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' ‘ ; nore F F a: ‘ : ' tk Pwd sepa steht oak SED Wah ok gO igh ts BOE SE EWE es , 39 , 5 lhe Gopal Petgin cE : ‘ woe : Peay PM Manor TA run ie Recor a er a DC . ‘ , Poe. deed variate a Be TCR ey hae ' A Se trdeas Maherent ge Nats My 2 Wh Maa RAO Ae see wv : po dogs. toa ae ie eee ae re ‘ ce 4 , vr . oan a : ne nae hy yoy ' epee Gar hn ‘n ; i. ‘ oa Rania . oF : i . ‘ Aegan ge a Ree pet ‘ bee VRE EL WM Perncer es ny Soy eae? poser det worent ae pa ieeaaye axBersuna A cape gr etargek aheeate dt seteee ae eh AEP ONE Ppt hY Sehr igt ett Wop te rere yyinurs Pree ee Ctra reggie ¥ Prreeert dae he bogee PETES CO OL ee ae poet etbereeyee Pe DEMS Bg hoe de pea ey aye gee pp ee Satie br Peete wane ‘ rer eres kare ett opined ap by yer te F ‘ : aan a ;. rhe pee Z Pgelatitad: vopubpon a d Predere deeeysd od ae teas geass we Gtasas bitte =e qth Weatoee end od viper ’ ga gyn Rent etry Ci giearas on Widee rede k ree Prerecenrt Rt ieaa] tat ares wenn yet cp tie tryst ded age panies MQ ge de pee eins ot Po ae oe OU Ree eRe rytopest ties te ; fae Nel I Ai AD, yYud [WLI BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS $31 uvug - S Jk = rE = i a c re z e, ae = ieee = a = a Lf prs Pe) be) i > e LY = = - =| : a are B i 5 Ww pas — tep) s mas NOILLNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SS1Y¥VUdIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN Z z 2 z Re 2 z = Zz Sgr ee NS a > 5 2 IL 2S ai ae ~ = 2 “yp = SY = = VUdit_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIAS SAIYuVUE S ud SG rf 2 so y on. < — ” = = a. ty = cw 4 = a try =A < Sata: <= S wn YY = a S o — mo % = a = res] 2 ane 2 si = 3 — : | TUTION NOILNLILSN!I NVINOSHLINS S3!luvudi?1 LIBRARIES a Li e = is, Pe JE : : - : : : =) a > a = “Ae = e Ee ie fie, a — eo : ” rent y IYVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVINOSHLINS S3JIYVus aoe | = "= 2) = * 22) Fe 522) 2 So = < = < = Y)) 26 = S ot 2 & ce Cl ST Hn 7) . WM foun 22) no hi ag SW SYS OC ne ie) z= 2) $9 = NK 2 = 2 E = s SS z = 3 aT TUTION NOILNLILSNI_ S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT! ay 2 Wy Z 2 gic es e a z = = Ym 4 < = . = < ys pe oc =i ac = we 8S 7 S&S RES fea) pa Y te a 2 2 : = 3 sy) re) —J of TE NYVU IT LI BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS ic = Ss z ic OF Zz me —s 4 boot pan . xs Oo s = Lhe - = = S&S E > ee > = ee a 2 - “Gy = i e = B =) ergot bees = a 2 ITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYSIT_LIBRARIES. SMITHSONIAN AS 22) = w Za Se <2) ma Nes = = ee = = xr Oo 4 if a O = 2 = 2 yy = 2 - ‘2 = = a 2 a uyug ia LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN | INSTITUTION NOFMEILSNU: WINGS 1uVvy = ut = li = . eS LEB | = . > =) 3 $ iy => > af a i > raat a a ~ FE 2 Sy 5 2 re o = on _ 2 o HLSNI ” 2D (po MITHSONIAN ie NOILNLILSH z Se le = q = , AZ Slee En ae WY NSS ao z = AI ea NETO NEE y = 2 “gp * \ e = z = > : = > = = ” Ps t¢p) ; = uw im ». 2, RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYSIT Ss NOILNLILSNI 1LSN a ENG SMITHSONIAN Lhe. I7_LIBRARIE IN NOILNLILSNI li LHIBRARIES IN NOILALILSNI OE (ff 17 LIBRARIES NVINOSHLINS S3IY¥Vvudiy ga LIBRARIES ee ee INSTITUTION _NOILALILSN IN University of the State of New York BV EEEZLEN OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Doerector VOL. 6 No. 29 October 1899 PRELIMINARY LIST OF NEW YORK .MAMMALS BY GERRIT S. MILLER jr ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK .. 1899 Msom-Jagg-1500 Price I 5 cents YEAR 1874 1892 1873 1877 1877 1877 1878 1881 1881 1883 1885 1885 1888 1890 1890 1893 1894 1895 1895 1897 1897 1899 University of the State of New York REGENTS Anson Jupp Upson, D.D. LL.D. L.H.D. Chancellor, Glens Falls CHARLES R. SKINNER, M.A. ILJUAID). WiLi1aAmM CroswELL Doane, D.D. LL.D. Vice-Chancellor, Albany MartTIN I. Townsend, M.A. LL.D. - - — Troy CHaunceEY M. Depew, LL.D. = = _ New York CuHaRLES E. Fircu, LL.B.-M.A. L.H.D.° — =) Rochester Orris H. Warren, D.D. - ~ - _ Syracuse WHITELAW REID, LL.D. — = ete — New York Witiiam H. Watson, M.A. M.D. - = = Utica Henry E. TURNER = = = = — — Lowville St Criair McKetway, LL.D. L.H.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn Hamitton Harris, Ph.D. LL.D. SS = Albany: DanteEL BeacuH, Ph.D. LL.D. = — _ Watkins CARROLL E. SmitH, LL.D. — _ - — Syracuse ‘Puiny T. Sexton, LL.D. - - - Palmyra T. GuILForD SmitH, M.A. C.E. LL. o. = — Buffalo Lewis A. Stimson, B.A. M.D. = = = New York SYLVESTER MALONE — - — — ~ — Brooklyn ALBERT VANDER VEER, M.D. Ph. D. — = Albany Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio” CHESTER S. Lord, M.A. LL.D. - = a — Brooklyn TimotHy L. Wooprurr, M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio THEODORE ROOSEVELT, B.A. LL.D. Governor, ex officio 1899 JoHN T. McDonoucu, LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio SECRETARY MELvIL DEwey, M. A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1888 Metvit Dewey, M.A. Administrative, State library and Home Education 1890 JAMES RusSSELL Parsons JR, M.A. College and High School dep'ts 1890 FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Ph.D. State museum va yr V\ fry University of the State of New York Peles. iY LN OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director VOL. 6 No. 29 October 1899 PRELIMINARY LIST - OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK BY GERRIT S. MILLER jr ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1899 CONTENTS Introductions 2 htm eee eine eer ee Sere sueuevatetene eer space 2 Eistory othe liston New Mork manimallspen cr cmeiye eer err gp?) Typelocalities am) New WOrkc8 alec: sie =< cleticincne cence tees 279 [ite:zones Of Newer Viorlan tac teae ists 66 ioicvcl-re colors e eye on aero meeeere 280 Tsistyofimamnmalsy ys sve clone essere ey ery eisle eile eee) re eae eee 292 explanation es mat nco sista mieten aeons Rg seeks: Uke eae ean ge 292 ING CEMERSPECIES a lotta es om aie ciara Noa aunars ee eee 293 POSSUMSDECTES eisia Wectedevate eens ae mite shclape stan hee ecttae Ca are 372 Biblio pray eh ans eee icce Mere Na ave n te enn Sren tober epee rae aurea ee Neem 376 EM Gx os ccc rsiec cea ie wicves sabe menele etencrcleay me opumti te laletoisle ei tela ge esee te leuemoe 387 NOTE BY THE DIRECTOR The long period of time which has elapsed since the publication of De Kay’s report on the zoology of New York in 1842 and the great pro- gress of systematic zoology during that interval have made it important for the New York state museum to issue a systematic description of the New York mammals at present known. In seeking for some one properly equipped to prepare this important contribution, the director was brought, through the courtesy of Dr C. Hart Merriam, into com- munication with Gerrit S. Miller jr, who-has undertaken and com- pleted the work. As the editing rules in bibliography,! adopted by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, are materially different from those which Mr Miller is in the habit of following, he has asked to be relieved of all responsibility for any errors that might be introduced in the editorial revision of this part of the work. ‘The director takes pleasure in reliev- ing Mr Miller from this responsibility, though he believes that sufficient care has been taken to make the work entirely reliable. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director 1 Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon; e. g. 3:150 means volume 38, page 150. Preliminary list of the Mammals of New York INTRODUCTION At the suggestion of Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill, director of the New York state museum, I have prepared the following preliminary list of the mainmals of New York. To write a preliminary paper on this subject 14 years after the appearance of Dr C. Hart Merriam’s two volumes on the mammals of the Adirondack region, and 56 years after the publica- tion of De Kay’s elaborate work on the mammals of the state at large, may at first seem paradoxical. Nevertheless one of the most important re- sults of the recent greit increase in our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of New York is the realization that nothing more than preliminary work can be done now. The whole area of the state must receive a thorough biologic survey before final results can be expected. To aid in preparing the way for such a final investigation is the main purpose of this paper. My aim is to bring together the scattered published knowledge of the subject rather than to add any considerable mass of new facts. HISTORY OF THE LIST OF NEW YORK MAMMALS The first important work on the mammals of New York was pub- lished by DeKay in 1842 as part one of the Zoology of New York.} In this work 70 mammals are recorded as forming part of the natural fauna of the state. Seven of these, Didelphis virginiana, opossum, Sorex parvus ( =Blarina parva), small shrew, Sorex carclinensis ( =Blarina brevi- cauda carolinensis), short-tailed shrew, A7vicola xanthognathus ( =Microtus xanthognathus), yellow-cheeked meadow mouse, Rangifer tarandus ( -Rangifer caribou), caribou, Rorgualus borealis ( =Sibbaldius borealis) silver-bottom whale, and De/phinis delphis, porpoise, are included with- out definite knowledge of their occurrence within the boundaries of the state. Eight others, Sorex dekayt ( =Blarina brevicauda, short-tailed shrew), Otisorex platyrhinus ( =Sorex personatus, masked shrew), AZustela Jusca (=Putorius richardsoni cicognant, Bonaparte’s weasel), Sciurus niger ( =black phase of S. carolinensis /eucotis, northern gray squirrel), AZus americanus (=M. rattus, black rat), Arvicola hirsutus ( =Microtus penn- 1¥For full title see bibliography, p. 379. 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sylvanicus, meadow mouse), Arvicola oneida ( =Microtus pennsylvanicus, meadow mouse), and A. alborufescens (=Evotomys gapperi, common red-backed mouse), prove to have been founded on insufficient charac- ters. One species (Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides, northern pine mouse) described by Audubon and Bachman in 1841 from specimens taken on Long Island, De Kay omits. ‘Therefore the total number of known New York mammals in 1842 was 56. During the 40 years immediately following the publication of De Kay’s work, the list of New York mammals received only three additions: Neotoma pennsylvanica, cave rat, recorded by Baird in 1857 under the specific name /loridana, Parascalops breweri, hairy-tailed mole, recorded by Baird in 186s under the name Scalops brewer’ and Alyotis subulatus, Say’s bat, recorded by H. Allen in 1863, and for the first time dis- tinguished from JZ. lucifugus, little brown bat ( =the Vespertilio subulatus of De Kay). It is possible that the supposed occurrence of the opossum was confirmed during this period; but I have been unable to determine when the first definite record of this animal as an inhabitant of New York was published.. Most of the eliminations to which I have referred were, however, made during this period by Baird, Coues and J. A. Allen. From 1842 to 1882 there appeared no important paper dealing specially with the mammals of New York, a clear indication that the stability of the list during this time resulted from lack of interest in the subject rather than from fulness of knowledge. After De Kay, the first writer to deal extensively with the mammals of New York was Dr C. Hart Merriam, who issued two volumes on the mammals of the Adirondack region in 1882 and 1884. At about the same time he published several short special papers which, together with the volumes just mentioned, give the results of 15 years’ field work in northern New York. It is not surprising therefore to find recorded in this short period as many additions to the mammalian fauna of the state as were made during the preceding 4o years. ‘The species added to the New York list by Merriam at this time are: Sciwropterus sabrinus macrotis, Canadian flying squirrel (84d, p. 108) Sorex fumeus,? smoky shrew (’84d, p. 77), and Zamzas striatus lysteri, northeastern chipmunk (86, p. 242). This number appears small in view of the fact that more than twice as many species have since been added to the New York list from the Adirondack region alone. It is, however, a good illustration of the futility of even the most determined efforts, unaided by the methods of collecting afterward perfected chiefly by Dr Merriam himself. 1 Recorded as S. volucella hudsonica. 2 Recorded as S. platyrhinus. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 275 During the past ro years the results of these improved methods have made a strong impress on the list of New York mammals. In this com- paratively short period 18 additions have been recorded, raising the total number known to have occurred in the state within historic times | to 81. These additions, arranged chronologically, are: Tursiops tursio (Fabricius), porpoise (True, ’89, p. 34). Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, porpoise (True, ’89, p. 56, 57). Napeozapus insignis Miller, woodland jumping-mouse (Miller, ’93A<, Deel Peromyscus canadensis (Miller), Canadian white-footed mouse (Miller, ’93b, p. 56). Sorex albibarbis (Cope), water shrew (Miller, ’94, p 181). Lepus floridanus transitionalis (Bangs), northeastern cottontail (Bangs, "95, P+ 405). Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen, eastern prairie cottontail (Bangs, ’g5, Pp. 409). Sorex hoyi Baird, Hoy’s shrew (Merriam, ’g5, p. 90). Sciurus hudsonicus loguax Bangs, southeastera red squirrel (Bangs, "96d, p. 161). Synaptomys coopert Baird, bog lemming (Batchelder, ’96a, p. 185). Microtus chrotorrhinus Miller, rock vole (Batchelder, ’g6a, p. 188). futorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan), southeastern mink (Bangs, 96a, p. 4): Sorex macrurus Batchelder, big-tailed shrew (Batchelder, ’96b, Pp. 133)- Pipistrellus subjiavus subflavus (¥. Cuvier), Georgia bat (Fisher, ’96 p- 196). Pipistrellus subjflavus obscurus Miller, dusky bat (Miller, ’97b, p. 93). Microtus nesophilus Bailey, Gull Island mouse (Bailey, ’98a, p. 86; ’98b, p. 783). Evotomys gappert rhoadsi Store, New Jersey red-backed mouse (Mearns ’98a, p. 333). Synaptomys fatuus Bangs, northein bog lemming (Mearns, ’98b, p. 348). In the following table the growth of the list of New York mammals is shown in parallel columns. The names used by De Kay (’42) are given in the left hand column,' those used by Merriam (782, ’84 and ’85) in the second, those adopted in the present paper in the third and the English names in the fourth. 1 From De Kay’s list I omit the species included without definite knowledge of their occurrence in New York. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 276 Jer 8BAvO OSNOUL PO}00J-9}1YMA UeIpeavyg dSLLOUL U1o}svaqj10U qvi osnog 4ri yovlq esnout esnoy I9ALIG WBOTIOUY Jeattnbs sardy weipeaeg JeqiInbs suid urt9qynos YouTapoom yunwMd yo a19}svoq}100 yunwMdrmys utoasveyjnos [e1aimbs xXoj U10}svoy}100 paqooy-aj tT] A Jouitnbs Avis a1eqjr0u Jedttnbs pod u19e}svoqjnos [edainbs poi uvipearg esooul 1Qidva 110}9¥89 IOOP VIULGILA OSL Weoley O[ByM Fold e[eyM wards e[VYM pason-a1}}0q TOT Usp yoviq estodiod ioqaiey estodsod osiodaod tunssodo (LIE ‘d) volmvaytAstuod MORO ON se ee eo isa s SIS SISISS SS Sie, Oo, OU aioe Ie Seas: ee EN Ee Seer a ae 5 (91g ‘d) sisuopuuLo snossmoddg (gT¢'d) sisnedv10qoa0u Sudoona[ sudshuto018g (eTg¢ ‘d) snuvmnoop sn (prg “d) snqqes snp (e1g ‘d) sn[nosnm snyq (11g ‘d) stsuepeuvs 10j8e9 (OTE ‘d) Stjo19 vm snuIIqes Sn19ydo.mi9g (60g ‘d) savjoa sni90jydointos (gog ‘d) xvuow sAutujo1y (10g °d) 110784, sngeLiys seimey, (L0g ‘d) sngvi4gs sujetaj)s sermey, (90g ‘d) Snu1olA SuuvIotAOpny snantog (p0g “d) styoone| Sismeuljorrs sututog (gog ‘d) xenboy snotuospny snantog (z0g °d) snotuuids snotnospug snaniog (Zog ‘d) snuvoliome od, y (00g ‘d) stsuopeueo snareg (66g ‘d) Snuvorzeule snelLlooopCO (16¢ °4) uostq aostg (16z °d) votjoresio vuoeleg (162 ‘d) snjeqdsdoor1ovu aajesAqd (96g “d) sngeajso1 NOpoorted APT (96g °d) vo10 voIG (96¢ ‘d) sejom snyeqdoaniqory (g6z d) vuevooyd vaavooyd (egg -d) stydjep snuiqdjeq (e6z ‘d) o1suny sdotsany, (¢6¢ ‘d) vaermisaia siqdepic. sndoons, s{tuo0190lsaxy SnuUvMnoep su §nqj}B1 Suyq SN]|MOsnw snyq SISUIPLORD LEqYy 10}8VQ BoLUOSpNyY B[[EoN[OA Sn10ydvautosg V[PON[OA snaeydoantog xvmou sAWl0JO1V SHAR IYS SBLOIB], SNILIUId TaHIM SUINIOg SI}OONIT SISUOMI[OIVO SN.AULIG SNOLUOSpNY suani90g SNUBOIIOMLB 9O[V siswapeued snAdap SNUBIUIGATA SNOBLIGD eee e esc ees Cece wees ee es peewee co ae SUOLULLOEP Sn SNUBOLIOUIB SN &1)JR1 SUI SN[UDSUUL sy 1aqy 1098vg Vlfeonpoa sLut1984,7 sudoono] su § ’ xvuoul S{wo0j}o1y SN4vli4s sniniog snuidpua sninlog SIZOoneT, smog 1aslU SnAaniog SNIUOSpuy Snantog SdO[V SNAIOD snuvolreme snydelq sisuepvurod snyde[q SUULIULOIIA SLAIOD SLUBOIIEING UOSTG snyoorjsAu VUORleg snpeydodo.1ovur 19j0sdq J $N.}V.9SO1 Snyenbsoy volo VUDBIOU sve snpeqdooiqo[y SIUNMMOD BUBKOLUT ~aN ~~ _ HIMVN NOWWOO MaTIIN WVINNdM AVX Ad 277 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK WOOdDRI Ioysy Ud} 1B UL JosvoM yIOX MON Josvom s,ajrvdeu0g YALU Ul9ySBeq} Nos FULT ULd}Svoy}IOU OUTLIA[O dS yuUnyzs 10}}0 T19}Svoq}100 1v9q Yovytq FIOM w9q way XOf por XOF AVIS xuAT vpearg -4VO PTA roq} aed u104ysvoyjzioU ervey sudaivA Ute {NOS| [29109909 s171eid TIe}SsBe [le}109400 U19}SvOT}I0U [{8}U09}}09 U1IYy INOS eurdno10d upeaeg esnou-Saidmuf purjpooa esnotu-surdunl Moprem SUIMU], SOq U10U Aon SULUTLET SOG JVLYSNUL esnow dud uzey jou esnom puRisyT [ny OSsSnou MOpPvI O[OA 90a esnoul pexovq-por Aos1ee MON 9SNOU payovg-poil WoMUI0D (#G¢ ‘d) 1030, wofd01g (poe ‘d) yuBuued vo}snj (ggg ‘d) BUBOTIOMB BlOISN] (gee d) sisueovroqosou sni10jng (Teg “d) tuvusoolo snti0jng (oge ‘d) snieqdoooerjny UOSIA sntiojng (ogg ‘d) WOSIA NOSIA snf10gng (oes ‘d) snosny ojnyg (ape -d) vorrmdeu siztydeyy (L¥¢ ‘d) sisuepvaro Sisuopruros vaguy (npg °d) snuroloumey snsiQ (epg ‘d) styByneprooo siaKD (Crs ‘d) snaqny sodin a (Tre ‘d) sneyuesivoersuto WoAD01—) (6¢¢ ‘d) sisuopeavo xudq (Ope ‘d) Suggnrt xuaAry (9g¢ ‘d) soqsepoddiy sisuou0se10 SL[OY (ceg ‘d) snueiursi1A snuvotieme sudoy (pee ‘d) 1saivew snuepiog sndo qT (ege ‘d) sipeuorimuey snavpiuog sndoT (zee ‘d) snany[em snuepiuog sndey (1g ‘d) SnzVsi1op UOZIQge1q (ogg ‘d) stusisar sndezoovdeyy (6z¢ ‘d) sniaospny sndez (6z¢ ‘d) sungey situozdeuty (gg¢ ‘d) t1edoo9 sXAmojdeaig (Leg “d) snoryqoqiz aeqry (9z¢ ‘d) seprosdopvos mnaojourd snyzo10i yy (#z¢e °d) supTyPdoseu snjos Ty (egg ‘d) snormealAsuned snyoxr01yy (gag ‘d) snaiqa10zo1 yO Ssuyor0 IT (1é¢ “d) ispvoga 1reddes sXtn0j0\q (ete d) rmedded izeddes sku0j0\ 7 I0}OT UOAVOIg Juvuttod vpoysny BVUVdITIUB VloISnA VauULwlLa SUTLIOZN | S{IBS[WA Suldojng UOSIA SuLIOgNg SNOsuy opUy voryiqdout siyiydayy SISUAPLURD VAIN] SNUBITLOMWL SUSI sndny sturg snoiuvAyAsunod siivs[na sudjn A sismepvuro xa (rT snjut xaiq7 . IO[OIWOD Sto SNUBIULSIIA SHUBOLIO MIN snilary } snuBvdotioMy sudo] gsnoizea[ds sunday SNZVSLOP TOZIYJoany , sniuospng sndez SOTO! 4 1OQ IH wWnao0jIUtd vlooLAIy SNIIVAIT CVIOOIATY Todds snjyna shu10}0\ q 1030] wofLoor1g SISUIPVMLO VlO}SN So}IVUL BlOISU|L SISTODVAIOGOAOU SULIOING BOSNy BlOISN]L eTpisud Bloysnyy WOSTA SHILO|N snosny opus VUBILIOWL SIZI[desL sisuepRarod BIZUTT SNUBILIOTIL SNSIP) SI[VyUaptlooo snduT Snapuz sodn 4 SNUBIMISIIA SOdTDA St[vodoy SuoudrT Snjni snoaudryp IO[OOUOD SI[AT snuvolzowe sndoy snuva sudeT SEOs DN xTigsAp (Sma ecatonranestns LOOLALY Vplouo KlOOLATW SNINSILY BLOOAIY SNL BLOOIALY SUGISOTUT VIOOLAIY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 278 qeq por geq Arvoy qvq UAOIG yeq Aysup JBQ BIG1004) 4eq AIOATIS| qeq 8,Avg 7Vq UMOLA O[F}IT Q[OW posou-reqs| O[OUL po] 1B}-AILBY, [OW p»[lB]-poxvu MOIS POTI’I-310YS8 MOIYS S,AOF MOIYS payseu MoeLYS Po[lB}-s1q Moigs Ayous MOLYS 19} V Ad [Bes popoog [ves 1oqiey GWYN NOWMOO (OLE ‘d) sijewetoq snaniseyT (69g ‘d) Ssuoteanto snainisey (69g ‘d) snosny or; 4aredgo 4 (g9g ‘d) snimosqo snavpqns sujpeijsidig (g9¢ ‘d) snavpqns snavyqus sntpousidig {19g ‘d) Stesvatjoou siteqgoAuoseT (99g ‘d) sngepuqns s1yoA yy (ggg “d) snsngrony syd yy (79g ‘d) vg9RISI10 BANTApTOD (g9¢ ‘d) t1oMorq Sdojvoseaeg (zog ‘d) snotyenbe sdojrog (09g ‘d) vpnvoracrq valaelg (09g d) 14oq xorog (6g¢ ‘d) snyvuosied xo10g (geg °d) snanzovm xor0g (1Gg ‘d) snewnyg xo10g (1¢g “U) siqruqiqye xer0g (g¢g ‘d) vyeqsti0 vroydoysdg (egg “d) Bulpuzta wood SISMIDBIOGoAOM BVYyde(eyy voloulo Vqyduypeyy Snosny snujoses osniodsa A SUBSLATIIOU OSNIEdSO A t snyelnqns o1[1j1edso A. @)BISILO van, ApuoD snuvoiieue snaedvog snowenbe sdopvas SpuvolAoiq VULLel[g 119009 xa10g BUI[N{LA Booyd SISMIDBIOGaAOU O1[IEds9 A snsouinid o1fg1edso A. SISUOUL[OIBO OL[1}10dS80 A SUBSBAT}OON OT] T410d80 A sSnyvpnqus o1tys0dso 4 eqyeqsi1o Bin,[Apuog wees ee ee tee eee tee eee eee ees snouevnube sdolvag SISUOUI[OIVO XOLOG SNnpNVvolAaediq Xo10g 1Avyop xo10g snuigtdyryid xe10si3O 119}SIOF XOIOG Sn4ejsti) sudozvma@iys IO[OOUOd Boy MATIN WYINUIN AVM Ad PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 279 ‘TYPE LOCALITIES IN NEW YORK Thirty one descriptions of supposed new mammals have been based on specimens from New York state. Of these 20 are now regarded as applying to previously named species, but the proper arrangement of the untenable names in synonymy so largely depends on an exact knowledge of specimens taken at the original locality (‘topotypes’). that the matter assumes a special importance from the point of view of systematic zoology. The names based on New York specimens with the localities at which the latter were taken are as follows! : Llaphus americanus De Kay (’42, p.120) Near mouth of Raquette river, Elephas americanus De Kay (42, p. 101) Ten miles east of Rochester. Sciuropierus sabrinus macrotis Mearns (’98 b, p. 353) Hunter mountain (Catskills). Mus americanus De Kay (42, p. 81) Rockland co. Mus agrarius americanus Kerr (92, p. 23t) New York state. Mus sylvaticus noveboracensis Fischer (’29, p. 318) New York State. Sitomys americanus Canadensis Miller (’93 b, p. 55) Peterboro, Madison co. Lemmus noveboracensis Rafinesque (’22, p. 3) Southern New York. Arvicola rufescens De Kay (’42,p. 85) Low grounds near Oneida lake. Arvicola oneida De Kay (’42, p. 88) Oneida lake. Arvicola scalopsoides Audubon and Bachman (’41, p.97) Long Island. Arvicola fulvus Audubon and Bachman (’41, p. 295) St Lawrence co. Microtus insularis Bailey (98, p. 86) Great Gull Island. Lynx montanus Rafinesque (17, p. 46) Catskill mountains. felis ruffa Gueldenstaedt (’76, p. 484) Central New York. Mustela pusilla De Kay (42, p. 34) New York state. Mustela fusca Bachman (41, p.94) Suffolk co. Futorius agilis Audubon and Bachman (’54, p. 184) Rockland co. Putorius noveboracensis Emmons (’40, p. 45) New York state. Phoca concolor De Kay ('42, p. 53) New York harbor. Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay (42. p.22) Tappan, Rockland co Sorex dekayi Bachman (’37 b, p. 377) Queensco, — 1 Names now regarded as tenable printed in HEAVY TYPE 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sorex fumeus Miller (’95, p. 50) Peterboro, Madison co. Sorex macrurus Batchelder (96 b, p. 133) Keene Heights, Essex co. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller (’97 c, p. 93) Lake George. Vespertitio borealis Miiller (776, p. 20) New York state. Vespertilio gryphus F, Cuvier (’32, p. 15) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio salarii F. Cuvier (’32, p. 15) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio crassus F. Cuvier (732, p. 18) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio caroli Temminck (35-41, p. 237) Vicinity of New York city. f Atalapha fuscata Rafinesque (’20, p. 2) Northern New York. LIFE ZONES OF NEW YORK The importance of an acquaintance with the life areas of a region as a key to the geographic distribution of its animals and plants is hardly to be overestimated. Indeed one of the most significant of recent develop- ments in faunal zoology is the growing recognition of this fact. Such knowledge furnishes a ready and exact means of defining the ranges of species without the tedious enumeration of isolated localities, and offers moreover an explanation of the principal factor governing those associations of species that constitute local faunae and florae. ! Briefly defined, a life zone is a transcontinental area bounded by certain isothermal lines and characterized by relative uniformity of fauna and flora. Together with the isotherms a life zone normally extends in an approximately east and west direction, but both are sub- ject to endless deviations. Elevations in the surface of the earth cause the life zones to bend to the southward, often many hundreds of miles beyond their normal sea-level position, while hot, dry plains have an opposite, though less, effect. Furthermore a zone is not neces- sarily continuous. It often happens that isolated hills and mountains reach a sufficient hight to have about their summits the climatic condi- tions characteristic of a more northerly zone than that at their bases. If there has ever been direct means of communication between such an isolated zonal island and the main body of the life area to which it be- longs, its fauna will more closely resemble that of the latter than that of the immediately contiguous region.? This is however to a certain degree 1 In this connection see especially Miller, 98. 2 On mountains situated far enough south and rising to a sufficient altitude, several successive zones will be encountered between base and summit (see Merriam, 790). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 281 dependent on the extent of the “island”. Thus the Hudsonian area in northern New York, while large enough to support a characteristic flora, is apparently too small to be inhabited by any typical Hudsonian assemblage of mammals. Effects similar to those of elevation are pro- duced by isolated swamps (see Bailey ’96, p. 250-51 and Batchelder, ’96a, p. 192-93) and cold rock slides (see Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188 and Miller, 798, p. 615-18). northerly zone is less frequently met with though it occasionally occurs. The reverse condition of a southern island in a more In North America seven life zones are represented. These are (beginning at the north) the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, transition, upper austral, lower austral and tropical. ‘The temperatures limiting these life areas are tabulated as follows, by Mernam (’94, p. 237, 798, P. 55): determined by an isotherm representing the sum of the positive tem- It is to be noticed that the northern limit of each zone is peratures for the entire season of growth and reproduction, and that the southward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year, ( Merriam, ’94, p. 237, "98, p- 54): Governing temperatures NORTHERN LIMIT SOUTHERN ULIMIT ZONES Sum of normal mean daily temperatures above 6° ec. (48° F.) Normal mean tempera- ture of six hottest consecutive weeks iO © 12, PANIC LNG Meteeteleyeceictervoretarclcieleiaierorsincielelsieielejsielorereictetsictorare 110 150 Hudsonian . 114 157.2 Canadian .. 18 64.4 UNSTAOL Ms eo cao SOOO COC SHE On a6 Sone OrErOne ccce 22 71.6 Upper austral 26 78.8 Lower austral UM RO) Obs 5 sadanneddcoodboseenn cao oDooboUs oodco were sere ee | veneer eneee peeeserces | corer esscee Within the limits of New York state, with its north and south extent of only 260 miles, the irregularities of surface are such that no less than four life zones are represented. The areas that they occupy within the state are briefly as follows: Hudsonian: Summits of the highest Adirondacks (and possibly of the Catskills also} above the region of perfect forest growth. Canadian: Adirondack forest region, and many ‘islands’ on hilltops to the southward, specially in the Catskills. 1 Estimated fiom insufficient data. 2 It is probable that a fifth, the Arctic, should be recognized as occupying the treeless summits of ome of the highest Adirondack peaks. The data are at present insufficient. 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Transition: The main agricultural portion of the state Upper austral: Hudson valley, the western part of Long Island, and the lake region. While this is in general the distribution of the life zones in New York the details are very imperfectly known. A study of these details would be the first and most important step in a survey of the kind to which this paper is intended as a preliminary. The economic importance of such a survey in its bearing on the selection of crops for certain areas and the avoidance of crop parasites is very great. (See Howard ’g5, Merriam ’98, and Plumb ’98.) Throughout this paper the geographic distribution of species will be stated so far as possible in terms of life zones. The salient features of the different zones however may first be considered in some detail. Hudsonian zone. ‘The area occupied by the Hudsonian zone in New York is too limited to support a characteristic mammalian fauna. Microtus chrotorrhinus, a typical Hudsonian mammal, probably occurs throughout the Adirondack region in favorable localities (see p. 322) in the area covered by the Canadian zone. It has also been found in the Catskills associated with Synaptomys fatuus, another Hudsonian species. At least one Hudsonian bird (A/ylocichla aliciac bickneli) breeds in the Catskills, while several such as FParus hudsonicus, Spinus pinus and Ficoides americanus are found in the Adirondacks. Among the flowering plants a number of characteristic Hudsonian forms occur on the summits of the higher Adirondacks. Peck (’80) enu- merates the following species from the summit of Mt Marcy: Solidago alpestris Alpine golden-rod! Nabalus nanus low rattlesnake-root Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf bilberry Vaccinium uliginosum great bilberry Rhododendron lapponicum Lapland rose bay Arenaria groenlandica mountain sandwort Diapensia lapponica diapensia : Limpetrum nigrum black crowberry Salix uva-ursi bearberry willow Juncus trifidus highland rush Scirpus caespitosus tufted club-rush Carex bigelovit Bigelow’s sedge Poa laxa wavy meadow-grass Savastana alpina Alpine holy grass. 1 The English names for plants are thosezladopted by Britton and Brown (796, ’97 and 98). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 283 The period of active plant growth in this zone covers slightly less than half the year. In a list of lepidoptera of the Adirondack region Lintner (’80) records 11 species of moths (P#alaenidae) all of which occur on Mt Washington, New Hampshire, and many of which are found also in Labrador, Iceland, Lapland, the Alps of central Europe, and the high mountains of western North America. It is probable that these should be regarded as Hudsonian forms, though more strictly speaking they may be members of the Arctic fauna. Canadian zone. In New York the characteristic mammals of the Canadian zone are: Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Canadian red squirrel Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Canadian flying squirrel Peromyscus canadensis Canadian white-footed mouse Evotomys gapperi gappert common red-backed mouse Napacozapus insignis _ woodland jumping-mouse Putorius vison vison northern mink Sorex albibarbis water shrew Sorex fumeus smoky shrew Sorex macrurus' big-tailed shrew Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat Many Canadian birds breed in New York, but it is necessary to mention a few of the more characteristic only. Among these are: Dendragapus canadensis Canada grouse * Bonasa umbellus togata northern ruffed grouse Ficoides arcticus Arctic three-toed woodpecker Eimpidonux flaviventris yellow-bellied flycatcher Contopus borealis olive-sided flycatcher Perisoreus canadensis Canada jay Loxia leucoptera white-winged crossbill Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow Junco hyemalis slate-colored junco Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia vireo Dendroica maculosa magnolia warbler Dendroica coronata myrtle warbler Dendroica blackburniae Blackburnian warbler Anorthura hiemalis winter wren Regulus satrapa , golden-crowned kinglet Flylocichla ustulata swainsoni olive-backed thrush 1 This animal is so slightly known that its faunal position is still! doubtful. 2 The English names for birds are those adopted by the American ornithologists union (95). 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plants have as yet been so little studied with regard to zonal distribu- tion that it is impossible to give a complete list of those whose southern limit coincides with that of the Canadian zone. ‘The following species however belong with little doubt to this category:! Clintonia borealis Vagnera trifola Onifolium canadense Streptopus amplexifolius Streptopus roseus Flabenaria orbiculata Habenaria obtusata Betula papyrifera Alnus alnobetula Coptis trifolia Actaea rubra Actaea alba Licuculla canadensis Mitella nuda Ribes prostratum Dalbarda repens Fragaria canadensis Potentilla fruticosa Sorbus americana Llicoides mucronata Acer spicatum Circaea alpina Panax guinguefolium Cornus canadensis Ledum palustre Ledum groenlandicum Kalmia glauca Chiogenes hispidula Gentiana linearis Sambucus pubens Viburnum alnifolium Linnaea borealis yellow clintonia three-leaved Solomon’s seal false lily-of-the-valley clasping-leaved twisted-stalk sessile leaved twisted-stalk large round-leaved orchis small northern bog orchis paper birch green or mountain alder gold-thread red baneberry white baneberry squirrel corn naked bishop’s cap fetid currant -dalibarda northern wild strawberry shrubby cinquefoil American mountain ash wild or mountain holly mountain maple smaller enchanter’s nightshade ginseng low or dwarf cornel narrowed-leaved Labrador tea Labrador tea pale or swamp laurel creeping snowberry narrow-leaved gentian red-berried elder hobble-bush twin-flower While it may be that a few of the species enumerated are not of them- selves sufficient to stamp a region as Canadian, no locality outside of this zone can have a fauna and a flora in which the mammals, birds and plants of these three lists predominate. The period of plant 1 These are mostly included among the plants found on the Adirondack league club tract. (Smith _ 794 and °98). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 285, activity in the Canadian zone covers slightly more than half the year. The season is therefore too short to allow this region to assume much agricultural importance. ‘In favored spots particularly along the southern border white potatoes, turnips, beets and the more hardy Russian apples and cereals may be cultivated with moderate success.”” (Merriam 798, Pp. 20) Transition zone. The transition zone, which covers the greater part of New York state, is as its name suggests a region of intergrada- tion between the boreal and austral life areas. More strictly speaking it is an area in which the extreme southern limit of a small but considerable number of boreal species overlaps the extreme northern limit of a large number of austral species. Its fauna and flora are therefore not readily susceptible of positive characterization, specially since few species are strictly confined to its limits. It may perhaps be best recognized negatively, that is by the absence of strictly boreal and strictly austral forms of life. In New York at least two mammals are peculiar to the transition zone. ‘Theseare both races of cottontail, Lepus floridanus transitionalis in the east and L. foridanus mearnsi in the west. A race of white-footed mouse Feromyscus leucopus noveboracensis 1s also supposed to be confined to the transition zone, but the status of this subspecies is still open to question and it may eventually be shown that the animal is not separable from the typical upper austral form of the species. These three animals are of distinct southern affinities. At least six other austral mammals find their northern limit in the transition zone. They are: Sciurus hudsonicus loguax southeastern red squirrel Sciuropterus volans southern flying squirrel Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides northern pine mouse Putorius vison lutreocephalus southeastern mink Scalops aquaticus naked-tailed mole Vespertilio fuscus brown bat On the other hand only the three following northern species range into this zone without passing south of it. These are: Tamias striatus lystert northeastern chipmunk Putorius richardsont cicognant Bonaparte’s weasel Farascalops breweri hairy-tailed mole The occurrence of this assemblage of -mammals, together with the absence of the species mentioned in the lists of Canadian and upper austral species, will serve to identify any part of the transition zone in New York. 286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the bird fauna of the transition zone southern species again pre- dominate in a ratio of more than two to one. Some of the New York birds that find their northern breeding limit in this zone but which have an extensive range to the southward are: Colinus virginianus Bonasa umbellus umbellus Lenaidura macroura Coccyzus americanus Antrostomus vociferus Lmpidonax minimus LIcterus galbula Lipilo erythrophthalmus Ammodramus savannarum passerinus Ammodramus caudacutus Cyanospiza cyanea Stelgidoptery.x serripennis Lanius ludovicianus migrans LfTelminthophila chrysoptera Dendroica aestiva Dendroica discolor Compsothly pis americana Cistothorus palustris Galeoscoptes carolinensis Hlarporhynchus rufus fiylocichla mustelina Sialia sialis bob-white ruffed grouse mourning dove yellow-billed cuckoo whip-poor-will least flycatcher Baltimore oriole towhee grasshopper sparrow sharp-tailed sparrow indigo bunting rough-winged swallow migrant shrike golden-winged warbler yellow warbler prairie warbler parula warbler long-billed marsh wren _catbird brown thrasher woodthrush bluebird On the other hand only about a dozen of the birds that find their southern breeding limit in the transition zone of New York range widely toward the north. Podilymbus podiceps Eimpidonax trailhi alnorum Carpodacus purpureus Vireo solitarius Helminthophila rubricapilla Dendroica caerulescens Dendroica pennsylvanica Parus atricapillus FTylocichla ustulata swainsoni LLylocichla fuscescens Some of these are: pied-billed grebe alder flycatcher purple finch blue-headed vireo Nashville warbler black-throated blue warbler chestnut-sided warbler chickadee olive-backed thrush Wilson’s thrush PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 284 The almost total absence of exact knowledge of the distribution of plants is especially apparent when an attempt is made to catalogue the more prominent species characteristic of the transition zone. While there are doubtless many species confined to this zone it is impossible with the data at hand to make any positive statement concerning them. The flora of the region occupied by the transition zone may be recog- nized primarily by the absence of the strictly boreal and austral forms, and secondarily by the mixture of northern and southern types of which it is composed. As in the case of the mammals and birds the. austral elements predominate. The following southern flowering plants, among others, find their northern limit in some part of the transition zone: Pontederia cordata Trillium granaiflorum Trillium cernuum Lilium philadelphicum Smilax hispida Smilax herbacea Gyrostachys cernua Chamaecyparis thyoides Juglans nigra Ulmus fulva Ulmus racemosa Benzoin benzoin . Sassafras sassafras Dianthera americana Conopholis americana Pentstemon hirsutus Datura tatula Datura stramonium Asclepias verticillata Asclepias tuberosa . Azalea viscosa WVyssa aquatica Rhexia virginica Meibomia grandifiora Metbomia paniculata Crotalaria sagittalis Polygala polygama Polygala nuttallii pickerel-weed large-flowered wake-robin nodding wake-robin red lily hispid green-brier carrion-flower nodding ladies’ tresses southern white cedar black walnut slippery, red or moose elm cork or rock elm spice-bush sassafras or ague tree dense-flowered water willow squaw-root hairy beard-tongue purple thorn-apple Jamestown or jimson-weed whorled milkweed butterfly-weed swamp pink or honeysuckle large tupelo meadow-beauty pointed-leaved tick-trefoil panicled tick-trefoil rattle- box racemed milkwort Nuttall’s milkwort 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Among the northern species that find their southern limit somewhere in this zone may be mentioned: Cypripedium reginae showy ladies’ slipper Cypripedium hirsutum large yellow ladies’ slipper Cypripedium parvifiorum small yellow ladies’ slipper Arethusa bulbosa arethusa Taxus minor American yew Thiga occidentalis white cedar Tsuga canadensis hemlock Corema conradii _ Conrad’s broom crowberry Populus grandidentata large-toothed aspen Betula lutea yellow birch | f Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean Diervilla diervilla bush honeysuckle Comarum palustre purple or marsh cinquefoil Oxalis acetosella white or true wood-sorrel Plant life is active in this zone during two thirds of the year, and it is consequently the most northerly life area of any real agricultural impor- tance. ‘‘ Many vegetables. the sugar beet, chicory, oats and numerous varieties of plums, cherries, pears, grapes, white potatoes and cereals attain their highest perfection” (Merriam, ’98, p. 20). ‘The principal crops of the Atlantic division of the transition zone (‘ Alleghanian faunal area’) tabulated by Merriam (’88, p. 21-24) are: ; wheat (7 varieties) currants (11 varieties) barley black currants (4 varieties) rye apples (go varieties) corn (8 varieties) crab apples (16 varieties) sorghum pears (37 varieties) oats (5 varieties) quinces sugar beet cherries (31 varieties) buckwheat plums (41 varieties) hops grapes (17 varieties) white potatoes strawberries (13 varieties) flax There can be little doubt that the area occupied by the transition zone in New York has been very materially increased by the clearing away of the forests. The process of local extension of the transition zone may be observed in any region where Canadian forests are in process ol clearing from the southern side. As the cool forest cover- PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 289 ing is removed boreal species disappear, while their places are taken by austral forms. Instances of this process in New York have been cited by Miller (’93b. p. 63) and Mearns (’98b. p. 342, 345, 360). The observations of the former refer to the rapid replacement of the Canadian white-footed mouse, /eromyscus canadensis, by its more southerly reiative, ?. leucopus noveboracensis. Mearns says: “The interior region of the Catskills surrounding Kaaterskill Junction belongs, as a whole, to the Canadian, the lowest of the boreal faunae, though slightly mixed with the Alleghanian [transition] in the farming lands on the banks of Schoharie creek. There is some evidence, however, that certain mammals of the transition and upper austral zones, as the New England cottontail (Lepfus sylvaticus transitionalis), deer mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), have but lately extended their ranges to this locality by following up the clearings. ” The explanation of the climatic changes that induce this alteration in fauna would involve a more thorough knowledge of forest influence than is now available. Much could be done toward a solution of the problem by a thorough biologic and climatologic survey of a small Canadian area on the southern edge of the Adirondacks. After the normal conditions under which the Canadian fauna existed were well understood the area should be cleared and reduced to the condition of a brushy pasture. This. would give opportunity for a duplicate set of observations after the change in fauna had taken place, and from a com- parison of the two sets, important conclusions would undoubtedly be reached. Upper austral zone. The upper austral zone enters New York in two widely separated regions, the Hudson valley, and the extreme western part of the state in the “lake region.” In addition to the southern species already mentioned as extending their ranges into the transition zone the strictly characteristic mammals of the austral zone are: Didelphis virginiana opossum Tamias striatus striatus southeastern chipmunk Peromyscus leucopus leucopus southeastern white-footed mouse Neotoma pennsylvanica cave rat Lepus floridanus mallurus southeastern cottontail Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox Fipistrellus subfiavus subflavus Georgia bat Fipistrellus subjfiavus obscurus! dusky bat 1 The faunal position of this bat is not positively known. 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Characteristic birds of the upper austral zone which breed in New York are: Corvus ossifragus Cardinalis cardinalis Ammodramus maritimus Piranga rubra FHlelmitherius vermivorus Helminthophila pinus Seiurus motacilla Geothlypis formosa Icteria virens Wilsonia mitrata Mimus polyglottos Thryothorus ludovicianus Parus bicolor fish crow cardinal seaside sparrow summer tanager worm-eating warbler blue-winged warbler Louisiana water-thrush Kentucky warbler yellow-breasted chat Wilson’s warbler mocking bird Carolina wren tufted titmouse Among the flowering plants of the upper austral zone are many characteristic species. Some of those that occur in New York are:! Pinus virginiana Pinus echinata Andropogon glomeratus Commelina communis Commelina virginica Tradescantia virginiana Heteranthera reniformis Flelonias bullata Chrosperma muscaetoxicum Muscari racemosa Gemmingia chinensis Listera australis Saururus cernuus Quercus digitata Quercus marylandica Quercus phellos Broussonetia papyrifera Nelumbo lutea Magnolia acuminata Asimina triloba Capnoides flavulum Jersey pine yellow pine bushy beard-grass Asiatic day-flower Virginia day-flower spiderwort mud plantain swamp pink fly-poison starch grape-hyacinth blackberry lily southern twayblade lizard’s tail Spanish oak barren oak willow oak paper mulberry American lotus cucumber-tree North American papaw pale corydalis 1 All of these are recorded by Day (’82) Britton (’88) or Britton and Brown (795, ’97 and ’98). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Liguidambar styracifilua Crataegus uniflora Stylosanthes biflora Metbomia laevigata Meibomia viridifiora Lespedeza repens Lespedeza stuvet Galactia regularis Galactia volubils Strophostyles umbellata Ptelea trifoliata Euphorbia ipecacuanhae Luonymus americanus Ascyrum stans Lechea leggetti Aralia spinosa Lrythraea pulchella Asclepias variegata Lpomoea pandurata Cuscuta coryli Phlox subulata Monarda punctata Paulownia tomentosa Catalpa catalpa Diodia teres Viburnum nudum Viburnum prunifolium Lonicera sempervirens Flelianthus angustifolius Centaurea calcitrapa sweet gum dwarf thorn pencil-flower smooth tick-trefoil velvet-leaved tick-trefoil creeping bush-clover Stuve’s bush-clover milk pea downy milk pea pink wild bean three-leaved hop-tree wild ipecac strawberry bush St Peter’s-wort Leggett’s pin-weed Hercules’ club branching centaury white milkweed wild potato vine hazel dodder ground or moss pink horse-mint Paulownia catalpa, Indian bean rough button-weed larger withe-rod black haw trumpet honeysuckle narrow-leaved sunflower star thistle 291 In the upper austral zone plant life is dormant for a very short period, two to three months only. This is in fact the lowermost zone in which a complete winter cessation of vegetable activity occurs. Agriculturally the Atlantic division of the upper austral zone is of even more importance than that of the transition zone, since in it flourish a large proportion of the important crops of the latter, while in addition many wholly absent from the more northerly zone reach their highest state of perfection. The principal crops of the Atlantic division of the upper austral zone (‘Carolinian faunal area’) are thus tabulated by Merriam (’88, Pp: 32-36). 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wheat (6 varieties) lima beans oats (4 varieties) apples (123 varieties) barley crab apples (4 varieties) rye pears (43 varieties) buckwheat quinces (5 varieties) corn (8 varieties) plums (54 varieties) sorghum cherries (26 varieties) sugar beet é peaches (35 varieties) white potatoes nectarines (3 varieties) tobacco apricots (2 varieties) “sweet potatoes raspberries hemp strawberries (18 varieties) flax - grapes (30 varieties) cow-peas LIST OF MAMMALS EXPLANATION The subject-matter relating to each species in the present list is arranged so far as possible under seven heads, as follows: synonymy, type locality, faunal position, habitat, distribution in New York, principal records and remarks. The synonymies contain references to first use of specific name, first use of combination adopted, and to the names used by the principal writers on the mammals of the state. Occasionally references to recent monographic papers have been added. The only heading that calls for special remark is the sixth, “ principal records.” In this section I have brought together the essential parts of the records given by De Kay in the first volume of the Matural history of New York (42), by Merriam in his lammats of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York (’82 and ’84d), by Fisher in his Mammatls of Sing Sing WV. Y. (96) and by Mearns in his Study of the vertebrate fauna of the Hudson highlands (98a) and LVotes on the mammals of the Catskill mountains (’98b). ‘The Catskill records of Mearns are always given, but the Hudson highlands notes are generally omitted unless they contain matter supplementary to that recorded by Fisher. In this sec- tion I have included my own observations, made principally at Peter- boro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Finally I have added the greater part of a list of the mammals of the vicinity of Buffalo com- municated in a letter under date of March 3, 1898 by James Savage, and notes on the mammals of Long Island furnished by Arthur H. Helme of Miller Place, Suffolk co. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 293 Throughout this paper, except in the tables of synonymy, bibliographic references are made by what is now generally known as the “ Harvard” system. On pages 375~-385 is given a complete list of the works referred to arranged alphabetically by authors. Under each author the separate papers are placed chronologically, each preceded by an abbreviation of the date on which it appeared. These abbreviations serve as an index. Thus for instance the reference “J. A. Allen ’94b” would refer to the second paper published by J. A. Allen in 1894, the full citation of which may be found when needed. RECENT SPECIES Didelphis virginiana Kerr Opossum 1792 Didelphis virginiana Kerr, Animal kingdom 1: 193. 1842 Didelphis virginiana De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia Pp: 4. 1896 Didelphis virginiana Fisher, The Observer. May 1896, 7: 194 1898 Didelphis virginiana Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898, HORE SIO | 1898 Didelphis virginiana Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. ZI: 200: Type locality. Virginia. faunal position. The opossum is strictly an inhabitant of the austral zones. . Habitat. Woods, thickets and old fields. Distribution in New York. Wower Hudson valley, Long Island and the lake region. Principal records. De Kay, “Although it is abundant in New Jersey, I have never seen it in this state, but have heard that it has been noticed in the southern counties on the west side of the River Hudson, and it will probably be found in the western counties” (’42 p. 4). Fisher, ‘‘ Strictly speaking this animal should not be included in the present list [of the mammals found at Sing Sing, Westchester co.| because as far as known it has never been taken in Westchester county. Nevertheless it is tolerably common in Rockland and Orange counties two or three miles to the westward, and is only prevented from entering our domain by that ideal but insuperable barrier, the Hudson river. This broad, deep, powerful stream so dreaded by the old Dutch sailors of New Amsterdam, seems likewise to be feared and avoided by the equally slow-going opossum ”’ (’96 p. 194). Mearns: “In the [Hudson] highlands the opossum has alae been fairly common since my boyhood, and hence long before its too ‘suc- 2904 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cessful’ introduction on Long Island, New York” (’98a, p. 330). “The opossum seems to be unknown in this portion of the Catskills [neighborhood of Schoharie valley] though it has been taken near the town of Catskill at the base of the mountains on the Hudson river side”’ (98b, p. 360). The animal has also been recorded: from Crown Point, Essex co. (Fisher, ?35a,/ p: (184), “Rochester, (Genesee co. (iucas, 1/32 near Weedsport, Cayuga co. (Morehouse, ’83 p. 467), Woodside, Long Island (Bragaw, ’83 p. 467), Oakdale, Long Island (Fraser, ’89 p. 212), Elmira, Chemung co. and Owego, Tioga co. (Loring, ’99 p. 71). Hill (82 p. 403) notes the escape from captivity of 12 individuals at Ithaca, Tompkins co. in 1878 or thereabouts. Personally I have never met with the opossum in New York. Mr Savage informs me of its occasional occurrence near Buffalo. That the animal is rare in the region is shown by the local interest its occasional capture arouses. - Under date of April 15, 1899, Mr Savage writes: ‘Two ’possum records have been made within, the last six months. One was taken alive at Mill Grove, Erie county, and came into the possession of County Clerk Wende, who is quoted in the news- papers as saying that it is the first opossum ever taken in New York state. ‘The second was taken at Hamburg by Mr Edward Colvin of that place, and is reported in the Bugalo express of Feb. 19, 1899. It is said of this specimen that ‘it is the first animal of the specie (sic) shot in this vicinity in 25 years.’ ” Mr Helme says, ‘“‘ About 20 years ago reports began to accumulate of the capture of opossums in various parts of Long Island. In a few years the animal became very common and generally distributed”. Remarks. Ihave been unable to find the first authentic record of the opossum in New York. De Kay knew the animal as an inhabitant of the state by hearsay only. Audubon and Bachman remark, “ We have no doubt that it will in time be found existing to the east of the Hudson in the southern counties of New-York as well as on Long-Island .. . as the living animals are constantly carried there... It has been stated to us that in New-Jersey within 5 or 10 miles of New-York, as many as 10 or 14 of these animals have . . . been taken” (’51 p. 124). Baird in 1858 did not include New York in the animal’s range (’58 p. 232-33). In recent years however the records are frequent and positive, establishing the opossum on a firm basis among the austral animals that enter the state at its southern and western extremities. It is highly , PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 295 probable that this species is one of those whose range in New York has been considerably extended within historic times. Tursiops tursio (Fabricius) forpoise 1780 Delphinus tursio Fabricius, Fauna Groenland p. 49. 1864 Tursiops tursio Gervais, Comptes rend. p. 876. 1889 TZursiops tursio True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 32, 158. Type locality. Coast of Greenland. Distribution in New York. ‘This species probably occurs commonly on both coasts of Long Island. Lrincipal records, True records specimens from Fire Island and Turkey Gut. Delphinus delphis Linnaeus orfoise 1758 Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, Syst. nat., ed. 10, 77. 1842 Delphinus delphis DeKay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia Oo 196 {5% 1888 Delphinus delphis True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 45, 160. Type locaity. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. The sea porpoise doubtless occurs along the entire coast of New York. Principal records, De Kay speaks of the animal as common but records no specimens (’ 42 p. 136). It is probable that his animal was Turstops tursio, and not the present species. ‘True gives measurements of skulls from “‘ New York bay ” and “ New York harbor” (’88 p 48). Phocaena phocaena (Linnaeus) Harbor porpoise 1758 Delphinus phocaena Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10 1: 77. 1842 Phocaena communis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p- 133. 1888 Phocaena phocaena Jordan, Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States. ed. 5 p. 331. 1888 Phocaena communis True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 118, 179. 1896 Phocaena communis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 200. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. The harbor porpoise is the commonest cetacean of the tide waters of the state. It ascends the Hudson river as far at least as Sing Sing. 296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay, “ The porpoise, or porpess, is common in our rivers and bays, chiefly in the spring and summer months, where they appear in the train of the migratory C/upzdae [herrings], among which they make great havoc” (’42 p. 134). Fisher, ‘‘ Common in the [ Hudson] river [near Sing Sing] during the summer months, occasion- ally coming into the shallow water of the cove”’ (’96 p. 200). Globicephalus melas (Traill) Blackfish 1809 Delphinus melas Traill, Nicholson’s journal, 22: 81. 1842 Globicephalus melas De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia 19. 35 1888 Globicephalus melas True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 133, 183. Type locahty. Coast of ngland. Distribution in New York. While the eastern end of Long Island is the only locality in New York from which I have been able to finda positive record of the blackfish, the animal probably occurs occasionally on all parts of the coastline of the state. Principal records. De Kay, “In 1834, I received an account of the capture of two others [blackfish] on the east end of Long Island. The details furnished on that occasion enabled me to refer them with exact- ness to this species” (’42 p. 133). Orca orca (Linnaeus) )) ~ (o6;jap amos): Mearns: “The Middletown journal, issue of January 13, 1878, contains a notice of the capture of a deer near Middletown in Orange county New York. This record brings the species within the limits of the Hudson highlands, and is the only authentic one that I know of, but I am informed that deer are still occasionally found in the extreme north- west corner of Orange county ” (’98a, p. 345-46). Of the present distribution of deer on Long Island Mr Helme writes : “This animal was formerly common throughout the island, but is now restricted to an area containing about 25 square miles in the townships of Islip and Brook Haven. Here they are still plentiful thanks to the protection afforded them by the game preserves of the ‘South Side gun club’ and a few private estates.” Cervus canadensis (Erxleben) astern wapiti- 1777 [Cervus elaphus| canadensis Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. p. 305. 1842 Elaphus canadensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 118. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 301 1842 Elaphus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia. p. 120. 1884 Cervus canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2:45. Type locality. astern Canada. Faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. ffabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. While the eastern wapiti formerly occurred throughout the state it has been extinct since the early part of the pres- ent century. In Pennsylvania the animal was not exterminated till within the past 40 years (Rhoads, ’97c, p. 207-8). Principal records. De Kay: “ The stag is still found in the state of New-York but very sparingly and will doubtless be extirpated before many years. Mr Beach, an intelligent hunter on the Raquet, assured me that in 1836 he shot at a stag (or as he called it an elk) on the north branch of the Saranac, He had seen many of the horns, and describes this one as much larger than the biggest buck (C. wrginianus), with immense long and rounded horns, with many short antlers. His account was confirmed by another hunter, Vaughan, who killed a stag at nearly the same place. They are found in the northwestern counties of Penn- sylvania and the adjoining counties of New-York. In 1834, I am ‘informed by Mr Philip Church, a stag was killed at Bolivar, Allegany co. My informant saw the animal and his description corresponds exactly with this species” (42, p. 119). ‘In the cabinet of the Lyceum of natural history, New York, is a portion of a pair of horns attached to a fragment of skull, dug up near the mouth of the Raquet river in this state ... A horn of the second year’s growth was thrown out by a plough on Grand Isle [Lake Champlain] ” (’42, p. 120-21). Merriam quotes De Kay and adds, “I do not regard the above account of Messrs Beach and Vaughan as trustworthy for the reason ~ that I have never been able to find a hunter in this wilderness, however aged, who had ever heard of a living elk in the Adirondacks. That the American elk .. . was at one time common in the Adirondacks there is no question. A number of their antlers have been discovered, the most perfect of which that I have seen is in the possession of Mr John Constable. It was found in a bog on Third lake of Fulton Chain in Herkimer co. Dr C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, has~ several specimens. . . . These specimens were discovered at Steele’s Corners in St. Lawrence county. Mr Calvin V.Graves, of Boonville, N. Y. has two sections of elk horns that were ‘ploughed up in an old beaver meadow in Diana,’ Lewis co.” (’84d, p. 45-47). 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Under date of September 5, 1898, Dr Fred F. Drury, of Gouverneur, St Lawrence co., writes to Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill as tollows: ‘‘T have recently come into possession of a pair of elk horns, dug up on a farm about four miles from this village. They were accidentally dis- covered while digging out a spring hole in a pasture to provide water for cattle during the dry season. One horn is in perfect state of preser- vation, the other has been influenced somewhat by exposure, but not enough to in any way destroy the symmetry. The perfect one measures from root to tip 39 inches, and biggest circumference 8% inches. ‘They each have five prongs, and when placed in approximate apposition have at widest point a spread of 34 inches opposite biggest prong.” Alce americanus Jardine Joose 1835 Alces americanus Jardine, Naturalists library, 13 (Mammalia: deer, antelopes, camels, etc.) 125 1842 Cervus alces De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p.115. 1884 Alce americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 4o. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Luunal position. Canadian and transition zone. Distribution in New York. The moose which once ranged throughout the state has been extinct in New York since the early sixties. Principal records. De Kay :—‘* They are yet numerous in the unsettled portions of the state, in the counties of Essex, Herkimer, Hamilton, Franklin, Lewis and Warren, and since the gradual removal of the Indians they are now (1841) believed to be on the increase” (’42, p. 117). Merriam: “It is not many years since the moose (Alce americanus) was a favorite object of pursuit in the Adirondacks, from which region it was exterminated as nearly as I can ascertain about the year 1861” (’84d, p. 40). Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs Canadian red squirrel 1842 Sciurus hudsonicus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 61 (part). 1884 Sciurus hudsonicus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:111. 1894 Sciurus hudsonicus J. A. Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 7 Nov. 1894. 6:325. 1899 Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs, New England zool. club. Proc. Te 27 oie aie eroogs Type locality. Greenville (near Moosehead lake), Maine. Faunal position. Canadian zone. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 303 Hlabitat. This animal prefers the shelter of heavy coniferous forests. It is however by no means confined to the woods, as it wanders freely wherever attracted by congenial shelter and food supply. Distribution in New York. The details of the distribution of the Can- adian form of Sczurus hudsonicus in New York are quite unknown. The animal probably occurs throughout the large Canadian area in the northern part of the state, but it is impossible at present to say exactly where the transition to the southern form Joguax takes place. Mr Bangs has recorded a specimen taken at Peterboro, Madison county, as an intermediate between the two subspecies (’g6d, p. 160). Principal records. De Kay: ‘This familiar and well known species is found from the arctic circle to the mountainous ranges of North Caro- lina and Tennessee” (’42, p. 62). Merriam: “The red squirrel is one of the commonest and best known of the mammalian inhabitants of the Adirondacks, being found in all parts of the wilderness at all seasons of tenet a OAC aD. 11): Remarks. As I have already stated the limits of the range of this form of Sciurus hudsonicus in New York are very imperfectly known. The northern and southern races have been only very recently recognized, and the details of their ranges are yet to be worked out. De Kay clearly included both forms under the name Sczurus hudsonicus, but Merriam refers exclusively to the more northern subspecies. Scirurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs Southeastern red squirrel 1842 Sciurus hudsonicus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 61 (part). 1896 Sczurus hudsonicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1896 Sciurus hudsonicus loguax Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. Zo WECuISGO: 1) LO. LOT. 1898 Scourus hudsonicus logquax Mearns, Am. mus, nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 339. 1898 Sciurus hudsonicus loguax Mearns, U.S. Nat.mus. Proc. 21: 352. Type locality. Liberty Hill, New London co., Connecticut. © faunal position. ‘Transition zone and northern edge of upper austral zone. | Hfabitat. ‘‘ Mixed woods, groves and in fact almost everywhere; perhaps most numerous where there are large tracts of /xnus rigida, the seeds of which it is very fond of” (Bangs, ’g6e, p. 161). Distribution in New York. The details of distribution of the south- eastern red squirrel in New York are as little known as those of the range of the Canadian subspecies. The animal undoubtedly occurs throughout 304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the region occupied by the transition zone and upper austral zone. This is probably one of the animals whose range has been extended by the clearing away of the heavy forests. Principal records. De Kay: The quotation from this author cited under S. hudsonicus gymnicus refers without doubt in great part to the present form. Fisher: ‘“‘ Common (at Sing Sing) ” (’96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘“ This lively inhabitant of the forest was found at all altitudes, its range extending from sea level to the highest peaks of the Catskills ” (98 p. 352). I have never met with typical Sczwrus hudsonicus loguax in New York. Specimens which I took at Peterboro, Madison co., have been identified by Mr Outram Bangs as intermediates between this form and true hudsonicus. Mr Savage writes, “‘The red squirrel is found in almost every piece of woodland near Buffalo. I have recently learned of a curious albino family of these animals that seems worthy of record. Mr Henry Urban (grocer, cor. Oak and Genesee st.) has a beautiful albino that has been in his possession since 1888. He says that in that year Mr John Berg- told of Bowmansville, Erie co. captured an adult female and three young, all of which he kept alive. The adult and two of the young were perfect albinos, the other young one was normal in color. Mr Urban saw the family when alive and asked Mr Bergtold to give him any of the white animals that might die. Soon afterward he received the specimen that he now has.” Mr Helme states that the red squirrel is not found on Long Island. Sciurus carolinensis leucotis (Gapper) (Vorthern gray squirrel 1830 Sciurus leucotis Gapper, Zool. journ. 5: 206. 1842 Sciurus niger De Kay, Zoology of New York, Manners Pp. go (part). 1842 Sciurus leucotis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 57 | (part). 1877 Sciurus carolinensis var. Jleucotis Allen, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia. p. 701. 1884 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ransiecaroue 1896 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Fisher, The Observer. 7: 197. 1898 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sept. 1898. 10: 340. 1898 Sczurus carolinensis leucotis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 353. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 395 Type locality. Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Faunal position. Transition zone and lowermost part of Canadian zone. FTabitat. “‘ Hardwood forests and groves of oak, chestnut and hickory” (Bangs, ’96e, p. 155). The gray squirrel is often abundant in parks, cemeteries and the outskirts of towns and cities. Distribution in New York, The distribution of the gray squirrel in New York is remarkably irregular. The animal is often abundant in localities where it would not be expected to thrive, and as unaccountably absent from others The cause of this irregularity is probably to be found in some variation in the food supply. That food has a very marked influence on the periodical increase and decrease of gray squirrels is well known. Dr Merriam writes, ‘This species ... varies in abun- dance from year to year according to the conditions of the nut crop. . . . My notes show that the beechnut crop was good in the autumns of 1871, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1879, 1881, 1883——always on the odd years —— while on. the alternate seasons it failed. .And strange as it may at first sight appear, squirrels are usually most numerous during the summer and early autumn of those years when there are few or no nuts. The reason is this: when the yield is large there is a noticeable influx of squirrels from distant parts, and they, together with those that were here at the time, winter well having an abundance of food, and breed here the follow- ing spring. During the summer and early autumn a multitude of young now nearly full grown mingle with the parent stock. Hence the species attains at this time its maximum in numbers. But this is the year when the nut crop is a failure. Therefore, as the fall advances and they find there is a scarcity of provision for the winter many of them migrate, we know not where. Then come the October “squirrel hunts ”—a disgrace to the state as well as to the thoughtless men and boys who participate in them—and the number left to winter is deplorably small. “As the abundance of the gray squirrel in winter is governed by the supply of beechnuts so is the presence at this season of its assailant, the red-headed woodpecker (Melanerfes erythrocephalus) determined by the same cause. I have elsewhere called attention to this fact, remarking that ‘with us a squirrel year is synonymous with a good year for A/e/an- erpes, and vice versa’ |’81b, p. 347]. Gray squirrels, red-headed wood- peckers and beechnuts were numerous during the winters of 1871-72, 1873-74, 1875-76, 1877-78, 1879-80, 1881-82, 1883-84 while during the alternate years the squirrels and nuts were scarce, and the wood- peckers altogether absent.” (’84d, p. 127-28). 306: NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “This well known little animal is found in every forest abounding in nuts of various kinds” (’42, p. 58). Mer- riam: This record has been quoted in sufficient detail. Fisher: ‘‘ Period- ically common. Some years hundreds are killed during the open season, while on the following year not over a dozen will be secured” (96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘The gray squirrel is rare in this region [the Catskills] ; but one individual was seen during our stay” (’98b, p. 353). I have found the gray squirrel rare at Peterboro, Madison co. Remarks. In his revision of the squirrels of eastern North America Mr Outram Bangs says that the southeastern gray squirrel, Sczwrus caro- linensis carolinensis ranges ‘‘north about to the lower Hudson valley.” There is, however, no positive evidence as yet that this form actually occurs in New York. Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs JVortheastern fox squirrel 1842 Sciurus vulpinus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 59. - 1884 Sciurus niger cinereus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:134. 1896 Sciurus niger cinereus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1896 Sciurus Judovicianus vicinus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896, 10: 150. . Type locality. White Sulphur springs, West Virginia. Faunal position. ‘The northeastern fox squirrel is an inhabitant of the upper austral zone, but occasionaly it wanders into the transition zone. Habitat. "Extensive forests. Distribution in New York. In New York the occurrence of the fox squirrel can now be regarded as little more than accidental Formerly however it was found in considerable numbers. Principal records. De Kay: ‘Its habits and geographic distribution are the same as in the preceding [.S. /ewcotis|” (42, p. 60). Merriam. ‘©The fox squirrel can not at present be regarded as other than a rare or accidental straggler in the Adirondack region. So far as I am aware the only specimen taken here of late was killed by Oliver B. Lockhardt at Lake George, Warren co. in 1872 or 1873” (84d, p. 134). Fisher: ‘Mr Gilbert C. Merritt once informed me that he had killed several fox squirrel in the Chappaqua hills about the year 1850.. Of late none have been heard of even in that wild region” (’96, p. 197). Mr Savage writes that there is an old mounted specimen ef this animal in the museum of the Buffalo Society of natural science, labeled ‘ Erie county.’ He does not consider the record as positive however, since all definite history of the specimen is lacking. Mr Helme informs me that the fox squirrel does not occur on Long Island. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 307 Tamias striatus striatus (Linnaeus) Southeastern chipmunk 1758 Sccurus striatus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. ro. 1: 164. 1842 Sciurus striatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 62 (part). 1857 Zamias striatus Baird, 11th Smithsonian report. p. 55 (part). 1886 Zamias striatus Merriam, American naturalist. Feb. 1896. 20: 242. 1896 Zamias stitatus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196. 1898 Zamias striatus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. TO 33 Type locality. Virginia and Carolina. faunal position. Upper austral zone. Habitat. ‘Thickets, rocky ledges and dry, open woods. Distribution in New York. ‘The southeastern chipmunk reaches New York, so far as at present known, in the lower Hudson valley only. I have never seen a specimen from the upper austral area in the western part of the state, and therefore can not say positively which form occurs there. Principal records. De Kay did not distinguish between the two forms of chipmunk now known to occur in New York, but his references to the animal show that he included both under the name Sczurus striatus (’42, p. 62). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]” ’96, p. 196. Mearns: “The southern chipmunk is by far the most abundant member of the squirrel ‘family in the Highlands. It lives everywhere, from the islands of the Hudson to the highest mountain tops, though it is least common on the high ground” (’98a, p. 338). Of the chipmunk on Long Island Mr Helme writes, “‘ This animal is common. A few years ago it was nearly exterminated, but now it has become plentiful again. ‘The cause of this decrease in numbers was due I believe to an extremely cold winter following an autumn in which the food supply was short.” Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson) Northeastern chipmunk 1829 Sciurus (Zamias) lystert Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana. 10S PS 1842 Sciurus striatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 62 (part). 1884 Zamias striatus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 135. 1886 Zamias striatus lysteri Merriam, American naturalist. Feb. 1886. 20: 242. 1898 Zamias striatus lysteri Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus, Proc. 21: 352. 308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Penetanguishene, Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada. Faunal position. ‘Transition zone and warmer, more open parts of Canadian zone. Flabitat. The habitat of the northeastern chipmunk is the same as that of its southern relative. Distribution in New York. The northeastern chipmunk is very generally distributed throughout the greater part of New York state. Specimens intermediate between the two races have been taken in the lower Hudson valley by Mearns (Miller ’97 p. 30). Principal records, De Kay: “It is common over all the state” (42, p. 64). Merriam: “The chipmunk or ground squirrel is always present in greater or less numbers in some parts of the Adirondacks. It is a! migratory animal and is exceedingly abundant some years, while during others it is scarcely seen at all, the difference being dependent on the quantity of the food supply” (84d, p. 135). Mearus: ‘* The chipmunk of the Schoharie valley is distinctly of the Jystev7 type. It was common but shy, occurring from the edge of the creek (altitude 1700 feet) up to the summit of Hunter mountain (altitude 4o25 feet), At Palenville, on the Hudson river side of the Catskills, intermediates between the forms striatus and dystert occur ; in the Hudson highlands a few individuals from the highest elevations verge toward /s¢evz7, and lower down the Hudson valley only true s¢rza¢us is found. No difference was detected between specimens collected in spruce forests and balsam swamps on the moun- tains and those from the fields and fences along Schoharie creek” (’98, P- 352). I have found Zamzas striatus lystert abundant at Peterboro, Madison co., and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. Arctomys monax (Linnaeus) Woodchuck 1758 JZus monax Linnaeus, Syst. nat ed. 10. 1:60. 1780 Arctomys monax Schreber, Saugethiere. 4: pl. 208 1842 Arctomys monax De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 69. 1884 Arctomys monax Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 142. 1896 Arctomys monax Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196. 1898 Arclomys monax Mearns, Am. mus nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. 10: 338. 1898 Arctomys monax Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 352. Lype locality. Maryland. faunal position. The range of the woodchuck is now supposed to extend from well within the upper austral zone through the Canadian zone. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 399 Habitat. Principally meadows and cleared land, but the animal is found in almost every variety of situation providing suitable ground for the construction of extensive burrows. Distribution in New York. The woodchuck probably occurs in every county of New York. While it is probable that the range of this animal has not been materially affected by the settlement of the country, there can be little doubt that there are more woodchucks now in the state than there were before the arrival of the white settlers. Principal records. DeKay: “The woodchuck ... is common in almost every county in the state” (42, p. 69). Merriam: “The woodchuck is rare ... within the proper limits of the Adirondacks, though he has been found sparingly in the remotest parts of the wilder- _ hess. In the cultivated area surrounding the Adirondacks he is very abundant” (’84 d, p. 142). Fisher: “ Common [at Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “This species is... tolerably common in _ the Schoharie valley ” (’98 b, p. 352). I have found the woodchuck common at Geneva, Ontario co. and Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes, “ The woodchuck is more common in the hills south and east of Buffalo than in the flat country immediately about the city. However I know of a family of ‘chucks’ in a bank less than three miles from my home.” Mr Helme writes that the woodchuck though common on Long Island is in certain localities less numerous than it was a few years ago. He attributes this fact to the effect of bounties offered by several townships for the animals’ scalps. Remarks. It is probable that the woodchuck of the Canadian forests is not true Arctomys monax. The material necessary to decide the question is lacking. For an account of the tree-climbing propensities of the woodchuck see Merriam ’81 a. Sciuropterus volans (Linnaeus) Southern flying squirrel 1758 Mus volans Linnaeus, syst. mat. ed. 10. 1:63. 1842 Pteromys volucella De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 66 (part). 1884 Sciuropterus volucella Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2:99. 1890 Sciuropterus volans Jordan, Man. vertebr. anim. northeastern Wes) eG) 45". 1p. 324% ; 1896 Sciuropterus volucella Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7:197. 310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1896 Sciuropterus volans Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 164. 1898 Sciuropterus volans Mearns, Am. mus. nat. his. Bul. 9 Sep. LOGSs eon 24h: Type locality. Virginia. Faunal position. ‘The southern flying squirrel is a characteristic inhabi- tant of the austral zones and the transition zone. It barely reaches the lower edge of the Canadian zone in favorable localities. Ffabitat. Woodlands, orchards, parks, buildings; wherever convenient shelter can be found. Distribution in New York. The southern flying squirrel probably occurs throughout New York state except in large tracts of Canadian‘ forest. The details of its overlapping in range with the Canadian flying squirrel remain to be worked out. frincipal records. De Kay: “The flying squirrel is well known throughout state” this (’42, p 66). Merriam: “ Two varieties of flying - squirrel occur in the Adirondacks: the present form, confined mainly to the borders of the region, and a northern race, commonest in the elevated portions of the interior” (’84 d, p. 99). Fisher: “ Common [at Sing Sing]. In the daytime they remain quietly in hollow trees, bird houses, out buildings, hay lofts, or garrets of houses, and as dusk approaches come out of their hiding places and start off on foraging expeditions” (’96, p. 197). I have found the southern flying squirrel at Peterboro, Madison co., though it is apparently less numerous there than the Canadian species. I have also taken it at Geneva, Ontario county. Mr Savage writes: “The flying squirrel is seldom met with in the vicinity of Buffalo, but it is probably more common than is generally supposed, I took a pair December 8, 1897.” According to Mr Helme the flying squirrel is common on Long Island. Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns Canadian flying squirrel 1842 Pteromys volucella De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 66 (part). | 1884 Sciuropterus volucella hudsonius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 108. (Not Sciurus hudsonius Gmelin). 1896 Sciuropterus sabrinus, Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec: 1896.5 410 : 162)\((part): 1898 Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. PATE BIS 23s PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 311 Type locahty. Hunter mountain (Catskills) Greene co., New York. Fanual position. Canadian zone. Hatitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. In New York this animal is found through- out the great boreal area in the northern part of the state, and on the numerous boreal “‘islands” south of this region. In many localities on the border line between the transition zone and Canadian zone it is found associated with the smaller species .S. vo/ans but the two animals never intergrade (see Merriam ’84d, p. 108, and Bangs, ’96d, p. 163). Principal records. DeKay: See last species. Merriam: ‘“ The northern flying squirrel isa common inhabitant of the elevated central area of the Adirondacks and is not particularly rare about the outskirts of the region, where I have found both varieties nesting in adjoining trees” (’84d, p. 108). -Mearns: ‘“‘This species was found in spruce woods on the ridge of Hunter mountain [Catskills], at the altitude of 3300 feet. Flying squirrels are said to be common everywhere in the region. One seen on August 7, 1896 near the base of East Kill mountain at 1800 feet altitude may have been either the present species or Sciwropterus volans (Linn- aeus)” (’98b, p. 354)- I have taken the Canadian flying squirrels at Peterboro, Madison co., and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. It is common at each locality. Castor canadensis Kuhl American beaver 1820 Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und vergl. Anat. Ds OM | : 1842 Castor fiber De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 72. 1884 Castor fiber canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. Peis 1898 Castor canadensis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. 103355. Type locality. Hudson bay. faunal position. Partly on account of the animal’s aquatic habits, and partly on account of lack of definite knowledge of its geographic varia- tions, it is impossible at present to assign the beaver a satisfactory faunal position. Beaver are known to range from the southern part of the lower austral zone in the south to the northern edge of the Hudsonian zone in the north. Surprising as it may seem there is at present no means for determining whether more than one race occurs in this area.” @ Since this was written, Mr 8S. N. Rhoads has divided the beaver into two races, a boreal form, true Castor canadensis and an austral form, C. canadensis carolinensis. (Trans. Am. philos. soc., NS., September 1898 19: 417-23). 312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ffabitat. Borders of streams, ponds and lakes. Distribution in New York. The beaver is probably nearly exterminated if not quite extinct in New York. Concerning the animal’s status I have nothing to add to the account given by Merriam in 1884. Principal records. De Kay: “The beaver, whose skins once formed so important an article of commerce to this state as to have been incorporated in the armorial bearings of the old colony, is now nearly extirpated within its limits . . . In the summer of 1840 we traversed those almost interminable forests on the highlands separating the sources of the Hudson and the St Lawrence, and included in Hamilton, Herkimer and a part of Essex counties. In the course of our journey we saw several beaver signs as they are termed by the hunters. The beaver has beeh so much harassed in this state that it has ceased making dams, and contents itself in making large excavations in the banks of streams. Within the past year (1841) they have been seen on Indian and Cedar rivers, and at Pashungamah on Tupper’s lake; and although they are not numerous, yet they are still found in scattered families in the northern part of Hlamilton, the southern part of St Lawrence and the western part of Essex counties. Through the considerate attention of Mr A. McIntyre those yet existing in the southern part of Franklin co. are carefully preserved from the avidity of the hunter and there probably the last of the species in the Atlantic states will be found” (’42, p. 73-74). Merriam: “That the beaver was once abundant in all parts of the Adi- rondacks is attested by the numerous remains and effects of their dams, but at present they are so exceedingly rare that few people know that they still exist hére . . . During the fall of 1880 a beaver was caught on Raquette river between the Upper Saranac and Big Tupper’s lake and about a mile below the ‘Sweeney carry’ ... Subsequent to this date saplings were cut in the neighborhood showing that another was at work there ... At present there is a small colony of beavers on a stream that empties into the west branch of the St Regis river. It is probably the colony referred to by De Kay in 1842 as ‘yet existing in the southern part of Franklin co.’” (84d, p. 155-58). Mearns: ‘When I was a boy the remains of a beaver-dam were plainly visible at Bog Meadow pond, in Orange co. When this pond was raised a few years ago to supply the town waterworks at Highland falls the dam was submerged, and with it disappeared the last vestige of the beaver, long extinct in the [Hudson] highlands” (98a, p. 351-52). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 313 Mus musculus Linnaeus Mouse mouse 1758 |Mus| musculus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed.10. 1: 62. 1842 Mus musculus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82. 1884 Mus musculus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans, 2 :162. 1896 Mus musculus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7:197. 1898 Mus musculus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1808. 1Q-/ 3379: 1898 Mus musculus Mearns, U.S. Nat mus. Proc. 21 :351. Type locality. Sweden. Fuunal position. The house mouse on account of its semi-domestica- tion can not be assigned to any definite faunal position. . Habitat. Buildings, fields, and occasionally woodlands. Distribution in New York. ‘This animal is abundant throughout the settled part of New York. It is by no means strictly confined to buildings. Principal records. De Kay: “ This familar little species has also been introduced from Europe into this country since its discovery. It has everywhere followed the footsteps of man . . .” (’42, p. 82). Merriam: ‘“‘T have observed the house mouse in many of the camps scattered through the Adirondacks and have killed it, though rarely, at a considerable dis- tance from the habitations of man. It iscommon in the fertile valleys along the outskirts of the wilderness, living in the fields during the short sum- mer season, and returning to the dwellings, barns and haystacks at the approach of winter” (84, p. 162). Fisher: ‘“‘Common in the corn andrye fields as well as around buildings” (’96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘‘ Common in fields and houses. Several were trapped under stacks of fodder corn standing in the fields. None were caught in the woods” (’98b, p. 351). Ihave found the house mouse abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports it abundant at Buffalo. | Helme: “ The house mouse is abundant on Long Island.” Mus decumanus Pallas Mouse rat 1778 Mus decumanus Pallas, Noy. Sp. Quadr. e Glir. Ord., p. gt. 1842 Mus decumanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 79. 1884 Mus decumanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 161. 1896 Mus decumanus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1898 Mus decumanus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. EORuaao! 1898 Mus decumanus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 Drea 314 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Russia. faunal position. As with the other introduced species of old world rats it is impossible to assign this animal a definite faunal position. Habitat. Houses, outbuildings and fields. Distribution in New York. ‘The house rat occurs throughout New York, wherever there are towns or settlements. Principal records. De Kay: “In this country it was introduced with the foreign mercenaries during the revolutionary war. ‘They are now numerous in all the states, and have even extended to Canada” (42, p. 80). Merriam: “This ubiquitous naturalized exotic is found even within the confines of the Adirondacks. But his presence here omens no good. Like the lumberman, whose footsteps he follows, he iS the personification of destruction and desecrates the soil on which he treads” (84d, p. 161). Fisher: ‘‘ Common [at Sing Sing]” (86, p. 197). Mearns: ‘‘Abundant. One was trapped at the base of East Kill moun- tain at the altitude of 2000 feet” (’98b, p. 351). I have found the house rat at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peterboro, Madi- son co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports it abundant in the neighborhood of Buffalo, and Mr Helme reports it equally numer- ous on Long Island. Mus rattus Linnaeus Alack rat 1758 [dus] rattus Linnaeus, Syst.nat. ed. 10. 1:61. 1842 Mus rattus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 80 (part). 1842 Mus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 81 (part). Type locality. Sweden. faunal position. Not now determinable as the animal has been too widely distributed by artificial means. ffabitat. Houses and buildings of various kinds. Distribution in New York. It is doubtful whether the black rat still exists in New York. Principal records, De Kay: “ It.is now exceedingly rare” (42, p. 81). The animal is not mentioned by Merriam, Fisher or Mearns. I have never seen the black rat in New York. Many of the older inhabitants at Peterboro, Madison co. have told me of the immense numbers in which the ‘ blue rats’ or ‘barnrats’ once occurred. To judge from these accounts, which I consider trustworthy, this animal must have been more abundant than its successor the house rat. Mr Hiram Wilson PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 315 of Oneida, Madison co. writes me, under date of February 3, 1898, that he first saw the brown rat when his family moved to Oneida valley in 1837. Previously the Wilsons had lived near Peterboro (about 12 miles distant), where only the black rat occurred. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer) LVortheastern white-footed mouse 1829 [Mus sylvaticus| A Noveboracensis Fischer. Synopsis mammalium. Pe sor 1830 Cricetus myoides Gapper, Zool. journ. 5: 204. 1842 Mus leucopus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. — p. 82. 1884 Hesperomys leucopus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:165 (part). 1896 Peromyscus leucopus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1897 Peromyscus leucopus myodes (sic) Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci, Phila- delphia. Proc. p. 27. 1897 Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis Miller, Boston soc. nat. hist. RIOCEsOUAD LOO 7-mn2or 22). 1898 Peromyscus leucopus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 334. 1898 Feromyscus leucopus Mearns, U.S, Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 350. Type locality. New York, Faunal position. ‘Transition zone and lowermost edge of Canadian zone. Habitat. Dry, open woods, thickets, fields, outbuildings and occasion- ally houses. Distribution in New York. The northeastern white-footed mouse occurs throughout New York state except in the boreal area occupied by the Canadian white-footed mouse, and in a few localities where the genus Peromyscus is not found. It is possible that in the lower Hudson valley this form is replaced by the southeastern white-footed mouse as implied by Rhoads (’97a, p. 27), but I am not satisfied that this is actually the case. _ Principal records. De Kay: ‘The jumping [=white-footed] mouse is found in every part of the state, and is said to build its nest in trees” (42, p. 83). Merriam: “The white-footed mouse is common in all parts of the Adirondacks” (’84d, p. 165). Fisher: “‘Common [at Sing Sing]. This mouse is found everywhere in the woods and groves about fence rows, and in fall and winter ventures to the stacks and out-houses” (96, p. 197-98). Mearns: “ This beautiful mouse was rather abun- 316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dant along Schoharie creek, especially about farms and buildings. On the right side of Schoharie creek it was found sparingly distributed’ around the lower third of East Kill mountain, but was nowhere abundant above the creek bottom. On the left side it was not found above 2000 feet altitude. . . . In the Highlands of the Hudson A leucopus is abundant, but in the highest parts where the black spruce and tamarack grow, no species of /evomyscus could be found. In other words where P. canadensis should have been found the genus was unrepresented” (98b, p. 350). I have taken the northeastern white-footed mouse at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. At Peterboro and Elizabethtown it occurs in association with 7. cavadensis, the habit tats of the two animals overlapping at the edges of forests and wood-. lands ean Mr Savage reports the animal common about Buffalo. Of the white-footed mouse on Long Island Mr Helme writes: ‘This is an abundant species on all parts of the island. During cold weather several will often be found occupying one nest. I have taken as many as 16 at one time in a nest under a hollow log.” Peromyscus canadensis (Miller) Canadian white-footed mouse 1842 Mus leucopus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82 (part). 1858 Hesperomys myoides Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 472 (part). 1884 fHesperomys leucopus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2: 165 (part). 1893 Sttomys americanus canadensis Miller, Biolog. soc. Washington. IBCs AO) INES WEEE, 93 See 1896 Peromyscus canadensis Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 19 Mar. 1896. 10:49. 1898 Feromyscus canadensis Mearns, U. 5S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 350. Type locality. Peterboro, Madison co., New York. faunal position. Canadian zone. ; Habitat, While the Canadian white-footed mouse is primarily an in- habitant of dense, damp forests it may be found in an almost endless variety of situations. Distribution in New York, The Canadian white-footed mouse occurs throughout the extensive Canadian forests in the northern part of the state and in isolated colonies further south, where elevation or dense damp woodland gives it essentially Canadian environment. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 317 Principal records. We Kay and Merriam: The statements by these writers quoted under the northeastern white-footed mouse refer partly to the present species. Mearns: “The Canadian deer mouse though nowhere abundant was found from the margin of Schoharie creek up to the summit of Hunter mountain and in all sorts of places—sugar camps, deserted houses, deciduous woods, spruce and balsam swamps, under rocks, among the roots of old stumps, in brush heaps, and in open grassy places; in short it was found everywhere, but nowhere in abundance. It was much less common than Feromyscus leucopus along Schoharie creek, where both species were sometimes taken in the same spot. When trapped its cheek pouches are as likely to be filled with food as those of the chip- munk. I do not remember ever to have found food in those of Leromyscus leucopus” (’98b, p. 350). This species is abundant at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabeth- town, Essex co., but I have not met with it elsewhere in New York. In both of these localities it is chiefly a forest mouse, seldom entering the cleared land occupied by P. leucopus noveboracensis. In open groves and about the outskirts of heavy woods the two species meet on neutral ground, but in general their ranges are so distinct that it is possible after a little experience to predict which animal will be caught in a particular spot. In the original description of this mouse (Miller, ’93b, p. 62) I called attention to the fact, since verified by Dr Mearns, that the cheek pouches are much more freely used by this species than by the north- eastern white-footed mouse. Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone Cave rat 1858 Meotoma florvidana Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 489 (part). 1893 LVeotoma pennsylvanica Stone, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. 2n Hebs 183835) op. 16. 1894 Veotoma magister Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. Oct. 1894. p. 213 (not of Baird). 1894 Weotoma pennsylvanica Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 22 Dec. 1894. 6: 362. 1898 Veotoma pennsylvanica Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 10: 334. Type locaity. South mountain, Cumberland co. Pennsylvania. faunal position. The cave rat is probably an inhabitant of the transition zone, though its peculiar habits make any definite decision a matter of uncertainty. It occurs in many localities within the limits of 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the upper austral zone, but such places may prove to be transition ‘islands.’ Flabitat, Caves, overhanging cliffs and rocky mountain sides. Distribution in New York. The cave rat is not at present known to occur in New York outside of the lower Hudson valley, though there is reason to believe that it will be found at other localities along the southern border of the state. Principal records. Baird: “A few specimens of unusually large size were captured some years ago by Mr J. G. Bell near Pierpont on the Hudson river” (’58, p. 489). Allen: “I have now to record the capture of a specimen on Storm King mountain, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y. about so miles north of New York city and 40 miles north of Piermont! The place of capture was at the base of a cliff 30 or 4o feet in height at an elevation of about 1000 feet. The ciiff is full of deep crevices and has a talus of loose stones at its base” (’94 b, p. 362). Remarks. With regard to the relationship of this animal with the fossil species found in the cave deposits of Pennsylvania Dr Mearns writes: “Mr Samuel N. Rhoads in a paper entitled ‘A contribution to the life history of the Alleghany cave rat, Veotoma magister Baird’ [’94], claims that the recent species described by Mr Witmer Stone [’93 b] under the name JVeofoma pennsylvanica is specifically identical with the subfossil cave species named JVeotoma magister by Baird [’57, p. 486]. I am unable to concur in this opinion, for the reason that a comparison of eight jaws— one upper and seven lower— belonging to Baird’s type series of his Veotoma magister differ in important respects from a series of recent skulls . . . of Weotoma pennsylvanica Stone. . . In this comparison /Veofoma magister proves to have been a considerably larger and stouter animal than JV. penn- sylvanica, the skull is relatively shorter . . . the mandibles are deeper . = ~) the tooth row ‘broader and Jonger >= 24 3 “Cgsiae P- 334-35). Ihave examined the specimens referred to by Dr Mearns and see no reason to question his conclusion. Remains of JVeofoma magister are to be looked for in caves and rock fissures in southern New York. Evotomys gapperi gapperi (Vigors) Common red-backed mouse 1830 Arvicola gapperi Vigors, Zool. journ., 5 : 204. 1841 Arvicola fulvus Audubon & Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadel- phia. Journ. 5 Oct. 1841. v. 7. pt. 2: 295. 1842 Arvicola rufescens De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 85. PKELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 319 1856 Arvicola dekayi Audubon & Bachman, Quadr. N. Am. 3: 287. 1884 Lvotomys rutilus gappert Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. Pie Wii, 1891 Lvotomys gapperi Merriam, North American fauna. 30 July LOOT. DO, 5. Pa LLG: 1898 Evotomys gapperi Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 349. Type locality. Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario Canada. Faunal position. While the common red-backed mouse is a typical Canadian animal, in sufficiently cool, damp localities it penetrates con- siderably to the south of the normal geographic limits of the boreal zone, Fflabitat. In the northern part of its range this mouse is found in almost every variety of surroundings, but further southits habitat becomes more limited. In the Canadian zone it is one of the most widely dis- persed mammals, in the northern part of the transition zone it is restricted to damp woods, while in the lower part of the transition zone it is never found far away from cold streams, wooded sphagnum bogs and cedar swamps. Mr Charles H. Batchelder has recently described the conditions under which the red-backed mouse occurs in the transition zone of eastern Massachusetts. He says, “‘ What these favorable conditions are, is the most interesting question connected with the animal’s [local] distribution, but it is not one that can receive a positive and final answer. Neverthe- less there are some characteristic features that are common to almost all of the places where I have found it [in southeastern New England]. One may look for it with some confidence in almost any large tract of wet ground that retains its moisture through the summer, but is not subject to serious floods, and which bears a growth of woods sufficiently heavy to afford a dense shade, so that the ground beneath and the roots of the trees are covered with a deep carpet of sphagnum. If the older trees have been suffered to die a natural death, and their stumps and fallen trunks lie slowly rotting on the ground half-concealed by the sphagnum, the chance of finding it is certainly not lessened. One of the most evident peculiarities of such a spot as this, in southern New England, is that the dense shade and the abundant evaporation maintain a temperature dur- ing the hottest summer weather that is far below that of the surrounding country. In these respects of coolness, moisture and shade there is a striking resemblance to the woods Evotomys gapperi inhabits in extreme northern New England and other parts of the Canadian zone. “ 20 a eels Ho nies ae eters 12D 1877 Oa AR oe ae 20 Wok Niner atone sf aecoawebs 13D 1877 OTe A Et. ee seeetse 20 ie cece IO Re OeeLEL Oe 26F 1878 | E.N. Arnold.......-.-. 20 Oa coos OG edauds ceas 8 Mar 1878 PENG Oe ee ees 20 o occ Oe eet ee oe Be 26D 1878 | A.S. Marshall ....---- 20 66 a CGP EE Rs CHAT Oe (73 cb Praia icy Be sortet 90 te pees LS a ne Aree 250 1882 | George Muir .......--. 20 ae soc6 eR cee NEA Fs he 2 30N 1882 SPE eae oo eas 20 He wate sf ieee cee 10 My 1883 DONT hae ee AE 20 66 ares OCR e bt eta Ue a te 66. Cat Ie ONCE watts alte La 90 GG eee Laat Dds ea 2 Ag 1883 Se nares ean 20 6c Ee OS Searls Ye nema t S iG CGS TRG Fat Repectane PSE fat 20 se ssc Dae Destseriaice re 8 Ja 1884 a pos ee nee 20 EG Sees UGri ee eneren ger ter 19 Ja 1884 Sela Rah eM Seay cette a 20 Wewis) sec sa=4 Croghan ........ 20N 1882 SONS Shearer ttle Sear is 20 fe ive SE ees os ESS Sea aie 25 Je 1883 aE RRS oe esy: 20 Ce eal ate ais CC roan nae Ce 29F 1884 SOG ued ae eee oe 20 eg ohare Diana ass) ee 23 My 1882 BE Walls ieee tye ea ee 20 UN ees xiaje 8 EO reise a Yo cle ay 10 Je 1882 MO Toate rece tard 20 SA PEAS SS GO he eh tue, oe Sa[2O) er Soe Se ed ee anes erie Soe 20 Dee a Sears Soe e rotisserie olor «1882 US Anemewarets seselse 20 Boe eens Hie So) heel SHA ee 1882 USAT rie ae 20 CA Siar Wressae Least 6é By os 57 a ¢é CORY were ante es so te ae 920 338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Table of bounties paid for panthers in New York under law of 1871, continued County Town Lewis .....-.. Dyanaece gece ose bc 6c bé mathe ay 66 5 ast eign Ci Gero (77 NG aire cei poke WS eee éé CRORES (ene ae 6c SA oe eres Ke ee Re (a3 ay tac Aik wal tars canes (a9 ee? se erp ad Pea (79 aa Fe eh ease ce be Soa ea bé Behe be ek iets, ec vRibG caret ype 6c x a ng ia « R Opes i Ce FEN peg ara Saratoga ..... Day 3. 25 s5. 4s: (z3 aeons OCU Rhett Bi eae ae St Lawrence..| Canton.......--. PalWColtonsaceeen ne 66 ae EE ans eas eae OG Jo BRINE! aaa oer 66 66 46 Re CWA WE DECA ER OTE 6c me IKEA EY Ga ha a9 7 PRM R ar) Maton éé rg FG eat TEA hae ite be ) 18825| Johni@amp = sssseese= 30 en Ree ete eats OG Fa as ne 13,0, 11882 SREB eA os 30 Oo vento euler ae Heo 17N 1882 SEIN eR eae eel ea 380 OM NER a as Sear gpRVE ci 15D 1882 | Thomas Lee ...--- ---- 30 Oneidapeeaee- IMO” Saas snoone 8k 1886 | W. A. & I.E. Bennett.| 30 Caran ay viata rats Porestport .----. 1 S820 alenny aD nici eee eee 30 CON Seng Or iy eee 15 Mar 1882 st BUGS WE 30 SU amb apae yA eos ROIS ie erase 19 Mar 1882 SET it ora neye la Heenan 30 seas Lae etc pi Borgia cs nets 2 Ap 1882 | Daniel Rodgers ....--- 30 SO Rie es GEN sesiaha Allee 9 Ap 1882 Ole Cele rete aras 30 Cie onan Rac GG sells Cet 140 1882 |} Henry Durrin & S. L. Moness.chtcaeseg eee 30 Oy ane segs GOA ame ee evs 19O 1882} Henry Durrin & §S. L. Homes ie sees see 30 Neh nen ear g oan heaters (Sea IG} 10) ake} | Jelerany IDDAPN. see Ge05 30 Otsego .......| Plainfield ..-.-.. 14F 1888 | J. D. Wilkinson. .----. 30 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 345 Table of bounties paid for wolves in New York under law of 1871, continued County St Lawrence.. 66 66 6¢ “é 6 66 3 66 66 66 66 66 66 3 66 oe be 66 66 (7 66 66 (73 66 6é (79 66 66 66 66 66 be 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 b6 66 6 66 66 Warren 66 Washington .. bb bé (73 66 ce ‘Town Date By whom killed Brasher ..-.. ---- 21D 1872 ! Timothy Desmond .... C@liiftomiersseees 8Je 1595 | George Muir ..-..----. Ce eae ee Se 10S 1895 On ee ae Si ee CIO sith Soe ao 18S 1895 COIR SoG ph tae eae oes ee CESS pare alae ear 1S 1896 Se Dees nates ape eres Sita ade nets hice 300 1896 Se Mia ass eg Re Gio lectin E 150 1897 | ates HInTe Na aL Bien eae 86 so65 -soc| BO) IN eR PSE CNN ater tga ea at Colitont=eeeeseea: 5N 1880 | Abram Barkley.-.-.....- Minerescees sees 170 1871 | John Muir ............ BOR Me Be Ugly 26 My 1872 Cy NOR faa Hee CC ate ace RS Les TN 1872 Oe i eartied a els Qa ere Karate: apeaanel 5 eee 22 My 1875 SES rin eae a seine UO ao foe ae ee Oe 24 My 1875 0 ie wis hye ot set Ciba e het are ay a 15 My 1876 NO aU 5h sree hase a BO eh Megas 5 My 1877 ae Na ee eae TUN Vas rete fate ce eye 14 Jl 1877 LOR Dg See te He noeienety Ae eae, 8 Ap 1878 | George Muir ...-...... ies sastye aha etalon 16S 1878 Serine sergeant Th Bn SCA a a ae 29 Ap 1879 Page Tic set seen ey SOs img tat En 26 Ap 1880 it Pe ar ah riage ee Ne aa ae SAC Sat Nis Sree ca ee 30 1880 EEN tester 1 5 pa CO AN Le a i Oe Oa 28 Ap 1881 OG esaaice tt ses mo Cte ate cnn 23 My 1881 UT SNe The ek es cam ae SSP tran DORs chee ata 11 Je 1881 LE Sats, onan aay A Oe cl Seat A 66 COOTER A ple eine on Salm hee LO SEEN SS eee goats 20 Jl 1881 SCN Feta RO in Sc ER PRE a aera 24 Age 1881 LES iat Nip Ban aman eins il Cea eid a a 28S 1881 NRRL pL AEA OCI ae rhe Roa 8N 1881 Cran Re Si aeseaiuts eter eae Fowler ......--- 7 Je 1888 | W.S. Clark........-.. Hopkinton ..---. 17 Ag 1871 | George Speare..-.-..-.--- 66 6 66 Bs Gee 60 1871 , Joseph Whitney. .-.---.. Ce egies 90 1876 | George Peck .....----- Oe Mea hu eae 6N_ 1880 | Jonathan Baldwin .... CO caer 13 N 1880 | H. C. Hibbard .....--- aaa WSS 3 20S 1881 Gt ead peat Si Parishvillee...... 13 N_ 1880 ea aa AER tend ket JPAKORMIANS code coos 4N 1872 | Aaron Thomas ......-. CC RAR IM ate 22) 12D 1873 CORRE WY eer St aoe, CON RARE eo 1N 1884 | Geore Muir....-..-.---. Giles bet erated Sesh 26 Je 1885 Oe ie Mack siaya tan Ee een eee 4 Jl 1885 DONS NaS Heras onges ORS ele GG Pi ae 10 Ap 1886 Wea is Sch he, Ba Thurman. .....-.-. 10F 1883 | Roland Gamby......-- GOS eee Saree 14F 1883 OO eo at ae tea ee Dresden.......... 10 Mar 1882 COUN aides ated Ses 3 ‘ 66 OCs AN eRe yk 3 Ag 1882 SCO ens Sette seis gS or des mee 3 Mar 1883 SUD Mt eA te as Kingsbury... ...--. 17 Ja 1883 | William Casey -.....-.. LH dre as 24 1883 | Samuel Ferris. ......-.- 346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Summary by counties m county Nano eka Broome is oe Sec ee Ea EE ELS RE oth 1 $30 H DISIS (ap ce remy rating ier ys ae ree eh ter RO Maree ia ome a 3 90 Eiramikdan see eh ase ees ice et fee Neen Sater pale Aten 3 90 EMD UL eo) Wes Se ee ie em Rey eR EE Wy NN Sal ee ee a ae 1 30 EMernn Uo ra ees pee eA AS PIRI rata Wy i 7 210 Herkimer....--. i phe Set Ps Sn st er Ret 2 sa Ue a aoe ce 3 90 TDN STS a TS aE Me pay ahe) 20 /A aS en a ea rece ey ts ee 18 540 CaN Ss Ue cat Be ee RE ure a a AS NN LG 0 5 re Ls Da a ae ae 9 270 OUSE RO Ns Scie fle pacientes erate caine: shh neeratiege ens 1 30 SG Ua WiRO TG insole Eis ceri ta ane iL eae 45 1 335 I VAG ih eon aM ae Sa ree pC UE aS RS Be ie a gE 1 30 Wiashin tomy aah ye a he a ae ee eh ore was 6 180 PIG Gea ee et rece FS Cen A RO SE en ara 98 $2 910 Summary by years Number Amount Year killed paid NST etal aN UES OEE ES gS 21 UR re cera Merc lay Se aN ae a pa 4 $105 VSD ANAS Se abe pet aie tee ce Anak Sip ho RR Seay ea chat a mR 6 180 DT es See ee pA as SONA aa ee Be ganna Sea ane NT arco a Se a 1 30 BL cH: Geek Rate RY RR AA any 3a ae Sip UN Rey aati 8 pe DO a or anal Se pe GT gt il 30 DBL IRN ates UA TLR cL ARMOR Re ene URE Mage aC MAA ae he ER 4 120 STO Rak Mcrae rake SNR SER Eas Uc Ne SUC Ase sae a 2 PAI 2 60 BCU (Tie ie peer R yO Men sk Stray SNe Ai ean RUM CN Op A Lal ea OWS Mgt BP 2 60 VBS ee ark eh aia iia Git ee UAE Sal pe aerate SIV pla ete TS 2 60 SST hey Sie i oh ps eed aU, ERR AN cy UG 8 BO ere fe RN Ce 1 30 FSO EN AR mune er ele ML oMeIs ac te TULA 2 MUN AD Ree cag 6 1&0 SB oe aan IRE MOND Mh CUS FS NTA aioe eager les Rr ec hed VA eer eta 12. 345 EL SR ee eee Ge RLS RO Re ol Ak ee pe Stl Seen SI ee 21 630 NSS Stes, oie ait RAIL ne URES AIAN CALL AM a Reo ea DOR Re ONL pees 9 270 a fey Res aM ar es a MED MOT Uist aa 2 60 NSB EE Be oe NUN EC aN NV I se ca Soe 2 60 1 Koto} Git geet ce eee IME en Uta arene ES tush MEDION aa TRG Ml, 8 ca BU RTM A Tee SN oe 2 60 1 eS oH Apa ar arama MOREL Use Ainge LD EO beg CREE dace eee STA 1 30 1 Hoke t Ry Hes ape CM GL ee Mme ea yal oa UNIT BR Ne ENE oh 2 60 Re tots Jaga mee ey UN OCH Trae AC US Eve omen a cles UU A MOU gs MCAS eat a Ovens A eRe i toto) Rohe nee aati aac a aa PURGE NRE ES) aL Ti Ee er ree ee Qbear nee PONDER Ub Rik Bg OA) 128 aie dR OER Ye fun AGA hes lees SH ihe BU pps COM hayes cae se 1 oS ae ree Ga er te pa Sic U mR ML ee Manages R rt 2 cals hy Sd eS Oy Eas Steen BOOB oaks ict coe Nora aie RAED) Ci ae aoa Nee te SR Zod eR aBS CaN Ie COR ee et a ppR se, neat) Uae is WR sav oe Gs tt LAD UUM sa SR Mane ato tA Oks Seen ee Df it Ree rie een NE ICR Ueno A oa A Pea ein eee. Wee 6 180 i ok’) Theat we eet gun pA aU anes as) ee ani MiaNee ba 6 180 Bk}! fee ee ey Ninewells Lae AM a toi ThA ey ve aS 6 180 Total A Cy Re ae ee oe ef Sy alas is 98 $2 910 PRELIMINARY LIST.OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW: YORK 347 Ursus americanus Pallas Slack bear 1780 Ursus americanus Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica. Fasc. 14: 5. 1842 Ursus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. De 422 1882 Ursus americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:95. 1898 Ursus americanus Mearns,U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locahty. North Carolina. faunal position. ‘The geographic variations of the black bear are so imperfectly known that it is impossible to tell at present over what zones the form found in New York extends. Flabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. The black bear is now exterminated throughout the state except in the region of the Adirondacks and Catskills. Principal records. De Kay: “The bear, once so numerous in this state, is now chiefly to be found in the mountainous and thinly inhabited districts ”—(’42, p. 24). Merriam: “ This...mammal... is still abun- dant in most parts of the wilderness” (82, p. 95). Mearns: ‘Though -still common in the Adirondack and Catskill mountains the bear disap- peared from the [Hudson] highlands many years ago though my father’s mother saw them there (’98a, p. 352). I saw recent signs of bears on Plateau mountain, in August, 1896. Several bears were killed a few miles south of the mountain during the same month . . . This species is far from being exterminated in the Catskills ” (’98b, p. 357). Lutra canadensis canadensis (Schreber) Vortheastern otter 1776 Mustela lutra canadensis Schreber, Siugethiere. 3: pl. 126 B. 1803 Mustela hudsonica Desmarest, Nouv. dict. d’hist. nat. 13: 384. 1831 Lutra hudsonica F. Cuvier, Suppl. Oeuvres de Buffon. 1: 194. 1842 Lutra canadensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Pai39- 1882 Lutra canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:87. 1896 Lutra canadensis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 Lutra hudsonica Mearns, Am. rous. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. Oe BAG 1898 Lutra hudsonica Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360, Type locahty. Eastern Canada. Faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. Habitat, Borders of lakes, rivers, streams and marshes. 348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Distribution in New York. While the otter has doubtless greatly de- creased in numbers during the present century it probably still occurs throughout the greater part of New York. Details of its present distri- bution are however wholly lacking. Principal records. De Kay: ‘‘The American otter, once so numerous in every part of the state, is now exceedingly scarce. In the counties of Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond it is now extirpated. In the northern districts it is yet sufficiently numerous to become an object of pursuit ” (42, p. 40). Merriam: ‘ The otter is a common inhabitant of the Adirondacks” (’ 82, p. 87). Fisher: ‘“ Probably it still rarely occurs at Croton lake and river. ‘The last specimen we have any record of was taken in the tide creeks in Croton point about 1880” (’ 96, p. 199). ¢ Mearns: “ Otters are still found in the Hudson and in the streams and lakes of the Highlands though the species has now become extremely scarce. 20 years ago it was more numerous” (‘98a, p. 347). “ Otters were said by one or two of the Catskill residents to have been taken occasionally along Schoharie creek and at Kaaterskill lake during the past 25 years” (‘98b, p. 360). Mr Helme writes that the otter is nearly if not quite extinct on Long Island. Remarks. It is possible that the otter of the Hudson highlands and Long Island is the southeastern otter Lutra hudsonica lataxina (F. Cuvier) recently distinguished from the northern form by Rhoads (’ 98c, Pp. 420). Mephitis mephitica (Shaw) Sunk 1792 Viverra mephitica Shaw, Museum Leverianum. p. 172. : 1842 Mephitis americana De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. P- 29. 1858 Mephitis mephitica Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 195. 1882 Mephitis mephitica Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 69. 1896 Mephitis mephitica Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7 : 199. 1898 Jephitis mephitica Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 358. 1898 Mephitis mephitica Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. NON GOs Type locality. North America. Faunal position. Until the exact status of the skunks found in New York is better understood it will be impossible accurately to state their faunal position. FTabitat. Woods, fields and in fact anywhere, provided the ground is dry enough for burrowing. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 349 Distribution in New York. The skunk occurs throughout the state. This is probably an animal whose range has been slightly if at all affected by the removal of the forests, but which has undoubtedly increased in numbers with the transformation of forests into farms. Principal records. De Kay: “This well known and theroughly detested animal is supposed to exist throughout the whole American continent” (’42, p. 30). Merriam: “The skunk is very common in the clearings and settled districts bordering this region and is found sparingly throughout the Adirondacks” (’82, p. 69). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]. A very beneficial animal and one that should be carefully pro- tected” (’96, p. 199). Mearns: ‘““Common. Three specimens were trapped on the banks of Schoharie creek. It was not met with on the mountains” (’g98b, p. 358). I have found the skunk common at Geneva, Ontario co, and at Peter- boro, Madison co. ; Of the presence of the animal in the neighborhood of Buffalo Mr Savage writes: “The skunk is common, occasionally coming into the heart of the city. About three winters ago I came upon five dead skunks in ro days all within a radius of three-quarters of a mile and all within the city limits. Last fall a friend dug out a rabbit that his dog had ‘holed,’ and found that in the short time occupied by the work of exca- vation the animal had been killed and partly eaten by a skunk that happened to be occupying the hole.” Mr Helme says: “ The skunk is common but for some unknown reason it is much less numerous than formerly.” - Remarks. It is probable that the skunk of the upper austral areas in New York is subspecifically distinct from that occurring in the -Canadian zone, but at present there is no material with which to decide the question. If there are two forms the Canadian animal is Mephitis mephitica mephitica, the upper austral, 17. mephitica scrutator Bangs. The ranges of these subspecies are given by Bangs as follows: JZ. mephitica mephitica, ‘Boreal eastern North America; Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario south to about the northern limits of the United States” (’g6d, p. 140); VW. mephitica scrutator, “Pine and prairie regions of central Louisiana, extending up the Mississippi valley to Indiana and eastward across the Alleghanies to Virginia and thence northward, gradually be- coming less typical until it merges into true mephztica” (’96d, p. 141). It is of interest to note that De Kay in speaking of this animal now so extensively trapped for its fur says: “‘ His fur is coarse and of no value as an article of commerce ” (’42, p 30). 350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gulo luscus (Linnaeus) Wolverine 1758 Ursus luscus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:47. 1823 Gulo luscus J. Sabine, Franklin jour. p. 650. 1842 Gulo luscus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 27. 1882 Gulo luscus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans, 1:47. Type locality. Hudson bay. Faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. Flabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. While the wolverine has within historic times ranged throughout the state it is now wholly exterminated. Principal records. De Kay: “ Although we have not met with this animal yet hunters who have killed them repeatedly and knew therh well have assured us that they are still found in the districts north of Raquet lake. It is however everywhere a rare species” (’42, p. 28). Merriam: ‘‘ The wolverine (Gw/o Zuscus) is not now an inhabitant of the Adirondacks, and I have been unable to find among the hunters and trappers of this region anyone who has ever seen it in our wilderness” (82, p. 47-48). Bachman states (Audubon and Bachman, ’ 46, 1: 207-8) that about the year 1811 he killed a wolverine in Rensselaer co. Putorius vison vison (Schreber) (WVortheastern mink 1778 Mustela vison Schrever Sdugethiere. 3: 463. 1830 Putorius vison Gapper Zool. jour. 5: 202. 1853 Putorius nigrescens Audubon and Bachman Quadr. N. Am. Bros 1882 futorius vison Merriam Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 64. 1896 Futorius vison Bangs Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 27: 3. 1898 Putorius vison Mearns U.S. Nat.mus. Proc. 21: 358. Type locality. Canada. Faunal position. udsonian and Canadian zones. Ffabitat. Borders of lakes, ponds and water courses. Distribution in New York. The northeastern mink is not found in New York outside of the Adirondacks and Catskills. Principal records. Merriam: ‘‘ The mink is a well-known and tolerably abundant inhabitant of this region (’82, p. 64). Mearns: ‘This small mink is common on all.the streams of the neighborhood [Catskill mts] and at Kaaterskill lake” (’ 98b, p. 358). Putorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan). Southeastern mink 1825 Mustela lutreocephala Harlan, Fauna Americana. p. 63. 1842 FPutorius vison De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 37. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK - 351 1896 Putorius vison lutreocephalus Bangs, Boston soc. nat. his. Proc. March 1896. 27:4. 1896 Lutreola vison Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 Futorius (Lutreola) vison lutreocephalus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist Bula opsep. 1S96n 101347. Type locality. Maryland. faunal position. ‘Transition zone and upper austral zone. Habitat. Borders of lakes, ponds and water courses. Distribution in New York. The southeastern mink occurs throughout the central and southern part of the state except in the Catskills where it is replaced by the northeastern form. ‘The limits of distribution of both subspecies are however understood in a general way only. ; Principal records. De Kay: “The mink is a well-known animal in every part of the state. Its popular name is corrupted from maenk given to it by our early Swedish colonists” (42, p. 38). Fisher: “‘ Com- mon along all the larger streams and ponds [in the vicinity of Sing Sing]”’ (96, p. 199). Mearns: “ Minks have ‘always’ been rather com- mon in this vicinity [the Hudson highlands]|” ('98a, p. 347). Mink are tolerably common at Peterboro, Madison co., but I am unable to determine the exact status of the form that occurs there. It is probably not exactly typical of either subspecies. Mr Savage writes that: ‘“‘ The mink is very common in swamps and along streams in Erie co. I am inclined to think that the form found here is intermediate between typical vzsov and the subspecies dutreocephalus. Recently I examined two mink in the flesh which measured respectively 559 mm and 582 mm in total length.” According to Mr Helme the southeastern mink is not uncommon on Long Island. Remarks. Yhe forms of mink that occur in New York are much in need of critical revision but material for such study is lacking. In Bangs’s paper on the mink (’96a) Pusorius vison lutreocephatus is referred to as an Atlantic coast form. Its range into the interior doubtless includes the whole of the area in New York occupied by the tran- sition and upper austral zones, but proof of the correctness of this supposition is much to be desired. Putorius cicognanii (Bonaparte) Aonaparte’s weasel 1838 Mustela cicognanii Bonaparte, Charlesworth’s magazine. Jan. ORC BABY 1839 Lutorius cicognanit Richardson, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage of the Blossom. p. 10. 352 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1842 Mustela pusilla De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 34. 1842 Mustela fusca De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 35. 1882 Putorius vulgaris Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 54. 1896 Putorius richardsoni cicognani Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington, IPOCS BE) IVE, USIOHOs HO 3 0S). 1896 Putorius cicognanit Merriam, North American fauna. no. 11. 30 June 1896. p. to. 1898 Putorius cicognani Mearns, Am mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 349. 1898 Putorius cicognanu Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 358. Type locality. Eastern United States. Faunal position. Wudsonian, Canadian and transition zones. Habitat. Woods and thickets. Distribution in New York. Bonaparte’s weasel occurs through the entire state, with the possible exception of the upper austral areas. . ‘Fhese however are so narrow that they might readily be penetrated by a roving animal like a weasel. Bangs (’96a, p. 19) records it from Long Tsland. Principal records. De Kay: ‘It is by no means a rare animal but is difficult to capture” (’42, p. 35). Merriam: “It is the commonest weasel in the Adirondack region” (82, p. 54). Mearns: “‘ About the year 1870 I trapped one or two of these little short tailed weasels on our place at Highland falls and I have seen a few of them since. It is probably quite uncommon” (’98a, p. 349). ‘‘Onespecimen,amale. . was trapped on the left bank of Schoharie creek, August 23, 1896” (‘98b, p. 358). This weasel is tolerably common at Peterboro, Madison co. Of the occurrence of Bonaparte’s weasel in Erie co. Mr Savage writes: ‘Have seen a single P. crcognant.” Remarks. ‘The confusion of names applied to this animal for many years arose partly from the sexual variation to which the species is subject and partly from lack of a clear conception of the differences which separate it from the common stoat of Europe. The whole subject is thoroughly explained by Bangs (’96a, p. 20-21) and Merriam (’96, p. 10). Putorius noveboracensis Emmons Vew York weasel. 1840 FPutorius noveboracensis Emmons, Rep. Quad. Massachusetts. > Ans) 1842 Putorius noveboracensis De Kay, Zoology of New York. Mam- malia. p. 36. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 353 1854 futorius agiltis Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Am 3: 184. 1882 Putorius erminea Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 1: 56. 1896 Lutorius noveboracensis Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington, Goes ZCoie Dag hOG On hOn 3" 1896. Putorius noveboracensis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 Lutorius noveboracensis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. sso to RD SOY Koh 1898 Lutorius noveboracensis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 358. Type locality. ‘New York state. Faunal position. Upper austral and transition zones and lowermost edge of Canadian zone. Habitat. Woods and thickets. Distribution in New York. Owing to the confusion that has long existed in regard to the identification of our weasels it is now difficult to tell the exact limits of the range of this species. The animal is probably to be found in all parts of the state with the exception of the depth of the boreal areas. Principal records. De Kay: “Its geographic limits as yet are not settled. We suppose it to be a northern animal found as far south as Pennsylvania” (’42, p. 37). Merriam: “The ermine is a common resi- dent” (’82, p. 56). Fisher: ‘‘Tolerably common” (’96, p. 199). Mearns: “One was seen at Evelyne Villain August 1896” (’98b, p. 358). I have never met with this weasel in New York. Mr Savage writes: ‘““The New York weasel is common in Erie co.” Of the New York weasel on Long Island Mr Helme writes: “This animal is common. Although I have met with it several times in winter I have never seen a specimen in white pelage.” Mustela americang Turton Marten 1806 Mustela americana Turton, General system of nature. 1: 60. 1842 Mustela martes De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 32. 1882 Mustela americana Merriam, Linn. soc. New York, Trans. 1: $2. 1898 Mustela americana Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. Type locality. North America. faunal position. Boreal zones, and perhaps transition zone also, though in eastern North America the animal is exterminated in the latter. fHabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. The marten is now confined to the wilder parts of the Adirondacks. 354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “Its geographic range extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific” (’42, p. 34). Merriam: “The marten is a common resident of the dark evergreen forests of the Adirondacks, and hundreds of them are trapped here every winter for their fur” (’82, p- 52). Mearns: ‘Some of the residents assert that both the pine marten and the pekan, JZ. pennant Erxleben, are still sometimes taken in © the Catskills, others exclude the pekan, but say that the marten still exists” (’98b, p. 360). Mustela pennanti Erxleben /isher 1777 Mustela pennant Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. pp. 470. 1842 Mustela canadensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia/ De Blk 1882 Mustela pennanti Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 48. 1898 Mustela pennanti Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. Type locality. Canada. faunal position. Boreal zone and probably transition zone also. ffabitat, Forests. Distribution in New York. ‘The fisher which formerly ranged through the greater part of the state is now confined to the wilder parts of the Adirondacks though it occasionally wanders outside of this region. Principal records. De Kay: ‘The fisher or black cat of our hunters, is alarge and powerful animal, standing nearly a foot from the ground. It was formerly very abundant in this state, but is now confined to the thinly settled northern district. “Twenty years ago they were numerous in the western part of the state, where they are now scarcely ever seen” ('42, p. 31-32). Merriam: “Though not so common as formerly, the fisher . . . is by no meansarare inhabitant of these [Adirondack] mountains” (’82,p. 48). Mearns: (see under AZustela americana). Of the occurrence of this animal in Erie co. Mr Savage writes: ‘‘The fisher was probably common in this region before it was trapped out and the forests destroyed. In March, 1889, a fisher was killed after | being found under a lumber pile near the Niagara river and in the city of Buffalo. It was mounted by Miss Mathilde Schlegel now of East Aurora, New York.” Procyon lotor Linnaeus Raccoon 1758 | Ursus] Zotor Linnaeus, Syst. nat.ed. 10. 1: 48. 1780 Procyon lotor Storr, ‘ Prodr. Meth. Mamm.’ 1842 Procyon lotor De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 26. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 355 1882 Procyon lotor Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:91. 1896 Procyon lotor Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 200. 1898 Frocyon lotor Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locality. Northeastern United States. Faunal position. Austral zones, transition zone and southern border of Canadian zone. Habitat, Forests. Distribution in New York. ‘The raccoon occurs throughout the state. It is probably one of the mammals whose range has been very little changed by the clearing of the country. Principal records. De Kay: ‘The raccoon is found all over North America” (42, p. 27). Merriam: “Raccoons are common every- where about the borders of the Adirondacks, but they do not like dense evergreen forests and are therefore rather rare in the interior, still they are occasionally met in all parts of the wilderness ” (82, p. gt). Fisher: “(Common [near Sing Sing]. Found everywhere but more com- monly in the swamps and along streams” (’96, p. 200). Mearns: “Tracks of the raccoon were seen in several places on or near Schoharie ereek 4.98; Pp. 357) I have found the raccoon common at Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes : ‘The raccoon is common in Erie co.” Of this animal Mr Helme writes: “The raccoon is still quite common in most of the less thickly settled districts of Long Island.” Phoca vitulina Linnaeus Harbor seal 1758 |Phoca] vitulina Linnaeus, Syst. nat. Ed.10.. 1: 38. 1842 Lhoca concolor De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 53. 1882 Phoca vitulina Merriam, Linn soc. New York. Trans. 1: 104. 1896 Phoca vitulina Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 200 1898 FPhoca vitulina Mearns, Am. mus. nat. his. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10 : 346, Type locality. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. The harbor seal occurs regularly in Long Island sound and in the lower Hudson river. It also reaches the north- ern border of the state by way of the St Lawrence river, and on one occasion an individual penetrated as far into the interior as Onondaga lake. Principal records. De Kay: “ They are now comparatively rare in our waters, but were formerly very abundant ... At some seasons even at the present day they are very numerous, particularly about the Execution 356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM rocks in the sound, but their visits appear to be very capricious ” ('42, Pp. 54): Merriam: ‘The harbor seal breeds regularly both in the Gulf and River of St Lawrence and I have seen numbers of them in July as far up the river as the Saguenay, and they are still common even within 50 miles of Quebec.” “‘Zadock Thompson has recorded the capture of two of them on Lake Champlain [’42, p. 38]. “« During a recent visit to Lake Champlain I was told that a seal had been killed on the ice near Crown point within four or five years but was unable to authenticate the statement. “Dr De Kay mentioned the occasional occurrence of this species on Lake Ontario, many years ago, and during the past winter one was killed on Onondaga lake that must have reached this remote inland water by way of Lake Ontario. [Syracuse Standard, ’82}. ‘“‘T have seen many of these seals in Long Island sound chiefly about the Thimble islands, and March 25, 1879, I saw one on a rock in the Hudson river near Sing Sing” (’82, pp. 104-5). Fisher: “ Almost every spring one or more seals are seen [near Sing Sing| about the time the ice is breaking up in the river. On March 11, 1884, an adult male was secured in the cove” (’96, p..200). Mearns: ‘The seal has been seen several times and once captured in the Hudson highlands. One was shot at New Hamburg on the Hudson by a Mr Wood for whom the specimen was mounted by Mr James S. Buchanan, a taxidermist of Newburgh who showed me the specimen and four large jars of oil which he took from it. It was shot on the ice near an airhole in the riverin midwinter 1877-78 and weighed 60 pounds” (’98a, p. 346). For other records of the harbor seal in or near New York waters see Fisher ’84, Merriam ’84a and ’84c and Syracuse Standard ’82. Mr Helme writes, “‘ A few harbor seals are met with each winter along the rocky shores of the eastern part of Long Island. Occasionally they are found in the sound.” Cystophora cristata (Erxleben) Hooded seal 1777 Lhoca cristata Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. p. 590. 1841 Cystophora cristata Peters, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, rice |elouders IGl. 12 226. 1842 Stemmatopus cristatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. 2b 55° PRELIMINARY LISTZOF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 357 Type locality. Southern Greenland. faunal position, Arctic zone. Habitat. Ice floes and sea coasts. Distribution in New York. ‘Vhe hooded seal has been taken in New York on one occasion only. It is a mere straggler to the coast of the United States, though it has been known to wander as far south as Chesapeake bay (Allen, ’ 80, p. 737). Principal records. De Kay: “This description was taken from an adult male captured near Eastchester about 15 miles from the city” (’42, p- 56). Remarks. For an account of the ‘hood’ of this animal see Merriam, ”84b. Sorex albibarbis (Cope) Water shrew 1862 LVeosorex albibarbis Cope, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. p. 188. 1892 Sorex albibarbis Merriam, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 7: 25. 1894 Sorex albibarbis Miller, Boston sci. nat. hist. Proc. 26: 183. 1895 Sorex albibarbis Miller, North American fauna, no. 10, p. 46. Type locality. Profile lake, New Hampshire. Faunal position. Boreal zone. Habitat. Marshes, wet woods and the margins of streams and ponds. Distribution in New York. Vhe water shrew has been only once recorded from New York (Muiller,’94, p. 47). Although it has not yet been found outside of Essex co. the animal doubtless ranges throughout the Adirondacks. It will probably be found in the Catskills as well as in other localities where the fauna is largely composed of boreal forms. Rhoads has taken the water shrew in Pike co. Pa. (’g§a, p. 395). Sorex fumeus Miller Smoky shrew 1884 Sorex platyrhinus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:77 (not Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay). 1895 Sorex fumeus Miller, North American fauna. no. 10. 31 Dec. NOG GDais Os 1898 Sorex fumeus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 354. Type locality. Peterboro, Madison co. New York. faunal position. Boreal zone and cooler parts of transition zone. Habitat. Heavy woods and forests. Distribution in New York. The range of the smoky shrew in New York coincides very closely with that of the common red-backed mouse and the Canadian white-footed mouse. The animal is abundant 358 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM throughout the heavily forested boreal area in the northern part of the state. South of this region it occurs in isolated colonies wherever local conditions give it a sufficiently boreal environment. Principal records. Merriam: ‘This species . . . is notrare in the Adirondacks though I do not think it is as plentiful here as Sorex coopert | personatus |, which it much resembles in habits” (84d, p. 77). Mearns: ‘Three specimens were taken [in the Catskills]. One was trapped under a stone wall on the right [north] bank of Schoharie creek, one in a hollow stump on the south slope of East Jewett mountain at about 2000 feet altitude, and the third under a log a little farther up the mountain” (’98b, p. 354). I have found the smoky shrew at Peterboro and Chittenango falls! Madison co. and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. (’95, p. 50-52). At the type locality it is local and not common. Most of the specimens including the type were trapped in a gorge on the Oneida creek about three miles southwest of the village of Peterboro. At Elizabethtown it is common and very generally distributed in the forests. Remarks. ‘This species will probably be found in many localities in New York. Rhoads has recorded it from the following counties in Pennsylvania: Pike, Monroe, Sullivan, Clinton, Columbia and Somerset (97b, p. 223). Sorex macrurus Batchelder Aig-tailed shrew 1896 Sorex macrurus Batchelder, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. ©) IDSC USC, 1O8 Be 1898 Sorex macrurus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 355. Type locatity. Beedes, Essex co. New York. faunal position. ‘The big-tailed shrew is so slightly known that I am unable to assign it.a definite faunal position. In all probability it is confined to the colder parts of the boreal zone. Flabitat. (See principal records). Distribution in New York. ‘The only localities at which this animal has been taken are Beedes, the summit of Mt Marcy and the Catskills. In all only 10 specimens have yet been collected. Principal records. Batchelder: “On September 9, 1895 at Beedes, Essex co. New York I obtained a shrew unlike any species known to me. It was caught . . . among some large angular rocks at the head of a wooded talus of loose rock. Just above, shading the spot and keeping it moist and cool, rise the low cliffs from whose fragments the talus has been formed. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 359 “‘ Nearly a year later on August 1, 1896 I caught a second specimen of this shrew on Mt Marcy, the highest of the Adirondack mountains .. . It was taken in a crevice between some rocks on the bare open summit of the mountain about 5300 feet above sea-level. The locality where the first one was captured is about eight miles distant in an air line and lies at an elevation of only 1300 feet above the sea” (’96b, p. 133). Mearns: ‘“ The [eight] specimens were trapped in hollows under mossy stones and stumps usually in wet balsam or spruce woods or in weedy swamps. The lowest place where it was taken was in a balsam swamp at about 3700 feet altitude, others were caught somewhat higher in a sparsely wooded swamp densely overgrown with asters (Aster punticeus) then in bloom, and four were trapped on the top of Hunter mountain (altitude 4024 feet)” (’98b p. 356). Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy St Hilaire Masked shrew 1827 Sorex personatus 1 Geoffroy St Hilaire, Mem. du mus. d’hist. nat. Waals) I 6 wae 1842 Sorex forsteri De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 4o. 1842 Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. : p22. 1884 Svrex coopert Merriam, Linn.soc. New York. Trans. 2:75. 1895 Sorex personatus Muller, North American fauna. no. 10. at IDCs TeO)sp | (Os EA 1896 Sorex personatus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 194. 1898 Sorex personatus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 355. 1898 Sorex personatus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 343. Type locality. Eastern United States possibly somewhere in New York. faunal position. Boreal and transition zones; cool localities in upper austral zone. -flabitat. Open or wooded places both wet and dry. Distribution in New York. The masked shrew probably occurs throughout the state. Principal records, De Kay: “They are found in ail parts of the state” (42, p. 21). Merriam: “This diminutive shrew, the smallest known mammalian inhabitant of the Adirondacks, is quite common in most parts of the region but much more abundant some years than others” (84d, p. 75). Fisher: “The common shrew is rather rare and is the only one of the long-tailed species found in the neighborhood [of Sing Sing]. Its scarcity however may be only apparent and due wholly 360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or in part to our lack of skill in former days in trapping it successfully ” (’96, p. 194). Mearns: “Two specimens were trapped, the first . . . in a balsam swamp at 3700 feet altitude and the second . . . on the actual summit of Hunter mountain” (’98b, p. 355). I have found the masked shrew common at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. In both localities it is generally dis- tributed. Mr Savage writes: ‘“ Sorex personatus is abundant in the low flat land known as the ‘Tifft farm’ near Buffalo. Here I have frequently heard them squeaking all around me.” Of the masked shrew Mr Helme writes: “This diminutive mammal is not rare in most parts of Long Island. It builds a small spherical nest of dry leaves in some cavity under a log or old stump. I once found six specimens under an old log in a nest of leaves and bits of dry seaweed.” Sorex hoyi Baird /oy’s shrew 1858 Sorex hoyi Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 32. . 1895 Sorex hoyi Merriam, North American fauna. no. 10. 31 Dec. TRO, [Bo OE Type locality. Racine, Wisconsin. Fraunal position. Hoy’s shrew is probably an inhabitant of the transi- tion and boreal zones. Its faunal position is not well understood. Flabitat ‘This animal is so little known that its habitat cannot be definitely stated. Apparently it is more often found in cleared land than in woods or forests (see Miller, 97b, p. 37). Distribution in New York. While this species probably occurs throughout the northern half of the state it has as yet been taken at Locust Grove, Lewis co. only (Merriam, ’95, p. go). Blarina brevicauda (Say) Short-cailed shrew 1823 Sorex brevicaudus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts. 1837 Sorex dekayi Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Jour. pt. 2. 7? 377: 1842 Sorex dehayi De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 17 (part). 1842 Sorex brevicaudus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 18 (part). 1842 Sorex carolinensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 21 (part). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK | 361 1858 Glarina brevicauda Baird, Mamm. N. Am. pp. 42 (part). 1858 Glarina talpoides Baird, Mamm. N. Am. pp. 37 (part). 1884 Blarina brevicauda Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1884. 2: 66. 1896 Llarina brevicauda Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 194. 1898 Llarina brevicauda Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 18Q6. LO! 34:2. 1898 Llarina brevicauda Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 356. Type locality. Near Blair, Nebraska. Fraunal position. Boreal transition and upper austral zones. fTabitat. Fields and woods, wet or dry marshes, borders of streams. Every variety of country appears to be equally attractive to this animal. Distribution in New York. ‘The short-tailed shrew is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the mammals that occur in the state. There are probably very few square miles in New York not inhabited by hundreds of individuals. Principal records. De Kay: “This shrew is found in Albany county and in the southern parts of the state” (42, p. 18)... “I have had an opportunity of examining a recent specimen from Queens co. which I refer to this species” (42, p 19). ‘ [This shrew is] commonly found in this state” (’42, p. 21). Merriam: ‘“‘ The short-tailed shrew is, I presume, the most abundant of the insectivorous mammals that occur in the Adirondack mountains, and is found alike in the dense coniferous forests of the interior and the cleared and settled districts of the surround- ing region” (’84d, p. 66). Fisher: “‘ A common species [in the neighbor- hood of Sing Sing]. Almost everywhere in the woods its tunnels may be found running hither and thither under the matting of dry leaves or old decayed logs. In the open meadows it is less common though occasion- ally found, attracted there no doubt by the meadow mice or other favorite food” (96, p. 194). Mearns: “ Very abundant from Schoharie creek up to the higher mountain tops where it appears to be less numerous though several were taken on the summit of Hunter mountain” (’98b, —p- 356). I have found the short-tailed shrew abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage writes that he has taken three or four specimens near Buffalo. According to Mr Helme the short-tailed shrew is very common on Long Island. 362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Remarks. The small Blarina parva * Say undoubtedly occurs in the lower Hudson valley though it has not to my knowledge been taken within the limits of the state. De Kay included the animal on the ground of its occurrence in Con- necticut (’42, p. 20). Mr Frank M. Chapman writes me that there is in the American museum of natural history a specimen of this shrew taken . on the Hackensack marshes in New Jersey only a few miles from the New York state line. The species is to be looked for also in the upper austral area at the extreme western part of the state. Scalops aquaticus (Linnaeus) Waked-tailed mole 1758 Sorex aguaticus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed.10. 1:53. ( 1825 Scalops acguaticus F. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm. pp. 251. 1842 Scalops aguaticus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p. 15 (part). 1884 Scalops aquaticus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:55. 1896 Scalops aguaticus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 73 194: 1898 Scalops aguaticus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. TONZ43: Type locality. Eastern United States. Faunal position. ‘Transition zone and austral zones. Habitat. Dry, sandy soil. of Distribution in New York. ‘The naked-tailed mole may be looked for in New York in suitable localities anywhere outside of the limits of the boreal zone. The details of its distribution in the state are unknown. Principal records. De Kay: “The shrew-mole has a wide geographic range, being {found from Carolina to the s5oth degree. of north lati- tude, and from the Atlantic to the shores of the Pacific” (’42, p. 17). Merriam: ‘This species is not common about the borders of the Adiron- dacks and is seldom if ever found within the evergreen forests, though it sometimes finds its way to the frontier settler’s garden” (’84d, p. 55). Fisher: “(Common in the meadows and lawns [about Sing Sing] ” (96, p. 194). Mr Helme writes that the naked-tailed mole is common on Long Island. a 1823 Sorex parvus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts. 1 :164. 1842 Sorex parvus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 19. 1895 Blarina parva Merriam, North American fauna, no.10. 31 Dec. 1895. p. 17. Type locality. Near Blair, Nebraska. Faunal position. Upper and lower austral zones. Distribution. Upper and lower austral zones from the MississIppi valley to the Atlantic coast. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 363 Remarks. De Kay’s account of Scalops aquaticus clearly refers in part to the hairy-tailed mole since he records one specimen with 44 teeth. Parascalops breweri (Bachman) airy-tailed mole 1842 Scalops aquaticus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia, p- 15 (part). 1844 Scalops brewert Bachman, Boston journ. nat. hist. 4: 32. 1855 Scalops brewert Baird, N. Y. State cab. nat. hist. 15th rep. Append. A=.) |). i. 1884 Scapanus americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 263. 1895 Larascalops brewert True, Science, N. 5. 25 Jan. 1895. 1: 101. 1898 Parascalops brewert Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 343. 1898 Parascalops breweri Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locality. The type specimen of Scalops breweri was supposed to have been taken on the island of Marthas vineyard, Massachusetts (see Bachman, ’44) but this is doubtless an error. Faunal position. Boreal zone and perhaps northern part of transition zone. Distribution in New York. The range of the hairy-tailed mole in New York is not well understood at present. The animal is probably common in open country throughout the northern half of the state. It also occurs in the Catskills and in the Hudson highlands. In his Revision of the American moles Mr F. W. True says: ‘All the New York specimens examined were from Lewis and Oneida counties, in the northwestern part of the state, but Bachman had 4 specimens from Troy, Rensselaer co, [Audubon and Bachman ’5r1, p. 175]. No specimens have been taken in any part of southern or southeastern New York so far as I am aware” (’96, p. 73). Principal records, De Kay: (A specimen of Scalops aguaticus with 44 teeth is mentioned (’42, p. 15-16), but no locality stated). Baird: ‘‘This species of mole, although not mentioned by De Kay in the State natural history, is in reality very abundantly to be met with in the northern part of the state and apparently to the exclusion of the more southern species with white naked tail, S. aguaticus ('65, p. 1). Merriam: “I have secured a number of examples of this species from the borders of the wilderness, but have not observed it within the coniferous forests” (84d, p. 63). Mearns: ‘‘ This mole is probably rare in the [Hudson] highlands though common in the Catskill mountains. I have examined 364 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM only two specimens. ‘The first was picked up under a haypole on a salt- marsh beside the Hudson and identified by Dr C. Hart Merriam. On June 28, 1878, Mr William Church Osborn brought me a perfect albino specimen of this mole which a gardener had caught near Garrison’s in Putnam co.” (98a, p. 343-44). ‘‘One specimen taken [in the Scho- harie valley]” (98b, p. 357). I have found the hairy-tailed mole tolerably common at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage has not found the animal at Buffalo, but I have seen a specimen belonging to Ward’s natural science establishment taken near Rochester. Condylura cristata (Linnaeus) Star-nosed mole 1758 [Sorex] cristafus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:53. 1819 Condylura cristata Desmarest, Jour. de Physique. 89 : 230. 1842 Condylura cristata De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. De, I 1884 Condylura cristata Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:48. 1896 Condylura cristata Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7 : 195. 1898 Condylura cristata Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 10: 344. Type locality. Pennsylvania. faunal position. The star-nosed mole is a member of the boreal fauna, but it ranges far south of the limits of the boreal zone in cool, damp situations. Habitat. Swamps and soft damp ground. The tunnels inhabited by the star-nosed mole are often found partly filled with water. In its semi-aquatic habits this species differs strikingly from the two other moles found in New York. Distribution in New York. This species is the most widely distrib - uted of the moles that occur in the state It is probably an inhabitant of every county. The exact details of its range however remain to be determined. Principal records. De Kay: “The star-nose is abundant throughout New York.” (’42. p. 14). Merriam: ‘‘ The star-nosed mole is a com- mon animal along the outskirts of the Adirondacks, where it seems to manifest a predilection for moist situations” . .. (’84d, p. 48). Fisher: ““The star-nosed mole is far less common than the preceding species [ Scalops aguaticus], and usually inhabits wet meadows near streams though occasionally taken in dry soil” (’96, p. 195). Mearns: ‘‘This singular- jooking animal is not uncommon [in the Hudson highlands]” ('98a, p. 344). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 365 I have found the star-nosed mole common at Geneva, Ontario co. ; Peterboro, Madison co, and Elizabethtown, Essex co. . Mr Savage writes that this species is not rare in the neighborhood of Buffalo, though less numerous than the naked-tailed mole. «Several years ago I found a specimen lying dead in the street at Miller place, Long Island. ‘This is my only reccrd for the region” (Helme). Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte) Lzttle brown bat 1831 Vespertilio lucifugus . Le Conte, McMurtrie’s Cuvier, Animal kingdom. Append. 1: 431. . 1842 Vespertilo subulatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 8 (part). ‘ 1864 Vespertilio lucifugus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 55. 1884 Vespertilio subulatus Merriam, Linn soc. New York. Trans. 2: 96 (part). 1893 Vespertilio gryphus War. (a) Vespertilio gryphus lucifugus, A. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 78. 1896 Vespertilio luctfugus Fisher, The Observer. 7: 195. 1897 Myotis lucifugus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. p. 59. 1898 Myotis lucifugus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 357. Type locality. Southern Georgia. Faunal position. ‘The little brown bat ranges from Florida to Alaska, or throughout the breadth of five life zones. Such a distribution is very difficult to understand in the absence of definite knowledge of the real climatic conditions to which the animal is exposed during its breeding season. Habitat. Caves, hollow trees and crevices in buildings. Dr Harrison Allen refers to this bat as ‘‘a strictly pastoral species ”’ which “is not col- lected in houses either in town or country ” (’ 93, p. 84). This statement is very misleading as the little brown bat often takes up its abode in buildings where it occasionally becomes a serious pest. This is the common bat of the Mammoth cave (Rhodes, ’97b, p. 59). Distribution in New York. As might be expected from its wide range, the little brown bat occurs throughout New York state. It is not equally common in all localities however, and the details of its local distribution remain to be worked out. Principal records. De Kay: (Mentioned as a common species. The account probably refers partly to this animal and partly to WZ. swbulatus. "42, p.g). Merriam: ‘“ Next to the silver-haired bat this is the com- monest and most universally distributed species in the Adirondacks, so 366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM _ far as my observations have extended. Professor Baird has taken the typical animal at Elizabethtown, and the form known as Jucifugus at Westport ” (84, p.96). Fisher: ‘‘ Out of the hundreds of bats collected only one of this species was ever secured”’ (’96, p. 195). Miller: “The species is recorded from Adirondacks, Big moose lake, Catskill moun- tains, Howe's cave, Lake George, Locust grove, Lyons falls, Oneida lake, Peterboro, Sing Sing and West point” (’97, p. 62). Mearns: ‘This was the commonest bat in the Catskills and seen nightly” ('98b, P- 357). I have found the little brown bat excessively abundant near the south- east shore of Oneida lake. Here it occurred in large colonies between rafters in barns and under the roofs and loose clapboards of old houses. At Peterboro the animal though less numerous than at Oneida lake, is common. Mr Savage has taken a small brown bat, in acave in the Niagara river gorge near the Devil’s hole, which with some doubt he refers to this species. Myotis subulatus (Say) Say’s dat 1823 ?Vespertilio subulatus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts 2: 65 footnote. 1842 Vespertilio subulatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 8 (part). 1864 Vespertilo subulatus A. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 51. 1884 Vespertilo subulatus Merriam, Linn. soc, New York. Trans. 2:96 (part). 1893 Northern form of Vespertilo gryphus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. ANNs) iy OO)s 1897 Myotis subulatus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. p. 75. 1898 Myotis subulatus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 344. Type locahity. Arkansas river, near La Junta, Colorado. faunal position, ‘Yoo little is known of the range of this bat to per- mit the species to be assigned any definite faunal position. At present it is known to occur in the boreal, transition and upper austral zones. ffTabitat. Probably similar to the little brown bat. Distribution in New York. Say’s bat probably occurs throughout the state but the details of its distribution are unknown. Principal records. De Kay: (The account given by De Kay doubtless refers in part to this species) H.Allen: Specimen recorded from Elizabethtown, Essex co. (’64, p. 53). This is the first definite New PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 367 York record. Merriam: Reference made to the Elizabethtown speci- men previously recorded by Harrison Allen (84, p. 96). Miller: Specimens mentioned from Hammondville, Hemlock lake, Highland falls, Lake George and Peterboro (’97¢, p 76). Mearns: “This bat is _ quite uncommon in the Hudson highlands ” (98a, p. 344). I have taken a few specimens of Say’s bat at Peterboro, Madison co. where it is much less common than the little brown bat. Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte) Szlvery bat 1831 Vespertilio noctivagans Le Conte, McMurtrie’s Cuvier, Animal kingdom. June 1831. 1:31. 1831 Vespertilio auduboni Harlan, Monthly Amer. journ. geol. and “nat. hist. Nov. 1831. 1: 220. 1842 Vespertilio noctivagans De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. D- 9. 1864 Scotophilus noctivagans H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 39. 1865 Lasionycteris noctivagans Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wis- sensch. Berlin. p. 648. 1884 Vesperugo noctivagans Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2 : 90. ‘ 1893 Lasionycteris noctivagans H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. pp. tos. 1896 Vesperugo noctivagans Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 195. 1897 Lasionycteris noctivagans Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. 1897. p. 86. 1898 Lasionycteris noctivagans Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sepa kog se milons amine Type locality. Eastern United States. Faunal positien. - Boreal transition and northern edge of upper austral zones. Distribution in New York. The silvery bat is found either as a migrant or summer resident throughout the state. While its breeding range scarcely reaches the upper limit of the upper austral zone, its migrations carry it to the Bermudas and to the extreme southern United States (see Merriam, ’88, p. 85 and Miller, ’97a, p. 543). Principal records. De Kay: “The silver-haired bat is common on Long Island and the southern counties of the state’’ (42, p. 10). Merriam: “This is our commonest bat, far outnumbering all the other species together. I have killed it in various parts of the wilderness, and during the past summer ... . shot over TOL CVMIS aC Onmver 9 (SAG, p- 90). Fisher: ‘“Tolerably common [near Sing Sing] . . . On June 24, 368 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1884, Mr Howard Acker found 16 females with 25 young from one to three days old under the siding of an old house” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “« One specimen was taken from a hollow tree [at Highland falls ]” (’98a, P. 345) | Mr Helme writes that the silvery bat is very common on Long Island. Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier) Georgia bat 1834 ?Vespertilio georgianus F. Cuvier, Nouv. ann. d’hist. nat. Paris 2:16 (not determinable). 1834 Vespertilio subfiavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. ann. d’hist. nat. Paris. 163 19/6 1864 Scotophilus georgianus FA. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. 'p. Btu a 1893 Vesperugo carolinensis AH. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. pp. 121. 1896 Vespferugo georgianus Fisher, The Observer, May 1896. 7:196. 1897 Pipistrellus subjiavus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. p. go. 1898 Pipistrellus subfiavus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 10: 345. Type locality. “astern United States; probably Georgia. faunal position. Austral zones and lower edge of transition zone. Distribution in New York. The Georgia bat is abundant in the lower Hudson valley but is not as yet known in other parts of the state. Principal recorés. Fisher: ‘The commonest bat [at Sing Sing]. On warm summer evenings . . . hundreds may be seen flying back and forth over fields or lakes busily engaged in collecting their diminutive prey” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “This bat is not abundant in the [Hudson] highlands ”’ (’98a, p. 345). I have taken one specimen of /ifistrellus at Peterboro, Madison co., but as it is immature I am unable to refer it satisfactorily either . to the typical form or to P. subflavus obscurus. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller Dusky baz 1897 Pipistrellus subjflavus obscurer Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. 1897. p. 93. Type locality. ake George, Warren co. New York. faunal position. Probably the border line between transition zone and upper austral zone. Distribution in New York. This bat has been found at the type locality only. Principal records. Miller: 34 specimens recorded (’97C¢, p. 93). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 369 Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois Avowzn dat 1796 Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s museum. p. 14. 1842 Vespertilio carolinensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mamma- lia. p. Io. 1864 Scotophilus fuscus AH. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am, p. 31. 1884 Vesperugo serotinus fuscus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 86. 1893 Adelonycteris fuscus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 112. 1896 Vesperugo fuscus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 195. 1897 Vespertilio fuscus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. 1897. p. 96. 1898 Vespertilio fuscus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 10: 344. 1893 Vespertilio fuscus Mearns, U.S. Nat.mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. Faunal position. Austral zones and transition zone. flabitat. Caves, hollow trees and crevices in buildings. This bat is usually very common in towns and cities. Distribution in New York. ‘The brown bat occurs throughout the non- boreal part of the state. The details of its distribution are not yet known. Principal records. De Kay: “I have obtained it from Kings co. and Prof. Emmons has observed it at Albany in the months of February and March” (’42, p.11). Merriam: “ Professor Baird has taken this species at Westport in Essex co. on the eastern border of the Adirondacks and I have procured a single specimen in Lewis co. on the western side of the district, but it is unquestionably the rarest bat found within the limits of the region” (84d, p. 86) Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 195). Mearns: ‘The big brown bat is very common [at Highland falls], often entering houses in pursuit of insects” ('98a, p. 344). ‘‘Common [near Kaaterskill junction]” (’98b, p. 357). I have never met with this bat in New York. Mr Savage writes: ‘‘ The brown bat has been taken here on one occa- sion at least. Some time ago one of the pupils of the Central high school took a live specimen to Dr F. W. Barrows who had it mounted. I have recently examined the specimen.” Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois) vary bat 1796 Vespertilio linereus Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s museum. p. 14 (obvious misprint for czwereus). 1842 Vespertilio pruinosus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. De 7- 370 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1864 Lasiurus cinereus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. pp. 21. 1884 Afalapha cinerea Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 78. 1893 Atalapha cinerea H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 155. 1896 Atalapha cinerea Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196, 1897 Lasiurus cinereus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. ESOT. apse: Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. faunal position. Vhe breeding range of the hoary bat appears to be strictly confined to the boreal zone. ffabitat. Forests and woodlands except during migrations when the animal may be found anywhere. ~ Distribution in New York. So far as known this bat does not occyr outside of the boreal area in the Adirondacks during the breeding season. Its migrations carry the animal far south of the boundaries of the state (Merriam, 788, p. 85; Miller, ’97a, p. 542-43). Principal records. De Kay: (The hoary bat regarded as uncommon (42, p. 9). Merriam: “This species. . . is not rare in the Adirondacks, and I have taken it both in the interior and along the western border of the region” (84d, p. 78.) Fisher: “‘ On the evening of October 1, 1883 one of these beautiful bats was seen flying about a lawn, [at Sing Sing] where it was well identified ”’ (’ 96, p. 196). Of this species in the vicinity of Buffalo Mr Savage writes, “The hoary bat also occurs but in what numbers I am unable to say. ‘There is a good specimen in the museum of the Buffalo society of natural sciences. “‘ Rare on Long Island. Has been taken in August, September and October” (Helme). Lasiurus borealis (Miller) “ed dat 1776 Vespertilo borealis Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 20. 1842 Vespertilio noveboracensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia. p. 6. 1864 Lasiurus noveboracensis WW, Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 51. 1884 Atalapha noveboracensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans, 223" 1893 Atalapha noveboracensis H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 142. 1896 Afzalapha borealis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896.. 7: 196. 1897 Lasiurus borealis Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. TSOOGe. OO, | 1898 Lasiurus borealis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. LORISAG on “PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 371 Type locality. New York state. faunal position, The red bat breeds throughout the austral zones, the transition zone and the lower part of the boreal zone. Habitat. Forests, woodlands, groves and parks. The red bat appears to be an almost exclusively arboreal species. Distribution in New York. The red bat probably occurs commonly throughout New York state, except, perhaps, in the central part of the Adirondack region. This species is extensively migratory (Merriam, 788 p. 385; Miller, ’97a, p. 541-42; Mearns, ’98a, p. 345). Principal records. De Kay: ‘This is the most common species in our state’”’ (42, p. 6). Merriam: “ This species ranks among the least eommon bats of the area under consideration”? (84d, p. 83). Fisher: ‘¢ Next to the little Georgian bat the red bat is the commonest species [in the neighborhood of Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “ Very abundant in this region [the Hudson highlands] during the summer .. . During the latter part of October and the first week of November,I have seen great flights of them during the whole day” (98a, p. 345). . I have found the red bat a common summer resident at Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes that, of the bats that occur in the neighborhood of Buffalo, the red bat appears to be the most numerous. Mr Helme reports that this species is the commonest bat on Long Island. Addenda The following papers should be mentioned which were overlooked in preparing the body of this paper: De Kay, j. E. Assembly document 161, 1837. New York geological and mineralogical reports for 1836, p. 13-15. In this communication it is estimated that 60 different species of mammals occur in the state. De Kay, J. E. Assembly document 50, 1840. New York geological and mineralogical reports for 1839, p. 7-36. In this article 74 mammals are mentioned as occurring in the state. The list here given includes introduced and fossil forms, also a number of synonyms, several species that are mentioned without positive knowledge of their occurrence in this state and some few that prove to have been founded on insuff- cient characters, making the number of New York mammals then known less than 60. EEL. 372 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fossil species Platigonus compressus Le Conte ussil peccary 1848 Flatigonus compressus Le Conte, Am. jour. sci. and arts. ser. 2. Ga LOR. : 1889 Flatygonus compressus Leidy, Wagner free inst. of science of Philadelphia. Trans. Dec. 1889. 2:47. Type locality. “The lead region of Illinois”? (Le Conte, ’48, p. 102) Distribution in New York. Bones of the fossil peccary have been found near Rochester, but at no other locality in the state to my knowl- edge. Principal records. Weidy: “Recently the writer procured through pur- chase for the Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia . . . a col- lection of remarkably well-preserved remains of two adult individuals of Flatygonus compressus which were found in making a railway excavation in a gravel bank a few miles from Rochester. Of one individual there is the greater part of the skeleton, consisting of the nearly perfect skull with the teeth . .. 21 vertebrae, the sacrum, the long bones of both pairs of limbs, the imperfect scapulae, an innominatum, and part of a second, both pairs of principal metacarpals, one pair of principal meta- tarsals, an astragalus, a calcaneum, portions of a sternum and fragments of three ribs. Of the second individual there is a less perfect skull with the upper teeth but without the mandible” (89, 41). Equus major De Kay fossil ho se 1842 Hguus major De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p 108. 1884 guus major Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. Aug. 1884. Oe ING Type locahty. Navesink hills, New Jersey. Distribution in New York. Remains of the fossil horse have been found at Keene’s station, near the Oswegatchie river Ox Bow, in Jefferson co. Principal records. De Kay: “Teeth and bones of the horse have been found in various parts of the Union, but I am unacquainted with any locality in this state. The nearest approach to it are the teeth and vertebrae found near the Navesink hills in New Jersey... They have also been found on the north branch of the Susquehannah; in digging the Chesapeake canal near Georgetown D. C. and in North Carolina 16 miles below Newbern ” (’42, p. 108). Merriam: Dr C. C. Benton of Ogdensburg has shown me several fossil molar teeth of Aguwus mayor PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 373 that were exhumed at Keene’s station near the Oswegatchie Ox Bow in Jefferson co. I have compared them with the corresponding teeth in an immense dray-horse, and find them much larger” (’84, p.). Elephas columbi Falconer ossil elephant 1842 Elephas americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p.to1. Not Alephas americanus Kerr, 1792. 1857 Llephas columbi Falconer, Quart. journ. geol. soc. London. v. 13, table facing p. 319. Type locality. Mexico and the southern United States. Distribution in New York. Remains of the fossil elephant may be looked for in marl beds, gravel banks and similar locations anywhere in New York. They are much less abundant however than those of the mastodon. : Principal records De Kay: “The specimens ... were found in a diluvial formation near the Irondiquoit river in Monroe county 10 miles east of the city of Rochester . . . these consisted of a tusk and two molars” (42, p. 101). Mastodon americanus Kerr American mastodon 1792 Llephas americanus Kerr, Animal kingdom. 1: 116. 1842 Mastodon maximus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. to2. 1895 JZastodon americanus Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 20 June TOO hae aeons Type locality. Big bone lick, Kentucky. _ Distribution in New York. Like the fossil elephant the mastodon once occurred throughout the state. Its remains are more abundant than those of the elephant. Principal records. De Kay, “In this state the remains of this animal were discovered near Claverack, as early as 1705, and formed the subject. of a note from the celebrated Dr Mather, which appeared in the English philosophical transactions, 1705, July 23. “In 1782, they [bones of the mastodon] were found in a swamp, near Montgomery, Orange co., and in greater numbers at Shawangunk, Ulster co. Shortly after, portions of eight distinct individuals were dis- covered within eight or ro miles of Montgomery. In 1801, Mr Peale succeeded in disinterring, from this region, an almost entire skeleton. “Since that period, other localities have been discovered, the most remarkable of these are, 374 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1 From Rockland county, in 1817; and from Chester, Orange co.... 2 In the same year, remains were found in the city of Rochester, 4 feet below the surface, in a hollow or water course. 3 In 1823, more than one half of a lower jaw, with the teeth, on the shore of Long-Island, between high and low water mark, about four miles east of the county court-house at Riverhead, Suffolk co... . It may be noted that a very large molar, in Dr Morton’s collection, was fished up from a similar locality, namely, in the ocean at Long Branches Ne lene 4 At Geneseo, Livingston co. (see Am. jour. 12: 381) the greater part of a skeleton was found in a marsh 2% feet below the surface, in vege- table mould, and resting upon a bed of fine white gravel. 5 In 1834, the molar tooth of this species was found near Jamestown, Chautauqua co. 6 A fine portion of the lower jaw of a young mastodon, from the town of Montgomery, Orange co... . 7 In the town of Shawangunk, Ulster co. 8 At Perrinton, near Rochester, Monroe co. g At Coeymans, Albany co. to At Hinsdale, Cattaraugus co., a tusk was found 17 feet beneath the surface. The soil was composed of alternate strata of sand and gravel. tr In 1841, ina bed of marl three miles south of Le Roy, [a tooth ?] weighing two pounds. | 12 A tooth was found in digging a mill-race on Goat Island, Niagara cO., 12 or 13 feet below the surface” (’42, p. 103-4). The remains of numerous mastodons have been found in New York since 1842, but it is hardly necessary to bring together a complete list. Warren (’52) records a nearly complete skeleton discovered near New- burgh in 1845. Hall (71) records a skeleton, likewise essentially perfect, from Cohoes. He says: ‘(In the month of September 1866 the workmen engaged in excavations for the foundation of a new will to be erected by the ‘Harmony mills co. of Cohoes, N. Y.” discovered the lower jaw of a mastodon with a single foot bone, resting upon a projection of rock between two depressions or concave walls of small pot-holes in the margin of what afterward proved to be a larger pot-hole” (’71, p. 99). Further excavations brought to light the remainder of the skeleton, some parts of which lay 60 feet away from the spot where the jaw was found. This specimen is in the N. Y. state museum. Clarke (’88) reports the discovery of bones of a mastodon or elephant (probably the former) in the village of Attica, Wyoming co. This speci- men is specially interesting on account of its close association with human, relics. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 375 _ Marsh (’92) describes a skeleton in the museum of Yale university which is “perhaps in the best preservation of any skeleton of the American mastodon yet discovered.” I am informed, however, that it lacks the hind legs. Dana (’95, p. 999) states that this skeleton was found at Otisville, Orange co. ‘The Newburgh mastodon. ‘ The mastodon discovered about two months ago at Newburgh, N. Y., has now been more fully uncovered, but thus far proves to be an incomplete skeleton. ‘The parts preserved are the skull, much injured by removal, both upper tusks, the vertebrae be- ginning at the Jast cervical and extending to near the tip of the tail, 18 ribs on each side out of 20, a right scapula and a complete pelvis and portions of the toot bones. No traces of the limbs have been found thus far, although extensive excavations have been made. Fortunately, Mr Schaefer, the owner, has removed the bones with care and treated them skilfully. Many very interesting observations could be made by a careful study and exploration of this locality. During a visit by the present writer, the following observations were made, partly with the aid of Mr Schaefer. The deposition is in three levels, the two upper being separated by a smooth clearly defined surface, and by slight differences in the character of the soil, which is largely dark and thoroughly decom- posed vegetable matter, intermingled with few stones and very numer- ous remains of trees of various sizes. Examination of the latter gives abundant evidence of the existence of beaver in this hollow in the period of the mastodon, and we can easily imagine that the different soil levels were due to the building of successive beaver dams. When the dams were first completed the back flow of the water caused temporarily an interruption of the deposition of vegetation and may account for the differences of level above alluded to. The locality has been visited by a large number of people, including several well known paleontologists.” —H. F. Osborn. Castoroides ohioensis Foster 1838 Castorowles ohioensis Foster, Second annual report on the geolog- ical survey of Ohio. 1838. p. 81. 1847 Castoroides ohioensis Hall, Boston journ. nat. hist. 5: 385. Type locality. “ About one-half of a mile west of Nashport [Ohio] ” (Foster, ’38, p. 80). Distribution in New York. Remains of Castoroides ohioensis have been found only once in New York —in a swamp near Clyde, Wayne co. Principal records, Wall: ‘‘The cranium was received from Rev. Benjamin Hall, D.D., president of Geneva college, and was discovered 376 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in a Swamp on the farm of Gen. W. H. Adams of Clyde. The situation in which it was found is an elevated plateau or level tract of land, a por- tion only of which would be denominated a swamp, though the whole surface is covered with a peaty soil which supports a heavy growth of elm, hem- lock and ash with some maple and beech . . . The precise locality of the fossil was near the termination of a shallow ravine or the bed of a small stream which flows into Lake Ontario in a northwesterly direction” (47, p- 385-86). BIBLIOGRAPHY The following bibliography consists of the titles of the works referred to in the present paper, with the exception of those mentioned in the tables of synonymy only, where full references are always given. ( Allen, Harrison. ’64. Monograph of the bats of North America. (see Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. no. 165. June 1864) —— ’93. Monograph of the bats of North America. (see United States national museum. Bulletin 43. 1893) Allen, J. A. ’76. American bisons, living and extinct. (see Geologi- cal survey of Kentucky. 1876, v. 1, pt 2, p. 1-9, 1-246) —— ’77. Monographs of North American rodentia. (see United States geological survey of the territories goth report. Aug. 1877) —— ’80. History of North American pinnipeds, a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America. (see United States geological and geographical survey of the territories. Miscellaneous publications. no. 12. 1880) —— ’94a. Notes on the mammals of New Brunswick, with description of a new species of Evotomys. (see American museum natural his- tory. Bulletin 6. p. gg—106) —— ’94b. Remarks on a second collection of mammals from New Brunswick, and on the rediscovery of the genus Neotoma in New York state. (sce American museum natural history. Bulletin. 22 Dec, 1894. 6: 359-64) American ornithologists’ union. ’89. Check-list of North Ameni- can birds. Abridged ed. revised. 1889. Audubon, J. J. & Bachman, J. 41, Description of new species of quadrupeds inhabiting North America. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. Oct. 1841. 1: 92-103) PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 377 Audubon, J. J. & Bachman, J. ’42. Descriptions of new species of quadrupeds inhabiting North America. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Journal. ser. 1, v. 8, pt 2, p. 92-103. Reprint of 741) | —— ’46,’51,’54. The viviparous quadrupeds of North America v.1, 1846, v. 2, 1851, V. 3, 1854. Bachman, J. ’37a. Observations on the different species of hares (genus Lepus) inhabiting the United States and Canada. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Journal. 1837. v. 7, pt 2, p 282-361) —— ’37b. Remarks on the genus Sorex with a monograph of the North American species. (see Academy natural sciences, Phila- delphia. Journal. 1837. v. 7, pt 2, p. 362-402) —— ’37c. Additional note on the genus Lepus. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Journal. 1837. v. 7, pt 2, p. 403) —— ’44. Observations on the genus Scalops with descriptions of the species found in North America. (see Boston society natural history. Proceedings. 1844. 1:40—41) Bailey, Vernon. ’96. Tamarack swamps as boreal islands. (see Science, zew series 14 Feb. 1896. 3: 250-51) —— ’97. Revision of the American voles of the genus Evotomys (see Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. 13 May 1897. 9: 113-38) ! —— ’98a. Descriptions of 11 new species and subspecies of voles. (see Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. 30 Apr. 1898. 12 : 85-90) —— ’98b. New name for Microtus insularis Bailey. (see Science, new series. 2 Dec. 1898. 8: 782-83) Baird, S. F. ’57. Mammals [of North America] (see Explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to ‘the Pacific ocean. Report 8. 1857) —— ’65. Notice of a mole not enumerated by De Kay in the fauna of the state. (see 15th report of the regents of the University of the State of New York, on the condition of the state cabinet of natural history, and the historical and antiquarian collection annexed thereto. 1865. App. A, p. I) 378 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bangs, Outram. ’95. Geographical distribution of the eastern races of the cotton-tail (Lepus sylvaticus Bach.) with a description of a new subspecies, and notes on the distribution of the northern hare (Lepus americanus Erxl.) in the east. (Boston society natural his- tory, Proceedings. 31 Jan.1895 26: 404-14) —— ’g6a. Review of the weasels of eastern North America. (Biolog- ical society, Washington. Proceedings. 25 Feb. 1896. 10: 1-24) — ’96b. Notes on a small collection of mammals from Lake Edward, Quebec. (Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. g Mar. 1896. 10:45-52) —— ’g6c. Notes on the synonymy of the North American mink, with, description of a new subspecies. (Boston society natural history. Proceedings. Mar. 1896. 7: 1-6) —— ’g6d. Skunks of the genus Mephitis of eastern North America. (Biological society, Washington. Proceedings, 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 139-44) —— ’g6e. Review of the squirrels of eastern North America. Buiolog- ical society, Washington. Proceedings. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 145-67) —— ’98. Eastern races of the American varying hare, with de- scription of a new subspecies from Nova Scotia. (see Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. 24 Mar. 1898. 12: 77-82) Batchelder, C. F. ’96a. Some facts in regard to the distribution of certain mammals in New England and northern New York. (see Boston society natural history. Proceedings Oct. 1896. 28 : 185-93) ’96b. An undescribed shrew of the genus Sorex. (see Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. 8 Dec. 1896. 10: 133-34) Bragaw, D. F. ’83. [Opossums at Woodside, Long Island]. (see Forest and stream. 11 Jan. 1883. 19: 467) Britton, N. L. & associates. ’88. Preliminary catalogue of Antho- phyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing spontaneouly within 190 miles of New York city. 25 Apr. 1898. Britton, N. L., & Brown, A. ’96, ’97 and ’98. Illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic ocean westward to the 102d meridian. v. 1, 1896. v. 2, 1897. Vv. 3, 1898. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 379 Clarke, J. M. ’88. Report on bones of Mastodon or Elephas, found in association with human relics in village of Attica, Wyoming co., N. Mee itexsien Colvin, Verplanck. ’80. Winter fauna of Mt Marcy. (see 7th annual report on the progress of the topographical survey of the Adiron- dacks, to the year 1879. Appendix. 1880. 364-74) Cope, E. D. ’65. Note on a species of whale occurring on the coasts of the United States. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. 1865. 17: 168-69) Coues, Elliott. ’77. Monographs of North American rodentia. (see United States Geological survey of the territories. Report. v. 9 Aug. 1877) Cuvier, F. ’32. Essai de classification naturelle des vespertilions et description de plusieurs especes de ce genre. (see Nouvelles annales du musée d’histoire naturelle (Paris). 1: 1-21) Dana, Jas. D. ’95. Manual of geology. Ed. 4. 998-999. Day, D. F. ’82~’83. Plants of Buffalo and its vicinity. (see Buffalo society of natural sciences. Bulletinno. 3. April1882. 4:65-152; no. 4. 1883. 4: 153-290) DeKay, J. E. ’42. Natural history of New York. Zoology. pt 1, Mammalia. 1842. Dutcher, B. H. ’89. Bird notes from Little Gull island, Suffolk co., N.Y. (see Auk. April 1889. 6: 124-31) Emmons, Ebenezer. ’40. Report on the quadrupeds of Massa- ~chusetts. (see Reports on the herbaceous plants and on the quad- rupeds of Massachusetts. 1840. 1-86) (articles separately paged) Falconer, H. ’57. On the species of mastodon and elephant occur- ring in the fossil state in Great Britian. (see Geological society, London. quarterly journal. April 1857. 13:307—60) Fischer, J.B. ’29. Synopsismammalium. 1829. Fisher, A.K. ’81. Some of the bats of Westchester co. N.Y. (see Forest and stream. 21 July 1881. 16: 490) —— ’84. Seals in the Hudson off Sing Sing. (see Forest and stream. ro Apr. 1884. 22: 203) —— ’8ca. Capture of an opossum in Essex co. N. Y. (see Forest and stream. 2 Apr. 1885. 24:184) 380 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fisher, A. K. ’85b. Capture of the pine mouse at Sing Sing, N. Y. (see | American naturalist. Sep. 1885. 19: 896) —— ’96. Mammals of Sing Sing, N.Y. (see The Observer May 1896. 7: 193-200) Foster, J. W. ’37. Miscellaneous observations made during a tour in May, 1835, to the falls of the Cuyahoga, near Lake Erie: extracted from the diary of a naturalist. (see American journal science and arts. Jan. 1837. 21: 1-84) —— 738. Report. (see 2d annual report on the geological survey of Ohio. 1838. + 73=107) Fraser, A. A. ’89. Opossums on Long Island. (see Forest and Stream. 4 Apr. 18S9:) 32):/212) Gueldenstaedt, A. I. ’76. Chaus, animal feli affine descriptum. (see Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. (G75) E770. 2205 463500) Hall, James. ’47. Notice of the geological position of the cranium of the Castoroides ohioensis. (see Boston journal of natural history. 5: 385-91) Hall, James. ’71. Notes and observations on the Cohoes mastodon. (see 21st report of the regents of the University of the State of New York, on the condition of the state cabinet of natural history. App. F, 99-148) Hill, Franklin C. ’82. The opossum at Elmira, N.Y. (see American naturalist. May 1882. 16: 403) Hornaday, W. T. ’89. Extermination of the American bison with a sketch of its discovery and life history. (see Annual report of the board of regents of the Smithsonian institution showing the opera- tions, expenditures, and condition of the institution for the year ending June 30, 1887. 1889 pt 2, 373-548) —— ’98. Destruction of our birds and mammals. (see 2d annual report of the New York zoological society. 15 Mar. 1898. 77-126) Howard, L.O. ’95. Further notes on the San José scale. (see Insect lies) | Marchi 1895.17: 283205) Kerr, Robert. ’92. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Carolus Linnaeus. v.1, 1792. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 381 Le Conte. ’48. Notice of five new species of fossil mammalia from Illinois. (see American journal science and arts, ser.2. 5: 102-6) Leidy, Joseph. ’89. On Platygonus, an extinct genus allied to the peccaries. (see Wagner free institute of science of Philadelphia. Transactions. Dec. 1889. 2: 41-50) Lintner, J. A. ’80. Lepidoptera of the Adirondack region. (see 7th annual report on the progress of the topographical survey of the Adirondack region of New York, to the year 1879. App. 1880. . 375-400) Loring, J. A. ’99. Occurrence of the Virginia opossum in Southern Central New York. (see Science, new series. 13 Jan. 1899. 9:71) [Lucas, F. W.] ’82. [Porcupine and opossum near Rochester] (see Ward’s natural science bulletin. no. 3. 1 Apr. 1882. 1:7) Lydekker, R. ’98. Deer of all lands; a history of the family Cervidae living and extinct. 1889. Marsh, O. C. ’92. Restoration of Mastodon americanus, Cuvier. (see American journal science and arts. ser.3. Oct. 1892. 44: 350) Mearns, E.A. ’98a. Study of the vetebrate fauna of the Hudson high- lands, with observations on the mollusca, crustacea, lepidoptera, and the flora of the region. (see American museum natural history. — Bulletin 9g Sep. 1898. 10: 303-52) —— ’98b. Notes on the mammals of the Catskill mountains, N. Y. with general remarks on the fauna and flora of the region. (see United States National museum. Proceedings. 4 Nov. 1898. 21 : 341-60) Merriam, C. Hart. 81a. Tree-climbing woodchucks. (sce Forest and stream. 7 July 1881.. 16:453) | —— *81b. Beech nuts and woodpeckers. (see Forest and stream. 1 Dec. COOMor 17 3A\7)) —— °82. Vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northern New York. (see Linnaean society, New York. ‘Transactions. Oct. 1882. I : g-106) —— ’83. Chipmunks and red squirrels. (see Forest and stream. 6 Sep. ESSa. 920: 103) —— ’84a. Seals in the upper St Lawrence. (see Forest and stream. 13 Mar. 1884. 22: 124) 382 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Merriam, C. Hart. ’84b. The muskrat as a fish-eater. (see Forest and 3 stream. 27 Mar.1884. 22:165) — ’84c. Another seal in Lake Ontario. (see Forest and stream. 15 May 1884. 22: 263) __. °84d. Vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northern New York. (see Linnaean society, New York. ‘Transactions. Aug. 1884. 29-214) — *84e. The ‘hood’ of the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. (see Soins, Dee, uISA5 1S Siidi0H) 2 85. The pine mouse’ in northern New | York.) (cz American, naturalist. Sep. 1885. 19: 895) —— ’86. Description of a new subspecies of the common eastern chip- munk, see American naturalist. Feb. 1886. 20: 236-42) —— ’88. Do any Canadian bats migrate? Evidence in the affirmative. (see Royal society, Canada. Transactions. (1887) 1888. Sec. 5: 85) —— ’go. General results of a biological survey of the San Francisco mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with special reference to the distribution of species. (see North American fauna. NO. 3. I1 Sep. 1890: 3-54) —— ’94. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution ‘of terrestrial animals and plants. (see National geographic maga- zine. Dec. 1894. 6: 229-38) —— ’95a. Geographic distribution of animals and plants in North America. (see Yearbook of the United States department of agriculture for 1894. 1895. 203-14) —— ’95b. Revision of the shrews of the American genera blarina and notiosorex. (see North American fauna. no. ro. 31 Dec. 1895. 5-34) —— ’95c. Synopsis of the American shrews of the genus sorex. (see North American fauna no. to. 31 Dec. 1895. 57-98) — ’96. Synopsis of the weasels of North America. (see North American fauna. no. 11) —— ’98. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. (sce United States department of agriculture, division of biological survey. Bulletin ro. Sep. 1898) PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 383 Miller, G. S., jr. ’93a- A jumping mouse (Zapus insignis Miller) new to the United States. (sce Biological society, Washington. Proceed- ings. 22 Apr. 1893. $8: 1-8) —— ’93. Description of a new white-footed mouse from the eastern United States. (see Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. 20 June, 1893. 8: 55-70) — ’94. Ona collection of small mammals from the New Hampshiie mountains. (see Boston society natural history, Proceedings. 24 Mar. 1894. 26:177-97) —— ’gsa. [Letter on the occurrence of the cottontail in central New York] (in Bangs ’95) (see Boston society naturai history. Proceedings. 3t Jan. 1895. 26: 410) —— ’g5b. Long-tailed shrews of the eastern United States. (see North American fauna. no.10. 31 Dec. 1895. p. 35-56) —— ’97a. Migration of bats on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. (see Science, mew series. 2 Apr. 1897. 5:541-43) —— ’97b. Notes on the mammals of Ontario. (see Boston society natural history. Proceedings. 30 Apr. 1897. 28: 1-44) — ’g7c. Revision of the North American bats of the family Vesper- tilionidae. (see North American fauna, no. 13. 16 Oct. 1897) —— ’98. An instance of local temperature control of the distribution of mammals. (see Science, new series. 5 Nov. 1898. 8: 615-18) Morehouse, F. A. ’83. [Opossum at Weedsport, N. Y.]. (see Forest and stream. 11 Jan. 1883. 19: 467) Muller, P.L.S. ’76. Des Ritters Carl von Linné vollstandigen Nat- ursystems Supplements und Register-Band. 1776. Osborn, H. F. The Newburgh mastodon. (see Science 13 Oct. 1899. 10: 539) Palmer, T. S. ’97. Extermination of noxious animals by bounties. (sce Yearbook of the United States department of agriculture, 1896. 1897. 55-68) ‘ Peck, C. H. 780. Plants of the summit of Mt Marcy. (see 7th annual report on the progress of the topographical survey of the Adiron- dack region of New York, to the year USWIGy LUO} Os Uekslor 402-12) Pierce, James. ’23. Memoir on the Catskill mountains with notices of _ their topography, scenery, mineralogy, zoology, economical resources, ete. (see American journal of science and arts (Silliman). 6:86—97) 384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plumb, C. S. ’98. Geographic distribution of cereals in North America. (see United States department of agriculture, division of biological survey. Bulletin 10) Rafinesque, C. S. 717. Description of seven new genera of North American quadrupeds. (see American monthly magazine. Novy. 1817. 3:44-6) ’22. Annals of nature or annual synopsis of new genera and species of animals, plants, etc., discovered in North America. Reed, J. H. ’98. The terns of Great Gull Island, N. Y., during 1897. © (Gwe, lea nos, WSs 1-2) Rhoads, S. N. ’94. Contribution to the history of the Alleghany cave rat, Neotoma magister Baird. (see Academy natural sciences, Phil- adelphia. Proceedings. Oct. 1894. 213-21) —— ’g5a. Notes on the mammals of Monroe and Pike counties, Penn. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. (1894). Proceedings. Jan. 1895. 387-96) | —— ’95b. Distribution of the American bison in Penn. with remarks on a new fossil species. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia Proceedings. June 1895. 224-48) —— ’g97a. Contribution to the mammalogy of northern New Jersey. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. Feb. 1897. 23-33) | — ’97b. Some notes on the mammals of Mammoth cave, Kentucky. (see Cincinnati society natural histoery. Journal. 24 Mar.) 1397.) | 19): 53-00) —— ’g7c. Contribution to the mammalogy of central Pennsylvania. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. May 1897. 204-26) —- ’97d. Notes on a collection of small mammals from northeastern North Carolina. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Pro- ceedings. 303-12) —— ’98a. Owls, mice and moles. Question in economic zoology. (see Forest and stream 20 Aug. 1898. 51: 143-44) —— ’98b. “Noxious” or “beneficial’’? False premises in economic zoology. (see American naturalist. Aug. 1898. 32: 570-81) ——- ’98c. Contributions to a revision of the North American beavers, otters and fishers. (see American philosophical society, new series. Transactions. Oct. 1898. v. 19, pt 2, p. 418-39) PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 385 Scott, W.B. 785. Cervalces americanus, a fossil moose or elk, from the quaternary of New Jersey. (see Academy natural sciences, Phil- adelphia. Proceedings. 1885. 181-202) Smith, A.M. ’98. List of plants found on the Adirondack league club tract. (see Adirondack league club year book. 1898. 59-71) Smith,H.M. ’94. Flora of Honnedagalake. (see Adirondack league club hand-book for 1894. 1894. 48-54) Stone, Witmer. ’93a. Description of a new Evotomys from southern New Jersey. (see American naturalist. Jan. 1893. 27: 54-56) —— ’93b. Description of a new species of Neotoma from Pennsylvania. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. (1893) 16-18) Syracuse standard. ’82. [Record of a seal shot in Onondaga lake in the suburbs of Syracuse] (see Syracuse standard. 29 Apr. 1882. Forest and stream. 11 May 1882. 18: 286) . Temminck, C. J. ’3c_/ar, Sur les chiropteéres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie.. (see Monographies de Mammalogie. 1835-41. 2:141~-272. [Treizieme Mvonographie]) Thompson, E. S. ’98. List of the big game of North America. (see Forest and stream. 8 Oct. 1898 51: 285-86) Thompson, Zadock. ’42. Natural history of Vermont. (see History of Vermont, natural, civil and statistical. pt. 1) True, F. W. ’89, Contribution to the natural history of the Cetaceans, .a review of the family Delphinidae. (see National museum, new series. Bulletin. no. 36. 1889) ——’g96. Revision of the American moles. (see National museum, Mleweescmics:/ bTOCeedimes.. “Dec: To96:) 19.1112) Warren, J. C. ’52. The Mastodon giganteus of North America. Boston 1852. Wyman, J. 746 [On Castoroides Ohioensis|. (see Boston society natural history. Proceedings. 2: 138-39) ——’47. Anatomical description ot the same [cranium of Castoroides ohioensis]. (see Boston journal of natural history. 1847. 5 : 391— 401) | iN DEX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 369 means page 369, beginning in the third ninth of the page, 1. e. about one third of the way down. Synonyms are printed in italics. Adelonycteris fuscus, 360° Alce americanus, 302° Alces americanus, 302* Arctomys monax, 308'-9' Arvicola alborufescens, 274° chrotorrhinus, 322°-23° dekayt, 319'-21* fuluus, 318°-21* gappert, 318°-21* hirsutus, 273°, 323°-24° oneida, 274°, 323°-24° pinetorum, 326°-27* riparius, 323°-25° rufescens, 318°-21* scalopsoides, 326°- -27" xanthognathus, 273" 323° -24 Atalapha borealis, 370-71" cimerea, 370° noveboracensis, 370°-71° Austral zone, 282", 289°-92* 6 Balaena cisarctica, 297° mysticetus, 207° rostrata, 296°-977 Bat, brown, 369° dusky, 275", 368° Georgia, 275°, 368° hairy, 369°-70" little brown, 274°, 3057-66" red, 370° ie Saers, 274°, 366" 67° silvery, 367° - Bear, black, 347° Beaver, American, 311°-12” Bibliography, 376°-85° explanation, 2937 Birds of Canadian zone, 283° of transition zone, 286° of upper austral zone, 290° Bison americanus, 297°-99° bison, 297°-99° Blackfish, 2967 Blarina brevicauda, 273°, 360'-62° carolinensis, 273° parva, 273° talpoides, 3617 Bos bison, 297°-99° Canadian zone, 281°, 283° Canis cinereoargenteus, 341°-42* fuluus, 342°-43* lupus, 343°-46° occidentalis, 343°-46° nubilis, 343°-46° occidentalis, 3437-46" vulpes A pennsylvanicus, 341°-42* Cariacus americanus, 299°-300" virginianus, 299°-300° Caribou, 273° Castor canadensis, 31I°-12” fiber, 311°-12° canadensis, 311'-12° eibethicus, 327°-28° Castoroides ohioensis, 375'-70° Cervus alces, 302* canadensis, 300°-2° dama americanus, 299°-300° elaphus canadensis, 300°-2° virginianus, 299°-300° Chipmunk, northeastern, 274°, 307°-8° southeastern, 3077 Condylura cristata, 364" -65° Cottontail, eastern prairie, 275%, 334'- 35° northeastern, 275°, 333°-34° southeastern, 332°-33° Cricetus myoides, 315°-16° Cystophora cristata, 356°-57° Deer, Virginia, 299°-300° De Kay, J. E. works on New York mammals, 273", 371° Delphinus delphis, 273°, 2757, 205° melas, 296° 388 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM orca, 296° Lepus americanus (cottontail) 333°-34" phocaena, 295'-96" americanus (hare) 335*-36° tursio, 205° virginianus, 335-30", Didelphis virginiana, 273", 293°-95" var. virginianus, 335° 30" Dipus hudsonius, 329°-30° floridanus mallurus, 332°-33* Dorcelaphus virginianus, 299°-300° mearnsi, 275%, 334" 2308 transitionalis, 275. 333°-34° Elaphus americanus, 301'-2° NAaNUS, 332°-33°, 333 "34" canadensis, 300”-2" nuttalli mallurus, 332 -33° Elephant, fossil, 373° mearnsi, 334°-35) Elephas americanus, 373°, 373°-75° transitionalis, 333 -34 columbi, 373° sylvaticus, 332° -33', 333'-34° Equus major, 372'-73° mearnst, 334'-35° Erethizon dorsatus, 33 aoe) transitionalis, 333°-34° Evotomys gappert, 274", 319" = 2 Virgimianus, 335°-30° gapperi, 318" 2215 Life zones, 280*-92* rhoadsi, 275", 321°-22° Lutra canadensis, 347'-48° Evotomys rutilus gapperi, SIO AIG. canadensis, 347°-48° if hudsonica, 347'-48° Felis concolor, 336°-39° Lutreola vison, 351° hippolestes, 336°-39° Lyncus borealis, 340° Lynx canadensis, 339-40" rurus, 340°-41° oregonensts hippolestes, 330°-39° Lynx canadensis, 339°-40° rufa, 340°-Ar° montanus, 339°-40° Fiber zibethicus, 327°-28° ruffus, 340°-41° Fisher, 354° is ; } Flying squirr el, Canadian, 274°, 310- | Mammals, added to list 1842-82, 274? 11° added in last 10 years, 275° southern, 309°-10" history of list, 273°-75° 3 Fossil species, 372-75" names based on N. Y. specimens, Fox, gray, 341°-42* 279-80 red, 342°-43* species added by Merriam, 274’ Fox squirrel, northeastern, 306° table aay ae growth of list, Ais = total number, 275* total number in 1842, 274° Marten, 353-54" Mastodon, Newburgh, 375, Mastodon americanus, 373°-75° maximus, 373°-75° Globicephalus melas, 296° Gray fox, 341°-42* Gray squirrel, northern, 273°, 304'-6° Gulo luscus, 350° Harbor seal, 355°-56° Meadow jumping mouse, 329-30° Hare, southern varying, 335-36" Meadow mouse, 274°, 323°-24° Hesperomys leucopus, 315°-17° yellow-cheeked, 273° myotdes, Sui: Mephitis americana, 348'-49° Horse, fossil, 372°-73° mephitica, 348°-49° Hudsonian zone, 281°, 2825 Meriones americanus, 329°-30° Hyperoodon rostratus, 296°-97* Merriam, C. Hart. works on N. Y. Hystrix dorsatus, 331°-32° mammals, 274° hudsonius, 331°-32 Microtus chrotorrhinus, 275°, 322°-23° j d sees insularis, 324"-25" Jumping mouse, 27.32) S-Oig 30 nesophilus, 275", 324° Zoe woodland, 330°-31 pennsylvanicus, 274", 323°-24° j pinetorum, 3260°-27* Killer, 296° scalopsoides, 2747, 326'-27' xanthognathus, 273° Lasionycteris noctivagans, 367°-68° Mink, northeastern, 350° Lasiurus borealis, 370'-71° southeastern, 275°, 350°-51° cinereus, 369°-70° Mole, hairy-tailed, 274", 303°-64° noveboracensis, 370°-71° naked-tailed, 362°-63* Lemming, bog, 275°, 328° star- nosed, 3648 -65° northern bog, 275°, 320° Moose, 302° INDEX TO LIST OF MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Mouse, Canadian white-footed, 275°, 316°-17° common red- backed, 318° -21* Gull Island, 27S eEs2A ace house, 313° jumping, 275% 320°- a3 meadow, 273°, 274, 323°-24° New Jersey red-backed, . 321°-22° northeastern white-footed, 3157- 16° northern pine, 274°, 326'-27° red-backed, 274* Mus americanus, 273°; Bi AL ise decumanus, Bus = -14° _ leucopus, 315°-17° monax, 308° “95 musculus, 313° pennsylvanicus, 323°-24° fattus, 273°, 314-15 [sylvaticus] M4 noveboracensis, 315-10" volans, 309° -10" Muskrat, 327°-28" Mustela americana, 2531-54 canadensis, 354° cicognanit, 351° =52" fusca, 273°, 352° hudsonica, 347°-48° lutra canadensis, 347 “48° lutreocephala, 350° -51° martes, 353° “54° pennanti, 354° pusilla, 352° vison, 350° Myotis lucifugus, 274*, 365°-66* subulatus, 274°, 366°-67° 275, Napaeozapus insignis, 275) 330°-31° Neosorex albibarbis, cay Neotoma Horidana, 274", 3177-18" . magister, 317-18" pennsylvanica, 274°, guy = -18' Newburgh mastodon, 375° Odocoileus americanus, 299°-300° Opossum, 273’, 293°-95° Orca gladiator, 296° orca, 296° Otisorex platyrhinus, 273°, 359'-60* Otter, northeastern, 347°-48° Panther, northeastern, 336*-390° Parascalops breweri, 274°, 363°-64° Peccary, fossil, 3727 Peromyscus canadensis, 275°, 17 leucopus, 315°- “16° myodes, 315*-16° por eporcnsls) 3157-16° Phoca concolor, $55 -50° cristata, 350-5 vitulina, 355° 3s 316°- 389 Phocaena communis, 295'-96° orca, 296° phocaena, 295'-967 Physeter macrocephalus, 2977 Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus, 275’, subflavus, 275°, 368° Plants of Canadian zone, 284*-857 of Hudsonian zone, 282° of transition zone, 287-88" of upper austral zone, 290*-92° Platigonus compressus, 372° Porcupine, Canada, 331- 32° Porpoise, 273°, 275) 205° harbor, 295'-96° Procyon lotor, 354°-55° Pteromys volucella, 309°-11° Putorius agilis, 353° cicognanii, 351°-52° erminea, 353° (Lutreola) vison SH nigrescens, 350° noveboracensis, 352° -53° richar dsont cicognam, Gree. else vison, 350°, 350-51° lutreocephalus, 27 s5O- SL vison, 350° ; vulgaris, 352° lutreocephalus, Raccoon, 354°-55° Rangifer caribou, 273° tarandus, 273° Ratblack 2720 Na TAk= hse cave, 274°, 317°-18" house, 313°-14° Red fox, 342*-43* Red squirrel, Canadian, 302'-3° southeastern, 275°, 303°-4° Rorqualus borealis, 273° rostratus, 296°-97" Scalops aquaticus, 362°-63° aquaticus, 363°-64° breweri, 274°, 363°-64° Scapanus americanus, 363°-64° Scirurus hudsonicus loquax, 303°-4° Sciuropterus sabinus, 310°-11° sabrinus macrotis, 274°, 310-11" volans, 309°-10" volucella, 300°-10" hudsonius, 310°-11° Sciurus carolinensis leucotis, 30. 4'-6* var. leucotis, 304°-6° hudsonicus, 302°-4° gymnicus, 302'-3° loquax, 275° leucotis, 304°-6° ludovicianus vicinus, 306° 273°, 390 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM (Tamias) lysteri, 307°-8° Tursiops tursio, 275", 205° niger, 273°, 304'-6° Type localities in New York, 279'- cinereus, 300° 80° striatus, 3077, 307°-8° ; vulpinus, 300° Upper austral zone, 282’, 289°-92* Scotophilus fuscus, 369° Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 341°-42° georgianus, 308° virginianus, 341'-42" — -noctivagans, 3607°-68° Ursus americanus, 3477 _ Seal, harbor, 355'-56° lotor, 354 “55 hooded, 356°-57 j luscus, 350 ig-tailed, 2 8°- ee a 360" 5 358"-59" Vespertilio auduboni, 307°-68" masked, 273°, 359°-60° borealis, 370"-71° short-tailed, 273', 360'-62° fuscus, 369° : small, 2737 georgianus, 368 : smoky, 274°, 357-58" gryphus, : 365, -66' water, 275%, 3578 linereus, 369°-70 lucifugus, 365°-66* noctivagans, 307°-68" noveboracensis, 370'-71° Sibbaldius borealis, 273° Sitomys americanus canadensis, 316'- 6 iy) ruinosus, 309°-70° Skunk, 348"-49" Sie 508° ; Sorex albibaxPi>) 275.5 357° subulatus, 274°, 365°-66°, 366°-67° brevicaudus, 360°-62° V esperugo carolinensis, 308", 360° carolinensis, 273, 360°-62° fuscus, 360° coopert, 359°-60° georgianus, 3684 cristatus, 364°-65° noctivagans, 307°-68" dekayi, 273°, 360°-62° serotinus fuscus, 360° forsteri, 359°-€0° Viverra mephitica, 348°-49° fumeus, 274°, 3577-58" Vole, rock, 275°, 322°-23° hoyi, 275°, 300° Vulpes fulvus, 342*-43* macrurus, 275", 358-59" pennsylvanicus, 342°-43° parvus, 273° virginianus, 341'-42° : personatus, 273", 359) 60! vulgaris pennsylvanicus, 342°-43° platyrhinus, 274°, 357'- -58° Squirrel, Canadian red, , 302! -3° flying, 274°, 309°-11° fox, 306! gray, 273°, 304'-6° meds 275. Wapiti, eastern, 300°-2° Weasel, Bonaparte’s, 273°, 351°-52° New York, 352°-53° Whale, bottle-nosed, 296°-977 right, 297° 6,8 silver-bottom, 273° southeastern red, 303°-4 Sienna, aor eases! cristatus, 356° -57° Wildcat, 340°41" ynaptomys cooperi, 275°, 328: Wolf, timber, 3437-46° fatuus, 275°, 329° Wolverine, 350° : f Woodchuck, 308'-9" Tamias striatus, 307°, 307°-8° lysteri, 274°, 307°-8° Zapus hudsonius, 329° -30° __ Striatus, 307 hudsontus, 330° “3 Transition zone, 282", 2857-89° insignis, 330°-31° Oniversity of the State of New York New York State Museum PUBLICATIONS Museum reports. New York state museum. Annual report, 1847 — date. O. Albany 1848—date. Average 30o pagesayear. Price forall in print to 18g2, 50 cents a volume; 7s cents in cloth; . 1892-date, 75 cents, cloth. Museum bulletins. New York state museum. Bulletin. v. 1-6, O. ES 135) Io a i & 12 Le 14 1 16 17 18 ay ey 1887- date. rice to advance subscribers, 75, cents a year. Volume 1. 6 os. 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