened westward in this formation at

Camden, Oneida County
Sterling, Cayuga County
Wolcott, Wayne County
Penfield, Monroe County

At Rochester the gorge of the Genesee river exposes to view
a fine section of the formation. Formerly some stone was obtained
from quarries in the river bluffs. In Monroe county generally
this sandstone is too argillaceous to be durable.*

What is more particularly known as the Medina sandstone
district, is that portion of the outcrop which extends from Brock-
port in Monroe county west to Lockport. The belt is narrow,
and the quarries are opened in it near the Erie canal. They
are grouped here as follows:

Brockport, Monroe County
Holley, Orleans County
Hulberton, Orleans County
Hindsburg, Orleans County
Albion, Orleans County
Medina, Orleans County
Shelby Basin, Orleans County
Lockport, Niagara County

Brockport.— Two quarries are opened at this place.

Holley, Orleans County.— There are five quarries at Holley.
Those of Downs & Bowman, Michael Slack, and O’Brien & Co.,
Fletcher & Sons,t+ and the Big Six Stone Company are near the
canal and the New York Central railroad. The beds lie nearly
horizontal, and under a light stripping of earth and boulders.
The stone is of a light-red color and fine-grained.

The output is largely in the form of blocks for street paving,
curbing, crosswalks and gutter stone.

Rochester, Buffalo, Syracuse, and western cities, as far as
Kansas City, are markets.

* Prof. Hall’a Report on the Survey of the Fourth District, Albany, 1843, pp. 422-3.
+ Not at present in operation.

398 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Hulburton, Orleans County.— This group of quarries is west
of the village, on the north side of the canal, stretching along a
distance of two and a half miles.* They are all worked toa
depth below the canal water-level, and pumping is necessary to
drain them. The stripping of drift-earth does not exceed ten
feet. Some of the beds are thick, and blocks of large size are
obtained. The stone is mostly fine-grained, and light to dark-
red in color. The best quality is shipped for building stone.
The greater part of the product is split into paving blocks and
crosswalks and curbstone, which are shipped to Rochester,
Buffalo and western cities.

Much of the Hulburton stone is sold under the name of Medina
block. Examples in construction are the Delaware Avenue
Methodist Episcopal Church, Buffalo, and Sibley College, Cornell
University, Ithaca.

Albion, Orleans County.— The largest quarries of Medina
_ sandstone are at Albion. They are east of the town, between
the canal and the New York Central railroad. The parties here
at work are: Goodrich and Clark Stone Company, Albion Stone
Company, and Gilbert Brady, of Rochester. The stripping on
the sandstone is from three to fifteen feet thick. The beds dip a
few degrees to the south, and are of varying thickness, from a
few inches up to six feet. Regular systems of joints facilitate
greatly quarrying operations. There is considerable variation in
the"nature of the stone in the several beds, and even in the same
bed, as followed in the same quarry. Generally it is of a light-
red{color, and fine-grained.

A specimen representing the best building stone, as quarried
by, Mr. Brady, has a specific gravity of 2.598, and a weight (cal-
culated) per cubic foot of 162 pounds. The percentage of oxide
of iron is comparatively low, being 0.51 and ¢.09 for ferrous
oxide and ferric oxide, respectively. The absorption test gave
2.37 per cent. The losses in weight, in the tests with carbonic
acid gas and sulphurous acid gas, were 0.09 and 0.29 per cent.
The treatment with sulphuric acid, 1 per cent. solution, occa-
sioned a loss of 0.08. The alternate freezing and thawing pro-

* Sturaker & Sullivan, Thomas Lardner, R. O'Reilly, A. J. Squire, L. Cornwell, C Von York,

C. F. Gwynne, M. Scanlon, Hebner Brothers, George Hebner, E. Fairhen and A. H Ford
have quarries hers.

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 399

duced no visible effect. After a subjection to a high temperature
and sudden cooling, the strength was but little impaired and the
color was slightly changed.

These quarries employ from one hundred and fifty to two
hundred men each, and the aggregate product, annually,
amounts to many thousands of tons. The bulk of the stone
quarried by the Albion Stone Company, and the Goodrich
and Clark Stone Company, is used for street purposes, as
paving, curbing, gutters and crosswalks. Platforms of large’
size, and smooth and true surfaces, are cut from some of the
thick beds. |

The paving blocks are sold principally to western cities — Erie,
Akron, Cleveland, Toledo, Columbus, Detroit, Chicago and Mil-
waukee. The Brady quarry produces stone for building,
principally.

These quarries are conveniently located for working, at the
side of canal and railroad, and are well equipped for a large
business.

Some examples of the Albion stone are the Presbyterian
church, Albion; the Iroquois Hotel, Young Men’s Association
. building and Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church in Buffalo;
Guernsey building, No. 160 Broadway, New York city; steps of
the new staircase, Capitol in Albany,

Medina, Orleans County.— Medina has given name to this
sandstone formation because of its development and the charac-
teristic fossils which are abundant in some of the gray beds at
this locality. Within a mile and a half of the railroad station
there are, north and northeast of the town, the quarries of
Kearney & Barrett, A. M. Holloway, Sara J. Horan, Buffalo
Paving Company, Noble & Lyle and C. A. Gorman. The work-
ing season is naturally from the first of April to the middle of
November. The rest of the year is given to stripping off the
overlying earth and waste rock. As compared with the stone of
the quarries in the Medina sandstone formation, eastward, the
color is lighter gray, and there is the variegated, or spotted red
and white, and a light red. Generally it is harder. Oblique
lamination in the beds is more common than at Albion or Hul-
berton. Pyrite-coated seams and joint faces are seen, chiefly in

400 NEW YORK 8TATE MUSEUM

the older quarries now idle. Formerly the light-colored gray
stone was in demand, and was quarried for building; now
nearly all of the gray variety is split into paving
blocks, and the fashion for building calls for the red and
the variegated stones. At the extreme northeast the Noble &
Lyle quarry produces a reddish-brown stone which is more like
the Hulberton stone, and is rather softer than that ofthe quarries
to the west and southwest. It is used for building almost exclu-
sively. In this quarry, and in some of the others, a red, shaly
rock, known here as “‘red horse,” is found under the quarry beds
which is waste. The dip is south at a small angle; a regular
system of vertical joints runs an east west course, with a north-
south system, less well defined. The total thickness of quarry
beds is in places as much asthirty feet, and the rangeis from two
inches to six feet. The larger part of the aggregate production
of these quarries is put into street material. The chief markets
are Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Columbus, To-
ledo, Detroit, Milwaukee and as far west as Omaha and Kansas
City.

Lockport.— Quarries in the Medina sandstone formation were
opened near the town, to the north, as early as 1824, and much
of the stone was used in buildings, which are good examples of
its durability. The quarries are on the right bank of the Eigh-
teen Mile creek, and are connected with the New York Central
railroad by a branch road one mile in length. Stone for flagg-
ing, paving blocks, and for building is obtained. Gray, red and
mottled varieties occur in these openings. Formerly these quar-
ries furnished stone to outside buyers; at present, they are
worked almost exclusively for local market

Lewiston, Niagara County.— The same formation has af-
forded some building stone and some flagstone at this location.

Hamilton and Portage Groups.
Hudson River Bluestone.

The term ‘“‘ Hudson River Bluestone” is used to designate the
blue, fine grained, compact and even-blended sandstone, which is
so largely employed for flagging and house trimmings in New
York city, and to some extent in all of our middle Atlantic coast

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 401

cities and towns. “The belt of country in which it is quarried
is nearly one hundred miles long in New York, stretching from
the southwestern towns of Albany county, across Greene and
Ulster and the western part of Orange and eastern part of Sulli-
van counties to the Delaware river. In Albany and Greene
counties it is narrow, as alsoin Saugerties in Ulster county, mak-
ing the foot hills, as it were, on the east and east southeast of
the Catskill mountains, and bounded on the east by the older
limestone formations. It widens in the towns of Kingston,
Woodstock, Hurley, Olive and Marbletown, and in them the
quarries are distributed over the 500-foot plateau which borders
the mountains on the southeast. To the northwest, and in the
valley of the Esopus creek, many localities near the line of the
Ulster and Delaware railroad have been opened and worked.
They are a part of the bluestone district geographically, although
the geological formations are not the equivalent of the main belt
at the southeast. There are scattering localities in the towns of
Rochester and Wawarsing and thence southwest, in Sullivan
county, which furnish bluestone for local markets, and for expor-
tation where they are situated near enough to lines of shipping.”

The belt, as above described, has in it outcrops of shales and
sandstones, belonging to the several geological formations, from
the Hamilton period to and including the Catskill, in short, rocks
of the Upper Devonian age. There are quarries along the Hud-
son river at New Baltimore, and thence southward, at Coxsackie
and Catskill and near Rondout, but they are not in the typical
bluestone, but in sandstone of the Hudson River group. The
quarries of Palenville and vicinity, of West Saugerties, High
Woods, Boiceville, Phoenicia, Woodland Hollow, Shandaken,
and Pine Hill are above the horizon of the Hamilton forma-
' tion and probably all in the Catskill group of rocks. The
Oneonta sandstone, which is the equivalent of the Portage group,
may form a part of the belt near the foot of the mountains, but
it is impossible to define its limits and to designate the quarries
in it. The quarries at Roxbury and Margaretville and their
vicinity are in the Catskill formation. The openings along the
Port Jervis, Monticello and New York railroad, in Sullivan
county, are probably in the same horizon. The main bluestone

402 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

belt, where it has been so extensively opened, as in the towns of
Saugerties, Kingston and Hurley, is of the Hamilton period.

“Beginning at the northeast, there are small quarries at
Reidsville and Dormansville, seven miles west of the Hudson
river, and in Albany connty. They have furnished a great deal
of stone for flagging in the city of Albany. The stone of these
quarries is gray in color and rather coarser-grained than the
typical bluestone of the Hudson river quarries.

‘“‘In Greene county there are several small quarries near Leeds,
which are worked mainly for the Catskillmarket. In the vicinity
of Cairo stone is quarried at several places, and shipped by rail.
On the line of the Stony Olove and Catskill Mountain railroad,
and along the Kaaterskill railroad, quarries have been opened,
from the mountain houses southwest to Phoenicia.”

Ulster county is the largest producer of bluestone, and its
quarry districts are the following: Quarryville, West Saugerties
and High Woods, in the town of Saugerties; Dutch Settlement,
Hallihan Hill, Jockey Hill, Dutch Hill and Stony Hollow; in the
town of Kingston; Bristol Hill, Morgan Hill, Steenykill and
West Hurley, in the town of Hurley; Marbletown, Woodstock,
Brodhead’s Bridge, Shokan, Boiceville, Olive, Phoenicia, W ood-
land Hollow, Fox Hollow, Shandaken, Pine Hill and Rochester
and Wawarsing quarries, in the valley of Rondout creek and its
tributaries.

There is much variation in the several quarries of these localities
both in the nature and thickness of the overlying earth or
stripping, and in the number and thickness of the workable quarry
beds. A large number of quarries have been opened, and at
many places the valuable stone has been removed and the quar-
ries abandoned. At other localities the thickness of the overly-
ing earth and the long distance from transportation lines have
prevented their further development. The tendency of later
years has been to open quarries nearer the lines of railroad, and
1o leave localities more distant, so that the number of quarries in
the territory adjacent to the Ulster and Delaware road has been
greatly increased. The aggregate output of this part of the ter-
ritory has not materially increased within the last few years, in
consequence of the abandonment of many quarries and the re-

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 403

strictions placed upon the quarry industry by the business rela-
tions to which it is subject.

The quarry beds range from an inch to three feet and, in some
instances, up to six feet in thickness. The topbeds are generally
thin. In most cases these thick strata can be split along planes
parallel to the bedding and the cap-layer is raised by means of
wedges. The size of blocks obtained is determined by the natu-
ral joints which divide the stone vertically. Stones sixty feet by
twenty feet have thus been lifted from a bed. The facilities for
handling and lifting really limit the size. The thicker stone are
cut into curbing, crosswalk and sidewalk stones and large plat-
forms, yielding what is known as flagstone. The thinner beds
furnish flagging for towns and villages. A part of the thinner
stone is cut into dimension work for water-tables, sills, lintels,
posts and window-caps or house trimmings in general.

“The stone obtained in these several districts varies in color,
hardness and texture and consequently in value, from quarry to
quarry, and even in the same quarry. In nearly all of the locali-
ties the beds vary a little from top downward; rarely is there
much variation horizontally, or in the same bed. Hence, any given
bed may be said to have a certain character; that is, produces a
given grade of stone. The color is predominantly dark-gray or
bluish-gray, and hence (more by contrast with the red sandstones)
a “bluestone” Reddish-brown and some greenish gray stones
occur in the quarries higher in the mountain sides, as in the val-
ley of the Esopus creek above Shokan and in the Palenville quar-
ries. There is a decided preference for the typical ‘“ bluestone”
over the reddish or brownish-colored grades. In texture the
range is from the fine shaly or argillaceous to the highly silicious
and even conglomeratic rock. The best bluestone is rather fine-
grained and not very plainly laminated, and its mass is nearly all
silica or quartz, which is cemented together by a silicious paste
and contains very little argillaceous matter. Hence, the stone is
hard and durable and has great strength or capacity of resistance
to crushing or compression. Coarse-grained sandstones and even
fine conglomerates occur and are quarried in some localities.
These sandstones are not often found loosely cemented together
and friable; and they are rarely open and porous.”

AO4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A representative specimen of the best Hudson river bluestone,
and obtained from the Bigelow Bluestone Company* of Malden,
was subjected to a series of tests, with the following result: spe-
cific gravity, 2.751; weight per cubic foot, 171 pounds; ferrous
oxide, 4.63 per cent.; ferric oxide, 0.79 per cent.; water absorbed,
.82; loss in dilute sulphuric acid solution, .20 per cent.; alternate
freezing and thawing, unchanged; at temperature of 1200°-1400°
Fahr. color changed to dull red, slightly checked and strength
somewhat impaired.

“The bluestone territory southwest of Ulster county is confined
to a narrow belt crossing the towns of Mamakating, Thompson,
Forestburg and Lumberland in Sullivan county and Deerpark in
Orange county. There are quarries near Westbrookville, near
Wurtsboro, along the Port Jervis, Monticello and New York rail-
road and on the Delaware river at Pond-Eddy and Barryville.”

Flagstone is obtained along the lines of the New York, Ontario
and Western railroad, and of the Ulster and Delaware railroad
at Westfield Fiats, Trout Brook, East Branch, Margaretville,
Roxbury and Grand Gorge. All of these quarries are in the Cats-
kill group of rocks, and the stone from them is more generally a
reddish or brown-tinted sandstone.

It is more open-grained and not so dense and strong as the best
Ulster county stone. It reaches the market with the product of
the Ulster county quarry and is included in the bluestone produc-
tion. ‘The principal shipping points whence bluestone comes to
the market are Malden, Saugerties, Kingston (including Wilbur
and Rondout). A great deal of stone is cut for house trimmings,
in mills in Malden, Brodhead’s Bridge, West Hurley, Wilbur,
Kingston and Rondout, but the larger number of feet is sent into
market simply quarry-dressed, for flagging and curbing. Its
superiority as a flagging-stone is recognized generally by residents
of New York city and adjacent towns where it has been so
extensively used.

“It is so compact as not to absorb moisture to any extent, and
hence soon dries after rain or ice; it has the hardness to resist
abrasion and wears well; it is even-bedded, and thus presents a
good and smooth natural surface; and it has a grain which pre-

* Now the Ulster Bluestone Co.

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 405

vents it becoming smooth and slippery as some of our granites,
our slates and our limestones, when so used in walks. It isstrong,
and is not apt to get broken. But owing to the many thin beds
and the use of too thin stones, sidewalks often become un-
sightly and bad because of breaks, a fault common to all flag-
stone when laid in such thin beds or blocks.

“For use in houses and business buildings Hudson river blue-
stone is having an increasing market. It is admirably adapted
for lintels, window-caps, sills, doorsteps, water-tables, etc.,
with brick, both because of its strength and its durability.
None of our sandstones from other districts, and not
even our best granites are as strong to resist transverse
pressure or strain. Tests (comparative) show that it is fully three
times as strong, in this way of resistance, as granite, marble,
Ohio sandstone and Connecticut and New Jersey brownstones.
To resist compression it is not much superior to these sand-
stones, and not equal to the best granites. Its strength against
transverse strains fits it for lintels, sills, caps and water tables
especially.”

Oxford, Chenango County.— The F. G. Clarke Bluestone Com-
pany, successor of F. G. Clarke & Son, has the large quarry on
the northwest of the village, and in the hillside west of the Che-
nango river.

The strata are horizontal and thin at the top; below the thick-
bedded “liver rock ” is found, from which blocks of large size are
cut. The stone is blue, fine-grained and homogeneous in texture.
Its specific gravity is 2.711, and its weight per cubic foot is 168.9
pounds. The absorbed water was found to be 1.11 percent. It
was not materially affected by the freezing and thawing tests.
Ata high temperature, 1,200°-1,400° F., the color was changed
to dull red, and the stone was checked badly.

A partial analysis showed the presence of 3.46 per cent. and
0.16 per cent. of ferrous acid and ferric acid respectively. A
crushing test of the strength of this stone, made in 1884,.showed
a resistance of 13,472 pounds to the square inch.

Architects and builders object to this stone in common with
other bluestone, for work in which there is much carving and
fine tooling, on account of its hardness and the greater expense

406 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

involved in working it, as compared with softer sandstones and
limestones.

The plant includes a planer, rubbing-bed and three gangs
of saws, driven by steam power, besides quarrying machinery
proper.

The principal use is for house trimmings and large platforms
and steps. During the quarrying season one hundred and fifty
men are employed, and in 1859 one thousand four hundred car-
loads of stone were shipped. The market is in the cities of the
eastern States.

The lower portion of Aldrich court, 41-43 Broadway, the
steps, residence of Cyrus Clark, Riverside avenue and Ninetieth
street, New York; steps in the terrace approaching the Capitol,
Washington, District of Columbia; steps, platforms and column
bases of Capitol, Trenton, New Jersey; St. Lawrence Hall, New
Haven, Connecticut; part of State Prison for Insane Criminals,
Matteawan, New York, are some of the examples of construction
in which the Oxford blue sandstone has been employed.

Small quarries producing flagging stone mainly are opened at

South Oxford, Chenango County
Coventry, Chenango County _
Smithville Flats, Chenango County
Guilford, Chenango County
Oneonta, Otsego County
Cooperstown, Otsego County

They are worked at irregular times as demand calls for stone.

Trumansburg, Tompkins County.— In the vicinity of Tru-
mansburg there are twenty or more quarries which produce
four hundred thousand square feet of flagging annually. Two
of them only do a little business in building stone, the quarries of
D.S. Biggs & Sons and of the Flagstone and Building Stone Com-
pany. That of the latter is one mile east of the village and less
than a mile from Cayuga lake. The grayish bluestone of the
lower course of the quarry is fine Byaiee and is cut into lintels,
sills and curbing at the company’s works at Cayuga, or shipped
to their yards at Mott Haven, New York.

The Biggs quarry is on the Taughannock creek about two
miles west of the lake and near the Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre

DESORIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 407

railroad line. The stone here is known as the blue sand-
stone, and resembles in appearance the Hudson river bluestone,
but is harder to work and apparently a little more dense. Stone
from this quarry is seen in the large vault in Grove cemetery,
Trumansburg. A part of the product is monumental bases.

_The stone from these quarries is carried by boats to Cayuga,
whence it goes to New York and to cities in the central and
western part of the State.

Ithaca, Tompkins County.— Nearly all of the stone for
foundations and retaining walls, and much of the flagging-stone
used in Ithaca, comes from local quarries. There are two quar-
ries on the hill south of the town whence flagging-stone is taken.
Some of the stone for the university buildings was quarried on
the University grounds. The sandstone of these quarries is of a
greenish-gray shade of color, fine-grained, and is durable, when
selected with care. The natural-face blocks are often rusty-
looking, ironstained, or dirty yellow. Cascadilla Hall is an
example of the best of it.

Penn Yan, Yates County. — Sandstone for foundation work
is quarried near Head street, and on the east side of the lake,
three miles north of the village.

Portage, Livingston County.— The Portage Bluestone Com-
pany’s quarry is on the west side of the Genesee river, two miles
south of Portageville and three miles from Portage Station,
on the New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad. The Western
New York and Pennsylvania railroad line is a few rods east of
the quarry. The quarry beds have a total thickness of twenty-
five feet. The best stone is olive-green in color, fine-grained,
homogeneous in texture, and soft enough to dress well and to be
easily cut. It is said to harden on exposure to the weather. A
representative specimen from this quarry was found to have a
specific gravity of 2.695 and equivalent to a weight of 168 pounds
per cubic foot. The absorption test indicated 2.97 per cent. of
water absorbed ; treated with dilute solution of sulphuric acid
the loss amounted to 0.42 per cent.; freezing and thawing tests
produced slight scaling. In the test, ata temperature of 1200°-
1400° F., the color changed to dull red. There were no checks,
and the strength of the specimen was but little impaired.

408 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The greater part of the stone quarried here is shipped to New
York city, where it is worked up into house trimmings. Some
of itis sent to Rochester, where it is cut into dimension stone at
the Pitkin yard. The Aldrich Court building, Nos. 41 and 43
Broadway, New York, has Portage stone in the trimmings, in
the first and second stories. Some of this stone was used in the
United States Government building, at Binghamton.

Warsaw, Wyoming County. — There are two sandstone
quarries near this place. The Jameson & Warsaw Manufacturing
Company’s quarry is two miles west of Rock Glen, on the New
York, Lake Erie and Western railroad. It was opened many
years ago, but was idle in 1888-9. Some of the stone in the City
Hall, Rochester, was taken from this quarry. The Warsaw Blue-
Stone Company’s quarry is located one-half mile from Rock Glen
station, and south of Warsaw; a side track runs from the quarry
to the main line of the New York, Lake Erie and Western rail-
road. The Warsaw bluestone is very fine-grained, harder than
the Ohio sandstone, and retains its color on exposure. It has
been used for more than thirty years,in Warsaw and vicinity, for
monumental bases and buildings.

A specimen from the company’s quarry showed a specific
gravity of 2.681, equivalent to a weight of 167 pounds per cubic
foot. It contains 3.22 per cent. of ferric oxide and .23 per cent.
of ferrous oxide. The absorption test gave as a result 2.99 per
cent.; the freezing and thawing tests produced slight checking.
At the high temperature (1200°-1400°F.) there was a slight vit-
rification, somewhat of checking, and the color was changed to
dull-red. The quarrying plant has been largely increased, and
the machinery for sawing and dressing the stone has been set up,
The output during the year 1889 was largely in excess of that of
any previous year. The principal use of this stone is for house
trimmings. The markets are New York city, Syracuse, Elmira,
Corning, Binghamton, Philadelphia and Washington. The
Alpine, corner of Sixth avenue and Thirty-third street, New
York city, the United States Government building, Binghamton
and the Colgate Library building, Hamilton College, are more
prominent examples of the Warsaw bluestone.

DESORIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES ; 409

Chemung Group.

Waverly, Tioga County.— Two quarries are opened and
worked at intervals in the vicinity of this place. The stone
is blue to gray and rather fine-grained. It has been used in
bridge building on the line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western railroad, and in several business blocks in Waverly and
vicinity.

Elmira, Chemung County.— Four quarries have been opened
in the sandstone in the western face of the hill which here
bounds the valley. The stone is fine grained, and has a gray
and greenish-gray color. It is all sold in the rough and used in
Elmira for common wall work, and some of it for curbing. The
average cost is about $1 a perch in the city.

Corning, Steuben County.— There are four quarries in the
sandstone at Corning, in the southern outskirts of the town.
The stone of these quarries is generally fine-grained, and of a
grayish color. It is hard, durable, and does not absorb much
moisture, but in consequence of flint-like seams in it, it can not
be dressed or fine-tooled economically. The natural-face blocks
are often weathered dirty yellow or brown, and hence the need
of careful selection of stone. For ordinary wall work and
foundations it answers well. The Corning stone has been used
in Klmira, in the Congregational church and in the State Refor-
matory buildings. In Corning, the old arsenal, built about thirty
years ago, the Roman Catholic, Protestant Episcopal and First
Presbyterian Church buildings are all of this stone. The best
example can be seen in the basement-wall of the high school,
and in the basement of the residence, near the public school, in
which work great care was taken to select large stones and of
uniform shade of color.

Dansville, Livingston County.— Sandstone for building pur-
poses and for street work is obtained from the quarry, one mile
northeast of the village. The stone is bluish-gray in color, fine-
grained and hard, but accompanied by much waste rock.

The Chemung sandstone is opened in Steuben county at Co-
hocton, Bath, Hornellsville, and in the town of Greenwood.

At the Cohocton quarry the output is all cut into flagging,
which is used in the adjacent towns. .

410 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

In the town of Bath two quarries are worked. The stone is of
a light-gray color, fine-grained and rather hard. Curbstone,
flagging and common wall stone are obtained from these quar-
ries. The county buildings and the Protestant Episcopal and
Baptist churches are built of this stone.

Two quarries are opened and worked in the vicinity of. Hor-
nellsville. The stone has a bluish color, is hard and fine-grained,
The product of these quarries is mostly common building stone,
and is cut at Hornellsville. The Park schoolhouse, the electric-
light building and several stores and residences are built of it.

In Allegany county sandstone quarries are opened at Belmont,
at Belvidere, near Belfast, and in the towns of New Hudson and
Cuba. The Belmont quarry affords a light-blue stone, which,
when cut, has a light-gray shade, and is rather soft and easily
dressed. The principal markets are Belmont, Wellsville and
Angelica. Vanderhoef’s block, in Belmont, besides other build-
ings, are of this stone.

The Belvidere quarry is worked in a small way, mainly for the
local market. Some of the stone is used at Friendship, Angelica,
and a little of it in Wellsville and Hornellsville.

Two miles south of Belfast sandstone is quarried to a limited
extent for a supply of the town. The Baptist church is con-
structed of this stone.

Flagstone is quarried in the town of New Hudson, near the
west line of Belfast. The quarry is worked to a small extent,
and its output is considered the best in this part of the State.

Olean, Cattaraugus County.— The Olean Bluestone Com-
pany quarries a sandstone two and a half mfles south of Olean,
and about 700 feet above the Allegany river. Stone for build-
ing and flagging is obtained and is put on the market as “ Olean
bluestone.” It goes to Buffalo and Rochester. The stone is fine-
grained and has a greenish-gray shade of color.

Jamestown, Chautauqua County. — There are six small
quarries in the eastern part of the town, near the lake outlet.
Bedded with the quarry stone there is much shale, and consequently
a great deal of waste material has to be removed in quarrying.
The bottom beds, from twelve to twenty inches thick, furnish
stone for cut work. The stone of the upper strata is used ‘for

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 411

rubble work. The Jamestown stone is olive-green in color, fine-
grained, soft and breaks with aconchoidalfracture. It hashad an
extensive use at Chautauqua and in Jamestown, both for founda-
tions and retaining walls and for house trimmings.

Other localities in Chautauqua county are in Panama; in the
town of Clymer; in Westfield, near Lake Erie ; and at Laona,
in Pomfret. The quarries at these places are too sinall and com-
paratively unimportant for general description.

Bluestone Quarries of New York by Wm. G. Eberhardt, E. M.

The area in which bluestone is quarried in New York State ex-
tends from the west shore of the Hudson river, in Albany, Ulster
and Greene counties, in a southwesterly direction through Ulster,
Delaware and Sullivan counties to the Delaware river; and there
is a small isolated region in Chenango county, in the towns of
Oxford and Norwich.

The region has been opened in the towns of Kingston and Sau-
gerties, Ulster county, and Catskill, Athens and Coxsackie,
Greene county, at numerous points from which the stone is carted
by the quarrymen to the Hudson, where it is bought by various
dealers along the lines of the Ulster and Delaware railroad, the
Port Jervis and Monticello railroad, the New York, Ontario and
Western railroad, the Erie railroad, and the Delaware and Hud-
son canal. The last-named district extends through the towns
of Mamakating, Sullivan county, and Wawarsing and Marbletown,
Ulster county. Very little quarrying is done in the district at
present.

Of the quarries whose output is shipped wa the Hudson river
the most important are in the town of Saugerties, Ulster county.
The quarries in this township are located at Quarryville, West
Saugerties, Highwood, Bethel and Unionville. This district has
been extensively opened and much stone is produced, although
here, as also in the Ulster and Delaware district, the business of
quarrying has greatly diminished in recent years. The largest
quarries in the town of Saugerties are at Quarryville, about four
miles west of the Hudson. The quarries here are on ledges of stone,
running parallel to the Hudson up into Greene county. Besides
a number of small quarries there are two large openings. One
of these is abandoned, owing to inadequate pumping facilities.

412 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Hand and horse-power pumps were used, and found to be of too
small capacity to handle the water. The owners intend putting
in steam pumps.

About one-half mile north of the village, on the same ledge, is
the other opening, in which four parties are engaged in quarry-
ing—Patrick Kelly, Cornelius Harvey, John 8. Mower & Co., and
A. Carnwright. The total length of the quarry face is about
300 feet. Each quarry employs eight to twelve men, and pro-
duces $4,000 to $6,000 in stone per year. No steam machinery is
used. Pumps are worked by hand or horse power. The quar-
ries are below the level of the surrounding country, and there is
no natural drainage. The water is pumped behind a common
dam, extending the length of the workings. The average thick-
ness of the workable bed in these quarries and in the district
is about thirteen feet. On this lies a stratum of worthless rock,
about three feet thick, which is overlaid by two to twenty feet
of earth. The stone is of three grades as to color and hard-
ness. The top layers of the bed are gray and very hard, while
those of the bottom are blue and softer. Between these an in-
termediate grade can be distinguished.

This change in color and hardness occurs in almost all quarries.
A bed of bluestone is rarely uniform throughout its entire thick-
ness. Usually the color becomes darker as the distance below
the surface and also the distance from the face of the ledge in-
creases. Sometimes, however, the stone is darker in the upper
layers. Thethickness of the several layersalso increases with depth
and distance from the face of the ledge. Usually the stone in
the second block is about twice as heavy as that in the first.
The “lifts” or layers of stone in this district vary from three
inches to four feet in thickness. The stone taken from the lower
lifts does not stand weathering well. It contains seams and
“reeds,” invisible seams, which open when the stone is exposed
to frost. That from the upper lifts is more compact and durable.
The stone is carted to Malden, distant five or six miles by road.
The rough stone is worth forty-eight to sixty cents per cubic foot,
or four to five cents per inch.

A general description can be given of the method of quarrying
throughout the bluestone district, which will apply to all quarries,
with the exception of a very few where steam machinery is used.

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUABRIES 413

The equipment consists of sledge hammers, wedges, plugs and
feathers, crowbars, shovels, wheelbarrows, and a hand derrick in
most of the large quarries. Pumps are rarely necessary. The
bed is first stripped of the overburden. The “stripping” of
“top,” as the overburden is called, is usually earth and worthless
stone. In the most favorable case it is simply a layer of earth.
The worthless rock may be solid, in which case its removal is an
expensive item in quarrying, or it may be very much broken up
or shaly (called “‘ pencil stuff”), when it is easily removed. The
top rock is removed with the aid of blasting powder and
dynamite, and large blasts are sometimes fired when it is heavy.
Thirty kegs of powder have been fired in one of these blasts.
The stripping is done mostly during the winter, and actual
quarrying about nine months in the year.

The beds of stone are divided naturally into blocks by seams
and joints at right angles to each other. In the direction of the
strike of the ledge are the “side seams,” which are very marked,
and, where large areas are stripped, may sometimes be seen
running straight and truly parallel for several hundred feet
without interruption. At right angles to the side seams, and
less regular than these, are joints which form two opposite sides
of a block. The area of blocks varies greatly. That of large
ones may be 1,000 square feet or more. The bed being stripped,
the layers or “lifts” of good stone are successively raised by
means of wedges driven into the natural bedding planes. Large
lifts are broken to desired sizes by plugs and feathers. The
plugs are driven home at the same time as the wedges and aid in
dislodging the stone from its bed. The thickness of lifts varies
from one inch to six feet.

Tn the Highwoods district the quarries are all small, and worked
by two or three men. Two men get out about $1,000 to $1,2u0
in stone per year. These small quarries are worked uatil the
good stone gives out, or more frequently until the top becomes
too heavy to be economically handled on so small a scale. The
beds of stone in this district are very uncertain. Layers of shaly
rock are interstratified with the good bluestone, and pockets of
the same material are irregularly distributed through the beds.
The district is said by quarrymen to be nearly exhausted. The
stone found here is of a good blue color, hard and heavy. All
thicknesses are found up to three or four feet. It is sold to dealers

414 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

at Saugerties and Glasco, seven or eight miles distant. The cost
of cartage is about $1.75 per 100 square feet two inches thick.

The quarries at West Saugerties, Bethel and Unionville are all
small like those in the Highwoods district. The stone is sold to
dealers in Malden, Saugerties and Glasco. The stone is also
carted to Malden and Saugerties from Palenville, Catskill town-
ship, Greene county. This stone is of greenish tint. From
Woodstock, also, stone is carted to Malden. Burhans & Brainard
have yards and a mill at Saugerties, and the Ulster Bluestone
Company at Malden. Other dealers having yards but no mill
are, Sweeney Bros. and James Maxwell, at Saugerties, and W.
Porter, at Glasco.

In the town of Kingston there are a few small quarries at
Dutch Settlement, Hallihan Hill and Jockey Hill, but very little
stone is quarried at these places. It is sold to dealers at Wilbur.
The Ulster and Delaware railroad has opened up the bluestone
country in the towns of Kingston, Hurley, Olive and Shandaken,
Ulster county, but the active quarries in this region are much less
numerous than in former years. The largest are near Stony
Hollow, in Kingston township, and West Hurley, in Hurley
township. Some of the stone from these places is carted to
Rondout and Wilbur, and some shipped by rail to Rondout.
Farther up the road quarries are small and not numerous. Stone
is obtained from all stations along the road as far as Allaben, in
Shandaken township. Some of the largest quarries are Grant’s,
Hewitt Boice’s and James O’Neill’s, at West Hurley. James
O’Neill’s quarry is situated about one-half mile south of the
village of West Hurley, on a ledge running north and south and
dipping slightly west. The bed averages about twelve feet, but
it is not uniform; about three feet of it is poor stone unevenly
distributed through the bed. The stripping varies from five to
fifteen feet. The quarry has been opened for about 300 feet, but
it worked only on a small scale. The thickness of lifts varies
from four to twenty inches. The bottom lifts are of better color
than those nearer the top, whose faces are brown, probably from
the presence of iron. The stone is shipped by rail to Rondout.

Beside the true bluestone there is a brownish variety quarried
at some localities above West Hurley. This is not a handsome
stone and not suitable for ornamental purposes.

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 415

In the towns of Middletown and Roxbury, Delaware county,
a reddish sandstone is found of about the same density and
strength as the bluestone of Ulster county. Very little of it is
quarried. It is sent to Rondout via the Ulster and Delaware
railroad. Experiments on bluestone from West Hurley have
given the following results: Density, 2.721; crushing st ength,
22.45 pounds per square inch. At Rondout Hewitt Boice has
extensive stone yards and a mill. Sweeney Bros. and Julius
Osterhoudt have yards and mills at Wilbur.

The bluestone territory has been extensively opened in Sullivan
county and to a smaller extent in Delaware county and in the town
of Deerpark, Orange county. There are quarries along the lines
of the Port Jervis and Monticello, Erie and New York, Ontario
and Western railroads in these counties. Along the Port Jervis
and Monticello railroad there are quarries at Rose Point, Para-
dise and Oakland, town of Deerpark, and at Hartwood and Gil-
mans, town of Forestburg, Sullivan county. They are all small
and their output is sold to dealers in Port Jervis who ship it east
via the Erie. Terbell & Ridgeway, who have a stone yard at
Port Jervis, handle most of this stone.

In the valley of the Delaware river, along the line of the Erie
railroad, there are quarries in New York State from Deerpark,
Orange county, to the town of Sanford, Broome county. In the
town of Deerpark there are small quarries at Mill Rift, which
sell their output to Louis E. Bliss, New York. At Stairway,
Lumberland township, Sullivan county, there are large quarries
owned by F. A. Kilgour, which are at present idle, but will be
reopened. At Pond Eddy, in the same township, A. H. Wood-
ward operates several quarries and buys the output of others.
The quarries on the New York side of the Delaware are not as
large or as numerous as those on the Pennsylvania side. The
best stone here is more uncertain and of a more pockety
nature than that of Ulster county, and the stone is harder. All
the stone in the Delaware valley from Deerpark to Callicoon,
Delaware township, is quite hard. Beyond this point it becomes
gradually softer and is more easily worked. Most of the stone
on the New York side at Pond Eddy is shipped to Woodward’s
mills at Newark, N. J., via the Delaware and Hudson canal and
the Hudson river, although the freight rates by this route are

416 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

one dollar and sixty-five cents per ton as against one dollar and
fifteen cents per ton via Erie railroad.

Other places in the town of Lumberland at which bluestone is
quarried are in the district opposite Parker’s Glen, Penn., and
Barryville. At the first named of these places the total output
is probably less than $100 per month. The stone quarried is
suitable only for flagstone. Prices paid for the stone by dealers
are from forty-two to forty-five cents per cubic foot or three and
one-half to three and three-fourths cents per inch. Very little
stone is quarried at Barryville. That district is nearly exhausted.

In the town of Tusten quarrying is carried on extensively
opposite Mast Hope, Penn., and at Tusten. Many small quarries
are worked at these places, besides a number of larger ones
employing ten to fifteen men operated by J. Q. A. Conner & Son
of Mast Hope, and C. W. Martin, of Middletown, N. Y. The
stone is quite hard, but not uniformly so, and of several shades of
blue; but hardness and color are quite uniform in the same
quarry. The thickness of lifts varies from one to eighteen or
tweaty inches. At Mast Hope a reddish stone is quarried, but
only true bluestone is found: on the New York side of the river
at this point. At Narrowsburg, in the same township, there are
a number of quarries. Jeremiah Partridge works three quarries
at this point. Two of them are within one-fourth of a mile and
the third within three-fourths of a mile of the stone docks at
Narrowsburg. Thestone in all of them is of good blue color and
readily worked. The lifts in the farther quarry are heavier and
the stone somewhat harder. The owner intends putting steam
drills in this quarry. In Cochecton township there are some
small quarries at Cochecton village, but only a few of them are
being worked.

In Delaware township there are quarries at Callicoon and at
Rock Run. The quarry of Persbacker Bros. & Co., at Callicoon,
is about one-half mile northwest of the village. During fifteen
months that it has been worked about fifty carloads of. fifteen to
eighteen tons each have been shipped from it. All this stone has
been taken from a single block twenty-five by forty-three feet in
area. Five men are at work in this quarry. Most of the
material taken out is flagstone, but some ten and twelve-inch lifts
have been raised. The stone is of good color, bluer in the top

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 417

layers than in the bottom, and very hard. The bed has been
worked downward twelve feet, below which the depth is un-
known. The top is mostly loose earth and varies from two to
ten feet in depth.

There are several large quarries at Hankins in the town of
Fremont. The largest is operated by Manny & Ross. It is one
and one-fourth miles northeast of the village, and employs about
twenty men in the active season. A quarry face of 300 to 400
feet in length has been opened, but only a small part of it is
worked. The workable bed is twenty to twenty-five feet in
thickness. Lifts of all thicknesses up to twenty inches are taken
out. The quarry has been worked for eight years and a large
quantity of stone is still in sight, but most of it is covered by a
very heavy top of rock. The hardness of stone in this locality
varies considerably. Louis E. Bliss buys stone at this place.

At Long Eddy and Basket, in the same township, there are
extensive workings. Kenney Brothers have a large quarry at
Long Eddy, about one fourth of a mile from the railroad. This
quarry has been worked three or four years and has yielded 400
to 500 carloads of stone. The bed is eighteen feet deep, and the
ledge on which the quarry is situated runs nearly north and
south. The top is quite heavy, being mostly rock, twelve to twenty
feet deep, but much broken up and easily removed with the aid
of powder., Lifts are from one to twelve inches in thickness.
The stone is all blue, soft and easily worked. ©. W. Martin, F.
A. Kilgour and L. E. Bliss get stone from these quarries.

In the town of Hancock, Delaware county, quarrying is carried
on very extensively. There are quarries in the Delaware valley
at Lordville, Stockport and Hancock, and also on the line of the
New York, Ontario and Western railroad. Of the quarries in
the Delaware valley, the largest are at Lordville and Stockport.
The stone from these places is very well suited for ornamental
purposes. It is durable and easily worked. That from Lordville
is handled by F. A. Kilgour, Randall & Underwood and Kirk-
patrick Bros. The Stockport stone is claimed to be especially
free from “reeds,” making it well adapted to stand frost and
weathering. It is handled by Kirkpatrick Bros., of Hancock.
Farther up the valley there are quarries at Hale’s Eddy and
Deposit, Tompkins township, Delaware county, and also a few

418 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

in the town of Sanford, Broome county, along the Erie R. kh. At
Hale’s Eddy all the stone is quarried or bought by O. M. Kings-
bury & Co. Randall & Underwood are the most extensive
operators at Deposit. The stone from these places is very soft,
and of different shades of color, from gray to dark-blue. Some of
the gray stone is very coarse-grained.

Along the line of the New York, Ontario and Western rail-
road there are quarries in Sullivan county in the towns of Liberty
and Rockland; in Delaware county, in the towns of Colchester,
Hancock, Tompkins and Walton; and in Chenango county, in
the towns of Oxford and Norwich. Very little quarrying is
done in Liberty township. In Rockland township there are sev-
eral quarries at Roscoe, the largest of which are worked by Wm.
Youman. Farther up the road there are quarries at Cook’s
Falls, town of Colchester, and in Hancock township at Trout
Brook, East Branch, Fish’s Eddy and Hancock Junction. The
stone from all these places is of very much the same character as
to color and hardness. Geo. 8. Harris quarries and buys all the
stone at Hast Branch. The quarries at this place are all small.
At Fish’s Eddy the quarries are larger. Storie & Hollywood
work four quarries at this place.

In the town of Tompkins, Delaware county, there are quarries
at Apex and Rock Rift. At the latter place E. C. Inderlied has
several quarries and amill. At Walton, Walton township, sev-
eral quarries are worked. Jas. Nevins & Sons have a quarry
and mill on the Delhi division of the Ontario and Western rail-
road, about four miles from Walton Junction. The mill has
been removed from Weehawken to Walton, as it is cheaper to
ship the stone dressed than in the rough state. The workable
bed in the quarry is thirty feet in thickness and is covered by a
light top. The F. G. Clarke Bluestone Company quarries exten-
sively in the town of Oxford, Chenango county. The quarries
of this company are located at Oxford and at Coventry, four
miles to the southwest of Oxford, on the Delaware, Lacka-
wanna and Western railroad. The stone from both places is
dressed at the mill of the company at Oxford. The thickness
of the bed in the Oxford quarry is sixteen feet. The top is very
heavy, consisting of about forty feet of loose earth and twenty-
five feet of solid rock. In order to make a profit under such un-

DESCRIPTION OF SANDSTONE QUARRIES 419

favorable conditions, the quarry is worked on a large scale, and
steam machinery is employed in quarrying and handling the
stone. A channeling machine is part of the equipment. The
stone is handled in the quarry by derricks worked by steam, and
is taken out by carts and a wire tramway. The stone is of very
fine quality. Its color is a good blue and very uniform through-
out the bed. It is softer than Ulster county stone and easily
worked, which makes it desirable for ornamental purposes. The
lifts are too heavy for small flagstones, but many large ones,
measuring from fifteen to twenty feet or more on a side, are
taken out. Stone up to six feet thick can be obtained at this
quarry. Powder is used instead of plugs and feathers in get-
ting out large blocks. Deep holes are driiled with steam drills
and reamed out, making a hole about two inches in diameter. A
small charge is placed in each hole, which is tamped so that the
force of the explosion is exerted against an elastic cushion of air,
and the block is thus loosened from its bed without unnecessary
splitting. The charges are fired simultaneously by electricity.
This method is found more satisfactory than channeling.

Stone is quarried at Norwich for local and foreign consump-
tion. A very dark stone is quarried here which is valuable for
ornamental purposes.

Triassic or New Red Sandstone.

Nyack, Rockland County.— Two quarries, located on the
shore of the river, are worked more or less steadily; one by
Daniel T. Smith, the other by Nelson Puff. The stone of these
quarries is worked into lintels, sills and platforms. The product
is mainly for the local market.

Haverstraw, Rockland County. —The sandstone quarries at
Haverstraw are worked only at long intervals, and then for com-
mon building stone which is used in the place.

Formerly these Nyack and Haverstraw quarries were worked
on a large scale, and stone for building was shipped thence to
New York and cities along the Hudson valley.

The house still standing near the Smith quarry, which was
built in 1768, shows the durable nature of the stone. The Cor-
nelius house in Nyack is another example.

490 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

GLACIAL DRIFT

This formation, consisting of unsorted clays, sands, gravels,
cobbles and boulders, is found in all parts of the State. The
nature of the imbedded stone varies greatly both as to variety
and amount. In places the deposits are full of large blocks of
stone and of more or less rounded and scratched boulders; in
other localities the hard, quartzose cobbles and small boulders
predominate. In the sandstone districts of the southern and
western parts of the State the surface deposits of glacial drift
contain much sandstone, as in the Medina sandstone belt, the
Hudson River bluestone territory and the red sandstones at Hav-
erstraw and Nyack In the Highlands and in the Adirondacks
the rounded, crystalline, granitoid and gneissic rocks predomi-
nate. On Long Island the terminal moraine includes a great
amount of stone, and of many kinds.

The cobblestones were formerly used for paving roadways, but
this kind of pavement is no longer laid. From the fact of the
stone being picked off the fields in the clearing of land for tillage,
the stone of the drift has been known as ‘“field-stone;”
and they were used in the earlier constructions for walls, foun-
dations and buildings, in localities where no quarries had been
opened, and even before resort was had to quarry stone

Some of the oldest houses on the western end of Long Island,
and in the Hudson River counties are built of such field stone.
At Yonkers the excavations for foundations and in street grad-
ing afford an abundant supply of stone for common wall work.
In parts of Brooklyn the drift furnishes a great deal of stone in
the shape of huge boulders.

The stone of the drift is generally hard and durable, having
resisted the wear of rough transportation. The economic, use
of the surface stones of the drift in constructive work, where they
can be laid up in walls, is a desirable utilization of what is still
in many parts of the State worse than waste — a nuisance in the
tilling of the soil. This formation can not, however, be con-
sidered as one of the important sources of stone in the quarry
industry, although capable of yielding a great deal of rough
stone. It will no doubt do so in the future clearing and im-
provement of the country.

SLATE 421

SLATE

Argillite or clay-slate, which is marked by the presence of
cleavage planes, and can be split into thin plates of uniform
thickness — roofing slate — is a characteristic rock in the Hudson
River group and the Lower Cambrian or Georgia group.

Slate suitable for roofing has been found in many localities,
and quarries have been opened in Orange, Dutchess, Columbia,
Rensselaer and Washington counties. The openings in Orange
county have not resulted in productive quarries. In Columbia
county quarries were worked many years ago, east of New
Lebanon.* The Hoosick quarries, in Rensselaer county, were
more extensively worked, and produced a good, black slate.
Outcrops of red slate are noted east of the Hudson, from Fishkill
and Matteawan northward, but no attempts have been made to
open quarries in them.

The productive slate quarries of the State are in a narrow belt,
which runs a north-northeast course through the towns of Salem,
Hebron, Granville, Hampton and Whitehall, in Washington
county.

This slate belt is divided by the quarrymen into four parallel
ranges or “veins,” which are: East Whitehall red slates; the
Mettowee, or North Bend red slate; the purple, green and varie-
gated slates of Middle Granville; and the Granville red slates.
The latter is close to the Vermont line. Further to the east,
but over the State line, in Vermont, is the range of the sea-green
slates.

The quarry localities are at Shushan, Salem, Black Creek
valley, in the town of Salem, Slateville, in Hebron, Granville, the
Penrhyn Slate Company’s quarries, Middle Granville, Mettowee
or North Bend quarries, and the Hatch Hill quarries in Kast
Whitehall.

The quarries of Washington county have not yet been worked
down to as great depth as some of those in Northampton and
Lehigh counties, in Pennsylvania, and the deepest has not reached
a vertical depth of 100 feet.

The quarries at the southwest, in Shushan and Salem, produce
purple, variegated and green-colored slates. At Salem some

* Win, W. Mather, Geology of the First Geological District, Albany, 1843, pages 419-421,

492 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

stone for flagging and foundation work is obtained. At the
quarries west and northwest of the village of Salem, and at
Slatesville, in Hebron, the slate is red.

The principal range of red slate is that which runs from Gran-
ville north — passing east of Middle Granville. It is narrow»
being in places less than thirty rods wide. There are numerous
openings in it, and it has yielded a large amount of red, and some
unfading green, roofing slate.

In Middle Granville the purple, green and variegated varieties
are found. North of the village, a quarter to three-quarters of
a mile, are the large openings of the Penrhyn Slate Company,
which produce purple, unfading green and variegated (green and
purple) slates. A large part of the output of these quarries is
worked up in their mills into plain, marbleized, decorative and
enameled material, as mantels, steps, house trimmings, table tops,
laundry tubs, wainscoting and floor tiles.

The Mettowee or North Bend quarries, three and a half miles
north of Middle Granville, are worked by two companies. Their
product is a red roofing slate.

The Hatch Hill group of quarries is six miles southeast of
Whitehall. There are four openings. |

The slate is of a bright-red color. A part of it is split at the
quarry into roofing material. Perhaps an equally large amount
is cut into floor-tiling, billiard table tops and house trimming
materials. These quarries are much deeper than those of the
Granville red slate range, and the slate has a brighter red color,
and is more easily worked than that of the latter range.

Their product, mostly finished stock, has to be carted by teams
six miles to Whitehall or to Middle Granville, shipping points.

The green slate of these Washington county quarries is almost
all of the unfading variety, which is more durable and more valu-
able than the sea-green slate. The variegated (purple and green)
also is durable, but is softer and less valuable than the red, which
is esteemed for roofing and tiling purposes.

The purple and green slates are more abundant, and are used
more for marbleizing.

A specimen of the red roofing slate of Washington county was
tested and found to have a specific gravity of 2.84, equivalent to
a weight of 177 pounds per cubic foot. It contained 1.87 per

LIMESTONE AND MARBLE 423

cent. of ferrous oxide and 7.36 per cent. of ferric oxide. Its
absorptive percentage was 0.15. It lost 0.07 per cent. in weight
in the sulphuric acid solution test. It remained unchanged in
tests of alternate freezing and thawing.

The estimated production of red roofing slate in 1889 was
5,000 squares. The ruling prices per square were as follows :*

ROG. apt ten aidan soe stone chars idtmetaretere sels aga adeied Se $8 00 to $10 00
BUT ple vee ae eercyrig ate siivotesuens datrareilevalats SicHeieas 4s wa 38 50to 4 00
Unfading-green......... A OCOD SEIU OS SHINO ae 3 50to 4 00
Sea-green ....... A iverenesaenatenens aiaborevale sravensuayey sere aie 27 to 3 00
Variegated...... A bevehelGrslenaehsiarstertievey lias oucrereie ¢ sien 2 50to 2 75

Norr.— A recent bulletin of the United States Census gives a list of firms producing slate,
and the statistics of production, labor, wages, etc. According to this report there are sixteen
quarries in this State, which preduced in 1889 17,167 squares of rocfing slate, and slate for
other purposes valued at $44,577, making a total value of $120,603.

LIMESTONE AND MARBLE

Limestones consist essentially of calcium carbonate. They are,
however, often quite impure; and the more common accessory
constituents are silica, clay, oxides of iron, magnesia, and bitumi-
nous matter. And these foreign materials may enter into their
composition to such an extent as to give character to the mass,
and hence they are said to be silicious, argillaceous, ferruginous,
magnesian, dolomitic, and bituminous.

The chemical composition is subject to great variation, and
there is an almost endless series of gradation between these
various kinds of varieties. Thus, the magnesium carbonate may
be present, from traces, to the full percentage of a typical dolo-
mite. Or, the silica may range from the fractional percentage to
the extreme limit where the stone becomes a calcareous sand-
stone. Crystallized minerals, as mica, quartz, talc, serpentine
and others, also occur, particularly in the more crystalline
limestone.

In color there is a wide variation—from the white of the more
nearly pure carbonate of lime through gray, blue, yellow, red,
brown, and to black. Thecoloris dependent upon the impurities.

The texture also varies greatly. All limestones exhibit a
crystalline structure under the microscope, but to the unaided
eye there are crystalline and massive varieties. And there are

* Letter of Hugh Williams of Middle Granville, January 22, 1890.

494 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

coarse crystalline, fine crystalline, and sub-crystalline, according
as the crystals are larger, smaller, or recognized by the aid of a
magnifying glassonly. The terms coarse-grained and fine-grained
may apply when there is a resemblance to sandstone in the granu-
lar state: faggregation. Other terms, as saccharoidal (like sugar),
_ ovlitic, when the mass resembles the roe of a fish; crinoidal, made
up of the stems of fossil crinoids, also are in use, and are
descriptive of texture. The state of aggregation of the con-
stituent particles varies greatly, and the stone is hard and com-
pact, almost like chert, or is loosety held together and crumbles
on slight pressure, or again it is dull and earthy as in chalk. _

The crystalline, granular limestones, which are susceptible
of a fine polish, and which are adapted to decorative work, are
classed as marbles. Inasmuch as the distinction is in part based
upon the use, it is not sharply defined and scientific. Generally
the term is restricted to those limestones in which the sediments
have been altered and so metamorphosed as to have a more or
less crystalline texture. ‘There is however some confusion in the
use of the terms, and the same stone is known as marble and
limestone, e. g., the Lockport limestone or marble; the limestone
and coral shell marble of Becraft’s mountain, near Hudson; the
Lepanto marble or limestone near Plattsburg, and others.

The fossiliferous limestones are made up of the remains of
organisms which have grown in situ, as for example, the coralline
beds in the Helderberg and Niagara limestones, or have been
deposited as marine sediments. In the case of the latter the fossils
are more or less comminuted and held in a calcareous matrix.
Generally the fossil portions of the mass are crystalline. The
Onondaga gray limestone from near Syracuse, and the Lockport
encrinital limestone are good examples.

The fossil remains are less prominent and scarcely visible in
some of the common blue limestones, as in the lower beds of
Calciferous and in some of the Helderberg series. These rocks
are compact, homogeneous and apparently uncrystalline
and unfossiliferous. They are usually more silicious or
argillaceous, that is, they contain quartz or clay, the latter
often in seams rudely parallel with the bedding planes. On
weathering, the difference in composition is often markedly
apparent at a glance. Similar differences in composition are seen

LIMESTONE AND MARBLE | 425

in the more crystalline marbles, and are evident either by varia-
tion in color, or in the presence of foreign minerals, as mica,
quartz, hornblende, pyrite, etc.

The variation in the strength and durability is as great as in
the composition and texture. Some are stronger than many
granites in their resistance to crushing force, and equally endur-
ing ; others consist of loosely cohering grains, and are friable
and rapidly dissolved by atmospheric agencies. The more sili-
cious and compact limestones are generally the more durable
and stronger; in the marbles the well-crystallized and more
homogeneous texture consists with endurance and strength.
Both the magnesian and dolomitic varieties are good stone as is
proven by the Calciferous and the Niagara limestones, and in the
marbles of Tuckahoe and Pleasantville, in Westchester county.

Crystalline limestones occur in New York city and Westches-
ter county, and in the Highlands of the Hudson. In the Adi-
rondack region there are numerous localities. The rock in many
of them is too impure and has too many foreign minerals
to admit of its use as marble. Quarries have been opened in
Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess counties, which have yielded
a large amount of fine white marble. In the northern part of
the State, the Port Henry and the Gouverneur quarries have been
productive. The geological horizon of some of these marbles is
in doubt. The belt in the eastern part of Dutchess and Putnam
counties belongs to the Vermont marble range, and is probably
metamorphosed Trenton limestone. The Westchester marbles
may be of the same age.

The limestones which furnish building stone in this State are
the Calciferous, Chazy, Birdseye, Black River, Trenton, Niagara,
Lower Helderberg, Upper Helderberg, or Corniferous, and Tully.
The geographical distribution is given in the following notes, and
in the order of geological succession, from the lowest to the
highest.

Catoirrrous SANDROOK.

The rocks of the Calciferous formation in the Mohawk valley
and in the Champlain valley are more silicious than at the south-
west, in Orange county and in the Hudson valley, and hence the
designation as a sandrock. Much of it at the north isa limestone
rather than a sandstone, and may be termed a magnesian or silicio-

426 NEW YORK STATE MOSEUM

magnesian limestone. Nearly all of the limestones, which are
quarried for building stone, in Orange and Dutchess counties are
from this formation. The stone occurs generally in thick and
regular beds. It is hard, strong and durable and is adapted for
heavy masonry as well as for fine cut work. The quarries near
Warwick, Mapes’ Corners and near Newburgh in Orange county
and those on the Hudson River, near New Hamburg, are in the
Calciferous. The Sandy Hill quarry and those at Canajoharie
and Little Falls are also in it.

Trenton LimEsToneE.

Under this head the Chazy, Birdseye, Black River and Trenton
limestones are included.

The Chazy limestone crops out in Essex and Clinton counties
and in the Champlain valley — its typical localities. The beds
are thick and generally uneven. Regular systems of joints help
the quarrymen in getting out large blocks. Quarries at Wills-
boro Point and near Plattsburg are in the horizon of the
Chazy. The stone is suitable for bridge work and for heavy
masonry. ;

The members of the Trenton above the Chazy limestone are
recognized in many outcrops in the southeastern part of the
State; in the Hudson-Champlain valley; in the Mohawk val-
ley ; in the valley of the Black River and northwest, border-
ing Lake Ontario; and in a border zone on the north of
the Adirondacks, in the St. Lawrence valley. In a formation
so widely-extended there is, as might be expected, some
variation in bedding, texture and color. Much of the
Trenton limestone formation proper is thin-bedded and shaly
and unfit for building stone. In the Birdseye also the
stone of many localities is disfigured on weathering, by its pe-
culiar fossils. Generally the stone is sub-crystalline, hard
and compact and of a high specific gravity and dark-blue
to gray in color. But the variation is wide, as for example,
between the black marble of Glens Falls and the gray, crystalline
rock of the Prospect quarries near Trenton Falls. The variation
is often great within the range of a comparatively few feet ver-
tically ; and the same quarry may yield two or more varieties of
building stone. In several quarries the Birdseye and Trenton

LIMESTONE AND MARBLE 497

are both represented. Many quarries have been opened in the
formation and there are many more localities where stone has
been taken from outcropping ledges, which are not developed
into quarries proper. The more important localities which are
worked steadily are: Glens Falls, Amsterdam, Tribes Hill, Cana-
joharie, Palatine Bridge and Prospect in the valley of the
Mohawk ; and Lowville, Watertown, Three Mile Bay, Chaumont
and Ogdensburg in the Black River and St. Lawrence valleys.
The railroad and canal lines, which traverse the territory occu-
pied by these formations, afford transportation facilities and
offer inducements to those who are seeking new quarry sites
where these limestones may be found in workable extent.

Niagara Limestone.

The Niagara limestone formation is well developed west from
Rochester to the Niagara river; and there are large quarries in
it at Rochester, at Lockport and at Niagara Falls. The gray,
sub-crystalline stone in thick beds is quarried for building pur-
poses. It is filled with encrinital and coralline fossils and the un-
ecual weathering of the matrix and the fossiliferous portions are
sometimes such as to give the dressed surface a pitted appearance
with cavities which roughen and disfigure it. For founda-
tions and heavy masonry it is well adapted. It has been exten-
sively employed in the western part of the State.

Lower Huetpersere Limestones.

The Water-lime, Tentaculite and Pentamerus limestones are
included in this group. The outcrops are in the Rondout valley,
southwest from Kingston to the Delaware river; in the foot-
hills east of the Catskills —in Ulster and Greene counties; on
Becraft’s mountain, near Hudson; and in a belt stretching west
from the Hudson valley, along the Helderbergs Hae across
Schoharie into Herkimer county.

The Tentaculite limestone is dark-colored, compact and in
thick beds and can be quarried in large blocks. Some of it can
be polished and makes a beautiful black marble, as for example,
that of Schoharie. !

The Pentamerus limestones, both the lower and the upper, are
in thick beds and are gray, sub-crystalline in texture, and look

498 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

well when dressed. They are adapted to heavy masonry as well
as for cut work.

Quarries are opened in this group of limestones in the Scho-
harie valley, at Howe’s Cave, Cobleskill, Cherry Valley and in
Springfield. The quarries west of Catskill and in Becraft’s
mountain, near Hudson, are also in it.

Urrrer HeEiperserg LIMEstones.

The Upper Helderberg formation appears inthe Hudson valley
at Kingston; thence it runs in a belt west of the river, to the
Helderberg mountains, bending to the west-northwest, and then
west it continues across the State to the Niagara River and Lake
Erie. The subdivisions are known as the Onondaga, the Cor-
niferous and the Seneca limestones. The first is more generally
recognized as the “Onondaga gray limestone” and the last as
the Seneca blue limestone.

There is much diversity in the limestones of this group in
its long range of outcrop. The Onondaga gray stone is gray
in color, coarse crystalline; and makes beautiful ashlar work,
either as rock face or as fine tooled, decorative pieces.

The Corniferous limestone is hard and durable, but it is so full
of chert that it can only be used for common wall work.

The Seneca blue limestone is easily dressed and is a fairly
good building stone.

Limestone of the Upper Helderberg epoch is quarried exten-
sively at Kingston, Ulster county, and isa valuable building stone.
In Onondaga county there are the well-known Splitrock and
Reservation groups of quarries, which have produced an immense
quantity of excellent and beautiful stone and which has found
a market in all of the central part of the State. They are inthe
lower member of the group. Going west, there are the large
quarries in the Seneca limestone at Union Springs, Waterloo,
Seneca Falls and Auburn. The LeRoy, Williamsville, Buffalo
and Black Rock quarries are in the Corniferous limestone.

The aggregate output of the quarries in the Upper Helderberg
limestones exceeds in value that of any other limestone formation
in the State. The many quarries of the Trenton probably pro-
duce more stone.

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 499

Toxtity Limestonn.

The Tully limestone lying above the Hamilton shales, is a thin
formation which is seen in Onondaga county and to the west —
on the shores of Cayuga lake — in Seneca county and disappear-
ing in Ontario county. It does not furnish any stone other than
for rough work and in the immediate neighborhood of its
outcrops.

CarcarEous Tura

Asa supplement to the limestones the quarry in calcareous
tufa at Mohawk, in the Mohawk valley, should here be men-
tioned, although the quarry is of no importance and there is no
outcrop large enough for much work in it.

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE
QUARRIES

Marbles

New York City.—A white, crystalline limestune was formerly
quarried at Kingsbridge and used in the construction cf buildings
in the city. The same limestone is now exposed in the deep cut
made for the Harlem ship canal. Crystalline limestone has
been quarried at Morrisania and Mott Haven also, but they
can scarcely be called marbles in a proper sense, although used
for ordinary construction.

Tremont, New York City.— Four quarries have been opened
in the white marble in Trem nt, and worked for house trimmings
and ordinary construction. The Tremont marble can be seen in
the new buildings of St. John’s College, Fordham, where it has
been used effectively with the dark-blue gneiss. The output of
these quarries is small and unimportant.

Tuckahoe, Westchester County.— The Tuckahoe Marble
Company and the New York Marble Company quarry marble at
Tuckahoe. The first-named company works what was form-
erly known as Young’s quarry. The latter company has a
large quarry adjoining it on the north. The stone of these
quarries is coarsely-crystalline in texture and pure white.
In composition it is a true dolomite. A sample from the New
York Quarry Company (J. M. Masterton) was found to contain

430 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

30.68 per cent. of lime, and 2:.77 per cent. of magnesia, and 0.91
per cent. of insoluble matter. The specific gravity was 2.868,
equivalent to 178 pounds per cubic foot. The absorption test
indicated 0.14 per cent. of water absorbed. The loss in weight
when acted upon by sulphuric acid gas amounted to 0.25 per
cent. Freezing and thawing produced no apparent change. At
a high temperature the specimen was calcined and crumbled at
the touch. The Tuckahoe quarries have been worked since
1820, and have produced a large aggregate of marble, which has
been put in large and expensive buildings in cities along the
Atlantic coast from Boston to New Orleans. It is comparatively
durable and resists the action of the weather better than much
of the Vermont and the foreign marbles, which have been used
in New York city. A noticeable change from long exposure is
a slight yellowish shade of color, which can be seen in the United
States Assay Office building, Wall street, in the building of the
National Shoe and Leather Bank, and in the houses of the cardi-
naland of the archbishop on Madison avenue. Some of the more
prominent structures in which Tuckahoe marble has been used
are the following: The United States Post-Office, United States
Naval Observatory and the Soldiers’ Home, Washington, D. C.;
the City Hall, Brooklyn; the A. T. Stewart buildings on Broad-
way and Fifth avenue, New York, and the Sears building,
Vendome Hotel and Revere Bank in Boston.

Pleasantville, Westchester County.— The Snowflake Marble
Company’s quarry is one mile southeast of the village of Pleas-
antville. This marble is white and very coarse-crystalline. It
is much harder than the Vermont marbles and does not compete
with them for monumental work. The chemical analysis shows
it to be a dolomitic limestone or marble. Examples of its use
are: St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, Fifth avenue, and
the Union Dime Savings building, Sixth avenue and Thirty-
second street, New York city; also the Methodist Episcopal
church in Sing Sing.

Hastings, Westchester County.— The marble quarries near
Hastings produce a white, fine-crystalline, dolomitic stone. They
have been idle for many years.

ZSCRIPTION OF .MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUAERIES 431

Sing Sing, Westchester County.— The crystalline limestone
east of the State”prison and on the State property was formerly
worked for marble; and the prison buildings and the State Hall
at Albany are built of stone which came from these quarries.

White limestone in the Dover Plains — Patterson valley has
been opened at several points between Patterson on the south and
‘Dover Plains on the north, and a white marble has been obtained
and worked up largely for monumental bases and gravestones.
The stone of these quarries is bluish-white and fine-crystalline in
texture and is readily dressed. They have been idle for several
years past.

Towner’s Four Corners, Putnam County.— The old quarry
at this locality was opened two years ago for stone to be used in
the construction of the Sodom dam. The stone is gray and
white, rather coarse-crystalline and contains many crystals of
white pyroxene scattered through the mass. The friable and
decomposed condition of the ledges near the quarry leads to the
belief that the stone is not very durable.

Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County.— At Gouverneur there
are three companies working marble quarries. The works and
quarries are located about one mile southwest of the village and
near the R., W. & O. railroad line. There are two leading varie-
ties of stone obtained in these quarries; a light gray at the top
and a dark-blue at the bottom. The latter resembles, when
dressed, some of the gray granites. Both varieties are coarse
crystalline in structure. A specimen from the St. Lawrence
Marble Company’s quarry was found to have a specific gravity of
2.756, equivalent to a weight of 171 pounds per cubic foot ; 51.57
per cent. of lime, 3.29 per cent. of magnesia and 1.29 per cent.
insoluble matter. The absorbed water amounted to 1.16 per cent.
The loss, when acted upon by sulphurous acid gas, was 0.15 per
cent.; freezing and thawing produced no apparent change. Ata
high temperature, (12v0°-14.00°) the specimen was fully calcined.

‘‘The Gouverneur marble was employed at least fifty years
ago for gravestones, and in the Riverside cemetery, at Gouver-
neur, these old gravestones, bearing dates from 1818 onward, can
-. now be seen. As compared with the white marble headstones
from Vermont it is more durable; and there is not so luxuriant
a growth of moss and lichen as on the latter stone, but in the

439 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

case of the older Gouverneur stone some signs of decay and dis-
integration, particularly on the tops, are noticeable, and small
pieces can be chipped off with the knife blade. The durability
of the stone for building purposes has been tested in some of the
older structures in Gouverneur.”

The leading use of the Gouverneur marble is for monuments.
A large amount ts sold for rock-ashlar, for buildings, principally
to western markets. It may be seen in several business blocks
in Gouverneur; Hubbard House, Malone; in the Presbyterian
church, Canton; in the Flower Memorial Chapel, Watertown ;
and the State Asylum for the Insane at Ogdensburg, and Merrick
block, Syracuse.

Canton, St. Lawrence County.— A grayish-white marble is
opened in this town, four miles easterly from Canton. It has
not been worked lately.

Verpv-AntTiguk MaRBLE.

Thurman, Warren County.— The verd-antique marble locality
is open in this town, eight miles northwest of Thurman, and
five miles from Glendale station. The quarry was worked for
three years and then abandoned. ‘The stone is of a yellowish-
green color and not the deep rich green, characteristic of precious
serpentine.

Bolton, Warren County.— Localities of serpentine marble are
known in this town, but they have not been developed into
quarries.

Port Henry, Essex County.— The Burlington Manufacturing
Company has a quarry of verd-antique marble about one-quarter
of a mile north of the Cheever ore bed. The stone is coarse-
granular, green and white, speckled, in color and is capable of
taking a good polish. The place has been idle since 1886.

LIMESTONES.

Warwick, Orange County.— The blue, magnesian limestone
formation here affords a good building stone for the local supply,
and the quarries are worked at intervals, according to the
demand.

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 433

Mapes Corner, Orange County.— The quarries on Mount
Lookout near Orange Farm station of the Pine Island Branch
railroad furnish stone to Goshen, Chester and the adjacent
country. The stone occurs in thick beds and is adapted for
massive wall work. The Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal and
Roman Catholic churches in Goshen and the Roman Catholic
church in Chester are examples in construction.

Newburg.— Blue limestone is quarried southwest of the city,
near the old Cochecton turnpike, and on the north slope of Snake
Hill. It has been used largely for retaining walls and founda-
tions in the city. St. George’s Protestant Episcopal Church is
built of stone from this range. North of the city there is a small
quarry on the river road.

New Hamburg, Dutchess County.— The quarry, two miles
north of New Hamburg, is worked for bridge stone for the
N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co. and for ballast.

Kingston, Ulster County. — The outcrops of the Onondaga
limestone formation in the city have afforded stone for build-
ing from the earliest settlement of the place, and the old stone-
houses are in part built of this stone. Quarries have been opened
from the Kingston and Rondout railroad on Main street, and
near Union avenue southwest to the cemetery, and near Washing-
ton and Pearl streets in the western part of the city. The beds
are from two to eight feet thick. Two well-marked systems of
vertical joints divide the rock into blocks of a size convenient for
quarrying. Freshly-fractured surfaces of this limestone are of a
dark-blue shade; weathered surfaces are gray, in some cases
brown-yellow. ‘Thin seams of argillaceous or more clayey rock,
from one-sixteenth to one-fourth of an inch, alternating irregu-
larly with the calcareous portions, cause unequal wear in exposed
faces and develop lines of dirty yellow in the gray background of
the stone, which are unsightly. They do not, however, impair
seriously its strength or durability, except when the stone is set
on edge. Some chert and scattering crystals of pyrite occur in
some of the surface beds, but the lower and thicker beds appear to
be free from these minerals. The stone is best adapted for founda-
tions and for heavy masonry as it is hard, dense, very strong and
to be had in large blocks. These quarries have furnished the
great bulk of stone used in Kingston. The piers of the Pough-

434 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

keepsie bridge ; part of the anchorage and piers of the New
York and Brooklyn bridge ; locks at Cohoes and Waterford, and St-
Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church in Newburgh are examples of
the Kingston limestones. ‘These quarries are not worked con-
tinuously.

Greenport, Columbia County.— The quarries near Hudson in
the town of Greenport are opened on the north end, and in the
western escarpment of Becraft’s mountain. Geologically they
are in the Upper Pentamerus and Encrinal limestone divisions of
the Lower Helderberg horizon and the stone is a nearly pure car-
bonate of lime. It is gray to reddish gray in color, sub-crystal-
line to crystalline and highly fossiliferous. The beds are from
four inches to six feet thick, and afford blocks of large size. The
stone is susceptible of a high polish, and is adapted to decorative .
purposes, preferable for interior work. It has béen known as
“coral-shell marble” and ‘‘scutella marble.” Nearly all of the
foundations and retaining walls in the city of Hudson are of this
stone. The Presbyterian church is a good architectural.example
of its use. The quarries of F. W. Jones are worked continuously
and the railroad connects them with the New York Central and
Hudson River railroad and the river.

Champlain Valley.

Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County.— Blue limestone for
common masonry has been quarried at several places in the
town.

The largest quarries are those of Charles G. Slade and Isaac F.
Wager, about three miles west of the village. The geological
horizon is Calciferous and Trenton.

The stone is of a dark-blue shade. That of the thick beds is
rather easily dressed and is worked up into dimension blocks for
curbing, and house-trimming and heavy bridge work on the
Delaware and Hudson Canal Co.’s railroad lines. It has to be
carted to Saratoga, where a large part of the total output is used
in house-work. ,

Sandy Hiil, Warren County.— The Sandy Hill Quarry Com-
pany has extensive quarries two miles from the Sandy Hill rail-
road station, and a half mile northeast of the canal.

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 435

The formation is that of the calciferous sand rock. A large
area has been worked over to a slight depth. There is a thin
covering of earth from one to two feet thick; then quarry beds
one to seven feet thick, down at least to forty feet. The dip is
less than five degrees to the south.

Open and vertical, dirt-filled joints are a peculiar feature and
facilitate the removal of huge blocks. The long working face
and natural drainage are also advantages. And with a com-
plete equipment of steam drills, derricks and movable railways,
the capacity of production is large. The annual output in cubic
yards is greater than’ that of any other single building-stone
quarry in the State, and is increasing from year to year.

The stone is of a light blue color, and fine-grained. Its specific
gravity is 2.764 and its weight per cubic foot 172 pounds. A
partial chemical analysis gave 27.35 per cent of matter insoluble
in dilute hydrochloric acid. The lime and magnesia are present
in proportions approximating to a dolomite. The absorption
capacity was found to be 0.14 per cent. When treated with a
1 per cent. solution of sulphuric acid the loss in weight was
2.51 per cent. Freezing and thawing did not produce any
apparent effect. Exposed to a heat of 1200° to 1400° F. the
stone was partially calcined and crumbled with a blow. On
account of its hardness, it can not be dressed economically, and
very little of it is used for housework. It is specially adapted
to heavy masonry. It was used in the Arthur Kill bridge on
Staten Island sound, in the rear wall on Governor’s Island, in the
walls of the sunken track of the Harlem railroad, in the Croton
aqueduct gatehouse, New York city, the Poughkeepsie bridge
piers, and in the battle monument at Bennington, Vermont.

Glens Falls.— There are two large quarries in the Trenton
limestone, one on each side of the Hudson river at Glens Falls.
That of the Morgan Lumber and Lime Company on the Saratoga
county side is no longer worked for building stone. The quarry
on the left bank, in Warren county, belongs to the Glens Falls
Company, and is worked for black limestone or “ marble.”

There is a long working-face in which a gray, crystalline lime-
stone is seen in thin beds at the top, then the black marble,
which has, in two beds, a total thickness of twelve feet.

436 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

The gray limestone is sold in the rough for common wall work,
or cut into house-trimming material.

The black marble is fine-grained and compact, hard and brittle,
but can be dressed in any style. It takes a brilliant polish and is
jet black. Its specific gravity is 2.713 and its weight per cubic
foot 159.4 pounds. According to analysis it is a magnesian lime-
stone, carrying a high percentage (80.18) of matters insoluble in
hydrochloricacid. The percentage of water absorbed is relatively
low, 0.08. The specimens remained unchanged in the tests by
alternate freezing and thawing. At a high heat (1200°—1400°)
the stone was calcined and crumbled to the touch.

For tiling it is particularly well adapted, as it does not wear
slippery. It is worked up in a mill at the quarry, and tiles,
shelves, mantels, lintels, coping-stone, wainscoting, billiard table
tops and material for all inside, decorative work, are cut. Among
the examples of inside work, the building of the Equitable
Insurance Company, Broadway, New York, is perhaps the best.
The market for it is all over the country.

The quarry is at the side of the Champlain canal (feeder) and
one half mile from the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company’s
railroad.

Whitehall, Washington County.— The quarry of the Arana
Marble Company at the side of the railroad, about half way
between Whitehall and Fair Haven, has not been worked except
for stone for flux in iron furnaces

Crown Point, Essex County.— The quarries in this town have
not been worked recently.

Willsboro Neck, Essex County.— The Chazy limestone on
this Neck, has been opened in two large quarries. A large
business was done in 1854 and thereafter for about twenty years,
and much of the stone was used in the foundations of the
Capitol at Albany, and in those of the New York and Brooklyn
bridge.

The stone can be seen in the Reformed Church, Swan street,
Albany, and in the State Street M. E. Church in Troy. It has
been known in the market as “Lake Champlain bluestone.”
The stone is light-blue in color, weathering to a light-gray.

The light stripping necessary to open the quarries, the uniform
thickness of the beds, the regular, vertical joints, and the loca-

DESORIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 437

tion on the lake accessible by boats, are notable advantages.
One quarry only is now worked and that in a small way.

Plattsburg, Clinton County.— In the vicinity of Plattsburg
there are several small quarries in the Chazy limestone which
furnish stone for construction in the town. The St. John’s
Roman Oatholic Church and the First Presbyterian Church are
built of this stone.

South of Plattsburg three and a half miles, the Burlington
Manufacturing Company has a quarry where a limestone is
obtained, which is known in the market as “ Lepanto marble.”
It is fine-crystalline in texture, gray to red in color, and takes a
high polish. The specific gravity is 2.709, and its weight per
cubic foot is 168.8 pounds. It contains 1.54 per cent. only of
matter insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and 94.87 per cent.
of calcium carbonate. The absorption test showed 0.145 per
cent. of water absorbed. In freezing and thawing there was no
change, but at a high heat the stone was fully calcined and
crumbled to the touch.

The stone has to be hauled by teams to the lake, one mile east
of the quarry. It isdressed at the company’s works in Burling-
ton, Vermont.

The principal markets for it are Burlington and Plattsburg.

Mohawk Valley.

In Schenectady county there are two small quarries on the
south side of the Mchawk river, and near Pattersonville station,
which are worked at infrequent intervals for the local market.
They are in the horizon of the Trenton limestone.

Amsterdam, Montgomery County.— The Birdseye limestone
and the Trenton limestone outcrops in the valley of the Chuc-
tanunda creek afford sites for quarrying building stone, and four
quarries have been opened north of the town of Amsterdam,
and at a height of 180 to 250 feet above the Mohawk valley.
The stone is in beds from six inches to three feet thick which are
almost horizontal. The rough stone is sold for making lime,
the best is cut into platforms, sills, lintels, and house-trimming
materials. The principal markets are Amsterdam, Albany,
Cohoes and Troy. Shanahan’s quarry furnished a large amount

438 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

of stone for the foundation of the Capitol at Albany. The other
‘quarries are Hewitt’s and Vanderveer’s.

Tribes Hill, Montgomery County.— There are two! large
quarries near the station ofthe N. Y.C. H.R. R. R. at Tribes
Hill: that of Henry Hurst & Son, a few rods west of the depot,
and one east of it, belonging to James Shanahan. The former
is worked steadily and mainly for constructions in the neighbor-
ing towns; the latter has been idle for several years.

The upper strata in both quarries are of blue limestone suitable
for common rubble work or for lime making. The graystone of
the thicker and lower beds is fine-crystalline to sub-crystalline in
texture, and having a specific gravity of 2.718. The computed
weight per cubic foot is 169 pounds. It contains, according to
analysis, matters insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid 2.48 per
cent ,and oflime 53.57 percent. or equivalent to 95.68 per cent., of
calcium carbonate. The absorption percentage was found to be
0.14. Freezing and thawing produced no change. At a red
heat it was reduced to lime.

The markets for Tribes Hill limestone are Albany, Troy,
Cohoes, Stillwater, Mechanicville, Hoosick Falls, Johnstown and
Gloversville.

The Edison House, Schenectady, is an example in construction.

Fine-tooled surfaces are of a light-gray shade of color ; polished,
it looks almost like a black marble.*

Quarries have been opened at many points in the valley of the
Mohawk between Amsterdam and Little Falls, and in the Trenton
and Birdseye limestone formations. Some of them have been
idle for many years; others have furnished small quantities of
stone for home use, and hence are only of local importance.

Canajoharie, Montgomery County.— There are three building-
stone quarries opened in and near Canajoharie, and in the Calcif-
erous formation, two of which are worked continuously. The
openings are large, and there is much variation in the beds. The
leading varieties are a bluestone and a gray, sub-crystalline stone,
the latter of which is cut for monumental bases, sewer blocks,
house trimmings and canal lock construction. A speeimen
of the gray variety from the quarry of A. HE. Shaper was

* There is a fine cubical block from Mr. Shanahaa’s quarry in the State Museum collection
whose polished face is almost jot black.

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 439

examined and gave an analysis 46.92 per cent. of lime, equivalent
to 83.92 per cent. of calcium carbonate and 10.06 per cent. of
insoluble matters. The specific gravity was 2.726 and the weight
169.9 pounds per cubic foot. Its absorptive capacity was found
to be 0.07 per cent. The alternate freezing and thawing produced
no change, but the high temperature calcined the specimen so
that it fell to pieces in handling. The stone of these quarries can
be seen in the churches of Canajoharie and Fort Plain, and in
some of the large mill buildings of Utica.

Palatine Bridge, Montgomery County.— On the north or left
bank of the Mohawk there are two large quarries which furnish
blue and gray limestones for common wall work and for cut work.
These quarries are in the same formation as those across the
river in Canajoharie, and the stone resembles closely that of the
latter quarries. In all of them the beds dip southerly 5° to 10°,
and the stripping is comparatively light.

At Fort Plain and St. Johnsville, Montgomery County, the
Birdseye limestone is opened in small quarries for local use.

Little Falls, Herkimer County. — There are three quarries in
the Calciferous sandrock, in the bluff north of the town, which
produce stone for common wall work for local use. The stone is
fine-grained and of a bluish-gray shade of color, weathering to gray.
Northwest of the town one and a half miles, there is a quarry on
the Wilcox property and in the Trenton and Birdseye limestone.
The stone is sold for curbing and flagging mainly.

Newport, Herkimer County.— In this town there are three
quarries in the limestone, which furnish stone for local use, and
for canal lock construction.

Holland Patent, Oneida County. — The quarries in the Tren-
ton limestone at this place are of local importance only.

Prospect, Oneida County.— The canon of the West Canada
creek has exposed the Trenton limestone between this place and
Trenton Falls, and made the upper beds easily accessible, and
workable to advantage.

On the west side of the creek (OneidaCounty) Evan T. Thomas
and H. & L. N. Jones have quarries; on the east side, in Herkimer
county, there are two quarries, worked by Edward Callahan and

440 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

George & Griffith of Utica. The covering of soil and earth is
light, and is thrown into the gorge with waste rock. The beds
lie nearly horizontal and are thin so as to be cut to advantage for
platforms, flagging-stone, lintels, sills and water-tables. The
stone is carted to Prospect station, one and a half miles, and
there shipped.

A representative specimen of the best stone from the quarry of
Evan T. Thomas was found to have a specific gravity of 2.725
and a weight per cubic foot of 169.8 pounds. The percentage of
lime 53.10 found, indicates 94.82 per cent. of calcium carbonate.
The absorption percentage is 0.14. The freezing and thawing
tests produced no apparent change; heating to 1200°-1400° F.,
and cooling suddenly made it a crumbling mass of lime.

The stone of these quarries is known as “Trenton gray lime-
stone.” It has been employed extensively in Utica, Rome,
Norwich and other places. Examples of it are in the United
States Government building, in St. John’s Roman Catholic and
in St. Paul’s Lutheran churches in Utica; in the Roman Catholic
churches at Little Falls and at Sandy Hill; and in the Methodist
Episcopal church in Herkimer. Some of the stone is cut at
Utica into monumental bases. The best cut stone is gray in color
and sub-crystalline in texture.

It fades after long exposure to the atmosphere and loses its
freshness of surface.

Leyden, Lewis County.— Blue limestone has been quarried
near Talcottville, on Sugar river at Leyden station, and near
Port Leyden. Much stone for canal lock construction has been
obtained at some of the Leyden quarries.

Lowville, Lewis County.— L. H. Carter and Hiram Gowdy
have quarries southeast of the village, and east of the R., W. &
O. R. R. line. The geological horizon is that of the Trenton and
Birds-eye limestones. The beds are nearly horizontal, and some of
them are two to three feet thick. The heavy beds furnish stone
for bridge abutments.

The Lowville stone is generally much darker in shade than the
Prospect stone and looks well when fine-tooled. The principal
market is Lowville and adjoining towns. Much of the stone has
been used on the U. & B. R. branch in bridge abutments.

DESORIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 441

Watertown, Jefferson County.— The gray of the Trenton and
the heavy beds of the Black river limestones are finely exposed
to view in the gorge of the Black river at Watertown. They are
not worked.

Three Mile Bay, Jefferson County.— At this place the lime-
stone is so thinly covered as to be readily opened, and stone for
local use is obtained in several small quarries. Barron’s quarry
is close to the lake shore, and half a mile from the railroad
station.

The lower beds are worked into cut stone for house trimming
and cemetery work. Watertown and the lake ports are the
chief markets.

At Brownsville some limestone is quarried at the side of the
Cape Vincent branch railroad for local use.

Chaumont, Jefferson County.—There are several large quarries
at Chaumont, two of which, Adams Bros. and Duford & Sons, are
run steadily. The former has a quarry face a mile in length.
They are in the horizon of the Black river and Trenton limestones.
The beds dip westward at a small angle and are divided into
large blocks by vertical joints.

There is a blue limestone at the top which is made into lime,
or used for common wall work. Under it is the gray sub-crystal-
line variety, in what are known as the 32-inch and the 16-inch
beds, besides thinner beds lower down. The surface courses
furnish stone for lime manufacture. The stone of the thicker —
beds is cut for lock facing and bridge work; the thin beds are
worked into house trimmings. These quarries are on the shore of
the bay, convenient to navigation and are near the railroad also.
The product is increasing from year to year. Much of the
Chaumont stone has been put into Erie canal locks.

The Protestant Episcopal Church, the County Clerk’s office and
City Opera House in Watertown are examples in construction.

Oswego, Fulton and Utica are other markets.

Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence County.— The number of stone
buildings in Ogdensburg is comparatively large, and the material
is almost all out of local quarries in the Chazy limestone formation.

449 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The Town Hall and the St. John’s Protestant Episcopal Church
are beautiful examples of the stone which is found here. The
quarry which is now worked for the local supply is on the
Oswegatchie River, two miles south of the town.

Norwood, St. Lawrence County.—— A blue limestone is quar-
ried one and a half miles from Norwood on the O. & L. C. R. RB. line.
Tt can be seen in the Presbyterian churches at Malone, Wadding-
ton and Canton; the Roman Catholic church at Hogansburg,
and in the county buildings at Canton.

Schoharie, Schoharie County.— Limestones of the Lower
Helderberg and Water-lime groups crop out in the valley east of
the village of Schoharie, and afford excellent building stone.
The black, tentaculite limestone is very compact and takes a high
polish. The use thus far is for the town only.

The Reformed Dutch Church and Revolutionary Stone Fort in
the lower Schoharie valley, built in 1766, shows how well the
limestone resists the weather.

Howe’s Cave, Schoharie County.— Formerly a large amount
of building stone was quarried here in the bluff above the
hydraulic limestone beds. The latter only are now worked.

Cobleskill, Schoharie County.— William Reilly has two
quarries near this place, one a half mile northwest of the village
and the other about two miles to the northeast. Both are in the
Upper Helderberg limestone.

Two principal kinds of stone are taken out — a hard bluestone
and a gray, sub-crystalline variety, which is cut and dressed for
dimension work. A specimen of the latter was examined and
found to contain 53.86 per cent. of lime, or 96.18 per cent. of
carbonate of lime, and 2.26 per cent. of matter insoluble in dilute
hydrochloric acid. Its specific gravity was 2.713, equivalent toa
weight of 169 pounds to the cubic foot. The absorption percent-
age was0.109. Unaffected apparently by alternate freezing and
thawing, it was calcined at a high heat (1200°-1400° F.).

The stone of this quarry has a home market; it is shipped to
Binghamton, Oneonta, Cooperstown, Albany and other places on

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 4438

the Albany and Susquehanna railroad. It was used in the Ger-
_ man Methodist Episcopal church, Clinton and Alexander streets ;
in the Roman Catholic church, Central avenue, and in the Hawk
street viaduct, Albany.

Sharon Springs, Schoharie County.— The Lower Helderberg
limestones at Sharon Springs and its vicinity are opened at sev-
eral points, and stone is obtained for local use in flagging, cross-
walks and housework. The limestones of the Upper Helderberg
epoch in their westward extension into Otsego county crop out
in many ledges in the towns of Cherry Valley and Springfield,
and afford good building stone for local use. The Presbyterian
church and Belcher House, in the village of Cherry Valley; the
Otsego County Jail, Fenimore House, and the house of Edward
Clark in Cooperstown, are examples in construction of the stone
from these quarries. In the town of Stark, in Herkimer county,
a small quarry has been worked in the same gray limestone.

The Corniferous limestone was opened many years ago in small
quarries at Cassville, Waterville and Oriskany Falls, in the
southern part of Oneida county.

Perryville, Madison County.— Three quarries are worked at
irregular times at this place. The stone is the Onondaga gray
limestone and is used as there is a demand for it; mainly for
bridge work.

In Onondaga county the Onondaga gray limestone is well
developed and is quarried extensively. There are quarries at
Manlius, Jamesville, on the Onondaga Indian Reservation, and
at Split Rock. .

Onondaga Indian Reservation Quarries.— This group of quar-
ries is six and a half miles south of Syracuse and in the northeast
corner of the reservation. There are five parties at work within
a range of three-eighths of a mile from north to south. The dip
of the beds is generally to the west-southwest, and at low angles.

The upper beds are blue limestone which is waste, excepting a
small part which is used for rubble. The gray limestone has a
crystalline texture, and a specific gravity of 2.708, equivalent to
a weight cf 168 pounds per cubic foot. It is.dressed readily and

444 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fine-tooled surfaces are light gray, resembling the gray granites
of Maine, and contrasting well with the rock-face stone which is
so much darker colored. It isa strong and durable stone, as is
proven in the old buildings in Syracuse and elsewhere. Specimens
of fine cut gray limestone, which have been exposed to the
weather forty-eight years in the old City Hall, exhibit no indication
of decay, and no alteration other than a fading in color. One
defect in the stone isthe very thin, black, shaly seams which
sometimes give it the appearance of checking; but there are no
clay seams as in some of our limestones.

In quarrying it is not possible to get as thick beds as in the
granites and some of the sandstones, two feet being the average
thickness. !

A representative specimen from Hughes Bros., of Syracuse,
was found to contain 53.76 per cent of lime and 0.60 per cent of
magnesia, or 96 per cent of carbonate of lime and 1.26 per cent
of carbonate of magnesia. Matters insoluble in dilute acid were
1.52 per cent. The water absorbed was 0.14 per cent. The freez-
ing and thawing tests did not produce any apparent change.
Subjected to a temperature of 1200°-1400° F., the stone was
fully calcined.

Split Rock Quarries. — This group is in the town of Onondaga,
five to seven miles west of Syracuse, and in the north-facing
escarpment of the Upper Helderberg rocks. The beds are thinly
covered by earth, and one or two beds, at most, are worked. In
this way a large area has been quarried over. A great deal of
stone for the Erie canal construction was obtained from these
quarries.* ;

The Onondaga gray limestone has been the principal building
stone in Syracuse. Among the many fine structures in which it
has been used for walls and trimmings, may be noted the follow-
ing: United States Government building; new City Hall; Hall
of Languages; Syracuse University ; Onondaga County Savings
Bank; St. Paul’s Protestant Episcopal Church; St. Mary’s
Roman Catholic Church, and the May Memorial Church.

Oswego, Binghamton, Elmira and other cities and towns in the
central part of the State are markets for the stone.

* One of the first railroads in Central New York was constructed from the Split Rock quarries
to the canal, one mile west of Syracuse. —H. W. CLARKE.

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 445

Union Springs, Cayuga County.—The Onondaga limestone is
opened in a group of quarries at Hamburg, one mile south of
Union Springs, and on Daniel Mosher’s farm, east of the village.
A remarkable feature is the persistence of the quarry beds and
their uniformity in the several quarries. The glacial drift on the
limestone is from one to ten feet thick; the upper beds (or tiers,
as here known) are blue limestone, and from two to twenty-four
inches thick ; the lower beds are generally thick and of a gray,
sub-crystalline stone. The thin beds answer for flagging ; the
heavier beds are worked into dimension blocks for building, canal
lock and bridge pier construction. The markets are reached by
boats on line of Erie canal.

The Hamburg quarries were opened more than sixty years
ago, and the old grist-mill, the Chase House and the Howland
House, show how well the stone has stood for that length of
time.

Auburn, Cayuga County.— The Upper Helderberg limestone
ledges at Auburn have afforded a good building stone; and a
comparatively large percentage of stone buildings in that city
are evidence of its enduring property. The Garrett Stone and
Coal Company,* L. S. Goodrich & Son, and John Bennett & Son
have quarries here. The first named was opened in 1810. The
blue limestone of the upper beds is used for rubble-work only.
The gray limestone occurring in “tiers” of from six inches to
two feet thick, is cut for house trimmings, platforms, curbing and
gutter-stones. It is dressed readily, and is of a light-gray color
when fine cut ; the rock face is dark colored.

It has been used in six beautiful churches; in the City
Hall; in the Auburn Theological Seminary buildings; in the
State arsenal and State prison, besides many stores and other
seructures in the city.

The principal outside markets have been Sayre, Pa., Owego,
Elmira, Oswego, Geneva, Canandaigua, Newark Valley and
Palmyra.

The Corniferous or Upper Helderberg group of limestone,
including as the upper part the Corniferous or Seneca limestone,

* Quarry not now in operation.

446 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

is well represented in a belt crossing the towns of Seneca Falls
aud Waterloo, and quarries are opened in both towns, for local
use mainly.

The Waterloo quarries are large, and kept in operation almost
all of the year. That of Loren Thomas, a half mile south of the
town, has been worked for more than sixty years. Remarkably
regular systems of vertical joints, at uniform distances apart,
divide the stone into large, rectangular blocks, and facilitate the
quarrying.

The beds are from seven to twenty-six inches thick, and four-
teen to sixteen innumber. The stone of these quarries resembles
that of the formation to the east, in Cayuga and Onondaga
counties.

The same geological formation appears in Ontario county, and
there are small quarries in the towns of Canandaigua and Victor,
which do a local business.

Going west the outcrops of the rocks of this geological epoch
have been opened in small quarries in Mendon, Monroe County ;
near Caledonia, in Livingston County; and in LeRoy, Genesee
County. There are two quarries at the latter place. They pro-
duce stone for common wall work. Some of the limestone found
north of the town is said to dress well, and to be capable of
receiving a good polish.

Williamsville, Erie County.— Several quarries have beem
opened at Williamsville, ten miles northeast of Buffalo. J.S. &
F. H. Young and D. R. & H. Fogelsonger work quarries for build-
ing stone, mainly, for the Buffalo market. They are small, and
not deep, as the rock is near the surface. The stone is light-
gray, fine-crystalline, and dresses well. |

It has a specific gravity of 2.708 and weighs 168 pounds per
cubic foot. It contains 93.44 per cent. of calcium carbonate, and
3.82 per cent. of insoluble matter in dilute hydrochloric acid. Its
absorption percentage is 0.16. It resisted freezing and thawing
tests without apparent change, but was calcined at a temperature
of 1200°-1400° F. It is used in Buffalo for cut-stone trimmings.
The quarries are six miles from the New York Central railroad
line, but nearly all the stone is carted by teams to Buffalo.

DESORIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 447

Buffalo.— The Corniferous limestone and the Onondaga lime-
stone are quarried extensively in this city for all common wall
work.

The Buffalo Cement Company’s quarry is the northernmost.
South of it is the Yamarthal group of quarries. The drift-earth
is thin, covering the quarry beds to a depth of one to four feet,
as opened thus far. The limestone is in courses, lying horizontal,
and from nine inches to two and a half feet thick. The stone is
dark-colored, hard, compact and strong, and is well liked for
walls and foundations. It is delivered in wagon loads, in the
city, at six dollars per cord.

Black Rock, Erie County.—The Corniferous limestone at this
place was formerly quarried for canal construction.

NIAGARA LIMESTONE.

Rochester.—Nearly all of the common building stone used in
Rochester is obtained from quarries in the northeastern and in
the western quarters of the city. A very small part of the best
gray stone is used for rock-face ashlar work. The business is
entirely limited to the city.

Lockport, Niagara County.— The Whitmore and Carpenter
quarries are on the Erie canal, in the southwestern part of the
town. The upper layers of stone are thin, but are succeeded by
- thick beds, to a depth of twelve to twenty-four feet. The dip is
southward at a low angle. The stone is known as the Lockport
gray limestone. It is light-gray, in places variegated with red;
dense, solid and made up of comminuted crinoidal stems and cor-
alline masses. The fine-cut surface does not differ greatly in
shade of color from that of the rock-faced stone. ‘These quarries
were opened when the Erie canal was dug, in 1825, and the Car-
penters began work here in 1829. The production has diminished
greatly, owing to the general use of sandstones.

It has been used in Lockport for common wall work; for house
trimmings and monumental uses it has had a wide market. The
various buildings in the town show how well it has withstood the
action of the weather for years.

The Lenox Library building, Fifth avenue and Seventieth to
Seventy-first streets, New York, is an example of its use, but one

448 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

in which the stone shows crevices and holes, due. to unequal
weathering of coralline masses and of the more fossiliferous
portion. The improper position of the stone in the walls (more
than 40 per cent. being set on edge) may explain the serious
defects seen in this example.

West of Lockport the Niagara limestone is quarried at Niagara
Falis, for building in the town. Across the river, on the Cana-
dian side, the same formation near Queenstown, furnishes some
stone to Buffalo which is in much favor with some architects and
builders.

Road Metal.

By Hetneicu Ries; Revisep py F. J. H. Merritt.

The rocks used for road metal in New York State are diabase
(trap.), granite, gneiss, limestone, sandstone, shale and gravel.

Many of the local stone quarries, which are scattered over the
State, sell for road metal the rock obtained in stripping off the
upper layers from their quarries.

There are a few large quarries which are operated for obtain-
ing road metal alone and which deserve special mention.

Many tons of material are quarried annually from the Pali-
sades range near Piermont. The material, which is exceedingly
tough, is either dressed for paving blocks or crushed for road
metal.

Farther up the Hudson river the limestone quarries of Tomkins
Cove have been in operation for a number of years and supply ~
large quantities of rock for macadam. It is one of the best
materials used. This magnesian limestone is hard and packs
easily and makes a good surface, but the cost of maintenance is
considerable.

The following is an analysis of the Tomkins Cove Rock:

IO Pe Ne cir ee DUSIg GEN Oe Sa Be tia ented Sen alveh en RG ee aA 60.20
TASTED TAN ee eee vrevae Cea te tne rte et aN Cet at Mane 11.22
rot Het: Hee ai Sm tew Unt MOND NRT RRC MGeINGrTE NIDA) Sici sosMe RNR MVR RM a! iid as 6.13
Maomestay ere ei shi Nat aa atop el anaes ve ea cat esaiiy tates 10.45
Carbomicraciale irk ic SMe ete Neat ee Mine tease arsine aa oF
WV aC Or eS oe ea OGTR Oe Suna eR ae Ram Pea a ee 8 eg 4,

DESCRIPTION OF MARBLE AND LIMESTONE QUARRIES 449

At Iona Island a granite is quarried and crushed to five or six

different sizes for road metal. and concrete. The fine residue or
-dust is sold for polishing.

The Hudson River Stone Supply Company has an extensive
plant for quarrying and crushing granite, at Breakneck Mt.,
north of Cold Spring. The same company operates a second
plant for supplying crushed limestone at Stoneco, north of New
Hamburg.

One of the largest quarries in the State is that of P. Callanan
at South Bethlehem, Albany county. The Lower Helderberg
limestone is the rock used and it makes a good road.

The Cauda Galli Grit of Albany county is used in small quanti-
ties locally and makes an excellent road, though it is not very
durable. .

At Duanesburg, near Schenectady, sandstone of the Hudson
River group is crushed for road metal.

At Port Chester, Westchester county, a coarse-grained granite
is quarried and is considerably used locally, but the best macadam
roads of that district are of limestone from Tomkins Cove.

The gray gneiss has been considerably used as a road material
in Westchester county.

On Staten Island the yellow gravel is much used for road mak-
ing; also the diabase or trap from the Graniteville quarries,
which is being extensively used on a system of county roads with
the most satisfactory results.

The materials used for making roads in the State vary with the
locality. If the traffic on the road is moderate it is generally
safe to use the local material, whatever its nature, unless it be
shale, but if there is a heavy traffic it will pay in most instances
to get a stone of superior quality from elsewhere.

The requisite qualities of a road metal are hardness and tough-
ness. Where both these qualities are not obtainable in the same
stone the latter is perhaps preferable.

Igneous and silicious rocks, though often hard, do not consoli-
date as well nor so quickly as limestone, owing to the sandy detri-
tus formed by the first two having no cohesion. The detritus of
magnesian limestone acts like a mortar.

450 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The most efficient and economical road metals are diabase or
trap and syenite.

Granite and gneiss, especially if very micaceous, are apt to dis-
integrate rapidly and produce dust and mud.

Shale is to be avoided, as it breaks up rapidly, forming a sticky
mud.

Gravel, while making a serviceable road, will not pack well,
and is not durable. If it has to be used, some of the difficulty
may be overcome by cracking half of the pebbles.

451

DIRECTORY OF QUARRYMEN PRODUOING BUILDING STONE.

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The clay industries of New York have been exhaustively
described in Bulletin No. 12 of the New York State Museum
published this year and the reader is referred to that publication
for a complete discussion of the subject.

The following brief extract from the above-mentioned bulletin
will convey an idea of the condition of these industries.

The increasing value of clay for the manufacture of brick,
tile, terra cotta, pottery, etc., and the ever growing demand for
these products have given rise to an industry which is rapidly
assuming vast proportions, and will in the near future become
one of the most extensive and important in the country. Scat-
tered over New York are extensive deposits of clay, many of
them capable of being used for the manufacture of terra cotta,
roofing tile and the coarser grades of pottery. To add to their
value the most extensive beds of clay are situated in close
proximity to the waterways and railroads which lead to the
principal cities of the State. ‘Ihe commoner kinds of clay prod-
ucts, such as building brick, are marketed within the State, but
the higher grades, such as terra cotta and roofing tile, have
found good markets outside of New York.

The following table gives the receipts derived from the
various branches of the clay industry during the year of 1892:

Buildings iron and pavanebrickaes see eer ine $8 , 500,000

Perra/Cotba yes: lee ye eae ee yates 190,000
DOWOEP WIPE es 5 CRU eke CNN aa er eee eat Rel ea ea 260 , 000
Mire ‘bricks iif ce ie Oar a aa again ab doce Meine 50,000

$8,920,060

* This does not include those manufactured in the State from clays obtained in other
States.

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE OLAY DEPOSITS 495

As will be seen from the above statement bricks are the chief
source of income. That the other branches of the clay industry
are not further advanced is probably due in a large measure to
the fact that the clay deposits of the State have been so little
exploited or otherwise examined. Though many of the deposits
have been opened up and are still being worked, there are numer-
ous others scattered over the State which are still untouched.
Few of the clays are found to be of sufficiently refractory char-
acter to be used for making fire brick, gas retorts, or other prod-
ucts which in use are subjected to a higher degree of heat; but

for the manufacture of coarse pottery, terra cotta, paving brick,
etc., many of the clays are eminently suited.

Within the last seven or eight years the manufacturers in New
York have turned theirattention toward the extensive beds ofargil-
laceous shale which the State contains, and which on trial have
given very satisfactory results. Several large firms are using them
for the manufacture of sewer pipe, terra cotta paving brick and
roofing tile. The shale formations at present used are the Salina,
Hamilton and Chemung. The Hudson River shales are no doubt
sufficiently argillaceous over many areas to be used for the manu-
facture of clay products, and the same may be said of the Niagara
shale, which weathers to a red clay. A sample of this latter
shale from Niagara Falls was first ground and then molded in a
stiff mud machine and found to burn to a white brick, which was
unaffected by a temperature of 2,500 degrees.

That the clays and shales of New York are comparatively
undeveloped is, no doubt, largely due to the lack of knowledge
of their extent and character. There seems, however, to be no
reasonable doubt that they will in future become a valuable
source of revenue.

GEOQEOGY AND (GEOGRAPHY, OF . THE CLAY
DEROGSEES.

Deposits of clay occur in nearly every county of New York.
They belong to three geological periods, namely :

Quaternary, Tertiary and Cretaceous.

The clays of the first age are by far the most common. Those
of the second are somewhat indefinite in extent, but they probably
include a large number of the Long Island deposits. Of the

496 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM
Tr

third class there are undoubted representatives on Long Island
and Staten Island, as well as some additional ones on Long
Island, which are questionable.

The clays of the mainland are all Quaternary so far as known.
The problems of the Quaternary formations in New York are by
no means solved, and it is not always possible to decide on the
causes leading to the deposition of any particular body of clay
by a single visit to the locality.

A great majority of the deposits are local and basin-shaped,
lying in the bottoms of valleys which are often broad and fertile.
They vary in depth from four to 20 or even 50 feet; as a rule
they are underlain by modified drift or by bed rock. The clay
is generally of a blue color, the upper few feet being weathered
mostly to red or yellow. Stratification is rarely present, but
streaks of marl are common. In some of the beds small pebbles,
usually of limestone, are found, and these have to be separated
by special machinery in the process of manufacture. In many
instances the clay is covered by a foot or more of peat.

The basin-shaped deposits are no doubt the sites of former
ponds or lakes, formed in many instances by the damming up of
valleys, which have been filled later with the sediment of the
streams from the retreating ice sheet. The valleys in which
these deposits lie are usually broad and shallow. The broad flat
valley in which the Genesee river flows from Mt. Morris to
Rochester is a good example. The waters of the river were
backed up by the ice for a time, during which the valley was
converted into a shallow lake in which a large amount of
aluminous mud was deposited. This material has been employed
for commen brick.

There are a number of these deposits which are of sufficient
interest, geologically as well as commercially, to be mentioned in
some detail.

At Dunkirk is a bed of clay having a depth of over 20
feet. ‘The upper six feet are yellow and of a sandy nature, while
the lower two-thirds is blue and of much better quality. It is
mentioned by Prof. Hall* in his report, and is an instructive
example of the manner in which the clay changes in color, down-
ward.

* Jeology of New York, 4th District,.1*43, p. 362.

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE CLAY DEPOSITS 497

Around Buffalo is an extensive series of flats underlain by a
red clay. A thin layer of sand suitable for tempering overlies
the clay in spots, and limestone pebbles are scattered through it.
Similar deposits occur at several localities to the north of the
Ridge road and around Niagara Falls, also at Tonawanda and
La Salle, to the north of Buffalo, as well as south of it along the
shore of Lake Erie. No doubt much of this clay was deposited
during the former extension of the Great Lakes.

Prof. Hall mentions deposits of clay at the following localities:
at Linden one mile south of Yates Center;* along the shore of
Lake Ontario east of Lewiston; on Cashaqua creek + deposits
of tenacious clay due to the crumbling of the argillaceous green
shales; in Niagara county{ beds of clay are said to occur in
every town, but they often contain a considerable amount of
lime.

A bed of blue and red clay is being worked at Brighton near
Rochester. This deposit lies near the head of Irondequoit bay
and was deposited by some stream flowing into it. To the south-
east of Rochester is a large esker which extends in a northeast
direction nearly to Brighton. Mr. Upham, who has described
this esker, considers that it was formed by a river which flowed
between walls of ice and deposited the bed of clay above
mentioned.*

Clays are also found at several points in the valley of the
Oswego river from Syracuse to Oswego, an important one being
at Three Rivers.

An extensive bed of red and gray clay, 20 acres in extent and
horizontally stratified, occurs at Watertown. The deposit is
20 feet thick and rests on Trenton limestone.

Another deposit of considerable size is being worked at
Ogdensburg. The clay is blue and has a depth of 60 feet.

In the southern portion of the State we find clays in abundance,
in all the valleys, and lowlands. The extensive marshes near
Randolph and Conewangoare said to be underlain by clay
throughout their entire extent.

* Geology of New York, 4th District, 1843, p. 437.

+ Ibid., p. 227.
tIbid, p. 444.

498 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

At Levant, four miles east of Jamestown, Chautauqua county,
is an interesting bed of blue clay underlying an area of several
acres. It is probably of post-glacial age, and the section as
determined by an artesian well-boring is:

Viellovwa said sori eee ae atin peseen et oie 4 feet

Quteksangdss cue Aa eae re es pies Str ... 4 Inches

Wellowsclay.2 20a nena ai te a 5 feet

DESHUYe Sy Ol nanan Sea ane SAA HANAN atid cata ake Ma 70 rs

JB ena chor MMayserr mene LAD AIRS SIAN cS Maries ina ae es eo
Motalsthickmess: eyestrain act .opa OA ans

The owner of the clay bed states that leaves are often found
between the layers of the clay at a depth of 15 or 20 feet.

At Breesport near Elmira is a bank of blue clay rising from
the valley to a height of 50 feet. It was evidently formed when
the valley was dammed up, and has subsequently been much
eroded so that all that now remainsis a narrow terrace along the
side of the valley. A similar deposit is found at Newfield south
of Ithaca. A moraine crosses the valley a mile or two south of
it. Deposits of clay suitable for brick and tile occur extensively
in the lowlands bordering the Mohawk river from Rome to
Schenectady. The beds vary in thickness from six to 15 feet
and are mostly of a red, blue, or gray color.

Among the most extensive and important clay formations
occurring in New York are those of the Hudson valley. Here
are deposits of twotypes. (1) Estuary deposits of fine stratified
sand, yellow and blue clay, and (2) cross-bedded delta deposits,
the materials of which are much coarser. The estuary deposits —
indicate a period of depression, and deposition in quiet water.
The clay is chiefly blue, but where the overlying sand is wanting
or is of slight thickness, it is weathered to yellow, this weather-
ing often extending to a depth of 15 feet below the surface,
and to a still greater depth along the line of fissures. The
depth of oxidation is of course influenced by the nature of
the clay; the upper portion weathering easily on account
of its more sandy nature and hence looser texture.

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE CLAY DEPOSITS 499

Horizontal stratification is usually present, and the layers of
clay are separated by extremely thin lamine of sand. At
some localities the layers of the clay are very thin and alternate
with equally thin layers of sandy clay. This condition is
found at Haverstraw, Croton, Dutchess Junction, Stony Point,
Fishkill, Cornwall, New ‘Windsor, Catskill and Port Ewen. At
all of the above-mentioned localities except the last two, the clay
is overlain by the delta deposits of rivers tributary to the Hud-
son, and the alternation of layers may be due to variations in
the flow of the rivers emptying at those points, the sandy layers
being deposited during period of floods. Isolated ice-scratched
bowlders are not uncommonly found in the clay.

There is often a sharp line of division between the yellow
weathered portion and the blue or unweathered part of the clay.
The line of separation between the clay and overlying sand is
also quite distinct in most cases. Of the blue and the yellow clay
the former is the more plastic, but both effervesce readily with
acid, due to the presence of three to six per cent. of carbonate of
lime, and are therefore, properly speaking, marly clays. The
clay is underlain by a bed of gravel, sand, hardpan, bowlder, till
or bed rock. From Albany to Catskill the underlying material
is a dark gray or black sand with pebbles of shale and quartz.
The sand grains are chiefly of pulverized shale, the rest being
silicious and calcareous with a few grains of feldspar and garnet.
This sand can often be used for tempering, but at Catskill con-
tains too much lime for this purpose,

From Catskill northward the clay is in most cases covered by
but a foot or two of loam. South of Catskill the character of
the overlying material varies.

The Clays of the Champlain Valley.

The clays of the Champlain valley are estuary formations and
of the same age as the Hudson river clays. They underlie ter-
races along the lake which have been elevated to a height of 400
feet above the lake surface. These terraces may be traced almost
continuously from Whitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain, to
the northern end of the lake and beyond it, but on account of the

500 WEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

extensive erosion which has taken place, they are usually narrow,
and it is only at sheltered points, like Port Kent and Beauport,
that they are specially prominent. The section involved is yel-
lowish brown sand, yellowish brown clay and stiff blue clay, the
latter being rather calcareous. The upper clay is somewhat
silicious, and its coloring is due to the weathering of the lower
layer. This formaticn has a thickness of about 15 feet, but
sometimes, as at Burlington, it reaches a thickness of 100 feet.
Isolated bowlders are occasionally found in the clays. The clays
are usually horizontally stratified, and contortions of the layers
are extremely rare. Numerous marine Quaternary fossils have
been found in the overlying sands; the skeleton of a whale has
also been found in them.

Openings have been made in these deposits for the purpose of
obtaining brick clays at Plattsburg and a few other localities.

Long Island Clays.

Clay beds are exposed along the north shore of the island and
at several points along the main line of the Long Island railroad.

There is still some doubt as to the exact conditions under
which the beds of clay and gravel which form the greater por-
tion of Long Island were deposited, but it is probable that the
clays represent shallow water marine deposits of Cretaceous and
Tertiary age. The overlying sands and gravels have in most
instances a cross-bedded structure, with a south dip, and were
probably deposited by swift currents as stated by Dr. Merrill.

The age of the clays is still largely a matter of speculation,
and will probably remain so in many cases unless paleontologic
evidence is forthcoming. Those on Gardiner’s Island are quite
recent, as shown by the contained fossils, and the clay on Little
Neck, near Northport, is Cretaceous. The age of the Glen Cove
clay is probably Cretaceous.

Cretaceous leaves in fragments of ferruginous sandstone have
been found along the north shore of Long Island from Great
Neck to Montauk Point,* but they are usually much worn and
scratched and have evidently been transported from some dis-
tant source. The clays at Center Island, West Neck, Fresh

* A. Hollick, Notes on Geology of North Shore of Long Island, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIII.

GEOLCGY. AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE CLAY DEPOSITS 501

Pond and Fisher Island are very similar in appearance and com-
position, are very probably of the same age, possibly Tertiary,
but we lack palzontologic or stratigraphic evidence. At West
Neck the clay underlies the yellow gravel, and the latter is
covered by the drift, so that is Pre-pleistocene.

The clays of Staten Island are chiefly Cretaceous, as proven
by the fossils found in them. The chief outcrops are at
Kreischerville, Green Ridge and Arrochar. Besides the clay
there are several “kaolin” deposits.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

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Lime is produced throughout the State on the outcrops of the
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of the chief localities are Glens Falls, Howe’s Cave, Rochester,
Buffalo, Sing Sing, Pleasantville and Tuckahoe. Hydraulic
cement or water lime is chiefly produced from beds of hydraulic
limestone in the Water lime group at the base of the lower Helder-
berg. Rondout and Rosendale, Howe’s Cave and the vicinity of
Syracuse are important commercially in this product. At Akron
and Buffalo much water lime is made, but from a lower formation,
probably the Salina Group. —

Portland cement is made from marl and clay at Warner’s near
Syracuse, and at Wayland, Steuben county; from lime and clay
near Glens Falls and at other points.

Limestone for Flux.
In the present depressed condition of the manufacture of iron
in New York, the production of limestone for flux is but a small
industry.

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Millstones.

Millstones for grinding paint, feed, cement and other purposes
are quarried from the Oneida conglomerate in Ulster county in
the townships of Rochester and Wawarsing. The demand Jlis
said to be increasing yearly and during 1894 is said to have
amounted to about $100,000.

The following is a list of the parties now quarrying millstones
in this region:

DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS OF MILLSTONES.

* Parties producing in 1894.

LOCATION OF QUARRY.

Post-office. NAME.

Town. County.

PNCCORG: «fosters sc Brodhead & Roosa*...... Rochester ..| Ulster.
Sills ete an neon! iosey Wis oie eienin o2). sf ae ss
Granitey acc iares Van Etten, James S.*..... ch ae sé
Kerhonkson ..... Davis ed cre sas este is 6 an oy Wawarsing. &§
SOU Eu susie (Ns Van Dover, William...... a : “
Kyserike ........ lam ders Mer @ ey to. Sac Rochester . . cs
EN ee ee Krom, William: Hi... . 2... rh rt “
SALPELY pa sieht caers Lawrence, Daniel ........ Be - pi

htisaie Lawrence, George........ BY A S

Marl.

This material is found in many places throughout the State.
Dutchess, Columbia, Orange, Ulster, Greene and Albany counties
have many small deposits; in central and western New York
there are large deposits in Onondaga and Madison counties,
particularly in the Cowaselon swamp; it is also found in Cayuga,
Wayne, Seneca, Ontario, Monroe, Genesee and Niagara counties.

It is a deposit formed in standing water and consists chiefly of
carbonate of lime. It is largely used as a fertilizer, but is also
employed in the manufacture of Portland cement as at Warners,
Onondaga county, by the Empire Portland Cement Co., at
Montezuma and at Wayland, Steuben county, by Millen & Co.

ron Ores

The iron ores of New York have been carefully studied and
described by Prof. J. C. Smock, who has published his results in
Bulletin No. 7 of the New York State Museum and by Mr.
Bayard F. Putnam who contributed an article on this subject to
the volume on Mining Industries (No. XV) in the report of the
Tenth Census. These two important papers taken together give
a most complete review of the sources of iron in New York.
Our knowledge of the Adirondack ores is supplemented by the
work of Prof. J. F. Kemp, which is contained in Bulletin No. 13
of the New York State Museum, entitled the Geology of Moriah
and Westport townships. The localities of all the principal mines
are shown on the economic map. The following is a brief extract
from Prof. Smock’s bulletin.

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK 529

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK.
By JOHN C. SMOCK, revised by F. J. H. MERRILL.

The ores of iron, which occur in beds and deposits of workable
size in the State of New York, may be classified, according to
their chemical composition, into oxides and carbonates of iron,
and these classes may be subdivided, following the mineralogical
characters, into the several species and varieties. The following
tabular arrangement shows the natural grouping of species in
these two great divisions:

CHEMICAL GROUPS. MINERALOGICAL SPECIES AND COMMON NAMES,
( Red Hematite.

| Specular Ore,
{ Anhydrous Ferric Oxide. Hematite 4

Sesquioxide of iron. | Clinton Ore.— Fossil ore.
| Red Ochre.
| Ferric and Ferrous Oxides. { Magnetic Iron Ore.
Oxides + Magnetite+
Proto-sesquioxide of iron. | Titaniferous Iron Ore.

( Brown Hematite.
| Hydrated Ferric Oxide. Limonite{ Brown Ochre.

( Sesquioxide of iron. Bog Iron Ore.
Lsesq
Siderite ( Carbonate Ore.
Sie { Ferrous Carbonate. Spathi ¢1 Clay Iron Stone.
| Carbonate of Iron. Hoon Oe L‘* White Horse.”

A general law of occurrence of iron ores is that certain ore
species occur in, or are characteristic of, definite geological hori-
zons. For example, the magnetic iron ores are found in the
crystalline rock areas of the Precambrian; the red hematite
appears to mark the Huronian; the fossil ore, the limonite or
brown hematite are found in the Palexozoic rocks; and the
carbonate and the bog iron ore in the more recent formations of
Tertiary and Post Tertiary ages. There are, as might be expected,
many exceptions; but in the greater number of these appa-
rently exceptional cases, the surface alteration, due to weather-
ing or other atmospheric agencies, explains the occurrence.

This relation between the geological formation and the
mineralogical species or kinds of iron ore indicates the areas in
which they may occur, and determines roughly their limits.
Hence, a geological map of the State shows approximately correct

530 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

boundaries of the several iron-ore districts, and is, as it were, an
iron mines map. The geology of a county or district gives the
clue in searching for ore; and its importance can not be too
strongly stated, both as a guide, suggesting exploration, and
warning against unnecessary and fruitless surveys and wasteful
outlays of time and money. Thus, for example, the magnetites
belong in the crystalline rock districts, and the search for them
in the later, sedimentary rocks of the adjacent territory would be a
hopeless task; or, again, the exploration of the Highlands or
Adirondacks, for carbonate ores, would be equally unscientific and
destitute of good results.

The geological formations, which are characterized as definite
ore horizons, become the basis of a natural arrangement of the
ore districts of the State. They are well marked geographically
also.

Following this geologico-geographical arrangement, the groups
and iron-ore districts are:

I. The Highlands of the Hudson.— Magnetic Iron Ores.
Il. The Adirondack Region, Including the Lake Champlain
Mine.— Magnetic Iron Ores.
III. The Hematites of Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties.
IV. The Clinton or Fossil Ores.
V. The Limonites of Dutchess and Columbia Counties.
VI. The Limonites of Staten Island.
VIL. The Carbonate Ores of the Hudson River.

A few isolated mines can not be thus classified, as the hematite
near Canterbury, Orange county, Ackerman’s mine near Union-
ville, Westchester county, the Napanock and Wawarsing mines,
in Ulster county, the hematite of Mt Defiance in Ticon-
deroga, and the bog iron ores, which are scattered in all of the
great divisions of the State. The iron sands of the shores of
Long Island are left out, as not properly a natural source of
iron.

I. The Highlands of the Hudson. — Magnetic Iron Ores.

Magnetite is one of the common minerals in the crystalline
rock region of the Highlands. It occurs as an accessory con-
stituent in the granitic and gneissic strata; and by itself, forms

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK 531

beds of considerable extent and thickness. Accordingly as it is
more or less free from foreign minerals it is rich or lean, varying
from the pure magnetic iron ore to rock with traces only of iron
in its mineralogical composition. The beds of ore show lamina-
tion and are faulted, folded and contorted as the inclosing strata
of rock, and have the same general strike and dip in common
with the latter. They are generally of irregular form, in places
widening into thick deposits or lenticular shaped masses, in
others contracted in thin sheets, which are not mined profitably.
The ore is found in some cases to separate into thin layers, and
masses of rock (“horses”) are met with entirely surrounded by
the ore. The phases of variation are as many almost as there are
mines, where they can be studied. In the larger and older mines
the ore has been followed for thousands of feet in the line of
strike or on the course of the ore, and for hundreds of feet in
depth (on the line of dip) without reaching its limits. Owing to
the unprofitable nature of working so thin ore beds, they are
often not followed to the end, and the real extent of few of these
ore deposits is known. In general, it may be stated that in. this
region the ore beds stand nearly on edge and have a northeast
and southwest strike and a descent or dip at a steep angle to the
southeast. In consequence of their highly inclined position and
their irregular shape these ore bodies are called “ veins,” less fre-
quently “ chimneys” and “shoots” of ore.

The magnetic iron ore has not been found distributed uni-
formly throughout the Highlands. There appear to be certain
ore ranges or belts in which the larger and more productive mines
are opened. There are mine groups also, as the Sterling Iron and
Railway Company’s mines, the Greenwood mines, in Orange
county; the Todd-Croft and Sunk mines, and the Croton-
Brewster ranges in Putnam county. The boundaries of these
ore-bearing belts and the intermediate barren territory have not
been determined, since the exploration has been largely made by
individual effort and without any general plan covering the
whole area. It is probable that a geological survey of the High-
lands would enable us to trace the limits of an iron-bearing
group, as has been indicated by the surveys of the New Jersey
Highlands.*

* See ‘ Ann. Report of the State Geologist for the year 1836.°" Trenton, 1887, pp. 82-85.

«532 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Mines have been opened in Orange, Rockland, Westchester
and Putnam counties in this iron ore district and from the New
Jersey line at the southwest to the Connecticut boundary on the
east. Their locations are shown on the map which accompanies
this report. Some of the largest and most productive mines in
Orange county have been worked more than a century.* This
county was famous for its iron manufacture during the Revolu-
tionary war.t The greatest development of the iron mines in
Putnam county has been since the opening of the Tilly Foster
and Mahopac mines or during the last twenty-five years. The
distance from public lines of transportation, the increased cost of
working the smaller “veins” at greater depths, the low prices
for iron ore and the competition with the richer ores of other
parts of our country have necessitated the suspension of work in
some of the mines and led to the permanent abandonment of
those most unfavorably situated. Of the 40 separate mines,
which have been ore producers, 10 only were in operation dur-
ing a part or the whole of the year 1858. Their aggregate out-
put for that year amounted to 114,000 gross tons. The ores of
the Highlands district are the hard, crystalline magnetites. They
are generally rich, free from titanium, but contain a slight excess
of phosphorus above the limit for the manufacture of Bessemer
jron, excepting the Mahopac and Tilly Foster mines, which have
yielded a large amount of Bessemer ore, and a few small mines,
but which are no longer worked.

II. The Adirondack Region, Including the Lake Champlain
Mines.— Magnetic Iron Ores.

The Adirondack region, the great mountain plateau of north-
ern New York, is bounded by the valleys of Lake Champlain on
the east, of the St. Lawrence river on the north and northwest,
of Black river on the west, and the Mohawk on the south. It
occupies nearly all of Warren, Hamilton and Essex counties,
the western and southern parts of Clinton, the southern parts of
Franklin and St. Lawrence, the eastern part of Jefferson and
Lewis, the northern towns of Oneida. Herkimer, Hamilton and

*Ore was discovered on the Sterl ng tract as early as 1750; the forest of Dean mine was

pened about the same time.

+ See ‘‘ History of the Manufacture of Iron in all ages,” by James M. Swank, Philadelphia,
1884, pp. 102-106.

IRON ORES OF NRW YORK hoo

Saratoga, and the northwest corner of Washington counties. Its
area has been estimated to be at least 10,000 square miles. Dr.
Emmons, in his survey of the Second Geological District, decribed
the rock formation of this territory as gneisses and hypersthene
rock principally ; and the former he regarded as the prevailing
rock, excepting in a large triangular area in Essex county, where
the outcropping rocks are hypersthene.*

The so-called “ hypersthene rocks” of Dr. Emmons consist of
labradorite and pyroxene or labradorite with hypersthene and
some pyroxene, and hence are often designated as a Labrador
series. In an article on the “Laurentian Magnetic Iron Ore
Deposits in Northern New York,’ Charles E. Hall has grouped
the magnetites in three series, or horizons; the lowest, the Lau.
rentian magnetites; second, the Laurentian sulphurous ores ; and
highest, the Labrador group with its titaniferous ores.+

Magnetite is one of the common minerals in the Adirondacks,
and is widely distributed, both as a constituent or accessory
mineral in rocks, and in beds of workable extent. Mines have
been opened in all parts of the region, but the greatest develop-
ment has been in the valley of Lake Champlain, and hence the
ores are known in the market as Lake Champlain ores. Init are
the famous Port Henry mines and others. The Chateaugay range
can not be said to le in the Champlain valley. Therefore the
grouping by geological rather than by geographical lines alone,
is more definite, and the larger district of the Adirondacks is
better than any subdivisions according to our present knowledge.
It is a notable fact that nearly all of the mines are on the borders,
and that comparatively few ore localities have been found in the
interior of it. A reference to the map of the State, with this report,
shows the location of the mines and mine groups. The explana-
tion of their distribution is the greater accessibility of the outer
part of the region to lines of transportation and its more thorough
exploration. Prospecting for iron ore in the forested and more
distant interior is difficult, and besides, is not stimulated by any
hope of adequate return, excepting in case of large deposits which,
from their extent and character of ore, might warrant the con-
struction of branch railway lines, as at Chateaugay, Clifton, Jay-

* Emmons: Survey of the Second Geological District, Albany, 1842, pp. 27-33 and 75-78,
+ Thirty-second Annnal Report, N. Y. State Museum, pp. 133-140.

534 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ville and Little River. Future explorations will, doubtless,
discover many iron-ore beds, and result in the devolopment of other
mining centers in what now appears as barren ore-territory. The
construction of additional railways, affording facilities for reach-
ing the markets, will do much to open and develop new mines.

The titaniferous nature of the magnetites, which have been
found in the Labrador series, as for example, at Splitrock, in
Westport, and at Adirondack, in the town of Newcomb, Essex
county, has retarded mining in the localities where they occur.

The difficulty and expense of reducing the ores containing con-
siderable titanium, and the failures in the way of practically
separating the titanic minerals from the magnetite, have shut
them out of the iron ore market, and the mines having such ores
only have been idle for years. That all the magnetic iron ore
occurring in this geological horizon is alike titaniferous does not
appear to be proven by the comparatively few ores analyzed from
limited areas; and there is hope that ores sufficiently low in
titanium for successful working may be found.*

The strike or course of the iron-ore beds in so large a district is
affected by all the local variations in the positions of the inclosing
strata. In general, the direction is northeast and southwest.
The dip is also at all angles, varying from a horizontal to a vertical
Much further study of the geological structure is needed to
explain the features which the mines have exposed to view. The
immense deposits at Port Henry mines, the many separate beds
of the Crown Point mines, the dikes and faults at Palmer Hill, the
parellel shoots of the Arnold Hill mine, the bends and faults at
Chateaugay are interesting features for study.

The magnetite, as it occurs in the Adirondack region, varies
much in the degree of crystallization, in texture and color. In
the Port Henry mines it is, asa rule, rather coarsely crystalline
and lustrous black. At Palmer Hill and at Arnold Hill martite
a hematite crystallizing as magnetite, appearsto replace the latter
mineral. The titaniferous ores are noted for their hardness, dull
black fracture surfaces and general fineness of grain. In the
nature of the associated minerals also, there is much variation.
The more commonly occurring rock constituents are found
everywhere. Apatite, also, is a common associate, as in some

* 4r. James McNaughton of Albany, one of the owners of ths McIntye tract, reports (Sept.,
1895) that he has succeeded in smelting the titaniferous ores hitherto regarded as useless.

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK ; 535

of the ore at the Port Henry mines. In general, the iron ores of
this region average high in the percentage of metallic iron,
especially the non-Bessemer ores; and on account of their rich-
ness, the Port Henry magnetites are widely known and esteemed.
Bessemer ores are obtained in quantity at Crown Point, in the
westera range at Mineville (Port Henry), at Chateaugay, and at
other localities, given in the notes of mines, further on in this
report.

The beginnings of iron-ore mining in the Lake Champlain
valley were early in the present century. Some of the forges
were in operation in 1801 and 1802, and they were run upon the
ores in their vicinity.* But the output was small, in the aggre-
gate a few thousands of tons. The rapid increase was after 1840.
In 1868 the town of Moriah, Essex county, produced 230,000 tons.
The tenth census reported 742,865 tons from all of the mines in the
Adirondack region. In 1888 the output was 182,000 gross tons,
of which 418,000 tons came from the Port Henry mines. In the
course of the last 10 years a notable change has been in the sus-
pension of work at the mines which supplied the ores for the
forges, or bloomaries. All of the bloomaries are idle, excepting
those belonging to the J. & J. Rogers Iron Company and the
Chateaugay Ore and Iron Company. The mines away from
railway or lake navigation lines have all been closed. The
capacity of production in the few mines which are in operation —
has been increased greatly by their better equipment and
improved facilities for sending their ores to market. Another
characteristic of the region is the great size of some of the ore
beds. The great sheet, as it were, opened in the Chateaugay
slopes, the thick beds or shoots of ore at Mineville (Port Henry),
the great outcrops at Adirondack and the ridge of lean ore at
Little River, are almost inexhaustible, and, with the advent of
practicable, concentrating processes, all of them can produce cheap
ores and compete with other iron-ore districts of the country.

The following chapter by Prof. J. F. Kemp gives the latest
information on the titaniferous magnetites near Lake Sandford
and Lake Henderson : |

These great ore-bodies have claims to general interest, not alone
from their size and geological relations, but also because they

*Swank: ‘ History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages,’’ Philadelphia, 1888, p. 106.

536 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

were the basis of an iron industry that was begun about 1840
and continued until 1858. They are situated near and on both
sides of Lakes Sandford and Henderson, at the headwaters of the
Hudson river, in Newcomb township, Essex county. They lie
well within the great Norian area of the Adirondacks, Mt. Marcy
being nearly due east eight or ten miles, Mt. McIntyre six miles
northeast and the Indian Pass due north. Santanoni lies west
and other minor peaks are near. Orystalline limestone outcrops
about five miles southwest on Lake Newcomb. The country
rock at most of the ore-bodies is the coarsely crystalline, dark
blue labradorite rock or ‘anorthosite,’ characteristic of the
Adirondacks. At the Millpond opening, where the walls are
well exposed, it is perfectly massive and shows none of the crush-
ing that is so marked a feature of the usual outcrops. Elsewhere
garnets are sometimes met and a very little hypersthene. At
the Cheney opening the walls, called “sienite” by Emmons, are
a gneissoid gabbro. The greatest ore-body of all is the Sand-
ford. This is exposed in a hillside a mile west of Lake Sandford,
where an open cut shows a breast of about 20 feet of dense,
black magnetite, with no walls apparent. A strong belt of
attraction has been traced from this point to and across Lake
Sandford. Emmons describes in his Report on the Second Dis-
trict, 1842 (p. 249), several sections across this bed that were
exposed by costeaning ditches. They showed a maximum of.
over 600 feet of ore and wet in streaks. The trenches have been
filled up since then and at present only the open cut referred to
above is exposed. The ore contains crystals of labradorite with
reaction rims of brown hornblende and biotite between them and
the ore itself. The analyses afford from 51.44 per cent. to 63.45
per cent. iron and 18.70 to 10.91 Si. It does not appear that
Emmons, in his early explorations, knew that the ore contained
titanium, nor that the operators of the furnaces in those early
days of iron smelting were aware of its presence.

Two miles west of Lake Henderson is the Cheney ore-body,
said to show 40 feet clear ore without walls appearing. It is
somewhat sulphurous, a very exceptional property in the case of
titaniferous ores. On both sides of the Adirondack river that
connects Lake Sandford and Lake Henderson, and in the bed of
the river itself, there are several ore-bodies. The one called the

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK 537

Millpond is the largest, with about 12 feet of solid ore, that was
mined to a considerable extent in the early days. It really
appears to be one streak in a large belt. Analyses have yielded -
over 60 per cent. iron.

There are several important belts of attraction in addition to
this and other outcrops that have not been much, if at all, opened
up. One has been also found on the west shore of Lake Hender-
son, and float has been noted off to the northwest near the
Preston ponds. In addition to these, a number of belts have
been shown by the dipping needle back in the hills and also
further south near the lower works, now called Tahawus.

Several experimental runs have been made with these ores to
test whether the generally prevalent prejudice against titanifer-
ous magnetite was well based or not. The results of the first
series have been set forth by Mr. August Rossi in the Trans.
Amer. Institute Mining Engineers, vol. xxi (pp. 832-867), 1893.
The past spring a more extended run in a small blast furnace of
about 20 feet in height was made at Buffalo on 150 tons of ore.
By calculating the slag on the composition of titanite or sphene,
or, rather, some of its allied minerals, and allowing Ti0, to
replace Si0, up to 42 per cent., no difficulty was experienced and
an iron of very superior properties for car wheels and chilled
castings was produced. Mr. Rossi, who conducted the run, is
intending to describe it at length at an early date.

III. Hematite Ores of St. Lawrence and Jefferson Counties.

The hematites, or red hematites, as distinguished from the
brown hematites (limonites) are mined in a narrow belt, scarcely
30 miles long, stretching from Philadelphia, in Jefferson
county, northeast into Hermon, in St. Lawrence county. The
ore deposits are found associated with a so-called serpentine rock,
and lying between the Potsdam sandstone and the crystalline
rocks of the Archzan age. The geological horizon appears to be
below the Potsdam, and it is probably Huronian, although it has
not been so recognized by Dr. T. S. Hunt in his references to*
the hematites of Canada and northern New York. The deposits
are found to be very irregular in shape, due apparently to the

* “On the Mineralogy of the Laurentian Limestones of North America,’ in the 2ist Ann,
R port of the Regents of the University of New York, Albany, 1871, pp. 88-89.

538 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

way in which the “serpentine” rock is mixed with the hematite,
but their general structure is that of stratified bodies. The cap
rock is a sandstone; the bottom rock, slaty beds, underlain by a
white, graphitic, crystalline limestone. From the variations in
the ore,as tested by borings with the diamond drill at the
Caledonia mines, it seems reasonable to assume the existence of
two classes of deposits — one, the originally stratified sheets, and
the other, secondary deposits in smaller and irregular shaped
pockets.

The hematite of these mines is generally firm and massive, of a
deep red color, soiling whatever it touches. In some of the mines
there is a specular ore, which has a crystalline structure, metallic
lustre and is of a steel-gray to black color. Calcite, carbonate of
iron, ferruginous quartz, pyrite and millerite occur in the ore.
These ores average from 48 to 538 per cent. of metallic iron. They
contain an excess of phosphorus above the limit demanded by
furnace managers for making Bessemer iron. For mixing with
more refractory ores they are sought after, being almost self-flux-
ing. In the market they are often known as “ Antwerp red
hematites”’ and “ Rossie hematites.”

Charcoal furnaces were built early in this century at Rossie,
St. Lawrence county, and at Sterlingville and Antwerp, in Jeffer-
son county, for smelting these ores. Of the older mines the
Shirtliff and Tate and Polly have been abandoned. Two new
mines have become producers, the Clark and Pike. The total
production of the district was 110,000 gross tons in 1888.

IV. The Clinton or Fossil Ores.

Fhe red hematite of the Clinton group bears several names;
thus: From its aggregated grains it is termed “ oolitic ore” or
“lenticular iron ore;” from its fossiliferous character, it is
widely known as “fossil ore,’ and from its place in the
geological series, it is often called “Clinton ore.” Itis remarkable
for the thin, yet persistent beds over wide areas, which lie
between green shales and calcareous strata. Following the out-
crop of the Clinton group, the ore has been found in Herkimer,
Oneida, Madison, Cayuga, Wayne, and Monroe counties. West

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK 539

of the Genesee river Prof. Hall reports that it was not seen.”
There are two beds, generally about 20 feet apart, according
to Vanuxem’s report on the Clinton group, thin, averaging little
more than a foot, and distinguished by more abundant oolitic
particles in the lower bed and by the larger grains and concretions
in the upper bed.+ Very little mining has been done, excepting
in the towns of Clinton, Oneida county, and Ontario, in Wayne
county. The average thickness of the beds in these mines is 30
inches, and one bed only is worked. They lie almost horizontal,
dipping slightly to the south ; and in the extraction of the ore a
part of the overlying shales has to be removed and the roof
supported by timbering. :

The ore consists of lenticular-shaped grains, closely aggregated
in a firm solid mass, which has to be broken up by blasting and
heavy sledging. It is more friable and soft on the outcrop. It
is brownish red in color and soils like a paint. The percentage of
metallic iron varies less than in the magnetic iron ores and in the
brown hematites. The average is 44 to 48 per cent. The
phosphorus is above the Bessemer limit. It is well adapted for
making foundry iron and is used for that class of iron mainly.
Local furnaces take nearly all the output of the mines. The first
lease for digging Clinton ore was given in 1797.{ The last United
States census reported the total production to be 85,442 gross
tons of ore. In 1888 it amounted to 75,000 tons.

V. The Limonites of Dutchess and Columbia Counties.

The ore deposits and mines, as here grouped, are in two
principal ranges and limestone valleys. First, Fishkill-Clove belt,
stretching northeast, from the Highlands of the Hudson, across
the towns of Fishkill, East Fishkill, Beekman and Unionvale;
second, the north-south valley, traversed by the New York and
Harlem railway, from the Highlands across Dutchess county, and
to Hillsdale in Columbia county. The limonite, or brown hematite
ore, is found in small pockets of irregular shape, and also in large
deposits, which are associated with ochreous clays, and in some

* See Prof. Hall’s report on ‘“‘Survey of the Fourth Geological District,” Albany, 1843, p. 61.

+ Vanuxem’s report on *‘ Survey of the Third Geological District,” Albany, 1842, p. 83.

+ BIRKINBINE; ‘The iron ores east of the Mississippi River,” in Mineral Resources of the
United States for the calendar year 1886, p. 50.

540 NEW YORE STATE MUSKLUM

cases, with a gray carbonate of iron, in beds underlying it. These
ore bodies are wholly in the limestone or between the limestone and
the adjacent slate or schist formations, or they are in the latter,
and asa rule of occurrence they are found on or near the dividing
line between these formations. Near Fishkill and at Shenandoah
the deposits are at the border of the Potsdam sandstone and at
the foot of the Archzean ridges. The existence of the carbonate
ore in the deeper parts of some of the mines and interstratified
with the limestones is suggestive of the origin of the oxide
(limonite) by the decomposition of the ferriferous beds through
oxidation and the agency of carbonated waters, and of the great
masses of colored clays, also, through the disintegration and decay
of the slaty rocks and more argillaceous limestone.* The lime-
stone of these valleys and these overlying slaty rocks have been
studied by Prof. Dana, and are referred by him to the Trenton
limestone and the Hudson river slate formations.t

The ore occurs (1) in large masses, somewhat cellular, having
the interstices filled with clays or sandy earths, (2) in cavernous and
hollow “bombs,” often with beautiful mammillary or stalactitic
incrustations on the interior, and (3) in irregularly shaped, frag-
mentary masses, distributed unevenly through the ochreousclays
(“ochres”’) and sandy earths. The more solid ore has to be broken
down by blasting ; in the more earthy parts of the deposit it can be
picked down and nearly all of the ore be sorted by hand. In
mining, pits are sunk and worked open, or drifts are cut from the
pit, horizontally into the ore, and much of it is won by under-
ground work. In this district nearly all of the ore is mined from
open pits; and some of them have reached vertical depths of over
100 feet. The ore is commercially known as “rock ore” or
“lump ore,” that which is sorted by hand, and “ wash ore,” which
is the residue after the earths and sands have been removed by
washing. The brown hematite ores of Dutchess and Columbia
counties vary considerably in their chemical composition, all con-
taining more or less silica, little or no sulphur, but are rarely low
enough in phosphorus to answer for Bessemer pig-iron manu-
facture. Although there have been many ore localities dis-

* for a clear and concise statement of the origin of these ores see **‘ Note on the making of
Limonite ore beds,’ by Pror. James D. Dana, in Am. J.ur. of Science (8), vol. XXVIII, pp. £98-
400. :

+ Am. Jour. Science (8), vol. XVII, pp. 375-388 and vol. XXIX, pp. 205 et seq.

IRON ORES OF NEW YORK 541

covered in these counties, 24 only have been developed into
working mines, deserving of enumeration in this report.

The earliest iron manufacture in the State was in Columbia
county, on Ancram creek, and was probably on these ores. The
Salisbury mines in Connecticut, properly a part of this iron-ore
district, were opened more than 150 yearsago. The causes which
have operated in the Highlands have been effective here also in
closing many of the mines, so that, in 1888, there were but nine
at work, and four of them were closed during the year. The
aggregate output has declined from 144,878 gross tons for the
census year, 1879-80, to 43,000 tons in 1888.

VI. The Limonites of Staten Island.

The group of iron mines on Staten Island are in a superficial
deposit probably derived from the underlying rock in the process
of decomposition which has produced the serpentine of that
region. |

VII. The Carbonate Ores of the Hudson River.

The mines of spathic iron ore, or carbonate ore, are in the
valley of the Hudson river, in Columbia county, south of the city
of Hudson, and in Ulster cuunty near Napanock. The mines
south of Hudson are known as the Burden iron mines; and, on
account of their extent and productiveness, and the comparative
insignificance of the Ulster county mines, they may be considered
as practically the whole of this group. The range in which the
Burden mines are opened is between one and two and a-half miles
east of the river, opposite Catskill, and is four miles in length,
from north to south It lies partly in the town of Greenport and
partly in Livingston. The ore crops out in the western face and
near the crest of Plass Hill at the north, and in Cedar Hill and
Mount Thomas at the south. It is stratified, and its bed dips at
angles of 20° to 40° to the east. South of Mount Thomas and in
mine No. 2, at Burden, a synclinal fold has been mined out. The
thickness of the ore varies considerably, and for the greater part
of the distance the average is from 10 to 20.feet. In the Burden
mines as much as 30 feet of ore has been found; in mine No. 2
and in Mount Thomas upwards of 45 feet. The underlying beds
are shaly and are probably of the Hudson river slate formation.
Above the ore there is a silicious conglomerate, which is suc-

542 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ceeded by a shale, and that by a gray sandstone, and that, in
turn, by a calcareous conglomerate.

The ore varies in composition from a silicious and lean ore at
the north, which contains generally too much phosphorus for
making Bessemer pig-iron, to a rich, Bessemer ore at the south.
Quartz in fine grains, calcite in small, crystalline nests and pyrite
are common in it. All of it has to be roasted before smelting.
The Burden mines are reached by a railway three and a-half
miles long, from the Hudson river, near Catskill station.

The first mining of considerable extent done on this range was
in 1874. Next year the Hudson River Spathic Iron Ore Com-
pany was organized, and the mines were worked by that company
for about two years. In 1882 the property came into the
possession of the Hudson River Ore and Iron Company, and a
large establishment was at once set up. There are 10 roasting
kilns on the river at the Burden docks; and the ore is shipped to
Troy, Scranton, Pa., and Franklin Furnace, New Jersey.

LOCALITIES OF IRON ORE IN NEW YORK.

Magnetite.— There are two principal districts of this ore:
(1) Highlands or southeastern, (v) Adirondack or northern. In
the first there are mines at Sterling, near Greenwood, and Forest
of Dean, besides many smaller mines in Orange county. There
are numerous Openings in northern Westchester and southwest-
ern and central Putnam counties, east of the Hudson river
(Croft’s, Mahopac, Theall, Tilly Foster, etc.). In northern New
York ore occurs at many localities in Washington, Saratoga,
Warren, Essex, Clinton, Iranklin, St. Lawrence, Lewis. Herki-
mer and Fulton counties. Mines are worked at Mount Hope in
Washington county, near Crown Point ; Paradox lake, in vicinity
of Port Henry in Essex county, and very large deposits
unworked occur at Adirondack and in Westport; Palmer Hill,
Arnold ore bed, and Chateaugay in Clinton county; Clifton
(idle), in St. Lawrence county; occurrences are also noted in
Jefferson county. |

Magnetic iron sand is found to some extent on the southern
shore of Long Island, on tne western shore of Lake Champlain
and on the Hudson river and smaller streams in the northern
part of the State. |

LOOATION OF IRON ORE IN NEW YORK 543

An aluminous magnetic ore occurs near Peekskill, Westchester
county ; it is self-fluxing, but not now worked except for emery,
though it occurs in large deposits.

Hematite specular tron ore, red hematite.— Gouverneur, Fuller-
ville, St. Lawrence county ; Philadelphia and Antwerp, Jefferson
county, pr.ductive mines. It occurs in Hermon, Edwards,
Fowler and Canton, in St. Lawrence county.

Hematite fossil ore, lenticular clay tron ore.— This ore has been
worked chiefly at Verona, Westmoreland, New Hartford and
Clinton, Oneida county; Ontario, Wayne county. It also occurs
in Madison county in thin beds.

Limonite, brown hematite.— This ore occurs at East Fishkill,
Sylvan lake, Beekman, Pawling, Dover, Unionvale, Amenia,
Sharon, Millerton and Mount Riga, in Dutchess county; Copake»
Ancram and Boston Corners, in Columbia county; the mines at
these localities produce largely. Besides these are the Townsend
mine, Cornwall, Orange county; Castleton Four Corners, New
Dorp and Todt Hill, Staten Island.

Limonite, bog tron ore.—There are numerous localities and

‘many small deposits of this ore in the northern and eastern parts
of the State. It was formerly worked to a small extent, but is
now abandoned.

Siderite, spathie iron ore, carbonate of tron.— Near Catskill
Station and Linlithgo, Columbia county, an immense deposit has
been developed; at Napanock, Ulster county, a deposit was
formerly worked ; in Dutchess county it occurs in small quantity;
at Antwerp, Jefferson county, in crystals only.

Mineral Paint.

The mineral paint of New York State is from comparatively
few localities, and is manufactured from rocks of three
different formations:

1. From Clinton iron ore.

2. From Cambrian red and green slate.

3. From Chemung shale.

No statistics of production are furnished by the manufacturers.

This material is produced as a by-product in several other
industries. For instance near Whitehall red and green mineral
paint are produced by grinding up the refuse of the slate mills.
In Oneida county, paint is manufactured from the Clinton iron
ore. At Randolph in Cattaraugus county, paint ismade from
red shales of the Chemung group. At Roxbury, Delaware
county, paint is made from red Catskill shales and at Oneonta a
similar pigment has been made.

Directory of Mineral Paint Manufacturers.
(Metallic paint.)

Clinton; MetallienRainti omar uae ee eee Clinton.

Rossie LronOnevainit Colm ewe Mees ae hese Ogdensburg.

Oneonta Mineral PaimitiCo wn aa eee ae Oneonta.

Ontario; MetallicsRamt, Cope aena tse one Rochester.

Delaware Mining, Milling and Manufacturing Co., Roxbury.

‘Win. Connors)(alsoislate)yemraaee) ee see Troy.
Ochre.

Bruno, Grosche:w Com hice aie ce Wane New York.
Shale

Kiko Mineral Paints oe ne a etanee ete ieee Randolph.
Slate.

Walham'Connors) @lsoamets pte raoee nae eee Troy.

Francis Thomasy 20005. yo) Cais eae Sa ee Oia Troy.

Robert) Awa lla Gee nae dyna te ces ini nae aA ge Whitehall.

Salt.

The salt industry of New York is of great importance.
Originally Syracuse was the center of this industry, but since the
discovery of rock salt in and near the Genesee valley from which
richer brines can be obtained than at Syracuse, the center of the
industry has been transferred to this new district and the manu-
facture of salt at Syracuse will gradually diminish.

The salt mines of the Retsof, Lehigh, Livonia and Greigsville
companies produce immense quantities of salt for the beef and
pork packing industries, and in this respect are not directly com-
petitors of the companies manufacturing salt from brine. About
15 miles south of Syracuse the Solvay Process Company having
found rock salt in great quantity, by boring a large number of
wells and availing itself of an abundant water supply is, by the
aid of gravity, enabled to bring to its works at Syracuse through
a pipe line, brine in a highly saturated condition. This is the
basis of a very large industry in soda ash. The salt of New
York occurs wholly in the Salina group.

A detailed description of the salt and gypsum deposits of New
York is given in Bulletin No. 11 of the New York State Museum
by Frederick J. H. Merrill. From this publication the following
sketch of the geology of salt in New York is abstracted :

Geology of Salt in New York.

The salt of New York occurs almost exclusively in the Salina
group or, as it is also called, the Onondaga salt group of the
Upper Silurian period which was described by Vanuxem as
follows : *

“This important group contains all the gypsum masses of
western New York, and furnishes all the salt water of the salines
of the counties of Onondaga and Cayuga. From the point where
the Niagara group terminates at the east, it rests upon the Clin-
ton group; and as the latter group also comes to its end near the
first district, it reposes there upon the Frankfort slate, upon which
it continues to near the Hudson river.

* Report on the Geology of the Third District of New York.

546 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

“Tt forms a part of the high range on the south side of the
Mohawk ; appearing at the north end of Otsego county, and in
Herkimer and Oneida, being its northern outcrop. It makes its
first appearance by the side of the Erie canal at the east end of
Madison county, and thence west the canal was excavated in the
group.

‘The Onondaga salt group may be divided into four deposits.
There are no well-defined lines of division between the deposits ;
but for practical purposes the divisions are sufficiently obvious.

“The first or lowest deposit is the red shale, showing green
spots at the upper part of the mass. 2d. The lower gypseous
shales, the lower part alternating with the red shale, which ceases
with this mass. 3d. The gypseous deposit, which embraces the
great masses quarried for plaster, consisting of two ranges,
between which are the hopper-shaped cavities, the vermicular
limerock of Eaton, and other porous rocks. 4th and lastly.
Those rocks which show groups of needle-form cavities placed
side by side, caused by the crystallization of sulphate of magnesia*
and which may from that circumstance be called the magnesian
deposit.

‘The whole of these deposits are found between Oneida creek
and Cayuga lake. To the east of the creek, they do not all
occur, as will subsequently be made known. They thin out to
the eastward and probably terminate entirely a few miles east
of the Hudson river; from which point their thickness gradually
increases toward the west, and reaches its maximum in the
counties of Onondaga and Cayuga, where it is not less than
700 feet. The gypsum has not been seen east of the western
part of Oneida county. The red shale comes to its end at the
east end of Herkimer county; and the whole group is reduced,
in the Helderberg in Albany county to a few feet of light-gray
or lavender-colored compact calcareous rock with pyrites,
separating the Frankfort portion of the Hudson River group
from the water lime series.”

The outcrop of the Salina shales is shown on the accompanying
map.

The red shale is fine grained, earthy in fracture and without
regular lines of division. It breaks or crumbles into irregular
fragments. This deposit is not found east of Herkimer county

* Sulphate of lime most probably.

GEOLOGY OF SALT IN NEW YORK 547

and varies in thickness from 100 to nearly 500 feet. The second
member of the series consists of shale and calcareous rock of a
light-green color intermingled with a red shale at its lower part.
But little gypsum occurs in this member. The rock is extremely
porous, easily penetrated by water and falls to pieces at once »
on exposure to theair. The third or gypseous deposit, which is
important commercially on account of its plaster beds, is also the
horizon from which the brine springs of Onondaga, Cayuga
and Madison counties were supposed by Vanuxem to have
been derived: The mass of the deposit consists of rather
soft yellowish or brownish shale and slate, both argillaceous
and calcareous. It may be called a gypseous marl. It falls
to pieces when exposed to the weather, breaking in a series
of joints nearly at right angles to each other which give the
rock a rhombic cleavage. In the third district the gypsum of
this horizon does not often occur in layers or veins, it usually
occurs in isolated masses of irregular form. At many points
there appear to be two ranges or levels of these plaster beds, as
they are called, separated by shale containing hopper-shaped
cavities. These cavities, which are from one to ten inches in
diameter, are of much interest for they represent the external
casts of salt crystals, which were probably formed during the
evaporation of the water from the basin in which the Salina
deposits were laid down. But few fossils are found in the Salina
group, for at the time when the shale and gypsum were deposited
the water contained too high a percentage of soluble salts to
support animal life.

The fourth deposit was called the magnesian deposit on account
of the assumption that the needle-like cavities were due to the
crystallization of sulphate of magnesia. As needle-like crystals
of sulphate of lime are well known, and as gypsum is abundant
in this horizon, it seems more probable that these needle like
crystals were crystals of gypsum.

Prof. James Hall* describes the Salina group as follows: Suc-
ceeding the Niagara group is an immense development of shales
and marls with shaly limestones including veins and beds of
gypsum. The general color is ashy approaching drab with some
portions of dark bluish green. The lower part is of deep red
with spots of green. Succeeding this, where protected from

* Geology of the Fourth District.

548 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

atmospheric influences, the rock is blue, like ordinary blue clays,
with bands of red or brown. This portion and that succeeding
it are often green and spotted, and contains seams of fibrous
gypsum and small masses of reddish selenite and compact
gypsum. From thisit becomes gradually more gray with a thin
stratum of clayey limestone, which is sometimes dark, though
generally of the same color as the surrounding mass. The forma-
tion terminates upward with a gray or drab limestone called by
Vanuxem the “magnesian deposit.” The red shale forming the
lower division of the group is well developed, but in the third
district has not been found west of the Genesee river. It appears
in the eastern part of Wayne county as indicated by the deep
red color of the soil which overlies it.

At Lockville a greenish-blue and marl with bands of red has
been quarried from the bed of the Erie canal. West of the
Genesee this is the last of the visible mass. The red shale has
either thinned out or lost itself, gradually becoming a bluish-
green, while otherwise the lithological character remains the
same. On first exposure it is compact and brittle, presenting an
earthy fracture. But few days are necessary to commence
the work of destruction, which goes on until the whole becomes
a clayey mass. The prevailing features of the second division
of the group are the green and ashy marl with seams of fibrous
gypsum and red or transparent selenite often embracing nodules
of compact gypsum. The third division comprises all the gypsum
beds of the fourth district which are of economic importance. In
this third division hopper-shapped cavities occur in Wayne and
Monroe counties, but rarely in Genesee or Erie.

There is scarcely any well-defined division between the shales
and shaly limestones of the third division and the socalled
magnesian deposit which overlies it. This limestone in the
western part of the State is used extensively for hydraulic
cement and is now worked by the Cummings Cement Company
of Akron and the Buffalo Cement Company.

In their studies of the Salina group, Professors Hall and
Vanuxem found no rock-salt because this soluble mineral can not
remain atthe surface. However from various wells and shafts,
sunk during the past 11 years, we have sections of the Salina
group which show the position and relation of the salt beds.

PRODUCERS OF SALT IN NEW YORK STATE 549

Propucers oF SALT In New York Strats.

Onondaga District.

CN Geraci lwellie ete cc... yee dy Collamer, N. Y.
Geddes Coarse Salt Co ........... Geddes (via Syracuse), N. Y.
Hiehland Solar Salt'Co.* 2... 2.2: Liverpool, N. Y.
Pe Conekammsines (82. Pgs. eS Syracuse, N. Y.
Een alle mmney nye ato Gitus acc, 2 ce

IMS Prelle eat ees 2 te ee 66
American Dairy Salt Co.*......... es
Highland Coarse Salt Co ......... Ke

Salina Coarse and Fine Salt Co.... a

IN. Ke Loomis executor... 2/245 235 < “

Turk’s Island Coarse Salt Co...... he
JiamieseMEiGereae) 30 ie wa 5 es as &
William). Kaliams.3: .. ESM NE Rica iee on

Vale Witter Coe 6 ool ccs edie: :

PP PELOMCT SCE On et lao sn eee

VSM AVS en ely cyte he sey aryl? ; me

biel elreemam- ace tie fee UE ors ee .

Pere anda ane lle: eis ane ee cia, e
alerender@asGe sig 22566 nis ws. sf

Salt Springs Solar Coarse Salt Co.. ‘

ANN a. TEx oi) By 6100 Fal Seo Para .
Syracuse Solar Salt Co.*.......... a
Mostem Bly 2022. SIS Le RE Na

Cape Cod Coarse Salt Co ......... ee
Empire Coarse Salt Co ........... %

Salina Coarse and Fine Salt Co.... s
Western Coarse Salt Co .......... gi
Mhcodore weno a hehe eee sop) es
Draper Ge Onven hnsd. 2.2. ose. co

Wee ark patrick so) ie. wes x

Winton Coarse Salt’ Co 2.2... 0.2.4. re

I ODERL MOUNT eet’. wy t+ 4 - Ge

CAB METH ash) A Se a
George Brown & Co............. is
PRINOK EEN AUCH A Ei a 7 Oe eee :
Mawand wivichoyese22 seh ie ee -

* Idle in 1893.

550 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

shames Salmon, 575) ees gee Syracuse, N. Y.
RAW Nuts clinal Bei Geld ey iio liiaiatet' Su Gt y
Ay To Masons (ott, ee Nara “f
Duncan Wi. Reckt hoes ca eae eee .
VeiRoy Salt Conse) i. sei ersacer Le Roy, N. Y., 21 grainers,
13 wells.
Genesee Salt Co. (5 pans, 5 wells) .. Mercantile Exchange, N. Y.
Pavaliony Salt: Coy. See el race ere Pavilion, N. Y.
Kerr iSalt Gor csi cie cvs Rock Glen, N. Y.
Duncan’ Salt: COV ee weir Silver Springs, N. Y.
ea rh Salt CO i. neslihan ev ne Me remsaivy,, ING NG:
We CaG oumlocki eee anmemers ee
Empire Dairy Salt Co............
Wiarsawawalita Op germ ene ena Hh
Oinysiall Seis OO Loascovooseteo0ege cs
lawleyusallti@ onniis.. snus arene “
iBradleyeSalti Conse sean ancuernen rf
Miller Salt Coto. cetaceans “
Rock Salt.
Metsoh Minimo @ OM nen rere a Retsof, N. Y.
Livonia Salt and Mining Co....... 115 Broadway, N. Y. city.
Lehigh Salt and Mining Co ....... Scranton, Pa.
Greigsville Salt Mining Co........ Greigsville, N. Y.
Cayucaslalke Sali Cove eee Ludlowville, N. Y.
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Gypsum.

Gypsum is quarried in New York on the outcrop of the Salina
group in Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, Ontario, Monroe and
Genesee counties. It is chiefly used as a fertilizer in the form of
land plaster, though at Oakfield, Genesee county, a factory has
been established to utilize the gypsum in the manufacture of wall
plaster.

551

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Graphite.

Graphite of excellent quality is produced near Ticonderoga,
the deposit being controlled by the Dixon Crucible Company of
Jersey City. The mineral occurs in a mica schist and in crystal-
line limestone. It is used in the manufacture of pencils, crucibles,
lubricant and a variety of other purposes.

Quartz.

This material is quarried for pottery at Bedford, Westchester
county, and is shipped to Trenton, N. J. White quartz of Pots-
dam age which is quarried at Fort Ann in Washington county, ~
has been ground for use as a wood filler. It has also been used
at the Troy Iron Works for lining Bessemer converters and
similar refractory purposes.

| Glass Sand

The two chief sources of this material in New York are Ellen- |
ville, Ulster county, and Durhamville, Oneida county. At the
former locality the quarries are operated by the Crystal Sand
Manufacturing Co. The sand is obtained from the Shawangunk
grit, which is crushed to exceeding fineness. Much of the prod-
uct is sent to the glass works at Corning.

Large glass sand deposits of Quaternary age occur at Durham-
ville near Oneida Lake. They are operated by William Williams.
The:sand is not as white nor as fine as that from Ellenville, and
is used for the commoner grades‘of glassware. Much of it is
shipped to Lockport. The sand contains 97-7.5 per cent. Si. 02.

Molding Sand.

Sand for molding is found in Albany county immediately
below the surface soil. When this is removed the sand is
skimmed off to a depth of about six inches. It is quite
extensively shipped from the town of Bethlehem. Near Pough-
keepsie molding sand is obtained from a silicious limestone
which, in decomposing, leaves a fine sand which aa been found
very satisfactory for this purpose.

Garnet.

Garnet is mined or quarried in New York State in and
near the valley of the upper Hudson river in Warren county on
the borders of the Adirondack region. Itall appears to be of the
common variety, Almandite, and occurs in a formation of
crystalline limestone which appears to form the bed-rock of the
valley in the vicinity of North Creek and Minerva and in gneissic
rocks which adjoin or are intercalated with the crystalline lime-
stone. It is found in segregated masses of varying sizes from
that of a pigeon’s egg to a diameter of 20 feet. Itis commercially
classified as massive garnet, shell garnet and pocket garnet, the
former being impure from the admixture of other minerals.
The shell garnet is almost entirely pure and the most valuable
for industrial purposes. The pocket garnet is that which occurs
in small segregations or incipient crystals in the gneiss. Garnet
is also found in Delaware county, Pa., where it is quarried under
the name of “Rose” garnet by Herman Behr & Co., to
the extent of about 1,000 tons annually. It occurs there in small
crystals thickly disseminated through a quartzose gneiss. There
is also a deposit of garnet at Chester, Pa., which is worked to

554 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

some extent. Large deposits of the mineral have been found in
North Carolina, but its quality is not considered as satisfactory
as that from the Adirondack region. Other deposits are said to
occur in Georgia and Alaska, butno definite information can be
obtained concerning them. Connecticut is also mentioned as a
source of garnet.

This garnet is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of
sandpaper, or garnet-paper, as it is called, which is employed
extensively for abrasive purposes in the manufacture of boots
and shoes. It is also employed to some extent in the wood
manufacturing industry. For metals garnet is not as good as
emery, although some satisfactory results have been obtained
from its use on brass. It has been experimentally mixed with
emery in the manufacture of emery-wheels but without very
satisfactory results. The firms quarrying and using garnet from
the Adirondack region are H. I1. Barton & Co., of Philadelphia,
who control very extensive deposits there; Baeder, Adamson
& Co., of Philadelphia; Herman Behr & Co., of New York,
who also are interested in the deposits in Delaware county, Pa.;
Wiggins & Stevens of Boston, who are also interested in
the deposit at Chester, Pa.; the Boston Flint-paper Co., and the
Union Sandpaper Co., of Boston.

In commercial use garnet is found to be harder, sharper and
raore lasting than quartz and is preferred to it for certain kinds
of work, although it costs about eight times as much as quartz.
The Adirondack garnet is said to be worth about $40 a ton at
the railroad, although the average value of the mineral through-
out the country is stated to be about $35. The superiority of
garnet to quartz 1s probably due to the fact of its ready cleavage,
which enables it to present, as it breaks away, new and sharp
cutting edges, whereas quartz, which has no cleavage, becomes
dulled by friction. The only garnet now mined in the Adirondack
region is the pocket garnet, which is used to make the better
grade of garnet-paper. Some of the massive garnet has been
used to make sandpaper for wood-working, and also mixed with
corundum to make emery-wheels. The total production of
Adirondack garnet in 1893 was about 520 tons, but this was much
ess than th usual output owing to the general stagnation of
business and the small demand for garnet-paper. For several

EMERY — INFUSORIAL KARTH 555

years [previous to 1893 H. H. Barton & Co. are said to have
mined from 800 to 1,000 tons per year. In 1893 the shipments
from North Creek amounted to 1,475 tons. During 1894 almost
nothing has been done in the mining of garnet. Only 294 tons
were shipped from Warren county, New York. William Hooper
& Sons of Ticonderoga have recently erected a mill near Minerva
to crush the garnet-bearing rock and separate the garnet by water.
This, if successful, will to some extent revolutionize the garnet
‘business as many deposits not worth working by hand-sorting
could be made to pay in this way.

meny.

Emery is quarried at many points in Cortlandt township, West
chester County, from deposits which occur in the eruptive rocks
known as the “Cortlandt series.” It is used by the New York
Emery Company at Peekskill.

Diatomaceous Earth--- Infusorial Earth:

This material consists of hydrated silica, and is the accumula-
tion of the minute skeletons of microscopic forms of vegetable
life known as diatoms. It accumulates in the bottoms of ponds
and lakes, and is found in recent as well as Tertiary and Cretace-
ous formations. While the living diatoms are found in all the
waters of the State, deposits of diatomaceous earth have been
reported from only two localities. One of these is in White
lake, town of Wilmurt, Herkimer county, and the other is on the
shore of Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, on the property of
Dr. Oliver Jones. The latter is a fossil deposit in beds probably
of Tertiary age. The White lake deposit is the only one in use
commercially at present. The material is dug from the bottom
of the lake, which covers about four acres, and has a thickness of
two to thirty feet, being covered by about four feet of water. It

556 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

is washed and run through strainers and pipes to settling vats,
where it stands for twenty-four hours. The water is then drawn
off and the material shoveled into the press. Here it is made
into cakes four feet square and four inches thick. These are
subdivided into cakes one foot square and piled under sheds to
dry. For this information I am indebted to Mr. Thomas W.
Grosvenor, of Herkimer, the proprietor.

The White lake material is at present only used for polishing,
though similar material is used for absorbing nitroglycerine in
the manufacture of dynamite.

The following analysis by Dr. Gideon E. Moore, of New York
city, is furnished by Mr. Grosvenor:

Water and volatile matter ......... RNs ts Rete oda Ceaaan aye 12.120
StI Cte MIA SMU ELT aoe PUR LOIRE) RUG EC CU 4 SRA URI eB 8 86.515
DURE OC UY cre INR AN See a A a LULL A ML RO a Ge lt 0.449
Kerrie Oxide se wed k ae Wen eee Bun Oana Ae TERY ka Naan ny Olea
DSU ce Vee SRM ARGH OAR DN bo tC U NTN AI AORN CRU RUN ANI 0.120
Undeternainie ds 2 ose AO eee OU ORS IO ENN aie a Tata wha 0.422

100.000

Males

This material occurs near Edwards, St. Lawrence county,
N. Y., in a narrow belt several miles long and about a mile wide.
There are several quarries on the line of this belt. It is ground
in mills near Gouverneur under the control of the Asbestos Pulp
Co. It is chiefly used in the manufacture of paper and a small
quantity is used in soap, paint and other minor purposes. The
annual product is about 30,000 tons, valued at about $240,000.

Peat.

This material, which is the residue from the partial decay of
plants in water, is of frequent occurrence but is only used locally
as a fertilizer.

Petroleum and Illuminating Gas.

The occurrence of petroleum in New York was first recorded
by a Jesuit missionary who visited the oil spring at Cuba,
Allegany county, in 1627. Late in the present century the oil
from this spring was highly valued by the Indians for external
applications and was thought to have a highly curative power. It
was widely known under the name of “Seneca oil.” The produc-
tion of oil!in New York is at present confined to Cattaraugus and
Allegany counties. The Cattaraugus county field isa northward
extension of the Bradford field of Pennsylvania and is continuous
over the State line. The Allegany field is more isolated, although
the oil comes from the same geological horizon. This has been
discussed in great detail by Charles A. Ashburner in the Transac-
tions of American Institute of Mining Engineers for 1887 and
does not need detailed consideration here. Within a few weeks
discoveries of oil are reported from Greig in Lewis county, but
the value of the find is uncertain.

Natural illuminating gas was first used in New York at Fre-
donia, Chautauqua county, in 1821. This material is still in use
at the locality in question. Besides Fredonia, at the present time
Buffalo, Honeoye Falls, Pulaski and Sandy Creek are using
natural gas for heating and illuminating purposes and a well is
being bored in the vicinity of Oswego. Gas wells have been
bored tentatively at a large number of places in New York State
and small quantities of gas have been found, but the enterprises
have not been financially successful. At present many of the
wells in Buffalo have ceased to yield and a large quantity of the
natural gas now consumed in that city is brought in pipe-lines
from Canada.

On the economic map the oil pools are shown as mapped by
C. A. Ashburner and corrected to 1893 by D. A. Van Ingen, who
has written a brief sketch of the oil districts.

558 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

PETROLEUM.
By D. A. VAN INGEN.

Petroleum in New York State.

The oil territory in New York State is a continuation of the
Bradford field of Pennsylvania. The counties of Cattaraugus
and Allegany contain almost all the developed territory for oil.
The first drilling was done at Limestone in Cattaraugus county
in 1865, followed by wells at Petrolia and Richburg in Allegany
county in 1881 and 1882, respectively. The oil sand is called
the “Richburg” in Allegany county, and the “ Bradford” in
Cattaraugus county, but many claim them to be identical.
The sandstone is a close, fine-grained rock of a dark-brown color.
The general direction of the strata runs northeast and southwest,
dipping to the southwest from three to twenty-five feet to the
mile. In the southern part of Allegany county a fourth sand,
known as the “ Waugh and Porter” is drilled into. This lies
some eighty feet below the “ Richburg” sand and seems to be a
different oil sand, although there is much difference of opinion
with regard to it.

The oil varies in color from light yellow to almost black,
although the dark-green oil is by far the most abundant. Its
specific gravity at 10° C. runs from 38° to 45° B. Upto date
about 8,000 wells have been drilled in the State, and some 6,000
are now producing. They started anywhere from five to
250 barrels per day, but now only average sixty-five-one-hundredths
barrels in Cattaraugus county, aud sixty-t wo-one-hundredths bar-
rels in Allegany county. With the oil considerable gas has been
found, but now there is little more than enough to supply fuel
for pumping. “Edge territory ’usually produces good gas wells.

I. Allegany Field.

The Allegany field is the towns of Greenwood in Steuben
county, and Andover, Scio, Alma, Bolivar, Wirt, Clarksville and
Genesee in Allegany county. There have been up to December
1, 1892, 5,327 weélls drilled, and about 4,000 are now producing.
On January 1, 1889, 25,105,000 barrels of oil had been taken out.
The greatest daily production was in 1882 when 17,000 barrels

PETROLEUM 559

marked the limit. At present about 2,500 barrels is the daily
production. This field is divided into six pools, viz.: 1. Andover ;
2. Alma P. O.; 3. Alma; 4. Bolivar, Richburg and Wirt;
5. Waugh and Porter; 6. Clarksville and Niles.

1. Andover.— This is situated in Greenwood, Steuben county,
and Andover, Allegany county. It was originally drilled for gas
to supply the neighboring towns, and all drilling has been done
by the Mutual Gas Company, of Andover. In all, 15 wells have
been finished since the field was opened in 1889. In depth the
wells run from 80 feet in the valley to 1,300 feet on the hills,
with oil sand from 15 to 95 feet thick. The field gives a good
yield of both gas and oil, the rock pressure being 350 feet on the
average and a yield of one to eight barrels of oil per well per day.
At present all the wells but three are shut in, as this number is
sufficient to furnish the gas needed.

2. Alma P. O.—This really belongs to the Alma pol; but.as
there is a dry streak between them it has been treated by itself.
It is very small, covering only five lots in the southwest corner
of the town of Alma. The wells are few and run from 80U to
1,500 feet deep, with only 10 to 20 feet of oil sand. The yield of
oil and gas is very small.

3. Alma.— This pool is a long narrow strip running northeast
and southwest and covering about 30 lots in the town of Alma.
There are about 250 producing wells, yielding about 125 barrels
of oil daily. In depth they run from 1,100 to 1,200 feet, with 15
to 20 feet of producing oil sand. The southwest edge is good gas
territory.

4. Bolivar, Richburg and Wirt.— This is the oldest and
largest part of the Allegany field. It is situated in the towns of
Alma, Scio, Bolivar, Wirt, Genesee and Clarksville. The frst
wells drilled were at Richburg, in about the center of the field.
The wells are deep, ranging from 1.400 to 1,800 feet. The Rich-
burg sand is from 25 to 50 feet thick. The yield now is only
a little more than a half barrel a day, but at first ran as high as
100 barrels a day per well.

5. Waugh and Porter.— This pool covers seven lots lying in the
southern part of the town of Bolivar. It was opened in 1852, and
it was here that the fourth or Waugh and Porter sand was dis-
covered. There are in all 36 wells, yielding about 40 barrels of
oil daily. In depth they run from 1,350 to 1,700 feet. The oil

560 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

sands, the Richburg and Waugh and Porter, are 25 and 28 feet
thick respectively, separated by some 100 feet of shale and slate.
At the outset the yield was about 10 barrels a day.

6. Clarksville and Niles.— These two pools are only about one-
half a mile apart and can almost be considered as one in spite of
the dry streak between. The former covers 15 lots in the towns
of Clarksville and Wirt, and the latter six in the northern part of
Wirt. Clarksville was first drilled in 1883, and has about 250
producing wells, while Niles dates one year earlier with about
140 wells. The wells are from 1,000 to 1,500 feet deep, and
yielded when first shot from 5 to 25 barrels a day, but are now
only doing about half a barrel. The oil sand is thicker in Clarks-
ville than in Niles, being 5 to 60 feet as compared to two to five
feet. The gas pressure is light except on the northern edge,
where it has been recorded as high as 400 pounds to the square
inch.

II. Cattaraugus County Field.

The territory in this county is a continuation of the Bradford
field and comprises part of the towns of Carrollton, Allegany and
Olean. The first drilling was done at Limestone in 185, followed
soon after by exploration at Rock City, Four Mile and Knapp’s
Creek. The field may best be considered by dividing it into two,
viz.: A. Bradford (proper); B. Allegany town.

A. Bradford.— This portion of the field covers about thirty
square miles, its greatest length being twelve and one-half miles
and its average breadth being two and one-half miles. There are
now some 1,850 producing wells, yielding about six-tenths of a
barrel each daily. In depth they run from 1,600 to 1,800 feet with
18 to 60 feet of good oil sand, although it often happens that the
oil sand is badly broxen up by shale and slate.

B. Allegany Town.— This field is comparatively new, having
been opened about five yearsago. Itis situated in the townof Alle-
gany along the Allegheny river, and is about five miles long by
one and one-half wide. There are now about 175 producing wells
yielding each about three barrels daily. The oil sand runs about
18 to 25 feet thick, while the wells are 1,000 to 1,200 feet deep.
At the start the output ran as high as 40 barrels per well. So
far no connection has been made with the Bradford, but there is
no reason why it will not be made some day should the price of
oil go up to allow drilling to pay.

Watural Carbonic Acid Gas.

This material is obtained at Saratoga Springs and vicinity by
boring wells to a depth of about 35° feet. Carbonated waters
flow to the surface and are conducted through pipes to large gas
holders, where the gas is separated from the water and is then
pumped into compressors from which it is forced into steel
cylinders under pressure of about 1,000 pounds to the square
inch. These cylinders when filled are shipped to the consumers,
who use it chiefly in the manufacture of soda water, both for
wholesale and retail sales. At present this gas is shipped
from Saratoga Springs to New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. In addition to
the large quantities consumed within this State, it is also being
used for refrigerating purposes and in the manufacture of cod
liver oil.

Mineral Waters.

The mineral springs of New York are widely known. In
addition to the revenue from mineral springs used for bathing at
health resorts, a large industry now exists in the bottling and
shipment of mineral waters for domestic consumption.

List of Mineral Springs in New York which are Commercially
Productive.
Adirondack Mineral Springs (H. V. Knight), Whitehall, Wash-
ington county.
Avon Sulphur Springs (O. D. Phelps), Avon, Livingston county.
Artesian Lithia Spring (C. O. McCreedy), Ballston Spa, Sara-
toga county.

562 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

Cairo White Sulphur Spring (H. K. Lyon), Cairo, Greene
county.

Cayuga Mineral Spring (Lucius Baldwin), Cayuga, Cayuga
county.

Chittenango White Sulphur Springs (W. H. Young), Chit-
tenango, Madison county.

Chlorine Springs (J. L. Grover), Syracuse, Onandaga county.

Clifton Springs (Dr. Henry Foster), Clifton Springs, Ontario
county.

Dansville Springs (J. Arthur Jackson, secretary and manager),
Dansville, Livingston county.

Deep Rock Spring (Deep Rock Spring Co.), Oswego, Oswego
county. ’

Massena Springs (Shedden & Stearns), Massena, St. Lawrence
county.

Nunda Mineral Springs (Daniel Price), Nunda, Livingston
county.

Reid’s Mineral Spring (J. R. McNeil), South Argyle, cae
ton county.

Richfield Springs (T. R. Proctor), Richfield Springs, Ot
county.

Champion Spring (J. Z. Formel), Saratoga Springs, Saratoga
county.

Empire Spring (H. W. Hayes, manager), Saratoga Springs,
Saratoga county.

Excelsior Spring (F. W. Lawrence), Saratoga Springs, Sara-
toga county.

Geyser Springs (Geyser Spring Co.), Saratoga Springs, Sara-
toga county.

Hathorn Spring (Hathorn Spring Co.), Saratoga Springs, Sara-
toga county.

Old Red Spring (E. H. Peters, superintendent), Saratoga
Springs, Saratoga county.

Vichy Springs (L. A. James, superintendent), Saratoga Springs,
Saratoga county.

Sharon Springs (John H. Gardner & Sa) Sharon Springs,
Schoharie county.

Slaterville Magnetic Springs (W. J. Carns & Son), Slaterville,
Tompkins county.

MINERAL SPRINGS IN NEW YORK COMMERCIALLY PRODUCTIVE 563

Verona Mineral Springs (A. A. Hunt, M. D.), Verona, Oneida
county.

White Sulphur Springs (T. C. Luther), Ballston Spa, Saratoga
county.

White Sulphur Springs (J. Hochstatter), Berne, Albany county.

Star Spring, Saratoga Springs.

Elkhorn Spring (Clark Snook), Manlius.

Royal Spring (A. Putnam, Jr., president), Saratoga Springs,
Saratoga county.

Lebanon Thermal Spring (P. Carpenter), Lebanon Springs.

Crystal Rock Water Co. (L. G. Deland, president), Fairport.

Victor Spring (H. J. Dickinson, Buffalo), Darien, Genesee
county.

Geneva Magnetic Mineral Spring (C. A. Steele), Geneva, N.Y,
Ontario county.

Oneita Springs (Oneita Spring Co.), Utica, N. Y., Oneida
county.

Empire Seneca Spring (M. W. Cobb, of frelon, Dunkirk
N. Y., Chautauqua county.

nye Spring (Asa D. Baker), Barrington, N. Y., "Yates
county.

Great Bear Spring, Fulton, Oswego county.

The following list of New York springs and their analyses
was compiled by Mr. A.C. Peale, of the United States Geological
Survey, and published in Bulletin No, 32 of that organization.

564 NEW YORK STATE

MINERAL SPRINGS OF

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NAME AND LOCATION, 6 | & | 83
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Adirondack Mineral Springs, White-} 2 200 38
hall, Washington county.
Albany Artesian Well (500 feet), Al- DA [SSeS aR
bany, Albany county.
Auburn Spring, 4 miles west of Au-| 1 |........]......
burn, Cayuga county.
Avon Sulpbur Springs, Avon, Livinz-| 4 | 7,660 50
ston county.
Baliston Spa Springs, Ballston, Sara-}......]........] .....
toga county.
Artesian i.ithia Spring.............. 1 5 52
Hranklini Spring see seeeeeeee aR ret tas 52
TLOM SPLIN Gey eeeeciiteeeecceescios 60 De WAS OOOM Resear
Sans Souci Spring............... Be IH Re ASG asl lt Geeao
United States Spring................ Lae eis 50
Washington Lithia Well a AA 49
Barton Sulphur Spring, near Waverly,]......|........] ...-.
Tioga county.
Byron Acid Spring, Byron, Genesee]......|........].....+
county.

Cairo White Sulphur Springs, Cairo,
Greene county.
Calcice springs: i
Near Sempronius, Cayuga county..|......]........|.....-
Near Chateaugay, Franklin county
On Creduage Creek, Stark Town-
ship, Herkimer county.
Near Starkville, Herkimer county.
At Caledonia, Livingston county ..| ...../........]-.....
Near Cartersville, Monroe county..|......]........]......
In southwestern part of Wheatland
Towrship, Monroe county.
In_Cather’s Cave, near Niagara]...
Falls, Niagara county.
Near Syracuse, Onondaga county
At Manlius Centre,
county.
At Onondaga, Onondaga county...}....
North of Otisco lake outlet, Onon-}..
daga county.
At Schoharie, Schoharie county..:.}......|... ....
Four miles northwest of Gouver-
neur, St. Lawrence county.
Near Ithaca, Tompkins county.....]......|........
In Washington county....02 5.0.2..|2.
Canoga Springs, Ganoga, Seneca county
Cayuga Mineral Spring, 244 miles north
of Cayuga, Cayuga county.
Chalybeate springs:
Five miles northwest of Auburn,
Cayuga county.

Onondaga

Four or five miles from West Troy,
Albany county.

South of Canaan Centre, Columbia
county.

Livingston, Columbia county ......

Near Sidney Plains, Delaware
county.

Two miles from Bloomville, Dela-]..... |........]......
ware county.

Three miles above Walton, Dela-}......|........].....-
ware county.

Near Upton pond, Dutchess county]......].... ...|.....-

Near Kline’s Corners, Dutchess]......}........]......
county.

Near Williamsville, Erie county...|......]........|....--

Two miles north of Elba, Genesee)......]........].....-
county.

North part of Warren Township,|......]........|......
Herkimer county.

Bethel, in Stark Township, Herki-|......]........]......
mer county.

South part of Pittsford Township,]......}........]......
Monroe county.

Near Lewiston, Niagara county....|......]...

Van Buren Township, Onondaga
county.

Near West Point, Orange county...|......|.......-].....-
Shawangunk Mt., Orange county..|......|........|...---

MUSEUM

New Yorks.

Sharavter of the Remarks.
Chalybeate...... Used commercially.
Saline en cee
Sulphureted Has a local reputation
and is sold to small
extent.
do Used commercially and
as a resort.
sdddopabooobondadud Resort.
Saline soo loqo0adGe Used commercially.
(On Arecme ioe
GKOy Soasoonccoed
Okoy oe bagaaoacnee
CaS eabGoqtnnnd
(Glo), iG Jacdaovasod do
ACI GW aneene eerie
Resort.
See een| (Uninaproweds
nbopAnoodsasesodnce do

Used commercially.

Used locally for medic-
inal purposes.

Unimproved.

MINERAL SPRINGS OF NEW YORE

565

Minera Springs or New York — (Continued).

NAME AND LOCATION.

Chalybeate springs —(Continued) :
Near Sand Lake, Rensselaer county

Between West Neck and Lloyd’s
Neck, Suffolk county.

Near North Blenheim, Schoharie}....

county.

TAS AH CEN MODES AS cn grenoouono uecool loSobed) pcesodeol aanenr

Three miles from Sag Harbor, Suf-
folk county.

Horton’s Point, Suffolk county.....]......}....eeee]eeeees

Hudson’s Point, Riverhead, Suffolk
county.

East Hampton, Suffolk county .....

At Little Cow Harbor, Suffolk

county.
At North Salem, Westchester
county.
Chappaqua Spring, Chappaqua, West-
chester county.
Cherry Valley Phosphate Spring,
Cherry Valley, Otsego county.
Cherry Valley Springs, Cherry Valley,
Otsego county.
Chittenango White Sulphur Springs,
Chittenango, Madison county.
Chlorine Springs, Syracuse, Onondaga

county.

Clifton Springs, Clifton Springs, On-
tario county.

Clinton Spring, Cliff street, New York,
New York County

Columbia White Sulphur Springs, 4
miles north of Hudson, Columbia
county.

Crystal Springs, Crystal Spring, Yates
county.

Dansville Springs, Dansville, Living-
ston county.

Darien Mineral Spring, Darien Centre,
Genesee county.

Darrow Spring, south of Baldwinsville,
Onondaga county.

Deep Rock Springs, Oswego, Oswego
county.

Diamond Rock Mineral Well, William-
son, Wayne county.

Doxtatter’s Mineral Well (Longmuir’s
Weil), Rochester, Monroe county.

Dryden Springs, 14 mile west of Dry-
den, Tompkins county.

Elkhorn Springs, north of Manlius
Village, Onondaga county.

Excelsior Spring, Syracuse, Onondaga
county.

Fairport Mineral Springs, Fairport,
Monroe county.

Florida Springs, Florida Township,
Montgomery county.

¥ranklin Springs, Cowlesville, Wyom-
ing county.

Grove Springs, near Hammondsport,
Steuben county.

Halleck’s Spring, near Westmoreland,
Oneida county.

Harrowgate Springs, Rensselaer
county, 3 miles from Albany.

Kingsley Springs, near Marion, Wayne
county.

Lebanon Thermal Spring, Lebanon
8prings, Columbia county.

Lockport Mineral Spring, 146 miles}.

north of Lockport, Niagara county.

Madrid Springs, Madrid Springs, St.|......]........

Lawrence county.

hour.

erature
(Degrees Fahr.).

Number of springs.
Flow in gallons per

Tem

In Richmond county ................ pau eee Soi aal Sta

Character of the
water.

Sulphureted ....
do

SEWNINEY osGoccude0c

Sulphureted ....

Saline, sulphur-
eted.

Calcic, sulphur.
Sulphureted, sa-
line.
Sulpho-saline...
Saline, sulphur-
eted.
Chalybeate and
sulphureted,
saline.
Saline, sulphur-
eted.
Saline weenie
Sulphureted, etc.

Sulphureted ....

Sulphureted ....
Saline?..... OCH OU
Chalybeate.....

Saline. we .. even.

Y

Remarks.

Small and unimportant

Unimportant.

Not used at present.

Resort.
Used commercially and

as a resort.
Resort.

do

do
Sanitarium and resort.
Used commercially.
Has a local reputation.
Used commercially and
as aresort.
Used commercially and
as aresort.
Used for bathing.
Resort.
Local resort.
Used commercially and
as a resort.
Has a local reputation.
Local resort.

Resort.

Was improved and used
as aresort about 1838
to 1840, but is now un-
improved,

Unimproved.

Used commercially and
as a resort.

Unimproved, but used
by residents of Lock-

port.
Unimproved at present.

566 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Miverat Spatnas or New Yorx —(Continued ).

Flow in gallons per
hour.

(Degrees Fahr.).

Temperature

a
ep
gi
a
n
NAME AND LOCATION. a
®
2
5
=]
A

Massena or St. Regis Springs, St. 2
Lawrence county.

Massena Sulphur Springs, 3 miles east 3
of Syracuse, Onondaga county.

Mineral Springs, 1144 miles northwest
of Cayuga, Cayuga county.

Mineral Spriogs, Mineral Springs, Scho- 2
harie county.

Mineral springs:

At Watervliet Centre, Albany
county.
At Montezuma, Cayuga county ....]......]........|...00e
Near Crown Point, Essex county..|......}........]. ....
Northwestern part of Columbia
Township, Herkimer county.
Two miles northeast of Pittsford,
Monroe county.
North of Elbridge, Onondaga 1
county.
At Quaker Springs, Saratoga
county.

Monroe Springs, 5 miles from Roches-
ter, Monroe county.

Nanticoke Sulphur Springs, near
Lamb’s Corners, Broome county.

Nunda Mineral Springs, Nunda, Liv- 3
ingston county.

Oak Orchard Acid Springs, Alabama, 8
Genesee county.

Pitcher Springs, Pitcher Springs, Che-
nango county.

Pittsford Sulphur Springs, Olcott’s
farm, northwest part of Pittsford
Township, Monroe county.

Reid’s Mineral Spring, South Argyle, i
Washington county.

Richfield Springs, Richfield Springs, 3
Otsego county.

Riga Mineral Springs, Riga, Monroe}.....
county.

Sauquvit Sulphur Spring, near Sau- 1
qu it, Oneida county.

Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county ....
Chant prontS prin eeepc eee eetrle 1
Columbian! Sprinese,. eens ence 4
WONZLESSS DEMME peieeleiealele aceite
Crystal Springs... 6
Ellis Sprin:....... 1
1Dpra Gores: Spammbarers , oobagogsoooddandd aaolladgoas
Eureka Spring ........... donpoc) cocdolseaeabl lAacwatda|locsode
EEX GElSIOGS PHIM eee cer ieetsalereiieier 1
IME NM soo SM eUIAS HEH sagooodMod mood |Soooaollaooodoas)umdnde
GEVSErISDEIN Gis aeeeeoiieecleeceerissieees 3
EVA CODES PEI Oy eernt erie rare tekst leiersal (oestetaretel | ieee teleiete
ISENA MOA SOM) Hoe Tag Awan bopooosabol|edbaoellodowonoullodenon
High Rock and Apollis Springs.... 2
Indian Encampment Spring.......

Lake Sulphur Spring......

Minnehaha Spring..........-

Inf Coronas, Spor deen sugenocedaod-cocoaconllaooognllscoatoand|[eoqcen
Old Red Spring :

PaMlLODS PMNS aserenr ae eelsereceee 1

Tin AaMSprinesy res ereeteecererioe 2

Saratoga AvOralum) Spring seemeealeeeecteeeeccceiccitear

; Sulphureted ....

Character of the
water.

Saline, sulphu-
ret d.

Sulphureted,
chalybeate, car-
bonated.

Salim eeeenesercen

Saline, sulphu-
reted.

Saline nyreeee eters

Sulphureted.....

do

Acid and chaly-
beate.
Sulphureted ....

do
Carbonated, sa-
line.
Sulpbhureted,
chalybeate and
saline.
Carbonated, cha-

lybeate.
Saline RE Aseanatne

Saline carbon-
Saline carbon-

Saline carbon-

Saline carbon-
Saline’ carbon-

Saline carbon-

carbon-
Saline carbon-

Saline carbon-

Remarks.

Used commercially and
as a resort.

Has _ local reputation
and is sold.
Unimproved at present;
was once a resort.

Unimportant.

Sold to some extent.
Unimproved.
do

Resort and water is
sold.
Used commercially.

Once a resort.

Local resort.

Resort.

Unimproved.

Resort.
Used commercially.

do

do

| Surface spring.

Used commercially.
Not in general use at

present.
Used commercially.

do

do

do
Abandoned.
Used commercially.
Not used commercially

at present.
Used commercially.

MINERAL SPRINGS OF NEW YORK

567

Minerav Sprincs or New Yorx — (Continued ).

a | @ aw
a i= m
SS) n =|
EN eu
a Sic oF
mH Bn
NAME AND LOCATION, Bs 12s
w ad u &
wo Lal
2 =“ Xo
os ics aa
5 } aS
Pan Vel ale

Character of the
water.

Saratoga Springs — (Continued).
Salatoga Seltzer Spring............. MB ieielsiers 50

Star Spring (formerly Walton or 1 80 50
Iodine Spring).

Triton Spring (Kissing CTY) ieclanemrmaie at leictetiacalt ele tice sical listers
UNIONS prin ey enmmeccenesceiinee celsiee 1 12 48
Wiraiiel SENS Siro Hines. Godoccoceneudce||7oos, elleondesodl joonoc
ViChiyiaprini one cites se cneciss osimie ces 1 240 50
Walton Spring (same as Star) ......)....+-]..-..-0-]- --0
WYER ROS abare oF eae cogonussoton|aoboullaeboader 45
White Sulphur Springs ............. 2 | 2,400+| 48
Seneca Spa or Deer Lick Springs, 4]......]........].....-

miles east of Buffalo, Erie county.
Sharon Springs, Sharon Springs, Scho-
harie county.

Shee’s Spa, McDonough Township,] .....|........]......
Chenango county. &

Slaterville Magnetic Springs, Slater-| 27 | 2,700?) 47
ville, Tompkins county.

Spencer Springs, Spencer, Tioga]......]........]...-.-
county.
Sulphur springs :
At Wendell’s Hollow, near Albany,!......]... ....]....-.
Albany county.
At Coeymans, Albany county.....

At Guilderland, Albany county....|....

Four miles west of Rensselarville,
Albany county.

Two miles west of Auburn, Cayuga|......]........].....-
county.

One and one-half miles north of}......|........].-..-.
Auburn, Cayuga county.
Two miles north of Union Springs, HW ldbacdoce llacbado
Cayuga county.
Near Randolph,
county.

Near Van Buren Harbor, Chautau-]......}........]....-.
qua county.

Near Fredonia, Chautauqua county}.

Near Sheridan, Chautauqua county]. allse obo

Near Laona, Chautauqua county ..|......]........]-..++-

Two miles from Norwich, Che-}......] .......

. hangs county.

Near Pharsalia, Chenango county..}. ....]......../..-.:+

Near Beekmantown, G@linton| Pees eee
county.

Near Kinderhook,Columbia county]......]........

Near Millers, in Claverack Town-]......}........
ship, Columbia county.

At Oakhill, near Catskill, Columbia]......].......-
county.

At Preble, Cortland county ........| ....-|s..-.-.

Three miles from Chehocton, Dela-|......|..--...-
ware county.

Near Amenia, Dutchess county ....|......}.--+..-sJeceees

At Grand Island, TE COMME: bye ce ciliaiaves ti vei (oteies stele nails minieles

In Amherst {ownship, Erie county,}......|-.-+..++ a boodor

CaubaraweUs east eeeccees| mca

Clarence Township, Erie county...|......]..-...--

One and one-half miles west of|......|........
Durham, Greene county.

One mile from Catskill, Greene]......]........
county.

Three-fourths mile west of Athens,]......].-......
Greene county.

Four miles west of Athens, Greene).-....|..-.....
county.

Near Richfield Springs, Warren| 6 |]........
Township, Herkimer county.

Near Starkville, Herkimer county,]......]........[ee0+5>

Near Winfield, Herkimer county ..|......|......--|-.+++-

In Danube Township, ELE AMIN |freisternie) | nimatels eels iersieras

county.
At Mohawk, Herkimer county.....|......].....--
Near Newville, Herkimer county..|..... |......+.

Saline carbon-
Saline carbon-

ated.
Alkaline, saline
carbonated.
Carbonated sa-
line.

Sulphureted ....

Alkaline and sa-
line, sulphur-

eted.
Sulphureted.....

Remarks.

Not used commercially
at present.
Used commercially.

do
do
do

do
Used for bathing.
Used commercially and

as aresort,.

Used commercially and
as a resort.

Unimprovyed.
do

do

do
Unimportant.

Unimproved.

do

Used locally.

568

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Minera Sprines or New Yorks — (Concluded).

NAME AND LOCATION.

Number of springs.

Sulphur springs — (Continued).

Near Martinsburg, Lewis county...|......

At Caledonia, Livingston county

One-half mile south of Spencerport,
Monroe county.

In Gates Township, Monroe county

In Mendun ‘Township, Monroe}......
county.
At Ogden, Monroe county ... ......|.....-

In Deep Hollow valley, northwest-
ern part of Rochester, Monroe
county.

In Niagara county, 2 miles from
Tonawanda.

Near Niagara Falls, Niagara county

Above Lewiston, Niagara county..

North part of Pendleton Township,
Niagara county.

In Augusta, Oneida county........

Near Vernon, Oneida county

Near Paris, Oneida county. ...25....|....0.].-20.-0e|e-- 2

West of Elbridge, Onondaga county

South of Manlius village, Onondaga
county.

In Caruthers (?) Township, Onon-]:
daga county.

Near Syracuse, Onondaga county..|.....

Near Split Rock, Onondaga county.

Lake Sodtom, near Manlius Centre,
Onondaga county.

In La Fayette Township, Onondaga
county.

At outlet of Canandaigua lake,
Ontario county.

Two and one-half miles from New-
burgh, Orange county.

In New Windsor Township, Orange
county.

In Holley, Orleans county....._.....

North end of Troy, Rensselaer
county.

Near Bath, Rensselaer county......|.....-

Near Waterloo, Seneca cotinty.....]...... 0

Near Campbell, Steuben county.... 1

At Jasper, Steuben county

Near Hammondsport,
county.

Two and one-half miles southwest
of Sag Harbor, Suffolk county.
At Tioga Centre, Tioga county......|......
West of Springtown, Ulster county.|......
Two miles southeast of Ithaca,] ...

Tompkins county.
Near Newark, Wayne county.......|.....-
Near Palmyra, Wayne county......|......
In Sodus Township, Wayne county.}......
At Clyde, Wayne county 3

Near Marion, Wayne county

Sulphur well, Peterson’s farrn, north-
west of Rochester, Monroe county.
Sulphurie acid springs:
orth part of Alabama Township,|.....
Genesee county.
In Elba Township, Genesee county.|......
Near South Byron, Genesee county.
Union Springs, Union Springs, Cayuga 2
county.
Vallonia Springs, Vallonia Springs,
Broome county.
Verona Mineral Springs, near Verona,
Oneida county.

Victor Spring, Darien Centre, Genesee! al
county.

Yates Sulphur Springs, 1 mile south of
Chittenango, Madison county.

Yellow Spring, Southampton
Island), Suffolk county.

Flow in gallons per
hour

a
o
oF
un
5 | Character of the i"
= 2 water. Remarks.
0
ov
ES)
iS
oe
is
(hia eel sedilocalliye

Used locally for medic-
inal purposes.

.| Weak and unimportant.

Raa Unimportant.

Unimportant.
Unimportant.

Unimportant.
Only one spring util-

zed.
Unimproved.

Sulphureted and
chalybeate.

cece cece er cet renee

Unimproved.

Saline yecisicieeelee Used to some extent
commercially and as a
resort.

Acid saline...... Used commercially.

wee eel ence eee |e een ees eeeneee « eee cceeeee

Chalybeate...... Unimportant.

ANALYSES OF MINERAL SPRINGS IN NEW YORK 569

Awnatyses oF Minera Sprincs In New York.

: Auburn
CONSTITUENTS. ene Albany Artesian Well. Spring, West
i . Auburn.
Grains Grains Grains Grains
h Solids. per gallona per gallon.b per gallon.e per gallon.d
Sodium carbonate..................-- 5.14 40.00, AAU OI! Bogercascadeo doe
Potassium carbonate ................ GS) NE reso BaMBpcbeoSHl capoucusonearons. ||ocacosomoscotabbe
Calcium carbonate................... J8.54 82.00 CPN Meanepeoncacrooncoes
Magnesium carbonate ............... 16.62 16.00 TOTOOR wert secer sissies
Lithium carbonate............. Baers (OY. Nepnesaododeeoaes |} cooccoscenccote || dorocsadisakaccand
Manganese carbonate ...... .. are TRACE Sa fei seinets ele ieee orotate ciate eet tea cliente muisneelcieiye
Iron carbonate ..... bs gegogo TORU DOOOS 5.04 e 8.00 CHO handoaaasedponnane
Calcium sulphate .......... ... atic UNG eespecsosas second rocosadocarebec: 120.00
Magnesium sulphate........... so0n||, sseoooonoode pal cA AGgdccioneneces A picnoduecanosenads 25.60
Sodium chloride............ one 14.34 504.00 472.00 6.00
Calcium chloride............. etna ltweletelsiaieeiet olaseeh lle cieaicisine aise. eee CRUD hesqosdescosasanas
Magnesium chloride..,....... Aguall aaboaadoscnococe:|| anaraae Pea tarete oratatebl|aravatslatsta nem tptisirelace 2.00
Mum ina ee aeceien eos ane IRLACE™ Wt Seas, ices volstedl [yee cleteicacie erase acre | meciererainets dado see
Silica..... aa piefnieleisots wicion tate wermratels elate Qua e ekcaebeteduiscin [Ruel eesaeGas cose al lance meek necan acs
Totalvscsacccsicee sooudbeaedeEcaad 76.89 600.00 568.00 153.60
Gases. Cubic inches. Cubic inches. Cubic inches. Cubic inches.
Sulphureted Ny @rocemste.n cesiec reise! = scisiscaeseete cess | sneeissrscccal values ieccsensscwee 12.
Carbonic acid......:...... piteee sees 67.27 BAM OGG |ietattve cere cic stow lus ureteertteterets eemtcite
Potalveceesss ejsieie/sjolaieieieinle siete s asefers 67.27 184.00 208.00 12.00
AVON SULPHUR SPRINGS.
CONSTITUENTS. ——
Upper Spring.f | Lower Spring. Serie, eoReRne
Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.g per galion.d per galion.c per gallon.h
Calcium carbonate... Ns 8.00 29.33 26.96 9.25
Sodium sulphate ... 16.00 21.02
Calcium sulphate .... 84.00 27.61
Magnesium sulphate. 10.00 19.07
Sodium chloride.. 18.40 29.11
Calcium chloride . of} 7 BES coGoncgaanadaboe ff sclcooodsuosobdss
Solin Mo hale .nosGgqoudegasocednnobdl| Cogooocndao ended). Je 5 idk Ce) Sagdeosom wooonuE modaousDoOeop sco a
Sodium sulphide .
Calcium sulphide..... 99.55
Magnesium sulphide...........
AICI deanando nccdadedassedadoat) 136.40 82.96 205.61
Gases. Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. Cubic inches.
Sulphureted hydrogen. Be 12.00 10.02 31.28 27.63
Carbonic acid... 5.60 3.92 22.04
Oxygen...%.... alte 0.56 0.97
INTROS as cen scloenclele cece re ieeiseicils || dolce rselemienicis cieielete 5.42 8.88
MOEN GoapooncmodgospadaccceaNeG 008 17.60 19.92 | 54.52
aC. Collier, analyst. b Wim. Weade, analyst (1827). eL. C. Beck, analyst (1842).
dadJ.R. Chilton, analyst. e With silica. f Same as Middle Spring of Beck’s report.
gJ. Hadley, analyst. h H. M. Baker, analyst (1874). i Contains iodine and bromine.

570

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Awatyses OF Mriyerat Sprines In New York — (Continued).

BALLSTON SPA SPRINGS.

| Washington

Sauer inet 5 S i Artesi F klin A Lithia Well
Sans Souci Artesian ranklin Ar- ; ithia We
Spring. |Lithia Spring.| tesian Well. |UBitedStates.| (O1q Conde
Dentonian),
Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.a | per gallon.b | per gallon.e | per gallon.d | per gailon.e
Sodium carbonate ........... PS OG) | Ra ee a Repay NT arian era GESSG eee AHIR iors
HOCIUMIbicarMWomatey cies | lease rele leetrele 11.93 SAGO N Wiyyanlaeterrcienvepe 34.40
Calcium carbonate .........- Bic Ballin HaReani rie, Mee epeve etcul| ptectdcnty selene care teoee LEP LOC ARnrooBo re doas
Caleiumybicarbomatere anette 208.16 PURER) Aa neaodons Ee 173.48
MPSS INN (ENA ONAN noooll, eoudancadasaes || aacoocusaeadoa || ooobaaes epee eho) nanobapsogcaccd
Magnesium bicarbonate..... 39.10 180.60 rel tenioseecancucan 158.55
Strontium bicarbonate......) .............. 0.87 Trace eee eens 0.19
Lithium bicarbonate. cs|) ieee eceie s 7.75 afte lanianaeAgeDeoca 15.51
ironicarbonatem-nevdeertoee DRDO Ni cra ieietatalecetenct eve tl ilevctsjetinie aleve chaveterevaHi anet enalnseT eT ere one Ua uate tere Stoney aes
IT ONWOICAT OMA Le Hae et tated! teatieieeleicleseleits 1.58 EU enn adaguan SoG 2.30
BAG MICATOOMALE) eyes jell eeisssylelellstelelete 3.88 a AR ae ean sis 4.74
SOGIBMETS UPA CS ee sates eet ss otate avo vale Coolseparevevia la laste te tetetere te teusyetar seers | iisteverere leneiete lel stot ces Iba lye bivm Our Bae UST iO [Ithevel tafetetsie tatetete et ate
TEOMA TR DUY OME Gl aa oooaitignoaAsoos coat ft jp Oasehi a Ihe OOM eencinonaos lose ll iGogoondonnocode
NOCIMMIPHOSp Hace Messe eeo teeter Trace
Sodiumiybiborabereeaeeeee ees mice cette Trace
Sodium chloride ... 143.73 645.48
Potassium chloride 9.23
Sodium bromide . 2.37
Caleium fiuoride . Trace
Sodium iodide.. 0.22
ALUMNA ayy pie cidemve taste serene 0.40
Silleaye ence as cece thee 1.03
Organie matiteries.seeeee ene Trace
TOGA Mee eas laisse ema 247.15 PBR e) 1,184.37 486.56 1,047.70
Gases.
Carboni crac eee seein tiscali 426.114 460.066 244.00 358.345
CHITTENANGO SPRINGS.
Clifton Columbia
CONSTITUENTS. ee { i SBIIBSS Sul- | White Sul-
ite Sul- Brat clear Magnesia ur Spring. |phur Springs.
phur Spring. | C2ve Spring. Snel p pring. |p pring
Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
solids. per galion.c | per gallon.c | per gailon.e | per gallon g | per gallon.
OPW Korbi niereh a sYoy cE VS nIIy aaron OGUece SORCOOaalt icc NB SHOE bannato saae eee. ein 68 21.79
Magnesium carbonate....... Aik
Magnesinm bicarbonate... .
TronicarboOnater ern. seer
fron bicarbonate ...........
Sodium hyposulphite........
Sodium sulphate .............
Calcium sulphate ............
Strontium sulphate..........
Magnesium sulphate.........
Sodium phosphate ....... ...
Sodium chioride........
Caicium chloride...
Potassium chloride ..
Magnesium chloride .
Lithium chloride...
Tron sesquichlcride
Sodium sulphide .
Calcium sulphide
Alumina ......
SITE ae te Sars tna ee tate eer
SUlpHUr sey eee
NBO} IS RSP ee Nt ETA Nea PE
Organicmmatben eens ue
OPA MeNosminsie etna sine 107,386 142.15 153.35 133.68 218.60
Gases. Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches.| Cubic inches.
Sulphureted hydrogen. ..... 0.884 2 754 5.623 Present 9
Carbonic acidiee we eee 20.480 15.934 19.436 Present

a John 4. Steele, analyst (18
dL. C. Beck, analyst.
analyst (1852).

30).

b C. F. Chandler, analyst (1868).
eC. F. Chandler, analyst (1869).

f With iron oxide.
h Atwood, analyst.

eC. F, Chandler, analyst.

g J. R. Chilton,

\

ANALYSES OF

‘MINERAL SPRINGS

IN NEW YORE

571

Anatyszes oF Minerat Spzines 1x New Yorx — (Continued).

CONSTITUENTS.

Solids.
Sodium carbonate ..................-
Calcium carbonate.:..
Magnesium carbonate.
ironicarbonaber eects sacs ei
Ammonium carbonate ....
Sodium sulphate! 25 ..c.cccscss-02s-
Calcium sulphate .
Magnesium sulphate.
Calcium phosphate .
Sodium chloride.....

Potassium chloride .. .........--..
Magnesium chloride .............-. :
Calcium sulphide...
Tron oxide .

CHERRY VALLEY SPRINGS

Barton Sulphur

Springs. Bath-house
Spring.
Grains Grains

per gallon.a per gallon.b
11.13

Spring north of
bath-house.

Grains
per gallon.e

Phosphate
Spring.

Grains
per galion.c

Alumina ..
Silica ...
Sulphur... ...
Organic matter.
CarboniGcacidien setece oct os selitaee

MOG eee ioe ene oretecwiae

Gases
ORV SOM Gsee oat an tema seers alte sialmisialeye ©
CHERRY Vanuey|
SPRINGS. Doxtatter’s, or
us ts —__| Yates Sulphur Longmuir’s |Verona Mineral
CONSTITUENTS. Springs. Well, Roches- Springs.
Phosphate ter.
Spring. |
3 Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gelion: d per gallon e per gallon.e | per imp. gal.f

Caleinmicarbonatern ms. essen 7.04 38.47
Magnesium bicarbonate............
Manganese bicarbonate.............
TEOMA ICAL IOMALC vistce w clon «mince sietelatels
Sodium sulpnate se foi se. cer cies vies ere

Calcium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate
Potassium sulphate.........'2.2.....
Strontium sulphate..................
Lithium sulphate

Barium sulphate

Calcium phosphate (acid)

Sodium biborate
Sodium nitrate..
Sodium chloride.
Calcium chloride

Potassium chloride
Magnesium chloride

Lithium chloride
Sodium bromide

Alumina
Silica

Ga

ses.

Sulphureted HUaronen Pita als d aiaiala'steleie(é

Carbonic acid

aF. F. Thomas,
analyst (1376).

analyst.

sium carbonate and iron oxide.

b J. R. Chilton, analyst.
eL. C. Beck, analyst (1842).

Cubic inches.

Cubic inches.

Cubic inches.
17.28
Trace

ec Perkins, analyst.
‘f Peter Collier, analyst (1870).

dc. F. Chandler,

g With magne-

572 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Awatyses oF Minerat Sprines In New Yorx — (Continued).

Deep Rock . ,
Crystal = Florida Halleck’s
CONSTITUENTS. Springs. eee Spring. Spring.

Grains Grains Grains

Solids. per gallon.b per gallon.c per gallon.d
Sodium bicarbonate ................. Palette beogoaodeopoass
Calciumycarbonate serie ee then ee otto ELL LAME MEL pk Scapa grave! brea tere eae eee rerater re tene etapene etree
Calcium bicarbonate ................ EPI I" Scocoonddocdontias
Magnesium bicarbonate............. GEO Ioeakaos AaraarGacs
Sodium hyposulphate ............... (Til Soadasecdabonaccs
Calclumisulphate eee UN TU Sb IT GT UR Pe SEU E vieraNaluvetelciateveretemstcee 40.00
Potassium sulphate.................. nee Y ennoesdcoseaejo6.
Sodinmi chloride anceeecese cece 5.88 624.00
(OF GriniihOa lo) aioe PEE eo snaanonaeabu ldoodooananeneuGe:|||wodonsbcodos Nessim) |raddoacdpodoul cos 104.00
LE Ap base) nikon lake) aongaAoueeususcoUSll bobebocuooeboose |i) ey ME OMI Wee dsedodsoasosos |) noodosoosododeos:
WE Vane erhiioa Galop eanccacdodancaca\l\poosaunneccemane |} 0). EOP! Soncondo0besaod] 32.00
Tronsulphide wee eon eee QUIS i ayccaeeteeure boas
Sodium sulphide .....5 2. ...2..2....-- PRO VA e Bree aooadonk cor
MEATS EEE abdnaodabEnocoonOnBeGonopol! ob huhu | cB |! voonenadopslligtac: INaodoons logdaoe :: Ilicascoosbcaue Usose

ETH BRE BABB COR OCHO EOE RODE EOEe Gab boSaal| Mmm hW atin AuUst Iho GadouaseseudaalMoadetasaabeoasace |hcaososecoudadsoo
gay nlo>.d OLS ARR RUMOR mE Manan rir mae au btm VE Lieah Oil lady tad Bez VeG ll Wenn aamcarieanodes | sobocsboodeoadGaS
Alumina eee cece pOiparedoGoACOus ULE Xeni boguedoauddoasoced
SUT C Ae Noe aciaiatalae toe melee tals OAT) Mosesocnaacs necooe
psk0yo FRA eon ARAB COR Mua Unt GabEb ec GeCaon IMEI tae weclUlln ls Cue unasaasGen MonmoepodsraGnacnt|| | voosboonbadcunoos
CHLOTIN | Rr es Me Ne singe odd Te NAL Hah WEE Nee OOS aaratete ace tate fever tete a I apa teyaleds ls oiererelgte ean aletele eeatomenee ieee
ayol aKeyeey aYo hj oLaKoNS DAVOS OL omens gall) Vili) (teKES! Il Goncge bornecdbEdoss ||) oegnmocacdnecedsl || mGoec ladeqnascoce
(OF Wd Noy KEK (obra Mm ouaTON Cerna buono lhe tk Me RUN Sosa eo laaoansannd | GbouabaeobeoMoen Il ceanssoudcoscoucd
Sulphuric acta Ae Pees a Nh ea GO Tia ttie hih he A CB nil || calenate raion ie arereroik Meteo ain ere exec et
SE Ghucooune ooquprooosonooEastbondaac|| Gooooorcenuoaeee Weil lo) TSR M Gastioo. !smaccese. I! cosccoabunondones
Motalysrcriersiere sists sie cess staleecte copes 48.39 800.00

Gases. Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. Cubic inches.

Carbureted hydrogen................ mtd | See te stcterreie terse ne Trace.
Sulphureted hydrogen............... SGD eermiseceseceece

Carboniciacide tena eee eee 32.169 Trace

Lebanon Nunda . . Lockport
a - Chlorine Excelsior ;
CONSTITUENTS. Thermal Mineral 7a ¢ Mineral
Spring. Springs. Spring. Spring. Spring.
Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains

Solids. per gallon.e | per galion.f | per galion.g | per gallon.g | per gallon.h

Sodium carbonate ........ .. 2.41 ‘Odoovoabess: |lipoaosoaaseueus || BootocaDe seen
Calcizm carbonate.......... f 4.04 15.24 9.27
ISOPLCEMH COTES ooogncqonnodool| soodoocaouceco |!) > EMOB) I Geccocbesee as I Gacabeabonnban ll oo cogodonododas
Calciumisulphate veces secs |eceeaceeeecae 36.45 5.72
Potassium sulphate.......... IH eB ooancnenesond oasouoncdssodi| | baaucousanasae |loadsaasaaoaages
Magnesia sulphate ........ BE Se Sincere aR aE enon lie bobo sancr)llloadcooodcenucos
Sodium chloride ............. 0.96 538-53 111.42
Sodium sulphide.... ........ CUO E IADR CGcAMBSccHetl MauCaBALCadcaaenl (tAGnbacdHerar sil ltemscnodde ndnooes
TrOnkOxI dere tesco Oe ESE anNae conde dlls eset Hb esdaubooogudus 0 05
AlUMInN ave ee seen lmeeeeeeeeG 0.45 1.02 gi
Silica eaeeseiecten ence 3.25 0.90
Organic matter .............. EP laa aeseeo Ge cedl Sac Hon sesdccsa hl [sp BorSabesabeC Trace.
Wie YerVeeiiiian CHy AOE aod col|.O.n000 Sadason |} cdaqcodes cone || dunododooagses |!) Scoocsanoneces 3.21
Sodium sulphate............. IBBUG || aadoncAasonccss
(OPM oh av (es Worst ye teaunenonaal ioonocboos de Gaon wnaboorucoudood) |hias ooseceotace) Illkaga lode Oc00008 45.08
AeCoxt Kelp hone aW(ctell boyy fo (WANE Kear he sonp era sesa tthe aMaHor AG an lG Sans saanoud |aghar unoadooss 3.52
Magnesium chloride......... 17.69 11.04
Magnesium bromide......... (iby) Sasiosoodocacs 4
Sodium bromide..... Godnosodl nooo Sacecedads. | AbabuodaspbosenliGgoovedadaddoo! lh wdoodacduascoee 1.57
soXo lh rhan ie Coxe bis (oe ee Ce ee Ie ees ORS [BGSeGcoor nooo Int baal ocasoracd b babBaBesedcetb 2.36
Free carbonic acid. ....... a6 IPTESSb eM | eerie
Movaliece essence tees 668.24 194.14

Gases.

Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches.
Sulphureted hydrogen oh bye 55 aera 2.86
Carbonic acid . 5.79

Oxygen ....

Nitrogeneen eee i

a J. Fowler, analyst (1880). bS. H. Deuglas, analyst (1871). c C.F. Chandler, analyst (1870).
d J. Noyes, analyst. eH. Dussance, analyst. #£S. A. Lattimore, analyst (1878). g Charles A.
Goessman, analyst (1868). h J. Hadley, analyst (1861).

ANALYSES OF MiNERAL SPRINGS IN NEW YORK

573

Anatysrs oF Minzrat Sprincs in New Yorx — (Continued).

CONSTITUENTS.

SHARON SPRINGS.

White Red Gardner
Sulphur Magnesia Sulphur Magnesia Hye Water
Spring. IO EN Spring. Spring. |e
Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.a | per gallon.a | per gallon.b | per gallon.c | per gallon.a
Sodium) bicarHonave reece! ws cosucecwesi ce [ie eedieaele veces 49 WOH Weta An ictenietanleintaiats
Caleciumipicarbonate ess os se oped accacuitues cise seneee 12.93 CN Uh eReeeaeoan
Magnesium bicarbonate..... 24.00 30.50 0.69 1.36 32.00
Calcium sulphate............ 85.40 76.00 96.64 93.50 77.50
Magnesium sulphate ........ 34.00 22.70 18.96 19.68 7.50
Sodium chloride ............. : Pay 3.00 | § 0 23 1.23 |? 2.59
Magnesium chloride....... a es , t 0.73 0.44 :
CalCiMMYCHIOTIAS se oes see elds doaiansictte oe: [eaten sochtecer 0.07 CLI Bbgeaseencocass
“|i 3.00 0.50 0.89 Li ed aameme ee 4 8
SS HBGOTSE Dec ced RCE REERacercos 0.45 AOI Pe cite Se eatetctoete
149.10 152.70 132.18 127.64 119.50
Gases. Cubic inehes. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches. | Cubic inches.
Sulphureted hydrogen ...... 20.5 3.30 10.50 6.00
CAT BONICTACICM Ee ete nee led aralsinisisinteicin’s oil ive cisiaielate cialsperetess 4.58 2.22
JMO HOLT wonwaasagccsa||iquocdodoacouee.|| epeooocdcoonde 4.00 3.00
SHARON SPRINGS.
CONSTITUENTS.
“ Gardner White
eee. Magnesia rgene a Sulphur
; Spring. =) Spring.
i Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gailon.d per gallon.e per gallon.e per gallon.f
Sodiumiearbponate ys excess os cena ceil ewaricsmece sews 0.34 (hoy Toman docdemimoseecc
Calcium carbonate ...... Raboopaqaaucn, conmondodasugons 6.78 SHO h SACRO Acco EAs
Magnesium carbonate............ .. 8.96 0.80 ORAL eae eaiseneerace
Sodium) sulphate. .0. oes. ete. Looe. CELE Birerarers Seazicteleltareiahacelly |i atsistate cleo ect Aesela ion | Mare hate Mata ele aa teetee
Calcium sulphate .................... 63.80 93.59 96.64 55.84
Potassium sulphate.................. DG ACE ah Marcle sree see Mi cakaisiersiatctarote kinase ra vels I betovatate me aaratshaccternt tere
Magnesium sulphate................. 8.15 19.68 18.96 21.29
lron protosulphate................... ARAN Bevateeseraee ce tack | teteletemitia eve teeise Meo ieseretertee eee oa
Sodium chloride yee eee oe WSbddel| \eaksomonsoTodeee 1.23 0.33 1.12
CaleimmMicnlorid eres cease erent insuneeens We waets 0.16 WAU OH onboaseedacades cs
Maonesium! CHIOrIGe soe yials sock on calecabeaeeceelaee. 0.43 0 73 1.20
SOGIMMNSUL ITA OM See ere setae tert crentcmamine elo rcieiee il ikeicls airtel locte scien |talsinawatccaccesere g1.12
Calclumisulphidere ric. see celcice ears eae sean ceuiceotents 2 6.25 0.89
Maonesiumisulphiae eee eee eal eeeemencusgene: 5 se Fe dale OS ODEIC OSORIO
NTO GaceronaddopauaScoduscqoee GA SAabE Ivonne dodnarnnanon 0.40 OR45 0). Gee aocnesh cere
OreanicimMatery ss. ssrcceseienaece STAB | Miziaetsteces ciel vie feseiajaiei il alotemis sislaty sjesieiseine, fl ism niemiaeelcingt casieale
HIGUE WAG aaAnoappecdogndaoGoseOLaE 114.53 129.52 127.78 80.48
Gases. Cubic inches. Cubic inches. Cubic inches. Cubic inches.
Sulphureted hy drogent. fii... ceecce] sedecucncceeeele 6.00 10.48 8.00
Carbonic acid 2.21 AlBG! | sek cneisesstineenee
Atmospheric air 3.00 HARON Sontossasncisnga
LOU e crrneicien aietemiere nis cers van ieee iratsioet solse atawienrs 11.21 19 04 8.00

a Lawrence Reid, analyst (1845).
d Maische, analyst (1861).
extractive matter.

b J. G. Pohle, analyst.

e Lawrence Reid, analyst.

ec J. G. Pohle,

fJ. R. Chilton, analyst.

analyst (1865).
g With

574 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 4

Awatyses oF Minrrat Sprincs in New Yorx — (Continued).

OAK ORCHARD ACID SPRINGS.

CONSTITUENTS. i
Spring No. 1. Serine Oak Orchard Acid Water.
Grains Grains Grains Grains Parts in Parts in
Solids ‘per gallon.a\per gallon.b per gallon.e per gallon.d 1,000.e 1,000.f
Sodium sulphate........ GES alist WAoete eel Marte s ene erie 3.16 0.12 0.09
Calcium sulphate....... 74.89 39.60 12.41 13.72 1.11 1.12
Potassium sulvhate..... Gara Pa eanaecman| KnaaseHeopood 2.48 0.11 0.08
Aluminium sulphate... 21.69 CGS Mago boo eos 6.41 0.37 0.32
Magnesium sulphate.... 35.60 8.28 4.98 8.49 0.46 0.53
Tronisulphate yy oar eosalluasea teen ne seers IN om livre asin nels 0.48 0.42
Iron protosulphate..... i 28.62 1 BPA ABN Rb ine Bal MM OLR rea none net Petre trisie, 9 are oe
Sodium chloride ........ Pen Be AAR Sein Lignin ananneae e 1B rTReB BAe nSdo sae 0.04
SHEE Ne Bane aay vooaanbens 4 59 1.04 1.84 3.33 0.06 0.07
CHIOTIN Ee Me ate cao | oe seta Nese Nctadl|lifete crere tar arctetelal orci tece ron | (areimiaiatasieleisaicte TEAC Dil tvsaeniistone
Organicimatters eee ses pe oceeeemoce 3.28 10.88 6.65 Trace hil eee
Sulphuriciacidtss-o sees. 134.73 82.96 129.06 183.31 2.01 2.01
Totals 814.42 159.16 198.40 211.20 4.67 4.68
RICHFIELD SPRINGS.
CONSTIT TS Nor ste SHES
PAG arte eee ee Rane of | suiphur enae Iron | Magnesia
y RICHO WRT Spring. Spring. Spring. Spring.
Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains _
Solids. per gall.g| per galih| per gail.i | per gall.j | per gall.k| per gall.i| per gall.i
Calcium carbonate .....] .......... 14.80 6.96
Calciun. bicarbonate... Cy lihowGaatoidar | Ihaororenana
Magnesium carbonate..| .......... | ..... Wapnis 11.84
Magnesium bicarbonate soso enen|eecreee een leeceeeeee
Iron bicarbonate ....... OFAS tee cnioen BV agoehian
Sodium hyposulphate .. CaN RSA e OBA Gon [mode ect aa
Sodium sulphate........ ORSON a Rceeauasetl hooaouosdta
Sodimmshiycd rosulphavces | Wererteee en ieee ieee ere
Calcium sulphate....... 60.08 68.40 20.00
LPOUEMI Hh bbad SO OMENS, Sool] Gaadobodob || cdodasonda || baosasdoos
BOOP TO TD SUNDAE Goal! Sadooonese || cnsono nee || Gasooosane
Magnesium sulphate ...| ......... A 10.88 30.00
Barium sulphate..... Heated hustle lou bertehom inl iveveitole ne tere iol) Wie enerreeee
Sodium phosphate...... lesa MoScaa ae eset| INSacnoKGsee
Calciumiphosphate rw aiiercaeeco leer eel ieee ennioe
Sodium chloride ........ OS?O)||aaoousonda 11.49
Calcium chloride yy) 2) ee... cone AOUGA MW cyeyertevssele
Fotassium chloride..... OSG ie Ascapaéos\iasbacad Yeh
Magnesium chloride.... OOS [ervalstetele tee teen ete ye
eat MavUeN CAVING soecoocl| Soscosesec || Sosunvoced || cososcoeds
Magnesium bromide.... OVA Maan here el Ieuoreenane
Sodium sulphide........ NOE ee aa eal eget mrs ea
Sodium and calcium
Sulphideneeeieen eee OnNDo Soe CN | ooopabee sol Ihesdeoodaas
(Cheb ead Sabb aMOKe Koo Gall Sogosoasun |) baddboscee lll HdakGoubos
Calcium & magnesium
SUUPHT espe er a ne ee a a NE [fiche Fal cae at EOE a eis eaterseaysiiy| (aks cher cee rerahe yh ae even et ee era aya Pherae PN
eM or Thee SRA RBA AA Manas knead sen GNy I He tneaee uit H oBrRoBee aE 0.10 ERAGE Wi) en a ee
SIDE CE TB ORME DMNA Sei el aR abe tenyags TS it a POE 1.35 0.64 0.81 ie ily
Organic matter ......... rea TIS Gas edooos DM OSEDOM ee eterceee SHOOA BOC lesen aloarea) [do aaae Bae
Motallievnase. Bae ondante * 191.88 104.72 225.79 190.85 154.28 35.69 106.38
» Gases. Cub.in. | Cub. in. | Cub. in. | Cub. in. | Cub. in. | Cub. in. | Cub. in.
Sulphureted hydrogen. Mae |} soododscde 24.24 3.6288 A 206MM eeite sissies 0.3160
CarHonieracia aA enue NEMA ues slip ivstay aes GAT Ou heey cere 15.9236 2.2032

a Silliman & Norton, analysts. bJ. R. Chilton, analyst. cE. Emmons, analyst. d Porter,
analyst. eH. Erni, analyst (1850). £W. J. Craw, analyst (1850). g Ford F. Mayer, analyst.
h L. C. Beck, analyst. i Lawrence Reid, analyst. j Theo. Deecke, analyst. KC. F. Chandler,
analyst. 1 With magnesium chloride. m With silicate of soda. n Undetermined matter.

~

ANALYSES OF MINERAL SPRINGS IN NEW YORK SH

Anatyses or Minerat Springs In New York — (Continued).

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

CONSTITUENTS. Champion

Spouting
Spring.

Columbian Crystal

Springs. Springs. Congress Spring.

Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.a | per galion.b | per gallon.e | per gallon.d | per galion.e

Sodium carbonate............ 16.00
Sodium bicarbonate .........
Calcium carbonate...........
Calcium bicarbonate ........
Magnesium bicarbonate.....
Strontium bicarbonate .....
Lithium bicarbonate ........
Iron CarboOnavemacns sence.
Tron bicarbonate .............
Barium bicarbonate..........
Potassium sulphate..........
Sodium phosphate. .........
Sodium biborate............
Sodium chloride..............
Potassium chloride ..........
Potassium bromide ..........
Sodium bromide
Calcium fluoride

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

CONSTITUENTS.
Congress Spring. Empire Spring.

Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.a | per gallon.g | per gallon.h | per gallon.c | per gallon.i

Sodium carbonate .... ce 0.56 7.20
Sodium bicarbonate .. cos b a0
WaleiinCarbONAate se sseer see |tiecles cise. 116.00 pen CM en eeGaducbckt | mocsobosbcsca ceo
Calcium bicarbonate........ TED) cornerpoooameds | odesonuS Seca 109.66 141.82
Magnesium carbonate .......| ............++ 56.80 BOG ENS ctarerctete sereraeall ley mistereits lcreetaraiots
Magnesium bicarbonate..... TAIT adconenccsces lll SaooneBoneeney 42.96 41.98
Strontium bicarbonate ...... Agee FACE NE ye ajsiciee sales eter
Lithium bicarbonate......... 3 BS OSI etilets stares ae ometat
Tron carbonate. ............. USA Wicrerereretntetateteteter renin tte elevare eeiarere ie 0
Tron bicarbonate .............

Sodium sulphate ............. Xie il Worcodasd cen: help bcoonstion Sacises
Potassium sulphate.......... : well | a seeee sereece
Sodium phosphate ........... ;
Sodium biborate .............
Sodium chloride..............
Potassium chloride ... ......
Potassium bromide ..........
Sodium bromide ....... .....
Calcium fluoride .............
Sodium TOI Fo) sc decesncees
MPO ORIGE S32 sence eee eee
PAA ees citue s Scema nee ; 2 32
SHIGE Se S5s ors sent wanuncnien oes OSA eres Abocadser AT 1.46
OreanienMalnerraaesseera a tie eta etsees ces oil crrsereine aciareincd tikecisctactacinmecs Trace.

OCALA aie ad oinelae secioracetc(etn 700.90 563.46 543.99 680.44 496.55

Gases.
ATMOSHRELIC TAI eet ere rtrn| tutes vide detoetye maltaistie tees conse AVC ANDO |W wi selehareretotel eatessieNe feta el Satan Ciee oat eet ale
Carbonic’ aclaivcr se taceueen BE Eall) || okonnabononcee 284.65 BIE OF! lee temeante tame ate

aC. F. Chandler, analyst (1871). b John H. Steele, analyst (prior to 1838). eC, F. Chandler,

analyst. d John H. Steele, analyst. eJ.D. Dana, analyst. f With iron. g Davy and Faraday,

pe London. h J. R. Chilton, analyst (1843). iE. Emmons, analyst. j With sodium iodide.
r iodine.

576 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

AwatysEs oF Minerat Springs In New Yors — (Continued).

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

CONSTITUENTS.
Xureka Exceisior Geyser Spout-
Spring. Spring. Flat Rock Spring. ing Spring.
Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.a | per gallon.b | per gallon.e | per gallon d | per gallon.e

Sodium bicarbonate ........ 8.75 15.u0 20.79 9.10 41.23

Calcium carbonate..........

Calcium bicarbonate........

Magnesium bicarbonate....
Strontium bicarbonate .....
Lithium bicarbonate........
Tron carbonate ..............
Iron bicarbonate ............
Barium bicarbonate........
Sodium sulphate .....
Potassium sulphate
Strontium sulphate ..
Magnesium sulphate.
Sodium phosphate
Sodium biborate .
Sodium chloride... 33
Potassium chloride..........
Magnesium chloride.........
Potassium bromide..........
Sodium bromide............ 6
Calcium fluoride ............
Sodiumiiodide ye. ee nese
AN MANS 55) Good0ob5a00K0e000
Silicapereere enc bondoubaD}

Gases.
AtLMOSPHEriClain eeu ieiasiiaciyelh thesis peers cll dance eeaenae 6.5
Carbonic acid................ 239.00 250.00 287.5)

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

CONSTITUENTS.
Hathorn

Hamilton Spring. Spring

High Rock Springs.

Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
: Solids. per-gallon.f | per gallon.a | per galion.g | per gallon.g | per gallon.f
Sodium carbonate....... ... 34.25 :

Magnesium carbonate .
Magnesium bicarbonate.
Strontium bicarbonate..
Lithium bicarbonate.
Tron carbonate .....

Iron bicarbonate. ,. se
Barium bicarbonate.........
Potassium sulphate.........
Sodium phosphate ........
Calcium phosphate..........
Sodium biborate.............
Sodium chloride.............
Potassium chloride .........
Potassium bromide .........
Sodium bromide.............
Calcium fluoride ............
Sodium iodide........... eee
ALUM In ae ee eee
SICA aeian tec oeeanee sone

Gases.
Atmospheric air............. AXOOS | arateeteitere scree odddododadosad || oD Gondous sens 5.00
Carboniciacichte pee eee 316.00 820.00 375.75 409.46 304.00

a Allen, analyst. b Allen, analyst (1879). ec John H. Steele, analyst. dC. #, Chandler,
analyst (1885). eC. F. Chandler, analyst (1870). f John H. Steele, analyst (prior to 1838).
g C. F. Chandler, analyst.

ANALYSES OF MINERAL SPRINGS IN NEW YORK 57

Awnatysres oF Minerat Sprines In New Yorx — (Continued).
¥

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

. CONSTITUENTS. race ee
isssingen or te F utnan
Triton Spring. Pavilion Spring. Spring.
Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.a | per gallon.b
Sodium carbonate... ob 4|Rasndoo gonads doaddaadcresce
Sodium bicarbonate 67.62
COP OnE) NOTE Nec peopodeaogebeuddacendad||) \oocdaadasone
Calcium bicarbonate 140.26
MEGS tin CHT DTS eneduacondy capeopodnebl] oomaoddodgadne |} GodonocdEseoue
Magnesium bicarbonate 70.47
Strontium bicarbonate Trace.
Lithium bicarbonate.. 5.1
IIOP TY ICES 5 7 eco bor coconacdaeRdpondedsall! Gocoaligooeoden, || *an6ocodocdqode
Iron bicarbonate .. 1.56
Barium bicarbonate ae a0 0.99
Sodium sulphate ....... soo Gul lPacodeeedonesen || -tnotonnoscesa
Potassium sulphate... ES: 5 Trace
Sodium phosphate .... dul lpoorionenagoooos
WaleiimiIpHos PH Aber access cee ce taceciaiclo|) les cieicisla eininrerne adda ocean
SOGIUMIDINOKALG ye eoeeeE eee eee erie cecal misaisnieceeuue
SOGIMMGHIOLIGC SR ira joc aeceliee ce nse cles -lsisiclelelere 338.50
Potassiuny ChlOTmId Gwetesceeiscce sciacesesee el 16.98
POLASSIMIMEDROMMIG Eee iaheineise cei aa nie cineis cll sisistaiseleivecie on aeleiasiaier sta icp
Sodium bromide.. .... ciate 1.80
Calcium fluoride....... Trace
SOGIUM TOGIGDE seme snseke ree eeessem crises
PALAMIN Diese acces nee sioocaeaeamcmclaricere Trace
SUTC Ress oe cceec eae ec nego oe weiss ses
Organic matter..... .... redeoncanondodedaahe: || coo tesonusqeae
Total® ovicse jadsesisieceves sesace Balatslaveteieis clave 644.63
Gases.
@arbonicjacidire. nese. Seyetsiatelssiersiais seeisrave 661.50
PATHTOST MN CLIC HALEN ert mere ee een nle ate ell nstecahniatalersis cis etesel! if mallet apetereite nag
SARATOGA SPRINGS.
CONSTITUENTS. Lee A
New Putnam . EYRE AO) Seltzer
J s 1 .
Spring. Red Spring ean Spring.
Grains Grains Grains Grains
Solids. per gallon.b | per gallon e | per galion.f | per gaiion.g
Sodium bicarbonate ..............0scceeee es 8.08 15.33 6.75 29.43
Calcium bicarbonate....... ... ...
Magnesium bicarbonate...........
Strontium bicarbonate ...
Lithium bicarbonate.............

Iron bicarbonate .....
Barium bicarbonate...

Magnesium sulphate.
Sodium phosphate.
Calcium phosphate
Sodium biborate.
Sodium chloride .
Calcium chloride ..
Potassium chloride .
Magnesium chloride
Sodium bromide..
Calcium fluoride.
Sodium iodide .
Boracic acid .
Iron oxide..
Alumina...
Silica) oy. re
Organic matter..

Gases
GCarponiciacidsssasmsnascsmer acdasswoceeciguente
_& Sharples, analyst (1872). b C. F. Chandler, analyst (1882). eJ. R. Chilton, analyst (1840),
d With sodium iodide. e Appleton, analyst. f J. G. Phole; analyst. gC. F. Chandler,

analyst (1869), h With traces of phosphates.

578

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ANALYSES oF Mrinerat Springs In New York — (Continued ).

CONSTITUENTS.

Solids.

Sodium carbonate...
Sodium bicarbonate
Calcium carbonate

Magnesium carbonate

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

United States
Spring.

Star Spring. Union Spring.

Grains
per galion.a

Grains Grains

Grains

Magnesium bicarbonate
Strontium bicarbonate on
Lithium bicarbonate. ).. 0... 2s)... see...
Tronicarbonateneeeeeeeecer eee eee egoooocs

Potassium sulphate
Sodium phosphate............... Sqgpo0bONGOOS
Sodium biborate...
Sodium chloride

Potassium bromide .
Sodium bromide ....
Caleium fluoride ..
Sodium iodide ...
Alumina.....
Silica

CONSTITUENTS.

Solids.
Sodium carbonate .
Sodium bicarbonate. ..... ... aeeees pon naood
Caleiumicarbonateeenernccne nee tone eee eee
Calcium bicarbonate. .
Magnesium carbonate ..
Magnesium bicarbonate
Strontium bicarbonate .
Lithium bicarbonate
Iron carbonate ...
Iron bicarbonate ..

Vichy Spring.|Iodine Spring
(Star Spring).

Grains

-}

me OwW
(=)
RBS

i

ce
ao
a

te
om Bs

=
vg

=———-

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

Walton or

Washington Spring.

Grains
per gallon. e&

Grains

Grains
per gallon. =

Barium bicarbonate.
Potassium sulphate
Magnesium sulphate

Sodium chloride...
Calcium chloride...
Potassium chloride..
Magnesium chloride. .
Potassium bromide..
Sodium bromide...
Calcium fluoride...
Sodium iodide ....
Aluminayy ya
Silica

Sodium phosphate.....
Sodium biborate.......

Organicimatbens ee se al aa Lia ee ie
PRO GAL Ee Renee ters Helscisskarctetetent cision eens
Gases.
Carboniciachaayywyeeacce eee el cece eee
IN HMO Va) CHPSE Codontgdogedadoudacomedosoos
2

aC. F. Chandler, analyst.

aE. Emmons, analyst

(1839).

b J. R. Chilton, analyst (1841).
e J. R. Chilton, analyst.

¢C. F. Chandler, analyst (1873).
f John H. Steele, analyst (prior to 1838).

Minerals Not Commercially Important.

In addition to the minerals which have already been mentioned
there are many deposits in New York which are not at present of
commercial importance. These may be roughly classified as
metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals. In the first class
are iron pyrites, arsenopyrite, chromite, chalcopyrite, cuprite,
galenite, cerusite, sphalerite, wad or bog manganese, millerite
and molybdenite. The galenite and pyrites have respectively
yielded small quantities of silver and gold at certain places, but
at no locality in New York have enough of the precious metals
been found at any time to pay for the expense of extracting
them. From time to time capital is invested for the purpose of
gold or silver mining in New York, but always without practical
results. The experience of 50 years has shown that neither in
New York nor in England have either of the metals been found
in paying quantities.

The f. llowingt is a list of the principal localities at which these
various metallic minerals are to be found:

Iron, Sulphur, Arsenic.

Pyrite, iron pyrites, bisulphide of iron.—Anthony’s nose, Mont-
gomery, Westchester county, mine formerly worked ; Phillip ore
bed, Phillipstown, Patterson, southeast of Carmel and near
Ludington mills, in Putnam county; with galena at Wurtsboro
lead mine, Sullivan county; Flat creek, Montgomery county ;
near Canton, St. Lawrence county, in extensive beds; Duane,
Franklin county, large bed; Martinsburg, Lewis county ;
Highteen-mile creek, Erie county, and many other localities,
sparingly in rocks.

Arsenopyrite, mispickel.— Near Edenville, Orange county, with
arsenical iron and orpiment, in a vein in white limestone; near
Pine pond in Kent, and near Boyd’s Corner, Putnam county.
These localities have been opened, but not worked for arsenic.

+ From an article by I. C. Smock in Mineral Resources of the U. S., Washington, 1882,

580 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Chromite, chrome iron ore.—In serpentine, Phillipstown, Put- .
nam county; Wilks’ mine, Monroe, Orange county.

Copper.

Chalcopyrite, copper pyrites; sulphide of iron and copper.—
Ancram lead mine, Columbia county; Bockee mine, Columbia
county; near Edenville, Orange county; with arsenopyrite ;
near Wurtsboro, Sullivan county, with galena in considerable
abundance; Ellenville and Red Bridge lead mines, Ulster county ;
near Rossie, and also near Canton, in St. Lawrence county, once
worked. Many additional occurrences are reported where it is
in small quantity.

Cuprite, red oxide of copper.— Near Ladentown, Rockland
county, in thin seams, in traprock.

Lead.

Galenite, galena ; sulphide of lead.— Otisville, Orange county ;
Ellenville and Red Bridge, Ulster county; with copper pyrites
and blende in a gangue of quartz in Oneida conglomerate, mines
no longer worked ; Wurtsboro, Sullivan county; near Sing
Sing, in Westchester county; northeast township, Dutchess
county; Ancram, Columbia county; strings of galena, blende
and pyrites in limestone; White creek, Washington county; —
Martinsburg, Lewis county; Spraker’s basin, Montgomery
county ; Rossie and vicinity, St. Lawrence county ; mines largely
worked years @go; ore occurs in vein with blende, pyrites and
copper pyrites. These mines have all been idle for several years.

Cerusite, carbonate of lead.— Rossie, Robinson, Ross, and other
lead mines, in St. Lawrence county; Martinsburg, Lewis county ;
near Sing Sing, on Hudson, associated with galena, in small
quantity.

Zine.

Sphalerite, zinc blende; sulphide of zinc.— Associated with
galena at lead mines in Sullivan, Ulster and Orange counties;
Ancram, Columbia county; Flat creek, Montgomery county;
Salisbury, Herkimer county; Martinsburg, Lewisburg, Lewis
county ; Cooper’s Falls, Mineral Point, and in Fowler, St. Law-
rence county.

MINERALS NOT COMMEROIALLY IMPORTANT 581

Manganese.

Wad, earthy manganese, bog manganese—In town of Auster-
litz, Columbia county, are several localities; also in Hillsdale and
Canaan, same county; smaller deposits near Houseville, Lewis
county, and southeast of Warwick, Orange county.

Nickei.
Millerite, sulphide of nickel— Sterling iron mine, Antwerp,
Jefferson county, famous for crystalline forms.

Molybdenum.

Molybdenite ; sulphide of molybdenum.— West Point and near
Warwick, Orange county; Phillip mine, Putnam county ; Clinton
county, but sparingly, in granite rocks.

Non-Metallic Minerals.

Under the heading of non-metallic minerals which do not occur
in New York in sufficient quantity to be of economic importance
may be enumerated apatite, barite, calcite, muscovite, biotite, ser-
pentine, asbestus and magnesite. The principal localities for
these minerals are given herewith:

Calcite; calcareous tufa, travertine ; carbonate of lame.—V icinity
Schoharie Courthouse, Schoharie county ; Sharon Springs, a large
deposit ; Howe’s Cave, Schoharie county; near Catskill, Greene
county ; head of Otsquaga creek, Stark, Herkimer county ; Sara-
toga Springs ; near Syracuse and in Onondaga valley, Onondaga
county ; between Camillus and Canton, same county; near Ark-
port, Steuben county; near Ellicott’s mills, Erie county, and
many lesser deposits.

Fluorite, jluorspar ; fluoride of lume.— Muscalonge lake,
Alexandria, Jefferson county, very fine crystals; Lowville, Lewis
county ; Niagara, county, at Lockport ; Auburn, Cayuga county ;
Rossie and Mineral Point, St. Lawrence county.

Apatite, phosphate of me— Hammond, St. Lawrence county,
crystalline, with calcite, zinc ore and feldspar; near Gouverneur,
St. Lawrence county, crystals in calcite, Vrooman lake, Jefferson
county; Greenfield, Saratoga county; near Hammondsville,
Essex county ; with magnetite in some of iron ores near Port
Henry ; other localities of occurrence.

582 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Barite, barytes, heavy spar; sulphate of baryta.— Ancram,
Columbia county ; near Schoharie Courthouse, with strontianite,
in Water-lime group; Carlisle, Schoharie county; near Little
Falls and Fairfield, Herkimer county; near Syracuse, Onondaga
county ; Pillar Point, Jefferson eounty, in large veins; Hammond
and De Kalb, St. Lawrence county.

Magnesite, carbonate of magnesiz.__Near Rye, Westchester
county; Warwick, Orange county; New Rochelle, Westchester
county ; Stony Point, Rockland county ; Serpentine hills, Staten
Island ; everywhere in thin seams and strings.

Muscovite, mica.— As a rock constituent, common In large
plates near Warwick and at Greenwood at Mount Basha pond, in
Orange county; Pleasantville, Westchester county, once opened
and mined ; Henderson, Jefferson county; Potsdam and Edwards,
in St. Lawrence county.

Serpentine.— Staten Island, near New Rochelle and near Rye,
Westchester county; Phillipstown, Putnam county ; near Amity,
Orange county, verd antique; Johnsburg and Warrensburg, War-
ren county; Shelving rock, Lake George, Washington county ;
Gouverneur, Fowler, Edwards and Pitcairn townships, in St.
Lawrence county ; other localities of occurrence in small quantity.

Coal and Lignite.

Coal and lignite, while they occur in New York, can never be
found in commercial quantities. The coal measures of Penn-
sylvania are not found north of the boundary line between Penn-
sylvania and New York, and what coal has been discovered in
the latter State is in older formations which do not contain this
valuable mineral in commercial quantities. Many thousands of
dollars have been spent in fruitless efforts to obtain eoal in New
York, but year after year persons appear in the field who seem
anxious to pay for their own experience. It can not be too
strongly urged upon the attention «f the people of the State that
it is absolutely useless to seek for coal in New York.

Coal.—W oodstock, Ulster county, thin vein in Catskills,
worked out; in the seams interstratified with shales, in Chautau-
qua, Erie, Livingston and Seneca counties.

Lignite, brown coal.— Near Rossville, Staten Island, thin seam
in clay; also in Suffolk county in clays.

LON DoE

The superior figure shows the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 5307
means seven ninths of the way down page 530. Dates are printed in italics.

Ackerman’s mine, 5307.

Adams bros., quarry, 441°.

Adirondack granite co., 3788.

Adirondacks, area, 532°-33!; garnets,
553°-55?; granitic rocks, 375!; iron
ores, 5288, 5325-37, 534?, 5358; output
of iron in 1880 and 1888, 5354; lime-
stones, 4254; magnetites, 542°; Pre-
cambrian rocks, 3668-68!, 5322.

Akron, Cummings cement co., 5483.

Albany county, bluestone quarries,
4011, 402%, 411°; molding sand, 553°;
road metal quarries, 449%; Salina
group, 5468; Cauda galli grit and
Schoharie grit, 387°; Hamilton sand-
stones, 388!.

Aibion, sandstone quarries, 398°.

Albion stone co., 398°, 399°,

Allegany, oil wells, 560°.

Allegany county, sandstone quarries,
4103; Chemung sandstones, 390?; oil
wells, 5577, 558”, 5588-604; production
of, oil, 558°-59!.

Alma. oil wells, 5594.

Alilmandite, 553°,

American institute mining engineers,
transactions, tests of titaniferous
ores, 587°; oil fields, 557°.

Ainsterdam, limestone quarries, 4378—
38),

Analyses of mineral springs, 569-78.

Andover, oil wells, 559?.

Anorthosites of Adirondacks, 5364.

Antwerp, red hematites, 538%.

Apatite, 534°-35'; localities producing,
5818.

Aqueduct, sandstone quarries. 394°-95!,

Arana marble co., 486°.

Argillite, 421).

Arnold Hill mine, 5347,

Arrochar clays, 501°.

Arsenic, localities producing, 579°-80!.

Asbestos pulp co., 5567.

Ashburner, C: A., on oil fields, 5575.

Athens, bluestone quarries, 411°.

Auburn, limestone quarries, 4455.

Ausable granite co., quarries, 3789-79;
tests of stone, 379°.

Baeder, Adamson & co., 5544.

Barite, localities producing, 582'.

‘Barron, J: J., quarry, 441°.

Barryville, bluestone quarries, 404*.

Barton, H. H., & co., 5544, 5551.

Bath, sandstone quarry, 410!.

Beauport clays, 500'.

Becraft’s mountain, limestone,
4277; quarries, 434°,

Beekman, iron ores, 5398,

Behr, Herman, & co., 553°, 5544.

Belfast, sandstone quarry, 4105.

Bellevale mountains, Oneida con-
glomerate, 385°,

Belmout, sandstone quarries, 410°.

Belvidere, sandstone quarries, 410°.

Bennett, John, & son, quarry, 445°.

Bessemer iron ores, 582°, 53852, 5422.

Big six stone co., 3978.

Bigelow bluestone co., see Ulster blue-
stone co.

Biggs, D. S., & sons, quarry, 4068-72.

Birdseye limestone, 4267, 4887, 439°,
4408,

Black river limestones, 427°; quarries,
4407-412,

Black Rock, limestone quarries, 447°,

Blake, E. M., work for museum, 3664;
investigations on Lake George, 368'.

4245,

584

Bluestones, Bluestone quarries of New
York by W: G. Eberhardt, 411?-19°;
general characteristics, 4027-3"; con-
stitution, 4037; geologic occurrence,
388°; method of quarrying, 4129-138,
418°-19>; tests, 4078, 415’; variations
in color and quality, 412°. See also
Devonian bluestone; Hudson river
bluestone; Olean bluestone; Portage
bluestone; Schenectady bluestone;
Warsaw bluestone.

Bog iron ores, 5298, 5808, 543°.

Boice, Hewitt, quarry, 414°, 415?.

Boiceville, sandstone quarries, 4017;
bluestone quarries, 402°.

Bolivar, oil wells, 5597.

Bolton, marble quarries, 4327.

Bond, L. W., sandstone quarry, 391%.

Boston flint-paper co., 554°.

Bradford, oil wells, 560°.

Brady, Gilbert; quarry, 398°.
Break-neck mountain, granite quarry,
3782; road metal quarry, 449.

Breesport, clays, 4984. ,

Brighton, clays, 4974.

Brines, 547?.

Brockport, sandstone quarry, 3977.

Brodhead’s Bridge, bluestone quarries,
402°; mills, 4048.

Broome county, bluestone quarries,
4158, 4181,

Brown hematites, see Limonites.

Brownstone, 3908-91!.

Brownsville, limestone quarries, 4414.

Buffalo, limestone quarries, 447; clays,
497),

Buffalo cement co., 5488,

Buffalo paving co., 399".

Building stone, geology and geographic
distribution, 372-448; directory of
quarrymen, 451-98.

Burden iron mines, 5415-425,

Burhans & Brainard, quarry, 4142.

Burlington, clays, 5002.

Burlington manufacturing co., 4328,
4372,

Cairo, bluestone quarries, 4023.

Calcareous tufa, 4293; localities pro-
ducing, 581°,

Calciferous limestones, 4248, 4254, 4258-
26°, 4384", 4351, 4395; production of
lime, 5193,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Calcite, localities producing, 581°.

Caledonia, limestone quarries, 446°;
iron mines, 538?.

Callahan, Edward, quarry, 439°.

Callanan, P., quarry, 449°.

Camden, sandstone quarry, 397°.

Canada, limestone quarries, 448,

Canajoharie, limestone quarries, 488°-
393,

Canandaigua, limestone quarries, 446+.

Canterbury, iron ores, 5307.

Canton, marble quarries, 432+.

Carbonate of lime, localities produc-
ing, 581°.

Carbonate ores, 529°, 5303; distribution,
543°; of Hudson river, 641°-425.

Carbonic acid gas, 561.

Carnwright, A., quarry, 4122.

Carpenter, —, quarries, 447°,

Carrollton, oil wells, 560°.

Carter, L. H., quarries, 4408,

Cassville, limestone quarries, 443°,

Catskill, sandstone quarries, 401°; blue-
stone quarries, 411°, 414°; clays, 499?.

| Catskill group, sandstones, 390; quar-

ries, 4018, 404°.

Catskill mountains, bluestone, 401?;
quarries, 402+.

Cattaraugus county, Chemung sand-
stones, 396°; bluestone quarries, 4107,
mineral paint, 544°; oil wells, 5573,
558”, 5605.

Cauda galli grit, 387°;
metal, 449+.

Cayuga county, brines, 547?; gypsum,
5508; iron ores, 538°; limestone quar-
ties, 445'-464; salt, 5458, 5467; sand-
stone quarries, 391’; Hamilton sand-
stones, 388”.

Cedar Hill, iron mines, 5417.

Cement, production, 519, 5488; direct-
ory of producers, 520-26.

Center Island, clays, 500°-1?.

Champlain valley, clays, 499°-500°;
iron ores, 533°-37°; history of min-
ing, 535°; limestone quarries, 425%,
4346-37°; Chazy limestone, 4264;
Potsdam sandstone, 383°; sandrocks,
4258,

Chateaugay, iron ores, 533%, 5347,
5357; Bessemer ores, 5352.

Chateaugay ore and iron co., 535°.

use for road

INDEX TO MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW YORK STATE

Chaumont, limestone quarries, 441°.

Chautauqua county, clays, 496°, 498);
natural gas, 557°; sandstone quar-
ries, 4108-112; Chemung sandstones,
390°; Portage sandstones, 389?.

Chazy limestone, 426+, 4367, 437°, 441°.

Chemung county, sandstone quarries,
409°; clays, 498+.

Chemung group, sandstones, 389°-90?;
quarries, 409!-11?.

Chenango county, Portage sandstones,
3892; bluestone quarries, 4055-65, 4114,
4183.

Cheney ores, 536°, 536°.

Cherry Valley, limestone quarries, 443°.

“* Chimneys,” term, 531°.

Chromite, localities producing, 580!.

Clark mine, 5387.

Clarke, F. G., bluestone co., 405°, 4188.

Clarkson, T: S., sandstone quarry,
8928.

Clarksville, oil wells, 559", 560? .

Clay deposits, basin-shaped, 496°; color,
4967; depth, 496°; distribution, 495°-
501; stratification, 498°.

Clay industries, 494-958; table of re-
ceipts for 7892, 4948; directory of
manufacturers, 502-18.

Clayton, sandstone quarries, 394°.

Clifton, iron ores, 533°.

Clinton, sandstone quarries, 395°; iron
ores, 539?.

Clinton county, Potsdam sandstone,
384°; Jimestone quarries, 4871; Chazy
limestone, 4264.

Clinton group, sandstones, 387);
quarries, 395°-963; iron ores, 5388-397.

Clymer, sandstone quarries, 411°.

Coal, localities producing, 582°.

Cobleskill, limestone quarries, 442°-43?,

Cochecton, bluestone quarries, 416’.

Cohocton, sandstone quarry, 409°.

Colchester, bluestone quarries, 418°.

Columbia county, slate quarries, 421°;
limestone quarries, 434°; iron ores,
5398413,

Conewango, clays, 497°.

Conglomerate, 3837, 384°, 385°, 390%,
890’. See also Oneida conglomerate.

Connecticut, brownstone, 391!; iron

- ores, 541?,

’

585

Conner, J. Q. A., & son, quarry, 4164.
Cooperstown, flagstone quarries, 406°.
Copper, localities producing, 580?.
Corniferous limestone, 3878, 428°, 447).
Corning, sandstone quarries, 409+.
Cornwall, clays, 4992.
Cornwell, L., quarry, 398°.
Coventry, flagstone quarries,
bluestone quarries, 418°.
Cox, Mrs Charles, sandstone quarry,
392°.
Coxsackie, sandstone quarries, 401°;
bluestone quarries, 4115.
Cretaceous formations, clays,
diatomacecus earth, 5557,
Croton, clays, 499°.
Croton-Brewster mines, 5318,
Crown Point, limestone quarries, 436°;
iron mines, 5347; Bessemer ores, 5352.
Crystal sand manufacturing co., 552°.

406°;

500°:

Cuba, sandstone quarry, 4104; oil
wells, 557%.

Cummings cement co , 548°.

Cushing, H. P., investigations in

Adirondacks, 367%-68!.

Dana, J. D., Limonite ore beds, 540°.

Dansville, sandstone quarry, 409%.

Deerpark, bluestone quarries, 404° 415°.

Delaware, bluestone quarries, 415°,
416°-17?,

Delaware county, Catskill sandstones,
3905; sandstone quarries, 415!; blue-
stone quarries, 411+, 4177, 418°; min-
eral paint, 544°.

Deposit, bluestone quarries, 417°.

Devonian bluestone, 3837.

Diabase, use for road metal, 449°, 450'.

Diatomaceous earth, 555°-56°; analysis,
5564.

Directory, of clay manufacturers, 502-
18; of gypsum quarries, 551; of pro-
ducers of lime and cement, 520-26;
of producers of millstones, 527°; of
mineral paint manufacturers, 544°;
of mineral springs, 5618-68; of salt
manufacturers, 549-50; of building
stone quarries, 451-93.

Dixon crucible co., 5527.

Donovan, D. E., granite quarry, 377°.

Dormansville, bluestone quarries, 402°.

586

Dover Plains, limestone quarries, 431°.

Downs & Bowman, quarry, 397°.

Duanesburg, sandstone quarry, 395+;
road metal quarry, 4494.

Duford & sons, quarry, 441°.

Dunkirk, clays, 496°.

Dutchess county, clays, 497°; iron ores,
5398412; limestone, 4261; limestone
quarries, 4334; marble quarries, 425°;
molding sand, 553’; sandstone
quarry, 394°; Potsdam sandstone,
383°; slate quarries, 421°; study of
rocks in, 366°.

Dutchess Junction, clays, 499?.

East Branch, flagstone quarries, 404°.

Eberhardt, W: G., Bluestone quarries
of New York, 4113-1$°.

Economic and geologic map of New
York, preparation of, 365-70".

Elmira, sandstone quarries, 409°.

Emery, 554?, 555°.

Emmons, Ebenezer, investigations in
Adirondacks, 8672, 5887, 536°.

Empire Portland cement co., 528°.

Erie county, Hamilton sandstones,
3882; limestone quarries, 446°—474;
clays, 4971; Salina formation, 548".

Essex county, granite quarries, 378°;
iron ores, 5842, 5854, 535°-37°; lime-
stone quarries, 436°-87!; Chazy lime-
stone, 4264; marble quarries, 482°;
sandstone quarries, 391°-92'.

Fairhen, E., quarry, 398°.

Field-stone, 420°.

Fisher Island, clays, 501'.

Fishkill, clays, 49%?; iron ores, 539%40?.

Fishkill-Clove belt, iron ores, 539°.

Flagstone and building stone co., 406°.

Flagstones, 382°, 38¢°, 389, 3923, 4047,
4048-52, 406°, 4167, 416°, 419°.

Fletcher & sons, quarry, 397°.

Fluorite, localities producing, 5817.

Flux, use of limestone for, 519°.

Fogelsonger, D. R. & H., quarries,
4467.

Ford, A. H., quarry, 398°.

Fordham, granite quarries, 375°.

Forestburg, bluestone quarries, 404°,
4154,

Fort Ann, sandstone quarry, 391°.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fort Plain, limestone quarries, 439°.

Fossil ores, see Clinton ores.

Fossils, in Quaternary days, 500%; rare
in Salina group, 5477.

Four Mile, oil wells, 560°.

Fox Hollow, bluestone quarries, 402°.

Frankfort, sandstone quarries, 395°-
962.

Franklin county,/ Potsdam sandstone,
384!; sandstone quarries, 392+.

Freestone, 38812, 391?.

Fremont, bluestone quarries, 417’.

Fresh Pond, clays, 500°%-1?.

Gabbros, 536°.

Galenite, localities producing, 580°.

Ganung, E. C., granite quarries, 377'.

Gardiner’s Island, clays, 500".

Garnet, 553°-55%; prices, 5547; output,
5549-557.

Garrett stone & coal co., 445°.

Garrisons, granite quarry, 377°.

Genesee, oil wells, &59".

Genesee county, Hamilton sandstones,
3882; limestone quarries, 446°; Salina
formation, 5487; gypsum, 550°.

Genesee valley, clays, 496"; rock salt,
545°.

Geologic map, of Westchester and New
York counties, 3708;

of state, prepared for World’s
fair, 565-70"; maps consulted in pre-
paring, 369°-70?; map in preparation
by Prof. Hall, 3657.

Geology and geographic distribution
of building stone, 372-448.

George & Griffith, limestone quarry,
440},

Glacial drift, 420'.

Glasco, bluestone quarries, 414’.

Glass sand, 5527.

Glen Cove, clays, 500°.

Glens Falls, limestone quarries, 4268-
27°, 4358-36.

Glens Falls co., quarry, 439°.

Gneiss, use for road metal, 449°, 450°;
of Adirondacks, 533”; of Highlands,
366°; quarries, directory, 452.

Gold in New York, 579+.

Goodrich, L. 8., & son, quarry, 445°.

Goodrich & Clark stone co., 398°, 349.

INDEX TO MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW YORK STATE

Gorman, C. A., quarry, 3997.

Gouverneur, marble quarries, 431°-324.

Gowdy, Hiram, quarries, 440°.

Granby brownstone co., quarry, 396°-
Ore

Grand Gorge, flagstone quarries, 404°.

Granites, color, 373!; constitution, 37~>;
durability, 373°-74?; quarries, 376°—
80°; directory of quarries, 451-52;
commercial use of term, 3743; texture,
3728-73!; use for road metal, 449},
449°, 450?; ease of working, 373°; of
Highlands, 366°.

Graniteville, road metal quarries, 449°,

Granitic rocks, 372>-80°.

Grant, ——, quarry, 414°.

Granville, slate quarries, 421°-225.

Graphite, 5521.

Gravel, use for road metal, 449°, 4503.

Green Ridge, clays, 501°.

Greene county, Catskill, sandstones,
390°; sandstone quarries, 3945; blue-
stone quarries, 4011, 402°, 411%, 414°;
limestones, 4277.

Greenport, limestone quarries, 434°;
iron ores, 5417.

Greenwood, sandstone quarry,
iron mines, 5318; oil wells, 559?.

Greig, oil wells, 557°.

Greigsville, salt mines, 545°,

Grindstone Island, granite quarries,
3793-803.

Grosvenor, T: W., acknowledgments,
5567,

Guilford, flagstone quarries, 406°.

Gwynne, C. F., quarry, 398°.

Gypsum, geologic occurrence, 545°-488;
distribution, 5467; quarries, 550%;
directory of quarries, 551.

409°,

Hall, C. E., map of Essex county,
3672; Laurentian magnetic iron ore
deposits of Northern New York, 533%.

Hall, James, work on geologic map,
8657; on distribution of Clinton ores,
539!; on Salina group, 547°.

Hamilton group, sandstones, 3879-888;
quarries, 4008-8°,

Hammond, sandstone quarries, 384°,
3939-943,

Hampton, slate quarries, 4215.

587

Hancock, bluestone quarry, 417’, 416%.

Harris, G: S., quarries, 418°.

Hartsdale, granite quarries, 376’.

Harvey, Cornelius, quarry, 4127.

Hastings, granite quarries, 376°; mar-
ble quarries, 430°.

Hatch Hill, slate quarries, 4217, 422°.

Haverstraw, sandstone quarries, 419°;
clays, 499.

Hebner, George, quarry, 398°.

Hebner bros., quarry, 398°.

Hebron, slate quarries, 421°-22!,

Helderberg limestones, 424°, 427, 428°;
distribution, 38684; production of
lime, 5198, See also Lower Helder-
berg limestones; Upper Helderberg
limestones.

Helderberg mountains, Hamilton sand-
stones, 388?; Salina group, 5468.

Hematite, 5297, 5307; distribution, 543%;
of St Lawrence and Jefferson coun-
ties, 5377-887. See also Clinton ores;
Martite.

Herkimer county, diatomaceous earth,
5558; granite quarries, 378°; iron ores,
538°; limestones, 4277; limestone
quarries, 489°, 443+; Oneida con-
glomerate, 885%; sandstone quarries,
3958; Clinton sandstones, 337!; Salina
shales, 5467; salt, 546!.

Hermon, hematites, 5378.

Hewitt, D. C. quarry, 488'.

Higginsville, sandstone quarries, 3967.

High Woods, sandstone quarries, 401’.

Highland, sandstone quarries, 394.

Highlands of New York, geology, 366°;
granite quarries, 378'; granitic rocks,
3749-75!; iron ores, 5309-827, 52398;
limestones, 4254; magnetites, 542°.

Highlands of New Jersey, iron ores,
5819.

Hillsdale, iron ores, 539°.

Hindsburg, sandstone quarry, 397°.

Holland Patent, limestone quarries,
4398,

Holley, sandstone quarries, 3978.

Holloway. A. M., quarry, 3997.

Hooper, William, & sons, 555°.

Hoosick, quarries, 421°.

Hopper shaped cavities
group, 546+, 5475, 548’.

in Salina

588 NEW YORK

_Horan, S.. J., quarry, 399".
Hornellsville, sandstone quarry, 4107.
“¢ Horses,” 531°.

Howe’s cave, limestone quarries, 442°.

Hudson river bluestone, 3883?, 388°,
400°-55; analysis and tests, 404!; su-
perior qualities, 404°-5°; directory of
quarries, 458-84.

Hudson river group, sandstones, 3844—
85!, 388!; sandstone quarries, 3944-
958, 401°; slates, 421'; slates, iron ore
deposits, 540°, 541°.

Hudson river ore & iron co., 5424.

Hudson river spathic iron ore Co.,
5423.

Hudson river stone supply co., 449°.

Hudson valley, clays, 498'-998; granitic
rocks, 3747-75'; iron ores, 5415-425;
limestone, 4259, 426, 428°; road metal
quarries, 448°; Hamilton sandstones,
388!. See also Highlands.

Hughes bros., quarry, 396°, 444+.

Hulburton, sandstone quarries, 398!.
Hunt, T. S., on hematite ores, 537°.
Hurley, bluestone quarries, 401°, 401°

21, 402°, 414°.

Hurst, Henry, & son, quarry, 4887.

Hydraulic cement, sources, 5194,
5488.

Hypersthene, in Adirondacks, 533°.

Illuminating gas, see Natural gas.
Inderlied, E. C., quarries, 418°.
Infusorial earth, 555°-56°.

Iona Island, granite quarry, 377°; road
metal quarries, 449!.

Tron ores, 528°-43; classification, 529);
distribution, 530°, 5425-48; localities
producing, 579°-80'; papers on, 5287.

Tron ores of New York, by J. C. Smock,
529-43.

Trondequoit bay, clay deposits, 4975.

Ithaca, sandstone quarries, 4072.

Jackson, —, granite quarries, 3771.

Jameson & Warsaw manufacturing
co. quarry, 408%.

Jamestown, sandstone quarries, 4108
ial

Jamesville, limestone quarries, 4437.

STATE MUSEUM

Jayville, iron ores, 5339-84'.

Jefferson county, clays, 4978; granite
quarries, 374°-€0%; hematite, 5377
38’; limestone quarries, 441!; sand-
stone quarries, 394°; Potsdam sand-
stone, 384?.

Jones, F, W., quarries, 434°.

Jones, H. & L. N., quarry, 439°.

Kaolin deposits, 501°.

Kearney & Barrett, quarry, 399".

Keeseville, granite quarries, 379-799;
sandstone quarry, 392°.

Kelly, Patrick, quarry, 412’.

Kemp, J. F., investigations in Adiron-
dacks, 8674; paper on Adirondack
ores, 528°; on titaniferous magne-
tites, 5385°-37°.

Kenney bros., quarry, 4175.

Kensico, granite quarries, 3769.

Kilgour, F. A., quarry, 4157, 4173,

King granite co., 377°.

Kingsbury, O. M., & co., quarry, 418!.

Kingston, bluestone quarries, 4013,
4019-21, 4025, 4115, 4144; bluestone
market, 4047; limestone quarries,
4335-34?

Kirkland, sandstone quarries, 395°.

Kirkpatrick bros., quarry, 4178.

Knapps Creek, oil wells, 560°.

Kreischerville, clays, 501°.

Labrador series, 538%, 5342.

Lake Champlain, bluestone, 4369. See
also Champlain valley.

Lake Henderson, iron ores, 5359-378.

Lake Newcomb, iron ores, 5363.

Lake Sandford, iron ores, 5359-378.

Laona, sandstone quarries, 4112.

Lardner, Thomas, quarry. 398°.

Laurentian magnetic iron ore deposits
of Northern New York, 533°.

Lead, localities producing, 58 >.

Leeds, bluestone quarries, 402°.

Lehigh, salt mines, 545°.

Lenticular iron ores, see Clinton ores.

Lenticular structure, 3824.

Lepanto marble, 424°, 437°.

Le Roy, limestone quarries, 4465.

Levant, clays, 498'.

INDEX TO MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW YORE STATE

Lewis county, Hudson river, sand-
stones, 3845; limestone quarries, 4407;
oil wells, 5575.

Lewiston, sandstone quarries. 400°.

Leyden, limestone quarries, 440".

Liberty, bluestone quarries, 418”.

Lignite, localities producing, 582°.

Lime, production, 519; directory of
producers, 520-26.

Limestone, N. Y.. oil wells, 558’, 560°.

Limestones, 423-29; analysis and tests,
4354, 487°, 4383, 4391, 4402, 4427, 4444,
4468, 4488; color, 423°; constitution,
423°; crystalline, 425°; durability,
425°; fossiliferous, 424°; distinguished
from marbles, 424°; quarries, 432°—
48%. directory of quarries, 486-93;
texture, 4239-24: use for road metal,

448°, 4493; varieties, 425’. See also
Marbles.
Limonites, 5297; distribution, 5434;

origin of ore beds, 540’; of Dutchess
and Columbia counties, 5398-41; of
Staten Island, 541+. See also Bog
iron ore.

Linden, clays, 497.

Little Falls, granite quarries, 378°;
limestone quarries, 439°.

Little Neck, clays, 500’.

Little River, iron ores, 534!, 5358.

Liver-rock, 3812.

Livingston, Columbia co., iron ores,
5417,

Livingston county, bluestone quarries,
407°-8?; limestone quarries, 446°;
sandstone quarry, 4098; Hamilton
sandstones, 388; Portage sandstones,
3892,

Livonia, salt mines, 5453.

Lockport, limestone quarries, 447°—48?;
sandstone quarries, 400°.

Lockville, Salina shales, 5484,

Long Island, clays, 495°-96', 5005-1;
iron sands, 5308; diatomaceous earth,
5558

Longmeadow sandstone, 391).

Lordville, bluestone quarry, 4177.

Lower Cambrian group, slates, 4211.

589

Lower Helderberg limestones, 4277-28”,
434°, 442%, 443?, 4493,

Lowville, limestone quarries, 4408,

Lumberland, bluestone quarries, 404°,
4157, 416}.

‘* Lump ” ore, 5408.

Macadam road, material used, 4487.

McIntyre tract, titaniferous ores, 534°,

McNaughton, James, success in smelt-
ing iron ores, 534’.

Madison county, brines, 547°; gypsum
5508; iron ores, 588%; limestone
quarries, 4485; sait, 546?; Hamilton
sandstones, 3887.

Magnesian deposit in Salina group,
546°, 5477, 5483.

Magnesite, localities producing, 582?.

Magnetites, 5297, 530?, 5309-81; distri-
bution, 542°-43!; three series, 5334;

_ variations, 5348; of Adirondacks and
Lake Champlain, 5328-37°; of High-
lands, 530°-827. See also Titanifer-
ous iron ore.

Mahopac mines, 5822.

Malden, bluestone market, 4047; blue-
stone quarries, 414,

Malone, sandstone quarry, 392*.

Mamakating, bluestone quarries, 404°,
411°,

Manganese, localities producing, 581',

Manhattan Island, granite quarries,
3753.

Manlius, limestone quarries, 4487.

Manny & Ross, quarries, 417°.

Map, economic and geologic, prepared
for World’s fair, 365-707; maps con-
sulted in preparing, 369°-70?.

Map, geologic, in preparation by James
Hall, 3865"; of Westchester and New
York counties, 3708.

Mapes Corner, limestone quarries, 4831.

Marbles, 423-29; analysis and tests,
429°-30?, 43817, 436!; constitution,
4244; durability, 425°, 430°, 4319-822;
quarries, 429°-32°; directory of quar-
ries, 486-938; term, 424°.

Marbletown, bluestone quarries, 401%,
A026 4118,

Marcellus shale, 3875

590

Margaretville, flagstone quarries, 404°;
sandstone quarries, 401°.

Marl, 528.

Martin, C. W., quarry, 416+.

Martite, 5348.

Maxwell, James, quarry, 414°.

Medina sandstone, 3837, 3855-86;
analysis and tests, 396°, 8988-99!; con-
stitution, 386'!; distribution, 386°,
3974; quarries, 396+-4008; quarries
at Medina, 399°-400°.

Mendon, limestone quarries, 446°.

Metallic minerals, not commercially
important, 579-814.

Mica, localities producing, 582°.

Middletown, sandstone quarries, 415!.

Millen & co., 528°.

Millerite, localities producing, 581°.

Millpond ores, 5364, 537).

Millstones, 527; directory of producers,
527.

Mineral paint, 544.

Mineral resources of the U. S., extract,
579°-829 .

Mineral springs, 5617; directory, 561°
68; analyses, 569-78.

Minerals not commercially important,
579-82.

Mineville, Bessemer ores, 5352.

Mohawk valley, calcareous tufa, 429°;
clays, 498°; limestones, 426°, 4272;
limestone quarries, 4258, 4375-40°.

Hudson river sandstones, 384°; Pots- | -

dam sandstone, 383°; sandrocks, 4258.
Molding sand, 5532.
Molybdenum, localities

5813.

Monroe county, gypsum, 5508; iron
ores, 538°; limestone quarries, 446°,
4474; Salina formation, 5487; sand-
stone quarries, 397?.

Montgomery county, limestone quar-
ries, 437°-895,

Morgan lumber & lime co., 4358,

Moriah, iron ores, 5354.

Mt Adam, granite quarry, 8784.

Mt Defiance, iron ores, 5308.

Mt Lookout, limestone quarries, 483'.

Mt Thomas, iron mines, 5417.

Mower, J: S. & co., quarry, 412°.

producing,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Muscovite, localities producing, 582°.
Mutual gas co., 559?.

Napanock, iron mines, 5308, 541°,

Natural gas, 557°, 5587. See also Car-
bonic acid gas.

Nevins, James & sons, quarry, 418°.

New Baltimore, sandstone quarries,
394°, 4015,

New Hamburg, limestone quarries,
433%,

New Hartford, sandstone quarries,
3959. f

New Hudson, sandstone quarries, 410°.

New Jersey, iron ores, 531).

New red sandstone, 390; quarries, 419°,

New Windsor, clays, 499°.

New York Central and Hudson river
railroad co., sandstone quarry, 394°.

New York city, granite quarries, 375°;
marble quarries, 429°.

New York county, geologic map, 3708.

New York emery co., 555°.

New York marble co., 4298.

Newburg, limestone quarries, 433?.

Newcomb, iron ores, 5384?, 535°-37°.

Newfield, clays, 498°.

Newport, limestone quarries, 439".

Niagara county, sandstone quarries,
400°; limestone quarries, 447-48,
clays, 497°.

Niagara Falls, limestone quarries, 448°.

Niagara limestones, 424°, 4254, 4274;

quarries, 4475-488; production of

lime, 5193.

Nickel, localities producing, 581°.

Niles, oil wells, 560.

Noble & Lyle, quarry, 3997, 400°.

Non-metallic minerals, commercially
unimportant, 5815.

Norites of Adirondacks, 367!.

Norwich, bluestone quarries,
4183, 419°,

Norwood, limestone quarries, 442°.

Nyack, sandstone quarries, 391°, 419°.

4114,

Oakfield, gypsum, 550°.
O’Brien & co., quarry, 3978.

Ogdensburg, limestone quarries, 441°-

42°. clays, 4978.

Oil, see Petroleum.

INDEX TO MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW YORK sTATE

591

Olean, bluestone quarries, 410"; oil] Oswego county, sandstone quarries,

wells, 560°.

Olive bluestone quarry, 401°, 4028,
4145,

Oneida conglomerate, 385°;
millstones, 527°.

Oneida county, glass sand, 5527; iron
ores, 5389-393; limestone quarries:
4398-408, 443°; mineral paint, 544*;
Oneida conglomerate, 3857; salt,
546!; sandstone quarries, €955-96°,
3972; Clinton sandstones, 3872; Hud-
son river sandstones, 384°; Oriskany
sandstones, 387°.

O’Neill, James, quarry, 414°.

Oneonta, flagstone quarries, 406°.

Oneonta sandstone, 388°-8$?, 401°.

Onondaga county, brines, 547°; gyp-
sum, 5508; limestones, 4287; lime.
stone quarries, 443°-44°; Tully lime-
stone, 429!; salt, 5458, 5467; Hamilton
sandstones, 3887.

Onondaga Indian reservation quarries,
4438-449,

Onondaga limestone, 4247, 4435, 447);
gray limestone, 4284; in Ulster co.,
4335, :

Onondaga salt group, see Salina group.

Ontario, iron ores, 5397,

Ontario county, gypsum, 550°; lime-
stone quarries, 446+; Tully limestone,
4291; Hamilton sandstones, 3887;
Portage sandstones, 389+; Marcellus
shale, 387°.

Oolitic ore, see Clinton ores.

Orange county, bluestone quarries, 401?,
4044, 415%; granite quarries, 377°, 3783;
iron ores, 580’, 5318, 5321; limestone,
425°-26!; limestone quarries, 432°-
334; Hudson river sandstones, 384%;
Medina sandstone, 385°; Oneida con-
glomerate, 385; Potsdam sandstone,
383°; slate quarries, 421°.

O’Reilly, Thomas, quarry, 398°.

Oriskany Falls, limestone quarries,
4438,

* Oriskany sandstones, 387°.

Orleans county, sandstone quarries,
397°-4005.

Osterhoudt, Julius, quarry, 415°.

use for

396*-97!; quarries at Oswego, 396%;
Hudson river sandstone, 3845; Me-
dina sandstone, 386!.

Oswego Falls, sandstone quarries, 396°,

Oswego valley, clays, 4977.

Otsego county, flagstone quarries, 406°;
mineral paint, 544°; salt, 5461; Ham-
ilton sandstones, 388?; Oriskany
sandstone, 387°.

Oxford, bluestone quarries, 405°-6°,
411*, 418%; blue sandstone, tests and
analysis, 405°.

Palatine Bridge, limestone quarries,
4393.

Palenville, sandstone quarries, 401’.

Palisades, constitution of rock, 380°;
road metal quarries, 448°.

Palmer Hill, mines, 534’.

Panama, sandstone quarries, 411°.

Partridge, Jeremiah, quarries, 416°.

Patterson, limestone quarries, 431°.

Pattersonville, limestone quarries, 4377.

Peat, 556°.

Peekskill, granite quarry, 377°.

Penfield, sandstone quarry, 397°.

Penn Yan, sandstone quarries, 407°.

Penrhyn slate co., quarries, 4217,
4228.

Pentamerus. limestones, 427°-28?.

Perryville, limestone quarries, 443°.

Persbacker bros. & co., quarry, 416°-
ie

Petroleum, 557!-60°; color, 558°; num-
ber of wells in New York, 558°.

Petrolia, oil wells, 558?.

Philadelphia, hematites, 537°.

Pheenicia, sandstone quarries, 4017;
bluestone quarries, 402°.

Phosphate of lime, localities produc-
ing, 5818.

Pierson, H: L., granite quarry, 377°.

Pike mine, 538".

Pine Hill, bluestone quarries, 402°;
sandstone quarries, 4017.

Pitkin yard, 408.

Plass Hill, iron mines, 541’.

Plaster, sources, 546+, 547°.
Gypsum.

See also

592

Plattsburg, limestone quarries, 437’;
clays, 500+.

Pleasantville, marble quarries, 430".

Polly mine, 5387. .

Pond-Eddy, bluestone quarries, 404*.

Port Chester, road metal quarries, 449°.

Port Ewen, clays, 499.

Port Henry, sandstone quarry, 391°;
marble quarries, 4326; iron mines,
533°, 5847-852; output of iron in 1888,
5354.

Port Jervis, bluestone quarry, 415°.

Port Kent, clays, 500!.

Portage bluestone co., 407°; tests of
stone, 4077.

Portage group, sandstones, 388°-89° ;
quarries, 400°-8°.

Porter, W., quarries, 414°.

Portland cement, 519°, 528°.

Potsdam red sandstone co., quarries,
3928.

Potsdam sandstone, 383°-84; analysis
and tests, 392°-93°; durability, 393°;
iron ore deposits, 540’; quarries,
391°-94°; quarries at Potsdam, 392>-
93°,

Precambrian formations of New York,
3663.

Precious metals in New York, 5794.

Prospect, limestone quarries, 426°-27?,
4398-408, :

Puff, Nelson, quarry, 4197.

Putnam, B. F., paper on iron ores,
5287,

Putnam county, study of rocks in,
3663; granite quarries, 377!; marble
quarries, 425°, 431°; iron ores, 5318,
582).

Pyrite, localities producing, 579°.

Quarrymen, directory of, 451-93.

Quartz, 552°.

Quaternary formations, clay deposits,
496?.

Ramapo, granite quarry, 377°.

Randall & Underwood, quarry, 4178-
18),

Randolph, clays, 4979.

Red hematites, see Hematites.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

© Red horse,” 4002.

Red sandst: ne, see New red sandstone.

Regents, list, 362.

Reidsville, bluestone quarries, 402’.

Rei!ly, William, quarries, 442°.

Rensselaer county, sandstone quarries,
394’; slate quarries, 421?.

Retsof salt mines, 545°.

Rhinebeck, sandstone quarries, 394°.

Richburg, oil wells, 558?, 5597.

Ries, Heinrich, work for museum,
3664; road metal, 448-50.

Road metal, 448-50.

Rochester, Monroe co., sandstone, 397°;
limestone quarries, 4477.

Rochester, Ulster co., bluestone quar-
ries, 401°, 402°.

Rock City, oil wells, 560°.

“¢ Rock ore,” 5408.

Rock salt, geologic occurrence, 548°;
of Genesee valley, 5457.

Rockland, Sullivan co., bluestone quar-
ries, 418%.

Rockland county, granite quarry, 3777;
Triassic formation, 390°-91>; sand-
stone quarries, 419°; iron ores, 532.

Rogers, J. & J., iron co., 535°.

Rome, sandstone quarries, 395%,

Rondout, sandstone quarries, 401°;
bluestone market, 404°; bluestone
quarries, 415°.

Rossi, August, experiments with titan-
iferous ores, 537+.

Rossie hematites, 5383.

Round Island, granite quarry, 377°.

Roxbury, sandstone quarries, 401°, 415!;
flagstone quarries, 404°.

Rubkle stone, 384°.

St Johnsville, limestone quarries, 439°.

St Lawrence county, clays, 497°; hema-
tite ores, 5377-387; limestone quar-
ries, 441°-42°; marble quarries, 431>—
32°; sandstone quarries, 392°-943-
Potsdam sandstone, 384!; talc, 556°.

St Lawrence valley, limestones, 427?;
limestone quarries, 4419-423,

Salem, slate quarries, 421°-22!.

Salina group, distribution in New
York, 545°-48°; four deposits, 546?—
47°; color of shales, 5479-482,

INDEX TO MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW YORE STATE

Salisbury mines, 541?.

Salt, 545-50; distribution in New York,
5458-485; geologic occurrence, 5457-
468; directory of manufacturers,
5491-508; production for beef and
pork-packing industries, 545°. — See
also Rock-salt.

Sand, 5527-534,

Sandford ores, 5865.

Sandrock, calciferous, 4258-263,

Sandstones, 381-91; cementing mate-
rial, 381°; classification by age, 383’;
color, 3881°-82!; constitution, 381!;
distribution, 383°; durability, 382°;
description of formations, 3835-915;
oil bearing, 558*; quarries, 3915-4199;
directory of quarries, 452-57; strati-
fication, 382°; texture, 3814; use for
road metal, 4494.

Sandy Hill, limestone quarries, 484°-
357.

Sanford, bluestone quarries, 415°, 4181.

Saratoga Springs, granite quarries,
378’; limestone quarries, 434°; car-
bonic acid gas, 561.

Saugerties, bluestone quarries, 401°,
4019-2!, 402°, 411°, 4117-128, 4138-14?
bluestone market, 4047.

Scanlon, M., quarry, 398°.

Scarsdale, granite quarries, 375.

Schenectady bluestone, 394°.

Schenectady county, limestone quar-
ries, 437°; sandstone quarries, 3948-
958; sandstone quarries at Schenec-
tady, 395!; Hudson river sand-
stones, 384°.

Schoharie county, Cauda galli grit and
Schoharie grit, 387°; Hamilton sand-
stones, 388?; limestones, 4277-28);

limestone quarries, 442°-43°;
Schoharie, 442°,

Schoharie grit, 387°.

Schuyler county, Portage sandstones,
3894,

Scio, oil wells, 5597.

Seneca blue limestone, 4284.

Seneca county, Hamilton sandstone,
888’; Tully limestone, 429!,

Seneca Falls, limestone quarry, 446'.

Seneca oil, 557°.

at

.

593

Serpentine, associated with iron ores,
537°; localities producing, 582%. See
also Verd-antique marble.

Shales, 384°, 3858, 3871, 3878, 3884, 389°,
889°, 3907, 401°; argillaceous, 4954;
gypseous, 546%, 547°; red, 546%, 5467—
471, 548°; use for road metal, 450?.

Shanahan, James, quarry, 4879-38;
specimen of limestone, 438°.

Shandaken, sandstone quarries, 4017;
bluestone quarries, 402°, 414°.

Shaper, A. E., quarry, 438°.

Sharon Springs, limestone quarries,
443?,

Shawangunk mountains, Oneida con-
glomerate, 385’; Medina sandstone,
3858,

Shear, Albert & co., sandstone quar-
ries, 395},

Shelby Basin, sandstone quarry, 397°.

Shenandoah, iron ores, 540°.

Shirtliff mine, 5387.

Shokan, bluestone quarries, 402°.

“Shoots,” term, 5315,

Siderite, distribution, 548°,

Sienite, see Syenite.

Silver in New York, 5794.

Sing Sing, marble quarries, 431).

Skunnemunk mountains, Oneida con-
glomerate, 385? ; Medina sandstone,
3858.

Slack, Michael, quarry, 3978.

Slade, C: G., quarries, 4347.

Slates, 384°, 421-23; table of prices, 423?;
directory of quarries, 485; tests, 422°-
23°; varieties, 421°.

Smith, D. T., quarry, 4197.

Smithville Flats, flagstone quarries,
406°.

Smock, J:C., on building stone, 372-448;
iron ores of New York, 5287-43; on
New York minerals, 579®-82°.

Smyth, C. H. jr, investigations in Adi-
rondacks, 3677.

Snowflake marble co., 4807.

Soda ash industry, 5455.

Solvay process co , 545°.

South Bethlehem, road metal quarry,
4493,

South Oxford, flagstone quarries, 406°.

Spathic iron ore, see Carbonate ores,

594

Split Rock, Onondaga co., limestone
quarries, 444°,

Split rock, Essex co., iron ores, 534”.

Springfield, limestone quarries, 443°,

Squire, A. J., quarry, 398°.

Stark, limestone quarry, 443}.

Staten Island, trap-rocks, 380°; road
metal quarries, 449°; clays, 496', 501°;
iron ores, 541‘.

Sterling, sandstone quarry, 397.

Sterling iron & railway co., mines, 531%.

Steuben county, sandstone quarries,
4094-108; Chemung sandstones, 390?;
oil wells, 5597.

Stockport, bluestone quarry, 4177.

Stoneco, road metal quarry, 449°.

Stony Point, clays, 499”.

Storie & Hollywood, quarries, 418°.

Storm-king mountain, granite quarry,
378}.

Sturaker & Sullivan, quarry, 398°.

Sufferns, granite quarries, 3777.

Sullivan county, bluestone quarries,
401°, 4048, 4114, 415%, 418?; sandstone
quarries, 401°; Hamilton sandstones,
388}.

Sulphur, localities producing, 579°-80!.

Sunk mines, 53818.

Sweeney bros., quarry, 414%, 4157.

Syenite, 53864; use for road metal, 450!.

Syracuse, sandstone quarry, 396°; salt
industry, 545!.

Table, prices of slates, 423; statistics
of clay industry, 494°; clay stratifi-
cation, 498°; classification of iron
ores, 529°; analysis of diatomaceous
earth, 556+.

Tahawus, iron ores, 587°.

Talc, 5568.

Talcottville, limestone quarries, 4407.

Tarrytown, granite quarries, 3768.

Tate mine, 588".

Tentaculite limestone, 4278, 442+.

Terbell & Ridgeway, quarry, 415°.

Tertiary formations, clays, 500"; diato-
maceous earth, 5557.

Thomas, E. T., quarry, 4399.

Thomas, Loren, quarry, 446?.

Thompson, bluestone quarries, 4043.

Three Mile Bay, limestone quarries,
4412,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Three Rivers, clays, 4977.

Thurman, marble quarries, 482°.

Ticonderoga, iron ores, 5308; graphite,
5522.

.| Tilly Foster mines, 532?.

Tioga county, sandstone quarries, 409',
Chemung sandstones, 390°.

Titaniferous iron ore, 5834, 5842, 535°
37°; difficulty in smelting, 5344;
analysis, 5367.

Todd-Croft mines, 5318.

Tomkins Cove, road metal quarries,
4485 ,

Tomkins Cove rock, analysis, 448°.

Tompkins county, sandstone quarries,
406'-7>; Portage sandstones, 389;
clays, 498°.

Tompkins township, bluestone quar-
ries, 417°, 418°.

Torn mountain, trap rock, 3804; Trias-
sic formation, 391°.

Towner’s Four Corners, marble quar-
ries, 431°.

Trap, use for road metal, 449°, 450;
term, 3802.

Travertine, localities producing, 581°.

Trenton, limestone, 4263, 4847, 4887,
439°, 4408, 4411; gray limestone quar-
ries, 4395-40"; production of lime,
519%; iron ore deposits, 540°.

Triassic formation, 396°; quarries, 419°.

Tribes Hill, limestone quarries, 4387.

Trout Brook, flagstone quarries, 401°.

Troy, sandstone quarries, 394’.

Trumansburg, sandstone quarries,
4067-7?

Tuckahoe, marble quarries, 429°-30'.

Tully, limestone, 429.

Tusten, bluestone quarries, 4163.

Ulster bluestone co., tests of stone,
404), quarry, 414?.

Ulster county, bluestone quarries, 401°,
402°, 4112, 414°; glass sand, 552"; iron

ores, 5308, 5415; limestones, 4277,
428°; limestone quarries, 433>-34?;
sandstone quarries, 3944; Catskill

sandstones, 3905; Cauda galli grit
and Schoharie grit, 387°; Hamilton
sandstones, 388'!; Oneida conglome-
rate, 385°.

INDEX TO MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW YORK STATE

Union sandpaper co., 554°.

595

West Hurley, bluestone mills, 4048.

Union Springs, limestone quarries, 4451. | West Neck, clays, 5009-12.

Union Valley, granite quarries, 377!.

Unionville, iron ores, 5307, 5398.

Upper Helderberg limestones, 428?,
4438, 4446, 4455, 4459,
niferous limestone; Onondaga lime-
stone; Seneca blue limestone.

Upper Silurian period, salt deposits,
5458.

Van Derveer, T. B., quarry, 438'.
Van Ingen, D. A., on oil fields, 557°-609.

See also Cor- | Westbrookville,

West Point, granite quarries, 3778.

West Saugerties, sandstone quarries,
4017,

bluestone quarries,
4044,

Westchester county, emery, 555°; geo-
logic map, 370°; granite quarries,
376!, 8775; iron ores, 5308, 532!; mar-
ble quarries, 425°, 4298-313; quartz,
5524; road metal quarries, 4495;
study of rocks in, 366%.

Vanuxem, Lardner, on Clinton ores, Westfield, sandstone quarries, 4112.

539; on salt and gypsum deposits of
New York, 545°-468.
‘* Veins,” term, 531°.
Verd-antique marble, 432°.
Serpentine. -
Vermicular lime rock, 546+.
Verona, sandstone quarries, 395°.
Victor, limestone quarries, 446+.
Von York, C., quarry, 398°.

Wager, I. F., quarries, 4347.

Walton, bluestone quarries, 4183.

Warren county, marble quarries, 432°;
limestone quarries, 434°-36°; garnets,
553°.

Warsaw, sandstone quarries, 408?.

Warsaw bluestone co., 4084; tests of
stone, 408°.

Warwick, granite quarry, 3784; lime-
stone quarries, 482°.

** Wash ore,” 5408.

Washington county, sandstone quar-
ries, 3915; slate quarries, 421?-22°;
limestone quarries, 486°; quartz,
552°.

Waterloo, limestone quarry, 446!.

Watertown, limestone quarries, 441);
clays, 4978.

Waterville, limestone quarries, 443°.

‘* Waugh and Porter ” sand, 558°; oil
wells, 559°-60!.

Waverly, sandstone quarries, 409.

Wawarsing, bluestone quarries, 401°,
402°, 411°; iron mines, 5308.

Wayne county, sandstone quarries,
397°; iron ores, 538°-39°; red shale,
548°; Salina formation, 5487.

See also |

Westfield Flats, flagstone quarries,
404°, .

Westport, granite quarries, 378°; iron
ores, 534?.

Whitehall, sandstone quarry, 391°;
slate quarries, 4215-22°; limestone
quarries, 436°.

Whitmore, Chas., quarries, 447°.

Wiggins & Stevens, 554°.

Wilbur, bluestone market, 404’; blue-
stone quarries, 4157.

Williams, William, quarries, 552°.

Williamsville, limestone quarries, 446°.

Willsboro Neck, limestone quarries,
4367-37),

Wilton, granite quarries, 378°.

Wirt, oil wells, 559", 560°.

Wolcott, sandstone quarry, 397°.

Wolf Creek, granite quarries, 3787.

Woodland Hollow, sandstone quarries,
401"; bluestone quarries, 402°.

Woodruff’s sandstone quarries, 395°.

Woodstock, bluestone quarries, 401%,
4026, 414”,

Woodward, A. H., quarry, 4157.

Wurtsboro, bluestone quarries, 4044,

Wyoming county, sandstone quarries,
A( 8”.

Yamarthal quarries, 447°.

Yates county, sandstone quarries, 4075;
Portage sandstones, 3897.

Yonkers, granite quarries, 3767.

Youman, William, quarries, 418*.

Young, J. S. & F. H., quarries, 4467,

Young's quarry, Tuckahoe, 429°,

Zinc, localities producing, 580°.

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UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, BULLETIN OF THE NEW RK, STATE MUSEUM, No.I5

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GEOLOGICAL MAP
aN OF APART OF
% TE
SOUTHEASTERN NEW YORK |
‘ SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROCKS
USED AS BUILDING STONES.
BY
FREDERICK J. 1. MERRILL,
Director, New York State \fuseum,
ALBANY, N. Y.35

a, ae
NEw OR 1895.
BAY & as 18 SEALE OF MILES
os — ==
705! 73°40!
LEGEND.
GEOLOG AGE AND CHARACTER. 4
: ee 2 IGNEOUS SICAL TRIASSIC _ LOWER SILURIAY =n
TRIASSIC DIABASE ALTERED BASIC ROCKS CORTLAND SERIES HARRISON Dio) —JONKERS GNEISS HUDSON RIVER CALCIFER) USTRENTON: CAMBRIAN
= naa Pee i
SCIENTIFIC 5 SNTIN' a ne
NAME DIALASE SERPENTINE DIORITE AND NORITE GRANITE DIORITE GNEISSOID GRANITE: SANDSTONE MICA SCHIST DOLG@wITe GNEISS AXD ORaNisS
COMMERCIAL. TRAD Ly , = ‘ o SANDSTONE o :
NAME RAP GRANITE at GRANITE SANDSTONE MARAT ER GRANITE

'
~ |

New York State Museu 7
‘REPORTS AND BULLETINS

Museum reports. New Yorkstate museum. “Annual report 1
date. pl. O. Albany 1848 to date. .

Average 250 pages a year. Price for all now in print, 50 cents a volume in paper ; 75 cents i
1892-date, 75 cents, cloth.

Economic map. Merrill, F: J. UI. Economic map of the state ee
New York. 59x67 cm. 1894. Proce, unmounted, 25 cents, backed

on muslin 75 cents, mounted on rollers 15 cents.
Seale 14 miles to one inch.

Museum bulletins. University of the State of New York, Bulletin —
of the New York state museum. v. 1-2, O. Aibany Leet
date. Price to advance eubseribers, 50 oe a volume.

‘Volume i, 6703. ee
Builetins of this volume are inet independently.

1 Marshall, W: B. Preliminary list of New York unionidee. top.
March 1892. Price 5 cents.
2 Peck, C: H. Contributions to the botany of the state of New
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3 Smock, J: C. Building stone in the state of New York.
March 1888. Oud of print.
Nason, F. L. Some New York Sites and their. localities.
1p. 1 pl. Aug. 1888. Price 5 cents.
Lintner, J. A. White grub of the May beetle. 31p. il. N ov.
1868. Price 10 cents. me hi
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one, Ot

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Feb. 1896. Price 40 cents. -

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