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-_— -

No: 45, Vole 82.

a wk

~ April I90I

_ _

BY

‘JAMES L. KELLOGG Ph.D.

193617

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Igo1
M81m-Jar-3000 Price 10 cents

a Se . Depew ions oO eee
: E. Fitcu LL.B. M.A. gre.
: Pests HL. Wasaas 18 5 aa oe ie
= as Wireiaw Rem. LUO 4 wee see
— 1881 Wituiam H. Watson M.A. M Dos =: RBS: oti

1880 Henry E. TuRNER = = -— ° |

. 1883 St CLAIR McKetway M.A. L.H. D. LL.D. DCL.
1885 DaNniEL Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. iar aoa =
1888 CarrRoL_Lt E. SmitH LL.D. . - . as
1890 Puiny T. Sexton LL.D. - - - = Ta
1890 T. GuiLrorp SmiTtH M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - Buffalo
1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - - New York ae ee
1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER Ph.D. M.D. -— -— _— -— Albany

1895 CHARLES R. Skinner M.A. LL.D.
Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex oftiesoee
1897 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - -—- =-— _ Brooklyn
1897 Timotuy L. Wooprurr M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio a
1899 Joun T. McDonoucu LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio

1900 THoMAS A, Henprick M.A. LL.D. -—- —-— — — Rochester a

1901 BENJAMIN B. ODELL Jk Governor, ex officio ot ms

rg0r Ropert C. PRuyvN M.A. - - — — = Albany ita
SECRETARY

Elected by regents
1900 JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS JR M.A.

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS
1888 Me.tvit Dewey M.A. State library and Home education
1890 JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS JR M.A,
Administrative, College and High school dep’ ts
1890 Freperick J. H. Merritt Ph.D. State museum

ers: NEW YORK STATE

BY

JAMES L. KELLOGG Ph.D.

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1901

- ‘) re ) Pee. 4 Ce a _ }
“Introduction . ooeeee Bed * ae oe Leos : Ag ee: as - ey ee ee

Depletion and restoration of su pp! By nr siete ee ee nes
Mya are n aria (soft clam, or pai ze 1S ee it
Soft clam supply by states. eevee oo ane bettees

Soft clam supply in New York... . agar re Pun

Life history of Mya. ..cgcses pers oe . ee
Venus mercenaria (hard clam, or little-neck). 0.2.26

i
> ee

Pecten irradians (scallop)... 6... es eeeeeeeeeeee rene

Relations to the oyster industry..........s.eceececeeeeeees

*
- oe

Trex occ cc cccc cic vv.e Ob Gude teh Ce ce cniemaetetnn inn

be

ae been led to engage the ae of Prof. James L. Kel- |
ae Wales ee to study and report on the subject in

se bie to nc the subject, the following ae is ecaen in the
o belief that it will meet the wants of many persons throughout the

ie

. ia 38 FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL

2 | Director
ee Albany N. Y. Dec. 1900

wwkts<h ihe »
‘ b +
a eT

*

n peoples and our own, fers many reasons
ae consideration. In Europe the ignorance of

they have been for many decades.
In America everything is different. The aggressive methods of
‘commercial enterprises, the form of government by the people, the
4 "migration into new territory, and popular excursions and exposi-
aa K tions, have tempted even the most humble to more or less extended
oe . travel. The idea of a diversified life has become national. A knowl-
edge of the social habits of one community has added to the desires
of another. The entire country has become the most homogeneous
of the nations of the earth, though made of the most diversified
units. One portion has stimulated another till the whole has ad-
vanced rapidly. The art of living better has been practised by all,
and the high-priced luxuries of yesterday have steadily become the
low-priced necessities of today. The demand for a rare commodity
increases its production, lowers its price, and again enlarges its de-
mand till a certain balance of supply and demand has been reached,
which usually brings it within the means of all. -

There have been some cases, however, in which the demand has
been met with such reckless indifference to future supply, that
established industries have been threatened with destruction. In no

new tony ON STONING

: S
(Keene \ ALM oe
. i Z uit fos (ee vas Gi
\ N ! Lip ee e oe River e y he
MAP OF Nee eS ( aes
, GRO
ea) / D

LONG ISLAND,N.Y. \ \ Wie N
( : BLOCK ISLAND
IOI ie \ BRIO crohr§ iver U from SOUND
———— \ Aousatonic Fi (0) Orient Pt.
Scale of Miles ; pee S 5 *
SS aa N D ORI ARDINERS!. a
Ik A Gardiners c

Bay

—
ape,
Harbsde

?

RAS |

E ~7 SAG HARBOR
eet Tee

: Qi ro ne niveR Great

* PORT JEFFERSON gee aa eae Peconic Bay,
RIVERHEA Dope

Smithtown Bay is
~ SETAYKE

, NORTHPORTER

, SHINNECOCREs—O
) Eee F CUES 5 3
‘ON. ee
\
£c\

_ SMITHTOWN

HICKSVILLE OTE | PARK ff

‘ 1 ( OAKDALE sa CG E
\ rae 7 «(BAYPOR

ARDEN CITY BAY SHOBE\\ ish YALE

© HEMASTEAO
f Ww
Ve MASSAPEQUA
Crew vor | ok
ae wl Qo K LY|\N ¢ {

BEACH

__ the shell. The secret of successful canni
after the civil war, ‘Jed to the dist stribution of su
Union. Salmon, oysters, lobsters and c “lams
in this way, and the production assumed enor
But in most of these cases, the sta sp jon sh
of failing. : 4 rt

In Chesapeake bay, probably the most favorable Ic
world for the growth of oysters, the natural beds era 1a
from excessive dredging. The simple method of tra
oysters to bottoms where oyster food was spaniel
the conditions were not favorable for reproduction, a esor
to with great success about Long Island, and along the sou he |
New England coast. The industry is still growing. In a ; of
Long Island sound, the “ spat”, or swimming embryos, “ or
attach themselves naturally, and oyster life in these regions has t
come much what it is on natural beds. Even the small oysters u
in transplanting, are now taken from these beds, and the whole ir
dustry has become largely independent of the southern ee
While the conditions of growth are much more favorable in the | a se
Chesapeake, the laws of Maryland and Virginia offer little protection ae
to the oyster “ farmer”’, and a very great revenue is lost to those
states. While the supply of oysters was at one time seriously
menaced, intelligent methods of artificial propagation have per-
manently established the industry on the northern coast.

on

With some other forms of marine food this restoration will be
much more difficult. It is never attempted in any case till exter-
mination has become almost complete. Even with abundant ma-
terial for his work, the culturist often finds it hard, or even impos-

rex = aned as the Sonic a all tases of an
| Their field i is eee enlarging, also, as

ay will be required as the field of labor enlarges. At the same
time, it is money most profitably invested for rich and poor alike.

The reestablishment of a destroyed industry which depended on
organisms living and reproducing in a natural state, is usually slow.
No one would expect a community depending on wild cattle for its
beef to consider the future seriously till the supply was nearly
exhausted. Men seldom look far ahead in such matters. When the
extinction is practically accomplished, they cast about for a remedy.
The close season suggests itself. But, while waiting for the few re-
maining animals to increase to the necessary number, man is neces-
sarily deprived of food. Even if the flocks quickly recover their
numbers, because natural conditions for their growth are favorable,
the same decrease and destruction is very likely to recur.
- The point is that, when an organism—animal or plant—is largely
used as food by man, nature is most often unable to keep up the
supply indefinitely, and man must breed and cultivate the desired
form under controlled, and more or less artificial conditions.

In our illustration, the habits and needs of the animal—specially
the need of food—must be determined, in order that, under confine-
ment, a maximum rate of reproduction may be obtained. In ad-

Tl 8) A
re ae ,

season operates favorably in some cases, it isually fails err
to correct the evil condition. Wie to option Susy
supply altogether. At times it seems to be a r ecessit y i 0
prevent complete annihilation; but, if artificial setods
veloped early enough, it would not be necessary. ora
Food supply and proper environment are ei more 0
in the case of marine than of terrestrial forms, and in many ir
are almost entirely unknown. It is surprising to find how
is even with food animals with which we have long been f: arr
But before artificial methods of culture can be developed, it is ‘
course necessary to know the animal’s habits and its relations to 4
its surroundings, and to understand all the necessary conditi ns de
thoroughly. It is the necessity for this preliminary scientific wor +s
that is probably least understood by the public. This work
sometimes slow, and not always productive of economic an

but it is always the necessary first step in developing culture
methods.

ve

MYA ARENARIA
Soft clam, or long-neck a
It has been, and still is assumed that nature is so lavish in her
supply of certain animals that man is unable greatly to diminish their
number, much less to cause actual extinction. This is a dangerous
belief, but still very common. The lesson of the buffalo and wild
pigeon, whose countless multitudes have been known to men of

this generation, is not heeded. Scores of similar cases apparently
have not lessened man’s presumption.

: Cayehees numerous, oa

ied to be without limit. But

xpec During the last three or four

. SU sly. Prat, ian and the industry became
st ‘completely paralyzed, excepting in Maine and certain
ek ance Loerie Immense ee long productive, 1 now bear

ba igi state of Maine has recently (1899)
tee nae fact, and has made the busy summer months (June ;
I to Sep. 1 5), a close season, in which clams may. not be canned,
exported or sold. While the soft clam has disappeared from many
parts ae Long Island, there are still two or three localities where
they are fairly abundant. These regions, however, not only are
called on to yteld an increasing number, but they are confronted
by a new and peculiar problem in the relation of the clam and the
oyster interests which will-be described presently. There can be
no question that this ruin of the clam industry on our Atlantic coast
has been accomplished by excessive digging without correspond-
ing efforts to increase the supply by culture methods. The falling
off has been noticed for more than 20 years, but the final disap-
pearance came suddenly.

It must be remembered that the record of market sales does not
necessarily indicate the real abundance of the forms considered. A
greater demand means a greater production till the limit is reached.
An increasing demand, with its higher prices, means that more
men are collecting the supply, and with increased energy. It is
very evident, then, that the final exhaustion will come suddenly, and

a food. ‘Even aa aaa es in + bulk a
farther and farther from the shore. | sei =. “a
From the fact, then, that the soft clam ‘on been steadily

manded in increasing numbers for some time past, the ‘oll

tables will be instructive. They indicate the market supply t : .

and are taken from the report of the United States fish c

sioner for 1894. The item referring to the supply sine hi

Island in 1898 is taken from a paper by Dr A. D. Mead in the =

annual report of the commissioners of inland fisheries of R :

Island. The interesting figures covering the Maine supply for 1

were recently received from the able commissioner of sea and s

fisheries, Mr A, R. Nickerson. They show an enormous increa a

in the supply over any previous year of which we have any reco d a |

and thus show that the previous figures gave no adequate idea. ca)

the actual supply. Many factors enter into the explanation of this
increase in the number of clams marketed, the most important of
which is the fact that the sudden decrease in the supply from other

New England states left Maine alone to answer the demands of the

general market. That her clam beds are already suffering from

the enormous drain is shown by the fact above mentioned, that in

1899 her legislature passed an act prohibiting the sale of clams in Pr

any form from June 1 to Sep. 15 in each year. »
Emphasis must be laid on the fact that these figures do not really

indicate the abundance of clams on the beds at any time. With-

out the figures of the Maine supply for 1898, we should get an

entirely erroneous idea of the conditions in that state. The sales in

Massachusetts and Connecticut since 1892 would undoubtedly show

_ fer > 4 tase 3 -f
ee eee ere eee eee ese see se eee eee ee eee eeeessee ee

bead

Massachusetts

F: Bushels Value
Et ret satan setite feos ole Weve ca gle «Yl BED O20 , S76 Tog
NMR fateh are Ser tee oat ce han aia e'g ented’ SECU . 12t.202
B88 eee eee eee cent eee e ee ee een eee eeeeeeeeeeees 243777 127 838
TB8Q eee ee eee ee eee teen eee t eect eee es 240831 137711

eee ee ere PP eA. owes see rae! TOE O23. ~'e3 528

Rhode Island
< Bushels Value
PN a ee eee elu nwt se ema wele 25 825 25 030 .
a ae Ree, olan i hcdle oie Nei eevee aad « 30 825 30 030
MRICS Bee eter ey Ue St ee es) cave cuik veh os 44 975 32 475

AAD aod rte Pity Rat ciliates © wedN old » wb wile ele wae a6 33 950 45 222
byes” Ae Dye iS ee ee AS, ovens Ss cies wes s 15 O15 20 569

ae Connecticut

a, ; Bushe!s Value
7 2 sR Se Se eA i ee gn 1 on 26 735 25 370
0 EN ADRs Pe par 9 Ca ee a 26 575 24 270
ey IE ns LAER Se Delain bola wv wes dee eco be 26 360 24 900
oe gage SS ae RSS Sp i PSs oe 23 780 25 320

ee: Pee hb. de bine? a

Pw St |}
; Wt, See res

At ¢ » BA me 5 Pees =

~—6Cleanriy utr

sat

LS. aN t her at alr
other point on the coast, the soft clam industry has deen pra

sa

ruined. atc a “Fe
A ft. 7 , 7 i
Soft clam supply in New York Bk esi a

eet ved ~ 4 eh Cee « vee hte _. “e « ~~) yA *&

The industry in this state has been extensive, It beca a ee
that the supply of hard and soft clams, and of scallops, Wis x
York state museum, a saa pe ie bo of the entire. coas
Long Island was attempted during the month of lta |
present year (1900), with the view of determining the present ec
dition of the beds. Though it was necessary that this exami
should be a hurried one, its results show conclusively that, roa ee
in one or two localities, the accomplished depletion of the Ne
England coast is being repeated here. io

A reference to the appended map of Long Island will show atte
its eastern end very extensive bodies of water in Peconic and 2 se
Gardiners bays. The surrounding shores of both seem to be wonder-
fully adapted to the growth of the soft clam. According to the re-
ports of clam-diggers in that region, even so far inland as at River- ae
head, thousands of bushels dug at the west end of Peconic bay are ae
marketed there every winter. It is maintained that recently there ea

u

’
a
M

has been a noticeable diminution in the supply, but that it has not
as yet become alarming. The shores of Shelter island, except on
its northern side, have produced many clams. The supply here
also is said to be falling off rapidly.

Shelter island, like the greater part of Long Island, supports an
increasing summer population, which is already very large. In

ve eee

ee Sack a place as Napeague harbor, for example, contains a

‘supply so great that it has been regarded as being inexhaustible.
Comparatively few clams from this part of the island are sent to
New York. Very many are marketed at New London and other

New England centers for distribution. A great number, also, are
used for bait by fishermen. It was stated that one vessel recently
was able to secure at Napeague about three hundred bushels in a
short visit, for such a purpose, and that this amount has been re-

peatedly taken. If such reports are true, the supply is still great;

but at all points on this coast it is the almost universal testimony that
the beds are being depleted and ruined at a surprisingly rapid rate.
This condition has come about during the last two years, and is
causing great concern. Measures should now be taken, before there
is an actual destruction of the industry here, to conserve the sup-
ply of this remarkably productive region. With a little knowledge
of the life history, the habits and needs of the clam, with little labor
and a small outlay of capital, this can be accomplished easily, as we
shall attempt to show later.

On the south side of the island, from Montauk point to Rockaway
beach, is a straight reach of sand on which the surf continually rolls.
On this exposed sea side, the conditions are nowhere favorable for
the growth of either the soft or hard clam. The sand, however,
forms a great spit which shuts in several large bodies of water, leav-

ia Be. ?—, we aT re a FY
a page Raaeetaes ee Mo:
_ South bays, then, Hee sit few of the'bol or |
are dug for market, though more of these forms | han is
supposed may exist in the mud below the low water n ne mack os
_ There is one locality on the south side of the island w ee 2M
is apparently abundant, and is dug in great nu mbe: Te
Jamaica bay, with its shallow water, and its relatively 1
fall of tide, which alternately covers and exposes a etl
mud flats. Unfortunately, lack of time prevented a thoroug
amination of this bay. Many residents of its shores ; agrees
ing that it contains an abundant supply of soft clams, ‘many of } iw
are sent to the New York markets, eight or 10 miles away. — 7a

said that there are places on the flats where it is possible for a m: an a
to dig five or six bushels in a fair low tide. Assertions of this <in d 35
should be carefully verified before being accepted. bs . ee EG
This bay, situated at the door of the New York market, a tay at

with extensive flats and rapid currents, affording most favorable _

conditions for the growth of clams, seems to be a very valuable a é:
property; and if the few reports we have about it are true, it
should be carefully guarded and protected against that depletion and
ruin which comes from excessive digging, and which has recently
visited similar and equally extensive flats. Because the supply has ;
apparently continued till now, and may seem to be inexhaustible, "
there is no reason why the beds may not become as barren as those
at Duxbury and at Essex in Massachusetts. At one time in the i
latter town, 100 men steadily obtained from $2 to $5 a day by
digging the soft clam. Today there are not 10 men engaged in
the work, and, with a greatly increased price for the product, they

. Saba two years, the falling off in the supply has been very great,

ee and the beaches are now becoming practically barren. No other
part of the coast of Long Island seems to be in a more dangerously
_ depleted condition. As in all similar cases, this is certainly not due

"t0 a change in the nature of the bottoms or of the waters of these

bays, but has resulted solely from excessive digging. A close sea-
son extending through the summer months, is in operation, but it
seems to have had little influence in checking the decrease.

To the east of Smithtown bay, the shore is bold and little broken
by inlets, and here neither the soft nor the hard clam has ever been
abundant.

From this hurried examination of the shores of Long end it
‘appears that many extensive areas offer extraordinarily good natural
conditions for the growth of Mya, the soft clam. The supply,
also, is now much greater than on the New England coast except
in Maine. This is fortunate; for, if immediate steps are taken to
prevent it, the destruction of the industry may be averted, and the
supply increased at a time when the demand is rapidly growing and
prices are rising. The regions which, under these circumstances,
first introduce culture methods are to derive great benefit from the
enterprise, and, having obtained the market by means of this ad-
vantage, should for some time be able to hold it. This fact is
recognized by one New England state, which has made appropria-
tions that are available for a practical inquiry into the possibilities

of clam culture.

ee ‘
} . ee
y 4 va _, ’ nN cee
>. TT) | : CCITAIT .
4 ue : a Yas on << Ta a
J A > ~ " s 2
J =_— ; se ~~, ’ « ‘
@, - oat 2 - - a - 4 i Sand
on which we have so_ .
* ~~ Ti aor? - 2 . ae, >

Ma — ae i
5 is Tee ae ae
5 1 { as 4 u

- ~
14% = §
~ ae = _ oO
iris BEF:
ie ho . .
aap i Se
-~ a :o) —
. Ss * 4

wi

seems to be a way to meet the diffi ulty, anc ‘not only
original supply, but produce one even larger, 7a

It has already been shown that, before it is possi dle t
culture methods for the artificial rearing of any form, it is
sary to possess a knowledge of its habits, the character of its
its relations to its enemies—in short, as complete an accot
possible of its life history. . Sa

It is a curious, but common experience to find that we still I
such a knowledge of some of the most familiar animal forms. — In
general way, we have for many years known something of the struc-

‘ture of the common clam, and something also of the character

&

its food. Till 1898, however, almost nothing whatever was kn Ov
of its life history, including the limits of the breeding season #
habits of the young and the relations of the animal to its surrour oo
ings. In that year a study of the form was made in order, =
primarily, that the knowledge obtained might be applied in the
elaboration of methods of artificial Propagation. Since that time, Ds
many experiments, the results of which are not yet published, have i
been carried on for the United States fish commission, and have
shown that the culture of the soft clam may easily and successfully
be accomplished on a large scale. It may be noticed that we are
still without knowledge of the life histories of the hard clam and the
scallop, though the present necessity seems to demand it.

What we know of the life and habits of
briefly.

in a
-¥

%

e583 o
5 be 2.

=" av
=

M ya may be summarized

two tubes, one of which conducts water bearing food and oxygen to the body within the
the other conducting a stream containing waste matter to the exterior. F, foot, the or,

locomotion. B, byssus, a delicate thread for attachment, which is not present in the adult. —

Fig. 1 Drawn from living clam .4mm (less than one fiftieth of an inch) in length. §, sip!

wee: i Npoeeien: pan pa es the swimming embryo
yps a minute shell similar to that in the adult, in that it is
1p of two pieces covering the right and left sides of the body.
: ch the continuance of the ee ch Oe creature

on tide currents, a some point far removed from that where
its life began. A single pair of clams may give rise to millions of
embryos during one season. The great majority of these are lost,
ee but a few, losing their swimming organs, happen to settle in some
a locality which is favorable for their future growth and development.

From this time, their history has been followed in some detail.
The small clams, when they cease swimming, are still minute in
size. Many individuals only .4 of a millimeter in length have been
observed, and their bodies are so small as to be indistinguishable
to the unaided eye from the smallest grains of sand on which they
may have fallen.

In its general outline, this small clam is very different from the
adult, in that its body is very much rounded, instead of being elon-
gated (fig. 1). As it grows, however, its shell elongates, but, at the
same time, the two prominent points of the shell, or umbones, are
shifted relatively farther forward, as in fig. 2; and then, eventually,
they come to lie nearly in the middle of the shell on its upper side,
as in the adult clam.

es ee ee eee) er Le ey,

A glance at fig. 1, drawn from an individual .4 of a millimeter in
length, will show two conspicuous structures projecting from the
margins of the shell. One of these (s) is the pair of filmy siphons—

Gus ob Reheat Lu ae rity ie ol
the fact that from a special gland near the bas of th this foot
nearly transparent thread, the byssus (b), is iced, wh
attached to such bodies as stones or pebbles or to fi loatin oe
in the water. It acts as an anchor thread, and undoubted rj is.
oped that the light, minute body of the very small clam n may n
floated about by water currents. It completely disappears betor
adult condition is reached, and is developed bad soon ater
clam ceases swimming. ea test

These small clams are restless, and apparently Paice des
creep about. Though the threads are many times the leng th
the body, they allow of little movement. From time to time t t
thread is cast off, for, once attached at its ends to sand grains (s. ge
in the figure) or other bodies, it can not be loosed. The clam then
slowly creeps about by means of its foot, but soon spins a new
thread, at the same time attaching it by its free ends. This may be
repeated many times, the clam never remaining for any length of |
time unattached.

Very early the young clam manifests the digging instinct. Being
a helpless creature, and subject to attack by enemies (notably small
starfish), it is necessary that it should cover itself in the bottom as — 7s
soon as possible. When but little more than a millimeter in. length, “
the creature thrusts its tiny foot down between the sand grains in a

tireless effort to obtain a lodgment. This can not be accomplished,
however, for the light body is still not much larger than the sand
erains which it attempts to displace. When a length of two or
three millimeters is reached, the body is sometimes partially or per-

x Ps
4

Fig. 2 Drawn on a much smaller scale than fig. 1, from a clam 2.5mm (about one tenth of an inch) long, taken from its burrow.
_S, G, small sand-grains to which the byssus is attached. Other reference letters as in fig. 1.

ven in its eae the small Lo exhibits a one restlessness.
ore casts off the byssus from its body, digs out to the

4 ea a long (about half an dehy: An individual of this
length still possesses the byssus, but at about this time digs down
c to remain permanently, and the byssus gland is absorbed, and never
| reappears. It is simply an organ of the young, and, while in func-

tional activity, performs a very important office, as has been
shown. The clam now, except from accident, always remains buried,
only reaching up to the surface by its siphons, which soon become
long and heavy. If it should be dug up, it is still able to bury itself
again, though the foot becomes relatively small. Large clams per-
form this act of burrowing with very great difficulty.

These, briefly stated, are the chief points of interest in the devel-
opmental history of .Mya. We may now notice a few facts con-
cerning the “set” of young clams.

The number produced varies greatly in different seasons. The
reasons for this are complex and at present not well understood.
Whenever a full “ set” of clams occurs along the shore, the young

are found to occupy certain restricted regions in vast numbers. This

and larger, ede on » the sac a us vin bias

Beds between side iaée are creruite on Fou for ms wl
pen to settle in them. | ne . ne 2 ae.

We thus have during the sionttin of aaa ‘ca a mul :
small clams which have settled just below the low i de
certain restricted localities near clam beds. They are en
severe struggle for existence among themselves, and, #5
remain undisturbed, the great majority die. They are, how 2
in great numbers’ during certain seasons. Not i in ev ry s
year are the numbers great. Observations have not been « contit
long enough to determine how often, on an average, we may ¢ ex’
a“ set” such as was witnessed in 1899 in certain parts of Buz s
and Narragansett bays. Clam-diggers, however, caer tat ¢ . ia
that it occurs every third or fourth year, though, so far as can ‘be =
ascertained no one has observed the phenomenon closely. vee ma

With these data, and some additional points which will be men-
tioned as we proceed, we may induce certain conclusions which. are

+
titude

of value in formulating a plan for clam culture.

1 Artificial fertilization. By cutting open the sexual glands of
male and female and causing the sexual cells to mingle in a dish of
water, fertilization can be effected easily in the case of the oyster. oo
Apparently it is accomplished with difficulty in Mya, but it has a,
been done, and embryos are brought into existence at the will of the R,
operator during the breeding season. But all attempts to control
and rear oyster embryos to the adult condition—at least in num-
bers—have failed. There is every reason to believe that they would :
fail in the clam. This point, then, may be passed over as being

4 clam culturist, the adult Mya aa thrive not wae in water
ch is very salt, but also i in that which i is nearly fresh. At Woods
ole (Mass.) for example, where the salinity i is great (about 1.024),
4 many recent experiments have shown a remarkable rate of growth.
Other regions have been observed where the degree of salinity is
seldom more than 1.005, in which clams seemed to flourish equally
well. |

Not only i is this true, but acclimatization is not necessary when a
change is made from one locality to another. Many recent experi-
ments, besides the one just referred to, show this to be true. Many,
if not most, marine animals are very sensitive to changes in the
* saltness of the water. The fact that the soft clam is not so affected,
even by a sudden transfer, is not only interesting of itself, but its
E significance in the development of a method of clam culture is evi-
dently of the greatest importance. Many clam flats, today prac-
tically barren, may be planted with clams taken from any other
locality without reference to the salinity of the water in cither place.

4 Character of the beach or flat favorable for growth. Mya
grows well in soils of many sorts. Some of the best clam flats are
composed largely of sand. Flats also often contain quantities of
fine mud. These of course are more favorable for planting because

“er! Hoi can ee pottom on which te
= Collection of clams for planting. In almos r all ca:
be an easy matter, and this fact i ia,; of course, on ft
importance. It is one of the greatest ‘iets ence 01
oyster culture, and practically does not exist here.
On larger clam flats and beaches, great numbers ofr mz
usually exist among the thatch plants. These are undist }
account of the difficulty in digging them. They give rise to man
embryos which eventually appear in favorable localities _
numbers. Extensive flats always reveal patches of botton
times covering acres, where clams one or two inches | iis
packed too closely to grow, except at a very slow rate, from.
sufficient food. When these small clams are dug and scatte fe
over a larger area, they grow with great rapidity. Clams ate
crowded beds may be had at any time of the year.

numbers of small one a the low water mark. They are is i
closely crowded that, on those beds that have been studied, nearly ¥
all seem to die before the end of the summer. Though they appear
only in certain years, and then on restricted spots, where currents 7
are swift, their numbers are so great that they can be gathered from
the surface almost in a solid mass and spread over large tracts. As
has been shown, they are tenacious of life, and, when under water,
will cover themselves in four or five minutes if conditions are favor-
able. * ee
(Observations extending over a considerable coast line, the details >
of which can not be given here, indicate that little trouble would be
encountered in obtaining abundant material for planting.

o an - average, Bete increase in Ce twice as fast as do es

*.

4
a
a
5
a
}
%
4
a
4
a
7

“Under y varying sean. an 1 oyster ors: ee
iets has been a general a that this

_ Recently many experiments have been made under various con-

ditions, showing just how rapid this increase actually is in Mya.
We may cite a single example, not at all an extreme one, in which

a clam half an inch long became one and a half inches long in two
(summer) months. Under specially favorable conditions, clams
probably may reach a fair marketable size in one year from the
time when their life begins; while clams which have lived for two
years, in almost any clam beach, if not too closely crowded, should

certainly be large enough to bring high prices.

7 Legislation. Culture methods, we must conclude, are in them-
selves simple and easy of application. There should be no difficulty
in reclaiming depleted flats, if indeed they may not be made to yield
more than when in the most flourishing natural state. At the very
least, ground still productive should be prevented from becoming
barren.

But there is one serious difficulty which threatens to defeat all
efforts at clam culture. That is in regard to the control of clam
ground. I have elsewhere discussed this matter, attempting to show

is aroused to the se of ie et thse ch 1a
to receive immense benefit sa the Scan ,

VENUS MERCENARIA
Hard clay iiienech Bees

In tracing the present distribution. of the tiers cl abe
Long Island, we reach ‘essentially the same Rouben ‘a wit
Mya. Inmany localities where it has been taken mai
the failure has become alarming. pans ey ;

At the east end of the island in Peconic bay ad in thee
about Sag Harbor, the form still seems to be relatively abund
This entire region, where Mya also abounds, is appara
extremely rich one in its production of Venus. It is not po:
at present to form an estimate of the annual production in these Re
waters. We can only state that several centers are reported to” ship a :
tens of thousands of bushels every year. It is the general belief,
however, that over the entire area the hard clam has been decrease
rapidly during the last two years. Other beds on the island, just as
extensive as those in Peconic and Gardiners bays, are almost de-
stroyed, but very fortunately the supply is still great here.

On the south side of the island, Shinnecock and Moriches bays
have never produced many clams. The Great South bay, to the ie
west of them, however, has the remnants of a hard clam industry —
with an eventful history. The clam supply from Patchogue to Free-
port has been enormous. Almost all of the intermediate towns have
had an extensive interest in clam tonging. The story of one of
these is more or less typical of all.

: on the beds must in great part account for the ruin, but it must also

be said that the growth. of the oyster industry in the bay has had

much to do with it. This point will be considered later.
In Jamaica bay, the little-neck is said to be abundant still, but

_ in the short time at our disposal, it was not thoroughly examined.

On the sound shore, from Hempstead harbor eastward, most of
the towns on the numerous small bays were visited; and it was the
almost universal testimony, that, while Venus had formerly been
taken in great numbers, the last two or three years had shown a
surprising diminution in the number.

It will be seen, by comparing this with the report on Mya, that
the results are practically identical. In Peconic bay and contiguous
waters, and apparently in Jamaica bay, both clams are still taken in
numbers. Almost everywhere else, both have practically failed, or
are failing with great rapidity.

While we have described at some length the habits of Mya, and
outlined a plan for its artificial culture, the life history of Venus
is almost entirely unknown. There is evidently great need for such

knowledge at present.

method of Toconiotion i is not : a 2 skilful one, rut
_ creature is able, in time, to compass considera abl ces.
migrations. Pecten is a form which comes oe goes, b
. to choose definite localities for its resting ‘places. Se >
Pe small and more or less sheltered bays, where the crea eatures li
% bottom, sometimes crowded together in - great =a a
: times much scattered, They may stay in one region for”
months, and are taken from September till late i in the winter.
The greater number of these forms are dredged along th ! ore
of Peconic and Gardiners bays. A few are still ‘akan h ne iy |
on the sound. From the vicinity of Riverhead, nearly to Mont
immense numbers of scallops are taken every year. Ther )
probably few regions on the coast which compare with this i ir
richness of its supply of food mollusks. On account of the pecu lias
habits of the scallop, the catch in any single locality is always some .- Bi
what uncertain. Near Napeague harbor, for instance, for several 4 oe
years past the supply has been short, but during September of the fe
present year (1900), dredgers who had been at work for several
days reported unusually large catches. Marketmen seem to believe | a
that the supply of scallops here is not diminishing. It was ascer-
tained, however, that at many points more men than formerly had
become engaged in the business of dredging. While the number of —
scallops sent to market may not be less, the beds are taxed more
severely. Many of the older dredgers profess to believe that ex-
cessive dredging is already making a great difference in the average .
number of scallops taken each year, a E

To very miany the scallop is the most highly prized of all
mollusks, and it is to be hoped that it will long be spared. It must

; no ag in rite habit of migrating ra shallow to deeper water at

2 certain times, though what the significance of these migrations may
be is problematic. It is one of the most highly specialized and
delicate forms in the group of mollusks, and the conditions neces-

sary for its existence may be very exact, and hence difficult to dis-
cover. The fact that the young attaches itself to foreign bodies
might be taken advantage of in the collection of large numbers, but

it would not be easy, probably, to keep them till they had reached

maturity, or to confine large numbers indefinitely on a restricted
portion of the bottom. The only safe method now is to watch the
supply as closely as possible, and to prevent its diminution by ex-
cessive dredging.

RELATIONS TO THE OYSTER INDUSTRY

In order to understand the clam problem in Long Island, it is
necessary to refer to an apparent clash in the interests of oystermen
and clam-diggers. It is claimed by the latter that the rapid exten-
sion of oyster beds in Great South and Peconic bays, as well as in
other waters, is rapidly narrowing the area available for taking the
hard clam. There is no question about the rapid spread of the

ae
4.

_ the production of a certain number, — On the other atts |

m Thethod of hed clam culture. Ose culture is w

and we know the conditions and the size of pick

nothing of the possibilities of rearing the hard clam, and it n r nay.
that bottoms now not utilized may be made to produce an
haps in greater abundance than the natural beds. ° a Be hy
It would probably be declared by oystermen that the sprez adit €
of oysters on a bottom does not destroy the clams which a ly
exist there, and that, when the oysters are removed, the clams 1
then be taken also. It certainly would be an interesting thing t
determine whether the presence of oysters on a clam bed wou d ]
terfere greatly with the growth of the clams, or vice versa. is
simply a question of the necessary amount of food, for both cert ainly ion
live on the same microscopic plants, which are borne by water cur-
rents. We should expect, then, to find the results of such an ee
quiry varying somewhat in different localities. If there should ‘bes
areas, however, where food is so abundant as to allow the maxi- ae ,
mum rate of growth of both forms, it should be known, and the ad--
vantage of a double crop on one area realized so far as possible.
Surely this question of the relation between the oyster and clam
industries is worthy of most careful consideration by the state of
New York. Before it can be discussed intelligently, there must be

t

~~ 4 .
< he
‘ *

a very careful investigation of the facts concerning the possibilities
of growth of both forms. The life history of the oyster is fairly well “3
known; but of the hard clam, almost nothing. We must become
acquainted with the possibilities of the bottoms, considering not
only the relations between oyster and hard clam, but also between

3 ne ; come. Venus can ae . cultivated as wel as the oyster.
The trouble lies in the difficulty of educating the public to an ap-
* ‘preciation of the results already demonstrated in closely allied

t to this | this question will pele the ee
is cz we We, do not know more about aS

- forms.

So far as the soft clam is concerned, the way is clear. When the
general public has the facts which demonstrate the practicability of
culture methods in this form, suitable legislation may be obtained
for the protection of the new industry, which would surely arise.
Not only is it absolutely essential that ancient laws governing the

shore rights be repealed, but new and more favorable laws must be

entorced.

When anyone is free to dig the beaches, it is folly to attempt
culture methods. Suppose that laws are formulated, as they were
in Massachusetts, which provide for the leasing of ground to in-
dividuals. Unless these laws are enforced by state authority, they

-are absolutely useless, as they were at Essex.

New York was far-sighted in providing for the oyster industry.
Everyone rejoices in its great growth. Let us hope that, after a
careful and unprejudiced examination of the possibilities of the new
industries, and their relation to oyster culture, the state may also
wisely provide for the development of clam and scallop culture.

( icut, Sat clam supply, 61 8,
bay, soft clam Bute 6152.

ot Brecport hard Saas industry, 6254,

Gardiners bay, soft clam supply, 6127;
hard clam industry, 6248; scallops, 626°
Great South bay, hard clam industry,6248.

Hard clam industry, 6244-259; relations
to the oyster industry, 6278-299.

Hempstead harbor, soft clam supply, 6157.

Huntington bay, soft clam supply, 6153.

ag _ Islip, hard clam industry, 6251.

aa Jamaica bay, soft clam supply, 614-152,
hard clam industry, 6256.

a: Legislation, 6237-243.

Little neck clam, 6244-259.
is Long Island, soft clam supply, 612°-16? ;
Re hard clam supply, 624°-259; relations
of clam industry to oyster industry,
‘ 6278-299.

Long neck clam, 6088-243,

sf Nepeseac hagbon? oe clam supply, 613¢.
_ New Hampshire, soft clam supply, 6114,

Oyster bay, soft clam supply, 6153.

_ Oyster industry, 6064, 6278-299,

Peconic bay, soft clam supply, 6127;
hard clam industry, 6245 ; scallops, 6265.
Pecten irradians, 6261-277,

Rhode Island, soft clam supply, 6105
6117,

Sag harbor, hard clam industry, 624§,

Scallops, 6261-277 ; increased demand for,
6101,

Shelter island, soft clam eae 6129-133.

Shinnecock bay, hard clam industry, 6248.

Smithtown bay, soft clam supply, 6153.

Soft clams, 6088-243 ; character of beach

favorable for growth, 6218-223; artificiay
fertilization, 6208-211; rate of growth,
6231; legislation for protection of indus-
try, 6238-24°; life history, 6162-243 ;
collection for planting, 6223; supply by
states, 6112; supply in New York, 6124+
162; tenacity of life, 6212; effect of
water of differing degrees of salinity,
6214.

Supply, depletion and restoration of, 6053—
87,

Venus mercenaria, 6244-259.

ee ey attesii a
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9.2 pl. May 1887. Price [35] cents.
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co. N.Y. 128p. gpl. Oct. 1900. Price 80 cents

Peck, C: H. N., Y. edible fungi, 1895~99. 106p. 25pl. Nov.
1900. Lrice 75 cents.

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