124th ANNUAL REPORT of the NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE July 1, 1961— June 30, 1962 „ UBRARY new york botanical gard en NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE MUSEUM BULLETIN NUMBER 393 The University of the State of New York The State Education Department Albany, 1963 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/bulletinnewyorks3931newy 124th ANNUAL REPORT of the NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE July 1, 1961 — June 30, 1962 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE SERVICE MUSEUM BULLETIN NUMBER 393 The University of the State of New York The State Education Department Albany, 1963 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of t lie University With years when terms expire 1968 Edgar W. Couper. A.B., LL.D., L.H.D.. Chancellor - - - - Binghamton 1967 Thad L. Collum, C.E., Vice-Chancellor Syracuse 1976 Mrs. Caroline Werner Gannett, LL.D., L.H.D., D.H. - - Rochester 1964 Alexander J. Allan, Jr., LL.D., Litt.D. Troy 1966 George L. Hubbell, Jr.. A.B., LL.B.. LL.D., Litt.D. - - - - Garden City 1973 Charles W. Millard, Jr., A.B. Buffalo 1970 Everett J. Penny, B.C.S., D.C.S. White Plains 1972 Carl H. Pforzheimer, Jr., A.B., M.B.A., D.C.S. Purchase 1975 Edward M. M. Warburg, B.S., L.H.D. New York 1971 J. Carlton Corwith, B.S. Water .Mill 1969 Joseph W. McGovern, A.B., LL.B.. L.H.D. , LL.D. - - - - New York 1965 Allen D. Marshall, A.B., LL.D. Scotia 1977 Joseph T. King, A.R., LL.B. Queens President of the University and Commissioner of Education James E. Allen, Jr.. Ed.M., Ed.D., LL.D., Litt.D.. Pd.D.. L.H.D. Deputy Commissioner of Education Ewald B. Nyquist. B.S. Associate Commissioner for Cultural Education and Special Services Hugh M. Flick, Ph.D.. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for State Museum and Science Service William N. Fenton, A.B., Ph.D. Assistant Director of State Museum Victor H. Cahalane. B.S.. M.F. M 610— J 1 63— 1 500 Contents Page Museum Advisory Council iv The Staff v General Statement 1 Accomplishments of the Surveys 7 The Museum 19 Special Services 42 Publications 49 Appendices 51 iii Museum Advisory Council 1962 Vincent J. Schaefer Schenectady 1963 W. Storrs Cole Ithaca 1964 Frederick J. Dockstader New York 1965 William C. Steere New York 1966 George F. Goodyear Buffalo IV The Staff State Museum and Science Service William N. Fenton, Assistant Commissioner Anthropological Survey William A. Ritchie State Archeologist, Associate Scientist Robert E. Funk ...Junior Scientist Biological Survey Donald L. Collins. .....State Entomologist, Principal Scientist Donald P. Connola ....Senior Scientist (Entomology) Paul F. Connor Scientist (Zoology) Hugo A. Jamnback, Jr. .........Senior Scientist (Entomology) Donald M. Lewis... Junior Scientist Eugene C, Ogden State Botanist, Associate Scientist Ralph S. Palmer... State Zoologist, Associate Scientist Geological Survey John G. Broughton... State Geologist, Principal Scientist James F. Davis..... .....Scientist (Geology) Donald W. Fisher ..........State Paleontologist, Associate Scientist Y. William Isachsen Associate Scientist (Geology) W. Lynn Kreidler Senior Scientist (Geology) Lawrence V. Rickard Senior Scientist (Paleontology) Ross P. Sangster Science Research Aide — Wellsville Office Arthur M. Van Tyne Scientist (Geology) — Wellsville Office State Museum Victor H. Cahalane, Assistant Director Curatorial Roger L. Borst Senior Curator (Geology) Charles E. Gillette Associate Curator (Archeology) Clinton F. Kilfoyle .........Associate Curator (Paleontology) Vacant Associate Curator (Interpretation) Edgar M. Reilly, Jr Associate Curator (Zoology ) Stanley J. Smith.. Associate Curator (Botany) John A. Wilcox Associate Curator (Entomology) v Exhibits Edith Froelich Museum Technician (Temporary) Lewis E. Kohler Museum Technician Louis J. Koster Senior Museum Technician Robin D. Rothman Museum Technician Theodore P. Weyhe Museum Exhibits Designer School Services C. Michael Darcy Museum Instructor Judith A. Drumm Museum Instructor Mary Jane Stauch Museum Instructor (Temporary) Janet L. Stone Museum Education Supervisor Eileen Coulston Library Librarian, Junior Scientist Clerical Margaret Bassotti Marion B. Bender Maryellen Canfora Joan C. Kelley Joseph T. Killea Roselle Lithgow Vera McMillen Marjorie R. Schmidt Mary C. Stearns Eileen A. Wood Stenographer Clerk Typist Stenographer Mail and Supply Helper Clerk Senior Stenographer Principal Clerk Stenographer Senior Stenographer Guards John C. Cunningham Edward W. McCarthy Alvin W. Turner William C. Zimmer Building Guard Building Guard Building Guard Museum Caretaker Photographer John A. Heller Museum Photographer Maintenance Jacob Smallenbroek Carpenter James Wiedemann Maintenance Man (Carpenter) vi General Statement Ihave the honor to return a report on the major activities and accomplishments of the New York State Museum and Science Service for the year ended June 30, 1962. Our last report went into some detail. It covered the establishment, it outlined a policy, it documented 15 years of accomplishments in research, it mentioned problems of support and balance occasioned by outside grants, it pointed with pride to the 150 young scientists who have shared in the Graduate Student Honorarium program during 15 years of its opera- tion, and it stressed some long-range needs. The accomplishments belong to history; the problems are still with us; and we hope that old issues may be disposed of in future accomplishments by planning today. Major Accomplishments of the Year Five achievements overshadow all others, mentioned in the reports of the scientists and of the curators, below: 1. The work of the Commissioner’s Committee on Museum Resources, started last year, culminated in a report presented to the Regents at their June 29 meeting, that was afterward printed.* 2. The publication of the Geologic Map of New York . . . 1961 , compiled by John G. Broughton and associates. (State Museum and Science Service, Geological Survey: Map and Chart Series No. 5, Albany, 1962. Map folio, 5 sheets; text 5 folio sheets. 42 pp. ) . 3. The appearance of the first volume of the Handbook of North American Birds, Vol. 1, Loons through Flamingos, under the editorship of Ralph S. Palmer, State Zoologist. (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1962. 568 pp., 6 color plates, figures and maps.) This is a continuing project, co-operative with the American Ornithologists’ Union. 4. In the Museum, the opening of the exhibition of the mammals of Alaska, through the generosity of Dr. and Mrs. W. Brandon Macomber of Albany. 5. The enhancement of the educational effectiveness of the Museum by the conduct of Teacher Workshops, co-operatively with * Report of the Commissioner's Committee on Museum Resources, 1962. (The University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany, 1962. 61 pp.) 1 the Capital Area School Development Association, with the assist- ance of funds made available under Title III of the National Defense Education Act. Long-Rnnge Needs One by one continuing needs have passed into the realm of accom- plishments; but all of these pale into insignificance as compared with the major need that has haunted the establishment for a half century — a new facility, adequately financed, for the State Museum. There have been one or two moments when its fulfillment seemed imminent, but never as close as the present opportunity when consideration of the inclusion of a cultural center within the State’s South Mall project may be on the planning boards. It might be appropriate to mention some of the features that a plan for a new museum would include, as an indication of how it would enhance a cultural center for Albany. A Museum on the Mall for the State of /Veil1 York A museum center for the State Capital Mall should introduce the citizen visitor to the heritage of the Empire State. The building and its contents should arouse respect and admiration for the State’s place in the world, and they should make the visitor think about its future. • The center would tell the story of the region from remote geological ages to the present. • It would relate, in a meaningful way, the environment to the fauna and flora of New York and the rest of the world. • It would illustrate geological and biological concepts and processes. • It would portray the life and cultural position of the native Indians who greeted the Dutch and whose predecessors had lived here for 5,000 years. It would show how the remarkable League of the Iroquois, the People of the Longhouse, stood astride the first gap in the northeastern-trending Appalachian Mountains, which was the gateway to the West. ® Around this gateway seethed the struggle for the control of the continent. It saw the first settlement by land-hungry colonists who began farming, successfully harnessed water power, and staged the western movement over waterways and paths that became roads through central New York. ° The State has had distinguished firsts in geology, paleontology, botany, entomology, and anthropology. It also has a promising scientific future, and the new museum, with its research tradition. ? can underscore this illustrious past and guide the citizen to glimpse vistas of future research which open from the laboratories of the Science Service — the Anthropological Survey, the Bio- logical Survey, and the Geological Survey — and in the books of the State Library and manuscripts of the State Archives, yet to be established — and extend from these components of a State cultural center to other research establishments that ring the capital, to the universities, colleges, and other schools of the State. The State Museum, like the State Library, would become the logical focus of a vigorous program of museum extension co- operating with existing institutions and aiding regional museum systems in remote areas of the State now wanting museum service. The student visitor getting his education in New York, and his parents continuing theirs, would see New York as part of the world; they would see the relevance of geology to the formation of planets and of the solar system; they can be assisted to under- stand the process of biological evolution; and they must grasp the principle of the continuity of cultures. That the museum can contribute to the education of the layman, and that the museum occupies a unique place in the educational structure of the State, are among the main findings of a distinguished committee of museum people and citizens during the past year. Education in our Western culture is carried on in a multiplicity of institutions: Among them are the home, the church, the school, the library, and the museum. . . . In the learning process the devices for transmission of culture are language and its media, and real objects. When objects are necessary or vital to understanding complex relationships and when the objects are of such a nature as to require special care in gathering and maintaining them, then the museum — with its collection of objects, its ability to organize material into orderly systems, and its staff of specialists to study and interpret these objects — becomes an essential part of the educational process. The distinctive attribute of museums as institutions of learning and their unique contribution to the educational process are the maintenance of an “open system” of learning. For the museum visitor, like the library reader, the “open system” is one which raises questions. It poses no requirements for entrance, it makes no formal demands in curriculum, and it requires no examination. The “open system” appeals to all age levels. It provides the atmosphere, it sets the tone, and it stimulates independent learn- ing, thus reinforcing the formal curriculum of the school and strengthening the informal sanctions of the home. The “closed system” primarily provides answers to questions. Museums, therefore, with their contributions to the learning process and their functions as institutions of learning, constitute 3 one of the most important educational resources of the State of New York and should more effectively serve as an integral part of the State’s educational structure.1 A Museum Building for the State of I\eiv York A new State Museum building should stand by itself as an easily identified structure that would invite and facilitate visitation. It should afford adequate space for the scientific collections and the research activities now included in the programs of the State Museum and Science Service. Collections must be immediately accessible to research scientists and to programs of interpretation. If the Empire State, its land, its natural resources, its peoples, its place in the world, and its posture in science and technology are to be the themes of a mature State Museum and Science Service program, then a new facility is needed to fulfill them. Now one of the oldest natural history museums of the country, it is already a site of scientific discoveries and of publication; it not only keeps the State’s collections of record in its fields, but it also interprets the results of its researches on these collections to the public through its exhibits and education programs. In performing both research and community services, the State Museum is in the tradition of the great museums of the world which are still first and foremost centers of study and interpretation. The present demand for its services, which is mounting yearly, suggests that a new State Museum could perform an even greater service to a proud and affectionate public if it had a ground floor site of its own where people could park. Present research of the Science Service covers the State; museum services could then follow. A new facility must provide for existing programs, it must afford room for programed expansion, and it must be strategically located. There must be parking for school buses and visitors’ cars. Offices and research laboratories for the three Surveys of the Science Service (now housed in the Education Building Annex) would be arranged with offices, laboratories, and ranges for the Museum curators. Facilities for research and the study collections would be grouped around a reference library. The latter would be enlarged beyond present space because a larger collection of books would be required when the State Museum and Science Service is moved to a location several blocks from the State Library. Two lecture theaters will be required, plus a small auditorium which can be divided into several smaller units of various sizes. 1 Report of the Commissioner’s Committee on Museum Resources , 1962 (Albany), p. 29. In front of the facilities for research and the collections, and deriving their factual information and strength from them, would be the galleries of the teaching museum. The present exhibit areas, geology, paleon- tology, biology, and anthropology, should be extended to include physics and chemistry and their application to science and industry, and astronomy. Halls should be devoted to a Junior Museum, special or temporary exhibitions, and a space theater. Education has been a growing function in the State Museum for the past decade. With the proper encouragement in a new building, it should become a major branch of the institution. Storage for scientific equipment, exhibits, and publications is a major problem in the present quarters. Ample space of about 20 times that now available should be provided for efficient and safe housing of valuable material. In the main, a new museum calls for new exhibits, and the funds and staff to build them. But some of our exhibits cannot be duplicated today; they have stood the test of time, and people like them. They can be salvaged. Others have been built in the last 5 years and probably cannot be improved significantly. Staff Changes During the reporting period, permanent status was received by James F. Davis as Scientist (geology) August 24, and Robin Rothman as Museum Technician February 8. Ross P. Sangster was appointed Science Research Aide in the Wellsville Office April 19. James W. Manley resigned as Associate Curator (interpretation) February 21; C. Michael Darcy was appointed Museum Instructor September 21 under NDEA funds. James W. Carroll resigned as Building Guard February 24, and was replaced by Edward W. McCarthy March 22. On June 14, Alvin W. Turner filled the building guard position vacated by the resignation of Francis J. Fynch May 16. Nelson D. Powers, Maintenance Helper, transferred to another Departmental unit, and James C. Wiedemann was appointed Maintenance Man (carpenter) June 28. William N. Fenton Assistant Commissioner for State Museum and Science Service 5 6 Student assistants uncovering prehistoric burial at O'Neil site near Weedsport, N. Y. Accomplishments of the Surveys Anthropological Survey Major excavations were carried out by the State Archeologist at the stratified O’Neil site on the Seneca River, near Weedsport, Cayuga County. This important site spans a sequence from the Late Archaic (C-14 dated at the site at circa 2000 B.C. ), through the Transitional period, to Middle Woodland. A new culture, named the Frost Island phase, was found here in the Transitional horizon. New data were obtained on the Point Peninsula I culture, Middle Woodland period. Further excavations are planned at the site. Excavations were also conducted on four sites on eastern Long Island, pertaining to the Orient and Sebonac cultures. The junior archeologist spent the first full season at the Garoga site, Ephratah, N. Y., with two field assistants. In an excavated area of 1,500 square feet, a total of 43 pits was uncovered. Some were hearths but most were storage pits, filled with sand and refuse. Several lines of post molds, marking probable longhouse walls, were exposed to be more fully investigated in the next season. Many artifacts were re- covered, the bulk being potsherds. Numerous implements of bone and chipped and rough stone were found, all typical of late prehistoric Mohawk culture. Both archeologists made a reconnaissance in central New York and visited sites reported by amateurs at Watkins Glen, Grand Island, and Ballston Lake. Excavations were made at two rockshelters in eastern New York, which contained deposits ranging in time from the Late Archaic to the Iroquois period. Further excavations were also conducted at the Bent site, Scotia. Materials from 1961 excavations were analyzed, and all field notes and photographs were put in order. Collections from the Barren Island and Bent sites were analyzed. The junior archeologist answered calls from highway engineers concerning two finds mistakenly reported as Indian. The scene of a mastodon find at Summitville was visited with the State Archeologist and Assistant Director of the Museum. Maynard A. Bebee, Director of the Bureau of Highway Planning and Programming, N. Y. S, De- partment of Public Works, was consulted, and working arrangements for the future were established. 7 The State Archeologist applied for and received renewal of his NSF grant in archeology, which was given in full ($22,700;, for a 3-year continuation of the aboriginal settlement pattern study in the Northeast. He was on professional development leave from October 1, 1961, to April 1, 1962, in order to write a book on New York prehistory. Reports were made to the Commissioner and to the American Philo- sophical Society for a travel and study grant, in connection with this leave. The junior archeologist set up a temporary exhibit displaying artifacts from the Garoga site, and assisted in planning and writing labels for a forthcoming exhibit on the evolution of man. During the development leave of the State Archeologist, he performed the routine duties of the office. In the course of the year 1961-62, the Anthropological Survey received over 120 local or out-of-town visitors, including professional colleagues and amateur archeologists. Biological Survey The several projects described below are grouped under a smaller number of “programs” within the three disciplines — Botany, Ento- mology, and Zoology. There were significant developments in each of the programs which will be mentioned here before presenting the projects in more detail. The continuing study and evaluation of pollen samplers in the pro- gram supported by the National Institutes of Health resulted in the decision to recommend one of the slide-edge type samplers for official adoption as the standard pollen sampler of the American Academy of Allergy. The success of a new formulation for coating screens to prevent the entrance of punkies ( Culicoides spp.) into buildings was a feature of the program in medical entomology. Other developments were the discovery of three sites of arthropod-borne virus activity on Long Island, and the recovery of DDT from lake-bottom and stream-bed arthropods and other organisms in the central Adirondacks. A poten- tially important advance in the field of biological control of insects was the large-scale aerial application of suspensions of Bacillus thuringiensis and polyhedral virus to study their effect on gypsy moth and other defoliating insect populations and damage. In zoology, the first volume of the Handbook of North American Birds, edited by Dr. Ralph S. Palmer, State Zoologist, appeared. The small mammal survey, now located on Long Island, was broadened to include the collection of migratory and other birds for virus testing, and yielded at least one new virus record. 8 Field Research Botany Travels of airborne pollen. Described in earlier reports under the title “Tagging and Sampling of Ragweed Pollen.” When the sampling techniques were perfected, the movements of the pollen in the atmosphere could be studied; the grant by the National Institutes of Health was renewed for 4 years. Improvements were made in the cylinder sampler to make it more sensitive to changes in wind direction, in a special device to facilitate counting pollen on the slide edges under the microscope, and in the intermittent and sequential retoslide samplers. The improved techniques and instruments resulted in greater uniformity among samples, thereby giving a more satisfactory statistical background for interpreting the results. For dispersion studies, a new ragweed field was added at Brookhaven and both the new and the old fields were surrounded by an array of slide-edge cylinder samplers. Their arrangement was designed to facilitate studies of changes in concentration with distances from source, as a function of source size, vegetative cover, wind speed, and other conditions. Studies of variation of pollen concentration with heights were con- tinued on the 400-foot meteorology tower at Brookhaven. Another series was designed to reveal variations in the pattern of pollen emission according to time of day. Samplers were also installed at Blue Mountain Lake, in the Adirondacks, to trap tree pollen in the spring of 1962. A tower, to measure pollen concentrations in the forest and at higher levels, was ready for installation by the end of the report period. Pollen spectra of bog and lake sediments. One additional site in the Valders Ice studies was sampled, yielding 57 sediment samples. These, and about 120 others taken previously, were processed by the acetolysis method, and a few pollen analyses were made. Studies were also made of the kinds and amounts of pollen being deposited on bog and lake surfaces, in order to provide information as to preserva- tion of pollen, under- and over-representation of particular species, and the possibility of long distance transport. Samplers simulating bog and lake surfaces were used in comparison with the Brookhaven sampling devices. About 800 samples were taken, of which 500 have been analyzed. An additional 1 50 samples were taken as an extension of this study. Check list of grasses of New York State. In the course of exploring and collecting by the curator for vascular plants in general (see next 9 10 a c 11 project), 263 specimens were collected, representing 200 numbers. Common species were recorded on all trips, and detailed observations on critical complexes in the genera Festuca, Agrostis, and Panicum were continued. The Latham collections from eastern Long Island, both old and recent, aided greatly in these studies. Four days were spent at the National Herbarium in Washington. D. C., checking nomenclature, types, and problems in several genera. Five days were spent at the Wiegand Herbarium of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, checking critical genera, and the entire collection of grasses at the Rochester Academy was verified, as well as those at the Rochester Park Headquarters. Four new weedy grasses were added to the list of species for the State. Survey of vascular flora of New York State. Special trips were made to eastern New York (the Catskills in particular), northern New York, and Long Island. Specimens were collected and sight-records made in the following counties: Albany, Bronx, Chemung, Clinton, Columbia, Delaware, Essex, Fulton, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Nassau, Otsego, Queens, Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga, Schoharie, Suffolk, Ulster, Warren, and Washington. The collection of vascular plants of the Rochester Academy was checked for rare New York species. The curator was assisted in the field for several weeks by Norton G. Miller. Entomology Biology and control of Culicoides (punkies). Tests of chemicals painted on window screens were continued, using 6 per cent Buyer No. 39007, and 6 per cent Malathion, Sumithion, and Sevin. Weather- ing tests in the laboratory and field were made. Plots of various sizes were sprayed for larval control. Survey of aquatic life in Adirondack streams and lakes. The purpose of these studies is to determine whether or not DDT occurs in the food chain. Analyses to date have revealed traces of DDT in crayfish and caddisfly larvae from creeks, and in fresh-water clams in a lake. The significance of these findings remains to be determined. Virus survey on Long Island. Of the several thousand arthropods, mostly mosquitoes, collected for virus processing, two groups (pools) of the mosquito Culiseta melanura and one pool of Culex pipiens showed virus activity (but not eastern encephalitis). This indicates the presence of unknown viruses in mosquitoes on eastern Long Island. Additional collections were made at the same sites in 1962, but the virus testing has not yet been completed. Discovery of virus activity 12 in an ovenbird made it desirable to continue the surveillance of birds for the presence of virus. Studies were undertaken to relate the two lines of effort by experiments to determine the host preferences, among birds and small mammals, of the various biting arthropods (i.e., poten- tial vectors of viruses), that commonly occur in the area. Blackfly larvicide tests in the laboratory. A method for testing the effectiveness of insecticides against blackfly larvae in the laboratory was developed and 22 chemicals tested. These included only chemicals with a relatively low mammalian toxicity. Gypsy moth — ecological studies. Aggregations, or micropopulations resulting from the grouping tendencies of gypsy moth larvae were found to be especially important for survival in sparse populations. The spring and early summer of 1962 were devoted largely to studying this phenomenon with the aid of artificial shelters or niches. Quantita- tive data were taken on the number of caterpillars that returned to the same shelter after feeding in the crown of the trees, and attempts were made to determine the cause of death and/or disappearance of the various individuals in each population subgroup. These are now being analyzed. Gypsy moth— -biological control. In exploratory tests made in 1961 with the aerial application of suspensions of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and a polyhedral virus, gypsy moth egg-mass counts were reduced from 1,200 per acre to 210 per acre. Accordingly, a rather elaborate field testing program was executed during the late winter and early spring of 1 962 with the co-operation of the State Conservation Department, Forest Service and Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bacteriology Department of Univer- sity of Connecticut, Saratoga Springs Authority, Bioferm Corporation, and Stauffer Chemical Company. Test areas where the plots were laid out were in Saratoga and Washington Counties. Plot sizes varied from 25 to 150 acres, with a total of 24 treated plots, 8 in each of three replicated series. The data collected and to be collected in the plots included 10-minute larval counts, frass collection in dropping cloths, the collection of live and dead larvae, rearing of larvae on sprayed and unsprayed foliage, culturing from larvae and foliage, and, later, egg- mass counts. About 20 men were employed more or less continuously for 6 weeks to take these data. Other Forest Insects. Although the Bacillus thuringiensis work was the major project of the forest insect program in 1961-62, other con- tinuing projects received attention as required, including the 10-year 13 ecological study of white pine weevil (to be completed in 1963 ). Work done during the present report period included pruning and thinning the plantations so that more accurate data can be taken. In the permanent beech-scale plots, the 10-year study of the scale has been completed. The finding of the fatal red pine scale Matsucoccus resinosae in New Jersey around the Wanaque reservoir, close to the New York State border in the Hillburn-Suffern region, prompted intensive scouting in the area, but none were found on the New York side. The 160 acres of red pine around the Wanaque reservoir were clear cut in the hope of exterminating the pest in New Jersey — a drastic measure which emphasizes the importance of the surveillance for this scale in New York. Thus far, in New York State it has not been found north of Westchester County nor west of the Hudson River. Birch leaf miner ( Fenusa pumula ) was added to the list of pests that can be controlled by the comparatively new and “safe” insecticide Sevin. Identification and classification of the leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). This work by the curator is a continuation of the projects described in more detail in previous annual reports. Zoology Small mammal survey. Field work was conducted on Long Island throughout the period. Collecting of small mammals was mainly during late July. August; October; late November through early March, and late April into June. A total of 372 specimens were collected. Donald H. Miller assisted during the summer of 1961. Bird disease study. During the period July 6— October 20, 1961, birds were collected by mist-netting and shooting, and the spleens or brains were removed, immediately frozen, and delivered to laboratories for testing for eastern encephalities and other virus diseases. In 1961, 1 39 spleens were sent in seven shipments to the State Health Laboratory in Albany; also, 194 spleens and brains were delivered to the Duck Disease Research Laboratory at Eastport on Long Island. The season’s total was 333 bird specimens (305 individual birds), representing 68 species. Bird collecting was resumed (with mist nets and live trap) during the 1962 spring migration, March 20-April 30. Two hundred and twelve spleens in three shipments were sent to Albany, while 82 spleens went to Eastport. The spring total was 294, chiefly migratory blackbirds (red-wings, grackles. and cowbirds). Spread wings of birds representa- tive of the various species were saved incidental to the collecting of 14 bird specimens for virus testing. During this period, 171 wings of 77 species were saved. Weights and other data were recorded for 635 birds. Geological Survey Last year the final compilation of the new State Geologic Map was reported, but work on that project continued throughout 1961-62. It was necessary to carefully check and correct many proofs of the colored geological map, as well as to write the text which is to accom- pany the map. In addition, cover design, text layout, and all illustrations (24 original plates) were accomplished by Marcia Ring Winslow, a paleontologist employed on a full-time, temporary basis. The end of the report year saw practically all facets of this comprehensive work completed, with publication anticipated in late 1962. In the resubmission of legislation concerning conservation of oil and gas in New York State, Dr. John G. Broughton and William L. Kreidler served as consultants to the Joint Legislative Committee on Interstate Cooperation which sponsored the bill. Meetings were held with proponents and opponents of the bill and conferences with com- mittee staff. A report on the mineral resources of the Lake Champlain Basin was prepared by James F. Davis for the annual meeting of the Interstate Committee on Lake Champlain. Assisting the New York State Office of Atomic Development in locating the western New York nuclear service center, Dr. Broughton met with officials of that or- ganization at a public meeting in Springville to inform residents of the reasons for choice of the site, and the type of exploration program to be carried on. He also spoke to representatives of industry interested in operation of the site at the time the State announced acquisition of the land. On two occasions, Dr. Broughton served as a member of an Educa- tion Department team to evaluate the graduate program of institutions in the State. These visits of 2 to 3 days were made to determine if the institution qualified for graduate scholarship assistance. Reports and recommendations were submitted following these trips. He also in- vestigated the possibilities of certain underground areas for storage of material in the event of enemy attack. The Geological Survey acted as host to the annual meeting of the Association of American State Geologists, at which total attendance was approximately 60 persons. Formal meetings were preceded and followed by field trips planned by Dr. Lawrence V. Rickard, James F. Davis, and Dr. J. R. Dunn of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. For 15 16 Three staff members of the State Geological Survey work on the proof of a sheet in the Geologic Map of New York State. this occasion, Davis prepared a field guide to the southern Adirondacks, which is available for further distribution. Field Research Numerous field trips were made by Dr. Broughton to the site of the western New York nuclear service center in order to check on progress of geological and geophysical exploration. He also made field visits to a number of projects being carried on by temporary employees. Several days were spent by Y. William Isachsen in reconnaissance field mapping, for purposes of the State Geologic Map, in areas of the Childwold and Santanoni quadrangles where the geology was poorly known. He was assisted by James F. Davis, who collected specimens for analysis. The latter also studied the rock exposures at a purported tungsten prospect near Petersburg. Visits were paid by Dr. Rickard to field projects carried on by temporary field geologists. He also collected fossils in western New York. Approximately 325 visits were made by Arthur M. Van Tyne, assisted by Ross Sangster, to exploratory and field wells for the purpose of collecting drilling, production, and geological data, and to collect drilling samples. Van Tyne also attended 44 meetings of the Northern Gas and Oil Scouts Association, and made approximately 100 addi- tional visits to companies, individuals, and areas of geological interest in connection with the work of the Wellsville office. Field Work of Temporary Personnel Studies in paleoecology : Leo Laporte of Brown University began an investigation of the Helderberg limestones in eastern New York. Glacial geology of western New York: 2 months were spent by Ernest Muller, of Syracuse University, in a continuation of the glacial geology mapping of New York State west of the Genesee River. Laboratory Work Extensive investigation of purported tungsten mineralization was made by Dr. Rickard and James F. Davis from samples collected near Petersburg and from others submitted by owners of the property. From detailed emission spectrograph analyses, it was possible to show that tungsten did not exist in anything approaching economic quantities. A considerable amount of time was devoted by Dr. Rickard to putting the spectrograph into final adjustment and developing skills and tech- niques in its operation. He attended a 6-day training school for spectroscopists which was run by the Jarrell-Ash Company in Boston. 17 Science Research Aide Ross Sangster organized and marked the sec- tions of the Olin No. 1 deep well core which is stored at Wellsville. Office Activities Much time was devoted by Drs. Broughton, Fisher, Isachsen, and Rickard to writing a text on the geology of New York State, for the Geologic Map of New York. This text of approximately 40,000 words is an up-to-date summary of the geology and geologic history of the State. It is written at a level intended to be informative and under- standable to informed high school students and professional geologists, and is abundantly illustrated with line drawings by Mrs. Marcia R. Winslow. A basement map of the State was revised by W. Lynn Kreidler for inclusion in the folio. The Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian portions of the text were prepared by Dr. Donald W. Fisher, the sections dealing with geochronology and Precambrian geology by Isachsen, and the Devonian and late Paleozoic sections by Dr. Rickard. The introduction, sections on Pleistocene geology, Mesozoic and Cenozoic geology, and on economic geology were written by Dr. Broughton. A number of manuscripts were completed, or in progress at the close of the year, by Drs. Fisher, Isachsen, and Rickard. Mr. Kreidler had begun the preparation of a contour map of the surface of the Onondaga limestone. Work of the Wellsville office, under the general supervision of Mr. Kreidler, was carried on by Arthur M. Van Tyne and R. Sangster. They catalogued well and sample data, and plotted well locations on topographic maps. Well record cards were prepared with duplicates for the Albany office, and well samples were examined for geological tops and data for well records. Service extended by the Wellsville office may be summarized as follows: visits by persons seeking data or information, 238; other visitors, 72; phone calls from persons seeking data or information, 277; phone calls to obtain data or information, 332; phone calls to give data or information, 78; and letters requesting data or assistance and giving information, 234. 18 The Museum General Several times in the past 30 years a new museum structure has appeared to be imminent. On each occasion, hopes were not realized. During 1961-62, the State’s South Mall project breathed new life into the proposal. Although planning for the Mall was in a highly preliminary stage and no decisions had been reached concerning building priorities, it seemed desirable to assemble general specifications concerning our future needs. Space and facilities requirements for exhibits design and construction had been studied only 3 or 4 years ago for laboratories in the new Annex, but modern needs for the education and curatorial programs and for storage were undetermined. Accordingly, the museum staff reviewed the requisites and attempted to forecast needs for the next quarter-century. By the end of the reporting period, the amount of space and spatial relationships of various facilities had been worked out with some degree of finality. Planning of details was deferred pending the announcement of building priorities for the South Mall. Due to the interest of Department officials, several major improve- ments were made in the present quarters. The long-planned covering of the skylight on the Washington Avenue section of the building was initiated, and the eastern half was completed by late summer (1962). The effect of shutting out daylight from the new exhibits in Paleontology Hall was almost breath-taking. When revealed by individual artificial lighting, and with the structural work of the old-fashioned hall greatly subdued, the colorful displays became the focus of attention as had been intended. Of equal or even greater importance was the prevention of water dripping down from rain and snow melting on the roof; it was no longer necessary for the guards to cover exhibit cases with plastic sheets to avert damage from leaking skylights. An unexpected dividend was the markedly lower temperatures in summer, when the sun formerly had filled the hall with a stifling tropical heat. Authorization was granted by the Department to use the offices formerly occupied by the audio-visual unit for the expanding work of the Museum’s education section. The two smaller rooms were fitted for office use and for the assembly of mineral sets, respectively, while the large office was made into a second classroom. Its location, virtually 19 adjacent to the Iroquois bark house and the series of life groups, made it especially valuable for teaching ethnology and archeology. Following the orientation session, school classes are conducted directly into the Hall of Iroquois Groups without loss of time and the distraction of walking through other exhibit areas. Establishment of the second lecture room obviously permitted more classes to be accommodated in a given time with less confusion and chance for conflict. It also made it possible to designate the “old” classroom for the teaching of natural history subjects, reducing crowding of teaching materials such as live animals, preserved specimens, rocks and minerals, clothing and utensils, and charts and pictures. Demonstration material can now be laid out ready for use, especially in the ethnology lecture room, instead of being put away to make space for objects used in other teaching subjects. The herbarium had been moved in 1959-60 from its old quarters at the east end of the main building to the north end of Biology Hall. Being segregated from the exhibits only by an 8-foot wall, noise and echoes in the lofty hall proved to be even more disturbing to the botanists than had been anticipated. The racket of unsupervised school children, particularly, was destructive to a research atmosphere. Ac- cordingly, during the past year studies were made of possible remedies and plans were drawn for a soundproof room to be constructed early next year within the herbarium. In this well-lighted, air-conditioned enclosure, plants can be catalogued and studied in quiet. Visitor attendance in the exhibit halls continued to fluctuate without evident reason. A steady increase was recorded each year from 1956 through 1958, to be followed by a 1 7 per cent decline in 1959-60, and a 50 per cent increase in 1960-61. During the period covered by this report, visitation went down again but by only 7 per cent — from 220,000 to 204,000. (A new museum with adequate weekday parking undoubtedly would attract many more visitors.) As we mentioned last year, the number of persons who take ad- vantage of Sunday openings of the exhibit halls from Memorial Day to Labor Day has declined greatly since World War II. Recently, Sunday use has been little more than half of the average daily attend- ance for the year. On a per-visitor basis, it appeared that use of inadequate funds for the overtime work of guards and elevator operators to staff the Museum on summer Sundays was no longer justifiable. Study of adequate sample counts made by the Museum guards revealed that weekday, and especially Saturday, figures are highest during the spring and fall months. It was decided, therefore, to close the Museum on Sundays in summer and to open it instead during October-November and March-May. Utmost efforts will be 20 made to inform the public of this change through radio-press coverage of New York and western New England. If funds become available and the expense appears justified, Sunday openings will be extended until they cover the 10-month period from September through June. Educational services, especially to teachers, were improved ma- terially. An increase in the staff, financed by NDEA, made it possible to vary the program of instruction for school groups, to write a variety of teaching publications, and to expand the series of teacher workshops. All three fields are important, but the workshop program gives greatest promise of extending the Museum's influence. Almost 150 teachers from 42 schools in the Albany area took advantage of this after-hours activity (evenings and Saturdays). If each teacher is enabled to do a better instructing job for an average of 50 pupils (a low figure, con- sidering that many of these persons taught in secondary schools), the total number of students affected was in the neighborhood of 7,500. This number is more than one-third of the school group attendance at all museum tours which were guided by our staff during the entire school year. The teacher workshops program has proven to be popular with teachers, who give their own time for self-improvement, and should be expanded still further. (Important help has been contributed by curators and by members of the State Science Service. ) To give this field proper depth and variety, and to produce the publications (Museum leaflets) which supply important background material for teaching, at least one additional instructor is essential. The stock of lending sets (minerals, fossils, and Indian artifacts) was increased with funds from NDEA, and about 200 loans were made to schools. A further expansion into the field of biology is desirable. This material would require the services of a preparator. The scope of educational material at the sales desk was extended and more than 2,400 publications, in addition to many other items, were sold. A receptionist is urgently needed at busy periods to relieve the guards for handling school groups and protecting the museum. The education staff took charge of the preparation of slide shows for the automatic projector in the Little Theater. Two series of slides, one illustrating the varied work of the State Museum and Science Service and the other a summary of principal museums in New York State, were assembled and used at different times. Shows on other subjects are being made up, with the objective of installing a different series every 2 months. Public-spirited friends of the State Museum continued to augment the collections and future exhibits by donating specimens. Dr. and Mrs. W. Brandon Macomber of Albany gave another group of 32 mammals, 21 all superbly mounted. A few were from eastern Africa (supplementing their gift of 22 specimens from that region in 1960-61 ), but most had been taken in northern North America. A special exhibit of Alaskan wildlife utilized some of the latest accessions; it was made much more striking by the donors’ gift of walnut paneling and a translucent ceiling for the setting. Another significant accession was a series of 23 mounted fishes from the western North Atlantic (Long Island to Bahamas), the gift of Mrs. Mary B. Hecht of New York City and Alligerville. It also was made into a special exhibit. All of this material, whether it originated within the State or from points thousands of miles distant, will be useful in the scientific and educational programs of this institu- tion. To paraphrase an official of the British Museum (Museum Journal, 62: 170; 1962), an appreciation of nature based on New York State alone would be at best very incomplete and at worst parochial and misleading. A museum is the product of its staff, and is only as competent as its personnel. We have been fortunate during 1961-62 in acquiring the services of several persons having unusual competence. C. Michael Darcy was appointed Education Instructor (NDEA), in the place of Gerald Schneider (resigned). Miss Robin Rothman, who had been a temporary employee for nearly 2 years, was appointed to a new permanent opening as an Exhibits Technician. Mrs. Helen Fisher of Albany and Harold Ross of Buffalo were also enlisted in the exhibits program with funds provided by Title III (National Defense Educa- tion Act). A skilled carpenter, James C. Wiedemann, was appointed to a new position (Maintenance Man ) which had been converted from a long-standing apprentice job. The museum now has two able carpenters, which should materially speed up construction work. Addi- tional assistance, which was subprofessional but nevertheless helpful, was given the exhibits program by arrangement with the Co-operative Work Program of Antioch College. Three students, Caroline Dutky, Patricia Esch, and Barbara Samuels, each served for 3 months as assistants to the Chief Exhibits Technician. The curators were pro- vided with help, unfortunately of short duration, by hiring the following college students during their summer vacations: Paul Graziade (geology), and David Lohre (botany). Henry Thurston provided trained assistance in zoology, and Helen McCulloch was a temporary, part-time Instructor in Museum Education. Full-time, subprofessional assistance continues to be an urgent need in the curatorial program in order to free the curators for more exacting duties which they now lack time to perform. 22 On occasion, the State Museum has been offered the services of skilled persons who wished to do something constructive or useful but who, for budgetary, age, or other reasons could not be hired. Such services could not be accepted gratis, because, in the event of accident, the person would not be covered by provisions of the Workmen’s Com- pensation Law. By act of the 1962 session of the Legislature, the State Museum was permitted to accept the services of volunteers, who will be entitled to compensation if injured on the job. The Museum thus became the second State agency to be enabled legally to engage unpaid assistance. (State hospitals previously had been authorized to accept the services of the Grey Ladies.) Discussions with representa- tives of the Albany Junior League and the Girl Scouts indicate that a few volunteers may be anticipated from those organizations. As in several preceding years, most of the time and money allotted to exhibits were devoted to paleontology. The display wall, which will house all except one of the planned series of nine dioramas showing the life of geologic periods, was almost finished at year’s end. Two dioramas, made soon after World War I by Henri Marchand, were dismantled and their principal models were incorporated with new material into completely modern groups with painted backgrounds. Armored fishes are the primary characters in the Devonian group, while eurypterids are the focus of attention in the Silurian period exhibit. A third diorama, which illustrates the Permian period of west Texas, has a background scene in the Big Bend which was painted by Matthew Kalminoff of the American Museum of Natural History. A very striking exhibit on bryozoans was completed; although rela- tively small in size, it proved to be one of the most time-consuming of the paleontology exhibits because of difficulties in casting the plastic model of the bryozoan cell. Two other displays also were made and placed on view, which aid in explaining the formation of sedimentary rocks and the uses of fossils. Helpful advice on cloud formations in the scene illustrating sedimentary rocks was given by Ernest C. Johnson, director of the Albany office of the U. S. Weather Bureau. A new restoration of the famed Naples Tree ( Lepidosigillaria whitei) , which had been in construction for 2 years, was completed early in 1962 and installed in front of the original fossil in the foyer. The new 3-dimensional tree is made entirely of plastics; its green foliage can be cleaned, and the trunk with its leaf-scar pattern is practically vandal proof. The second of the seven major displays planned for Orientation Hall was completed soon after the opening of the past year. This exhibit, 23 SMS ffmm mm&fs sms mm mm sm» smm&m £ ** *■“’ - semm dmmom. , mm%mm ms *— “■ mmem Mwmmm. %m§m mmamm sms8& mm&mme & votes m smmtm m mm smsmm. A colorful exhibit on bryozoans was installed in one of the pillars of Paleontology Hall. 24 which explains how geology has determined the topography of New York State, was described in last year’s report (p. 39). Repainting the walls of the rotunda made it advisable to remove the large framed collection of the bird paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes for Eaton’s Birds of New York. Conditions under which these noted paintings had been displayed were far from satisfactory. Rather than replace them, therefore, it was decided to utilize the more out- standing plates in a new major exhibit with the preliminary title of “Bird Art in Science.” This exhibit would describe the evolution of depicting birds, beginning with Cro-Magnon cave drawings, and show how artists, through their paintings, have recorded information and advanced human understanding of birds and their habits. Mrs. Aileen Merriam, of Austin, Tex., a graduate of Cornell in ornithology, was commissioned to prepare the exhibit plan, which she did during the summer of 1961. Duplicate cases totaling 84 feet in length were built in the two corridors between the rotunda and Biology Hall to receive the exhibit when assembled. A suspended, translucent ceiling and decorative entrances made a marked improvement in the appearance of the formerly stark corridors. These changes were effected by the talent and imagination of the Exhibits Designer, Theodore P. Weyhe. Advice on numerous phases of museum management was furnished to other institutions. Inspections by the Assistant Director were made of two institutions, the Woodland Museum and the Valley Stream Museum, which had applied for Regents’ charters. The dedication of the former institution, at Cooperstown, was attended. Museums in Washington, D. C.; Williamsburg, Va.; Chicago, 11!.; Lincoln, Nebr.; and Denver, Boulder, and Colorado Springs, Colo., were studied to expand our range of exhibit ideas. In addition, members of the educa- tion section visited more than 30 institutions in the United States to study education programs and exhibits; the Education Supervisor visited 10 museums and zoos in northern Europe on official time, but at personal expense, for the same purpose. Curatorial Activities Archeology The Curator spent most of his time on activities which had com- menced in previous years, primarily the checking of collections as they were moved into the new range rooms. Further progress was made in updating the central negative files, and additions were made to the site records. Catalogues were completed on specimens from the Baxter site, Wells site, O’Neil site, and other accessions resulting from the 25 field activities of the State Archeologist. Acquisition of a Sonogen supersonic cleaner promises greater efficiency in processing material. Botany The basic inventory of the entire collection was completed. As of June 30, 1962, the totals of inserted specimens in the various groups were: Algae, 500; fungi (including lichens and bacteria), 53,568; bryophytes, 10,528; and vascular plants (including study collections), 100,994. The collection now totals 165,590 specimens. In addition, materials to be included as they can be mounted are conservatively estimated to be: Algae, 300; fungi, 2,000; bryophytes, 2,000; and vascular plants, 6,000 — a total of 10,300 specimens. A more complete account will list totals under dates of collection, places of origin, and names of collectors. This inventory is now one- third finished. The Curator was assisted for several weeks by a temporary employee, David Lohre. A detailed report will be presented on completion. Two institutions and 16 individuals presented materials in exchange or as gifts (see p. 31 ). These accessions are classified as follows: FUNGI ALGAE BRYOPHYTES VASCULAR PLANTS TOTAL New York State .... .. 1,965 374 723 1,537 4,599 Out-of-State 0 0 0 290 290 Total 1,965 374 723 1,827 4,889 Collections by the Curator were as follows: New York State .... .. 1,183 39 3,015 665 4.902 Out-of-State 0 0 0 3 3 Collections by the State Botanist and assistants: New York State .... 0 0 0 317 317 Out-of-State 0 1 0 263 264 Total .. 3,148 414 3,738 3,075 10,375 The most notable group accessions were 345 specimens of bryo- phytes from New York State, collected by the curator's assistant, Norton G. Miller and 4,054 specimens, representing all divisions of plants, mostly from Suffolk County, mostly collected by Roy Latham. During the fiscal year, 2 (probably) new members of the known fungus flora of the State were found and 6 new fungus-host records. Identification was made by Dr. Clark T. Rogerson, New York Botanical Garden. As in previous years, some mosses were identified by the late Dr. A. Leroy Andrews, Ithaca, N. Y., and others were identified by Dr. Howard E. Crum, National Museum, Ottawa, Can. On the basis of this and other identifications, the following numbers of additions are 26 made to the check list: District 1 (vicinity of Clayton), 14; District 2 (vicinity of Ogdensburg), 10; District 3 (vicinity of Saranac Lake), 18; District 4 (vicinity of Plattsburgh), 10; District 6 (vicinity of Lockport), 4; District 7 (vicinity of Rochester), 1; District 9 (vicinity of Lowville), 8; District 10 (vicinity of Indian Lake), 14; District 11 (vicinity of Warrensburg), 3; District 12 (vicinity of Jamestown), 2; District 13 (vicinity of Olean), 4; District 15 (vicinity of Ithaca), 2; District 16 (vicinity of Unadilla), 5; District 17 (vicinity of Middle- burg), 8; District 18 (vicinity of Albany), 2; District 20 (vicinity of Ellenville), 4; District 21 (vicinity of Poughkeepsie), 3; District 22 (vicinity of Orient), 1; and District 26 (vicinity of Riverhead), 7. Six species and five varieties were added to the known moss flora of the State. The curator has continued copying records of vascular plants from authoritative literature. This, combined with field work and study of recent accessions, has added the following numbers of species and subspecies of vascular plants to the county lists: Albany 1 Cayuga 3 Essex 1 Genesee 1 Hamilton 2 Herkimer 1 Livingston 4 Monroe 12 Nassau 2 New York 1 Niagara 1 Onondaga 1 Ontario 3 Otsego 2 Putnam 5 Rensselaer 1 Richmond 1 Saratoga 2 Schenectady .... 1 St. Lawrence .... 2 Steuben 2 Suffolk 3 Tioga 1 Tompkins 2 Ulster 10 Washington 2 Wayne 2 Yates 5 Included in these records are four introduced grasses. Entomology The transfer and rearrangement of exotic beetles, moths, and butterflies, and the updating of nomenclature and arrangement of the insect study collection was continued. A considerable number of specimens were collected by Donald P. Connola, Dr. Hugo A. Jamnback, and the Curator. William E. Smith, Forest Pest Control Bureau, State Conservation Department, submitted many forest pest insects for identification and subsequently for storage in the State Museum collection. Approximately 275 requests for information were received. Most of these called for the identification of a particular insect and the means of controlling it if it was apt to become a pest. Co-operative work with the Forest Pest Control Bureau, Conservation Department, called for identification of forest pests. Co-operation with the Department of Health called for identification of mites, ticks, and fleas. 27 Geology The Curator continued his investigation of the clay minerals present in the Lower Devonian rocks of the central Hudson Valley. A condensed 8-session course on the subject of rocks and minerals was outlined for the Capital and Natural Science Center. One hundred and fifty visitors were received during the year. Ap- proximately 305 rock, mineral, and ore samples were identified for the public and/or colleagues. One hundred and five of these identifica- tions were made using X-ray techniques. Public requests for information are listed by subject and number of requests answered: State geology 50 State mineralogy 105 Miscellaneous 60 Copies of leaflet No. 10, Rocks and Minerals of New York State, sent to school children and teachers 120 Rock samples of anorthosite, with descriptive informa- tion, sent to school children 360 Paleontology The contents (74 specimens) were removed from several exhibit cases, and the material was catalogued and stored. This completes the dismantling of the old exhibits in Paleontology Hall. As usual, a con- siderable amount of time was spent in keeping the type catalogue up to date. Forty-nine new specimens were added to the type collection, and cards were entered in the type catalogue. One hundred and ninety- one type and nontype specimens were treated in an attempt to stop or prevent disintegration. Collections containing 784 specimens were packed for shipment. Ninety entries were made in the locality and accession records, and 95 1 specimens were ticketed with locality numbers. The State Paleontologist, the Senior Scientist (paleontology ), and temporary members of the staff collected and turned over for accessioning a total of 871 fossil specimens from 29 localities in the State. Assistance was given to the following visiting scientists who desired to study portions of the collections: Dr. William B. N. Berry, University of California (graptolites) ; Dr. William A. Oliver, Jr., U. S. Geological Survey (fossil corals); Dr. W. D. Ian Holfe, Museum of Comparative Zoology (fossil phyllocarids ) ; Dr. Adolph Seilacher, Geolog. - Palaontolog. Institut der Georg-August-Universitat, Gottingen, Ger- many (fossil worm trails); Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering, Trinidad, West Indies (eurypterids). Dr. F. J. W. Holwill, Imperial College of Science 28 a ® ■Jt u at fa £ « o 5 -c g E .£ 3 * "2 t 4 6 .a £ ;► U fa 1 5 , tr ~ o at s £ £ £ B S £> ’B ■° "O B 0* Js © aj O 43 JS Ji ~ e #« ^ £ £ © .2 e« u -o ,5 ^ S M ^ i* <3 « QJ « > S * O £ .2 $ *" £ £ ‘g ■o b >> 4i ® a S e cs ® s § to »S! ^ SO- fw» &> > E SS "O « 4J a*« ‘3i O O w> s* B 13 &£ «* « ^ fa ra ® ® fa „ X