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Qry een _ ry tA rr PO tre oe LIBRARIE: NOJLALILSN Saiuvugi7a LIBRARIE rut SON, le Me OS eee S.)—h. Ur 4) OP. ane Kite a ie. i teh ty ara” ies ae bh I~ paps ia : Vee Ss * ie het i r] ‘h ; 14 4 5 Gis ‘wi a 7, : : es iT & f .. > 9 9 mm te Fe se EE a. a ee ae eee ae fe nn a eee a pan s » hy wk a¥ ru a, . , + ’ , 4 ; X 70 University of the State of New York RU: Ei OF THE New York State Museum VOL. 5 = No. 28 December 1898 14th Report of the state entomologist ON INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 13898 BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc. Acting State Entomologist ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1898 M46m-Oo8-1000 | Price 20 cents University of the State of New York REGENTS . YEAR 1874 ANson Jupp Upson, D. D., LL. D., L. H. D. Chancellor, Glens Falls 1892 WILLIAM CroswELL Doane, D. D., LL. D. Vice-Chancellor, Albany 1873 Martin I. Townsenp, M.A., LL.D. - - Troy 1877 CHauNncEY M. Depew, LL.D. - - - — New York 1877 CHARLES E, Fircu, LL. B., M.A.,L.H.D. = Rochester 1877 Orris H. Warren, D. D. - - - - — Syracuse 1878 WHITELAW REID, LL. D. - - ~ - New York 1881 WiLLt1aAmM H. Watson, M. A., M. D. oe - — Utica 1881 Henry E. TURNER - _ ~ - - ‘ Lowville 1883 St CrLair McKetway, LL.D., L.H.D., D.C.L. - Brooklyn 1885 HamiLtton Harris, Ph. D., LL. D. - ae ae Albany 1885 DanieL Beacu, Ph. D., LL.D. - - - — Watkins 1888 CarrRoL_L E. SmirH, LL.D. - - - - Syracuse 1890 Piiny T. Sexton, LL. D. - - - — — Palmyra 1890 T. Gui_rorp SmirH, M.A.,C.E. - - - Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stimson, B.A.,M. D. - - ~ — New York 1894 JOHN PALMER, Secretary of State, ex officio 1894 SYLVESTER MALONE - - —- = =~ = Brooklyn 1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER, M. D., Ph.D. - ~ Albany 1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER, LL. D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1896 Frank S. Biack, B. A., LL. D., Governor, ex officio 1896 Timoruy L. Wooprurr, M. A., Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 1897 CHESTER S. Lorp, M.A. - - - - — Brooklyn SECRETARY Metvit Dewey, M. A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1890 JAMES Russe_t Parsons JR, M.A., College and High school dep’ ts 1888 Me vit, Dewey, M. A., State library and Extension department 1890 F: J. H. Merriti, Ph. D., State museum University of the State of New York Due Tt N OF THE New York State Museum VOR 5 INo: 23 14th Report ON THE INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1898 By EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc. Acting State Entomologist ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1898 CONTEN ZS PAGE Introductory .... 2.200 secees sence: 153 Transmittal; oicc dacvncanus sas e~s 153 General entomologic features ..... 153 EBim-leaf Doetic.... . cas caschu. nas eam 154 Og fo ee ee ee 154 Office publications. .......-...... 154 QR60 BIER snes cawtenacy 64-554 155 Collection of insects ...........-. 155 Bien Hbrety. oc icccuess he euca 156 Fig Par OIE. cae cheek bea% os 156 Acknowledgments. ..........---- 156 Injurious insects ©, cpciic godess 5-05 158 Byturus unicolor, the pale brown DYES ic imciss Cachan bak s6 nh ae 158 Trypeta canadensis, the goose- DEFEY Se eves wan ek cesar 160 Notolophus leucostigma, the white- marked tussock moth .......... 163 Clisiocampa americana, the ap- ple-tree tent caterpillar......... 177 Clistocampa disstria, the forest tent caterpillar 1.% dkasueeeeee cxeeen 191 Mamestra picta, the zebra cater- pillar .cccco cobusehnwaneanne 201 PAGE Xylina antennata Walker........ 207 Lecanium tulipiferae, the tulip-tree BCH. o.cans taceéi'aus hbk Mee 213 Lepisma domestica, bristle-tail: fish INOED i savin- nasa nee ete See 216 Eurypelma hentzii, the molting of O SACRA. < cine sud: aoe eee 219 “Hints about insecticides.........-.- 221 How ineccts feed: .. 2: .-ccs.eee0 221 Operation of contact insecticides.. 222 Useless remedies... ...<.: secs cons S23 Preventives. «css scchdabete chee 223 Need of experiment ....... -<0= se 223 Arsenical compounds .........-.. 224 Internal and contact insecticides combined -..<<.)ssensesdauwaee 226 Contact insecticides. so <'sis hase 226 Fumigation ...0sses+<> :p.. 182; 113, ig. 82 (brief general account); U.S. Dep’t agriculture. Report. Peog, Pp. 124,145, pl. 1, fig. 3, 3¢, pl 12, fig. 2a, 26 (brief account; as Ceramica); U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 31. 1893. p 56, 61 (feeding on clover, cabbage); Md. Agricultural experti- ment station. Bulletin 23. 1893. op. 81, 83, fig. 12 (on cabbage). Bethune, C. J. S. Entomological society of Ontario. Report. 1871. 1872. p. 85, 86, fig. 92 (brief general account); — 17th Report. 1887. p. 61, fig. 41 (mention); — 23d Report. 1893, p. 8, fig. 4 (brief notice). Grote, A. R. Buffalo society of natural sciences. Bulletin. 1874. 2:22, 123 (as Cevamica) ; Check list of North American moths. 1882. p. 26, no. 343 (synonymy); Papilio. 1882. . 2:99 (larva described). Lintner, J. A. Entomological contributions. 1874. 3:137, 138 (larva described, as Cevumica); the same in N. Y. State museum. 26th Report. 1872. 1874; N. Y. State agricultural society. goth Report. 1880. 1881. p.1q4. Separate. p. 5 (on clover, as Ceramica) ;—Tiansac- tions. 1877-82. 1884. 33: 192 (on clover); Insects of New York. 2d Report. 1885. p.1z, 2 (ravages in St Lawrence co.) ;—4th Report. 1888. p. 16, 206 (on currant bushes); N. Y. State museum of natural history. Bulletin 6. 1888. p. 21, fig. 24 (mention); Insects of New York, 5th Report. 1889. p. 206-10 (general account) ;—gth Report. 1893. p.455 (reference); Country gentleman. 1893. 58: 539 (brief general notice); Insects of New York. roth Report. 1895. p. 492 (reference) ;—r1ith Report. 1896. p. 265 (on apple). Thomas, Cyrus. Insects of Illinois. 6th Report. 1877. p. 60 (brief notice) ; — gth Report. 1880. p. 51, 52 (brief account, both as Ceramica). French. G. H. Insects of Illinois. 7th Report. 1878. p. 226 (brief nutice, as Ceramica). 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Coquillett, D. W. Insects of Illinois. roth:Report. 1r88x. p. 185, fig. 79 (larva described, as Ceramica). Fletcher, James. Canadian entomologist. 1883. 15: 205 (abund- ant at Ottawa); Insect life. 1892. 5: 125, 126 (injuries, food plants and parasites); Central experimental farm (Canada). Report of entomol- ogist and botanist. 1892. Separate. p. 3 (mention). Osborn, Herbert. Iowa state horticultural society. Transactions. 1882. 1883. p. 217 (injuries near Ames). Bruner, Lawrence. U.S. Dep’t agriculture. Report. 1884. p. 401 (mention); U. 8. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 23. ‘189%. ' p. 13 (feeding on beets). Caulfield, F. B. Canadian entomologist. 1884. 16: 122, 123. (Ophion purgatum a parasite) ; the same in Entomological society of On- tario.’ “15th Report, ©2635. “p.47. Fernald, C. H. Standard naturalhistory. Kingsley’s. 1884. 2:452 (brief notice); Mass. Agricultural college. 32d Report. 1895. p. 19 (feeding on cranberry leaves). Webster, F. M. Ind. State board of agriculture. Report. 1885. 1886. Separate. p. 18 (mention, as Ceramica); Insect life. 1890. 3: 149 (feeding on silk of growing corn). Forbes, S. A. Ill. State laboratory of natural history. Bulletin, v. 2. art. 4. 1886. p. 305-12 (experiments with contagious diseases). Weed, C. M. Ill. State laboratory of natural history. Bulletin. Vv. 3. art. 1 1887. p. 2,3. (AMicroplitis mamestrae reared); Ohio agri- cultural experiment station. Bulletin. v..1. no. 1 (tech. ser). 1889. p. 23 (listed as clover insect, bibliography) ; Insects and insecticides. 1891. p. 194-96, fig. 103 (life history, remedies) ; Ohio agricultural experiment station. Bulletin. v. 4,no. 2. 1891. p. 50, fig. 4 (brief notice). Edwards, Henry. U.S. National museum, Bulletin 35. 1889. p. 86 (bibliography). Orcutt, I. H. Dak. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 13. 1889. p. 20 (brief notice, as Ceramica). Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Insect life. 1889. 1: 382 (in Colorado, as Ceramica); — 1890. 3:17, 157 (Alicrcplitis mamestrae and Limneria annulipes parasites); — 1893. 5: 287 (range, food plants). Smith, J. B. Catalogue of the insects of New Jersey. 1890. p. 310 (listed) ; U.S. National museum. Proceedings. 1891. 14: 231 (synonymy, description, distribution) ; — Bulletin 44. 1893. p. 120 (synonymy, dis- tribution) ; N. J. Agricultural experiment station. Report. 1894. 1895. p- 448 (injuring cabbages.) Howard, L. O. Insect life. 1892. 5:99 (injuries to cabbage). Weed,H. E. Miss. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 2r. 1892. p. 7, fig. 9 (brief notice). Davis, G.C. Mich. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin roz. 1893. p. 24-27, fig. 15 (injuring celery). Sirrine, F. A. N Y. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 83. 1894. p. 684 (mention), | REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 207 Comstock, J.H. & A.B. Manual forthe study ofinsects. 1895. p. 305, fig. 369, 370 (brief notice). Garman, Harrison. Ky. Agricultural Ja nertiehe station. 7th Report. 1894. 1895. p. 36 (listed). Piper, C. V. Washington state agricultural experiment station. Bul- letin 17. 1895. p. 53, 54 (brief notice). Taft, L.R. & Davis, G.C. Mich. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin r21. 1895. p. 61, fig. 45 (mention). Hopkins, A. D. & Rumsey, W. C. W. Va. a experi- ment station. Bulletin 44. 1896. p. 295 (mention). Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agricultural experiment station. Report 1895. 1896. p. 174,240 (mention) ;— 1st Report of entomologist 1895. 1896. p. 78 (the same). Quaintance, A. L. Fla. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 34. 1896. p. 290 (mention). Kirkland, A. H. Mass. (Hatch) agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 46. 1897. p. 23, 25, fig. 25 (larvae eaten by toad). Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin ro (new series). 1898. p. 61 (on asparagus). Barrows, W. B. & Pettit. R. H. Mich. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 160. 1898. p. 425, fig. 20 (brief account). Felt, E. P. Country gentleman. 1898. 63:586 (abundance in timothy and probably in oats). Harvey, F.L. Me. Agricultural experiment station. 13th Report. 1897. 1898. p. 173, fig. 3 on plate (injuries in Maine). XYLINA ANTENNATA Walker Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Noctuidae The extensive defoliation of soft maples by the larvae of this species at Schenectady and presumably at other places in the state, is another instance of how destructive comparatively unknown species may become, provided conditions are favorable. Recent injuries. The numerous soft maples at Schenectady were practically stripped of their foliage by hordes of light green caterpillars. On June 20, many were to be seen on the affected trees, not infrequently 50 to roo on asingle trunk. On the sidewalks, along the curbing and in the roadway, larvae were crawling hither and thither. Even were one a Determined by Drs H. G. Dyar and J. B. Smith. 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM deprived of sight, the peculiar odor arising from the thousands of larvae gave ample evidence of their presence, and the abundance of the cater- pillars called to mind, forcibly, the numerous fields swarming with army worms in 1896. At Albany, only 17 miles distant, there was no sign of injury to the soft maples. A search at that time was not rewarded by a single caterpillar. As far west as Herkimer, on the Mohawk river, on the Raquette river in St Lawrence county, and in Schoharie county, many soft maples were defoliated. In some cases this was probably the work of Xylina larvae, though the forest tent caterpillar, C/scocampa dis- stria Hiibn., was abundant and may have caused the mischief. In Mas- sachusetts a green larva was quite destructive to soft maples, as stated by Mr R. H. Cooley. This depredator may be the same species that proved so destructive in New York. Ina letter referring the larvae to Xylina, Dr Dyar states that in 1897 they were quite common on maples at Bellport, L. I., but less abundant, though plenty, the present season. Comparatively unknown. An examination of the literature relat- ing to this insect shows that it is comparatively unknown to economic entomology, specially as a defoliator of maple or other trees, though Dr Riley, in his 3d report on the insects of Missouri, states that for several years he had known the larvae to be common on apple, poplar, hickory and some other trees, the leaves of which they devour. This species, In conjunction with Xy/zna laticinerea Grote and X. groéei Riley, was reported in 1896 by Prof. Slingerland of the Cornell agricultural experiment station, as quite ii jurious to fruits in the state, more speci- ally in the western part.: Extensive injuries to apples in Orleans county, N. Y., were also reported to Dr Howard the same year. Pre- vious to that, there had been but one record of injuries in New York by this species and that was in 1877. In other states there have been, a few instances of these insects attacking fruits. In 1870, Dr Riley received several complaints of injury by the larvae of this insect to peaches and apples. [n 1888, it was somewhat injurious to apples and a bulletin by Prof. F. H. Hillman, of the Nevada agricultural ex- periment station, records serious injuries in 1890 to roses by the same insect, Description. The larvae of this species are stout, smooth, light green, cutworin-like caterpillars measuring from 1 to 1} inches in length when full grown. ‘The head is pale yellowish green. ‘There is a rather broad yellowish white or white dorsal stripe along the body, a narrower white sub-dorsal stripe, a broken, faint lateral stripe of the same color and an irregular white stigmatal stripe. The tubercles are rather large REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 209 and white, and the skin is minutely spotted with the same color. Prof, Slingerland (see citation) states that in the larvae of X. gvotez both edges of the stigmatal stripe are well defined, while in those of X. azten- mata the upper edge is much broken or indented. He finds that the sub-dorsal stripe is more continuous in the latter, it being composed of three or four irregular spots on each segment in X. grofez. He sepa- rates the larvae of X. daticinerea from those of X. antennata by the posi- tion of the stigmatal stripe, which is just above the spiracles, except the one at each extremity, in the former species, while in the latter it is mostly below the spiracles. Fig. 12 XYLINA ANTENNATA (original). The moth (fig. 12) is ashy gray with indistinct, rather variable markings. Sometimes it resembles X. /aticinerea so closely that only an authority on the family can separate the species. So close is the resemblance between these forms, that at first the larvae depredating on the maples were referred by Dr Dyar to X. grotet and X. /aticinerea, the determina- tion being based on examples named by Dr Smith some years ago. The subsequent studies of the latter have somewhat modified his views as to the limitation of these species, and have led to a renaming of those at the U.S. National Museum. These forms are undoubtedly very close to each other, though Prof. Slingerland has found differences in the male genitalia of X.antennata and X. grotet. Definition of the species. In opposition to this view, Dr Riley regarded the above-named forms as but varieties of the species under discussion. Writing of this family in 1871, he states that great variability is char- acteristic of these moths, that only the more strikingly marked should be described, and adds that no doubt many of the so-called species will turn out to be but varieties. In a communication from Prof. G. H. Hudson of the State normal school at Plattsburg, N. Y., he writes: ‘After some years of trial and with over 800 specimens for comparison, I have come to the conclusion that Xy/ina antennata, X. taticinerea and 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM X. grotei are one and the same species.’ Differences in the time of flight have been observed by Prof. Hudson in the case of closely related species, as, for example, Zyprefia virgo Linn. and Lyprepia parthenice Kirby, their periods being well separated except for a few stragglers. The same he found true in the case of Feltia herilis Grote and Feltia subgothica Haw., but not so with the species under dis- cussion. During several years of collecting, Prof. Hudson has taken these moths (X. antennata, X. laticinerea and X. grotet) from Sep. 25 into early November, they being most abundant from the last of Septem- ber throughout October, and from March 2 to May 2, occurring in the spring in greatest numbers from about March 20 to April13. He also writes: ‘I have taken specimens at sugar while the grass and pools of shallow water were freezing at my feet. The moths probably kept in the warmer upper layers. I have taken them when the temperature 6 feet from the ground was but 3 degrees Centigrade but never below this. On one of these occasions, a very light snow was falling, yet I found a single specimen feeding at sugar at 6.30 p.m. This was on April 2, 1889.’ Life history. Usually the larvae are not observed till May or June. They complete their growth by the middle of the latter month, enter the ground and pupate an inch or more below the surface. They remain in the quiescent stage till September, when most of them emerge. Though some hibernate as pupae, the majority pass the winter as adults. It has been stated that in the south, the eggs are deposited on the under sur- face of the leaves. No record of the oviposition in the north has been made. Food habits. Though comparatively little is known about the food habits of this species, it is probably a somewhat general feeder. Dr Riley records attacks by the larvae of X. an¢ennata on apples, peaches, oak galls, hickory leaves and those of other forest trees. Their feeding upon rose buds and maple foliage has already been mentioned. The extensive defoliation of the soft maples would indicate, however, that the species becomes abundant only when climatic and other conditions favor its rapid development upon some favorite food plant like the soft maple. In his bulletin, Prof. Slingerland adds peas, plums, currants and quinces to the list of fruits injured and states that one grower had to watch the buds on grafted pears to prevent their being destroyed. Farther observations may greatly extend the list of known food plants. Natural enemies. ‘Iwo hymenoptera, Mesochorus agilis Cres. and Meteorus hvphantriae Riley, were reared from X. Jaticinerea by Prof. Sling- erland. They would probably attack X. anéennata with equal readiness. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 211 The latter parasite is a very efficient enemy of the fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. In addition to these, I have reared examples of the red-tailed tachina fly, Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr., a species which has frequently rendered most valuable aid in controlling the army worm, Leucania unipuncta Haw. Remedies. In most cases the parasites and the native birds will keep this species under control. The outbreak chronicled in the pre- ceding pages is out of the usual order and may not occur again for years. In such event, resort may be had to spraying the infested trees with the arsenites. If the application is made before the caterpillars are more than half grown, serious injury to the trees may be averted. Ifthe spraying is impracticable, many of the descending caterpillars can be killed by inclosing the trunks of the infested trees with a low over- hanging barricade and then treating the collected larvae with hot water, kerosene emulsion or other contact insecticide. Small trees can be pro- tected by jarring the caterpillars from them, and if sticky bands are placed around the trunk no larvae can ascend to continue their destructive work. In fruit orchards, as pointed out by Prof. Slingerland, spraying before the fruit appears or jarring are about the only measures that can be reijied upon in combating these pests. Bibliography of Xylina antennata Walker Riley, C. V. American entomologist and botanist. 1870. 2: 245 (injuring fruits, etc., as Xy/zza sp.); Insects of Missouri. 3d Report. 1871. p. 134-36, fig. 57 (larva and moth described, as Xplina cinerea) ; U.S. Entomological commission. Bulletin 6 [Index to the 9 Missouri Reports]. 1881. p.74, 75 (descriptions as in preceding); Papilio. 1882. 2: 101, 102 (gvotez and /aticinerea regarded as varieties). Grote, A. R. Peabody academy of science. 6th Report. 1874. p. 34 (brief notice, as Zzthophane cinerea) ; U.S. Geological and geographical survey of the territories. Bulletin. 1879. 5: 201 (cinerea referred to antennata); Papilio. 1881. 1:127 (¢imerea=antennata); Canadian ento- mologist. 1894. 26:79 (cinerea-antennata). Thaxter, Roland. Psyche. 1877. 2:37 (common in Newton, Mass., at light, Mar., Ap., May, Sep., Oct., as Zzthophane cinerea). Fernald, C. H. Papilio. 1882. 2:63 (cinerea Riley =antennata Walker). Saunders, William. Insects injurious to fruits. 1883. 1889. p- 138, 139, fig. 145 (brief notice, as Lithophane). Harvey, F. L. Me. Agricultural experiment station. Report. 1888. 1889. p. 176, fig. 26 (injuring apples, as Zzthophane). Edwards, Henry. U S. National museum. Bulletin 35. 1889. p. 92 (bibliography, as Lzthophane). 212 NEW YORK STATE: MUSEUM Hillman, F. H. Nev. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 9. 1890. p. 1-4 (burrowing in rose buds, as Lithophane). Webster, F. M. Insect life. 1890. 2: 383 (early appearance, as Lithophane). Smith, J. B. Catalogue of the insects of New Jersey. 1890. p. 319 (listed); U. S. National museum. Bulletin 44. 1893. p. 228 (synonymy); Economic entomology. 1896. p. 300, fig. 338 (mention). Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 123. 1896. p. 509, 514 and following, pl. 1 (general account). Howard, L. O. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 7. 1897. p. 84 (extensive injuries to apples in Orleans county). Felt, E. P. Schenectady daily union. June 20, 1898. p. 2 (notice ofravages); Albany evening journal. June 21, 1898 (mention) ; Country gentleman. June 23, 1898. 63: 491 (mention, all the preceding as ?Nadata gibbosa) ; Schenectady daily union. July 8, 1898. p. 5 (corrects reference); Country gentleman. July 14, 1898. 63: 551 (corrects refer- ence, ravages in the state, both as X. cenerea or X. laticinerea). Since both Xylinxa grotez and X. laticinerea are closely related to, if not varieties of, the pre- ceding form, their bibliographies are also given. Bibliography of Xylina grotei &7/ey Grote, A. R. U. S. Geological and geographical survey of the territories. Bulletin. 1879. 5: 202 (original description); New check list of North American moths. 1882. p. 33 (listed, both as Lzthophane cinerosa); Canadian entomologist. 1887. 19: 54 (mention, as Litho- phane grotei Riley). Riley, C. V. Papilio. 1882. 2: 102 (gvotez proposed for cinerosa). Smith, J.B. U.S. National museum, Bulletin 44. 1893. p. 229 (synonymy). Slingerland, M.V. Cornell agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 123. 1896. p. 509, 518, pl. 3, fig. a-f (general account). Bibliography of Xylina laticinerea Groze Grote, A. R. Buffalo society of natural sciences. Bulletin. 1874. 2:27 (original description); Check list of noctuidae of America, north of Mexico. 1875. 1:15 (listed); New check list of North American moths. 1882. p. 33(listed, all as Lithophane). Thaxter, Roland. Psyche. 1877. 2:80 (taken at Newton, Mass., common at sugar, Sep., Oct., as Lzthophane). REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 213 French, G. H. Insects of Illinois. 7th Report. 1878. p. 227 (men- tion, as Lithophane). Riley, C. V. Papilio. 1882. 2: 102 (var. of antennata). Edwards, Henry & Elliot,S.L. Papilio. 1883. 3:135 (food plant, larva described, as Lithcuphane). Edwards, Henry. U. S. National museum. Bulletin 35. 1889. p. 92 (bibliography, as Lzthophane). Packard, A.S. U.S. Entomological commission. 5th Report. 1890. p. 526 (reared from wild cherry, as Lzthophane). Smith, J.B. U.S. National museum. Bul'etin44. 1893. p. 229 (listed) ; Catalogue of the insects of New Jersey. 1890. p. 31g (listed). Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agricultural experiment station. Entomolo- gist. ust Report. 1895. 1896. p.146[p. 242 of the station report] (dates of capture). Slingerland, M. V. Cornell agricultural experiment station. Bulle- tim 23.- 15967 p. 509; 516, 517, pl. 2, pl. 5, fig. ¢, @ (general account). Howard, L. O. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Technical series no. 5. 1897. p. 23 (parasite mentioned). LECANIUM TULIPIFERAE Cook4 Tulip-tree scale Ord. Hemiptera: Subord. Homoptera: Fam. Coccidae The tulip-tree is commonly unaffected by insects, but in this large species of Zecanium it finds an enemy that occasionally causes consider- able injury. Several twigs from a tulip-tree, showing a very bad condi- tion of affairs (fig. 13), were received on October 11, from Mr Alfred Pell, of Highland Falls, N. Y., with an inquiry as to the nature of the attack. ‘The insects were so crowded on portions of the bark, that the old scales were huddled together and badly deformed. Under a lens it was seen that thousands of young had established themselves in the immediate vicinity of their parents, almost covering the bark in many places (fig. 14), while a few occurred along the veins of the leaves. The young were still issuing from the parents, as a number of paler indivi- duals were to be seen crawling over the twigs. Branches of Magnolia soulangeana badly infested by this species have also been received recently from Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. Earlier injuries by this species. In 1878 this scale insect was mentioned by Prof. Cook as one that frequently destroys tulip-trees in a Referred to LZ. ¢i/Zae Fitch by some authors. 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Michigan. He states it was so abundant in 1870 on the college grounds at Lansing, Mich., that some of the trees were killed outright and others much injured. In the Rural New Yorker of May 10, 1890, a more Fig. 13 LECANIUM TULIPIFERAE (original). serious outbreak of this species is recorded at River Edge, Bergen county, N. J. Three years before, the tulip-trees in that vicinity were attacked by this scale insect, and at the time the notice was written, not only had trees in front yards been rendered worthless, but the lower branches of those growing wild had been killed. Serious injuries to tulip- trees in 1896 at Hartford, Ct., have been reported by Dr Sturgis, of the Connecticut agricultural experiment station, and Dr J. B. Smith, of the New Jersey agricultural experiment station, the same year observed a serious attack by this insect in his state. Description. The adult females are among the largest of those belonging to the genus. Some received measured ;%, inch in diameter. The scale is light brown, mottled with dark brown, and very con- vex. ‘The under surface is concave, and in the examples before me, there are two pairs of ventral, transverse, white lines composed of short cottony filaments, one on each side near the middle and the obli- que pair nearer one extremity, probably the anterior. Both are inter- rupted in the middle. The young at this time (October) range in color from a light brown to almost black. The abdominal segments are sharply defined, the caudal extremity is notched, and from the tips of the last segment there extends a pair of delicate filaments. The young have a general resemblance to tiny trilobites. Life history. No signs of eggs were to be seen, though Prof. Cook describes them as small, yellow and oval. On examining the adults, a REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 215 number of young were found underneath. Apparently the species is viviparous in this latitude, as recorded of it farther south by Dr Riley. In Florida all stages have been observed during the winter, and it hiber- Fig.14 Young of LECANIUM TULIPIFERAE, much enlarged (original), nates as larvae at Washington, D. C., according to Dr Riley. The num- erous young on the branches and those still issuing would indicate that the larvae must hibernate in this stage. The only observed difference in October between those which had issued some time before and those emerging, was in the color. The older ones still retained the larval form, but they had turned black, were closely applied to the bark and attached by a slender thread. In this condition they were apparently ready for hibernation, since upon being disturbed there was no effort to move off, as in the case of younger individuals. In this latitude there is probably but one annual generation, as there is little chance that young would be produced earlier here than in Mich- igan. Prof. Cook states that they appear late in August. This insect produces a large amount of honey dew, which has a nauseating odor. It has also been observed on clover by Prof. Cook. A parasite, Coccophagus flavoscutellum Ashm., has been reared from this scale insect (Howard, see citation). Remedies. In case of a bad infestation, it would be well to scrape all the old insects from the branches in the autumn, and then treat the infested limbs with either whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion. If this is undertaken before many young have emerged, the trees should be nearly freed from the pest. 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bibliography Cook, A. J. Canadian entomologist. 1878. 10: 192-95, fig. 1 (life history, remedies, original description); the same in Ento- mological society of Ontario. Report. 1878. 1879. p. 20, 21, 1 fig; the same in American naturalist. 1879. 13: 324-26, fig. 1-6; Grasses of North America (Beal, W. J.). 1887. 1: 374 (on clover). Comstock, J. H. Cornell agricultural experiment station. 2d Report. 1883. p. 136 (LZ. “ae and L. tulipiferae listed, the latter probably a synonym). Weed, C. M. Ohio agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 1. (tech. ser.) 1889. 1:39 (on clover, as Z. “#/iae). Carman, E.S. Rural New Yorker. 1890. 49: 298, fig. go (serious injuries to lindens). Riley, C. V:, & Howard, L. O. insect life. 1390, 428 ren (mention). Cockerell, T. D. A. Canadian entomologist. 1894. 26: 32,n0. 50 (listed) ; Il. State laboratory natural history. Bulletin. 1896. 4: 333, no. 533 (listed); U. S. National museum. Proceedings. 1897. 19: 726, 730, 731 (on linden, as ZL. é/7ae). Riley, C. V. Entomological society of Washington. Proceedings. 1894. 3: 69 (viviparous). Howard, L. O. U.S. Dép’t agriculture, Division entomology. Technical seriesno. 1. 1895. p. 12,13, 37 (Coccophagus flavoscutellum Ashm, reared). Lintner, J. A. N.Y. State museum. Bulletin 13. 1895. As292 (viviparous) ; the same in Insects of New York. 11th Report. 1895. 1896.. i): 224, Smith, J.B. N. J. Agricultural experiment station. Report. 1896. 1897. p. 441 (injuries). Sturgis, W.C. Ct. Agricultural experiment station. 19th Report. 1895. 1896. p. 193 (injuries in Hartford, Ct., as Z. “#iae.) Felt, E. P. American gardening. Oct. 29,1898. 19: 742 (remedies). LEPISMA DOMESTICA Packard Bristle-tail; Fish-moth Ord. Thysanura: Subord. Cinura: Fam. Lepismidae The so-called bristle-tail, fish-moth, silver-fish, etc., Zeszsma saccharina Linn., is a rather common insect about houses, though it is rarely seen. The work of this insect and the allied Lepisma domestica Packard is often seen among books and papers that have been allowed to remain undis- — turbed for a number of years. These insects have a liking for paper, specially the heavier grades, starch, paste, etc. They have even been REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 217 known to cause the wall paper in a house to scale off by feeding on the starch paste. In museums they are frequently troublesome on account of their habit of eating away the surface of the labels. In one case coming under my observation at Fort Plain, N. Y., the labels were so badly eaten as to be illegible in a number of instances, and in one or two cases the fragments dropped from the blocks to which they had been tacked. These insects even worked their way into wooden boxes containing microscopic preparations and attacked the labels gummed on the glass slips. Another instance of their destructiveness is shown in the accompanying reproduction from a photograph of a senate bill, which had been undisturbed in the office for about 16 years (fig. 15). It is most probable the work of Lepisma domestica, as it has subsequently been taken in the office. Both of these species Fig. 15 — Work of Lepisma (original). are small and shun the light, running very rapidly to a place of conceal- ment on the slightest alarm. They are slender, silvery gray, wingless insects, belonging to the lowest order, Thysanura. Their long, fragile antennae and delicate anal filaments render it very difficult to capture a specimen unbroken. Lepisma domestica is represented very much en- 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM larged in the accompanying figure. This insect is found so generally dis- tributed over houses that it is difficult to use insecticides against it successfully. Fresh pyrethrum kills it readily and may be used wherever a YY Fig. 16 LepismMA pomestica ( After Marlatt: U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology, Bulletin 4). practicable. As a rule not much damage is done except in rather moist situations or where objects are undisturbed for a series of years, as in the case of the senate bill illustrated above. The following are the principal references to this species. Packard, A. S. Peabody academy of science. 5th Report. 1873. p. 48 (original description). Lintner, J. A. Insects of New York. 4th Report. 1888. p. 179 (injuring labels, etc., as Lepisma domestica); — 6th Report. 1890. p. 190 (eating lace, paper boxes, as Lepisma domestica) ; — 10th Report 1895. p. 519 (mention). Bergroth, Evald. Entomologica americana. 1890. 6: 233 (re- ferred to Zhermobia). Marlatt, C. L. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 4 (new series). 1896. p. 76-78, fig. 77 (general account, as Lepisma). REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 219 EURYPELMA HENTZII Girard Molting of a Tarantula Class Arachnida: Ord. Araneida: Fam. Theraphosidae Though not of economic importance and a native of the southern states, this spider has excited so much popular interest that it is deemed worthy of a brief notice. This large female tarantula, a gift to the division by Dr J. M. Bigelow of Albany, came into my custody last January. For the preced- ing two years, she had been kept as a pet by her owner, he having secured her from a dealer in bananas and other fruits. At the time the spider came into the doctor’s possession, she was nearly half grown, About the latter part of 1896, she molted or cast her old skin, which is in the state collection. Habits. Though this and related species are said to prey upon insects and other small creatures, this specimen attacked none of the cockroaches and other forms put into her cage or manifested any interest in them during the early part of the year. Meat placed in her cage was apparently untouched. A banana skin excited some attention, but there were no signs of her feeding upon it. Apparently, she had taken only large quantities of water during the first half of the year, though much that was put into her cage must have evaporated. Sometime after molt- ing, she devoured a large piece of fresh meat with great eagerness and subsequently has taken it readily every few days. Molting. On July 21, the tarantula shed its skin for the second time since it has been in captivity. Those familiar with insects, spiders and related creatures, are aware that they are incased in a hard, more or less unyielding integument. Increase of size is permissible only when the old skin is shed and one that has been newly formed beneath expands to the requisite degree. This is a process constantly occurring in nature and ever excites interest in the beholder. When a large spider, three inches long, throws off the old integument, it is a thrilling sight. In the present case the tarantula had evidently been feeling unwell for some days, a condition frequently preceding this process among insects, and that morning she was found lying on her back and apparently dead, but moved a little upon being disturbed. She lay thus till about quarter past twelve when the rustling her movements made excited attention. The old skin had then ruptured around the thorax in such a manner that the top could be removed entire and through this opening the giant spider was literally working out of her old skin (see plate 6.) This was accomplished by the aid of the eight legs and the two leg-like 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM palpi. At the end of an hour the change had been effected. The spider lay upon her back, beside the perfect skin, resting from the severe exertion. Some idea of the perfect condition of the skin may be obtained from plates 6, 7, which is a reproduction from photographs of the dorsal and ventral surface of the exuvia. The dorsal aspect (see plate 6) shows very plainly the coxal cavities (c) and the line of rupture of the cephalo- thoracic dorsal piece (2), which was laid back and to one side in order to give a fuller representation of other parts. The more delicate abdomi- nal covering (¢) was torn a little during the process of molting and more when the skin was mounted. The position of the eyes (4) is shown very nicely on the dorsal covering of the cephalo-thorax. The poison fangs can be seen distinctly between the palpi (f) in the view of the ventral aspect (see plate 7). Their shiny black surface reflected so much light that they appear nearly white. This tarantula was unusually large before she molted and is now of still greater size. An idea of the increase in size attendant upon molting may be gained by comparing the dimensions of the dorsal piece of the skin shed about the latter part of .1896 when under the care of Dr Bigelow and the one cast in July. The first measures 1 inch and the second measures 1} inches in length. Therefore, the present dorsal piece will probably be proportionately larger when fully expanded. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 221 HINTS ABOUT INSECTICIDES A knowledge of the life history and habits of most of our insects Is at present limited to comparatively few species and the number of well- known forms will probably ever remain relatively small. In spite of this drawback, destructive insects must be controlled or crops will be ruined. In many cases very precious time is wasted if the owner of a field must submit examples of the depredator to an expert at the experiment station or elsewhere, in order to ascertain the proper remedy. While establish- ing the identity of an insect is extremely important, the farmer, whose corn is being devoured at the rate of an acre a day by the army worm, is more concerned to know the best methods of fighting the pest than to learn its scientific name. Though the injuries by insects are not always so strik- ing as in the case of the army worm, the great advantage in controlling them at the inception of the attack can not be overestimated. It is a well-known fact that many insects succumb more readily to insecticides when young than later. ‘This is not only true of scale insects, but applies to certain caterpillars and other forms. ‘Though insecticides and their action have frequently been explained, the facts show, most conclusively great need of instruction in their use. How insects feed. Before attempting to control an insect, we must first ascertain how it can be affected. The large amounts of paris green and similar substances used, at once suggest the idea of poisoning its food. But can the insect under consideration be killed in that manner ? As paris green is effective only when taken internally, and is practically insoluble in water, it must be eaten with the food before the depredator can be killed. In other words paris green and similar poisons can be employed successfully against those insects only which bite off and swallow their food, and even then it is limited to cases where the poison can be applied to parts eaten. It is not enough to ascertain merely that the pest is one that devours, but the portion of the plant consumed must be known and the application made where it will be eaten. In the case of the apple-tree tent caterpillar, which devours the entire leaf, it makes little difference whether the poison be applied to the upper or under surface of the foliage, except that when on the latter it is less likely to be washed off by rains. It is a very important matter in the case of the elm-leaf beetle, whose larvae feed only on the under side of the leaves, rarely rupturing the upper epidermis, and for this reason poison applied to the upper side of the leaf would have little or no effect on them. Other biting insects are found in places where it is practically impossible to poison their food. Such are the leaf miners, tiny larvae that obtain all 922 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM their sustenance between the upper and lower epidermis of one leaf, the jarvae tunneling apples and other fruits, or the borers in the trunks of trees, The practical farmer or fruit grower soon learns that another class of insects is not affected by such internal poisons as have been mentioned. Each season several reports are received at my office stating that paris green has no effect when sprayed on trees infested with aphids or plant lice. The simple reason for this is, that these forms belong to a large class known as sucking insects, because they extract the fluids upon which they live through a delicate beak inserted into the tissues. Con- sequently particles of internal poisons lying upon the surface of a food plant have no effect, as the tip of the tiny beak is beneath the surface when the insect draws its fill. It is not difficult to recognize these sucking insects by their work, and one soon becomes familiar with their general aspect. They never devour portions of plants. The most common evidence of injury is the withering or wilting of either entire leaves or limited portions. A small lens will readily show whether the injury is due to a biting or sucking insect. Some of the more common species falling in this latter class are all plant lice, scale insects and the larger forms like the squash bug, the four-lined leaf bug and their allies. Operation of contact insecticides. Asa rule it is best to protect a plant by applying paris green or other poison to its foliage, provided the insect is one that devours. Otherwise, recourse must be had to con- tact insecticides, that is, to substances that will kill an insect when brought into contact with it. None of those commonly used are so deadly to insect life, that they will kill by simply touching the victim, at a single point. They operate by closing or choking the breathing pores or spiracles, along the sides of the caterpillar, or they may exert a para. lyzing influence through these orifices. ‘Therefore it will be seen at once that success will be in proportion to the thoroughness with which the treatment is performed. Insects not hit by the contact insecticide are unharmed, those barely touched, if affected at all, may recover, Only those well covered with the substance succumb. It is by no means easy to secure the desired results, even with the aid of a good spraying apparatus. Some insects take flight so quickly that it is practically impossible to hit many with a spray. Among these are the small leaf hoppers which are sometimes very injurious to certain plants, and about the only way they can be killed is by catching them on sticky fans or screens carried between the rows. Many plant lice secrete a woolly substance which serves to protect them from the action of insecticides, The drop of honey dew on the young pear psylla andthe hard covering of many scale insects serve the same purpose. ‘The attacks of some plant lice cause the leaves to curl and thus they are protected from deadly sprays. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 223 It will be readily seen that the correct application of an insecticide involves a number of considerations. If it is not done properly the effort is useless, and money is lost in the labor wasted and on the poor crop resulting. Useless remedies. Avoid patent remedial preparations, specially those that are advertised to kill most, if not all insects, and act as a fer- tilizer in the bargain. A large corps of trained workers in experiment stations and other public positions are at present engaged in searching for new insecticides and in determining the best methods of applying them. Recommendations from such sources can usually be relied upon. Some of the preparations sold in the markets undoubtedly are of value, but they owe their efficacy to well-known substances and not to certain secret compounds. The great objection to this ciass of insecticides is that the farmer pays several times the value of the article, because it is in a disguised form, and he is usually ignorant of its nature, There are other remedies which are totally worthless, having no intrinsic value of them- selves. One of the most persistently advertised of these is the old trick of plugging a tree with sulfur or other substance in order to render the sap distasteful to insects of all kinds. This is a fascinating theory, but has absolutely no basis in fact. The safest way is to disre- gard all innovations till they have been duly tested at experiment stations or by other known authorities. Preventives. The old proverb, ‘ An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,’ is most emphatically true in controlling insects. Un- favorable weather, a rush of work or other causes may enable an insect - to commit serious injuries before it can be stopped. Repeated rains frequently cause postponement of spraying. It is well known that the period of greatest insect activity is also the time when farmers have the most work on their hands. Another noticeable fact is that the man who practises a wise rotation of crops, keeps his orchard clean and allows no rubbish and brush along the fences, is the one who seldom bemoans loss from insects. It has also frequently been observed that healthy, vigorous plants suffer less from insects than those in a sickly condition. In other words, clean culture with abundant plant food, and a rotation of crops are the best checks upon the undue increase of insect pests. Need of experiment. The following formulas comprise what are regarded as the most reliable, but must be modified under varying con- ditions, to meet the demands of the occasion. It should be borne in mind that in many cases it is not so much the insecticide used as the manner of its application, though in some cases the difference is due to a varia- tion in composition. For example, one man will use paris green and not 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM london purple and another the reverse. Yet both have been the object of considerable experimentation and are of nearly equal value, though the latter is said to be more variable in composition. The same may be said of kerosene emulsion and a whale oil soap solution. In the case of these preparations, it is always advantageous to make a few tests. To a certain extent a man may depend upon the experience of others, but he should also ascertain by trial what proportions, with his own apparatus and under the conditions at hand, will give the best results. Arsenical compounds. These are effective against insects which devour portions of a plant and of value only when placed where they will be eaten. The following formulae are commonly employed: |?) 3 tar 4-1. ae eo RNY AE Nt Ae ON Pet ore 755 1 pound O58 Ci | RMS AAR ad Rett aA teapot Sis. as.) 1 pound ET a er waa Whi ibn, Soe hayes 5 ane 5 on he ee ena nee 100-300 gallons London purple 6 y.chenjh2 tee ee eee ee I pound Onmek lime... stipe hau ei Saete c ety Pelee eee 2-3 pounds W EET on i nhc) we Snare sr nial dra iene ae eee eee ae 100—300 gallons The more common proportion is at the rate of 1 pound of the poison to 150 or 200 gallons of water, and less should be used on the more tender foliage like that of the peach or there may be serious injury. The addi- tion of lime is not necessary, specially with paris green, but is a wise precaution as is neutralizes any free arsenic acid and thus prevents burn- ing. Paris green can be applied with the bordeaux mixture,* at the rate of 4 ounces of the poison to 50 gallons of the fungicide, and in this preparation both fungi and many insects find an effective check. If desired, paris green or london purple can be dusted on low plants, such as potatoes and asparagus, when they are wet with dew, pro- vided the poison is diluted with from 50 to roo parts of flour or land plaster. Another substance which has received high praise and may come into general use after its good qualities become better known, is the arsenate of lead. The value of this compound as an insecticide has been a The following formula is taken from Budletin 114, Cornell university agricultural experi- ment station: Normal or 1.6% Bordeaux mixture: Copper sulfate, 6 pounds Quicklime, 4 pounds Water, 40-50 gallons. Dissolve the copper sulfate by putting it in a bag of coarse cloth and hanging in a vessel con- taining at least 4 gallons of water, so that it will be just covered. Use an earthen or wooden vessel, Slake the lime in an equal amount of water. Then mix the two and add enough water to make 4o gallons. It is then ready for immediate use. If the mixture is to be used on peach foliage it is advisable to add 2 pounds of lime to the above formula. \ REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 225 brought out by numerous experiments, made in the extensive work against the gypsy moth. One advantage is that it can be applied in very large quantities without injuring the foliage. When properly pre- pared, it remains for some time suspended in the water, imparting a milky color, and also adheres to the leaves much longer than either paris green or london purple. Its whiteness is another advantage, because of which, it is readily detected upon green foliage. In order to obtain the best results, the poison should be prepared just before using, by dissolving 11 ounces of acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in 4 quarts of water in a wooden pail, and 4 ounces of arsenate of soda (50 %) in 2 quarts of water in another wooden pail. As the acetate or sugar of lead dissolves rather slowly in cold water, the process can be hastened by using warm water. ‘The resulting solutions should then be poured into the spraying tank containing enough water to give the desired proportions. In most cases this will mean turning them into roo or 150 gallons of water. Experiments by those connected with the gypsy moth work and others show that it can be applied in almost any proportion without injuring even the most delicate foliage. In cases where the insect is able to resist the action of considerable poison, as the gypsy moth and canker worm, or where the insecticide must remain on the trees for a consider- able length of time in order to be most effective, as in the case of the elm- leaf beetie, or where the delicate foliage prohibits the use of sufficient paris green or london purple, the arsenate of lead will be found in- valuable. One objection to this substance, is the variable composition of the chemicals from which it is prepared. If either is in excess, it should be the lead salt, because that will not injure the leaves, A simple test? for soluble arsenic acid, is the addition of a few drops of lead acetate (sugar of lead) solution to a filtered portion of the arsenate of lead solution. A white precipitate indicates the presence of soluble arsenic and more lead acetate (sugar of lead) should be added, or the foliage will be burned by the arsenic. Compounds of arsenic can not only be sprayed upon foliage, but they can also be used most successfully in the preparation of poisoned baits, specially for cut worms, the army worm and grasshoppers. Fresh clover or other attractive food is dipped in water and paris green, using considerably more poison than when spraying, and bunches of it are dis- tributed over the infested fields. Some form of a mash as, for example, one composed of 1 pound of paris green to 50 pounds of bran, well. a Proportions recommended by Dr C. H. Fernald. 6Smith, F.J. Mass. Board of agriculture on gypsy moth. Report, Jan. 1898, p. 67. 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM moistened, has been found very effective against cut worms. Some prefer to sweeten it with cheap sugar or molasses, specially for grasshoppers. The disadvantage of the mash is that it soon dries and then is of no value. In experiments against cut worms in onion fields, Mr Sirrine found that either dry bran and paris green in equal parts or 20 pounds of middlings to 1 pound of poison was a very effective bait. Internal and contact insecticides combined. Hellebore and tobacco may act either internally or kill by contact. One ounce ot fresh white hellebore thoroughly mixed in- 3 gallons of water is a proportion recommended by Lodeman and Gould, while Dr Smith gives 1 ounce to 2 quarts of water. It may be applied pure or mixed with plaster or flour if desired. It is used largely against currant worms, specially when the presence of nearly mature fruit prohibits the application of paris green. A strong decoction of tobacco may be prepared by boiling stems and other refuse till a deep brown extract is obtained. A few trials will enable one to ascertain how much this can be diluted and still be effec- tive. It may be used successfully as a contact insecticide against soft bodied insects like plant lice, saw fly larvae and others, and it may also serve as a repellant or poison when applied to plants for the purpose of protecting them from attacks by flea beetles, and many other insects. If in the form of a fine dust, itis a very effective contact insecticide, and may be used with great advantage on the surface or worked into the ground around trees infested with root lice and other subterranean in- sects. In greenhouses it is very valuable, when stems or leaves are laid around, specially on the heating pipes, as its odor seems to be unfavor- able to insect life. There is no easier method of keeping plant lice under control in a conservatory than by fumigation with tobacco smoke. Contact insecticides. The most important of those commonly used are kerosene emulsion,’ whale oil soap solution and pyrethrum. The standard kerosene emulsion is prepared as follows: Flard soap oo. oss oe seeks oe eee en > pound WAGE’ . nn sits.) edict, ri beveem rests GIOROR Ebtare copia oa 1 gallon Kerosene ,'. .» + .:sm ce sevens hel ees ti 2 gallons Dissolve the soap in boiling water and while still hot add the kerosene and emulsify by passing it rapidly through a force pump till it assumes a creamy consistency and oil does not rise to the surface. Dilute with 9 to 15 parts of water. In limestone regions where hard water is the rule, better results will probably be obtained by using the sour milk emul. a Bulletin 114, Cornell university agricultural experiment station. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 227 sion, which is simply 2 gallons of kerosene and 1 gallon of sour milk emulsified by churning or passing through a pump. Besides being effective against exposed insects on plants, successful experiments on white grubs infesting the lawn around the capitol at Washington, D. C., indicate that kerosene emulsion may also be used against subterranean insects. Though the usual strength recommended is 1 part of the standard kerosene emulsion to g parts of water, Mr Marlatt has shown that it may be applied diluted with but 4 parts of water with almost no injury to growing plants (Jmsect life. 1894. 7: 116, 117). Machines now on the market are said to give a reliable water and kerosene emulsion, the two constituents being taken from separate tanks in the desired proportions and emulsified mechanically as they pass through the nozzle. Pure kerosene is also being recommended by some as an insecticide that can be applied to trees in a fine spray on a bright drying day, without serious injury. The results heretofore obtained by different experimentors have been so contradictory that this treatment can hardly be indorsed without qualification. The safest way, as stated by Dr Howard, is for each man to experiment in a small way before he sprays many trees with this substance. For scale insects, whale oil soap may be applied in winter at the rate of 14 to 2 pounds in r gallon of water, as recommended by Dr Howard. For summer use the extreme strength is given by Dr Smith as 1 pound to 4 gallons of water. Pyrethrum, Dalmatian or insect powder, when fresh, is a valuable con- tact insecticide. It is usually applied in the powdered form, is not poisonous to man or the higher animals, and is largely used for house- hold insects, in greenhouses and small gardens. If desired, it can be diluted with flour, in which event it should be mixed and allowed to stand several hours before it is wanted, or it may be used in water at the rate of 1 ounce to 2 gallons of water, it either being boiled or allowed to remain some hours before application. If moistened and molded into cones, it may be burned with very satisfactory results, for the fumes, while not disagreeable to man, paralyze and kill many insects. Sulfur is a valuable insecticide, specially against mites. In green- houses it is often strewed on the heating pipes or scattered about the house, and in this way a mild fumigation is obtained that is quite effec- tive in keeping the red spider under control. It is frequently used in poultry houses and applied to stock. Bisulfid of lime@ is said to be an even better remedy for mites. This is easily prepared by boiling together in a little water equal parts of sulfur and lime, till a brownish liquid results. Use at the rate of 5 pounds of sulfur and 5 pounds of lime to 100 gallons of water. a Marlatt, C. L. Farmer's bulletin 19.1897. p. 11. 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fumigation. Carbon bisulfid and hydrocyanic acid gas are the two substances most frequently employed for killing insects within tight inclosures, though the fumes of burning sulfur or pyrethrum are also used to a slight extent. The proportion of carbon bisulfid recom- mended by Dr Howard, is 1 pound to every thousand cubic feet of space. The grain or other substance to be fumigated must be in a tight vessel or building and the chemical placed in shallow vessels near the top of the inclosure, because the heavy, poisonous vapor from this liquid descends rapidly. As carbon bisulfid is inflammable and its gas ex- plosive, great care must be exercised that no fire is brought near during fumigation. The period of exposure to this insecticide should vary some- what according to the mass treated. Grain in large bins should be sub- jected to its action for a day or two. As carbon bisulfid evaporates rapidly, treatment with it does not injure grain for food purposes and unless unduly prolonged, will not affect its germination to an appreciable extent. This substance is also very effective against root-inhabiting forms. In the case of trees and vines, holes should be made with an iron bar about 1+ feet apart and 1 foot deep over the area occupied by the roots, but no hole should be within a foot of the trunk. Use 4+ ounce@ of car- bon bisulfid to each hole and close the top at once with soil. In the case of cabbage plants make a small hole = inch from the plant and pour in a teaspoonful of the insecticide, closing as before. This chemical may be used against ants, it being advisable, as recommended by Dr Lintner, to cover the nest with a damp blanket, and at the expiration of a few moments the accumulated vapor under the blanket should be exploded by a light on the end of a pole. ‘The explosion drives the fumes deeper into the nest. The treatment of trees infested by scale insects with hydrocyanic acid gas has been carried on for some years in California. The introduction of the San José scale into many states east of the Rocky mountains, has led to fumigation being used to a greater or less extent in this region. By some it has been reported entirely effective and others have had different results. In most cases it will be found advisable to destroy young trees infested with the San José scale, though when large numbers are but slightly infested, thorough fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas may be preferred. This treatment is also recommended for nursery stock show- ing the presence of other pests, as the more common scale insects, plant lice or aphids, pear psylla, apple-leaf Bucculatrix and other forms that are a The quantities and distances are those recommended by the Division of entomology, U. S. Dep’t agriculture. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 229 known to be injurious. Aside from the additional handling and the initial cost of the apparatus, the expense is but little. The value of the chemicals used has been estimated by Professor Johnson at not over 2 cents per 1000 nursery trees. The following formula is one commonly recommended ¢: Fused cyanide of potassium, 98% pure..........-... 1 oz. by weight Bereemercial sulfuric deid ‘SSeS 8 I oz. by measure TS SEER oie ee edie cs A 3 oz. by measure The amounts given can be safely used on dormant nursery stock for each roo cubic feet of space, as reported by W. R. Gunnis, chairman of the San Diego county board of horticultural commissioners (Howard, Bull. 3, U.S. Dep’t Agr., Div. Ent. 1898, p. 60). Prof. Johnson states that repeated fumigation will not injure nursery stock and that if necessary the above amounts may be safely used to every 75 cubic feet of space. If no San José scale is present, the above quantities should be suff- cient for 150 cubic feet. Expose the stock to the action of the gas for one hour. It will be found necessary to construct some form of a receptacle in which to conduct the treatment. This may be simply a tight box that can be inverted and its edges banked with earth, or one with covers, or even a building or portion of one, as circumstances may dictate. It must be practically air tight, easily and quickly ventilated and the stock should rest on a grating or other support that will permit ready access of the fumes on all sides. The earth should be removed from the roots of the stock so far as practicable before fumigation. ‘The gas should be generated as near the center of the lot to be treated as possible and in case of large amounts, several generators should be used and so placed that a rapid and uniform distribution of the gas will be insured. The cyanide must be kept in tight bottles in a safe place, as it is a volatile, deadly poison. ‘The cubical contents of the fumigating chamber should be estimated, the cyanide weighed out in amounts suff- cient for a treatment and put in paper bags. Pour the acid slowly into the water, stirring the mixture constantly, otherwise drops may fly and burn those in the vicinity. After the stock is properly arranged, pour the necessary amount of dilute acid into a glazed earthen vessel, place the cyanide while still in the paper bag into the acid and water, and close the fumigator. The advantage of putting the cyanide into the acid and water while still in the paper bag is that it prevents sputtering, which is aProf. W. G. Johnson, state entomologist of Maryland, as a result of a large series of experi- ments performed last year and the present season, recommends a slightly different formula. He advises the use of 1 ounce of cyanide of potassium, 13 ounces of the best grade of commercial sulfuric acid and 2} ounces of water to 113 cubic feet of space. In his experience, a more perfect reaction between the chemicals is obtained by modifying the formula as given above. 230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM specially liable to occur when large amounts are used. Great care should be exercised in handling the cyanide, the acid, and in opening after fumigation. ‘The substances used are deadly. Even a slight burn from sulfuric acid is very painful. Recent experiments by Prof. Johnson show that in Maryland growing trees can be treated with this gas and every scale insect killed. The results obtained in some other eastern states are not so favorable, and, as an outfit for trees of any size is quite expensive, it is hardly probable that it will come into general use, unless it is undertaken by experienced persons who would go from place to place and fumigate wherever desired. It can be used to very good advantage in freeing greenhouses from animal pests of all kinds, and when it becomes better known may be more generally employed. In treating the various plants in green- — houses, the amount of gas necessary would not be so great as in the case of the San José scale. The formula given above would produce enough gas for at least every 150 cubic feet of space, and the action should not be continued over 30 minutes. Dr Jabez Fisher, of Fitchburg, Mass., recommends the use of this amount in greenhouses for from 1,000 to 2,000 cubic feet of space, allowing the gas to act all night (American gardening. 1898. 19:741). | 7 REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 231 NOTES ON SOME OF THE INSECTS OF THE YEAR IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK’ The present season has been characterized by the scarcity of plant lice, only one or two complaints being received, whereas in 1897, reports of injuries by these insects came from all quarters. The foliage of the forest and shade trees appears to have suffered more than usual. In Albany and other cities and towns in the state, the white marked tussock moth, Wofolophus leucostigmt Sm.-Abb., and the elm-leaf beetle Galerucella luteola Miiller, have been more injurious than usual. In the rural districts the tent caterpillars have wrought havoc in orchard and forest. Eriocampoides limacina efzius. The cherry or pear-tree slug causes more or less injury from year to year in New York state, specially is this true of nursery stock. During the inspection of nurseries last autumn, indications of its presence on pear-trees was the rule and in some cases the foliage had been materially injured. Last June Thomas Tupper, of Corning, N. Y., reported a serious injury by this insect to both his cherry and pear trees. Saw toothed grain beetle.’ The following interesting case of longevity in the adults of this species, Sz/vanus surinamensis Linn., is deemed worthy of record. May 26, 1896, examples of this minute beetle were brought into the office by Mr S. C. Bradt of Albany. After killing a few examples, the remainder were placed in a box with some flour in the hope that they would continue to breed. On August 26 of that same year, three individuals were transferred to clean flour in another box for the purpose of closer observation. Every few days or a week, the box was examined to see whether breeding had commenced, but no signs“of increase were visible. ‘Two were accidentally crushed July 31, 1897, which was over a year from the time they had been received and 11 months after they had been isolated. The remaining individual con- tinued bright and active and finally disappeared between June 15 and 25, 1898. It had probably been allowed to escape by accident. This latter example had been under close observation for nearly 22 months, and since it was an adult when placed with its two companions in a separate box, it may have been several months older. Asa check upon this series of observations, seven beetles were confined with some samp in a tightly corked vial, Sep. 4, 1896, and notes were made of their condition. During the entire time there were no signs of a Read before a meeting of the Association of economic entomologists held at Boston, Mass., August 19, 1898. A few additions have been made. b Added subsequently. 232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM breeding. On Aug. 30, 1897, but two of these beetles were alive and active. Between November 15 and December g, one of these two died, but the remaining one is still bright and active at this date, Nov. 18, 1898, and has therefore lived for over 26 months under close observation with no better food than dry samp. ‘The above record shows beyond doubt that these beetles can maintain life for long periods of time under com- paratively unfavorable conditions. Byturus unicolor Say. The latter part of May Dr Peck, state bot- anist, brought me several beetles belonging to this species, with the state- ment that from one to five were to be found in many of the opening buds of his raspberry plants where they were evidently feeding. This insect does not appear to have been noticed in the state since Dr Fitch gave a brief account of it in his r4th report for 1870, though Dr Lintner records in his 8th report for 1891, its receipt from New Haven, Ct., where it had been injuring leaves and buds of the raspberry. Elaphidion villosum /aér. Complaints of injuries by the oak or maple-tree pruner have come from several localities the present season. Serious injuries were reported to me from Lake George and also from Oakes, Ulster county, where its operations had been observed for several years past. Galerucella luteola J/ii//er. The prolificacy of the imported elm- leaf beetle was brought very forcibly before me by certain studies made in connection with the preparation of State museum bulletin 20. The last day of May, I captured two beetles well distended with eggs and determined to ascertain for myself the number they would produce. One was confined ina small, corked vial, and the other in a jelly tumbler. As might be expected, there was considerable difference in the number of eggs deposited, the former producing 431 and the latter 623. A por- tion of the discrepancy was probably due to disparity of conditions and the remainder must be attributed to a variation in capacity. In order to bring out certain points clearly, I have tabulated the record. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 238 Record of eggs deposited by two elm-leaf beetles FEMALE IN VIAL FEMALE IN TUMBLER DATE CLUSTERS OF TOTAL CLUSTERS OF TOTAL ee (2) 29 (4) 42 so ee ee ee ree sea Ww fl ! | 3 ek eorameeen tis etal ysminie ae Ox Oi 54 a2 1g. 18 ES ca a eee ee 8 eee ah ee ie se a neers rain Pee PECL D Pti >) pi) (se iaten see cet oma pa se | 18 18 265 2¥~ "47 NM e222 so. ea eee ee ES Se eh la oda Dp See ae peel 4,26 30 fee (2p. m.),-.---. eT De car eae A a, 2 EE eS Ee ng eee be Oo 27 29 Ls Ge ES eae 2 wath Oe G2. Oi.) ss. Ape, eee 7 5 ee De NE TR So |, Ss wa dein we ateis same teeee oe OE pe bs SES GRE ee Vee ee eee es | 2g 2 ae es era ia, ee ae 3 Foy Bia Pak 63 Oo ee re 217 (3! Pn ea one eee {oC a BG, 5p 22 14, 2h > Al June 16 5: Ba ee ee 2h) 28 30°. 40 Ly Mabe CR ARES ES G+ ea rR nG Me Gees) SC sy ee iS peewenecumeeamee! Soe Cn py ge ee, ae ee 26,30 56 10,26 36 (Ok i ae Se SG 8 36-36 OE ST a = ye fas 123 G25 +41 OO a 2) 20) - 22 4,31 °35 J 7 2 29 Fy 25 BR: e839) 34 naa terre Soe eee oe hp | 8 iy Mh | mente ceiv abeide wena: enuis i aN oe eee Sainte gt im wat! eS oemas cde sien ee sees Le ES a eae SER see Se MME TY als ola ages eW eens cts Sot) in wie oS eS aaa 5; 1, a 15 fee £3, 2, 92." 66 June 28 (dead). . 40 ie 0 ah (dead) 4,17 21 431 623 It will be seen that from June 1 to 11 there were usually deposited between 15 and 47 eggs every other day. The-12th being Sunday, I did not attend to the beetles, but from there being two or more clusters found with each on Monday, it is probable that one or more were depos- ited the preceding day. The record shows that from either the 12th or 13th there was a marked increase in the number of eggs laid till the 23d, there being, as a rule, from 8 to over 40 deposited daily. In the case of the one confined in the vial, the record shows a discrepancy, which is greater than the facts warrant. I was unable to attend to the jnsects on the 18th, consequently it appears as though two days during this period had been skipped by one beetle and one by the other, whereas it is probable that but a day passed without the beetle in the vial depositing eggs and that the other really presents an unbroken record in this respect. During this short period of 10 or 11 days there were deposited over half of the total number of eggs produced during the 28 a The examinations were made asa rule, between 8.30 and 9 a. m., though occasionally, when eggs were seen in the afternoon, they were recorded at the time indicated in the table. The dates falling on Sunday are in italics and as a rule no observations were made then. 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM days a record was kept, the figures being 238 and 338, or an average of over 21 and 30 eggs per day respectively. The average numbers deposited during the first r1 days of the month are 14 and 18 respectively, which shows there was an increase of one-half or more in the case of each beetle after June 11. Those deposited after the 25th were apparently the last efforts of the insects to provide for the perpetuity of their kind, though the quality of the eggs had not deteriorated. During the whole period the beetles were under observation, they con- sumed large quantities of foliage, comparatively speaking. Many leaves of the trees outside were also badly riddled by their feeding. If we con- sider for but a moment the relatively large bulk of eggs produced by the beetles, it is not surprising that they require a large amount of food. Without attempting to make precise measurements, it would seem that a cluster of 30 eggs would present, after deposition, a bulk about equal to that of the parent insect. If this be a fair estimate, they produced on the average from nearly one-half to nearly two-thirds of their bulk in eggs daily during the first 11 days in June and from the rath to the 23d the daily average was from over two-thirds to an equal bulk. This rapid elaboration of eggs must make a large demand upon the system and require an abundant food supply. ) Lest it be thought that the period of oviposition was abnormally pro- longed, I would state that recently deposited eggs were to be found on the trees up to July 9. This record indicates most emphatically the value of spraying to kill the beetles, specially before they have reached the more prolific period mentioned above. A few notes confirmatory of previous records concerning the life history of this insect in Albany and Troy will undoubtedly be of interest. The last of the overwintered beetles were seen early in July. On the 16th, recently transformed adults were easily found, and fresh eggs a few days later, either singly or in small clusters, indicated the beginning of oviposi- tion by the second brood, On 12 August, Mr P. C. Lewis, who had charge of the spraying in Albany, informed me that the second brood of larvae had been quite injurious in certain parts of the city and that the beetles, ever on the watch for tender foliage, riddled the leaves very quickly. A visit to Troy onthe 13th showed that practically the same conditions prevailed there. Soon after the foliage appeared it was attacked by the beetles and by the time the leaves were about half grown many larvae were to be found upon them. The injury to the elms in Troy by the first brood of larvae exceeded that of the preceding two years, because it was not only much more extended but the skeletonizing of the leaves was more thorough. As a rule all the European elms were practically defoliated. The same would have been true of Albany were it not for the spraying done. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 235 An interesting feature in the latter city was the more extended injury sustained by the American elms. In Troy comparatively few of this species appear to have suffered much. The same was true of Albany ‘two years ago. Last year considerable injury was inflicted and the present season much more in spite of the spraying. It should be stated that rainy weather just after the larvae hatched marred the efficiency of the work seriously. A few of the American elms in Albany have lost nearly every leaf and hundreds have been so affected that they present a more or less browned appearance. In Watervliet, where American elms abound, the ravages have been frightful, including practically all the elms. Galerucella cavicollis ZeC. In his 11th report Dr Lintner noticed this insect briefly and gave its earlier history. The species is one that is apparently changing its habits and becoming destructive. Mr Tupper, of Corning, N. Y., submitted examples of this insect and leaves from his cherry-trees, with the statement that they were injuring the trees seriously and might killthem. ‘This is the second record of a recent attack on cherry in New York state by this species. Notolophus leucostigma Svw.-A44. The larvae of this species were unusually destructive in Albany this season. Not only were a large number ot horse chestnuts defoliated, as frequently occurs from year to year, but many of the maples and lindens were seriously injured. On some trees the caterpillars were so abundant as to cause an unpleasant odor. It appears nearly impossible to secure adequate protection for trees along the streets, unless it is undertaken by the municipal authori- ties. The private individual who inquires what he should do to protect his trees after two-thirds of the foliage is destroyed, usually neglects to take proper precautions to prevent trouble another season. The injuries by this species in Buffalo have been so general as to excite considerable attention from the public and have led to the issuing of a special circular by the board of public works, giving directions, for controlling the insect. It was also reported as very abundant at Flush- ing. 1. Ravages by tent caterpillars. In early spring a number of reports came to me of the extraordinary abundance and destructiveness of the apple-tree tent caterpillar, Ciisiocampa americana Fabr. In many localities the larvae stripped the trees and nearly covered the naked limbs with their webs. Such work was clearly the result of neglect and yet Mr S. D. Willard, of Geneva, who cares for his trees each year, informed me that this insect caused him considerable trouble last spring, notwith- standing his efforts to keep it under control. 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Last year the so-called forest tent caterpillar, Clzszocampa disstria Hiibn., was very injurious in certain parts of the state, stripping the foliage from hundreds of acres of maples and other trees in Delaware county and in other portions of the state. It was hoped that the ravages by this species would not be repeated the present season, but such was not the case. Examples of this caterpillar were received from Glens Falls, N. Y., on June 2, with the statement that they were very numerous and injuring the maples seriously. At Trenton Falls, N. Y., the cater- pillars were very abundant, and injurious in the woods, though the trees were only partially defoliated. At Russell, St Lawrence county, the leaves were stripped from 125 acres of maple-trees, most probably by this species. It was also reported to me as very injurious this year in Otsego, Delaware and Greene counties. Mamestra picta Harris. A remarkable abundance of larvae in timothy hay was brought to my notice on July 13. Mr W.C. Browning, of Alexandria Bay, states that he had been putting in hay trom a 2o0-acre lot and the next morning found the surface of the mow literally alive with caterpillars, identified from examples sent as those of this species. Large numbers must have been present in the field, as they had probably been gathered up with the hay accidentally. In response to an inquiry, Mr Browning informed me that the caterpillars had not been observed except on this field. Last year they had entirely destroyed his crop of oats, and this season they were much more numerous than before. Xylina antennatta Walker. One of the most interesting and remarkable outbreaks of the year occurred at Schenectady, N. Y., when hundreds of silver maples were defoliated by the caterpillars belonging to the species named above. My attention was called to the insect by a young man bringing me about 4 pint of larvae with a story of their destructiveness. On visiting the city, it was found that the reports were true. ‘The soft maples were practically stripped. Numerous larvae were seen on the trunks, in some cases 50 to roo on a single tree. Many were seen along the walks and in the road- ways bordered by the maples. Even were one deprived of sight, the olfactory organs could easily detect their presence from the peculiar gdor emanating from the hosts of caterpillars. ‘There were no indications of the insects’ work in Albany, though only 17 miles distant, but along the Mohawk river as far west as Herkimer, on the Raquette river in St Law- rence county and in Schoharie county many soft maples were defoliated, indicating the work of the same insect, possibly, though the species could not be determined because no examples were submitted. The a Determined by Drs H. G. Dyarand J B. Smith. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 237 ravages in some of these localities may have been caused by the forest tent caterpillar, Cistocampa disstria Hiibn. I have found no record of serious injury to maples by this species, though Dr H. G. Dyar, in a recent letter identifying the insect, informs me that it is somewhat injurious to soft maples at Bellport, Long Island, but that they were less common than usual the present season. ‘This insect, or closely allied species, has been known for a number of years as injurious to apples and pears, and in 1896 and 1897 it caused con- siderable damage in this state to these fruits, but this appears to be the first record of serious injury to soft maples by a species of Xylina. Anelm-leaf miner. This insect has been unusually destructive in Albany and ‘Troy the present season. For the past three years the Camperdown elms in Washington park, Albany, have suffered rather severely from this species. The present season the miner not only seri- ously injured the Camperdown elms but extended its ravages to the Ganeroomentersierese semen ee - - . = a = —— —— Se ee mrp sta me EVO EOE. LIED. vane ER et Sen cage eI nee { : | i English, Scotch and American species. From half to two-thirds of the leaves on certain English elms in Troy were nearly destroyed by this insect (fig. 17), and many others presented a sorry appearance on account of the numerous mines. 2 TRC DC Fa rrtemeanenmmsssncenr sane para i 5 Fig. 17 Work of the elm-leaf miner (original). 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chermes strobilobius Xa/z« The form of this species? which occurs on the larch has been under observation for the last three years in Washington park, Albany. On May 3 the larches were alive with females and eggs. Large masses of eggs were to be found at the base of nearly every fascicle of leaves on some limbs. Over 200 were counted in an egg mass of moderate size, while around the base of other fascicles two to three times this number were to be found. At this time the young were beginning to hatch and some had settled on the larch needles, where they presented a close resemblance to black grains of gunpowder. In the course of a few weeks, these young increase in size and excrete an abundant white woolly matter. They were so thick on the trees in 1897, that the latter part of June the larches appeared as though dusted with flour or starch. The life history of this species, as worked out by European investiga- tors, is most interesting, comprising, as it does, a life cycle of two years’ duration, and passing through five generations. Briefly, it is as follows: 1) Wingless female lice pass the winter at the base of young pine buds, produce galls in the spring and in them winged 2) females develop, part of which migrate in August to the larches and lay eggs upon the needles. From these eggs emerge 3) young which hibernate in the crevices of the bark and the following spring attack the base of the buds and produce the eggs which attract attention on the larches, and from which the black 4) young emerge, a portion eventually developing into winged females, and returning to the pines the latter part of May (probably later in this latitude, as this generation is abundant upon larches till the last ot June), where they lay eggs producing 5) males and females, which in turn are parents to the hibernating form first mentioned and thus the life cycle is completed. So far as known, this is the first record of the occurrence of this species in America. The following synonyms are those given by Dr Cholod- kovsky* : Chermes coccineus Ratz.? in part; C. /aricis Ratz., Koch in part; C. geniculatus Ratz., in part; C. hamadryas Koch; C. atratus Buckton?; C. dariceti Altum ? Pemphigus tessellatus /z/.¢ This insect, the alder blight aphis, has been abundant the past two years on a cut leaved alder in Washing- ton park, Albany, and eventually injured it so much that the tree was removed. It occurs in masses on the under side of the twigs, sometimes being so numerous as to be ‘hanging in strings’ from the limbs. The a Added subsequently. é Identified by Dr N. Cholodkovsky, of St Petersburg, Russia. c Bettrage zu einer Monographie der Coniferen-Lduse. 1 Theil, Kapitel 5-7, 1896. p. 46. d Added subsequently. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 239 abundant secretion of waxy threads renders it very promnent. The photograph of the adult colony represented in fig. r8¢ was taken July r. About this time the young (fig. 19) appear in large numbers and found colonies near the tips of the smaller branches. Fig. 184, of a young colony, is from a photograph taken July 16. This insect occurs not only on species of alder but also attacks birch. It has an enemy in the little orange butterfly, Feniseca tarquinius Fabr., the larva of which lives in the colonies and devours the aphids. b Fig. 18 Adult females and young of PEMPHIGUS TESSELLATUs (original), Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. This destructive scale insect is being constantly brought to notice here and there in the state, though during the past few years it appears to have been less destructive than usual. On July 5 this scale was reported as injuring the elms seriously at Sandy Hill, N. Y., and affecting the maples to a less extent. At that time the young had not left the protecting filaments of the mother, though they were numerous in the cottony secretion. A few days later twigs of maple were received from Baldwin, L. I., their con- 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dition revealing a very serious attack. One side of each twig was nearly covered by the adults while the young fairly swarmed over everything (fig. 20). I have also received twigs badly infested with this scale from Batavia, Patchogue and Flushing, N. Y., and Arlington, N. J. Fig. 1g Young of PEMPHIGUS TESSELLATUS (original). Lecanium armeniacum Craw. One of the interesting features of the year was the detection of this scale, identified by Mr Pergande, in Erie county, N. Y. In response to inquiry about its introduction, Mr Hayes stated that he could not account for it in any manner. The vine upon which the species was found had been planted ro years. His neighborshad not set out any Californian stock and he had used no fruit from that state for several years. A possible source of introduction is the sending to this state in 1896 of examples of this scale infested with Comys fusca, by Mr Ed. M. Ehrhorn, Horticultural commissioner of Santa Clara county, California. This was done, it was stated, in the hope that the parasite would attack the New York plum scale. Lecanium cerasifex /iéch. ‘This scale, identified as probably this species by Mr Coquillett, has been very injurious to several soft maples in Albany the past two or three years. The trees have been dwarfed by the attack and each summer are more or less blackened by the copious honey dew secreted by the insects. Many of the limbs were nearly cov- ered with the scales on their under surface and during a portion, at least, of July and early in August the young swarmed over branches and leaves. San José scale. This pest, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., has demon- strated its ability to thrive in the Hudson river valley as far north as Albany, at least. Just across the river at East Greenbush, an infested REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 241 fruit garden has been under my eye for over a year. The scale has spread in spite of the efforts of the owner, who used whale oil soap to someextent. It has ruined many currant bushes, and badly stunteda number of pear trees, besides infesting to a certain degree peach and apple-trees. On the gth of last July, numerous young were to be found on the more tender shoots, some appearing as though dusted with pollen on account of Fig. 20 Young of pULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS on maple leaf (original). the larvae clustered at their tips. Developing scales were found in small numbers on the leaves and abundantly on the fruit. At its present rate of multiplication, most of the young trees in that garden will be ruined iu a few years. Only this spring, I found the scale at Lebanon Springs, some 20 miles from the Hudson river, and at an elevation of goo feet — 29° below zero being known in that locality. Even when exposed to such extremes of temperature, and probably outside the limits of the upper austral life zone, the insect had been able to not only hold its own but had increased some, as the few trees infested were badly covered with the scale. It had spread very little, though the trees had been set out 242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM since 1895. This is evidently near the limit where climatic conditions are too severe to permit of its becoming a very injurious pest. The known distribution of this scale in the state is very interesting, since it has been found in localities here and there throughout most of the area lying within the limits of the upper austral life zone. It has been reported from localities in every county in the state east of the Hudson river, except Westchester and Washington and from those on its west bank south of Warren county, except Greene and Rockland. The following are the localities: Rensselaer county, East Greenbush ; Columbia county, Lebanon Springs, Kinderhook and Germantown; Dutchess county, Poughkeepsie ; Putnam county, Brewster; New York county, New York; Saratoga county, Burnt Hills; Albany county, Loudonville; Ulster county, Boiceville; Orange county, Middletown. Besides localities on Long Island, it has been found in Tompkins county at Ithaca; in Seneca county at Farmer and in Cayuga county at Union Springs. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 243 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST The following is a list of the principal publications of the entomologist during the year 1898, 73% are named, giving title, place and time of publication and a summary of the contents of each. Corn-root worms. (Country gentleman. Feb. 10, 1898. 63: 107, col. E; 2—16 cm) From reading an account of the life history and habits of Diadrotica longicornis Say, a correspondent is led to inquire as to the identity of an insect which operated destructively on corn at Colora, Md., in 1895. In reply it is stated that the author of the attack is most probably the southern corn-root worm, Ladrotica 12-punctata Oliv., and preventive measures are given. Kerosene emulsion. (Country gentleman. Feb. 17, 1898. 63: 126, col. 4— 10cm) Directions are given for the preparation of the standard kerosene emulsion, and its proper dilution for use against several insects indicated. Continual experimenting to find the best strength for different insects and plants is recommended, and the method of application given. Scurfy bark louse. (Country gentleman. Feb. 17, 1898. 63: 127, col. F—10 cm) A small piece of apple-tree bark from a correspondent in Babylon, N. Y., was found to be infested with Chionaspis furfurus Fitch. The scale is briefly described and the application in June of kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution recom- mended for its destruction. A very different bug. (Country gentleman. Mar. 3, 1898. 63: 166, 167, col. 4, I—I1 cm) A correspondent in Wyncote, Pa., sends an example of the two-spotted lady-bird, Adalia bipunctata Linn., and inquires if itis the Buffalo carpet beetle. The chief characters of this dda/ia and of the Coccinellidae in general are given, and their beneficial habits mentioned, The carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae Fabr., is briefly described. Two bad insects. (Country gentleman. Mar. 17,1898. 63: 206, col. 3, 4——19 cm) Apple twigs infested with the apple-tree bark louse, A/ytilaspis pomorum Bouché, and others with the San José scale, Asfidiotus perniciosus Comst., were received from Brewster, N. Y. The climate of this state is congenial to the latter scale, as is shown by its large numbers at East Greenbush, N. Y., and its known distribution in the state is given. Badly infested trees should be burned— reference is made to the directions for using kerosene and remedies given for the apple-tree bark louse. a This includes also Dr Lintner’s rath report, which was issued the present year. 244 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Codling moth. (Country gentleman. Mar. 24, 1898. 63: 226, col. 1, 2— 14 cm) A correspondent from Beaver Creek, Col., communicates a larva of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonelia Linn., and inquires if it is the insect causing patches of dead bark on his apple-trees. It is stated that this species is not a wood borer and farther search for the cause of the trouble is recommended. Bees injuring grapes. (Country gentleman. Mar. 24,1898. 63: 226, col. . 2, 3—14 cm) Complaint is made from Dutchess county that bees injure sound fruit and inquiry is made of their habits in this respect In reply, it is stated, that there is no reliable evidence of bees attacking uninjured fruit, but that species of Vespa, * yellow jackets,’ are known not only to attack sound fruit but even kill honey-bees, The exposure of a mixture of honey and sugar or glucose is advised as a palliative of the evil. Not San José. (Country gentleman. Mar. 24,1898. 63: 226, col. 3—5 cm) Limbs of an apple-tree from Ulster co., believed to be infested with the San José scale, show no traces of that insect, only a few examples of the woolly aphis of the apple, Schizoneura lanigera Hausm., being found on the twigs. Aphids in greenhouse. (Country gentleman. Mar. 31, 1898. 63: 247, col. 1—8 cm) In response to a brief inquiry of how to rid a house of the green-fly, the method of smoking for aphids with moistened tobacco stems is described. Pyrethrum, helle- bore, kerosene emulsion or a whale oil soap solution is also recommended. Eel worms in clover. (Country gentleman. Ap. 7,1898. 63: 266, col. 1, 2=°33.Gm) Dead clover roots, received from Seal, Pa., showing a spongy texture and with the interstices filled with a pale brownish powder, have most probably suffered from the attack of eel-worms. Their general characteristics and life history are given, and the work in England of 7ylenchus devastatrix Kuhn. is briefly described. [The elm-leaf beetle] (Troy daily times. Ap. 7, 1898.—13 cm) Responding to an inquiry, it is stated that the ravages of the elm-leaf beetle in Troy will probably be greater the coming season than last year. Spraying the trees with arsenites and destroying the larvae and pupae on the trunks and about the infested trees are recommended. It is San José. (Country gentleman. Ap. 14, 1898. 63: 286, col. 3—5 cm) Scales abounding on pieces of Japan plum bark received from Woodstown, N. J., are identified as the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Destroying the infested tree and watching others in the vicinity is recommended, Probably not efficient. (Country gentleman. Ap. 14, 1898. 63: 286, 287, col. 4, 1—14 cm) In response to an inquiry from a Long Island correspondent, the manner of pre- paring and using the lime, sulfur and salt wash for the San José scale is given, though it has little or no value in the eastern states. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 245 Bag or basket worm. (Country gentleman. Ap. 21, 1898. 63: 307; pe@k 1, 2—17. cm) Examples of the’ larval. cases of this insect, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Ha- worth, were received from New-Dorp, N. Y., with an inquiry as to their nature. The insect is briefly described and its life history given. Hand picking and spraying with paris green are the remedies recommended, «Twelfth report on the injurious and other insects of the state of New York, for the year 1896. Albany. University of the State of New York. 1897. [Issued Ap. 22, 1898] 242p. rspl. New York state museum, for the year 1896. (In soth report on the Albany. University of the State of New York. 1898) [Issued June, 1898] CoNnTENTS paGE | Injurious insects (continued) PAGE Introductory Settee iste een ai aia 177 Neuronia pardalis.....s+0+++++-- 208 Fnjurious insects .----- +--+ ---+---- 181 Lepiodesmus Species’... -22- tasens 300 ‘Camponotus pennsylvanicus’ and - Appendix . 305 ‘Formica rufa,’ carpenter ant and mound-building ant...-...----- Ecpantheria scribonia [ocularia], the great white leopard moth. -. Leucania the army = NSS Se eee oo unipuncia, Steganoptycha claypoliana, a new maple-tree insect..-----------: Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, the gar- tered plume moth....---------- Additional notes on Sciara, the fungus gnats ....-------------- Piophila casei, the cheese skipper : the ham skipper. ...--. -- ee wire Lebia grandis...---+--+++--+++-- Plagionotus speciosus, the sugar maple borer. .....------------- Saperda tridentata, the elm borer.. Crioceris 12-punctatr, the twelve- spotted asparagus beetle....-. -- Galerucella Juteola, the elm-leaf beetle in Albany and Troy..-.-..- Odontota dorsalis ..+-+-------+---- Balaninus proboscideus : Balaninus rectus, the chestnut weevils---. Cicada seplendecim, the periodical Pemphigus rhois, the sumac gall aphis ...-..------+---0+ +--+ Gossyparia ulmi, the elm-tree bark louse (A) Notes on some of the insects of the year in the state of New York 307 Tenthredo rufopectus. ..+-++e-+--: 308 Datana integerviMa . 000 eee eee 309 Army worm .......----- -------- 309 Wheat-head army worm......---- 310 Eufitchia (Diastictis| ribearia.... 310 Canker. WOLrnl: c2csGs ss.” i= © ee . 5 ? ¢ Tee ‘ (s < ae a ’ : ‘ S ne nats 4 , . @ Ra Cast tarantula skin—dorsal aspect. Plate 6 ~4& ie > Bu 4 Plate 7 Cast tarantula skin—ventral aspect. (These supplementary plates are added on account of poor text figures) Plate 8 bre Fig. 7 CLISIOCAMPA AMERICANA, @, Male; 0, hermaphrodite; c, female (original). Fig. 12 xYLINA ANTENNATA (original). Fig. 14 Young of LECANIUM TULIPI- FERAE, much enlarged (original). (These supplementary plates are added on account of poor text figures) Plate 9 Fig. 17 Work of the elm-leaf miner (original). Fig. 20 Young of PULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS on maple leaf (original). ‘ a if ee a a ial Day t f : P 7 ae ‘ o i ee Are es ee ee , . Sg es Ol me, O' at PENG by kX The superior figure points to the exact place on the page in ninths: e. g. 173’ means one ninth of the way down page 173. Abbot, John, cited, 173’; referred to, 4 193°. abbotii, Thyreus, 257°. abietis, Chermes, 260°. Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia, Journal cited, 160’. Acetate of lead, 225°, 225°. Acknowledgments, 156°-57°. Adalia bipunctata, 243°, 247°, 255°. Adams, M. F., insects from, 255", asis*, 256°, 256°, 256°, 256°, 256%, 250°, 257°, 200°. Additional notes on Sciara, the fun- gus gnats, 245°. Adistola americana, I7I’. aestiva, Dendroica, see Yellow war- bler. agarici, Phora, 171’. agilis, Mesochorus, 210”. agitatellus, Crambus, 247°. Agriculture, Dep’t of, see New York state dep’t of Agriculture; United States dep’t of agriculture. Albany, ravages of elm-leaf beetle at, 234°; of Notolophus at, 153°, 163°, 235°; work of elm-leaf miner at, Bae Albany county, San José scale in, 242°. Albany evening journal, abstract from, 247’; cited, 174’, 212°. Albany institute, Transactions cited, 474". albitarsis, Asecodes, 170°, I71”. album, Chenopodium, see Lamb’s quarters. Alder, Notolophus leucostigma on. 167°. Alder, cut leaved, Pemphigus tessel- latus on, 238°. Alder blight aphis, 238°-239". aletiae, Frontina, 170’. Allen, M. C., insects from, 260’. Allocota thyridopterigis, 170°. Allorhina nitida, 256°. Alypia octomaculata, 257°. Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 262°. American association for the ad- vancement of science, Proceedings cited, .174",..174", 170": American elm, see Elm, American. American entomological society, Transactions cited, 189°, 200*, 205°. American entomologist cited, 173°, 1877, 198°. American entomologist and botanist cited, 173°, 187" | 198°, 211°: American gardening, abstract from, ani" 253", 253°: Cited, 216°, 230: American naturalist cited, 173°, 174’, 176°, 187°, 188, 205*, 216”. American philosophical Proceedings cited, 160°. American silk worm, see Silk worm. americana, Adistola, 171°. americana, Bombyx, see Clisiocampa. americana, Clisiocampa, see Clisio- campa. _ society, americana, Corvus, see Crow. americana, Silpha, 255°. americanus, Ceanothus, see New Jer- sey tea. 266 americanus, Coccyzus, see Cuckoo, yellow-billed. Ames, M., insects from, 256”. Amorphota orgyiae, 169°. Anasa tristis, 259°. anchora, Gaurax, 171°, 174°. ancylus, Aspidiotus, 261°. Andricus seminator, 248", 255°. angulata, Gypona, 260%. annulipes, Limneria, 204°, 206’. annulipes, Pimpla, 170°, 183°. Ant hill, to destroy, 246° Antlion, 259°. antennata, Xylina, 207°-212*, 236°, 247°, 247°, 248°, 240°, 249', 259°. See also Xylina antennata. Anthony, Mrs E. C., insects from, 262’. Anthrenus scrophulariae, 243’. antiqua, Notolophus, 168*. Ants, remedy for, 228°. Ants, black, 247”. Apanteles, 175*; congregatus' var. 183°; delicatus, 169°; hyphantriae, 170°; parorgyiae, 170°. Aphids, 222°,.228", 244") 251, Aphis mali, 248’, 260°; prunicola, 251°. Apis mellifica, 2557. Apple maggot, 161%. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 228”. Apple-tree, insects injurious to; Aphis mali, 260°; rufocoxalis, Aspidiotus ancylus, 261°; Aspidiotus perniciosus, 2417, 243°; Carpocapsa pomonella, 259°; Chionaspis furfurus, 243°, 261°; Clisiocampa americana, 178*, 182°, 182*, 186’; Clisiocampa disstria, 192" 9. » 195; Dolerus sericeus, 255°; Mamestra picta, 203°; Mytilaspis pomorum, 243°, 261°; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Notolophus leucostigma, 167°; Schizoneura lanigera, 244*, 260°; Trypeta pomonella, 161°. | Apple-tree aphis, 248°, 260°. Apple-tree bark louse, 243°, 246°, 246°, 261°. Apple-tree tent caterpillar, 1777-90’, 195, 195, 105,106, 107» 221, 252‘, 258°; ravages, 235°. Apples injured by Xylina larvae, 208", 250", ZIT, 2237 - Apricot, Notolophus leucostigma in- juring, 167°. Arachnida, species treated of, 219'- 20°. Araneida, species treated of, 219'- 20°. Ardisia crenulata, Lecanium prun- astri on, 2617. Areca lutescens, Aspidiotus dictyos- permi on, 261’. ; Argus [Albany] cited, 246%, 2507) 250°. . argus, Chelymorpha, 256°. Arkansas, ravages of forest tent caterpillar in, 193*. armeniacum, Lecanium, 153°, 240°, 247*, 260°. Armstrong, A. C., insects from, 262°. Army worm, 204, 208, -@1r, - 221. 225°, 245°. Arsenate of soda, 225°. Asecodes albitarsis, 170°, 1717. Ash, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa disstria, 196’; Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Ash grey blister beetle, see Blister beetle. Ashmead, W. H., cited, 180°. asparagi, Crioceris, 253”, 256°, 259°. Asparagus, insects injurious to; Calocoris rapidus, 259° Cosmopepla carnifex, 259°; Euschistus fissilis, 259°; Mamestra picta, 204", 207°; Oecanthus niveus, 262°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Asparagus beetles, 245°, 251°, 256°. Aspidiotus ancylus, 261°; dictyospermi, 261°; juglans-regiae, 261'; perniciosus, 154°, 240°, 243°, 244°, 246°, 251°, 261°. Association of economic entomolo- eists, paper read. before, 231°; reference, 252°, 253°. Aster, Mamestra picta feeding on, 203”. atratus, lobius. atratus, Elasmus, 171’. atratus, Tabanus, 257°. atricapillus, Parus, see Chickadee. Aulacaspis boisduvalii, 262’. rosae, 262”. auratus, Chrysochus, 256’. Ausable Forks, Trypeta canadensis at, 1617. Automeris io, 258”. Azalea, Euclea indetermina on, 258". 253’; Chermes, see C._ strobi- Badia, var. 168°. Bag worm, 2457, 258". Balaninus proboscideus, 245°. Baltimore oriole, see Oriole. Barberry, Notolophus antiqua, Clisiocampa americana feeding on, 182*. Barron, Leonard, insects from, 258%, 260°, 2607, 260%. Barrows, W. B., cited, 207°. Basket worm, see Bag worm. Bathythrix meteori, 170°. pimplae, 171°. Beal, PF. E..L.; cited, 176°, 190°. Bean, Mamestra picta on, 203’. Bean weevil, 256°. Beans infested by weevils, 256°. Bee slayer, 257°. Beech, forest tent caterpillar injur- ing, 192’. Bees injuring grapes, 244’. 267 Beet, Mamestra picta on, 204’. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Coniferen-Lause cited, 238’. Bell, J. J., cited, 198°. Benedict, Mrs _ Elizabeth, from, 258’. Bergroth, Evald, cited, 218’. Bessey, C. E., cited, 187°, 199”. Bethune, C. J. S., cited, 173", 187%, 198", 205°; reference, 164”. bicolor, Coptocycla, 256°. bifurcus, Boletotherus, 257’. Bigelow, J. M., insects from, 262°; reference, 220°, 250°; from, 219°. Biologic collection, beginning of made, 155°; value of, 156°. bipunctata, Adalia, 243’, 247°, 255°. insects tarantula Birch, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa americana, 182‘; Clisiocampa disstria, 192’; Notolophus leucostigma, 167°; Pemphigus tessellatus, 239’. Birch, gray, Clisiocampa disstria on, 196". Birch, white, on, 196°. Birds controlling tent caterpillar, 184'; feeding on same, 184°. Bisexual moth of tent caterpillar, 180". bivittata, Neoglaphyroptera, 171°. Black ants, see Ants. Black currants, ‘Trypeta canadensis injuring, 161°. Black gum, Clisiocampa disstria on, 106..: Black oak, see Oak, black. Black peach aphis, 251°. Black walnut, see Walnut, black. Blackberry, Oedemasia concinna on 258". Black-billed cuckoo, see Cuckoo. Blister beetle, ash grey, 245°. Blow fly, 257%. Bogue, E. E., cited, 190°. Clisiocampa disstria 268 boisduvalii, Aulacaspis, 262". Boletotherus bifurcus, 257’. Bombyx americana, see Clisiocampa. Bordeaux mixture, 224°, 224°. Boston meeting, notes on, 253*. boucheanus, Dibrachys, 170°, eae Box elder, Notolophus leucostigma on, 167°. Brackenbury, G: H., insects 255°, 201°. Bradt, S.-C., imsects trom 231" 255°, 256°, 257°, 258°, 262", 263°. brevipenne, Xiphidium, 262°. Bristle-tail, 216°-218°. See also Lep- isma domestica. British Columbia, Trypeta canaden- sis in, 161°. Brown apricot scale, 153°, 247°, 260°. Brown-tailed moth, 253°. Browning, W. C., insects from, 201°, 259; quoted, 201°; reference, 236%. Bruchus obtectus, 256°. Bruner, Lawrence, cited, 189°, 200’, 206°; reference, 1837, 184’. bubalus, ?Ceresa, 260°. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 251%. Buckeye, on, 167°. Buckwheat, Mamestra picta on, 204’. Buffalo, N. Y., ravages of Notolo- phus at, 163°, 235”. Buffalo carpet beetle, beetle, Buffalo. Buffalo commercial, 251°; cited, 276°. Buffalo commercial, times and inquirer cited, 176”. Buffalo daily times, 251°; cited, 176”. Buffalo news, abstract from, 251°; cited, 176”. Buffalo society of natural sciences, Bulletin cited, 205°, 212". Bull, Mrs H., insects from, 262°. Bull, M. I., services of, 155°. a from, Notolophus leucostigma see Carpet abstract from, abstract from, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Burdock, Mamestra picta on, 203°. Burgess, A. F., cited, 176’, 190°, 200°; reference, 196’. Butterfly, little orange, 2397. Buttonwood, Notolophus stigma on, 167°. Byturus tomentosus, 158°, 159°; unicolor; bibliography, 160°; de- scription, 159°; injuries and dis- tribution, 158°-159", 232”; life his- tory, I59*; occurrence on rasp- berries, 158°; reference, 255°; remedies, 1'59°. leuco- Cabbage, Mamestra picta on, 153°, 201". 2303". 305" Cabbage butterfly, 2577. Cabbage worm, 249°. Cacoecia rosaceana, 245°, 259°. cacoeciae, Elachistus, 1717. caesar, Lucilia, 257%. calanus, Thecla, 257°. calidum, Calosoma, 190°, 196", 255°. Calocoris rapidus, 259”. Calosoma calidum, 190°, 196", 255" frigidum, 176‘, 190°; scrutator, 183°, 190°, 199°, 200'; wilcoxi, 196", 200°. Cambridge, N, Y., overrun by tent caterpillars, 178". Camden, N. Y., Trypeta canadensis at, 160; Camera, field, purchase of, 155". Camponotus pennsylvanicus (prob- ably Formica subsericea), 245%. cana, var. Notolophus vetusta, 168°. Canada, reference to insects in, 158’, 158°, 159°, 161°, 182°, 195°. canadensis, Epochra, see Trypeta. Trypeta, 160°-163°, see Trypeta. Canadian entomologist cited, 173°, 174°, 174°, 187%, 187°, 188°, 188", 188’, 189", 189°, 190", 198°, 198°, 198°, 198’, 199°, 199°, 199", 199°, 206°, 206°, 211", 212°, 216°, 216°. 196°, 190%, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 candida, Saperda, 256°. Canker worm, 184*, 225°, 245°, 254°. Gata, Catocala, 250°. Garman, EF. S., cited, 216°. carnifex, Cosmopepla, 259’. Carpenter ant, 245%. Carpet beetle, Buffalo, 243°. Carpocapsa pomonella, 244’, 259°. Carrion beetles, 255°. Carrot, Mamestra picta on, 203”. carueli, Diaspis, 262". caryae, Halisidota, 258’. casei, Piophila, 245°. Castor-oil plant, Notolophus leuco- stigma on, 167°. Catalogue of the described lepidop- tera of North America (Morris) cited, 173°, 197°, 2057. Catalogue of the diptera of North America (Osten-Sacken) cited, 162°. Catalogue of the insects of New Jersey (Smith) cited, 160°, 175°, 189°, 200%, 206", 212°, 213°. Catocala cara, 259’. parta, 259°. Caulfield, F. B., cited, 189‘, 200°, 206"; reference, 204°. 240°, Cauliflower, insects injurious to; cut worms, 247’. Mamestra picta, 203°. cavicollis, Galerucella, 235°, 247°. aso’. Cayuga county, San José scale in, 242". Ceanothus americanus, see New Jer- Sey lca. Cecidomyia destructor, 249°. grossulariae, 160°. Cecidomyid in choke-cherries, 245°. cecropia, Samia, 258". Cecropia moth, 258°. Celery, Mamestra picta on, 203°. Celtis, see Hackberry. Central experimental farm (Canada), Report of the entomologist and 265 botanist cited, 160*, 188’, 189’, 199°, 206". Ceramica exusta, see Mamestra picta. picta, see Mamestra picta. cerasifex, Lecanium, 240’, 2617. Ceratopsyllus serraticeps, 248”. ? Ceresa bubalus, 260°. Chalcis ovata, 169°. Chambliss, C. E., cited, 176’, 189°. Chatham, H. G., insects from, 262”. Check list of noctuidae of America, north of Mexico (Grote) cited, 212°. Check list of North American moths (Grote) cited, 205°. Cheese skipper, 245°. Chelymorpha argus, 256°. Chenopodium album, see quarters. Chermes abietis, 260°; Lamb’s atratus, see C. strobilobius; coccineus, see C. strobilobius; geniculatus, see C. strobilobius; hamadryas, see C. strobilobius; lariceti, see C. strobilobius; strobilobius, 238°. Chernes ?sanborni, 2637. Cherry, garden, Notolophus costigma on, 167°. leu- Cherry, wild, insects injurious to; Clistocatnpa “americana; *) 177’, jeu too Xylina larvae, 213°. Cherry-leaf beetle, 247°, 256°. Cherry-tree, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa americana, 182°; Clisiocampa disstria, 195°; Eriocampoides limacina, 231°; Galerucella cavicollis, 235*, 247°, 258". Lecanium prunastri, 261’. Cherry-tree slug, 231°. Chestnut weevils, 245°. chicasa, Prunus, see Plum, wild. Chickadee feeding on tent caterpil- lar, 184°. 270 Chickens devouring infested cur- rants, 162°. Chinch bug, 245". Chionaspis furfurus, 243°, 246°, 261°. Chipping sparrow feeding on tent caterpillar, 184°. Chittenden, F. H., cited, 160’, 207%. Choke-cherries, Cecidomyid in, 245°. Choke-cherry, Notolophus leuco- stigma on, 167°. Cholodkovsky, N., cited, 238’, 238’. Chrysanthemums, insects on; Lygus pratensis, 253°, 260°; Triphleps insidiosus, 253", 260’. Chrysochus auratus, 256’. Chrysomela multiguttata, 256”. chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 253°. Cicada septendecim, 245°; tibicen, 260°. Cicindela sexguttata, 255°. cinerea, Lithophane, see Xylina antennata. Xylina, see Xylina antennata. cinerosa, Lithophane, see Xylina grotei. Cinura, species treated of, 216°-218’. claripennis, Euphorocera, 169°, 196°. Clark, J. H., insects from, 2577. Clarkson, Frederick, cited, 174°. Classification of the coleoptera of North America (LeConte-Horn) cited, 160%. claudus, Perillus, 184’. Claypole, E. W., cited, 188", 199”. claypoliana, Steganoptycha, 245°. Cleonymus clisiocampae, see Di- brachys boucheanus. Clinton [Mass.] courant, abstract from, 251°. Clisiocampa americana, an old and familiar pest, 177°; bibliography, 186°-190°; birds feeding on, 184°; description of stages, 178-180’; distribution, 182°; figure of larvae and nest, 179‘; of adults, 180°; food plants, 182’; hermaphrodite de- NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM scribed and figured, 1&0’; injuries by, 153°, 235°; life history and habits, 180°-1827; natural enemies, 182’- 184°; parasites, 1827-183"; predace- ous enemies, 183°-184°; preventive measures and remedies, 184'-186°; references, 194°, 195%, 252°, 258°. Clisiocampa disstria; bibliography, 197°-201'; birds feeding on, 106°; description, 194’; distribution, 195°; figures, 194”, plates 1-4; food plants, 195'-196'; fungus disease, 196°; in- juries, 153°, 191°-193°; life history and habits, 195’; natural enemies, 196°; parasites, 196‘; predaceous insects, 196°; ravages, 178’, 236°; reference, 178°, 183°, 208, 237’, 246", 249°, 250°, 258°; remedies and preventives, 197°; vertebrate en- emies, 184’. Clisiocampa fragilis, 182°. Clisiocampa neustria, erroneous reference of C. disstria. Clisiocampa pluvialis, 182°, 195". Clisiocampa sylvatica, see C. disstria. clisiocampae, Cleonymus, see Di- brachys boucheanus. clisiocampae, Telenomus, 1837, 189°. Cloaked knotty horn, 256*. Clover, eel worms injuring, 244°; Mamestra picta feeding on, 203°, 205°. Clover-leaf weevil, 257°. Coccidae, species treated of, 213°- 216". coccinea, Diedrocephala, 260°. Coccinellidae, 243". coccineus, Chermes, see C. strobilo- bius. Coccophagus 216°. Coccyzus americanus, see Cuckoo, yellow-billed. erythropthalmus, see black-billed. flavoscutellum, 215°, Cuckoo, ] INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Cockerell, T. D. A., cited, 216*; in- sects from, 261". Cockroaches, 219°. Codling moth, 244", 246°, 250°. coeruleus, Ichneumon, 170”. Coleman, N., cited, 174°. Coleman, W. C., cited, 176°; insects from, 257°, 258°. Coleoptera, species treated of, 158’- 160". Collection of insects, state, condition of 155", 156°. Collett, J. G., reference, 161°. Colorado, Trypeta canadensis in, 161°. Colorado agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 163', 190°. columba, Tremex, 255°. Columbia county, San José scale in, 242°. Commercial, times and inquirer [Buffalo], abstract from, 251°. Commissioner of agriculture charged with inspection of nurseries, 154°. Commissioner of patents, Report of Dep’t of Agriculture cited, 186°. Common injurious insects of Kansas (Kellogg) cited, 175°, 189°. communis, Meteorus, 169’. Comstock, A. B., cited, 160°, 176", 190°,’ 200", 207°. Comstock, J. H., cited,’ 160°, 176, 176", 189°, 190°, 200°, 200’, 207’, 216’. Comys fusca, 240", 247%. concinna, Oedemasia, 258". Cone-headed katydid, 262°. congregatus var. rufocoxalis, Apan- teles, 1837. : Coniferen-Lause, Beitrage zu einer Monographie, cited, 238’. Connecticut, work of Lecanium tulipiferae in, 214°. Connecticut agricultural experiment station, Report cited, 216°. Conocephalus ensiger, 262°. 271 conquisitor, Pimpla, 169°, 170°, 175’, 182°, 196°. contraria, Mythimna, see Mamestra picta. Cook, A. J., cited, 188, 216°; refer- ence, 213°, 214’, 215°. Cooke, Matthew, cited, 174’, 188’, 199". Cooley, R. H., reference, 208°. Coptocycla bicolor, 256°. Coquillett, D. W., cited, 1747, 188%, 200", 206"; reference, 196°, 240’. Corn, Mamestra picta on, 204". Cornell agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 176*, 189°, 212”, 212’, 213°, 224°, 226°; Report cited, 216". Corn-root worms, 243°, 243°. cornuta, Corydalis, 252". Corvus americanus, see Crow. Corydalis cornuta, 252”. Cosmopepla carnifex, 259". Cotton worm, parasite of, 182°. Cottony maple-tree scale, 153°, 260°. Country gentleman, abstracts from, 243°, 243°, 243°, 243°, 243°, 244", 244", 244", 244°, 244°, 244°, 244°, 245°, 246°, 246°, 246°, 246", 246°, 247°, 2477, 247°, 247°, 248', 248", 248", 248°, 248°, 248", 248", 249°, 249°, 249°, 249", 249", 250°, 250", 250°, 251°, 251°, 251°, 252", 252", 252", 252", ape", 252°, 253°, 253°, 253°, 253°, 253°. 254, 254°, 254°; cited, 174", F7O U7, 5S74- 1875167, 100, 198", 200°, 205°, 207°, 212*; notices in, 155°; quoted, 201°, 2017. Crambus agitatellus, 247°. Cranberry, Mamestra picta on, 203°. Crataegus, Thyridopteryx ephemer- aeformis on, 258°. Cratotechus orgyiae, 170". Crioceris asparagi, 253”, 256°, 259° duodecim-punctata, 245", 253’, 250’. cristatus, Prionodus, 171°. Crow feeding on tent caterpillars, 184°. i 272 Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 257’. Cuckoo, black-billed, feeding on for- est tent caterpillars, 196°; on No- tolophus larvae, 168’; on tent cater- pillars, 184°: yellow-billed, feeding on Notolophus larvae, 169°; on tent caterpillars, 184°. Cuckoos feeding on Notolophus larvae, 176°; on tent caterpillars, 8 190°. Cucumber beetle, striped, 249”. Cucumbers, cut worms injuring, 247”. Cultivator cited, 1737. cunea, Hyphantria, 211°. cuproideus, Pteromalus, 170°, 170°. Currant, insects injurious to; Aspidiotus ancylus, 261°; Aspidiotus perniciosus, 241’; Mamestra picta, 203°, 205’. Currant worms, 226°. Currants, insects injurious to; Cecidomyia grossulariae, 160°; Trypeta canadensis, 161’, 162’; Xylina larvae, 210°. Cut worms, 225°, 226’, 247’. Cynipidae, 248". Cypress, Notolophus leucostigma on, 167°. Dakota agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 206°. Daly, Moses, insects from, 258°. Dana natural history society, abstract of address before, 247’. Datana integerrima, 245°. Davis, G. C., cited, 176°, 190‘, 206°, 207°; reference, 202”, 202°, 204°, 204’. Davis, M. H., insects from, 260°. debilis, Spilochalcis, 171°. decemlineata, Polyphylla, 256°. definita, Notolophus, 167°, 1687. Deilephila lineata, 257°. Delaware county, forest tent caterpil- lar ravages in, 191° 236°. , I91"-192", 192’. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM delicatus, Apanteles, 169°. Dendroica aestiva, see Yellow warb- ler. Dendroleon obsoletum, 259°. Dermestid, 175%. Dermestid beetle, 1717. Dermestidae, species treated of, 1587- 160". Desmocerus palliatus, 256*. destructor, Cecidomyia, 240°. devastatrix, Tylenchus (aneel worm), 244". Diabrotica duodecim-punctata, 243°; longicornis, 243°; vittata, 249°. Diapheromera femorata, 252°, 262°. Diaspis carueli, 262’. Diastictis ribearia, 245°. Dibrachys 77, Taq. dictyospermi, Aspidiotus, 261’. 170°, boucheanus, Tra Diedrocephala coccinea, 260°. Dimmock, A. K., cited, 1757, 188’, 19Q°. Diplodus luridus, 183°, 190’. Diplosis species, 171°. Dipteta, species treated of, 160°-163°. dispar, Porthetria, 185°, 195°, 253°, ane. disstria, Clisiocampa, see C. disstria. Doane, R. W., cited, 163°. Dog wood, Clisiocampa disstria on, 196". Dolerus sericeus, 246°, 255°. Dolphe, J. M., insects from, 258°. domestica, Lepisma, 216°-218. See also Lepisma domestica. domestica, Thermobia, see Lepisma. dorsalis, Odontota, 245". duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 253, 256". duodecim-punctata, Diabrotica, 243°. 245", Dutchess county, San José scale in, 3 242°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 mar. t! G, cited, 175, 176, i680, 190°, 200°, 200°; reference, 166°, 167, 168", 182°, 195°, 207°, 208°, 209°, 236°. Economic entomologists, association of, paper read before, 231°, 252°, 5 . Bas: Economic entomology (Smith) cited, 160°, 175°, 180°, 212°. Ecpantheria ocularia, 245°. scribonia, see E. ocularia. Edwards, Henry, cited, 175‘, 189°, 200°, 206", 211’, 213°. Eel worms, 244°. Ehrhorn, E. M., reference, 240’. Elachistus cacoeciae, 171°. Elaphidion villosum, 232‘, 250", 256°. Elasmus atratus, 171’. Elder, box, see Box elder. Pitta S. 1. cited, 213°. Elm, insects injurious to; Cacoecia rosaceana, 259°; Clisiocampa americana, 182°; Clisiocampa disstria, 196°; Notolophus leucostigma, 167°; Pulvinaria : innumerabilis, 260’; Schizoneura rileyi, 260°. Elm, American, Aspidiotus ancylus on, 261°; injured by leaf miner, 237°. Elm, Camperdown, injured by leaf miner, 237*. Elm, English, injured by leaf miner, 237’. Elm, Scotch, injured by leaf miner, 237°. Elm bark louse, 245’. Elm borer, 245", 256°. Elm-leaf beetle, 1547, 154°, 221°, 225°, 231", 232°-235°, 244", 245", 246°, 246°, 248, 251°, 252°; bulletin on, 154’, 250°. Elm-leaf miner, 237°. Elms, insects injurious to; leaf miner, 153°. 273 Galerucella luteola, 234°, 235°, Pe tak Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 239°. Elm twigs girdled by Notolophus larvae, 167°. Emmons, Ebenezer, cited, 173°, 186°, 197". Empusa sphaerosperma, a fungus, 246*. England, injuries by Byturus tomen- tosus in, 158°. English laurel, Lecanium hesperi- dum on, 260°. English sparrows, protecting Notolo- phus, 164°; reference, 169’, 184*. English walnut scale, 261°. 174", Ennomos subsignarius, 164°, I74" ensiger, Conocephalus, 262°. Entomologia systematica (Fabricius) cited, 186°. Entomologic features of the year, Toa. Entomologica americana cited, 218. Entomological contributions (Lintner) cited, 205’. Entomological correspondence (Harris) cited, 173*, 197°, 205°. Entomological news cited, 163°. Entomological society of Ontario, Report cited, 160°, 173’, 173°, I74', 174°, 187°, 187*, 187°, 187°, 188°, 188", 188°, 189°, 189%, 190°, 190°, 198”, 198°, 198", 198", 199’, 199°, 199°, 199°, 199%, 190°, 200°, 205", 205°, 206°, ‘210°. Entomological society of Washing- ton, Proceedings cited, 176", 216°. Entomologist, correspondence of, 155°; list of publications of, 243°- 254*; publications by, 154", 155°. Entomologist of the Minnesota agri- cultural experiment station, Re- port cited, 207°, 213°. Entomologist’s monthly magazine cited, 173". 274 Epargyreus tityrus, 257°. ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 245°. Epochra canadensis, see Trypeta. Erie county, Lecanium armeniacum in, 153”. Eriocampoides limacina, 231°. erythropthalmus, Coccyzus, see Cuckoo, black-billed. esurus, Syntomosphyrum, 171’. Euclea indetermina, 258°. Eufitchia ribearia, see Diastictis. Eulophid reared from Notolophus cocoons, 171". Eupelmus limneriae, 171°. Euphoria inda, 245°, 256°. Euphorocera claripennis, 169°, 196°. Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 253°. European elms, see Elms. European mountain ash, Aspidiotus juglans-regiae on, 2617. Eurypelma henzii, description of cast skin, 220°; figures of cast skin, plate 6, 7; gift to the division, 219°; habits, 219*; molting, 219°; refer- ence, 250°, 262°. Euschistus fissilis, 259” tristigmus, 259°. exilis, Gomphus, 262°. Exorista griseomicans, 170°. exusta, picta. Eyprepia parthenice, 210”. virgo, 210°. Ceramica, see Mamestra Fabricius, J. C., cited, 186°. Fall web worm, 211’. Farmers’ bulletin cited, 227°. fasciata, Phora, 171°. fasciatus, Nemobius, 262%. Faville, E. E., cited, 190° Felt, .E. °P., cited, ¢30, 4s6e. 207°, 212°, 216". Feltia herilis, 210° jaculifera, 258” subgothica, 2107. 200", NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM femorata, Diapheromera, 252°, 262°. femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 262°. Feniseca tarquinius, 239”. Fernald, C. H., cited, 176’, 188°, 200°, 206°, 211°; reference, 182, 185°, 225°. Ferris, Peter, cited, 198'; reference, IgI*. Fiery ground beetle, 255”. Figures of; apple-tree tent caterpillar, 174*, 179°, 180° Chalcis ovata, 169° cherry-tree defoliated by tent caterpillars, 177° Clisiocampa americana, 177*, 179‘, 180° Clisiocampa disstria, 194’, plates I-4. Dibrachys boucheanus, 171’ elm-leaf miner, work of, 237‘ Eurypelma hentzii, cast skin, plate 6, 7 forest tent caterpillar, 194’, plates 1-4 larvae and nest of tent caterpil- lars, 170° Lecanium tulipiferae, 2147, 215° Lepisma domestica, 218°; work of, 217% Notolophus leucostigma, 165’ Pemphigus tessellatus, 239°, 240” Pimpla conquisitor, 183° Pimpla inquisitor, 168° Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 2417 tarantula, cast skin, plate 6, 7 trees defoliated by forest tent caterpillar, plates 1-4 white-marked tussock moth, 165° Xylina antennata, 209°. Fir, Notolophus leucostigma on, 167°. Fish-moth, 216°-218. See also Lepis- ma domestica. Fisher, Jabez, reference, 230%. Fisher, Kate, insects from, 260". INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 fissilis, Euschistus, 259". Fitch, Asa, cited, 160°, 1737, 186", 197’; quoted, 159°; reference, 158*, 158°, sOL. Or, IGL, ISl , 1o2.-183 5 183", 186", 232°. ? fitchii, Promachus, 257°. flavoscutellum, Coccophagus, 210°. Flea, cat and dog, 248’. Flea beetles, 226°. Fletcher, James, cited, 160%, 188’, 189°, 199°, 206’; reference, 158°, 161°, 204”. Fletcher, James, and others, cited, 200°. Flies, plague of, 253°. Flint, O. Q., reference, 192°, 192”. Florida agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 207%. Fly, Chernes ?sanborni on, 263°. 215", Merpes, ©. A., cited, 174°, 100°, 206"; quoted, 193°; reference, 196°, 196°. Forbush, E. H., cited, 190‘; refer- ence, 184°, 1857. | forceps, Scutigera, 263”. Forest tent caterpillar, 191'-201'. See’ also Clisiocampa disstria. Formica rufa (probably F. toides), 245°. formosa, Pepsis, 255°. e€Xsec- Formulas of dep’t of agriculture, state of New York, abstract from, 252". Forqurean, J. J., insects from, 258°, 260%. Four-lined leaf bug, 222°. fragilis, Clisiocampa, 182°. French, G. H., cited, 174, 188°, 199", 205°, 213°. frenchii, Frontina, 169°, 1837, 196°. frigidum, Calosoma, 176%, 190°. Frontina aletiae, 170° frenchii, 169°, 183", 196°. Fruit grower’s association of On- tario, Report cited, 187*, 198°. Fruit trees, see Trees, fruit. 275 fugitiva, Limneria, 196°. fulvescens, Theronia, 169”. fungus, Boletotherus bifurcus on, 257". Fungus disease attacking Clisio- campa disstria, 196’. Fungus gnats, 245°. furfurus, Chionaspis, 243°, 246°, 261°. fusca, Comys, 240’, 247%. Fyles, T. W., cited, 190°. galbula, Baltimore Icterus, see oriole. Galerucella cavicollis, 235°, 247°, 256° luteola, prolificacy of, 232°; ovi- position, record of, 233'-234°; ravages by, 234°, 235°; refer- ences, 231°, 245", 246°, 246%, 248*, 251°. Gall flies, 2487. Gall of Andricus seminator, 255°. Garden and forest cited, 175', 175°, 176". Garden cherry, see Cherry, garden. Garden crops, zebra caterpillar on, ion Garden plum, see Plum, garden. Garman, Harrison, cited, 190’, 207’. Gartered plume moth, 245°. Gaurax anchora, 171°, 174°. Gaylord, Willis, cited, 186°. geniculatus, Chermes, see C. strobi- lobius. Geranium, Notolophus leucostigma on, 167°. Geum, Byturus unicolor on, 158’. gibbosa, Nadata, erroneous reference of Xylina antennata. Gillette, C. P., cited, 160*, 1637, 190°; reference, 158’, 161°. Gilmore, Mrs James R., insects from, 256°; reference, 192°. glaucus, Jasoniades, 2527, 257’. Glover, Townsend, cited, 186°. Goding, F. W., cited, 188°. Golden tortoise beetle, 256°. 276 Gomphus exilis, 262°. Goold, James, insects from, 258”. Gooseberries, insects injurious to; Cecidomyia grossulariae, 160° Trypeta canadensis, 161', 161°. Gooseberry fruit fly, 160°-163°%. See also Trypeta. Gooseberry midge, 160°. Gossyparia ulmi, 245°. Gott, Benjamin. cited, 188’, 199°. Gould, H. P., reference, 226°. grande, Isosoma, 254*, 255°. grandis, Lebia, 245". Grape, insects injurious to; Lecanium 247" 260° Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. armeniacum, 154’, Grapes, insects injurious to; bees, 2447 Vespa species, 244°. Grasses of North America (Beal) cited, 216°. Grasshoppers, 225°, 226°. Graves, Mrs H. D., reference, 161’, Gray birch, see Birch, gray. Great white leopard moth, 245°. Green June beetles, 256”. Green-fly, 244°. Greene county, forest tent caterpillar ravages in, 191°, 192°, 192”. Greenhouses, treating pests in, 227°, 230°. Griffith, Mrs W: M., insects from, 258”. griseomicans, Exorista, 170°. grossulariae, Cecidomyia, 160°. Grote, A. R., cited,” 174", 206° 2ar* air", 212°, 212°. grotei, Lithophane, see Xylina. grotei, Xylina, 208°, 208°, 209", 209°, 209", 210". Ground beetles, 183°. Guenee, Achille, cited, 2057. Guide to the study of insects (Packard) cited, 160°, 173°, 186°, 198", 205°. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gunnis, W. R., reference, 229°. Gypona angulata, 260%. Gypsy moth, 185°, 188°, 190%, 195°, 225°, 225°, 253. 250°. Gypsy moth (Forbush and Fernald) cited, 190°. Gypsy moth, Report of Massachusetts board of agriculture cited, 176’, 176°, 200°, 225°. Habrocytus thyridopterigis, 171°. Hackberry, Notolophus leucostigma on: 107. Hag moth, 253°, 258°. Hair snake, oriental cockroach in- fested with, 2627. Halisidota caryae, 258 tesselaris, 258°. Ham skipper, 245°. hamadryas, Chermes, see C. strobilo- bius. Hancock, J: Laciteqeenge Hargitt, C. W., cited, 200°. Harlequin cabbage bug, 248%. Harpalus pennsylvanicus, 255’. Harrington, W. H., cited, 199°. Harris, T. W., cited, 173°, 186°, 197°, 205; reference, 191°. Harvest fly, 260°. Harvey, F. L., cited, 1637, 190°, 201", 207°, 211°; reference, 161’. Hayes, A. H., insects from, 260°. H. E. Hooker co., insects from, Spi. helicis, Helicobia, 171’. Helicobia helicis, 1717. heliothidis, Telenomus, 204°. Hellgramite, 252°. Hemiptera, species treated of, 213°- 216". hemisphaericum, Lecanium, 261°. Hemiteles townsendi, 170°. Hendrick, James, insects from, 2617. hentzii, 262°. Eurypelma, 219*-220', 250°, See also Eurypelma. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 herilis, Feltia, 210’. Hermaphrodite tent caterpillar moth, 180°. hesperidum, Lecanium, 260’. Hessian fly, 2409”. Hickory, Clisiocampa disstria on, 196’. Hickory leaves, Xylina antennata on, 210°. Hickory tussock caterpillar, 258”. hilaris, Nezara, 259°. Hillman, F. H., cited, 212°; refer- ence, 208’. Hints about insecticides, 221-230”. See also Insecticides, hints about. hirticauda, Pimpla, 170°. histrionica, Murgantia, 248". Hitchcock, W. C., insects from, 258". Homalomyia scalaris, 171°. Homoptera, species treated of, 213°- 216". Honey bee, 255”. Honey locust, insects injurious to; Epargyreus tityrus, 257° ' Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Honeysuckle, insects injurious to; Mamestra picta, 203° plant lice, 247°. Hood, L. E., cited, 180°. Hopkins, A. D., cjted, 207’. Horn, G. H., cited, 160°; reference, 159°. Horton, G: W:, insects from, 261°. Horsechestnut, Notolophus leuco- stigma on, 163°, 167°, 235°. House fly, Trombidium and Chernes on, 257%. House sparrow, see English sparrow. Household centipede, 263”. Howard, L. O., acknowledgments to, $650 , «157: cited,’ 163°, .165',/ +160", i), 160", 175°, 176°, 180, 190, 200°, 200 >) 200 ,. BE2", 219°, 216°, 216,:220°; quoted, 167°; reference, 167°, 169”, a7, 170, 470,270, Vl s.b71 Eee, 277 Giea,, T2193. 206 ats . 227, 227°, 228”. fay, P.R.,. cited,, 188,,-100's, Hyde, M.. R., insects from, 255°. Hymenopterous parasites, 169’. Hyperparasites of Notolophus, 170’, c71c. Hyphantria cunea, 211°. hyphantriae, Apanteles, 170’. hyphantriae, Meteorus, 169’, 210”. Hiuibner, Jacob, cited, 197°. Hudson, G. H., quoted, 210°; reference, 210”. Hulst, G. D., cited, 175°. 209°-210’. Ichneumon coeruleus, 170° subcyaneus, I70°. ichneumonea, Sphex, 255°. Icterus galbula, see Baltimore oriole. Illinois, ravages of forest tent cater- pillars in, 193°. Illinois, insects of, see Insects of Illinois. Illinois state laboratory of natural history, Bulletin cited, 199°, 206°, 216". inaequalis, Silpha, 255°. incisuralis, Phora, 171°. inda, Euphoria, 245°, 256°. indetermina, Euclea, 258%. Indian cetonian, 256°. ._ Indiana state board of agriculture, Report cited, 206%. Ingram, H. B., on ravages of forest tent caterpillar, 191’-192°. Injurious insects, 158'-220’. Injurious imsects, new and known (Packard) cited, 160’. Injurious insects, Report of observa- tions of (Ormerod), 158°. Injurious insects of the orchard, vine. yard (Cooke) cited, 174°, 188", 199". innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 153°, 239°~ 252", 260°. little reference, 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inornata, var. Notolophus leuco- stigma, 168’. inquisitor, Pimpla, 168°, 169°, 170°, 0 & 6 by pe Insect life cited, 160°, 163*, 171°, 174°, 1755 175, 1755 170, 470g 1et, Les 1877, 189°, 189°, 189°, 190°, 193°, 200°, 200°, 200", 204°, 206", 206’, 206°, 212", 216°, 227°. Insecticides, hints about; arsenate of lead, 224",-225’; arsenical com- pounds, 224°; bordeaux mixture, 224°; carbon bisulfid, 228°; contact insecticides,226'—operation of con- tact insecticides, 222°-223”; experi- ment, need of, 223°; fumigation, 228'-230°; how insects feed, 221°- 222°; hydrocyanic acid gas, 228'- 230°; internal and contact insecti- cides, 226°; kerosene emulsion, 226'- 227*; lead arsenate, 224-225"; lime, bisulfid of, 2277; london purple, 224‘; paris green, 224°; poisoned baits, 225°- 226°;preventives, 223°; pyrethrum, 227°; remedies, useless, 223°; sulfur, 227°; whale oil soap, 227°, Insects, etc., received from New York localities; Albany, 255°, 256°, 2577, 257°, 257”, 258", 258°, 258°, 250°, 260°, 261°, 262*, 262°, 262°, 262", 262°, 2637, 263° Alexandria Bay, 201°, 203°, 259° Altamont, 257° Amboy, 252°, 262° Auburn, 255°, 261° Babylon, 243° Baldwin, 229°, 260" Ballston Spa, 258? Batavia, 240°, 260° Binghamton, 255° Boiceville, 260° Brewster, 243°, 261° Brighton, 261°, 2617 Buffalo, 255°, 255°, 250, 250°, 250, 256°, 256’, 250°,. 257°, 260° Catskill, 260° Cedar Hill, 255’, 256°, 257°, 259’, 259° Cheviot-on-Hudson, 255* 259’ Coeymans, 255°, 255", 256°, 257’, 257', 257°, 258, 258°, 250°, 250, 260°, 262°, 262* Corning, 256° Cropseyville, 258° East Greenbush, 261% Erie county, 240°, 260° Exeter, 250°, 258° Far Rockaway, 261° Farley’s, 261* Fishkill-on-Hudson, 213° Flushing, 240°, 256°, 260", 261*, 261° Fredonia, 261° Geneva, 258°, 260°, 2617, 261‘, Glens Falls, 256°, 258°, 258° Gouverneur, 2627 Highland Falls, 213", 261* Lake George, 256* Loudonville, 255° Medina, 261° Menands, 255°, 255°, 256°, 259", 260°, 261° Montrose, 261° Moreton Farm, 257? New Dorp, 245? New Rochelle, 258* New Russia, 2557, 257° 261’, 261° 257°, New York, 258*, 258°, 260°, 2607, 260* Newark, 261° Northville, 256’, 259°, 260° Oakes, 256* Ogdensburg, 262" Oswego, 256°, 257%, 257°, 263° Patchogue, 240’, 260° Penfield, 261°, 261° Plattsburg, 257°, 260° 262°, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Port Jervis, 258* Rochester, 261° Rockroyal, 257° Sandy Hill, 239°, 260° Schenectady, 259° Sing Sing, 262", 262” Troy, 261° West Salamanca, 258" Woodside, 258°. Insects, etc., localities; Arlington, N. J., 260° Beaver Creek, Col., 244°, 250° Berlin, Mass., 255‘, 256°, 257°, 257°, 258’, 258°, 258", 250°, 250", 259, 200°, 260°, 260°, 262°, 262° Clinton, Mass., 258°, 260” Gal tmbia,'S. C.,-261° Pinan, N.-C., 262° Frederick county, Md., 255° Malden, Mass., 259* Marietta, Ga., 253°, 262° Mason county, W. V., 248° Mesilla park, N. Mex., 261° Portland, Me., 262° San Diego, Cal., 255°, 256' Woodstown, N. J., 261° Wyncote, Pa., 2437. Insects and insecticides (Weed) cited, Evy, tod; 206". St Insects injurious to fruits (Saunders) received from other eived, "160 ,/ 162°, 174°, . 187", . 190", arr’. Insects injurious to vegetation, 3d ed. Charis) ‘cited, 1737, 186’, 197", 205°. Insects of Illinois, Report cited, 173°, 174°, 174°, 174°, 188", 188°, 188*, 188°, 199°, 199", 199’, 199", 205°, 206", 213'; Appendix cited, 174’. Insects of Missouri, Report (Riley) cited, (473°, 187°, 1908", 204*,. 2r1°; reference, 193°, 193°. Insects of New York, Report (Fitch) cited, 173, !734, 180, 197", 107°. 279 Insects of New York, Report (Lint- ner) cited, 160°, 174°, 174, 174°, Ek 107, 187%, 11087 aioe... 198 , 205, 205°, 216°, 218°; contents 12th report, 245°; reference, 1807. Insects of the year in the state of New York, 231°-242", BAS) 26a" insidiosus, Triphleps, 253°, 2607. Insidious flower bug, 253’, 260°. insolitus, Pezomachus, 171°. integerrima, Datana, 245°. io, Automeris, 258". Io moth, 258’. Iowa state agricultural society, Re- port cited, 187°, 188°, 190°. Iowa state horticultural society, Re- port cited, 188°, 199°; Transactions cited, 200°. Irish juniper, Diaspis 262". Isosoma grande, 254*, 255°. Ithaca, N. -Y.,. -capttres’. of Clisio- campa at, I81°. notes on, carueli on, Jack, J. G., cited, 175", 190”. Jackson, Barton, reference, 191°. Jacksonville, Fla., Notolophus costigma at, 167’. jaculifera, Feltia, 258°. Jasoniades glaucus, 2527, 257’. Jayne, H. F., cited, 160%. Jessup, James B., insects from, 261’. Johnson, W. G., reference, 229', 229°, 229", 230°. Joint worms, 254°. juglans-regiae, Aspidiotus, 2617. juniper scale, 262°. leu- Kansas agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 190°. Kansas university quarterly 163°. Katydid, 253", 262°. Kellogg, V..L., cited, 775,, 180°. cited, 280 Kent, G. H., cited, 175°. Kentucky agricultural station, Bulletin cited, 190°; Report citéd, 190°, 207’. Keokuk, Ia., Notolophus stigma at, 167°. King, G. B., cited, 190°. Kingsley’s Standard natural history cited, 188°, 206°. Kirby, W. F., cited, 176°, 189°, 200°. Kirkland, A; H., ‘cited, 276°, 100"; 200°, 207*; insects from, 259°; refer- ence, 183”, 1847, 196°, 196°, 204°. Kridelbaugh, S. H.; cited, 188’, 199°. experiment leuco- Labels, Lepisma destroying, 217’. Lake George, injuries by Elaphidion at, 232°; forest tent caterpillar at, 192°. Lamb’s quarters, Mamestra picta on, 204°. lanigera, Schizoneura, 244‘, 260°. Lansing, Mich., work of Byturus in, 158". lapathi, Cryptorhynchus, 2577. Larch, insects injurious to; Chermes strobilobius, 238° Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Large black horse fly, 257°. Jariceti, Chermes, se@ C. strobilobius. laricis, Chermes, see C. strobilobius. Lasiocampidae, species treated of, 177-201, laticinerea, Lithophane, see Xylina. Xylina, 208°, 208’, 209’, 209°, 200°, 209", 209", 210°, ar2*-213"; er- roneous reference of X. anten- nata, 249°, 249". laurifolium, Microcentrum, 253°, 262°. Leaf hoppers, 222°, Leaf miners, 221°. Le Baron, William, cited, 173°, 187”. Lebia grandis, 245". Lecanium 240°, 153°, armeniacum, 9 247°, 260”. cerasifex, 240', 261° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM hemisphaericum, 261° hesperidum, 260° prunastri, 261° tiliae, see L. tulipiferae tulipiferae, bibliography, 216°; description, 2147; figure, 2147, 215°; injuries, earlier, 213°-214°; recent, 213°; life history, 214’- 215°; reference, 261’; remedies, 215°. Le Conte, J.'L., cited, 160% 16459174). reference, 159°. Lepidoptera, species treated of, 163*- 213°. Lepisma domestica; bibliography, 218°; figure of injured bill, 217*; of insect, 218°; habits.217°: reme- dies, 218'-218'; work in books, etc., 216°2217". saccharina, 216°. Lepismidae, species treated of, 216°- 218°. oy Leptodesmus species, 245°. Leucania unipuncta, 204°, 2117, 245°. leucostigma, Notolophus, see Notol- ophus. leucostigma, Orgyia, see Notolophus. Lewis county, ravages of forest tent caterpillar in, 192°. Library, necessity of to division, 156°. Lilac, Mytilaspis pomorum on, 261°. limacina, Eriocampoides, 231°. Limneria annulipes, 204°, 206" fugitiva, 196° species, 169° valida, 169°. limneriae, Eupelmus, 171°. Limosina species, 171°. Lindens, insects injurious to; _Clisiocampa disstria, 195° Notolophus leucostigma, 163°, 167°, 235°. lineata, Deilephila, 257°. Linsley, J. G., insects from, 256°, 257", 257" 202", 203. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Lintner, J. A., bibliography of writ- ings, 154°; cited, 160°, 174, 187°, 198", 205”, 216°, 218°; decease of, 156°; entomologic labors of, 154°; general index to his publications, 154°; insect collection of, 156°; library of, 156"; reference to, 156°, 1617, 1647, 166°, 167*, 168’, 170°, 170°, $an7, 1337, -191",.202",: 203°, 232", 235°; 243°, 245°. Liquidambar styraciflua, see Sweet gum. Lithophane cinerea, see Xylina an- tennata. Lithophane cinerosa, see Xylina grotei. Lith¢phane grotei, see Xylina. Lithophane laticinerea, see Xylina. Livingston, R. R., insects from, 255", Locust, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa disstria, 195° Halisidota caryae, 258". Locust, honey, see Honey locust. Lodeman, E. G., reference, 226°. Loew, Hermann, cited, 162°. longicornis, Diabrotica, 243°. Lowe, V. H., cited, 176°; reference, 164°. Lucilia caesar, 257%. lucublandus, Pterostichus, 255”. Lugger, Otto, cited, 207°, 213°. Lumberton, N. C., abundance forest tent caterpillars near, 193°. luna, Tropaea, 258". Luna moth, 258’. Lunate long-sting, 255°. lunator, Thalessa, 255°. luridus, Diplodus, 183°, 190". luteola, Galerucella, 231°, 232°-235°, 245", 246°, 246°, 248*, 251°. See also Galerucella luteola. : Lyman, H. H., cited, 188’, 199°. Lymantriidae, species treated of, 163°-170°. Lygus pratensis, 204", 253", 260°. of 281 McDougall, Mrs C., insects from, 257°, 200°. McMillan, Conway, cited, 175°, 189’, 200°; reference, 167°. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 255°. maculata, Megilla, 204’. 249", maculosa, Panorpa, 259%. Magnolia soulangeana, tulipiferae injuring, 213°. Maine, abundance of forest tent caterpillars in, 193°; Trypeta cana- densis from, 161°. Lecanium Maine agricultural experiment sta- tion, Report cited, 163°, 163°, 190°, 20s 207. UE: Malacosoma disstria, see Clisio- campa. mali, Aphis, 248’, 260°. Mamestra picta, bibliography, 205'- 207°; description, 2027-203; distri- bution, 204°; figure of moth and larva, 202°, plate 5;:food plants, 203°-204°; life history, 203°; natural enemies, 204°; on timothy hay, 153°; remarkable demonstration, 201*- 202, 236°; reference, 251°, 250°; remedies, 204°; timothy hay, abundant on, 201*-202'. mamestrae, Microplitis, 204°, 206°, 206’. Manual for the study of insects (Com- stock) cited, 160°, 176*, 190°-200°, 207°. Maple, insects injurious to; -Aspidiotus ancylus, 261° Lecanium cerasifex, 261’ Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 239”, 260", 260°. Maple, hard, see Sugar maple. Maple, Norway, Notolophus leuco- stigma on, 167’. Maple, silver, or soft, insects in- jurious to; Lecanium cerasifex, 240° Notolophus leucostigma, 167° Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 153’, 260° Xylina antennata, 153’, 230°-237°, 247°, 248°, 249", 249°, 259°. Maple, sugar, borer, 245’ insects injurious to; Clisiocampa americana, 182* Clisiocampa disstria, 191°, 195° Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 260’. Maple borer, 256*; caterpillar, 247°. Maple-tree scale 153°, 252°. Maple-tree insect, 245°. Maple-tree pruner, 232°. Maples, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa disstria, 192", 195°, 230° Notolophus leucostigma, 235° Xylina antennata, 259”. Marlatt, C. L., cited, 218’; reference, BSS dor aa7*: Marten, John, cited, 174°, 188°, 190°. Martin, D. S., insects from, 261°. 6 Igl, 3 1Q2, Maryland agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 205°. Masked bed bug hunter, 260°. Massachusetts, maples defoliated in, 208°; tent caterpillar ravages in, 178°; work of Byturus in, 158°. Massachusetts agricultural college, Report cited, 206". Massachusetts (Hatch) agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 176°, 188", 188°, 189°, 190", 200°, 200°, 207". Massachusetts board of agriculture, Report on gypsy moth cited, 176’, 176°, 226°; Appendix cited, 190°, 190°, 200, 200°; Workagainst gypsy moth, 253°. Massachusetts horticultural society, Transactions cited, 175", 190°. Maynard, S. T., cited, 189°. Meal worm, 257’. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Megilla maculata, 204". Meinikheim, T. L., insects from, 25%". melanocephala, Theronia, 183”. Melanoplus femur-rubrum, 262°. mella, Tachina, 169°, 170*, 196". mellifica, Apis, 255”. Memphis, abundance of forest tent caterpillars near, 193°. Merrill, F: J. H., insects from, 259°. Merula migratoria, see Robin. Mesochorus agilis, 210”. meteori, Bathythrix, 170°. Meteorus communis, 169”. hyphantriae, 169°, 210°. Michigan, work of Byturus in, 158’; of Lecanium tulipiferae in, 213°- 214°. : Michigan agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 176°, 190%, 206°, 207°, 207°. Michigan state board of agriculture, Report cited, 187°. Michigan state horticultural society, Report cited, 175°. Mickleborough, IQI°. Microcentrum laurifolium, 253°, 262°. John, reference, Microplitis mamestrae, 204°, 206°, 206". Mignonette, Mamestra picta on, 203”. migratoria, Merula, see Robin. Millington, Mrs. L. A., insects from, 255°, 257°. Minnesota agricultural experiment station, Report cited, 207°; Ist Re- port of entomologist cited, 207°, 213°. Mississippi agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 206°. Missouri, insects of, see Insects of’ Missouri. mistletoe, Lecanium hemisphaericum on, 261°, Mite, Rhyncholophus species, 171°. Mites, 227", 227°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, I898 | 283 modestus, Podisus, 183°, 190’. Mohawk river, maples along defoli- ated, 208”, 236°. molitor, Tenebrio, 257’. Molting of tarantula, 219'-220°. See also Eurypelma. Monograph of North American proc- totrypidae (Ashmead) cited, 189”. Monograph of the diptera of North America (Loew) cited, 162°. Moody, H. L., cited, 198°. Morning glory, Coptocycla bicolor on, 256°. Morris, \J-G!; cited, 173°; 186°, 197°, 205. Mosquito, 245°, 254’. Mound-building ant, 245%. Mountain ash, Clisiocampa ameri- cana on, 182*. Mulberry trees for native birds, 185’. Murgantia histrionica, 248”. murgantiae, Trissolcus, 248°. Muscardine disease, 199°. muscarum, Trombidium, 257*, 262’. Murtfeldt, M. E., cited, 175°. ? Myrmeleon species, 259°. Mythimna contraria, see Mamestra picta. Mytilaspis pomorum, 243°, 246°, 246°, 261°. Nadata gibbosa, erroneous reference of Xylina antennata. Natural history of New York, Agri- culture (Emmons) cited, 173°, 180°, oye Natural history of the rarer lepidopter- ous insects of Georgia (Smith- Abbot) cited, 173’. Nebraska, Notolophus leucostigma t/a 67. Nebraska agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 175°, 189°, 189", 200°, 200’. | Nebraska state horticultural society, Report cited, 189°, 200°. Nemobius fasciatus, 262%. Neoglaphyroptera bivittata, 171°. Neumoegen, Berthold, cited, 176%, 190°, 200°. Neuronia pardalis, 245°. neustria, Clisiocampa, erroneous ref- érence oi ,C.. disstria, Nevada agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 212’. New check list of North American moths (Grote) cited, 212°, 212°. New England, ravages of tent cater- pillar 1.277: New Hampshire agricultural experi- ment station, BujJletin cited, 175°, 189’. New Jersey, Lecanium tulipiferae in, 214°, 214°. New Jersey agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 175°, 175°; iepors. cited; 175°, 175°,.200, 210°. New Jersey state board of agricul- ture, Report cited, 198’. New Jersey tea, Clisiocampa ameri- catiaon, 182°. New Mexico agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 189". New York, Byturus unicolor in, 158°. New York, insects of, see Insects of New York. New York agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 200°; Report cited, 176°. New York county, San José scale in, 242°. New York entomological society, Journal cited, 176°, 176°, 189%, 190%, 200°, 200°. New York plum scale, 240’, 2617. New York state, forest tent caterpil- lar ravages in, IQI°-193°; opera- tions of Trypeta canadensis in, 1017) TOT, New York state agricultural society, Report cited, 205‘: Trasactions 284 cited, 1607, 173”, 173°, 186", 186°, 197’, 197°, 205". New York state department of agriculture, insects from, 258°, 250°, 260°, 261", 262°; abstract from formulas, 252”. New York state museum, Bulletin cited, 216°, 232°; contents, 250°; Report cited, 205’; soth Report cited, 245°. . New York state museum of natural history, Bulletin cited, 205'; Report cited; P74 187) 108 05" Nezara hilaris, 259°. nigriceps, Phora, 171°. nitida, Allorhina, 256”. niveus, Oecanthus, 262°. Noctuidae, species treated of, 2047- 213". Norway maple, sec Maple, Norway. Notes on some insects of the year in the state of New York, 231°-242*, 245%, 252”. : Notolophus antiqua, 168*; var. badia, 168°. definita, 167°, 1687. leucostigma; bibliography, 173'- 176°; birds preying on, 168- 169°; city pest, 164*; descrip- tion of the stages, 164'; dis- tribution, 167°; figure, 164?- 166°; food plants, 167°; habits, 166°-167*; hyperparasites _ of, 170'-1717; injuries by, 153°, 164°; insect parasites, 169-170"; larvae of other species, 167°- 168"; life history, 166°; natural 168°-171", 171"; pre- daceous insects, 1717; ravages, 153°, 235°—in 1898, 163°-164'; reference, 231", SNi ane remedies, 172°; scavengers liv- ing on, 171’ enemies, leucostigma, var. inornata, 168° vetusta, 168°; var. cana, 168". NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nova Scotia, Notolophus leuco-~- stigma in, 167°. Nursery inspection, suggestions in regard to, 251°. Nursery stock, fumigation of, 228°- 230°, 252°; pear-tree slug on, 231°. Nyssa sylvatica, see Sour gum. Oak, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa 182° Clisiocampa disstria, 196° Elaphidion villosum, 250° Lecanium cerasifex, 2617 Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Oak, black, Clisiocampa disstria on, 195°, 196". Oak, post, Clisiocampa disstria on, 1960". Oak, white, Andricus seminator on, _ 248°, 255°. , Oak galls, Xylina antennata feeding on, 210’. Oak Kermes, 245". Oak-tree pruner, 232‘, 250°, 256°. Oaks stripped by forest tent caterpil- lar, 193°. Oats, Mamestra picta on, 201°, 207°, 236", 2517. oblongifolia, Amblycorypha, 262°. obsoletum, Dendroleon, 259°. obtectus, Bruchus, 256°. octomaculata, Alypia, 257°. ocularia, Ecpantheria, 245°. Odontota dorsalis, 245". Oedemasia concinna, 258°. Oecanthus niveus, 262°. Office publications, 1547; work, 1557. Ohio agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 160°, 206°, 206°, 216°; Report cited, 175%. Oklahoma agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 190°. olivaceous, Vireo, see Vireo, red- eyed. americana, 182‘, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 ? Olmstead, J. W., insects from, 256’, 259°, 260°. } Oneida county, work of forest tent caterpillar in, 192”. Ontario, abundance of forest tent caterpillar in, 193’; ravages of Notolophus in, 164°. Ontario agricultural college and ex- perimental farm, Report cited, 190’, 201. Ontario county, N. Y., ravages of Notolophus in, 164’. Ophion purgatum, 204%, 206°. Opsicoetus personatus, 260°. Orange, insects injurious to; Mamestra picta, 203° Parlatoria pergandii, 262”. Oranse: county; “N: Y:, San José scale in, 242°. Orchid, Aulacaspis boisduvalii on, 262”. Orecuti,1, Hi, cited, 206°. Oregon, Notolophus leucostigma in, 507°. Oregon agricultural experiment sta- tion, Bulletin cited, 175°. Orgyia leucostigma, see Notolophus. orgyiae, Amorphota, 169° orgyiae, Cratotechus, 170° orgyiae, Telenomus, 170’. orientalis, Periplaneta, 262". Oriole, Baltimore, feeding on Notol- ophus larvae, 168”. Oriole feeding on tent 184’. Orleans county, Xylina larvae injur- ing apples in, 208". Ormerod, E. A., reference, 158°, 159°, 10 Osborn, Herbert, cited, 206’. Osmoderma scabra, 256°. Osten-Sacken, C. R., cited, 162°. Otacustes periliti, 171°. Otsego county, ravages of forest tent caterpillar in, 192°. caterpillar, 285 Ottawa, Can., work of Byturus in, 158". Ottawa naturalist cited, 193°, 200”. Ottawa river, ravages of forest tent caterpillar along, 193”. Otterson, ‘J; A., insects) from: 255", aso’, 257°, 257*, 258, 258°, 258’, 250°, 259", 259°, 260°, 260°, 260°, 262°, 262°. ovata; Chalcis, 169°. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 245°. Packard, A. S., cited, 160’, 173°, 186°, 187’, 198’, 205*, 213”, 218"; reference, 158, 150°, 202°. Pale brown Byturus, 1587-160", 255°. See also Byturus. Paleacrita vernata, 185°. palliatus, Desmocerus, 256°. Panorpa maculosa, 259’. Panton, W. H., cited, 190°, 201°. Paper, Lepisma feeding on, 216”. Papilio cited, 174°, 188°, 199°, 205°, Au, OL. Bel. Bis Ueter’ 213. Parasites, studies of at Washington, te Cs 11608 pardalis, Neuronia, 245°. Parlatoria pergandii, 262”. parorgyiae, Apanteles, 170°. Parrott,.P. Jz cited, 190". Battie. Catocala, 259. parthenice, Eyprepia, 2107. Parus atricapillus, see Chickadee. Paste, Lepisma feeding on, 216’. PG. Lewis’ miz.-co., insects’ trom; 260°. Pea, Mamestra picta on, 203’. Pea, sweet, Mamestra picta on, 203”. Peabody academy of science, Report Cited, 2ET «2TS Peach-tree, insects injurious to; Aspidiotus perniciosus, 241” americana, 182", Clisiocampa 258° Clisiocampa disstria, 195°. Peaches, Xylina larvae feeding on, 208", 210". 286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pear buds, Xylina larvae feeding on, 210°. Pear-leaf blister mite, 248", 262°. Pear psylla, 222°, 228”, 251°. Pear-tree, insects, etc., injurious to; Aspidiotus ancylus, 261° Aspidiotus perniciosus, 241’, 261*, 261° Clisiocampa americana, 182* Clisiocampa disstria, 192’ Eriocampoides limacina, 231°* Notolophus leucostigma, 167° Phytoptus pyri, 248°, 262°. Pear-tree slug, 237° Pears, Xylina antennata injuring, 27 Peas, Xylina larvae feeding on, 210". Peck, C: H., insects from, 158°, 232’, 255°, 255°, 256°, 257°, 250", 260°. pedalis, Pimpla, 182", 196°. Pelargonium, Notolophus leuco- stigma on, 167°. Pelidnota punctata, 256°. Pell, Alfred, insects from, 213’, 261°. Pemphigus rhois, 245°. tessellatus, 238°. Pennsylvania state agricultural so- ciety, Report cited, 173°. pennsylvanicus, Camponotus (prob- ably Formica subsericea), 245%. pennsylvanicus, Harpalus, 255”. Pepsis formosa, 255°. Pergande, Theodore, reference, 240°. pergandii, Parlatoria, 262”. periliti, Otacustes, 1717. Perillus claudus, 1&4’. Perimegatoma variegatus, 171°, 175°. Periodical cicada, 245°, 250°. Periplaneta orientalis, 262". periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 245°. Perkins, G. H., cited, 175°, 188°, 190°. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 154°, 240°, 243°, 244°, 246°, 251°, 261°. personatus, Opsicoetus, 260°. Pettit, R. H., cited, 207°. Pezomachus insolitus, 171°. Philadelphia, Notolophus and En- nomos in, 164°. Phobetron pithecium, 253°, 258°. Phora agarici, 171° fasciata, Ti; incisuralis, 171° nigriceps, 171°. Phymata wolffii, 260’. Phytonomus punctatus, 246%, 257°. Phytoptus pruni, 245’ pyri, 248°, 262°. picta, Ceramica, see Mamestra picta. picta, Mamestra, 204?-207°, 236°, 251°. 259. See also Mamestra picta. Pieris rapae, 249°, 257”. Pigeon tremex, 255°. Pimpla, parasite of, 170°. Pimpla annulipes, 170°, 183 conquisitor, 169°, 170°, 1757, 182°, 196° ree hirticauda, 170° inquisitor, 168°, 169°, 170°, 170°, 175, 175° pedalis, 182’, 196°. pimplae, Bathythrix, 171°. Piophila casei, 245°. Piper, C. V., cited, 207’, pithecium, Phobetron, 253°, 258". placidus, Podisus,’\ 176°, 283°,°*100, 196’, 200°. Plagionotus speciosus, 245", 256°. Planck, M. G., insects from, 259”. Plant lice, 2227, 222°, 222°, 226°, 226°, 228", 231”, 247°. Plea for entomological study, 245°. 3 Plugging tree with sulfur, 223°. Plum, insects injurious to; Aspidiotus perniciosus, 244° Clisiocampa americana, 182* Clisiocampa disstria, 192", 105° Oedemasia concinna, 258". Plum, garden, Notolophus leuco- stigma injuring, 167°. —— INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Plum, wild, Notolophus leucostigma injuring, 167°. Plum curculio, 248’. Plums, Xylina larvae feeding on, 210°. pluvialis, Clisiocampa, 182°, 195’. podisi, Trissolcus, 248°. Podisus modestus, 183°, 190” placidus, 176°, 183, 190", 196", 200° serieventris, 183°, 190", 196’, 200° spinosus, 184’, 250°. polyphemus, Telea, 258’. Polyphylla decemlineata, 256’. pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 251%. pomonella, Carpocapsa, 244", 246°, 250°. pomonella, Trypeta, 161°. pomorum, Mytilaspis, 243°, 246°, 246°, 261°, Poplar, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa americana, 182* Clisiocampa disstria, 192°, 196’ Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Popular science monthly cited, 174°. Porthetria dispar, 185°, 195°, 253°, 250°. Post oak, see Oak, post. Potato, Mamestra picta on, 204’. Poughkeepsie, collections at, 167’, Practical entomologist cited, 173°, 186°, 160-987", 108 ,,.108.,. 205°. pratensis, Lygus, 204", 253", 260°. Press notices, demands for, 155°. Preventives, see Remedies and pre- ventives. Prionodus cristatus, 171°. Privet, Mytilaspis pomorum on, 261°. proboscideus, Balaninus, 245°. Proctotrypid, 204". Promachus ?Pfitchii, 25)7°. prunastri, Lecanium, 261”. pruni, Phytoptus, 245". prunicola, Aphis, 251°. 287 Prunus, Aspidiotus ancylus on, 261°. Prunus chicasa, see Plum, wild serotina, see Cherry, wild. Psilopus sipho, 257°. Psyche cited, 168°, 175°, 1757, 175°, 188*, 188°, 189°, 199°, 200°, 200°, AT ale". Psylla, see Pear psylla. Pteromalus cuproideus, 170°, 170°. Pterostichus lucublandus, 255". Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 153°, 252°, 200°. punctata, Pelidnota, 256’. punctatus, Phytonomus, 246%, 257°. Punctured clover-leaf weevil, 246°. purgatum, Ophion, 204%, 206°. Putnam ‘cotinty, N. Y¥., San...José scale in, 242°. pyri, Phytoptus, 248°, 262°. 230°, quadripustulata, Winthemia, 170’, aie. (SET Quaintance, A. L., cited, 207°. Quince, Notolophus leucostigma on, 167°. Quinces, Xylina larvae feeding on, 210°. racemosus, Symphoricarpus, see Snowberry. rapae, Pieris, 249°, 257”. rapidus, Calocoris, 259°. Raspberries, insects injurious to; Byturus tomentosus, 158° Byturus unicolor, 232°. Raspberry, insects injurious to; Aulacaspis rosae, 262” Byturus unicolor, 158’, 158°, 255°. Rathvorn, S.S:, cited, 173". Raymond, H. C., reference, 181’. Red milkweed beetle, 256°. Red spider, 227°. Red-eyed vireo, see Vireo. Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar, 258". 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Red-legged grasshopper, 262°. Red-tailed tachina fly, 211’. Regents, acknowledgments to, 157’. Remedies and preventives for; ants, 228°, 246°, 247° apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 228° apple-tree bark louse, 243° aphids or green fly, 244° army worm, 225° asparagus beetle, 251° Aspidiotus perniciosus, 243°, 244° bag worm, 245” bristle-tail, 218 brown apricot scale, 247° Byturus unicolor, 159° cabbage worm, 249° Cecidomyia destructor, 249° Chionaspis furfurus, 243° Clisiocampa americana, - 184’, 185°-186° Clisiocampa disstria, 197°, 197%, 250° clover-leaf weevil, 246° cucumber beetle, striped, 249° cut worms, 225°, 226°, 247” Diabrotica vittata, 249° Elaphidion villosum, 250° elm-leaf beetle, 244’, 246° fish-moth, 218" flea beetles, 226° fleas, 248° flies, 253° forest tent caterpillar, 197°, 250° grain insects, 228° grasshoppers, 225°, 226° harlequin cabbage bug, 248° hessian fly, 249° Lecanium armeniacum, 247° Lecanium tulipiferae, 215° Lepisma domestica, 218° Macrodactylus subspinosus, 249* Mamestra picta, 204° maple-tree scale, 252° mosquitoes, 254? Murgantia histrionica, 248° Mytilaspis pomorum, 243° Notolophus leucostigma, 172” oak pruner, 250’ pale brown Byturus, 159° pear-leaf blister mite, 248° pear psylla, 228° Phytonomus punctatus, 246° Phytoptus pyri, 248° Pieris rapae, 249° plant lice, 226°, 228° Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 2527 root lice, 226° rose bug, 240° San José scale, 243°, 244° scurfy bark louse, 243° tent caterpillar, 184'-186° Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 245° Trypeta canadensis, 162° tulip-tree scale, 215° Vespa species, 244° white grubs, 227° white-marked tussock moth, 172. Bet" Xylina antennata, 247°, 240° Xylina larvae, 211” yellow jackets, 244° zebra caterpillar, 204°. Remedies and preventives for insect depredations; agitation of water, 254° arsenate of lead, 224-225" arsenites, 159’, 172°, 185°, 197°, 204°, 211*, 244", 246° ashes on plants, 249° attracting to mustard or radishes and destroying, 248”; attracting winter birds, 184° axle grease for flies, 253* baits, poisoned, 225°, 247° bands of cotton, 172°, 246° beans between cucumbers, 249° beating from bushes, 159’ benzine, 248° bisulfid of carbon, see carbon bisulfid INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 burning infested trees, twigs, Stubble, etc., 150, 160, | 107, 243°, 244°, 249°, 250", 250°, 254" carbon bisulfid, 228", 246°, 247°, 249° chickens among currants, 162° chlorid of lime, 253* clean culture, 223°, 249°, 240° cleanliness, 248° collecting and destroying eggs or tarvae, 172°, 172°; 185, 185°- 186°, 197°, 211*, 240° creosote oil, 172” cultivation of soil, 162°, 204’, 215° darkening stables, 253+ destroying; eggs, larvae, in- fested fruit, etc., 162°, 172", 185°, 185°-186°, 244", 246°, 248", 251°; wild cherry trees, 185° digging out, 2477 early sowing of strips of wheat, 249° fish in water, introduction of, 254° fish oil and tar for flies, 253‘ flesh for winter birds, 184° fumigation, 2527 growing resistant varieties, 249° hand picking, 159’, 204°, 245° hellebore, 204°, 226°, 244° high culture, 223° honey and sugar or glucose, 244° hot water, 211°, 247° jarring and using sticky bands, 21-1" raya keeping flies from manure, 253* kerosene, 243’, on water, 254” kerosene emulsion, 162’, 2247, 226'-227°, 243°, 243°, 244°, 247°, 247°, 248°, 249°, 252° land plaster, 249°, 251° late planting, 240° lime, sulfur and salt wash, 244° london purple, 224", 224*, 225° mulberry trees for birds, 185° 289 netting over plants, 249°, 249° parasites, protection of, 197° paris green, 221°, 223°, 224°, 225°, 245°, 249", 249°, 251°, 251° plowing infested fields, 246* plugging tree with sulfur, 223° poisoning wild cherry trees left as lures, 185* protecting birds, 184°, 184", 197%, 254° pyrethrum, 204’, 218", 226’, 244’, 248” road dust, 249° rotation of crops, 223", 249° scraping from trees, 215° shaking from trees and banding, 172°, 21Y sticky fly paper, 248° sulfur, plugging tree with, 223° tobacco, 226°, smoke of, 244° useless, 2237 whale oil soap, 215°, 2247, 226", 243°, 244°, 247°, 2527, 252". Rensselaer county, San José scale in, 242°. rhois, Pemphigus, 245”. Rhyncholophus species, 171°. ribearia, Diastictis, 245°. ribearia, Eufitchia, see Diastictis. Riley; C.- V7 citeds 103%) 17s 373", 175, 179°, 181',, 181°, 1877, 187") 180", 198", 198", 2007, 205*, 206", 211°, 212" 213°, 216°, 216°; quoted, 194", 2037; reference, 166°, r91*, 193*, 194°, 194°, 196°, 196°, 202°, 202", 203", 208°, 208°, 200,285. are? rileyi, Schizoneura, 260°. Riverside natural history, 188°, 206°. Roberts, C. H., insects from, 256+. Robin feeding larvae, 168°. Robinson, C. T., cited, 205°. Rocky mountain locust and _ other insects, Report cited, 186°, 198 205%. on Notolophus 290 Root lice, 226°. Roots, killing insects through, 253”. rosae, Aulacaspis, 262”. rosaceana, Cacoecia, 245°, 259°. Rose, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa americana, 182* Clisiocampa disstria, 195° Notolophus leucostigma, 167° Oedemasia concinna, 258’. Rose beetle, 255°. Rose buds, Xylina larvae feeding on, 208", 210", 212’. Rose bug, 249%. Rose scale, 262’. Round-headed apple-tree borer, 256°. rufa, Formica (probably F. exsec- toides), 245%. rufocoxalis, var. of Apanteles con- gregatus, 183”. rufopectus, Tenthredo, 245°. Rumsey, W. C., cited, 2077. Rural New Yorker cited, 160%, 214’, 216°. ‘ Rutabagas, Mamestra picta on, 203”. saccharina, Lepisma, 216’. St Lawrence county, maples defoli- ated in, 208’; ravages of forest tent caterpillar in, 192*, 236°; work of Xylina larvae in, 236°. Samia cecropia, 258°. San José scale, contributions of, 261°; distribution state, .242°, 261°; fumigation for, 228°, 230°; in Hud- in son river valley, 240°-242*; refer- ence, 229*, 243°, 244°, 244°, 244°, 245’, 246°, 251°; work against, 154%. ?sanborni, Chernes, 263°. Saperda candida, 256°. tridentata, 245° 256°. Saratoga county, San José scale in, Sarcophaga species, 171°. Saunders, William, cited, 160°, 162°, 173°-174', 187°, 198°, 211°; quoted, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 193°; reference, 158", 196°, 196°, 196", 190°. Saw fly larvae, 226°. Say, Thomas, cited, 160’. scabra, Osmoderma, 256°. scalaris, Homalomyia, 171°. Scale insects, certain destructive, 246'; labor of determining, 154°; reference, 221*, 222*, 222°, 228", 228°, 251°. . Schenectady, ravages by Xylina larvae at, 153’, 207°-208', 236°. Schenectady daily union, abstract from, 247°, 249°; cited, 212°, ar2*. Schizoneura lanigera, 244*, 260°. rileyi, 260°. Schoharie county, maples defoliated itl, 208. | Schoonmaker, E. T., insects from, 255°, 256°, 257°, 259", 250", 250°. Sciara, additional notes on, 245°. Scorpion fly, 259°. scribonia, Ecpantheria, see E. ocularia. scrophulariae, Anthrenus, 243". scrutator, Calosoma, 183°, 190°, 196°, 199°, 199°, 200°. Scudder, S. H., cited, 188%. Scurfy bark louse, 243°, 246°. Scutigera forceps, 263’. seminator, Andricus, 248’, 255°. Seneca county, San José scale in, 242". septendecim, Cicada, 245°. sericeus, Dolerus, 246°, 255°. serieventris, Podisus, 183°, 190’, 196’, 200. serotina, Prunus, see Cherry, wild. serraticeps, Ceratopsyllus, 248’. sexguttata, Cicindela, 255°. Shad-bush, Clisiocampa americana on, 182". Shade trees, see Trees, shade. Silk worm, American, 258". Silpha americana, 255°. inaequalis, 255°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Silvanus surinamensis, 231°-232”. Silver-fish, see Lepisma domestica. Simpson, G: B., insects from, 263’. Simonds, A. C., reference, 181". sipho, Psilopus, 257°. Sirrine, F. A., cited, 206°; reference, 226°. Six-spotted tiger beetle, 255°. Slingerland, M. V., cited, 176°, 190°, 212, 212", 213‘; reference, 181°, 208", 208°, 209", 210°, 210°, 211%. Slosson, A. T., cited, 176’. Small striped ground cricket, 262°. Smartweed, Mamestra picta on, 204". Smith, E. A., cited, 188%. . Smith, Mrs E. B., insects from, 255°, 255°, 250°, 257, 257", 257°, 258, 258°, 250°, 250°, 200°, 262°, 262°, 262°, 262°, 262". Smith, F. J., cited, 226°. Simp J: BS cited, 160", “175°, 180", 200°, 200", 212", 212’, 213°, 216°; ref- erence, 207°, 209°, 214°, 220°, 227°, 236°. Site. J. B., cited: 173°. Smith, R. G., reference, 192%. Snow, W. A., cited, 1637. Snow-ball, Macrodactylus subspino- sus on, 255°. Snowberry, Mamestra picta on, 203°. socialis, Spizella, see Chipping spar- row. Soft maple, see Maple, soft. soulangeana, Magnolia, Lecanium tulipiferae on, 213°. Sour gum, Clisiocampa disstria on, 190". Southern corn-root worm, see Corn- root worm, southern. Southwick, E. B., cited, 175°, 189°. Southwick, F. B., insects from, 2577. Species général des Lepidoptéres. Noc- tuelites (Guenée) cited, 205”. speciosus, Plagionotus, 245", 256°. sphaerosperma, Empusa, a fungus, 4 246%. 291 Sphex ichneumonea, 255°. Spider, molting of, 250°; reference, 2IO, 220". Spilochalcis debilis, 1717. Spinach, Mamestra picta on, 204. Spined soldier bug, 259°. spinosus, Podisus, 184’, 259°. Spizella socialis, see Chipping spar- row. Spotted grapevine beetle, 256”. Spring canker worm, 185°. Spruce, insects injurious to; Mamestra picta, 204’ Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Spruce, black, Chermes abietis on, 260°. Squash bug, 222°, 222°, 259°. Standard natural history (Kingsley) cited, 188°, 206°. Starch, Lepisma feeding on, 216°. State collection of insects, condition ObLe TES 156. State department of agriculture, see New York state agriculture. department of State entomologist, see Entomolo- gist. State museum, New York, see New York state museum. Steganoptycha claypoliana, 245°. Stratton, A. H., insects from, 260°. Strawberry, Clisiocampa feeding on, 195°. Stretch, R. H., cited, 188°, 199°. strobilobius, Chermes, 238. Strong, Mrs E. L., insects from, 262’. Stuart, C. H., insects from, 261°. Sturgis, W. C., cited, 216°; reference, 214°. styraciflua, Liquidambar, see Sweet disstria gum. subcyaneus, Ichneumon, 170”. subgothica, Feltia, 210°. subsignarius, Ennomos, 9 174°. 164 374, 292 subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 249%, 9 255°. Sugar beet, larva, Deilephila lineata on, 257°; Mamestra picta on, 259’. Sugar maple, see Maple, sugar. Sugar of lead, see Acetate. Sulfur, plugging tree with, 223°, 251°. Sumac gall aphis, 245°. Supplement to 14th report, 154”. surinamensis, Silvanus, 231°-232”. Swallow-tail butterfly, 257’. Sweet gum, Clisiocampa disstria on, 9 195°. Sweet pea, see Pea, sweet. Sycamore, see Buttonwood. sylvatica, Clisiocampa, see C. disstria. sylvatica, Nyssa, see Sour gum. Symphoricarpus racemosus, see Snowberry. Synonymic catalogue of lepidoptera heterocera (Kirby) cited, 176°, 189°, 200°. Synopsis of the described lepidoptera of North America (Morris) cited, 173" Tees, 107. Syntomosphyrum esurus, 171°. Tabanus atratus, 257°. Tachina mella, 169°, 170‘, 196°. Tachinids, 169°. Taft,-L. R:, ‘cited,7 176", 100, 207.. Tarantula, molting of, 219'-220°, 250°. See also Eurypelma. Tarantula, female, 262°. Tarantula killer, 255°. Tarnished plant bug, 204", 253’, 260°. tarquinius, Feniseca, 239°. Telenomus clisiocampae, 183%, 189° heliothidis, 204° orgyiae, 170’. Telea polyphemus, 258". Tenebrio molitor, 257%. Tennessee agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 176°, 189°. Tent caterpillars, 153°, 231°, 235°, 247°. Tenthredo rufopectus, 245°. ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tesselaris, Halisidota, 258". tessellatus, Pemphigus, 238°-239". Tetraopes tetraophthalmus, 256°. tetraophthalmus, Tetraopes, 256°. Thalessa lunator, 255°. Thaxter, Roland, cited, 211", 212°. Thecla calanus, 257° species, 257°. , Theraphosidae, species treated of, 219'-220". Thermobia domestica, see Lepisma. Theronia fulvescens, 169”. melanocephala, 183’. Thomas, A. D., insects from, 255%. Thomas, Cyrus, cited, 188°, 199*, 205°. Thompson, R.; insects from, 258". Thorn, Clisiocampa americana on, 182%. Thyreus abbotii, 257°. thyridopterigis, Allocota, 1707. thyridopterigis, Habrocytus, 171’. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis,245’, 258". Thysanura, species treated of, 216°- 218°. tibicen, Cicada, 260°. Tiger, M. F., insects from, 260°. tiliae, Lecanium, see L. tulipiferae. Timothy, Mamestra picta on, 153°, 201°, 207°. 236" 1aer, tityrus, Epargyreus, 257°. Toad feeding on forest tent cater- pillars, 196’, 200°; on Mamestra picta, 204°, 207*; on tent caterpil- lars, 184°. tomentosus, Byturus, 158°, 150”. Tompkins county, San José scale in, 242°. Torrey, E. S., insects from, 255°. Torrey, Margaret, insects from, 256’. Townsend, C. H. T., cited, 189", 200°. townsendi, Hemiteles, 170°. Trains stopped by caterpillars, 193°. Trees, fumigation of, 230°. Trees, forest, forest tent caterpillar injuring, 191°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Trees, fruit, injured by forest tent caterpillar, 192°; by Notolophus larvae, 164”. Trees, shade, insects injurious to; elm-leaf beetle, 246° forest tent caterpillar, 192° Notolophus leucostigma, 153°. Tremex columba, 255°. Trichogramma species, 204". tridentata, Saperda, 245", 256°. Triphleps insidiosus, 253", 260°. Trissoleus murgantiae, 248° podisi, 248°. tristigmus, Euschistus, 259°. tristis, Anasa, 250°. Trombidium muscarum, 257*, 262° species, 196°. Tropaea luna, 258’. Troy, ravages of elm-leaf beetle at, 234°-235°; of Notolophus, 163°; of elm-leaf miner, 237°. Troy budget, abstract from, 252°. Troy daily times, abstract from, 244", 251°; cited, 246°. Trypeta canadensis, bibliography, 162°-163°; distribution, 161°; in- juring currants, 160°-161°; life history, 161'-162°; operations in New York state, 1617; 162° pomonella, 161‘, remedies, Trypetidae, species treated. of, 160°- 163°. Tulip-tree, Lecanium tulipiferae on, 213°, 213°. Tulip-tree scale, 213°-216", 2617. also Lecanium tulipiferae. See tulipiferae, Lecanium, see L. tulipi- ferae. Tupper, Thomas, insects from, 235%, 256°; reference, 231°. Turnip, Mamestra picta on, 203°. Twelve-spotted beetle, 245°, 250". Two-spotted lady-bird, 2437, 255°. asparagus eee EE EE ES 293 Tylenchus devastatrix (an eelworm), 7 244". ulmi, Gossyparia, 245°. Ulster county, injuries by Elaphidion in, 232°; San José scale in, 242°. Unger, H. A. insects from, 261%. unicolor, Byturus, see Byturus. unipuncta, Leucania, 204°, 2117, 245°. United States department of agri- culture, Report cited, 186’, 205%, 206°; Year book cited, 165, 167°, 176°; division of biological survey, Bulletin cited, 176°, 190°; division of entomology cited, 228°; Bulletin cited, 169’, 173’, {75,107 , 109 , 200,205 . 206, 212°, 218°, 229°, 250°; Bulletin (new series) cited, 160°, 174°, 176°, 187°, 207*, 218’; Technical series cited, 174°, 176°, 183°, 188°, 190°, 200’, 213°, 216°. United States entomological com- mission, Bulletin lindex to 9 Mis- souri reports] cited, 211°; Report cited, 175°, 187, 1987, 198', 213”. United States geological and geo- graphical survey of the territories, Bulletin cited, 211‘, 212°. United States national museum, Bulletin cited, 175*, 189°, 200°, 206°, B06); 2TT. ai2) are Sar yang sh rd= ceedings cited, 206’, 216°. valida, Limneria, 169”. 8 variegatum, Perimegatoma, 171’, poy pe 175... Vermont, forest tent caterpillar ravages in, 192°; tent caterpillar ravages in, 178°. Vermont agricultural experiment station, Bulletin cited, 199°; Report cited, 175°, 188%. Vermont state board of agriculture, Report cited, 175°, 188°, 190°. vernata, Paleacrita, 185° 294 Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge (Hiibner) cited, 197°. Vespa, injuring grapes, 244’. vetusta, Notolophus, 168%. villosum, Elaphidion, 232*, 250’, 256°. Vireo, red-eyed, feeding on tent caterpillar, 184°. Vireo olivaceous, eyed. see Vireo, red- Virginia creeper, Alypia octomac- ulata on, 257’. virgo, Eyprepia, 210’. vittata, Diabrotica, 249”. Walking stick, 252°, 262°. Wall paper, scaling off caused by Lepisma, 217’. Walnut, 196". Walnut, black, insects injurious to; Clisiocampa disstria, 196° Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Walsh, B. D., cited, 173°, 1877, 198’, 198°, 205°; reference, 203°. Warder, J. A., cited, 187’. Warren county, ravages of forest tent caterpillar in, 192°. Washburn, F. L., cited, 175°; refer- ence, 167°. Washington, D. C., study of para- sites at, 169°, 171”. Washington county, Clisiocampa_ disstria on, N. Vo) forest tent caterpillar ravages in, 191°. Washington state, Trypeta canaden- sis in, 161°. Washington state agricultural station, Bulletin ex- periment cited, 2077. Watervliet, ravages of elm-leaf beetle in, 295°, Weather crop bulletin, from, 178°, 178". Webster, F. M., cited, 160°, 206*, 212”, reference, 158’. Weed, C. M., cited, 175', 180°, 206°, 216°; reference, 177°, 182°, 182°. quotations NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Weed, H. E., cited, 206°. Wentworth, E.- P., insects from,262 West Virginia agricultural experi- ment station, Bulletin cited, 207°. Western to-lined bug, 256°. Wetmore, W. E., insects from, 258". Wheat-head army worm, 245°. Wheat joint worm, 255%. Wheel bug, 171°. Wheelock, C. F., reference, 192°. White berry, see Snowberry. White birch, see Birch, white. White flower cricket, 262°. White grubs, 162’, 227’, 251". White lilac, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 261%. White-marked tussock moth, Notolophus leucostigma. Whitmore, W. A., insects from, 262°. wilcoxi, Calosoma, 196’, 200°. Wild cherry, see Cherry, wild. Wild plum, see Plum, wild. Willard, S. D., reference, 178*, 235°. Williams, C. L., insects from, 258°; reference, 192". Williams, Joseph, cited, 199°. Willow, insects injurious to; see Aspidiotus ancylus, 261° Clisiocampa americana, 182* Clisiocampa disstria, 196° Mamestra picta, 204° Notolophus leucostigma, 167°. Winthemia 4-pustulata, 170’, 176°, 7 ge Wisconsin state horticultural society, Transactions cited, 188°, 199°. Witch hazel, Clisiocampa americana on, 182", wolfhi, Phymata, 2607. Woltz, John, insects from, 2607. Woodriff, D., insects from, 259°. Woodside, L. I., ravages of Notolo- phus at, 163°. Woolly aphis, 244*, 260°, 260°. Worcester ([Mass.] telegram 250°. cited, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, 1898 Wright, A. W. insects from, 257”. Xiphidium brevipenne, 262°. Xylina antennata, bibliography, 211°, 212*; comparatively unknown, 208’; definition of the species, 209‘-210°; defoliating soft maples, 207°-208%, 236°; description, 208°-210°; figure, 209°; food habits, 210°; life history, 210°; natural enemies, 210°-211°; reference, 247°, 247°, 248°, 240’, 240’, 259°; remedies, 211”. Xylina cinerea, see Xylina antennata. Xylina grotei, 208°, 208°, 209°, 200°, 209,210, 212°. Xylina laticinerea, 208°, 208°, 200°, 200, 209°, 209", 209", 210°, 212°, 213*. 295 Xylina laticinerea, erroneous refer- ence of X. antennata, 249°, 240". Yates county, ravages of Notolo- phus in, 164°. Yellow-billed cuckoo, see Cuckoo. Yellow jackets injuring grapes, 244°. Yellow warbler feeding on tent cat- erpillar, 184°. Young, Alice, 260°. Young, Chester, insects from, 256°, 258°, 260’, 2617, 261°, 261°; reference, 163°. insects from, 258°, Zebra caterpillar, 153°, 2047-207, 251°, 2590. See also Mamestra picta. Zollikoffer, O. F., insects from, 258. ERRATA Page 168, line 3, for Dyar, read Dyar-, Page 173, line 3, for Add0¢¢ read Addot. University of the State of New York New York State Museum PUBLICATIONS Museum reports. New York state museum. Annual report 1847 — date. pl. O. Albany 1848—date. Average 250 pagesa year, Price for all now in print, 50 cents a volume in paper ; 75 cents Museum bulletins. University of the State of New York, State Io a museum bulletin. v. 1-5, O. 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